The Official Guide for GMAT Verbal Review, 2nd Edition

-and their ans

by the

creators

of the test. THE OFFICIAL GUIDE FOR GMAT® VERBAL REVIEW 2ND

EDITION

rJ!h e

rJ

off\G\' Guid

• Actual questions from past GMAT tests, including more than 75 questions new to this edition • 300 past questions, answers, and explanations in Reading Comprehension, Critical Reasoning, and Sentence Correction • Questions organized in order of difficulty to save study time

From the Graduate Management Admission Council

Table of Contents

1.0

1.1

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

1.8 1.9 1.10 2.0

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.0

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6

What Is the GMAT"'? Why Take the GMA~ Test? GMAT" Test Format What Is the Content of the Test Like? Quantitative Section Verbal Section What Computer Skills Willi Need? What Are the Test Centers Like? How Are Scores Calculated? Analytical Writing Assessment Scores Test Development Process

4 5 6 8 8 8 9 9 9

10 10

How to Prepare How Can I Best Prepare to Take the Test? What About Practice Tests? Where Can I Get Additional Practice? General Test-Taking Suggestions

12 13 13

Reading Comprehension What Is Measured Test-Taking Strategies The Directions Sample Questions Answer Key Answer Explanations

16 18

14 14

20 21

2.0 How to Prepare

2.0 How to Prepare 2.1 How Can I Best Prepare to Take the Test? \ Ve at the Graduate Management Admission Council'" (GMAC"') firmly believe that the test-taking skills you can develop by using this guide-and The Official Guide for GMAr Review, 12th Edition, and The Official Guide for GMAr Quantitative Review, 2nd Edition, if you want additional practice-are all you need to perform your best when you take the GMAT' test. By answering questions that have appeared on the GMAT test before, you will gain experience with the types of questions you may see on the test when you take it. As you practice with this guide, you will develop confidence in your ability to reason through the test questions. No additional techniques or strategies are needed to do well on the standardized test if you develop a practical familiarity with the abilities it requires. Simply by practicing and understanding the concepts that are assessed on the test, you will learn what you need to know to answer the questions correctly.

2.2 What About Practice Tests? Because a computer-adaptive test cannot be presented in paper form, we have created GMATPrep software to help you prepare for the test. The software is available for download at no charge for those who have created a user profile on www.mba.com.Itisalsoprovidedonadisk.byrequest.to anyone who has registered for the GMAT test. The software includes two practice GMAT tests plus additional practice questions, information about the test, and tutorials to help you become familiar with how the GMAT test will appear on the compllteUCIRB at the tat em•

•~ d1a.t you download the s~ftwa.re.as n;st:. T~ oPe RllCli

Get Additional Practice? ,de and thank lOU would like additional praelice, you ma~

MAr R

, 12tb Ed,tlon, or The OjJiClal Cudrjor a!iage begins by indicating that Du Bois caJ.led on African Americans to suspend their fight for equality and to help with the war effon during the First World War. The final sentence of the passage, however, indicates that Du Bois learned

n.

wnot rh.lI rhe Ji Irihutlr," wa nor r,,"doru.

II

Il

a

Ih \

Cllfr' I. "hc dc'nipl,oll of rhe pellC d, t"bUflnn goc frolll horc 10 I Illl, II' ,Ioc .I, hlliflollol "ZOIlIlI" 11\ rh, h r fit II( II" 1'.1 JlI:c dol' lIor 1I111".,t, Ih'l thc carl, I Ie "lid, looknl .1I 111111 rt \ for d \dllpmcllt U\' 'r tnnl' II. r , "" \ 111"",, rlut th, rli r r u 10 Oil "I. d I 1.\ I " 1I10n 'I. IIhc I h h plodll I, nil I "pto,". rio 10111 bud loll Ih I rr

B

\l

0"

II,

"""I ""nl

II.

lite, rr

t

II

rt

F

the author II can be mferred from Ihe passage Ihat h' h f h be mosl hkely 10 agree w,th w IC ate would followmg sta tements about corporate acqUlslt,ons>

66

fAl be more beneficial for small firms (8)

a ge firm do I fulfill the prole sed goals at mosl acqwnng firm They IndIo be beneficial 10 such firms 10 Ihe glerm en though apparenlly delnmenlalln the orllerm They dl OIlrage many such firms lrom all mpt ng 10 make ubsequenl bids and u Ilion I

67

The author of the passage menbons the e1tect of

acquisitions on natIOnal economies most prObably order to

Theil known benefits to national economies explam thell appeal 10 mdlvldual firms dunng the

(AI

1970s and 1980s. Despite thell adverse Impact on some firms, they are the best way to channel resOurces fro rn less to more product,ve sectors of a nation's

(8)

economy,

IC)

They are as hkely to occur because 01 POor

(C)

momlonng by boards of directors as to be caused by rncenllve compensation for managers. (D)

Inf./ence

fE)

(D)

They will be less prevalent In the future, since

thell actual effects will garn wider recogmtlon, Faclors other than economic benefit to the acquiling firm help to explain the frequency w'th which they occur,

(E)

II}(/(' 1

IIIoif ,Ill'

rll,

k IIf

"dl 10111ou/f, in '1/11(/ 11). IIh or I, rh,lIl rill lirm or firm

I

I I I

A

I /I C

I>

E

The passage indicates rhatwhile mergers and acquisitions mal benefit the national emnom)'. the appeai of mergers and a"julS,'ions must be tied to companies' p'n'l/I,' t ' " len cronoml( scctor~. l1"'I',I5''1''e 'n'll. 0ctween e" ...... • K , no comparison

Ih" InfluenlC o(poor monitoring b, boards ,ll1d th,u of t' ccurivl.' illernt",,, ' II e" "·I'·'ss""e' "'Ik', I I' ,.... • t.: I n prl'llction .ts to fUll"" trend, In II, k . lc: milr "l't tor Illergers ,lI1d ,lullIl. ItUlII .... Cor r ct. '111"1 11 I ' SS,I,l{l' st.lfes r lar t'tl'tllrs or IIl'r rh.ln l'l'tlllulll' , . ' . Il IIHl'rl'Srs drirl' llll'r~t'r I ,llIl .Iulul ItIUIl .

The I SO that parents can leave

~:::::: ~PatrIck~ 'care for a 'onller penod rrent hourly rate

:.

B.

(A)

High Immune-system activity protects against mental illness better than normal Immunesystem activity does.

(B)

Mental illness IS similar to physical disease in Its effects on body systems.

(C)

People with high Immune-system activity cannol develop mental illness.

(0)

Mental illness does not cause people's Immunesystem activity to decrease.

tE)

Psychological treatment of mental illness is not as effective as is medical treatment.

Extinction 15 a process that can depend on a variety of ecological, geographical, and physiological vanables. These variables affect different species of organisms In different ways, and should, therefore, yield a random pattern of extinctions. However, the fossil record shows that extinction OCcurs In a surprisingly definite pattern, with many species vanishing at the same time. Which of the following, If true, forms the best baSIS for at least a partial explanation of the patterned extinctions revealed by the fossil record? (A)

Major episodes of extinction can result from widespread environmental disturbances that affect numerous different species.

(B)

Certain extinction episodes selectively affect orllanlsms With particular sets of charactenstlcs unrQue to their species.

(e)

Some specIes become exllnct because of accumulated liradual chanlles In their local environments.

(0)

In lleOIOlllcally recent times, for which there IS no foss,' record, human Intervention has chanlled the pattern of extinctions. Sp cl Slh t are widely dispersed are the least IlJlely to become extinct

9

In parts of South Amenca, Vltamln-A deficll!llCy a serious health problem, especially among children k1 one region, agriculturists are attemPting to IIl1IJrove nutrition by encouraging farmers to plant a new vanety of sweet potato called SPK004lhat IS nch HI betacarotene, which the body converts Into Vltamm A The plan has good chances of success, since sweet DOlala IS a slaple of the region's d,el and agrlcu~ure. and the varieties currently grown contain Irttle betiH:arolene Which of the follOWing, If true, most strongly suPPOrts the prediction that the plan WIll SUcceed? (A)

(B)

(C)

The growing conditions reqUIred by the vanetles of sweet potato currently cultivated In the region are conditions In which SPK004 can flounsh. The flesh of SPK004 differs from that of the currently cultivated sweet potatoes In color and texture, 50 traditional foods would look somewhat different when prepared from SPK004. There are no other vanetles of sweet potato thaI are Significantly richer In beta-carotene than SPK004 is.

(D)

The vaneties of sweet potato currently cU~lvated in the region contain some important nutnents that are lacking in SPK004.

tEl

There are other vegetables currently grown In the region that contain more beta-earotene than the currently cultivated varieties of sweet potato do.

fA) (8)

c:::::::=

iI'IY UIiIomI. W to be""" any SlAisIatte tan act n'y

(CJ

the CfU1lnes tau. those II -41

6ents

~::::;

ID)

aM of any gM!II

IE)

erMrOI1IIIl!I1IaI ddli:I.... North Sea IS l1!IIel5illlti

ae:tuaIy reaches . .

::~~~~==

Iarae

I"IIIhIIUI8 trade tile largest budget ~_st1rade deficitS. In Ifjusted so that different iii'III,-Mlle to each other, there

14.

From the passage above, It can be properly Inferred that the effectiveness 01 the sustained masSive use of pesticides can be extended by dOing which 01 the folloWing, assuming that each IS a realistiC POSSibility?

Fllf'!'JlfM. OllIlIl1ries with large Mbonal budget deficits tInd "striet foreign trade. Reliable compansons of the deficit figures of one eauntry with those of another are Impossible. RedUCing a country's national budget deficit will not necessanly resun In a lowering of any trade deficit that country may have. lDI When countries are ordered from largest to smallest In terms of populatIOn, the smallest ountrles generally have the smallest budget and trade deficits. lEI Countnes with the largest trade deficits never have similarly large national budget deficits. Which of the fOlloWing most logically completes the

IrlUmant7 The II t members of a now·extlnct species of a European wild deer called the giant deer lived In Ireland about 16,000 years ago. Prehistoric cave IIIillinIs In France depict thiS animal as haVing a large hump on it back FOSSils of thiS animal, however, do not show any hump. Nevertheless, there IS no reason conclulle that the cave paintings are therefore InIccurete nthl regard, since

The sustalne d massive use of pesticides In farming ff t hastwoe ec s that are especially perniCIOUS. , .First ' rt often kills aff th e pests' natural enemies . In the area. Secon d,I't aften unintentionallY gives rise to Insec tICI de- resl'stant pests, ,since.those Insects that survive a pa rtl'cular InsectiCide will be the ones most resls tan t to I't, and they are the ones left to breed.

(A)

USing only chemically stable Insecticides

(B)

(0)

Periodically SWitching the type of Insecticide used Gradually Increasing the quantities 01 pesticides used LeaVing a few fields fallow every year

(E)

Breeding higher-yielding varieties of crop plants

(C)

15.

In an attempt to promote the Widespread use of paper rather than plastic, and thus reduce nonbiodegradable waste, the council of a small town plans to ban the sale of disposable plastic goods for which substitutes made of paper exist. The council argues that since most paper is entirely biodegradable, paper goods are environmentally preferable. Which of the following, If true, indicates that the plan to ban the sale of disposable plastic goods IS ill SUited to the town council's environmental goals? (A)

Although biodegradable plastiC goods are now available, members of the town council believe biodegradable paper goods to be safer for the environment.

(B)

The paper factory at which most of the townspeople are employed plans to increase production of biodegradable paper goods.

(C)

After other towns enacted Similar bans on the sale of plastiC goods, the environmental benefits were not discernible lor several years.

(0)

Since most townspeople prefer plastiC goods to paper goods In many Instances, they are likely to purchase them in neighbOring towns where plastiC goods are available for sale.

(E)

PrOducts other than those derived from wood pulp are often used In the manufacture of paper goods that are enhrely biodegradable.

prahl tonc cave parntlngs In France also

.lictother animals as haVing a hump of the giant deer are much more common . . .I_lICIlhan In France

:

: : : : :ar

compOsed of fatly hssue,

fo IlIze

".•_11 01 000

the IlInt deer were painted year ala

nl plCles 01 deer has .lIIure that lVen r motely

16. Since the deregulation of airlines, delay at the nation's Increasingly busy arrports have Increased by 25 percent. To combat thiS problem, more of the takeoff and landing slots at the bUSiest arrparts must be allocated to commerCial airlines. Which of the follOWing, If true, casts the most doubt on the effectiveness of the solution proposed above) (A)

The major causes of delays at the nation's bUSiest airports are bad weather and overtaxed air traffic control equipment.

(B)

Since airline deregulation began, the number of airplanes In operahon has increased by 25 percent.

(C)

Over 60 percent of the takeoff and landing slots at the nation's busiest airports are reserved lor commercial airlines.

(0)

(E)

After a small Midwestern airport doubled ItS allocation of takeoff and landing slots, the number of delays that were reported decreased by 50 percent.

(AI

~::~=~:

(8)

Phys c a

IC)

The rev ew P l!III-. .IlllII.... always resu procedure The company's rev I!W orOl:esS does..... With the prerogabve

(0)

Since deregulation the average length of delay at the nation's busiest airports has doubled.

ft that are he pfu bul the heanh of e patn

efl~~~~:==tJ

(E)

where more!ha one avatlable to select !he a prefer. The number of mem appomted reVl1!W panel procedure depends the COlItaI procedure

" '••"1IIIlI1II. the wholesale IMliIIIn ClDIlSiderIbIY nthe last - : : : : : pIKlI! of cotton clothmg

not yet fallen, it will

•

~!:::::~' if true most seriously weakens I of processmg raw colton for cloth has Increased dunng the last year. The wholesale price of raw wool IS typically igtJer than that of the same volume of raw cotton The operallng costs of the average retail cIoIh,ng store have remllned constant dUring the lasl year. OJ Changes mretlll prices always lag behmd hanges ,n wholesale prices. lEI The cost of harvestmg raw colton has increased ,n the last year.

20.

Start-up co mpames financed by venture capitalists have amuch lower flliure rate than companies financed by other means. Source of finanCing, therefore, must be a more Important causative factor In the success of a start-up company than are SUch factors as the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur, the quality of strategic planning, or the management structure of the company. Which of the following, If true, most seriously weakens the argument above? (A)

(B)

lC) (D)

9

A rnputer eqUipped with slgnature·recognitlon software, which restricts access to a computer to tho epeople whose signatures are on file, identrfies a PI n ignature by analyzing not only the form of the ""alure but also such characteristiCS as pen re and slllmng speed. Even the most adept fortflfS .nnot duplicate all of the characteristics the am analyzes. the followmg can be logically concluded from 1111 Pllisag,e above' me it takes to record and analyze a Qllture makes the software Impractical for

rydeyu e equipped with the software will soon

~11n1t11Jed nrno t banks

In .cce s to a computer the Oftware solely by VIrtue of

-110 '''''''eture

~l/llIlon

ftware has laken many If.et

IIltldhclrlzed users are demed -IlUlUterl .quiPPed wllh

(E)

Venture capitalists tend to be more responsive than other sources of finanCing to changes In a start-up company's financial needs. The strategic planning of a start-up company IS a less Important factor In the long-term success of the company than are the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur.

21

Aphasia, an Impairment of the capaclly to u e language, often OCcurs when a stroke da mages the left half of the brain. Many people With str k I . oereated aphasia recover at least some capacity to use language Within a year. One proposed explanation for such recoveries IS that the nght side of the brain, which IS not usually the major language center develops ItS latent language capabilities to ' compensate for the damage to the left side. Which of the followmg, If true, most strongly supports the explanation? (A)

(B)

More than half of all new companies fail Within five years. The management structures of start-up companies are generally less formal than the management structures of ongoing bUSinesses. Venture capitalists base their deCisions to fund start-up companies on such factors as the charactenstics of the entrepreneur and quality of strategic planning of the company.

wate th etr Imga

(C)

In a study of local brlln aclivlty In people performing a language task, people With strokerelated aphasia showed higher activity levels In the right half of the bram than people who did not have aphasia.

fAI

IB)

A blow to the head Injuring the left half of the brain can result In Impairment of the capacity to use language Indistinguishable from that produced by a stroke.

Ie)

Among people With stroke-related aphaSia, recovering lost capacity to use language does not lead to any Impairment of those capacities normally controlled by the right half of the bratn.

(D)

(D)

A stroke that damages the left half of the brlln often causes physical Impairments of the nght Side of the body that lessen over time.

(E)

Studies of numerous people with aphaSia have indicated that the functions that govern language production and those that govern language comprehension are located in separate areas of the braln_

IE)

The tree a the u and amou t Owners If undertake along the ban greater aloca Many of the Ire the nver's ban growing In pia e constantly wet The slnp of land whe nver s banks we Id crops if the tree The d,slnbution IS .ntended to PI from using water downstream

24. Automobile Dealer's Advertisement: fDr tIDor IPICl!

The Highway Traffic Safety Institute reports that the PI 1000 has the fewest Injuries per accident of any car In Its class. This shows that the PZ 1000 IS one of the safest cars available today.

pndJce III h gIr, howeVer, about four times as 1IeId sprI8Ch, the spinach

Which of the following, If true, most seriously weakens . t1 the argument in the advertisemen .

true best suPpOrts a "IN! the spinlch-growing facility near

fA)

jlIuftlllblf' (B)

I'w.tllllGlll1lll operators of the lacility are ~......rilnCld, they Will be able to cut operating

.,·.dI_1IIII by about 25 percent

fC)

virtually no scope lor any further

~.i>':::~B1~the co t per pOund lor California (D)

1.
13.

-:ttl. \ti1

Which of the lollowlng most IogicaIycom. . . . . . . . . . . IIl 11i The last members 01 a now-extinct SlleCles 16,000 years ago. Prehlstonc cave of a Eutira'tIllll........ I pa nbngs III France "-'Fossils 0 thiS animal, however. do no show - . •••• cave palnlings are therefore IOaccur Ie any Iunp NweI""ortatw.-a

....swlth large nabonal budget deficits tend to restnct foreign trade. IIlOIftINI"SOIIs of the deficit figures of one country with those of another are Impossible. ~:~. country's nabOnal budget deficit Will not necessanly result in a lowenng of any trade defiCit that ~

tllIYhIve WIlen c:ountries are ordered from largest to smallest In terms of population, the smallest countries IIIlIIII~hIv'I! the smallest budget and trade defiCits. CaunIrIe with the largest trade defiCits never have similarly large national budget defiCits.

~

1"1IIIII1It Construction o correlation is filund between large national budget deficits and large trade deficits. What Inference (an be drawn from this inftrmation? Since the passage states that national budget deficits do not correlate with trade deficits, it is logical to anticipate an mferen e about the independent nature of the relationship between the two kinds of deli il . One po..ible inference is that reducing one deficit need not result in a redu lIOn of Ihe olher.

(A) (6)

(C) (D)

(E)

some prehistOriC cave pa n ngs n Franee aso deotct fOSSils of the giant deer are much ore COtlVnOn animal humps are composed of fa ssue the cave paintings 01 the glan deer Nere patnted only one currently exis 109 spec es 0 deer hump

Argument Construction Situation

Representations found in prehis n ca~ pamtmgs m F deer peCle -the last members of which \ivai m 1rdaDd aIloillt • depict the deer a ha\'in ~ hump on i ba I" the feature a hump.

Reasoning

IVhat point would ml)jt logi
It

pd

the Rl8lUawre

are paper sub titute becau'e paper i bIodegradable

allinn Ih.ll wulJ extend the effectiveness of

part III the arJ.:UOl,·nl. SlIlce pestil-ides wuuld hc !l1l1I1 Irr lev.lIlt,

goods

Evaluation of a Plan

mount ofth pe !lcides helllJ.: usc'd will not hell' the situatiun since the nt

employed

After other towns enacted Similar bans on e sale of plas discernible for several years.

twn bout heml,ally st.lble in cctil-ides is E(iven to make a sound inference. t prop rly Id ntitie

e ownspeople are

(el

. . . . .Ill of. P1.n

nttnued high-level pesticide use often kills off the targeted pests' natural enemies. In addItion, the pe ts that survive the application of the pesticide may become reaiiJtant to It, and these pesticide-resistant pests will continue breeding.

ban the sale

(Al

IIllIIg the QuantitIes of pesticides used

....... few fields falloW every year

paper

Which of the followlIlg. If true, IIldlCa es tha the .1' plan the town counci s enVironmen a\ goa s'

rmcally lable Insecticides

,.IlIdiI=IIr switC/lmg the type of Insecticide used

;::.~~:=::=::::!

B

That the 1001 f.lCton will in "rea p,rodluctioo that .\ sufficient am~unt of u h produ from di:po. able pia tic

of thc usc of

thi

,!!;oaL. En\'irnmental ben Ii .I< ,,'r,ll\ ,Ir: after similar

oroPCd)'

D

E Th

t aftliweJr 11111.

:;=~:=~:::

delays at lIIe nation's increasingly busy airports have Increased by 25 percent.

!:==~:~more:~aI:'lIIe

takeoff and landing slots at the bUSiest airports must be allocated to

the following if true. casts the most doubt on the effectiveness of the solution proposed above? ""P' au es of delays at the nation's bUSiest airports are bad weather and overtaxed air traffic

control eqUipment

17.

A major health Insurance comPillly

I ilIDII

procedure IS first approved as "rnedicatt .~;~~::::= to save the company the money IIltght OIheic1llSe

:~:::::::::

has recently announced that In order to reGJce

Which of the following, If true prOVIdes the Ss1Jlnllillllcestigelit j!lSIiIiali....r

(8)

Patients often register d ssabsfaclJon Wdh PhysIcians often prescnbe speaa DrDCelbes of the patient.

canlllllrcillllrf,ne

(e)

The review process IS expens e and Draetlcaly always res~

AItM. small Midwestern airport doubled ItS allocation of takeoff and landing slots, the number of delays

(0)

(A)

lIirIne deregulation began, the number of airplanes In operation has Increased by 25 percent.

60 percent of the takeoff and landing slots at the nation's busiest airports are reserved for

were reported decreased by 50 percent. SInce deregulation the average length of delay at the nation's bUSiest airports has doubled,

(E)

ult/on of • P1.n

Wl

=_

__

ift_~"""_"I_

The company's review process does onterfere than one effective procedure IS available to select

the -::::::::::::~~~ one I

The number of members of e comDaRY-aPllolnted ~ ............'. . . .1. . . on the cost of the procedure

o redu delay, more lakeoff and landinR slols at the busiesl airports should go to

Evaluation of a Plan

mmer lal airlines.

Situation

In order to cut co • a mao r beaIrh iDlunDa: aJllIIp., that it will pay for pecial promlum 001, if'dIll .._ ...ail....... nece sar)' by a miew panel.

Reasoning

What PUel ofinformatrtm flY)lJd ,_t 111.• •,jraf;J,..- . . . . . . . company to a\'e money, It would need

What pomt (Ill/I thr mal/ dOIl/l/ oll/h,' propoJed JO/lltioll? Evaluating the effectiveness of thl olutlon ~eans ex.arnining the relation helween the problem, an increase in delays, and the oJullolI, all lIll:rcol'l' III available takeoff and landing slot. Could the delays be u ed by other fa, lor, Ihat till' solutIOn fails to address? If the major causes for de'lays r r ltd 10 we.ather "lid air Ira conlrol equipment, not to the number of slots f~r If and landlll~, then the proposed solullon of changing the allocations of the slots und to be I etlclIiVl'.

tn,

~III'IICL 1111 n

wbat~~~:~::::5=

abandoning rule. Under the compan~'the money? The pand itsIihDilIlr lie Furrher. the co t sa .......... demo . ignitlcant numbers of]proaxillll'l5.

.

t t m nl proper) idelltifies ,I \waklll'Ss in the proposed solution.

~m

: of plane how wi1\' "irpor! .If,' hu ier. Since Ihere is no information rt ne are pm ,lie or 1011I111erll.II, tillS t.,temenl neIther casts doubt on the

:::~:':u;p ~t

~.~_t1IIUC~'h

ar addll,oll,lI lots Ih,lt l"nuld be allocable to coml11ercial t om upporl for till' PropOSl'" olutiol1. how lh t Ih olullon 111.1\ work, h w lh

0p 01 Ihe ,'rohletl1'' tlisi ,ll ltl l ",'S lIot

l'.\

A

Thi ,ugge'ts that patienrs might be pressw:ing_irP. . . . . . . procedures tor their Jilm n and dem'in" lll>n .11'.1 do not .111,' t ntH 'nl

..

much lower failure rate than companies financed by . . .ftllmrd by wnture capitalists have a rtant causative factor In the success of a .....IllIIIlI~'Jf-~; therefore must be a more Impo I f • ,.......11I ' I h acterlslics of the entrepreneur, the qua Ity 0 ~=:::1IlIn ere such factors as the persona c ar II or the management structure of the company. following if true, most seriously weakens the argument above? ":::etPltaI~ sts tend to be more responsive

than other sources of financing to changes In a start-up

financial needs. _IC plannmg 0 f a start·uP co mpany IS a less Important factor in the long-term success of the c:ompany than are the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur. More tIIan half of all new compames fail within five years. management structures of start-up compames are generally less formal than the management structures of ongoing businesses. Venture capitalists base their decIsions to fund start·up companies on such factors as the characteristics of the entrepreneur and quality of strategic planning of the company.

21.

AphaSia, an Impairment of the callaClty to brain. Many people With stroke-relatecl":~;I:&4~:::::::= One proposed explanabon for such recovenes that language center, develops ItS latent language

Capabifjlies::::::::

Which of the follOWing. If true, most strongly 5UIlPorts (A)

C

(6)

(e) (0)

(E)

Argument EVlluation When venture capitalists fund start-up companies, the failure rate is much lower than when the companies arc funded by other means. The success of start-up companies, then, may be attributed more to their source offunding than to any other factor.

"'nJnll

In a study of local brain aclivrty In people pertDr!lllng a showed higher actlvrty levels 10 the nght ha of the ~:rg:,~all:e::-.::::::: Ablow to the head Injuring the left half of the brill can language IndlstlOgUishable from ha produced by a strolce. Among people with stroke-related aphaSIa rl!CO'll!nng IostCiIPilCilylDG.I.......... Impairment of those capacilies norma Iy controlled by the _ ........ Astroke that damages the left half 01 the bram often causes ~5icl.ir.IIIlI"'''''body that lessen over time. ,,.,.':.cItI"'~ Studies of numerous people With aphas a have Indicated that \tie fIIlt1iD1l511l11t. . . . . production and those that govern language comprehension are

Argument Evaluation Situation

capacity to u e language_ This impmmcnt IS ClII1m ~~=~~:::~== year of a stroke, which may be explained the b usually not the major language cente~ compensate for damage to the left Ide of the

Wha, poml wea/um Ihe ar/(ulnml? The argument concludes that the source of funding the Ingle most important f.1ctor in determining the success of a start-up company. But what if the source of that funding, venture capitalists, considers other factors hefor makinl( its investment? Venture capitalists may evaluate the characteristics of the ntr pre~eur a well as lhe company's strategic plan and management structure hefor deCiding to fund the start-up company. If this is the case then the most important causative f,lltor in thc success of the company canna; be said to be the our of the funding. I

of v nlure l.'pit.lli'ls i, ,I poinl in LlYor of the argument, not against it.

bout the r latlW IIllporl,lnre of Ir.llCl~ic planning and the personality of the nolit waken the ,lrgul1lell! h".\llSe it docs nnt address the importa~ce of these nan lal backing. n

Reasoning

A

Correct. This statement properh iden -

B

That a blow ro the head :an Ie ult in ph,-- ,-argument is concerned with finding an not with what other than ~ -aboutwhethcr This proc'ides no eVI'den ••

ful tart up . h' I . lomIJanll", '" Igl failure rates arc irrelevant. aJ with th Ull s rllC of t t . .lr up romp.lll1eS based on their sources of • f n not rt up lOmp.lIlic III "cnl' I . I . ,.. r.\ Will ongoing businesses Ius no bearing cvidl'lllC th.ll cw.lkens tl\l' argUl1lent.

Whal t"t,idmc( supports fix txpIaNIIi capabilities 10 compmsattftr_da~ ''III~9: bisk.PO.~"_'''~I. bl' evidence that when pertornung a " t~ the left half of their brain h more activity people who have not ,uttered u-h darnag~.

m only Ull

nt prop r1 ad nllfi

Strokes that damage the left half of the brain

D E

SUllpOniI.,rIII:~"'."IliII":llI

ft"

language 'apabilitie th t all VI ."L.llt ~~.... of c.lpacities concrolled.b th right patienllS completd) uninlol -cd m _\m efle.:t that a rroke m 11II ....

Th.ll language produ br.lin indkate nothl •lph.l '1.\ pall n I

Th co

tans'werl

bOIl

bout::::::.~ •

• •_

. . . . 2nd EdIIIon

pply IS strictly controlled: farms along the ~~~§~lhe~ Colorado Rnter, use of the rlV~: wa e;O~U,rngatlon But the trees that grow In narrow .'milld allocation that they are a,lIoW,e thO u:f~re If farmer; were to remove those trees, more rivl!r's banks also use ItS water. c ear y, er , be IVIiIIble for crop ,mgallon.

~_MGr""

t

following, it true, most seriously weakens the argument?

tree along the mer's banks shelter It from the sun and wind, thereby greatly reducing the amount of ....,lost through evaporation. of farms a'ong the river will probably not undertake the expense of cutting down trees along the banks unless they are granted a greater allocalion of water In return. ~ of the tree species currently found along the river's banks are specifically adapted to growing In places where tree roots remain constantly wet. 111I trip of land where trees grow along the river's banks would not be suitable for growing crops If the trIIes were removed.

.owners

distrIbution of water allocations for Irrigation IS Intended to prevent farms farther upstream from uSing Wiler needed by farms farther downstream.

um.nt Evaluation

Near Chicago a neWly bUilt hydrOPon spinach, produces on 1 acre of floor IC sPinach "fact-" _ . a ~:=~::::~ ' 't h' space What It take 1 I t for e eCriCI Y. are Igh, however, and the s In California field spinach, the sPinach co P tyach prod eel mmon sold throughout Which of the follOWing, If true. best supp rt profitable? 0 s a prOJection that the 5Pi1ild1tJl_lIf1 (AI

Once the operators of the facllrty are experienced the be able IJ~ all III. . . . . . 25 percent. ' yw

(B)

There IS virtually no scope for any further reduclJon In the cost per J)lIUndtar C........11

(Cl (D) (E)

Since spinach IS a crop that ships relatively well, the market for the ~=~::::~ more limited to the Chicago area than the market for CalifomlCllie II A second hydroponic faCility IS being built In Canada, taking advantage of IRUiPIll_ vegetable prices.

Situation

Spinach grown hydroponically in a controlled ellVllOmD:ent is four times as expensive a the popular washed field splllll;:b a-III

Reasoning

What point best JIIpports thi projrchon ojprojitalJi""J'JUf ICKbytI.~_rl/l_. hydroponic spinach cannot compere W1th the Califu be another wa)' for the hydroponic pinach to compete sw:cesmdlJ' ."'~I~ washed pinach? That i , what feature of the hydropo spinach unable to match? If the Califunua spmach I t3iJ~illIIrit:Ib~:==: herbicides, health-con ciou con ume~ could be wiJlling b) PI'I for hydroponic spinach that i grown in pristine COlldiltiolIll111i11. . . . .111 pe ticides.

What point weakem the argufIlmf? The reason given for removing the trees is to make more water available for crops. What if the trees actually conserve water rather than unply consume it? Jf the trees protect the river from sun and wind, their presence can greatly reduce the amount of fiver water lost to evaporation. Thus, the farmers would loa wat r, not gain It, by cutting down the trees.

Canect.1I1I tatement properly identifies a weakness in the argument.

m nt I about the gre~ter availability of water !/the tree are removed; it is not about

:;~.::::~:~~litioDi are nee ~ ugument

Unlike washed field spinach, the hydrOPOnically grown sp nach s untainte I ~;:~::: and thus Will sell at exceptionally high prices to such customers as II:

Argument Evaluation

Water is scarce and precious in the land along the Colorado River, and the amount allocated for irrigating farmland is strictly controlled. Farmers would have more water available for crop irrigation if the riverside trees, which also use the water, were removed. lllueHllng

23.

A

sary tor the farmers to agree to remove them. This statement does not

_lIment IUgg t that c rtain tree speri' . I h" ....Millo typ I f h h es a ong t e flver tend to remove more water from IC 0 trees, w IC strenl(thens rather than weakens the argument. lll:ern the greater availability f h o water, not t e greater availability of arable land. h I r aUo atlon doe not have 'lny h.. . r irrigatIon. ,carinI( on w et 1er removing the trees will

B

C

D

E

The 25 percent reduction in operating ro IS cannot mpe difference, so this statement doc not upport the pro

Knowing that the price of CaliiOmia pinach can go. :~;::::I::I; . pmac . h'lan po I'blv. rompen te tOr the b hydropOniC products. Correct. This tatement properly I~en~ spinach to compete uccessfull Ith . .I an advantage sh The ease ot. sh'Ippmg The,existence ot•a ",aCI'1'Ity 10 di anaadd:;;:=;'~;;! fi protitable, becau e the ana

The correct an wer i

25 IIIat the PZ 1000 has the fewe st injuries per accident of any car In reports p. 1000 IS one 0 f the safest cars available today. if true most senously weakens the argument In the advertisement?

TIIffic Safety Institute report listed many cars In a

, ,

ther classes that had more injuries per

did the PZ 1000. Id th n have any other kind of car in ItS class. e PZ 1000s have been so a " • •ntyellS many mor lst4..... till class to which the PZ 1000 belongs are more IkI eIy to be Involved In accidents than are other lit ClIS between the number of injuries per aCCI dent for the PZ 1000 and that for other cars In Its Alifflrence IS QUite pronounced. 1111 HilhWav Traffic Safety Institute Issues reports only once a year.

-.a....ItIEVIlultlon · An advertlsement cJ' alms th at the PZ 1000 i one of , the safest cars. available; I dit bases h this claim on the Highway Traffic Safety Institutes report that thiS mode ha t e kwest injuries per accident of any car in its class. ....",ng

Whatpoint wea/:enJ the advertisement's claim? Examine closely the difference between the report and the conclusion the advertisement draws from It. .Whlle the Highway Traffic Safety Institute compares the PZ 1000 to other cars In Its class, the advertisement compares the PZ 1000 to all can available today. What if the class of cars to which the PZ 1000 belongs is a more dangerous class of cars? In that case, while the PZ 1000 may the safest car of a dangerous class, it cannot be said to be one of the safest cars available.

Which 01 the lollowlng most IOlPcaIIy

Situation

Reasoning

e higher Incidence ofinjuries per accident in other classes of cars supports rather than weakens

tatement properly identifies a weaknes in the advertisement's argument. trengthens, rather than weakens, the argument.

. . . .~mqofthe reports is irrelevant to the adverti ement's claim.

In a population of animals, food scarcity cause later lqllRlClucilift_1I!I population is hunted excessively, earlier-maturing animaIII".IOI.. the population. What point would most logically romp/en the mgumnrt1 For the ialin_ _ of use in determining what cau ed mastodons' extmcttoD, l1li. . . . . . to indicate the age at which mastodons reached repmductiw what the argument suggests can indicate cause of ext1JIctIOR.l( I~~~ from before and after mastodon populations began to da:Ha1l, II.-Ilft.. those fossilized rna todon reached reproduetlve matunty will have a good idea of what caused their extinction: if maturity late, it wa probably food carcity, but if they _1tUI"11III"~1II! likely hunting.

--iIlJI,....

the adverruement's argument.

that the PZ 1000 is the best seUing car in its cia s might be explained by the fact that it t car in its class, but if this has any effect on the argument at all, it would be to _rr'."!J&l:hen rather than weaken it.

----...

Either load scarCity or excesSIVe huntitla individuals In the group will reach reprodu:ellllllllllll'~ individuals that reach reproductive matu l1lIIIIity.r.1III determine whether preh,stonc mastodo:~WI CClIlIe are fossilized mastodon remains Irom both bel eatinct ~:::~::= ore and after (Al there are more fossilized mastod dec I,Ine th an from after that penodonremalnslrornlhe _ D. .UI. . . (Bl the average age at which mastodons I ' fossilized remains rom a gIVen perjod reached ItIlRll_ _ esta bl IS' hed I rom their (el It can be accurately estimated Irom lossll d Ize remains when rnastocIonI __••• (Dl It IS not known When humans first began h t '''',....~J! un 109 mastodons '. (El climate changes may have gradually reduced th lood iIabIe e ava to IIII&t!J dt • Argument Construction

A B

C

D

This fact onl), helps indicate that there was a decline; it tells us DOIhiIIl a1~~~ decline. Correct. This statement properly identifie a point that 1Dg;ial1ly Olllll!pIIll~ explains how the fossilized rna rodon remain could be mal to rna todons' extinction. The point at which rna ta
(A)

-'lIClftlng

l!."'~l.1 ,.IIII111C:n

The mayor considers fire alarm boxes unnecessary since most people have access to public or private phones. An editorial argues that some boxes should be kept III the ommercial district since the district has few residents and few public phones.

What point weakem thl' I'ditorialj argllll1t'nt? Even if there are few private or public tel phones available in the rommercial district, it may be that alarm boxe are not ne ary. What if alternative systems to notify the fire department are already in pia clOthe commercial distrirt? If the commercial bUildings are already using automatl fire alarm systems that arc directly linked to the fire department and provld automated notifications, then the alarm boxes are indeed unnecessary.

Adequacy of a state's road system s generally less III1JIlOftillt lID bUSiness there than IS the aVailability 01 qualified ~1lIO'1ees.

(e)

Over the past SIX years, numerous bus nesses haw! left the 5p(*e!IPII'SGIrs businesses have moved Into the state, ~..,..~

(D)

In general, the number of miles of road In a state s road system 1IePl!llds population of the state,

(E)

Situation

A state poke person Ie ponds to the cntlClSm observing that the tate has spent more DIOIIlqpa' any other tate has pent.

Reasoning

Whatpoint undmnines the rpoA".np.~r:r P1!_"'~"VIII~ imprm'ements not Ie ult in an ~ more monevon road unprovanen needed mo~ improvm than on road improvemen pro improvement and not th t It

rgument i abuut the nelessity of alarm boxes in the commercial district. This nly tell u huw ust!y those hoxes arc; it uues not indicate that they are not necessary. t m III properly identities a we"kness in the editorial's argument.

."_nerltiJl bt=lilde th pomt, smce the ar/(urnelll inuicates that it is not likely that the fire I

t I phon l,11I re/(olruin/( a tire in the wlllInereial district,

rial

....IIWIIJ..

A

A slower fate ofinccea in spcmdliD,!~dc~IIIII~~~~~!!! state ha pent more than oth and

B

The argument i about t h e :

• •4-'.:ethat the fir d partment musllr.lVelto lhe cummercial dislrict addresses the . ._lUI nlipOlU1C tim thl pumt due nut weaken lhe ar/(ument, eCC:IIlIl}'" nUll

Only states with seriously inadequate road systems need to !iIIl!INIliI. . . . . . . . . .,.~ improvements.

Argument Evaluation

nal

~"'IIII_wi1J

In the spokesperson's state, Spend ng on road 1llI:1IlIl/1!IIII1IIIl~"I"_ilI""'(iI past SIX years than rt has In several other state-

(B)

ily' fire department IS located much closer to the residential areas than to the commercial dlStllCt. average almost 25 percent of the public telephones In the city are out of order,

tlon

H!lIlI"::::':::::::=1

Which of the follOWing, If true, most seriously ullldeIminl!llllll! n_llitr_..~~!

1iI""fo11owing if true, most seriously weakens the editorial's argument?

Argulnlnt EvaluatIon

••

, II publi lelephunes were frequently out of order,

point doe not undenmne mcllll'lltilWlllllD.~:'I.I_~l ince the road tem I not point i irrelevant to the IIIWIIIIDL

D

This background WOniIlUi. . . . . . l~ adequa' of the

t. Thlis sta._I..

1h

t ansI,,",,' II

awarded the coupons by Bravo Airlines for flYing !~:~:~ upons frDIIl people wIIO pIe who pay less for the coupons than they would lilies The coupons are~suldto coupons re suits in lost revenue for Bravo.

."'1!1

Is from Bravo ThiS me

the buymg and seiling of tree-tr8l/fll coupons, It would be best for Bravo AIrlines to restnct the

nbe awarded In a particular year unber of coupons that a person CI nd members of their Immediate families of the coupons to those whO were awarded the coupons a that the coupons can be used to Monday through Fnday amount of time that the coupons can be used after they are Issued number of routes on viluch travelers can use the coupons evaluation of a Plan 'el coupons reduces the revenue of an airline. The company that buys an d se II s tral airline want to discourage the trade in coupons. lINIoIIlng

How can thc air/inc discourage its CIIstommfrom selling thei~ couponJ.?Limiting the use of the coupons to those who earned them and their immedIate famIlIes rewards. passengers for flying the airline and encourages them to contlOue to do so whIle at the same time making the sale of the coupons useless.

LImIting the number ofcoupons awarded a year does nothing to discourage their resale. orreet. This tatement properly identifies a limitation that makes the sale of coupons useless whIle maIntaining the coupons' value as a reward. LImItIng the time of use to weekdays does not discourage resale and makes the coupons less valuable to the airline's customers. Impo mg a date by which the coupons must be used does not discourage resale and diminishes th oupon' value as a reward. bIIg the routes available does not discourage resale but does reduce the coupons' value as a

companyhe~~~~;:5!1

Tect 29. ProInsurance speCial antitheft deVices or alarm Pro-Teet, as part of an effort to their cars have antitheft deVice reduce s or alarm sy terns Which of the follOWing, If true p , rOVIdes the strDngest (A) The decrease In the nsk of incicallllll "'. ...,.••• such alarms. car theft conlerred by a (B)

The number of policyhOlder h insurance companies. s W0 have filed a cia mIn the Ilil!ltVl_ic 1_"';'';;;''

(C)

In one or two years, the discount tha certain highly effective antlth It d t Pro-Tect IS offenng e eVlces. Currently, Pro-Tect cannot legall . Yraise the premiums It charges I a car theft.

(Dl (E)

The amount Pro-Tect has been paYing out than for others. .. oncar-theftclillmshaslleeo .....rll......

Evaluation of a Plan

Situation

An insurance company is paymg more moneyonClUM~~~::.===: reduce these ~ayments, the company is planning 0 cars have antItheft device or alarm systt:ms bec:allllulr*:1ll ~~~~ stolen. ' -

Reasoning

What piece ofinformation would indteaJ thtJuIwJ'" .ti to reduce its annual payouts, and one way fur tbat by Pro-Tect to be tolen. To help accomplish 1'ni"""ftIdtll policyholders whose car.; are so equipped, or alarm systems are Ie s likely to be stolen would interfere with the uee:ess ofPro-1i investing in antitheft device or a1ann SJ'II:IIIIS it~"'t,!,!" than the discount they will receIlIe if makes installing antitheft devi secmlilat.l.......i most likely ucceed.

iJ"'' 'i•

beCllllllEUl'."

reward.

B. A

B

om..,• ••t

Pro-Tect's plan is de igned to increase the more cars equipped with car alarm reclluall Pro-Tect's plan i unlikely to acbielle I Pro-Tect's claim in relation to tboscnl,..... 1111 Pro-Teet' plan to reduce its own car-thlt&.1II

"_It••

C

Correct. Thi statement ugges owner to install antitheft dc1/ic1~ indicates the plan i Ii

D

Because Pro-Te t' p1 to do 0 are irre1levaiDt tD

E

Pro-Te t' nothing abotlt

u<e of the present staffing shortage In public schools. have not been the primary ca ent years teachers have not experienced any b the tact that In rec pnmanly cau ed y I kept pace with salaries In other professions. worlung ondmon and their salaries have no lowmg It true would mosl supporlthe claims above? been hired under the new hiring standards. have th ofesslon would not Many t her alrea dYin e pr h hgher educalionallevel than In the past. I g the profession Wit a I 1J'I more tea her are en enn f h S a reason for the current staffing shortage me t a her have clled higher slandards for 1;ln~ :nal freedom as reasons for their leaving the M ny t a her have Cited low pay and lack 0 pro es I

Aproposed ordinance reQuIres the

(Al (Bl

Most IIldlviduals ha e no orma Ir..rww Since new homes are a a percentage extremely narrow In scope.

(el

The Installation of sma e de ec OfS sprinklers.

(0)

In the City where the ord nance was pr~"" vyv~ auer. respond to a fire was less an e na average The largest proportion of property damage when no household member IS present.

(El

Argum nt Ev.lu.tlon

explained by poor working conditions and poor salaries ' lh e r ae her hIIflage (;1 n he

on

Argument Evaluation

rdlh" Ihan hy trider hiring pfaClices. R tOnln

II'huh "IlUm, nl!U/'I'0r/, Ihi. /'01111

I adler 11IIIng ala II aim

Thl I I

ofvit'w? This argument about t~e cause of the

:E:~:~::;:::::=:!

presence of abyfire. However amember r"'illlleilrlllral extingUished a household caused by reslden a res ~. Which of the followlIlg, If true WOIJld

prate Ion he new hiring slandards as a reason for no t en terlng th e I d I M ny pro pe live leachers have CI e pr te Ion

Itu

31

.

hllflage di misses one possibility-obstacles created by higher standards 10 and mdllr es .II"'lher Ihe failure to improve working condition and A re plln e Ihal give's inli,lInallon suggesting that working conditions and Ire 10 t.1l1 wlw Ihere i "shortage of teachers would support the claims.

Situation

A home builder claim that mjU1l1IIg _ _lie III_ _ significantly decrease propmy darmj~ 90 percent of home tires are put

Reasoning

rn III Inlld Ih undellnllll' the lLums made

because it suggests that the toughened I lid r I 11111(1.1 III 1.1< I he Ihl prilll.lry I,IUSe of Ihe shortage-rather than supports them.

1111111 d 11\ undellllille lile d.llms, helausl' it is udd that more teachers With a hil~r c:u,..ullon II v I Ir CIIICIIII~ tile prole 11111 if working conditions for teachers have not od I II tllr I alher h.lV< 11111 kepI up Will. thuse ufothcr professions. t rn

ltalcnlent mod Ilv ulld IIllllle II. hr t .1.11111 1lI,ldl' ill the p'lssage. CCIlrnld.

I f more than 90 perc'Cnt i mid n

Ii\"( there. then no IOnlul ttainin 4lI_rs

B

m 01 poll' rl) 11 Most satellites are produced In such sma num " lEI Since many satellites are built by unwieldy internatIOnal consortia, rnefficlencles are inevitable. Argument Evaluation

Itvltion

onlng

A rise in the number ofclaims after a series of accidents has forced insurance companies to raise prices for coverage of television satellites. Consequently, new satellite are more expensive, and existing satellites must perform more. The co t of television satellites will continue to increase. Why might the (~st rontinue t~ inmase?The passage says that the existing satellites are being asked to work harder than previously. If that increase in workload brings with it an increased number of breakdowns, growing satellite repair and replacement costs will add to the already increased co t of insurance premiums.

Argument Evaluation Situation

Renaissance paintings are subject to deterioration due to ch,anlRe1 actual paint is not a factor in this deterioration. Instead, rest ~pol-""t, III gesso, the material under the paint, that causes problem for the paimiJlp.

Reasoning

What would most strongly supp~rt the hypothesis that gaJo, 1Il1llrir/,l~:I=;::= indication that gesso is affected by climatic change would D supporting the hypothesis. What could how that ge so IS afti:ete. ill till.... extent of a painting's deterioration i directly related to the aDIlO111l11'.*_M1i. under that painting, then the ge 0 dearly plays soroe put

high rate of premiums is a given; nothing in this statement reflects why the costs would mCRa e funher. difticulty ofdiagnosing the causes ofsatellite failure shows one reason the costs are high' it not show why they are increasing. ' C....:t.1his tatement properly identifies f: h . a actor t at explalOs why costs will continue to

lG::~~:Of::te& II

haws one reason they are expensIVe; '. It does not explain why costs

A B C

D

• • GIl)' partially account for initial hi

h . '. . g costs, nothlOg 10 this statement explams

E

Correct. This statement properly identifie a point upporting the blJP~"~ This suggests that another factor-the w~ of the pane1s-bas deterioration. Thus it weaken the hypothe I that gesso tblllfl~" This merely reinforces given intormation, that the paiDl J deterioration. . . about an connechOD bd,",,~ Because this gives no mtormanon nonabsorbent tYpe ofges 0 and the type of of the properties ~nd usage of th~ ~~dltypeetcriolldlalt. gesso is respon ible for the pamnngs Because we are told nothing about whl• • ~III~ decreases the likelihood that the restorers' hypothesi •

The correct answer is •

ommercial airliners and only those Private d t0 C re restrlcte . 1lN1aUI_e:entrBHytoeated uports we Id b forced to use outlying air. fi eId s. Such a .,*,"""JICIa~ most of the pnvate-plane traffic w~u . keOf midair collision around the centrally MI"'lIlIOUnt at ~rivate-plane traffic would reduce t e [IS hch of the following assumptIOns? on W I II I cated airports for most pilots of private planes. 'OUtIJinI8irfields would be as convenient as centra y o . . ffi dt h die commerclal·alrline tra c. Most outlying airfields are not equippe 0 an . dth radar ntrall located airports are not eqUiPpe WI . Most prlv8te planes that use ce Yk f b omlng Involved In midair collisions than are private planes. mmerclal airliners are at greater [IS 0 ec . .. . Id ntually lead to increases In commercial airline traffic. Areduction In the [lsk of midair colliSion wou eve

[I Cl:lllClusiclllldrawn In the first sentence depends

umlnt COnstrudlon ltuatJon

~lSDnlnll

and private planes with radar would be allowed to use the . I . I' . ffi ld O nIy commercia air mers alnpace around centrally located airports; most private-plane tra c wou use outlying airfields instead. The result would be fewer midair collisions around centrally located airports. What assumption underlies the cOIlc!usioll that most private planes would beforced to use outlymg airfields' The argument assumes that if the proposed restriction were put in place, most private-plane traffic would be rerouted to outlying airports. Because the re triction allows private planes that have radar to land at the centrally located auports, It must be assumed that the planes involved in mo t private-plane traffic at tho airports are not equipped with radar.

35

.

Two de.cades after the Emerald R D lVer amwasb It d . was still repro uClng adequately In the river UI, none of the_ temperature In the river below the dam frombelow the dam Since the ~:::::= SOdeg [Ising water temperatures must be I I rees to 6 degrees nvo ved In Signaling the native spe K!S Which of the follOWing statements If t , rue, would most strengthen the scM!I1\iIIts'IlJpl"''' (A) The native fish species were stili abl t the annual temperature range rema e 0 reproduce only In Side stream of the 1M' iii•••• inS approximately 50 degrees (B) Be.fore the dam was bUilt the Emerald R lb· ' Iver annually overflowed its bank Crltlca reeding areas for the native species of fish. (C) The lowest recorded temperature of the Emerald R·Iver before the dam was built t he Iowest temperature of the river after the dam was bUIIt has been . recorded . (D) Nonnative species of fish, introduced Into the Emerald RIVer after the dam wa competing With the declining native fish species for food and space. (E) Five of the fish species native to the Emerald River are not native to any other I'M! Argument Evaluation Situation

The construction of a dam has significantly reduced the range of walEr tall1pl1~~t"~ the river below the dam. Scienti ts have implicated this change m fish species to reproduce adequately.

Reasoning

What evidence would strengthen the hypothesis? To te t the hypotneSlS,scilmti. . to study the same fish in the arne river, but with only one variable t:::~ temperature range of the water. If the arne peCle of6 h successfuJIIDy water that retains the same temperature range that the ~ bad W"'ttlill was built, then the cienti t have likely fuund the cause of the pnJbllm.

Co'ownsence I not at issue. C8J:l8city ofoutlying airfields to handle commercial airlines is outside the scope of the quution

A

~1IIl1Ct, Th

B

tat ment properly identifies the assumption that most of these private planes lack would no longer be allowed to land at the centrally located airports. ftVID-I1lI8I11C tn.fIi could be divert d to outlying airfields even if this statement were not true. mm mal aIrline traffic is beyond the scope of th e question. .

C D

E

Correct. This statement properly identi6e evidence that trengthens The overflow's creation of breeding area offers an alremative strengthens the hypothesis about temperature range These difterence in lowest recorded temperatureS are simply spt:cifit proposed cau e; they do nothing to upport the hypo

c"'top_••".

The introduction of nonnative pecies competing fur fuod thus offers an alternative hypothe i . The rareness of certain specie points to the sevmtt)' ~i t1••pIDi..........

The correct answer is A.

I::;::

air by telling the muscle cells encircling sfrom nOXlo us teeu/es fight damage to the ung An asthma attack occurs when the messenger contract This partially seals off the lungs. th ngs like pollen or household dust. e to harmless I ee:tiVated unnecessarily, ,n respons . lan to develop a medication that would t serrous flaw 0 f a P of the following, if true, pOints to the mos es sent by the messenger molecules referred to lnl8llt asthma attacks by blocking receipt of any messag I

I

Ibove d the messenger molecules that trrgger asthma !AI Researchers do not yet know how the body pro uces (B)

(el (D)

(E)

attacks on's messenger molecules more easily activated than Researchers do not yet know what makes one pers another's for several years, because of long Iea d times 10 both bl I Such a medication would not become aval a e development and manufacture. Such a medlcallon would be unable to distingUish between messages trrggered by pollen and household dust and messages trrggered by noxIous air. Such a medication would be a preventative only and would be unable to alleviate an asthma attack once It had started.

Evaluation of a Plan Situation

e Dnlng

37.

Which of the followmg most log Ily Ica completes the II'RUmenr? Although the pestiCide TOX has b since 1960 has prohibited sale Ofefen WIdely used by fruit &nMer b rUlt on which TO - .. . replace d y one that allows sale of frUit any XreSidue ~ ; : : :" • • the change Will not allow more TDX f on Which trace amounts TDX on rUit than was allowed In the 196 (A) pre-1970 techOlQues for detectlO g TO X than the trace amounts allowed b h reSidue could detect It only when yt e new regulabons (8) many more people today than In the 1960 clean reSidues off the frUit s habitually purchase and eat fruit wittllllll IIllIIliIIl.,1I

.roe'"

(e)

people today do not IndiVidually consume 1960s any more pieces of fruit, on average

(D)

at least a small fraction of the frUit sold e h TDX than the regulation allows ac year slOce the early 1960

(E)

the presence of TDX on frUit In greater than trace amounts has not been shown children who eat large amounts of frUit

Argument Construction Situation

The JunKS are partially sealed off when certain molecules signal the muscle cells of the ainvay to contract. While this process prevents damage to the lungs from noxious air, harmless substances can trigger the process in asthma patients. A medication to block thiS process is considered.

pesticide in use since the 1960 ,i soon to be adopted. lhl ~llIation regulation, in place since 1960, that prohibited the ale of fruit amounts ofTDX residue ha been detected. Reasoning

Wk.. i, Iht plllllio dtvelop the mediratiollflllwed? Consider the action that the medication .is intended to perform. How might that action be problematic? The process. 100tiated by the ~essenger molecules has the useful and necessary purpose of protectmK the JunKS agamst harmful agents in the air. A medication to block the 'IS unnecessary, .m Proce s completely would not d'lst'mguls. h between when t h e process the presence of "harmless substances ,wen and h that process IS " entirely necessary, 10 . t he pre n e of noxIous . I datr ' Thus the med"Icatlon wou Id Ieave asthma patients unprotected firom putentla amagc to their lungs.

Altlhaulgh It might be u eful to know how the bod d lIICellilltYforthe d v lupment ufth d Ypro uces these messenger molecules, it isn't e prupose medicatio . d" clcvllloJ~ In wh r the relevant h . I ' n, many me Icatlons have been f p )'SID ogy I not very well understood ItlVlry 0 some p ople's messen er I I . . t long leaclt d g mu ecu es IS not the issue 1m oe not xplain a II . h . •tallmlclnt properly Id 0116 the fa:~t~:tt t~ medicati~n itself. "m1lting ary pro s. e mediCation is flawed because it could n

no !aIm to alleViate asth

ma attacks once they have begun.

A regulation that will allow the sale of fruit with trace amoun

What point would most logitally complele Ik aTgu~ How " " " _ I l l new regulation will not allow more TDX on fruit now than a&_d iIIl d. The most important thing to note i that the 1960 reguIatton plroJiUbillldllll~ on which TDX residue could be J(ttcted. Detection teehni have been particularly sensitive, which would haw: alIowM SiOII. ·mlll. . . . though undetected-on fruit. If tho e teehrnqucs couId amounts ofTDX that are now allowed. then it couId be allowed on fruit will not be different under the new n:g~IioIL

A

Correct. This tatement properly identifie a pomt that IogicaDy I:OIIlIpII_

B

This statement indicates that {the new regulation d aIIo then people may end up con uming more m H regulation will in tact allow more TD on fruit tha I to th People' consumption at-t-rUlt..I 'rrelevant I

C D

E

sale of that fruit allow. The question i about allowance pfCSlsed statement onh- sugge ts that the older rqllla1i08 . ~.I·nOD end up being true at the new ''5-

r

This might show that the ne regulation were to alI~ m~ ....... irrelevant to the qu tlOD t • 10 the lWlOL fruit than wa alia

The correct n

_litCGmplit\BS tile passeg. be/OW?

will demand a high potential return on .. f ....tors- eIIoUt Iosmg their m , t ards This principle IS the undamental ,.,..tisk ust be offset by the chance 01 grea rew . ~s and it IS ,IIustrated by the lact that . • 1*'14I. .11t , k very risky IOvestments without worrying about IIilcltsSfUl mvestors are distingUished by an ablhty to ma e oney tloe more they

th non loans backed by collateral

iiiOIlIY

a . ..• rs receIVe higher Interest rates on unsecured loans t by banks can actually be below the rate of Inflation

,,···ilt'tllltlisof high Inflation, the ,nterest paid to deposl ors. . .. . . I rate of Interest that It will expect all of ItS individual lIlY one time, a commercIal bank will have a sing e topsy tit potential return on mvestment 10 a new company is tYPically lower than the paten la re urn on

39. Acertain mayor has prOpOsed ill fee 01 ~'cIaI_1_. fee will alleViate the city's traffic COl ; round-triP bus fare from many nearby c:::.~m:.~,)~::=:! Which of the follOWing statements if true • , prOVides the best. . . . . . (AI PrOjected Increases In the pnce 01 gasoline wlllinolCll:leilllil ealle alitlii (BI The cost of parking fees already k •• . ....... ve h·IC Ie Into the City than to take amabu s.esit~_ '--CIUlJ ..- ... (el Most of the people currently riding th bus e do not own ....mft.Il •• (0) Many commuters OPPosIOg the mayor's plan have indicated congestion than pay a five-dollar-per-day lee

.,ifIII_ I 1I 1 ".111_.

(El

tMlItnlllnt In a well-estabhshed company

During the average workday, private vehIcles owned and . for 20 percent of the city's traffic congestion. opewalal

..

Evaluation of a Plan IIUlIIellt Construction

The principle of determining interest rates i related to the risk involved in making the !nve tment of a loan. Potentially greater rewards will lead lenders (investors) to accept greater risks.

Situation

In order to alleviate traffic con~ the llmataylllrlll'lll_•• private vehicles entering the city. Since the ~in...u._• • • the mayor believes many drivm will switdllDoo.&

WhICh tlUlmplt illustrates the principle that greater risks shouldproduce greater rewards? The mpl mu t be about the relationship of risk to benefit. Lenders take a greater risk wh n loan are unsecured (not backed by collateral) because there is a chance they u1d 10 e their money entirely. The principle indicates that the lenders-who by mtlon are inve tors-would demand the reward of higher interest rates.

Reasoning

Whatflaw exists in the milJ6Ts ~Thc IDQOrlll_ money is the decisive i ue for drivm.1£ howcva; _ _ considerably more in parking fees than tbey-.Id .~. . . . . saving mane)' is not the primary rca.soo uc dlIllIlIi~"IilrI:'1 than take the bu . Thi suggests that drmD 10. . . . d..... ave money.

m rou ty njoyed by some investors is not relevant. While risky investments are tern nt doe not m ntion their return.

lI:I:.

A

ltarcnlCllt prop rly identifi an example that haws that riskier loans-those not .~••IllIU_ral--n:ccive th b n fit of higher interest rate . !n tIme ofinftation doc not mention potential ri k or potential

B C

matt r thel vel of risk, contradict the prin iple

This statement doe not indicate whether the iDl:JasediQII~~ private vehicle into the city, and thercfure oatilldalt....... flawed. Correct. This tatement properly idcn Current bus riders are not relevant to currently driving private hiel !n

D

lany driver may continu to~DI:U:~~I:;~ buse '. The mayor' plan d III

E

The 20 percent figure sh city; thi doe not pomt 011

lower rate of return for such riskier

The correct an

41

Dental researchers recently diSCOVer pneumonia and strep throat. Theyf~~tootIb&llIiSQIlI_"' • •" for lour weeks. For that reason MnnIA contat.:atiunUl:::::~:::= ' ~~""'" shWd r!lllac:e their 11 Which 01 the lollowlng, II true would ' most weaken the COOt above? (Al (Bl

The dental researchers could not d toothbrushes had been used for I ISCover why toothbrush cootll11im. '-IIIIIIJ Our weeks. The dental researchers lailed to n ..... pathogenic mlcroorgaOisms. I ves gate contam ".n",,, 01 t'lOlI1bru9hes.." " "I

n_

a_riIlli

,..tl

(el

The dental researchers found tha am people Who cause pneumoOia and strep throat. theongnCldence 01 thused toothbrushes: : : : : : : : : used uncontammated toothbrushes. ese diseases was

(D)

The dental researchers found that people wh 0 nnsed ell oothbrushes thor0l_1y . use were as likely to have contamlOa ed oothb rus hes as were oeoole Who on hurnedly 10 cold water after each use.

(El

The dental researchers found that, after SIX wee souse greater length of use correlate with a higher number of bactena being presen .

a tooIhbni. elld...

Argument Evaluation Situation

Researchers have found that, after four weeks of use, toothlbnlSbes contaminated with disea e bacteria. Therefore, toothbruslxs sh«J1IlId month.

Reasoning

What infannation 'lJ..'eakms th

condUSlf}n~

-laIJ_

The COIOOWes toothbrushe should be replaced monthl). Clearly, the assumptlOD conclusion is that such replacement i' ne.: . because the m . . . . . . . . .( 1, potentially harmful to the u:er of the thhrush. Do people becau e of their use of contaminared thbru ~ It mlpalrisoll of._ _,• • people u ing uncontaminated coothbru h and toothbrushe -ho\" no ditference be D the ~1UPs, potential harm is pro\'en wrong nd upport r COIolSiDD

aet1I.u,

B C

_.aI.

The recommendation to -han, e e\1~f) four siII.,blllll••• cannot explain why it take: that Ion!!; for ntanllrultMJO The failure to investigate other po ible n ofllOO1dl1i.....a. . . . . recommendation. orreet. Thl. statement pn)perlv id n ,ont,lluinated roothbru h i no and tim ,h.lllging toothbrush

D

Sin,e 'ven ',\teful mainren re,'ommend,ltion i trengthellitd.

E

II' the '\)I)t.lmination \)1)

1h co

the ba,t ria t answer

I

ti

em lallng additional measures to pressure the ~~~;~son striIle lpinst coalco Ire cont Pd ers are considering as their prinCipal new tactic union's contrect proposa.I The unIOn lea db Energy Incorporated, the same tpInst Gasca gls stlllons, which are owne y

I

own Coalco

II elevant to the Union leaders' consideration of

wIIich of the following questions IS LEAST drrec y;therr contract proposal? III1ft,pIBii I boycott of Gasco wlillead to acceptance 0

nental United States

Which of the follOWing conclUSions (AI

nue losses by Gasco seriously affect Energy Incorporated? current Gasco customers eaSily obtain gasoline elsewhere? . roposed by thiS union? lither miners' unions won contracts Similar to the one P other un ons that have employed a Similar tactic achieved their goals with It? other orporallons that own coal companies also own gas stations?

(6)

Ie) IDI

~~"'.1IOn of I P1ln IIu8tIon In an effort to pressure Coaleo to accept their contract proposal, union leaders consider org njzm~ a consumer boycott ofgas stations owned by Coaleo's parent company.

IOnlng

43. LawS requlnng the use of headhghts daylight vlslblhty 15 worse In countrj during ~ -;:~;.:::::~ In preventing colliSions In those cou:~rther from tile e ::::~~::=~ from the equator than IS the Conti s In fact, tile only

Whuh question is LEAST relevolltto the boycoll decision? Union leaders have a number of qu stions to consider in deciding what to do. This problem requires finding the one question that is NOT relevant to deciding if a boycott would be an effective tactic. xamine each in turn. Whether other corporations that own coal companies also own Ka tations is NOT directly relevant to whether a boycott of Gasco gas stations will ocr Coako to accept a proposal.

1\.n000n how eflou Iy the parent mrporation would be hurt by revenue losses from the boycott

IE)

Argument Construction Situation

Laws requiring the use o~ headlights during the daytime prevenung car colli Ion m countrie with lower daylighr visibillily, ....~ .. at greater distance from the equator. The onlv cooomes Im>iml located farther from the equator than i the connnenral Um

Reasoning

What conclusion can be drav.. nfrom thi; 'njOrmtlJiem1 Cowmies laws are all fanher from the equator than I the C'OIItinmcaI UIIIIlIed 511-.. location is significant because daytime lbility the continental United tate. Howetfeem at prevm be in the continental United tare with I greater pltlXillBit} rea onable to conclude that ouch Ia would be I there than they are in the countri farther from the eqt'-".

n:J1~anl

nnol ea ily gel gas elsewhere, the hoycott is likely to fail, so this que tion is

~ u:llon hav won similar conttarts, then the union's proposal is reasonable. This h BU (eeded (or faIled) with a simila I h' " r failu ) of Ihl plan. r p ,In, t at information qu II n I th

d rei

IS

relevant to the

I

COU d be most property drawn Drivers In the contlOental Un Ited States who sed become Involved 10 a colliSion u their headlights durill .....,..... . as Would dnvers wIlo did In many countnes that are farth fr . . . er om the equato than VISibility 15 the slOgle most Import t f r the COIl11n!llll.t1. .~. . . . an actor In automolMle c''''li!lic~lIlS. The proportion of automobile colliSions th t .~ States than In the countnes that h d a OCcur III the daytime IV r r ..,_. . . . . ave aybme head ight laws • Fewer automobile colliSions probabl .h YOCcur each year In countnes IhaI: hMI dII• • •" occur Wit 10 the continental United States. Daytime headlight laws would probably do Iess t0 prevent automob Ie ~1IIlisions in, lilt ...... States t han they do In the countries that have the laws ~,

A

nl on Ihal does nol dear! 'h Ito Ih bo all d .. } ear upon the plan; an amwer to it is eel Ion. B

C

Although daytime headlight u'e rna} be Ie etfeenve IB coumrienridl_.~ be concluded that U. . drivers using daYtime headhgb would be just as likely to ha\'e collhon a ~ who The passage offers no evidence fur the con lu 0 tha collision in the.e countries. l\lany factors be:ide- u e ofh adligh duringdIJ/lilhd........._ t'lCto~, may van' widely from on:oun to UIlltbl.. other t:lCtl~rs or' about their rei n I

VII_•••••

D

E

\Vithout specific data. no conclu occur. Correct. Thi' ratem ot J)Il:lJlClrly

1h correct answer I

1_"

b nk failure because the government against ace IS partly responsible for the high • ......41rnlllld alltllS.. II finIflCIIlIy protected .hot thiS Insuran •• «OfIOIIllS1 ,rgues financlal u.... lOcen tI."e to find out whether the bank that ........'.l1li cIllposiII IVI .. lIS from cIeIlO5IIors any I bve then banks would need to be '1fIIOI' IIors were more se ec , e '","51 fadure If depos compete for deP05llor

Often patients HI h ankle fractures are because their or hoped,s s are cOt1cemed number of follow·up x·rays ere rl!V1ewed about found to have healed eorree Y herefOfe Initially Judged stable,

45

•money

• • •llI/IIilfllrlumenl make whICh of the following assumpliOns?

'.res

WhIch of the folio Ing. I true

bo rowers default on loan repayments,

(A)

are caused when btg r Is at several different banks, .e,.ljplilcant ............. of deposllor malOla,n accoun b k " pr..".,. P.... f I h or she lends to be 10 selectmg a an. ha I depo511 the more care u e I , depo IIOrlIlIere o banks IS not a significant factor mbank lIIf"",,, In the f rafes. paid fa deposllors by dfferent I

(8)

(e)

PolartiaI depositor Ire able to determine which ban ks are secure against failure.

(D)

ArlIU/IIIeIIt Conltnlct'on

Situation

Wha, a u"'P'lon under/mIn' Mllom;,/1 tlrgllllJrlll? The economi t argue that bank would h v III he mure e, urc in a mmpetitive environment with more discriminating dcpo II lr The e'(IO"rn. I cll'III.r.I,I:'" potential depositors to be more selee/iv/' in It .n hallk IlU Iherefure J1IU t Ill,liew that many depositor have sufficiently und.d ahoul whal make .1 hallk 'e,ure ,I,l:ainst failure and can often apph' those 'n leI rill 1111 II wIll", h.lllk ,Ir,' re another

Example:

led y." oJ will go to school tomorrow." walkeld, ran), a progres i

p~lI:ct P

I

rro ~

IIIlI".

ei...

Correct: "BefOre th

th

tbJlIlIlI~Itd··-

3.

uggestions There are two basic ways you can study for sentence co

rrection questions:

• Read mlterla' that reflects standard usage. . ' . . h the bas',c conventions ofstandard wntten English IS simply . f: '1" ami Janty Wit . fi . O ne way to. gam bl . I '11 II be fcound in good magazme and non ctlon books to rea. db' d ulta e matena WI usua y editorials in out tanding newspapers, and the collections of essays use Ymany college and university writing courses. • Review basic rules of grammar and practice with writing exercises. Begin by reviewing the grammar rules laid out in this chapter. Then, if you have school assignments (such as essays and research papers) that have been carefully evaluated for grammatical errors, it may be helpful to review the comments and corrections.

5.3 What Is Measured • Correct expr..slon A correct se~tence is grammatically and structurally sound. It conforms to all the rules of standard wntten English, including noun-verb agreement, noun-pronoun agreement, pronoun co.nslstency, p~onoun case, and verb tense sequence. A correct sentence will not have dangling or formed modifiers; unidiomatic or inconsistent expressions' or faults , In para e constructlon. '

~Isplacleldl' Impro~erly

• Effective expreulon

~:;~~::;:I;;n~~~~:;;~e~:::nidthea orhrelahti~nship

clearly and concisely as well as an at t e c olce with the fe t d' I ne e sarily th hest answer It means th h wes an simp est words is at t ere are no superfl d dl . . compIIcated xpressions in the best choice. uous wor s or nee essly • Proper diction An efti tive entenc also uses proper diction (D' ctlOn . meanings of words and the appropriatenes f' 'd refers to the standard dictionary n b s 0 wor s 10 Conte t) I I' aiaib1c • you mu t e able to recognize wh h h x. neva uatmg the diction of for the context. et er t e word are well chosen, accurate, and Il

carefully. or relationship that th

~lIIdp"II.llIfD

r rrorl nd pOlllbl

mongth

8

entence should express.

e correction. before re.dlne the

wer h' Olces. Remember. in

=::::::~

5.

Make sure that you evaluate the Pay attention to general cl' sentence IIlCI the ccll l ml l c=11. language d . amy, grammatical and :.. :_-~,an appropnateness ofdietlan. . JUIUIIIaQC ~ - - . ,

6.

Read the whole sentence substitutl A choice may be wrong b~c . d"1 the choice that JlIU 1ft. . . . . . . . ause It oes not fit tmImm.......U.. t h e sentence. Remember that O---~l or ItnICIlIMIin some sentences will1'l'rn11_ allRl. . . sentence requires no correction,c hoose the fim answu --,-- 110

5.5 The Directions

entence correction questions test three broad aspects oflanguage proficiency:

::'::::IMtlIftDt

4.

Read each anSWer choice The first answer ehOlee . •'--.CIrefIIIr. hi t S a~s:ver if you thinkd;;" rqIeats the qncle.!j exammmg all the h t the sentena: t.__• I at er choices oar .'''.~i Try to determine how to . Some of the answer ch . correct what yau oew_IIII?I... "_ rnaYchange .1.:uS 1IR 11III ch ange everything th. that atOlces IS Wrong. W~'lS"

orne case

These are the directions that you will see for sentence corra:non qUlllli_,wI.'JIll_ GM~T test. If you read them carefully and understand them c1I:uly Wi_I. . . . . you not need to spend too much time reviewing them ooa: JOU ue.tt_1-'test IS under way.

:nil!

Sentence correction questions pre ent a sentence. part or all of which sentence, you will find five ways of phrasing the underlined p'mgr. . . tiIIt....iia the original underlined passage; the other four are dilfcmJt.1fJOU tbiaIr. best, choo e the first answer; otherwi e choose one of the odIas.

!WI.""

This type of que tion te ts your ability to recognize the CDIlm_a..... standard written Engli h. In choosing your answer. toIlow the English; that i ,pay attention to grammar. choice ofwaids, answer that produce the mo t effective sentenee: this UII_~.III awkwardne s, ambiguity, redundancy. or gnm!Nral

_"GMAte v....., RevI.w 2nd Edition

5

pie Questions rt of or all of which is underlined. ts a sentence, pa f' f h . of the sentence correction questions presen . h nderlined part. The Irst 0 t ese repeats . f phraslOg t e u . E I' h . ments of standard written ng IS to chOOse Beneath the sentence you will find five ways 0 . F II w the reqUire . 5 I 0 a . d entence construction. e ect t h e anSWer the onglOal' the other four are different. • . word chOICe, an s I your .nswer. paying attention to grammar, h uld make the sentence c ear, exact, and free that produces the most effective sentence; your answer s a mbiguity, and redundancy. . . . awkwardness, a of grammatical error. It should also mlOlmlze

1

Like ants. termites have an elaborate social structure In which a few individuals reproduce and the rest Meserving the cQIQny by tending JUveniles. gathering fQQd. buildmg the nest. Qr they battle Intruders.

IA) (8) (e)

3.

are serving the colony by tending Juveniles, gathenng food, bUilding the nest, or they battle

HQwever much Untted States VQters may agree thgt there is waste in gQvernment and that the gQvernment as a whole spends beyond its means, it IS difficult to find broad support for a movement toward a minimal state. (A)

However much United States voters may agree that

are serving the cQlony /n that they tend Juveniles, gather fQQd, bUild the nest, or battle

(B)

serve the cQIQny, tending Juveniles, gathering fQQd. bUilding the nest, or by battling

(C)

Although United States voters agree

(D)

Even though United States voters may agree

(E)

There is agreement among United States voters that

(D)

erve the cQIQny by tending Juventles, gathering fQQd, by bUilding the nest, Qr by battling

(E)

erve the cQIQny by tending Juventles, gathering fQQd, bUilding the nest, or battling 4.

me bat ave • !Ike honeybee hives, have reSidents that take Qn different duties such as defending the n e acting as sentmels and to sQund a warning pproa h of danger, and sCQutlng Qutslde the r ew food and rQQstlng sites. ntinel and tQ sound ntmel and Qundlng n I and ound n I and to ound 1J1l11tit~el oundlng

Hundreds of species of fish generate and discharge electriC currents. In bursts Qr as steady electric fields around their bQdles, uSing thelt POWer eilhertnJinll.. ~ attack prey. tQ defend themselves or aJs;;;: ~mmuntcatlng and navlgatmg. (A)

either tQ find and attack prey. to defend themselves, Qr alsQ fQr cQmmuntcatmg and navigating

(B)

either fQr finding and attacking prey, defend themselves, or fQr cQmmuntcation and navigation

(Cl

to find and attack prey. for defense. or communication and naVigatIOn

(D)

fQr finding and attacking prey. to defend themselves, or also for communtcatlon and naVigation

(El

to find and attack prey, to defend themselves, or to communicate and navigate

Despite the agreement among United States voters to the fact

The voluminous personal papers of Thomas Alva Edison reveal that his Inventions typically sprang to hIe not in a flash of Inspiration but evolved slowly from previous works. (A)

sprang to life not In a flash of inspiration but evolved slowly

(B)

sprang to life not in a flash of msplration but were slowly evolved

(C)

did not spring to life in a flash of inspiration but evolved slowly

(D)

did not spring to life In a flash of inspiration but had slowly evolved

(E)

did not spring to life In a flash of Inspiration but they were slowly evolved

6.

ALabor Department study states that the numbers of women m 10 ed outside the home rew m re than a thirty-five percent Increase In the past decade and accounted for more than slxty·two percent of the total growth In the civilian workforce. (A)

numbers of women employed outSide the home grew by more than a thltty-five percent Increase

(B)

numbers of women employed outSide the home grew more than thlrty·five percent

(C)

numbers of women employed Qutslde the hQme were raised by more than thirty-five percent

(D)

number of women employed outSide the home Increased by more than thirty-five percent

(E)

number of women employed outSide the home was raised by more than a thirty-five percent Increase

(()

lEI

8

Asthea:~:=:=

cwerthe--

IIlCreasingly caml'lllllt, ....,.. theycan

11.

tIJ !C) (0)

IE)

o

It was decided by the company manager to give her staff a raise the deciSion of the company manager was to 1M! her staff a raise the company manager decided to give her staff a raise the staff was given a raise by the company manager a raise was given to the staff by the company manager

The nSln!! of costs of data-processing operations at many financial Institutions has created a growing opportUnity for Independent companies to provide these services more efficiently and at lower cost. (A)

The nSlng of costs

IBI ICI IDI IE)

RISing costs The nSlng cost Because the nSlng cost Because of nSlng costs

NatJve to South Amenca, when oeanuts were IOtr~ ~Afnca by portuguese explorers early 10 the Sl~ ~ntu;they were QUickly adopted Into Afnca's.. ~;n;u;ure, probably because of being so similar to the Bambarra groundnut, a popular Indigenous plant.

(AI

(Bl

(Cl

(0)

(E)

when peanuts were Introduced to Africa by Portuguese explorers early In the sixteenth century they were QUickly adopted Into Africa's agriculture, probably because of being peanuts haVing been Introduced to Africa by portuguese explorers early In the sixteenth century and QUickly adopted Into Africa's agnculture, probably because of beIOg peanuts were introduced to Africa by Portuguese explorers early in the sixteenth century and were Quickly adopted into Africa's agriculture, probably because they were peanuts, introduced to Africa by Portuguese explorers early in the sixteenth century and Quickly adopted into Africa's agriculture, probably because they were peanuts, introduced to Africa by Portuguese explorers early in the sixteenth century and having been Quickly adopted Into Africa's agriculture, probably because they were

12. William H. Johnson's artistic debt to Scandinavia is eVident in paintings that range from sensitive portraits of citizens in his wife's Danish home, Kerteminde, ~ awe-inspiring views of fjords and mountain peaks in the western and northern regions of Norway. (A)

and

(B)

to

(C) (D)

and to With

(E)

in addition to

Growing competitive pressures may be ellCOlra 13. auditors to bend the rules in favor of clients IlII1I ---- N!!fWs lNY for Instance, II ow a Questionable loan to remalll on the books In or er to malOtalO abank's profits on paper.

d

(AI (B) (C)

clients; auditors may, for IOstance, allow cltents, as an IOstance, to allow clients, like to allow

(0)

clients, such as to be aliowlOg

(E)

clients; which might, as an IOstance, be the allOWing of

14. The themes that Rita Dove explores in her poetry ~ universal. encompassing much of the human condition while occasionally she deals with racial issues.

1Ile.(A)

lBI lc)

they . .

IDI they . . (EI being 17. Travelers to Mars gravrty for long peitidl ralftation,

contall1lllatJon IIlI Mal lilii

(A)

is universal, encompassing much of the human condition while occasionally she deals

!AI contend willi the

(B)

is universal, encompassing much of the human condition, also occasionally it deals

(BI

(C)

are universal, they encompass much of the human condition and occasionally deals

(D)

are universal, encompassing much of the human condition while occasionally dealing

(E)

are universal, they encompass much of the human condition, also occasionally are dealing

15. It IS well known in the supermarket Industry that how items are placed on shelves and the frequency of inyentory turnovers can be crucial to profits. (A)

the frequency of inventory turnovers can be

(8)

the frequency of Inventory turnovers is often

(C)

the frequency with which the inventorY turnS

(D)

over IS often how frequently is the inventory turned !Nfl are

(E)

often be how frequently the inventory turns OW' can

soa and perhaps MIl

contend wiIIJ 1IJe soli. and perhaps MIl (CI contend willi the so~, and peliaps (01 cotltetldill with

soa andpe....

(E)

COliletldic soi and pel J

18.

1

ICP' ,

lieenu years

t

..._.,..,.,..",,,,,,. 2nd Edition

...... mo en ient of lMl1g writing systems, ~~:::'ten of thousand of IdeographIC ~

each character a m'OIature calhgraphlC GlIIDIIIlSilimlMldI..J~ own square frame.

lB

D

IE)

2

(8l

(A)

e h haracter a m'nlature call,graphlc ompo rI,on ,nslde ,ts a I the haracters a m'nlature ca'hgraphlc ompo ruon ,nslde their a"!he characters a mIniature ca'hgraphlc compo ,tlon mSlde Its every characler aminiature callIgraphic compo ,hon Inside their each character a miniature calhgraphlc compo IliOn Inside their

(B) (C)

Dechnlng values for farm equipment and land, ~ cpllatera' uatO t wblc.hJarl!J.er bQUQ\'l.JQ get through tIlt..har.Yfil ea on. I gomg to force many lenders to Irghten or deny redlt this spnng. (A)

researchers are producm.g a senes of Japanese f I 22 . robots that can ,dentlfy human aCIa _ex~p~re~s",SI",,011.S.JQ. hlch Ihev will then respond: t herr goal.s prrmauJy, w a robot that Will empathize with us. !:.reallng

23.

LJIIe Auden, the language of James Merr.i!t 25. arch, and conversatlOnal-gNen to eOl1llllex 5yntac1tic flights as well as to proSaiC free-verse stroH

expreSSions, to which they will then resPond; therr goal IS primarrly creating expressions, then responding to them; pnmanly to create expreSSions and then respond to them; the researchers' pnmary goal IS to create

(0)

expressions as well as giving a response to them; their pnmary goal IS creation of

(E)

expreSSions and responding to them; pnmanly, the researchers' goal IS creatmg

IAl

like Auden, the language of James Merr

(B)

like Auden, James Mernll's language

IC)

like Auden's. James Mernll's language

(Dl

As with Auden, James Mernll's language

IE)

As is Auden's the language of James Mern

beSltP*

26. The Baldllck ManufactUring Company has for se era

years followed a policy aimed at decreaSing operab g ~osts and imprOVing the efficiency of Its dlstnbutlon system.

Consumers may not think of household cleaning products to be hazardous substances, but many of them can be harmful to health, especially If they are used improperly.

E

(A)

armed at decreasing operatmg costs and Improving

(B)

aimed at the decreaSing of operating costs and to improve

(C)

arming at the decreaSing of operating costs and Improving

the collateral against whIch farmers borrow to get through the harvest season, IS whICh farmer u e as collateral to borrow agarn t 10 get th,ough the harvest season, IS

(AI

Consumers may not thmk of household cleaning products to be

(0)

(B)

Consumers may not thmk of household cleaning products being

the arm of which is the decreasing of operating costs and Improving

IE)

the ollateral which I borrowed agamst by , rm r to g Ith,ough the harvest season,

(C)

Aconsumer may not think of therr household cleaning products being

with the arm to decrease operating costs and to Improve

whl h 'arme, u "COllilterill to borrow n t 10 t throu h the harvest eason, are

(0)

Aconsumer may not think of household cleaning products as

Iia ,al ag 'n t whllh farme, borrow to l!h, u h th harv sl a on, ,

(E)

Household c1eanmg products may not be thought of, by consumers, as (A)

Obtarning an investment-grade rating eep the county's future borrOWing costs low pr tee

(8)

To obtarn an mvestment-grade raMg the county's future borroWing costs 10

IS

Cdn hu,t ome la,ge many tlni ca efo' :::~:~:~ : 11I5--can plung or ev n 10

24.

In recent years cattle breeders have mcreasingly used crossbreedmg, In part that therr steers should acgulle. c flln bilrae rI I and partly because crossbreeding IS Said to provide hybrrd vigor

27.

tC) I 1m lor hom owner , ~.ll) ditvlllltll hom own , In

(A)

In part that their steers should acqurre certain characteristics

(B)

In part for the acquiSition of certain characteristiCS In therr steers

(C)

partly because of therr steers acquIring cert'ln charaetellstle s

(D)

partly because c rtam chilr,lctell tiCS shouldbt a qUired by therr teers

(I

partly to acqurr c rtam chara tell tiC ,n thell' t er

(D)

(E)

eep

and

protect HaVing obtarned an Investment-grade rail In keeping the county's future barr OIl c t low. protect To obtain an Investment-grade ra\lng the county's future borroW OIl IS protecting Obtalnrng an Inve tmen!g ade the count • borro lOll prate tlng

D

29

8

..

........"...,.llIevIew 2nd fdltlon

-===:::1°

1nuclear-reactor fuel have already II rbit around the Earth, and the chances ;'......'.....;llIOn Involving such material Increase greatly SIb .mount of both space debriS and satellites cpn!jnue to nse

(81

(el (Dl (EI

32

34

(AI (81

Like Rousseau, Toistol rebelled like Rousseau, Toistoi's rebellion was

IC) IDI IEl

As Rousseau, TolstOi rebelled As did Rousseau, TolstOl's rebellion was Tolstol's rebellion, as Rousseau's, was

Polio, although It IS eradicated in the UOiled States, It contlOues elseWhere and IS abl e to be

(81

Polio, although eradicated in the UOiled St t It still continues elsewhere and can be aes,

A

equipment, such as lights, that are viSible and must be turned on and off and underestimate It

(C)

Although slill continUing elseWhere, polio has been eradicated In the United States and could be

(B)

when equipment, such as lights, that is Visible and must be turned on and off and undereslimate it when

(0)

Although havlOg been eradicated In the UOiled States, polio still continues elsewhere and IS capable 01 belOg

ICI

(0)

Visible equipment, such as lights, that must be turned on and off and underestimate that

IE)

(E)

Visible equipment, such as lights, that must be turned on and off and underestimate it when

(8)

(C)

35.

urnng when a child urr ng when children It

urred when achild

Ie

IOl

Although eradicated in the UOited States, polio contlOues elsewhere and could be

IE) 37.

Some b 'Idin ha were destro ed and heavil damaged In the earthquake last year were constructed in violation of the city's building code. (A)

Some buildings that were destroyed and heavily damaged 10 the earthquake last year were

(8)

Some buildlOgs that were destroyed or heaVily damaged in the earthquake last year had been

(C)

Some buildings that the earthquake destroyed and heavily damaged last year have been

suggest that the economy should continue ItS eKpanSlon IOto the comlOg months, but that

(0)

Last year the earthquake destroyed or heaVily damaged some buildings that have been

(8)

suggest that the economy IS to continue expansion in the coming months, but

IE)

Last year some 01 the buildings that were destroyed or heavily damaged In the earthquake

(C)

suggests that the economy will continue its expanding in the comlOg months, but that

(0)

suggests that the economy IS continuing to expand Into the comlOg months, but that

(E)

suggests that the economy will conliOue to expand In the comlOg months, but

urred when they were children urred as each was achild

equipment, such as lights, that are visible and must be turned on and off and underestimate that

The rise in the Commerce Department's index 01 leading economic indicators suggest that the economy should contlOue ItS expanSion IOtO the coming months. but that the mixed performance 01 the index's indiVidual components IOdicates that economic growth will proceed at a more moderate pace than in the first quarter 01 thiS year. (A)

The WalierstelO study IOdlcates that even after a decade young men and women stili eKperienCe some 01 the eHe ts of a divorce occyrring when achild.

36. EQlio. although It IS eradicated 10 the Unrted States ~nliOues elsewhere and IS able to be brou h . t1. country by VISitors. g t Into the (A)

(AI

as the amount of both space debriS and satellites continue to rise as the nse conllnues In both the amount of satellites and space debriS as the amount of space debriS and the number of satellites continue to rise With the conllnually Increasing amount of space debriS and the number of satellites With the amount of space debriS continuing to Increase along With the number of satellites

like Rousseay. 1olstOi rebelled against the unnatural COmpleKlty of human relations 10 modern society.

LacklOg Information about energy use, people tend to overestimate the amount of energy used by ~ ~ch as lights that are VISible and must be turned..QQ ;d off and underestimate that used by unobtrusive equipment, such as water heaters.

had been

39

assoc ate w less med a QUickly than d associate with medlcabon and

Arecent study has lou years, many datto 5 h rather than lace the th e costs 01 malpractice (Al

had elected ea

IBI IC) (0)

had ele ted have eected e havee ted

(El

havee

ted

42

10 e to their u tamer how long

access to fund from depo Ited

Twenty-two leet long and 10 leet 10 diameter, the A"'-I IS one 01 the many new satellites that IS a part QL 15 years elfort of sublecllOg the mteract,ons pI Earut. atmosphere oceans. and land surfaces to detailed scrullOy Irom space. IA)

isclose to the r cu tamer how long e to lund from a deposited

(B)

10 e to It cu tamer how long access 10 fund tram deposited

(C)

/0 e to It customers

e to fund from a (0)

(E)

43. pproa hi Ih 10undJllon 01 uflly I

d

Jl V

satellites that IS a part 01 15 years effort of subjecting the mteractlons 01 Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land surfaces

(A)

satellites, which IS a part 01 a 15-year effort to subject how Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land surfaces Interact

processmg steel scrap In 0 a SPfCla zed gr 01 products has enabled sma 0 capltalmto new technology and re a

IB)

satellites, part of 15 years effort of subjeChng how Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land surfaces are Interactmg

processmg steel scrap In 0 a SPfcaa ed gr p 01 products has enabled sma m s p capitalmto new technology. rema g

(C)

satellites that are part of an elfort for 15 years that has subjected the Interacltons of Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land surfaces

the processing of steel scrap in 0 a specaa zed group of products has enabled sma s capital Into new technology, rema nng

10)

satellites that are part of a 15-year effort to subject the interactions of Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land surfaces

small mills, by processmg steel scrap 10 0 a speCialized group 01 products, ha e been a e to put capital into new technology and remalO

IE)

small mills, by processmg steel scrap IOto a speCialized group of products, have been ab e 0 put capital into new technology and rema ned

Though the term 'graphiC deSign" may suggest laymg QuLC.QrPJl.[~ r n nnu I re rts the hav CQlDe N slgOify Widely rangmg work, from package deSigns and company logotypes to signs, book lackets, computer graphiCS, and film tilies. IA)

(8)

IC)

(01

(I

suggest laymg out corporate brochures and annual reports, they have come to Signify Widely rangmg uggest laYing out corpor ate brochures and unnual reports, it has come to slgOify a Wide I ange of ugge t corporate brochure and annual report layout, il ha Ignlhed Widely ranging h v u g t d corporate brochure and annual r porllayoul. II ha Igl1lhed] Wide r nge 01 hav u t d laYIII oul corpor t brochure nd nnu I r port , they have corne to I nit Wid Iy r ngmg

45. Under high pressure and mtense heal. graphite e most stable form of pure carbon, changes nto e substance commonly referred to as d amond a remalOlOg thiS way whether or not the heat and pressure are removed. IA)

remalOlng thrs way whether or n t

(B)

remalOing like that e en as

IC)

remalOlng as such \ het er or not

(0)

remalOS 10 thiS a although

IE)

remains thus e en hen

"rflalllIIes for the incineratiOn of solrd : : : d the danger of shifting 8IlIS from landfills oolluting the :

Recently discovered fossil remains strongly suggest 52. that the Australian egg·laying mammals of today are a branch of the main stem of mammalian evolution [lither than develOPIng Independently from a common ancestor of mammals more than 220 million years ago.

apart, but rather

(B)

(C)

apart, but rather that of

(0)

apart, but that Qf

(E)

apart; it is that Qf

(0)

rather than a type that developed Independently from rather than a type whose development was Independent of Instead of developing Independently from

(E)

instead of a development that was Independent of

(A)

Ma.·;not expect payments when It IS does not expect payments to be made when

conditiQns, and they use the set Qf QbJective cntena derived from these analyses In deciding

(C)

cQnditlQns and, In uSing the set Qf Qbjective critena derived frQm these analyses, deciding

(0)

cQnditlons and, uSing the set Qf Qbjective crltena derived from these analyses, decide

(E)

conditions and, In thllr use Qf the set Qf objective cntena they derive frQm these analyses, they decide

peyment are not expected to be paid when they

decision, the Supreme Court ruled that two r .,ds In the erghteenth century.

:i:::

two uPstate New York countlls owed

II

thr e tribes of Onerda Indians for zure of

" '_ _tItINew York countlls owed tbr tI: bes of Onerda Indians unlawful serzure of

"1111".,

ork Counties to owe tribe of Oneida Indians for __nof rk COUntias that owed '-Hof Oneida Indians

I~=NIw=YO'k Indian

54,

cQnditions, and in using the set Qf Qbjective criteria they derive frQm these analyses, can decide

(B)

'lYIIIents are not to be expected to be paid

lbe

apart; rather

(B)

suggests that executives examine a firm's external enVIronment and Internal conditions and in u In th set of objective criteria they derive frQm these analyses, can decide Qn a strategy.

whtn

(A)

rather than developing Independently from

53. The normative model of strategic decIsion-making

they. .

The energy source on Voyager 215 not h h t anUClear reactor, In w IC a oms are actively brOken [lI1!ler a kind Qf nuclear battery that us Ibrt. es natural radioactive decay tQ prQduce power.

(Al

(C)

tillY do not expect payments when

55

A patient accusing a dQctQr Qf malpractice will find It difficult to prove damage if there is a lack Qf SQme other doctQr tQ testify abQut prQper medical prQcedures. (A) (B)

(C) (0)

(E)

should there be no testlmQny from SQme other doctor Iac kIng another doctor tQ testify

!AI

to IIlI

56 ArchaeQIQglsts In Ireland believe that arecentl discovered chalice, which dates from the etgh:h century, was prQbably buned tQ keep from being stQlen by Invaders, (A)

tQ keep frQm

(B)

tQ keep It frQm

(C)

tQ aVQld

(0)

in Qrder that it WQuid aVQid

(E)

in Qrder tQ keep frQm

(A)

(B)

(e)

IC! (01

IE)

57. AccQrding tQ its prQpQnents, a prQPQsed new style of aircraft CQuld. by skimming alQng the tQP of the atmQsphere, fly between mQst PQlnts Qn Earth In under tWQ hQurs,

If there IS a lack Qf SQme Qther dQctQr to testify unless there will be anQther doctQr to testify withQut anQther dQctQr's testlmQny

mitial

AccQrding tQ ItS prQpQnents, a prQPosed new style Qf aircraft CQuld, by skimming along the tQP Qf the atmQsphere, fly between mQst POints Qn Earth in under tWQ hQurs. By skimming alQng the tQP Qf the atmosphere• prQpQnents Qf a proPQsed new style of aircraft say it CQuid fly between mQst pPlnts on Earth In under tWQ hQurs. A prQPQsed new style Qf aircraft could fly between mQst pQints Qn Earth in under two hQurs, accQrding to its prQPonents, with It skimming alQng the tQP Qf the atmosphere.

(D)

A prQPQsed new style of aircraft, say Its prQpQnents, could fly between most pOints on Earth in under tWQ hours because of Its skimming alQng the tQP of the atmosPhere

(E)

According tQ its proponents. skimllUl18 the top of the atmQsphere makes it (lOSSIble _ proposed new sty'e of aircraft cQllld 1Iy lllh most points on Earth In under

a:

k publishing bUSiness, the second 60 /nthe.xtboo

rter IS histOrically weak, because revenues are ~ : : marlsetlng exoenses are high as companle~ 'e for the coming school year. prepa,~

(AJ

(B)

: : : : : an become ,neffectlve If

,::::by :

III

the same place, one reason the finding that there are much ons of pestlcfde-degradlng rn 0115 with a relatively long history of use than ,n salls that are free of such

repeatedly In the same place, one reason certaIn pesticides can become ineffective IS lI!!IPSted by the finding that there are much r populatIons of pesticide-degrading rmerobes In Salls With a relatively long history of pe tic/de use than In Salls that are free of such hemlcals

If u ed repeatedly In the same place, one reason ertaln pesticides can become Ineffective IS uue ted by the finding that much larger populatIons of pestlclde·degradlng microbes are found in oils With a relatively long history of stic,de use than those that are free of such mi I finding that there are much larger populations pe ticide-degradlng microbes In Salls With a N111t1W1Iy long history of pesticide use than In thIt are free of such chemicals IS lIIIJllliIIve 01 one reason, if used repeatedly In lIIIce, certain pesticides can become mu h laraer populations 01 II"II..-ldina ml robes In saris With a history 01 pe liclde use than In U h h.micals Suggests ptflllClde can become ~'....Itellly n the ame place

10'1'

(C)

61.

parliament did not accord full refullee~~ ......... of the recent Immigrants because It believed IIIIl dJeward s them for entering the country ;h~

62

low and their marketing expenses are high as they prepare low WIth higher marketing expenses In preparation low, whrle marketing expenses are higher to prepare

(C)

(0)

(B)

dOing It rewards

(e)

to do thiS would reward

10)

dOing so would reward

(EI

to do it would reward

(E)

low, whIle their marketing expenses are higher In preparation

Many policy experts say that shifting a Porlion of 63. health-benefit costs back to the workers helps lQ.. control the employer's costs, but also helps to limit medical spending by making patients more careful consumers.

Almost a decade after New York State passed laws to protect patients by redUCing the grueling hours worked by medical reSidents, twelve hospitals have been Investigated by state medical officials, finding, that all twelve consistently break the laws, many reSidents work longer than 24 hours straight and that m r h n half he sur ical re id n s w rk more than 95 hours a week.

(B)

to do It rewards

low and marketing expenses are high as companies prepare

(0)

(A)

(A)

twelve hospitals have been investigated by state medical officials, finding that all twelve consistently break the laws, many reSidents work longer than 24 hours straight, and that more than half the surgical residents work an Investigation by state medical offiCials of twelve hospitals have found all twelve consistently breaking the laws, that many reSidents work longer than 24 hours straight, with more than half the surgical residents working an Investigation of twelve hospitals by state medical officials has found that all twelve consistently break the laws, that many reSidents work longer than 24 hours straight, and that more than half the surgical reSidents work twelve hosPItals were Investigated by state medical officials who found all twelve breaking the laws, With many residents working longer than 24 hours straight, and more than hall the Surgical reSidents work an Investrgatlon by state medical officials has fOUnd that, of twelve hospitals, all twelve on lalently break the laws, that many reSidents WOrk lonaer than 24 hours straight, With more halt th uralcal reSidents worklna

(A)

(C)

helps to control the employer's costs, but also helps

(B)

helps the control of the employer's costs, and also

(Cl

not only helps to control the employer's costs, but also helps

(0)

helps to control not only the employer's costs, but

(E)

not only helps to control the employer's costs, and also helps

WI (EI

67

(B)

It rises for loss

(C)

those of losses rise

(0)

the rate of loss rises

IE)

there are rises for the rate of loss

65. The market for recycled commodities like alumInum and other metals remain strong despite economic changes in the recycling industry.

IA)

commodities like aluminum and other metals remain

(B)

commodities like those of aluminum and oIIler metals are remaining

(e)

commodities such as aluminum and metals remains

(0)

commodities, such a alU/l1llll.lft metals, remam

(EI

commodities like the CORP and other metlls ItlIlIIllI

Unlike wiIh IIIe ...... prell1lUlllS for . .SOIlI'II_1Ifi1llllll alfected bytl1e _ _.....

rnavor

that the rate of addition to arable lands will drop While those of loss rise. those of loss rise

:::::::= Unlkellle.~~=:= :::.. 1*_

Faced With an est_d. . . . crty's In

64. Ms. Chambers IS among the forecasters who predict

(A)

lilIre

lBl

The gyrfalcon, an Arctic bird of prey, has surVived a fi close bush r with extinction: Its numbers are now~ l!fI!es greater than when the use of DDT was Sharply restricted in the early 1970s.

70

exonctlOn; Its numbers are now five times greater than (B) extinction; Its numbers are now five times more than (C) extinction, their numbers now fivefold What they were (OJ extinction, now With fivefold the numbers they had (E) extinction, now wllh numbers five times greater than

Atter suffering $2 billion In lasses and 25

13 the nation's semiconductor Industry, Wh

ChiPS that run everything from computers ill!!! ~tellites to dishwashers, appears to hjl\(f II1ade ~ lOng-awaited recovery_

(A)

raptured customers 'rom other pame but also forced them Iy captured customers from other e comp,me but It also forced them only captured customers from other omp,me but also forced these pame nly ha aptured customers from other omp,me but also these companies been forced nly ptured customers from other phone mpanle , bUilt ,Iso has forced them ...." ....Iu

ZL

Analysts blamed May's sluggish retail sales on unexciting merchandise as well as the weather, ~ and weller than was usual in some regions, which ~ sales of barbecue grills and lawn furniture.

ettlement at Chaco Canyon were bUilt IA)

:

:::~U~la~r~s~ca~le~,~w~'t:h~m;o~re~than 75 care.!lJ1/Y to 600 WID eam were omplex regional system of roads.

IB)

with mor than 75 carefully engineered IIrIJCtlJr of up to 600 room each, were h m r than 75 carefully engineered 1ln~lrel, of up 10 600 rooms each, 0 room, ach thaI had r fully engine red r om nd with each r fully nglneer d r m hhdben

72

(Al

computers and spy satellites to dshw ashers appears to have

(B)

computers, spy satel1ltes , and d,shwashers appears haVing .

(C)

computers, spy satel1ltes, and dishwashers appears that It has '

(D)

computers and spy satellites to dlshwash ers, appears that It has

IE)

computers and spy satellites as well as dishwashers, appears to have

should be Integrated into every business Course , others say that students will take ethiCS seriously !l!lli.. if it would be taught as a separately required course

colder and wetter than was usual in some regions, which slowed

(A)

which was colder and wetter than usual In some regions, slowing

only If it would be taught as a separately reqUired course

(B)

only If It IS taught as a separate, reqUired course

since It was colder and wetter than usually In some regions, which slowed

(C)

If it IS taught only as a course reqUired separately

(DJ

being colder and wetter than usually in some regIOns, slOWing

(0)

If it was taught only as a separate and reqUired course

(E)

haVing been colder and wetter than was usual 10 some regions and slowed

(E)

If It would only be taught as a reqUIred course separately

Slale offiCials report that soaring rates of liability IllliIrance have nsen to farce cutbacks In the operalions of everything from local governments and school d,slrlcts to day-care centers and recrealional faCilities. (A) (B)

IC) (D)

IE)

75. Scientists have observed large concentratiOns of heavy-metal depOSits In the upper twenty cenbmeter of Baltl a 1m n whl h r nI WI growth of Industrial actiVity there. (A)

BaltiC Sea sediments, which are COIISlStent WIth the growth of Industrial aeb ,t there

(B)

BaltiC Sea sediments, where the growth 0 Industrial actiVit IS consistent WIth these IIndiIWS

(C)

BaltiC Sea sediments, finding growth at mdu trial actiVIt

ID)

edlment from the Baltic ConSistent With the growth In the r

IE)

ed,ment from tile lh growth f inCkIstrll. . .

rates of liability Insurance have risen to force rales of liability Insurance are a force for rales for liability In sur ance are forCing rises In liability Insurance rales are forCing

C

74. While some academicians believe that bUSiness ethiCS

(CJ

r Ih n 7 arefully engineered up I

makes

Ii bllity Insurance rales have rI en to force

lD

zz

81 pracIucinJ .1IIf1 center ~

9B6

when the Department of Labor began to SInCe 1 shnent officers' tees to be based on alloW IIJlII! anage perform. seyeral corporatlo~ fundS they m -d

h~

The computer company's Pl'esentlrli......

B"

andsprud

) (A

III VlIOI:

or spreadlnl I8SIlIt of los of Vllor, or spreading -- ~._ 11110 of Vllor, or pread

resultine 10

I

of Vllor, and spread

[ 'n., CClmputer company has announced that It wIll PlllcIIIlle Ihe olor-Prlntmg dM Ion of a rival company mI!jon whICh IS oart of a dea/that WJ1~e Ie t manufaclurer In the office color prlntlng

I8J (OJ

rnlIion. whICh I parI of a deallhat WIll make million a part of a deallhat makes miff n a part of a deal makIng

m Ion a milion a

82.

Oownzonlng, zoning that tYPically results In the reduction of hOUSing density, allows for more open space in areas where ~1'@1eI..Q[ rVI s XI .

pre ent and indicate that

ndlllon I pr

(B)

so that several attemp s a rE!VJsmg CllrDorall! strategies have failed to corree

IC)

In that several attempts a rE!VJs g cO'POrate strategies have failed to Correc em

(0)

that several attempts to rev se corpOrate strategies have failed to Correc

IE)

that several attempts at reVlS ng c rpOra e strategies have farled to Correc e

or

the Advancement of Teaching, compan es e United States are providing Job training a d genera education for nearly eight million people. about gguivalent to the enrollment of the na on s four-year colleges and universities.

0'

IS

so that several attempts to rE!VlSe COrIIOI: strategies have failed to correct all!

85 According to a stUdy by the Carnegie Founda

a parI a deal to make parI of a deal Ihat will make

COlldltion wh nil' pr .........'nl

stag,~nati~on~~;;;::::::

oltechnotOglca/ managerial blunders ~rporate strategies have fa led to C!lrrect il

nt and Indicate Itldllt

IA)

equivalent to the enrollment of

(B)

the eqUivalent of those enrolled

IC)

equal to those who are enrolled In

In

(A)

little water or services eXist

(0)

as many as the enrollment of

(B)

little water or services eXists

IE)

as many as are enrolled In

(C)

few serVices and little watel eXists

(0)

there IS little water or servICes available

(E)

there are few servICes and little avarlable water

IA)

now It draws on the wor s both of cont:emtOOOr} H,spalllc authors who II e abroad and a

(B)

now draws on the war s of COl1!efTl1lorarY Hispalllc authors, both those who and those who live

IC)

It dra vs on the ark of contemlponry Hi$plllll: authors now. both tho e IMIlg DOlO live

(0)

dr aw no

(E)

HI paniC author hVlng draw on the rk now HI palll uthor h Ibn"'l~

86.

nt lid Indicate It 83

ndillon wh n III th r dlld

In theory, International CIVil servants at the Unrted Nations are prohibited from continuing to draw alarles 'rom their own governments, In practice, however, some governments merely substitute liVing allow nces !QrJl!flr .emD/Qy Wy k I by lh :m to the Untied Nations. (A)

lor their employee 'paychecks. J signed by them

IB)

for Ihe paycheck of thell employees who b n a Igned

(e)

lor lh p y h k of Ihelr rnployee, haVing ben Ignd

(0)

In plac ollh Ir mploye tho ofth m Ign d

ha~

'p y he k , for

in pI ofth P h k olth h b n Indbythm

II

mplo

to

on the

war both

I11III'''.

......M'reVeItNIIIlevl_ 2nd Edition

-::~:::pr e sed foods and excelling at 11 olncldental Wade wa nght any apparent connection the eating of Id Dr Wade be nght, any apparent n bon of eating Wade I nght any connection that IS pparent between eating of It Wade I nght, any apparent connection betwe n eating uld Dr Wade have been nght, any connection pparent between eating

o

Seismologists studying the earthquake that struck 91. northern California In October 1989 are stili IOvesltgatlng some of its mystenes: the unexpected power of the seismiC waves, the upward thrust thqL threw one man straight Into the air, and the strange electromagnetic signals detected hours before the temblor. (A)

the upward thrust that threw one man straight IOta the air, and the strange electromagnetic signals detected hours before the temblor

(B)

the upward thrust that threw one man straight Into the air, and strange electromagnetic signals were detected hours before the temblor

(C)

(D)

t funding for the park's development, which """IV 1111 upen to the public early next year, IS f r development of the park, which p nto the public early next year, be fun4~inl f r th development of the park, nto th public early next year, to be r th p rk' d velopment, perhaps open rly n xt y ar, be dMlIIotllflltlnt funding lor th park, which could ubll rly next year, I to be

(E)

the upward thrust threw one man straight into the air, and hours before the temblor strange electromagnetic signals were detected one man was thrown straight into the air by the upward thrust, and hours before the temblor strange electromagnetic signals were detected one man who was thrown straight Into the air by the upward thrust, and strange electromagneltc signals that were detected hours before the temblor

Two new studies Indicate that many people become 93. obese more due to the fact that their bodies bufJ!. ~Iories too slowly than overeating. (A)

due to the fact that their bodies burn calones too slowly than overeating

(B)

due to their bodies burning calones too slowly than to eatmg too much

(C)

because their bodies burn calories too slowly than that they are overeaters

(D)

because their bodies burn calories 100 slowly than because they eat too much

(E)

because of their bodies burning calones too slowly than because of their eating too much

th ur to a home at the end of each da IOstea to confine them to a hotel.

(A) (B)

IC) (D)

I)

the freshwater snails that are the parasite's hosts for part of ItS hfe cycle the freshwater snails that are the parasite's hosts In part 01 their hfe cycle fr shwater snails which become the parasite's ho ts lor part 01 ItS hfe cycles Ir shwater snail which become the hosts of the p raslle dunng til para it's IIIe cycle para It's ho t ,fr hwal r snails which be om therr ho t dunng lh rr hI ycl

f

(A)

to allow members of the Jury to go home at the end of each day instead of to confine them to

(B)

that would have allowed members of the jury to go home at the end of each day Instead of confined to

(C)

under which members of the JUry are allowed to go home at the end of each day Instead 01 confinmg them m

(D)

that would allow members of the JUry to go home at the end of each day rather than confinement m to allow members of the Jury ta go home at the end of each day rather than be coofined to

92. SchistosomiasIs, a disease caused by a parasitic worm, IS prevalent In hot. humid climates, and It has become more widespread as Irrigation projects have enlarged the habitat of ~ freshwater snails that are ~illJ1e's hosts f.QLDart of ItS life cycle.

a

94. Judge Bonham denied a motion to allow members of

(E)

96

are concentrated mthe monsoon June to September, and the skies are .,rerally clear for the rest of the year.

181

(D)

IE)

98

(A)

WhiCh, causlOg plant and animal extinctions, marks

(B)

which caused the plant and aOimai extinctions and marks

(C)

and causlOg plant and aOimal extlOctlons that mark

(0)

an event that caused plant and animal extinctions, which marks

(E)

an event that caused the plant and aOimal extinctions that mark

Unlike the UOiled States, where farmers can u ually depend on rain or snow all year long, the ra n m most parts of Sn Lanka Unlike the United States farmers who can usually depend on rain or snow all year long, the rains m 010 t parts of Sn Lanka Unlike those of the United States, where farmers can usually depend on raIn or snow all year long, most parts of Sn Lanka's rains In companson with the United States, whose farmers can usually depend on rain or snow all year long, the rains In most parts of Sn Lanka In the United Stales, farmers can usually depend on ram or snow all year long, but In most parts of Sn Lanka the rains

Although Napoleon' army entered RUSSia with far more upplle than theY had mtheJ! PLe.VllW.s. camoall!ns. It had prOVISions for only twenty·four days. (AI BI

100 Sixty-five million years ago, according to some . SCientists, an asteroid bigger than Mount Everest slammed IOtO North Amenca, which, causing Pla~ ~nlmal ex,,"ctlons, marks the end of the geologiC e P .d ra known as the Cretaceous eno .

they had mtheir prevIous campaigns, their prevlOu campaigns had had,

States Constitution and Important as a body of work In political science as well, represents the handiwork of three different authors. (A)

and important as a body of work In political science as well, represents

(B)

as well as an important body of work In political SCience, represent

(C)

and also a body of work of Importance in politIcal science IS representing

(0)

an Important body of work In political sCience and has been representative of

(E)

and as political sCience an Important body of work too, represent

of Harriet

:::~:~~~~:e:~~ all of th qualllie 10 th tac of dang r, an l!Y, and n bihty to plan In

of

0;;; C!!ntJct. the

(A)

In isolatIOn from contact With Europeans Ion than ger

(B)

Isolated from contact with Europeans longer than

(C)

in Isolation from contact With Europeans Ion er than were g

10)

isolated from contact With Europeans longer than were

(E)

In isolation and Without contacts With Europeans longer than

(A)

Although the first pulsar, or rapidly spinning collapsed star, to be sighted was In the summer of 1967 by graduate student Jocelyn Bell,lt had not been announced until February 1968.

(B)

Although not announced unlil February 1968, In the summer of 1967 graduate student Joce n Bell observed the first pulsar, or rapidly sp nrung collapsed star, to be Sighted.

(C)

Although observed by graduate student Jocelyn Bell in the summer of 1967, the discovery of the first Sighted pulsar, or rapidly splnn ng col apsed star, had not been announced before Februar

101. The Federalist papers, a strong defense of the United

th y had for any pr VIOU campaign, nth r prevlou campaign , mpalgn, f r ny pr VIOU

InUits of the Bering Sea were 10 ISQla!!lm It 103. With Europeans longer than Aleuts or Inuits North PaCific and northern Alaska.

102. As buslOess grows more complex, students mafO(lng, lQ P CJ9md areas like those of finance and mark: tlng1la.\'e. bttrLllecomlng increasingly uccessfulln the Job market. (A) (B)

(C)

(0)

maJonng In specialized areas like those of finance and marketing have been becoming IncreaSingly who malor In uch specialized areas as finance nd marketll1g are becoming more and more who m Jared In peclJlized areas such as those of financ and m rk tlng are being lOerea mgly who majOr In pe laliz d ar a like tho of fin n e nd marketing h v b n be omlOg mor nd more mlJor din u h p

1968. (0)

The first pulsar, or rapidly splnn ng collapsed tar to be Sighted was observed In the summer of 1967 by graduate studentJocelyn Bel but the discovery was not announced unt! FebnJarY I

(E)

The first Sighted pul ar, or rapidly 5PfIVllTlR collapsed star, was not announced un Febfllllry 1968, while It wa observed III the StJlImII' 1967 by graduate student JoceI)'n

h wof Pliny the Elder wrote the only 109 =e:s account of the great eruption of Vesuvl~ ~ ;;Ietters to the hlstonan TaCitus.

ntral on generalJOns of bluegrass .......... wa also an ,nsplralJOn to many lan thatmcluded Elv,s Presley and Jerry ...''0". who e mu IC differed Significantly from infIue d generallons of bluegrass artIsts. also r d many mu IClan • Includmg ElvIs Presley a d J rry GarCIa whose musIc d,ffered gnrficantly from wa mnuenllalto generations of bluegrass rll t . wa aloin prratlonal to many mUSICians. !hal 10 luded [Iv, Presley and Jerry Garcia. who e mu IC wa different significantly In ompan on to wa Innuenllal to generations of bluegrass rll I • al 0 lrl plred many muslc,ans. who n luded [ivi Pre ley and Jerry GarCIa. the mu I of whom d,ff r d ,gn,f,cantly when mp r d to n ,nnuen on em',dllons of bluegrass w loan In Plr tlon to many mU!;ICler i B. ffMyN RHlCh Umted Slales volers may agr~J te In governmenl and Ihallhe government

pend beyond ,Is means, ,t 's d'fficult to broad supporl for a movement toward a m'Rlmal

01 )

However much URiled Slates voters may aaree that De prte the agreement among Un,led States voter to the fact Although UnIted States voters agree Even though URited States volers may agree There I agreement among Un'ted States voter that

Parallelism; Idiom The construction nol . , , bill shows a contrast. The words following not must be parallel in construction to the words following bllt, In the original sentence not is followed by a prepositional phrase (i,z aflash of inspiration), while bllt is followed by a verb (evo/ved), To make the two contrasting elements parallel, not should be followed by a verb rather than a phrase.

,.,.11 II m; Grammatica' construction

I

wnllw mIl'''''', paralld rom t lau arc fi,lIolV"d by ,I mili" dall,e, ....... r II I lIhordlllal" I LIlIses ,Ill' bllth int1rodu d hv Ibal Ihu' 'b, r, IJ ... "lid 'bu' 'h,' thl

rr

II}

A

~,""mml

B C

The construction followll1g 1101 is not parallel to the constructlon following but. The construction lollow1l1g not IS not parallel to the construction lollowing but, Correct, In this sentence, 110t is followed b) the verb sprm!!; just as hilt is lollowed by the verb ,·vo/Vi'd.

\)

Hud, , evoh,,'d introduces an incorrectl'crb tmse.

E

'[he ronstructlon lilllowing 110t is not par,dld til the constructlon following hut.

Ion 01 111,11'

The correct answer is C.

5

then

Iv • [

Q1Qr

cornrnYOIcatlO!! and navlgatH1g.

lAl

Ilh r to hnd and It k pr y, 10 d 1 nd th m elv • or I 0 for ommuOi llIl!! nd

n VI tina

IC) (OJ

(El

either for finding and attackll1g pr~ del themselves, or for communication and navigation to find and attack prey, lor defense or commuOlcatlon and navigabon for finding and attacking prey, to defend themselves, or also lor commun cabon and navigation to find and attack !hemseIves . prey. to defend . or to commuOlcate and navigate

Idiom; Verb form The sentence explains that fish di charge electnc currents for several purpose •which afe most efficiently and effectively described in a parallel structure: tofind and attack, to defend, or to communicate and navigate, The use of either i inappropriate in this sentence becau e more than IIVO uses of electric currents are listed; idiomatic usage requires either to be followed by or to identify alternatives, not by aIJo,

A

Either inappropriately introduce a Ii t of more than two alternatives, and it should not be followed by or a/so; parallelism requires that for communicating ,md navigating be changed to to commlm",lIe and navigate.

B

Defend is not parallel with the li t of gerunds. leaving the reader to wonder how to make sense of d1~nd thmlse/·'es.

C

lhe lack of paralleli m obscures the relationships among the items in the :en • it is especially confusing to Ii t,an inhrun~-e phrase (Iofillt!, ..), an object 01 a preposmon (lor t!1~nse). and noun· with no gramman:a1 connection to the \'erb phea e (fOmmllnimtlon and n,H I ~h n.

D

Hundred of species of fish generate and discharge leclnc current, 111 bursts or as steady electnc fields around Ihelr bodle ,USll1g til Ir power Illi' [ tQ..fillil ~1lW:JlJH:eoHlelend

(B)

E

This ,m.wer choi,ce.•11 0 'iolate ,parall~ by mi.ing ,m intinltlve WIth ob of p~epositi~n for. Or also i an urudioma COntradictory expre Slon orrect. The different v.triou sp d 'oflish_Xlupd."j••~. pllwer ar correctly e par,lll I infiniti correct Il8S'WU

B

......1IId right and obllgahOns Involved In the l. . . .lbuIlionand consumpllOn of those resources III,: : : : : and obllgallOns Involved In their and consumption dIlined right and obllgaltons as they were tMlIvIdm its dlstflbulton and consumption whllH right and obligations were defined In stribubon and consumption distribution and consumption of them dIfined by fights and obligations " 111m, logical predication; Grammatical ClDII!drulctlon ClOII'I'Il4~1

wntt n entenLe usc, a series of n tru tions to descrihe how the ·I(lJ'IWIIOl:iel:Y orgam d ,., providt·d . ..• and th v rb match each 01 her. an t parallel I m.

Ca,,":ct The three verh, arc p,llallc! in this ~finljrrKI

not parallel to orgalli t'd .lIlll

AllIJI.y Wtn'tl word and InlpreL i c, ,11I.1 r f, renl

Delighted by the reported earnings for of the fiscal year, It was deCided bv - __ t,Ipnt ~nager to give her staff a ralSI:

!he-"I..ilI

9

II

th parallel nd C

D

E

(B)

the deCISion of the company manager give her staff a raise was to

(C)

the company manager deCided to gIVe her staff a raise

(0)

the staff was given a raise by the company manager a raise was given to the staff by the company manager

Who wa delighted? The company manager was delighted. The long modifying phra e that introduces the sentence describe a person, not it, so the delighted person must be the ubject of the sentence. Correcting the modification error also changes the construction from the wordy passive voice, il was decided by x, to the more concise active voice, x decided; the active voice is generally preferred.

By is needed between phones and wing to clarify that this sentence explains how people avoid charges. AlII lime which should he replaced by when.

A

The modifier illogically describe it. not the company manager. The passi\'e voice i wordy.

B

The modifier illogically de cribe tlx decision. The con rruction decision ~"tlx ... 'was ... i-wordy. Correct. The modifying phra e correctly modifies the complmy "hl11ilger; using the active voice create a more concl tence The modifier describe- Ihtstilffrath r thaD Ihe (ompany mtllhl. er; the pa 'w wordy. The modifier iUogicalh' descri passive Yoi,e i. word).

C

[lIJleat! nonsensically contrasts avoiding lOll cll;lr~es With the method for ,Iccomplishing thIS. Dllrillg which is awkward and unclear, espCl:iall)' as dllrillg appears tWice in the same phrase.

D

Correct. 'Ille sentence is dear, concise, and ~r.\Illmatirally rone,!.

E

Ill' i~ .needed hetween phoneJ and wing to clant)' the explanation of how petlple .Iwid churKe>· Wh II inappropriately t.lkes the plolL'e Llf bl'. ob unnK th t;"t th.1t IIsin~ mobile phone t m ht and on w ckcnds is .1 mcthoLI tor Idmg toll harK s.

It was deCided by the company mana her staff a raise ger

Logical predication; Verb form

This sentence explains how people avoid toll charges on their home phones, and this purpose is best clarified by using the preposition by to connect the phrase call avoid . .. with the explanatory usillg Iheir mobile pholles. The phrase al a lime which is confusing because it seems to sugge,t a time other than al nighl or 011 weekends. Which is the wrong relative pronoun for referring to time; substituting when for the entire phrase streamlines the sentence and makes its meaning clear.

./1

(A)

(E)

Rhetorical construction; Grammatical construction

A

rrd btl al,on IlIoglL.111I rdt'r

'--"."-1

phones. uSing their mobile phones for making (AI long-distance calls at night or on weekends, at a time which phones. Instead uSing mobile phones to make (B) long-distance calls dUring the night or weekends, dUring which phones by USing their mobile phones to make (C) long-distance calls at night or on weekends, When phones uSing mobile phones for making long(0) distance calls dUring the night or weekends, When phones when uSing their mobile phones to make (E) long.distance calls at night or on weekends, a time which

The correct answer i

10

Ihl: !Ising of costs of data-proce many financial institutions haS oPPortumty lor Independen these service more fllc,illlltttlil

IAl 8)

D

11

C D

_ . .~tbe . . .II.d.me noun It becau e It~:::=~~swhen.

..-and

indiJect.

"t.1l1lDiIll:Jlhas no main

'ntrDtiMud and 'luirkly .~ adjectival phrases.

lIll1-ce IS properly structured

correct e entence has no main ;HruClll and adoptedboth

tives. . . .~.tlIll~IeIDtence has no main ..... ilrltedMt:Iti and hofJing bem ... adjectives.

E

-,ullltcomplete the idIOmatic _llD1lcorrectl . CIftlIlCt.ln thl sentence, to correctly COJIIplell:s the idiomatic construction range ", K toy. And to does not complete the idiomatic . . expression correctly. With does not complete the .dlomatic expression correctly. In addition to does not complete the idiomatic expression correctly.

The correct answer is B. Growing competitive pressures may be encouraging 13. auditors to bend the rules In favor of cltents: aUditors. may. for instance, allow a questionable I?an to remain on the books in order to maintain a bank s profits on paper. (A)

clients; auditors may, for Instance, allow

(B)

clients, as an instance, to allow

(e)

clients, like to allow clients, such as to be allowing

(D) (E)

clients; which might, as an instance, be the allowing of

Grammatical construction; Rhetorical construction "A~nson

artistic debt to Scandinavia IS that range from sensitive portraits wife Danish home. Kerteminde, allll IWS of ~ords and mountain peaks In M1~11 hIIr1hem reglons of Norway. ~n,s

This sentence correctly joins two independent dau e with a semicolon. The first clause makes a generalization; the second clause gives a particular example that supports the generalization.

A

Correct. This sentence correctly has twO independent clauses with linked ideas joined with a semicolon.

B

In trying to condense two main clauses into one, this construction produces an ungrammatical sequence of words with no clear meaning.

C

The preposition like should not be used to introduce the infinitive phrase to Ill/OW . .. ; the COmparative preposition like is properl}' used to draw a comparison between twO nouns.

D

urh aJ to be aIlUWi"\f1l~lQI". idiomatic expression The semicolon is followed by inco rred construction rather -01 • • ~~ independent clause.

The correct answer is

14

.

The themes that Rita Dove explores In her POetry uDlversal. encompassing much of the human cClI"'Itillll. Wile occasionally she deals with raCial ISsues (A)

IS universal, encompassing much of the human condition while occasionally she deals

(B)

is universal, encompassing much of the human condition, also occasionally it deals

(e)

are universal, they encompass much of the human condition and occasionally deals

(D)

are universal, encompassing much of the human condition while occasionally dealing

IE)

are universal, they encompass much of the human condition, also occasionally are dealing

Agreement; Grammatical construction The plural subject of the sentence, themes, requires the plural verb are in place of is. Because the themes of Dove's poetry encompaH the human condition and deal with racial issues, there is no need to make this a compound sentence by introduce a new grammatical subject, she, in a final clause. A single subject with two parallel verbs is the clearest and most efficient form for this sentence.

A

B

C

The plural subject disagrees with the ingular verb. The sentence hould retain the focus on the single subject themes rather than introduce a new subject and clau e at the end. . elisagrees with the The plural sublect Is ...singular :.J. . ''Iy it _ 'fINII verb. Because also occasional' introduce a new main clau e, til comma between condition and also i an UllI connector (creating a comma p\i The comma between univmM insufficient connector, splice; the ingular verb -~".".,. with the plunu ubJ t...-,_ "'.'.'

B

1lIf~"'1III1 Drllilld a being a ,arne ammal

senrence muoduces all these am travelers wouldhaw to do, repeating 10 construction in the final item of the list redundanr.

eel a a game ammal

..,..""nt; GRlmm.tlcat construction Th pronoun and nouns that refer to the plural n un rguanar mu t be plural, as should the verb fOllowmg rhe (correcred) pronoun in rhe second tau e Thus, the eotencc should read; Iguanas . .. Ihry ar. sIIII/,nut! ,IS game allimal' mp~ \' I .lIId ht inhl th mRlllIlIK p.lftnt thc III 'n, ,I fh l lI;t J l

wI r

1

Agreement; Rhetorical construction This sentence lists three cau trouble: .lnd .l,-Sew that 'm C.luses of the problem' ha\ fail most effiCient W.l\' to plain !hI ,',luses With the relati\ pronoun it .IS .111 object ,)t th \ rb M1wt.

Inc IIlgular pronoun .11lt 'c'

In B,are th r fhis i notrh,c 1:U"

" 'X"

1111 "

·JC:Ilt. the COEliwilCtil.J"

B

lh nu

ha

. Ii0 IIOWl ng Mlh i . not The con truetlon para II cI to t hc con truc tlon following and. Now m,J
D ",lIny a

h

people. the und

PMPI. ar too