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Aldysis of an lssue. This is ihc namc of onc of thc two GIIAT essn\' 'lssuc'(uiing lasks. Throu8hout this book l reler to ii b]'$e sioglc word an uPrterc;lsc'1") Ainlysis oI srr A-rgumcnL This is tirc namc ol thc olbcr GMAT cssr) 'Argumen{_ tasks.Tlrou8hout this book l refer to it b\. the sinSle s'ord (usin8 xn uppcrcase "l-).

THEOFFIGIATOPOOLSO OF GRE AND GMAT ESSAY OUESTIONS

During yolr GRE (or GI'l T) sirtinS, thc comPurcrized testinS system s'ill r-andomlyselect your lssuc and Argirmenl qucstions from a la!8c databasc, or'pool." CYouwon l know beforehandwhich panicular qucstions the tcsiing system will.Pres€nl to you.) ETSha5 Prcdisclosedils completc Pool of cssay qucsdons for each of the rsto cxzml. To ger the SreatcstPossiblc benc6t Jrom this book, especirlly -&om the s3mple essaysin Pans 5_8, you should obiein your omciel lisl They're aYrilablc on line, and the GlvtAT list is also aErlable in print (For delar]s,see belo$.)

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Thc official list (pool) of GRI Analltical Writin8 quesoons cunenuy consists ol 125 lssucs and 125 Argumcn6. H€r€ ate th.ec different ways to obtlin the comPlet€ list: . vielv the list, free of charge and v,.ithout regis(rition, at the oficial GREWeb site (www.8rc org) Folloq' the lir$i !o thc description of thc GRiEGcneral Test, then locate the description of the Ana\'tical vlitin8 scction. Therc, you'll lind seParateLhks to the lis! of lssues and lisr of A-rguments . Unk ditcc-rlyto th€ lssue and A4lumcnt [sts from my GRE Analyti.wrilitg Wcb sitc (www.s'cs!.oet/-s!cwart/8rewa)' c.l . Thc tq,o lists tntgrl be a ilablc from ETS in Printed form For the latcs! inJomation, check my update Page at this book's llreb site !wlw.wcsi.nc/-srewtn/ws)

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yexr Thc,oficir-l list (pool) of GMAT essayqucstions (fer the admissions 20Ol-02) consisls of 125 Issuesand 125 Argumeot5 Hcre are tfuee diffcrent ways to obtain the lisr: - DoE:r oad thc lst, 6ec of charBeand without rcgistErion' from thc GM,{C'S ofiicial GMAT Web sit€ (www.mba conr) The list is an availabj€only as a PDF (ponable docummt fortnat) file' not as

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r8xc that any minor Problems piih your position secm trivi'l in light of the broad, and serjous, implicatjons that th€ lssue raises Tbe essayfor lssue I Provides an cxamPle First. $e cssayacknowledges x ccrtain Problem Ivith its Po5inon: ' . . fDlelxys q?icxll-v associrtedwitb burcaucirtic re8lrhtion can thwa.t the purPosc of thc regulrtions, becauseenviroflmcntal Prcblems can quickil'become 8.ave indeed Thcn, the cssay points out thc broad socielal consider:rtion tl:rt Puis iris mitot drawback in its proPer PcrsPective: ' . lsluch delays sccm trivial when \\'e considct thar many enviJon' eotil iroblcmi car4'no! onl-\'a rcal threat to Public health but atso a Polcntial threat (o the veq'survi!'tl of thc bumffr sPecies

/,t" The 'Lesser of Two EYiIs" Method

Argue I.1aLan opposinS Position is no suongel, or PerhaPscveo s/caker' in a ccnaifl rcspect. The essayfor Issue I provides an examplc Fifs! the cssa-lrcknowledgcs a certain weakicss in its Posttron:

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Tn'to avoid usint bxckncvcd.overuscdcxamplcsIo mJI:c Your Poinl Kccp in mind: IIanY GRE lrd GMAT lest lakers will rel'\'hcavil! oo toda] s hexdlrnes and on histon 5 nlosl illuslnous xnd nolorious lisurcs Hcre :lrc somc nxmcsrnd cvcnN rbxt culrcntl]'(in tht vcxr 2002) come to mino: . Osamabin Lrdcn or the:rttackon the W-orldTfld€ Centcr . The Effon and Atlhuf Andcrson accounling scaodals . Recenl American Prcsidentixlscandrls " AdolDh Hitler and drc Jewisir Holocrust . Bill Gatesand Mrctosofi s busitess lmcLice( Examples such as thcse arc the ali_tooobvious ones. Try lo di8 a bit deeper, showing the rcader a broadei, more Iiterate Pcrspec[ve

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on Youi Personal Experiences Unlcss the specilic direcdve xccompanying thc slatemcnt inskucts othcnwisc, i!'s Perfectly accePtablelo dra9" on your own exPenences at work, co0cge, or clscwhete. llowever, avoid rell'in8 too hcavily on personal cxpeience. Strive to demonstratethrough yout essal'a b'eadti of both real-world cxpcri€nce znd academic LnowledS€'

StriYe to Be a Generalist, Not a Specialist

Unless the sPecific directive lccompan]'i'rg the stalemcnl insruc$ othetwise, avoid harping on one Particular re,son tlrat you belicvc is the most convincilg one or on one examPle that you thinl is most illusL_ltive' Try to rcund out your discussionas.ftr.llyxs you reasonxbly havc timc for' To Fuard agarnstgohB orf on a rangcnt witi a sinSle rsson or eximPle' ir-'r'to adherc to one of thc siruc-turrl templares you'll lcaF'about a.bit I^tcr in Pan 2.

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svlol lvssSrol 9NtWXOtS v lsodtloc ot A oH lvss3 3nssr9Nruo3s-H9lH

Number of Words Don r wom about !h( vor(l lcngdr of vour rss:rr,.As long as vo!.incorpo. rirc inlo lour essx_r';lll rb( ctcnrcnlsd): j suF!:cslhcrc io lrxn 2, _vour . css .s word ten8rhNitl bc Nppropri:rrc. NOTE: Thc samplc cR[ essa-vs in pan 5 of this book mnSe from 475 ro 675 vords in lcngtb, and the GIUATlssue essaysm p1n 7 mngc from 325 ro 500 words i.o lengrh. But for a lop score of 6, your lssuc cssxynced nor bc as len8ttr),,s my samples, cspecia y rhe longcr oncj. (GRE test taters haac 50 percenr more rime for lhc lssrjc .wnnng r1lk, rimc cnough for aboui 50 pcrccot morc words.)

Number of Paragraphs Therc is no "correcr" o, "bcst" numbcr of par.rgrJphs/rr sc for an lssuc essat. Ncvenheless,an), cRE or GMAT lssue essa),sboutdjrcludc scpaialc inrroducrory and sunrmar.y (o. conctuclinS) paiagraphs. ln addirion, 2ny cM]lT Issue cssry sho:uld coora;a at tcast iuto bod),paiigrlphs, xnd aD, GREIssuc essayshould conr,jn at teast tbrco bodi, ')ai?&"aphs.

Rrinonrcnl Empnasrs AND YouREssay's Srnuounr The principles of cffccrive rh€rorjc volr leamed earlicr should aiso apply to thc m:rnncr in which vou ?rrangevour iders (and opposing idcas) into pangcaphs. While there are no hard-and.fasrrules. here are a handfut of idcas for you ro pul 'nlo Dracrrce. . Ifvou bcgin vour bod)'para8rnphs 1vith your positjon, stan s,ith the slrongcst ("chicf," "main," or .primxr\r) reason for that position. Then in subscquentpamgraphs (or senrenccs),tum to vour sccondan reaSons. . lJ you begin vour'bo?y paragm'pfrsty aiscussir8 a posirion contrary ro yours, suft vith rhe slron8esr ("chid," -main," or .p.imaor) rcaron for thrt pos t oD-lhc one rhar mos! pcoplc would rhink of 6fiL By,runing righr around to counrer tur .e.alon, you disam . your dcrmctorscaf in )our ess:r}. . ,^mor8 varions opposinS poin15,admir t}lc skonScst one firsr. . Respond innrcdiatel1, ro e3ch conrm'_-\'poin!, in rurrl. Don r pile rhcfi on, t)en risk runmng our of time ro respond to rhcm all.

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PAlli z (or ) ou can u5c thc s:rmeremPlerc to orscusstwo or morc examPlcs disttnct at s) drit lend suPpon lo -vourposroonl Ist Para|raPl': Onc cxamPlc (or arcx) th3t suPpor(s your Pos'uon counicrPoinl -) relJuttal 2nd Para+tul l: i'jl.other cxample (or arca) lhat suPPotls yout positioo -) countcrPoin! _t rebuttxl your 3/d ParaSrallr: A'nDrhcrexample (or ar€a) drat suPporu position -) countcrpoiJ)! + rebutld

The followinS lssue cssi.rsin Part 5 and Pan 7 are ba5ed esscntially on t]) varEuon: I t I GRE EssayNos. 66' 85 GMdT BseY No 74 tlll

TernPlate B '

Try this rcmplate to acknowledgc ote strong ?rgument aS4itaJl your in supporl oflo Posluon but wbere you hlvc more re?sons or cx2mp)cs Positior lst Para?rapb: One rcason(afld/or cxample) in suppon of yout positioo

2fld Para|,"apl,. Another rsson (andlor exmple) in support of yor posilion of yo! 3rd ParagraPlr: Attorherreason (3nd/or ex npie) in suppon positioo Final Paragrapb: -ief

countirrrgument -+ rebutta)

The foUowin8 issue €ssaysjn Pan 5 'nd Pan 7 arc btsed essendallyon t templatc: r t I GRE EssaYNos 4l, 48' 73 t l l t GI1AT Essayr.{os.11 65. 84

.

':f€mPlate C .

Try *lis t€mplale to acknowledgc ote or ntore strong aiguments 3rup aq uc) t^oqr p qr sll8arljrs aql

r^rrf3dsrtd uno^d! 'ElIg ,soJdirrxarnssl poog q]!,,t!lpEaj ailt JoJ l[IrDadsa .srsnuf,ps.srqusparrurrj , . oq fl,nod plJY'sr:qdosol,rqd.pur:sl.apBrl TErlrllod .qr Jo ndsJB uo t4 or.z .(6661-000I) wnlruslnur tucJrr $orr oql Jo rldo)d Fnurn[u] tsoui OOIcqr s,{r^Jnsqrr,q,r 'uoDf,npo.rd lluueqr (tulul -qrultuJ Tt srry) grStvrnoq.f I ..unnrurfnl{ a+ Jo AorsH" (ApJqnr @o.V3nFU.r Jo) 3r4*qJmd rlplsuoJ osJV slJpl ,{xss}rnsslloJ uorrrrsSgd JEJoImol ol Jo lf,urrEq3AolsrH rrlr ot rn ?um .otnod q)nol r ar,nol JI

oepl^ Pu? ',sodrnd slrn JoJ lrUasn rlr rrqt sclls q.ffr :uJos ot s)lull prpl oJd c^.I .(x^trlgr^r.ts-Aru rs.,|l..na,s,t) crrs qa/Xr J}'I7[9 puE (E^taj€/r:r,s3rs-Aasrsal$...,t|]\^ r) llls qertr gUC di! Jo s8rrE Sur,rp^ IEJI fcuv lql l]/ .sour.rTr .ns {I uouEro) uo dn qsruq ot qrd! f,prl( pl.ro^\ :rn Jo oSrrnE^pr rrfrJ

q% '.,{.Essa snsq I}'1419ro AX9 r o[4 elJLa.r uEr nod rrqr puu n.no,( .l8olortrospu! 'srplod 'Aorsru rrq,$.qrlr$. .slldjns nol tq8lur JpsJno,{ 'c)u3!rs 'ux rn srsmoJ ,{'^rns oSJnoruro4 setouJno,{ SunsnplJI JJo

>JJol[ asrnoS aSoflo) Eo.IJ saloN VSS3lnsst 9NidO3S-H9tHV SSOdtOO 01MOH

. Anal\1icJtNriLrn! (i (xcrcis(5)

. Composinga fult-tcngah lssuccssrl,(l cs:,i1.) For cxch Froup of eicrcis(s. di.ccaions ,or rhxr groun inrmediarelyprcccd( th€ excrcises.,.lr-r,,?to scsand collnnents bcght on J)a{e 59.

Owururnc (3 Exrncrsrs)

On scmrch paper. crcare an oudjnc for c:rch of thc fouo\\,ing rhrcc lssues. l'our ourlineshouldconrxinnoresfor: . At least one cxamplc andlor rcason in suppon of cach maiD point o A ba.sicposilion or rhesis (for vour introducrion and concluding prragl'lphs) Limir your timc to 5 minures per lssue. L For rh€ foUowin8 Issue,provide n'l ouulnc for ,1,o body para. Sfaphs-thc first one ir suppon of the sarcment,s positi;n, the sccond opposcd to i!: ."ln ant ficld of eDdeavor,an indiviclual,s bcst critics arc tlc individual's own pcers in thar felcl." 2. For abe folo*,in8 Issuc,provide an outlnc for ,rrce body par]graphs. you, probabl), nccd ar tea$ dlr.. p"_goph. ,o comparc diJtcrenrrypcs of professions ". ""c"rion" La ro aef_. the setemeni,s kev rerms, "Professional successusuallv depends on a person,s abiliq, ro respond and adapt to unexpccted problems and changing crrcum.unccs' 3. For rhe folloe/ing lssue, provide arl outline for ,/rrca body paragnphs. you'll probablv nced xt lcast three paragraphsto examine bodl arerj Lisredand to corFider oihcr possible crj. alquesof the s6tcnren!. "Ho$, we reacr ro public scanclals_whether in busincss or potirjcs-.eflccrs our vajues and prioriries ns a socicr),."

paRAGRApHS ?yRrTlNG JNIRODUCTORy (5 Exencrsrs) .. ,;r.-..:tj -'

Fo-rcach of the following Issucs,compose a tq/o.or tffec-senrc.ncc t trodudoq, paraFrrph rh.ll: . Rcvcrls rie comple -r,vofrhe issue . su8teessa Fencral posrrion on tfic issuc o Anrjcjp?tes $e sFucturc of rbc essr],

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AVSST3nSSteNidOCS-H9tHV :SOdl 03 0l MOH

AunlrncalWrmnc(5 Exenctsrs)

E:ch of the following s! cmcnls is one that mosl tc$ tak':rs would lcnd to a8rceeilh )our t;Nkis rc plx)''lc!i]s advocatel:or eachstnt€mcnt' composc x onc'p:rl:rgmPhrcsponsc in s'hich }ou: ' Providc onc rc$on and/or cxamPlc in suppon of rlrc slatcm€nl 5 posll'on ' Argue agdnst rhc sL:rtcmcnls posilion b)' providrng at leasl onc rcasonand/or examPlt rn you. resPonse,tq to use rh€lorical devices lo conYincethe rcader th;rl your conlnry posi.ion is thc strongcr onc Limit your dme to 8 minurcs

'

per lssuc. 'l 'AJ adults' \ve prcfel to define ourselvcsmorc by our occupx!'on ' than bl' our af{i[aiion vith soci2l grouPs 2

".{ dcmocmtic socicry is dways berte! off when many peoPle " questionauthorit)

"Pare^6 should be frce io m?ke 3'll impon'nt dccisions tcSstding the formal cducanon of rhcir childrcn ,i. 'Tl)c propcr focus of! colicgc cclucnton shorrld be on career a pcrsonal valuc Prcparationand not on the dcvelopmcnt of syslcm"

3

'

5.

-I{ost

piannin8 2nd x Srea' achicvcmentsare thE result of carcful rons susl.linedeffoft r:rthcr than lo sudden bursts of crcrtiviq'or rnsiBht'

lssutEssav(l Essav) A Futt-trNGTH eor.rposl'ro

of Early in Paft 2, I consrrucred,step b)'step, a samPleessal'for each rhcse two simulated lssles: Issue Statement 1 'The bcst way to ensureprotcclion and Prcsermtion of ou'r natural environment is through SovernmentteSdalory measuresWe cannot to rely on thc volunt?,ryeffor$ of individuals and-private.busincsscs achicve $cse objcctives." Issne Statement 2 'kr8e busit(5sei should focus on r€zmwork a5 rhc prirnsl'y m':ns of achi€vingsuccess.'

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VSSf3nssteNtuof,s-HgtHv lsodl 03 0.t i oH

Pa.ragriaph2 (DisaSrce) . Pcersmighr b( dishoncst(jerlous)' or comPc(rt'on) . Ou$idcrs rr( nrorc obiectivc . Non-cxpensbring frcsb insights (c.F., lircFrn critic s focus differs from film directo. s)

. tssucrests on dcfinilion ol "best- Ocsl inlomed \'s. mosr obiective) . Kct: Criricism must help you improlc your crifl or advance krowlcdge

l. Anab'sis

Here s an outlllnefor a rcsponsewi$ *ree body prmgraphs. Thc firsi pirrgnph s'ould proyide two mxin reasonswh)'tic tcst takcr tundimcn_ trtlJ' agreeswifi thc stilcmcnt. Thc sccond pamgnph vould considcr possible cxc€ptions, ticn cxplain thcm a.!val'.The third ParaS.aphwould ' . rcco€lizc rhar the issle resrsultimat€ly on thc defitirion of'profcssional ' thxt thc t€st takcr phns to rcl)' on cxafiples succcss."The otltline suESests from a vxiien'of Drofessions,

3

ParagBph 1 (A8r'ce-z Rcasons) . It,r)'jobs inherentll, unprediclible (e.9., ioumarisrn,medir, . I{rilriplc circcrs .re common today (no job securiry) Paiagiaph 2 (Exceptions) . Exception:Jobs cnsconcedin convention/ladition (c 8, laq', banlinS) . but evolvinSlaws, re$latrons, and tcchnology requlrc adapration . care€rsin th€se areasnot sccure ' A fcw riieoredcalfields might be insulared(€.8., brstory, math. or music deor), . but job circumstanccsoftcn unccndn, so aclaptor pcrish! . new dcvclopmcnts stilt possiblc (€.g.rhisloricrl marh rhcorics, nes' musicil forms)

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Thc following ippexrcd jn r mcmo from rhc maiagcr of Uppcrcu6 hair ' : , . . 1 r ' 'i 'Accordins ro r ralionwjde dcmographjcsrudy,more and morc peopte rodayxre moving from suburbsro downroq,n areis. ln orclcrto boost saggingprolirs at Upp€rcut5,Ivc should ralrsrrJf.ql ssntrsp puE lJpu.p! 's3s]r).xf, oal lsu es:qr lo qJct ul

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5 . WorLforcc Sysrems,I consulrin8nrm spccializingin workplacc producriviq lnd etficienq., rcpons riar ncarl\'70 pcrccnt of MDiacchs cmplor'ceswho cnrolled in WorMorce Sysrcms one-wcck scminar lasl lcir chin] to bc morc conrcnr with rhcir curcnl iobs than prior to cnrollin8 in drc seminir. Br,rcqui.ing managcrsa! aI large corpo.arionsro cnroll in thc kinds of seminarsrhat Workforcc Systemoffers, productivin in our econom)'s privarc s€cror is ccrl-lrin to improve. A s'gnijlcarr pcrccnrr8e of dlis counr)'s rcsidcnrssho reccive unemplovmcnt benefiGfrom rie state repon that thcy would prefct to work bur have difficulcyfindrn8 work for which rhey are qua.lificd. In ordcr ro.educc rhc st.ain ofl our counr),s SrateEmploymcnt Dcvclopment ofiice, which is currenily uodcrstaffed,the countl' should eslablish?n adulr joStrainins progr]m.

7-8 Exrncrses ln cach of thc ncxr rwo cxcrciscs,jdenti4'and discussthe r?cessaDr cond{tlon or sulficicrrt{ozdllton lssumprion. Also nore othcr posslblc problcms you would anriciprre discussingin r hjtl-tcngth Argrrmcnt cssay. 7- Thc juvenile ,usricc dcp3r..n€nrof onc of rbe nadon's lar8csr cirics reccntly lcponed rhar chnd.cn who cngagejn rnv of thc ciry's or8rniz€d spons progJams arc iess lik€b' ihan othcr childrcn to bc ' convic.cd of a felony crimc larc. ir life. Th€reforc, rhc fcdcirl SovcrfDcnt can reducc tic national crimc rarc by mand*ing daily physicel-cducationclxssesar cvcry high schoot in $c nation. L RivenowD's hisloric Hill disrrict used to be onc of r})e ciq"s 6ain tourist aftnctions. Sircc thc consrrucrion ot a ne!{'shopping ccntcr iI,I thc distficr, the disricr's quaint oldcr shops and rcstaufantl have had diLrculry anracring parons. ln oldcr ro prcscrve thc hisro.ic valuc of . lbc Hill disrricr's oldcr buildings ard ro prcvcnt furthcr ioss of rcvcnuc from touris6, t}le ci(y lnusr imposc a mot"rorium on t}le conshrction of any ncw srrucrurcsin the Hill disric('

ixgncrsrs 9-l 0 In cich ofthc Dcxt rwo cyercises,idcntify and discussthc potcntial groutmember problez. Also note othcr possiblc problcrni you would oticipatc discuisioS in e full-lcnSl}r Argument cssil.. 9. r,rtciaDt Industries.our state'slargesrprivatc lusirlss, the avcragc produclion worker is now 42 years old. Rcccntly, Giant's rcvenu€ from thc salc of textil€s and paper, ,whic}| together account fot thc d.eiority of Gialrfs rn nufacruring business, has dedincd si&ntficrntly. Sincc an increasingperccn6Sc of ncs' 8raduaresfrom our sratc's

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encc. Sinccrhc xrgumcnrfuils ro prove rhxr rlrc policcjorcc reducrion is thc acrualcauscofthe rcriil busrnessslump, or cven conFiburcd ro it. lh€ xrgumenr'sproponcnr cannor jusrifixbl! irfe. !lr:rr:r policc.forcc Incrc:isc voold scn'cro revcrs(lh.t sl('ntp.lcr rlonc tl)rr ir ,rvoutd rc!; nlize thc ciqrs cconom!in fcncrxl. In a tull-lcngrh (JGminurc) cis;n, \'ou mighl nlso rddrcss rbc foljoq,ing qu€stionsabour rh€ Argunlcnr's rcasonin(: . A th,zsbol.l proble : Does rhc cin hxvs xn economic problem to bcSin with? Os it flir ro issumc dr:lr rbc ciqJs cconomy is suflcring mcrcly bccauserer:.il revcnuesin onc paniculnr disrricr hrvc declincd?) . Wouid the propos€d course of acrion rq.lcc to attln t}}e stated obiecr'vc?(Pcrhapsaddilionxl me?surcs,such as renovating rhc disuict or parrollinSit xr nigbr, would also be nceded.) . Is t])e proposed course ofaction ecas.raryro atrrin the stated objecrivc?(A ciq' mjthr reviLatizeit5 economy itrrough othcr msrns instcad.)

2. ANA.ysrs This Argument might conhee causeind effecr wir}l mcre correlation, a rcsponsc that handl€srhc problcm: .Hcre's Th€ argumcnt unJairb,assumeschatXcnon's workcr producriviry is simpl)' I function of whar :r vorkcr ca.s for lunch. Altlough rhis miSht bc thc case,r merc correlaion bcrwecn lunch dier rnd productjviry does flor sufficc to esBblish a causc-and,c$-ec!-relatiog: ship. Thc arSumenasaurlor musr also consider xnd €limina(c ill olhcr rcasonablecxplanationsfor r})c diJfcrcnceirl produciiviry lcvcls bctwccn the rwo Smups ofworkers, P€rhapsthc mosr plausible sftcmxrivc cxplanrrjon is thar vo.kcrs who bring rhcir own lunch arc morc producdve bccauscthcy spend lcss timc cating lurch and Dorc timc irorkinS. ln shon, lacking bcncr cvidcncc thrr ar Xenon producrivjty dep€ndsprimarilv on luncb dier, ,rsscningthat dranging - thc cafcrcria's lw)ch mcnu will improvc a,rorker producrivity anounts ro lnlc morc than conjccrure_ :In a trnl-lcn8th (lcminurc) 6say, you migh. atso addrcss rhc followtr8 ,qucsdons3bour rhc Arglmenr's reasoning: . A tbr.shold problcm: Arc ca.fercria lunchcs acrually much diffcrcor from lurches rhat workcN brinS from homc? (If nor, rh€n thc enrire arSumcnris poindcss,) . Wolld t})c proposcd cou.sc of acrion .r//ce to arrain rbc scatcd objectivc?(€.8., workers who prefcr catctcrir dining mjghr cboosc

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mcthod is css€ntiallr a clll for progrcss rh.ouph rrial and error. Anv ncs, rhcon musr be tcsrrclbr empirjcal obscn'lrion rnd musl $,ithsran.lrigorous scicnrificscrurin\'.Mo.eovcr.lhe hisro4'of thcor€ricalscicnccis csscntiallt. x hislon of rriil nnd c.r.)r. Onc modcm c)ilmplc inlotvcs nvo conrrirl, tbcorics of ph\,sics:w:r\'( theon,xnd qurnrum rhcon. DurinF thc trsr quancr<enrun. scicoiisrshar.ebeen srnrgglirgro disprovc onc or thc othcr-o. ro reconcilcrhcm. s ir rums our,? nrw sc!r, rhe aurbor circs ric fact rhar rhc incidencc of sick tcavc in L€evilc is lcss lhan rn ^1a5onCirl.. This cvroencc wo|l]d lencl suppon ro rhc ar'guftcnr od_vif the ponion oI loczt residcnrs employ€d bl, locaj businesscs vcre ncrrl), drc san)cin bodr roNns :1.

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rcl]Llg on rllrs cvjdencc, Lhe auiho,lssumcs Urar dr€ portion of sick cmplovecs who.cr!a y u-ke sick teavc is ncarl),rhc samc in bor.b towns. In shon, wjlhout shovjng rhxr thc wo tc

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abour the impacl of roR,n sDc on hcrlrh. Thc ruLhor:tso cires rhe fac( $at ilason Ciq,has 1.ivcrin]es as man} . .Phrsici2rspcr rcsidenrrlan Lcevlle. Howcvef. "r" "r.U* "f f"..r, beridcs tbc bcatth of rhc rowns, ,esidenrs nx8h! cxplain this dispa.itl,. For ex2mplc, perhaps Leevile rcsidenls choos( ro lravet to i,jason Ciw for phvsician vishs. ai/,ihour roLns our such cxplanalions, thesc pnysician, rcsidcnt ririos prove norhirS aboui rhe compr:nve hcetth of Leeville and M.son crn rcsrdcnb-or abourLheimprcr ol rovn sl7eon hc:trh. rrnalr}. rhc :rurhor crres rbe frct |J),tl rhc a!cmFe :lse oj Lceville rerrcientsjs higher than rhar of Ma5on Cit1,,esictenrs.Hoq,evcr, anl numbcr of f2crorsnu6trrexpldn L\js drsp3ntr.. For "*-0.. *,n"o, i.lrn-,.'" . whir. Mrson oq. r,,,.r(15 vounae! worr.lns pcopre :.^:T:i^::T-Trr., *"1'." pc.hrps recvirc ,s compriscd_,,.r. .r,""".. ru,r." i.,q ::.1:", rcs'dcn6 whosc lon6cuq.$ aroOur:ilc chic0r ro .tr,omcr Llcsqlc in M or Ciq,. h any cvcnr, iie auihor cai,'rot JusLdyrhe conclusion thar rhjs dispa.i$ in avcrl8c age is due ro thc di(crcncc in sizc Ucnccn rfrc no h conclusion, rhe ;]rSumcnr rhrr smal,lo*n !!in8 promorcs 8ood. . hcaldr and torgevjn. 's nnpcrsuasive as,r srrncls. To srcngthen rhc Ut" au$or musr provjde cleai evidcnce *T-" dr: rhe ovcrrtr popuriUonofLrcliltc, nor iusrcmplovccsin Lccviltc,js hcrtrbi€rthanrhit of

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ngc clo sPend 3 siSnificanl midc more ncxible so thxt childrcn of Prc'school Ncnhcr :tsscflion js Paniculrdy ponion of crch di! s irh xr lcxsr onc Prren! clcn lcss pcrsuasivc :rs convincinE. rnd considcrcd to8ethcr' thc\'rr( discussed bcloN is lhrl it hils Io distinFuislr A thrcshold problc \'ith lht iLrStrmcnl s'illr thoscvilhour childrcn A scicntist b e c w c c n s c i c n t i s l sw i L l r c h i l d f c n 1 n d flccd Ior di-\'-cirrc s€rviccs or for no vounS childrcn obriousll h:ls no intetcsts of ttqui'ements that accommodatc rhc sPeciil .".-._r4""t..n1.t, conclusions so rhat thel rpPl) p:lrcnls. Thus, thc author musl nlftos'borh

'

only ro scienlisls vitb childrcn "ll-'^ltsPin ftom Lhe *-"0 Consideri!8 rhe xuthor's fi$t 2ssenion care ror proPcr for ensuring audor fails ro considcr tnd tulc oLr!othcr oplions For insoncc' a scientis( vhose sPousc ,.ian,iro anifO,.n a*i"8 the !'ork&v wrth $cir child mish( lery.wcU (or pattneO has timc dunng 'acn or\'Io sPcnd rncruoug drJ c're Be'rdc5 rnan) s(ienrisr-Parcntr' to'o-ott'ot" ).oL. providc child mig}rt hxve friends or reladves $/ho c'n ".'.t*", ."""*r.o*."i opions ro cnsurc day c c .rc. Thus. to thc cxlent tir sc'ent$ts nlvc othcr is unw Ttnlco fo! their children. rhe ?uthor's lt$I con.lusion considered scP'_rr!€ly ftom thc A5 for rhe 2uthor's secono asscrdon' il is impontnt tot-t-.-* n vhl filst on€, tbc xuthor ftils to cxpl spcnd a signillcant .n drcn of scicnlists in PaniculI' ro ,., ""t. t.r.*t. explanaion' I daY wift a parcnt- bckin8 a convincl'rg ionion of ctct carccr'advanccment requremcnrs camror acccpr ttre authot's asscrdon lhat of allowit8 signilicen( nr^d. morc fl€xible mcrcl)'for thc s'ke -*r-o. parcnt'child conoct each workdal -

'

howeler' tit "lry.Tl Consideritg thc tNo assenronsrogeller' thc second x5senion scrvcs to bccomcs cvcn lcss conviicinS ln cssence' sicrificant rime rtrc tlrst onc ll the ctritdrcn of scientistsspend ;;.;. to ihe sci€ntist-Parents c?rccr' each dry q,ith a Plrent, without comPromise dircct contradiction to then all'day child catc worro secm u'neccssalv-in musl eitier reconcilc thc two *rc authoris first assenion Thus' *tc author or chooseonc asscdioflovcr the othc. ass€nroos but arso ]n a notshell, the ar$rment is not onlt Poorl]'supPofted v',ith ihe author's firs! paBdoxical. lcfore I can ettner ?gfee or disxSrce whll perccnllse of *'*tl::. :: assenlon,I would nccd ro xioq

*.',,r:1:1,:l"t' chndren prcschoor i. who are J:','"lil,:'#,:::: i1:: arar tflsicd

relalives/friends

th€ author'sc€msto rer)' on ccnzin nornxtivc ;;;; ;.'";.oinirctaiionships'lssuroptionsthat thc.aurho' i".t o-t'tt-o ;il;; I can ?grcc wirh llrc docsn't begin ro addressbut must do so beforc B€forc I a wholc is iliogiczl on i$ face asscftion. Moreovc.' the arErrmenr a5 must cihcr abandon onc or tllc -" O.ra - !!kc it scrious\" thc anthor

'"'*": " orhcr ?sscniono' exprainwhv scicntis6a5 s"'p vith thcir id]i:t--T^t: da-v Pre_scnoor "t *t *.y -t spendsiSninc"nttirDc crch .--." care child 2ll-dxv to acccss !e!dv .it or.. -o * ,n' srmetime havc

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