Electricity Information 2011 (IEA Statistics)

IEA

STATISTICS

ELECTRICITY

INFORMATION

2011

International Energy Agency

ELECTRICITY

INFORMATION

2011 with 2010 data

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 28 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency’s aims include the following objectives: n Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data. n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies. n Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement and dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international organisations and other stakeholders.

© OECD/IEA, 2011 International Energy Agency 9 rue de la Fédération 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France

www.iea.org

IEA member countries: Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Japan Korea (Republic of) Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States

Please note that this publication is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at www.iea.org/about/copyright.asp

The European Commission also participates in the work of the IEA.

ELECTRICITY INFORMATION (2011 Edition) - iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION 1. Introduction .................................................... I.3

4. Country notes .............................................. I.15

2. Definitions ....................................................... I.5

5. Geographical coverage .............................. I.29

3. Sources and notes ......................................... I.9

6. Conversion factors & calorific values ....... I.31 Country specific net calorific values ........................I.34

PART II WORLD ELECTRICITY DEVELOPMENTS 1. Summary ........................................................ II.3

3. Electricity consumption .............................. II.11

Production............................................................... II.3 Consumption........................................................... II.4 Trade ...................................................................... II.4 OECD prices ........................................................... II.4

OECD consumption ...............................................II.11 OECD sectoral consumption .................................II.11 Non-OECD consumption .......................................II.12 OECD heat consumption .......................................II.12 OECD market shares.............................................II.12

2. Production and installed capacity ............... II.5 OECD production and installed capacity ................ II.5 Hydroelectric power.................................................... II.5 Nuclear power ............................................................ II.6 Geothermal, solar, tide, wave and wind power ........... II.6 Combustible fuels....................................................... II.6 Coal ..................................................................... II.7 Oil ........................................................................ II.7 Natural Gas.......................................................... II.7 Biofuels and waste ............................................... II.7 Heat production .......................................................... II.8 Direct use of heat ....................................................... II.8

4. Electricity trade ........................................... II.15 OECD electricity trade ...........................................II.15 Non-OECD electricity trade ...................................II.15

5. OECD prices ................................................ II.17 Electricity prices for industry ..................................II.17 Electricity prices for households ............................II.17 Prices of competing fuels.......................................II.18

Non-OECD production ................................................. II.8 Hydroelectric power.................................................... II.9 Nuclear power ............................................................ II.9 Geothermal, solar, tide, wave and wind power ........... II.9 Combustible fuels....................................................... II.9 Coal ..................................................................... II.9 Oil ........................................................................ II.9 Natural Gas.......................................................... II.9 Biofuels and waste ............................................... II.9 Heat production .......................................................... II.9

6. Trends in the OECD electricity sector ......................................... II.19 Energy and electricity intensity ..............................II.19 Electricity production..............................................II.20

7. Selected issues related to electricity security ...................................... II.21

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PART III ELECTRICITY DATA OVERVIEW 1. World Figure 1.1: Table 1.1: Table 1.2: Table 1.3: Table 1.4: Table 1.5:

World electricity and energy production........................................................................................................................... III.3 World electricity production, imports, exports, final consumption, 2009 (TWh) ................................................................ III.4 World gross electricity production, by country, by source, 2009 (TWh) ............................................................................ III.8 World gross electricity production from combustible fuels, by country, 2009 (TWh) ....................................................... III.12 World gross heat production from combustible fuels, by country 2009 (PJ) ................................................................... III.16 World fuel use for electricity and heat production, by country, 2009 (PJ) ....................................................................... III.20

2. OECD Table 2.1: Table 2.2: Table 2.3: Table 2.4: Table 2.5: Table 2.6: Table 2.7: Table 2.8: Table 2.9: Table 2.10: Table 2.11: Table 2.12: Table 2.13: Table 2.14: Table 2.15: Table 2.16: Table 2.17: Table 2.18: Table 2.19: Table 2.20: Table 2.21: Table 2.22: Table 2.23:

OECD electricity production, imports, exports, apparent consumption, 2010 (TWh) ...................................................... III.24 OECD gross electricity production, by country, by source, 2010 (TWh) ......................................................................... III.25 OECD monthly net electricity supply, by country, 2010 (GWh) ...................................................................................... III.26 OECD gross electricity production from combustible fuels, by country, 2010 (TWh) ...................................................... III.32 OECD gross heat production from combustible fuels, by country, 2010 (PJ) ................................................................. III.33 Electricity production and consumption, OECD, 1973 - 2009 (TWh).............................................................................. III.34 Net maximum electricity generating capacity, OECD, by source, 1974 - 2009 (GW) ..................................................... III.35 Electricity generation and heat sold, OECD, 1974 - 2009 .............................................................................................. III.36 Electricity production from combustible fuels in electricity plants, OECD, 1980 - 2009 .................................................. III.37 Electricity and heat produced for sale from combustible fuels in CHP plants, OECD,1980 – 2009 ................................ III.38 Heat produced for sale from combustible fuels in heat plants, OECD, 1980 – 2009 ...................................................... III.39 IEA electricity generating capacity, 1974 - 2009 (GW)................................................................................................... III.40 OECD electricity consumption, by country, 1960 - 2009 (TWh) ..................................................................................... III.42 Electricity consumption, OECD, by sector, 1973 - 2009 (TWh)...................................................................................... III.43 Electricity consumption, OECD, by industry, 1973 - 2009 (TWh) .................................................................................. III.43 OECD final consumption of heat, by country, 1980 - 2009 (Mtoe) ................................................................................. III.44 Final consumption of heat, OECD, by sector, 1980 - 2009 (per cent of total)................................................................. III.45 Share of final consumption, OECD, by source, by sector, 2009 (per cent of total) ......................................................... III.45 Final consumption, OECD, by source, by sector, average annual rate of growth (%), 1960 - 1973................................ III.46 Final consumption, OECD, by source, by sector, average annual rate of growth (%), 1973 - 2009................................ III.46 OECD total electricity imports, by country, 1960 - 2010 (GWh) ..................................................................................... III.47 OECD total electricity exports, by country, 1960 - 2010 (GWh) ..................................................................................... III.48 Electricity trade, 1960 - 2010 (GWh) ............................................................................................................................. III.49

3. Prices Table 3.1: Table 3.2: Table 3.3: Table 3.4: Table 3.5: Table 3.6: Table 3.7: Table 3.8: Table 3.9: Table 3.10: Table 3.11: Table 3.12: Table 3.13: Table 3.14: Table 3.15: Table 3.16: Table 3.17: Figure 3.1: Figure 3.2: Figure 3.3: Figure 3.4:

OECD indices of real energy prices for end-users ......................................................................................................... III.50 United States of America indices of real energy prices for end-users ............................................................................ III.51 OECD Europe indices of real energy prices for end-users ............................................................................................ III.52 Japan indices of real energy prices for end-users ......................................................................................................... III.53 Electricity prices for industry in US dollars/kWh............................................................................................................. III.54 Electricity prices for industry in US dollars/toe ............................................................................................................... III.54 Electricity prices for households in US dollars/kWh ....................................................................................................... III.55 Electricity prices for households in US dollars/toe ......................................................................................................... III.55 Electricity prices for households in US dollars/kWh, converted with purchasing power parities ..................................... III.56 Purchasing power parities, national currency/US dollars ............................................................................................... III.56 Heavy fuel oil prices for electricity generation in US dollars/tonne ................................................................................. III.57 Heavy fuel oil prices for electricity generation in US dollars/toe ..................................................................................... III.57 Steam coal prices for electricity generation in US dollars/tonne .................................................................................... III.58 Steam coal prices for electricity generation in US dollars/toe ........................................................................................ III.58 Natural gas prices for electricity generation in US dollars/107 kcal, gross calorific value basis....................................... III.59 Natural gas prices for electricity generation in US dollars/toe, net calorific value basis .................................................. III.59 US dollar exchange rates in national currencies ............................................................................................................ III.60 Indices of real energy end-use prices, OECD................................................................................................................ III.61 Indices of real energy end-use prices, Japan ................................................................................................................ III.61 Indices or real energy end-use prices, United States .................................................................................................... III.62 Indices of real energy end-use prices, OECD Europe ................................................................................................... III.62

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PART IV DETAILED OECD ELECTRICITY AND HEAT DATA Directory of Part III graphs and tables ........... IV.3 OECD Total ...........................................................................IV.5 OECD Americas .................................................................. IV.23 OECD Asia Oceania ............................................................ IV.41 OECD Europe...................................................................... IV.57 IEA Total.............................................................................. IV.75 IEA Americas ....................................................................... IV.93 IEA Asia Oceania .............................................................. IV.111 IEA Europe ........................................................................ IV.127 Australia ............................................................................ IV.145 Austria ............................................................................... IV.161 Belgium ............................................................................. IV.179 Canada .............................................................................. IV.197 Chile .................................................................................. IV.215 Czech Republic ................................................................. IV.231 Denmark ............................................................................ IV.249 Estonia .............................................................................. IV.267 Finland .............................................................................. IV.285 France ............................................................................... IV.303 Germany............................................................................ IV.321 Greece .............................................................................. IV.339 Hungary ............................................................................. IV.357

Iceland .............................................................................. IV.375 Ireland............................................................................... IV.389 Israel ................................................................................. IV.405 Italy ................................................................................... IV.419 Japan ................................................................................ IV.437 Korea ................................................................................ IV.453 Luxembourg ...................................................................... IV.469 Mexico .............................................................................. IV.487 Netherlands ...................................................................... IV.503 New Zealand..................................................................... IV.521 Norway ............................................................................. IV.537 Poland .............................................................................. IV.555 Portugal ............................................................................ IV.573 Slovak Republic ................................................................ IV.591 Slovenia ............................................................................ IV.609 Spain ................................................................................ IV.627 Sweden............................................................................. IV.645 Switzerland ....................................................................... IV.663 Turkey............................................................................... IV.681 United Kingdom ................................................................ IV.699 United States .................................................................... IV.717

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vi - ELECTRICITY INFORMATION (2010 Edition)

Units and technical abbreviations toe Mtoe kW kWh MW MWh GW GWh TW TWh kcal KJ GJ TJ

: : : : : : : : : : : : : :

tonne of oil equivalent (1 toe = 41.868 GJ = 107 kCal) million tonnes of oil equivalent kilowatt (103 watts) kilowatt hour Megawatt (electric) (106 watts) Megawatt hour Gigawatt (109 watts) Gigawatt hour (1 GWh = 3.6 TJ) Terawatt (1012 watts) Terawatt hour (1 TWh = 3.6 PJ) kilocalories (103 calories) kilojoule (103 joules) Gigajoule (109 joules) Terajoule (1012 joules)

t Mt GCV NCV TFC TPES

: : : : : :

metric ton = tonne (1 t = 1000 kg) million tonnes Gross calorific value Net calorific value Total final consumption Total primary energy supply

$ .. e c x

: : : : :

U.S. dollars (unless otherwise specified) not available estimated or preliminary data confidential data not applicable

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ELECTRICITY INFORMATION (2011 Edition) PART 1 - I.1

PART I INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION

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1. INTRODUCTION IEA Electricity Information 2011 is the latest edition of an annual publication intended to provide sound market information on electricity and heat to policy and market analysts, and those employed in all sectors of the electricity industry. This monitoring and reporting of historical trends and current energy market situation provides a strong foundation for policy and market analysis to better inform the policy decision process toward selecting policy instruments that are best suited to meet domestic and/or international objectives. IEA Electricity Information 2011 brings together in one volume the basic statistics compiled by the IEA on electricity and heat production. It also includes information on installed capacity, consumption, trade and prices. This introduction is followed by important information that will assist the reader in correctly using the data in this publication. In addition, calorific values used for preparing national energy balances are presented. This information is structured as follows:  Definitions  Sources and notes  Country notes  Geographical coverage  Conversion factors and calorific values Part II of the publication provides a short overview of world electricity developments in 2009, covering world electricity and heat production, input fuel mix, supply and consumption, and electricity imports and exports. A greater focus, with preliminary 2010 data, is given to OECD countries with more detailed information covering production, installed capacity, input energy mix to electricity and heat production, consumption,

electricity trade, input fuel prices and end-user electricity prices. This edition of Electricity Information will also acquaint the reader with key issues in electricity security, developed from a background paper by Mr. Rob Arnot. Part III of the publication provides a corresponding statistical overview of developments in the world and OECD electricity and heat markets. Included is a synthesis of the 2010 monthly electricity statistics of OECD countries from the Monthly Electricity Statistics report. Part IV provides, in tabular form, a more detailed and comprehensive picture of the power and heat industry developments for 34 OECD Member countries. OECD data are taken from IEA/OECD databases of Energy Statistics that are based on annual submissions from OECD Member countries to the Secretariat. The Energy Statistics Division of the IEA Secretariat works closely with national administrations to secure consistency in time series and with IEA product definitions and reporting conventions. The finalized data provide the basis for IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and Energy Statistics of OECD Countries. Price data in Part IV are derived from IEA/OECD Energy Prices and Taxes. Readers should consult this publication for detailed information on data coverage and sources. The non-OECD data are based upon information collected by the IEA Secretariat, national submissions to the United Nations in Geneva and New York, and national energy publications. The resulting synthesis is published in Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries and Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries. Users of this publication are directed to the Methodology Section of those publications for more detail on individual non-Member countries covered in the publication. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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World electricity and heat production, supply and consumption are available on a CD-ROM, which also provides for each of the 34 OECD member countries details on installed capacity, input energy mix to electricity and heat production and electricity trade. Information on ordering the CD-ROM and other energy statistics publications is available at the end of this book and on the IEA website at www.iea.org. In addition, a data service is available on the internet. It includes unlimited access through an annual subscription, as well obtaining data on a pay-per-view basis. Details are available at http://data.iea.org. Further information on reporting methodologies is also available on the IEA Web site. Annual energy data are collected by the Energy Statistics Division (ESD) of the IEA Secretariat, headed by Mr. Jean-Yves Garnier. The IEA would like to thank and acknowledge the dedication and professionalism of the statisticians working on energy data in the countries. Within the IEA, OECD electricity statistics were the responsibility of Ms. Yasmina Abdelilah. Mr. Robert Schnapp had overall responsibility for this

publication. Mr. Julian Smith also contributed to the processing of country statistics. Also in the IEA Secretariat, thanks are due to the nonOECD Member countries section headed by Mr. Pierre Boileau, to the OECD Balances section headed by Ms. Karen Tréanton, and to Mr. Rob Arnot of the Energy Technology Policy division for his contribution to Part II of this publication. Editorial and desktop publishing support from Ms. Sharon Burghgraeve is also gratefully acknowledged. Enquiries, comments and suggestions are welcome and should be addressed to: Robert Schnapp or Yasmina Abdelilah Energy Statistics Division International Energy Agency 9, rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France Tel: Fax: E-mail:

(33 1) 40 57 66 31 or 40 57 66 47 (33 1) 40 57 66 49 [email protected]

What’s New? Starting with this year’s edition, the countries Chile, Estonia, Israel and Slovenia, which joined the OECD in 2010, have been incorporated into this publication. All are included in OECD totals. The regional aggregate OECD North America has been changed to OECD Americas and now includes Chile. OECD Pacific has been changed to OECD Asia Oceania and now includes Israel. OECD Europe now includes Estonia and Slovenia starting in 1990. Prior to 1990, data for Estonia are included in Former Soviet Union and data for Slovenia in Former Yugoslavia in the publication Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries. Following the inclusion of Estonia and Slovenia in OECD totals, the regions Former Soviet Union and Non-OECD Europe were merged and renamed Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia. This new regional aggregate includes data for Former Soviet Union and for Former Yugoslavia prior to 1990. The IEA is currently working with a group of 24 international organisations that collect or use energy statistics. The purpose of this group, called InterEnerStat, is to improve the quality of energy data and reduce the reporting burden by harmonising definitions for energy sources and flows. As a result of this work, the IEA has reorganised the tables to include gas works gas with coal gases and present peat separately from coal. In line with the InterEnerStat work, the IEA has also made some small changes in the terminology that do not affect the definitions. A few examples include: combustible renewables and waste becomes biofuels and waste solid biomass becomes solid biofuels liquid biomass becomes liquid biofuels biogas becomes biogases

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ELECTRICITY INFORMATION (2011 Edition) PART 1 - I.5

2. DEFINITIONS Electricity and heat Gross and net electricity production Gross electricity production is measured at the terminals of all alternator sets in a station; it therefore includes the energy taken by station auxiliaries and losses in transformers that are considered integral parts of the station. Net electricity production is defined as gross production less own use of power plants. Net electricity production is measured at the station busbars, after deduction of electricity consumed within the station. The difference between gross and net production is generally observed to be about 7% for conventional thermal stations, 1% for hydro stations and 6% for nuclear. Hydroelectric stations production (gross and net) includes production from pumped storage plants. Electricity and heat data are organised by the type of producer and the type of plant. These are defined as follows:

Types of producers Producers are classified according to the purpose of production: Main activity producers generate electricity and/or heat for sale to third parties, as their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. Note that the sale need not take place through the public grid. Autoproducers generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which supports their primary activity. Autoproducers heat production includes only heat sold to third parties. The input fuels should correspond to the quantity of fuels used to produce the heat sold. The use of fuels

for heat which is not sold is recorded in the sectors in which the fuel use occurs.

Types of plants Electricity plants refer to plants which are designed to produce electricity only. Combined heat and power plants (CHP) refers to plants which are designed to produce both heat and electricity (sometimes referred to as co-generation power stations). Where possible, fuel inputs and electricity/heat outputs are reported on a unit basis rather than on a plant basis. Heat plants refers to plants designed to produce heat only. Heat delivered from CHP or heat plants may be used for process or space heating purposes in any sector of economic activity including the residential sector. It should be noted that the reporting of data on fuel use and electricity and heat production according to plant type is normally conducted at the level of the plant. It is assumed that if a plant comprises at least one CHP unit then the entire plant is considered a CHP plant.

Electricity import and export Electricity is considered to be imported or exported when it has crossed the national territorial boundaries of the country. If electricity is “wheeled” or transited through a country, the amount is shown as both an import and an export.

Net maximum capacity Net maximum capacity is defined as the sum of the net maximum capacities of all stations taken individually at a given period of operation. It is the maximum active power that can be supplied, continuously, with all plants running, at the point of outlet to the network. It is assumed that all equipment is in full working INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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order, that the power produced can be disposed of without any restrictions and that optimum conditions prevail as regards primary sources (i.e. flow and head in the case of hydroelectric plants; grades and quantity of fuel in hand and water supply, temperature and purity, in the case of combustible fuel-fired plants and assuming that the output and method of production in CHP plants are those which contribute to maximum electricity production). It represents the sum of all individual plants’ maximum capacities available to run continuously throughout a prolonged period of operation in a day.

is often divided into two main categories, which are themselves divided into two subcategories:

The capacity is net in the sense that it is the output capacity measured at the station busbars, i.e. after deducting the power consumed by station auxiliaries and losses in station transformers.

However, coal quality can vary and it is not always possible to ensure that available descriptive and analytical information is truly representative of the body of coal to which it refers.

Single-fired capacity refers to units equipped to burn only one fuel type on a continuous basis. The conventional thermal fuel types are the following:

The International Coal Classification of the Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE) recognises two broad categories of coal:

-

Coal and Coal Products: including all types of coal, blast furnace gas and coke oven gas.

-

Liquids: including crude oil and oil products, refinery gas, and other fossil liquid fuels.

i) Hard coal - Coal of gross calorific value not less than 5 700 kcal/kg (23.9 GJ/t) on an ash-free but moist basis and with a mean random reflectance of vitrinite of at least 0.6.

-

Natural Gas: natural gas and gas works gas.

-

Biofuels and waste: covers biomass and waste.

Multi-fired capacity refers to units that can burn more than one fuel individually and/or a combination of fuels on a continuous basis. A multi-fired unit can have either one boiler which can use more than one fuel, or two boilers each utilising a single fuel but which feed the same generator either singly or together. The unit is capable of generating its net maximum capacity or a large proportion of its maximum capacity using any one of the fuels.

Heat Data collected on heat include more disaggregated data on inputs and outputs of ‘combined heat and power plants’ and on ‘heat only plants’. Data on heat became available in different years for different countries and thus aggregated country data should be used with caution.

Coal Coal is a family name for a variety of solid organic fuels and refers to a whole range of combustible sedimentary rock materials spanning a continuous quality scale. For convenience, this continuous series INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 Hard coal  Anthracite  Bituminous coal - Coking coal - Other bituminous coal  Brown coal  Sub-bituminous coal  Lignite

ii) Brown coal - Non-agglomerating coal with a gross calorific value less than 5 700 kcal/kg (23.9 GJ/t) containing more than 31% volatile matter on a dry mineral matter free basis. The IEA has adopted this definition of hard coal and brown coal in this book and in other publications. It should be stressed that this classification system is based on the inherent qualities of the coal in question and not on the final use of the coal. In this way the classification system attempts to be objective and simple to apply. In this context hard coal normally corresponds to anthracite and bituminous coal. However, for the countries listed below, hard coal also includes subbituminous coal - Australia, Belgium, Chile, Finland, France, Iceland, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Portugal and the United States. Except for these 12 countries, brown coal is equivalent to sub-bituminous coal and lignite. In this publication coke oven coke, gas coke and patent fuel used for electricity generation or heat production are included in hard coal, while coal tar and brown coal briquettes (BKB) are included in brown coal. In tables where data are presented in Mtoe in this book and sourced to OECD/IEA Energy Balances, the term “Coal” includes all primary coal types (including

ELECTRICITY INFORMATION (2011 Edition) PART 1 - I.7

hard coal and brown coal), peat and coal products (including patent fuel, coke oven coke, gas coke, BKB, coal tar, gas works gas, coke oven gas, blast furnace gas, and oxygen steel furnace gas). In some tables “Coal Gases” are reported separately. In such cases “Coal” does not include these gases. Peat is defined as a combustible soft, porous or compressed fossil sedimentary deposit of plant origin with high water content (up to 90% in the raw state), easily cut and of light to dark brown colour.

This category refers to combustible fuels other than coal, oil and natural gas that are used for electricity and/or heat generation and covers biomass and wastes. Specific products included are: solid biofuels and original products, gases/liquids from biomass, industrial waste and municipal waste.

Oil

Coal gases Derived gaseous fuels are products resulting from the transformation or manufacturing of hard coal, brown coal or other primary solid fuels, sometimes with the addition of other materials. Included in this category are gas works gas (from 1990), coke oven gas, blast furnace gas and oxygen steel furnace gas. To calculate the net heat content of a coal gas, its gross heat content is multiplied by the following factors: Product

Biofuels and waste

Gross to net ratio

Gas works gas Coke oven gas

0.9 0.9

Blast furnace gas Oxygen steel furnace gas

1.0 1.0

In this publication, oil includes crude oil, refinery feedstocks, natural gas liquids, hydrocarbons not of crude oil origin and all oil products: LPG, refinery gas, aviation gasoline, motor gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, gas/diesel oil, residual (heavy) fuel oil, naphtha, white spirit, lubricants, bitumen, paraffin waxes, petroleum coke and other oil products.

Natural gas In this publication, natural gas excludes natural gas liquids.

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3. SOURCES AND NOTES General notes Energy data for OECD countries are submitted to the IEA Secretariat in a common reporting format and methodology to allow for international comparisons to be made. Energy data reported for 2010 (shown as 2010e) are preliminary estimates based on submissions received in early 2011 and on monthly submissions to the IEA from member countries. Statistics of non-OECD countries presented in this publication are based on available data at the time of publishing and may differ from the final non-OECD data to be published in Energy Statistics of NonOECD Countries. Additional information on methodologies and reporting conventions are included in the notes in Energy Balances of OECD Countries 2011 Edition and Energy Statistics of OECD Countries 2011 Edition.

Qualifiers Data marked as ‘e’ are the estimates of the IEA secretariat. Data marked as ‘c’ means that data are confidential due to country specific regulations. Data marked as ‘..’ means that data are not available (either not collected or not submitted by national government). Data marked as ‘x’ means that the data point is not applicable, there is no meaningful explanation of a value there (for example, unit price is not shown if there was no trade).

Data sources

i) IEA/OECD Electricity Statistics. This database of annual statistics for OECD countries covers generating capacity and electricity production from main activity producer and autoproducer plants. It includes information on electricity and heat production by fuel type and supply/demand balances for electricity and heat from different types of power and heat plants. The main data from this system are published annually in this IEA/OECD publication, Electricity Information.

ii) IEA/OECD Coal Statistics This database of annual statistics for OECD countries covers all primary solid fuels, derived fuels and related manufactured gases. It contains detailed supply/ demand balances for each fuel, as well as information on coal trade by origin and destination. The main data from this system are published annually in the IEA/OECD publication Coal Information.

iii) IEA/OECD Oil and Gas Statistics This database of annual statistics for OECD countries covers crude oil, NGL, refinery feedstocks and natural gas, as well as derived petroleum products. It includes detailed supply/demand balances, trade by origin and destination and stock levels and changes. The main data from this system are published annually in the IEA/OECD publications Oil Information and Natural Gas Information.

iv) IEA/OECD Renewables Statistics

Historical data (1960-2009) The annual historical data in Part II of this report are taken from the IEA/OECD databases of Energy Statistics which are based on annual submissions from all OECD member countries.

This database of annual statistics for OECD countries covers hydroelectricity, solid biofuels, geothermal, renewable municipal waste, wind, gas from biomass, liquid biofuels, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal, tide/wave/ocean, non-renewable municipal waste and industrial waste. It includes electricity and heat INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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production from renewable sources, and a supply/ demand balances of renewable and waste products. The main data from this system are published annually in the IEA/OECD publication Renewables Information.

Price data Prices are published quarterly in IEA/OECD Energy Prices and Taxes, where complete notes on prices may be obtained.

v) IEA/OECD Energy Statistics. This annual database integrates data from the four IEA/OECD statistical database systems listed above to provide a summary of energy supply and demand for each OECD country. It includes detailed statistics on production, trade and consumption for each source of energy, expressed in original units (e.g. tonne, TJ, GWh). The main data from this data system are published annually in the IEA/OECD Energy Statistics of OECD Countries. Detailed country notes referring to historical data can be found in this publication.

vi) IEA/OECD Energy Balances. Overall energy balances are constructed annually for all OECD countries from the basic energy statistics described above. The overall energy balance data are expressed in a common energy unit of tonne of oil equivalent (toe) and presented in a standard matrix format. The balances are published annually in the IEA/OECD publication Energy Balances of OECD Countries in which detailed country notes referring to historical data can be found.

vii) IEA/OECD Energy Prices and Taxes. The prices and taxes are published quarterly in IEA/OECD Energy Prices and Taxes.

viii) OECD Main Economic Indicators OECD Main Economic Indicators is a monthly compilation of a range of indicators on recent economic developments for the 34 OECD member countries. Please refer to this publication for detailed notes regarding the selected indicators.

Indices of real energy end-use prices The methodology for calculating the real and nominal indices of real energy end-use prices is as follows: For products where more than one price is available, a representative series is created for each country. The representative heavy fuel oil price is a combination of high sulphur fuel oil and low sulphur fuel oil. The representative motor gasoline price is a combination of the most consumed unleaded gasoline for recent time periods and leaded gasoline for earlier time periods. For oil, the industry index includes representative heavy fuel oil, light fuel oil and automotive diesel, but not fuels used for electricity generation. The household index includes representative gasoline and light fuel oil. Indices with the base year 2005=100 were computed for each price series from prices in national currencies and then aggregated over product groups, sectors and countries. The Paasche formula was used for index computation. The weights used were the physical quantities consumed, as published in the OECD/IEA Energy Statistics of OECD countries. To calculate the real price index, the nominal prices were deflated with country-specific producer price indices (2005=100) for the industry sector and with country-specific consumer price indices (2005=100) for the household sector. The regional aggregates were calculated as the weighted averages of country specific indices, using consumption quantities as the weights.

Energy end-user prices, taxes and price in national currencies

Latest year data: 2010

General definitions:

Data reported for 2010 in this publication are submitted to the Secretariat by member countries as preliminary data and are shown in this book as 2010e. Final 2010 data on electricity and heat will be submitted by OECD member countries to the Secretariat in Annual Questionnaires in late 2011. As a result, final data for 2010 and preliminary 2011 data will be published in the 2012 edition of Electricity Information.

In general, end-use prices:

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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Include transport costs to the consumer; Are prices actually paid (i.e. net of rebates); and Include taxes which have to be paid by the consumer as part of the transaction and which are not refundable. This excludes value added tax (VAT) paid in many European countries by industry

ELECTRICITY INFORMATION (2011 Edition) PART 1 - I.11

(including electric power stations) and commercial end-users for all goods and services (including energy). In these cases VAT is refunded to the customer, usually in the form of a tax credit. Therefore, it is not included in the prices and taxes columns in the tables. This also applies to automotive diesel for the EU countries. The VAT percentages shown in the country notes refer to a pre-VAT price that includes all other taxes. The major exception to the above rules is the United States due to a lack of information. Although all energy products are subject to non-refundable taxes at least at the state and local level, only gasoline and automotive diesel include total average taxes. All other energy product prices shown exclude taxes since the national average of local taxes remains unknown and price data are collected on an ex-tax basis.

Prices and taxes prior to the date of entry into the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) have been converted from the former national currency using the appropriate irrevocable conversion rate. The irrevocable conversion rate on 1 January 1999 was used for all countries, except Greece (fixed rate as of 1 January 2001), Slovenia (fixed rate as of 1 January 2007), Malta and Cyprus (both fixed rate as of 1 January 2008), the Slovak Republic (fixed rate as of 1 January 2009), and Estonia (fixed rate as of 1 January 2011). Rate 13.7603 40.3399 0.585274 15.6466 5.94573 6.55957 1.95583 340.75 0.787564

By decision dated 26 January 1977, the European Commission initiated a weekly reporting system of end-use prices and taxes for the following products: Residual (Heavy) Fuel Oil RFO 1 (sulphur content