Graves' Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

GRAVES’ DISEASE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Graves’ Disease: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83964-6 1. Graves’ Disease-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Graves’ disease. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GRAVES’ DISEASE ..................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Graves’ Disease ............................................................................. 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 13 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GRAVES’ DISEASE ........................................................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Finding Nutrition Studies on Graves’ Disease............................................................................ 63 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 68 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GRAVES’ DISEASE ..................................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 71 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 75 General References ....................................................................................................................... 77 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON GRAVES’ DISEASE ....................................................................... 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Dissertations on Graves’ Disease................................................................................................. 79 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 79 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND GRAVES’ DISEASE.................................................................. 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Recent Trials on Graves’ Disease................................................................................................. 81 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 82 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON GRAVES’ DISEASE .................................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Patents on Graves’ Disease .......................................................................................................... 85 Patent Applications on Graves’ Disease ...................................................................................... 90 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 94 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON GRAVES’ DISEASE ..................................................................................... 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 95 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 96 Chapters on Graves’ Disease........................................................................................................ 96 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON GRAVES’ DISEASE........................................................................... 99 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 99 Bibliography: Multimedia on Graves’ Disease............................................................................. 99 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GRAVES’ DISEASE...................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 101 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 103 Academic Periodicals covering Graves’ Disease ........................................................................ 104 CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS................................................................................. 105 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 105 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 105 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 107 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 111 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 113

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Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 115 The Genome Project and Graves’ Disease.................................................................................. 115 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 121 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 121 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 121 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 128 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 131 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 131 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 131 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 131 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 131 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 137 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 139 GRAVES’ DISEASE DICTIONARY .......................................................................................... 141 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 193

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Graves’ disease is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Graves’ disease, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Graves’ disease, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Graves’ disease. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Graves’ disease, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Graves’ disease. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GRAVES’ DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Graves’ disease.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and Graves’ disease, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “Graves’ disease” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Gland Alert Source: Diabetes Forecast. 48(6): 34-39. June 1995. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article alerts readers to four autoimmune diseases that can be problematic for people with diabetes. The author uses an analogy to describe how one autoimmune disease, diabetes, can lead to higher risk for the other autoimmune diseases. Topics discussed include hypothyroidism; hyperthyroidism, including Graves' disease; diagnostic tests used to confirm thyroid diseases; treatment options; the gastric parietal cells and parietal cell autoantibodies (PCA); the adrenal glands; Addison's disease; and screening first-degree relatives of patients with these autoimmune diseases.

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One sidebar delineates risk factors and statistical likelihood for each of these diseases; another explains the embryological connection between the pancreas, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and the gastric parietal cells. 2 figures. 1 table. •

Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, Hyperparathyroidism Source: Patient Care. 33(14): 186-188, 191, 195-200, 202-203, 206. September 15, 1999. Contact: Available from Medical Economics. 5 Paragon Drive, Montvale, NJ 07645. (800) 432-4570. Fax (201) 573-4956. Summary: This article discusses the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid illnesses. These types of illnesses are among the most prevalent of the hormonal diseases that afflict people in the United States. Although hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are the most widespread, hyperparathyroidism (HPT) occurs in a large number of Americans as well. Diagnosis can be complicated because numerous patients present with nonspecific signs and symptoms that closely resemble other physical and mental conditions. Primary hypothyroidism occurs from failure of the thyroid gland itself, whereas secondary hypothyroidism results from a deficiency of pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone. The most common cause of hypothyroidism among adult patients is Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Other causes include drug side effects, congenital hypothyroidism, iodine excess, previous thyroidectomy, neck irradiation, and pituitary or hypothalamic disorders. Women who have type 1 diabetes are at greater risk for a temporary disorder known as postpartum thyroiditis. Signs and symptoms can be overt, subtle, or nonexistent. Diagnosis involves performing a physical examination and conducting laboratory tests. The treatment of choice for managing hypothyroidism is daily oral administration of levothyroxine. Some patients may benefit from referral to an endocrinologist. Hyperthyroidism, which is not as prevalent as hypothyroidism, is caused by Graves' disease or diffuse toxic goiter. Other causes include pituitary tumors, pituitary resistance to thyroid hormones, neonatal hyperthyroidism, and malignancies. Signs and symptoms can be overt, subtle, or nonexistent. Diagnosis involves performing a physical examination and conducting laboratory tests. Patient referral to an endocrinologist is indicated following a positive diagnosis or when hyperthyroidism is suspected. Treatment options include radioactive iodine therapy, antithyroid drugs, and surgery. HPT, another fairly common endocrine disorder, is the most common cause of hypercalcemia. Although about 75 percent of patients have no signs or symptoms attributable to this disease, it may affect the skeletal system, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract. The only successful treatment is surgical removal of one or more parathyroid glands. Patients who have primary HPT should be referred to an endocrinologist. 1 figure. 4 tables. 5 references.

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Immunologic Aspects of Endocrine Diseases Source: JAMA. Journal of American Medical Association. 268(20): 2899-2903. November 25, 1992. Summary: This article discusses the immunologic aspects of endocrine diseases, including chronic thyroiditis (Hashimoto's disease), transient thyroiditis syndromes, idiopathic hypothyroidism, Graves' disease, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), idiopathic adrenal atrophy (Addison's disease), lymphocytic adenophypophysitis, idiopathic hypoparathyroidism, and polyglandular syndromes. The discussion of IDDM address pathological findings, immunologic features, and immunolotherapy. 3 tables. 25 references.

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Ocular Manifestations of Autoimmune Disease Source: American Family Physician. 66(6): 991-997. September 15, 2002. Summary: This journal article discusses ocular effects of rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, the seronegative spondyloarthropathies, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, giant cell arteritis, and Graves' disease. Ocular symptoms may include dry or red eyes, foreign-body sensation, pruritis, photophobia, pain, visual changes, and even complete loss of vision. Because a number of these diseases may initially present with ocular symptoms, physicians should maintain a high index of suspicion to make a timely diagnosis. A thorough ophthalmic examination, including visual acuity, pupillary reaction, ocular motility, confrontation field testing, external inspection, and direct ophthalmoscopy with fluorescein staining, should be completed. In the patient with the complaint of 'dry eye' or a 'red eye', simple tools such as the Schirmer's test or the blanching effect of phenylephrine can be useful in diagnosis. In general, mild ocular disease can be treated with lubricating drops, elevating the head while sleeping, wearing sunglasses during the day, or taping the eyelids closed at night. Systemic corticosteroid therapy or radiotherapy is used in more severe cases. When visual function is threatened, surgical therapy may be necessary. Early and accurate diagnosis with prompt treatment or referral to an ophthalmologist may prevent systemic and ocular disabilities. 11 figures, 3 tables, and 25 references. (AAM).

Federally Funded Research on Graves’ Disease The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Graves’ disease. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Graves’ disease. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Graves’ disease. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for Graves’ disease: •

Project Title: ADIPONECTIN: EFFECTS ON GRAVES' OPHTHALMOPATHY Principal Investigator & Institution: Scherer, Philipp E.; Associate Professor; Cell Biology; Yeshiva University 500 W 185Th St New York, Ny 10033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): A number of different disease states, including Graves' disease, are associated with hyperproliferation of the retro-orbital adipose

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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tissue. While we have a good understanding of the underlying causes for Graves' disease, we fail to explain some of the pathophysiological changes observed during disease progression, such as the Graves'-associated exopthalmos due to hyperproliferation of the retro-orbital adipose tissue. Progress towards identifying a molecular mechanism for this adipose hyperplasia has been hampered in the past by the lack of an appropriate mouse model that adequately mimics this particular aspect of the disease. We have recently established a novel mouse model that for the first time displays changes in retro-orbital adipose tissue reminiscent of the pathophysiologic changes associated with Graves' disease in some patients. Exposure to chronically elevated serum levels of the adipocyte-specific secretory protein adiponectin through transgenic overexpression results in massive hyperplasia of the retro-orbital fat pad. In agreement with a possible role of adiponectin in the Graves' disease associated retroorbital hyperplasia, serum adiponectin levels are elevated in a subset of Graves' patients. We propose to define the contribution of adiponectin to this hyperplasia. Our working hypothesis states that chronically elevated levels of adiponectin in association with other hormonal changes connected with Graves' disease leads to the selective hyperproliferation of this adipose tissue. We would like to: I) Further characterize this transgenic mouse line as a potential model system for Graves'-associated exophtalmos and explore possible hormonal manipulations that lead to premature or delayed onset of retro-orbital fat hyperplasia. II) Test pharmacological interventions through use of PPAR antagonists or agonists to establish a treatment modality. III) Establish a firmer correlation between increased serum adiponectin and retroorbital adipose hyperplasia in the subset of Graves patients in which adipose hyperplasia is particularly prominent. Combined, these experiments will establish whether the novel hormone adiponectin that has been shown to positively affect systemic insulin sensitivity, may at chronically high levels also be responsible for the hyperplasia of selective adipose pads in the course of Graves' disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: AN ANIMAL MODEL FOR GRAVES'DISEASE/OPHTHALMOPATHY Principal Investigator & Institution: Jaume, Juan C.; Medicine; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The ophthalmopathy of Graves' disease is a disfiguring, sight threatening condition of unclear pathogenesis and no specific or definitive therapy. Graves' disease primarily manifests with hyperthyroidism that results from the stimulation of the TSHR by specific autoantibodies that mimic the effect of TSH. Often the ophthalmopathy accompanies the hyperthyroidism. Rather than being considered two separate entities, hyperthyroidism and ophthalmopathy are different manifestations of the same underlying autoimmune process. No spontaneous animal model of Graves' disease exists. Recently, an animal model has been developed in which a proportion of individuals manifest immunological and endocrinological features of Graves' disease. We have generated and extended such mouse model. The overall goal of this proposal is to use this Graves'-Iike animal model to investigate critical issues of Graves' disease as is Graves' ophthalmopathy as follows: 1. Graves' ophthalmopathy in the Graves'-Iike mouse model. New observations suggest the immunizing cells used in the model behave as APC that constitutively express B7-1 molecules and bias the immune response to a Th1 type. These APC also have the capacity of presenting non-specific antigens present in culture medium. With this information we have modified our immunization protocol to improve specific (TSHR)

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antigen presentation and deviate the immune response to a Th2 type characteristic of human Graves'. We propose to: a. Study the development of Graves' disease/ophthalmopathy in both, Th1 and Th2 settings. b. Examine the role of CD40 for orbital fibroblast-B/T cell cross talk. c. Study the regulation of TSHR in orbital fibroblasts/preadipocytes. 2. Characterize TSHR antibodies in their relationship to Graves' ophthalmopathy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE GRAVES' DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Prabhakar, Bellur S.; Professor and Head; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1995; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: Autoantibodies to the thyrotropin receptor can either activate thyroid gland causing hyperthyroidism or block TSH mediated activation of thyroid and cause hypothyroidism. Until several years ago, it was not possible to develop an animal mode due to the unavailability of large quantities of purified TSHR. Subsequent to cloning of human TSHR, several laboratories, including our own, have used human recombinant proteins to induce the disease in mice. These studies have provided new insights on the requirements for an optimal immune response to TSHR, resulting in thyroid perturbation. Earlier, we expressed the ectodomain of mouse TSHR (mTSHR) and showed that it is antigenically distinct from human TSHR. Recently, we expressed mTSHR on M12 cells (H-2D) and used them to immunize BALB/c mice. These mice showed significant TBII activity with concomitant raise in T4 levels. In the present study, we propose to use a soluble ectodomain of mTSHR and various cell lines expressing mTSHR, Class-II and Co-stimulatory molecules to define optimal conditions required to induce autoimmunity to TSHR. Sera will be tested for antibody production and hormonal perturbations, and thyroids will be evaluated for pathology and radioiodine uptake. We will carryout studies to evaluate the importance of CD4+ vs. CD8+ and Th1 vs. Th2 T cells. To do this, we will use selective depletion and adoptive transfer experiments, determine the relevance of cytokines, and test the ability of the protein to induce disease in Class-I and II, IFNgamma, and IL4 knockout mice available on BALB/c background. To define TSHR epitopes to which pathogenic antibodies bind, we will carryout epitope mapping studies. For this, we will employ recombinant fragments of TSHR, ectodomains of TSHR-LH/CGR chimeric proteins and cells expressing these chimeras. These proteins or their fragments will be tested in a number of different serological and bioassays. Together these studies are expected to allow establishment of an appropriate animal model to study autoimmunity to TSHR. Such a model would facilitate a thorough understanding of the regulation of the immune response to TSHR with implications for the development of novel therapeutics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY OF ORBITAL FIBROBLASTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Smith, Terry J.; Harbor-Ucla Research & Educ Inst 1124 W Carson St Torrance, Ca 90502 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall objectives of this project are to understand the functional importance of orbital fibroblast heterogeneity and to define the role of the CD40/CD154 fibroblast activational bridge in the pathogenesis of thyroid

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associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). The hypothesis to be tested is that the orbit is susceptible to tissue remodeling in TAO because of unique fibroblast phenotypes and because TAO fibroblasts, unexpectedly, express both CD40 and its cognate ligand, CD154. When CD40 on orbital fibroblasts is ligated with CD154, down-stream genes are activated, leading to the disordered production of PGE2 and hyaluronan. Orbital fibroblasts, divided into subsets on the basis of Thy-1 expression, exhibit substantially different phenotypes. Thy-1- fibroblasts, when activated, express high levels of IL-8 and represent pre-adipocytes that can differentiate in vitro into adipocytes. Thy-1+ fibroblasts, when treated with IgG from patients with Graves' disease, produce extraordinarily high levels of IL-16, a CD4+ lymphocyte specific chemoattractant, and RANTES, a c-c chemokine. This activity is apparently mediated though the IGF-1 receptor. The applicant hypothesizes that these latter inductions, limited to the Thy1+ subset, represent the basis for lymphocyte infiltration of the orbit in TAO. We now propose to 1) define the role of the CD40/CD154 bridge in the activation of orbital fibroblasts by characterizing CD40 and CD154 expression and signaling to down-stream responses; 2) compare inflammatory phenotypes exhibited by Thy-1+ and Thy-1- orbital fibroblasts by determining whether Thy-1 cross-linking results in fibroblast activation and determining the molecular basis for IGF-1 receptor involvement in the IL-16 and RANTES inductions; 3) define the inflammatory phenotype of adipocytes differentiated in vitro from Thy-1- orbital fibroblasts. We believe that the results of the proposed studies will lead to important insights concerning the pathogenesis of TAO and potentially define therapeutic targets for interrupting this disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENDER-BASED REGULATION OF AUTOIMMUNE MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Tuohy, Vincent K.; Associate Staff; Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Gender differences in the immune response are particularly evident in autoimmunity where females show increased susceptibility for developing autoimmune disease but males are predisposed to a poorer prognosis. This sex-based divergence in both disease susceptibility and disease outcome is not well understood yet is clearly evident in several diseases having prominent autoimmune features, including multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Graves' disease, and DCM. The experiments proposed in the current application are designed to address the basis for the differential prognosis of males versus females with autoimmune disease. To this end we have developed a murine EAMC model in which male SWXJ mice show prolonged maintenance of cardiac self- recognition and develop a high incidence of DCM, whereas female mice show aborted maintenance of T cell autoimmune memory and significant protection from the development of DCM. Thus, we hypothesize that the poor prognosis in males with autoimmune disease is due to their enhanced ability to maintain autoimmune T cell memory and persistence of inflammatory self-recognition. In Specific Aim 1, we will determine the mechanism by which differential gender- based maintenance of selfrecognition occurs in male versus female SWXJ mice with EAMC. In Specific Aim 2, we will determine how the patterns of autoimmune memory may be altered by immune and non-immune manipulations. In addition, we will determine whether persistence of memory causes DCM and whether the gender-based differential development of autoimmune memory may be therapeutically manipulated to alter disease outcome. We believe that our proposed studies will lead to a better understanding of how

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autoimmune memory is maintained or aborted by gender-defined conditions. Such information may ultimately serve as a basis for therapeutic intervention during the development of autoimmune disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENETICS OF AUTOIMMUNE POLYENDOCRINE SYNDROME II Principal Investigator & Institution: Spritz, Richard A.; Professor and Director; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type II (APS-II) is characterized by the co-occurrence of two or more of various autoimmune disorders in individuals, and often also in their family members, most typically Addison's disease, autoimmune thyroid disease (Graves' disease and hypothyroidism), type I diabetes mellitus celiac disease, hypogonadism, vitiligo, alopecia, pernicious anemia, and myasthenia gravis, but in some families may also include lupus erythematosis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and other disorders. Our analyses strong indicate that autoimmunity in APS-II is controlled by a non-MHC gene in the context of a susceptible HLA genotype. We propose to map this non- MHC APS-II gene, determine its role in different clinical subtypes of APS-II, determine which autoimmune manifestations of APS-II are accounted for by this 2-locus model, and ultimately to identify the non- MHC APS-II gene. Our approach is to identify and analyze large APS-II pedigrees to define clerical heterogeneity that may reflect underlying genetic heterogeneity. We have carried out a series of large preliminary clinical surveys identifying three distinct groups of APS-II families in whom specific autoimmune disorders appear to occur as autosomal dominant traits; families with multiple cases of Addison's disease and other autoimmune disorders, families with multiple cases of vitiligo and other autoimmune disorders, and families with adult-onset type 1diabetes mellitus and other autoimmune disorders. In the multiplex Addison's disease families, we have identified specific HLA genotypes that appear to be necessary but not sufficient for the occurrence of disease. Given a susceptible HLA genotype, the occurrence of Addison's disease in these families appears to be determined by an autosomal dominantly inherited locus outside the MHC. We will map this non-MHC APS-II locus by an initial 10-cM genome screen to identify a candidate region of linkage, we will then refine this localization using additional families and additional markers, to the point of constructing a physical map of the region, and we will eventually identify the non-MHC APS-II susceptibility gene. We also plan to collect samples from vitiligo/APS-II and diabetes/APS-II families and to determine which of the various autoimmune manifestations in these families are accounted for by this gene. Definition of genes that predispose to various forms of APSII will greatly enhance our understanding of the genetics and causation of autoimmunity in general. The occurrence of lupus erythematosis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis in some families with APS-II suggests that the identification of APS-II genes may also shed light on the pathogenesis of these autoimmune disorders. In the long run, identification of genes and corresponding gene products that are involved in these autoimmune disorders will undoubtedly open up new avenues of approach to their treatment and even prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INTACT AND SCID MOUSE MODELS FOR GRAVES' DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Davies, Terry F.; Professor; Medicine; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1993; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract) This is a competing renewal application, seeking support to continue work with models of murine Graves' disease. Two murine models will be explored: 1) A homologous TSHR immunization model. This version of the Shimojo model uses, instead of immunization with hTSHRtransfected fibroblasts, a homologous system of cell surface-expressed mouse TSHR. 2) A transgenic approach to a Graves' disease model. This model involves the scid/scid transgenic mouse expressing human rather than murine TSHR antigen. These scidhTSHR mice will be injected with intrathyroidal lymphocytes and engrafted with thyroid tissue from patients with Graves' disease, allowing the human TSHR-Abs to interact with the transgenic human TSHR and induce thyroid overactivity. The applicant believes that the development of both an intact mouse model for Graves' disease as well as the reproduction of the human disease in scid mice will allow a series of interventional procedures to be developed to further the understanding of autoimmune thyroid disease and will provide potential therapeutic approaches to human ATD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MODULATION OF AN ANIMAL MODEL OF HYPERTHYROIDISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Mclachlan, Sandra M.; Professor; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Box 48750, 8700 Beverly Blvd Los Angeles, Ca 90048 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-FEB-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: Graves' hyperthyroidism, a very common autoimmune disorder affecting primarily women, is caused by TSH receptor (TSHR) autoantibodies that mimic the action of TSH. Very recently, the first animal model has been developed with the hallmarks of Graves' hyperthyroidism. We now propose to use this "Chiba" model to investigate several critical issues in Graves' disease, including exploration of approaches for immune intervention. 1. Addressing critical issues in Graves' disease:The Chiba mouse model will be used to study the role of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies (common in Graves' disease), TSHR intramolecular cleavage, gender and iodide ingestion on development and course of hyperthyroidism 2. TSHR Antibody characterization:- TSHR antibodies arising in the Chiba mouse model will be characterized by approaches used for human TSHR autoantibodies, including:- (i) functional assays for TSH binding inhibition (TBI), thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) and antibodies that block the biological action of TSH (TSBAb), (ii) epitopes and (iii) flow cytometry with intact cells to examine binding of non-functional TSHR antibodies. 3. TPO antibody characterization:- We will determine whether TPO antibodies in the Chiba model resemble human autoantibodies in terms of their:- (i) affinities, (ii) preferential recognition of native TPO and, (iii) preferential interaction with epitopes in the immunodominant region recognized by human TPO autoantibodies. 4. T Cell responses to TSHR antigen:- With the Chiba model of Graves' disease, we will:- (i) study the role of T cells in providing help in the generation of functional TSHR antibodies, (ii) determine the cytokines secreted by TSHR-specific T cells and, (iii) determine if the proliferative response of TSHR-specific T cell clones will vary depending on the antigen presenting cell (macrophages, B cells or syngeneic TSHRexpressing fibroblasts) 5. Intervention in the immune response in the Chiba model:- The

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Chiba model now makes feasible studies on the immunotherapy of hyperthyroidism in these animals, a long road that may ultimately provide the basis for immune intervention in human disease. We propose to examine the effect of second signal blockade (anti-CD40L) as a means to:- (i) Prevent the induction of disease and reverse the course of established disease and, (ii) Target a specific antigen (TSHR), rather than employing blanket suppression of the immune response. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PATHOGENSIS AND THERAPY OF AUTOIMMUNE THYROID DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Degroot, Leslie J.; Professor; Medicine; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1980; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) affects at least 6 percent of all women in their lifetime, and more than 10 percent of older women. The broad aim of our research program is to understand the causes of human autoimmune thyroid disease, the mechanisms involved in controlling the immune response, and, if possible, to develop preventive or therapeutic measures based on the immunology of the disease. Genetic factors including inheritance of MHC genes and specific CTLA4 alleles have been shown by many investigators to play a role in predisposing to Graves' disease. Responses to specific TSH receptor (TSH-R), and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) epitopes, have been demonstrated for T cells, T cell lines, and T cell clones in patients with Graves' disease. We will study the mechanism through which HLA-DRbeta1*03 and DQalpha1*05 are associated with Graves' disease, by purifying these molecules and studying the affinity of TSH-R and TPO peptides for binding. We will ask whether the binding affinity corresponds with the ability of the epitopes to stimulate T cells. We will also determine whether specific subgroups of DRbeta1*03 are primarily associated with Graves' disease, and why the DRbeta1*03 molecule found in Black Americans is not associated with Graves' disease, while the molecule found in Caucasians is associated with Graves' disease. We will also analyze the relative binding affinity of TSH-R and TPO epitopes for DRbeta1*07 and DQalpha1*02, which appear to be protective factors and, in theory, might not bind the epitopes. We will assess the function of CTLA4 in patients and control subjects in relation to inheritance of a specific allele associated with development of Graves' disease. Expression of the gene will be studied by FACs analysis and resting in stimulated cells, and function will be studied by use of antiCTLA4 antibodies during in vitro culture of lymphocytes with antigen and nonspecific T cell stimulating molecules. Secretion of IL-2 during proliferation with/without antiCTLA4, and apoptosis after withdrawal of IL-2, will also be studied as markers for CTLA4 action. CTLA4 function will be evaluated in T cell subsets. The studies planned have direct bearing on development of AITD in humans, and also apply to other autoimmune disease such as Diabetes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: THE THYROTROPIN RECEPTOR IN HEALTH AND DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Rapoport, Basil; Professor; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Box 48750, 8700 Beverly Blvd Los Angeles, Ca 90048 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1976; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: The goal of this grant proposal is to advance our understanding of the structure and pathophysiologic function of the human TSH receptor (TSHR). For this

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purpose, we will study:- 1. The role of the ectodomain in TSHR function. The TSHR ectodomain plays a paradoxical role in receptor activation. It constrains TSHR activity (removal of the ectodomain partially activates the TSHR). Conversely, the ectodomain is required for full TSHR activation by TSH. Partial TSHR activation by trypsin provides an important tool to understand the mechanism of ectodomain constraint and we will therefore study the mechanism underlying this phenomenon. To address the role of the ectodomain in full TSHR activation by ligand, we will mutagenize the TSHR to identify the region(s) in the ectodomain that lead to receptor activation following TSH binding. 2. TSHR ectodomain structure. Elucidation of the TSHR ectodomain structure will facilitate our primary goal of defining TSHR autoantibody binding sites. We have generated a CHO cell line that secretes large quantities of the TSHR ectodomain truncated at amino acid residue 289, corresponding approximately to the A subunit, the major site of autoantibody binding. By purifying mg quantities of TSHR-289 we will examine its disulfide bonds and glycan moieties. We will also generate large quantities of the full TSHR ectodomain (approximately 400 amino acids) to determine the sites of cleavage into A and B subunits, with the loss of a C peptide region. Finally, we will attempt to determine the 3- dimensional structure of TSHR-289 following partial deglycosylation of the molecule. 3. TSHR intermolecular interactions. We have found that expression of increasing numbers of TSHR on a cell leads to reduced TSH binding affinity and TSHR activation, or 'negative cooperativity', a process that appears to involve transient, non- covalent interactions between receptors. Our goal is to identify the interacting region(s) of the TSHR involved in the process. 4. TSHR antibodies and autoantibodies. We will generate mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAb) as tools to study autoantibody binding to the native, conformationally intact TSHR and, in other studies, we will study properties of the human autoantibodies themselves. MAb epitopes will be mapped using TSH-LH receptor chimeric receptors. The genes for the mAb will be cloned and used in H and L chain shuffling experiments. We will use purified TSHR-289 to affinity purify TSHR polyclonal or oligoclonal autoantibodies from patient serum. These studies will permit determination for the first time of the affinity of human autoantibodies for the TSHR. Finally, we will test the hypothesis that TSHR oligoclonality occurs because of early clinical presentation of Graves' disease. For this purpose, we will compare TSHR autoantibody k or lambda, L chain restriction in early and late disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THYROCYTES EXPRESS INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gianoukakis, Andrew G.; Harbor-Ucla Research & Educ Inst 1124 W Carson St Torrance, Ca 90502 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The understanding of autoimmune thyroid diseases, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves disease (GD), remains superficial and current treatment is symptom-oriented. The mediators responsible for the lymphocytic infiltration and inflammation characteristic of autoimmune thyroid glands have not been identified. The long-term objective of this project is to investigate the role of thyroid epithelial cells in the inflammatory response. Here, we propose experiments designed to 1) investigate the pathogenesis of thyroid inflammation 2) identify potential therapeutic targets for interrupting these processes and 3) identify clinical markers of autoimmune thyroid disease activity. Cellular immunology, protein chemistry and molecular biology techniques will be utilized to examine thyrocyte expression of immunomodulatory molecules in vitro and in situ. We propose to measure serum levels

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of inflammatory mediators and attempt to correlate their serum levels with disease activity in a 48-month prospective study of patients with Graves' disease. The candidate and mentor have worked closely for over 3 years. This relationship has led to significant production and the generation of supporting preliminary data. With the support of a research career development award, continued mentoring and the availability of a General Clinical Research Center, the candidate will be able to further investigate his findings and answer the clinically relevant questions that have arisen. During the career development period, the candidate will also complete graduate level coursework in molecular biology and translational investigation. The candidate will develop the scientific knowledge base, problem solving abilities, and technical skills which will allow him to develop into a independent physician/scientiist. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “Graves’ disease” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for Graves’ disease in the PubMed Central database: •

A mathematical model of optimized radioiodine-131 therapy of Graves' hyperthyroidism. by Doi SA, Loutfi I, Al-Shoumer KA.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=56607

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Autoantigen Recognition by Thyroid-Infiltrating T Cells in Graves Disease. by Dayan CM, Londei M, Corcoran AE, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, James RF, Rapoport B, Feldmann M.; 1991 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=52306

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Cloning from the Thyroid of a Protein Related to Actin Binding Protein that is Recognized by Graves Disease Immunoglobulins. by Leedman PJ, Faulkner-Jones B, Cram DS, Harrison PJ, West J, O'Brien E, Simpson R, Coppel RL, Harrison LC.; 1993 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=46853

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Diagnosis and management of Graves' disease. by Ginsberg J.; 2003 Mar 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149254

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Graves' disease in children. by Webster J, Taback SP, Sellers EA, Dean HJ.; 2003 Jul 22; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=164970

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Human Spumaretrovirus-Related Sequences in the DNA of Leukocytes from Patients with Graves Disease. by Lagaye S, Vexiau P, Morozov V, Guenebaut-Claudet V, Tobaly-Tapiero J, Canivet M, Cathelineau G, Peries J, Emanoil-Ravier R.; 1992 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=50279

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Recurrent hamburger thyrotoxicosis. by Parmar MS, Sturge C.; 2003 Sep 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=183292

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Soluble interleukin-2 receptor is a thyroid hormone-dependent early-response marker in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis. by Smallridge RC, Tsokos GC, Burman KD, Porter L, Cranston T, Sfikakis PP, Solomon BL.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170601

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The thyrotropin receptor autoantigen in Graves disease is the culprit as well as the victim. by Chen CR, Pichurin P, Nagayama Y, Latrofa F, Rapoport B, McLachlan SM.; 2003 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161420

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The Yeast Mitochondrial Carrier Leu5p and Its Human Homologue Graves' Disease Protein Are Required for Accumulation of Coenzyme A in the Matrix. by Prohl C, Pelzer W, Diekert K, Kmita H, Bedekovics T, Kispal G, Lill R.; 2001 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=99563

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Thyroid-stimulating autoantibodies in Graves disease preferentially recognize the free A subunit, not the thyrotropin holoreceptor. by Chazenbalk GD, Pichurin P, Chen CR, Latrofa F, Johnstone AP, McLachlan SM, Rapoport B.; 2002 Jul 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151066

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Graves’ disease, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Graves’ disease” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Graves’ disease (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A C/T single-nucleotide polymorphism in the region of the CD40 gene is associated with Graves' disease. Author(s): Tomer Y, Concepcion E, Greenberg DA. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2002 December; 12(12): 1129-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12593727&dopt=Abstract

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A case of autoimmune hypophysitis associated with Graves' disease. Author(s): Yamamoto M, Murakami Y, Nishiki M, Kato Y. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2002 December; 49(6): 583-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12625406&dopt=Abstract

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A case of fulminant type 1 diabetes with graves' disease. Author(s): Miura Y, Suzuki A, Sato I, Kato Y, Oiso Y. Source: Diabetes Care. 2002 October; 25(10): 1894-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12351508&dopt=Abstract

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A full biological response to autoantibodies in Graves' disease requires a disulfidebonded loop in the thyrotropin receptor N terminus homologous to a laminin epidermal growth factor-like domain. Author(s): Chen CR, Tanaka K, Chazenbalk GD, McLachlan SM, Rapoport B. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2001 May 4; 276(18): 14767-72. Epub 2001 February 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11278376&dopt=Abstract

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A germline single nucleotide polymorphism at the intracellular domain of the human thyrotropin receptor does not have a major effect on the development of Graves' disease. Author(s): Ban Y, Greenberg DA, Concepcion ES, Tomer Y. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2002 December; 12(12): 1079-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12593721&dopt=Abstract

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A method for identification of the peptides that bind to a clone of thyroid-stimulating antibodies in the serum of Graves' disease patients. Author(s): Na CH, Lee MH, Cho BY, Chae CB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 April; 88(4): 1570-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12679441&dopt=Abstract

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A nonsense mutation in exon 2 of the DNase I gene is not present in UK subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus and Graves' disease: Comment on the article by Rood et al. Author(s): Simmonds MJ, Heward JM, Kelly MA, Allahabadia A, Foxall H, Gordon C, Franklyn JA, Gough SC. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002 November; 46(11): 3109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428267&dopt=Abstract

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A successful pregnancy and delivery case of Graves' disease with myeloperoxidase antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody induced by propylthiouracil. Author(s): Yamashita Y, Yamane K, Fujikawa R, Okubo M, Kohno N. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2002 October; 49(5): 555-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12507274&dopt=Abstract

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Absence of IL-4, and not suppression of the Th2 response, prevents development of experimental autoimmune Graves' disease. Author(s): Dogan RN, Vasu C, Holterman MJ, Prabhakar BS. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2003 February 15; 170(4): 2195204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12574393&dopt=Abstract

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Accelerated production of nucleosome in cultured human mononuclear cells in untreated Graves' disease. Author(s): Hara H, Sato R, Ban Y. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2002 April; 49(2): 189-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12081238&dopt=Abstract

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Acute pancreatitis, hepatic cholestasis, and erythema nodosum induced by carbimazole treatment for Graves' disease. Author(s): Marazuela M, Sanchez de Paco G, Jimenez I, Carraro R, Fernandez-Herrera J, Pajares JM, Gomez-Pan A. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2002 June; 49(3): 315-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12201214&dopt=Abstract

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An unusual initial manifestation of metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma: radioiodine uptake in lymph node metastatic lesions in a patient with Graves' disease. Author(s): Newman SL, Griffith AY, Herbst AB, Yeh IT, Kukora JS. Source: Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 2002 July-August; 8(4): 3046. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12173918&dopt=Abstract

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Androgen-dependent expression of FcgammaRIIB2 by thyrocytes from patients with autoimmune Graves' disease: a possible molecular clue for sex dependence of autoimmune disease. Author(s): Estienne V, Duthoit C, Reichert M, Praetor A, Carayon P, Hunziker W, Ruf J. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2002 July; 16(9): 1087-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12087070&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-Ku antibody-positive scleroderma-dermatomyositis overlap syndrome developing Graves' disease and immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Author(s): Kamei N, Yamane K, Yamashita Y, Nakanishi S, Watanabe H, Fujikawa R, Hiyama K, Ishioka S, Mendoza C, Kohno N. Source: Intern Med. 2002 December; 41(12): 1199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521216&dopt=Abstract

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Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody-positive systemic vasculitis associated with propylthiouracil therapy: report of 2 children with Graves' disease. Author(s): Poomthavorn P, Mahachoklertwattana P, Tapaneya-Olarn W, Chuansumrit A, Chunharas A. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 November; 85 Suppl 4: S1295-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12549809&dopt=Abstract

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Antithyroid drug-induced immunomodulation in Graves' disease patients. Author(s): Lechpammer M, Lukac J, Lechpammer S, Kusic Z. Source: Acta Med Croatica. 2002; 56(1): 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12455450&dopt=Abstract

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Antithyroid drugs in the management of patients with Graves' disease: an evidencebased approach to therapeutic controversies. Author(s): Cooper DS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 August; 88(8): 3474-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12915620&dopt=Abstract

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Arterial embolization: a novel approach to thyroid ablative therapy for Graves' disease. Author(s): Xiao H, Zhuang W, Wang S, Yu B, Chen G, Zhou M, Wong NC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 August; 87(8): 3583-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12161479&dopt=Abstract

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Association of the HLA-DRB1*0301 and HLA-DQA1*0501 alleles with Graves' disease in a population representing the gene contribution from several ethnic backgrounds. Author(s): Maciel LM, Rodrigues SS, Dibbern RS, Navarro PA, Donadi EA. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2001 January; 11(1): 31-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11272094&dopt=Abstract

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Autoimmune hepatitis associated with Graves' disease. Author(s): Cui B, Abe M, Hidata S, Nakanishi S, Matsuura B, Michitaka K, Yamamoto K, Horiike N, Onji M. Source: Intern Med. 2003 April; 42(4): 331-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12729321&dopt=Abstract

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B cell number and function in Graves' disease. Author(s): Wilson R, Pearson C, McKillop JH, Thomson JA. Source: Autoimmunity. 1994; 17(3): 251. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7524703&dopt=Abstract

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B7.1 costimulatory molecule is expressed on thyroid follicular cells in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, but not in Graves' disease. Author(s): Battifora M, Pesce G, Paolieri F, Fiorino N, Giordano C, Riccio AM, Torre G, Olive D, Bagnasco M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998 November; 83(11): 4130-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9814503&dopt=Abstract

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B-cell autoepitopes on the acetylcholinesterase-homologous region of human thyroglobulin: association with Graves' disease and thyroid eye disease. Author(s): Thrasyvoulides A, Sakarellos-Daitsiotis M, Philippou G, Souvatzoglou A, Sakarellos C, Lymberi P. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2001 August; 145(2): 119-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11454506&dopt=Abstract

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Behavior of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 concentrations in patients with Graves' disease with or without ophthalmopathy and in patients with toxic adenoma. Author(s): De Bellis A, Bizzarro A, Gattoni A, Romano C, Di Martino S, Sinisi AA, Abbadessa S, Bellastella A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1995 July; 80(7): 2118-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7541801&dopt=Abstract

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Benzodiazepine and remission of Graves' disease. Author(s): Benvenga S. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1996 December; 6(6): 659-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9001204&dopt=Abstract

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beta-cell function and glucose and lipid oxidation in Graves' disease. Author(s): Bech K, Damsbo P, Eldrup E, Beck-Nielsen H, Roder ME, Hartling SG, Volund A, Madsbad S. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1996 January; 44(1): 59-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8706294&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome in Graves' disease. Author(s): Manganelli P, Pavesi G, Salaffi F. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Rheumatologie. 1987 January-February; 46(1): 34-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3591021&dopt=Abstract

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Bile acid malabsorption associated with Graves' disease. Author(s): Raju GS, Dawson B, Bardhan KD. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1994 July; 19(1): 54-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7930435&dopt=Abstract

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Binding of antithyrotropin receptor autoantibodies in Graves' disease serum to nascent, in vitro translated thyrotropin receptor: ability to map epitopes recognized by antibodies. Author(s): Morgenthaler NG, Tremble J, Huang G, Scherbaum WA, McGregor AM, Banga JP. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996 February; 81(2): 700-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8636291&dopt=Abstract

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Binding of bovine and porcine pituitary glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit to TSH antibody in serum of patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Kajita Y, Nakajima Y, Ishida M, Fujita Y, Nagamune T, Hachiya T, Nakagawa M, Inui T, Ochi Y. Source: Autoimmunity. 1990; 6(1-2): 71-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1717006&dopt=Abstract

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Binding of human thyrotropin receptor peptides to a Graves' disease-predisposing human leukocyte antigen class II molecule. Author(s): Sawai Y, DeGroot LJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000 March; 85(3): 11769. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10720058&dopt=Abstract

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Blocking type anti-tSH receptor antibodies detected by radioreceptor assay in Graves' disease. Author(s): Tada H, Izumi Y, Watanabe Y, Takano T, Fukata S, Kuma K, Hidaka Y, Amino N. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2001 December; 48(6): 703-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11873870&dopt=Abstract

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Blocking-type anti-TSH receptor antibodies and relation to responsiveness to antithyroid drug therapy and remission in Graves' disease. Author(s): Tada H, Mizuta I, Takano T, Tatsumi KI, Izumi Y, Hidaka Y, Amino N. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2003 April; 58(4): 403-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12641621&dopt=Abstract

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Body composition assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in patients with Graves' disease before and after treatment. Author(s): Hu HY, Kato Y. Source: Endocrine Journal. 1995 August; 42(4): 545-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8556062&dopt=Abstract

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Bone mineral density after surgical treatment for Graves' disease. Author(s): Arata N, Momotani N, Maruyama H, Saruta T, Tsukatani K, Kubo A, Ikemoto K, Ito K. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1997 August; 7(4): 547-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9292941&dopt=Abstract

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CD45 exon 4 point mutation does not confer susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus or Graves' disease. Author(s): Wood JP, Bieda K, Segni M, Herwig J, Krause M, Usadel KH, Badenhoop K. Source: European Journal of Immunogenetics : Official Journal of the British Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics. 2002 February; 29(1): 73-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11841494&dopt=Abstract

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Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis precipitated by Graves' disease and Factor V Leiden mutation. Author(s): Molloy E, Cahill M, O'Hare JA. Source: Ir Med J. 2003 February; 96(2): 46-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12674153&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic urticaria/angioedema and Graves' disease: Coexistence of 2 antireceptor antibody-mediated diseases. Author(s): Irani C, Gordon ND, Zweiman B, Levinson AI. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 November; 108(5): 874. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11692119&dopt=Abstract

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Circulating nuclear matrix protein in Graves' disease. Author(s): Hara H, Morita Y, Sato R, Ban Y. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2002 June; 49(3): 343-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12201219&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical applications of the 2nd generation assay for anti-TSH receptor antibodies in Graves' disease. Evaluation in patients with negative 1st generation test. Author(s): Giovanella L, Ceriani L, Garancini S. Source: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine : Cclm / Fescc. 2001 January; 39(1): 25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11256796&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical evaluation of biotin-binding immunoglobulin in patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Nagamine T, Takehara K, Fukui T, Mori M. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1994 April; 226(1): 47-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7915219&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical significance of classification of Graves' disease according to the characteristics of TSH receptor antibodies. Author(s): Kim WB, Chung HK, Park YJ, Park DJ, Lee HK, Cho BY. Source: Korean J Intern Med. 2001 September; 16(3): 187-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11769578&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical validity of a new commercial method for detection of TSH-receptor binding antibodies in sera from patients with Graves' disease treated with antithyroid drugs. Author(s): Massart C, Orgiazzi J, Maugendre D. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2001 February; 304(1-2): 39-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11165197&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical value of a new TSH binding inihibitory activity assay using human TSH receptors in the follow-up of antithyroid drug treated Graves' disease. Comparison with thyroid stimulating antibody bioassay. Author(s): Maugendre D, Massart C. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2001 January; 54(1): 89-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11167931&dopt=Abstract

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Coexistence of Graves' disease and struma ovarii: case report and literature review. Author(s): Mimura Y, Kishida M, Masuyama H, Suwaki N, Kodama J, Otsuka F, Kataoka H, Yamauchi T, Ogura T, Kudo T, Makino H. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2001 April; 48(2): 255-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11456276&dopt=Abstract

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Combined approach to eyelid surgery in Graves' disease. Author(s): Thornton WR. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1994 April; 10(2): 172-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7995534&dopt=Abstract

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Concomitant association of thyroid sarcoidosis and Graves' disease. Author(s): Yarman S, Kahraman H, Tanakol R, Kapran Y. Source: Hormone Research. 2003; 59(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566735&dopt=Abstract

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Concomitant Graves' disease and primary hyperparathyroidism. Influence of hyperthyroidism on serum calcium and parathyroid hormone. Author(s): Arem R, Lim-Abrahan MA, Mallette LE. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1986 April; 80(4): 693-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3754385&dopt=Abstract

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Concomitant Graves' disease and primary hyperparathyroidism: the first case report in mainland of China and literature review. Author(s): Xiao H, Yu B, Wang S, Chen G. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2002 June; 115(6): 939-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136811&dopt=Abstract

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Contrasting activities of thyrotropin receptor antibodies in experimental models of Graves' disease induced by injection of transfected fibroblasts or deoxyribonucleic acid vaccination. Author(s): Rao PV, Watson PF, Weetman AP, Carayanniotis G, Banga JP. Source: Endocrinology. 2003 January; 144(1): 260-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12488353&dopt=Abstract

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Control of eyelid retraction associated with Graves' disease with botulinum A toxin. Author(s): Biglan AW. Source: Ophthalmic Surg. 1994 March; 25(3): 186-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8196925&dopt=Abstract

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Cordocentesis to predict fetal outcome after administration of radio-active iodine for Graves' disease. Author(s): Calderwood C, Williams H, Campbell IW, Toft AD, Cameron A. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 March; 22(2): 217-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521713&dopt=Abstract

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CTLA-4 gene A-G polymorphism and childhood Graves' disease. Author(s): Yung E, Cheng PS, Fok TF, Wong GW. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2002 May; 56(5): 649-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12030917&dopt=Abstract

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CTLA4 gene and Graves' disease: association of Graves' disease with the CTLA4 exon 1 and intron 1 polymorphisms, but not with the promoter polymorphism. Author(s): Vaidya B, Oakes EJ, Imrie H, Dickinson AJ, Perros P, Kendall-Taylor P, Pearce SH. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2003 June; 58(6): 732-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12780750&dopt=Abstract

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CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms in Tunisian patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Hadj Kacem H, Bellassoued M, Bougacha-Elleuch N, Abid M, Ayadi H. Source: Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.). 2001 December; 101(3): 361-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11726229&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed occurrence of Graves' disease after immune restoration with HAART. Highly active antiretroviral therapy. Author(s): Gilquin J, Viard JP, Jubault V, Sert C, Kazatchkine MD. Source: Lancet. 1998 December 12; 352(9144): 1907-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9863795&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed tc-99m sestamibi washout in graves' disease. Author(s): Balan KK, Baltrop AH, Wishart GC. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2003 March; 28(3): 239-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12592140&dopt=Abstract

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Demonstration of anti-TSH antibody in TSH binding inhibitory immunoglobulinpositive sera of patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Ochi Y, Hamazu M, Kajita Y, Nagata A. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2002 March; 56(3): 405-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11940054&dopt=Abstract

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Dermatomyositis and Graves' disease. Author(s): Selva-O'Callaghan A, Mijares-Boeckh-Behrens T, Solans-Laque R, MolinsVara T, Olive G, Vilardell-Tarres M. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2001 September-October; 19(5): 595-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11579725&dopt=Abstract

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Dermopathy of Graves' disease (pretibial myxedema): long-term outcome. Author(s): Schwartz KM, Fatourechi V, Ahmed DD, Pond GR. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 February; 87(2): 438-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11836263&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of low titre TBII in patients with Graves' disease using recombinant human TSH receptor. Author(s): Morgenthaler NG, Nagata A, Katayama S, Bergmann A, Iitaka M. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2002 August; 57(2): 193-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12153597&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of the optimal minimum radioiodine dose in patients with Graves' disease: a clinical outcome study. Author(s): Howarth D, Epstein M, Lan L, Tan P, Booker J. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2001 October; 28(10): 1489-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11685491&dopt=Abstract

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Development of Graves' disease in a patient under immunosuppressive therapy after liver transplantation. Author(s): Bednarczuk T, Makowska U, Nauman J. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2003 March; 26(3): 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12809177&dopt=Abstract

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Development of primary hypothyroidism with the appearance of blocking-type antibody to thyrotropin receptor in Graves' disease in late pregnancy. Author(s): Ueta Y, Fukui H, Murakami H, Yamanouchi Y, Yamamoto R, Murao A, Santou Y, Taniguchi S, Mitani Y, Shigemasa C. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1999 February; 9(2): 179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10090319&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis and management of Graves' disease. Author(s): Ginsberg J. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 March 4; 168(5): 575-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12615754&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic approach to thyroid carcinoma in Graves' disease. Author(s): Soh EY, Park CS. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 1993 June; 34(2): 191-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8379198&dopt=Abstract

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Differences between changes in serum thyrotropin-binding inhibitory antibodies and thyroid-stimulating antibodies in the course of antithyroid drug therapy for Graves' disease. Author(s): Yamano Y, Takamatsu J, Sakane S, Hirai K, Kuma K, Ohsawa N. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1999 August; 9(8): 769-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10482368&dopt=Abstract

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Different intrathyroid expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease: analysis at mRNA level and association with B7.1 costimulatory molecule. Author(s): Pesce G, Fiorino N, Riccio AM, Montagna P, Torre G, Salmaso C, Altrinetti V, Bagnasco M. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2002 March; 25(3): 289-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936473&dopt=Abstract

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Differential diagnosis of hyperthyroidism: Doppler sonographic quantification of thyroid blood flow distinguishes between Graves' disease and diffuse toxic goiter. Author(s): Saleh A, Cohnen M, Furst G, Godehardt E, Modder U, Feldkamp J. Source: Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes : Official Journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association. 2002 January; 110(1): 32-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11835123&dopt=Abstract

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DiGeorge syndrome with Graves' disease: A case report. Author(s): Kawamura T, Nimura I, Hanafusa M, Fujikawa R, Okubo M, Egusa G, Amakido M. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2000 February; 47(1): 91-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10811298&dopt=Abstract

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Disseminated thyroid autonomy or Graves' disease: reevaluation by a second generation TSH receptor antibody assay. Author(s): Meller J, Jauho A, Hufner M, Gratz S, Becker W. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2000 December; 10(12): 1073-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11201852&dopt=Abstract

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Does an individual estimation of halflife improve the results of radioiodine therapy of Graves' disease? Author(s): Schneider P, Korber C, Korber-Hafner N, Hanscheid H, Reiners C. Source: Nuklearmedizin. 2002 December; 41(6): 240-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12520660&dopt=Abstract

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Does Graves' disease during puberty influence adult bone mineral density? Author(s): Radetti G, Bona G, Corrias A, Cappa M, DeSanctis V, Lauriola S, Paganini C, Rigon F. Source: Hormone Research. 2002; 58(4): 176-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324715&dopt=Abstract

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Does smoking increase relapse rates in Graves' disease? Author(s): Kimball LE, Kulinskaya E, Brown B, Johnston C, Farid NR. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2002 February; 25(2): 152-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11929086&dopt=Abstract

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Doppler ultrasonography in predicting relapse of hyperthyroidism in Graves' disease. Author(s): Varsamidis K, Varsamidou E, Mavropoulos G. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 2000 January; 41(1): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10665869&dopt=Abstract

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Early relapse after operation for Graves' disease: postoperative hormone kinetics and outcome after subtotal, near-total, and total thyroidectomy. Author(s): Hermann M, Roka R, Richter B, Freissmuth M. Source: Surgery. 1998 November; 124(5): 894-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9823404&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of radioactive iodine therapy on cytokine production in Graves' disease: transient increases in interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, with longer term increases in interferon-gamma production. Author(s): Jones BM, Kwok CC, Kung AW. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 November; 84(11): 4106-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10566657&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone on cultured thyrocytes obtained from patients with Graves' disease and inhibitive effect by sodium iodide: a functional study. Author(s): Yamashita H, Noguchi S, Murakami N, Adachi M, Yasuoka Y, Wakiya S, Kitamura H. Source: Pathology International. 1994 December; 44(12): 827-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7866565&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of thyrotropin and adenosine on inositol phospholipids pathway in human thyroid in Graves' disease. Author(s): Zarzycki W, Mosko P, Jaroszewicz L, Kinalska I. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1994 November 30; 205(1): 584-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7999083&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of oral iodide therapy on neonatal hyperthyroidism caused by maternal Graves' disease. Author(s): Maragliano G, Zuppa AA, Florio MG, Scapillati ME, Girlando P, Crescimbini B, Cafforio C, Noia G, Cavaliere AF, Tortorolo G. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 2000 March-April; 15(2): 122-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10720879&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasic pretibial myxedema in Graves' disease. Author(s): Sharma VK, Sood A, Sood A, Singh MK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 November; 50: 1430-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12583477&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasic pretibial myxedema: insight into and a hypothesis regarding the pathogenesis of the extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves' disease. Author(s): Rapoport B, Alsabeh R, Aftergood D, McLachlan SM. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2000 August; 10(8): 685-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11014313&dopt=Abstract

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Elevated F-18 FDG uptake in the thymus in Graves' disease. Author(s): Chen YK, Chen YL. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2003 February; 28(2): 142-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544139&dopt=Abstract

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Endoscopic subtotal thyroidectomy for patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Yamamoto M, Sasaki A, Asahi H, Shimada Y, Sato N, Nakajima J, Mashima R, Saito K. Source: Surgery Today. 2001; 31(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11213035&dopt=Abstract

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Enterovirus infection--a possible trigger for Graves' disease? Author(s): Pichler R, Maschek W, Hatzl-Griesenhofer M, Huber H, Luger C, Binder L, Mittermayer H. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2001 March 15; 113(5-6): 204-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11293951&dopt=Abstract

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Epitope mapping of tsh receptor-blocking antibodies in Graves' disease that appear during pregnancy. Author(s): Kung AW, Lau KS, Kohn LD. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 August; 86(8): 3647-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11502791&dopt=Abstract

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Estimation of antithyroid drug dose in Graves' disease: value of quantification of thyroid blood flow with color duplex sonography. Author(s): Saleh A, Furst G, Feldkamp J, Godehardt E, Grust A, Modder U. Source: Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. 2001 August; 27(8): 1137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11527601&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for a Graves' disease susceptibility locus at chromosome Xp11 in a United Kingdom population. Author(s): Imrie H, Vaidya B, Perros P, Kelly WF, Toft AD, Young ET, Kendall-Taylor P, Pearce SH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 February; 86(2): 626-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11158020&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for a major role of heredity in Graves' disease: a population-based study of two Danish twin cohorts. Author(s): Brix TH, Kyvik KO, Christensen K, Hegedus L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 February; 86(2): 930-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11158069&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for a retroviral trigger in Graves' disease. Author(s): Jaspan JB, Luo H, Ahmed B, Tenenbaum S, Voss T, Sander DM, Bollinger K, Baquet T, Garry RF. Source: Autoimmunity. 1995; 20(2): 135-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7578870&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence of transient IgA anti-endomysial antibody positivity in a patient with Graves' disease. Author(s): Carroccio A, Custro N, Montalto G, Giannitrapani L, Soresi M, Notarbartolo A. Source: Digestion. 1999 January-February; 60(1): 86-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9892805&dopt=Abstract

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Expression and regulation of regulated on activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted in thyroid tissue of patients with Graves' disease and thyroid autonomy and in thyroid-derived cell populations. Author(s): Simchen C, Lehmann I, Sittig D, Steinert M, Aust G. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000 December; 85(12): 4758-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11134139&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of IP-10/CXCL10 and MIG/CXCL9 in the thyroid and increased levels of IP-10/CXCL10 in the serum of patients with recent-onset Graves' disease. Author(s): Romagnani P, Rotondi M, Lazzeri E, Lasagni L, Francalanci M, Buonamano A, Milani S, Vitti P, Chiovato L, Tonacchera M, Bellastella A, Serio M. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 2002 July; 161(1): 195-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12107104&dopt=Abstract

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Extrathyroidal complications of Graves' disease. Author(s): Weetman AP. Source: The Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 1993 August; 86(8): 473-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7692461&dopt=Abstract

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Extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves' disease: the thyrotropin receptor is expressed in extraocular, but not cardiac, muscle tissues. Author(s): Busuttil BE, Frauman AG. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 May; 86(5): 2315-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11344244&dopt=Abstract

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Factors affecting thyroid function after subtotal thyroidectomy for Graves' disease: case control study by remnant-weight matched-pair analysis. Author(s): Ozaki O, Ito K, Mimura T, Sugino K, Ito K. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1997 August; 7(4): 555-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9292942&dopt=Abstract

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Factors affecting thyroid function after thyroidectomy for Graves' disease. Author(s): Huang CS, Wang M, Shun CT, Liaw KY. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 1995 July; 94(7): 423-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7549568&dopt=Abstract

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Factors at onset predictive of lasting remission in pediatric patients with Graves' disease followed for at least three years. Author(s): Mussa GC, Corrias A, Silvestro L, Battan E, Mostert M, Mussa F, Pellegrino D. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 1999 July-August; 12(4): 537-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10417970&dopt=Abstract

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Familial form of thyroid dysgenesis: report of thyroid hemiagenesis with accompanying Graves' disease in a woman whose daughter has thyroid agenesis. Author(s): Lee IT, Sheu WH, Lin SY. Source: Hormone Research. 2003; 59(1): 47-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566736&dopt=Abstract

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Fas ligand expression in thyroid follicular cells from patients with thionamidetreated Graves' disease. Author(s): Mitsiades N, Poulaki V, Tseleni-Balafouta S, Chrousos GP, Koutras DA. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2000 July; 10(7): 527-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10958304&dopt=Abstract

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Fas ligand gene polymorphisms are not associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. Author(s): Stuck BJ, Pani MA, Besrour F, Segni M, Krause M, Usadel KH, Badenhoop K. Source: Human Immunology. 2003 February; 64(2): 285-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12559631&dopt=Abstract

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Fas/FasL mediated apoptosis of thyrocytes in Graves' disease. Author(s): Sera N, Kawakami A, Nakashima T, Nakamura H, Imaizumi M, Koji T, Abe Y, Usa T, Tominaga T, Ejima E, Ashizawa K, Yokoyama N, Ishikawa N, Ito K, Eguchi K. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2001 May; 124(2): 197-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11422195&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal thyroid crisis years after two thyroidectomies for graves' disease: is thyroid tissue autotransplantation for postthyroidectomy hypothyroidism worthwhile? Author(s): Leow MK, Loh KC. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2002 September; 195(3): 434-5; Author Reply 435-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12229955&dopt=Abstract

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Fine needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid gland in patients with prior Graves' disease treated with radioactive iodine. Morphologic findings and potential pitfalls. Author(s): Centeno BA, Szyfelbein WM, Daniels GH, Vickery AL Jr. Source: Acta Cytol. 1996 November-December; 40(6): 1189-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8960027&dopt=Abstract

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Follow-up evaluation of patients with Graves' disease treated by subtotal thyroidectomy and risk factor analysis for post-operative thyroid dysfunction. Author(s): Sugino K, Mimura T, Toshima K, Iwabuchi H, Kitamura Y, Kawano M, Ozaki O, Ito K. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1993 March; 16(3): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8099920&dopt=Abstract

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Free radical activity and antioxidant defense mechanisms in patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease during therapy. Author(s): Komosinska-Vassev K, Olczyk K, Kucharz EJ, Marcisz C, Winsz-Szczotka K, Kotulska A. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2000 October; 300(1-2): 107-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10958867&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody in Graves' disease patients treated with methimazole. Author(s): Guma M, Salinas I, Reverter JL, Roca J, Valls-Roc M, Juan M, Olive A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 May; 88(5): 2141-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727967&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency of appearance of myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA) in Graves' disease patients treated with propylthiouracil and the relationship between MPO-ANCA and clinical manifestations. Author(s): Noh JY, Asari T, Hamada N, Makino F, Ishikawa N, Abe Y, Ito K, Ito K. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2001 May; 54(5): 651-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11380496&dopt=Abstract

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Frontal lobe proton magnetic-resonance spectroscopy in Graves' disease: a pilot study. Author(s): Bhatara VS, Tripathi RP, Sankar R, Gupta A, Khushu S. Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1998 August; 23(6): 605-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9802130&dopt=Abstract

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Function of DR-positive thyrocytes from patients with Graves' disease: quantitative analysis of thyroid peroxidase content by fluorescent photometry. Author(s): Asakawa H, Hanafusa T, Kuma K, Kono N, Tarui S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1992 March; 74(3): 614-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1740495&dopt=Abstract

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Functional analysis of a variant of the thyrotropin receptor gene in a family with Graves' disease. Author(s): Gustavsson B, Eklof C, Westermark K, Westermark B, Heldin NE. Source: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 1995 June; 111(2): 167-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7556878&dopt=Abstract

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Functional Fas ligand expression in thyrocytes from patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Hiromatsu Y, Hoshino T, Yagita H, Koga M, Sakisaka S, Honda J, Yang D, Kayagaki N, Okumura K, Nonaka K. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 August; 84(8): 2896-902. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10443697&dopt=Abstract

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Functional results of radioiodine therapy with a 300-Gy absorbed dose in Graves' disease. Author(s): Willemsen UF, Knesewitsch P, Kreisig T, Pickardt CR, Kirsch CM. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 1993 November; 20(11): 1051-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8287872&dopt=Abstract

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Fungating pustular plaques in a patient with Graves' disease. Iododerma. Author(s): Noonan MP, Williams CM, Elgart ML. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1994 June; 130(6): 786-7, 789-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8002655&dopt=Abstract

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Further studies of genetic susceptibility to Graves' disease in a Russian population. Author(s): Chistiakov DA, Savost'anov KV, Turakulov RI, Petunina N, Balabolkin MI, Nosikov VV. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2002 March; 8(3): Cr180-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11887032&dopt=Abstract

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Genome-wide scan of Graves' disease: evidence for linkage on chromosome 5q31 in Chinese Han pedigrees. Author(s): Jin Y, Teng W, Ben S, Xiong X, Zhang J, Xu S, Shugart YY, Jin L, Chen J, Huang W. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 April; 88(4): 1798803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12679476&dopt=Abstract

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Graves' disease after 131I therapy for toxic nodule. Author(s): Soule J, Mayfield R. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2001 January; 11(1): 91-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11272103&dopt=Abstract

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Graves' disease by any other name? Author(s): Weetman AP. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2000 December; 10(12): 1071-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11201851&dopt=Abstract

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Graves' disease complicating pregnancy. Author(s): Phuapradit W, Saropala N, Rajatanavin R, Hotrakit S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1993 July; 76(7): 380-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8089638&dopt=Abstract

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Graves' disease development during sizofiran treatment. Author(s): Morita S, Ueda Y. Source: Intern Med. 2002 November; 41(11): 977-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487171&dopt=Abstract

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Graves' disease following silicone breast implantation. Author(s): Bernet VJ, Finger DR. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1994 November; 21(11): 2169. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7869333&dopt=Abstract

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Graves' disease in childhood. Author(s): Kraiem Z, Newfield RS. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2001 March; 14(3): 229-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11308041&dopt=Abstract

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Graves' disease in children. Author(s): Webster J, Taback SP, Sellers EA, Dean HJ. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 July 22; 169(2): 104-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12874154&dopt=Abstract

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Graves' disease in patients with 22q11.2 deletion. Author(s): Kawame H, Adachi M, Tachibana K, Kurosawa K, Ito F, Gleason MM, Weinzimer S, Levitt-Katz L, Sullivan K, McDonald-McGinn DM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 December; 139(6): 892-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11743521&dopt=Abstract

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Graves' disease in pregnancy: prospective evaluation of a selective invasive treatment protocol. Author(s): Nachum Z, Rakover Y, Weiner E, Shalev E. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 July; 189(1): 159-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12861156&dopt=Abstract

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Graves' disease induced by Na(131)I therapy for toxic multinodular goitre. Author(s): van Leussen JJ, Edelbroek MA, Talsma MA, de Heide LJ. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 2000 November; 57(5): 194-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11185482&dopt=Abstract

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Graves' disease is a multi-system autoimmune disorder in which extra ocular muscle damage and connective tissue inflammation are variable features. Author(s): Wall JR. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2002 January; 12(1): 35-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11838728&dopt=Abstract

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Graves' disease is associated with an altered CXCR3 and CCR5 expression in thyroidderived compared to peripheral blood lymphocytes. Author(s): Aust G, Sittig D, Steinert M, Lamesch P, Lohmann T. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2002 March; 127(3): 479-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11966764&dopt=Abstract

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Graves' disease presented as painful goiter. Author(s): Chao CS, Lin SY, Sheu WH. Source: Hormone Research. 2002; 57(1-2): 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12006721&dopt=Abstract

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Graves' disease presenting as elephantiasic pretibial myxedema and nodules of the hands. Author(s): Cho S, Choi JH, Sung KJ, Moon KC, Koh JK. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2001 April; 40(4): 276-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11454085&dopt=Abstract

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Graves' disease presenting as hemiparkinsonism. Author(s): Davies JS, Morrish PK, Scanlon MF. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2001 March; 24(3): 188-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11314749&dopt=Abstract

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Graves' disease, thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. Author(s): Belfiore A, Russo D, Vigneri R, Filetti S. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2001 December; 55(6): 711-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895209&dopt=Abstract

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Graves' disease. Author(s): McKenna TJ. Source: Lancet. 2001 June 2; 357(9270): 1793-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11403836&dopt=Abstract

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Graves' disease: associated ocular myasthenia gravis and a thymic cyst. Author(s): Peacey SR, Belchetz PE. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1993 May; 86(5): 297-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8505758&dopt=Abstract

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Graves' disease: the T(H)1/T(H)2 paradigm versus the “hygiene” hypothesis and defective immune regulation. Author(s): McLachlan SM. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2003 February; 13(2): 127-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699602&dopt=Abstract

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Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis. Author(s): Armigliato M, Paolini R, Bianchini E, Monesi G, Zamboni S, D'Andrea E. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2002 September; 12(9): 829-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12481950&dopt=Abstract

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High dose of (131)I therapy for the treatment of hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease. Author(s): Alexander EK, Larsen PR. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 March; 87(3): 10737. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11889166&dopt=Abstract

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High frequency of B cells capable of producing anti-thyrotropin receptor antibodies in patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Fan JL, Desai RK, Dallas JS, Wagle NM, Seetharamaiah GS, Prabhakar BS. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1994 April; 71(1): 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8137560&dopt=Abstract

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High prevalence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positivity in childhood onset Graves' disease treated with propylthiouracil. Author(s): Sato H, Hattori M, Fujieda M, Sugihara S, Inomata H, Hoshi M, Miyamoto S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000 November; 85(11): 4270-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11095466&dopt=Abstract

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High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Japanese female patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Yamashita H, Noguchi S, Takatsu K, Koike E, Murakami T, Watanabe S, Uchino S, Yamashita H, Kawamoto H. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2001 February; 48(1): 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11403104&dopt=Abstract

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HLA class II alleles in Japanese patients with Graves' disease: weak associations of HLA-DR and -DQ. Author(s): Katsuren E, Awata T, Matsumoto C, Yamamoto K. Source: Endocrine Journal. 1994 December; 41(6): 599-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7704083&dopt=Abstract

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HLA DQA1*0501 and DRB1*0301 antigens do not independently convey susceptibility to Graves' disease. Author(s): Philippou G, Krimitzas A, Kaltsas G, Anastasiou E, Souvatzoglou A, Alevizaki M. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2001 February; 24(2): 88-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11263477&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-DPB1 polymorphisms on the MHC-extended haplotypes of families of patients with Graves' disease: two distinct HLA-DR17 haplotypes. Author(s): Ratanachaiyavong S, McGregor AM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1994 May; 24(5): 309-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8088306&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-DQB1-associated susceptibility that distinguishes Hashimoto's thyroiditis from Graves' disease in type I diabetic patients. Author(s): Santamaria P, Barbosa JJ, Lindstrom AL, Lemke TA, Goetz FC, Rich SS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1994 April; 78(4): 878-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8157715&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-DRB3*0101 is associated with Graves' disease in Jamaicans. Author(s): Smikie MF, Pascoe RW, Barton E, Morgan O, Christian N, Dowe G, RoyeGreen K, Bailey V, James O. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2001 December; 55(6): 805-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895223&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-G does not have a pathophysiological role in Graves' disease. Author(s): Kemp EH, Metcalfe RA, Watson PF, Weetman AP. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2003 June; 56(6): 475-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12783978&dopt=Abstract

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Human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen-DQA1*0501 allele associated with genetic susceptibility to Graves' disease in a Caucasian population. Author(s): Yanagawa T, Mangklabruks A, Chang YB, Okamoto Y, Fisfalen ME, Curran PG, DeGroot LJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1993 June; 76(6): 1569-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8501164&dopt=Abstract

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Human leucocyte antigen DNA typing in Singaporean Chinese patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Chan SH, Lin YN, Wee GB, Ren EC, Lui KF, Cheah JS. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1993 July; 22(4): 576-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8257062&dopt=Abstract

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Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 uveitis after Graves' disease. Author(s): Yamaguchi K, Mochizuki M, Watanabe T, Yoshimura K, Shirao M, Araki S, Miyata N, Mori S, Kiyokawa T, Takatsuki K. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1994 March; 78(3): 163-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8148330&dopt=Abstract

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Hunger sensation in Graves' disease before and after pharmacological therapy. Author(s): Cugini P, Paggi A, Cristina G, Ceccotti P, Pellegrino AM, Fontana S, Di Marzo A, Vacca K, Di Siena G. Source: Clin Ter. 1999 March-April; 150(2): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10396860&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperplasia of the thymic gland in a patient with Graves' disease. Author(s): Inoue K, Sugio K, Inoue T, Ishida T, Sugimachi K. Source: Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000 December; 6(6): 397-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11173355&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperthyroid Graves' disease after hemithyroidectomy for papillary carcinoma: report of three cases. Author(s): Misaki T, Iwata M, Kasagi K, Iida Y, Akamizu T, Kosugi S, Konishi J. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2000 April; 47(2): 191-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10943744&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperthyroid Graves' disease and primary hypothyroidism caused by TSH receptor antibodies in monozygotic twins: case reports. Author(s): Tani J, Yoshida K, Fukazawa H, Kiso Y, Sayama N, Mori K, Aizawa Y, Hori H, Nakasato N, Abe K. Source: Endocrine Journal. 1998 February; 45(1): 117-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9625455&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperthyroidism of Graves' disease: evidence for only unilateral involvement of the thyroid gland in a 31-year-old female patient. Author(s): Dimai HP, Ramschak-Schwarzer S, Lax S, Lipp RW, Leb G. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1999 March; 22(3): 215-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10219891&dopt=Abstract

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Hypothyroidism after iodine-131 or surgical therapy for Graves' disease hyperthyroidism. Author(s): Gomez JM, Gomez N, Amat M, Biondo S, Rafecas A, Jaurrieta E, Soler J. Source: Annales D'endocrinologie. 2000 September; 61(3): 184-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10970941&dopt=Abstract

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Igs from patients with Graves' disease induce the expression of T cell chemoattractants in their fibroblasts. Author(s): Pritchard J, Horst N, Cruikshank W, Smith TJ. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2002 January 15; 168(2): 942-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11777993&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoglobulin activation of T cell chemoattractant expression in fibroblasts from patients with Graves' disease is mediated through the insulin-like growth factor I receptor pathway. Author(s): Pritchard J, Han R, Horst N, Cruikshank WW, Smith TJ. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2003 June 15; 170(12): 6348-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12794168&dopt=Abstract

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Immunologically-related or incidental coexistence of diabetes mellitus and Graves' disease; discrimination by anti-GAD antibody measurement. Author(s): Kusaka I, Nagasaka S, Fujibayashi K, Hayashi H, Kawakami A, Nakamura T, Rokkaku K, Saito T, Higashiyama M, Honda K, Ishikawa S, Saito T. Source: Endocrine Journal. 1999 December; 46(6): 747-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10724349&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro suppression of anti-TSH receptor antibody by autologous anti-idiotypic antibody in patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Balazs C, Molnar I. Source: Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 1995; 42(2): 163-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7551709&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence and specificities of labeled thyrotropic hormone (TSH) binding immunoglobulins (LTB-Igs) in patients with Graves' disease and other thyroid disorders. Author(s): Akamizu T, Mori T, Ishii H, Yokota T, Nakamura H, Imura H. Source: Jpn J Med. 1986 February; 25(1): 13-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3754912&dopt=Abstract

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Incidental medullary thyroid carcinoma in a case of Graves' disease. Author(s): Nakamura S, Saio Y, Ishimori M, Shima H. Source: Intern Med. 2002 April; 41(4): 323-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11993796&dopt=Abstract

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Increased frequency of euthyroid ophthalmopathy in patients with Graves' disease associated with myasthenia gravis. Author(s): Marino M, Barbesino G, Pinchera A, Manetti L, Ricciardi R, Rossi B, Muratorio A, Braverman LE, Mariotti S, Chiovato L. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2000 September; 10(9): 799-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11041457&dopt=Abstract

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Increased levels of serum interleukin-18 in Graves' disease. Author(s): Miyauchi S, Matsuura B, Onji M. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2000 September; 10(9): 815-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11041460&dopt=Abstract

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Increased retinal blood flow in patients with Graves' disease: influence of thyroid function and ophthalmopathy. Author(s): Kurioka Y, Inaba M, Kawagishi T, Emoto M, Kumeda Y, Inoue Y, Morii H, Nishizawa Y. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2001 February; 144(2): 99-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11182745&dopt=Abstract

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Increased serum concentration of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin in patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Hidaka Y, Kimura M, Izumi Y, Takano T, Tatsumi KI, Amino N. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2003 February; 13(2): 129-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699586&dopt=Abstract

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Increased stiffness in common carotid artery in hyperthyroid Graves' disease patients. Author(s): Inaba M, Henmi Y, Kumeda Y, Ueda M, Nagata M, Emoto M, Ishikawa T, Ishimura E, Nishizawa Y. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 2002 July; 56(5): 241-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12199623&dopt=Abstract

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Increasing incidence of childhood Graves' disease in Hong Kong: a follow-up study. Author(s): Wong GW, Cheng PS. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2001 April; 54(4): 547-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11318792&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of antithyroid drugs on the outcome of radioiodine therapy in Graves' disease and toxic nodular goitre. Author(s): Sabri O, Zimny M, Buell U. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2002 January; 29(1): 160-1. Epub 2001 November 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11807618&dopt=Abstract

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Insulin autoimmune syndrome in a patient with methimazole and carbimazoletreated Graves' disease: a case report. Author(s): Lu CC, Lee JK, Lam HC, Yang CY, Han TM. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1994 November; 54(5): 353-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7834559&dopt=Abstract

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Insulin sensitivity and exogenous insulin clearance in Graves' disease. Measurement by the glucose clamp technique and continuous indirect calorimetry. Author(s): Randin JP, Tappy L, Scazziga B, Jequier E, Felber JP. Source: Diabetes. 1986 February; 35(2): 178-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3510924&dopt=Abstract

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Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 gene polymorphisms in Graves' disease. Author(s): Kretowski A, Wawrusiewicz N, Mironczuk K, Mysliwiec J, Kretowska M, Kinalska I. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 October; 88(10): 4945-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14557478&dopt=Abstract

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Interferon-alpha-induced transient severe hypothyroidism in a patient with Graves' disease. Author(s): Braga-Basaria M, Basaria S. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2003 March; 26(3): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12809178&dopt=Abstract

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Intrathyroidal fetal microchimerism in Graves' disease. Author(s): Ando T, Imaizumi M, Graves PN, Unger P, Davies TF. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 July; 87(7): 3315-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12107242&dopt=Abstract

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Iodine-131 uptake and turnover rate vary over short intervals in Graves' disease. Author(s): Van Isselt JW, de Klerk JM, Koppeschaar HP, Van Rijk PP. Source: Nuclear Medicine Communications. 2000 July; 21(7): 609-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10994662&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation of thyroid peroxidase from patients with Graves' disease and comparison with animal peroxidases. Author(s): Hosoya T, Yoshimura H, Naito N, Suzuki N, Sato K, Takamatsu J. Source: Int J Biochem. 1994 March; 26(3): 351-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8187932&dopt=Abstract

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Japanese Graves' disease: association with HLA-Bw46. Author(s): Naito S, Sasaki H, Arakawa K. Source: Endocrinol Jpn. 1987 October; 34(5): 685-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3436299&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile pemphigus vulgaris associated with Graves' disease. Author(s): Hamlet KR, Stevens SR, Gushurst C, Karabin G, Cooper KD. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 July; 33(1): 132-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7601932&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of an association between alleles of interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist genes and Graves' disease in a North American Caucasian population. Author(s): Cuddihy RM, Bahn RS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996 December; 81(12): 4476-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8954062&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of an independent association between the human leukocyte antigen allele DQA1*0501 and Graves' disease. Author(s): Cuddihy RM, Bahn RS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996 February; 81(2): 847-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8636314&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of association between polymorphism of the thyrotropin receptor gene and Graves' disease in United Kingdom and Hong Kong Chinese patients: case control and family-based studies. Author(s): Allahabadia A, Heward JM, Mijovic C, Carr-Smith J, Daykin J, Cockram C, Barnett AH, Sheppard MC, Franklyn JA, Gough SC. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1998 September; 8(9): 777-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9777748&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of association of Graves' disease with the A2 allele of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene in a white European population. Author(s): Muhlberg T, Kirchberger M, Spitzweg C, Herrmann F, Heberling HJ, Heufelder AE. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1998 June; 138(6): 686-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9678537&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of B7-1/BB1 and B7-2/B70 expression on thyrocytes of patients with Graves' disease. Delivery of costimulatory signals from bystander professional antigenpresenting cells. Author(s): Matsuoka N, Eguchi K, Kawakami A, Tsuboi M, Nakamura H, Kimura H, Ishikawa N, Ito K, Nagataki S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996 November; 81(11): 4137-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8923872&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of detection of retroviral particles (HIAP-1) in the H9 T cell line co-cultured with thyrocytes of Graves' disease. Author(s): Fierabracci A, Upton CP, Hajibagheri N, Bottazzo GF. Source: Journal of Autoimmunity. 2001 June; 16(4): 457-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11437494&dopt=Abstract

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Late and transient increases in free T4 after radioiodine treatment for Graves' disease. Author(s): Stensvold AD, Jorde R, Sundsfjord J. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1997 November; 20(10): 580-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9438914&dopt=Abstract

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Levels of soluble human leukocyte antigen class 1 are increased in Graves' disease and toxic multinodular goiter and correlate with the levels of triiodothyronine. Author(s): Yaturu S, McDonald J. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2002 August; 12(8): 679-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12225636&dopt=Abstract

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Limitations of the semisynthetic library approach for obtaining human monoclonal autoantibodies to the thyrotropin receptor of Graves' disease. Author(s): Van Der Heijden JH, De Bruin TW, Glaudemans KA, De Kruif J, Banga JP, Logtenberg T. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1999 November; 118(2): 205-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10540180&dopt=Abstract

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Limited usefulness of antithyroperoxidase and antithyroglobulin assays in Jamaicans with Graves' disease. Author(s): Wright-Pascoe R, Smikle MF, Barton EN, James OB. Source: Human Antibodies. 1999; 9(3): 161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10690629&dopt=Abstract

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Linkage analysis of candidate genes in autoimmune thyroid disease. III. Detailed analysis of chromosome 14 localizes Graves' disease-1 (GD-1) close to multinodular goiter-1 (MNG-1). International Consortium for the Genetics of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease. Author(s): Tomer Y, Barbesino G, Greenberg DA, Concepcion E, Davies TF. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998 December; 83(12): 4321-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9851771&dopt=Abstract

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Linkage disequilibrium between the human leukocyte antigen class II region of the major histocompatibility complex and Graves' disease: replication using a population case control and family-based study. Author(s): Heward JM, Allahabadia A, Daykin J, Carr-Smith J, Daly A, Armitage M, Dodson PM, Sheppard MC, Barnett AH, Franklyn JA, Gough SC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998 October; 83(10): 3394-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9768636&dopt=Abstract

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Longitudinal changes of metacarpal cortical striation in Graves' disease. Author(s): Sugimoto H, Nagasaka S, Hyodoh K, Sakai O, Kamiyama T, Furuse M. Source: Investigative Radiology. 1997 November; 32(11): 679-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9387055&dopt=Abstract

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Longitudinal study of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in sera of patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Sonnet E, Massart C, Gibassier J, Allannic H, Maugendre D. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1999 June; 22(6): 430-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10435852&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term follow-up of ophthalmic Graves' disease. Author(s): Agapitos PJ, Hart IR. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1987 February 15; 136(4): 369-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3815199&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term follow-up studies on iodine-131 treatment of hyperthyroid Graves' disease based on the measurement of thyroid volume by ultrasonography. Author(s): Tsuruta M, Nagayama Y, Yokoyama N, Izumi M, Nagataki S. Source: Ann Nucl Med. 1993 August; 7(3): 193-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8217496&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term treatment with interferon-beta therapy for multiple sclerosis and occurrence of Graves' disease. Author(s): Rotondi M, Mazziotti G, Biondi B, Manganella G, Del Buono AD, Montella P, di Cristofaro M, Di Iorio G, Amato G, Carella C. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2000 May; 23(5): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10882151&dopt=Abstract

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Low response of the thyroid gland to endogenous thyrotropin increased by thyrotropin-releasing hormone in patients with euthyroid Graves' disease. Author(s): Kashiwai T, Tada H, Watanabe Y, Shimaoka Y, Yagoro A, Hidaka Y, Fujikado T, Amino N. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1998 October; 8(10): 881-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9827654&dopt=Abstract

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Lower extremity manifestations of Graves' disease. Author(s): Sauer P, Brandes B, Mahmarian RR. Source: The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 1995 September-October; 34(5): 489-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8590885&dopt=Abstract

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Lymphocytic hypophysitis in a patient with Graves' disease. Author(s): Bayram F, Kelestimur F, Ozturk F, Selcuklu A, Patiroglu TE, Beyhan Z. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1998 March; 21(3): 193-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9591217&dopt=Abstract

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Malignant hyperthermia in a patient with Graves' disease during subtotal thyroidectomy. Author(s): Nishiyama K, Kitahara A, Natsume H, Matsushita A, Nakano K, Sasaki S, Genma R, Yamamoto Y, Nakamura H. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2001 April; 48(2): 227-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11456272&dopt=Abstract

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Malignant struma ovarii with Graves' disease. Author(s): Kano H, Inoue M, Nishino T, Yoshimoto Y, Arima R. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2000 December; 79(3): 508-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11104630&dopt=Abstract

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Management of a pregnant patient with Graves' disease complicated by thionamideinduced neutropenia in the first trimester. Author(s): Davison S, Lennard TW, Davison J, Kendall-Taylor P, Perros P. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2001 April; 54(4): 559-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11318795&dopt=Abstract

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Management of Graves' disease in Australia. Author(s): Walsh JP. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 2000 October; 30(5): 559-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11108065&dopt=Abstract

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Marked increase of CD5 + B cells in hyperthyroid Graves' disease. Author(s): Iwatani Y, Amino N, Kaneda T, Ichihara K, Tamaki H, Tachi J, Matsuzuka F, Fukata S, Kuma K, Miyai K. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1989 November; 78(2): 196-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12412748&dopt=Abstract

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Maturation of thyroidal dendritic cells in Graves' disease. Author(s): Quadbeck B, Eckstein AK, Tews S, Walz M, Hoermann R, Mann K, Gieseler R. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 2002 June; 55(6): 612-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12028565&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of red blood cell zinc concentration with Zn-test kit: discrimination between hyperthyroid Graves' disease and transient thyrotoxicosis. Author(s): Sayama N, Yoshida K, Mori K, Fukazawa H, Hori H, Nakazato N, Tani J, Nakagawa Y, Ito S. Source: Endocrine Journal. 1998 December; 45(6): 767-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10395232&dopt=Abstract

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Medical therapy of Graves' disease: effect on remission rates of methimazole alone and in combination with triiodothyronine. Author(s): Raber W, Kmen E, Waldhausl W, Vierhapper H. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2000 February; 142(2): 117-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10664518&dopt=Abstract

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Medullary thyroid cancer, papillary thyroid microcarcinoma and Graves' disease: an unusual clinical coexistence. Author(s): Mazziotti G, Rotondi M, Manganella G, Franco R, Capone PFRS, Colantuoni V, Amato G, Carella C. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2001 December; 24(11): 892-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11817715&dopt=Abstract

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Methimazole, but not betamethasone, prevents 131I treatment-induced rises in thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies in hyperthyroid Graves' disease. Author(s): Gamstedt A, Wadman B, Karlsson A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1986 April; 62(4): 773-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2869050&dopt=Abstract

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MHC class II expression in Graves' disease. Author(s): Balazs C, Farid NR. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2002 February; 12(2): 181-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11916290&dopt=Abstract

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MHC class II region, CTLA4 gene, and ophthalmopathy in patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Allahabadia A, Heward JM, Nithiyananthan R, Gibson SM, Reuser TT, Dodson PM, Franklyn JA, Gough SC. Source: Lancet. 2001 September 22; 358(9286): 984-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11583755&dopt=Abstract

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Minimal change nephropathy and graves' disease: report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Tanwani LK, Lohano V, Broadstone VL, Mokshagundam SP. Source: Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 2002 January-February; 8(1): 40-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11939758&dopt=Abstract

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Modulation of the IL-2 production defect in vitro in Graves' disease. Author(s): Eisenstein Z, Engelsman E, Weiss M, Kalechman Y, Sredni B. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1994 May; 96(2): 323-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8187341&dopt=Abstract

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Morning granulocytopenia in a case of Graves' disease. Author(s): Nakamura S, Isaji M, Ishimori M. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2001 April; 48(2): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11456265&dopt=Abstract

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Multicentre study of thyroid nodules in patients with Graves' disease (Br J Surg 2000; 87: 1111-13). Author(s): Mishra A, Mishra SK. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2001 February; 88(2): 313. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11167890&dopt=Abstract

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Multicentre study of thyroid nodules in patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Kraimps JL, Bouin-Pineau MH, Mathonnet M, De Calan L, Ronceray J, Visset J, Marechaud R, Barbier J. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2000 August; 87(8): 1111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10931060&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple eccrine hidrocystomas associated with Graves' disease. Author(s): Kim YD, Lee EJ, Song MH, Suhr KB, Lee JH, Park JK. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 May; 41(5): 295-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12100710&dopt=Abstract

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My mother was recently diagnosed with Graves' disease. Does this mean I'm more likely to develop it? Author(s): Aaronson K. Source: Health News. 2000 December; 6(12): 10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11142935&dopt=Abstract

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Myasthenia gravis in conjunction with Graves' disease: a diagnostic challenge. Author(s): Tanwani LK, Lohano V, Ewart R, Broadstone VL, Mokshagundam SP. Source: Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 2001 July-August; 7(4): 2758. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11497480&dopt=Abstract

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Na+, K+ ATPase activity in red cells predicts the recurrence of hyperthyroidism in patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): De Riva C, Virgili F, Frigato F. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1995 October; 18(9): 683-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8719298&dopt=Abstract

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Natural killer cell activity in patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Wenzel BE, Chow A, Baur R, Schleusener H, Wall JR. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1998 November; 8(11): 1019-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9848716&dopt=Abstract

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Neonatal hyperthyroidism in infants of mothers previously thyroidectomized due to Graves' disease. Author(s): Borras-Perez MV, Moreno-Perez D, Zuasnabar-Cotro A, Lopez-Siguero JP. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2001 September-October; 14(8): 1169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11592578&dopt=Abstract

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Neonatal hypothyroxinemia with normal thyrotropin. Clue to maternal Graves' disease. Author(s): Slyper AH, Shaker JL. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1993 February; 32(2): 121-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8094332&dopt=Abstract

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Neonatal thyroid enlargement associated with propylthiouracil therapy of Graves' disease during pregnancy: a problem revisited. Author(s): Gallagher MP, Schachner HC, Levine LS, Fisher DA, Berdon WE, Oberfield SE. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 December; 139(6): 896-900. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11743522&dopt=Abstract

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New insights into the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor. The major antigen of Graves' disease. Author(s): Graves PN, Davies TF. Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 2000 June; 29(2): 26786, Vi. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10874529&dopt=Abstract

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New onset of Graves' disease following subclinical hypothyroidism in a woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Author(s): Mallon DF, Hollingsworth PN. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1996 June; 26(3): 424-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8811224&dopt=Abstract

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No association between a thyrotropin receptor gene polymorphism and Graves' disease in the female population. Author(s): Kotsa KD, Watson PF, Weetman AP. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1997 February; 7(1): 31-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9086566&dopt=Abstract

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No association of an interleukin 4 gene promoter polymorphism with Graves' disease in the United Kingdom. Author(s): Heward JM, Nithiyananthan R, Allahabadia A, Gibson S, Franklyn JA, Gough SC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 August; 86(8): 3861-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11502824&dopt=Abstract

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Non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism associated with isolated bilateral ocular lymphoma mimicking Graves' disease with ophthalmopathy: a cause of misdiagnosis. Author(s): Bartalena L, Brogioni S, Valeriano R, Nardi M, Cartei F, Bogazzi F, Martino E. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1995 November; 18(10): 817-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8787962&dopt=Abstract

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Normal thyrotropin-releasing hormone responsiveness in thyrotoxic Graves' disease. Author(s): Sobel R. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1987 March; 23(3): 213-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3108193&dopt=Abstract

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Novel TSHR germline mutation (Met463Val) masquerading as Graves' disease in a large Welsh kindred with hyperthyroidism. Author(s): Fuhrer D, Warner J, Sequeira M, Paschke R, Gregory J, Ludgate M. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2000 December; 10(12): 1035-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11201847&dopt=Abstract

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Obstetric difficulties due to Graves' disease. Author(s): Bhattacharyya A, Wright JD, Vice PA. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2001 October; 77(912): 661, 669-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11571376&dopt=Abstract

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Octreotide scintigraphy in thyroidal and orbital Graves' disease. Author(s): Wiersinga WM, Gerding MN, Prummel MF, Krenning EP. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1998 May; 8(5): 433-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9623738&dopt=Abstract

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Ocular pulse amplitude in patients with Graves' disease: a preliminary study. Author(s): Alimgil ML, Benian O, Esgin H, Erda S. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 1999 December; 77(6): 694-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10634566&dopt=Abstract

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One-year follow-up of Graves' disease treatment by four different protocols of radioiodine administration. Author(s): Calegaro JU, De Freitas Gomes E, Bae SH, Ulyssea R, Casulari LA. Source: Panminerva Medica. 2000 December; 42(4): 241-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11294085&dopt=Abstract

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Ophthalmopathy in childhood Graves' disease. Author(s): Chan W, Wong GW, Fan DS, Cheng AC, Lam DS, Ng JS. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 July; 86(7): 740-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12084741&dopt=Abstract

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Orbital decompression for Graves' disease complicated by sinusitis. Author(s): Bough ID Jr, Huang JJ, Pribitkin EA. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1994 December; 103(12): 988-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7993013&dopt=Abstract

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Orbitopathy after treatment of Graves' disease. Author(s): Hurley JR. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1994 May; 35(5): 918-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8176482&dopt=Abstract

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Osteomalacia in a vitamin D-deficient woman with Graves' disease. Author(s): Nagasaka S, Shinohara Y, Kubota K, Murakami T. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2001 August; 48(4): 515-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11603577&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome of Graves' disease after antithyroid drug treatment in Taiwan. Author(s): Wang PW, Liu RT, Tung SC, Chien WY, Lu YC, Chen CH, Kuo MC, Hsieh JR, Wang ST. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 1998 September; 97(9): 619-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9795530&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome of pediatric Graves' disease after treatment with antithyroid medication and radioiodine. Author(s): Ward L, Huot C, Lambert R, Deal C, Collu R, Van Vliet G. Source: Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Medecine Clinique Et Experimentale. 1999 August; 22(4): 132-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10497711&dopt=Abstract

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Pax-8 expression correlates with type II 5' deiodinase expression in thyroids from patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Ambroziak M, Pachucki J, Chojnowski K, Wiechno W, Nauman J, Nauman A. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2003 February; 13(2): 141-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699588&dopt=Abstract

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Peripheral parameters of oxidative stress in Graves' disease: the effects of methimazole and 131 iodine treatments. Author(s): Abalovich M, Llesuy S, Gutierrez S, Repetto M. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2003 September; 59(3): 321-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12919155&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration in patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Nakamura S, Ishimori M. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2001 June; 48(3): 403-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11523914&dopt=Abstract

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Postinfantile giant cell hepatitis associated with long-term elevated transaminase levels in treated Graves' disease. Author(s): Harrison RA, Bahar A, Payne MM. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2002 March; 112(4): 326-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11893377&dopt=Abstract

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Postpartum thyroiditis presenting as a cold nodule and evolving to Graves' disease. Author(s): Papi G, Corrado S, Carapezzi C, Corsello SM. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2003 July-August; 57(6): 556-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12918902&dopt=Abstract

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Predictive risk factors for postoperative tetany in female patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Yamashita H, Noguchi S, Murakami T, Uchino S, Watanabe S, Ohshima A, Toda M, Yamashita H, Kawamoto H. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2001 April; 192(4): 465-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11294403&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of outcome and comparison of different drug regimens for the prevention of relapse in patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Nedrebo BG, Holm PI, Uhlving S, Sorheim JI, Skeie S, Eide GE, Husebye ES, Lien EA, Aanderud S. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2002 November; 147(5): 583-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12444889&dopt=Abstract

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Pretibial myxedema as the initial manifestation of Graves' disease. Author(s): Georgala S, Katoulis AC, Georgala C, Katoulis EC, Hatziolou E, Stavrianeas NG. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 July; 16(4): 380-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12224697&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of diaphragmatic muscle weakness and dyspnoea in Graves' disease and their reversibility with carbimazole therapy. Author(s): Goswami R, Guleria R, Gupta AK, Gupta N, Marwaha RK, Pande JN, Kochupillai N. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2002 September; 147(3): 299-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12213666&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of serum anti-myeloperoxidase antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (MPO-ANCA) in patients with Graves' disease treated with propylthiouracil and thiamazole. Author(s): Wada N, Mukai M, Kohno M, Notoya A, Ito T, Yoshioka N. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2002 June; 49(3): 329-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12201217&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative CT of the orbit in Graves' disease. Author(s): Ozgen A, Alp MN, Ariyurek M, Tutuncu NB, Can I, Gunalp I. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1999 August; 72(860): 757-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10624341&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative immunological differences between newly diagnosed Graves' disease patients and relapsed patients. Author(s): Di Mario U, Cavatorta FP, Perfetti R, Pugliese G, Pozzilli P, Sutherland J, Vitillo M, Andreani D. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1988 February; 11(2): 85-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3258878&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative measurements for type 1 deiodinase messenger ribonucleic acid in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: mechanism of the preferential increase of T3 in hyperthyroid Graves' disease. Author(s): Nishikawa M, Toyoda N, Yonemoto T, Ogawa Y, Tabata S, Sakaguchi N, Tokoro T, Gondou A, Yoshimura M, Yoshikawa N, Inada M. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1998 September 29; 250(3): 642-6. Erratum In: Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998 December 30; 253(3): 902. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9784399&dopt=Abstract

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Radioiodine therapy in Graves' disease based on tissue-absorbed dose calculations: effect of pre-treatment thyroid volume on clinical outcome. Author(s): Reinhardt MJ, Brink I, Joe AY, Von Mallek D, Ezziddin S, Palmedo H, Krause TM. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2002 September; 29(9): 1118-24. Epub 2002 June 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192554&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced myo-inositol and total choline measured with cerebral MRS in acute thyrotoxic Graves' disease. Author(s): Elberling TV, Danielsen ER, Rasmussen AK, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Waldemar G, Thomsen C. Source: Neurology. 2003 January 14; 60(1): 142-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12525741&dopt=Abstract

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Reduction of the risk of relapse after withdrawal of medical therapy for Graves' disease. Author(s): Orgiazzi J, Madec AM. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2002 October; 12(10): 849-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487766&dopt=Abstract

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Regulation of apoptosis in endocrine autoimmunity: insights from Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. Author(s): Salmaso C, Bagnasco M, Pesce G, Montagna P, Brizzolara R, Altrinetti V, Richiusa P, Galluzzo A, Giordano C. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 June; 966: 496-501. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12114310&dopt=Abstract

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Relapse of Graves' disease after successful allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Author(s): Hsiao LT, Liu JH, Yen CC, Wang WS, Fan FS, Chiou TJ, Chen PM. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2001 December; 28(12): 1151-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11803358&dopt=Abstract

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Relapse of Graves' disease after successful outcome of antithyroid drug therapy: results of a prospective randomized study on the use of levothyroxine. Author(s): Hoermann R, Quadbeck B, Roggenbuck U, Szabolcs I, Pfeilschifter J, Meng W, Reschke K, Hackenberg K, Dettmann J, Prehn B, Hirche H, Mann K; Basedow Study Group. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2002 December; 12(12): 1119-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12593726&dopt=Abstract

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Relation of three polymorphisms of the CTLA-4 gene in patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Kouki T, Gardine CA, Yanagawa T, Degroot LJ. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2002 March; 25(3): 208-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936461&dopt=Abstract

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Relationships between cell division, expression of growth factors and microcirculation in the thyroids of Tg-A2aR transgenic mice and patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Gerard AC, Denef JF, Many MC, Gathy P, de Burbure C, van den Hove MF, Coppee F, Ledent C, Colin IM. Source: The Journal of Endocrinology. 2003 May; 177(2): 269-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12740015&dopt=Abstract

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Reversible increase of serum activin A levels in women with Graves' disease. Author(s): Centanni M, Viceconti N, Luisi S, Reis FM, Gargano L, Maiani F, Franchi A, Canettieri G, Petraglia F. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2002 December; 25(11): 967-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553556&dopt=Abstract

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Role of surgery in the management of Graves' disease. Author(s): Agarwal A, Mishra SK. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 2001 May; 99(5): 252, 254-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11676109&dopt=Abstract

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Scarred atrophic thyroid after I-131 therapy for Graves' disease documented at autopsy. Author(s): Shih WJ, Mitchell B, Schott JC. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 2002 October; 94(10): 915-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12408698&dopt=Abstract

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Screening for an AIRE-1 mutation in patients with Addison's disease, type 1 diabetes, Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis as well as in APECED syndrome. Author(s): Meyer G, Donner H, Herwig J, Bohles H, Usadel KH, Badenhoop K. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2001 March; 54(3): 335-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11298085&dopt=Abstract

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Serum anti-myeloperoxidase antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (MPO-ANCA) in patients with Graves' disease receiving anti-thyroid medication. Author(s): Ashizawa K, Eguchi K. Source: Intern Med. 2003 June; 42(6): 463-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12857041&dopt=Abstract

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Short- and long-term results of total vs subtotal thyroidectomies in the surgical treatment of Graves' disease. Author(s): Robert J, Mariethoz S, Pache JC, Bertin D, Caulfield A, Murith N, Peytremann A, Goumaz M, Garcia B, Martin-Du Pan R, Jacot-des-Combes B, Burger A, Spiliopoulos A. Source: Swiss Surg. 2001; 7(1): 20-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11234312&dopt=Abstract

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Smoking and Graves' disease. Author(s): Bartalena L. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2002 May; 25(5): 402. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12035933&dopt=Abstract

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Somatostatin receptor genes are expressed in lymphocytes from retroorbital tissues in Graves' disease. Author(s): Pasquali D, Notaro A, Bonavolonta' G, Vassallo P, Bellastella A, Sinisi AA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 November; 87(11): 5125-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12414882&dopt=Abstract

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Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy using (99m)Tc-EDDA/HYNIC-TOC in graves' disease. Author(s): Gabriel M, Decristoforo C, Moncayo R. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2002 September; 29(9): 1267. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12418470&dopt=Abstract

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Strategies of radioiodine therapy for Graves' disease. Author(s): Lind P. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2002 August; 29 Suppl 2: S453-7. Epub 2002 June 25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192545&dopt=Abstract

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Successful radioiodine treatment in a 3 year old child with Graves' disease following antithyroid medication induced neutropenia. Author(s): Rahman MA, Birrell G, Stewart H, Lucraft H, Cheetham TD. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2003 February; 88(2): 158-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12538324&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical management in Graves' disease. Author(s): Thompson GB. Source: Panminerva Medica. 2002 December; 44(4): 287-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12434111&dopt=Abstract

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The CTLA4 region as a general autoimmunity factor: an extended pedigree provides evidence for synergy with the HLA locus in the etiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. Author(s): Einarsdottir E, Soderstrom I, Lofgren-Burstrom A, Haraldsson S, NilssonArdnor S, Penha-Goncalves C, Lind L, Holmgren G, Holmberg M, Asplund K, Holmberg D. Source: European Journal of Human Genetics : Ejhg. 2003 January; 11(1): 81-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12529710&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of the exon 1 polymorphism of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 gene on thyroid antibody production in patients with newly diagnosed Graves' disease. Author(s): Zaletel K, Krhin B, Gaberscek S, Pirnat E, Hojker S. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2002 May; 12(5): 373-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12097196&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship of psychological factors to the prognosis of hyperthyroidism in antithyroid drug-treated patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Fukao A, Takamatsu J, Murakami Y, Sakane S, Miyauchi A, Kuma K, Hayashi S, Hanafusa T. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2003 May; 58(5): 550-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699435&dopt=Abstract

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The stiffness of the common carotid artery in patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Czarkowski M, Hilgertner L, Powalowski T, Radomski D. Source: International Angiology : a Journal of the International Union of Angiology. 2002 June; 21(2): 152-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12110776&dopt=Abstract

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Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy in black South Africans with Graves' disease: relationship to serum antibodies reactive against eye muscle and orbital connective tissue autoantigens. Author(s): Joffe BI, Panz VR, Yamada M, Wall JR. Source: Endocrine. 2000 December; 13(3): 325-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11216644&dopt=Abstract

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Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis in a Caucasian man in treatment for Graves' disease. Author(s): Didonna D, D'Alessandro G, De Michele A, Conte M, Storelli A, Totaro M, Altomare E. Source: Panminerva Medica. 2000 December; 42(4): 293-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11294094&dopt=Abstract

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Thyrotoxicosis due to metastatic papillary thyroid cancer in a patient with Graves' disease. Author(s): Basaria S, Salvatori R. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2002 July-August; 25(7): 639-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12150341&dopt=Abstract

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Thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies are associated with continued thyrotropin suppression in treated euthyroid Graves' disease patients. Author(s): Brokken LJ, Wiersinga WM, Prummel MF. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 September; 88(9): 4135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12970276&dopt=Abstract

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Thyroxine vs thyroxine plus triiodothyronine in treatment of hypothyroidism after thyroidectomy for Graves' disease. Author(s): Bunevicius R, Jakubonien N, Jurkevicius R, Cernicat J, Lasas L, Prange AJ Jr. Source: Endocrine. 2002 July; 18(2): 129-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374459&dopt=Abstract

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Triad of exophthalmos, pretibial myxedema, and acropachy in a patient with Graves' disease. Author(s): Anderson CK, Miller OF 3rd. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 June; 48(6): 970-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12789197&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasonically activated scalpel for subtotal thyroidectomy in Graves' disease. Author(s): Takami H, Ikeda Y, Niimi M. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1999 November; 178(5): 433-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10612546&dopt=Abstract

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Unaltered glucose-induced thermogenesis in Graves' disease. Author(s): Randin JP, Schutz Y, Scazziga B, Lemarchand-Beraud T, Felber JP, Jequier E. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1986 May; 43(5): 738-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2422918&dopt=Abstract

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Untreated Graves' disease patients without clinical ophthalmopathy demonstrate a high frequency of extraocular muscle (EOM) enlargement by magnetic resonance. Author(s): Villadolid MC, Yokoyama N, Izumi M, Nishikawa T, Kimura H, Ashizawa K, Kiriyama T, Uetani M, Nagataki S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1995 September; 80(9): 2830-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7673432&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary glycosaminoglycans excretion in Graves' disease. Author(s): Priestley GC, Aldridge RD, Hurel S. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1996 September; 76(5): 368-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8891010&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity in patients with Graves' disease, subacute thyroiditis, and silent thyroiditis: a longitudinal study. Author(s): Nakamura S, Ishiyama M, Kosaka J, Mutoh J, Umemura N, Harase C. Source: Endocrinol Jpn. 1991 June; 38(3): 303-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1794337&dopt=Abstract

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Use of cold iodine in patients with Graves' disease: observations from a clinical practice. Author(s): Hao ST, Reasner CA 2nd, Becker RA. Source: Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 2001 November-December; 7(6): 438-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11747279&dopt=Abstract

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Use of radioiodine in adolescent Graves' disease. Author(s): Teelucksingh S, Singh V, Balkaran B. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 2001 December; 21(4): 335-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11732151&dopt=Abstract

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Use of the 2nd generation TRAK human assay did not improve prediction of relapse after antithyroid medical therapy of Graves' disease. Author(s): Zimmermann-Belsing T, Nygaard B, Rasmussen AK, Feldt-Rasmussen U. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2002 February; 146(2): 173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834425&dopt=Abstract

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Uveitis in patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Mizoguchi T, Amemiya T. Source: Metab Pediatr Syst Ophthalmol. 1991; 14(2): 42-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1369643&dopt=Abstract

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Variable regions of Ig heavy chain genes encoding antithyrotropin receptor antibodies of patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Shin EK, Akamizu T, Matsuda F, Sugawa H, Fujikura J, Mori T, Honjo T. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1994 February 1; 152(3): 1485-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8301147&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase (CYP1alpha) polymorphism in Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Pani MA, Regulla K, Segni M, Krause M, Hofmann S, Hufner M, Herwig J, Pasquino AM, Usadel KH, Badenhoop K. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2002 June; 146(6): 777-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12039697&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism is associated with Graves' disease in the Japanese population. Author(s): Ban Y, Taniyama M, Ban Y. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000 December; 85(12): 4639-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11134121&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamin D receptor initiation codon polymorphism in Japanese patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Ban Y, Ban Y, Taniyama M, Katagiri T. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2000 June; 10(6): 475-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10907990&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamin D receptor initiation codon polymorphism in Japanese patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Ban Y, Ban Y, Taniyama M, Katagiri T. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2000 May; 10(5): 375-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10884183&dopt=Abstract

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Vitiligo and Graves' disease following treatment of malignant melanoma with recombinant human interleukin 4. Author(s): Weiss GR, Fehrenkamp SH, Tokaz LK, Sunderland MC. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1996; 192(3): 283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8726651&dopt=Abstract

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Wegener's granulomatosis in a patient receiving propylthiouracil for Graves' disease. Author(s): Pillinger M, Staud R. Source: Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1998 October; 28(2): 124-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9806373&dopt=Abstract

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What can the European Multicenter Trial on the treatment of Graves' disease with antithyroid drugs teach us about the course of thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO)? European Multicenter Trial Group. Author(s): Benker G, Kahaly GJ, Reinwein D. Source: Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes : Official Journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association. 1999; 107 Suppl 5: S186-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10614919&dopt=Abstract

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What is the evidence of genetic factors in the etiology of Graves' disease? A brief review. Author(s): Brix TH, Kyvik KO, Hegedus L. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1998 August; 8(8): 727-34. Review. Erratum In: Thyroid 1998 November; 8(11): 1079. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9737369&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GRAVES’ DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Graves’ disease.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Graves’ Disease The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “Graves’ disease” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “Graves’ disease” (or a synonym): •

Abnormal results of liver function tests in patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Hahnemann University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA. Source: Biscoveanu, M Hasinski, S Endocr-Pract. 2000 Sep-October; 6(5): 367-9 1530-891X

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Aggressive behavior of papillary microcarcinoma in a patient with Graves' disease initially presenting as cystic neck mass. Author(s): Division of Endocrinology, Hospital Nossa Senhora Das Gracas, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil. [email protected] Source: Braga, M Graf, H Ogata, A Batista, J Hakim, N C J-Endocrinol-Invest. 2002 March; 25(3): 250-3 0391-4097

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Antioxidants in the treatment of Graves disease. Author(s): Endocrinology Unit, Hospital Israelita Ezrah, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Source: Guerra, L N Moiguer, S Karner, M de Molina, M C Sreider, C M Burdman, J A IUBMB-Life. 2001 February; 51(2): 105-9 1521-6543

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Calcium and its regulating hormones in patients with graves disease: sex differences and relation to postoperative tetany. Author(s): Noguchi Thyroid Clinic and Hospital Foundation, Beppu Oita, Japan. Source: Yamashita, H Noguchi, S Murakami, T Uchino, S Watanabe, S Ohshima, A Kawamoto, H Toda, M Yamashita, H Eur-J-Surg. 2000 December; 166(12): 924-8 11024151

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Class IV lupus nephritis associated with Graves' disease. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. Source: Fu, L S Yang, L Y Chen, W P Chao, T Ooi, S K Lin, C Y Child-Nephrol-Urol. 1992; 12(1): 51-4 1012-6694

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Comparison of RA 131I treatment protocols for Graves' disease. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL 60637. Source: DeGroot, L J Mangklabruks, A McCormick, M J-Endocrinol-Invest. 1990 February; 13(2): 111-8 0391-4097

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Development of primary hypothyroidism with the appearance of blocking-type antibody to thyrotropin receptor in Graves' disease in late pregnancy. Author(s): First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan. Source: Ueta, Y Fukui, H Murakami, H Yamanouchi, Y Yamamoto, R Murao, A Santou, Y Taniguchi, S Mitani, Y Shigemasa, C Thyroid. 1999 February; 9(2): 179-82 1050-7256

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Differences and similarities in the diagnosis and treatment of Graves' disease in Europe, Japan, and the United States. Author(s): Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC. Source: Wartofsky, L Glinoer, D Solomon, B Nagataki, S Lagasse, R Nagayama, Y Izumi, M Thyroid. 1991; 1(2): 129-35 1050-7256

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Effect of preoperative iodine in patients with Graves' disease controlled with antithyroid drugs and thyroxine. Author(s): Department of Endocrinology, North Middlesex Hospital, London. Source: Kaur, S Parr, J H Ramsay, I D Hennebry, T M Jarvis, K J Lester, E Ann-R-CollSurg-Engl. 1988 May; 70(3): 123-7 0035-8843

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Efficacy of oral iodide therapy on neonatal hyperthyroidism caused by maternal Graves' disease. Author(s): Institute of Pediatrics, Department of Neonatology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy. Source: Maragliano, G Zuppa, A A Florio, M G Scapillati, M E Girlando, P Crescimbini, B Cafforio, C Noia, G Cavaliere, A F Tortorolo, G Fetal-Diagn-Ther. 2000 Mar-April; 15(2): 122-6 1015-3837

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Graves' disease with severe iodine allergy: successful surgery after lithium carbonate treatment. Case report. Author(s): First Department of Surgery, Tokyo University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Takami, H Shikata, J Eur-J-Surg. 1991 August; 157(8): 489-90 1102-4151

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Graves' hyperthyroidism after postpartum thyroiditis. Author(s): University of Toronto Medical School, Ontario, Canada. Source: Shorey, S Badenhoop, K Walfish, P G Thyroid. 1998 December; 8(12): 1117-22 1050-7256

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Identification of a subgroup of Graves' disease patients at higher risk for severe ophthalmopathy after radioiodine. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Burgerspital, Solothurn, Switzerland. Source: Barth, A Probst, P Burgi, H J-Endocrinol-Invest. 1991 March; 14(3): 209-12 03914097

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Improvement of infiltrative ophthalmopathy in parallel with decrease of thyroidstimulating antibody (TSAb) activity in two patients with hypothyroid Graves' disease. Author(s): Department of Laboratory Medicine, Osaka University Medical School, Japan. Source: Tamaki, H Amino, N Iwatani, Y Miyai, K J-Endocrinol-Invest. 1989 January; 12(1): 47-53 0391-4097

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Is soluble CD25 antigen (interleukin-2 receptor) a useful parameter for differential diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis? Author(s): Zentrum Innere Medizin, Abteilung Gastroenterologie und Endokrinologie, Gottingen, FRG. Source: Hufner, M Wermann, M Grussendorf, M Heilig, B Clin-Investig. 1992 February; 70(2): 122-4 0941-0198

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Lopanoic acid rapidly controls type I amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis prior to thyroidectomy. Author(s): Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Italy. Source: Bogazzi, F Aghini Lombardi, F Cosci, C Lupi, I Santini, F Tanda, M L Miccoli, P Basolo, F Pinchera, A Bartalena, L Braverman, L E Martino, E J-Endocrinol-Invest. 2002 February; 25(2): 176-80 0391-4097

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Management of Graves' hyperthyroidism. Author(s): Service de Medecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, France. Source: Orgiazzi, J Endocrinol-Metab-Clin-North-Am. 1987 June; 16(2): 365-89 0889-8529

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Minimal change nephropathy and graves' disease: report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Louisville, and VA Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40207, USA. Source: Tanwani, Lal K Lohano, Vasdev Broadstone, Vasti L Mokshagundam, Sri Prakash L Endocr-Pract. 2002 Jan-February; 8(1): 40-3 1530-891X

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Myasthenia gravis in conjunction with Graves' disease: a diagnostic challenge. Author(s): Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA. Source: Tanwani, L K Lohano, V Ewart, R Broadstone, V L Mokshagundam, S P EndocrPract. 2001 Jul-August; 7(4): 275-8 1530-891X

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Neonatal hyperthyroidism in infants of mothers previously thyroidectomized due to Graves' disease. Author(s): Paediatric Department, Hospital General Granollers, Barcelona, Spain. Source: Borras Perez, M V Moreno Perez, D Zuasnabar Cotro, A Lopez Siguero, J P JPediatr-Endocrinol-Metab. 2001 Sep-October; 14(8): 1169-72

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Persistence of low serum thyroid hormone levels in a Graves' disease patient receiving supraphysiologic L-thyroxine replacement therapy. Author(s): Veterans Administration Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63125. Source: Premachandra, B N Burns, T W Bregant, R Williams, I K Burman, K D JEndocrinol-Invest. 1989 December; 12(11): 823-9 0391-4097

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Prediction of remission after antithyroid drug treatment in Graves' disease. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Ashington Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne. Source: Young, E T Steel, N R Taylor, J J Stephenson, A M Stratton, A Holcombe, M Kendall Taylor, P Q-J-Med. 1988 February; 66(250): 175-89 0033-5622

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Pretibial myxedema as the initial manifestation of Graves' disease. Author(s): National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, A. Sygros Hospital, Greece. [email protected] Source: Georgala, S Katoulis, A C Georgala, C Katoulis, E C Hatziolou, E Stavrianeas, N G J-Eur-Acad-Dermatol-Venereol. 2002 July; 16(4): 380-3 0926-9959

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Recurrence of hyperthyroidism in multinodular goiter after long-term drug therapy: a comparison with Graves' disease. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Municipal Hospital Leyenburg, Hague, The Netherlands. Source: van Soestbergen, M J van der Vijver, J C Graafland, A D J-Endocrinol-Invest. 1992 December; 15(11): 797-800 0391-4097

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Relationship between Graves' ophthalmopathy and type of treatment of Graves' hyperthyroidism. Author(s): Istituto di Endocrinologia, Universita di Pisa, Italy. Source: Marcocci, C Bartalena, L Bogazzi, F Bruno Bossio, G Pinchera, A Thyroid. 1992 Summer; 2(2): 171-8 1050-7256

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Remission of Graves' hyperthyroidism treated with methimazole. Author(s): Clinica de Tiroides, Centro Medico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jal, Mexico. Source: Bolanos, F Gonzalez Ortiz, M Duron, H Sanchez, C Rev-Invest-Clin. 2002 JulAugust; 54(4): 307-10 0034-8376

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Seasonal changes in calcium homeostasis affect the incidence of postoperative tetany in patients with Graves' disease. Author(s): Noguchi Thyroid Clinic and Hospital Foundation, Beppu Oita, Japan. Source: Yamashita, H Noguchi, S Murakami, T Watanabe, S Uchino, S Ohshima, A Kawamoto, H Toda, M Yamashita, H Surgery. 2000 April; 127(4): 377-82 0039-6060

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Serum levels of cytokines in children and adolescents with Graves' disease and nontoxic nodular goiter. Author(s): 2nd Department of Children's Diseases, Medical Academy of Bialystok, Poland. [email protected] Source: Bossowski, A Urban, M J-Pediatr-Endocrinol-Metab. 2001 June; 14(6): 741-7

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Serum pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients with Graves' disease with ophthalmopathy during treatment with glucocorticoids. Author(s): Department of Endocrinology, Medical Academy of Bialystok, Poland. Source: Mysliwiec, J Kretowski, A Szelachowska, M Mikita, A Kinalska, I Rocz-AkadMed-Bialymst. 1999; 44160-9

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Serum thyroid-stimulating antibody, thyroglobulin levels, and thyroid suppressibility measurement as predictors of the outcome of combined methimazole and triiodothyronine therapy in Graves' disease. Author(s): Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Servidor Publico Estadual-IAMSPE, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Source: Werner, R S Romaldini, J H Farah, C S Werner, M C Bromberg, N Thyroid. 1991 Winter; 1(4): 293-9 1050-7256

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Smoking as a risk factor for Graves' disease, toxic nodular goiter, and autoimmune hypothyroidism. Author(s): The Osteoporosis Clinic, Aarhus Amtssygehus, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. [email protected] Source: Vestergaard, Peter Rejnmark, Lars Weeke, Jorgen Hoeck, Hans Christian Nielsen, Henning K Rungby, Jorgen Laurberg, Peter Mosekilde, Leif Thyroid. 2002 January; 12(1): 69-75 1050-7256

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The effect of preoperative Lugol's iodine on thyroid blood flow in patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K. Source: Chang, D C Wheeler, M H Woodcock, J P Curley, I Lazarus, J R Fung, H John, R Hall, R McGregor, A M Surgery. 1987 December; 102(6): 1055-61 0039-6060

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The management of hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease in the former USSR in 1991: results of a survey. Author(s): National Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia. Source: Gerasimov, G Judenitch, O Zdanova, E Jurieva, N Korostishevskaja, I Mushinskaja, K Dedov, I Glinoer, D J-Endocrinol-Invest. 1992 Jul-August; 15(7): 513-7 0391-4097

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Thyroid nodules in Graves' disease: implications in an endemically iodine deficient area. Author(s): Department of Endocrine Surgery, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow - 226 014, India. Source: Mishra, A Mishra, S K J-Postgrad-Med. 2001 Oct-December; 47(4): 244-7 00223859

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Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy in black South African patients with Graves' disease: relationship to antiflavoprotein antibodies. Author(s): Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Johannesburg, South Africa. Source: Joffe, B Gunji, K Panz, V Zouvanis, M Swanson, J Ackrell, B A Wall, J R Thyroid. 1998 November; 8(11): 1023-7 1050-7256

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Thyrotoxic crisis in Graves' disease: indication for immediate surgery. Author(s): II. Medizinische Klinik, Universitat Heidelberg. Source: Schaaf, L Greschner, M Paschke, R Kusterer, K Teuber, J Huck, K Schmidt, R Sager, H D Usadel, K H Klin-Wochenschr. 1990 November 9; 68(21): 1037-41 0023-2173

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Thyrotoxicosis due to metastatic papillary thyroid cancer in a patient with Graves' disease. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. Source: Basaria, S Salvatori, R J-Endocrinol-Invest. 2002 Jul-August; 25(7): 639-42 03914097

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Thyrotoxicosis, unstable angina and normal coronary angiogram. Author(s): Istituto di I Clinica Medica, Universita La Sapienza, Roma. Source: Morelli, S Gurgo, A M Martocchia, A Falaschi, P G-Ital-Cardiol. 1999 November; 29(11): 1327-30 0046-5968

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Toxic adenoma and papillary thyroid carcinoma in a patient with Graves' disease. Author(s): Istituto di Clinica Medica, University of Palermo, Italy. Source: Valenti, T M Macchia, E Pisa, R Bucalo, M L Russo, V Colletti, I Compagno, V Abbadi, V Donatelli, M J-Endocrinol-Invest. 1999 October; 22(9): 701-4 0391-4097

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Use of cold iodine in patients with Graves' disease: observations from a clinical practice. Author(s): Department of Medicine/Division of Endocrinology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, Mail Code 7877, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA. Source: Hao, S T Reasner, C A 2nd Becker, R A Endocr-Pract. 2001 Nov-December; 7(6): 438-42 1530-891X

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to Graves’ disease; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Iodine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GRAVES’ DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Graves’ disease. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Graves’ disease and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Graves’ disease” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Graves’ disease: •

A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the adjuvant effect of lithium on radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism. Author(s): Bal CS, Kumar A, Pandey RM. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2002 May; 12(5): 399-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12097201&dopt=Abstract

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Acupuncture in the treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy. A blinded randomized study. Author(s): Rogvi-Hansen B, Perrild H, Christensen T, Detmar SE, Siersbaek-Nielsen K, Hansen JE. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1991 February; 124(2): 143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2003373&dopt=Abstract

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An approach to the mechanisms of laser acupuncture in treatment of exophthalmic hyperthyroidism. Author(s): Ge TY, Du J, Shi XQ. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1988 June; 8(2): 85-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3412018&dopt=Abstract

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Antithyroid drug therapy for Graves' hyperthyroidism: is long-term administration of a small maintenance dose necessary? Author(s): Tajiri J, Noguchi S, Morita M, Tamaru M, Murakami N. Source: Endocrinol Jpn. 1991 April; 38(2): 223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1684322&dopt=Abstract

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Binding of thyroglobulin and thyroglobulin-antithyroglobulin immune complex to extraocular muscle membrane. Author(s): Konishi J, Herman MM, Kriss JP. Source: Endocrinology. 1974 August; 95(2): 434-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4136562&dopt=Abstract

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Chemical determination of iodinated compounds in human thyroid. Author(s): Nakashima T, Shiroozu A, Okamura K, Inoue K, Omae T. Source: Endocrinol Jpn. 1978 February; 25(1): 27-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=580417&dopt=Abstract

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Contributions of psychoanalysis to psychosomatic medicine. Author(s): Weiner H. Source: The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis. 1982 January; 10(1): 27-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6896047&dopt=Abstract

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Controversies in radioiodine therapy: relation to ophthalmopathy, the possible radioprotective effect of antithyroid drugs, and use in large goitres. Author(s): Bonnema SJ, Bartalena L, Toft AD, Hegedus L. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2002 July; 147(1): 1-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12088914&dopt=Abstract

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Current status and future prospects for research in psychosomatic medicine. Author(s): Weiner H. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1971 August; 8(3): 479-98. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4939383&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis and management of large toxic multinodular goiters. Author(s): Hamburger JI, Hamburger SW.

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Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1985 August; 26(8): 888-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2411889&dopt=Abstract •

Dose-response study on thyrotoxic patients undergoing positron emission tomography and radioiodine therapy. Author(s): Flower MA, al-Saadi A, Harmer CL, McCready VR, Ott RJ. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 1994 June; 21(6): 531-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8082669&dopt=Abstract

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Endocrine ophthalmopathy in a patient under continuous immunosuppressive therapy after cardiac transplantation. Author(s): Hofle G, Moncayo R, Baldissera I, Pfister R, Finkenstedt G. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1995 December; 5(6): 477-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8808100&dopt=Abstract

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Glucose metabolism of the thyroid in Graves' disease measured by F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Author(s): Boerner AR, Voth E, Theissen P, Wienhard K, Wagner R, Schicha H. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1998 September; 8(9): 765-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9777746&dopt=Abstract

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Graves' disease development during sizofiran treatment. Author(s): Morita S, Ueda Y. Source: Intern Med. 2002 November; 41(11): 977-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487171&dopt=Abstract

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Graves' immunoglobulin G stimulates iodothyronine 5'-deiodinating activity in FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells. Author(s): Toyoda N, Nishikawa M, Horimoto M, Yoshikawa N, Mori Y, Yoshimura M, Masaki H, Tanaka K, Inada M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1990 June; 70(6): 1506-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1971826&dopt=Abstract

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High dose of (131)I therapy for the treatment of hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease. Author(s): Alexander EK, Larsen PR. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 March; 87(3): 10737. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11889166&dopt=Abstract

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Human thyrotropin-releasing hormone-associated peptide 3 (hTAP-3) in serum. Author(s): Yamada M, Konaka S, Satoh T, Monden T, Mori M. Source: Endocrine Journal. 1999 October; 46(5): 675-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10670753&dopt=Abstract

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Indium-111-pentetreotide in Graves' disease. Author(s): Kahaly G, Gorges R, Diaz M, Hommel G, Bockisch A. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1998 March; 39(3): 533-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9529305&dopt=Abstract

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Large doses of radioiodide in Graves' disease: effect on ophthalmopathy and longacting thyroid stimulator. Author(s): Pequegnat EP, Mayberry WE, McConahey WM, Wyse EP. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1967 December; 42(12): 802-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4169552&dopt=Abstract

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Large doses of radioiodine in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis. Author(s): Ingbar SH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1968 December 19; 279(25): 1395-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5754913&dopt=Abstract

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Late and transient increases in free T4 after radioiodine treatment for Graves' disease. Author(s): Stensvold AD, Jorde R, Sundsfjord J. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1997 November; 20(10): 580-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9438914&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium carbonate in the preoperative preparation of Graves' disease. Author(s): Tsunoda T, Mochinaga N, Eto T, Yamaguchi M, Tsuchiya R, Izumi M. Source: Jpn J Surg. 1991 May; 21(3): 292-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1713279&dopt=Abstract

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Osteomalacia secondary to celiac disease, primary hyperparathyroidism, and Graves' disease. Author(s): Gannage MH, Abikaram G, Nasr F, Awada H. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1998 February; 315(2): 136-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9472914&dopt=Abstract

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Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy using (99m)Tc-EDDA/HYNIC-TOC in graves' disease. Author(s): Gabriel M, Decristoforo C, Moncayo R.

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Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2002 September; 29(9): 1267. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12418470&dopt=Abstract •

Support groups for patients with Graves' disease and other thyroid conditions. Author(s): Wood LC. Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 1998 March; 27(1): 101-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9534031&dopt=Abstract

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Thyroid imaging using positron emission tomography--a comparison with ultrasound imaging and conventional scintigraphy in thyrotoxicosis. Author(s): Flower MA, Irvine AT, Ott RJ, Kabir F, McCready VR, Harmer CL, Sharma HL, Smith AG. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1990 May; 63(749): 325-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2198979&dopt=Abstract

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Thyrotoxicosis incidence in Switzerland and benefit of improved iodine supply. Author(s): Burgi H, Kohler M, Morselli B. Source: Lancet. 1998 September 26; 352(9133): 1034. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9759751&dopt=Abstract

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Thyrotrophin (TSH) binding sites on Yersinia enterocolitica recognized by immunoglobulins from humans with Graves' disease. Author(s): Heyma P, Harrison LC, Robins-Browne R. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1986 May; 64(2): 249-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3017619&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to Graves’ disease; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hyperthyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypothyroidism Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thyroid Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thyroiditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Bugleweed Alternative names: Lycopus virginicus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kelp Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lemon Balm Alternative names: Melissa officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Melissa Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10043,00.html

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Potentilla Alternative names: Cinquefoil, Silverweed; Potentilla sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON GRAVES’ DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to Graves’ disease. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “Graves’ disease” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on Graves’ disease, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Graves’ Disease ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to Graves’ disease. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

The Thyrotropin Receptor in Graves' Disease by Garcia-Ameijeiras, Maria De Los Angeles; PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK67525

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND GRAVES’ DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning Graves’ disease.

Recent Trials on Graves’ Disease The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to Graves’ disease.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Phase II Randomized Controlled Study of Sequential Orbital Radiotherapy for Graves' Ophthalmopathy Condition(s): Graves' Disease Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); Mayo Clinic Cancer Center Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Evaluate the effects of 20 Gy of external-beam radiotherapy to 1 orbit vs. the untreated orbit at 3 and 6 months after therapy in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. II. Evaluate whether 20 Gy of external-beam radiotherapy delivered to the second orbit 6 months later in the course of the disease produces effects of equal magnitude to those observed when the first orbit was treated. III. Relate the magnitude of treatment effects to the time since onset of eye symptoms. IV. Evaluate whether characteristics of radiation retinopathy are present 3 years after orbital radiotherapy. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004660

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “Graves’ disease” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON GRAVES’ DISEASE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “Graves’ disease” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on Graves’ disease, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Graves’ Disease By performing a patent search focusing on Graves’ disease, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on Graves’ disease: •

1, 3-bis-(substituted-phenyl)-2-propen-1-ones and their use to treat VCAM-1 mediated disorders Inventor(s): Hoong; Lee K. (Suwanee, GA), Meng; Charles Q. (Alpharetta, GA), Ni; Liming (Duluth, GA), Sikorski; James A. (Alpharetta, GA) Assignee(s): Atherogenics, Inc. (Alpharetta, GA) Patent Number: 6,608,101 Date filed: June 20, 2001 Abstract: It has been discovered certain 1,3-bis-(substituted-phenyl)-2-propen-1-ones, including compounds of formula (I) inhibit the expression of VCAM-1, and thus can be used to treat a patient with a disorder mediated by VCAM-1. Examples of inflammatory disorders that are mediated by VCAM-1 include, but are not limited to arthritis, asthma, dermatitis, cystic fibrosis, post transplantation late and chronic solid organ rejection, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, autoimmune diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, rhinitis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, postangioplasty restenosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), glomerulonephritis, Graves disease, gastrointestinal allergies, conjunctivitis, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, angina and small artery disease. Excerpt(s): The present invention includes novel heteroaryl or heterocyclic 1,3-bis(substituted-phenyl)-2-propen-1-ones as well as methods and compositions for the treatment of disorders mediated by VCAM-1 or MCP-1 and for the treatment of inflammatory disorders generally that include the administration of a 1,3-bis(substituted-phenyl)-2-propen-1-one that has at least one phenyl substituent that is an aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclic moiety. Adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium represents a fundamental, early event in a wide variety of inflammatory conditions, autoimmune disorders and bacterial and viral infections. Leukocyte recruitment to endothelium is mediated in part by the inducible expression of adhesion molecules on the surface of endothelial cells that interact with counterreceptors on immune cells. Endothelial cells determine which types of leukocytes are recruited by selectively expressing specific adhesion molecules, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and E-selectin. VCAM-1 binds to the integrin VLA-4 expressed on lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, and basophils but not neutrophils. This interaction facilitates the firm adhesion of these leukocytes to the endothelium. VCAM-1 is an inducible gene that is not expressed, or expressed at very low levels, in normal tissues. VCAM-1 is upregulated in a number of inflammatory diseases, including arthritis, asthma, dermatitis, psoriasis, cystic fibrosis, post transplantation late and chronic solid organ rejection, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, autoimmune diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, rhinitis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, post-angioplasty restenosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), glomerulonephritis, Graves disease, gastrointestinal allergies, conjunctivitis, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, angina and small artery disease. Coronary heart disease (CHD), primarily as a result of atherosclerosis, remains the leading cause of death in industrialized countries. Atherosclerosis is a disease characterized by vascular inflammation, deposition of lipids in the arterial vessel wall and smooth muscle cell proliferation resulting in a narrowing of the vessel passages. In advanced stages of the disease atherosclerotic lesions can become unstable resulting in plaque rupture, thrombosis, myocardial infarction and

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ischemic heart disease. It is now well accepted that the initiating events in atherosclerosis are local injury to the arterial endothelium that results in the induction of VCAM-1 and recruitment of mononuclear leukocytes that express the integrin counterreceptor, VLA-4, (O'Brien, et al., J. Clin. Invest., 92: 945-951, 1993). Subsequent conversion of leukocytes to foamy macrophages results in the synthesis of a wide variety of inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and chemoattractants that help propagate formation of the mature atheromatous plaque by further inducing endothelial activation, leukocyte recruitment, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix deposition. Pharmacological inhibition of VCAM-1 expression has been shown to inhibit atherosclerosis in several animal models (Sundell et al., Circulation, 100: 42, 1999). A monoclonal antibody against VCAM-1 has also been shown to inhibit neointimal formation in a mouse model of arterial wall injury (Oguchi, S., et al., Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 20: 1729-1736, 2000). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06608101__ •

Living, fast-growing thyroid cell strain, FRTL-5 Inventor(s): Ambesi-Impiombato; Francesco S. (Naples, IT) Assignee(s): Interthyr Research Foundation, Inc. (MD) Patent Number: 4,608,341 Date filed: May 31, 1983 Abstract: A fast growing, continuous, functional rat thyroid cell strain, FRTL-5, which maintains functional characteristics of iodide uptake and thyroglobulin synthesis over prolonged periods of culture is cloned from FRTL cells obtained from primary cultures of Fischer rat thyroid glands. The FRTL-5 cells are cultured in a medium containing approximately 5 percent calf serum supplemented with a mixture of hormones, at least one of which is thyrotropin.The FRTL-5 cells are employed in a series of assays which measure thyroid stimulatory or inhibitory factors. The FRTL-5 system of assay specifically measures thymidine incorporation, cAMP elevation and iodide uptake and permits the evaluation of patient sera, particularly those afflicted with Graves' disease and other autoimmune thyroid diseases, thereby providing a means for determining appropriate methods of treatment. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a living, fast-growing thyroid cell strain. More particularly, the present invention relates to a cloned normal rat thyroid cell strain, FRTL-5, derived from FRTL cells, which cell strain maintains all normal thyroid cell functions, including hormonal responsiveness, iodide uptake and thyroglobulin synthesis over prolonged periods of culture. The present invention also relates to clinical assays of thyrotropin and a variety of thyroid stimulatory or inhibitory factors. More specifically, this aspect of the invention permits the in vitro determination and/or quantification of human autoantibodies which modulate (a) excess growth, (b) cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) and (c) iodide uptake. The differentiated function of the thyroid cell is regulated in large measure by thyrotropin, also known as thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Receptormediated effects of TSH on adenylate cyclase activity, with eventual regulation of iodoprotein metabolism, are generally accepted. Receptor-mediated effects of TSH on electrochemical ion gradients independent of the effect of TSH on adenylate cyclase activity have also been demonstrated although the role of this phenomenon in the differentiation or function of the cell is not clear. Finally, TSH is known to have a trophic effect on thyroid cells. Thus, numerous studies have

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shown that the growth of functioning thyroid cells is accelerated by, or absolutely requires, the presence of TSH. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04608341__ •

Methods and polycyclic aromatic compound containing compositions for treating Tcell-mediated diseases Inventor(s): Lavie; Gad (Tenafly, NJ), Meruelo; Daniel (Scarborough, NY) Assignee(s): New York University (New York, NY) Patent Number: 5,514,714 Date filed: March 30, 1993 Abstract: T cell-mediated diseases in mammals are treated using compositions comprising a polycyclic aromatic compound, preferably hypericin or pseudohypericin, and related compounds, including isomers, analogs, derivatives, salts, or ion pairs of hypericin or pseudohypericin. The above composition may be administered in combination with an immunosuppressive agent. Pharmaceutical compositions useful for treating a T cell-mediated disease comprise the above polycyclic aromatic compound, alone or in combination with an immunosuppressive agent. The compositions and methods are useful in treating diseases which include multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, scleroderma, polymyositis, graft-versus-host disease, graft rejection, Graves disease, Addison's disease, autoimmune uveoretinitis, autoimmune thyroiditis, pemphigus vulgaris and rheumatoid arthritis. Psoriasis and systemic lups erythematosus. Also provided are methods for diminishing the expression of CD4 Molecules on the surface of a T lymphocyte, and for inducing multidrug resistance in a cell, comprising incubating the cell with an effective concentration of a polycyclic aromatic compound. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to the administration of polycyclic aromatic compounds for the treatment of T cell-mediated diseases in mammals and compositions useful for treating T cell-mediated diseases. T cell-mediated diseases have been characterized by the induction of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes expressing the CD8 antigen on their cell surface and/or helper T cells expressing the CD4 antigen on their cell surface. These diseases, non-limiting examples being graft-versus-host diseaser graft rejection, and autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Graves diseases Addison's diseases polymyositis, insulin dependent diabetes, primary biliary cirrhosis, systemic Lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, scleroderma, represent a large number of host immune system disorders. Graft-versus-host disease may occur when cells of the immune system such as stem cells or lymphocytes are transplanted into an allogeneic host, such as one genetically different at the major histocompatibility complex, which encodes cell surface antigens that give rise to strong immunological reactions. Transplants of cells of the immune system are made for treating certain forms of leukemia, aplastic anemia, and various immunodeficiency diseases. In order to prevent rejection of the foreign cells, the host is typically immunosuppressed, as with irradiation and/or immunosuppressive drugs. The transplanted immunocompetent cells recognize the host as foreign and mount an immune response directed against the host. In humans, the clinical manifestations of this graft-versus-host disease include fever, rash, anorexia, nausea, vomiting and watery or bloody diarrhea, weight loss and death. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05514714__

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•

Methods for treating autoimmune diseases with 5C8-specific antibodies Inventor(s): Chess; Leonard (Scarsdale, NY), Lederman; Seth (New York, NY), Yellin; Michael J. (Riverdale, NY) Assignee(s): The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York (New York, NY) Patent Number: 6,592,868 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: This invention provides methods of treating autoimmune diseases, including those selected from the group consisting of rheumatoid arthritis, Myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Graves' disease, idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura, hemolytic anemia and diabetes mellitus with 5C8-specific antibodies. Excerpt(s): Throughout this application, various publications are referenced by Arabic numerals within parenthesis. Full citations for these publications may be found at the end of the specification, immediately preceding the claims. The disclosures of these publications are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more full describe the state of the art as one skilled therein as of the date of the invention described and claimed herein. In a contact-dependent process termed "T cell helper function," CD4.sup.+ T lymphocytes direct the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes and thereby regulate the humoral immune response by modulating the specificity, secretion and isotype-encoded functions of antibody molecules (1-8). The T cell surface molecules that mediate the contact-dependent elements of T cell helper function are not yet fully known (9). The process by which T cells help B cells to differentiate has been divided into two distinct phases: the inductive and effector phases (10,11). In the inductive phase, resting T cells contact antigen-primed B cells and this association allows clonotypic T cell receptor (TCR)-CD4 complexes to interact with Ia/Ag complexes on B cells (5, 12-19). TCR/CD4 recognition of Ia/Ag results in the formation of stable T-B cognate pairs and bidirectional T and B cell activation (20-26). In the effector phase, activated T cells drive B cell differentiation by secreting lymphokines (27-30) and by contact-dependent stimuli (24,31-38), both of which are required for T cells to drive small, resting B cells to terminally differentiate into Ig secreting cells (31, 39-42). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06592868__

•

Test for detecting and measuring the graves' disease-specific immunoglobulins Inventor(s): Ingbar; Sidney H. (Brookline, MA) Assignee(s): The Beth Israel Hospital Association (Boston, MA) Patent Number: 4,472,508 Date filed: December 30, 1982 Abstract: An immunoassay for a specific antibody, particularly Graves' disease-specific antibody, in which interfering reactions by the reactive ends of similar antibodies are eliminated by the step of occluding the interfering reactive ends with an antibody against the interfering reactive ends. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an immunoassay and more particularly to an immunoassay for antibodies specific to Graves' disease. Graves' disease is a disorder characterized by several abnormalities, the most common and important of which is

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enlargement of the thyroid (goiter) and overproduction of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism). Graves' disease is one of three diseases classified as autoimmune thyroid diseases, the others being chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (Hashimoto's disease) and primary myxedema (primary thyroid failure). Among the reasons these diseases are grouped together as autoimmune thyroid diseases is that the serum of patients with these disorders usually contain, in varying titer, antibodies against a variety of antigens present in the thyroid cell, particularly on the cell membrane. Thyroid function is normally regulated by a peptide hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), secreted by the pituitary gland. The first and requisite step in the action of TSH on the thyroid gland is its binding to particular regions of the thyroid cell membrane that have a high affinity and a high relative specificity for TSH. Binding of TSH to these "receptors" is followed by a variety of biochemical events that lead to thyroid growth and increased function. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04472508__

Patent Applications on Graves’ Disease As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to Graves’ disease: •

Detection of antibody mediated inflammatory auto-immune disorders Inventor(s): Cruikshank, William W.; (Westford, MA), Smith, Terry J.; (Manhattan Beach, CA) Correspondence: Lyon & Lyon Llp; 633 West Fifth Street; Suite 4700; Los Angeles; CA; 90071; US Patent Application Number: 20030022911 Date filed: October 19, 2001 Abstract: The present invention describes a novel therapy to modulate the connective tissue pathologies associated with Graves' disease ophthalmopathy and other antibodymediated inflammatory auto-immune diseases. The therapy comprises administering to a patient suffering from an antibody-mediated inflammatory auto-immune disorder an Interleukin 16 (IL-16) activity inhibitor and/or a RANTES activity inhibitor in order to decrease the proliferation of CD4-bearing leukocytes at the site of the disease. Especially preferred IL-16 activity inhibitor for use in the therapeutic methods of the present invention are rapamycin and PD098059, and an especially preferred RANTES inhibitor for use in the present invention is compound SB203580. Excerpt(s): The present invention describes a novel therapy to alleviate antibodymediated inflammatory auto-immune diseases and other pathologies having a common underlying mechanism. One example is the connective tissue pathologies associated with Graves' disease also known as Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy (TAO). The therapeutic component of this invention comprises administering to a patient suffering from an antibody-mediated inflammatory auto-immune disorder a compound that blocks the expression or induction of Interleukin 16 (IL-16) and/or RANTES by

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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antibodies specific to Graves' disease to decrease the proliferation of CD4-bearing lymphocytes at the site of the disease. Especially preferred blockers of IL-16 induction for use in the therapeutic methods of the present invention are rapamycin and PD098059, and an especially preferred blocker of RANTES induction for use in the present invention is compound SB203580. The present invention also includes diagnostic tests and methods to determine the presence of antibody-activated fibroblasts in a patient by assaying the levels of IL-16 and/or RANTES in a biological sample obtained from the patient. Graves' disease is caused by a hyper-functioning, diffuse, hyperplastic thyroid goiter, often accompanied by infiltrative ophthalmopathy and infiltrative dermopathy. Graves' disease is present in 1.5% to 2% of women in the United States, but is only one-tenth as common among men. Familial predisposition has been noted frequently. There is also a well-defined relationship between Graves' disease and other auto-immune diseases, such as pernicious anemia and rheumatoid arthritis, which occur with greater than normal frequency in patients with Graves' disease. With Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy (TAO), there is characteristic tissue remodeling in the orbital area, including lymphocyte infiltration, hyaluronan accumulation and inflammation. TAO remains a difficult clinical problem because currently available treatments are either ineffective or have significant side effects, due largely to the lack of specificity of the treatment. The absence of any satisfactory therapies is also directly attributable to the current poor understanding of the fundamental disease process. The orbital space is constrained by bone and thus small increases in the volume of soft tissue will cause the anterior displacement of the eye (proptosis). Proptosis occurs in TAO, where the endomysial connective tissue and fat/connective tissue in the orbit are infiltrated with immunocompetent cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages and mast cells. (Smith, T. J., Bahn, R. S. and Gorman, C. A.: Connective tissue, glycosaminoglycans and diseases of the thyroid. Endocrine Rev. 10:366-391, 1989). The inflammatory reaction is sometimes intense. A major component of the tissue remodeling seen in the orbit in TAO relates to the accumulation of the nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronan. Hyaluronan possesses a set of rheological properties that render the molecule extraordinarily hydrophilic (Smith, T. J., Bahn, R. S. and Gorman, C. A.: Connective tissue, glycosaminoglycans and diseases of the thyroid. Endocrine Rev. 10:366-391, 1989). Thus, even a small increase in the hyaluronan content of a tissue could increase its volume dramatically. In the setting of the bony orbit, such an increase could yield catastrophic consequences to the integrity of soft tissue structures, innervation and vascularity. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Diagnosis and therapy of antibody-mediated inflammatory auto-immune disorders Inventor(s): Cruikshank, William W.; (Westford, MA), Smith, Terry J.; (Manhattan Beach, CA) Correspondence: Lyon & Lyon Llp; 633 West Fifth Street; Suite 4700; Los Angeles; CA; 90071; US Patent Application Number: 20030096317 Date filed: January 3, 2002 Abstract: The present invention describes diagnosis and treatment of antibody-mediated inflammatory auto-immune diseases. The biochemical mechanisms underlying such disorders are described as characteristic molecular markers and antibody-mediated ligand-receptor interactions. Specifically, the activation of T-cells by disease specific IgG

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binding to the IGF-1 receptor is shown to underlie thyroid associated ophthalmopathy associated with Graves' disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Diagnostics for detection of disease are provided, as are therapeutics based on the determination of the mechanisms underlying a particular pathology. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending application filed on Oct. 19, 2001, Lyon & Lyon Docket No. 268/269 (serial number not yet assigned) entitled "DETECTION OF ANTIBODY MEDIATED INFLAMMATORY AUTO-IMMUNE DISORDERS," which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/684,601, filed on Oct. 6, 2000, and entitled "DETECTION OF ANTIBODY MEDIATED INFLAMMATORY AUTO-IMMUNE DISORDERS". The present invention is therapeutics and diagnostics of antibody-mediated inflammatory auto-immune diseases and other pathologies having common underlying mechanisms. Examples are the connective tissue pathologies associated with Graves' disease, also known as ThyroidAssociated Ophthalmopathy (TAO), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ulcerative colitis, scleraderma, Type II diabetes, and Crohn's disease. The therapeutic component of this invention comprises administering to a patient suffering from an antibody-mediated inflammatory auto-immune disorder a compound selected to interrupt a fundamental mechanism or pathway necessary to the manifestation of the disorder, including compounds that reduce the unique susceptibility of orbital fibroblasts to pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibitors of activated T-lymphocyte-based infiltration of orbital connective tissue and resident fibroblasts, agents to reduce or attenuate the signaling exhibited in the FRAP/mTOR/p70.sup.s6k pathway, compounds to reduce the activation of the P13 kinase pathway, compounds to attenuate the binding or function of the IGF-1 receptor, and compounds to blocking disease specific IgG from binding the IGF-1 receptor, including specifically blocking Graves' IgG and rheumatoid arthritis IgG from binding orbital fibroblast and synovial fibroblasts, respectively. In the specific application of Graves' disease or RA, the invention provides compounds to attenuate the activity of receptors underlying the disease including antagonists, inverse-agonists, and anti-agonists of the IGF-1 receptor, as well as inhibitors of the expression of Interleukin 16 (IL-16) and/or a RANTES to decrease the proliferation of CD4-bearing lymphocytes at the site of the disease. An especially preferred inhibitor of IL-16 expression for use in the therapeutic methods of the present invention is rapamycin, and an especially preferred RANTES inhibitor for use in the present invention is compound SB203580. The present invention also includes diagnostic tests and methods to determine the susceptibility or presence of disease characterized by an antibody-mediated inflammatory auto-immune disorder, including the detection of specific receptors or other molecular markers as indicators of disease, the detection of the function or activation of the receptor or marker in a particular patient, and the existence of specific markers as auto-antigens. In the specific embodiment of Graves' disease and RA, the invention includes a method to identify the presence of disease specific auto-immune-associated antibodies via the reaction with specified cell types by reacting a patient sample in an assay and measuring a compound indicative of the presence of disease, including measuring the levels of IL-16 and/or RANTES in a biological sample, detecting specific auto-immune antibodies or cell receptor types in the sample obtained from the patient, detecting phenotype fibroblast subsets, and detecting the presence of specific receptors as auto-antigens. The diagnostic embodiment of the invention also includes identifying in a patient sample the orbital fibroblasts that exhibit differential phenotypes associated with adipogenesis and the correlation of the presence of these specific fibroblasts with in vivo differentiation into adipocytes. Application of the diagnostic embodiments of the invention may also instruct the clinician as to therapeutic treatments including the administration of

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compounds described herein, as well as traditional surgical techniques used in alleviating eye disorders associated with Graves' disease. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Diagnosis and treatment for immunoglobulin E ( IgE) implicated disorders Inventor(s): Lipps, Binie V.; (Bellaire, TX), Lipps, Frederick W.; (Bellaire, TX) Correspondence: John R. Casperson; PO Box 2174; Friendswood; TX; 77549; US Patent Application Number: 20030157555 Date filed: January 14, 2002 Abstract: Human saliva is used as a non-invasive source instead of invasive blood serum plasma for detection and assay of endogenously present proteins; nerve growth factor (NGF), myoglobin, Insulin, adenosine deaminase (ADA), including immunoglobulin E (IgE). It was discovered that people having high levels of IgE, show high levels in comparison to the normal controls of NGF, myoglobin, insulin and ADA, disrupting the homeostasis for these proteins. Oral administration of a synthetic peptide LT-10 disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,576,297 having sequence L K A M D P T P P L reduces IgE level in humans and bring other proteins into homeostasis, for example, NGF, myoglobin, insulin and ADA and possibly other proteins and cytokines. Composition of synthetic LT-10 is advocated as a treatment for IgE implicated disorders such as asthma, depression and various types of autoimmune diseases, such as erythematosus (SLE); Rheumatoid arthritis Sjogren's syndrome; Reiter's syndrome; Diabetes mellitus (insulindependent); Graves' disease; Addison's disease; Hodgkin's disease, etc. Excerpt(s): In one aspect, this invention relates to the introduction of use of saliva as a non-invasive source for detection and assay of endogenously present proteins, for example, nerve growth factor (NGF), myoglobin, Insulin, adenosine deaminase (ADA), and most importantly immunoglobulin E (IgE). In another aspect, the invention relates to the treatment of human disorders characterized by elevated IgE levels by the administration of a peptide to reduce the level. A number of disorders and conditions are recognized by elevated levels of IgE. Human immunoglobulins are different types, such as IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE. IgG, IgA, and IgM are protective immunoglobulins. The role of IgD is not known. IgE is a minor component of total immunoglobulins and it is implicated in allergies, which in some cases manifests asthma. The presence of IgE in human serum was discovered in 1972 by Ishizaka K. and Ishizaka T. Normal adults have 0.2 to 1.0 mg % of IgE. Currently 20% of the US population has higher than the normal range of IgE and the percentage is increasing every year. Allergic diseases are caused by adverse immune response to allergens. Allergen-sensitized patients produce high levels of IgE, which manifest vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, edema, smooth muscle contraction and mucus secretion, resulting allergic reactions. IgE is implicated in asthma because asthma people show high levels of IgE. Allergic reaction causes inflammation and edema accumulating mast cells (MC) at the sites, which remain active for producing IgE under different conditions. Exercise-induced allergies producing IgE is a common phenomenon among athletes. During emotional stress MC are activated to produce IgE stress. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with Graves’ disease, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “Graves’ disease” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on Graves’ disease. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning Graves’ disease. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON GRAVES’ DISEASE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to Graves’ disease. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on Graves’ disease include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “Graves’ disease” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “Graves’ disease” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “Graves’ disease” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

DAVIES NEWER ASPECTS GRAVES DISEASE BIPR EM11:3; ISBN: 070202404X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/070202404X/icongroupinterna

•

Graves' disease : discussions in patient management by Alan E. Lewis; ISBN: 0874888700; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874888700/icongroupinterna

•

Graves' Disease In Our Own Words by Jake George, Nancy Patterson; ISBN: 1878398202; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1878398202/icongroupinterna

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Graves' Disease: A Practical Guide by Elaine A. Moore, et al; ISBN: 0786410116; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0786410116/icongroupinterna

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•

Graves' Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment by Basil Rapoport (Editor), Sandra M. McLachlan (Editor); ISBN: 0792377907; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792377907/icongroupinterna

•

Healing Options: A Report on Graves' Disease Treatments, 2nd Edition by Kate Flax; ISBN: 0966598113; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966598113/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “Graves’ disease” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Clinical orbitonometry in Graves' disease. Author: Kearns, Thomas Pryor,; Year: 1896; [Minneapolis] 1951

•

Graves' disease with and without exophthalmic goitre. Author: Thomson, William Hanna,; Year: 2000; New York, Wood, 1904

•

Immunological aspects of Graves' disease and importance of thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins Author: Bech, Karine.; Year: 1965; Copenhagen: [s.n.], 1983; ISBN: 8774942522

Chapters on Graves’ Disease In order to find chapters that specifically relate to Graves’ disease, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and Graves’ disease using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “Graves’ disease” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on Graves’ disease: •

Endocrine Disease Source: in Miller, R.L., et al. General and Oral Pathology for the Dental Hygienist. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 1995. p. 309-320.

11

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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Contact: Available from Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146-9934. (800) 426-4545 or (314) 872-8370; Fax (800) 535-9935 or (314) 4321380; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.mosby.com. PRICE: $43.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0801670241. Stock Number 07024. Summary: This chapter, from a textbook on pathology for dental hygiene students, covers endocrine disease. Topics include the clinical aspects of hyper-and hypopituitarism; diabetes insipidus; the development of the thyroid gland, and the physiology and function of the thyroglossal duct cyst and the lingual thyroid gland; common causes of myxedema; the etiology of Hashimoto's disease; the etiology and clinical symptoms of Graves' disease; thyroid cancer and its relationship to radiation or genetic etiology; goiter; the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of FriderichsenWaterhouse syndrome, Addison's disease, and Cushing's syndrome; diseases caused by hypersecretion of aldosterone and adrenal sex hormones; the clinical and radiographic changes indicative of hyperparathyroidism; diabetes mellitus (types I and II); and common dental problems associated with diabetes mellitus. The chapter includes a list of learning objectives; illustrative case studies; and recommended readings. 4 figures. 2 tables.

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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON GRAVES’ DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on Graves’ disease. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Graves’ Disease The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in Graves’ disease (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on Graves’ disease: •

Ophthalmology of Graves' disease [videorecording] Source: [presented by] Marshfield Medical Foundation, in cooperation with Marshfield Clinic & St. Joseph's Hospital; Year: 1982; Format: Videorecording; Marshfield, WI: Marshfield Regional Video Network, 1982

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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GRAVES’ DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover Graves’ disease.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on Graves’ disease is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “Graves’ disease” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to Graves’ disease. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “Graves’ disease” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for Graves’ disease: •

Radiotherapy may not help Graves' disease patients Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 13, 2001

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•

Antibody treatment of multiple sclerosis can cause Graves' disease Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 15, 1999

•

Thyroid nodules in Graves disease do not indicate high carcinoma risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 20, 1999

•

Iodine in seaweed snacks poses Graves' disease risk to Chinese children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 22, 1998

•

Efficacy Of Combination Therapy In Patients With Graves' Hyperthyroidism Questioned Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 25, 1996 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “Graves’ disease” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “Graves’ disease” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to

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Graves’ disease, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “Graves’ disease” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “Graves’ disease” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on Graves’ disease: •

Musculoskeletal Manifestations of Thyroid Disease Source: Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases. 49(11): 1-4. 2001. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. 1330 West Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30309. (800) 268-6942 or (404) 872-7100. Fax (404) 872-9559. Website: www.arthritis.org. Summary: This newsletter article provides health professionals with information on evaluating and treating the musculoskeletal manifestations of thyroid disease. Thyroid disease can cause musculoskeletal symptoms that mimic known rheumatic syndromes. Hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis can affect the musculoskeletal system. The manifestations of congenital hypothyroidism and hypothyroidism occurring in childhood are usually dominated by cognitive deficiencies and developmental delays. In adults, hypothyroidism may result from autoimmune and postablative mechanisms, pituitary failure, or iodine deficiency. Hypothyroid adults usually have manifestations consistent with low basal metabolic rate. An arthropathy may occur, or hypothyroidism may be confused with fibromyalgia. Hypothyroidism is also associated with other musculoskeletal and rheumatic diseases, including polymyositis, carpal tunnel syndrome, avascular necrosis of the hip, polymyalgia rheumatica, giant cell arteritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Thyrotoxicosis may also have musculoskeletal manifestations, including myopathy, osteoporosis, and shoulder pain. Graves' disease, an autoimmune disease caused by antibodies directed against the TSH receptor in the thyroid, is associated with pretibial myxedema and thyroid acropachy. 2 tables and 35 references.

•

Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders and Systemic Lupus Source: Lupus News. 22(1): 15-18. Spring 2002.

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Contact: Available from Lupus Foundation of America. 1300 Piccard Drive, Suite 200, Rockville, MD 20850-4303. (800) 558-0121 or (301) 670-9292. Fax (301) 670-9486. Website: www.lupus.org/lupus. Summary: This newsletter article provides people who have lupus with information on autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITDs) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). AITDs are a group of common medical problems that involve antibody reactions against the thyroid gland. The thyroid may become either underactive or overactive. Although AITD and SLE coexist with more frequency than would be expected by chance, there are no specific guidelines to testing for AITD in patients with SLE or other autoimmune rheumatologic disorders. Test results can be difficult to interpret when a patient is ill from any cause. For example, lupus flare, infections, and fasting will modify the thyroid hormone tests without necessarily meaning that there is true thyroid disease. A test for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels is a good screening method for minor or early thyroid gland dysfunction. However, in many cases, thyroid treatment should not be initiated unless a complete set of thyroid function tests is conducted. The article describes the symptoms of Graves' disease (overactive thyroid) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (underactive thyroid) and discusses the overlap of these disorders. The article recommends that physicians consider screening patients with lupus and other autoimmune disorders for AITD every 2 to 3 years using a serum TSH measurement. 1 figure and 5 references.

Academic Periodicals covering Graves’ Disease Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to Graves’ disease. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering Graves’ disease that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for Graves’ disease. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with Graves’ disease. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to Graves’ disease: Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Betapace; Blocadren; Cartrol; Corgard; Inderal; Inderal LA; Kerlone; Levatol; Lopressor; Normodyne; Sectral; Tenormin; Toprol-XL; Trandate; Visken; Zebeta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202087.html

Cholecystographic Agents, Oral •

Diagnostic - U.S. Brands: Bilivist; Bilopaque; Cholebrine; Oragrafin Calcium; Oragrafin Sodium; Telepaque http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202136.html

Corticosteroids •

Dental - U.S. Brands: Kenalog in Orabase; Orabase-HCA; Oracort; Oralone http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202010.html

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Inhalation - U.S. Brands: AeroBid; AeroBid-M; Azmacort; Beclovent; Decadron Respihaler; Pulmicort Respules; Pulmicort Turbuhaler; Vanceril; Vanceril 84 mcg Double Strength http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202011.html

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Nasal - U.S. Brands: Beconase; Beconase AQ; Dexacort Turbinaire; Flonase; Nasacort; Nasacort AQ; Nasalide; Nasarel; Nasonex; Rhinocort; Vancenase; Vancenase AQ 84 mcg; Vancenase pockethaler http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202012.html

•

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: AK-Dex; AK-Pred; AK-Tate; Baldex; Decadron; Dexair; Dexotic; Econopred; Econopred Plus; Eflone; Flarex; Fluor-Op; FML Forte; FML Liquifilm; FML S.O.P.; HMS Liquifilm; Inflamase Forte; Inflamase Mild; I-Pred; Lite Pred; Maxidex; Ocu-Dex; Ocu-Pred; Ocu-Pr http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202013.html

•

Otic - U.S. Brands: Decadron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202014.html

•

Rectal - U.S. Brands: Anucort-HC; Anu-Med HC; Anuprep HC; Anusol-HC; Anutone-HC; Anuzone-HC; Cort-Dome; Cortenema; Cortifoam; Hemorrhoidal HC; Hemril-HC Uniserts; Proctocort; Proctosol-HC; Rectosol-HC http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203366.html

Iodine •

Rectal - U.S. Brands: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203366.html

Sodium Iodide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Iodopen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202621.html

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Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

12

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

13

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Graves’ disease” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 9778 79 537 6 0 10400

HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “Graves’ disease” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

15

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

16

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

The Genome Project and Graves’ Disease In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and Graves’ disease. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).23 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 20 Adapted 21

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 23 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.

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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “Graves’ disease” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for Graves’ disease: •

Graves Disease Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?275000

•

Graves Disease, Susceptibility To, 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603388

•

Graves Disease, Susceptibility To, X-linked Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?300351

•

Solute Carrier Family 25 (mitochondrial Carrier, Graves Disease Autoantigen), Member 16 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?139080 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)

The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •

Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html

•

Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html

•

Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html

•

Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html

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•

Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html

•

Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html

•

Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez

Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •

3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

•

Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books

•

Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome

•

NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/

•

Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide

•

OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM

•

PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset

•

ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

•

Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein

•

PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed

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Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure

•

Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy

To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “Graves’ disease” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database24 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database25 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “Graves’ disease” (or synonyms) into the search box,

24

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 25 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.

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and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Graves’ disease can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Graves’ disease. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Graves’ disease. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Graves’ disease”:

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Other guides Autoimmune Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/autoimmunediseases.html Degenerative Nerve Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/degenerativenervediseases.html Genetic Brain Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/geneticbraindisorders.html Heart Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartdiseases.html Heart Valve Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartvalvediseases.html Hepatitis C http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hepatitisc.html Hodgkin's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hodgkinsdisease.html Hormones http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hormones.html Kidney Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneydiseases.html Laboratory Tests http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/laboratorytests.html Leukodystrophies http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/leukodystrophies.html Movement Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/movementdisorders.html Parkinson's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parkinsonsdisease.html Pituitary Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pituitarydisorders.html Preventing Disease and Staying Healthy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/preventingdiseaseandstayinghealthy.html Thyroid Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/thyroidcancer.html Thyroid Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/thyroiddiseases.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to Graves’ disease, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Thyroid Disease Source: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZDMMPX77C &sub_cat=501

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Thyroid Disorders Source: National Women's Health Information Center http://www.4woman.gov/faq/thyroid_disease.htm Your Thyroid Gland Source: American Academy of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery http://www.entnet.org/healthinfo/thyroid/thyroid_gland.cfm •

Diagnosis/Symptoms Calcium Pentagastrin Test Source: National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/patient_education/procdiag/calciumpentagastri.pdf Neck Swelling: Self-Care Flowcharts Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/flowcharts/514.html T3 (Triiodothyronine): The Test Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/t3/test.html T4 (Thyroxine): The Test Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/t4/test.html Thyroid Scan/Thyroid Uptake Study Source: National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/patient_education/procdiag/thyroidupt.pdf TRH Stimulation Test Source: National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/patient_education/procdiag/trh.pdf TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone) Test Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/tsh/test.html

•

Treatment Antithyroid Drugs Source: UpToDate http://patients.uptodate.com/frames.asp?page=topic.asp&file=endo_hor/5036 Thyroid Surgery http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/thyroidsurgeryloader.html Thyroidectomy Source: InteliHealth http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/9339/20758.html

•

Nutrition Preparing to Receive I-131: The Low-Iodine Diet Source: National Institutes of Health http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/patient_education/pepubs/lowio.pdf

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•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Goiter Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00217 Graves' Dermopathy Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00605 Graves' Disease http://www.thyroid.org/patients/brochures/Graves_brochure.pdf Hashimoto's Disease and the Flu Shot Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00676 Hashimoto's Disease: What It Is and How It's Treated Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/handouts/548.html Hormonal Causes of Ovulatory Disorders Source: Resolve http://www.resolve.org/main/national/treatment/diagnosis/thyroid.jsp?name=t reatment&tag=diagnosis Hyperthyroidism http://www.thyroid.org/patients/brochures/Hyper_brochure.pdf Hypothyroidism Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00353 Hypothyroidism: Can It Cause Joint Pain? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00069 Soy: Does It Adversely Affect the Thyroid? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00454 Subacute (Viral) Thyroiditis Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00331 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00265 Thyroid Disease and the Eye Source: American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery http://www.asoprs.org/Pages/thyroid.html Thyroid Nodules Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00491 Thyrotoxic Myopathy Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/thyrotoxic_myopathy.

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htm What Is an Endocrinologist? Source: Hormone Foundation http://www.hormone.org/publications/what_is_endocr.html •

Children Clinical Hypothyroidism Source: MAGIC Foundation http://www.magicfoundation.org/clinhypo.html Congenital Hypothyroidism Source: MAGIC Foundation http://www.magicfoundation.org/congthyr.html Thyroid Disorders Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/health_problems/gland/thyroid.html Thyroid through the Ages: Birth and Early Childhood (Growth) Source: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists http://www.aace.com/pub/tam2001/tam-birth.php

•

Men Postpartum Thyroiditis Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00153 Thyroid through the Ages: Midlife (Menopause) Source: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists http://www.aace.com/pub/tam2001/tam-midlife.php Thyroid through the Ages: The Reproductive Years (Pregnancy) Source: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists http://www.aace.com/pub/tam2001/tam-reproyrs.php

•

Organizations American Thyroid Association http://www.thyroid.org/ Hormone Foundation http://www.hormone.org/ National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases http://www.niddk.nih.gov/

•

Pictures/Diagrams Atlas of the Body: The Endocrine System Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZW5TZ46JC &sub_cat=514

126 Graves’ Disease

•

Prevention/Screening How to Take the Thyroid “Neck Check” http://www.aace.com/pub/tam2001/neckcheck3.pdf

•

Research Are Thyroid Nodules That Grow Cancerous? Source: American College of Physicians http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/138/4/I-60 Botox Effective in Treating Upper Eyelid Retraction Associated with Thyroid Disease Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZM6LR552D& sub_cat=2 CDC Releases Hanford Thyroid Disease Study Final Report Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/pressrel/r020621.htm Effects of Removing Thyroid Antigens in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease Source: American College of Physicians http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/139/5_Part_1/I-75

•

Statistics Facts about Thyroid Disease Source: American Medical Women's Association http://www.amwa-doc.org/healthtopics/thyroid2.html

•

Teenagers Thyroid Disease and Teens Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/growth/thyroid.html

•

Women Postpartum Thyroiditis Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00153 Thyroid through the Ages: Midlife (Menopause) Source: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists http://www.aace.com/pub/tam2001/tam-midlife.php Thyroid through the Ages: The Reproductive Years (Pregnancy) Source: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists http://www.aace.com/pub/tam2001/tam-reproyrs.php

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the

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exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on Graves’ disease. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Gluten Intolerance Group of North America: Serving Those with Celiac Sprue and Dermatitis Herpetiformis Source: Seattle, WA: Gluten Intolerance Group of North America. 199x. 2 p. Contact: Available from Gluten Intolerance Group of North America. P.O. Box 23053, Seattle, WA 98102-0353. (206) 325-6980. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure describes gluten sensitive enteropathy (GSE), a group of hereditary immune system disorders that includes celiac sprue (CS), dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), and transient gluten intolerance. In these disorders, protein fractions in wheat, rye, oats, and barley set off a chain of events that leads to tissue damage. The brochure describes the symptoms of these disorders, diagnosis, and treatment options, which primarily involve the institution of a gluten-free diet (avoiding wheat, rye, oats, and barley). The author emphasizes that proper substitutions can make the diets of persons with GSE varied and appealing. Combinations of rice, corn, soy, and potato flours are used to make cookies, pasta, cakes, and breads. The brochure lists immune system disorders associated with celiac sprue and DH, including type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, Graves' disease, Addisons' disease, and myasthenia gravis. The brochure also describes the Gluten Intolerance Group of North America, an organization that offers assistance to persons with celiac sprue or dermatitis herpetiformis through publications, outreach programs, local chapter support, advocacy, funding of research, and increasing awareness of these diseases. The brochure lists some of the publications and videotapes available from the organization. (AA-M). The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Graves’ disease. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively

128 Graves’ Disease

rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. PEDBASE Similar to NORD, PEDBASE covers relatively rare disorders, limited mainly to pediatric conditions. PEDBASE was designed by Dr. Alan Gandy. To access the database, which is more oriented to researchers than patients, you can view the current list of health topics covered at the following Web site: http://www.icondata.com/health/pedbase/pedlynx.htm. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Graves’ disease. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Graves’ disease. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Graves’ disease. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

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http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Graves’ disease” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Graves’ disease”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Graves’ disease” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “Graves’ disease” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

131

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.26

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

26

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)27: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

27

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

134 Graves’ Disease

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

136 Graves’ Disease

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

137

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on Graves’ disease: •

Basic Guidelines for Graves’ Disease Graves' disease Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000358.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Graves’ Disease Anxiety Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Chest pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003079.htm Difficulty breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Exophthalmos Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003033.htm

138 Graves’ Disease

Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Frequent bowel movements Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003126.htm Heat intolerance Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003094.htm Increased appetite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003134.htm Increased sweating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Menstrual irregularities Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003263.htm Muscle cramps Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Protruding eyes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003033.htm Rapid heart rate Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003077.htm Restlessness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003212.htm Sweating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Weight loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003107.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Graves’ Disease resin uptake Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003688.htm Calcitonin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003699.htm Heart rate Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003399.htm Orbit CT scan Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003785.htm Radioactive iodine uptake Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003689.htm

Online Glossaries 139

Serum TSH Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003684.htm T3 Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003687.htm T4 Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003517.htm Triiodothyronine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003687.htm TSH Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003684.htm TSI Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003685.htm •

Surgery and Procedures for Graves’ Disease Thyroidectomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002933.htm

•

Background Topics for Graves’ Disease Endocrine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002351.htm Hypothalamus Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002380.htm Metabolism Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002257.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm Thyroid disorders Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001159.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

140 Graves’ Disease

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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GRAVES’ DISEASE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acantholysis: Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see pemphigus) and keratosis follicularis. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Deaminase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine to inosine with the elimination of ammonia. Since there are wide tissue and species variations in the enzyme, it has been used as a tool in the study of human and animal genetics and in medical diagnosis. EC 3.5.4.4. [NIH] Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenylic acid. Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU]

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Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (immunotherapy, adoptive). [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agenesis: Lack of complete or normal development; congenital absence of an organ or part. [NIH]

Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkalosis: A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergens: Antigen-type substances (hypersensitivity, immediate). [NIH]

that

produce

immediate

hypersensitivity

Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: A procedure in which a person receives stem

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cells, the cells from which all blood cells develop, from a compatible, though not genetically identical, donor. [NIH] Allografts: A graft of tissue obtained from the body of another animal of the same species but with genotype differing from that of the recipient; tissue graft from a donor of one genotype to a host of another genotype with host and donor being members of the same species. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amiodarone: An antianginal and antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting Na,K-activated myocardial adenosine triphosphatase. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]

Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH]

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Angiogram: An x-ray of blood vessels; the person receives an injection of dye to outline the vessels on the x-ray. [NIH] Angioplasty: Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antianginal: Counteracting angina or anginal conditions. [EU] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU]

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Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Aplastic anemia: A condition in which the bone marrow is unable to produce blood cells. [NIH]

Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Arthropathy: Any joint disease. [EU] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign

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and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Basal metabolic rate: Represents the minimum energy expenditure required for the maintenance of vital functions; normally the amount of energy expended, measured in calories, per unit of time at rest; measured after 14-18 hours of rest. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific

Dictionary 147

combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioassay: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biogenic Monoamines: Biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. Included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural amino acids. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists

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mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breast Implantation: Surgical insertion of an inert sac filled with silicone or other material to augment the female form cosmetically. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to methimazole, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH]

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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A median nerve injury inside the carpal tunnel that results in symptoms of pain, numbness, tingling, clumsiness, and a lack of sweating, which can be caused by work with certain hand and wrist postures. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catalyse: To speed up a chemical reaction. [EU] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chimeras: Organism that contains a mixture of genetically different cells. [NIH]

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Chimeric Proteins: Proteins in individuals that are derived from genetically different zygotes. [NIH] Cholestasis: Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla. [NIH]

Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Claviceps: A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Clavicipitaceae, order Hypocreales, parasitic on various grasses. The sclerotia contain several toxic alkaloids. Claviceps purpurea on rye causes ergotism. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is

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differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the

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anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to

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angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Decongestant: An agent that reduces congestion or swelling. [EU] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes.

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[NIH]

Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic acid: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleotides: A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a deoxyribose containing a bond to a phosphate group. [NIH] Depigmentation: Removal or loss of pigment, especially melanin. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH]

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Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disease Susceptibility: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysgenesis: Defective development. [EU] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dyspnoea: Difficult or laboured breathing. [EU] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The

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numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Endarterectomy: Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called atherectomy. [NIH] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endocrinologist: A doctor that specializes in diagnosing and treating hormone disorders. [NIH]

Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]

Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

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Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Epitope Mapping: Methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry. [NIH] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Nodosum: An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU]

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Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Exophthalmos: Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye. [NIH] Expectorant: 1. Promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. An agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). [EU]

Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraocular: External to or outside of the eye. [NIH] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can

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be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease. [NIH]

Free Association: Spontaneous verbalization of whatever comes to mind. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gamma-interferon: Interferon produced by T-lymphocytes in response to various mitogens and antigens. Gamma interferon appears to have potent antineoplastic, immunoregulatory and antiviral activity. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germline mutation: A gene change in the body's reproductive cells (egg or sperm) that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of offspring; germline mutations are passed on from parents to offspring. Also called hereditary mutation. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH]

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Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Gluconeogenesis: The process by which glucose is formed from a non-carbohydrate source. [NIH]

Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Clamp Technique: Maintenance of a constant blood glucose level by perfusion or infusion with glucose or insulin. It is used for the study of metabolic rates (e.g., in glucose, lipid, amino acid metabolism) at constant glucose concentration. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH] Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Gonads: The gamete-producing glands, ovary or testis. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH]

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Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]

Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granulocytopenia: A deficiency in the number of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH]

Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the major histocompatibility complex. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH]

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Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Hereditary mutation: A gene change in the body's reproductive cells (egg or sperm) that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of offspring; hereditary mutations are passed on from parents to offspring. Also called germline mutation. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpetiformis: Duhring's disease a recurring, inflammatory disease of the skin of unknown etiology characterized by erythematous, papular, pustular, or vesicular lesions which tend to group and are accompanied by itching and burning. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Histocompatibility: The degree of antigenic similarity between the tissues of different individuals, which determines the acceptance or rejection of allografts. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive

Dictionary 163

isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hypercalcemia: Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersecretion: Excessive secretion. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypersensitivity, Immediate: Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigenantibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypogonadism: Condition resulting from or characterized by abnormally decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH]

164 Graves’ Disease

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunochemistry: Field of chemistry that pertains to immunological phenomena and the study of chemical reactions related to antigen stimulation of tissues. It includes physicochemical interactions between antigens and antibodies. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be

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clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1: A cell-surface ligand with a role in leukocyte adhesion and inflammation. Its production is induced by gamma-interferon and it is required for neutrophil migration into inflamed tissue. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and -

166 Graves’ Disease

gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interferon-beta: One of the type I interferons produced by fibroblasts in response to stimulation by live or inactivated virus or by double-stranded RNA. It is a cytokine with antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulating activity. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-18: Cytokine which resembles IL-1 structurally and IL-12 functionally. It enhances the cytotoxic activity of NK cells and CTLs, and appears to play a role both as neuroimmunomodulator and in the induction of mucosal immunity. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-4: Soluble factor produced by activated T-lymphocytes that causes proliferation and differentiation of B-cells. Interleukin-4 induces the expression of class II major histocompatibility complex and Fc receptors on B-cells. It also acts on T-lymphocytes, mast cell lines, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells including granulocyte, megakaryocyte, and erythroid precursors, as well as macrophages. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Iodine-131: Radioactive isotope of iodine. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH]

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Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levothyroxine: Levo isomer of the thyroid hormone thyroxine. It is used for replacement therapy in reduced or absent thyroid function. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU]

168 Graves’ Disease

Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of biogenic monoamines in the central nervous system, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator: Thyroid stimulator, long-acting. An immunoglobulin G, often found in the blood of hyperthyroid individuals. It stimulates the thyroid for a longer duration than does thyrotoxin and may cause hyperthyroidism in newborns due to placental transmission. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lucida: An instrument, invented by Wollaton, consisting essentially of a prism or a mirror through which an object can be viewed so as to appear on a plane surface seen in direct view and on which the outline of the object may be traced. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lupus Nephritis: Glomerulonephritis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. It is classified into four histologic types: mesangial, focal, diffuse, and membranous. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Dictionary 169

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokines: Soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily those involved in cellular immunity. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Matched-Pair Analysis: A type of analysis in which subjects in a study group and a comparison group are made comparable with respect to extraneous factors by individually pairing study subjects with the comparison group subjects (e.g., age-matched controls). [NIH] Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen

170 Graves’ Disease

with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH]

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Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells,

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water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Musculoskeletal System: Themuscles, bones, and cartilage of the body. [NIH] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]

Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoglobin: A conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. It is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH]

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Myxedema: A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling with abnormal deposits of mucin in the skin and other tissues. It is produced by a functional insufficiency of the thyroid gland, resulting in deficiency of thyroid hormone. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks and the face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips. The congenital form of the disease is cretinism. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Growth Factor: Nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotoxin: A substance that is poisonous to nerve tissue. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier

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nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Matrix: The fibrogranular network of residual structural elements within which are immersed both chromatin and ribonucleoproteins. It extends throughout the nuclear interior from the nucleolus to the nuclear pore complexes along the nuclear periphery. [NIH] Nuclear Pore: An opening through the nuclear envelope formed by the nuclear pore complex which transports nuclear proteins or RNA into or out of the cell nucleus and which, under some conditions, acts as an ion channel. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleolus: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmologist: A medical doctor specializing in the diagnosis and medical or surgical treatment of visual disorders and eye disease. [NIH] Ophthalmoscope: A lighted instrument used to examine the inside of the eye, including the retina and the optic nerve. [NIH] Ophthalmoscopy: Examination of the interior of the eye with an ophthalmoscope. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]

Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH]

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Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Cells: Cells in the stomach wall that make hydrochloric acid. [NIH] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid

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artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pedigree: A record of one's ancestors, offspring, siblings, and their offspring that may be used to determine the pattern of certain genes or disease inheritance within a family. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pemphigus: Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral stem cells: Immature cells found circulating in the bloodstream. New blood cells develop from peripheral stem cells. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pernicious: Tending to a fatal issue. [EU] Pernicious anemia: A type of anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12. [NIH] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied

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to each other. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylephrine: An alpha-adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photophobia: Abnormal sensitivity to light. This may occur as a manifestation of eye diseases; migraine; subarachnoid hemorrhage; meningitis; and other disorders. Photophobia may also occur in association with depression and other mental disorders. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae".

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[NIH]

Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polymyalgia Rheumatica: A syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course. Pain is usually accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory reaction. Women are affected twice as commonly as men and Caucasians more frequently than other groups. The condition is frequently associated with temporal arteritis and some theories pose the possibility that the two diseases arise from a single etiology or even that they are the same entity. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH]

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Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: A chronic liver disease. Slowly destroys the bile ducts in the liver. This prevents release of bile. Long-term irritation of the liver may cause scarring and cirrhosis in later stages of the disease. [NIH] Problem Solving: A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proptosis: Forward projection or displacement especially of the eyeball : exophthalmos. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoanalysis: The separation or resolution of the psyche into its constituent elements. The term has two separate meanings: 1. a procedure devised by Sigmund Freud, for investigating mental processes by means of free association, dream interpretation and

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interpretation of resistance and transference manifestations; and 2. a theory of psychology developed by Freud from his clinical experience with hysterical patients. (From Campbell, Psychiatric Dictionary, 1996). [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychosomatic: Pertaining to the mind-body relationship; having bodily symptoms of psychic, emotional, or mental origin; called also psychophysiologic. [EU] Psychosomatic Medicine: A system of medicine which aims at discovering the exact nature of the relationship between the emotions and bodily function, affirming the principle that the mind and body are one. [NIH] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH]

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Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reproductive cells: Egg and sperm cells. Each mature reproductive cell carries a single set of 23 chromosomes. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal

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combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retroperitoneal Fibrosis: A slowly progressive condition of unknown etiology, characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space compressing the ureters, great vessels, bile duct, and other structures. When associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, it may be called chronic periaortitis or inflammatory perianeurysmal fibrosis. [NIH]

Retroperitoneal Space: An area occupying the most posterior aspect of the abdominal cavity. It is bounded laterally by the borders of the quadratus lumborum muscles and extends from the diaphragm to the brim of the true pelvis, where it continues as the pelvic extraperitoneal space. [NIH] Rheumatic Diseases: Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribonucleic acid: RNA. One of the two nucleic acids found in all cells. The other is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Ribonucleic acid transfers genetic information from DNA to proteins produced by the cell. [NIH] Ribonucleoproteins: Proteins conjugated with ribonucleic acids (RNA) or specific RNA. Many viruses are ribonucleoproteins. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Rye: A hardy grain crop, Secale cereale, grown in northern climates. It is the most frequent host to ergot (claviceps), the toxic fungus. Its hybrid with wheat is triticale, another grain. [NIH]

Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the

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mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Scalpel: A small pointed knife with a convex edge. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Sella: A deep depression in the shape of a Turkish saddle in the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone in the deepest part of which is lodged the hypophysis cerebri. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH]

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Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Sharpness: The apparent blurring of the border between two adjacent areas of a radiograph having different optical densities. [NIH] Shivering: Involuntary contraction or twitching of the muscles. It is a physiologic method of heat production in man and other mammals. [NIH] Shoulder Pain: Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Sizofiran: A beta-D-glucan obtained from the Aphyllophoral fungus Schizophyllum commune. It is used as an immunoadjuvant in the treatment of neoplasms, especially tumors found in the stomach. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or

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cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Iodide: Sodium iodide (NaI). A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function determinants. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Sprue: A non febrile tropical disease of uncertain origin. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH]

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Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stridor: The loud, harsh, vibrating sound produced by partial obstruction of the larynx or trachea. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Struma: Goitre. [EU] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide

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range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermogenesis: The generation of heat in order to maintain body temperature. The uncoupled oxidation of fatty acids contained within brown adipose tissue and shivering are examples of thermogenesis in mammals. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]

Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Crisis: Sudden and dangerous increase of the symptoms of thyrotoxicosis. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroid Nodule: A small circumscribed mass of differentiated tissue associated with the thyroid gland. It can be pathogenic or non-pathogenic. The growth of nodules can lead to a condition of nodular goiter. Most nodules appear between the ages of 30 and 50 years and most are benign. [NIH] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyrotoxicosis: The clinical syndrome that reflects the response of the peripheral tissues to an excess of thyroid hormone. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH]

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Titre: The quantity of a substance required to produce a reaction with a given volume of another substance, or the amount of one substance required to correspond with a given amount of another substance. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transaminase: Aminotransferase (= a subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyse the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxal-phosphate-proteins. [EU]

Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trophic: Of or pertaining to nutrition. [EU] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tsh: A glycoprotein secreted by the pars distalis of the pituitary gland in vertebrates that has hormonal activity. It stimulates the growth of the thyroid gland, as well as the secretion of thyroid hormone. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs

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from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary

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artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. [NIH] Vitreous Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage into the vitreous body. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be

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placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

193

INDEX A Abdominal, 141, 175, 176, 182, 189 Abdominal Pain, 141, 189 Acantholysis, 141, 176 Acceptor, 141, 168, 175, 188 Acetylcholine, 141, 150 Acetylcholinesterase, 18, 141 Acute renal, 141, 161 Adenine, 141 Adenoma, 18, 68, 141 Adenosine, 27, 87, 93, 141, 143, 177 Adenosine Deaminase, 93, 141 Adenosine Monophosphate, 87, 141 Adenylate Cyclase, 87, 141 Adipocytes, 8, 92, 141, 152 Adipose Tissue, 6, 141, 187 Adjuvant, 71, 141 Adoptive Transfer, 7, 142 Adrenal Cortex, 142, 152 Adrenal Glands, 3, 142 Adrenergic, 106, 142, 177 Adverse Effect, 142, 184 Affinity, 11, 12, 90, 142, 185 Agar, 142, 177 Agenesis, 30, 142 Agonist, 142, 177 Aldosterone, 97, 142 Algorithms, 142, 147 Alkaline, 142, 143, 148, 186 Alkalosis, 142, 186 Alleles, 11, 18, 36, 42, 142 Allergens, 93, 142 Allogeneic, 54, 88, 142, 161 Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, 54, 142 Allografts, 143, 162 Alopecia, 9, 143 Alpha Particles, 143, 180 Alternative medicine, 102, 143 Amino Acid Sequence, 143, 144, 158 Amino Acids, 12, 143, 147, 150, 176, 178, 179, 184, 189 Amiodarone, 65, 143 Ammonia, 141, 143 Ampulla, 143, 150, 156 Anaesthesia, 143, 164 Anal, 143, 168 Analytes, 123, 143

Anatomical, 143, 155, 164, 183 Androgens, 142, 143, 153 Anemia, 89, 117, 143, 176 Aneurysm, 143, 145, 189 Angina, 68, 86, 143, 144 Angiogram, 68, 144 Angioplasty, 86, 144, 172 Animal model, 6, 7, 10, 87, 144 Anorexia, 88, 144, 189 Antiallergic, 144, 153 Antianginal, 143, 144 Antiarrhythmic, 143, 144 Anticoagulant, 144, 179 Antigen-presenting cell, 43, 144, 153 Anti-infective, 144, 166 Anti-inflammatory, 67, 144, 153, 160 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 144, 153 Antimetabolite, 144, 154 Antineoplastic, 144, 153, 159 Antioxidant, 31, 144, 175 Antiproliferative, 144, 166 Antiviral, 145, 154, 159, 166, 176 Anus, 143, 145, 148 Aortic Aneurysm, 145, 182 Aplastic anemia, 88, 145 Apoptosis, 11, 31, 54, 145 Aqueous, 145, 146, 153 Arginine, 145, 188 Aromatic, 88, 145 Arterial, 17, 86, 145, 152, 160, 179 Arteries, 145, 147, 152, 170, 172 Arterioles, 145, 147, 170, 189 Arteriovenous, 145, 170 Arteritis, 5, 103, 145, 178 Arthropathy, 103, 145 Aspiration, 31, 145 Assay, 20, 21, 22, 26, 59, 87, 92, 93, 145, 164 Asymptomatic, 145, 175 Ataxia, 117, 145, 187 Atrial, 143, 145, 152 Atrophy, 4, 116, 117, 141, 145, 157 Autoantibodies, 3, 6, 7, 10, 12, 14, 15, 19, 43, 47, 58, 87, 145, 154 Autoantigens, 57, 145 Autodigestion, 145, 175 Autoimmune disease, 3, 8, 11, 17, 89, 93, 103, 145, 146, 172

194 Graves’ Disease

Autoimmunity, 7, 8, 9, 18, 19, 29, 43, 54, 57, 146 Autologous, 39, 146 Autopsy, 55, 146 B Bacteria, 144, 146, 156, 171, 189 Bacteriophage, 146, 177 Bacterium, 146, 161 Basal Ganglia, 145, 146 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 145, 146 Basal metabolic rate, 103, 146, 163 Base, 13, 141, 142, 146, 154, 167, 178, 186, 189 Basement Membrane, 146, 158, 167 Basophils, 86, 146, 161, 167 Benign, 141, 146, 173, 181, 187 Bilateral, 19, 50, 146, 157, 184 Bile, 19, 146, 159, 162, 168, 179, 182 Bile Ducts, 146, 179 Biliary, 146, 150, 175 Biliary Tract, 146, 175 Binding Sites, 12, 75, 146 Bioassay, 22, 147 Biochemical, 27, 53, 90, 91, 142, 144, 147, 158 Biogenic Monoamines, 147, 168 Biological response modifier, 147, 165 Biological therapy, 147, 161 Biopsy, 31, 147 Biotechnology, 13, 14, 96, 102, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 147 Biotin, 21, 147 Bladder, 147, 172, 179, 189 Blister, 147, 176 Blood Cell Count, 147, 176 Blood Coagulation, 147, 148, 187 Blood Glucose, 147, 160, 161, 165 Blood Platelets, 147, 187 Blood pressure, 147, 160, 171, 185 Blood vessel, 144, 147, 149, 152, 156, 161, 167, 169, 170, 176, 185, 186, 187, 189 Body Fluids, 142, 147, 155, 185 Bone Marrow, 54, 145, 147, 148, 161, 164, 169, 171 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 54, 148 Bowel, 138, 143, 148, 154, 165, 166, 176, 189 Bowel Movement, 138, 148, 154 Brachytherapy, 148, 166, 167, 180, 191 Branch, 135, 148, 169, 176, 185, 187 Breast Implantation, 33, 148 Bronchitis, 148, 150

Buccal, 148, 168 Bullous, 148, 154 C Calcium, 22, 64, 66, 106, 123, 148, 151, 163, 172, 175, 184, 186 Carbimazole, 16, 41, 53, 148 Carbohydrate, 67, 148, 153, 160, 178 Carcinogenic, 148, 165, 179 Carcinogens, 148, 174 Carcinoma, 16, 25, 38, 39, 68, 102, 148 Cardiac, 8, 30, 73, 144, 148, 152, 172 Cardiotonic, 148, 177 Carotene, 148, 181 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, 19, 103, 149 Case report, 22, 26, 38, 41, 65, 149 Catalyse, 149, 188 Catheterization, 144, 149, 172 Cause of Death, 86, 149 Celiac Disease, 9, 74, 149 Cell Adhesion, 86, 149 Cell Death, 145, 149, 159, 173 Cell Differentiation, 89, 149, 184 Cell Division, 55, 116, 146, 149, 161, 171, 177 Cell membrane, 90, 149, 177 Cell proliferation, 86, 149, 184 Cell Size, 149, 158 Cell Survival, 149, 161 Central Nervous System, 141, 149, 160, 168, 172 Cerebellar, 145, 149, 181 Cerebral, 21, 54, 145, 146, 149, 175 Cerebrum, 149, 188 Character, 149, 153, 160 Chimeras, 7, 149 Chimeric Proteins, 7, 150 Cholestasis, 16, 150 Choline, 54, 141, 150 Chromatin, 145, 150, 174 Chromosome, 28, 33, 44, 150, 168 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 86, 150 Chronic renal, 150, 178, 189 CIS, 150, 181 Claviceps, 150, 182 Clear cell carcinoma, 150, 154 Clinical trial, 5, 81, 82, 113, 150, 179, 181 Clone, 15, 150 Cloning, 7, 13, 147, 150 Codon, 60, 150 Cofactor, 150, 179, 187 Colitis, 150

Index 195

Collagen, 146, 150, 158 Complement, 151, 159, 169 Complementary and alternative medicine, 71, 77, 151 Complementary medicine, 71, 151 Complete remission, 151, 181 Computational Biology, 113, 115, 151 Concomitant, 7, 22, 151 Cones, 151, 182 Congestion, 151, 153, 157 Conjugated, 151, 172, 182 Conjunctiva, 151, 152 Conjunctivitis, 86, 152 Connective Tissue, 34, 57, 90, 92, 148, 150, 152, 158, 160, 168, 170, 182, 186 Connective Tissue Cells, 152 Constitutional, 152, 172 Constriction, 152, 167 Contamination, 152, 162 Contraindications, ii, 152 Coordination, 152, 172 Cor, 152, 160 Cornea, 152, 160, 183, 189 Coronary, 68, 86, 152, 170, 172 Coronary Thrombosis, 152, 170, 172 Cortex, 145, 152, 181 Cortical, 44, 152, 183, 187 Corticosteroid, 5, 152 Curative, 153, 187 Cutaneous, 153, 168 Cyclic, 87, 141, 153 Cyst, 35, 97, 124, 153 Cytokine, 27, 153, 166 Cytoplasm, 145, 146, 149, 153, 157, 161, 171 Cytotoxic, 57, 88, 153, 166, 180, 181, 184 D Databases, Bibliographic, 113, 153 Decompression, 51, 153 Decompression Sickness, 153 Decongestant, 153, 177 Defense Mechanisms, 31, 153 Degenerative, 122, 153, 162, 182 Deletion, 34, 145, 153 Dendrites, 153, 173 Dendritic, 46, 153, 170 Dendritic cell, 46, 153 Density, 20, 26, 154, 158, 174 Deoxyglucose, 73, 154 Deoxyribonucleic, 22, 154, 182 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 22, 154, 182 Deoxyribonucleotides, 154

Depigmentation, 154, 190 Depressive Disorder, 154, 168 Dermatitis, 86, 127, 154 Dermatitis Herpetiformis, 127, 154 DES, 56, 154 Diabetes Insipidus, 97, 154 Diabetes Mellitus, 9, 20, 39, 57, 60, 76, 89, 97, 154, 160, 161 Diabetic Retinopathy, 86, 154 Diagnostic procedure, 85, 102, 154 Diarrhea, 88, 154 Diffusion, 154, 165 Digestion, 29, 146, 148, 154, 166, 168, 186 Digestive system, 82, 154, 171 Dilatation, 143, 144, 154, 155, 189 Dilatation, Pathologic, 155, 189 Dilation, 155, 189 Direct, iii, 5, 11, 89, 105, 155, 168, 181 Discrimination, 39, 46, 155 Disease Progression, 6, 155 Disease Susceptibility, 8, 28, 155 Dissociation, 142, 155 Drive, ii, vi, 4, 63, 68, 89, 97, 104, 155 Drug Interactions, 107, 155 Duct, 97, 124, 143, 149, 155, 158, 182, 183 Duodenum, 146, 155, 156, 186 Dyes, 146, 155, 159 Dysgenesis, 30, 155 Dysplasia, 117, 155 Dyspnoea, 53, 155 Dystrophy, 116, 155 E Edema, 93, 154, 155, 172, 189 Effector, 89, 141, 151, 155 Electrolyte, 142, 153, 155, 171, 178, 185, 189 Electrons, 144, 146, 155, 166, 167, 175, 180, 181 Emboli, 17, 156 Embolization, 17, 156 Embryo, 149, 156, 164 Emphysema, 150, 156 Endarterectomy, 144, 156 Endocrine Glands, 156, 175 Endocrinologist, 4, 125, 156 Endoscope, 156 Endoscopic, 28, 156 Endothelial cell, 86, 156, 187 Endothelium, 86, 156 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 156 Endothelium, Vascular, 156 Endotoxin, 156, 188

196 Graves’ Disease

End-stage renal, 150, 156, 178 Enteropeptidase, 156, 188 Environmental Exposure, 156, 174 Environmental Health, 112, 114, 156 Enzymatic, 147, 148, 151, 157, 181 Enzyme, 141, 155, 156, 157, 170, 172, 176, 184, 187, 190, 191 Eosinophil, 40, 157 Eosinophilic, 157 Epidermal, 15, 157, 170 Epidermal Growth Factor, 15, 157 Epidermis, 141, 147, 157, 176, 180 Epigastric, 157, 175 Epithelial, 12, 141, 157, 167 Epithelial Cells, 12, 157, 167 Epithelium, 146, 156, 157 Epitope, 7, 28, 157 Epitope Mapping, 7, 157 Ergot, 157, 182 Erythema, 16, 157, 189 Erythema Nodosum, 16, 157 Erythrocytes, 143, 147, 148, 157, 181 Esophagus, 154, 157, 186 Essential Tremor, 117, 157 Excitation, 157, 158 Exocrine, 158, 175 Exogenous, 41, 158 Exon, 16, 20, 23, 57, 158 Exophthalmos, 58, 137, 158, 179 Expectorant, 158, 185 Extensor, 158, 179, 190 External-beam radiation, 158, 167, 180, 190 Extracellular, 87, 152, 158, 185, 186 Extracellular Matrix, 87, 152, 158 Extracellular Space, 158 Extraocular, 30, 58, 72, 158 Extremity, 45, 158, 169 F Family Planning, 113, 158 Fat, 6, 91, 141, 148, 152, 153, 156, 158, 160, 168, 172, 182, 185 Fatty acids, 158, 160, 187 Febrile, 158, 185 Fibroblasts, 7, 8, 10, 22, 39, 91, 92, 152, 158, 166 Fibrosis, 86, 117, 158, 182, 183 Flow Cytometry, 10, 158 Fluorescence, 158, 159 Fluorescent Dyes, 158, 159 Follow-Up Studies, 45, 159 Free Association, 159, 179

Fungus, 157, 159, 182, 184 G Gallbladder, 141, 146, 154, 159 Gamma Rays, 159, 180, 181 Gamma-interferon, 159, 165 Gastric, 3, 145, 157, 159, 162 Gastrin, 159, 162 Gastrointestinal, 4, 86, 159, 186 Gastrointestinal tract, 4, 159 Genetic Engineering, 147, 150, 159 Genetics, 9, 44, 57, 141, 159 Genotype, 9, 143, 159, 177 Germline mutation, 50, 159, 162 Giant Cells, 159, 183 Glomerular, 160 Glomeruli, 160 Glomerulonephritis, 86, 160, 168 Glucocorticoids, 67, 142, 153, 160 Gluconeogenesis, 160 Glucose, 19, 41, 58, 73, 116, 147, 154, 160, 161, 165 Glucose Clamp Technique, 41, 160 Glucose Intolerance, 154, 160 Gluten, 127, 149, 160 Glycerol, 160, 177 Glycerophospholipids, 160, 177 Glycogen, 160 Glycoprotein, 19, 159, 160, 161, 167, 187, 188 Glycosaminoglycan, 91, 160 Goiter, 4, 25, 35, 43, 44, 66, 67, 90, 91, 97, 124, 160, 187 Gonads, 160, 163 Governing Board, 160, 178 Gp120, 161, 176 Graft, 88, 143, 161, 162, 164, 172 Graft Rejection, 88, 161, 164 Graft-versus-host disease, 88, 161 Granulocytes, 161, 167, 184, 190 Granulocytopenia, 47, 161 Gravis, 9, 35, 40, 48, 66, 88, 89, 127, 161 Growth factors, 55, 87, 161 H Hair follicles, 161, 190 Haplotypes, 37, 161 Haptens, 142, 161 Heme, 161, 172 Hemoglobin, 143, 147, 157, 161 Hemoglobinuria, 116, 161 Hemolytic, 89, 161 Hemorrhage, 161, 172, 177, 180, 186, 190 Hepatic, 16, 161

Index 197

Hepatitis, 18, 52, 122, 127, 162 Hepatitis A, 18, 52, 162 Hepatocyte, 150, 162 Hepatovirus, 162 Hereditary, 127, 159, 162, 176, 182 Hereditary mutation, 159, 162 Heredity, 29, 159, 162 Herpetiformis, 127, 154, 162 Heterogeneity, 7, 9, 142, 162 Histocompatibility, 20, 37, 162 Homeostasis, 66, 93, 162 Homologous, 10, 15, 18, 142, 162 Hormonal, 4, 6, 7, 87, 124, 145, 153, 162, 188 Host, 88, 143, 146, 162, 164, 182, 189 Humoral, 89, 161, 162 Humour, 162 Hybrid, 150, 162, 182 Hydrochloric Acid, 162, 175 Hydrogen, 141, 146, 148, 162, 168, 171, 173, 175, 179 Hydrolysis, 141, 163, 178, 188 Hydrophilic, 91, 163 Hyperaemia, 152, 163 Hypercalcemia, 4, 163 Hyperplasia, 6, 38, 163 Hypersecretion, 97, 163 Hypersensitivity, 142, 157, 163, 182 Hypersensitivity, Immediate, 142, 163 Hyperthermia, 45, 163 Hypertrophy, 152, 163 Hypogonadism, 9, 163 Hypothalamic, 4, 163 Hypothalamus, 139, 163, 177 Hypothyroidism, 3, 4, 7, 9, 25, 31, 38, 41, 49, 58, 64, 67, 76, 103, 124, 125, 163 I Id, 69, 75, 124, 125, 126, 128, 134, 136, 163 Idiopathic, 4, 89, 163, 183 Imidazole, 147, 148, 163 Immune Sera, 163, 164 Immune system, 88, 127, 144, 146, 147, 163, 164, 169, 172, 189, 190 Immunity, 164, 166, 169, 188 Immunization, 6, 10, 142, 164 Immunoassay, 89, 164 Immunochemistry, 157, 164 Immunodeficiency, 88, 116, 164 Immunoglobulin, 10, 21, 24, 39, 73, 93, 144, 164, 168, 171 Immunologic, 4, 142, 164, 181

Immunology, 7, 11, 12, 16, 21, 23, 30, 31, 34, 36, 39, 43, 46, 47, 59, 75, 141, 142, 159, 164 Immunosuppressive, 24, 73, 88, 164 Immunosuppressive therapy, 24, 73, 164 Immunotherapy, 11, 142, 147, 164 Impairment, 145, 150, 164, 170 Implant radiation, 164, 166, 167, 180, 191 In situ, 12, 164 In vitro, 8, 11, 12, 19, 39, 47, 87, 164 In vivo, 92, 164 Incision, 164, 166 Indicative, 92, 95, 97, 164, 176, 189 Induction, 8, 11, 87, 88, 90, 143, 164, 166 Infarction, 164, 181 Infection, 28, 147, 157, 163, 164, 168, 169, 182, 186, 189, 190 Infiltration, 8, 12, 91, 92, 160, 165 Inflammatory bowel disease, 86, 165 Infusion, 160, 165, 172 Ingestion, 10, 165, 178, 186 Initiation, 60, 165 Inlay, 165, 181 Innervation, 91, 165, 169 Inorganic, 165, 172 Inositol, 27, 54, 165 Insight, 27, 165 Insulator, 165, 172 Insulin, 4, 6, 39, 41, 88, 93, 160, 165 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 4, 165 Insulin-like, 39, 165 Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, 18, 25, 44, 86, 165 Interferon, 27, 41, 45, 159, 165, 166 Interferon-alpha, 41, 165, 166 Interferon-beta, 45, 166 Interleukin-1, 40, 42, 43, 166 Interleukin-18, 40, 166 Interleukin-2, 14, 65, 166 Interleukin-4, 27, 166 Internal radiation, 166, 167, 180, 191 Interstitial, 148, 158, 166, 167, 191 Intestinal, 148, 149, 156, 166, 169 Intestine, 148, 166, 167 Intoxication, 166, 190 Intracellular, 15, 165, 166, 178, 184 Intrinsic, 142, 146, 166 Invasive, 34, 93, 164, 166 Involuntary, 146, 157, 166, 172, 184, 185 Iodine-131, 38, 41, 45, 166 Ionizing, 143, 156, 166, 181

198 Graves’ Disease

Ions, 146, 155, 162, 167 Irradiation, 4, 88, 167, 191 Ischemia, 86, 145, 167, 172, 181 J Joint, 124, 145, 153, 167, 178, 186 K Kb, 112, 167 Keto, 167, 188 Kidney Disease, 81, 82, 112, 117, 122, 125, 167 Kinetics, 26, 167 L Laminin, 15, 146, 167 Large Intestine, 154, 166, 167, 181, 185 Latent, 167, 178 Lesion, 167, 168 Lethargy, 163, 167 Leucocyte, 37, 157, 167 Leukemia, 88, 116, 167 Leukocytes, 14, 86, 90, 146, 147, 148, 161, 166, 167, 171, 176, 188 Levothyroxine, 4, 54, 167 Library Services, 134, 167 Ligament, 167, 179 Linkage, 9, 33, 44, 168 Lipid, 19, 67, 150, 160, 165, 167, 168, 172, 175 Lipid Peroxidation, 168, 175 Lithium, 65, 71, 74, 168 Lithium Carbonate, 65, 168 Liver, 24, 64, 141, 146, 147, 154, 159, 160, 161, 162, 168, 179, 183 Liver Transplantation, 24, 168 Lobe, 32, 168 Localization, 9, 168 Localized, 165, 167, 168, 177, 183, 189 Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator, 74, 168 Longitudinal study, 44, 59, 168 Loop, 15, 168 Lucida, 167, 168 Lupus, 9, 64, 86, 88, 103, 104, 168, 186 Lupus Nephritis, 64, 168 Lymph, 16, 156, 162, 168, 169, 183, 186 Lymph node, 16, 168, 169, 183 Lymphatic, 156, 165, 168, 169, 170, 185, 187 Lymphatic system, 168, 169, 185, 187 Lymphocyte, 8, 57, 88, 91, 92, 144, 169, 170 Lymphocytic, 4, 12, 45, 90, 169 Lymphoid, 144, 167, 169 Lymphokines, 89, 169 Lymphoma, 50, 116, 169

Lysine, 169, 188 M Macrophage, 166, 169 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 44, 88, 161, 166, 169 Malabsorption, 19, 116, 149, 169 Malignancy, 158, 169 Malignant, 45, 60, 116, 144, 169, 173, 181 Malnutrition, 145, 169, 172 Manic, 168, 169 Manifest, 6, 93, 169 Matched-Pair Analysis, 30, 169 Median Nerve, 149, 169 Mediate, 89, 169 Mediator, 166, 169 MEDLINE, 113, 115, 117, 170 Medullary, 39, 46, 170 Melanocytes, 170 Melanoma, 60, 116, 170 Membrane, 72, 90, 149, 151, 161, 167, 170, 171, 174, 177, 181, 182, 184, 188 Memory, 8, 144, 170 Meningitis, 170, 177 Mental Disorders, 83, 170, 177 Mental Processes, 155, 170, 179, 180 Mercury, 158, 170 Mesenchymal, 157, 170 Metabolic disorder, 154, 170 Metastasis, 170, 173 Metastatic, 16, 58, 68, 170 Methimazole, 31, 41, 46, 47, 52, 66, 67, 148, 170 MI, 33, 139, 170 Microcirculation, 55, 170 Microorganism, 150, 171, 190 Migration, 165, 171 Mineralocorticoids, 142, 153, 171 Mitochondrial Swelling, 171, 173 Mitosis, 145, 171 Molecular, 6, 8, 12, 17, 32, 41, 53, 56, 75, 91, 92, 113, 115, 147, 151, 171, 189 Molecule, 11, 12, 18, 20, 25, 41, 86, 91, 144, 146, 147, 151, 155, 157, 160, 161, 163, 171, 175, 178, 181, 184 Monitor, 33, 171, 174 Monoclonal, 12, 43, 87, 167, 171, 180, 191 Monoclonal antibodies, 12, 171 Monocytes, 86, 166, 167, 171 Mononuclear, 16, 53, 87, 171, 188 Motility, 5, 171 Motion Sickness, 171, 173 Mucins, 171, 183

Index 199

Mucociliary, 171, 184 Mucosa, 149, 168, 171 Mucositis, 171, 187 Mucus, 93, 158, 171, 189 Multidrug resistance, 88, 172 Multiple sclerosis, 5, 8, 9, 45, 86, 88, 102, 172 Muscle Fibers, 172 Muscular Atrophy, 116, 172 Muscular Dystrophies, 155, 172 Musculoskeletal System, 103, 172 Myasthenia, 9, 35, 40, 48, 66, 88, 89, 127, 172 Mydriatic, 155, 172, 177 Myelin, 172 Myocardial infarction, 86, 152, 170, 172 Myocardial Reperfusion, 172, 181 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 172, 181 Myocardium, 170, 172 Myoglobin, 93, 172 Myopathy, 103, 124, 172 Myotonic Dystrophy, 116, 172 Myxedema, 24, 27, 35, 52, 58, 66, 90, 97, 103, 173 N Nausea, 88, 173, 189 NCI, 1, 82, 111, 150, 173 Necrosis, 103, 145, 164, 170, 172, 173, 181, 183 Need, 3, 96, 103, 129, 150, 160, 173 Neonatal, 4, 27, 48, 49, 65, 66, 173 Neoplasia, 116, 173 Neoplasms, 142, 144, 148, 173, 181, 184, 187 Neoplastic, 169, 173 Nephropathy, 47, 65, 167, 173 Nerve, 93, 122, 142, 145, 153, 165, 169, 172, 173, 174, 175, 181, 183, 185 Nerve Growth Factor, 93, 173 Nervous System, 117, 149, 169, 173, 186 Neural, 162, 173 Neuromuscular, 141, 173, 189 Neuromuscular Junction, 141, 173 Neurons, 153, 173 Neurotoxin, 40, 173 Neutrons, 143, 167, 173, 180 Neutropenia, 46, 56, 174 Neutrophil, 165, 174 Nuclear, 21, 23, 24, 28, 32, 41, 51, 53, 56, 73, 74, 75, 146, 156, 159, 173, 174 Nuclear Matrix, 21, 174 Nuclear Pore, 174

Nucleic acid, 174, 182 Nucleolus, 174 Nucleus, 145, 146, 150, 153, 159, 171, 173, 174, 179, 186 O Ocular, 5, 34, 35, 50, 174 Odour, 145, 174, 189 Oncogene, 116, 174 Opacity, 154, 174 Ophthalmic, 5, 23, 44, 106, 124, 174 Ophthalmologist, 5, 174 Ophthalmoscope, 174 Ophthalmoscopy, 5, 174 Opsin, 174, 182 Optic Disk, 154, 174 Orbit, 8, 53, 81, 91, 138, 174 Orbital, 5, 7, 50, 51, 57, 81, 91, 92, 174 Organelles, 153, 170, 171, 174 Osteoporosis, 67, 103, 175 Oxidation, 19, 141, 144, 168, 170, 175, 187 Oxidative Stress, 52, 175 P Palliative, 175, 187 Pancreas, 4, 141, 147, 154, 165, 175, 188 Pancreatic, 116, 175 Pancreatic cancer, 116, 175 Pancreatitis, 16, 175 Papilla, 175 Papillary, 16, 38, 46, 58, 64, 68, 175 Paralysis, 57, 158, 175 Paranasal Sinuses, 175, 184 Parathyroid, 4, 22, 175, 186 Parathyroid Glands, 4, 175 Parathyroid hormone, 22, 175 Parietal, 3, 175, 176 Parietal Cells, 3, 175 Parietal Lobe, 175 Parotid, 175, 183 Paroxysmal, 116, 176 Partial remission, 176, 181 Pathogenesis, 6, 7, 9, 12, 27, 96, 97, 176 Pathologic, 145, 147, 152, 163, 176, 179, 184 Pathologic Processes, 145, 176 Pathologies, 90, 92, 176 Patient Education, 127, 132, 134, 140, 176 Pedigree, 57, 176 Pelvic, 176, 179, 182 Pemphigus, 42, 88, 141, 176 Peptide, 12, 52, 74, 90, 93, 156, 176, 178, 179, 187 Peptide T, 93, 176 Perfusion, 160, 176

200 Graves’ Disease

Pericardium, 176, 186 Peripheral blood, 34, 53, 166, 176 Peripheral stem cells, 161, 176 Peritoneum, 176, 182 Pernicious, 9, 91, 176 Pernicious anemia, 9, 91, 176 Peroxidase, 10, 11, 32, 42, 168, 170, 176 Peroxide, 168, 176 Pharmacologic, 177, 188 Phenotype, 8, 92, 177 Phenyl, 86, 177 Phenylephrine, 5, 177 Phospholipids, 27, 158, 165, 177 Phosphorus, 148, 175, 177 Photophobia, 5, 177 Physical Examination, 4, 177 Physiologic, 142, 177, 181, 184 Physiology, 97, 177 Pigment, 154, 170, 172, 177 Pilot study, 32, 177 Pituitary Gland, 90, 152, 177, 188 Plants, 150, 160, 177, 188 Plaque, 86, 144, 177 Plasma, 52, 93, 144, 149, 156, 160, 161, 171, 177, 183 Plasma cells, 144, 177 Platinum, 168, 177 Point Mutation, 20, 178 Poisoning, 157, 166, 170, 173, 178 Polycystic, 117, 178 Polymorphism, 15, 23, 42, 49, 57, 60, 178 Polymyalgia Rheumatica, 103, 178 Polypeptide, 143, 150, 157, 172, 178, 191 Polysaccharide, 144, 160, 178 Posterior, 143, 145, 175, 178, 182, 183 Postmenopausal, 175, 178 Postnatal, 178, 185 Postoperative, 26, 52, 64, 66, 178 Potassium, 142, 171, 178 Potentiates, 166, 178 Practice Guidelines, 114, 178 Precursor, 150, 155, 157, 178 Predisposition, 91, 178 Prevalence, 36, 53, 178 Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, 88, 179 Problem Solving, 13, 179 Progression, 144, 179 Progressive, 149, 150, 161, 172, 173, 179, 182 Projection, 153, 179, 181 Promoter, 23, 49, 179 Prophylaxis, 179, 189

Proptosis, 91, 179 Prospective study, 13, 168, 179 Prostate, 116, 179 Protein C, 12, 143, 146, 150, 179 Protein S, 96, 117, 147, 179 Protocol, 6, 34, 179 Protons, 143, 162, 166, 179, 180 Proximal, 178, 179 Pruritic, 154, 179 Psoriasis, 86, 88, 179 Psychic, 179, 180, 183 Psychoanalysis, 72, 179 Psychology, 155, 180 Psychosomatic, 72, 180 Psychosomatic Medicine, 72, 180 Puberty, 26, 180 Public Policy, 113, 180 Publishing, 13, 180 Pulse, 50, 171, 180 Purifying, 11, 12, 180 Purpura, 17, 89, 180 Pustular, 32, 162, 180 Pyridoxal, 180, 188 Q Quiescent, 180, 190 R Radiation, 81, 97, 156, 158, 159, 163, 166, 167, 180, 181, 190 Radiation therapy, 158, 166, 167, 180, 191 Radioactive, 4, 27, 31, 138, 162, 164, 166, 167, 171, 174, 180, 185, 191 Radioimmunotherapy, 180, 181 Radiolabeled, 167, 180, 191 Radiotherapy, 5, 81, 101, 148, 167, 180, 181, 191 Randomized, 54, 71, 81, 181 Recombinant, 7, 24, 60, 181 Recombinant Proteins, 7, 181 Rectum, 145, 148, 154, 165, 167, 179, 181 Recurrence, 48, 66, 181 Red blood cells, 157, 161, 181 Red Nucleus, 145, 181 Refer, 1, 148, 151, 168, 173, 180, 181 Relapse, 26, 52, 54, 59, 181 Remission, 19, 20, 30, 46, 66, 181 Reperfusion, 86, 172, 181 Reperfusion Injury, 86, 181 Reproductive cells, 159, 162, 181 Restoration, 23, 172, 181 Retina, 151, 154, 174, 181, 182, 189 Retinal, 40, 154, 174, 181, 190 Retinoblastoma, 116, 182

Index 201

Retinol, 181, 182 Retinopathy, 81, 154, 182 Retroperitoneal, 36, 142, 182 Retroperitoneal Fibrosis, 36, 182 Retroperitoneal Space, 182 Rheumatic Diseases, 103, 182 Rheumatism, 16, 60, 182 Rheumatoid, 5, 8, 9, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 103, 182 Rheumatoid arthritis, 5, 8, 9, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 103, 182 Rhinitis, 86, 182 Ribonucleic acid, 53, 182 Ribonucleoproteins, 174, 182 Ribose, 141, 182 Risk factor, 4, 31, 52, 67, 179, 182 Rods, 182 Rye, 127, 150, 157, 182 S Saliva, 93, 182, 183 Salivary, 154, 175, 182, 183, 186 Salivary glands, 154, 182, 183 Sarcoidosis, 22, 183 Scalpel, 58, 183 Schizoid, 183, 190 Schizophrenia, 183, 190 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 183, 190 Sclera, 152, 183, 189 Scleroderma, 17, 88, 127, 183 Sclerosis, 9, 117, 172, 183 Screening, 3, 55, 104, 150, 183 Sebaceous, 183, 190 Secretion, 11, 89, 93, 153, 157, 160, 162, 163, 165, 171, 183, 188 Secretory, 6, 183 Seizures, 176, 183 Sella, 177, 183 Semen, 179, 183 Semisynthetic, 43, 183 Senile, 175, 183 Sequence Homology, 176, 183 Serine, 184, 188 Serologic, 164, 184 Serous, 156, 184 Sex Characteristics, 143, 180, 184 Sex Determination, 117, 184 Sharpness, 184, 190 Shivering, 184, 187 Shoulder Pain, 103, 184 Side effect, 4, 91, 105, 142, 147, 184, 188 Signal Transduction, 165, 184 Signs and Symptoms, 4, 181, 184, 189

Sinusitis, 51, 184 Sizofiran, 33, 73, 184 Skeletal, 4, 143, 172, 184, 185 Skeleton, 167, 184, 185 Skull, 174, 185, 186 Small intestine, 146, 155, 162, 166, 185, 188 Smooth muscle, 86, 93, 152, 163, 185, 186 Sodium, 27, 106, 142, 171, 185 Sodium Iodide, 27, 106, 185 Soft tissue, 91, 147, 184, 185 Somatic, 162, 171, 185 Spasm, 185, 186 Specialist, 128, 155, 185 Species, 141, 142, 143, 162, 171, 183, 185, 188, 190 Specificity, 89, 90, 91, 142, 185 Sperm, 143, 150, 159, 162, 181, 185 Spleen, 169, 183, 185 Sporadic, 182, 185 Sprue, 127, 185 Stem Cells, 88, 143, 176, 185 Sterile, 175, 185 Steroids, 152, 185 Stimulus, 155, 157, 165, 185 Stomach, 141, 145, 154, 157, 159, 162, 173, 175, 184, 185, 186 Stress, 93, 173, 175, 178, 182, 186, 189 Stridor, 186 Stroke, 83, 112, 124, 186 Struma, 22, 45, 186 Subacute, 59, 124, 165, 184, 186 Subarachnoid, 177, 186 Subclinical, 49, 165, 183, 186 Subcutaneous, 141, 155, 186 Submaxillary, 157, 186 Substance P, 183, 186 Suppression, 11, 16, 39, 58, 153, 186 Symphysis, 179, 186 Symptomatic, 175, 186 Synovial, 92, 186 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 5, 8, 16, 49, 89, 92, 103, 104, 127, 168, 186 T Telangiectasia, 117, 186 Temporal, 178, 186 Terminator, 150, 186 Tetany, 52, 64, 66, 175, 186 Thalamic, 145, 186 Thalamic Diseases, 145, 186 Therapeutics, 7, 92, 107, 187 Thermogenesis, 58, 187 Threonine, 176, 184, 187

202 Graves’ Disease

Thrombin, 179, 187 Thrombocytopenia, 89, 187 Thrombomodulin, 179, 187 Thrombosis, 21, 86, 179, 186, 187 Thymidine, 87, 187 Thymus, 28, 164, 169, 187 Thyroid Crisis, 31, 187 Thyroid Gland, 4, 7, 12, 31, 38, 45, 87, 90, 97, 104, 123, 160, 163, 173, 175, 187, 188 Thyroid Hormones, 4, 90, 170, 187 Thyroid Nodule, 35, 47, 48, 124, 126, 187 Thyrotoxicosis, 14, 46, 58, 65, 68, 74, 75, 103, 187 Thyroxine, 58, 64, 66, 123, 167, 187 Tin, 149, 177, 187 Titre, 24, 188 Tomography, 73, 75, 188 Toxic, iv, 4, 18, 25, 33, 34, 41, 43, 67, 68, 72, 150, 156, 164, 182, 188 Toxicity, 155, 170, 188 Toxicology, 114, 188 Toxins, 144, 165, 171, 180, 188 Trachea, 158, 186, 187, 188 Transaminase, 52, 188 Transfection, 147, 188 Transfer Factor, 164, 188 Translational, 13, 188 Transplantation, 73, 86, 150, 164, 169, 188 Trauma, 146, 173, 175, 187, 188 Trophic, 87, 188 Trypsin, 12, 156, 188, 191 Tsh, 28, 123, 188 Tuberculosis, 168, 188 Tuberous Sclerosis, 117, 188 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 27, 188 U Ulcerative colitis, 92, 165, 189 Ultrasonography, 26, 45, 189 Unconscious, 153, 163, 189 Uraemia, 175, 189 Ureters, 182, 189 Urethra, 179, 189 Urine, 147, 154, 157, 161, 189

Urticaria, 21, 189 Uvea, 189 Uveitis, 38, 59, 189 V Vaccination, 22, 189 Vaccine, 141, 179, 189 Vagina, 154, 189 Vascular, 86, 93, 103, 143, 156, 163, 164, 165, 170, 187, 189 Vascular Resistance, 143, 189 Vasculitis, 17, 175, 189 Vasodilation, 93, 189 Vein, 143, 145, 174, 176, 189 Venous, 21, 145, 147, 179, 189 Ventricle, 152, 163, 180, 189, 190 Ventricular, 143, 152, 172, 190 Venules, 147, 156, 170, 190 Vesicular, 154, 162, 190 Veterinary Medicine, 113, 190 Villous, 149, 190 Viral, 86, 124, 159, 190 Virus, 38, 146, 159, 161, 166, 177, 190 Visual Acuity, 5, 190 Vitamin A, 165, 182, 190 Vitiligo, 9, 60, 190 Vitreous Hemorrhage, 154, 190 Vitro, 8, 190 Vivo, 190 Vulgaris, 42, 88, 141, 190 W White blood cell, 144, 161, 167, 169, 171, 174, 177, 190 Windpipe, 187, 190 Withdrawal, 11, 54, 190 X Xenograft, 144, 190 X-ray, 144, 159, 167, 174, 180, 181, 190 X-ray therapy, 167, 190 Y Yeasts, 159, 177, 191 Z Zymogen, 179, 191

Index 203

204 Graves’ Disease