FOOD
POISONING A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Food Poisoning: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83915-8 1. Food Poisoning-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on food poisoning. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FOOD POISONING ..................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Food Poisoning.............................................................................. 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 30 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 31 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FOOD POISONING ........................................................................... 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Finding Nutrition Studies on Food Poisoning ............................................................................ 75 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 76 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 77 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FOOD POISONING ..................................................... 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 79 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 81 General References ....................................................................................................................... 82 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON FOOD POISONING .................................................................................. 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Patents on Food Poisoning........................................................................................................... 83 Patent Applications on Food Poisoning....................................................................................... 91 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 95 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON FOOD POISONING ..................................................................................... 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 97 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 99 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 101 Chapters on Food Poisoning ...................................................................................................... 101 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON FOOD POISONING ......................................................................... 105 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 105 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 105 Bibliography: Multimedia on Food Poisoning ........................................................................... 106 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON FOOD POISONING ...................................................... 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 107 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 110 Academic Periodicals covering Food Poisoning......................................................................... 112 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 115 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 115 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 115 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 117 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 120 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 121 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 121 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 121 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 124 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 127 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 127 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 127 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 127 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 127
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 133 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 135 FOOD POISONING DICTIONARY.......................................................................................... 137 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 185
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with food poisoning is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about food poisoning, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to food poisoning, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on food poisoning. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to food poisoning, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on food poisoning. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FOOD POISONING Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on food poisoning.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and food poisoning, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “food poisoning” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Food Poisoning: Causes, Remedies, and Prevention Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 103(6): 125-129, 134, 136. June 1998. Summary: Although the United States has one of the world's safest food supplies, changes in eating habits have increased the potential for serious outbreaks of foodborne illness. This article reviews the causes of food poisoning, suggests therapy, and examines methods of prevention, including irradiation of food. The likelihood of contracting a foodborne disease has increased for three reasons: A move toward a global economy has facilitated rapid transport of perishable and often new foods from distant lands; eating patterns have changed; and the consumer's knowledge of safe food preparation has apparently declined. An increasing number of meals eaten away from home means enhanced opportunity for outbreaks of foodborne illness that may affect hundreds to thousands of people. The increased market for convenience foods makes
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Food Poisoning
careful handling and storage of foods mandatory, but food service managers must carry out these responsibilities using a relatively unskilled labor force with high turnover. The diagnosis of foodborne disease should be considered when an acute illness with gastrointestinal or neurologic manifestations, or both, affects two or more persons who have previously shared a meal. The clinical presentation often follows one of three distinct patterns: upper gastrointestinal tract manifestations with nausea and vomiting; small bowel symptoms, with noninflammatory watery diarrhea or with inflammatory diarrhea or dysentery; or neuromuscular or systemic symptoms with or without gastrointestinal manifestations. A final section on irradiation as a cold pasteurization method to control foodborne disease caused by pathogenic microorganisms and parasites notes FDA reports that irradiation is safe and does not demonstrably alter the nutritional content of food. A common public misconception is that irradiation of food makes it radioactive. In fact, the energy levels are not high enough to penetrate the nuclei of the atoms of the food, nor is the food itself ever in contact with a radioactive substance. The authors conclude that a concerted effort is needed to ensure the continuing safety of the food supply in the United States while also ensuring access to a wide variety of healthful foods. The article includes a sidebar listing the web sites of 12 food and nutrition resource organizations. 3 tables. 12 references. •
Bacterial Food Poisoning Source: Practical Gastroenterology. 26(10): 14-15, 19-20, 23. October 2002. Contact: Available from Shugar Publishing. 12 Moniebogue Lane, Westhampton Beach, NY 11978. (516) 288-4404. Fax (516) 288-4435. Summary: Despite the advances of modern civilization, food poisoning still remains a common cause of gastrointestinal illness, with an estimated 76 million persons annually experiencing foodborne illness in the United States. This article reviews the current thinking on bacterial food poisoning. The authors note that the two basic mechanisms in which illness can be transmitted through food are through a bacterial toxin or through bacterial invasion. These can result in either symptoms of nausea and vomiting or a diarrhea-predominant illness. The authors present and discuss brief vignettes, including a nausea and vomiting case and a diarrhea and dysentery case; and then discuss the differences in blood and non-bloody diarrheal syndromes. The authors conclude that most cases of foodborne illness are never reported to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and are usually treated by primary care physicians. Most cases are self-limited and do not require antimicrobial therapy. 1 figure. 10 references.
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Campylobacter: Low-Profile Bug is Food Poisoning Leader Source: FDA Consumer. 33(5): 14-17. September-October 1999. Contact: Available from Food and Drug Administration (HFI-40). 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857. Summary: This article educates readers about campylobacter infections, a bacterial infection that rarely makes the news but that is responsible for up to 4 million human infections a year. Campylobacter bacteria is commonly found in the intestinal tracts of people or animals without causing any symptoms of illness. But eating contaminated or undercooked poultry or meat, or drinking raw milk or contaminated water, may cause Campylobacter infection (campylobacteriosis). Symptoms of this infection include mild to severe diarrhea, fever, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Most people infected with Campylobacter can get well on their own without treatment, though antibiotics may be prescribed for severe cases. Complications can occur, such as urinary tract
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infections, and meningitis, and the bacterial infection has been identified as a trigger for Guillain Barre syndrome (the most common cause of acute paralysis in both children and adults). The article discusses the safeguards in place in the poultry industry, problems with antibiotic resistance, research into a vaccine against Campylobacter, and consumer responsibilities, including appropriate food handling strategies. One sidebar lists the bacteria that cause food borne illness, along with the number of cases caused by each in 1997 in five states. 1 figure.
Federally Funded Research on Food Poisoning The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to food poisoning. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to food poisoning. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore food poisoning. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for food poisoning: •
Project Title: A INSTRUMENT
HIGH-PERFORMANCE
FOOD
PATHOGEN
DETECTION
Principal Investigator & Institution: Su, Xiao-Li; Biodetection Instruments, Inc. 21 W Mountain, Ste 122 Fayetteville, Ar 72701 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 29-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Food safety remains a critical issue for human health in our society. The food system in our nation is vulnerable to contamination from natural pathogens and from bio-terrorist attack. Current detection methods are inadequate due to the time-consuming and laboratory-centered approaches presently in use. Instruments for rapid on-site detection of pathogens in food are urgently needed. The objective of this project is to evaluate an innovative capillary bioseparator / bioreactor-based optical biosensor technology for rapid detection of E. coli O157:H7. The detection limit, specificity and detection time possible with this approach will be evaluated. It is expected that the technology will provide 65%) are children under the age of five. Although the mechanism by which Shigella species cause the disease is still not fully understood, the
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9
strong inflammatory reaction characteristic to Shigellosis provides a strong indication that host inflammatory cells play a key role relative to the onset of the disease. We hypothesize that Shigella has developed strategies to kills host macrophages and neutrophils in order to survive its first encounter with the host immune surveillance system. The overall goal of studies described in this application is to develop an understanding of the mechanism by which Shigella kills host, human macrophage. Data obtained by the applicants strongly argue that Shigella triggers a non-apoptotic death of human macrophages while Shigella-infected human monocytes die by an accelerated apoptotic process. The studies proposed will test the hypotheses that Shigella-infected macrophages die by a necrotic/non-apoptotic mechanism that i) results from the production of reactive oxygen intermediates that cause the destruction of the mitochondria and/or ii) that a protein produced by virulent Shigella specifically targets the host-cell's mitochondria for destruction. The studies proposed will address two specific aims. Aim 1: Is the non-apoptotic death of human macrophages triggered by virulent Shigella linked to, and dependent on, the production of reactive oxygen intermediates by the infected cells? Aim 2: Is the response of human macrophages to Shigella dependent on the Shigella protein IpgBl? Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DETECTION
BACTERIAL
PATHOGEN
AMPLIFICATION
&
REAL-TIME
Principal Investigator & Institution: U'ren, Jack R.; Director of Research; Saigene Corporation 7126 180Th Ave Ne, Ste C-104 Redmond, Wa 98052 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): As we all know, bio-terrorism in America is a reality. However in addition to the Category A agents like anthrax, Yersinia pestis and smallpox, which are difficult to safely grow and disseminate, exist the Category B agents that could be used to infect our food or water supply. These organisms include bacterial pathogens, protozoa, and viruses. In addition to these natural pathogenic organisms they could also be genetically engineered to increase their virulence or to resist standard antibiotic treatments. Therefore new methods for rapid sensitive food and waterborne pathogen detection are greatly needed, especially if they can also be used to identify drug sensitivity within these organisms. Bio-terrorism using a food pathogen is not just a hypothetical threat to America. A religious cult in Dalles Oregon sickened at least 751 people by contaminating food in grocery stores and restaurants in the fall of 1984. The group simply grew cultures of the food pathogen Salmonella typhimurium that they obtained from their local scientific supply house and sprinkled the cultures on produce in the grocery stores and the restaurant salad bars. If the group had used a more deadly pathogen like Salmonella typhi that causes typhoid fever many people would certainly have died. The overall goal of this program is to develop an integrated isothermal DNA amplification and a probe array detection slide capable of rapidly identifying a variety of food and waterborne pathogens. All of the NIAID Biodefense Category B food and waterborne bacterial pathogens E. coli, Vibrio cholera, Shigella dysentery, Salmonella species, Listeria monocytogenes, Camphylobacter jejuni, and Yersinia enterocolitica will be detected in this program. A single integrated slide capable of isothermal amplifying and detecting all of these organisms in real-time in a closed sealed device is proposed. The program can also distinguish live organisms from dead organisms killed by the food or water sanitation process. Also, the test can be used to identify the antibiotic sensitivity of the pathogen to identify genetically altered organisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Food Poisoning
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Project Title: BIOSENSOR FOR THE DETECTION OF CONTAMINANTS IN FOOD Principal Investigator & Institution: Loats, Harry L.; Loats Associates, Inc. 201 E Main St Westminster, Md 21157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 03-AUG-2001; Project End 30-APR-2002 Summary: In this project we will provide proof-of-principle validation of a handheld, fieldable biosensor specifically for the detection and screening of contaminants in foodstuffs at the various stages of food treatment, preparation and processing. The multi-analyte, multi-application LAI Biosensor has the capability for both qualitative and quantitative measurement, detection and screening of foodborne pathogens and toxins in food. The biosensor operates by sensing direct binding without the requirement for secondary fluorescent reporter molecules, or other intermediate chemical reactions. The results of analytical and simulation analysis of the performance of the biosensor has shown its potential for real-time detection and screening with significantly improved detection sensitivity. The biosensor can be configured as a portable "calculator-sized" unit with simple operating characteristics. Because of its potential portability, without reliance on supplies the fieldable units would be used in state and local water quality contaminant detection for both testing, process control and event detection. These uses provide a significant market. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: We expect that a "real-time" portable multi-pathogen detection system for direct use in large scale food processing will provide the mechanisms required by the industry to maintain high efficiency at reduced manpower and supply costs. At the same time the turn around time will significantly reduce potential liability attached to contamination events. Other commercial applications include water quality, pathogen contamination detection for mandated municipal and state water quality programs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BIOTHREAT DETECTION WITH IMPROVED BACKGROUND REJECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Kebabian, Paul L.; Aerodyne Research, Inc. the Research Ctr at Manning Park Billerica, Ma 01821 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 31-OCT-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) is a wellestablished technology for quantifying small changes in mass. The long-term objective of this program is to improve the QCM so that it is suitable for use as a field test for the common, foodborne bacteria. To do this, we will modify the standard quartz crystal (QC) used in the QCM so as to increase its background rejection capabilities. This will involve innovations to the design of the QC used as the detector to the electronics. We will utilize standard technology to deposit a uniform coating of antibody directed against E. coli onto the surface of the QC. We will use utilize commercially available preparations of E. coli and Pseudomonas to demonstrate that the innovations introduced to the QC design and the electronics of the QCM allow a single QC to serve as both the experimental and the reference detectors. Thus, the modified QCM can discriminate between specific and non-specific binding of mass to the QC. We will use a second antibody, labeled with horseradish peroxidase to generate an insoluble reaction product to further amplify the mass of bacteria attached to the QC. Furthermore, we will utilize glutaraldehyde to non-selectively bind bovine serum albumin to antibody on the surface of both the conventional and modified QCs. Only the modified QC will be able to discriminate between specific binding of E. coli to the antibody and the non-specific cross-linking of BSA to antibody. We believe that our innovations will be of particular
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11
value in field tests in which there will be relatively small amounts of pathogenic agent and relatively large amounts of nonhazardous materials. In Phase II of the project, we will apply the technology developed in Phase I to the detection of other common foodborne bacterial contaminants. We will also extend our working relationship with academic laboratories to further test the device. We will work with diagnostics companies to determine their willingness to commercialize this technology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BOVINE SPECIFIC VIRULENCE FACTORS OF S.TYPHIMURIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Baumler, Andreas J.; Associate Professor; Medical Microbiol & Immunology; Texas A&M University Health Science Ctr College Station, Tx 778433578 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-DEC-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Salmonella serotypes are the leading cause of foodborne infections with lethal outcome in the United States. The pathogenesis of this diarrheal disease has not been intensively studied in Salmonella since diarrhea does not develop in rodent models. In contrast, calves infected with S. Typhimurium develop similar signs of disease and pathology as observed in humans. Our long-range goal is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of S. Typhimuriuminduced enterocolitis. The objectives of this application are to study how the invasion associated type III secretion system (TTSS-1) of S. Typhimurium directs migration of neutrophils into the intestinal mucosa and to determine the role of neutrophils in causing fluid accumulation and intestinal pathology in the calf. Our central hypothesis is that upregulation of CXC chemokines in the bovine intestinal mucosa induced by TTSS-1 secreted effector proteins elicits a neutrophil influx, which is the main mechanism leading to tissue injury and diarrhea during S. Typhimurium-induced enterocolitis. The rationale for the proposed research is that a better understanding of the complex series of events leading to inflammation and fluid accumulation during the interaction of S. Typhimurium with host tissue in vivo will be required for the development of new and innovative approaches for treatment and prevention. We will test different aspects of our hypothesis by pursuing the following four specific aims: (1) Determine the role of TTSS-1 in inducing the production of CXC chemokines in the intestinal mucosa; (2) Investigate CXC chemokine expression in bovine tissue on the cellular level; (3) Determine the contribution of CXC chemokines to neutrophil recruitment during S. Typhimurium induced enterocolitis; (4) Determine the role of neutrophils in S. Typhimurium induced fluid accumulation. We are particularly well prepared to perform the proposed studies because we have established the calf model of human enterocolitis and have identified S. Typhimurium virulence factors, which are essential for causing this disease syndrome. It is our expectation that our approach will establish the complex series of events leading to fluid accumulation during enterocolitis. This outcome will be significant because identification of the key events during S Typhimurium interaction with host tissue in vivo will have a considerable impact on the design of in vitro models used by other investigators in the field. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: COMMUNITY OUTREACH AND EDUCATION PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Fleming, Lora E.; Associate Professor; University of Miami Coral Gables University Sta Coral Gables, Fl 33124 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 22-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2003
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Food Poisoning
Description (provided by applicant): The COEP objectives will continue to mirror those of the NIEHS Marine and Freshwater Biomedical Sciences Center: 1) To foster collaborative investigations in the two Center target research areas: Marine and Fresh Water Toxins and Human Disease, Marine and Fresh Water Models of Human Health; and 2) To educate and serve as a resource concerning the human health and environmental impacts of the Marine and Freshwater Toxins and the importance of Marine and Freshwater Models for our target groups: health care providers and patients, and K-12 students and Educators (as well as the scientific community, media and the general public). Dr. Fleming also plans to seek collaborations with other NIEHS COEP groups, particularly the other Marine and Freshwater Biomedical Sciences Centers since they have shared COEP issues in terms of topics, target groups and very limited COEP resources. Drs. Fleming and Walsh have already established connections with the NIEHS Center in Bar Harbor (Maine) to begin planning a joint scientific and COEP conference in the next 2 years as well as active sharing of information and resources. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CONTROL OF ENTEROTOXIN GENE EXPRESSION IN S AUREUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stewart, George C.; Professor; Diagnostic Med/Pathobiology; Kansas State University 2 Fairchild Hall Manhattan, Ks 665061103 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: Description (Adapted from applicant's abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of human disease, especially nosocomial infections. It is also the third most common cause of confirmed bacterial food borne disease in the United States. The organism produces one or more serologically distinct enterotoxins when growing in food and the ingestion of the preformed toxin is responsible for the vomiting and diarrhea symptomology which is the hallmark of staphylococcal food poisoning. Despite its usual association with food poisoning, the enterotoxins are also virulence factors for the bacterium. The toxins, by virtue of being superantigens, can elicit a polyclonal T-cell activation in an infected individual. This activation diminishes the capacity of the individual to mount an appropriate immune response against the bacterial infection. Expression of many of the enterotoxins, like that of other virulenceassociated exotoxins of S. aureus, is enhanced when activated by the accessory gene regulator (agr) network. The agr system involves a two component regulatory system which functions as a quorum sensor in S. aureus. It is thought that this system maximizes exotoxin production at a time in the infectious process when the host is mounting an inflammatory-response to the infection and the organism must respond to fight off the phagocytic cells. Consistent with this are the findings that agr mutants, which cannot activate exotoxin production, are significantly less virulent than then wild-type parent strain. This project utilizes the enterotoxin B and D genes as a model system to determine how the agr system works to activate exotoxin expression. Short DNA fragments from the promoter region of these enterotoxin genes have been positioned in front of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene and have been shown to contain the sequences necessary for agr related activation of expression. In this project, site-specific mutations will be introduced into the sequence and the specific bases responsible for the agr activation will be identified. The nature of the regulatory species responsible for the enhanced expression will be identified. The molecular nature of the interaction between the effector species and the enterotoxin gene promoter will be defined. The specific role of RNAIII, the effector species first generated by the initial
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activation of the two component system, will be evaluated with regard to enhancement of enterotoxin gene expression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--MARINE TOXINS AND DIETARY RISKS Principal Investigator & Institution: Baden, Daniel G.; Professor of Chemistry And; University of Miami Coral Gables University Sta Coral Gables, Fl 33124 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: There is no text on file for this abstract. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DETECTION OF FOOD BORNE PATHOGENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sleszynski, Neal T.; Precision Research, Inc. 628 Lexington Sq Gurnee, Il 60031 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 20-SEP-2001; Project End 19-MAR-2002 Summary: This proposal will demonstrate the feasibility of a new immunoassay technology for the identification and quantitation of food borne pathogens. The technology will be capable of operating using food samples, or using human based samples from a diagnostic environment. The technology combines antibody specificity, fluorescent label sensitivity, and the ability to physically separate different species of microbes for recovery and further analysis. The test procedure involves homogenizing a sample and pre-incubation for 30 minutes to 6 hours depending on the sample. A labeled antibody is then added, and incubated for approximately ten minutes. The labeled bacteria are separated and then quantified using their fluorescent signal. Following detection, the separated bacteria can be recovered for culturing or further analysis. PRI is currently studying this technology for the identification of biological warfare agents and other pathogens in water, under an SBIR contract for the Department of Defense. This Phase I will involve the separation, identification, quantification and recovery for culturing of three model bacteria. The bacteria used will be E. coli 0157, Salmonella typhimurium, and (as a matrix interference) Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DETERMINATION OF C-T VALUES IN OZONE DISINFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Rogers, Thomas D.; Lynntech, Inc. College Station, Tx 77840 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): This Small Business Innovation Research Phase II project is concerned with the design and development of a new, direct method for determination of ozone C.t values in disinfection processes. According to a recent report to Congressional committees, many public health experts believe that the risk for foodborne illness is increasing. While ozone has excellent potential as an environmentally friendly yet highly powerful disinfecting agent, there are problems associated with ozone measurement, and therefore the sufficient disinfection of foods. During Phase I, a fundamentally new litmus paper-type method for determination of ozone C.t values, was developed through the impregnation of FDA approved dyes on common filter paper. Phase I testing of the developed Disinfection Verification Strips demonstrated the viability, repeatability, and robustness of this method for ascertaining the difficult-to-
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Food Poisoning
measure C.t value in ozone disinfection processes. During the Phase II studies, a series of technical and scientific questions will be addressed, leading to targeted color and C.t ranges for use in specific food applications. Further, testing of Disinfection Verification Strips in actual food disinfection processes, through collaboration with industrial partners, will lead toward establishment of a diverse selection of standardized quality monitoring strips. This Phase II Proposal describes a collaborative effort, between Lynntech, Inc., and multiple industrial partners, to develop this Disinfection Verification Strip to a point where it is suitable for use by diverse food processors. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF AN ORAL CARRIER Principal Investigator & Institution: Simpson, Lance L.; Professor; Medicine; Thomas Jefferson University Office of Research Administration Philadelphia, Pa 191075587 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1999; Project End 28-FEB-2002 Summary: The long-term objective of the proposed research is to develop a novel strategy for creating drugs that can be administered by the oral route. This strategy will utilize a naturally occurring substance known as botulinum toxin, which is the etiologic agent responsible for the disease botulism. Under normal circumstances, this toxin is ingested during episodes of food poisoning. Ingested toxin escapes from the gut to reach the general circulation, and from here it is distributed to vulnerable cells throughout the body. In the recent past, two discoveries have been made about botulinum toxin. First, the toxin binds to, and is transported across, gut cells. This may be the mechanism by which the toxin escapes the gastrointestinal system to reach the general circulation. Second, the techniques of molecular biology can be used to create a modified version of the toxin that retains the ability to escape from the gut but has lost the ability to poison cells. This modified version of the toxin has been shown to be an oral vaccine against botulism. The specific aim of the proposed research is to test the possibility that modified botulinum toxin can be used as a carrier to transport drugs from the gut to the general circulation. This specific aim will be accomplished by pursuing three related areas of research. First, the techniques of molecular biology will be used to express polypeptide fragments of botulinum toxin that can act as carriers. Next, in vivo experiments will be done on laboratory animals to ensure that potential carriers actually transport drugs from the gastrointestinal system to the general circulation. Finally, in vitro experiments will be done on human gut cells in culture to determine whether the carriers are likely to act in human patients. If the carrier strategy is successful, it could be applied to the creation of several oral vaccines. Furthermore, it may be possible that for each vaccine the peptide carrier (viz., modified recombinant botulinum toxin) and the peptide antigen (viz., recombinant vaccine) could be generated as the expression product of a single chimeric gene. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF SUPERANTIGEN ANTAGONISTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sundberg, Eric J.; None; University of Md Biotechnology Institute Baltimore, Md 212023101 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Superantigens (SAGs) comprise a class of toxins that elicit massive T cell proliferation through simultaneous interaction with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and T cell receptor (TCR) molecules. SAGs have
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been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning and several autoimmune disorders, thought to be the result of the stimulation of large numbers of T cells and their subsequent release of inordinate levels of pyrogenic and inflammatory cytokines. Due to their extreme virulence and relative ease with which they could be produced and dispersed throughout a population, SAGs represent credible candidates for biological weapons of mass destruction. Indeed, SAGs have been identified as Category B Agents of Bioterrorism by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The development of therapeutics against SAG-induced disease, against which no drug or vaccine exists, is therefore one important facet of an overall national defense against bioterrorism. We propose to develop a group of engineered TCR fragments with markedly improved affinity for SAGs that will specifically abrogate interactions between SAGs and their cell surface ligands in vivo, thereby inhibiting the pyrogenic cascade in its initial stages and curtailing SAG-induced disease. We will create these SAG-TCR interaction antagonists following a step-wise approach. Milestones along the development pathway for potential therapeutics of SAG-induced disease include (1) structure-function analysis of SAG-TCR interactions, (2) engineering of affinity matured TCR beta domain antagonists, (3) analysis of the in vivo efficacy of antagonists, (4) modification of antagonists to improve the in vivo efficacy, and (5) development of broad spectrum SAG-TCR antagonists. We will focus our initial efforts on guiding an antagonist that has been developed to inhibit interactions between SEC3 and the mouse TCR Vbeta8.2 domain through this development pathway, not only to produce an effective anti-SEC3 therapeutic but also as a general proof-of-principle exercise for the design of anti-SAG biologics. With knowledge gained from studies involving this engineered antagonist, we will shift our focus to targeted antagonism of the numerous hVbeta2.1-specific SAGs by analogous methods. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY OF METHYLMERCURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Clarkson, Thomas W.; Associate Professor; Environmental Medicine; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: The main objective of the application is to better define the human health risks associated with prenatal and early postnatal exposure to methylmercury in fish. Subtle psychological and behavioral changes will be measured and related to the exposure of mothers during pregnancy. The study will be conducted on a cohort of 740 children from a population in the Seychelles Islands, whose diet consists primarily of large amounts of ocean fish. The application will extend the evaluation of developmental toxicity of methylmercury on the cohort to include the age of 7-8 years, which will make it feasible to compare results with those from studies of prenatally exposed infants in New Zealand and the Faeroe Islands. The population used in the longitudinal study presents a wide range in mercury levels so that the results can be applied in assessing the health risks in the U.S. population due to consumption of methylmercury in fish. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ENHANCED FOODBORNE SURVEILLANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Derby, Mary P.; Cmty/Environ Hlth Prac/Policy; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308
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Food Poisoning
Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 29-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): An estimated 76 million cases of food borne disease illnesses, 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths occur each year in the U. S. Although most food borne disease outbreaks (FBDOs) are related to naturally occurring events, they have also been produced by deliberate contamination. The CDC has directed public health departments to begin addressing bioterrorism preparedness efforts through improving food borne surveillance systems. The goal of this research is to provide specialized training in epidemiologic methods to prepare for a public health nursing research career. The purpose of this study is to develop a prediction algorithm that utilizes real-time (instantaneous) Poison Center data to detect and analyze FBDOs. Research aims include: a) compare historical FBDO rates in Pima County reported by Pima County Health Department (PCHD) and food borne illness cases collected by the Arizona Poison and Drug Information Center (AZPDIC) for 1998-2002; b) develop a prediction algorithm; c) validate the algorithm; and d) prospectively apply the algorithm. The research methodology involves retrospective and prospective analysis of existing PCHD and ZPDIC databases using time lag regression models. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FOOD SAFETY TRAINING FOR FOOD SERVICE WORKERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Anderson, D Michael.; President; Health Media Lab, Inc. 2734 Cortland Pl Nw Washington, Dc 20008 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): We will develop, evaluate, and disseminate educational multimedia training software on food safety practices for food service workers. We will meet the needs of food service workers, by: 1) structuring a CD-ROM and internet-linked program of modules that can be taken individually or sequentially; 2) allowing users to work at their own pace through the program, based especially on time allotment, level of literacy, and prior computer experience; 3) focusing the program on the application of taskspecific skills and concepts; 4) ensuring that the feedback component of the program is a constructive learning experience that gives users response-specific feedback and remedial branching when needed, and; 5) by providing a user evaluation, in a printed or saved-to-computer format, for review and approval by the worker's supervisor. We will translate the product into Spanish, French, Chinese, Korean, Portuguese, Vietnamese, Italian, Russian, Thai, and Japanese. All language versions will be narrated, and no reading will be required. We will conduct two types of evaluation: 1) formative and process assessments of potential users' reactions to product development at two points as we progress; 2) randomized trials of food service workers to measure knowledge gain, and change in food safety skills over a three-month period. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: FUNCTIONAL GENOMIC/PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS OF C IEIUNI Principal Investigator & Institution: Stintzi, Alain C.; University of Oklahoma Hlth Sciences Ctr Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Ok 73126 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: There is no text on file for this abstract. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: FUNGICIDAL AND NEUROTOXIC MARINE NATURAL PRODUCTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rainier, Jon D.; Associate Professor; Chemistry; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1998; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: The marine environment continues to provide us with a wide variety of biologically and architecturally interesting natural products. Unfortunately, we are unable to isolate sufficient quantities of many of these bioactive compounds for their full evaluation. Outlined herein are our plans to improve the status quo through the synthesis of bioactive marine toxins and the development of new and improve (more efficient synthetic techniques. The synthesis of the bioactive marine natural products that are described in this proposal will not only provide quantities of materials that are not currently available but it is only through these efforts that a true understanding of the properties of these molecules will become available. We are drawn to two targets. One of these, pinnatoxin A, is a potent neurotoxin though to be responsible for seasonal outbreaks of food poisoning from the ingestion of shellfish throughout Asia. The other, gambieric acid A, is among the most potent antimicrobial agents known to man. Both of these, as well as other similar species, are believed to come from dinoflagellates are probably at least partially responsible for red tide catastrophes. Our synthesis of pinnatoxin A will include many novel transformations including free-radical approaches to spiro-fused rings, macrocylic rings and bis-ketal rings as well as freeradical coupling reactions which utilize silicon as a stereo-and regio-controlling feature. We anticipate that these studies will have implications far beyond the synthesis of pinnatoxin A. We intend to answer several important questions during the synthesis of gambieric acid A. First, can an iterative strategy employing enol ether epoxidation and ring closing metathesis be used to generated fused ethers of various ring sizes as are present in the marine "ladder toxins"? Also, is this strategy amenable to its use on a solid support? Once this last goal has been achieved, it is conceivable that libraries of pharmacologically relevant fused cyclic ethers could become available. In addition to their synthesis through our iterative strategy, we are also interested in the biosynthesis of fused cyclic ethers and plan to explore polyepoxide cyclizations towards their synthesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HOST CELL RECOGNITION OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Pistole, Thomas G.; Microbiology; University of New Hampshire Service Building Durham, Nh 038243585 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Salmonellosis continues to be a major infectious disease in both the United States and elsewhere. The overall goal of this project is to gain a better understanding of the early events that occur during Salmonella infections. The proposed studies focus on the initial interactions of salmonellae with host defense cells, specifically neutrophils and macrophages. The first objective is to determine whether structures found on the outer surface of Salmonella, known as porins, are involved in the recognition of this pathogen by human neutrophils. Porin-deficient mutants will be compared with their corresponding wildtype counterparts in their ability to adhere to and be internalized and killed by these neutrophils. Microbial attachment will be measured using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy and internalization and killing, by viability assays. The second objective is to determine whether neutrophils that have passed across a model intestinal epithelial cell layer are modified in their
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Food Poisoning
ability to recognize and to kill Salmonella. A model has been developed in which Salmonella initiate a series of events in the intestine that result in the migration of neutrophils into the lumen. The goal of this study is to determine whether these neutrophils exhibit an enhanced ability to detect and kill these bacterial pathogens. The third objective focuses on the ability of purified porins to block the attachment of Salmonella to host defense cells. Highly purified porins and porin-lipopolysaccharide complexes will be used in in vitro competition studies. Taken together, these studies are expected to provide a better understanding of the early cellular events in Salmonella infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LIMITED SALMONELLOSIS
IL-12B2
RECEPTOR
EXPRESSION
DURING
Principal Investigator & Institution: Bost, Kenneth L.; Belk Distinguished Professor; Biology; University of North Carolina Charlotte Office of Research Services Charlotte, Nc 282230001 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): A critical driving force for optimal development of T helper type 1 (TH1) lymphocytes is signaling through the IL-12 receptor. The IL-12 receptor is composed of two subunits, with expression of the IL-12 receptor beta 2 chain (IL-12RB2) dictating a high affinity IL-12 receptor complex. Signaling through this high affinity IL-12 receptor controls the development of TH1 lymphocytes and the maintenance of this phenotype, while limiting lineage commitment to the TH2 phenotype. Since TH1 lymphocytes mediate cellular immunity, while TH2 lymphocytes enhance humoral responses, early expression of the high affinity IL-12 receptor is critical for a commitment to cell mediated immune responses. Salmonella is an intracellular pathogen of macrophages, epithelial cells and possibly dendritic cells, and requires cellmediated immunity for clearance. Based on recently published work, we demonstrated that Salmonella-infected macrophages can significantly limit IL-12RB2 expression on T lymphocytes early in the response. This finding has profound implications for the early development and commitment of T lymphocytes to the TH1 lineage during Salmonella infection. The overall goal of this proposal is to define the mechanisms for Salmonellainduced reductions in IL-12RB2 expression in vitro and in vivo. At present, it is not clear whether induced reductions in IL-12RB2 expression are solely mediated by soluble factors or require macrophage-T cell contact. IL-12RB2 expression will be quantified at the level of mRNA using quantitative RT-PCR, and at the protein level using Western blot, FACS and radioreceptor analyses. Furthermore, reductions in T lymphocyte function associated with the loss of IL-12RB2 will be assessed, and a functional assessment of developing TH1 and TH2 lymphocytes will be determined by following STAT-4 activation, and T-bet, GATA-3 and c-maf mRNA expression, respectively. Whether infected dendritic cells can induce such alterations in CD4+ T cells will also be determined. Taken together these studies represent the first to define mechanisms whereby an intracellular bacterial pathogen can adversely affect the early development of TH1 lymphocytes upon infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MARINE AND FRESHWATER BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Walsh, Patrick J.; Marine Biology and Fisheries; University of Miami Coral Gables University Sta Coral Gables, Fl 33124
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1991; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) This proposal is to provide continued funding of an NIEHS Marine and Freshwater Biomedical Sciences Center at the University of Miami. Based at the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences campus, the Center is it collaborative effort of 19 investigators from three University of Miami campuses and 6 external organizations. Two principal research themes form the basis for interdisciplinary Research Cores: "Marine and Freshwater Toxins and Human Health " and "Marine and Freshwater Animal Models Toxins and Human Health ". Both research themes are within the scope of NIEHS-sponsored research and contribute to the overall mission of the University of Miami Marine and Freshwater Biomedical Sciences Center: to evaluate the impact of the oceans and freshwater bodies on human health, by assessing and understanding risks, and by seeking remedies. The first research core includes: Toxin Biosynthesis and Probe Development, Metabolism, Molecular Pharmacology, Molecular Modeling, Electrophysiology Receptor Binding, Separation Techniques and Assay Methods, and Epidemiology and Public Health. The second research core includes several marine and freshwater (and human) models in various stages of development: Damselfish Neurofibromatosis, Cultured Human Schwann Cells, Aplysia Neurophysiology, Toadfish Hyperammonemia, Transgenic Fishes, Squirrelfish Zinc Metabolisin/Transport, Fish Immunology arid Sentinel Species. A vigorous Pilot Project Program is represented by four recently selected applications on: "Functional Analysis of Zinc Regulatory Genes in Transgenic Zebrafish"; "Red Tide Toxin Effects on Hearing: a Vertebrate Model"; "Molecule-Based Sensors for Carcinogenic Pollutants"; and "Microbial Recreational Water Indicators in the Subtropical Marine Environment". In support of existing individual and collaborative programs, 4 Facilities and Service Cores are proposed based on the investigators? evaluation of utilization and overall value to programs in the past five years: Toxin Probes, supplying brevetoxins, saxitoxin, okadaic acid, domoic acid, ciguatoxins and application-related toxin derivatives, as well as cultures of toxin organisms, and DNA-based materials from these organisms; In vitro and In vivo Fish Culture supplying facilities and expertise or the maintenance of, and experimentation with, fish and invertebrate cell cultures and live organisms; Analytical Chemistry and Electron Microscopy, which provides NMR, MS and analytical separation techniques assistance, and access to several EM methodologies; Neurophysiology, which provides two separate fully-equipped electrophysiology rigs, as well as additional tissue culture support capability. A well developed Community Outreach and Education Program will continue, including a poison-control hotline for seafood intoxication, an NIEHS-sponsored K-12 education program, and an NIEHSsponsored postdoctoral training program. University of Miami will continue its commitment to the Center in the form of cost-share for salary support, instrumentation matching funds, and a faculty start-up package. Through the combined proposed NIEHS support and UM cost share, the investigators will continue to perform basic research on toxins and animal models, and to communicate the NIEHS message to the scientific and lay communities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECAHNISMS OF ACTION OF C PERFRINGENS EXTEROTOXIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Mc Clane, Bruce A.; Professsor; Molecular Genetics & Biochem; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1982; Project End 31-MAR-2005
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Food Poisoning
Summary: Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) has now been conclusively identified as the virulence factor responsible for symptoms associated with several of the most common foodborne and nonfoodborne gastrointestinal (GI) illnesses of bacterial origin. The long term objective of this project is to fully understand the pathogenesis of CPE-associated GI diseases, including identification of the mechanism of action of CPE, and to identify strategies to prevent or treat these illnesses. To progress towards this goal, the following specific aims will be pursued in the next grant period: 1) evaluating the importance of claudins as CPE receptors for human intestinal cells through Northern analyses and "anti-receptor" antibody studies; if claudins are confirmed as important CPE receptors, claudin: CPE interactions will be explored by phenotyping a series of claudin random mutants for their ability to bind CPE and convey cytotoxicity, 2) identifying the eucaryotic protein constituents of CPE-containing small and large complexes by immunoblot and immunoprecipitation analyses; the importance of each eucaryotic complex protein for CPE action will then be dissected through antibody inhibition studies, 3) using site-directed mutagenesis to highresolution map CPE functional regions, including the recently identified receptorbinding and large complex-forming regions of the toxin; results generated with these CPE mutants will then be interpreted within the context of the 3-D structure of CPE, and 4) dissecting the molecular pathogenesis of cpe-positive isolates by physical mapping of the cpe plasmid in nonfoodborne disease isolates, determining whether the cpe plasmid can be transferred to other C. perfringens isolates, evaluating whether the chromosomal cpe of food poisoning isolates is dn a mobilizable transposon, and determining whether two component regulatory systems and/or the exponential growth phase repressor Hpr play a role in regulating the sporulation-associated expression of CPE. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR PATHOGENICITY
GENETIC
ANALYSIS
OF
SALMONELLA
Principal Investigator & Institution: Curtiss, Roy Iii.; Professor; Biology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-1987; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: Our long-term objective has been, and will continue to be, to better understand the mechanisms governing infection and disease by Salmonella when administered by the normal oral route of entry. We will study S. typhimurium infection of chicks to evaluate persistent intestinal colonization and mice as a model of typhoid fever in humans and will make extensive use of murine and human cells in culture. We will continue, in all our endeavors, to develop methods to identify and analyze mechanisms for regulated expression of genes that might contribute to pathogenicity. Specifically, we will: (1) evaluate expression of S. typhimurium genes at ambient temperatures in a simulated polluted water environment with the objective to identify genes enhancing survival and potentiating successful colonization of the warm-blooded animal host and, subsequently, to characterize their functions and means of regulation, (2) define roles of adhesins in targeting Salmonella to specific cell types and tissues in the murine host, in enabling long-term colonization of the intestine and cecum in chicks, and in contributing to surface colonization (biofilm formation) in the simulated polluted water medium at ambient temperatures, and (3) continue to define mechanisms for colonization of the GALT (Peyer's patches) by identification of expressed genes with subsequent generation of mutants for characterization and complementation and to establish the means of their regulation. In these studies, we will extensively employ newly developed molecular genetic tools, such as selective capture of transcribed
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sequences (SCOTS), an easy and efficient method to generate mutant strains with defined deletion mutations, and selective regimens to generate operon fusions in addition to more standard means of genetic and molecular genetic manipulation. Our studies will use a broad range of methods of microbial genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, immunology, cell biology, microscopy and animal science. All experiments will be conducted under conditions that preclude infections of workers and inadvertent release of infectious microorganisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NITRIC OXIDE CYTOTOXICITY IN SALMONELLOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Fang, Ferric C.; Associate Professor; Laboratory Medicine; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-1997; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The focus of research in my laboratory is on hostpathogen interactions. Toward that end, we are studying how phagocytes inhibit or kill intracellular microbes using reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) produced by the NADPH phagocyte oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The specific antimicrobial effector molecules, their targets, and mechanisms of resistance remain incompletely understood. Both the NADPH oxidase and iNOS are required for innate murine resistance to Salmonella infection. Preliminary studies suggest the hypothesis that direct interactions with intracellular free iron determine the antimicrobial actions of ROS and RNS, and regulate relevant stress responses. We propose a novel model in which intracellular free iron potentiates the antimicrobial actions of nitric oxide (NO) and its synergistic interactions with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Nitrosative stress induces the expression of iron-repressed proteins such as superoxide dismutase and the Hmp flavohemoprotein via direct NO-iron interactions, which in turn enhance microbial resistance to both ROS and RNS. The specific aims of this proposal are to test predictions of our experimental model by: [1] Comparing Salmonella gene regulation by nitric oxide and iron deprivation; [2] Assessing free intracellular iron as a determinant of susceptibility to ROS and RNS; [3] Performing mutagenesis of the Salmonella Hmp flavohemoprotein to identify domains involved in detoxification of ROS and RNS; [4] Determining the relationship between host and microbial intracellular iron availability and RO S/RNS-dependent antimicrobial activity. These aims will be achieved by a combination of genetic, biochemical and in vivo analyses. The results will have important implications for a molecular understanding of microbial pathogenesis as well as of NO-iron interactions in a variety of fundamental biological processes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NOD-H2H4 MICE AS A SENTINEL MODEL FOR AUTOIMMUNE THYROID Principal Investigator & Institution: Burek, C Lynne.; Associate Professor; Pathology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 29-SEP-2003 Summary: (Taken from the Investigator's Abstract) Autoimmune thyroiditis is a multifactorial disease in which genetic predisposition combines with environmental factors to induce disease. In humans, the thyroid can be compromised by diet, drugs, and other synthetic chemicals. Excess iodine may be partially responsible for the increasing prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis. Other environmental chemicals may
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Food Poisoning
also be implicated, but there is little documented evidence as to which chemicals may be involved. Candidate pollutants include polyaromatic hydrocarbons, polybrominated biphenyls, and polychlorinated biphenyls. Infectious agents are also known to trigger autoimmunity. In this proposal the investigators will 1) develop standard reproducible conditions for obtaining a 50% incidence of iodine-exacerbated autoimmune thyroiditis in NOD.H2h4 mice and 2) use this mouse model to study the effects of environmental chemicals in food, industrial products, or infection on development of autoimmune thyroiditis. Methylcholanthrene (MCA) will be used as an example of a polyaromatic hydrocarbon, KBr will be used as an example of a polybrominated biphenyl, and theophylline will be used as an example of a drug which can increase iodine uptake. In Aim 3, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) will be used as a surrogate for infection to determine the role of infectious agents in autoimmune thyroiditis. The genetic predisposition of the NOD.H2h4 mouse to autoimmune thyroiditis will be used to study the potential additive effects of the above compounds on autoimmune disease. The NOD.H2h4 animals are an ideal sentinel model to examine the potential interactions of genetics and environmental agents on autoimmune disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NOVEL MARINE ANTIMICROBIAL LIPIDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Carballeira, Nestor M.; University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Rio Piedras Sta San Juan, Pr 00931 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Description (Adapted from Application): This proposal aims at the discovery of new marine lipids (either natural or synthetic) with potential applications as novel antimicrobial agents. The study of unusual and characteristic fatty acid profiles of marine microorganisms, some implicated in ciguatera food poisoning, is also contemplated in this research program. The long-range investigation is directed towards: 1) the discovery of new marine lipids (either natural or synthetic) with sufficient antimicrobial activity against pathogenic gram-positive bacteria (gramnegative bacteria will also occasionally be tested) so as to permit their utilization as antibacterial drugs or synergistically with known antibiotics, and 2) the synthesis of new synthetic fatty acid analogs, as well as alkylglycerol derivatives, with considerable antimicrobial activity against pathogenic antibiotic-resistant staphylococci and streptococci. In particular, the investigator proposes to expand the search for novel fatty acids to a series of tropical marine organisms (such as sponges rich in symbiotic cyanobacteria, marine bacteria, and toxic dinoflagellates) in search of previously unidentified fatty acids and/or novel structural motifs. The new fatty acids (and their analogs) will be synthesized, which will provide sufficient quantities for antimicrobial bioassays. In addition, alkylglycerol derivatives of the most promising antimicrobial fatty acids will also be synthesized since, in some cases, these derivatives tend to display stronger antimicrobial activity than the parent fatty acids. The new lipids will be primarily scrutinized for their antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria (as suggested by preliminary results), such as pathogenic staphylococci and streptococci. They will put a special emphasis in the toxicity of these lipids against the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans, a primary cause of dental caries. The most active alkylglycerols and/or fatty acids will be further tested against known antibioticresistant bacteria, such as vancomycin resistant streptococci, chosen on the basis of their availability. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: OCCUPATIONAL PROCESSING
ASTHMA
ASOCIATED
WITH
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SEAFOOD
Principal Investigator & Institution: Robins, Thomas G.; Associate Professor; Environmental Health Sciences; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 29-SEP-2003 Summary: This study proposes to explore the associations between occupational exposure to lobster and saltwater bony fish (pilchard, Cape anchovy, mackerel, light fish, redeye, Cape horse mackerel, lantern fish) and health outcomes expected to be mediated through an immunologic IgE mechanism. The research proposes to investigate occupational asthma and other allergic conditions associated with rock lobster and saltwater bony fish processing in South Africa. Ingestion related seafood allergy is a common problem in the general population. Allergic reactions most often related to inhalation of antigens have been increasingly recognized as a serious problem among seafood workers. The predictors of occupational sensitization and health outcomes associated with lobster and bony fish processing are not well understood.Exposureresponse relationships for occupational seafood allergy have been best characterized for exposure to a few crustaceans notably crab species. No published studies have examined this problem among workers exposed to crustaceans and bony fish common in the South Atlantic. A cross-sectional study is proposed to characterize the occupational environmental exposure of workers in a factory on the West Coast of South Africa, involved in the processing of rock lobster and saltwater bony fish (pilchard, Cape anchovy, mackerel, light fish, redeye, Cape horse mackerel, lantern fish) through measurement of total protein and specific allergen collected by air sampling. A second aim is to determine the prevalence of allergic sensitization and health outcomes (rhinoconjunctivitis, urticaria/dermatitis and asthma) due to processing of rock lobster and saltwater bony fish through subject interviews, physical examination (skin), spirometry and methacholine challenge tests, skin prick tests (for common aeroallergens and specific seafood allergens) and skin patch testing. The third major aim is to characterize the relationship between exposure (measured as ambient concentrations of total protein and specific RAST inhibition), allergic responses to lobster and bony-fish allergens, and lung function changes. Statistical modeling will be used to identify the risk factors associated with the development of seafood allergy among seafood processing workers. Another aim is to isolate and characterize the seafood antigens present in aerosols generated during the processing of West Coast rock lobster and saltwater bony fish. The final aim is to investigate the extent to which any exposure response relationships are attenuated by the transfer of symptomatic workers from high to low exposure jobs. The development and application of state of the art techniques to address the specific aims is proposed. Potential public health benefits of this study would be the development of appropriate industrial hygiene monitoring techniques and medical surveillance protocols for monitoring the health of workers exposed to seafood allergens. By characterizing the occupational exposures among these high risk working populations. This study will also contribute towards a better understanding of the antigenic mechanisms causing seafood allergy among symptomatic individuals in the general population of the Western Cape province of South Africa and internationally. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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•
Project Title: PHAGE-ENCODED FUNCTIONS IN ENTEROHEMORRHAGIC E.COLI Principal Investigator & Institution: Christie, Gail E.; Microbiology and Immunology; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: (adapted from the application) The long-term goal of this research is to understand the role of temperate phages in, and the contribution of phage-encoded gene products to, the virulence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). EHEC are emerging foodborne pathogens that have caused large-scale outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness in developed countries during the past two decades. Intestinal infection can lead to diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis or more severe systemic complications, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome. The production of Shiga toxins by EHEC strains plays an important role in the development of serious complications following EHEC infection. Two immunologically distinct Shiga toxins, designated Stx1 and Stx2, have been identified among clinical E. coli isolates of many serotypes. Genes for both Shiga toxin types in E. coli have been shown to be encoded on lysogenic lambdoid bacteriophages. These Shiga toxin-encoding phages have played an important role in transmitting the stx genes during the evolution of Stx-producing enteric pathogens, and continue to be involved in ongoing dissemination of Shiga toxin genes to new hosts. In addition, recent studies have shown that the toxin genes appear to be integrated into the lytic circuitry of these phages in such a way that prophage induction leads to increased toxin gene expression and concomitant release of toxin by host cell lysis. One aim of the experiments outlined in this application is to define more clearly the roles of phage-encoded functions in toxin gene expression and toxin release. A second aim of the application is to investigate other phage-encoded genes that are postulated to play roles in lysogenic conversion. The products of these genes may affect processes, such as colonization or immune evasion, that could contribute to the virulence of lysogenic bacteria. Using the Stx2-encoding phage 933W, which has been sequenced in its entirety, directed mutations in individual genes will be constructed. The effects of these mutations on Shiga toxin production or other interactions with host cells will be assessed in vitro, and effects on virulence using a mouse model system will be determined. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PILOT--MOLECULAR DINOFLAGELLATES
MONITORING
OF
TOXIC
Principal Investigator & Institution: Sinigalliano, Chris; Florida International University Division of Sponsored Research and Training Miami, Fl 33199 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goals of this ARCH pilot project are to develop, optimize, and assess the effectiveness of a set of molecular methods for the detection and monitoring of toxic dinoflagellates among the epiphyton and free-living communities of microorganisms in coastal waters. As a group, these toxic dinoflagellates cause a variety of public health problems, including toxic seafood and shellfish poisoning, marine animal and bird kills, respiratory distress in humans, "red tide" fish kills, etc. Such toxic microorganisms are particularly common in Florida coastal waters. The State of Florida?s Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) Task Force has identified a critical need for the development of new technologies and approaches (particularly molecular probes) to monitor these toxins and the organisms that produce
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them, and how environmental variables affect their impact on public health and environmental quality. Particularly in the case of ciguatera HABs, there is a need to develop accurate and rapid methods to survey and monitor Florida waters for ciguateric dinoflagellate species and hot spots, and to test for the presence of their toxins. Specifically, this project will involve the development and field trials of assays combining genetic labeling, immunological labeling, and flow cytometry for the enumeration and cell sorting of dinoflagellate cells producing toxins of public health concern, such as ciguatoxins, maitotoxins, gambiertoxins, brevetoxins, and okadaic acid. Particular interest will focus on the detection of Gambierdiscus species causing Ciguatera Food Poisoning and on toxin-producing Prorocentrum and Gymnodinium species. Molecular assays will be developed to monitor these toxic dinoflagellates and to examine their associated bacteria, by targeting both ribosomal RNA genes and genes for polyketide synthase (PKS). Such molecular probes for Prorocentrum lima have already been developed by this group and successfully utilized with preliminary in vitro studies. The work proposed here may also serve as a model for other toxic polyketideproducing marine microorganisms. This project will take three different approaches to investigate the presence and toxic activity of these marine dinoflagellates: 1) in vitro real-time PCR and probe macroarray assays of nucleic acid extracts from epiphyton and water column microbial communities, 2) flow cytometry (FCM) assays using diagnostic light scatter and fluorescent properties of targeted dinoflagellate cells, and 3) fluorescent in situ hybridization and in situ PCR assays combined with FCM and fluorescent microscopy to assay probe-labeled cells. Multivariate analysis will be used to correlate this data to biogeochemical data generated by the investigators? ongoing Water Quality Monitoring Network, and to identify the role and effect of environmental and anthropogenic factors affecting dinoflagellate toxicity in this region. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PROLINE PATHOGENESIS
UPTAKE
IN
STAPHYLOCOCCUS
AUREUS
Principal Investigator & Institution: Schwan, William R.; Microbiology; University of Wisconsin La Crosse 1725 State St La Crosse, Wi 54601 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: Staphylococcus aureus is a significant human pathogen, which is the leading cause of surgical-wound infections and the second most frequent cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections in the United States. A significant number of cases of food poisoning are also linked to contamination of foodstuffs with S. aureus. Almost every tissue and organ within the human body is susceptible to infections by this species. Many of the current infections are caused by staphylococcal strains that are resistant to one or more antibiotics. Eighty to ninety percent of all S. aureus strains are resistant to the antibiotic penicillin and up to fifty percent of all strains isolated from patients in hospitals are resistant to methicillin. Recent outbreaks of community-acquired S. aureus possessing methicillin resistance and the emergence of vancomycin-resistant S. aureus strains mean that some strains may be untreatable by any antibiotic. Because S. aureus is able to infect so many different tissues within the human body, this grant proposes to study proline transport in S. aureus as a means to study the role proline transporters play in the pathogenesis of the bacteria. At least two proline transport systems are known for S. aureus. This grant proposes to identify the homolog of the ProP low affinity proline transporter and mutate the prop gene by allelic exchange or transposon mutagenesis with Tn917. With this proP mutant, a proPputP double mutant will then be created. Both the single and double mutants will be tested for proline transport
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Food Poisoning
differences in vitro and for their attenuation in animal models of infection. The regulation of the high affinity proline transport gene, putP, also will be tested in vitro in proline uptake assays and in vivo in several animal models of infection using a putP transcriptional fusion. The results of this study will help us understand the role of proline transport in S. aureus infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RAPID DETECTION OF MAJOR FOOD-BORNE PATHOGENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Zhu, Peixuan; Creatv Microtech, Inc. 11609 Lake Potomac Dr Potomac, Md 20854 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our food is a major source of illness. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that food-borne diseases cause approximately 76 million incidents of illness, resulting in 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths annually in the U.S. Known pathogens were implicated in 14 million of these incidents, 60,000 associated hospitalizations, and 1,800 deaths. Four pathogens alone (E. coli, Salmonella, Listeria, and Campylobacter) are believed to account for over two-thirds of deaths caused by known pathogens. The goal of our research is to achieve rapid, sensitive, and simple detection of pathogenic bacteria and toxins commonly found in foods by applying a new, very sensitive technology known as the "Integrating Waveguide Biosensor". This technology was recently developed by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and is being licensed to Creatv MicroTech for application in the fields of water and food safety testing. NRL's initial experimental results for two molecules showed the Integrating Waveguide Biosensor to be 100 times more sensitive than the previous generation of biosensors based on optical fibers and planar arrays. We expect to achieve a similar improvement in sensitivity for detection of pathogens in food in a test that can be completed in less than 30 minutes. The resulting device will be ideally suited to the prevention of food-borne diseases. The initial scope in Phase I will focus on E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella bacteria in ground beef and apple juice. A test instrument will be constructed incorporating the biosensor technology, assays will be developed and verified for the specified pathogens, and tests performed on food samples. In Phase II the scope will be expanded to include the pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter jejuni and the food groups poultry and fresh produce. The instrument will be redesigned to be more compact and portable, and assays developed for use outside a laboratory setting. Tests will be performed on location where these foods are produced, transported and/or prepared. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: RAPID DIAGNOSTIC BIOSENSOR FOR FOODBORNE PATHOGENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Tabb, Joel S.; Agave Biosystems Box 80010 Austin, Tx 78708 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The preponderance of biosensors under development today rely on labeling reagents such as fluorescent, chromophore or enzymatic tags. The need for these additional reagents adds complexity and makes the design of the instrument and the processing protocol more elaborate. While increasing signal, these labels also increase noise and can reduce specificity. In short, the need for secondary reagents in current systems has created significant obstacles to fielding a truly portable, reliable and easy to use biosensor, i.e., one that can be used by food
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services personnel without significant training or preparation. Agave BioSystems has demonstrated proof-of-concept for a truly labeless and rapid diagnostic biosensor based upon the optical diffraction of analyte bound to reflective silicon. Key to this effort is the innovative, microcontact printing technology that allows the precise placement of arrays of biological recognition molecules to form gratings. Coupled with optical diffraction, the system provides labeless detection of multiple targets. In this Phase II program, we will build on the success of the Phase Ito complete and demonstrate the microcontact printed optical (MiCOD) instrument and biochips for on-site detection of foodborne pathogens. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ROLE INFLAMMATION
OF
IL-1
IN
YERSINIA
INDUCED
INTESTINAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Dube, Peter H.; Molecular Microbiology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001 Summary: Yersinia enterocolitica infection is a food born pathogen that causes severe intestinal inflammation. Recently a regulator was cloned, rovA, that does not cause severe intestinal inflammation. The rovA mutant does not induce IL-1alpha in response to Yersinia infection. The aim of this proposal is to determine which bacterial genes are responsible for this phenotype as well as identifying the host factors that the bacterial proteins interact with. The role of IL-1 in the mortality seen in the murine model will be investigated. The specific aims will be addressed by taking advantage of the genetic tractability of yersinia and the murine model. A screen for rovA regulated genes has been done. These genes will be screened for their ability to induce IL-1 in vivo. Inflammation will be assessed histologically. The host factors will be identify by producing blocking antibodies Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: S. TYPHIMURIUM GENES REQUIRED FOR COLONIZATION OF CATTLE Principal Investigator & Institution: Andrews-Polymenis, Helene L.; Medical Microbiol & Immunology; Texas A&M University Health Science Ctr College Station, Tx 778433578 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): S. typhimurium is the most common cause of foodborne illness with lethal outcome in the US. The ability of S. typhimurium to consistently contaminate our food supply, creates an urgent need for better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that allow this pathogen to persist successfully in food producing animals. Epidemiological surveillance strongly suggests that pigeon adapted S. typhimurium variants (phage types DT2 and DT99) that cause fatal pigeon paratyphoid do not persist in cattle. The objective of this proposal is to identify the genes responsible for the epidemiologic success of S. typhimurium.in cattle through genomic comparison and characterize their function using the calf model of enterocolitis. The first specific aim of this proposal is to evaluate the virulence and persistence of S. typhimurium pigeon adapted variants in calves. The calf ligated ileal loop model will be used to evaluate the ability of pigeon variants to cause fluid accumulation, inflammation and tissue damage in the calf small intestine, and persistence in calves will be studied using oral models of infection. The second specific
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Food Poisoning
aim of this proposal is to identify genes present in S. typhimurium strain LT2 but absent from pigeon isolates. To identify LT2 specific genes unique to cattle isolates we will establish a epidemiological correlation within a large number of S.typhimurium isolates by southern blotting. The final specific aim of this proposal is to test unique regions of DNA isolated from S. typhimurium cattle variants for the ability to alter host specificity of pigeon adapted S. typhimurium isolates. Dr. Andrews-Polymenis completed her Ph.D. in the laboratory of Dr. Ralph Isberg, identifying novel factors necessary for intracellular growth of Legionella pneumophila. She completed her D.V.M. cum laude at Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine in May 2001. Having a strong interest in bacterial pathogenesis and in veterinary medicine, Dr. Andrews-Polymenis' career goal is to become an independent investigator at the interface between these two areas. The research collaboration between Dr. Baumler in the Texas A&M Health Science Center and Dr. Adams in the College of Veterinary Medicine provides a unique opportunity to achieve this career goal. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SIGMA MONOCYTOGENES
B
AND
STRESS
RESPONSE
IN
LISTERIA
Principal Investigator & Institution: Boor, Kathryn J.; Food Science; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, Ny 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Listeria monocytogenes (L. m.) causes serious invasive diseases in humans and animals, with a human case mortality rate of approximately 20%. One goal of the US Dept. of Health and Human Services Healthy People 2010 Initiative is to reduce human listeriosis cases by 50%. The long-term objective of our research program is to contribute to that end through identification of factors that influence L. m. pathogenesis, which ultimately will enable development of novel and effective intervention strategies for preventing listerial infections. The work proposed in this application is designed to test the specific hypotheses that (i) the sigma/B general stress response system in gram-positive bacterial pathogens (and specifically in L. monocytogenes) provides a key transcriptional regulatory mechanism that facilitates environmental survival and virulence through induction of stress response genes; and that (ii) bacterial stress response systems contribute to pathogenesis by responding to specific environments, including those encountered in the host, through initiation of stress response and virulence gene expression (e.g., prfA). The specific aims of these studies are to: (1) Define the L. m. sigmaB regulon through proteomic and genetic approaches. (2) Determine sigmaB regulon expression patterns under environmental stress conditions, sigma/B -dependent gene expression patterns will be evaluated using microarrays and reporter (-3) Measure sigmaB-dependent gene expression during host cell infection. Reporter fusions to selected sigmaB-dependent genes (e.g., prfA) in wildtype L. m. and selected null mutant strains (e.g., AsigB) will be used to identify gene expression patterns during cellular infection in tissue culture models. (4) Characterize deltasigmaB mutant virulence in tissue culture and animal models. At the conclusion of these studies, we will have developed an understanding of the contribution of cyB and the sigmaB-dependent stress response system to L. monocytogenes environmental survival and infection. More broadly, L. monocytogenes will serve as a model system for examining the role of alternative sigma factor-directed general stress response systems in survival and pathogenesis of gram-positive foodborne pathogens. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STRUCTURAL GENOMICS OF S. AUREUS PATHOGENICITY ISLANDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ohlendorf, Douglas H.; Professor; Biochem/Mole Biol/Biophysics; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Staphylococcus aureus is a primary human pathogen and a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections (over 700,000 annually), food poisoning, sepsis, and toxic shock syndrome. Currently more than 90 percent of community-isolated strains of S. aureus are resistant to penicillin or its derivatives. The ubiquity of S. aureus and its ability to rapidly develop antibiotic resistance have prompted monitoring by the WHO, the CDC and others. Understanding the basis for the pathogenicity of S. aureus opens the door to the development of new therapeutics to combat infectious diseases produced by this organism. S. aureus produces a number of virulence factors. Sequencing of strains of S. aureus has shed light into how the genes for these factors are organized. Recent studies have revealed that the genes for a number of the pyrogenic toxin superantigens are located on mobile genetic elements called pathogenicity islands that are about 16 kb in size and flanked by direct repeats. Recent microarray analysis of S. aureus pathogenicity island 3 (SaPI3) from strain MN NJ has shown that mRNA is produced for 21 of the 23 ORFs examined. In SaPI3 only 6 of these open reading frames (ORFs) encode for proteins whose sequences are homologous to proteins with a known structural fold. The goal of this project is to use the structural genomics paradigm to investigate the SaPI3 ORFs. If soluble protein cannot be isolated or crystallized for a particular ORF, orthologs from other pathogenicity islands (6 S. aureus pathogenicity islands have been identified to date) will be expressed and studied. Functional hypotheses derived from the structures and analyses of ORF null mutants will be tested using assays by the principal investigator and his collaborators. The principal investigator has been working on gram-positive pathogens since 1993. Since then workers in the laboratory have determined the structures of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (wild type and 8 mutants), of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A, and of staphylococcal exfoliative toxins A and B. Progress toward the goals to this proposal include cloning 22 ORFs of SaPI3, the production of soluble protein from 7 ORFs and the crystallization of proteins from 3 ORFs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TEMPORAL PATHOGENESIS
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
INTRACELLULAR
Principal Investigator & Institution: Higgins, Darren E.; Assistant Professor; Microbiol & Molecular Genetics; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Listeria monocytogenes (L.m.) is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes serious food-borne illness in pregnant women, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Listeriolysin O (LLO), a pore-forming cytolysin, and two bacterial phospholipases, PI-PLC and PC-PLC, are essential determinants of pathogenesis that mediate lysis of host cell vacuoles resulting from bacterial entry and intracellular spread. LLO is also expressed during intracytosolic growth and mediates numerous alterations in host cell physiology. During in vitro infection of cell lines, LLO is sufficient to facilitate lysis of all vacuolar membranes. Yet, PI-PLC and PC-PLC
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Food Poisoning
increase the efficiency of membrane lysis. It is hypothesized that these determinants play a specific role in the dissolution of each vacuolar membrane and the intracytosolic production of LLO is necessary for optimal intracellular growth. The focus of this proposal is to precisely define the temporal requirement of LLO for intracellular growth and cell-to-cell spread in primary host cells and for the maintenance of in vivo infection in a mouse infection model. In Aim I, the precise requirement for LLO expression during intracellular growth and spread in primary host cells will be determined. This will be accomplished by using a novel genetic approach to allow regulated production of LLO during intracellular infection. Intracellular LLO levels will be varied during infection of primary host cells and bacterial replication and spread determined by microscopic analysis and enumeration of intracellular bacteria. In Aim II, the precise roles of LLO, PI-PLC and PC-PLC in dissolution of vacuolar membranes during intracellular spread will be identified. L.m. strains allowing regulated expression of LLO in PI-PLC and PC-PLC mutants will be used in mixed host cell infections. Plaque formation in cell monolayers, differential time-lapse fluorescence microscopy and highresolution electron microscopy will be used to evaluate progression of infection and dissolution of vacuolar membranes. In Aim III, we will evaluate the requirement of LLO expression for maintenance of in vivo infection and the development of acquired immunity. BALB/c mice will be infected under varying times of in vivo LLO induction. Progression of infection will be evaluated by enumerating bacteria from organs and comparing to infection of wild-type and defined L.m. mutants. Immunological assessment will be determined by ELISPOT analysis and protection from wild-type bacterial challenge. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “food poisoning” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for food poisoning in the PubMed Central database: •
Bacillus cereus phage typing as an epidemiological tool in outbreaks of food poisoning. by Ahmed R, Sankar-Mistry P, Jackson S, Ackermann HW, Kasatiya SS.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228005
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Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Coagulase Type VII Isolates from Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Outbreaks (1980 --1995) in Tokyo, Japan, by Pulsed-
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Field Gel Electrophoresis. by Shimizu A, Fujita M, Igarashi H, Takagi M, Nagase N, Sasaki A, Kawano J.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87468 •
Food Poisoning. by Jones HW.; 1943 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=194204
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Genotyping of Enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens Fecal Isolates Associated with Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea and Food Poisoning in North America. by Sparks SG, Carman RJ, Sarker MR, McClane BA.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87845
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Molecular Typing of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolates, Obtained from Patients Involved in Food Poisoning Outbreaks in Taiwan, by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Analysis. by Wong HC, Liu CC, Pan TM, Wang TK, Lee CL, Shih DY.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84956
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Pyrogenic Toxin Superantigen Site Specificity in Toxic Shock Syndrome and Food Poisoning in Animals. by Schlievert PM, Jablonski LM, Roggiani M, Sadler I, Callantine S, Mitchell DT, Ohlendorf DH, Bohach GA.; 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97652
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Ribotyping for strain characterization of Clostridium perfringens isolates from food poisoning cases and outbreaks. by Schalch B, Bjorkroth J, Eisgruber H, Korkeala H, Stolle A.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168710
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Toxigenic Strains of Bacillus licheniformis Related to Food Poisoning. by SalkinojaSalonen MS, Vuorio R, Andersson MA, Kampfer P, Andersson MC, Honkanen-Buzalski T, Scoging AC.; 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91618
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with food poisoning, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “food poisoning” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for food poisoning (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A case-control study of food poisoning seen at an accident and emergency department. Author(s): Leman P, Strachan D. Source: Lancet. 2001 August 4; 358(9279): 387-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11502323&dopt=Abstract
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A hospital outbreak of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning--implications for food hygiene review in hospitals. Author(s): Regan CM, Syed Q, Tunstall PJ. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1995 January; 29(1): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7738342&dopt=Abstract
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A hospital outbreak of salmonella food poisoning due to inadequate deep-fat frying. Author(s): Evans MR, Hutchings PG, Ribeiro CD, Westmoreland D. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1996 April; 116(2): 155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8620906&dopt=Abstract
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A massive outbreak of food poisoning--a reminder of the importance of proper toxic waste control. Author(s): Benade JG. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1996 May; 86(5): 551-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8711556&dopt=Abstract
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A multi-state outbreak of Salmonella bredeney food poisoning: a case control study. Author(s): Baker DF, Kraa E, Corbett SJ. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 1998 August; 22(5): 552-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9744208&dopt=Abstract
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A new variant of food poisoning: enteroinvasive Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli sepsis from a contaminated hamburger. Author(s): Sabota JM, Hoppes WL, Ziegler JR, DuPont H, Mathewson J, Rutecki GW. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1998 January; 93(1): 118-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9448190&dopt=Abstract
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A proposed sero-grouping scheme for epidemiological investigation of food poisoning due to Clostridium perfringens type A. Author(s): Chakrabarty AK, Narayan KG. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol [orig A]. 1979 October; 245(1-2): 114-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=44603&dopt=Abstract
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Acute organophosphorus food poisoning caused by contaminated green leafy vegetables. Author(s): Goh KT, Yew FS, Ong KH, Tan IK. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1990 May-June; 45(3): 180-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2386424&dopt=Abstract
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Acute tubular necrosis due to rhabdomyolysis and pancreatitis associated with Salmonella enteritidis food poisoning. Author(s): Abdulla AJ, Moorhead JF, Sweny P. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1993; 8(7): 672-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8396755&dopt=Abstract
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An epidemiological study of Salmonella enteritidis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE): several PFGE patterns observed in isolates from a food poisoning outbreak. Author(s): Murase T, Nakamura A, Matsushima A, Yamai S. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 1996; 40(11): 873-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8985943&dopt=Abstract
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An extensive outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning due to low-fat milk in Japan: estimation of enterotoxin A in the incriminated milk and powdered skim milk. Author(s): Asao T, Kumeda Y, Kawai T, Shibata T, Oda H, Haruki K, Nakazawa H, Kozaki S. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2003 February; 130(1): 33-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12613743&dopt=Abstract
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An in-depth investigation into a food poisoning outbreak. Author(s): North RA. Source: Cater Health. 1991; 2(1): 25-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10115964&dopt=Abstract
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An outbreak of food poisoning among children attending an international sports event in Johannesburg--don't let it happen again! Author(s): Keddy KH, Koornhof H. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 2001 May; 91(5): 402, 404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11455802&dopt=Abstract
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An outbreak of food poisoning associated with restaurant-made mayonnaise in Abha, Saudi Arabia. Author(s): al-Ahmadi KS, el Bushra HE, al-Zahrani AS. Source: J Diarrhoeal Dis Res. 1998 September; 16(3): 201-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9919018&dopt=Abstract
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An outbreak of food poisoning due to egg yolk reaction-negative Staphylococcus aureus. Author(s): Miwa N, Kawamura A, Masuda T, Akiyama M. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2001 March 20; 64(3): 361-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11294358&dopt=Abstract
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An outbreak of food poisoning in a workers' camp in Saudi Arabia caused by Salmonella minnesota. Author(s): al-Ghamdi M, al-Sabty S, Kannan A, Rowe B. Source: J Diarrhoeal Dis Res. 1989 March-June; 7(1-2): 18-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2607097&dopt=Abstract
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An outbreak of food poisoning in Tamil Nadu associated with Yersinia enterocolitica. Author(s): Abraham M, Pai M, Kang G, Asokan GV, Magesh SR, Bhattacharji S, Ramakrishna BS. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1997 November; 106: 465-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9415742&dopt=Abstract
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An outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhimurium food poisoning at a wedding reception. Author(s): Grein T, O'Flanagan D, McCarthy T, Bauer D. Source: Ir Med J. 1999 January-February; 92(1): 238-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10360097&dopt=Abstract
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An outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium DT104 food poisoning associated with eating beef. Author(s): Davies A, O'Neill P, Towers L, Cooke M. Source: Commun Dis Rep Cdr Rev. 1996 October 11; 6(11): R159-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8917992&dopt=Abstract
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An overview of the marine food poisoning in Mexico. Author(s): Sierra-Beltran AP, Cruz A, Nunez E, Del Villar LM, Cerecero J, Ochoa JL. Source: Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology. 1998 November; 36(11): 1493-502. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9792163&dopt=Abstract
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An unusual outbreak of food poisoning. Author(s): Thaikruea L, Pataraarechachai J, Savanpunyalert P, Naluponjiragul U. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1995 March; 26(1): 78-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8525424&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of enterotoxin production by Bacillus cereus from dairy products, food poisoning incidents and non-gastrointestinal infections. Author(s): Granum PE, Brynestad S, Kramer JM. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1993 February; 17(4): 269-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8466800&dopt=Abstract
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Antibody cocktail could cut risk of food poisoning. Author(s): Senior K. Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2003 May; 3(5): 262. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12726960&dopt=Abstract
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Apple pie: an unusual vehicle for food poisoning. Author(s): Bonner D, Schweiger M. Source: Commun Dis Rep Cdr Rev. 1994 April 29; 4(5): R60-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10884860&dopt=Abstract
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Application of lysostaphin-producing lactobacilli to control staphylococcal food poisoning in meat products. Author(s): Cavadini C, Hertel C, Hammes WP. Source: J Food Prot. 1998 April; 61(4): 419-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9709204&dopt=Abstract
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Application of pyrolysis mass spectrometry to the investigation of outbreaks of food poisoning and non-gastrointestinal infection associated with Bacillus species and Clostridium perfringens. Author(s): Sisson PR, Kramer JM, Brett MM, Freeman R, Gilbert RJ, Lightfoot NF. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1992 September; 17(1): 57-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1476868&dopt=Abstract
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Application of serological typing to the investigation of outbreaks of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning, 1970-1978. Author(s): Stringer MF, Turnbull PC, Gilbert RJ. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1980 June; 84(3): 443-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6300225&dopt=Abstract
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Bacterial food poisoning in perspective. Author(s): Elias-Jones TF. Source: Health Bull (Edinb). 1972 April; 30(2): 133-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4341855&dopt=Abstract
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Bacterial production and destruction of histamine in foods, and food poisoning caused by histamine. Author(s): Ienistea C. Source: Die Nahrung. 1971; 15(1): 109-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5006003&dopt=Abstract
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Bacteriological investigation of an outbreak of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning caused by Japanese food without animal protein. Author(s): Miwa N, Masuda T, Terai K, Kawamura A, Otani K, Miyamoto H. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1999 August 1; 49(1-2): 103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10477076&dopt=Abstract
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Bluefish-associated scombroid poisoning. An example of the expanding spectrum of food poisoning from seafood. Author(s): Etkind P, Wilson ME, Gallagher K, Cournoyer J. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1987 December 18; 258(23): 3409-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3682140&dopt=Abstract
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Botulism food poisoning: a solitary case report. Author(s): Holmes CK, Davis WR. Source: Military Medicine. 1982 September; 147(9): 770-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6817229&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of an outbreak of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning by quantitative fecal culture and fecal enterotoxin measurement. Author(s): Birkhead G, Vogt RL, Heun EM, Snyder JT, McClane BA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1988 March; 26(3): 471-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2895776&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus coagulase type VII isolates from staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks (1980-1995) in Tokyo, Japan, by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Author(s): Shimizu A, Fujita M, Igarashi H, Takagi M, Nagase N, Sasaki A, Kawano J. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 October; 38(10): 3746-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11015395&dopt=Abstract
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Chemical food poisoning by potassium bromate. Report of an outbreak. Author(s): Paul AH. Source: N Z Med J. 1966 January; 65(401): 33-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5218135&dopt=Abstract
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Ciguatera as a cause of food poisoning in Puerto Rico. Author(s): Holt RJ, Miro G. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1983 December; 40(12): 2128, 2133. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6660225&dopt=Abstract
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Ciguatera food poisoning linked to the consumption of imported barracuda-Montreal, Quebec, 1998. Author(s): Pilon P, Dion R, Jochem K, Rodrigue H, Vezina C, Desroches F, Ramsay D, Marquis V. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 2000 May 1; 26(9): 73-6. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10893819&dopt=Abstract
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Clenbuterol residues in non-liver containing meat as a cause of collective food poisoning. Author(s): Sporano V, Grasso L, Esposito M, Oliviero G, Brambilla G, Loizzo A. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1998 June; 40(3): 141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9610490&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical and microbiological features of suspect sporadic food poisoning cases presenting to an accident and emergency department. Author(s): Leman P. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2001 September; 4(3): 209-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11732362&dopt=Abstract
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Clostridium perfringens food poisoning on North Sea oil installations. Author(s): Reid TM, Sinton GP, Gilbert RJ, Stringer MF. Source: Lancet. 1985 February 2; 1(8423): 272. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2857334&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative description of Pseudomonas cocovenenans (van Damme, Johannes, Cox, and Berends 1960) NCIB 9450T and strains isolated from cases of food poisoning caused by consumption of fermented corn flour in China. Author(s): Zhao NX, Ma MS, Zhang YP, Xu DC. Source: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 1990 October; 40(4): 452-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2275860&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative studies of Bacillus cereus strains isolated from various foods and food poisoning outbreaks. Author(s): Raevuori M, Kiutamo T, Niskanen A. Source: Acta Vet Scand. 1977; 18(3): 397-407. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=410239&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of salmonella enteritidis genotypes from various food poisoning outbreaks from 1997 to 1999 in hyogo prefecture. Author(s): Hamada K, Tsuji H, Izumiya H, Watanabe H. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 February; 53(1): 25-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10777858&dopt=Abstract
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Coumaphos intoxications mimic food poisoning. Author(s): Fang TC, Chen KW, Wu MH, Sung JM, Huang JJ. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1995; 33(6): 699-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8523496&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of beta-lactamase activities and antibiotic susceptibility of some Bacillus strains causing food poisoning. Author(s): Uraz G, Simsek H, Maras Y. Source: Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 2001; 18(1): 69-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11522126&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of biogenic amines in fish implicated in food poisoning by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Author(s): Su SC, Chou SS, Chang PC, Hwang DF. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2000 December 1; 749(2): 163-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11145053&dopt=Abstract
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Development of the immunomagnetic enrichment method selective for Vibrio parahaemolyticus serotype K and its application to food poisoning study. Author(s): Tomoyasu T. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1992 August; 58(8): 2679-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1514817&dopt=Abstract
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Diarrhoea, dysentery, and food poisoning. Author(s): Anand JK. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 August 15; 305(6850): 427. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1392948&dopt=Abstract
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Direct detection of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin in patients' stools during an outbreak of food poisoning. Author(s): Arcieri R, Dionisi AM, Caprioli A, Lopalco P, Prato R, Germinario C, Rizzo C, Larocca AM, Barbuti S, Greco D, Luzzi I. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 1999 January; 23(1): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10030546&dopt=Abstract
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Dose-response in an outbreak of non-bacterial food poisoning traced to a mixed seafood cocktail. Author(s): Gray SF, Evans MR. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1993 June; 110(3): 583-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8519323&dopt=Abstract
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Editorial: The significance of food poisoning in Canada. Author(s): Todd E, Pivnick H. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1974 March-April; 65(2): 89-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4841214&dopt=Abstract
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Eggs, recipes and Salmonella food poisoning. Author(s): Allen KD, Ridgway EJ. Source: Journal of Public Health Medicine. 1994 December; 16(4): 491-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7880585&dopt=Abstract
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Emetic food poisoning caused by Bacillus cereus. Author(s): Holmes JR, Plunkett T, Pate P, Roper WL, Alexander WJ. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1981 May; 141(6): 766-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6786233&dopt=Abstract
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Enterotoxin F (TSST-1) and food poisoning. Author(s): Devenish J, Ciebin B, Brodsky M, Jordan G, Craig J, Goold J. Source: Lancet. 1986 February 22; 1(8478): 451. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2868372&dopt=Abstract
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Enterotoxin production by coagulase-negative staphylococci in restaurant workers from Kuwait City may be a potential cause of food poisoning. Author(s): Udo EE, Al-Bustan MA, Jacob LE, Chugh TD. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1999 September; 48(9): 819-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10482292&dopt=Abstract
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Enterotoxin production by lecithinase-positive and lecithinase-negative Clostridium perfringens isolated from food poisoning outbreaks and other sources. Author(s): Skjelkvale R, Stringer MF, Smart JL. Source: The Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 1979 October; 47(2): 329-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=232099&dopt=Abstract
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Environmental temperatures and the incidence of food poisoning in England and Wales. Author(s): Bentham G, Langford IH. Source: International Journal of Biometeorology. 2001 February; 45(1): 22-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11411411&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemic hysteria masquerading as food poisoning. Author(s): Dhar NK, Mehta M, Pande P. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1991 May; 28(5): 557-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1752687&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiological investigation of a food poisoning outbreak. Author(s): Mandokhot UV, Garg SR, Chandiramani NK. Source: Indian J Public Health. 1987 April-June; 31(2): 113-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3453358&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiological studies on prediction about food poisoning outbreaks by discriminant function -on each year equation and forward prediction. Author(s): Murata G. Source: Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 1982 October; 56(10): 867-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6818287&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiological study of Clostridium perfringens (welchii) food poisoning--the carrier state and its variation in humans. Author(s): Nagasaki M. Source: Bull Tokyo Med Dent Univ. 1967 June; 14(2): 173-93. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4295046&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiology of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning. Author(s): Loewenstein MS. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1972 May 11; 286(19): 1026-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4335808&dopt=Abstract
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Estimation of human dose of staphylococcal enterotoxin A from a large outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning involving chocolate milk. Author(s): Evenson ML, Hinds MW, Bernstein RS, Bergdoll MS. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1988 December 31; 7(4): 311-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3275329&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of a pilot standard questionnaire for the enhanced surveillance of sporadic cases of suspected food poisoning. Author(s): Rooney RM, O'Brien SJ, Mitchell R, Stanwell-Smith R, Cook PE. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2000 June; 3(2): 106-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10902252&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of methods for recognising strains of the Bacillus cereus group with food poisoning potential among industrial and environmental contaminants. Author(s): Pirttijarvi TS, Andersson MA, Scoging AC, Salkinoja-Salonen MS. Source: Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 1999 February; 22(1): 133-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10188285&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of serotyping, biotyping, plasmid banding pattern analysis, and HEp-2 vacuolation factor assay in the epidemiological investigation of Bacillus cereus emetic-syndrome food poisoning. Author(s): Nishikawa Y, Kramer JM, Hanaoka M, Yasukawa A. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1996 August; 31(1-3): 149-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8880304&dopt=Abstract
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Explosive outbreaks of food poisoning due to Salmonella typhimurium U65. Author(s): Bone FJ. Source: Health Bull (Edinb). 1975 January; 33(1): 24-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1092634&dopt=Abstract
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Fatal staphylococcal food poisoning. Author(s): Currier RW 2nd, Taylor A Jr, Wolf FS, Warr M. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1973 June; 66(6): 703-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4708573&dopt=Abstract
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Food for thought: Basingstoke revisited again: a gourmand's delight or food poisoning?: Comment. Author(s): Enker WE. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1999 February; 69(2): 1512; Author Reply 152-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10030820&dopt=Abstract
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Food handlers and food poisoning. Author(s): van Saene R, Damjanovic V, Williets T. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1990 March 17; 300(6726): 747-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2322729&dopt=Abstract
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Food handlers and food poisoning. Author(s): Cruickshank JG. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1990 January 27; 300(6719): 207-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2106924&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning admissions in referral hospitals in Zimbabwe: A retrospective study. Author(s): Kasilo OM, Nhachi CF. Source: Human & Experimental Toxicology. 1994 February; 13(2): 77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7908814&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning among clients of a meals on wheels service. Author(s): Jakubovic MO, Hochuli VK. Source: Commun Dis Rep Cdr Rev. 1996 December 6; 6(13): R186-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8990575&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning and salmonella infections in England and Wales, 1969-1972. An analysis of reports to the Public Health Laboratory Service. Author(s): Vernon E, Tillett HE. Source: Public Health. 1974 July; 88(5): 225-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4213119&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning and salmonella infections in England and Wales, 1976--1978. An analysis of reports to the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre of the Public Health Laboratory Service. Author(s): Hepner E. Source: Public Health. 1980 November; 94(6): 337-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7465753&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning associated with a self-catered wedding reception. Author(s): Ayres P, Hatton P, Schweiger M, Bonner D. Source: Commun Dis Rep Cdr Rev. 1994 April 29; 4(5): R62-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10884861&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning associated with in-flight meals. Author(s): Sockett P, Ries A, Wieneke AA. Source: Commun Dis Rep Cdr Rev. 1993 June 18; 3(7): R103-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7693162&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning associated with the ingestion of fiddleheads--Quebec 1999. Author(s): Bruneau A, Lummis W, Ramsay D. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 2000 October 15; 26(20): 165-9; Discussion 169-70. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11211700&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning at a Masonic lodge. Author(s): Wright JP, Patterson WJ, Boffin C, Anderson AW. Source: Commun Dis Rep Cdr Rev. 1994 April 29; 4(5): R58-60. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: Commun Dis Rep Cdr Rev 1994 May 27; 4(6): R69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10884859&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning at a religious event. Author(s): Chandrakumar M, Joseph CA, Soltanpoor N, Sim F, Susman MD, O'Mahony M, Vaughan T, Parsons CM. Source: Commun Dis Rep Cdr Rev. 1992 October 9; 2(11): R123-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1284929&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning at a wedding reception. Author(s): Voss SN, Thomas HF, Kimmance K. Source: Commun Dis Rep Cdr Rev. 1992 October 9; 2(11): R121-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1284928&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning caused by Clostridium perfringens (C. welchii) type A. Author(s): Fraser AG, Collee JG. Source: P N G Med J. 1979 March; 22(1): 87-97. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=233180&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning due to methamidophos-contaminated vegetables. Author(s): Wu ML, Deng JF, Tsai WJ, Ger J, Wong SS, Li HP. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2001; 39(4): 333-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11527224&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning due to organophosphorus compounds. Author(s): Bhalla A, Jajoo U. Source: Natl Med J India. 1999 March-April; 12(2): 90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10416336&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning due to toxemia. Author(s): Hagen DP. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1973 December; 73(4): 314-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4588469&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning due to Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Author(s): Barker WH Jr, Gangarosa EJ. Source: Annual Review of Medicine. 1974; 25: 75-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4207439&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning following consumption of clenbuterol-treated veal in Italy. Author(s): Brambilla G, Loizzo A, Fontana L, Strozzi M, Guarino A, Soprano V. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997 August 27; 278(8): 635. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9272891&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning from raw red kidney beans. Author(s): Noah ND, Bender AE, Reaidi GB, Gilbert RJ. Source: British Medical Journal. 1980 July 19; 281(6234): 236-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7407532&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning in Amsterdam. Author(s): Smith GE, Bosman A, Bruce J, Sockett P, Brett M, Radford J. Source: Commun Dis Rep Cdr Rev. 1993 June 18; 3(7): R101-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7693161&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning in flight. Author(s): Godil A, Godil F. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1997 September; 167(3): 185. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9308418&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning in hospitals in Scotland. Author(s): Sharp JC, Collier PW, Gilbert RJ. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1979 October; 83(2): 231-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=489961&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning in two homes for the elderly. Author(s): Holtby I, Stenson P. Source: Commun Dis Rep Cdr Rev. 1992 October 9; 2(11): R125-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1284930&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning involving a chemical product--Quebec. Author(s): Gaulin C. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 1993 June 15; 19(11): 80-3. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8348102&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning notification: time for a rethink. Author(s): Cowden JM. Source: Health Bull (Edinb). 2000 July; 58(4): 328-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12813813&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning outbreak from contaminated fish-balls. Author(s): Tangkanakul W, Tharmaphornpilas P, Datapon D, Sutantayawalee S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2000 November; 83(11): 1289-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11215857&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning related to consumption of illicit beta-agonist in liver. Author(s): Martinez-Navarro JF. Source: Lancet. 1990 November 24; 336(8726): 1311. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1978128&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning syndromes. Author(s): Bishai WR, Sears CL. Source: Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 1993 September; 22(3): 579-608. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8406732&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning with radiological changes resembling lymphoma. Author(s): Sekhar HB, McLean A, Farthing MJ. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1994 October; 39(10): 2157-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7924735&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning with special reference to Salmonella -- its epidemiology, pathogenesis and control. Author(s): Turnbull PC. Source: Clin Gastroenterol. 1979 September; 8(3): 663-714. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=387301&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning. Causes, remedies, and prevention. Author(s): Shewmake RA, Dillon B. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1998 June; 103(6): 125-9, 134, 136. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9633546&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning: notifications, laboratory reports, and outbreaks--where do the statistics come from and what do they mean? Author(s): Wall PG, de Louvois J, Gilbert RJ, Rowe B. Source: Commun Dis Rep Cdr Rev. 1996 June 21; 6(7): R93-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8680502&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning: the increase is genuine. Author(s): Djuretic T. Source: The Practitioner. 1997 December; 241(1581): 752-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9926606&dopt=Abstract
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Food poisoning--and mackerel. Author(s): Mitchell P, O'Brien G. Source: N Z Med J. 1992 March 11; 105(929): 89. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1545947&dopt=Abstract
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Food safety and food poisoning. Author(s): Genigeorgis CA, Riemann H. Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 1973; 16: 363-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4361332&dopt=Abstract
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Food, hygiene, and the laboratory. A short history of food poisoning in Britain, circa 1850-1950. Author(s): Hardy A. Source: Social History of Medicine : the Journal of the Society for the Social History of Medicine / Sshm. 1999 August; 12(2): 293-311. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11623930&dopt=Abstract
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Four die in food poisoning outbreak in Japan. Author(s): Guest R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 July 27; 313(7051): 187. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8696187&dopt=Abstract
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Four outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 food poisoning linked to a single baker. Author(s): Wight JP, Cornell J, Rhodes P, Colley S, Webster S, Ridley AM. Source: Commun Dis Rep Cdr Rev. 1996 July 19; 6(8): R112-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8755673&dopt=Abstract
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Genotyping of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens fecal isolates associated with antibiotic-associated diarrhea and food poisoning in North America. Author(s): Sparks SG, Carman RJ, Sarker MR, McClane BA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 March; 39(3): 883-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11230399&dopt=Abstract
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Health promotion in the home: 1. Food poisoning: the link with home hygiene. Author(s): Perry B. Source: Prof Care Mother Child. 1994 August-September; 4(6): 188-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8680190&dopt=Abstract
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Histamine food poisoning: toxicology and clinical aspects. Author(s): Taylor SL. Source: Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 1986; 17(2): 91-128. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3530640&dopt=Abstract
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How can we prevent food poisoning? Author(s): Stevens D. Source: Prof Nurse. 2002 December; 18(4): 185. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12518609&dopt=Abstract
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How can you tell the difference between stomach flu and food poisoning? Author(s): Rosen DS. Source: Health News. 2001 February; 7(2): 10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11232115&dopt=Abstract
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How is the source of food poisoning outbreaks established? The example of three consecutive Salmonella enteritidis PT4 outbreaks linked to eggs. Author(s): Salmon RL, Palmer SR, Ribeiro CD, Hutchings P, Coleman TJ, Willis FJ, Allsup TN, Ritchie WN. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1991 December; 45(4): 266-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1795143&dopt=Abstract
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How to help your patients avoid food poisoning. Author(s): Bishai D, Bishai AW. Source: Pa Med. 1993 November; 96(11): 26-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8272361&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of tetrodotoxin and fish species in a dried dressed fish fillet implicated in food poisoning. Author(s): Hwang DF, Hsieh YW, Shiu YC, Chen SK, Cheng CA. Source: J Food Prot. 2002 February; 65(2): 389-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11848573&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of tetrodotoxin in marine gastropods implicated in food poisoning. Author(s): Sui LM, Chen K, Hwang PA, Hwang DF. Source: Journal of Natural Toxins. 2002 August; 11(3): 213-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12182541&dopt=Abstract
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Immunochemical properties of polysaccharide fractions of Bacillus cereus strains isolated from cases of food poisoning. Author(s): Zamiechowska-Miazga J. Source: Bull Acad Pol Sci Biol. 1971; 19(1): 49-53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4996969&dopt=Abstract
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In response to “outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning associated with precooked ham--Florida, 1997”. Author(s): Yesner R. Source: Conn Med. 1998 March; 62(3): 183-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9573656&dopt=Abstract
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Increase in Bacillus food poisoning in Northern Ireland. Author(s): Wilson IG, Wilson TS, Kramer JM. Source: Lancet. 1993 October 9; 342(8876): 928. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8105187&dopt=Abstract
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International outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning caused by contaminated lasagne. Author(s): Woolaway MC, Bartlett CL, Wieneke AA, Gilbert RJ, Murrell HC, Aureli P. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1986 February; 96(1): 67-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3950399&dopt=Abstract
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Invasive food poisoning caused by Salmonella oranienburg. Author(s): Nakano T, Nakanishi K, Ohashi H, Araki M, Ihara T, Kamiya H, Iwade Y, Yamauchi A, Sugiyama A. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2002 February; 44(1): 106-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11982885&dopt=Abstract
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Investigation into an outbreak of food poisoning. Author(s): Hayden BJ, Bettleheim KA, Wilson MW. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1980 December; 85(3): 327-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7007483&dopt=Abstract
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Investigation of a staphylococcal food poisoning outbreak in a centralized school lunch program. Author(s): Richards MS, Rittman M, Gilbert TT, Opal SM, DeBuono BA, Neill RJ, Gemski P. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 1993 November-December; 108(6): 765-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8265762&dopt=Abstract
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Is food poisoning a clinical or a laboratory diagnosis? A survey of local authority practices in the south Thames region. Author(s): Atkinson P, Maguire H. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 1998 September; 1(3): 161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9782629&dopt=Abstract
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Is it food poisoning? Author(s): Veitch MG, Hogg GG. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1997 November; 26(11): 1281-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9386310&dopt=Abstract
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Is it really food poisoning? Author(s): Wheeler JG, Cowden JM, Rodrigues LC, Roderick PJ, Tompkins DS. Source: Lancet. 2001 December 22-29; 358(9299): 2171-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11784666&dopt=Abstract
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Isolation of histamine-producing Lactobacillus buchneri from Swiss cheese implicated in a food poisoning outbreak. Author(s): Sumner SS, Speckhard MW, Somers EB, Taylor SL. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1985 October; 50(4): 1094-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4083875&dopt=Abstract
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Isolation of Salmonella (3, 10 : r;-) from cases of human food poisoning. Author(s): Gupta BR, Singh MP, Verma JC, Uppal PK. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1980 February; 71: 175-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7380492&dopt=Abstract
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Isolation of Salmonella montevideo from an outbreak of food poisoning. Author(s): Abou Elew MH, Ayad EM, Omar H. Source: J Egypt Med Assoc. 1972; 55(1): 105-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5050337&dopt=Abstract
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Isolation, and virulence profiles, of Aeromonas hydrophila implicated in an outbreak of food poisoning in Sweden. Author(s): Krovacek K, Dumontet S, Eriksson E, Baloda SB. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 1995; 39(9): 655-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8577278&dopt=Abstract
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Jimson weed food poisoning. An epidemic at Usangi rural government hospital. Author(s): Rwiza HT. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1991 January-April; 43(1-2): 85-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1750136&dopt=Abstract
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Kits for the detection of some bacterial food poisoning toxins: problems, pitfalls and benefits. Author(s): Brett MM. Source: Symp Ser Soc Appl Microbiol. 1998; 27: 110S-118S. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9750367&dopt=Abstract
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Laboratory confirmation of an outbreak of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning. Author(s): Schiemann DA. Source: Health Lab Sci. 1977 January; 14(1): 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=188789&dopt=Abstract
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Large outbreak of food poisoning caused by Salmonella typhimurium definitive type 49 in mayonnaise. Author(s): Mitchell E, O'Mahony M, Lynch D, Ward LR, Rowe B, Uttley A, Rogers T, Cunningham DG, Watson R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 January 14; 298(6666): 99-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2493310&dopt=Abstract
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Large outbreaks of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning associated with the consumption of boiled salmon. Author(s): Hewitt JH, Begg N, Hewish J, Rawaf S, Stringer M, Theodore-Gandi B. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1986 August; 97(1): 71-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2874173&dopt=Abstract
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Layman's guide to common complaints. 11. Food poisoning. Author(s): Librach I. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1979 September 27; 149(13): 24-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=258422&dopt=Abstract
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Lessons from the outbreak of food poisoning at Stanley Royd Hospital: what are health authorities doing now? Author(s): Kapila M, Buttery R. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986 August 2; 293(6542): 321-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3089505&dopt=Abstract
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Let's do lunch: food poisoning at school. Author(s): Adams RM. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1996 March; 15(3): 274-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8852923&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Food poisoning. Author(s): Foo LY, Kingsford M. Source: N Z Med J. 1975 November 26; 82(552): 355. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1061892&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Skin sores and food poisoning. Author(s): Henson J. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1976 June 5; 1(23): 894. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=967089&dopt=Abstract
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Managing the risk of staphylococcal food poisoning from cream-filled baked goods to meet a food safety objective. Author(s): Stewart CM, Cole MB, Schaffner DW. Source: J Food Prot. 2003 July; 66(7): 1310-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870769&dopt=Abstract
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Meningism following Salmonella virchow food poisoning. Author(s): Norris PG. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1986 July; 62(729): 621-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3748927&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular analysis of Salmonella Enteritidis isolates resistance to ampicillin and streptomycin from three outbreaks of food poisoning in Shiga prefecture. Author(s): Matsune W, Ishikawa K, Hayashi KI, Tsuji M, Izumiya H, Watanabe H. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 June; 54(3): 111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11544401&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular epidemiology of Bacillus cereus food poisoning. Author(s): Ombui JN, Kagiko MM, Arimi SM. Source: East Afr Med J. 2001 October; 78(10): 523-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11921595&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular typing of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates, obtained from patients involved in food poisoning outbreaks in Taiwan, by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Author(s): Wong HC, Liu CC, Pan TM, Wang TK, Lee CL, Shih DY. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 June; 37(6): 1809-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10325328&dopt=Abstract
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Morbidity and mortality in salmonella food poisoning. A review of 47 in-patient cases. Author(s): Dickinson RJ, Pickens S. Source: Scott Med J. 1978 January; 23(1): 23-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=635535&dopt=Abstract
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Multiple typing techniques applied to a Clostridium perfringens food poisoning outbreak. Author(s): Mahony DE, Ahmed R, Jackson SG. Source: The Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 1992 April; 72(4): 309-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1517172&dopt=Abstract
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Nitrate preserved sausage meat causes an unusual food poisoning incident. Author(s): Bacon R. Source: Commun Dis Rep Cdr Rev. 1997 March 7; 7(3): R45-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9080729&dopt=Abstract
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Non-notification of food poisoning--whose fault? Author(s): Llewellyn L, Burtonwood M, Mukerjee A. Source: Journal of Public Health Medicine. 1994 September; 16(3): 368-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7999395&dopt=Abstract
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Occurrence of a food poisoning incident by palytoxin from a serranid Epinephelus sp. in Japan. Author(s): Taniyama S, Mahmud Y, Terada M, Takatani T, Arakawa O, Noguchi T. Source: Journal of Natural Toxins. 2002 December; 11(4): 277-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503870&dopt=Abstract
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Of sick turkeys, kwashiorkor, malaria, perinatal mortality, heroin addicts and food poisoning: research on the influence of aflatoxins on child health in the tropics. Author(s): Hendrickse RG. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1997 October; 91(7): 787-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9625935&dopt=Abstract
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Oliva vidua fulminans, a marine mollusc, responsible for five fatal cases of neurotoxic food poisoning in Sabah, Malaysia. Author(s): Kan SK, Singh N, Chan MK. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1986; 80(1): 64-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3727000&dopt=Abstract
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Organic-mercury food poisoning. Author(s): Eyl TB. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1971 April 1; 284(13): 706-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4925930&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreak of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning. Author(s): Pollock AM, Whitty PM. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1991 March; 17(3): 179-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1675646&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreak of food poisoning caused by Bacillus cereus. Author(s): Midura T, Gerber M, Wood R, Leonard AR. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 1970 January; 85(1): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4983427&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreak of food poisoning caused by lactose-fermenting Salmonella tuebingen. Author(s): Dube SD. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1983 April; 17(4): 698-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6853694&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreak of food poisoning due to alkyl-mercury fungicide on southern Ghana state farm. Author(s): Derban LK. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1974 January; 28(1): 49-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4586365&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreak of food poisoning due to Salmonella paratyphi A var durazzo (2,12:a:-) in Yavatmal (Maharashtra) in May 1995. Author(s): Fule RP, Ingole KV, Jalgaonkar SV, Moon BU. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1996 February; 103: 74-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8714142&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreak of food poisoning due to Salmonella typhimurium DT4 in mayonnaise. Author(s): Ortega-Benito JM, Langridge P. Source: Public Health. 1992 May; 106(3): 203-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1603924&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreak of Salmonella food poisoning amongst delegates at a medical conference. Author(s): Palmer SR, Watkeys JE, Zamiri I, Hutchings PG, Howells CH, Skone JF. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 1990 January; 24(1): 26-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1968511&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreak of Salmonella food poisoning at Junior World Rowing Championships. Author(s): Anderson AC. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1996 December; 30(4): 347-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9015600&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreak of staphylococcal enterotoxin food poisoning. Author(s): Cowell NA, Hansen MT, Langley AJ, Graham TM, Bates JR. Source: Commun Dis Intell. 2002; 26(4): 574-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12549526&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreaks of food poisoning attributed to lecithinase-negative Clostridium welchii. Author(s): Pinegar JA, Stringer MF. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1977 May; 30(5): 491-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=193875&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreaks of food poisoning in adults due to Escherichia coli O111 and campylobacter associated with coach trips to northern France. Author(s): Wight JP, Rhodes P, Chapman PA, Lee SM, Finner P. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1997 August; 119(1): 9-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9287937&dopt=Abstract
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Oyster food poisoning. Author(s): Murphy AM, Grohmann GS. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1978 October 21; 2(9): 439. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=732743&dopt=Abstract
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Paralytic toxins in three new gastropod (Olividae) species implicated in food poisoning in southern Taiwan. Author(s): Hwang PA, Tsai YH, Lu YH, Hwang DF. Source: Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology. 2003 March; 41(4): 529-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12657324&dopt=Abstract
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Passive bacteriocin typing of strains of Clostridium perfringens type A causing food poisoning for epidemiologic studies. Author(s): Satija KC, Narayan KG. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1980 December; 142(6): 899-902. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6257802&dopt=Abstract
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Pathology of the alimentary tract in Salmonella typhimurium food poisoning. Author(s): Boyd JF. Source: Gut. 1985 September; 26(9): 935-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3896961&dopt=Abstract
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Pesticide food poisoning from contaminated watermelons in California, 1985. Author(s): Goldman LR, Smith DF, Neutra RR, Saunders LD, Pond EM, Stratton J, Waller K, Jackson RJ, Kizer KW. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1990 July-August; 45(4): 229-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2400245&dopt=Abstract
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Phylogenetic analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolated from food poisoning outbreaks and sporadic infections in 2001-2002 in Hyogo prefecture: existent of predominant genotypes in the epidemic. Author(s): Hamada K, Tsuji H, Oshibe T, Oshima K. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 December; 55(6): 207-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12606832&dopt=Abstract
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Plesiomonas shigelloides: possible association with food poisoning in Nigeria. Author(s): Ani A, Shonekan RA, Agbodaze D, Afoakwa SN. Source: West Afr J Med. 1989 July-September; 8(3): 223. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2486802&dopt=Abstract
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Preventing food poisoning by bacterial toxins. Author(s): Noah ND, Roberts D. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 August 15; 283(6289): 497-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6790030&dopt=Abstract
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Preventing food poisoning. Author(s): Puckett RP. Source: Contemp Adm Long Term Care. 1982 July; 5(7): 22-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10295206&dopt=Abstract
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Preventing pathogenic food poisoning: sanitation, not irradiation. Author(s): Epstein SS, Hauter W. Source: International Journal of Health Services : Planning, Administration, Evaluation. 2001; 31(1): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11271643&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of food poisoning in hospital patients. Author(s): Horwitz BM, Finlayson MH, Brede HD. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1974 June 1; 48(26): 1109-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4367282&dopt=Abstract
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Proceedings: Studies on food poisoning due to Clostridium welchii. Author(s): Suzuki H, Nishiguchi S. Source: Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 1974; 24(0): S: 40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4365072&dopt=Abstract
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Production of the vacuolation factor of Bacillus cereus isolated from vomiting-type food poisoning. Author(s): Shinagawa K, Otake S, Matsusaka N, Sugii S. Source: The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science. 1992 June; 54(3): 443-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1643168&dopt=Abstract
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Prophylactic effect of tea on pathogenic micro-organism infection to human and animals. (1). Growth inhibitive and bacteriocidal effect of tea on food poisoning and other pathogenic enterobacterium in vitro. Author(s): Ryu E. Source: Int J Zoonoses. 1980 December; 7(2): 164-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7251263&dopt=Abstract
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Protracted outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium definitive phage type 170 food poisoning related to tripe, 'pig bag', and chitterlings. Author(s): Cornell J, Neal KR. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 1998 March; 1(1): 28-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9718834&dopt=Abstract
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Public health aspects of food poisoning. Author(s): Hagen DP. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1973 October; 73(2): 164-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4490816&dopt=Abstract
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Rates of food poisoning in Australia. Author(s): Healy MJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2000 October 16; 173(8): 447-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11090043&dopt=Abstract
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Rates of food poisoning in Australia. Author(s): Sumner JL, McMeekin TA, Ross T. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2000 May 1; 172(9): 462-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10870546&dopt=Abstract
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Recent announcement by the Food Standards Agency concerning its target to reduce food poisoning by 20% by 2006. Author(s): Purcell B. Source: Health Bull (Edinb). 2000 November; 58(6): 518. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12813787&dopt=Abstract
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Reducing the risks to the institutionalized elderly: Part I. Depersonalization, negative relocation effects, and medical care deficiencies. Part II. Fire, food poisoning, decubitus ulcer and drug abuse. Author(s): Brown MM, Cornwell J, Weist JK. Source: Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 1981 July; 7(7): 401-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6912266&dopt=Abstract
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Report of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning at Eastern Michigan University. Author(s): Sirola O. Source: J Am Coll Health Assoc. 1967 December; 16(2): 209. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6079060&dopt=Abstract
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Ribotyping for strain characterization of Clostridium perfringens isolates from food poisoning cases and outbreaks. Author(s): Schalch B, Bjorkroth J, Eisgruber H, Korkeala H, Stolle A. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1997 October; 63(10): 3992-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9327563&dopt=Abstract
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Ribotyping of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates obtained from food poisoning outbreaks in Taiwan. Author(s): Wong HC, Ho CY, Kuo LP, Wang TK, Lee CL, Shih DY. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 1999; 43(7): 631-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10529103&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors for salmonella food poisoning in the domestic kitchen--a case control study. Author(s): Parry SM, Palmer SR, Slader J, Humphrey T; South East Wales Infectious Disease Liaison Group. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2002 October; 129(2): 277-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12403103&dopt=Abstract
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Salmonella Brandenburg and S. Corvallis involved in a food poisoning outbreak in a hospital in Hyogo Prefecture. Author(s): Hamada K, Tsuji H. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 October; 54(5): 195-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11754160&dopt=Abstract
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Salmonella food poisoning associated with imported canned meat. Author(s): Burnett RC, Davies BI. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1967 March; 65(1): 1-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5226972&dopt=Abstract
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Salmonella food poisoning from turkeys: a combined medical veterinary investigation. Author(s): Small RG, Halliday GJ, Haxton AR, Hird MD, Sharp JC, Wallace JM. Source: Health Bull (Edinb). 1976 July; 34(4): 206-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=786953&dopt=Abstract
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Salmonella food poisoning in human beings. The part played by domestic animals. Author(s): Smith HW. Source: R Soc Health J. 1969 November-December; 89(6): 271-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5390514&dopt=Abstract
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Salmonella food poisoning with fresh fish and the effect of antibiotic therapy. Author(s): Bergner-Rabinowitz S, Sklut O, Feldman H. Source: Ann Inst Pasteur Lille. 1971; 22: 231-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4949948&dopt=Abstract
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Salmonella food poisoning. Author(s): Jukes TH. Source: Science. 1984 November 23; 226(4677): 911. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6505673&dopt=Abstract
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Salmonella newport: outbreak of food poisoning among college students due to contaminated undercooked eggs. Author(s): Aseffa A, Mengistu G, Tiruneh M. Source: Ethiop Med J. 1994 January; 32(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8187777&dopt=Abstract
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Salmonella serovar montevideo involved in a food poisoning outbreak at a club for elderly persons in April 2002 in Hyogo Prefecture. Author(s): Hamada K, Tsuji H, Oshima K. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 October; 55(5): 176-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501260&dopt=Abstract
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Salmonella serovars in food poisoning episodes recorded in Brazil from 1982 to 1991. Author(s): Hofer E, dos Reis EM. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 1994 January-February; 36(1): 7-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7997777&dopt=Abstract
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Salmonella: a villain in 'food poisoning'. Author(s): Leaver M. Source: Collegian. 1997 July; 4(3): 36-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9295554&dopt=Abstract
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Salmonellosis in slaughter animals as a source of human food poisoning. Author(s): Meara PJ. Source: J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1973 September; 44(3): 215-33. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4595666&dopt=Abstract
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Scombroid fish poisoning: an overlooked marine food poisoning. Author(s): Wu ML, Yang CC, Yang GY, Ger J, Deng JF. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1997 August; 39(4): 236-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9251176&dopt=Abstract
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Secrecy in the NHS. PHLS reports on food poisoning should be published routinely. Author(s): North R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 January 21; 310(6973): 191-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7833773&dopt=Abstract
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Serological detection of enterotoxin from food poisoning strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated in Malaysia. Author(s): Lim YS, Jegathesan M, Koay AS. Source: Singapore Med J. 1985 June; 26(3): 304-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4048994&dopt=Abstract
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Serological detection of enterotoxin in foods implicated in staphylococcal food poisoning. Author(s): Gilbert RJ, Wieneke AA, Lanser J, Simkovicova M. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1972 December; 70(4): 755-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4630605&dopt=Abstract
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Serotypes of Bacillus cereus from outbreaks of food poisoning and from routine foods. Author(s): Gilbert RJ, Parry JM. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1977 February; 78(1): 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=401846&dopt=Abstract
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Something fishy: six patients with an unusual cause of food poisoning! Author(s): Hall M. Source: Emergency Medicine (Fremantle, W.A.). 2003 June; 15(3): 293-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12786652&dopt=Abstract
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Staphylococcal food poisoning aboard a commercial aircraft. Author(s): Eisenberg MS, Gaarslev K, Brown W, Horwitz M, Hill D. Source: Lancet. 1975 September 27; 2(7935): 595-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=51419&dopt=Abstract
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Staphylococcal food poisoning and botulism. Author(s): Gilbert RJ. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1974 October; 50(588): 603-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4619651&dopt=Abstract
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Staphylococcal food poisoning associated with an Easter egg hunt. Author(s): Merrill GA, Werner SB, Bryant RG, Fredson D, Kelly K. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1984 August 24-31; 252(8): 1019-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6748205&dopt=Abstract
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Staphylococcal food poisoning caused by imported canned mushrooms. Author(s): Levine WC, Bennett RW, Choi Y, Henning KJ, Rager JR, Hendricks KA, Hopkins DP, Gunn RA, Griffin PM. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996 May; 173(5): 1263-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8627083&dopt=Abstract
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Staphylococcal food poisoning from commercially prepared barbecued chicken, from “hot” turkey sandwiches, and from ham. Author(s): Milling M, Park C, Erdman IE, Todd EC, Casey J, Fish N, Gale RA, Johnston AJ, Pivnick H. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1971 September-October; 62(5): 382-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5137620&dopt=Abstract
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Staphylococcal food poisoning from cream-filled cake in a metropolitan area of south-eastern Brazil. Author(s): Pereira ML, do Carmo LS, dos Santos EJ, Bergdoll MS. Source: Revista De Saude Publica. 1994 December; 28(6): 406-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7660045&dopt=Abstract
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Staphylococcal food poisoning from infected snoek. Author(s): Prior BA, Theron DP, Henning JS, Fouche E. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1977 November 19; 52(22): 889-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=564558&dopt=Abstract
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Staphylococcal food poisoning from sheep milk cheese. Author(s): Bone FJ, Bogie D, Morgan-Jones SC. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1989 December; 103(3): 449-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2691265&dopt=Abstract
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Staphylococcal food poisoning in the United Kingdom, 1969-90. Author(s): Wieneke AA, Roberts D, Gilbert RJ. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1993 June; 110(3): 519-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8519317&dopt=Abstract
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Staphylococcal food poisoning on a cruise ship. Author(s): Waterman SH, Demarcus TA, Wells JG, Blake PA. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1987 October; 99(2): 349-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3678396&dopt=Abstract
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Staphylococcal food poisoning. Report of an outbreak. Author(s): Levitt LP, Hartwig C, Jones P, Adler P. Source: J Fla Med Assoc. 1969 November; 56(11): 850-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5349412&dopt=Abstract
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Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with food poisoning in Quebec. Author(s): Picard FJ, Jette LP, Rochefort J, Brazeau M. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1987 January-February; 78(1): 21-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3828934&dopt=Abstract
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Staphylococcus food poisoning from barbecued c8icken. Author(s): Pivnick H, Barr TR, Erdman IE, Pataki JI. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1968 January; 59(1): 30-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5688734&dopt=Abstract
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Studies on fermented corn flour food poisoning in rural areas of China. II. Isolation and identification of causal microorganisms. Author(s): Meng Z, Wang D, Li Z, Jin J, Bai J, Zhang Y, Liu X, Cai L, Li X, Ren H, et al. Source: Biomed Environ Sci. 1988 June; 1(1): 105-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3151754&dopt=Abstract
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Surveillance of food poisoning and other food-borne diseases in Singapore. Author(s): Goh KT. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1987 October; 16(4): 577-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3446000&dopt=Abstract
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Surveillance of food poisoning and salmonella infections. Author(s): Miskelly FG, Orr R. Source: British Medical Journal. 1980 October 18; 281(6247): 1069. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7427579&dopt=Abstract
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Surveillance of food poisoning outbreaks in Thailand 1981-1986. Author(s): Swaddiwuthipong W, Ittiravivongs A, Kunasol P, Rerk-Ngam S. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1988 June; 19(2): 327-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3227410&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of local authority approaches to investigating sporadic cases of suspected food poisoning. Author(s): Rooney R, O'Brien SJ, Mitchell R, Stanwell-Smith R, Cook PE. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2000 June; 3(2): 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10902251&dopt=Abstract
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Suspected staphylococcal food poisoning from ham and shrimp obtained from maltreated cans. Author(s): Todd E, Park C, Holmes R, Chaudhry S, Emson H, Link H. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1973 July-August; 64(4): 360-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4730900&dopt=Abstract
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Synthetic DNA probes for detection of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from outbreaks of food poisoning. Author(s): Van Damme-Jongsten M, Rodhouse J, Gilbert RJ, Notermans S. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1990 January; 28(1): 131-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2298871&dopt=Abstract
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Temperature monitoring prevention saves pounds of food poisoning cure. Author(s): Kane J. Source: Healthc Foodserv. 1994 March-April; 4(1): 4-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10136898&dopt=Abstract
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Tetrodotoxin in gastropods (snails) implicated in food poisoning in Northern Taiwan. Author(s): Hwang DF, Shiu YC, Hwang PA, Lu YH. Source: J Food Prot. 2002 August; 65(8): 1341-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12182492&dopt=Abstract
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The Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin gene is on a transposable element in type A human food poisoning strains. Author(s): Brynestad S, Synstad B, Granum PE. Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 1997 July; 143 ( Pt 7): 2109-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9245800&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of glucose, starch, and pH on growth, enterotoxin and haemolysin production by strains of Bacillus cereus associated with food poisoning and nongastrointestinal infection. Author(s): Garcia-Arribas ML, Kramer JM. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1990 August; 11(1): 21-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2121214&dopt=Abstract
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The epidemiology of Clostridium welchii food poisoning. Author(s): Parry WH. Source: Public Health. 1966 November; 81(1): 22-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4292376&dopt=Abstract
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The nurse's role in the prevention of food poisoning. 1. Eat, drink and be healthy. Author(s): Graham T, Lee W. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1981 March 26; 152(13): 37-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6908008&dopt=Abstract
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The nurse's role in the prevention of food poisoning. 2. Now wash your hands please. Author(s): Graham T, Lee W. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1981 April 2; 152(14): 31-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6908017&dopt=Abstract
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The potential of bacteriocin typing in the study of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning. Author(s): Watson GN, Stringer MF, Gilbert RJ, Mahony DE. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1982 December; 35(12): 1361-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6294146&dopt=Abstract
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The potential of Escherichia coli in enteral feeds to cause food poisoning: a study under simulated ward conditions. Author(s): Anderton A. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1984 June; 5(2): 155-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6205055&dopt=Abstract
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The preparation of frozen poultry: factors relating to the prevention of staphylococcal food poisoning. Author(s): Anderson K. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1966 December 24; 2(26): 1223-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6006203&dopt=Abstract
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The relation between the diarrheal and other biological activities of Bacillus cereus involved in food poisoning outbreaks. Author(s): Shinagawa K, Matsusaka N, Konuma H, Kurata H. Source: Nippon Juigaku Zasshi. 1985 August; 47(4): 557-65. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3930821&dopt=Abstract
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The rice culture filtrate of Bacillus cereus isolated from emetic-type food poisoning causes mitochondrial swelling in a HEp-2 cell. Author(s): Sakurai N, Koike KA, Irie Y, Hayashi H. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 1994; 38(5): 337-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7935057&dopt=Abstract
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The survival and growth of Bacillus cereus in boiled and fried rice in relation to outbreaks of food poisoning. Author(s): Gilbert RJ, Stringer MF, Peace TC. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1974 December; 73(3): 433-44. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4216605&dopt=Abstract
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The use of a sandwich ELISA for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin A in foods from outbreaks of food poisoning. Author(s): Wieneke AA, Gilbert RJ. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1985 August; 95(1): 131-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3926871&dopt=Abstract
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The use of colony hybridization in the isolation of thermostable direct hemolysinproducing Vibrio parahaemolyticus from foods implicated in an incidence of food poisoning. Author(s): Numata N, Ushimizu M, Ohtomo M, Chida K, Fujita H, Saito T, Suto D, Oguro M, Hayakawa Y, Sasaki K, Arakawa E, Shimada T, Watanabe H. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 April; 53(2): 75-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10871921&dopt=Abstract
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The use of radio broadcasts in the prevention of food poisoning outbreaks. Author(s): Williams D. Source: R Soc Health J. 1981 April; 101(2): 78-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7244145&dopt=Abstract
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Therapeutic breakthroughs in the new millennium: what to look for in the next two decades. Part 1: New answers for cancer, drug resistance, food poisoning. Author(s): Davidson S. Source: Health Forum Journal. 1999 January-February; 42(1): 54-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10387918&dopt=Abstract
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Thermostable Clostridium perfringens as cause of food poisoning outbreak. Author(s): Helstad AG, Mandel AD, Evans AS. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 1967 February; 82(2): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4289555&dopt=Abstract
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Time and temperature--critical factors in the prevention of food poisoning. Author(s): Jernigan AK. Source: Hospitals. 1967 September 16; 41(18): 99. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6073616&dopt=Abstract
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Toxic Bacillus pumilus from indoor air, recycled paper pulp, Norway spruce, food poisoning outbreaks and clinical samples. Author(s): Suominen I, Andersson MA, Andersson MC, Hallaksela AM, Kampfer P, Rainey FA, Salkinoja-Salonen M. Source: Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 2001 July; 24(2): 267-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11518331&dopt=Abstract
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Toxic lactonic lipopeptide from food poisoning isolates of Bacillus licheniformis. Author(s): Mikkola R, Kolari M, Andersson MA, Helin J, Salkinoja-Salonen MS. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 2000 July; 267(13): 4068-74. Erratum In: Eur J Biochem 2000 September; 267(17): 5655. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10866808&dopt=Abstract
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Toxicity testing of enterococcus strains responsible for food poisoning. Author(s): Pusztai S, Vetesi F, Hoch V. Source: Acta Vet Acad Sci Hung. 1972; 22(3): 299-306. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4669272&dopt=Abstract
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Toxigenic strains of Bacillus licheniformis related to food poisoning. Author(s): Salkinoja-Salonen MS, Vuorio R, Andersson MA, Kampfer P, Andersson MC, Honkanen-Buzalski T, Scoging AC. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1999 October; 65(10): 4637-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10508100&dopt=Abstract
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TPN or intravenous food poisoning? Author(s): Schloerb PR. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2001 July-August; 17(7-8): 6801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11448601&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of food poisoning. Author(s): Patterson M. Source: Mod Treat. 1966 September; 3(5): 967-1001. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5330757&dopt=Abstract
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Trends in salmonella food poisoning in England and Wales 1941-72. Author(s): McCoy JH. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1975 April; 74(2): 271-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1054731&dopt=Abstract
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Two outbreaks of Bacillus cereus food poisoning in Canada. Author(s): Todd E, Park C, Clecner B, Fabricius A, Edwards D, Ewan P. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1974 March-April; 65(2): 109-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4207768&dopt=Abstract
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Types of enterotoxin production by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cases of food poisoning. Author(s): Rajalakshmi, Rajyalakshmi K. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1982 July; 76: 127-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7174002&dopt=Abstract
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Understanding food poisoning. Author(s): Parini SM. Source: Nursing. 1996 December; 26(12): 28-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8971238&dopt=Abstract
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Unusually severe food poisoning from vanilla slices. Author(s): Fenton PA, Dobson KW, Eyre A, McKendrick MW. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1984 October; 93(2): 377-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6438231&dopt=Abstract
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Use of plasmid profiling as a typing method for epidemiologically related Clostridium perfringens isolates from food poisoning cases and outbreaks. Author(s): Eisgruber H, Wiedmann M, Stolle A. Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology. 1995 May; 20(5): 290-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7766228&dopt=Abstract
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Vibrio parahaemolyticus food poisoning. Author(s): Cornere B. Source: N Z Med J. 1978 January 25; 87(604): 63. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=273800&dopt=Abstract
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Vibrio parahaemolyticus food poisoning: a case report. Author(s): Wismayer RS. Source: St Lukes Hosp Gaz (Guardamangia). 1976 June; 11(1): 63-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1072814&dopt=Abstract
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Vibrio parahaemolyticus: aetiological agent of food poisoning. Author(s): Cabassi E, Mori L. Source: Folia Vet Lat. 1976 October-December; 6(4): 335-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=798718&dopt=Abstract
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Vibrio parahaemolyticus-food poisoning: case report. Author(s): Corner BM, Cawley PF. Source: N Z Med J. 1976 March 10; 83(559): 155-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1064793&dopt=Abstract
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What kind of food poisoning is it? Author(s): Kuhn PJ. Source: Rn. 1985 June; 48(6): 39-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3847123&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FOOD POISONING Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and food poisoning.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Food Poisoning The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “food poisoning” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “food poisoning” (or a synonym): •
An outbreak of food poisoning associated with restaurant-made mayonnaise in Abha, Saudi Arabia. Author(s): Saudi Arabian Field Epidemiology Training Program, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Source: al Ahmadi, K S el Bushra, H E al Zahrani, A S J-Diarrhoeal-Dis-Res. 1998 September; 16(3): 201-4 0253-8768
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Food poisoning and traveller's diarrhea. Source: Morgan, B.L.G. Nutr-Health. New York : Columbia University, Institute of Human Nutrition. 1987. volume 9 (2) page 1-6. charts. 0270-6588
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Food safety knowledge and attitudes: culture and environment impact on hawkers in Malaysia. Knowledge and attitudes are key attributes of concern in hawker foodhandling practices and outbreaks of food poisoning and their prevention. Source: Toh, P.S. Birchenough, A. Food-control. Oxford, UK : Elsevier Science Ltd. December 2000. volume 11 (6) page 447-452. 0956-7135
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to food poisoning; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Food and Diet Beef Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,85,00.html Eggs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eggs Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,98,00.html Lamb Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,90,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. POISONING
ALTERNATIVE
MEDICINE
AND
FOOD
Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to food poisoning. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to food poisoning and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “food poisoning” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to food poisoning: •
“Belladonna” poisoning confused with botulism. Author(s): Eichner ER, Gunsolus JM, Powers JF. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1967 August 28; 201(9): 695-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6071829&dopt=Abstract
•
An outbreak of food poisoning among children attending an international sports event in Johannesburg. Author(s): Karas JA, Nicol MP, Martinson N, Heubner R. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 2001 May; 91(5): 417-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11455807&dopt=Abstract
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An outbreak of food poisoning associated with restaurant-made mayonnaise in Abha, Saudi Arabia. Author(s): al-Ahmadi KS, el Bushra HE, al-Zahrani AS. Source: J Diarrhoeal Dis Res. 1998 September; 16(3): 201-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9919018&dopt=Abstract
•
Bacterial food poisoning: what to do if prevention fails. Author(s): Goldfrank L, Weisman R. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1982 September; 72(3): 171-5, 178-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6812033&dopt=Abstract
•
Food poisoning from insecticide-treated beans. Author(s): Amene PC. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1986 September; 38(3): 271-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3750394&dopt=Abstract
•
Food poisoning from raw red kidney beans. Author(s): Noah ND, Bender AE, Reaidi GB, Gilbert RJ. Source: British Medical Journal. 1980 July 19; 281(6234): 236-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7407532&dopt=Abstract
•
Jimson weed food poisoning. An epidemic at Usangi rural government hospital. Author(s): Rwiza HT. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1991 January-April; 43(1-2): 85-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1750136&dopt=Abstract
•
Prophylactic effect of tea on pathogenic micro-organism infection to human and animals. (1). Growth inhibitive and bacteriocidal effect of tea on food poisoning and other pathogenic enterobacterium in vitro. Author(s): Ryu E. Source: Int J Zoonoses. 1980 December; 7(2): 164-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7251263&dopt=Abstract
•
Recent food poisonings from cucurbitacin in traditionally bred squash. Author(s): Kirschman JC, Suber RL. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1989 August; 27(8): 555-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2792979&dopt=Abstract
•
Vibrio parahaemolyticus: aetiological agent of food poisoning. Author(s): Cabassi E, Mori L.
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Source: Folia Vet Lat. 1976 October-December; 6(4): 335-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=798718&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to food poisoning; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gastritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
•
Herbs and Supplements Bryonia Bryony Alternative names: Bryony; Bryonia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON FOOD POISONING Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “food poisoning” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on food poisoning, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Food Poisoning By performing a patent search focusing on food poisoning, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on food poisoning: •
Adsorbent Inventor(s): Aoyagi; Juuro (Tokyo, JP), Endo; Ryuichi (Chiba, JP) Assignee(s): Kouki Bussan Yugenkaisha (JP) Patent Number: 6,299,867 Date filed: January 22, 1999 Abstract: An adsorbent is disclosed which is formed either by coating an adsorption mass such as active carbon with a gel-like substance such as the dibasic metallic salt of a macromolecular polycarboxylic acid, soybean curd, jelly, konjak, agar, perilla, gelidium jelly, or chitosanoxalic acid salt gel and subsequently subjecting the coated basis to a freezing treatment or by effecting the coating with the gel-like substance already made to contain a frost damage preventing substance such as glycerin and subsequently depriving the coated basis of the frost damage preventing substance. This adsorbent, on being brought into direct contact with foodstuffs or ingested directly into the digestive system, effects highly efficient removal by adsorption of such food additive, feed additive, agricultural pesticide, food poisoning substance, allergen, heavy metal or highly poisonous organic compound as are suffered to adhere to or exist in the foodstuffs, such surplus nutrients as persist in the digestive system, such oligomers and additives as are contained in liquors, such metabolites of alcohol as are formed in the digestive system after assimilation of alcohol, such harmful substances as hydroperoxides of unsaturated fatty acids as are suffered to exist in oils and fats, and such components of offensive odor as emanate from fish. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel adsorbent to be used in agents for the removal of harmful substances by adsorption. More particularly, the invention relates to an adsorbent which is formed by coating an adsorption basis with a gel-like substance. The active carbon possesses a large specific surface area and exhibits a great ability to effect adsorption and finds utility as a representative adsorbent in various applications. When the active carbon is directly ingested into the digestive system as a medicinal carbon for the purpose of removing by adsorption such substances as induce autointoxication, medicinal poisoning, etc. however, it is liable to do harm by causing constipation. When an effort is made to mingle the active carbon with a foodstuff and ingest the mixture into the digestive system, it is at a disadvantage in imparting an unpleasant sensation to the palate and smearing the foodstuff in a blackish tint. It is also known that in the animal cell, the active carbon in a finely divided state is adsorbed on the protein or sugar protein in the outer layer of the cell membrane. When the active carbon in the finely divided state is directly ingested into the digestive system as an agent for the removal of a harmful substance by adsorption, it is suspected that part thereof persists in a state adsorbed on the cells in the digestive system with fastness such that thorough elimination thereof from the digestive system may be extremely difficult. With a view to solving this problem, adsorbents formed by coating active carbon with water-insoluble mannan such as konjak or with a cross-linked polymer such as calcium alginate have been proposed (JP-A-55-95,611 and JP-A-04-210,239). Since these adsorbents result from forming a surface coat on the particles of active carbon, they suffer from such problems as inducing a decrease in the surface area and impeding ample manifestation of the ability of adsorption inherent in the active carbon. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06299867__
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•
Bacterium detector Inventor(s): Abe; Yoshihiko (Hachioji, JP), Hochito; Kazunori (Hachioji, JP), Ikeno; Youji (Hachioji, JP), Miyamoto; Toshihiko (Hachioji, JP), Satake; Jun-ichi (Hachioji, JP), Shimoshiro; Nobuo (Hachioji, JP), Takamatsu; Atsushi (Tachikawa, JP) Assignee(s): SRL, Inc. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,197,574 Date filed: January 25, 1999 Abstract: An object of the present invention is to offer a microorganism-detecting apparatus where the microorganism causing a food poisoning can be detected/identified by a simple operation and also a disposal treatment can be conducted safely and surely. An apparatus for achieving the object is as follows: The apparatus for detecting microorganism as mentioned below is portable and enables one to selectively incubate and detect the microorganism (particularly those which are a cause of food poisoning) without skillfulness and the detecting apparatus containing pathogenic microorganism (such as that which is a cause of food poisoning) can be safely and surely disposed. The apparatus is characterized in having at least (a) a container (1) for holding a medium which is used for culturing the microorganism to be detected during the period of the incubation of said microorganism; (b) a microorganism-collecting part (6); (c) a structure (3) for making possible a process of receiving, in a noncontact manner with the microorganism-collecting part, the medium used for culturing the microorganism to be detected until the incubating stage of the microorganism; and (d) a structure (9) for disinfecting the medium after incubation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an apparatus for selectively detecting microorganisms whereby pathogenic microorganisms, particularly food poisoning microorganisms and drug-resitant microorganisms such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be easily and simply detected and/or identified. More particularly it relates to an apparatus for a selective detection of microorganisms which is particularly suitable even for private and domestic use where its storage for a long time can be expected, which can be immediately used at any time when needed, which has a portable form such that it can be conveniently and easily carried, which is capable of safely detecting and identifying a food poisoning microorganism or the like by performing a simple operation, and which can be disposed of safely, surely and easily after its use. Pathogenic microorganisms which are present in the living environment have been considerably overcome due to a high development in medical service and progress in therapy in recent years, particularly inventions and developments in antibacterial and antibiotics and, moreover, due to an improvement in hygiene. However, once they break out, big damage and fatal problems may result, and thus pathogenic microorganisms remain causes of big problems. Examples of the pathogenic microorganisms which cause troubles when present around us are those causing food poisoning and those resistant to antibiotics, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the like. Thus, there are problems such as the occurrence of a lot of patients infected by these microorganisms, and hospital infection as well. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06197574__
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Clostridium perfingens type a enterotoxin toxoid and methods of preparation and use as a vaccine and therapeutic agent Inventor(s): Hanna; Philip C. (Charlestown, MA), McClane; Bruce A. (Pittsburgh, PA), Mietzner; Timothy A. (Pittsburgh, PA) Assignee(s): University of Pittsburgh of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education (Pittsburgh, PA) Patent Number: 5,695,956 Date filed: March 15, 1994 Abstract: Escherichia coli strains that produce recombinant Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin toxoids from a Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin gene fragment encoding the Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin binding domain subcloned into an expression vector for forming plasmids are disclosed. The Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin toxoids of this invention recognize, irreversibly bind to and saturate receptor sites on intestinal membranes and, thus effectively compete for these receptor sites with Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin. The toxoids of this invention may be used to treat the symptoms of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning in patients. Vaccines are also disclosed that may be used to prevent the symptoms of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning in patients. Processes for preparing the plasmids and toxoids of this invention and for using the toxoids and vaccines of this invention are also provided. Excerpt(s): The invention described herein was made in the course of work supported in part by Public Health Service, grant No. 2 R01 AI19844-07 from the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. The Government has certain rights in this invention. The American Type Culture Collection has performed viability tests on each of the hereinbefore mentioned deposited microorganisms and has concluded on Nov. 13, 1990 that each of the hereinbefore mentioned deposited microorganisms is viable and capable of reproduction. These deposits are available to the public upon the grant of a patent to the assignee, the University of Pittsburgh of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education, disclosing them. However, it should be understood that the availability of these deposits does not constitute a license to practice this invention in derogation of patent rights granted by governmental action. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05695956__
•
Method for inhibiting growth of food poisoning organisms Inventor(s): Robach; Michael C. (St. Peters, MO), Thompson; Quentin E. (Belleville, IL) Assignee(s): Monsanto Company (St. Louis, MO) Patent Number: 4,388,321 Date filed: August 6, 1981 Abstract: Certain furanones are shown to inhibit growth of food poisoning organisms in laboratory culture media. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel compounds capable of inhibiting growth of food spoilage and food poisoning organisms which decrease the storage life of food products which normally spoil or lose flavor. In particular, this invention is related to a method of inhibiting the growth of food spoilage organisms. Deterioration due to spoilage organisms occurs extensively in untreated foodstuffs such as bakery products,
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fish, meats, fruits, vegetables and dairy products. Industrial food processing plants incur losses both in the form of returned, deteriorated products and of impaired sales owing to inferior keeping quality of the products. Consumers, also, are caused direct losses by such deterioration but, in addition, they also run health risks because of the toxins formed by pathogens which may already be produced before the growth of such pathogens is observable. Heretofore, attempts have been made to prevent or inhibit the growth of food spoilage and food poisoning organisms by using packaging materials which have been treated by a variety of substances and by intensifying plant hygiene and thus reducing the amount of pathogen and food spoilage organism infection. Intensified food plant hygiene has successfully lowered the frequency of food spoilage organisms to a significant degree. It is impossible, however, in practice, to solve the problem completely by this approach, since it has not been possible to reduce to a sufficiently low level the organism infection by which food is contaminated even by such expedients as filtration of intake air and ultraviolet light treatment. Aerobic microorganisms are deposited on the surface of foods through post-processing contamination from the air, from the hands of an operator, from equipment and utensils and other means. Typical examples are the formation of slime on the surfaces of slaughtered animal carcasses and the growth of bacterial colonies on sliced sausages. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04388321__ •
Method for testing causative microorganisms of food poisioning and reagents therefor Inventor(s): Abe; Hirohisa (Kyoto, JP), Aoyama; Yoshihiro (Kyoto, JP), Fukushima; Shigeru (Otsu, JP), Jikuya; Hiroyuki (Kyoto, JP), Ohashi; Tetsuo (Kyoto, JP), Shirasaki; Yoshinari (Otsu, JP), Tada; Jun (Muko, JP), Takano; Jun (Kyoto, JP), Yamagata; Koichi (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Shimadzu Corporation (Kyoto, JP) Patent Number: 5,529,910 Date filed: September 27, 1993 Abstract: A method for testing causative bacterial species of food poisoning which is characterized by using two oligonucleotide primers that hybridize to opposite strands of bacterial DNA specifically, and flank a unique region in the target DNA and amplifying the specific fragment of the bacterial DNA, comprising the steps of:(a) hybridizing the primer to specific gene sequence of bacteria in a sample, extending the hybridized primer with deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP), and resultantly making the double strand nucleotide;(b) where the primer extension products are cleaved into each single strand of nucleotide by certain external force such as heat, pH and so on, one single strand functioning as a template for nucleotide extension with a primer of the other strand;(c) repeating a series of cycles involving cleavage of primer extension products, primer hybridizing, extension of the hybridized primers to amplify the specific fragment of DNA, and detecting the amplified DNA fragment; and(d) as the result, determining whether or not the specific fragment is present in said sample, thereby to confirm a species of causative bacteria of food poisoning. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to detection of a species of causative bacteria of food poisoning in clinical tests or food tests. Where materials to be tested are patients' excreta or feces, food or wiping materials, operations of enrichment culture, separation culture, pure culture and then confirmation culture must be carried out, in order to
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identify that certain bacteria are causative bacteria of food poisoning. Since a time period required for each culture step is 18 to 24 hours, the required period becomes as long as about 4 days in total. In biochemical tests for confirmation culture, for example, egg-yolk reaction, VP reaction, gelatin liquefaction, starch hydrolysis, nitrate reduction and sugar reduction, etc. must be examined. Therefore, the biochemical tests are operationally complicated. Accompanied by the complicated operations, the biochemical tests are time consuming and expensive. On the other hand, a DNA probing technique or hybridization technique using an oligonucleotide has been attempted in recent years. However, it is difficult to achieve satisfactory detection sensitivity and selectivity in such bacterial tests. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05529910__ •
Multiplication inhibitor for Bacillus cereus Inventor(s): Fujita; Yatsuka (Nishinomiya, JP), Kozakai; Hiroshi (Nishinomiya, JP), Ueno; Ryuzo (Nishinomiya, JP), Yamamoto; Munemitsu (Nishinomiya, JP) Assignee(s): Kabushiki Kaisha Ueno Seiyaku Oyo Kenkyujo (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 4,954,358 Date filed: December 3, 1987 Abstract: The present invention provides a new inhibitor for Bacillus cereus which has been designated officially as a pathogen of food poisoning, which comprises a protamine or its salt as an essential component. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a multiplication inhibitor for Bacillus cereus which is one kind of the cytotoxic bacteria causing bacterial food poisoning. Nowadays people are increasingly being endangered by bacterial food poisoning in the way of food where, in keeping with progress in packing and food processing techniques for preservation besides development in means of transportation, revolutionary improvement of the distribution systems, etc., consumers are being supplied with a great variety of prepared assorted foods such as packed lunches, sandwiches, hot dogs, and cooked foods in addition to traditional processed foods such as fish paste products, processed meat, and soybean products, for example, miso and soy sauce. Recently, a frequent incidence of food poisoning caused by Bacillus cereus has come to the fore. Therefore, said cytotoxic bacterium has newly been designated officially as a pathogen of food poisoning, but there has not yet been discovered any effective means to prevent the incidence of the related poisoning. The conventional synthetic preservatives which are used for traditional processed foods are not permitted to be applied to prepared assorted foods, and prevention of deterioration of foods by general bacteria and improvement of the keeping quality are practiced by addition of amino acids, fatty acid esters, phosphates, organic acids, alcohols, etc. Such additives, however, have been hardly recognized as effective in inhibiting the growth and multiplication of Bacillus cereus in the practical application to foods. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04954358__
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•
Oligonucleotides for detecting bacteria Inventor(s): Fukushima; Shigeru (Otsu, JP), Nishimura; Naoyuki (Kyoto, JP), Ohashi; Tetsuo (Kyoto, JP), Ozaki; Hiroko (Kyoto, JP), Shirasaki; Yoshinari (Kyoto, JP), Tada; Jun (Muko, JP), Yamagata; Koichi (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Shimadzu Corporation (Kyoto, JP) Patent Number: 5,468,852 Date filed: August 19, 1992 Abstract: Oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOs 1-8) selectively hybridizable with a specific gene of Vibro parahaemolyticus, oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOs 9-13) selectively hybridizable with the LT gene of toxigenic Escherichia coil, oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOs 14-21) selectively hybrizable with the STh or STp gene of toxigenic Escherichia coil, oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOs 22-47) selectively hybridizable with the entA, B, C, or D gene of Staphylococcus aureus, or oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOs 48-53) selectively hybridizable with the entE gene of Staplyloccus aureus are prepared and used as primers for gene amplification to thereby selectively detect only respective microorganisms causing food poisoning. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to means for detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus, thermolable enterotoxin (LT)-producing strains of Escherichia coli, human thermostable enterotoxin (hereinafter, STh)- and/or porcine thermostable enterotoxin (hereinafter STp)- producing toxigenic strains of Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus in clinical examination, in particular testing in case of food poisoning, or in food inspection. When the material to be tested is patient's vomit, feces, food, or wipe, a series of operations, namely enrichment culture, isolation culture and differential culture, are required for final identification of the pathogen or contaminant as Vibrio parahaemolyticus, if present. The time periods required for the respective culture steps are 10-16 hours for enrichment culture, 18-24 hours for isolation culture, and 18-24 hours for differential culture, the total time being as long as 2-4 days. Tests to be included in differential culture include growth test in agar medium supplemented with NaCl, gram staining, oxydase test and so forth. They involve complicated and troublesome procedures and are time-consuming and expensive. For detecting the pathogenic factor of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the so-called reverse passive hemagglutination reaction is available which uses a specific immune globulin obtained from an antiserum to thermostable (thermostable) direct hemolysin (TDH) produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. However, this reaction needs 20-24 hours until a result is obtained. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05468852__
•
Oligonucleotides for detecting enteric hemorrhagic E.coli and detection method using the same Inventor(s): Fukushima; Shigeru (Otsu, JP), Takaoka; Naoko (Kameoka, JP) Assignee(s): Shimadzu Corporation (Kyoto, JP) Patent Number: 6,165,724 Date filed: May 19, 1999 Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a simple, rapid and highly sensitive method of examining EHEC or VTEC in the examination of food poisoning and diarrhea. In the present invention, the oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOS: 1-9
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hybridizing selectively with a Vero toxin gene from EHEC (or VTEC) or with an O antigen-synthesizing region gene from pathogenic E. coli O157 are prepared and used as primers for gene amplification. By this method, bacteria producing O157 as one of the pathogenic factors in these bacteria and E. coli capable of producing Vero toxin can be selectively detected. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to clinical examination and the examination of food qualities, particularly the examination of food poisoning or the detection and identification of EHEC or VTEC in the examination of diarrhea. Major materials to be examined in the examination of EHEC (or VTEC) are patient' stools, foods, or water (drinking water, river water etc.) collected around the patient. To detect and identify EHEC or VTEC from these samples, the procedures of direct separation and culture, a culture test for primary confirmation, a culture test for secondary confirmation, an agglutination test by anti-serum and a toxin production test should be conducted. However, the time required for each of these steps for culture ranges 18 to 24 hours, and the required total time is 3 to 4 days, so the examination is very time-consuming. Accordingly, the present-day method of examining EHEC (or VTEC) lacks in rapidness and simplicity, thus failing to serve as a practical means. Meanwhile, it was revealed that the serotype of EHEC (or VTEC) is typically O157:H7, which accounts for 80% or more of enteric hemorrhagic E. coli symptoms. The object of the present invention is to provide a method of detecting a Vero (phonetic transcription) toxin gene and an O157 antigen-synthesizing region gene as pathogenic factors in EHEC (or VTEC) by gene amplification techniques using oligonucleotides functioning as primers in the reaction of synthesizing nucleic acids. The object of the present invention is to provide a simple, rapid and highly sensitive clinical examination particularly in the examination of food poisoning and diarrhea, particularly enteric hemorrhagic E. coli symptoms causing severe disorders. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06165724__ •
Peptide, antibacterial agent, peptide gene, recombinant DNA and method for preparing the peptide Inventor(s): Hara; Seiichi (Noda, JP) Assignee(s): Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Technical Information Society (JP) Patent Number: 5,646,014 Date filed: August 29, 1995 Abstract: The present invention relates to a peptide represented by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, an antibacterial agent comprising the peptide as an active ingredient, a peptide gene encoding the peptide, a recombinant DNA comprising the peptide gene and a method for producing a peptide.The peptide of the present invention exhibits an effective antibacterial activity against various Gram-negative and positive bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus which are pathogenic bacteria causing food poisoning. Therefore, this peptide is useful as a food preservative and an antibacterial agent for medical use. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel peptide present in a silkworm hemolymph wherein an antibacterial activity has been induced, an antibacterial agent comprising the peptide as an active ingredient, a novel peptide gene encoding the peptide, a novel recombinant DNA comprising the gene and a method for preparing the novel peptide. When bacteria invade the body cavity (coelom) of an insect, an antibacterial protein or
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peptide is induced in a hemolymph of the insect as one of biodefense reactions. As antibacterial proteins or peptide obtainable from a silkworm hemolymph, there are known lysozyme, cecropins and the like. Lysozyme, however, exhibits an antibacterial activity against only extremely limited Gram-positive bacteria such as Micrococcus. On the other hand, cecropins exhibit an antibacterial activity against various Gram-negative and -positive bacteria, but there is a problem that they do not exhibit an effective antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria causing food poisoning, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. It is an object of the present invention to provide a novel peptide and an antibacterial agent comprising the peptide as an active ingredient. It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for efficiently producing the peptide by using genetic engineering techniques. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05646014__
Patent Applications on Food Poisoning As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to food poisoning: •
Bactericidal composition containing peptide and chelating agent Inventor(s): Oita, Shigeru; (Zentsuji-shi, JP) Correspondence: Frishauf, Holtz, Goodman & Chick, PC; 767 Third Avenue; 25th Floor; New York; NY; 10017-2023; US Patent Application Number: 20030091555 Date filed: February 4, 2002 Abstract: A bactericidal composition is provided, which comprises as effective ingredients (a) at least one substance selected from the group consisting of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and metal salts thereof and (b) at least one substance selected from the group consisting of alpha-type thionin and beta-type thionin. The bactericidal composition, for example, has the effect of sterilizing food poisoning bacteria at a low concentration and is highly safe. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a bactericidal composition containing a peptide and a chelating agent, and more particularly, to a bactericidal composition containing a chelating agent such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and an antibacterial peptide derived from barley as effective ingredients. In Japan, the bacteria that cause food poisoning most frequently include Salmonella sp. and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In recent years, food poisoning due to pathogenic Escherichia coli O-157 is increasing trend. Food poisoning of rice products due to Bacillus cereus occurs every year though in few cases. To sterilize these food poisoning bacteria contaminating various foods is effective for preventing the food poisoning. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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•
METHOD FOR DETECTION OF PATHOGENS IN FOOD Inventor(s): CHOUDARY, PRABHAKARA V.; (DAVIS, CA), GOODING, CHRISTOPHER M.; (NORWICH, GB) Correspondence: Hana Verny; Peters Verny Jones & Biksa; 385 Sherman Avenue; Suite 6; Palo Alto; CA; 94306 Patent Application Number: 20010008887 Date filed: May 4, 1999 Abstract: The invention provides a method for the specific detection of a target pathogen in a sample. The method of the invention comprises, as a first step, incubating the sample under sufficient conditions to enrich the target pathogen population in the sample. As a second step, the target pathogen is selected by immunoselection from the sample enriched in the first step. The selection of the target pathogen is followed by amplification of a nucleic acid sequence specific to the target pathogen from the target pathogen so selected. The amplified nucleic acid sequence is then detected, the presence of the amplified nucleic acid sequence indicating the presence of the target pathogen. By following the method of the invention, a single colony-forming unit (CFU) of bacterial pathogen can be detected in a contaminated food product in 8 hours or less. The invention provides improved tools for rapid and early detection of pathogens, including E. coli O157:H7, and Salmonella strains: S. agona; S. anatum; S. enteritidis; S. havana; S. krefeld; S. lilee; S. melegredis; S. montevideo; S. munster; S. newport, S. saintpaul; S. schwarzengrund; S. tennessee; S. typhimurium and S. worthington, among others. In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for the detection of a target pathogen in a food sample. This method can be useful for screening food products for the presence of contaminating organisms to minimize the risk of food poisoning. In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for the detection of a target pathogen in a patient sample. This method can be useful for diagnosing infection by a microbial pathogen. Excerpt(s): Salmonellosis is one of the oldest and most common food poisoning syndromes, with an overall mortality rate of up to 0.2%. An estimated 4 million cases of Salmonella infection are reported each year in the US alone (Doyle, M. P. & Cliver, D. O. (1990) in Foodborne Diseases, Cliver, D. O., ed., 185-205, Academic Press, New York/ London). Unlike in the past, when S. typhimurium was the principal causative agent of Salmonellosis, the past decade has witnessed S. enteritidis claim the top spot. With animal intestinal tract as its natural habitat, Salmonella enters the human food chain mainly through foods of animal origin, including poultry, beef, pork, cheese, mayonnaise, baby formulas and canned sea food. In response to the mounting public concern the US administration has recently announced plans for a drastic reform in the antiquated methods used by the USDA-FSIS based on "see-smell-and-feel" approach for certification of microbiological safety of fresh meat for human consumption. The soaring numbers of fatalities being reported currently on a daily basis (especially from Japan), however, are caused by a newly emerging foodborne pathogen, Escherichia coli O157:H7. Though recent in emergence, because of its portending ability to become a "serial killer" in a potentially epidemic scenario, E. coli O157:H7 has come to occupy the center stage, leading to the development of a spate of techniques each with specific advantages over the other in terms of rapidity, sensitivity, specificity, cost economy or ease of use. Rapid and reliable techniques that facilitate detection of foodborne microbial pathogens at early stages of contamination are key to the development of effective prevention and control strategies. The recent dramatic increase in Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks has served to highlight the paramount importance of developing
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new methods that allow faithful implementation of hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) principles all along the food chain. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for the production of the egg containing anti-pathogenic bacteria specific antbodies(igy) and the yogurt and ice cream containing the igy Inventor(s): Baek, Ban-Suk; (Gyeonggi-do, KR), Jung, Kwnag-Yong; (Daejeon, KR), Lee, Nam-Hyung; (Seoul, KR), Ryu, Jung-Soo; (Daejeon, KR), Sunwoo, Sun-Young; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: Fleshner & Kim; PO Box 221200; Chantilly; VA; 20153-1200; US Patent Application Number: 20030185856 Date filed: November 27, 2002 Excerpt(s): The present invention provides the method for the production of the egg containing anti-pathogenic bacteria specific antibodies (IgY) preventing gastritis, diarrhea, and food poisoning by immunizing young hens with antigen proteins of E. coli causing enteritis, Helicobacter pylori causing gastritis, and Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium, causing food poisoning, simultaneously, the composition containing the protein powders of the specific antibodies described above, mixed in the appropriate ratio, which produced by immunization with the four antigens separately, and the foodstuff processed with milk, such as the yogurt and ice cream, containing the anti-pathogenic bacteria specific antibodies (IgY). Additionally, as the method for isolating the protein powders of the specific antibodies, the method for separating protein and phospholipid, particularly, proceeded in a process of diluting egg yolk with distilled water in 1:1 ratio, adding the appropriate amount of ammonium sulfate which enable water-soluble protein and phospholipid to separate, and the method for separating the pigment of egg-yolk and water-soluble protein, proceeded in a process of diluting those separated solution with distilled water, sitting in the certain temperature to precipitate and purify the proteins. The prior art related to patent of E.1coli is summarized as following. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Novel adsorbent Inventor(s): Aoyagi, Juuro; (Tokyo, JP), Endo, Ryuichi; (Chiba, JP) Correspondence: Mathews, Collins, Shepherd & Gould, P.A.; Suite 306; 100 Thanet Circle; Princeton; NJ; 08540; US Patent Application Number: 20020025911 Date filed: August 16, 2001 Abstract: An adsorbent is disclosed which is formed either by coating an adsorption mass such as active carbon with a gel-like substance such as the dibasic metallic salt of a macromolecular polycarboxylic acid, soybean curd, jelly, konjak, agar, perilla, gelidium jelly, or chitosanoxalic acid salt gel and subsequently subjecting the coated basis to a freezing treatment or by effecting the coating with the gel-like substance already made to contain a frost damage preventing substance such as glycerin and subsequently depriving the coated basis of the frost damage preventing substance. This adsorbent, on
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being brought into direct contact with foodstuffs or ingested directly into the digestive system, effects highly efficient removal by adsorption of such food additive, feed additive, agricultural pesticide, food poisoning substance, allergen, heavy metal or highly poisonous organic compound as are suffered to adhere to or exist in the foodstuffs, such surplus nutrients as persist in the digestive system, such oligomers and additives as are contained in liquors, such metabolites of alcohol as are formed in the digestive system after assimilation of alcohol, such harmful substances as hydroperoxides of unsaturated fatty acids as are suffered to exist in oils and fats, and such components of offensive odor as emanate from fish. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel adsorbent to be used in agents for the removal of harmful substances by adsorption. More particularly, the invention relates to an adsorbent which is formed by coating an adsorption basis with a gel-like substance. The active carbon possesses a large specific surface area and exhibits a great ability to effect adsorption and finds utility as a representative adsorbent in various applications. When the active carbon is directly ingested into the digestive system as a medicinal carbon for the purpose of removing by adsorption such substances as induce autointoxication, medicinal poisoning, etc. however, it is liable to do harm by causing constipation. When an effort is made to mingle the active carbon with a foodstuff and ingest the mixture into the digestive system, it is at a disadvantage in imparting an unpleasant sensation to the palate and smearing the foodstuff in a blackish tint. It is also known that in the animal cell, the active carbon in a finely divided state is adsorbed on the protein or sugar protein in the outer layer of the cell membrane. When the active carbon in the finely divided state is directly ingested into the digestive system as an agent for the removal of a harmful substance by adsorption, it is suspected that part thereof persists in a state adsorbed on the cells in the digestive system with fastness such that thorough elimination thereof from the digestive system may be extremely difficult. With a view to solving this problem, adsorbents formed by coating active carbon with water-insoluble mannan such as konjak or with a cross-linked polymer such as calcium alginate have been proposed (JP-A-55-95,611 and JP-A-04-210,239). Since these adsorbents result from forming a surface coat on the particles of active carbon, they suffer from such problems as inducing a decrease in the surface area and impeding ample manifestation of the ability of adsorption inherent in the active carbon. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Oligonucleotides and method for characterizing and detecting genogroup II type small round structured virus Inventor(s): Ishiguro, Takahiko; (Yokohama-shi, JP), Masuda, Noriyoshi; (Tokyo, JP), Saito, Juichi; (Yamato-shi, JP), Taya, Toshiki; (Sagamihara-shi, JP), Yasukawa, Kiyoshi; (Kawasaki-shi, JP) Correspondence: Oblon Spivak Mcclelland Maier & Neustadt PC; Fourth Floor; 1755 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20020099201 Date filed: November 21, 2001 Abstract: Nucleic acid sequences, oligonucleotides and a method for detection of SRSV, in particular, a virus which belongs to Genotype II (GII), in clinical examinations, public health examinations, food evaluations and food poisoning examinations are provided.
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Excerpt(s): SRSV (Small Round Structured Virus) is commonly known as a causative virus of viral food poisoning. The present invention relates to nucleic acid sequences, oligonucleotides and method for detection of SRSV and, in particular, a virus which belongs to Genotype II (GII) in clinical examinations, public health examinations, food evaluations and food poisoning examinations. SRSV belongs to the human Calicivirus group. Human Caliciviruses are classified according to their three genetic types: Genogroup I (GI), Genogroup II (GII) and Genogroup III (GIII). Generally speaking, GI and GII Caliciviruses are generally referred to as SRSV, and GIII Caliciviruses are referred to as human Caliciviruses in the narrow sense. Approximately 20% of the food poisoning cases reported in Japan are attributed to viral causes. SRSV is detected in over 80% of these viral food poisoning cases. The major source of infection is food, and raw oysters are often implicated. SRSV has also been detected in infant (sporadic) acute enterogastritis, thus suggesting the possibility of propagation from human to human. SRSV detection therefore provides an important contribution to public health and food quality. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with food poisoning, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “food poisoning” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on food poisoning. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning food poisoning. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON FOOD POISONING Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to food poisoning. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on food poisoning include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “food poisoning” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on food poisoning: •
Medical Advisor Home Edition: The Complete Guide to Alternative and Conventional Treatments Source: Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. 1997. 960 p. Contact: Available from Time-Life Books. 400 Keystone Industrial Park, Dunsmore, PA 18512. PRICE: $20.00. ISBN: 0783552505. Summary: This book offers information about 300 health problems, ranging from relatively benign conditions to the most serious diseases. There are symptoms charts which name several related problems and help readers decide which ailment entry to look up. Ailment entries provide a more complete list of symptoms, plus guidelines to discern whether the condition is potentially serious or requires a doctor's attention. Each entry describes the ailment and how it affects the body. Next, the entry outlines the underlying causes of the ailment and the tests and procedures a doctor may use to
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confirm the diagnosis. The treatment segment presents conventional and alternative recommendations for curing the problem or alleviating the symptoms. Most ailment entries conclude with advice on preventive measures that can be used to maintain health. Alternative treatments discussed include bodywork, acupuncture and acupressure, herbal therapies, homeopathy, lifestyle changes, and nutrition and diet. The book begins with a section on emergency medicine. Also included is a visual diagnostic guide, an atlas to the body, a medicine chest section (describing herbs, homeopathic remedies, and over the counter drugs), a glossary, a subject index, a bibliography, and a list of health associations and organizations. Topics related to digestive diseases include abdominal pain, AIDS, allergies, anal bleeding, anal fissure, anorexia nervosa, bad breath, bowel movement abnormalities, bulimia, celiac disease, cholesterol problems, colitis, colorectal cancer, constipation, Crohn's disease, diarrhea, diverticulitis, flu, food poisoning, gallstones, gas and gas pains, gastritis, gastroenteritis, heartburn, hiatal hernia, hiccups, incontinence, indigestion, irritable bowel syndrome, lactose intolerance, lupus, obesity, pancreatic cancer, pancreatic problems, stomach cancer, stomach ulcers, swallowing difficulty, trichomoniasis, vomiting, and worms. The book is illustrated with line drawings and full-color photographs. •
Understanding Indigestion and Other Tummy Troubles Source: Woollahra, New South Wales, Australia: Health Books, Gore and Osment Publications. 1993. 64 p. Contact: Available from Health Books, Gore and Osment Publications, Private Box 427, 150 Queen Street, Woollahra, NSW 2025, Australia. (02) 361-5244. Fax (02) 360-7558. PRICE: $9.95 (as of 1995). ISBN: 187553136X. Summary: This book presents basic information on the causes and treatments of common stomach and digestive tract ailments. After an introductory section that reviews the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the book features nine chapters on the following topics: indigestion; ulcers; food poisoning and other causes of upset stomachs and diarrhea; irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); dealing with diverticular disease; bowel cancer; other GI problems, including hiccups, gas, hepatitis, food allergies, appendicitis, and sexually transmitted diseases of the bowel; and children's GI problems, including colic, food intolerance, gastroenteritis, reflux, celiac disease, constipation, IBS, IBD, polyps, and phantom pains. The book is written in clear, easy-to-understand language and focuses on practical, selfcare tips for many of the disorders covered.
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Foods That Harm, Foods That Heal: An A-Z Guide to Safe and Healthy Eating Source: Pleasantville, NY: Reader's Digest. 1997. 400 p. Contact: Available from Customer Service, Reader's Digest. Pleasantville, NY 10570. (800) 846-2100. PRICE: $30.00. ISBN: 0895779129. Summary: This nutrition reference book features more than 400 photographs and illustrations with more than 400 A to Z entries on a vast range of foods and health concerns, include caffeine, cancer, diabetes, fast food, garlic, heart disease, influenza, osteoporosis, pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and vegetarianism. The book is designed to provide families with information to help understand the close links between foods and wellness. Each food entry provides at-a-glance information on its nutrients (or lack of) and its benefits and drawbacks. Each ailment is accompanied by a list of foods and beverages that are considered safe, and what foods or beverages should be cut down or avoided altogether. Personalized case studies help to illustrate various
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topics. There are special features on eating during different life stages, from infancy to old age, as well as such issues as genetically altered foods, irradiation, pesticides, and pollution. Other topics include how to cook foods to achieve maximum nutritional benefits; which dietary supplements really work; tips on exercising, storing food, and reading food labels; an instructive analysis of the most popular diet regimens; and controversial foods and additives such as eggs, nitrites, bran, cheese, milk, fat, wine, and alcohol. A glossary defines unfamiliar or technical terms; there is also a listing of organizations that can provide further information and resources. Topics specifically related to digestive diseases include allergic reactions to food, anorexia nervosa, antioxidants, appetite loss, basic food groups, carbohydrates, celiac disease, childhood and adolescent nutrition, cholesterol, constipation, convenience foods, Crohn's disease, diarrhea, dieting and weight control, digestive and malabsorption disorders, diverticulitis, fats, fiber, food poisoning, gastritis, gastroenteritis, gout, hiatal hernia, indigestion and heartburn, intolerance to milk and other foods, irritable bowel syndrome, malnutrition, medicine-food interactions, minerals, obesity, organic and health foods, preparation and storage of food, restaurants and eating out, smoking and diet, sports nutrition, supplements, traveler's health, ulcers, vitamins, and worms and other parasites.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “food poisoning” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “food poisoning” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “food poisoning” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Dishing Up Death: Is Our Food Poisoning Us? (Behind the Headlines) by Jacquie Reilly (2000); ISBN: 1902932153; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1902932153/icongroupinterna
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Everything You Need to Know About Food Poisoning (Need to Know Library) by Mick Isle; ISBN: 0823933962; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823933962/icongroupinterna
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Fighting Back: How to Protect Yourself Against the "Food Bug" and Report Food Poisoning Hazards by Michael H. Doom, Charles J. Moore (Illustrator); ISBN: 0962898856; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962898856/icongroupinterna
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Food Poisoning by G. M. Dack; ISBN: 0226133818; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0226133818/icongroupinterna
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Food Poisoning by John Monahan; ISBN: 0317674102; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0317674102/icongroupinterna
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Food Poisoning & Food Hygiene 6 Edition Aise by Hobbs &, Roberts; ISBN: 0340605693; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0340605693/icongroupinterna
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Food Poisoning and Food Hygiene by Betty C. Hobbs; ISBN: 0683040898; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683040898/icongroupinterna
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Food Poisoning and Foodborne Diseases (Diseases and People) by Sara L. Latta; ISBN: 0766011836; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0766011836/icongroupinterna
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Food Poisoning Prevention by Greg Merry; ISBN: 073294127X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/073294127X/icongroupinterna
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Food Poisoning: Listeria & Listeriosis Report - Follow Up by Great Britain (1990); ISBN: 0102093903; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0102093903/icongroupinterna
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Food Poisoning: The Investigation and Control of Food Poisoning in England and Wales; ISBN: 0113207913; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0113207913/icongroupinterna
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HCP 257 88/89 Sixth Report from the Social Services Committee; Food Poisoning: Listeria and Listeriosis Together with the Proceedings of the Committee, Minutes of Evidence: Food Poisoning: [HC]: [1988-89]: House of Commons Papers: [1988-89] by Frank Field; ISBN: 0102257892; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0102257892/icongroupinterna
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How to Prevent Food Poisoning : A Practical Guide to Safe Cooking, Eating, and Food Handling by Elizabeth Scott (Author), Paul Sockett (Author) (1998); ISBN: 0471195766; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471195766/icongroupinterna
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ISE Food Poisoning and Food Hygiene by Dr Betty C Hobbs, Dr Diane Roberts; ISBN: 0340700270; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0340700270/icongroupinterna
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Isolation and Identification Methods for Food Poisoning Organisms, No.17 by Janet Corry; ISBN: 0121899500; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121899500/icongroupinterna
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Microbial Food Poisoning by Adrian R. Eley (2002); ISBN: 0412644304; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0412644304/icongroupinterna
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Microbial Food Poisoning by Eleya (1996); ISBN: 0442316313; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0442316313/icongroupinterna
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Ptomaine: The Story of Food Poisoning by Stewart M. Brooks; ISBN: 0498013553; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0498013553/icongroupinterna
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Risky Food, Safer Choices: Avoiding Food Poisoning by Peter Cerexhe, John, Dr. Ashton (1999); ISBN: 0868405221; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0868405221/icongroupinterna
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Safer Eating: Microbiological Food Poisoning and Its Prevention by Peter Border (1997); ISBN: 1897941560; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1897941560/icongroupinterna
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Salmonella bacteria and salmonella food poisoning : questions and answers (SuDoc A 110.13/2:Sa 3) by U.S. Dept of Agriculture; ISBN: B00010BAAI; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010BAAI/icongroupinterna
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Suspected Food Poisoning in Consett, County Durham by Johnathan Cameron Young (1974); ISBN: 0900974257; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0900974257/icongroupinterna
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The Prevention of Food Poisoning by Jill Trickett (2001); ISBN: 0748758933; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0748758933/icongroupinterna
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The Report of the Committee of Inquiry into an Outbreak of Food Poisoning at Stanley Royd Hospital (Cmnd.: 9716) by J. Hugill (1986); ISBN: 0101971605; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0101971605/icongroupinterna
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The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “food poisoning” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
A study of characteristics and methods of detection of food poisoning microorganisms with particular emphasis on Clostridium perfringens. Author: Despaul, John E.; Year: 1965; Chicago, Laboratory Division, Directorate of Technical Operations, Defense Subsistence Supply Center [1963?]
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Food poisoning and food hygiene. Author: Hobbs, Betty C. (Betty Constance); Year: 1963; London, Arnold [1968]; ISBN: 71314128X
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Food poisoning, its nature, history and causation; measures for its prevention and control. Author: Dewberry, Elliot Brocklebank.; Year: 1970; London, Hill, 1947
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Prevention of food poisoning. Author: Ignatovich, Zinaida Aleksandrovna.; Year: 1963; Washington, Joint Publications Research Service, 1966
Chapters on Food Poisoning In order to find chapters that specifically relate to food poisoning, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and food poisoning using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “food poisoning” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on food poisoning:
10
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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•
Infectious Diarrhea and Bacterial Food Poisoning Source: in Feldman, M.; Friedman, L.S.; Sleisenger, M.H. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 7th ed. [2-volume set]. St. Louis, MO: Saunders. 2002. p. 1864-1913. Contact: Available from Elsevier. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 568-5136. Website: www.us.elsevierhealth.com. PRICE: $229.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721689736. Summary: This chapter on infectious diarrhea and bacterial food poisoning is from a comprehensive and authoritative textbook that covers disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, biliary tree, pancreas, and liver, as well as the related topics of nutrition and peritoneal disorders. Topics include changes in normal flora caused by diarrhea; classification of bacterial diarrhea; toxigenic diarrheas, including cholera, other vibrios, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas shigelloides, and Escherichia coli; invasive pathogens, including Shigella, nontyphoidal Salmonellosis, typhoid fever, Campylobacter, and Yersinia; viral diarrhea, including that due to rotavirus, calicivirus, enteric andenovirus, astrovirus, and torovirus; traveler's diarrhea, including microbiology, epidemiology, clinical features, and prevention; diarrhea in the elderly; diagnosis of infectious diarrheal disease; treatment of infectious diarrhea, including with fluid therapy, diet, antimicrobial drugs, and nonspecific therapy; tuberculosis of the gastrointestinal tract; and bacterial food poisoning, including that from Clostridium perfringers, Saphylococcus auerus, Listeria, Bacillus cereus, botulism, and Bacillus anthracis. The chapter includes a mini-outline with page citations, illustrations, and extensive references. 8 figures. 16 tables. 329 references.
•
Approach to Patients with Gastrointestinal Tract Infections and Food Poisoning Source: in Feigin, R.D. and Cherry, J.D., eds. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 4th ed. Volume 1. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1998. p. 567-601. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. PRICE: $315.00. ISBN: 0721664482. Summary: This chapter on managing young patients with gastrointestinal (GI) tract infections and food poisoning is from a textbook on pediatric infectious diseases. The authors stress that the approach to patients must begin with a thorough medical history, including information about epidemiologic factors, a physical examination, and knowledge of the pathophysiology of various enteropathogens. GI tract infections can include a wide range of symptoms and can be caused by a variety of agents and organisms. However, most infectious diarrhea illness can be classified into a category based on its cause, its pathophysiology, and the clinical response. This information can then be used to determine the appropriate diagnostic and monitoring tests and to decide which therapy to use. All patients with diarrhea require some degree of fluid and electrolyte therapy, a few need other nonspecific support, and for some, specific antimicrobial therapy is indicated to shorten the illness. The authors consider epidemiology and etiology, including outbreaks in child care centers and hospitals, foodborne or waterborne diarrhea, antimicrobial-associated diarrhea, travelers' diarrhea, and diarrhea in immunocompromised patients, including those with AIDS; bacterial organisms that cause gastroenteritis, including Aeromanas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Yersinia enterocolitica; viral agents, including rotaviruses,
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astroviruses, calciviruses, and enteric adenoviruses; and parasites, including Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Strongyloides stercoralis, Isospora belli, microsporidia, and Cyclospora. Diagnostic considerations, including laboratory testing, are reviewed. The authors also discuss treatment options, including fluid and electrolyte therapy, dietary manipulation, nonspecific therapy with antidiarrheal compounds, and specific therapy with antimicrobial agents. 5 figures. 18 tables. 392 references. (AA-M).
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CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON FOOD POISONING Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on food poisoning. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on food poisoning is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “food poisoning” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “food poisoning” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on food poisoning: •
Nutrition for Persons With HIV Infection Contact: University of Michigan, Medical Center, Biomedical Communications, Media Library, 1327 Jones Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, (313) 763-2074. Summary: This videorecording tells home-care workers who take care of persons with HIV infection about their special nutritional needs. It says that proper nutrition is one way that an HIV-infected person can exert come control over his or her health, and outlines a balanced diet for someone with AIDS. It emphasizes their special need for extra calories and gives tips on adding calories to food. It encourages persons with AIDS (PWAs) to eat junk foods for additional calories as needed after meeting their nutritional requirements, because they cannot afford to loss body weight. Those who have trouble eating a lot at one time are encouraged to eat several smaller meals, and dietary supplements are recommended as needed. Home-care workers learn about the symptoms of HIV infection, such as diarrhea, that may affect a person's appetite, and how to cope with these symtoms. If symptoms remain persistent, consult a dietitian. The
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videorecording gives information on the safest way to handle food to avoid food poisoning and tips on how to motivate patients to eat. •
Kitchens Alive with Germs Source: Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Department of Outreach Education. 1999. (videocassette). Contact: Available from University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics. Picture of Health, 702 North Blackhawk Avenue, Suite 215, Madison, WI 53705-3357. (800) 757-4354 or (608) 263-6510. Fax (608) 262-7172. PRICE: $19.95 plus shipping and handling; bulk copies available. Order number 062099A. Summary: This videotape on foodborne illness and food handling is one in a series of health promotion programs called 'Picture of Health,' produced by the University of Wisconsin. In this program, moderated by Carol Koby and featuring dietitian Donna Weihofen and biotechnology educator Thomas Zinnen, the risk factors associated with the common kitchen sink and errors in food handling are explored. Topics include the evolution of bacteria into new strains, the rules of food safety, improvements in the detection of pathogens, beneficial bacteria, germs (a simple term for things that are small and can grow, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, proteus), harmful bacteria (including specific strains of Escherichia coli, salmonella, and listeria), the symptoms of food poisoning, specific foods at high risk of contamination (raw meats and vegetables), food handling, cooked versus uncooked foods, the problems associated with unprocessed apple cider, dishwashers and the use of heat to reduce bacteria levels, and food recalls. The program features a segment in which Dr. Zinnen works with a group of preschoolers to demonstrate proper handwashing techniques. The program concludes by referring viewers to the informational website of the American Dietetic Association (www.eatright.org).
Bibliography: Multimedia on Food Poisoning The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in food poisoning (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on food poisoning: •
Food sanitation [motion picture]: food poisoning on shipboard Source: Caravel Films, Inc.; Navy Department, United States of America; Year: 1951; Format: Motion picture; United States: The Navy, 1951
•
Salmonella food poisoning [electronic resource]. Year: 1994; Format: Electronic resource; Hanover, N.H.: Warlock Productions, [1994]
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CHAPTER 7. POISONING
PERIODICALS
AND
NEWS
ON
FOOD
Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover food poisoning.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on food poisoning is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “food poisoning” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to food poisoning. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “food poisoning” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for food poisoning: •
Study: Deaths from food poisoning underestimated Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 14, 2003
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Serious food poisoning still a problem in UK Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 14, 2002
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Serious food poisoning cases not dropping in UK Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 13, 2002
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Pesticide-contaminated salt causes food poisoning in restaurant Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 06, 2002
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UK watchdog launches drive to reduce food poisoning Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 12, 2002
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UK watchdog launches anti food poisoning drive Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 12, 2002
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Parties major source of food poisoning in the home Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 09, 2001
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Dinner parties are a major source of food poisoning in the home Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 08, 2001
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UK watchdog targets 20% cut in food poisoning Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 23, 2001
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CDC report: Causes of food poisoning remain steady Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 06, 2001
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Food poisonings traced to bad tuna burgers Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 13, 2001
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Irradiation could cut food poisoning Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 19, 2000
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Consumer group wants better food inspection, better tracking of food poisoning Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 08, 2000
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Seafood biggest cause of US food poisoning - group Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 07, 2000
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Firm in Japan food poisoning rapped for 'recycling' Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 11, 2000
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Hundreds hit in Japanese food poisoning scare Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 30, 2000
Periodicals and News
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Food poisoning in US linked to fishing method Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 16, 2000
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Contaminated corn causes food poisoning in Italy Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 26, 2000
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CDC warns about raw sprouts link to food poisoning Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 11, 1999
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Parsley source of food poisoning Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 15, 1999
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Food poisoning cases down in 1998 Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 11, 1999
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Food poisoning linked to barracuda Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 28, 1998
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First Case Of Klebsiella Pneumoniae Food Poisoning Reported Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 06, 1998
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Ham Potential Source Of Food Poisoning Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 18, 1997
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Food Poisoning from Alfalfa Sprouts Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 14, 1997
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E.coli Identified As Culprit In Tainted Cider Food Poisoning Outbreak Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 07, 1996
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Japan Invokes Century-Old Law To Combat Food Poisoning Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 02, 1996
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.
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Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “food poisoning” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “food poisoning” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to food poisoning, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “food poisoning” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “food poisoning” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on food poisoning: •
Perseverance, Partnership: Keys to Successful Rehabilitation Source: Renal Rehabilitation Report. 6(3): 2-3. May-June 1998.
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Contact: Available from Life Options Rehabilitation Program. Medical Education Institute, Inc, 414 D'Onofrid Drive., Suite 200, Madison, WI 53719. (608) 833-8033. Email:
[email protected]. Summary: This article reviews the basics of successful renal rehabilitation. The author tells the story of Nancy Spaeth, a woman who experienced kidney failure 33 years ago. In the intervening time, she has undergone three kidney transplants, had two children, and obtained two post-secondary degrees. The longest surviving patient of Northwest Kidney Centers program (the first out-of-hospital dialysis center in the world), Spaeth is living proof that rehabilitation and good clinical management can succeed. The article reviews her story, beginning with her receiving hemodialysis in 1966 and focusing on the importance of working closely with her doctors through each stage of her care. She switched to home hemodialysis in 1968, and in 1972 received her first transplant (a kidney donated by one of her brothers). In 1979, a severe case of food poisoning caused her kidney to fail, and she went back on hemodialysis; then in 1981 she received her second transplant. Another bout with rejection in 1986 caused that transplant to fail, and she returned to home hemodialysis. She describes the difficulties of coping with anemia and how it had a negative impact on her ability to work; eventually, she was placed in an anemia management study. In 1989 she received a third transplant, which she lost in 1995. At that point, she switched to continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). She prefers the post-session stability, the more liberal diet, and the ability to travel. She concludes by stressing that her own determination, along with the support of her family and doctors, has been instrumental in her clinical and rehabilitation success. •
Food Safety Guide Source: Nutrition Action Healthletter. 26(8): 1, 3-9. October 1999. Contact: Available from Center for Science in the Public Interest. 1875 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 300, Washington, DC 20009-5728. (202) 332-9110. Fax (202) 2654954. Website: www.cspinet.org. Summary: This newsletter article offers a food safety guide to help consumers avoid episodes of food poisoning. The authors first review some of the changes in the food safety field, including new pathogens to deal with, a more centrally produced and global food supply, and changes in the ways food animals are raised. The authors then review the two families of bacteria of concern: spoilage bacteria that cause foods to smell and taste bad; and disease causing bacteria that do not usually change the taste, smell, or appearance of food, but can make people sick. The body of the article discusses each category of food, including poultry, seafood, dairy, eggs, fruits and vegetables, juice and cider, prepared foods and salads, hot dogs and deli meats. In each category, the authors describe the food handling issues, the types of infections that are possible, and experiences of people who got sick. Sections headed What to Do offer specific strategies for shopping, handling fresh fruits, preparing foods, cooking meats, staying informed, avoiding raw foods, traveling, and eating at restaurants. One sidebar lists the symptoms of food poisoning and how to know when to contact a health care provider. The authors recommend the website that refers readers to the government food safety sites (www.foodsafety.gov). The article concludes with a chart summarizing the pathogens, their possible symptoms, foods that have caused outbreaks, how soon the symptoms typically strike, and how long the illness lasts. Pathogens covered are Campylobacter, Ciguatera, Clostridium botulinum, Cyclospora, E. coli O157:H7, hepatitis A, Listeria, Norwalk virus, Salmonella, Scombrotoxin, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus. 1 table.
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Academic Periodicals covering Food Poisoning Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to food poisoning. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering food poisoning that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
11
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
116 Food Poisoning
•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “food poisoning” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “food poisoning” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
Positive Eating: Taking Control Contact: Commonwealth Department of Health, Housing &, Community Services, AIDS Education Group, GPO Box 9848, Canberra. Summary: This manual addresses the nutritional problems of HIV-positive people. It describes the nutritional effects of HIV infection, principles of a healthy lifestyle and good nutrition, and advice on symptom control. It discusses the importance of food and nutrition to HIV-positive individuals, modifying accepted dietary guidelines, planning food preparation and avoiding food poisoning, looking after the mouth and teeth, multi-vitamin, mineral, and nutritional supplements, and the effects of recreational drug use. The guide offers suggestions for treating fever, taste changes, weight loss with and without fat intolerance, anorexia, chewing difficulties or painful mouth, nausea, diarrhea, and fatigue associated with HIV infection. It lists organizations that provide HIV/AIDS information, education or treatment.
•
Positive Eating, Staying Well Contact: Commonwealth Department of Health, Housing &, Community Services, AIDS Education Group, GPO Box 9848, Canberra. Summary: This manual emphasizes positive eating and staying well. It addresses the nutritional consequences of HIV infection, mentions body weight, and considers vitamins and minerals. It lists principles of a healthy lifestyle and good nutrition. The manual discusses the importance of food and nutrition, explains the complex composition of food, and describes a variety of food processing techniques. It suggests eating a healthy diet; avoiding food poisoning; caring for your mouth and teeth; and exercising regularly. It offers contacts for help and a reading list.
•
Positive Eating for Health & Growth: A Guide to Nutrition for Parents and Carers of HIV Positive Children Contact: Commonwealth Department of Health, Housing and, Community Services, AIDS Policy and Programs Branch, GPO Box 9848, Canberra.
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Summary: This monograph provides information on nutrition for the parents or caregivers of children with HIV infection. It discusses the nutritional effects and needs of HIV infection, focusing on growth, energy and protein needs, and vitamins and minerals. A section on positive eating includes guidelines for age- appropriate diets, vitamin and mineral supplements, avoiding food poisoning, food processing, seeking advice if a child is unwell, and preparing infant formula safely. Advice is given for symptom control for fever, weight loss and poor appetite, chewing difficulties, nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea. A resource listing, bibliography, and glossary are included.
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “food poisoning” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 10653 425 889 18 0 11985
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “food poisoning” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 19 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 20 The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on food poisoning can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to food poisoning. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to food poisoning. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “food poisoning”:
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•
Other guides Food Contamination/Poisoning http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodcontaminationpoisoning.html Food Safety http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodsafety.html Household Poisons http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/householdpoisons.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on food poisoning. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Take Charge of Your Food: Tips for High-Risk Americans to Avoid Food Poisoning Contact: Project Inform, National HIV/AIDS Treatment Hotline, 205 13th St Ste 2001, San Francisco, CA, 94103, (415) 558-8669, http://www.projectinform.org. Summary: This pamphlet examines ways that people at increased risk for contracting food poisoning can reduce their chances of getting food-borne illness. The pamphlet discusses the people who are at risk: pregnant women, very young children, older adults, and people with weak immune systems, and describes safety measures that should be observed when buying, preparing, and storing food, and eating out. The pamphlet provides a list of foods that high-risk individuals should not eat.
•
Avoiding Food Poisoning Source: London, England: British Digestive Foundation. 1993. 4 p. Contact: Available from British Digestive Foundation. 7 Chandos Street, London W1A 2LN England. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This patient education brochure provides basic information about food poisoning. Written in a question-and-answer format, it covers a definition of food poisoning; incidence; prevention and avoidance; symptoms; and treatment. One chart summarizes common sources of food poisoning and how each is transmitted and controlled. The brochure also outlines the need for more research on this area and asks readers to support research with financial assistance. The brochure includes an insert
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summarizing guidelines for the early diagnosis of digestive disorders. This insert, entitled 'When Should I See My Doctor' lists symptoms that suggest a health care provider should be consulted. The brochure concludes with a brief description of the activities of the British Digestive Foundation. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Consumer Advice: Meat and Poultry Summary: Ground meat and ground poultry are more perishable than most foods. Improper handling and preparation can lead to bacterial food poisoning. Source: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=204
•
Food Risks: Perception vs. Reality Summary: This online curriculum offers lessons on food safety, food additives, food labels, and food poisoning. Source: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6407 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to food poisoning. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to food poisoning. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with food poisoning. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about food poisoning. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “food poisoning” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “food poisoning”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For
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publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “food poisoning” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “food poisoning” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
22
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
23
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on food poisoning: •
Basic Guidelines for Food Poisoning Botulism Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000598.htm Food poisoning Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001652.htm Food poisoning risks Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001981.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Food Poisoning Abdominal cramping Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Abdominal cramps Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm
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Blood in stools Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003130.htm Chills Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003091.htm Diarrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003126.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Nausea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Respiratory arrest Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003069.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Weakness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Food Poisoning Blood culture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003744.htm
•
Background Topics for Food Poisoning Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Electrolyte Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002350.htm Intravenous Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002383.htm Shellfish Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002851.htm
Online Glossaries 135
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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FOOD POISONING DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescent Nutrition: Nutrition of children aged 13-18 years. [NIH] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosols: Colloids with a gaseous dispersing phase and either liquid (fog) or solid (smoke) dispersed phase; used in fumigation or in inhalation therapy; may contain propellent agents. [NIH]
Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of
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antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Aflatoxins: A group of closely related toxic metabolites that are designated mycotoxins. They are produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Members of the group include aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, aflatoxin M1, and aflatoxin M2. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in fractionation of proteins. [NIH]
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase.
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Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anal Fissure: A small tear in the anus that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anergy: Absence of immune response to particular substances. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]
Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthrax: An acute bacterial infection caused by ingestion of bacillus organisms. Carnivores may become infected from ingestion of infected carcasses. It is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The most common form in humans is cutaneous anthrax. [NIH] Anthropogenic: Of human origin or influence. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign
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substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antibody Specificity: The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some antigenic determinants and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. [NIH] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been immunized. [NIH] Anuria: Inability to form or excrete urine. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Appendicitis: Acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and
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the capillaries. [NIH] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Astrovirus: A genus of small, circular RNA viruses in the family Astroviridae. They cause gastroenteritis and are found in the stools of several vertebrates including humans. Transmission is by the fecal-oral route. There are at least seven human serotypes and the type species is human astrovirus 1. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacillus cereus: A species of rod-shaped bacteria that is a common soil saprophyte. Its spores are widespread and multiplication has been observed chiefly in foods. Contamination may lead to food poisoning. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium. [NIH] Bacterial toxin: A toxic substance, made by bacteria, that can be modified to kill specific tumor cells without harming normal cells. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH]
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Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Base Sequence: The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide or nucleoside sequence. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Bioassays: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biogenic Amines: A group of naturally occurring amines derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of the natural amino acids. Many have powerful physiological effects (e.g., histamine, serotonin, epinephrine, tyramine). Those derived from aromatic amino acids, and also their synthetic analogs (e.g., amphetamine), are of use in pharmacology. [NIH] Biological Warfare: Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bioterrorism: The use of biological agents in terrorism. This includes the malevolent use of bacteria, viruses, or toxins against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a
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network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Regions: Anatomical areas of the body. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchodilator: A drug that relaxes the smooth muscles in the constricted airway. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bulimia: Episodic binge eating. The episodes may be associated with the fear of not being able to stop eating, depressed mood, or self-deprecating thoughts (binge-eating disorder) and may frequently be terminated by self-induced vomiting (bulimia nervosa). [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with
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phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Calicivirus: A genus in the family Caliciviridae containing many species including feline calicivirus , vesicular exanthema of swine virus, and San Miguel sea lion viruses. [NIH] Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including neuropeptides, cytoskeletal proteins, proteins from smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, liver, platelets and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. [NIH] Campylobacter: A genus of bacteria found in the reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and oral cavity of animals and man. Some species are pathogenic. [NIH] Campylobacter Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Campylobacter. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carrier State: The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissable to another susceptible host. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caspases: A family of intracellular cysteine endopeptidases. They play a key role in inflammation and mammalian apoptosis. They are specific for aspartic acid at the P1 position. They are divided into two classes based on the lengths of their N-terminal prodomains. Caspases-1,-2,-4,-5,-8, and -10 have long prodomains and -3,-6,-7,-9 have short prodomains. EC 3.4.22.-. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are
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made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Movement: The movement of cells from one location to another. [NIH] Cell Physiology: Characteristics and physiological processes of cells from cell division to cell death. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cellular Structures: Components of a cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Child Care: Care of children in the home or institution. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chloroplasts: Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll, which is associated with the membrane of thylakoids. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of higher plants. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH]
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Civilization: The distinctly human attributes and attainments of a particular society. [NIH] Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Codons: Any triplet of nucleotides (coding unit) in DNA or RNA (if RNA is the carrier of primary genetic information as in some viruses) that codes for particular amino acid or signals the beginning or end of the message. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Colic: Paroxysms of pain. This condition usually occurs in the abdominal region but may occur in other body regions as well. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1
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to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a
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myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanobacteria: A subgroup of the oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria comprised of unicellular to multicellular photosynthetic bacteria possessing chlorophyll a and carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria are the only known organisms capable of fixing both carbon dioxide (in the presence of light) and nitrogen. Formerly called blue-green algae, cyanobacteria were traditionally treated as algae. By the late 19th century, however, it was realized that the blue-green algae were unique and lacked the traditional nucleus and chloroplasts of the green and other algae. The comparison of nucleotide base sequence data from 16S and 5S rRNA indicates that cyanobacteria represent a moderately deep phylogenetic unit within the gram-negative bacteria. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cysteine Endopeptidases: Endopeptidases which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. This group of enzymes is inactivated by sulfhydryl reagents. EC 3.4.22. [NIH] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible. [NIH]
Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH]
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Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]
Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]
Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Depsipeptide: Anticancer drugs obtained from microorganisms. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diagnostic Services: Organized services for the purpose of providing diagnosis to promote and maintain health. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH]
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Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Dietitian: An expert in nutrition who helps people plan what and how much food to eat. [NIH]
Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Outbreaks: Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes epidemics. [NIH] Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diverticula: Plural form of diverticulum. [NIH] Diverticulitis: Inflammation of a diverticulum or diverticula. [NIH] Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance
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which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]
Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Egg Yolk: Cytoplasm stored in an egg that contains nutritional reserves for the developing embryo. It is rich in polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emergency Medicine: A branch of medicine concerned with an individual's resuscitation, transportation and care from the point of injury or beginning of illness through the hospital or other emergency treatment facility. [NIH] Emergency Treatment: First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured. [NIH] Emetic: An agent that causes vomiting. [EU] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH]
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Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria consisting of organisms causing variable hemolysis that are normal flora of the intestinal tract. Previously thought to be a member of the genus Streptococcus, it is now recognized as a separate genus. [NIH] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Enterotoxins: Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Environmental Pollutants: Substances which pollute the environment. Use environmental pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading. [NIH]
for
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Factors: Events, characteristics, or other definable entities that have the potential to bring about a change in a health condition or other defined outcome. [NIH] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks
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containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exotoxin: Toxic substance excreted by living bacterial cells. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer
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to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluid Therapy: Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to water-electrolyte balance. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by hypodermoclysis. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, anti-infective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH]
Food Chain: The sequence of transfers of matter and energy from organism to organism in the form of food. Food chains intertwine locally into a food web because most organisms consume more than one type of animal or plant. Plants, which convert solar energy to food by photosynthesis, are the primary food source. In a predator chain, a plant-eating animal is eaten by a larger animal. In a parasite chain, a smaller organism consumes part of a larger host and may itself be parasitized by smaller organisms. In a saprophytic chain, microorganisms live on dead organic matter. [NIH] Food Coloring Agents: Natural or synthetic dyes used as coloring agents in processed foods. [NIH] Food Handling: Any aspect of the operations in the preparation, transport, storage, packaging, wrapping, exposure for sale, service, or delivery of food. [NIH]
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Food Inspection: Examination of foods to assure wholesome and clean products free from unsafe microbes or chemical contamination, natural or added deleterious substances, and decomposition during production, processing, packaging, etc. [NIH] Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Food Services: Functions, equipment, and facilities concerned with the preparation and distribution of ready-to-eat food. [NIH] Foodborne Illness: An acute gastrointestinal infection caused by food that contains harmful bacteria. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and chills. Also called food poisoning. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Fumigation: The application of smoke, vapor, or gas for the purpose of disinfecting or destroying pests or microorganisms. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicide: An agent that destroys fungi. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallstones: The solid masses or stones made of cholesterol or bilirubin that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. [NIH] Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gavage: Feeding by a tube passed into the stomach; called also tube feeding. [NIH]
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Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Amplification: A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. It occurs naturally via the excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an RNA transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original DNA sequence. Laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of DNA from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication. [NIH] Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]
Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gout:
Hereditary
metabolic
disorder
characterized
by
recurrent
acute
arthritis,
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hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Handwashing: The act of cleansing the hands with water or other liquid, with or without the inclusion of soap or other detergent, for the purpose of removing soil or microorganisms. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to
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hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolymph: The blood/lymphlike nutrient fluid of some invertebrates. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hiatal Hernia: A small opening in the diaphragm that allows the upper part of the stomach to move up into the chest. Causes heartburn from stomach acid flowing back up through the opening. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Homeopathic remedies: Small doses of medicines, herbs, or both that are believed to stimulate the immune system. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Host-cell: A cell whose metabolism is used for the growth and reproduction of a virus. [NIH]
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Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypotonic Solutions: Solutions that have a lesser osmotic pressure than a reference solution such as blood, plasma, or interstitial fluid. [NIH] Hysteria: Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice. [NIH] Ice Cream: A frozen dairy food made from cream or butterfat, milk, sugar, and flavorings. Frozen custard and French-type ice creams also contain eggs. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
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Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]
Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Impregnation: 1. The act of fecundation or of rendering pregnant. 2. The process or act of saturation; a saturated condition. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate
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agents. [EU] Industrial Waste: Worthless, damaged, defective, superfluous or effluent material from industrial operations. It represents an ecological problem and health hazard. [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infectious Diarrhea: Diarrhea caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, or parasites. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]
Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]
Intensive Care Units: Hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill patients. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH]
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Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isotonic: A biological term denoting a solution in which body cells can be bathed without a net flow of water across the semipermeable cell membrane. Also, denoting a solution having the same tonicity as some other solution with which it is compared, such as physiologic salt solution and the blood serum. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU]
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Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Acute: A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Chronic: An irreversible and usually progressive reduction in renal function in which both kidneys have been damaged by a variety of diseases to the extent that they are unable to adequately remove the metabolic products from the blood and regulate the body's electrolyte composition and acid-base balance. Chronic kidney failure requires hemodialysis or surgery, usually kidney transplantation. [NIH] Lactose Intolerance: The disease state resulting from the absence of lactase enzyme in the musocal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore an inability to break down the disaccharide lactose in milk for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It is manifested by indigestion of a mild nature to severe diarrhea. It may be due to inborn defect genetically conditioned or may be acquired. [NIH] Lag: The time elapsing between application of a stimulus and the resulting reaction. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH]
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Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysostaphin: A 25 kD peptidase produced by Staphylococcus simulans which cleaves a glycine-glcyine bond unique to an inter-peptide cross-bridge of the Staphylococcus aureus cell wall. EC 3.4.24.75. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with
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acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Marine Toxins: Toxic or poisonous substances elaborated by marine flora or fauna. They include also specific, characterized poisons or toxins for which there is no more specific heading, like those from poisonous fishes. Clupeotoxin, pahutoxin, prymnesin, scombrotoxin go here. [NIH] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Meat Products: Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple). [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Methicillin Resistance: Non-susceptibility of a microbe to the action of methicillin, a semisynthetic penicillin derivative. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH]
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Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Probes: A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in molecular genetics to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by molecular hybridization. [NIH] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness,
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and air sickness. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Mutate: To change the genetic material of a cell. Then changes (mutations) can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mycotoxins: Toxins derived from bacteria or fungi. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myofibrils: Highly organized bundles of actin, myosin, and other proteins in the cytoplasm of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells that contract by a sliding filament mechanism. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurologic Manifestations: Clinical signs and symptoms caused by nervous system injury or dysfunction. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuropeptides: Peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxin: A substance that is poisonous to nerve tissue. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are
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unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleocapsid: A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. It consists of a capsid plus enclosed nucleic acid. Depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Open Reading Frames: Reading frames where successive nucleotide triplets can be read as
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codons specifying amino acids and where the sequence of these triplets is not interrupted by stop codons. [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Organophosphorus Compounds: Organic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH]
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Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Paresthesia: Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in
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their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylase: An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the phosphorylysis of a terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond at the non-reducing end of a glycogen molecule, releasing a glucose 1-phosphate residue. Phosphorylase should be qualified by the natural substance acted upon. EC 2.4.1.1. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors,
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precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polybrominated Biphenyls: Biphenyl compounds which are extensively brominated. Many of these compounds are toxic environmental pollutants. [NIH] Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Industrial products consisting of a mixture of chlorinated biphenyl congeners and isomers. These compounds are highly lipophilic and tend to accumulate in fat stores of animals. Many of these compounds are considered toxic and potential environmental pollutants. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Porins: Protein molecules situated in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that, in dimeric or trimeric form, constitute a water-filled transmembrane channel allowing passage of ions and other small molecules. Porins are also found in bacterial cell walls, and in plant, fungal, mammalian and other vertebrate cell and mitochondrial membranes. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH]
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Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH]
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Proteus: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in the intestines of humans and a wide variety of animals, as well as in manure, soil, and polluted waters. Its species are pathogenic, causing urinary tract infections and are also considered secondary invaders, causing septic lesions at other sites of the body. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Health Nursing: The field of nursing focusing on the health of the community through educational and preventive programs, as well as providing treatment and diagnostic services. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pyrogenic: Inducing fever. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body.
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Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflective: Capable of throwing back light, images, sound waves : reflecting. [EU] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regulon: In eukaryotes, a genetic unit consisting of a noncontiguous group of genes under the control of a single regulator gene. In bacteria, regulons are global regulatory systems involved in the interplay of pleiotropic regulatory domains. These regulatory systems consist of several operons. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which
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contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Paralysis: Complete or severe weakness of the muscles of respiration. This condition may be associated with motor neuron diseases; peripheral nerve disorders; neuromuscular junction diseases; spinal cord diseases; injury to the phrenic nerve; and other disorders. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rhabdomyolysis: Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]
Rotavirus: A genus of Reoviridae, causing acute gastroenteritis in birds and mammals, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salmonella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility. [NIH] Salmonella enteritidis: A serotype of Salmonella enterica which is an etiologic agent of gastroenteritis in man and other animals. [NIH] Salmonella Food Poisoning: Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of salmonella. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply. [NIH] Salmonellosis: Infection by salmonellae. [NIH]
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Sanitation: The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public. [NIH] Saprophyte: A saprophytic (= whose nutrition involves uptake of dissolved organic material from decaying plant or animal matter) organism. [EU] Saturate: Means fatty acids without double bond. [NIH] Saxitoxin: Poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by Gonyaulax species (Dinoflagellate protozoans) and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects; it is neurotoxic and causes respiratory paralysis and other effects in mammals, known as paralytic shellfish poisoning. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH]
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Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sigma Factor: A protein which is a subunit of RNA polymerase. It effects initiation of specific RNA chains from DNA. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Snails: Marine, freshwater, or terrestrial mollusks of the class Gastropoda. Most have an enclosing spiral shell, and several genera harbor parasites pathogenic to man. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a
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subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spirometry: Measurement of volume of air inhaled or exhaled by the lung. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomach Ulcer: An open sore in the lining of the stomach. Also called gastric ulcer. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by
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clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Superantigens: Microbial antigens that have in common an extremely potent activating effect on T-cells that bear a specific variable region. Superantigens cross-link the variable region with class II MHC proteins regardless of the peptide binding in the T-cell receptor's pocket. The result is a transient expansion and subsequent death and anergy of the T-cells with the appropriate variable regions. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tenesmus: Straining, especially ineffectual and painful straining at stool or in urination. [EU] Tetrodotoxin: Octahydro-12-(hydroxymethyl)-2-imino-5,9:7,10a-dimethano10aH(1,3)dioxocino(6,5-a)pyrimidine-4,7,10,11,12-pentol. An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order Tetradontiformes (pufferfish, globefish, toadfish), which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation.
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[NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torovirus: A genus of the family Coronaviridae characterized by enveloped, peplomerbearing particles containing an elongated tubular nucleocapsid with helical symmetry. Toroviruses have been found in association with enteric infections in horses (Berne virus), cattle (Breda virus), and humans. Transmission takes place probably via the fecal-oral route. [NIH]
Toxemia: A generalized intoxication produced by toxins and other substances elaborated by an infectious agent. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoid: The material resulting from the treatment of toxin in such a way that the toxic properties are inactivated whilst the antigenic potency remains intact. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual,
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between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] TYPHI: The bacterium that gives rise to typhoid fever. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]
Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]
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Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alphahydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies. [NIH] Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetarianism: Dietary practice of consuming only vegetables, grains, and nuts. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vesicular Exanthema of Swine: A calicivirus infection of swine characterized by hydropic degeneration of the oral and cutaneous epithelia. [NIH] Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus: The type species of the genus Calicivirus, an RNA virus infecting pigs. The resulting infection is an acute febrile disease which is clinically indistinguishable from foot and mouth disease. Transmission is by contaminated food. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU]
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Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Welchii: A genus of anerobic spore-forming bacteria of the family Bacillaceae. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Infection: Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yersinia: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rod- to coccobacillus-shaped bacteria that occurs in a broad spectrum of habitats. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abdominal, 4, 98, 133, 137, 146, 150, 155, 162, 169, 170 Abdominal Pain, 4, 98, 137, 155, 162 Abscess, 39, 137 Acetylcholine, 137, 168 Actin, 6, 137, 167 Acute renal, 137, 158 Adenosine, 137, 143, 171, 180 Adjuvant, 137, 156 Adolescent Nutrition, 99, 137 Adsorption, 84, 93, 94, 137 Adsorptive, 137 Adverse Effect, 137, 178 Aerobic, 87, 137, 166 Aerosols, 23, 137 Affinity, 15, 18, 25, 137, 138, 163, 178 Aflatoxins, 58, 138 Agar, 84, 89, 93, 138, 148, 160 Agonist, 50, 138 Alertness, 138, 143 Algorithms, 138, 142 Alimentary, 60, 138 Alkaline, 138, 143 Allergen, 23, 84, 94, 138, 177 Alternative medicine, 110, 138 Amenorrhea, 138, 139 Amine, 138, 158 Amino Acid Sequence, 7, 90, 138, 139, 156 Amino Acids, 88, 138, 141, 142, 156, 169, 170, 172, 173, 182 Ammonium Sulfate, 93, 138 Amphetamine, 138, 142 Ampicillin, 57, 139 Amplification, 9, 92, 139 Anaerobic, 139, 174, 176, 184 Anaesthesia, 139, 160 Anal, 98, 139, 152, 154, 164 Anal Fissure, 98, 139 Analogous, 15, 139, 181 Anemia, 111, 139, 164 Anergy, 139, 180 Animal model, 19, 26, 28, 139 Anions, 139, 162, 177, 180 Anorexia, 98, 99, 118, 139, 155, 182 Anorexia Nervosa, 98, 99, 139 Antagonism, 15, 139, 143, 180 Anthrax, 9, 139
Anthropogenic, 25, 139 Antibacterial, 22, 85, 90, 91, 139, 150, 179, 183 Antibiotic, 5, 7, 9, 22, 25, 29, 31, 43, 52, 64, 139, 143, 170, 176, 179, 183 Antibodies, 8, 27, 93, 139, 140, 157, 158, 159, 160, 164, 171 Antibody Specificity, 13, 140 Anticoagulant, 140, 173 Antigen, 14, 90, 93, 137, 139, 140, 147, 149, 158, 159, 160, 161, 177 Antigen-presenting cell, 140, 149 Anti-infective, 140, 154, 159, 162 Anti-Infective Agents, 140, 154 Antimicrobial, 4, 17, 21, 22, 37, 102, 140 Antioxidants, 99, 140, 154, 170 Antiserum, 89, 140 Anuria, 140, 163 Anus, 139, 140, 143 Apoptosis, 8, 140, 144 Appendicitis, 98, 140 Aqueous, 140, 142, 148, 151, 159 Arginine, 140, 168 Aromatic, 140, 142, 171 Arterial, 140, 173 Arteries, 140, 142, 143, 147, 165 Arterioles, 140, 143, 144 Aspartic, 141, 144 Aspartic Acid, 141, 144 Assay, 19, 25, 46, 141, 160, 176, 182 Astringents, 141, 165 Astrovirus, 102, 141 Asymptomatic, 141, 169 Attenuated, 7, 23, 141 Attenuation, 26, 141 Autodigestion, 141, 169 Autoimmune disease, 22, 141 Autoimmunity, 22, 141 B Bacteremia, 141, 176 Bacterial Proteins, 6, 27, 141 Bacterial toxin, 4, 61, 141 Bactericidal, 91, 141 Bacteriophage, 38, 141, 176, 184 Bacterium, 6, 12, 22, 85, 88, 141, 158, 176, 182 Base, 39, 142, 148, 149, 153, 155, 156, 162, 163, 180, 182
186 Food Poisoning
Base Sequence, 142, 148, 155, 156 Benign, 97, 142, 157, 175 Bile, 142, 155, 159, 163 Bile Ducts, 142, 155 Biliary, 102, 142, 144, 169 Biliary Tract, 142, 144, 169 Bilirubin, 142, 155 Bioassays, 22, 142 Biochemical, 7, 21, 88, 142, 154, 163, 177, 183 Biogenic Amines, 43, 142 Biological Warfare, 13, 142 Biosynthesis, 17, 19, 142 Biotechnology, 14, 30, 31, 39, 101, 106, 110, 117, 142 Bioterrorism, 15, 16, 142 Bladder, 142, 160, 182, 183 Bloating, 142, 160, 162 Blood Coagulation, 142, 144, 176, 180 Blood pressure, 142, 166, 178 Blood vessel, 142, 152, 158, 162, 178, 180, 181, 183 Blot, 18, 143 Body Fluids, 143, 154, 178 Body Regions, 143, 146 Bone Marrow, 143, 160, 164, 166 Bowel, 4, 98, 139, 143, 150, 152, 161, 162, 163, 170, 179 Bowel Movement, 98, 143, 150, 179 Brachytherapy, 143, 161, 162, 174, 184 Bradykinin, 143, 168, 172 Branch, 118, 131, 143, 151, 170, 174, 178, 180 Breakdown, 143, 150, 155 Broad-spectrum, 139, 143 Bronchi, 143, 152, 180, 181 Bronchial, 143, 158, 180 Bronchodilator, 143, 146 Buccal, 143, 164 Bulimia, 98, 143 C Caffeine, 98, 143 Calcium, 84, 94, 143, 144, 146 Calculi, 144, 157 Calicivirus, 95, 102, 144, 183 Calpain, 8, 144 Campylobacter, 4, 26, 34, 39, 59, 102, 111, 144 Campylobacter Infections, 4, 144 Capillary, 5, 43, 143, 144, 183 Capsules, 144, 156 Carbohydrate, 144, 168, 172
Carbon Dioxide, 144, 148, 149, 154, 176 Carcinogenic, 19, 144, 161, 173 Cardiac, 143, 144, 151, 152, 167, 176 Carrier State, 45, 144 Case report, 39, 73, 144 Caspases, 8, 144 Causal, 67, 144, 152, 158, 177 Cecum, 20, 144, 163 Celiac Disease, 98, 99, 144 Cell Death, 140, 145, 167 Cell Division, 141, 145, 166, 171 Cell membrane, 84, 94, 145, 162, 171 Cell Movement, 7, 145 Cell Physiology, 29, 145 Cell proliferation, 14, 145 Cell Respiration, 145, 166, 176 Cell Size, 145, 154 Cellular Structures, 145, 166 Cellulose, 145, 171 Central Nervous System, 137, 138, 143, 145, 156, 157, 177, 180 Chemokines, 11, 145 Child Care, 102, 145 Chlorophyll, 145, 148 Chloroplasts, 145, 148 Cholera, 9, 102, 145, 177, 183 Cholesterol, 98, 99, 142, 145, 155, 163 Chromatin, 140, 145 Chromosomal, 20, 139, 145, 172 Chromosome, 145, 156, 157 Chronic, 145, 159, 161, 163, 169, 179, 182 Civilization, 4, 146 Clenbuterol, 40, 49, 146 Clinical trial, 5, 117, 146, 174, 175 Cloning, 29, 142, 146 Codons, 146, 156, 169 Cofactor, 146, 173, 180 Cohort Studies, 146, 152 Colic, 98, 146 Colitis, 24, 98, 146, 161, 162 Collagen, 146, 156, 172, 173 Colloidal, 146, 151, 177 Colorectal, 98, 146 Colorectal Cancer, 98, 146 Complement, 146, 147, 156, 164, 171, 177 Complementary and alternative medicine, 79, 82, 147 Complementary medicine, 79, 147 Complementation, 20, 147 Computational Biology, 117, 147 Concomitant, 24, 147 Conduction, 147, 180
Index 187
Conjunctiva, 147, 161 Conjunctivitis, 23, 147 Connective Tissue, 143, 146, 147, 156 Constipation, 84, 94, 98, 99, 147, 162 Consumption, 15, 40, 42, 49, 50, 56, 92, 147, 149, 155, 176 Contamination, 5, 10, 16, 25, 87, 92, 106, 122, 141, 147, 155, 176 Contraindications, ii, 147 Coronary, 147, 165 Coronary Thrombosis, 147, 165 Cross-Sectional Studies, 148, 152 Crystallization, 29, 148 Culture Media, 86, 138, 148 Curative, 148, 180 Cutaneous, 139, 148, 162, 164, 170, 183 Cyanobacteria, 22, 148 Cyclic, 7, 8, 17, 143, 144, 148, 157, 168, 180 Cysteine, 144, 145, 148 Cysteine Endopeptidases, 144, 148 Cytokines, 15, 145, 148 Cytoplasm, 140, 145, 148, 151, 166, 167 Cytoskeletal Proteins, 144, 148 Cytoskeleton, 7, 148 Cytotoxic, 88, 148, 175 Cytotoxicity, 20, 148 D Dairy Products, 36, 87, 148 Databases, Bibliographic, 117, 149 Decarboxylation, 142, 149, 158 Decubitus, 62, 149 Decubitus Ulcer, 62, 149 Degenerative, 149, 158 Dehydration, 145, 149 Deletion, 21, 140, 149 Dendrites, 149 Dendritic, 18, 149 Dendritic cell, 18, 149 Density, 6, 149, 154, 163, 168, 178 Dental Caries, 22, 149 Deprivation, 21, 149 Depsipeptide, 8, 149 Dermatitis, 23, 149 Detoxification, 21, 149 Deuterium, 149, 159 Developed Countries, 24, 149, 154 Diagnostic procedure, 83, 110, 149 Diagnostic Services, 149, 174 Dialyzer, 149, 157 Diaphragm, 150, 158 Diarrhoea, 43, 150, 155 Dietitian, 105, 106, 150
Digestion, 6, 138, 142, 143, 150, 151, 160, 162, 163, 179, 183 Digestive system, 84, 94, 150 Digestive tract, 98, 150, 178 Dilatation, 150, 173 Diploid, 147, 150, 171 Direct, iii, 10, 13, 21, 29, 44, 70, 84, 87, 89, 90, 94, 150, 175 Disease Outbreaks, 16, 150 Disinfection, 13, 150 Dissociation, 137, 150 Distal, 150, 151 Diuresis, 143, 150, 180 Diverticula, 150 Diverticulitis, 98, 99, 150 Diverticulum, 150 Drive, ii, vi, 75, 102, 108, 111, 150 Drug Interactions, 150 Drug Resistance, 70, 150, 151 Drug Tolerance, 150, 151 Duodenum, 142, 151, 179 Dura mater, 151, 165, 169 Dyes, 13, 151, 154, 170 Dysentery, 4, 8, 9, 43, 151 Dyspepsia, 151, 160 E Effector, 11, 12, 21, 137, 146, 151 Efficacy, 15, 151 Egg Yolk, 35, 93, 151 Electrode, 6, 151 Electrolyte, 102, 134, 151, 154, 163, 172, 178, 182 Electrophoresis, 31, 33, 40, 42, 151, 160 Embryo, 151, 160 Emergency Medicine, 65, 98, 151 Emergency Treatment, 151 Emetic, 44, 46, 70, 151 Emulsions, 138, 151 Enamel, 149, 151 Endemic, 145, 152, 164, 179 Endothelium, 152, 168 Endothelium-derived, 152, 168 Enteritis, 93, 152 Enterococcus, 71, 152 Enterocolitis, 11, 27, 152 Enterotoxins, 12, 152 Environmental Exposure, 23, 152 Environmental Health, 23, 33, 59, 60, 116, 118, 152 Environmental Pollutants, 152, 172 Enzymatic, 26, 142, 144, 147, 149, 152, 158
188 Food Poisoning
Enzyme, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158, 163, 165, 171, 172, 180, 184 Epidemic, 45, 55, 60, 80, 92, 152, 179 Epidemiologic Factors, 102, 152 Epidemiologic Studies, 60, 152 Epidemiological, 27, 30, 32, 33, 38, 45, 46, 152 Epigastric, 152, 169 Epinephrine, 142, 152, 182 Epithelial, 17, 18, 152, 158 Epithelial Cells, 18, 152, 158 Erythema, 152, 183 Erythrocytes, 139, 143, 144, 152, 158, 175, 177 Esophagus, 150, 153, 157, 171, 175, 179 Ether, 17, 153 Eukaryotic Cells, 148, 153, 160, 169 Evacuation, 147, 153, 163 Excipients, 153, 154, 170 Excitation, 153, 154 Excrete, 140, 153, 163 Exhaustion, 139, 153, 164 Exocrine, 153, 169 Exogenous, 137, 153 Exotoxin, 12, 29, 153 External-beam radiation, 153, 162, 174, 184 Extracellular, 8, 147, 153, 178 F Family Planning, 117, 153 Fat, 32, 34, 99, 118, 143, 149, 153, 163, 168, 172 Fatigue, 118, 153 Fatty acids, 22, 84, 94, 153, 177 Feces, 87, 89, 147, 153, 179 Fermentation, 153, 155, 176 Fetus, 153, 173 Filtration, 87, 153, 163 Fish Products, 153, 177 Fixation, 153, 177 Flatus, 154, 155 Flavoring Agents, 154, 170 Flow Cytometry, 17, 25, 154 Fluid Therapy, 102, 154 Fluorescence, 17, 30, 154 Fluorescent Dyes, 154 Fold, 29, 154 Food Additives, 123, 154 Food Chain, 92, 154 Food Coloring Agents, 154 Food Handling, 5, 100, 106, 111, 154 Food Inspection, 89, 108, 155
Food Preservatives, 154, 155 Food Services, 27, 155 Foodborne Illness, 3, 4, 27, 106, 155 Fractionation, 138, 155 Frameshift, 155, 182 Frameshift Mutation, 155, 182 Fumigation, 137, 155 Fungi, 106, 155, 165, 166, 167, 179, 184 Fungicide, 59, 155 G Gallbladder, 137, 142, 150, 155 Gallstones, 98, 155 Gangrenous, 155, 177 Gas, 98, 144, 154, 155, 159, 160, 162, 168, 180 Gastric, 141, 155, 157, 158, 179 Gastritis, 81, 93, 98, 99, 155 Gastroenteritis, 98, 99, 102, 141, 155, 176 Gastrointestinal, 4, 14, 20, 24, 36, 37, 68, 98, 102, 143, 152, 155, 163, 165, 177, 180, 183 Gastrointestinal tract, 4, 102, 155, 163, 177 Gavage, 154, 155 Gelatin, 88, 148, 156, 180 Gene, 12, 14, 21, 24, 25, 28, 68, 86, 87, 89, 90, 101, 142, 156, 169, 175 Gene Amplification, 89, 90, 156 Gene Expression, 13, 24, 28, 156 Genetic Code, 156, 168 Genetic Engineering, 91, 142, 146, 156 Genetics, 19, 21, 22, 29, 156, 166 Genomics, 29, 156 Genotype, 94, 95, 156, 171 Gestation, 156, 170 Gland, 156, 165, 169, 177, 179, 181 Glucose, 68, 145, 156, 157, 171 Glutamic Acid, 156, 173 Gluten, 144, 156 Glycine, 156, 164 Goats, 148, 156 Gout, 99, 156 Governing Board, 157, 173 Graft, 157, 158 Gram-negative, 22, 90, 91, 148, 157, 172, 174, 176, 183, 184 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 22, 148, 157, 172 Gram-positive, 22, 28, 29, 91, 152, 157, 179 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 22, 28, 157 Guanylate Cyclase, 157, 168 H Habitat, 92, 157 Handwashing, 106, 157
Index 189
Haploid, 157, 171 Haptens, 137, 157 Headache, 134, 143, 157, 161 Health Promotion, 106, 157 Heartburn, 98, 99, 157, 158, 160 Hemodialysis, 111, 149, 157, 163 Hemoglobin, 139, 153, 157 Hemolymph, 90, 158 Hemolysis, 152, 158 Hemolytic, 24, 158 Hepatitis, 98, 111, 158 Hepatocytes, 158 Heredity, 156, 158 Heterogeneity, 137, 158 Heterotrophic, 155, 158 Hiatal Hernia, 98, 99, 158 Histamine, 38, 52, 54, 142, 158 Histidine, 158 Homeopathic remedies, 98, 158 Homologous, 29, 158, 177 Hormone, 142, 152, 158, 162, 181 Horseradish Peroxidase, 10, 158 Host, 6, 9, 11, 12, 17, 20, 21, 24, 27, 28, 29, 141, 144, 154, 158, 160, 184 Host-cell, 9, 158 Humoral, 18, 159 Humour, 159 Hybrid, 159 Hybridization, 70, 88, 159, 166 Hydrogen, 21, 138, 142, 144, 149, 159, 166, 167, 168, 169, 174, 180 Hydrogen Peroxide, 21, 159, 180 Hydrolysis, 88, 141, 159, 171, 172 Hyperaemia, 147, 159 Hypersensitivity, 138, 159, 177 Hyperuricemia, 157, 159 Hypotonic Solutions, 159, 166 Hysteria, 45, 159 I Ice Cream, 93, 159 Id, 77, 81, 123, 130, 132, 159 Ileal, 27, 159 Ileum, 144, 159 Immune response, 12, 18, 137, 139, 140, 141, 157, 159, 160, 164, 177, 180, 184 Immune Sera, 159, 160 Immune system, 122, 140, 141, 158, 159, 160, 164, 170, 183, 184 Immunity, 18, 30, 159, 181 Immunization, 93, 160, 177 Immunoassay, 13, 160 Immunocompromised, 29, 102, 160
Immunodiffusion, 138, 160 Immunoelectrophoresis, 138, 160 Immunologic, 23, 160, 175 Immunology, 11, 19, 21, 24, 27, 33, 44, 55, 63, 70, 137, 154, 158, 160 Implant radiation, 160, 161, 162, 174, 184 Impregnation, 13, 160 In situ, 6, 25, 160 In Situ Hybridization, 25, 160 In vitro, 7, 11, 14, 18, 19, 24, 25, 26, 29, 61, 80, 160, 176, 181 In vivo, 7, 8, 11, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 26, 27, 30, 160 Incision, 160, 162 Incontinence, 98, 160 Incubated, 13, 160 Incubation, 13, 85, 160 Indicative, 99, 160, 170, 183 Indigestion, 98, 99, 160, 163 Induction, 8, 24, 28, 30, 160 Industrial Waste, 6, 161 Infancy, 99, 161 Infarction, 148, 161, 165 Infectious Diarrhea, 102, 161 Inflammatory bowel disease, 98, 161 Influenza, 98, 161 Ingestion, 8, 12, 17, 23, 48, 139, 161, 172, 176 Inhalation, 23, 137, 161, 172 Initiation, 28, 161, 178, 179 Inner ear, 161, 183 Insecticides, 161, 170 Intensive Care, 7, 161 Intensive Care Units, 7, 161 Intermittent, 154, 161, 170 Internal radiation, 161, 162, 174, 184 Interstitial, 143, 159, 161, 162, 184 Intestinal, 4, 11, 17, 20, 24, 27, 86, 92, 144, 152, 161, 164 Intestine, 18, 20, 143, 146, 152, 162, 163, 179 Intoxication, 19, 162, 181 Intracellular, 18, 21, 28, 29, 143, 144, 161, 162, 168, 172 Intravenous, 71, 134, 162 Intrinsic, 138, 162 Invasive, 28, 54, 102, 159, 162 Invertebrates, 158, 162 Iodine, 21, 162 Ionizing, 152, 162, 175 Ions, 142, 150, 151, 159, 162, 166, 172 Irradiation, 3, 61, 99, 108, 162, 184
190 Food Poisoning
Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 98, 99, 162 Irritants, 151, 162 Ischemia, 149, 162 Isotonic, 162, 166 J Joint, 12, 101, 162 K Kb, 29, 116, 162 Keratolytic, 149, 162 Kidney Failure, 111, 163 Kidney Failure, Acute, 163 Kidney Failure, Chronic, 163 L Lactose Intolerance, 98, 163 Lag, 16, 163 Large Intestine, 144, 146, 150, 162, 163, 175, 178 Latent, 163, 173 Laxative, 138, 163 Lethal, 11, 27, 141, 163 Leukocytes, 143, 145, 148, 163, 166 Library Services, 130, 163 Life cycle, 155, 163 Ligands, 15, 163 Lipid, 151, 163 Lipophilic, 163, 172 Lipopolysaccharide, 18, 22, 157, 163 Lipoprotein, 157, 163 Liver, 40, 50, 102, 137, 142, 144, 150, 153, 155, 158, 163, 180 Localized, 149, 154, 161, 164, 171, 182, 183 Locomotion, 164, 171 Longitudinal study, 15, 164 Loop, 27, 164 Lumen, 18, 164 Lupus, 98, 164 Lymphatic, 152, 161, 164, 181 Lymphocyte, 18, 140, 164 Lymphoid, 139, 164 Lymphoma, 50, 164 Lysostaphin, 37, 164 Lytic, 24, 164, 177, 184 M Macrophage, 9, 18, 164 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 14, 164 Malabsorption, 99, 144, 164 Malaria, 58, 164, 165 Malaria, Falciparum, 164, 165 Malaria, Vivax, 164, 165 Malnutrition, 99, 165 Marine Toxins, 17, 165
Mastitis, 165, 177 Meat, 4, 37, 40, 57, 63, 88, 92, 123, 165 Meat Products, 37, 165 Mediate, 18, 29, 165 Medical Records, 165, 176 MEDLINE, 117, 165 Melanin, 165, 171, 182 Membrane, 30, 145, 147, 149, 153, 157, 165, 167, 169, 171, 172, 176 Memory, 139, 165 Meninges, 145, 151, 165 Meningitis, 5, 40, 165 Mental Health, iv, 5, 116, 119, 165, 174 Mercury, 6, 15, 58, 59, 154, 165 Metabolic disorder, 156, 165 Methicillin Resistance, 25, 165 MI, 105, 135, 165 Microbe, 165, 181 Microbiological, 7, 41, 92, 100, 166 Microorganism, 85, 146, 166, 170, 184 Micro-organism, 61, 80, 101, 149, 166, 177 Microscopy, 17, 19, 21, 25, 30, 158, 166 Migration, 11, 18, 166 Mitochondria, 9, 166, 169 Mitochondrial Swelling, 70, 166, 167 Mitosis, 140, 166 Modeling, 19, 23, 166 Modification, 15, 156, 166 Molecular, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 19, 20, 21, 24, 27, 29, 31, 57, 117, 120, 139, 140, 142, 147, 166, 180 Molecular Probes, 24, 166 Molecular Structure, 140, 166 Molecule, 19, 140, 142, 147, 150, 151, 152, 153, 156, 159, 166, 168, 169, 171, 172, 175, 183 Monitor, 6, 24, 166, 168 Monoclonal, 162, 166, 174, 184 Monocytes, 9, 163, 166 Mononuclear, 166 Motion Sickness, 166, 167 Mucosa, 11, 144, 152, 164, 167 Mucus, 151, 167 Mutagenesis, 20, 21, 25, 167 Mutagens, 155, 167 Mutate, 25, 167 Myalgia, 161, 167 Mycotoxins, 138, 167 Myocardium, 165, 167 Myofibrils, 144, 167 N Nasal Mucosa, 161, 167
Index 191
Nausea, 4, 118, 119, 134, 155, 160, 167, 182 Necrosis, 33, 140, 161, 165, 167, 176 Need, 3, 6, 24, 26, 27, 97, 99, 101, 102, 105, 110, 118, 122, 124, 137, 167 Neoplastic, 164, 167 Nerve, 149, 167, 169, 176, 179 Nervous System, 139, 145, 167, 180, 182 Neural, 159, 167 Neurologic, 4, 167 Neurologic Manifestations, 4, 167 Neuromuscular, 4, 137, 167, 176, 180, 182 Neuropeptides, 144, 167 Neurotoxic, 58, 167, 177 Neurotoxin, 17, 167 Neutrons, 162, 167, 174 Neutrophil, 11, 168 Nitric Oxide, 21, 168 Nitrogen, 21, 138, 148, 154, 163, 168 Nosocomial, 7, 12, 25, 168 Nuclear, 153, 167, 168 Nuclei, 4, 156, 166, 167, 168, 174 Nucleic acid, 25, 90, 92, 94, 95, 142, 156, 159, 160, 167, 168 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 159, 168 Nucleocapsid, 168, 181 Nucleus, 140, 145, 148, 149, 153, 166, 168, 174, 179 Nutritive Value, 154, 168 O Occupational Exposure, 23, 168 Oliguria, 163, 168 Opacity, 149, 168 Open Reading Frames, 29, 168 Operon, 21, 169, 175 Organ Culture, 169, 181 Organelles, 148, 166, 169 Organophosphorus Compounds, 48, 169 Osmotic, 159, 166, 169, 177 Osteoporosis, 98, 169 Ovaries, 169, 180 Oxidation, 140, 169 P Pachymeningitis, 165, 169 Palate, 84, 94, 169 Palliative, 169, 180 Pancreas, 102, 137, 150, 169 Pancreatic, 98, 169 Pancreatic cancer, 98, 169 Pancreatitis, 33, 169 Paralysis, 5, 169, 178, 180 Parasite, 154, 170, 182 Parasitic, 151, 170
Paresthesia, 170, 180 Patch, 23, 170 Pathogen, 8, 9, 10, 17, 18, 21, 25, 27, 29, 87, 88, 89, 92, 160, 170 Pathogenesis, 11, 15, 20, 21, 25, 28, 29, 50, 170 Pathologic, 140, 147, 159, 170 Pathologic Processes, 140, 170 Pathophysiology, 102, 170 Patient Education, 122, 128, 130, 135, 170 Penicillin, 25, 29, 139, 165, 170, 183 Peptide, 14, 90, 91, 164, 170, 172, 173, 180 Perinatal, 58, 170 Peritoneal, 102, 111, 170 Peritoneal Cavity, 170 Peritoneal Dialysis, 111, 170 Peritoneum, 170 Pesticides, 99, 161, 170 Phagocyte, 21, 170 Pharmaceutic Aids, 154, 170 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 145, 156, 170 Pharmacologic, 171, 181 Pharynx, 161, 171 Phenotype, 7, 18, 27, 147, 171 Phenylalanine, 171, 182 Phosphates, 88, 171 Phospholipases, 29, 171 Phospholipids, 153, 163, 171 Phosphorus, 144, 169, 171 Phosphorylase, 144, 171 Physical Examination, 23, 102, 171 Physiologic, 138, 142, 162, 171, 175 Physiology, 98, 171 Pigment, 93, 142, 145, 171 Pilot study, 43, 171 Plants, 87, 141, 142, 144, 145, 154, 156, 171, 179, 181 Plasma, 139, 145, 156, 158, 159, 163, 171, 177 Plasma cells, 139, 171 Plasma protein, 171, 177 Plasmid, 20, 46, 72, 156, 172, 183 Platelet Aggregation, 168, 172 Platelets, 144, 168, 172, 177 Platinum, 164, 172 Polybrominated Biphenyls, 22, 172 Polychlorinated Biphenyls, 22, 172 Polymerase, 172, 175, 178 Polymorphic, 31, 57, 172 Polypeptide, 14, 138, 146, 159, 172, 173, 184
192 Food Poisoning
Polyposis, 146, 172 Polysaccharide, 53, 140, 145, 172 Porins, 17, 172 Posterior, 139, 169, 172 Postmenopausal, 169, 172 Postnatal, 15, 172 Potassium, 8, 40, 172, 183 Potentiates, 21, 173 Potentiating, 20, 173 Practice Guidelines, 119, 173 Precursor, 151, 152, 171, 173, 182, 183 Predisposition, 21, 173 Prenatal, 15, 151, 173 Prevalence, 21, 23, 173 Probe, 9, 19, 25, 173 Progression, 30, 139, 173 Progressive, 151, 157, 163, 167, 173 Proline, 25, 146, 173 Promoter, 12, 173 Proportional, 156, 173 Prospective study, 164, 173 Protein C, 20, 29, 138, 141, 163, 173 Protein Conformation, 138, 173 Protein S, 101, 142, 156, 173, 179 Proteus, 106, 174 Protocol, 26, 174 Protons, 159, 162, 174 Protozoa, 9, 151, 166, 174, 179 Public Health Nursing, 16, 174 Public Policy, 117, 174 Publishing, 4, 30, 174 Pulmonary, 142, 147, 163, 174 Pulmonary Edema, 163, 174 Pulse, 166, 174 Purulent, 137, 174 Pyrogenic, 15, 29, 31, 174 R Race, 166, 174 Radiation, 152, 153, 154, 155, 161, 162, 174, 175, 184 Radiation therapy, 153, 155, 161, 162, 174, 184 Radioactive, 4, 159, 160, 161, 162, 166, 168, 174, 175, 184 Radiolabeled, 162, 174, 175, 184 Radiological, 50, 175 Radiology, 175 Radiotherapy, 143, 162, 175, 184 Randomized, 16, 151, 175 Reactive Oxygen Species, 21, 175 Receptor, 7, 14, 18, 19, 20, 86, 140, 175, 177, 180
Recombinant, 14, 86, 90, 175, 183 Rectum, 140, 143, 146, 150, 154, 155, 160, 161, 163, 175, 180 Red blood cells, 152, 158, 175 Refer, 1, 143, 146, 153, 155, 164, 168, 175 Reflective, 27, 175 Reflux, 98, 175 Refraction, 175, 179 Regimen, 151, 175 Regulon, 28, 175 Regurgitation, 157, 175 Repressor, 20, 169, 175 Respiration, 144, 166, 175, 176 Respiratory Paralysis, 176, 177 Resuscitation, 151, 176 Retinoids, 176, 184 Retrospective, 16, 47, 176 Retrospective study, 47, 176 Reversion, 176, 182 Rhabdomyolysis, 33, 176 Rhinitis, 176, 177 Rigidity, 171, 176 Risk factor, 23, 63, 106, 152, 173, 176 Ristocetin, 176, 183 Rod, 141, 174, 176, 184 Rodenticides, 170, 176 Rotavirus, 102, 176 S Salivary, 150, 169, 176 Salivary glands, 150, 176 Salmonella enteritidis, 33, 42, 51, 52, 93, 176 Salmonella Food Poisoning, 32, 57, 63, 72, 100, 176 Salmonellosis, 6, 17, 64, 92, 102, 176 Sanitation, 9, 61, 106, 177 Saprophyte, 141, 177 Saturate, 86, 177 Saxitoxin, 19, 177 Scatter, 25, 177 Screening, 5, 10, 92, 146, 177 Seafood, 19, 23, 24, 39, 44, 108, 111, 177 Secretion, 6, 11, 158, 159, 167, 177, 183 Senile, 169, 177 Sensitization, 23, 177 Sensor, 12, 177 Sepsis, 29, 32, 177 Septic, 174, 177 Septicaemia, 177 Serologic, 160, 177 Serotonin, 142, 177 Serotypes, 11, 24, 65, 141, 177
Index 193
Serum, 10, 90, 140, 146, 159, 162, 163, 177 Serum Albumin, 10, 177 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 98, 177 Shock, 15, 29, 31, 178, 182 Side effect, 137, 159, 178, 181 Sigma Factor, 28, 178 Signs and Symptoms, 167, 178, 182 Silicon, 17, 27, 178 Silicon Dioxide, 178 Skeletal, 167, 176, 178 Skeleton, 137, 162, 178 Skull, 178, 180 Small intestine, 27, 142, 144, 151, 152, 158, 159, 162, 178 Smallpox, 9, 178 Smooth muscle, 143, 144, 158, 178, 180 Snails, 68, 178 Sodium, 157, 178 Somatic, 159, 166, 178 Sound wave, 147, 175, 178 Spastic, 162, 178 Specialist, 124, 178 Specificity, 5, 26, 28, 31, 92, 138, 140, 179 Spectrum, 15, 39, 179, 184 Spinal cord, 145, 151, 165, 167, 169, 176, 179 Spirometry, 23, 179 Sporadic, 41, 46, 60, 68, 95, 179 Spores, 141, 179 Stimulant, 138, 143, 158, 179, 183 Stimulus, 150, 151, 153, 163, 179 Stomach, 52, 98, 137, 141, 150, 153, 155, 158, 167, 170, 171, 175, 178, 179 Stomach Ulcer, 98, 179 Stool, 160, 162, 163, 179, 180 Strand, 87, 172, 179 Streptococcal, 29, 179 Streptococci, 22, 179 Streptococcus, 22, 152, 179 Streptomycin, 57, 179 Stress, 21, 28, 102, 155, 162, 167, 173, 179, 183 Subacute, 161, 179 Subclinical, 161, 179 Subspecies, 179, 180 Substance P, 176, 177, 179, 180 Suction, 153, 180 Superantigens, 12, 14, 29, 180 Superoxide, 21, 180 Superoxide Dismutase, 21, 180 Suppositories, 156, 180 Symptomatic, 23, 169, 180
Synergistic, 21, 180 Systemic, 4, 24, 142, 152, 161, 162, 174, 180, 181, 184 T Teichoic Acids, 157, 180 Temporal, 30, 180 Tenesmus, 151, 180 Tetrodotoxin, 53, 68, 180 Theophylline, 22, 180 Therapeutics, 15, 29, 180 Thrombin, 172, 173, 180 Thrombomodulin, 173, 180 Thrombosis, 173, 181 Thymus, 160, 164, 181 Thyroid, 21, 162, 181, 182 Thyroid Gland, 181 Thyroiditis, 21, 181 Tissue Culture, 19, 28, 181 Topical, 141, 159, 181 Torovirus, 102, 181 Toxemia, 48, 181 Toxic, iv, 6, 8, 15, 22, 24, 29, 31, 32, 71, 138, 141, 148, 152, 153, 159, 165, 172, 181, 183 Toxicity, 8, 15, 22, 25, 71, 150, 165, 176, 181 Toxicology, 33, 43, 47, 48, 52, 80, 118, 181 Toxins, 8, 10, 12, 14, 17, 19, 24, 26, 29, 37, 42, 53, 55, 58, 60, 87, 140, 142, 161, 165, 167, 181 Toxoid, 86, 181 Trace element, 178, 181 Tracer, 158, 181 Trachea, 143, 171, 181 Transfection, 142, 181 Transfer Factor, 160, 181 Transplantation, 33, 160, 163, 164, 181 Trauma, 157, 167, 169, 182, 184 Trichomoniasis, 98, 182 Tuberculosis, 102, 147, 164, 182 TYPHI, 9, 182 Typhimurium, 9, 11, 13, 20, 27, 35, 36, 46, 55, 59, 60, 62, 92, 93, 182 Typhoid fever, 9, 20, 102, 182 Tyramine, 142, 182 Tyrosine, 8, 182 U Ulcer, 149, 179, 182 Ulceration, 149, 182 Unconscious, 159, 182 Uraemia, 169, 182 Uremia, 163, 182 Ureters, 182 Urethra, 182, 183
194 Food Poisoning
Uric, 157, 159, 182 Urinary, 4, 144, 160, 168, 174, 182 Urinary tract, 4, 174, 182 Urinary tract infection, 5, 174, 182 Urine, 140, 142, 150, 160, 163, 168, 182, 183 Urticaria, 23, 183 V Vaccine, 5, 14, 15, 86, 137, 174, 183 Vacuoles, 29, 169, 183 Valine, 183 Valinomycin, 8, 183 Vancomycin, 7, 22, 25, 183 Vascular, 152, 161, 168, 181, 183 Vasculitis, 169, 183 Vasodilator, 143, 158, 183 Vector, 86, 183 Vegetarianism, 98, 183 Vein, 162, 168, 183 Venous, 173, 183 Venules, 143, 144, 183 Vesicular, 144, 178, 183 Vesicular Exanthema of Swine, 144, 183 Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus, 144, 183 Veterinary Medicine, 28, 117, 183 Vibrio, 9, 31, 36, 43, 49, 57, 63, 70, 72, 73, 80, 89, 91, 102, 111, 145, 183
Vibrio cholerae, 102, 145, 183 Villous, 144, 183 Viral, 95, 102, 161, 183 Virulence, 7, 9, 11, 12, 15, 20, 24, 27, 28, 29, 55, 141, 181, 184 Virulent, 9, 12, 184 Virus, 94, 95, 111, 141, 156, 158, 168, 178, 181, 183, 184 Vitamin A, 119, 184 Vitro, 25, 26, 184 Vivo, 11, 15, 30, 184 W Welchii, 45, 48, 59, 61, 69, 184 White blood cell, 139, 160, 163, 164, 167, 168, 171, 184 Windpipe, 171, 181, 184 Wound Infection, 25, 184 X Xenograft, 139, 184 X-ray, 154, 162, 168, 174, 175, 184 X-ray therapy, 162, 184 Y Yeasts, 155, 171, 184 Yersinia, 9, 27, 35, 102, 184 Z Zymogen, 173, 184
Index 195
196 Food Poisoning
