Evaporites: Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons

John K. Warren Evaporites : Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons

John K. Warren

Evaporites : Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons With 654 Figures

123

Professor John K. Warren Department Petroleum Geoscience University Brunei Darussalam Brunei

E-mail : [email protected]

ISBN-10 ISBN-13

3-540-26011-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York 978-3-540-26011-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2005932089 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Camera-ready by author Cover design: E. Kirchner, Heidelberg Production: Almas Schimmel Printing and binding: Stürtz AG, Würzburg, Germany Printed on acid-free paper 32/3141/as 5 4 3 2 1 0

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CHAPTER 4

The current condition of Vangolu is a useful analog for the Pleistocene freshwater stages in many of the world's soda lakes that are currently in a hypersaline (trona) stage and for many pre-Quaternary alkaline lakes. It serves as a useful analog for the laminites of High Magadi Beds of the Lake Magadi and Lake Natron and for the oil shales of the Eocene Green River Fm, USA.

A.

Age (yr BP)

B. 0

Dark brown laminite mudstone

Depth (m)

Brown laminite mudstone (2.2-2.7 m lamina indistinct) Grey laminite mudstone (3.2-2.7 m lamina indistinct)

602 1070 1960

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12

Lt.-bwn,. lam. mdst. Grey lam. mdst. lam. indinstinct with depth Top sandy Grey mdst.

14570

14

Water content (wt %) 60 70 80

Salda Lake, Turkey Saldagolu is another highly alkaline (pH >9) saline lake in southern Turkey, located in a collision belt at an elevation of 1139 m asl. It is bowl-shaped and occupies the lowest part of a fluvial and seepage-fed endorheic depression at the foot of the Esler Mountains. Lake waters are up to 184 metres deep and cover an area of 43.7 km2 (Figure 4.29). Lake levels rise about 50-70 cm each spring, but longterm levels are falling and have been doing so for decades exposing widespread beach-rock like terraces and stromatolites of hydromagnesite and aragonite. Inflow waters to Salda Golu are enriched in magnesium and carbonate and when compared to Lake Van are much fresher, they are even capable of supporting the local livestock. The lake drainage is rimmed on three sides by serpentinites (ophiolites) and on the fourth by a downfaulted block of Upper Cretaceous limestone. Hazburgite is the dominant country rock, though in places it has been metamorphosed to lizardite (Mg3Si2O5(OH)4) and subsidiary dunite, all Mg-rich phases. All the rivers draining into the lake follow faults, flow across peridotites, and under the lowered water levels of today are losing streams. Waters typically seeping into fan deltas or into the lake surrounds before ever reaching the strandzone of Salda Golu (Russell et al., 1999).

Accumulation Detrital sediment CH2O (wt%) (mm yr-1) SDR (nonchemical) 0.5 1.0 1.5 (kg m3 yr-1) 30 45 60 Opal (wt%) 5 10 15 CaCO3 (wt%) 0.1 0.3 0.5 12 22 32 24 36 48

0 2 4 6 8

Age (varve kyr BP)

Because present lake waters are supersaturated with respect to alkaline earth carbonates, carbonate precipitation is most obvious in the lake at positions of calcium input where fresher waters mix with more saline lake waters. This can be at the mouths of rivers, where whitings have been documented, or it can occur on the shallow lake floor down to depths of 120 metres, where the degassing of resurging calcium-rich groundwaters escaping into the lake waters creates tufa towers or pinnacles, up to 40m high. These structures constitute some of the largest active microbialite buildups in the world today (Kempe et al., 1991). Lake Van does suffer from severe winters, but these aragonite/calcite tufa samples described by Kempe et al. (1991) were collected in the summer. The possibility of primary ikaite was not considered. So, it not known if some of the initial tufa in Lake Van was once ikaite, which then converted to CaCO3. A textural comparison with similar structures in Mono Lake suggests this may be so, especially in older colder stages in the lake history.

10 12 14

Figure 4.28. Lake Van Core K10 (see figure 4.25 for location. A) Laminite lithology plotted against depth and varve-determined ages. B) Core properties plotted against varve determined time. SDR = rate of sediment deposition. Opal is dominantly from diatom tests and CaCO3 is mostly from aragonite with lesser calcite (after Landmann et al., 1996).

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