Cushing's Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CUSHING’S DISEASE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Cushing’s Disease: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83871-2 1. Cushing’s Disease-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Cushing’s disease. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CUSHING’S DISEASE ................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Cushing’s Disease ......................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CUSHING’S DISEASE........................................................................ 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Finding Nutrition Studies on Cushing’s Disease........................................................................ 53 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 59 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CUSHING’S DISEASE ................................................. 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 61 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 63 General References ....................................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CUSHING’S DISEASE .................................................................................. 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 65 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 66 Chapters on Cushing’s Disease.................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON CUSHING’S DISEASE ....................................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Bibliography: Multimedia on Cushing’s Disease......................................................................... 67 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CUSHING’S DISEASE .................................................... 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 69 Academic Periodicals covering Cushing’s Disease ...................................................................... 71 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 75 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 77 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 79 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 81 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 83 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 85 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 85 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 85 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 91 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 93 CUSHING’S DISEASE DICTIONARY ....................................................................................... 95 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 131

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Cushing’s disease is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Cushing’s disease, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Cushing’s disease, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Cushing’s disease. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Cushing’s disease, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Cushing’s disease. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CUSHING’S DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Cushing’s disease.

Federally Funded Research on Cushing’s Disease The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Cushing’s disease. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Cushing’s disease. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Cushing’s disease. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for Cushing’s disease: •

Project Title: CONTROL OF CORTICOTROPIN DURING PREGNANCY Principal Investigator & Institution: Keller-Wood, Maureen Pharmacodynamics; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611

E.;

Professor;

Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1987; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): In pregnancy in sheep as well as in humans, plasma ACTH and plasma cortisol concentrations are increased. Whereas basal 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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cortisol levels are doubled in pregnant subjects, further increases in cortisol cause inhibition of ACTH in pregnant as well as nonpregnant ewes. The applicant's results suggest a dual regulation of ACTH: ACTH is increased, and feedback effects of cortisol are reduced, at cortisol levels in the range of normal nonpregnant ewes, but ACTH is suppressed, with normal or even increased feedback effects of cortisol, with levels of cortisol produced by stress. This allows a doubling of basal cortisol, but prevents greater increases which would lead to overt signs of Cushing's disease. Studies in rats have indicated that a dual receptor system for corticosteroid action allows for differential control of ACTH by basal corticosteroid via high affinity low capacity mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), and by stimulated cortisol via lower affinity, but higher capacity, glucocorticoid receptors (GR). The investigators hypothesize that the changes in pregnancy result form a decrease in cortisol action at the MR but no decrease in action at the GR. The investigators hypothesize that these changes, and therefore the elevation of cortisol, are related to the increase in plasma progesterone during pregnancy. Progesterone binds to both GR and MR, acting as a weak agonist at GR and an antagonist at MR. This proposal will test the following specific hypotheses: 1) an increase in plasma progesterone will change the relationship between cortisol and ACTH at low levels of cortisol, but not at higher cortisol levels; 2) that chronic increases in progesterone act to reduce cortisol action at MR, 3) that chronic exposure to progesterone does not alter cortisol actions via GR, but may contribute to GR-mediated effects. These hypotheses will be tested in vivo experiments to compare regulation of ACTH in pregnant and nonpregnant ewes with altered cortisol and/or progesterone concentrations, and by comparison of in vivo receptor occupancy, and receptor binding, density and mRNA levels in tissue from ewes during these steroid treatments. Ability of cortisol and progesterone, alone or in combination, to activate the receptor and allow binding to the appropriate DNA response element will also be assessed. The investigators hypothesize that progesterone will bind to MR in vivo, but will not activate these receptors, leading to increased MR availability in tissues removed from progesterone-treated ewes; we predict that MR production will be unchanged, or increased in response to the reduced activation of MR. These studies are important for understanding an important physiological adaptation in pregnancy, which appears to allow increased glucocorticoid actions without excess mineralocorticoid action or frank Cushingoid symptoms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CONTROL OF PEPTIDE HORMONE BIOSYNTHESIS BY PC2 AND 7B2 Principal Investigator & Institution: Lindberg, Iris; Professor; Biochem and Molecular Biology; Louisiana State Univ Hsc New Orleans New Orleans, La 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: The synthesis of peptide hormones involves a number of enzymatic steps beginning with proteolytic cleavage of precursors by prohormone convertases 1 and 2 (PC1 and PC2). In recent years it has become apparent that these enzymes are themselves regulated by interaction with binding proteins during transport within the cell. For example, PC2 binds the neuroendocrine-specific, low molecular weight protein 7B2, and very recent data indicate that PC1 also possesses a binding protein, proSAAS. Both of these proteins are present in all neuroendocrine cell types examined to date, suggesting important contributions to the neuroendocrine phenotype. In the previous funding period we defined the cell biology and the biochemistry of the PC2/7B2 interaction. In collaboration with Dr. Philip Leder, we also characterized the 7B2 null

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mouse, which develops a lethal form of Cushing's disease; this was quite surprising in light of the fact that the PC2 null animal exhibits no signs of similar illness. In this renewal application, we propose to extend our studies on 7B2 to the comparison of the 7B2 and PC2 nulls placed in the same mouse strain, CJ57BL/6J. In an effort to explain the role of 7B2 in the hypersecretion of pituitary ACTH, we will compare these two null animals with respect to the endocrinology of the pituitary/adrenal axis, focusing on a) differences in ACTH biosynthesis and release; b) potential differential modulation by dopaminergic systems; and c) potential differences at the ultrastructural level. In the last specific aim, we propose to continue our studies of the PC1 binding protein, proSAAS. We will define the biosynthetic pathway of this protein, perform structure-function analysis, and define similarities aril differences with the 7B2/PC2 system. PC1 and PC2 are thought to represent the chief enzymes responsible for the pancreatic hormones glucagon and insulin as well as many other peptide hormones. The long-term goal of these studies is to describe the physiology and biochemistry of the PC1 and PC2-binding proteins and to extend these findings to other convertases. A better understanding of the regulation of convertases and the roles of convertase binding proteins in secretory cells is relevant to diabetes and other diseases in which peptide hormone synthesis is abnormal, such as Cushing's and Nelson's diseases; and neuroendocrine carcinoma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CRF IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND LONGTERM MANAGEMENT OF PEDIATRIC CUSHING'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Gitelman, Stephen; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DNA-BASED ARRAYS OF CROSS-REACTIVE MOLECULAR SENSORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stojanovic, Milan N.; Medicine; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The mammalian olfactory system is composed of 1000 different receptors on over 1000 cells each, and although individual receptors may be only modestly sensitive and selective, in the aggregate they are capable of fine differentiation of trace odorants through parallel molecular recognition events The interplay between multiple copies of the same receptor and parallel processing of crossreacting receptors is an area of current interest. Artificial sensors susceptible to facile variations of the binding site would permit investigation of parallel recognition as a strategy for analyte identification. Our recent discovery of oligonucleotides with a hydrophobic variable domain within the fixed frameworks of three- and four-way junctions allows construction of the several thousand distinct molecular sensors needed for such an investigation. Therefore, an array of cross-reacting hydrophobic sensors based on DNA will be constructed to model the olfactory system. The array will provide an instantaneous fingerprint of all molecules with hydrophobic domains present in a solution A typical array at the end of funding period will consist of one to several hundred selected molecular sensors organized in 1586-well plates with multiple readings per sensor. The arrays will be validated on urine specimens collected for

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metabolite screening. The hydrophobic fingerprints will be correlated with disease states. This approach will be initially demonstrated on Cushing's disease, adrenal adenoma, adrenal carcinoma, hirsutism and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In the next phase, DNA-based cross-reactive sensors for oligosaccharides will be incorporated into arrays to expand the panel of metabolites that could be profiled in a single-step assay. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFICACY OF TRANSSPHENOIDAL SURGERY FOR CUSHING'S DISEASE IN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaplan, Selna L.; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH CUSHINGS DISEASE OR PSEUDOCUSHINGS SYNDROMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Loriaux, D L.; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Participants in this research study at the Clinical Research Center (CRC) at the Oregon Health Sciences University will be patients who have been diagnosed with Cushing's Disease. The purpose of this study is to measure hormones that may be abnormal in patients with Cushing's Disease. Cortisol, an adrenal gland hormone, is increased in Cushing's Disease. Cortisol is also increased in stress, and it can be difficult to distinguish between Cushing's Disease and stress. We hope that a hormone called corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) is suppressed in Cushing's Disease, but increased in stress. The study will involve one admission to the CRC that will last 7 days. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARY ADRENAL AXIS REGULATION BY IL 10 Principal Investigator & Institution: Hughes, Thomas K.; Associate Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a cytokine, which has a wide range of activities in the immune system. Neuroendocrine cells produce IL-10 and its receptor and expression is seen in the central nervous system as well, particularly during immune-related diseases. Little is known however, about IL-10's action in regulating hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) interactions. In vitro and in vivo evidence suggest that IL-10 is likely an endogenous regulator in the HPA axis. In vitro IL-10 acts like corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) to induce corticotropin (ACTH) production from pituitary cells. From hypothalamic cells, IL-10 induces the release of CRF. In vivo adrenal glucocorticosteroids (GCS) appear to be regulated by IL-10 normally and in response to stress. We hypothesize that IL-10 contributes to the homeostatic regulation of the HPA axis. This may occur through direct action on HPA axis tissues as well as indirectly

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through the inhibition of other cytokines or hormones. Our specific aims are as follows: 1) We will determine the differential expression and/ or regulation of IL-10 and its receptor in the HPA axis; 2) Linkage of regulation and the site of production with function will be determined by identifying the intracellular signal transduction pathways that IL-10 activates in cells of the HPA axis; 3) At the intercellular level, we will determine if IL-10 modulation of the HPA axis occurs through direct action on GCS availability and glucocorticoid receptor (GR); 4) At the whole animal level, we will determine the role of IL-10 in HPA responses during immune and physiologic stress. These studies will be accomplished in vitro using primary cells and tissue culture. In vivo studies will utilize normal and IL-10-deficient mice. Histological, molecular biological, and immunologically based techniques will be used. Results from this project should advance our understanding of how the HPA axis is regulated by IL-10 in particular and cytokines in general. These studies may lead to the identification of new molecules and mechanisms that mediate normal and pathological processes associated with stress and the HPA axis, such as Cushing's Disease, or other related diseases that have an immune component. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISMS FOR PITUITARY TUMORIGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Melmed, Shlomo R.; Professor and Director; CedarsSinai Medical Center Box 48750, 8700 Beverly Blvd Los Angeles, Ca 90048 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-DEC-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: Pituitary adenomas are common benign neoplasms giving rise to disorders of growth, reproductive function, cortisol production and local central pressure effects. Although recently determined to be monoclonal, the genetic mechanisms involved in pituitary cell transformation are unclear. This proposal will characterize the transforming properties of PTTG, a novel pituitary tumor derived protein. We used differential RNA display to identify a rat pituitary derived transforming gene (PTTG) which encodes a 199 a.a. novel protein. Now, we will isolate and study human PTTG and assign its chromosomal locus. PTTG expression will be tested in hormone- secreting (PRL, GH, ACTH) and non-functional pituitary tumors, and its abundance assessed as a function of pituitary adenoma grading, invasinenes, hormonal activity and ultimately long-term clinical outcome. Cellular localization of PTTG will also be determined in these tumors by double immunostaining and in situ techniques. Models of pituitary enlargement (pregnancy and estrogen-induced prolactinomas) will be used to determine PTTG expression in the pathogenesis of the pituicyte to hyperplasia to adenoma formation. PTTG in vitro and in vivo transforming properties will be determined in double agar transformation assays, nude mouse tumorigenesis and growth factor regulation will be assessed. Effects of inducible PTTG expression on cell proliferation will also be assessed. These studies will thus provide mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis of prolactinomas, acromegaly, Cushing's Disease and non-secreting pituitary tumors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Cushing’s disease, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Cushing’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Cushing’s disease (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of Cushing's disease caused by pituitary adenoma producing adrenocorticotropic hormone and growth hormone concomitantly: aberrant expression of transcription factors NeuroD1 and Pit-1 as a proposed mechanism. Author(s): Tahara S, Kurotani R, Ishii Y, Sanno N, Teramoto A, Osamura RY. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 2002 October; 15(10): 1102-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12379758&dopt=Abstract

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A case of Cushing's disease revealed six years after postpartum hypopituitarism. Author(s): Kamoi K, Toyama M, Sudo N. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 August; 84(8): 2718-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10443666&dopt=Abstract

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A correlative study between cortisol and ACTH in Cushing's disease following bilateral adrenalectomy and in Nelson's syndrome. Author(s): Kasperlik-Zaluska A, Niegowska E, Migdalska B, Jeske W, Zielinski M. Source: Endokrynol Pol. 1992; 43(3): 314-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1345571&dopt=Abstract

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A critical analysis of the value of simultaneous inferior petrosal sinus sampling in Cushing's disease and the occult ectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome. Author(s): Kaltsas GA, Giannulis MG, Newell-Price JD, Dacie JE, Thakkar C, Afshar F, Monson JP, Grossman AB, Besser GM, Trainer PJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 February; 84(2): 487-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10022405&dopt=Abstract

3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A questionnaire study on outcome of transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease in Japan. Author(s): Arita K, Kurisu K, Tominaga A, Uozumi T. Source: Endocrine Journal. 1998 December; 45(6): 805-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10395238&dopt=Abstract

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A suppressive effect of dexamethasone (DEX) on adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) response to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in Cushing's disease: a parallel modulation by DEX of ACTH responses to VIP and corticotropin-releasing hormone. Author(s): Watanobe H, Tamura T. Source: Neuropeptides. 1997 February; 31(1): 35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9574835&dopt=Abstract

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Abscess-like formation concomitant with pituitary adenoma in Cushing's disease: case report and pathological considerations. Author(s): Metellus P, Levrier O, Grisoli F. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 August; 16(4): 373-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389891&dopt=Abstract

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Absence of Cushingoid phenotype in a patient with Cushing's disease due to defective cortisone to cortisol conversion. Author(s): Tomlinson JW, Draper N, Mackie J, Johnson AP, Holder G, Wood P, Stewart PM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 January; 87(1): 5762. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11788623&dopt=Abstract

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Absence of peritumoral Crooke's change is associated with recurrence in surgically treated Cushing's disease. Author(s): Hague K, Post KD, Morgello S. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2000 January; 53(1): 77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10697237&dopt=Abstract

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Acceleration of pubertal development following pituitary radiotherapy for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Nicholl RM, Kirk JM, Grossman AB, Plowman PN, Besser GM, Savage MO. Source: Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 1993; 5(6): 393-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8305364&dopt=Abstract

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Accuracy of bilateral inferior petrosal or cavernous sinuses sampling in predicting the lateralization of Cushing's disease pituitary microadenoma: influence of catheter position and anatomy of venous drainage. Author(s): Lefournier V, Martinie M, Vasdev A, Bessou P, Passagia JG, Labat-Moleur F, Sturm N, Bosson JL, Bachelot I, Chabre O. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 January; 88(1): 196203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519852&dopt=Abstract

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Adrenal insufficiency after incomplete resection of pituitary macrocorticotropinoma of Cushing's disease: role of high molecular weight ACTH. Author(s): Yamakita N, Murai T, Oki Y, Matsuhisa T, Hirata T, Ikeda T, Kuwayama A, Yasuda K. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2001 February; 48(1): 43-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11403102&dopt=Abstract

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Adrenocorticotropic hormone and beta-endorphin concentrations in the inferior petrosal sinuses in Cushing's disease and other pituitary diseases. Author(s): Colao A, Merola B, Spaziante R, La Tessa G, Boudouresque F, Oliver C, Lombardi G. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1992 December; 15(11): 807-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1337906&dopt=Abstract

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Adrenocorticotropin and cortisol hyperresponsiveness to hexarelin in patients with Cushing's disease bearing a pituitary microadenoma, but not in those with macroadenoma. Author(s): Arvat E, Giordano R, Ramunni J, Arnaldi G, Colao A, Deghenghi R, Lombardi G, Mantero F, Camanni F, Ghigo E. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998 December; 83(12): 4207-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9851753&dopt=Abstract

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Adrenocorticotropin-producing pituitary carcinoma with metastasis to the liver in a patient with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Suzuki K, Morii K, Nakamura J, Kaneko S, Ukisu J, Hanyu O, Nakagawa O, Aizawa Y. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2002 April; 49(2): 153-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12081233&dopt=Abstract

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An ACTH-producing pituitary carcinoma developing Cushing's disease. Author(s): Masuda T, Akasaka Y, Ishikawa Y, Ishii T, Isshiki I, Imafuku T, Ogihara T, Miyazaki H, Asuwa N. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 1999; 195(3): 183-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10220799&dopt=Abstract

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Androgen secretion in ectopic ACTH syndrome and in Cushing's disease: modifications before and after surgery. Author(s): Barbetta L, Dall'Asta C, Re T, Colombo P, Travaglini P, Ambrosi B. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 2001 October; 33(10): 596-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11607879&dopt=Abstract

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Apparently complete restoration of normal daily adrenocorticotropin, cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin secretory dynamics in adults with Cushing's disease after clinically successful transsphenoidal adenomectomy. Author(s): Veldman RG, Frolich M, Pincus SM, Veldhuis JD, Roelfsema F. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000 November; 85(11): 4039-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11095430&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of cure and recurrence after pituitary surgery for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Barbetta L, Dall'Asta C, Tomei G, Locatelli M, Giovanelli M, Ambrosi B. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2001; 143(5): 477-81; Discussion 481-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11482698&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of endocrine function after transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease. Author(s): McCance DR, Gordon DS, Fannin TF, Hadden DR, Kennedy L, Sheridan B, Atkinson AB. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1993 January; 38(1): 79-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8382119&dopt=Abstract

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Bedside assessment of skin-fold thickness. A useful measurement for distinguishing Cushing's disease from other causes of hirsutism and oligomenorrhea. Author(s): Corenblum B, Kwan T, Gee S, Wong NC. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1994 April 11; 154(7): 777-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8147682&dopt=Abstract

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Beneficial effects of high daily dose bromocriptine treatment in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Mercado-Asis LB, Yasuda K, Murayama M, Mune T, Morita H, Miura K. Source: Endocrinol Jpn. 1992 August; 39(4): 385-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1332855&dopt=Abstract

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Benign intracranial hypertension after pituitary surgery for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Parfitt VJ, Dearlove JC, Savage D, Griffith HB, Hartog M. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1994 February; 70(820): 115-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8170882&dopt=Abstract

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Cushing’s Disease

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Benign intracranial hypertension and Cushing's disease. Author(s): Newman PK, Snow M, Hudgson P. Source: British Medical Journal. 1980 July 12; 281(6233): 113. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6253007&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral adrenalectomy: low mortality and morbidity in Cushing's disease. Author(s): McCance DR, Russell CF, Kennedy TL, Hadden DR, Kennedy L, Atkinson AB. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1993 September; 39(3): 315-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8222294&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Chapuis Y, Chastanet S, Dousset B, Luton JP. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1997 July; 84(7): 1009. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9240152&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral sequential inferior petrosal sinus sampling with corticotrophin-releasing hormone stimulation in the diagnosis of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Padayatty SJ, Orme SM, Nelson M, Lamb JT, Belchetz PE. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1998 August; 139(2): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9724071&dopt=Abstract

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Biochemical assessment of Cushing's disease in patients with corticotroph macroadenomas. Author(s): Katznelson L, Bogan JS, Trob JR, Schoenfeld DA, Hedley-Whyte ET, Hsu DW, Zervas NT, Swearingen B, Sleeper M, Klibanski A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998 May; 83(5): 1619-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9589666&dopt=Abstract

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Blunted vascular and renal effects of exogenous atrial natriuretic peptide in patients with cushing's disease. Author(s): Sala C, Ambrosi B, Morganti A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 May; 86(5): 1957-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11344191&dopt=Abstract

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Body composition determined by six different methods in women bilaterally adrenalectomized for treatment of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Kemink SA, Frijns JT, Hermus AR, Pieters GF, Smals AG, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 November; 84(11): 3991-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10566639&dopt=Abstract

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Body composition in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Lamberts SW, Birkenhager JC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1976 May; 42(5): 864-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1270577&dopt=Abstract

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Bromocriptine for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Kennedy AL, Montgomery DA. Source: British Medical Journal. 1977 April 23; 1(6068): 1083-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=192411&dopt=Abstract

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Bromocriptine in Nelson's syndrome and Cushing's disease. Author(s): Lamberts SW, Birkenhager JC. Source: Lancet. 1976 October 9; 2(7989): 811. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=61490&dopt=Abstract

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Bromocriptine-responsive Cushing's disease associated with anterior pituitary corticotroph hyperplasia or normal pituitary gland. Author(s): Croughs RJ, Koppeschaar HP, van't Verlaat JW, McNicol AM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1989 February; 68(2): 495-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2537335&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiovascular risk factors and common carotid artery caliber and stiffness in patients with Cushing's disease during active disease and 1 year after disease remission. Author(s): Faggiano A, Pivonello R, Spiezia S, De Martino MC, Filippella M, Di Somma C, Lombardi G, Colao A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 June; 88(6): 2527-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12788849&dopt=Abstract

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Case problems conference: Cushing's disease and parasellar aneurysm. Author(s): Kasowski HJ, de Lotbiniere A, Awad IA, Hunt Batjer H, Chandler JP, Ciric IS, Getch CC, Kassam A, Kondziolka D, Laws ER Jr, Witham T. Source: Neurosurgery. 2000 December; 47(6): 1420-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11126913&dopt=Abstract

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Case report: acromegaly and Cushing's disease in a patient with synchronous pituitary adenomas. Author(s): Blevins LS Jr, Hall GS, Madoff DH, Laws ER Jr, Wand GS. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1992 November; 304(5): 294-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1442869&dopt=Abstract

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Cavernous sinus sampling in selected cases of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Flitsch J, Ludecke DK, Knappe UJ, Grzyska U. Source: Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes : Official Journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association. 2002 October; 110(7): 32935. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12397531&dopt=Abstract

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Cerebrospinal fluid immunoreactive somatostatin concentrations in patients with Cushing's disease and major depression: relationship to indices of corticotropinreleasing hormone and cortisol secretion. Author(s): Kling MA, Rubinow DR, Doran AR, Roy A, Davis CL, Calabrese JR, Nieman LK, Post RM, Chrousos GP, Gold PW. Source: Neuroendocrinology. 1993 January; 57(1): 79-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8097579&dopt=Abstract

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Circadian variation in Cushing's disease and pseudo-Cushing states by analysis of F and ACTH pulsatility. Author(s): Cunningham JM, Buxton OM, Weiss RE. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2002 October; 25(9): 791-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12398238&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical and endocrine responses to pituitary radiotherapy in pediatric Cushing's disease: an effective second-line treatment. Author(s): Storr HL, Plowman PN, Carroll PV, Francois I, Krassas GE, Afshar F, Besser GM, Grossman AB, Savage MO. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 January; 88(1): 34-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519825&dopt=Abstract

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Clonal origins of adrenocorticotropin-secreting pituitary tissue in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Biller BM, Alexander JM, Zervas NT, Hedley-Whyte ET, Arnold A, Klibanski A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1992 November; 75(5): 1303-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1358909&dopt=Abstract

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Corticotroph cell adenoma without typical manifestations of Cushing's disease presenting with cavernous sinus syndrome following pituitary apoplexy. Author(s): Abe M, Sawabe Y, Mochizuki Y, Sunaga S, Izumiyama H, Matsumoto K, Kushima M, Taniyama M, Ban Y, Sano T. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2001 August; 48(4): 503-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11603575&dopt=Abstract

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Corticotrophin-releasing activity of desmopressin in Cushing's disease: lack of correlation between in vivo and in vitro responsiveness. Author(s): Pecori Giraldi F, Marini E, Torchiana E, Mortini P, Dubini A, Cavagnini F. Source: The Journal of Endocrinology. 2003 June; 177(3): 373-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12773117&dopt=Abstract

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Crutches in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Davies MB, Babu VV, Scott IR. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2001 July; 94(7): 348-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11418707&dopt=Abstract

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Cushing's disease after surgical resection and radiation therapy for nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma. Author(s): Kho SA, Nieman LK, Gelato MC. Source: Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 2002 July-August; 8(4): 2925. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12173916&dopt=Abstract

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Cushing's disease due to an ACTH-secreting pharyngeal pituitary tumor. Author(s): Lee WY, Oh KW, Yoon KH, Kang MI, Cha BY, Lee KW, Son HY, Kang SK, Kim MS, Ahn KJ. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2001 February; 144(2): 181-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11182756&dopt=Abstract

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Cushing's disease due to plurihormonal adrenocorticotropic hormone and gonadotropin-producing pituitary adenoma. Author(s): Egensperger R, Scheithauer BW, Horvath E, Kovacs K, Giannini C, Young WF, Lloyd R, Atkinson J, Nippoldt TB. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 2001 October; 102(4): 398-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11603817&dopt=Abstract

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Cushing's disease in childhood: presentation, investigation, treatment and long-term outcome. Author(s): Savage MO, Lienhardt A, Lebrethon MC, Johnston LB, Huebner A, Grossman AB, Afshar F, Plowman PN, Besser GM. Source: Hormone Research. 2001; 55 Suppl 1: 24-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11408758&dopt=Abstract

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Cushing's disease resulting from pituitary corticotrophic microadenoma. Treatment results from transsphenoidal microsurgery and gamma knife radiosurgery. Author(s): Laws ER, Reitmeyer M, Thapar K, Vance ML. Source: Neuro-Chirurgie. 2002 May; 48(2-3 Pt 2): 294-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058134&dopt=Abstract

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Cushing's disease, 70 years later. and the beat goes on. Author(s): Moshang T Jr. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 January; 88(1): 31-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519824&dopt=Abstract

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Cushing's disease. Author(s): Hathaway SC. Source: N C Med J. 1992 October; 53(10): 558. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1436146&dopt=Abstract

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Cushing's disease: a surgical view. Author(s): Ludecke DK, Flitsch J, Knappe UJ, Saeger W. Source: Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 2001 September; 54(2): 151-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11761432&dopt=Abstract

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Cushing's disease: clinical manifestations and diagnostic evaluation. Author(s): Kirk LF Jr, Hash RB, Katner HP, Jones T. Source: American Family Physician. 2000 September 1; 62(5): 1119-27, 1133-4. Review. Erratum In: Am Fam Physician 2002 February 1; 65(3): 386. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10997535&dopt=Abstract

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Decrease in cortisol reverses human hippocampal atrophy following treatment of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Starkman MN, Giordani B, Gebarski SS, Berent S, Schork MA, Schteingart DE. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1999 December 15; 46(12): 1595-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10624540&dopt=Abstract

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Decreased brain glucose utilization in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Brunetti A, Fulham MJ, Aloj L, De Souza B, Nieman L, Oldfield EH, Di Chiro G. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1998 May; 39(5): 786-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9591575&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed cure of Cushing's disease after transsphenoidal surgery of pituitary microadenomas. Report of two cases. Author(s): McDonald SD, Von Hofe SE, Dorfman SG, Jordan RM, LaMorgese JR, Young RL. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1978 October; 49(4): 593-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=211208&dopt=Abstract

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Demonstration of pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA in pituitary adenomas and paraadenomatous gland in Cushing's disease and Nelson's syndrome. Author(s): Fehn M, Farquharson MA, Sautner D, Saeger W, Ludecke DK, McNicol AM. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1993 March; 169(3): 335-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8492226&dopt=Abstract

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Desmopressin stimulation test before and after pituitary surgery in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Losa M, Mortini P, Dylgjeri S, Barzaghi R, Franzin A, Mandelli C, Giovanelli M. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2001 July; 55(1): 61-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453953&dopt=Abstract

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Development of autoimmune thyroid dysfunction after bilateral adrenalectomy in a patient with Carney's complex and after removal of ACTH-producing pituitary adenoma in a patient with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Takasu N, Ohara N, Yamada T, Komiya I. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1993 October; 16(9): 697-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8282966&dopt=Abstract

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Dexamethasone in nonsuppressible Cushing's disease. Author(s): Wortsman J, Blank JH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 August 7; 303(6): 340. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7383133&dopt=Abstract

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Dexamethasone in nonsuppressible Cushing's disease. Author(s): Meikle AW, West CD, Tyler FH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 August 7; 303(6): 340. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6247657&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis and selective cure of Cushing's disease during pregnancy by transsphenoidal surgery. Author(s): Ross RJ, Chew SL, Perry L, Erskine K, Medbak S, Afshar F. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1995 June; 132(6): 722-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7788013&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of Cushing's disease in children: a challenge for the radiologist. Author(s): Kalifa G, Adamsbaum C, Carel JC, Andre C, Bougneres PE, Chaussain JL. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1994; 24(8): 547-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7724273&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of Cushing's disease in children: the role of inferior petrosal sinus sampling. Author(s): Calzolari F, Ambrosio MR, Trasforini G. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1995; 25(7): 575. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8545198&dopt=Abstract

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Direct intraoperative micromethod for hormone measurements of pituitary tissue in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Flitsch J, Knappe UJ, Ludecke DK. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1999 December; 52(6): 585-90; Discussion 590-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10660024&dopt=Abstract

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Direct sampling of the cavernous sinus in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Vandorpe RA, Fox AJ, Pelz DM, Lee DH. Source: Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal = Journal L'association Canadienne Des Radiologistes. 1994 June; 45(3): 234-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8193975&dopt=Abstract

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Discordant changes in plasma ACTH and beta-lipotropin/beta-endorphin levels in Cushing's disease patients with depression. Author(s): Starkman MN, Schteingart DE, Schork MA. Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1992 November; 17(6): 619-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1337606&dopt=Abstract

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Dissociation between kallikrein and aldosterone in Cushing's disease with periodic hormonogenesis. Author(s): Overlack A, Higuchi M, Kolloch R, Muller HM, Stumpe KO, Schweikert HU. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1985 November; 110(3): 296-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3865476&dopt=Abstract

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Disturbed cortisol secretion in man: contrasting Cushing's disease and endogenous depression. Author(s): Voigt KH, Bossert S, Bretschneider S, Bliestle A, Fehm HL. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1985 August; 15(4): 341-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2999859&dopt=Abstract

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Do I need to be an endocrinologist to diagnose Cushing's disease? Author(s): Jabbar A. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2003 July; 79(933): 426. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12897237&dopt=Abstract

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Does an analysis of the pulsatile secretion pattern of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol predict the result of transsphenoidal surgery in Cushing's disease? Author(s): Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R, Wentzlaff-Eggebert H, Brabant G, Stalla GK, Muller OA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1993 September; 77(3): 720-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8396575&dopt=Abstract

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Does central obesity reflect “Cushing's disease of the omentum”? Author(s): Bujalska IJ, Kumar S, Stewart PM. Source: Lancet. 1997 April 26; 349(9060): 1210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9130942&dopt=Abstract

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Double pituitary lesions in three patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Meij BP, Lopes MB, Vance ML, Thorner MO, Laws ER Jr. Source: Pituitary. 2000 November; 3(3): 159-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11383480&dopt=Abstract

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Early assessment of outcome of pituitary surgery for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Hermus AR. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1997 August; 47(2): 151-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9302386&dopt=Abstract

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EEG sleep in Cushing's disease and Cushing's syndrome: comparison with patients with major depressive disorder. Author(s): Shipley JE, Schteingart DE, Tandon R, Pande AC, Grunhaus L, Haskett RF, Starkman MN. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1992 July 15; 32(2): 146-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1330006&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of 2 years of cortisol normalization on the impaired bone mass and turnover in adolescent and adult patients with Cushing's disease: a prospective study. Author(s): Di Somma C, Pivonello R, Loche S, Faggiano A, Klain M, Salvatore M, Lombardi G, Colao A. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2003 March; 58(3): 302-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12608935&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of corticotrophin-releasing hormone on arginine vasopressin and atrial natriuretic factor in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Colao A, Pivonello R, Ferone D, Faggiano A, Facciolli G, Di Somma C, Boudouresque F, Oliver C, Lombardi G. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1998 July; 49(1): 77-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9797850&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of pretreatment with pyridostigmine on the thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Giustina A, Bossoni S, Buffoli MG, Ferrari C, Pozzi A, Scalvini T, Schettino M. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1992 May; 24(5): 248-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1398468&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of the serotonin antagonists ritanserin and ketanserin in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Sonino N, Fava GA, Fallo F, Franceschetto A, Belluardo P, Boscaro M. Source: Pituitary. 2000 October; 3(2): 55-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11141696&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of chronic treatment with alendronate in the osteoporosis of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Di Somma C, Colao A, Pivonello R, Klain M, Faggiano A, Tripodi FS, Merola B, Salvatore M, Lombardi G. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1998 May; 48(5): 655-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9666879&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of alprazolam, a benzodiazepine, on the ACTH-, GH- and PRL-releasing activity of hexarelin, a synthetic peptidyl GH secretagogue (GHS), in patients with simple obesity and in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Grottoli S, Arvat E, Gauna C, Maccagno B, Ramunni J, Giordano R, Maccario M, Deghenghi R, Ghigo E. Source: Pituitary. 1999 November; 2(3): 197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11081154&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of the combined administration of hexarelin, a synthetic peptidyl GH secretagogue, and hCRH on ACTH, cortisol and GH secretion in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Arvat E, Ramunni J, Giordano R, Maccagno B, Broglio F, Benso A, Deghenghi R, Ghigo E. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1999 January; 22(1): 23-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10090133&dopt=Abstract

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Elevated cortisol levels in Cushing's disease are associated with cognitive decrements. Author(s): Starkman MN, Giordani B, Berent S, Schork MA, Schteingart DE. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 2001 November-December; 63(6): 985-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11719638&dopt=Abstract

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Elevated inferior petrosal sinus levels of PTHrP in a patient with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Hofle G, Gasser RW, Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R, Waldenberger P, Finkenstedt G. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2001 April; 54(4): 555-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11318794&dopt=Abstract

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Elevated levels of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) precursors in post-adrenalectomy Cushing's disease and their regulation by glucocorticoids. Author(s): Ray DW, Gibson S, Crosby SR, Davies D, Davis JR, White A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1995 August; 80(8): 2430-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7629238&dopt=Abstract

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Endocrine function in patients with Cushing's disease before and after treatment. Author(s): Lindholm J. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1992 February; 36(2): 151-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1314723&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology and follow-up of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Cavagnini F, Pecori Giraldi F. Source: Annales D'endocrinologie. 2001 April; 62(2): 168-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11353889&dopt=Abstract

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Epidural lipomatosis not induced by corticosteroid therapy. Three cases including one in a patient with primary Cushing's disease (review of the literature). Author(s): Benamou PH, Hilliquin P, Chemla N, Chevrot A, Cormier C, Menkes CJ. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1996 March; 63(3): 207-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8731239&dopt=Abstract

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Erysipeloid sporotrichosis in a woman with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Kim S, Rusk MH, James WD. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 February; 40(2 Pt 1): 272-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10025762&dopt=Abstract

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Estimation of body fat and lean tissue distribution by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and abdominal body fat evaluation by computed tomography in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Wajchenberg BL, Bosco A, Marone MM, Levin S, Rocha M, Lerario AC, Nery M, Goldman J, Liberman B. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1995 September; 80(9): 2791-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7673425&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of circulating levels and renal clearance of natural amino acids in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Faggiano A, Pivonello R, Melis D, Alfieri R, Filippella M, Spagnuolo G, Salvatore F, Lombardi G, Colao A. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2002 February; 25(2): 142-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11929085&dopt=Abstract

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Expression and regulation of BCL-2 family genes in human adrenocortical adenomas in comparison with adrenal hyperplasia of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Ando T, Shibata H, Kurihara I, Suzuki T, Kobayashi S, Hayashi K, Hayashi M, Murai M, Saito I, Saruta T. Source: Endocrine Research. 2000 November; 26(4): 853-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11196462&dopt=Abstract

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Extrapituitary parasellar microadenoma in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Pluta RM, Nieman L, Doppman JL, Watson JC, Tresser N, Katz DA, Oldfield EH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 August; 84(8): 2912-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10443699&dopt=Abstract

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Factitious Cushing's disease. Author(s): Anderson PW, Galmarini M, Vagnucci A, Horton R. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1993 October; 159(4): 487-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8273341&dopt=Abstract

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Factors influencing the immediate and late outcome of Cushing's disease treated by transsphenoidal surgery: a retrospective study by the European Cushing's Disease Survey Group. Author(s): Bochicchio D, Losa M, Buchfelder M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1995 November; 80(11): 3114-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7593411&dopt=Abstract

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Failure of clinical remission after transsphenoidal removal of a microadenoma in a patient with Cushing's disease: multiple hyperplastic and adenomatous cell nets in surrounding pituitary tissue. Author(s): Lamberts SW, Stefanko SZ, de Lange SA, Fermin H, van der Vijver JC, Weber RF, de Jong FH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1980 April; 50(4): 793-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7364932&dopt=Abstract

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Failure of cyprohepatdine to inhibit vasopressin-stimulated cortisol release in a patient with Cushing's disease. Author(s): George WF, Husain M, Lock JP, Katz FH. Source: Hormone Research. 1976; 7(4-5): 308-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1017793&dopt=Abstract

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Failure of hypophysectomy to correct pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease in two patients. Author(s): Cook DM, McCarthy PJ. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1988 November; 148(11): 2497-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3190383&dopt=Abstract

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Failure of long-term therapy with sodium valproate in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Colao A, Pivonello R, Tripodi FS, Orio F Jr, Ferone D, Cerbone G, Di Somma C, Merola B, Lombardi G. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1997 July-August; 20(7): 387-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9309536&dopt=Abstract

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False-positive inferior petrosal sinus sampling in the diagnosis of Cushing's disease. Report of two cases. Author(s): Yamamoto Y, Davis DH, Nippoldt TB, Young WF Jr, Huston J 3rd, Parisi JE. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1995 December; 83(6): 1087-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7490627&dopt=Abstract

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Familial Cushing's disease with severe weight loss occurring in late childhood. Author(s): Cameron FJ, Warne GL. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1997 February; 33(1): 74-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9069050&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal pulmonary thromboembolism after successful transsphenoidal hypophysectomy for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Jackson JA, Trowbridge A, Smigiel M. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1990 August; 83(8): 960-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2382160&dopt=Abstract

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Fever of unexplained origin, biochemical Cushing's disease and cerebral dysrhythmia corrected by valproate sodium. Author(s): Lopez-Moreno JM, Rodriguez-Portales JA, Mahana D. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1985 January 15; 132(2): 150-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3917350&dopt=Abstract

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FK 33-824, a met-enkephalin analog, blocks corticotropin-releasing hormone-induced adrenocorticotropin secretion in normal subjects but not in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Allolio B, Deuss U, Kaulen D, Leonhardt U, Kallabis D, Hamel E, Winkelmann W. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1986 December; 63(6): 1427-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3023423&dopt=Abstract

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Follow-up study on treatment in 27 patients with Cushing's disease: adrenalectomy, transsphenoidal adenomectomy and medical treatment. Author(s): Tomita A, Suzuki S, Hara I, Oiso Y, Mizuno S, Yogo H, Kuwayama A, Kageyama N. Source: Endocrinol Jpn. 1981 April; 28(2): 197-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6273138&dopt=Abstract

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From macroprolactinoma to concomitant ACTH-PRL hypersecretion with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Barausse M, Attanasio R, Dallabonzana D, Oppizzi G, Veronese S, Lasio G, Valentini LG, Cozzi R. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2000 February; 23(2): 107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10800764&dopt=Abstract

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Fundus abnormalities in Cushing's disease: a preliminary report. Author(s): Daniele S, Schepens CL, Daniele C, Angeletti G. Source: Ophthalmologica. Journal International D'ophtalmologie. International Journal of Ophthalmology. Zeitschrift Fur Augenheilkunde. 1995; 209(2): 88-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7746652&dopt=Abstract

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Further studies of adrenal weight-maintaining activity in the plasma of patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Segal BM, Drucker WD, Benovitz H, Verde AL, Christy NP. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1970 July; 49(1): 34-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4317271&dopt=Abstract

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Gamma knife surgery for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Seo Y, Fukuoka S, Takanashi M, Sasaki T, Suematsu K, Nakamura J. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1995 February; 43(2): 170-5; Discussion 175-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7892664&dopt=Abstract

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Gender-related differences in the presentation and course of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Giraldi FP, Moro M, Cavagnini F; Study Group on the HypothalamoPituitary-Adrenal Axis of the Italian Society of Endocrinology. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 April; 88(4): 1554-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12679438&dopt=Abstract

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GHRP-6 is able to stimulate cortisol and ACTH release in patients with Cushing's disease: comparison with DDAVP. Author(s): Oliveira JH, Vieira JG, Abucham J, Lengyel AM. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2003 March; 26(3): 230-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12809173&dopt=Abstract

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Glucocorticoid receptors and Cushing's disease. Author(s): Lamberts SW. Source: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 2002 November 29; 197(1-2): 69-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12431798&dopt=Abstract

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Glucocorticoid receptors in anorexia nervosa and Cushing's disease. Author(s): Invitti C, Redaelli G, Baldi G, Cavagnini F. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1999 June 1; 45(11): 1467-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10356629&dopt=Abstract

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Greater disorderliness of ACTH and cortisol release accompanies pituitarydependent Cushing's disease. Author(s): van den Berg G, Pincus SM, Veldhuis JD, Frolich M, Roelfsema F. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1997 April; 136(4): 394-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9150699&dopt=Abstract

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Growth hormone and prolactin are secreted more irregularly in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Veldman RG, Frolich M, Pincus SM, Veldhuis JD, Roelfsema F. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2000 May; 52(5): 625-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10792343&dopt=Abstract

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Growth hormone and prolactin responses to corticotrophin-releasing-hormone in patients with Cushing's disease: a paracrine action of the adenomatous corticotrophic cells? Author(s): Loli P, Boccardi E, Branca V, Bramerio M, Barberis M, Losa M, Terreni MT, Lodrini S, Pollo B, Vignati F. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1998 October; 49(4): 433-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9876339&dopt=Abstract

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Growth hormone deficiency and replacement in hypopituitary patients previously treated for acromegaly or Cushing's disease. Author(s): Feldt-Rasmussen U, Abs R, Bengtsson BA, Bennmarker H, Bramnert M, Hernberg-Stahl E, Monson JP, Westberg B, Wilton P, Wuster C; KIMS International Study Board on behalf of KIMS Study Group. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2002 January; 146(1): 67-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11751070&dopt=Abstract

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Heavy-particle therapy for acromegaly, Cushing's disease, Nelson's syndrome, and nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Author(s): Linfoot JA, Chong CY, Garcia JF, Cleveland AS, Connell GM, Manougian E, Okerlund MD, Born JL, Lawrence JH. Source: Prog at Med. 1971; 3: 219-38. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4335128&dopt=Abstract

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Heavy-particle treatment of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Lawrence JH, Okerlund MD, Linfoot JA, Born JL, Orth DN, Liddle GW. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1971 November; 285(22): 1263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5113717&dopt=Abstract

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Heterogeneity in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Croughs RJ, Rijnberk A, Koppeschaar HP. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1990 April; 36(3-4): 217-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2192296&dopt=Abstract

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High incidence of cortical atrophy of the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Momose KJ, Kjellberg RN, Kliman B. Source: Radiology. 1971 May; 99(2): 341-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5553570&dopt=Abstract

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High prevalence of nodular thyroid disease in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Invitti C, Manfrini R, Romanini BM, Cavagnini F. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1995 September; 43(3): 359-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7586607&dopt=Abstract

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High prolactin levels in patients with Cushing's disease without pathological evidence of pituitary adenoma. Author(s): Comtois R, Beauregard H, Hardy J, Robert F, Somma M. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1993 June; 38(6): 601-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8392915&dopt=Abstract

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Human pancreatic growth hormone releasing hormone fails to stimulate human growth hormone both in Cushing's disease and in Cushing's syndrome due to adrenocortical adenoma. Author(s): Smals AE, Pieters GF, Smals AG, Benraad TJ, Kloppenborg PW. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1986 April; 24(4): 401-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3091296&dopt=Abstract

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Hypercalcaemia after surgical treatment of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Fuss M, Corvilain J, Gregoire F. Source: British Medical Journal. 1977 April 16; 1(6067): 1028. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=851826&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperfunctioning unilateral adrenal macronodule in three patients with Cushing's disease: hormonal and imaging characterization. Author(s): Abs R, Nobels F, Verhelst J, Chanson P, Mahler C, Corthouts B, Blockx P, Beckers A. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1993 October; 129(4): 284-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8237244&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperleptinemia in women with Cushing's disease is driven by high-amplitude pulsatile, but orderly and eurhythmic, leptin secretion. Author(s): Veldman RG, Frolich M, Pincus SM, Veldhuis JD, Roelfsema F. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2001 January; 144(1): 21-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11174833&dopt=Abstract

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Hypermelanosis following adrenalectomy for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Moschella SL, Cattano AN. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1967 July; 96(1): 102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6028674&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and Cushing's disease. Author(s): Stulberg BN, Licata AA, Bauer TW, Belhobek GH. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1984 October; 15(4): 697-710. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6387577&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperprolactinemia in Cushing's disease and Nelson's syndrome. Author(s): Yamaji T, Ishibashi M, Teramoto A, Fukushima T. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1984 May; 58(5): 790-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6323516&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperprolactinemia preceding Cushing's disease. Author(s): Barbetta L, Dall'Asta C, Ambrosi B. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2000 July-August; 23(7): 491-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11005277&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperresponsiveness to lysine-vasopressin in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Coslovsky R, Wajchenberg BL, Nogueira O. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1974 January; 75(1): 125-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4363841&dopt=Abstract

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Hypoadrenia following adrenal venography in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Goth M, Szilagyi G, Irsy G, Szabolcs I, Berentey E, Molnar F, Magyar E. Source: European Journal of Radiology. 1984 February; 4(1): 68-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6723678&dopt=Abstract

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Hypothalamic-pituitary function in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Le Roith D, Shapiro MS, Gutman A, Spitz IM. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1979 October-December; 2(4): 379-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=119799&dopt=Abstract

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Hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal function of untreated longterm survivors following subtotal adrenalectomy for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Kennedy AL, Montgomery DA, Welbourn RB. Source: Ir J Med Sci. 1978 December; 147(12): 420-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=730489&dopt=Abstract

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Improved diagnostic accuracy of inferior petrosal sinus sampling over imaging for localizing pituitary pathology in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Booth GL, Redelmeier DA, Grosman H, Kovacs K, Smyth HS, Ezzat S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998 July; 83(7): 2291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9661597&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro secretion of ACTH, beta-endorphin and beta-lipotropin in Cushing's disease and Nelson's syndrome. Author(s): Ludecke DK, Westphal M, Schabet M, Hollt V. Source: Hormone Research. 1980; 13(4-5): 259-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6268513&dopt=Abstract

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In vivo and in vitro studies in a patient with cyclical Cushing's disease showing some responsiveness to bromocriptine. Author(s): Watanobe H, Aoki R, Takebe K, Nakazono M, Kudo M. Source: Hormone Research. 1991; 36(5-6): 227-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1668381&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of Nelson's syndrome and residual adrenocortical function in patients of Cushing's disease after bilateral adrenalectomy. Author(s): Misra D, Kapur MM, Gupta DK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1994 April; 42(4): 304-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7860549&dopt=Abstract

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Increased prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in patients successfully treated for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Kasperlik-Zatuska AA, Zgliczynski W. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2001 March; 54(3): 411-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11298096&dopt=Abstract

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Increased prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in patients successfully treated for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Colao A, Pivonello R, Faggiano A, Filippella M, Ferone D, Di Somma C, Cerbone G, Marzullo P, Fenzi G, Lombardi G. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2000 July; 53(1): 13-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10931076&dopt=Abstract

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Inefficiency of the anticoagulant therapy in the regression of the radiation-induced optic neuropathy in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Barbosa AP, Carvalho D, Marques L, Monteiro M, Castro Neves A, Machado Carvalho A, Cruz J, Medina JL. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1999 April; 22(4): 301-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10342365&dopt=Abstract

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Inferior petrosal sinus arginine vasopressin concentrations in normal volunteers and patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Friedman TC, Yanovski JA, Nieman LK, Doppman JL, Cutler GB Jr, Oldfield EH, Gold PM, Chrousos GP, Kalogeras KT. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996 August; 81(8): 3068-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8768876&dopt=Abstract

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Inferior petrosal sinus sampling: evidence of a stimulatory effect of oCRH on GH secretion in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Loli P, Vignati F, Scialfa G, Boccardi E, Branca V, Berselli ME. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1990 August; 123(2): 238-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2171293&dopt=Abstract

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Insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity and glucose-mediated glucose disposal in Cushing's disease: a minimal model analysis. Author(s): Page R, Boolell M, Kalfas A, Sawyer S, Pestell R, Ward G, Alford F. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1991 December; 35(6): 509-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1769133&dopt=Abstract

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Interleukin-1 beta and other cytokines stimulate adrenocorticotropin release from cultured pituitary cells of patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Malarkey WB, Zvara BJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1989 July; 69(1): 196-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2543691&dopt=Abstract

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Intermittent Cushing's disease in hirsute women. Author(s): Bals-Pratsch M, Hanker JP, Hellhammer DH, Ludecke DK, Schlegel W, Schneider HP. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1996 February; 28(2): 105-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8867908&dopt=Abstract

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Intermittent Cushing's disease with spontaneous remission. Author(s): Scott RS, Espiner EA, Donald RA. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1979 November; 11(5): 561-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=229999&dopt=Abstract

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Intermittent Cushing's disease. Author(s): Bochner F, Burke CJ, Lloyd HM, Nurnberg BI. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1979 September; 67(3): 507-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=474597&dopt=Abstract

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Intra- and postoperative plasma ACTH concentrations in patients with Cushing's disease cured by transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. Author(s): Czirjak S, Bezzegh A, Gal A, Racz K. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2002 October; 144(10): 971-7; Discussion 977. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12382124&dopt=Abstract

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Intracavernous sinus ectopic adrenocorticotropin-secreting tumours causing therapeutic failure in transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Ohnishi T, Arita N, Yoshimine T, Mori S. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2000; 142(8): 855-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11086823&dopt=Abstract

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Intraocular pressure in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Jonas JB, Huschle O, Koniszewski G, Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 1990; 228(5): 407-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2227481&dopt=Abstract

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Intraoperative adrenocorticotropin levels during transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease do not predict cure. Author(s): Graham KE, Samuels MH, Raff H, Barnwell SL, Cook DM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997 June; 82(6): 1776-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9177381&dopt=Abstract

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Intraoperative bilateral cavernous sinus sampling for ACTH measurements during transsphenoidal pituitary surgery in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Czirjak S, Bezzegh A, Gal A, Racz K. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2002 September; 104(4): 334-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12140100&dopt=Abstract

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Is it possible to diagnose pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease? Author(s): Howlett TA, Rees LH. Source: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 1985 November; 22 ( Pt 6): 550-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3000267&dopt=Abstract

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Ketoconazole and plasma and urine steroid levels in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Mortimer RH, Cannell GR, Thew CM, Galligan JP. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1991 August; 18(8): 5639. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1655322&dopt=Abstract

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Ketoconazole in the treatment of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Dash RJ, Khandekar S, Lata V, Bhansali A. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1990 July; 38(7): 486-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2292555&dopt=Abstract

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Ketoconazole therapy in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Angeli A, Frairia R. Source: Lancet. 1985 April 6; 1(8432): 821. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2858699&dopt=Abstract

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Ketoconazole treatment in Cushing's disease. Effect on the circadian profile of plasma ACTH and cortisol. Author(s): Terzolo M, Panarelli M, Piovesan A, Torta M, Paccotti P, Angeli A. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1988 November; 11(10): 717-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2852693&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of diurnal rhythm of low molecular weight insulin-like growth factor binding protein in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Degerblad M, Povoa G, Thoren M, Wivall IL, Hall K. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1989 February; 120(2): 195-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2464889&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic bilateral adrenalectomy for persistent Cushing's disease after transsphenoidal surgery. Author(s): Lanzi R, Montorsi F, Losa M, Centemero A, Manzoni MF, Rigatti P, Cornaggia G, Pontiroli AE, Guazzoni G. Source: Surgery. 1998 February; 123(2): 144-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9481399&dopt=Abstract

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Late recurrence of Cushing's disease after successful pituitary irradiation. Author(s): Prinz RA, Lawrence AM, Paloyan E. Source: Proc Inst Med Chic. 1978 October-December; 32(4): 68. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=748927&dopt=Abstract

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Linear growth and final height after treatment for Cushing's disease in childhood. Author(s): Lebrethon MC, Grossman AB, Afshar F, Plowman PN, Besser GM, Savage MO. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000 September; 85(9): 3262-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10999819&dopt=Abstract

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Liposuction surgery for a buffalo hump caused by Cushing's disease. Author(s): Narins RS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1989 August; 21(2 Pt 1): 307. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2768581&dopt=Abstract

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Lisch nodules in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Bouzas EA, Mastorakos G, Chrousos GP, Kaiser-Kupfer MI. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1993 April; 111(4): 439-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8470969&dopt=Abstract

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Localization of pituitary adenomas by using intraoperative ultrasound in patients with Cushing's disease and no demonstrable pituitary tumor on magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Watson JC, Shawker TH, Nieman LK, DeVroom HL, Doppman JL, Oldfield EH. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1998 December; 89(6): 927-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9833817&dopt=Abstract

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Long term follow-up of Cushing's disease treated with reserpine and pituitary irradiation followed by subtotal adrenalectomy. Author(s): Murayama M, Yasuda K, Minamori Y, Mercado-Asis LB, Yamakita N, Morita H, Miura K. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1994 February; 172(2): 97-109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8073428&dopt=Abstract

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Long term follow-up of Cushing's disease treated with reserpine and pituitary irradiation. Author(s): Murayama M, Yasuda K, Minamori Y, Mercado-Asis LB, Yamakita N, Miura K. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1992 September; 75(3): 935-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1517389&dopt=Abstract

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Long term follow-up of transsphenoidal surgery for the treatment of Cushing's disease in childhood. Author(s): Leinung MC, Kane LA, Scheithauer BW, Carpenter PC, Laws ER Jr, Zimmerman D. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1995 August; 80(8): 2475-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7629245&dopt=Abstract

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Long-distance and long-term follow-up of a patient with intermittent Cushing's disease by salivary cortisol measurements. Author(s): Mosnier-Pudar H, Thomopoulos P, Bertagna X, Fournier C, Guiban D, Luton JP. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1995 September; 133(3): 313-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7581947&dopt=Abstract

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Longitudinal evaluation of adrenocorticotrophin and beta-lipotrophin plasma levels following bilateral adrenalectomy in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Moreira AC, Castro M, Machado HR. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1993 July; 39(1): 91-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8394230&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term effects of ketoconazole in the treatment of residual or recurrent Cushing's disease. Author(s): Chou SC, Lin JD. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2000 August; 47(4): 401-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11075720&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term follow-up of low-dose external pituitary irradiation for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, Ahmed SR, Sutton ML. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1990 October; 33(4): 445-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2225489&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term follow-up results of transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease in a single centre using strict criteria for remission. Author(s): Rees DA, Hanna FW, Davies JS, Mills RG, Vafidis J, Scanlon MF. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2002 April; 56(4): 541-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11966748&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term outcome in children and adolescents after transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Devoe DJ, Miller WL, Conte FA, Kaplan SL, Grumbach MM, Rosenthal SM, Wilson CB, Gitelman SE. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997 October; 82(10): 3196-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9329338&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term results of adrenal autotransplantation in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Demeter JG, De Jong SA, Brooks MH, Lawrence AM, Paloyan E. Source: Surgery. 1990 December; 108(6): 1117-22; Discussion 1122-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2247837&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term results of total adrenalectomy for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Nagesser SK, van Seters AP, Kievit J, Hermans J, Krans HM, van de Velde CJ. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 2000 January; 24(1): 108-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10594213&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term results of treatment of Cushing's disease by adrenalectomy. Author(s): Grabner P, Hauer-Jensen M, Jervell J, Flatmark A. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 1991 August; 157(8): 461-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1681932&dopt=Abstract

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Low level of glucocorticoid receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in pituitary adenomas manifesting Cushing's disease with resistance to a high dosedexamethasone suppression test. Author(s): Mu YM, Takayanagi R, Imasaki K, Ohe K, Ikuyama S, Yanase T, Nawata H. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1998 September; 49(3): 301-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9861319&dopt=Abstract

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Macroprolactinoma associated with Cushing's disease, successfully treated with cabergoline. Author(s): T'Sjoen G, Defeyter I, Van De Saffele J, Rubens R, Vandeweghe M. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2002 February; 25(2): 172-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11929090&dopt=Abstract

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Mania in a girl with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Frank R, Doerr HG. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1989 July; 28(4): 610-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2768157&dopt=Abstract

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Masked Cushing's disease in an aged man associated with intraventricular hemorrhage and tuberculous peritonitis. Author(s): Tsubota A, Shishiba Y, Shimizu T, Ozawa Y, Sawano S, Yamada S. Source: Jpn J Med. 1991 May-June; 30(3): 233-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1920964&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of cytokines in the cavernous sinus plasma from patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Watanobe H, Tamura T, Habu S, Kakizaki Y, Kohsaka A, Suda T. Source: Neuropeptides. 1998 April; 32(2): 119-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9639249&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanism of impaired growth hormone secretion in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Takahashi H, Bando H, Zhang C, Yamasaki R, Saito S. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1992 July; 127(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1519417&dopt=Abstract

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Medical therapy for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Sonino N, Boscaro M. Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 1999 March; 28(1): 211-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10207692&dopt=Abstract

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Medical therapy of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Nieman LK. Source: Pituitary. 2002; 5(2): 77-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12675504&dopt=Abstract

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Megavoltage pituitary irradiation in the management of Cushing's disease and Nelson's syndrome: long-term follow-up. Author(s): Howlett TA, Plowman PN, Wass JA, Rees LH, Jones AE, Besser GM. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1989 September; 31(3): 309-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2559823&dopt=Abstract

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Memory impairment in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Mauri M, Sinforiani E, Bono G, Vignati F, Berselli ME, Attanasio R, Nappi G. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1993 January; 87(1): 52-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8424312&dopt=Abstract

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Meningioma developed 25 years after radiation therapy for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Tsukamoto H, Yoshinari M, Okamura K, Ishitsuka T, Fujishima M. Source: Intern Med. 1992 May; 31(5): 629-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1504425&dopt=Abstract

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Menstrual abnormalities in women with Cushing's disease are correlated with hypercortisolemia rather than raised circulating androgen levels. Author(s): Lado-Abeal J, Rodriguez-Arnao J, Newell-Price JD, Perry LA, Grossman AB, Besser GM, Trainer PJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998 September; 83(9): 3083-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9745407&dopt=Abstract

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Metamorphosis of a non-functioning pituitary adenoma to Cushing's disease. Author(s): Ambrosi B, Barbetta L, Dall'Asta C, Libe R. Source: Pituitary. 2001 August; 4(3): 127-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12138984&dopt=Abstract

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Metamorphosis of a non-functioning pituitary adenoma to Cushing's disease. Author(s): Tan EU, Ho MS, Rajasoorya CR. Source: Pituitary. 2000 October; 3(2): 117-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11141695&dopt=Abstract

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Misleading corticotropin levels in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Newton RW, Semple PD, Browning MC, Gunn A. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1978 August 25; 240(8): 770-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=209226&dopt=Abstract

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Monoclonality of corticotroph macroadenomas in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Gicquel C, Le Bouc Y, Luton JP, Girard F, Bertagna X. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1992 August; 75(2): 4725. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1322426&dopt=Abstract

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Morbidity and mortality in Cushing's disease: an epidemiological approach. Author(s): Etxabe J, Vazquez JA. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1994 April; 40(4): 479-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8187313&dopt=Abstract

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Multihormonal response to corticotropin-releasing hormone in inferior petrosal sinus blood of one patient with Cushing's disease: comparison with in vitro secretion of the tumoral corticotropes. Author(s): Tabarin A, Corcuff JB, Rashedi M, Angibeau R, Caille JM, Ducassou D, Dufy B, Roger P. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1992 September; 127(3): 284-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1414153&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple pituitary adenomas in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Ratliff JK, Oldfield EH. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2000 November; 93(5): 753-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11059654&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple pituitary hormone gradients from cavernous sinus sampling in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Yoshida Y, Sanno N, Teramoto A. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2000; 142(12): 1339-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11214626&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple stress fractures. An unusual presentation of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Ontell FK, Shelton DK. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1995 April; 162(4): 364-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7747509&dopt=Abstract

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Need for steroid replacement therapy after bilateral adrenalectomy for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Drury PL, Besser GM. Source: Lancet. 1982 January 2; 1(8262): 57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6119458&dopt=Abstract

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Negative feedback effects on ACTH secretion by cortisol in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Reader SC, Daly JR, Alaghband-Zadeh J, Robertson WR. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1983 January; 18(1): 43-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6303637&dopt=Abstract

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Nelson's syndrome after Cushing's disease in childhood: a continuing problem. Author(s): Thomas CG Jr, Smith AT, Benson M, Griffith J. Source: Surgery. 1984 December; 96(6): 1067-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6505960&dopt=Abstract

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Nephrolithiasis in Cushing's disease: prevalence, etiopathogenesis, and modification after disease cure. Author(s): Faggiano A, Pivonello R, Melis D, Filippella M, Di Somma C, Petretta M, Lombardi G, Colao A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 May; 88(5): 2076-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727957&dopt=Abstract

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Neurosurgical treatment of Cushing's disease in children and adolescents. Author(s): Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1985; 35: 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3004116&dopt=Abstract

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Newer diagnostic techniques and problems in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Findling JW, Raff H. Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 1999 March; 28(1): 191-210. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10207691&dopt=Abstract

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Normal final height and apparent cure after pituitary irradiation for Cushing's disease in childhood: long-term follow-up of anterior pituitary function. Author(s): Johnston LB, Grossmann AB, Plowman PN, Besser GM, Savage MO. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1998 May; 48(5): 663-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9666880&dopt=Abstract

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Nyctohemeral variation and suppressibility of plasma ACTH in various stages of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Cook DM, Kendall JW, Allen JP, Lagerquist LG. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1976 July; 5(4): 303-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=183922&dopt=Abstract

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Obesity or Cushing's disease? Author(s): Meloni CR. Source: American Family Physician. 1972 June; 5(6): 92-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4263341&dopt=Abstract

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Occult Cushing's disease presenting with acute psychosis. Author(s): Saad MF, Adams F, Mackay B, Ordonez NG, Leavens ME, Samaan NA. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1984 April; 76(4): 759-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6711582&dopt=Abstract

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Octreotide and ketoconazole for persistent ectopic ACTH Cushing's disease due to mediastinal carcinoid. Author(s): Parthiban A, Sundaram DS, Reddy DJ, Girinath MR, Prabhakaran R, Chidambaranathan N. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1995 February; 43(2): 140. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9282686&dopt=Abstract

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Octreotide exerts different effects in vivo and in vitro in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Stalla GK, Brockmeier SJ, Renner U, Newton C, Buchfelder M, Stalla J, Muller OA. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1994 February; 130(2): 125-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8130885&dopt=Abstract

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Onset of rheumatoid arthritis after surgical treatment of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Uthman I, Senecal JL. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 October; 22(10): 1964-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8992000&dopt=Abstract

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Opioidergic regulation of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function in depression and Cushing's disease: an interim report. Author(s): Zis AP. Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1988; 13(5): 419-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2849776&dopt=Abstract

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Osteocalcin levels in Cushing's disease before and after treatment. Author(s): Sartorio A, Ambrosi B, Colombo P, Morabito F, Faglia G. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1988 January; 20(1): 70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3259531&dopt=Abstract

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Osteoporotic fractures at presentation of Cushing's disease: two case reports and a literature review. Author(s): Khanine V, Fournier JJ, Requeda E, Luton JP, Simon F, Crouzet J. Source: Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme. 2000; 67(4): 341-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10963086&dopt=Abstract

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Outcomes of therapy for Cushing's disease due to adrenocorticotropin-secreting pituitary macroadenomas. Author(s): Blevins LS Jr, Christy JH, Khajavi M, Tindall GT. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998 January; 83(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9435417&dopt=Abstract

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Persistence of increased cardiovascular risk in patients with Cushing's disease after five years of successful cure. Author(s): Colao A, Pivonello R, Spiezia S, Faggiano A, Ferone D, Filippella M, Marzullo P, Cerbone G, Siciliani M, Lombardi G. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 August; 84(8): 2664-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10443657&dopt=Abstract

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Persistent and recurrent hypercortisolism after transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Knappe UJ, Ludecke DK. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1996; 65: 31-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8738490&dopt=Abstract

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Petrosal sinus sampling for diagnosis of Cushing's disease: evidence of false negative results. Author(s): Lopez J, Barcelo B, Lucas T, Salame F, Alameda C, Boronat M, Salto L, Estrada J. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1996 August; 45(2): 147-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8881446&dopt=Abstract

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Pituitary adenoma showing intermittent secretion of high molecular weight adrenocorticotropin without evidence of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Hashimoto K, Kaneda T, Nagano I, Asaba K, Takeda K, Takao T. Source: Hormone Research. 1999; 52(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10640899&dopt=Abstract

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Pituitary apoplexy induced by corticotrophin-releasing hormone in a patient with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Rotman-Pikielny P, Patronas N, Papanicolaou DA. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2003 May; 58(5): 545-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699434&dopt=Abstract

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Pituitary histology in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Kruse A, Klinken L, Holck S, Lindholm J. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1992 September; 37(3): 254-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1424208&dopt=Abstract

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Pituitary macroadenoma and Cushing's disease in pediatric patients: patient report and review of the literature. Author(s): Damiani D, Aguiar CH, Crivellaro CE, Galvao JA, Dichtchekenian V, Setian N. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 1998 September-October; 11(5): 665-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9829219&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma aldosterone response to metoclopramide in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Zacharieva S, Stoeva I, Matrozov P, Andonova K. Source: Exp Clin Endocrinol. 1993; 101(3): 138-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8223981&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma atrial natriuretic factor levels in the inferior petrosal sinus blood of patients with Cushing's disease before and after corticotropin-releasing hormone administration. Author(s): Colao A, Pivonello R, Ferone D, La Tessa G, Faggiano A, Facciolli G, Di Somma C, Merola B, Lombardi G. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1998 April; 21(4): 257-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9624601&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma corticotropin and cortisol responses to ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), arginine vasopressin (AVP), CRH plus AVP, and CRH plus metyrapone in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Dickstein G, DeBold CR, Gaitan D, DeCherney GS, Jackson RV, Sheldon WR Jr, Nicholson WE, Orth DN. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996 August; 81(8): 2934-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8768855&dopt=Abstract

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Polymyalgia rheumatica presenting after successful treatment of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Muzulu SI, Howlett TA. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 July; 37(7): 804-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9714369&dopt=Abstract

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Postoperative plasma cortisol levels predict long-term outcome in patients with Cushing's disease and determine which patients should be treated with pituitary irradiation after surgery. Author(s): Imaki T, Tsushima T, Hizuka N, Odagiri E, Murata Y, Suda T, Takano K. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2001 February; 48(1): 53-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11403103&dopt=Abstract

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Potential therapeutic effects of ritanserin in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Sonino N, Boscaro M, Fallo F, Fava GA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1992 February 26; 267(8): 1073. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1735922&dopt=Abstract

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Pre- and postoperative investigations of hepatic glucose production and leucine turnover in Cushing's disease utilizing stable isotope techniques. Author(s): Reinartz G, Angermaier A, Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R, Georgieff M. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1995 September; 27(9): 425-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8557243&dopt=Abstract

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Prescribing cascade for non-food-producing species, and changes relating to Cushing's disease. Author(s): Mackay DK. Source: The Veterinary Record. 2002 November 23; 151(21): 643. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479304&dopt=Abstract

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Prostate-specific antigen is increased in female patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Manetti L, Lupi I, Bogazzi F, Pellegrini G, Precisi A, Grasso L, Nencetti C, Gasperi M, Martino E. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2002 October; 25(9): Rc29-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12398228&dopt=Abstract

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Psychiatric phenomenology in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Loosen PT, Chambliss B, DeBold CR, Shelton R, Orth DN. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1992 July; 25(4): 192-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1528959&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosomatic aspects of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Sonino N, Fava GA. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1998; 67(3): 140-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9667061&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary cryptococcosis and pituitary Cushing's disease. Author(s): Drew PA, Takezawa K. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1998 May; 18(5): 365-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9582575&dopt=Abstract

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Pulsatile secretory patterns of luteinizing hormone in two patients with secondary amenorrhea suffering from Cushing's disease, before and after transsphenoidal adenectomy. Author(s): Hompes PG, Scheele F, Gooren LJ, Schoemaker J. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1992 April; 57(4): 924-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1555709&dopt=Abstract

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Quality of life after laparoscopic bilateral adrenalectomy for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Hawn MT, Cook D, Deveney C, Sheppard BC. Source: Surgery. 2002 December; 132(6): 1064-8; Discussion 1068-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490856&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative analysis of the pituitary fossa and gland in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Momose KJ, Kjellberg RN, Kliman B. Source: Acta Radiologica. Supplementum. 1976; 347: 537-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=207145&dopt=Abstract

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Radiation therapy for Cushing's disease: a review. Author(s): Mahmoud-Ahmed AS, Suh JH. Source: Pituitary. 2002; 5(3): 175-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12812309&dopt=Abstract

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Radiosurgery and Cushing's disease. Author(s): Post KD. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2000 November; 93(5): 907-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11059682&dopt=Abstract

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Radiosurgery for Cushing's disease after failed transsphenoidal surgery. Author(s): Sheehan JM, Vance ML, Sheehan JP, Ellegala DB, Laws ER Jr. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2000 November; 93(5): 738-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11059652&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrence of Cushing's disease after long-term remission due to pituitary apoplexy. Author(s): Kamiya Y, Jin-No Y, Tomita K, Suzuki T, Ban K, Sugiyama N, Mase M, Sakuma N, Kimura G. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2000 December; 47(6): 793-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11228056&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent Cushing's disease after transsphenoidal surgery. Author(s): Tahir AH, Sheeler LR. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1992 May; 152(5): 977-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1580725&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent Cushing's disease associated with nephrotic syndrome. Author(s): Tatsumi T, Morishima T, Watarai T, Kubota M, Kodama M, Matsuhisa M, Imano E, Izumi M, Takama T, Shin S, et al. Source: Intern Med. 1995 January; 34(1): 10-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7718971&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent Cushing's disease with low adrenal androgen production. Author(s): Louard RJ, Gelfand RA. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1991 December; 14(11): 965-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1666899&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent Cushing's disease: successful treatment by pituitary irradiation or transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in two cases. Author(s): Caplan RH, Annis BL. Source: Neurosurgery. 1980 August; 7(2): 160-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6252506&dopt=Abstract

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Regulation of glucocorticoid receptors in human mononuclear cells: effects of glucocorticoid treatment, Cushing's disease and ketoconazole. Author(s): Pardes E, De Yampey JE, Moses DF, De Nicola AF. Source: The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 1991 August; 39(2): 233-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1888683&dopt=Abstract

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Remission of pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease after removal of nonneoplastyic pituitary gland. Author(s): Taylor HC, Velasco ME, Brodkey JS. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1980 October; 140(10): 1366-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6252859&dopt=Abstract

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Resistance to vasopressin action on the kidney in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Knoepfelmacher M, Pradal MJ, Dio RD, Salgado LR, Semer M, Wajchenberg BL, Liberman B. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1997 August; 137(2): 162-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9272104&dopt=Abstract

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Resolution of Cushing's disease followed by secondary adrenal insufficiency after anticoagulant-associated pituitary hemorrhage: report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Taylor HC, McLean S, Monheim K. Source: Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 2003 March-April; 9(2): 14751. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917078&dopt=Abstract

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Response of serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor levels to stimulation or suppression of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in normal subjects and patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Isidori AM, Kaltsas GA, Korbonits M, Pyle M, Gueorguiev M, Meinhardt A, Metz C, Petrovsky N, Popovic V, Bucala R, Grossman AB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 April; 87(4): 183440. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11932327&dopt=Abstract

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Restoration of dexamethasone suppression by incomplete adenomectomy in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Jeffcoate WJ, Dauncey S, Selby C. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1985 August; 23(2): 193-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4053415&dopt=Abstract

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Results of external pituitary irradiation after unsuccessful transsphenoidal surgery in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Vicente A, Estrada J, de la Cuerda C, Astigarraga B, Marazuela M, Blanco C, Lucas T, Barcelo B. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1991 November; 125(5): 470-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1661997&dopt=Abstract

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Results of transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease in patients with no histologically confirmed tumor. Author(s): Sheehan JM, Lopes MB, Sheehan JP, Ellegala D, Webb KM, Laws ER Jr. Source: Neurosurgery. 2000 July; 47(1): 33-6; Discussion 37-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10917344&dopt=Abstract

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Rhythms of pituitary-adrenal activity during sleep in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Bierwolf C, Kern W, Molle M, Born J, Fehm HL. Source: Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes : Official Journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association. 2000; 108(7): 470-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11083068&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors and long-term outcome in pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease. Author(s): Sonino N, Zielezny M, Fava GA, Fallo F, Boscaro M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996 July; 81(7): 2647-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8675592&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for brain infarction in patients with Cushing's disease. Case reports. Author(s): Mizokami T, Okamura K, Sato K, Kuroda T, Sadoshima S, Fujishima M. Source: Angiology. 1996 October; 47(10): 1011-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8873587&dopt=Abstract

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Role of bilateral adrenalectomy in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Favia G, Boscaro M, Lumachi F, D'Amico DF. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 1994 July-August; 18(4): 462-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7725729&dopt=Abstract

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Sequential inferior petrosal venous sampling for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Cuneo R, Ross D, MacFarlane M, Espiner E, Donald RA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1985 August 29; 313(9): 582. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2991764&dopt=Abstract

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Serendipitous detection of Cushing's disease by FDG positron emission tomography and a review of the literature. Author(s): Komori T, Martin WH, Graber AL, Delbeke D. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002 March; 27(3): 176-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11852303&dopt=Abstract

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Serotonin, Cushing's disease, and depression. Author(s): Sonino N, Fava GA. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1996 March-April; 65(2): 63-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8711083&dopt=Abstract

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Severe impairment of bone mass and turnover in Cushing's disease: comparison between childhood-onset and adulthood-onset disease. Author(s): Di Somma C, Pivonello R, Loche S, Faggiano A, Marzullo P, Di Sarno A, Klain M, Salvatore M, Lombardi G, Colao A. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2002 February; 56(2): 153-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11874405&dopt=Abstract

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Severe kyphosis secondary to glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in a young adult with Cushing's disease. A case report and literature review. Author(s): Freehill AK, Lenke LG. Source: Spine. 1999 January 15; 24(2): 189-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9926392&dopt=Abstract

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Short stature due to growth hormone deficiency associated with Cushing's disease and ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Kotake M, Nakai A, Mokuno T, Oda N, Sawai Y, Itoh Y, Shimazaki K, Kato R, Hayakawa N, Uchikawa A, Oiso Y, Hirooka Y, Mitsuma T, Itoh M, Nagasaka A. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1996 October; 28(10): 565-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8934218&dopt=Abstract

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Sleep architecture and sleep apnea in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Shipley JE, Schteingart DE, Tandon R, Starkman MN. Source: Sleep. 1992 December; 15(6): 514-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1335612&dopt=Abstract

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Spine abnormalities and damage in patients cured from Cushing's disease. Author(s): Faggiano A, Pivonello R, Filippella M, Di Somma C, Orio F Jr, Lombard G, Colao A. Source: Pituitary. 2001 August; 4(3): 153-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12138988&dopt=Abstract

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Stimulatory effect of oCRH on alpha-subunit secretion during petrosal sinus sampling in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Vignati F, Berselli ME, Boccardi E, Branca V, Loli P. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1992 November; 24(11): 524-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1280612&dopt=Abstract

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Subclinical Cushing's disease accompanied by malignant hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Nagai T, Imamura M, Misumi S, Mori M. Source: Intern Med. 2002 July; 41(7): 566-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12132526&dopt=Abstract

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Subcutaneous sarcoidosis following hypophysectomy for pituitary microadenoma inducing Cushing's disease. Author(s): Marzano AV, Gasparini G, Caputo R, Alessi E. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 October; 37(10): 798. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9802695&dopt=Abstract

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Successful long-term treatment of refractory Cushing's disease with high-dose mifepristone (RU 486). Author(s): Chu JW, Matthias DF, Belanoff J, Schatzberg A, Hoffman AR, Feldman D. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 August; 86(8): 3568-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11502780&dopt=Abstract

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Suppressibility of plasma adrenocorticotropin by hydrocortisone: potential usefulness in the diagnosis of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Streeten DH, Anderson GH Jr, Brennan S, Jones C. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998 April; 83(4): 111420. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9543127&dopt=Abstract

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Supra- and extrasellar pituitary microadenoma as a cause of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Murakami N, Furuto-Kato S, Fujisawa I, Ohyama K, Nakao S, Kuwayama A, Kageyama N. Source: Endocrine Journal. 1998 October; 45(5): 631-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10395243&dopt=Abstract

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Suprasellar germinoma associated with Cushing's disease and diabetes insipidus in a child. Author(s): Coufal F, Linarelli L, James HE, Krous H. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1998 July; 29(1): 19-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9755307&dopt=Abstract

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Symptomatic spinal epidural lipomatosis in a patient with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Sivakumar K, Sheinart K, Lidov M, Cohen B. Source: Neurology. 1995 December; 45(12): 2281-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8848210&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic lupus erythematosus after pituitary adenomectomy in a patient with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Noguchi Y, Tamai H, Fujisawa K, Nagano J, Mukuta T, Komaki G, Masubayashi S, Kubo C, Torisu M, Nakagaki H, Imayama S. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1998 May; 48(5): 670-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9666882&dopt=Abstract

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The association of Cushing's disease and primary empty sella turcica. Author(s): Manavela MP, Goodall CM, Katz SB, Moncet D, Bruno OD. Source: Pituitary. 2001 August; 4(3): 145-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12138987&dopt=Abstract

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The complete normalization of the adrenocortical function as the criterion of cure after transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Estrada J, Garcia-Uria J, Lamas C, Alfaro J, Lucas T, Diez S, Salto L, Barcelo B. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 December; 86(12): 5695-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11739423&dopt=Abstract

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The fibrinolytic potential in patients with Cushing's disease: a clue to their hypercoagulable state. Author(s): Patrassi GM, Sartori MT, Viero ML, Scarano L, Boscaro M, Girolami A. Source: Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 1992 December; 3(6): 789-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1489900&dopt=Abstract

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The neurosurgical management of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Reitmeyer M, Vance ML, Laws ER Jr. Source: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 2002 November 29; 197(1-2): 73-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12431799&dopt=Abstract

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The use of postoperative ACTH levels as a marker for successful transsphenoidal microsurgery in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Flitsch J, Knappe UJ, Ludecke DK. Source: Zentralblatt Fur Neurochirurgie. 2003; 64(1): 6-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12582940&dopt=Abstract

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The value of adrenal autotransplantation with attached blood vessels for the treatment of Cushing's disease: a preliminary report. Author(s): Xu YM, Chen ZD, Qiao Y, Jin NT. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1992 May; 147(5): 1209-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1569650&dopt=Abstract

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Transsphenoidal pituitary surgery in Cushing's disease: can we predict outcome? Author(s): Chee GH, Mathias DB, James RA, Kendall-Taylor P. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2001 May; 54(5): 617-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11380492&dopt=Abstract

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Transsphenoidal resection in Cushing's disease: undetectable serum cortisol as the definition of successful treatment. Author(s): Trainer PJ, Lawrie HS, Verhelst J, Howlett TA, Lowe DG, Grossman AB, Savage MO, Afshar F, Besser GM. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1993 January; 38(1): 73-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8435888&dopt=Abstract

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Transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease: defining cure and following outcome. Author(s): Newell-Price J. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2002 January; 56(1): 19-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11849241&dopt=Abstract

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Transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease: endocrinological follow-up monitoring of 82 patients. Author(s): Shimon I, Ram Z, Cohen ZR, Hadani M. Source: Neurosurgery. 2002 July; 51(1): 57-61; Discussion 61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12182435&dopt=Abstract

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Uncommon clinical course of multiple osteochondromatosis in a patient with a longterm history of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Faggiano A, Pivonello R, Ruosi C, Somma E, Imbimbo M, Filippella M, Lombardi G, Colao A. Source: Pituitary. 2001 August; 4(3): 187-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12138992&dopt=Abstract

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Undetectable postoperative cortisol does not always predict long-term remission in Cushing's disease: a single centre audit. Author(s): Yap LB, Turner HE, Adams CB, Wass JA. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2002 January; 56(1): 25-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11849243&dopt=Abstract

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Undetectable urinary free cortisol concentrations in a case of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Issa BG, Page MD, Read G, John R, Douglas-Jones A, Scanlon MF. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1999 February; 140(2): 148-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10069659&dopt=Abstract

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Unilateral adrenalectomy and pituitary irradiation in the treatment of ACTHdependent Cushing's disease in children and adolescents. Author(s): Landau B, Leiba S, Kaufman H, Servadio C, Wainrach B. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1978 September; 9(3): 221-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=213218&dopt=Abstract

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Unilateral adrenalectomy and pituitary irradiation in the treatment of ACTHdependent Cushing's disease in children and adolescents. Author(s): Odell WD. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1979 July; 11(1): 117-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=519870&dopt=Abstract

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Unpredictable hypersecretion of cortisol in Cushing's disease: detection by daily salivary cortisol measurements. Author(s): Hermus AR, Pieters GF, Borm GF, Verhofstad AA, Smals AG, Benraad TJ, Kloppenborg PW. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1993 May; 128(5): 428-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8391195&dopt=Abstract

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Unrestrained production of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and its peptide fragments by pituitary corticotroph adenomas in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Bertagna X. Source: The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 1992 October; 43(5): 379-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1327071&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual association of adrenal angiosarcoma and Cushing's disease. Author(s): Invitti C, Pecori Giraldi F, Cavagnini F, Sonzogni A. Source: Hormone Research. 2001; 56(3-4): 124-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11847475&dopt=Abstract

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Usefulness of the corticotropin-releasing hormone test during bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling for the diagnosis of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Tabarin A, Greselle JF, San-Galli F, Leprat F, Caille JM, Latapie JL, Guerin J, Roger P. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1991 July; 73(1): 53-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1646218&dopt=Abstract

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Usefulness of the desmopressin test in the postoperative evaluation of patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Colombo P, Dall'Asta C, Barbetta L, Re T, Passini E, Faglia G, Ambrosi B. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2000 August; 143(2): 227-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10913942&dopt=Abstract

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Value of the 30 min ACTH-test in assessing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical function after pituitary surgery in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Kehlet H, Lindholm J, Bjerre P. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1984 March; 20(3): 349-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6327122&dopt=Abstract

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Vasopressin levels in Cushing's disease: inferior petrosal sinus assay, response to corticotrophin-releasing hormone and comparison with patients without Cushing's disease. Author(s): Colao A, Ferone D, Di Sarno A, Tripodi FS, Cerbone G, Marzullo P, Boudouresque F, Oliver C, Merola B, Lombardi G. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1996 August; 45(2): 157-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8881447&dopt=Abstract

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Venous thrombo-embolism following inferior petrosal sinus sampling in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Obuobie K, Davies JS, Ogunko A, Scanlon MF. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2000 September; 23(8): 542-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11021772&dopt=Abstract

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What can predict postoperative “endocrinological cure” in Cushing's disease? Author(s): Nishizawa S, Oki Y, Ohta S, Yokota N, Yokoyama T, Uemura K. Source: Neurosurgery. 1999 August; 45(2): 239-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10449067&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CUSHING’S DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Cushing’s disease.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Cushing’s Disease The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “Cushing’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “Cushing’s disease” (or a synonym): •

A bromocriptine-responsive corticotroph adenoma secreting alpha-MSH in a patient with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Department of Chemical Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK. Source: Hale, A C Coates, P J Doniach, I Howlett, T A Grossman, A Rees, L H Besser, G M Clin-Endocrinol-(Oxf). 1988 February; 28(2): 215-23 0300-0664

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A case of Cushing's disease successfully treated with bromocriptine. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan. Source: Sumiya, N Hiramatsu, K Arimori, S Jpn-J-Med. 1990 Mar-April; 29(2): 185-90 0021-5120

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A correlative study between cortisol and ACTH in Cushing's disease following bilateral adrenalectomy and in Nelson's syndrome. Author(s): Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw. Source: Kasperlik Zaluska, A Niegowska, E Migdalska, B Jeske, W Zielinski, M Endokrynol-Pol. 1992; 43(3): 314-21 0423-104X

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A multihormonal response to corticotropin-releasing hormone in inferior petrosal sinus blood of patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Medizinische Klinik II, Universitat zu Koln, Germany. Source: Allolio, B Gunther, R W Benker, G Reinwein, D Winkelmann, W Schulte, H M JClin-Endocrinol-Metab. 1990 November; 71(5): 1195-201 0021-972X

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A suppressive effect of dexamethasone (DEX) on adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) response to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in Cushing's disease: a parallel modulation by DEX of ACTH responses to VIP and corticotropin-releasing hormone. Author(s): Third Department of Internal Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan. Source: Watanobe, H Tamura, T Neuropeptides. 1997 February; 31(1): 35-40 0143-4179

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Abnormal responses to vasoactive intestinal peptide and corticotropin releasing hormone during the spontaneous remission of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Istituto di Clinica Medica e Terapia Medica, Universita di Messina, School of Medicine, Italy. Source: Cannavo, S Li Calzi, L Aragona, A Trimarchi, F J-Endocrinol-Invest. 1988 June; 11(6): 425-8 0391-4097

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Acceleration of pubertal development following pituitary radiotherapy for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK. Source: Nicholl, R M Kirk, J M Grossman, A B Plowman, P N Besser, G M Savage, M O Clin-Oncol-(R-Coll-Radiol). 1993; 5(6): 393-4 0936-6555

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ACTH response to corticotropin releasing hormone in Cushing's disease before and after ketoconazole: in vivo and in vitro studies. Author(s): Institute of Semeiotica Medica, University of Padua, Italy. Source: Boscaro, M Sonino, N Rampazzo, A Menegus, A M Mantero, F Horm-MetabRes-Suppl. 1987; 1660-2 0170-5903

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Adrenocorticotropin and cortisol hyperresponsiveness to hexarelin in patients with Cushing's disease bearing a pituitary microadenoma, but not in those with macroadenoma. Author(s): Division of Endocrinology, University of Turin, Ancona, Italy. Source: Arvat, E Giordano, R Ramunni, J Arnaldi, G Colao, A Deghenghi, R Lombardi, G Mantero, F Camanni, F Ghigo, E J-Clin-Endocrinol-Metab. 1998 December; 83(12): 4207-11 0021-972X

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Apparently complete restoration of normal daily adrenocorticotropin, cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin secretory dynamics in adults with Cushing's disease after clinically successful transsphenoidal adenomectomy. Author(s): Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands. Source: Veldman, R G Frolich, M Pincus, S M Veldhuis, J D Roelfsema, F J-ClinEndocrinol-Metab. 2000 November; 85(11): 4039-46 0021-972X

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Beneficial effects of high daily dose bromocriptine treatment in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Third Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Mercado Asis, L B Yasuda, K Murayama, M Mune, T Morita, H Miura, K Endocrinol-Jpn. 1992 August; 39(4): 385-95 0013-7219

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Bilateral sequential inferior petrosal sinus sampling with corticotrophin-releasing hormone stimulation in the diagnosis of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Department of Endocrinology, The General Infirmary at Leeds, UK. Source: Padayatty, S J Orme, S M Nelson, M Lamb, J T Belchetz, P E Eur-J-Endocrinol. 1998 August; 139(2): 161-6 0804-4643

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Body composition determined by six different methods in women bilaterally adrenalectomized for treatment of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Source: Kemink, S A Frijns, J T Hermus, A R Pieters, G F Smals, A G van Marken Lichtenbelt, W D J-Clin-Endocrinol-Metab. 1999 November; 84(11): 3991-9 0021-972X

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Bromocriptine-responsive Cushing's disease associated with anterior pituitary corticotroph hyperplasia or normal pituitary gland. Author(s): Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands. Source: Croughs, R J Koppeschaar, H P van't Verlaat, J W McNicol, A M J-ClinEndocrinol-Metab. 1989 February; 68(2): 495-8 0021-972X

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Combined reserpine and pituitary irradiation therapy for Cushing's disease patients following unsuccessful transsphenoidal microsurgery. Author(s): Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kumamoto University Medical School, Japan. Source: Sasaki, M Umeda, T Iwaoka, T Inoue, J Sato, T Endocrinol-Jpn. 1990 August; 37(4): 591-7 0013-7219

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Complications in a contemporary series of patients who underwent transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease. Author(s): Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cape Town, South Africa. Source: Semple, P L Laws, E R J-Neurosurg. 1999 August; 91(2): 175-9 0022-3085

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Cortisol-suppressible dexamethasone-nonsuppressible cyclic Cushing's disease with evidence of clinical and biochemical remission with bromocriptine. Author(s): Third Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan.

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Source: Mercado Asis, L B Murayama, M Yamakita, N Morita, H Mune, T Yasuda, K Miura, K Endocrinol-Jpn. 1991 June; 38(3): 315-24 0013-7219 •

CRH test after pituitary microsurgery suggests tertiary adrenocortical insufficiency in successful operated patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Neurochirurgische Klinik, University of Erlangen-Nurberg, West Germany. Source: Schrell, U Fahlbusch, R Buchfelder, M Riedl, S Stalla, G K Muller, O A HormMetab-Res-Suppl. 1987; 1664-5 0170-5903

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Cushing's disease: a new approach to therapy in equine and canine patients. Author(s): Kingley Veterinary Centre, Oldwick Farm, Lavant, West Sussex, UK. Source: Elliott, M Br-Homeopath-J. 2001 January; 90(1): 33-6 0007-0785

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Cyclical Cushing's disease and its successful control under sodium valproate. Author(s): Endocrinology, Universite de Liege, Belgium. Source: Beckers, A Stevenaert, A Pirens, G Flandroy, P Sulon, J Hennen, G J-EndocrinolInvest. 1990 December; 13(11): 923-9 0391-4097

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Effect of ketoconazole on CRH-induced ACTH and cortisol release in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Divisione di Endocrinologia, Ospedale Niguarda, Milan, Italy. Source: Berselli, M E Tagliaferri, M Vignati, F Loli, P Horm-Metab-Res-Suppl. 1987; 1658-9 0170-5903

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Epidural lipomatosis not induced by corticosteroid therapy. Three cases including one in a patient with primary Cushing's disease (review of the literature). Author(s): Department of Rheumatology A, Cochin Hospital, Paris. Source: Benamou, P H Hilliquin, P Chemla, N Chevrot, A Cormier, C Menkes, C J RevRhum-Engl-Ed. 1996 March; 63(3): 207-12 1169-8446

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Failure of long-term therapy with sodium valproate in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy. Source: Colao, A Pivonello, R Tripodi, F S Orio, F Ferone, D Cerbone, G Di Somma, C Merola, B Lombardi, G J-Endocrinol-Invest. 1997 Jul-August; 20(7): 387-92 0391-4097

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Familial Cushing's disease with severe weight loss occurring in late childhood. Author(s): Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Source: Cameron, F J Warne, G L J-Paediatr-Child-Health. 1997 February; 33(1): 74-7 1034-4810

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Growth hormone deficiency and replacement in hypopituitary patients previously treated for acromegaly or Cushing's disease. Author(s): Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. [email protected] Source: Feldt Rasmussen, Ulla Abs, Roger Bengtsson, Bengt Ake Bennmarker, Helge Bramnert, Margareta Hernberg Stahl, Elizabeth Monson, John P Westberg, Bjorn Wilton, Patrick Wuster, Christian Eur-J-Endocrinol. 2002 January; 146(1): 67-74 0804-4643

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In vivo and in vitro studies in a patient with cyclical Cushing's disease showing some responsiveness to bromocriptine. Author(s): Third Department of Internal Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan. Source: Watanobe, H Aoki, R Takebe, K Nakazono, M Kudo, M Horm-Res. 1991; 36(5-6): 227-34 0301-0163

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Inefficiency of the anticoagulant therapy in the regression of the radiation-induced optic neuropathy in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Endocrinology Department, Sao Joao Hospital and Oporto Medical School, Alameda Hernani Monteiro, Porto, Portugal. Source: Barbosa, A P Carvalho, D Marques, L Monteiro, M Castro Neves, A Machado Carvalho, A Cruz, J Medina, J L J-Endocrinol-Invest. 1999 April; 22(4): 301-5 0391-4097

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Linear growth and final height after treatment for Cushing's disease in childhood. Author(s): Pediatric Endocrinology Section, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom. Source: Lebrethon, M C Grossman, A B Afshar, F Plowman, P N Besser, G M Savage, M O J-Clin-Endocrinol-Metab. 2000 September; 85(9): 3262-5 0021-972X

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Long term follow-up of Cushing's disease treated with reserpine and pituitary irradiation followed by subtotal adrenalectomy. Author(s): Third Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Murayama, M Yasuda, K Minamori, Y Mercado Asis, L B Yamakita, N Morita, H Miura, K Tohoku-J-Exp-Med. 1994 February; 172(2): 97-109 0040-8727

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Long-term results of treatment of Cushing's disease by adrenalectomy. Author(s): Department of Surgery, National Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway. Source: Grabner, P Hauer Jensen, M Jervell, J Flatmark, A Eur-J-Surg. 1991 August; 157(8): 461-4 1102-4151

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Macroprolactinoma associated with Cushing's disease, successfully treated with cabergoline. Author(s): Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital, Gent, Belgium. [email protected] Source: T'Sjoen, G Defeyter, I Van, D Rubens, R Vandeweghe, M J-Endocrinol-Invest. 2002 February; 25(2): 172-5 0391-4097

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Mechanism of impaired growth hormone secretion in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Japan. Source: Takahashi, H Bando, H Zhang, C Yamasaki, R Saito, S Acta-Endocrinol(Copenh). 1992 July; 127(1): 13-7 0001-5598

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Normal final height and apparent cure after pituitary irradiation for Cushing's disease in childhood: long-term follow-up of anterior pituitary function. Author(s): Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK. Source: Johnston, L B Grossmann, A B Plowman, P N Besser, G M Savage, M O ClinEndocrinol-(Oxf). 1998 May; 48(5): 663-7 0300-0664

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Pituitary macroadenoma and Cushing's disease in pediatric patients: patient report and review of the literature. Author(s): Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Instituto da Crianca, Hospital das Clinicas Sao Paulo University School of Medicine, Brazil. Source: Damiani, D Aguiar, C H Crivellaro, C E Galvao, J A Dichtchekenian, V Setian, N J-Pediatr-Endocrinol-Metab. 1998 Sep-October; 11(5): 665-9

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Prolonged remission of Cushing's disease following bromocriptine therapy. Source: McKenna, M J Linares, M Mellinger, R C Henry-Ford-Hosp-Med-J. 1987; 35(4): 188-91 0018-0416

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Pyridostigmine enhances even if it does not normalize the growth hormone responses to growth hormone-releasing hormone in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Cattedra di Clinica Medica, Universita di Brescia, Italia. Source: Giustina, A Bossoni, S Bodini, C Ferrari, C Pizzocolo, G Scalvini, T Schettino, M Wehrenberg, W B Horm-Res. 1991; 35(3-4): 99-103 0301-0163

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Reduction of pituitary tumor size with clinical and biochemical improvement with bromocriptine in a normoprolactinemic Cushing's disease. Author(s): Third Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Hayashi, H Mercado Asis, L B Murayama, M Yamakita, N Yasuda, K Miura, K Endocrinol-Jpn. 1990 December; 37(6): 875-82 0013-7219

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Resistance to vasopressin action on the kidney in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Endocrine Service, Hospital das Clinicas FMUSP, Brazil. Source: Knoepfelmacher, M Pradal, M J Dio, R D Salgado, L R Semer, M Wajchenberg, B L Liberman, B Eur-J-Endocrinol. 1997 August; 137(2): 162-6 0804-4643

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Short stature due to growth hormone deficiency associated with Cushing's disease and ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Fujita-Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan. Source: Kotake, M Nakai, A Mokuno, T Oda, N Sawai, Y Itoh, Y Shimazaki, K Kato, R Hayakawa, N Uchikawa, A Oiso, Y Hirooka, Y Mitsuma, T Itoh, M Nagasaka, A HormMetab-Res. 1996 October; 28(10): 565-9 0018-5043

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The effect of cyproheptadine and/or bromocriptine on plasma ACTH levels in patients cured of Cushing's disease by bilateral adrenalectomy. Author(s): Sir George E. Clark Metabolic Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK. Source: Whitehead, H M Beacom, R Sheridan, B Atkinson, A B Clin-Endocrinol-(Oxf). 1990 February; 32(2): 193-201 0300-0664

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The effect of pulsatile human corticotropin-releasing hormone administration on the adrenal insufficiency that follows cure of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20892. Source: Avgerinos, P C Nieman, L K Oldfield, E H Loughlin, T Barnes, K M Loriaux, D L Cutler, G B J-Clin-Endocrinol-Metab. 1989 May; 68(5): 912-6 0021-972X

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The effect of sodium valproate in Cushing's disease, Nelson's syndrome and Addison's disease. Author(s): II. Medizinische Universitatsklinik, Koln-Merheim. Source: Reincke, M Allolio, B Kaulen, D Jaursch Hancke, C Winkelmann, W KlinWochenschr. 1988 August 1; 66(15): 686-9 0023-2173

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The ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation test is superior to the human CRH stimulation test for the diagnosis of Cushing's disease. Author(s): Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20892. Source: Nieman, L K Cutler, G B Oldfield, E H Loriaux, D L Chrousos, G P J-ClinEndocrinol-Metab. 1989 July; 69(1): 165-9 0021-972X

•

The relationship between cortisol and ACTH in patients with Cushing's disease following neurosurgery or pharmacotherapy. Source: Kasperlik Zaluska, A Migdalska, B Jeske, W Wisniewska Wozniak, T Sek, S Endokrynol-Pol. 1989; 40(2): 63-7 0423-104X

Nutrition

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•

Trandolapril in Cushing's disease: short-term trandolapril treatment in patients with Cushing's disease and essential hypertension. Author(s): Clinical Centre of Endocrinology and Gerontology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria. Source: Zacharieva, S Torbova, S Orbetzova, M Vergilova, J Nachev, E Wippermann, M Baurenski, L Angelova Gateva, P Tzingilev, D Methods-Find-Exp-Clin-Pharmacol. 1998 June; 20(5): 433-8 0379-0355

•

Treatment of Cushing's disease by transsphenoidal, pituitary microsurgery: prognosis factors and long-term follow-up. Author(s): Services d'Endocrinologie, Algiers, Algeria. Source: Bakiri, F Tatai, S Aouali, R Semrouni, M Derome, P Chitour, F Benmiloud, M JEndocrinol-Invest. 1996 October; 19(9): 572-80 0391-4097

•

Treatment with pergolide or cyproheptadine of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (equine Cushing's disease). Author(s): Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA. [email protected] Source: Donaldson, M T LaMonte, B H Morresey, P Smith, G Beech, J J-Vet-Intern-Med. 2002 Nov-December; 16(6): 742-6 0891-6640

•

Use of bromocriptine for treatment of Cushing's disease caused by an adenoma originating from the intermediate lobe of the pituitary. Source: Romer, T E Lastowiecki, P M Klimaszewski, J Endokrynol-Pol. 1987; 38(1): 97105 0423-104X

•

Venous thrombo-embolism following inferior petrosal sinus sampling in Cushing's disease. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK. Source: Obuobie, K Davies, J S Ogunko, A Scanlon, M F J-Endocrinol-Invest. 2000 September; 23(8): 542-4 0391-4097

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CUSHING’S DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Cushing’s disease. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Cushing’s disease and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Cushing’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Cushing’s disease: •

A case of adrenocortical carcinoma associated with recurrence after laparoscopic surgery. Author(s): Iino K, Oki Y, Sasano H. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2000 August; 53(2): 243-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10931107&dopt=Abstract

•

Dopamine D2 receptor imaging in pituitary adenomas using iodine-123-epidepride and SPECT. Author(s): Pirker W, Riedl M, Luger A, Czech T, Rossler K, Asenbaum S, Angelberger P, Kornhuber J, Deecke L, Podreka I, Brucke T. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1996 December; 37(12): 1931-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8970508&dopt=Abstract

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•

Effect of large doses of 131I-19-iodocholesterol on metapyralone-induced adrenal cortical hyperplasia in dogs. Author(s): Anderson BG, Beierwaltes WH, Nishiyama RH, Ice RD. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1975 October; 16(10): 928-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=170381&dopt=Abstract

•

Favorable response of metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma to etoposide, adriamycin and cisplatin (EAP) chemotherapy. Report of two cases. Author(s): Berruti A, Terzolo M, Paccotti P, Veglio F, Pia A, Dogliotti L, Angeli A. Source: Tumori. 1992 October 31; 78(5): 345-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1494808&dopt=Abstract

•

Imaging of pituitary tumours. Author(s): De Herder WW, Lamberts SW. Source: Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 April; 9(2): 367-89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7625990&dopt=Abstract

•

Parathyroid hormone secretion in chronic human endogenous hypercortisolism. Author(s): Lanna CM, Paula FJ, Montenegro RM Jr, Moreira AC, Foss MC. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 2002 February; 35(2): 229-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11847527&dopt=Abstract

•

Serendipitous detection of Cushing's disease by FDG positron emission tomography and a review of the literature. Author(s): Komori T, Martin WH, Graber AL, Delbeke D. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002 March; 27(3): 176-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11852303&dopt=Abstract

•

The antiglucocorticoid action of mifepristone. Author(s): Agarwai MK. Source: Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1996; 70(3): 183-213. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8888066&dopt=Abstract

•

The role of nutritional therapy in the treatment of equine Cushing's syndrome and laminitis. Author(s): Harman J, Ward M. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2001 September; 6 Suppl: S4-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11591169&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 63

•

Treatment of iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome in dogs with electroacupuncture stimulation of stomach 36. Author(s): Lin JH, Su HL, Chang SH, Shien YS, Wu LS. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1991; 19(1): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1897497&dopt=Abstract

•

Usefulness of CT scan, MRI and radiocholesterol scintigraphy for adrenal imaging in Cushing's syndrome. Author(s): Lumachi F, Zucchetta P, Marzola MC, Bui F, Casarrubea G, Angelini F, Favia G. Source: Nuclear Medicine Communications. 2002 May; 23(5): 469-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11973488&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CUSHING’S DISEASE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to Cushing’s disease. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on Cushing’s disease include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “Cushing’s disease” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “Cushing’s disease” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “Cushing’s disease” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Adrenalectomy in Cushing's disease A long-term follow-up by Ingrid Ernest; ISBN: 8774940422; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8774940422/icongroupinterna

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The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “Cushing’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:5 •

Lipo-corticotropic hormones and Cushing's disease: symposium held in Paris, May 30-31, 1980 Author: Copinschi, G.; Year: 1980; Basel; New York: Karger, 1980; ISBN: 380553082X

•

Stereotactic radiosurgery in Cushing's disease Author: Rähn, Tiit.; Year: 1980; Stockholm: [s.n.], 1980; ISBN: 9172223154

•

Studies on Cushing's disease with emphasis on measurements of ACTH Author: Thorén, Marja.; Year: 1980; Stockholm: [s.n.], 1980

Chapters on Cushing’s Disease In order to find chapters that specifically relate to Cushing’s disease, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and Cushing’s disease using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “Cushing’s disease” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

5

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON CUSHING’S DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on Cushing’s disease. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Cushing’s Disease The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in Cushing’s disease (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on Cushing’s disease: •

Cushing's disease [motion picture] Source: Wayne State University School of Medicine; produced by Rex Fleming; Year: 1965; Format: Motion picture; Detroit: Wayne State Univ., [1965]

•

Laparoscopic bilateral adrenalectomy for Cushing's disease [videorecording] Source: from the Film Library and the Clinical Congress of ACS; Year: 1992; Format: Videorecording; Woodbury, CT: Davis + Geck Surgical Video Library, [1992]

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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CUSHING’S DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover Cushing’s disease.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on Cushing’s disease is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “Cushing’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to Cushing’s disease. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “Cushing’s disease” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for Cushing’s disease: •

Ritonavir and fluticasone combination may cause Cushing's disease Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 05, 2001

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•

Transsphenoidal surgery effective for Cushing's disease with normal pituitary MRI Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 21, 2000

•

Cardiovascular risk persists in patients cured of Cushing's disease Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 06, 1999

•

Radiotherapy Successful For Cushing's Disease After Failed Surgery Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 16, 1997 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “Cushing’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “Cushing’s disease” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to Cushing’s disease, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “Cushing’s disease” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Cushing’s Disease Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to Cushing’s disease. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering Cushing’s disease that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute6: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

6

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.7 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:8 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

7

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 8 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway9 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.10 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Cushing’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 2885 25 842 0 0 3752

HSTAT11 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.12 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.13 Simply search by “Cushing’s disease” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

9

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

10

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 11 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 12 13

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists14 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.15 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.16 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

14 Adapted 15

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 16 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Cushing’s disease can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internetbased services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Cushing’s disease. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Cushing’s disease. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Cushing’s disease”:

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•

Other guides Addison's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/addisonsdisease.html Adrenal Gland Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/adrenalglanddisorders.html Endocrine Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/endocrinediseases.html Hormones http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hormones.html Pituitary Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pituitarydisorders.html Thyroid Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/thyroiddiseases.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Cushing’s disease. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

Patient Resources

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

83

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Cushing’s disease. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Cushing’s disease. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Cushing’s disease. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Cushing’s disease” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Cushing’s disease”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Cushing’s disease” (or synonyms) into the

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“For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “Cushing’s disease” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

85

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.17

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

17

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)18: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

18

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

87

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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89

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on Cushing’s disease: •

Basic Guidelines for Cushing’s Disease Pituitary Cushing's (Cushing's disease) Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000348.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Cushing’s Disease Backache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003108.htm Buffalo hump Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003112.htm Cessation of menses Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003149.htm Hair, excessive on females Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003148.htm

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Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm High blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003082.htm Impotence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003164.htm Increased urination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003146.htm Mental changes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htm Moon face Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003105.htm Obesity Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003101.htm Thirst Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003085.htm Weakness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm Weight gain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003084.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Cushing’s Disease Cortisol, urine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003703.htm Cranial MRI Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003791.htm Dexamethasone suppression test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003694.htm Fasting glucose Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003482.htm Serum ACTH levels Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003695.htm Serum cortisol Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003693.htm Serum potassium Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003484.htm

Online Glossaries 93

Urine creatinine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003610.htm •

Nutrition for Cushing’s Disease Carbohydrates Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002469.htm Fats Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002468.htm Proteins Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htm

•

Background Topics for Cushing’s Disease Central Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002311.htm Fractures Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000001.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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CUSHING’S DISEASE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 19-Iodocholesterol: 19-Iodocholest-5-en-3 beta-ol. A cholesterol derivative usually substituted with radioactive iodine in the 19 position. The compound is an adrenal cortex scanning agent used in the assessment of patients suspected of having Cushing's syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, pheochromocytoma and adrenal remnants following total adrenalectomy. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenal insufficiency: The reduced secretion of adrenal glands. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the

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stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Alendronate: A nonhormonal medication for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. This drug builds healthy bone, restoring some of the bone loss as a result of osteoporosis. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alpha Cell: A type of cell in the pancreas (in areas called the islets of Langerhans). Alpha cells make and release a hormone called glucagon, which raises the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH]

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Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angiosarcoma: A type of cancer that begins in the lining of blood vessels. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]

Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidiuretic: Suppressing the rate of urine formation. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including

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phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Argipressin: Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2, cyclic 1-6 disulfide. The usual mammalian antidiuretic hormone, it is a cyclic nonapeptide with arginine in position 8 of the chain. Argipressin is used to treat diabetes insipidus and as hemostatic because of its vasoconstrictor action. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight peptides derived from a common precursor and secreted by the heart atria. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 amino acids. [NIH] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH]

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Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Beta-Endorphin: A peptide consisting of amino acid sequence 61-91 of the endogenous pituitary hormone beta-lipotropin. The first four amino acids show a common tetrapeptide sequence with methionine- and leucine enkephalin. The compound shows opiate-like activity. Injection of beta-endorphin induces a profound analgesia of the whole body for several hours. This action is reversed after administration of naloxone. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Brain Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres (cerebral infarction), thalami, basal ganglia, brain stem (brain stem infarctions), or cerebellum secondary to an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH]

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Brain Stem Infarctions: Infarctions that occur in the brain stem which is comprised of the midbrain, pons, and medulla. There are several named syndromes characterized by their distinctive clinical manifestations and specific sites of ischemic injury. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion and is used to treat amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and female infertility, and has been proposed for Parkinson disease. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoid: A type of tumor usually found in the gastrointestinal system (most often in the appendix), and sometimes in the lungs or other sites. Carcinoid tumors are usually benign. [NIH]

Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cavernous Sinus: An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell

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division. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]

Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective

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tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body,

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taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU]

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Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: A neuropeptide released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary gland. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Cryptococcosis: Infection with a fungus of the species Cryptococcus neoformans. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic acid: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the

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cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Desmopressin: A synthetic analog of the natural hormone 8-arginine vasopressin (argipressin). Its action is mediated by the vasopressin receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating factor VIII and von Willebrand factor. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Diurnal: Occurring during the day. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dumping Syndrome: Gastrointestinal nonfunctioning pylorus. [NIH]

symptoms

resulting

from

an

absent

or

Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges)

106 Cushing’s Disease

covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Electroacupuncture: A form of acupuncture using low frequency electrically stimulated needles to produce analgesia and anesthesia and to treat disease. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocrinologist: A doctor that specializes in diagnosing and treating hormone disorders. [NIH]

Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Enkephalin: A natural opiate painkiller, in the hypothalamus. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH]

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Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flexion: In gynaecology, a displacement of the uterus in which the organ is bent so far forward or backward that an acute angle forms between the fundus and the cervix. [EU] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma knife: Radiation therapy in which high-energy rays are aimed at a tumor from many angles in a single treatment session. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH]

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Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrectomy: An operation to remove all or part of the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germinoma: The most frequent type of germ-cell tumor in the brain. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grading: A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. [NIH]

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Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hirsutism: Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is localized or generalized excess hair. [NIH]

Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Human growth hormone: A protein hormone, secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary, which promotes growth of the whole body by stimulating protein synthesis. The human gene has already been cloned and successfully expressed in bacteria. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which

110 Cushing’s Disease

may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hyperaldosteronism: Aldosteronism. [EU] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersecretion: Excessive secretion. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertrichosis: Localized or generalized excess hair. The concept does not include hirsutism, which is excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypophysis: A remnant of the entodermal pouch of Rathke beneath the mucous membrane of the pharynx, which shows pituitary tissue. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens).

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[NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU]

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Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active or passive. Passive ion transport (facilitated diffusion) derives its energy from the concentration gradient of the ion itself and allows the transport of a single solute in one direction (uniport). Active ion transport is usually coupled to an energy-yielding chemical or photochemical reaction such as ATP hydrolysis. This form of primary active transport is called an ion pump. Secondary active transport utilizes the voltage and ion gradients produced by the primary transport to drive the cotransport of other ions or molecules. These

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may be transported in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) direction. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients. [NIH] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Kyphosis: A deformity of the spine characterized by extensive flexion. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Light microscope: A microscope (device to magnify small objects) in which objects are lit directly by white light. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipomatosis: A disorder consisting of the accumulation of abnormal localized, or tumor-like fat in the tissues. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH]

114 Cushing’s Disease

Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Luteal Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with ovulation and ends with menstruation. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meningeal: Refers to the meninges, the tissue covering the brain and spinal cord. [NIH]

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Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microsurgery: Surgical procedures on the cellular level; a light microscope and miniaturized instruments are used. [NIH] Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary Cushing syndrome. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoid: 1. Any of the group of C21 corticosteroids, principally aldosterone, predominantly involved in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance through their effect on ion transport in epithelial cells of the renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium; some also possess varying degrees of glucocorticoid activity. Their secretion is regulated principally by plasma volume, serum potassium concentration and angiotensin II, and to a lesser extent by anterior pituitary ACTH. 2. Of, pertaining to, having

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the properties of, or resembling a mineralocorticoid. [EU] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH]

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Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neurosurgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Oligomenorrhea: Abnormally infrequent menstruation. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Omentum: A fold of the peritoneum (the thin tissue that lines the abdomen) that surrounds the stomach and other organs in the abdomen. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Orderly: A male hospital attendant. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH]

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Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsies: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Hormones: Peptide hormones secreted into the blood by cells in the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. The alpha cells secrete glucagon; the beta cells secrete insulin; the delta cells secrete somatostatin; and the PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. [NIH] Pancreatic Polypeptide: A 36-amino acid polypeptide with physiological regulatory functions. It is secreted by pancreatic tissue. Plasma pancreatic polypeptide increases after ingestion of food, with age, and in disease states. A lack of pancreatic polypeptide in the islets of Langerhans has been associated with the obese syndrome in rats and mice. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which is effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and hyperprolactinemia. It has also been observed to have antihypertensive effects. [NIH]

Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Petrosal Sinus Sampling: Sampling of blood levels of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by withdrawal of blood from the inferior petrosal sinus. The inferior petrosal sinus

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arises from the cavernous sinus and runs to the internal jugular vein. Sampling of blood at this level is a valuable tool in the differential diagnosis of Cushing disease, Cushing syndrome, and other adrenocortical diseases. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pituitary Apoplexy: Sudden hemorrhage or ischemic necrosis involving the pituitary gland which may be associated with acute visual loss, severe headache, meningeal signs, cranial nerve palsies, panhypopituitarism, and rarely coma. The most common cause is hemorrhage (intracranial hemorrhages) related to a pituitary adenoma. Ischemia, meningitis, intracranial hypertension, and other disorders may be associated with this condition. [NIH] Pituitary Diseases: Disorders of the anterior or posterior pituitary gland which usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of pituitary hormones. Pituitary mass lesions may also produce compression of the optic chiasm and other adjacent structures. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma Volume: Volume of plasma in the circulation. It is usually measured by indicator dilution techniques. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness,

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aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Portal Pressure: The venous pressure measured in the portal vein. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an

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antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Pro-Opiomelanocortin: A precursor protein, MW 30,000, synthesized mainly in the anterior pituitary gland but also found in the hypothalamus, brain, and several peripheral tissues. It incorporates the amino acid sequences of ACTH and beta-lipotropin. These two hormones, in turn, contain the biologically active peptides MSH, corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide, alpha-lipotropin, endorphins, and methionine enkephalin. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins F: (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-Trihydroxyprost-13-en-1-oic acid (PGF(1 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11,alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGF(2 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S,17Z)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13,17-trien-1oic acid (PGF(3 alpha)). A family of prostaglandins that includes three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. All naturally occurring PGF have an alpha configuration at the 9carbon position. They stimulate uterine and bronchial smooth muscle and are often used as oxytocics. [NIH] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Pseudotumor Cerebri: A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by headaches; nausea; papilledema, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile tinnitus. Obesity is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of

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age. Chronic papilledema may lead to optic nerve injury (optic nerve diseases) and visual loss (blindness). [NIH] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiologist: A doctor who specializes in creating and interpreting pictures of areas inside the body. The pictures are produced with x-rays, sound waves, or other types of energy. [NIH]

Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability

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to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribonucleic acid: RNA. One of the two nucleic acids found in all cells. The other is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Ribonucleic acid transfers genetic information from DNA to proteins produced by the cell. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the

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mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sella: A deep depression in the shape of a Turkish saddle in the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone in the deepest part of which is lodged the hypophysis cerebri. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serotonin Agonists: Agents that have an affinity for serotonin receptors and are able to mimic the effects of serotonin by stimulating the physiologic activity at the cell receptors. These compounds are used as antidepressants, anxiolytics, and in the treatment of migraine. [NIH]

Serotonin Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate serotonin receptors, thereby blocking the actions of serotonin or serotonin agonists. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock.

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[NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by

126 Cushing’s Disease

refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Sphenoidal: Relating or belonging to the sphenoid bone. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporotrichosis: The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of

Dictionary 127

homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thromboembolism: Obstruction of a vessel by a blood clot that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of

128 Cushing’s Disease

toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, single-chain polypeptide isolated from the intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems. It is also found in several parts of the central and peripheral nervous systems and is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH]

Dictionary 129

Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

131

INDEX 1 19-Iodocholesterol, 62, 95 A Abdominal, 22, 95, 118, 128 Abdominal Pain, 95, 118, 128 Aberrant, 8, 95 Adaptation, 4, 95 Adenoma, 6, 7, 8, 9, 14, 15, 17, 27, 37, 41, 54, 59, 95, 119 Adipocytes, 95, 113 Adjustment, 95 Adrenal Cortex, 95, 96, 103, 104, 110, 120 Adrenal Glands, 95 Adrenal insufficiency, 10, 45, 58, 95 Adrenergic, 95, 98, 105, 113 Adverse Effect, 95, 123, 125 Afferent, 95, 113 Affinity, 4, 95, 96, 124, 125 Agar, 7, 96, 104, 111 Agonist, 4, 96, 100, 105, 116, 118 Airway, 96, 125 Aldosterone, 18, 41, 96, 115 Alendronate, 20, 96 Algorithms, 96, 99 Alkaloid, 96, 100, 123 Alpha Cell, 96, 118 Alpha Particles, 96, 122 Alternative medicine, 70, 96 Amenorrhea, 43, 96, 97, 100 Amino Acid Sequence, 96, 99, 121 Amino Acids, 22, 96, 98, 99, 117, 118, 120, 121 Analog, 24, 96, 105 Anaplasia, 97, 116 Anatomical, 97, 98, 111 Androgens, 95, 97, 103 Anesthesia, 96, 97, 106 Aneurysm, 13, 97 Angiosarcoma, 51, 97 Anorexia, 25, 97 Anorexia Nervosa, 25, 97 Antiallergic, 97, 103, 104 Antibody, 96, 97, 102, 109, 111, 113, 114, 116, 122, 125, 129 Anticoagulant, 29, 45, 57, 97 Antidiuretic, 97, 98, 105 Antiemetic, 97, 98, 115 Antifungal, 97, 113

Antigen, 43, 95, 97, 102, 108, 110, 111, 114 Antihypertensive, 97, 118, 123 Anti-infective, 97, 112 Anti-inflammatory, 97, 103, 105, 108 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 97, 103 Antineoplastic, 97, 103, 120 Antipruritic, 97, 104 Antipsychotic, 97, 123 Anxiety, 98, 123 Apnea, 98 Arginine, 20, 30, 42, 98, 105 Argipressin, 98, 105 Arterial, 98, 99, 101, 103, 110, 121, 127 Arteries, 98, 99, 103, 115, 122 Arterioles, 98, 99 Assay, 6, 52, 98 Atrial, 12, 20, 41, 98, 103, 128 Atrial Natriuretic Factor, 20, 41, 98 Atrioventricular, 98, 103 Atrium, 98, 103, 128, 129 Atrophy, 16, 26, 98 Autoimmune disease, 98 Autoimmunity, 29, 98 Autosuggestion, 98, 110 B Bacteria, 97, 98, 99, 109, 115, 126, 128 Bacterial Physiology, 95, 99 Base, 99, 104, 113 Benign, 7, 11, 12, 95, 99, 100, 109, 116, 122 Beta-Endorphin, 10, 18, 29, 99 Bilateral, 8, 10, 12, 17, 29, 31, 32, 34, 38, 43, 46, 52, 54, 55, 58, 67, 99 Bile, 99, 107, 113, 126 Biochemical, 12, 24, 55, 58, 99, 124 Biosynthesis, 5, 99 Biotechnology, 8, 66, 70, 77, 99 Bladder, 99, 128 Blood Platelets, 99, 124 Blood pressure, 92, 97, 99, 110, 113, 116, 122, 125 Blood vessel, 50, 97, 99, 100, 103, 106, 113, 118, 127, 128 Body Fluids, 99, 105, 125 Bowel, 99, 113, 118, 128 Brachytherapy, 99, 112, 113, 122, 129 Brain Infarction, 46, 99 Brain Stem, 99, 100, 101 Brain Stem Infarctions, 99, 100

132 Cushing’s Disease

Branch, 58, 89, 100, 125, 127 Bromocriptine, 11, 13, 29, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 100 Buccal, 100, 114 C Calcium, 100, 102, 125 Carbohydrate, 100, 103, 120 Carcinogenic, 100, 112, 126 Carcinoid, 39, 100 Carcinoma, 5, 6, 10, 61, 62, 100 Cardiac, 100, 103, 116, 126 Cardiovascular, 13, 40, 70, 100, 124, 128 Case report, 9, 13, 40, 46, 47, 100 Catecholamine, 100, 105, 119 Cavernous Sinus, 10, 14, 18, 31, 35, 38, 100, 119 Cell Cycle, 100, 101, 107 Cell Differentiation, 100, 125 Cell Division, 98, 100, 101, 107, 119 Cell proliferation, 7, 100, 125 Central Nervous System, 6, 101, 107, 109, 110, 124 Cerebellar, 26, 101 Cerebellum, 99, 101 Cerebral, 24, 26, 99, 101, 110 Cerebral hemispheres, 99, 101 Cerebral Infarction, 99, 101, 110 Cerebrum, 101 Chemotherapy, 62, 101 Cholesterol, 95, 99, 101, 126 Chromosomal, 7, 101 Chronic, 4, 20, 62, 101, 105, 111, 122, 128 Circadian, 14, 32, 101 Cisplatin, 62, 101 Clinical trial, 3, 77, 101 Cloning, 99, 101 Cofactor, 101, 121 Colitis, 101 Collagen, 101, 110, 120 Collagen disease, 101, 110 Collapse, 102, 125 Complement, 102 Complementary and alternative medicine, 61, 63, 102 Complementary medicine, 61, 102 Complete remission, 102, 123 Computational Biology, 77, 102 Computed tomography, 22, 102, 103 Computerized axial tomography, 102, 103 Computerized tomography, 102, 103 Concomitant, 9, 24, 103 Constipation, 98, 103, 118

Contraindications, ii, 103 Cor, 6, 9, 14, 24, 37, 41, 42, 52, 54, 58, 103, 104, 121 Coronary, 103, 115 Coronary Thrombosis, 103, 115 Corpus, 103, 114, 120 Corpus Luteum, 103, 114, 120 Cortex, 103 Cortical, 26, 62, 103 Corticosteroid, 4, 21, 56, 103 Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, 9, 14, 24, 37, 41, 42, 52, 54, 58, 104 Cortisone, 9, 104, 105 Cranial, 92, 101, 104, 109, 112, 118, 119, 126 Creatinine, 93, 104 Criterion, 49, 104 Cryptococcosis, 43, 104 Culture Media, 96, 104 Curative, 104, 127 Cutaneous, 104, 114, 126 Cyclic, 55, 98, 104 Cyproheptadine, 58, 59, 104 Cytokine, 6, 104 Cytotoxic, 104, 122, 125 Cytotoxicity, 101, 104 D Databases, Bibliographic, 77, 104 Decidua, 104, 115, 119 Delusions, 104, 122 Density, 4, 104, 117, 125 Deoxyribonucleic, 104, 123 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 104, 123 Depolarization, 104, 125 Depressive Disorder, 19, 105 Desmopressin, 15, 17, 52, 105 Dexamethasone, 9, 17, 35, 45, 54, 55, 92, 105 Diabetes Insipidus, 49, 98, 105 Diabetes Mellitus, 48, 105, 108, 109 Diagnostic procedure, 70, 105 Diastolic, 105, 110 Digestion, 99, 105, 113, 126 Dilatation, 97, 105 Direct, iii, 6, 18, 105, 123 Dissociation, 18, 95, 105 Diurnal, 32, 105 Dopamine, 61, 98, 100, 105, 115, 118 Drug Interactions, 105 Duct, 105, 124 Dumping Syndrome, 104, 105 Duodenum, 99, 105, 126

Index 133

Dura mater, 100, 105, 115 Dysphoric, 105, 106 E Ectopic, 8, 11, 31, 39, 106 Edema, 106, 112, 116 Electroacupuncture, 63, 106 Electrolyte, 96, 103, 106, 115, 120, 125 Electrons, 99, 106, 113, 122 Embolism, 52, 59, 106 Emulsions, 96, 106 Endocrine System, 106, 116 Endocrinologist, 19, 106 Endometrium, 104, 106, 115 Endorphins, 106, 121 Energy balance, 106, 113 Enkephalin, 24, 99, 106, 121 Environmental Health, 76, 78, 106 Enzymatic, 4, 100, 102, 106, 107, 109 Enzyme, 106, 115, 121, 125, 129 Epidemiological, 37, 106 Epidural, 21, 49, 56, 106, 112 Epithelial, 95, 104, 106, 115 Epithelial Cells, 106, 115 Ergot, 100, 107 Esophagus, 107, 126 Estrogen, 7, 107, 121 Etoposide, 62, 107 Exogenous, 12, 107, 121 External-beam radiation, 107, 113, 122, 129 Extracellular, 107, 125 F Family Planning, 77, 107 Fat, 22, 95, 103, 107, 113, 123 Fibrin, 107, 118 Fibrinolytic, 49, 107 Fibrosis, 107, 124 Flexion, 107, 113 Fold, 11, 107, 117 Forearm, 99, 107 Fossa, 43, 101, 107 Fungus, 104, 107 G Gallbladder, 95, 107 Gamma knife, 16, 25, 107 Gamma Rays, 107, 122 Ganglia, 98, 99, 107, 116, 118, 126 Gas, 108, 123, 128 Gastrectomy, 104, 108 Gastrin, 108, 109 Gastrointestinal, 100, 105, 108, 124, 125, 126, 128

Gastrointestinal tract, 108, 124, 125 Gene, 7, 66, 99, 108, 109 Genotype, 108, 119 Germinoma, 49, 108 Giant Cells, 108, 124 Gland, 6, 17, 43, 82, 95, 104, 108, 114, 118, 119, 124, 127 Glucocorticoid, 4, 7, 25, 35, 45, 47, 105, 108, 110, 115 Glucose, 16, 30, 42, 92, 96, 105, 108, 109, 112, 124 Glucose Intolerance, 105, 108 Glycosidic, 108, 117 Gonadal, 108, 126 Gonadotropin, 15, 108 Governing Board, 108, 120 Grade, 108 Grading, 7, 108 Granulocytes, 109, 125, 129 H Haptens, 96, 109 Headache, 92, 109, 110, 119 Hemoglobin, 109, 113 Hemorrhage, 35, 45, 109, 119 Hemostasis, 109, 124 Hepatic, 42, 109 Heredity, 108, 109 Heterogeneity, 26, 96, 109 Hirsutism, 6, 11, 109, 110 Histamine, 98, 104, 109 Histology, 41, 109 Hormonal, 7, 27, 98, 103, 109 Hormone, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 15, 18, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 47, 48, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 62, 96, 98, 99, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 112, 113, 115, 118, 120, 121, 123, 125, 127 Human growth hormone, 27, 109, 125 Hydrocephalus, 109, 112 Hydrocortisone, 48, 110 Hydrolysis, 101, 110, 112, 118, 119, 120, 121 Hydrophobic, 5, 110 Hyperaldosteronism, 95, 110 Hyperplasia, 6, 7, 13, 22, 55, 62, 110 Hypersecretion, 5, 24, 51, 110, 119 Hypersensitivity, 110, 123 Hypertension, 48, 59, 110, 112, 113 Hyperthyroidism, 28, 110 Hypertrichosis, 109, 110 Hypertrophy, 103, 110, 128 Hypophysis, 110, 124

134 Cushing’s Disease

Hypothalamic, 6, 28, 52, 110 Hypothalamus, 104, 106, 110, 119, 121, 125 I Iatrogenic, 63, 110 Id, 60, 63, 82, 88, 90, 110 Idiopathic, 110, 124 Immune response, 97, 98, 103, 104, 109, 110, 126 Immune system, 6, 98, 110, 111, 114, 129 Immunodiffusion, 96, 111 Immunoelectrophoresis, 96, 111 Immunoglobulin, 111, 116 Immunologic, 111, 122 Immunology, 6, 95, 111 Immunosuppressive, 108, 111 Impairment, 36, 47, 111, 115, 122 Implant radiation, 111, 112, 113, 122, 129 In situ, 7, 111 In vitro, 6, 7, 15, 29, 37, 39, 54, 56, 111, 127 In vivo, 4, 6, 7, 15, 29, 39, 54, 56, 111 Indicative, 65, 111, 128 Induction, 97, 98, 111, 121 Infarction, 101, 103, 111, 115 Infection, 104, 111, 114, 117, 123, 126, 129 Infertility, 100, 111 Inflammation, 97, 101, 107, 110, 111, 115, 118, 123, 128 Inhalation, 111, 126 Initiation, 112, 128 Inlay, 112, 123 Inorganic, 101, 112, 116 Insight, 7, 112 Insulin, 5, 30, 32, 112, 118 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 112 Insulin-like, 32, 112 Intermittent, 30, 34, 41, 112 Internal Medicine, 11, 23, 44, 45, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 106, 112 Internal radiation, 112, 113, 122, 129 Interstitial, 99, 112, 113, 129 Intestinal, 112, 128 Intestines, 95, 108, 112 Intracellular, 7, 111, 112, 120, 123, 125 Intracranial Hemorrhages, 110, 112, 119 Intracranial Hypertension, 11, 12, 109, 110, 112, 119 Intrinsic, 96, 112 Invasive, 112, 114 Iodine, 61, 95, 112 Ion Transport, 112, 115 Ionizing, 96, 113, 122

Irradiation, 32, 33, 34, 36, 39, 42, 44, 46, 51, 55, 57, 113, 129 Ischemia, 98, 113, 119 K Kb, 76, 113 Ketanserin, 20, 113 Ketoconazole, 31, 32, 34, 39, 45, 54, 56, 113 Kyphosis, 47, 113 L Lactation, 113, 121 Laxative, 96, 113 Leptin, 27, 113 Lesion, 113 Lethal, 5, 113 Leucine, 42, 99, 113 Library Services, 88, 113 Light microscope, 113, 115 Lipid, 106, 112, 113 Lipomatosis, 21, 49, 56, 113 Liver, 10, 95, 99, 107, 109, 113, 124 Lobe, 59, 101, 109, 113, 121 Localization, 7, 33, 113 Localized, 109, 110, 111, 113, 119 Lupus, 49, 102, 114 Luteal Phase, 114, 115 Lutein Cells, 114, 121 Lymph, 114, 124 Lymph node, 114, 124 Lymphocyte, 97, 114 Lysine, 28, 114 M Macrophage, 45, 114 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 33, 114 Malignant, 48, 97, 114, 116, 122 Malnutrition, 98, 114 Manic, 98, 114, 122 Manic-depressive psychosis, 114, 122 Manifest, 114, 119 Mediate, 7, 105, 114 Mediator, 114, 124 Medical Records, 114, 123 MEDLINE, 77, 114 Membrane, 102, 105, 110, 114, 116, 119, 125 Memory, 36, 97, 114 Meningeal, 114, 119 Meninges, 101, 105, 114, 115 Meningitis, 115, 119 Menstrual Cycle, 114, 115, 121 Menstruation, 96, 104, 114, 115, 117 Mental Disorders, 115, 122 Metabolic disorder, 105, 115

Index 135

Metabolite, 6, 115 Metastasis, 10, 115, 116 Metastatic, 62, 115, 124 Methionine, 99, 115, 121 Metoclopramide, 41, 115 MI, 15, 33, 93, 115 Microbiology, 6, 95, 115 Microorganism, 101, 115, 129 Microsurgery, 16, 50, 55, 56, 59, 115 Mifepristone, 48, 62, 115 Migration, 45, 115 Mineralocorticoid, 4, 115 Mitotic, 107, 116 Modification, 38, 116 Molecular, 4, 5, 7, 10, 25, 32, 41, 45, 49, 51, 56, 77, 79, 98, 99, 102, 116, 121, 123 Molecule, 97, 99, 102, 105, 108, 110, 116, 122, 123, 125 Monitor, 104, 116 Monoclonal, 7, 113, 116, 122, 129 Mononuclear, 45, 116 Motility, 116, 124 Mucosa, 114, 116, 121, 128 Mucus, 116, 128 Myocardium, 115, 116 N Naloxone, 99, 116 Necrosis, 99, 101, 111, 115, 116, 119, 124 Need, 19, 38, 66, 83, 116 Neoplasms, 7, 97, 110, 116, 122 Neoplastic, 97, 110, 116 Nephrosis, 116 Nephrotic, 44, 116 Nephrotic Syndrome, 44, 116 Nerve, 95, 97, 114, 116, 118, 119, 120, 122 Nervous System, 95, 101, 114, 116, 117, 118, 126 Neuroendocrine, 4, 6, 116 Neuropathy, 29, 57, 117 Neuropeptide, 104, 117 Neurosurgery, 9, 13, 17, 23, 31, 33, 37, 44, 46, 49, 50, 52, 55, 58, 117 Neutrons, 96, 113, 117, 122 Norepinephrine, 95, 105, 117, 123 Nuclei, 96, 106, 114, 117, 121 Nucleic acid, 117, 123 Nucleus, 104, 107, 116, 117, 121 O Occult, 8, 39, 117 Oligomenorrhea, 11, 117 Oligosaccharides, 6, 117 Omentum, 19, 117

Opacity, 104, 117 Optic Chiasm, 110, 117, 119 Orderly, 27, 117 Organ Culture, 117, 127 Osteoporosis, 20, 47, 96, 117 Ovum, 103, 104, 117, 120, 121 P Palliative, 118, 127 Palsies, 118, 119 Pancreas, 95, 96, 112, 118, 125 Pancreatic, 5, 27, 118 Pancreatic Hormones, 5, 118 Pancreatic Polypeptide, 118 Parotid, 118, 124 Partial remission, 118, 123 Particle, 26, 118, 125, 128 Parturition, 118, 121 Pathogenesis, 7, 118 Peptide, 4, 12, 51, 98, 99, 113, 118, 120, 121, 127 Peptide Fragments, 51, 118 Perfusion, 118, 127 Pergolide, 59, 118 Peripheral Nervous System, 118, 125, 126, 128 Peritoneum, 117, 118 Peritonitis, 35, 118 Petrosal Sinus Sampling, 8, 12, 18, 23, 28, 30, 48, 52, 55, 59, 118 Pharmacologic, 97, 119, 127 Pharmacotherapy, 58, 119 Phenotype, 4, 9, 119 Phospholipases, 119, 125 Phospholipids, 107, 119 Physiologic, 7, 96, 99, 115, 119, 123, 124 Physiology, 5, 31, 106, 119 Pituitary Apoplexy, 14, 44, 119 Pituitary Diseases, 10, 119 Pituitary Gland, 13, 45, 55, 103, 104, 119, 121 Placenta, 119, 120 Plants, 96, 108, 117, 119, 124, 128 Plasma, 3, 18, 24, 31, 32, 34, 35, 39, 41, 42, 48, 58, 108, 109, 115, 118, 119, 127 Plasma Volume, 115, 119 Platelet Activation, 119, 125 Platelet Aggregation, 113, 120 Platinum, 101, 120 Podophyllotoxin, 107, 120 Polypeptide, 96, 101, 118, 120, 121, 125, 128 Polysaccharide, 97, 120

136 Cushing’s Disease

Portal Pressure, 120, 123 Posterior, 101, 118, 119, 120, 126 Postmenopausal, 96, 117, 120 Postoperative, 31, 42, 50, 51, 52, 120 Postsynaptic, 120, 125 Potassium, 92, 96, 115, 120 Potentiation, 120, 125 Practice Guidelines, 78, 120 Precursor, 98, 105, 106, 117, 120, 121, 128 Prevalence, 27, 29, 38, 120 Progesterone, 4, 115, 120, 121, 126 Progressive, 100, 109, 116, 119, 121 Prolactin, 11, 25, 26, 27, 55, 100, 121 Pro-Opiomelanocortin, 17, 106, 121 Prospective study, 19, 121 Prostaglandins, 115, 121 Prostaglandins F, 115, 121 Protein Binding, 121, 127 Protein S, 66, 99, 109, 121 Proteins, 4, 93, 96, 97, 101, 102, 111, 116, 118, 119, 121, 123, 124, 128 Proteinuria, 116, 121 Proteolytic, 4, 102, 121 Protons, 96, 113, 121, 122 Pseudotumor Cerebri, 112, 121 Psychosis, 39, 97, 122 Public Policy, 77, 122 Pulmonary, 23, 43, 99, 103, 122, 123, 129 Pulmonary Artery, 99, 122, 129 Pulmonary hypertension, 103, 122 R Race, 115, 122 Radiation, 15, 29, 36, 43, 57, 107, 112, 113, 122, 129 Radiation therapy, 15, 36, 43, 107, 112, 113, 122, 129 Radioactive, 95, 111, 112, 113, 122, 129 Radioimmunotherapy, 122 Radiolabeled, 113, 122, 129 Radiologist, 18, 122 Radiotherapy, 9, 14, 54, 70, 99, 113, 122, 129 Reality Testing, 122 Receptor, 4, 5, 6, 35, 61, 95, 97, 105, 113, 115, 123, 124, 125 Receptors, Serotonin, 123, 124 Recurrence, 9, 11, 32, 44, 61, 114, 123 Refer, 1, 100, 102, 106, 113, 117, 122, 123 Refractory, 48, 123 Regimen, 119, 123 Remission, 13, 23, 30, 34, 44, 45, 51, 54, 55, 57, 114, 123

Resection, 10, 15, 50, 123 Reserpine, 33, 55, 57, 123 Respiratory System, 123, 128 Restoration, 11, 45, 55, 123 Retrospective, 22, 123 Retrospective study, 22, 123 Rheumatism, 123 Rheumatoid, 40, 102, 123 Rheumatoid arthritis, 40, 102, 123 Ribonucleic acid, 35, 123 Risk factor, 13, 46, 121, 123 Ritanserin, 20, 42, 123 S Saliva, 123, 124 Salivary, 34, 51, 123, 124 Saponins, 124, 126 Sarcoidosis, 48, 124 Screening, 6, 101, 124 Secondary tumor, 115, 124 Secretory, 5, 11, 43, 55, 124 Sella, 49, 119, 124 Semisynthetic, 100, 107, 124 Senile, 117, 124 Sensor, 5, 124 Serotonin, 20, 47, 98, 104, 113, 119, 123, 124, 128 Serotonin Agonists, 124 Serotonin Antagonists, 20, 124 Serum, 45, 50, 92, 102, 108, 115, 118, 124 Shock, 110, 124 Side effect, 95, 98, 125, 127 Signal Transduction, 7, 125 Signs and Symptoms, 123, 125 Sleep apnea, 47, 125 Small intestine, 105, 109, 112, 125 Sodium, 23, 24, 56, 58, 96, 115, 125 Somatostatin, 14, 118, 125 Sound wave, 122, 125 Specialist, 83, 125 Species, 42, 104, 115, 116, 122, 125, 126, 128 Specificity, 96, 125, 127 Spectrum, 113, 125 Sphenoid, 100, 124, 126 Sphenoidal, 44, 126 Spinal cord, 99, 101, 106, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 126 Spleen, 124, 126 Sporotrichosis, 21, 126 Steroid, 4, 31, 38, 45, 51, 104, 124, 126 Stimulant, 104, 109, 126

Index 137

Stomach, 63, 95, 107, 108, 109, 112, 117, 125, 126 Stress, 4, 6, 38, 100, 104, 123, 126 Subcutaneous, 48, 95, 106, 126 Subspecies, 125, 126 Substance P, 115, 124, 126 Suppression, 35, 45, 92, 103, 126 Suppressive, 9, 54, 126 Sympathetic Nervous System, 117, 126 Synaptic, 125, 126 Synergistic, 121, 127 Systemic, 49, 99, 102, 111, 112, 113, 122, 124, 127, 128, 129 Systolic, 110, 127 T Therapeutics, 62, 127 Threshold, 110, 127 Thromboembolism, 23, 127 Thrombosis, 49, 121, 127 Thyroid, 17, 27, 29, 82, 110, 112, 127 Thyroid Gland, 110, 127 Thyroid Hormones, 127 Thyrotropin, 20, 127 Thyroxine, 127 Tissue Culture, 7, 127 Tissue Distribution, 22, 127 Tomography, 47, 62, 127 Tooth Preparation, 95, 127 Toxic, iv, 104, 117, 120, 127 Toxicity, 105, 127 Toxicology, 78, 127 Toxins, 97, 111, 122, 128 Trachea, 127, 128 Transcription Factors, 8, 128 Transduction, 125, 128 Transfection, 99, 128

Tricuspid Atresia, 103, 128 Tryptophan, 101, 124, 128 Tuberculosis, 114, 128 U Ulcerative colitis, 47, 58, 128 Unconscious, 110, 128 Urethra, 128 Urinary, 51, 110, 128 Urine, 5, 31, 92, 93, 97, 99, 104, 105, 121, 128 Uterus, 103, 104, 106, 107, 115, 120, 128 V Vascular, 12, 111, 119, 127, 128 Vasoactive, 9, 54, 128 Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, 9, 54, 128 VE, 28, 128 Vein, 97, 118, 119, 120, 128 Venous, 10, 46, 52, 59, 99, 100, 101, 120, 121, 128 Venous blood, 99, 101, 128 Ventricle, 98, 103, 110, 122, 127, 128, 129 Ventricular, 103, 110, 128, 129 Venules, 99, 129 Veterinary Medicine, 59, 77, 129 Vitro, 6, 129 Vivo, 4, 6, 129 W White blood cell, 97, 114, 116, 129 Windpipe, 127, 129 Withdrawal, 118, 129 X X-ray, 22, 102, 103, 107, 113, 122, 129 X-ray therapy, 113, 129 Y Yeasts, 107, 119, 129

138 Cushing’s Disease

Index 139

140 Cushing’s Disease