The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates

The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates Xavier Palazzi The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates Xavier ...

Author: Xavier Palazzi

18 downloads 563 Views 21MB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates

Xavier Palazzi


Xavier Palazzi Sanofi-Aventis 3, Digue d’Alfortville 94140 Alfortville France [email protected]

ISBN 978-1-4419-8371-8 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-8372-5 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-8372-5 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011922535 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

To my wife Marion and our two children, Félix and Marilou, aged 4 and 2, respectively. Marion, your love, dedication … and computer skills just made it possible!

Preface

Beagle dogs are commonly used in preclinical research and neuroscience as the preferred canine model for safety studies. The central nervous system is often a target for pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and chemicals, and a deep knowledge of the gross and microscopic anatomy of the beagle brain is mandatory for anatomic pathologists and neuroscience researchers in order to assess the safety of innovative medicinal and industrial chemicals, or to investigate new mechanisms of action. Very little literature regarding the anatomy of the beagle brain was available to the scientific community in 2008, as most books were out of print or incomplete, and web-based resources only scant. Hence the decision to build an up-to-date reference atlas in this breed with modern tools and illustrations. The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates was written for neuroscientists, neuroanatomists, neuropathologists, neurosurgeons as well as students, and it provides a comprehensive guide for those – both researchers and undergraduates – who are interested in the dog brain and comparative anatomy. The nomenclature and atlas presentation were inspired from existing reference brain atlases in the dog and in other species.

vii

About the Author

Dr. Xavier Palazzi is a senior veterinary pathologist currently working at Sanofi-Aventis in France where he is in charge of evaluating the preclinical safety of drug candidates. He received his DVM from Lyon veterinary school in 1998 and his French certification in veterinary pathology in 2001. He then became a diplomate of the European College of Veterinary Pathology in 2003. Hired in 2004 by Pfizer Global R&D in Amboise (France), he was in charge of Investigative Pathology until 2007 and published an Atlas of the Marmoset Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates in 2008. He then moved to Biomatech NAMSA, a CRO based near Lyon where he was in charge of evaluating the safety and efficacy of medical devices until 2010. He was then hired by sanofi-aventis as head of pathology in Alfortville (France) and became diplomate of the American Board of Toxicology in 2010. Dr. Xavier Palazzi is the father of two young children and he likes to spend his free time jogging, bicycling, motorbike riding and bee keeping.

ix

About the Reviewers

Marion Palazzi-Clavel Marion Palazzi-Clavel is a public writer and the owner of a France–based company (Cabinet Clavel) that offers wide services in the field of writing. Her computing skills in handling and formatting the large amount of data enclosed in the atlas proved unvaluable. Marion contributed to the drawings, legends, lists of structures, and abbreviations.

xi

xii

About the Reviewers

Dr. Catherine Botteron Dr. Catherine Botteron received her Dr. med vet degree from the University of Berne, Switzerland. She obtained a Ph.D. in pathology and microbiology at the North Carolina State University. After a three year post-doc research position and training in veterinary pathology at the University of Berne, she became diplomate of the European College of Veterinary Pathologists. For several years, she was responsible for diagnosis and research at the NeuroCenter of the VetSuisse Faculty in Berne, which also acts as the Swiss Reference Laboratory for spongiform diseases in animals. She spent two years as senior lecturer in pathology at the Veterinary Faculty of the University of Liverpool, before joining Ricerca Biosciences, a toxicology contract laboratory in France, where she continues to develop her expertise in neuropathology, immunohistochemistry, and general toxicological pathology. Dr. Catherine Botteron performed an in depth review of the plates from this atlas.

About the Reviewers

xiii xiii

Dr. Robert H. Garman, DVM Dr. Bob Garman has had over 40 years of experience in veterinary and comparative pathology. After receiving his DVM (Cornell University; 1966), he trained in pathology at the University of Rochester Medical Center where he remained on the faculty for a decade prior to joining a toxicology contract laboratory owned by Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, PA. After a decade at this lab, Bob started his own consulting company (Consultants in Veterinary Pathology, Inc.) where he has specialized in neuropathology for the past 20 years. Over his lengthy career, Bob has had a variety of academic affiliations and currently collaborates with a number of investigators studying brain injury at the University of Pittsburgh. Dr. Robert H. Garman performed an in depth review of the plates from this atlas.

xiii

Acknowledgements

We express our deep appreciation to Dr. Catherine George, Mrs. Evelyne Joaquim, Dr. Annette Romeike, Dr. Jean-Pierre Boutrand, Dr. Frédéric Schorsch, Dr. Anna-Lena Frisk, Dr. Gundi Müller and Dr. Robert Switzer for their support in this project. We thank the technical teams from Biomatech-NAMSA and Bayer Cropscience for their help during necropsies and brain perfusions. We wish to thank Dr. Catherine Botteron, Dr. Robert H. Garman and Dr. Michael Pino for their help during the review process. We are greatly indebted to our sponsors, namely: • • • • • •

The French Society of Toxicologic Pathology (SFPT) The European Society of Toxicologic Pathology (ESTP) Biomatech-NAMSA Bayer Cropscience Ipsen Pharma Marshall Farms

xv

Contents

The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates.................................................................. 1. Introduction................................................................................................................ 2. Surgery and Perfusion Fixation................................................................................. 3. Histology.................................................................................................................... 4. Data Capture, Optimization, and Selection of Sections............................................. 5. Reference Planes and Stereotaxic Accuracy.............................................................. 6. Nomenclature............................................................................................................. 7. List of Structures........................................................................................................ 8. List of Abbreviations................................................................................................. 9. Plates..........................................................................................................................

1 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 8 13

Epilogue............................................................................................................................... 117 Bibliography........................................................................................................................ 119

xvii


1 Introduction

2 Surgery and Perfusion Fixation

An illustration is the only means by which one can hope to understand the organization of nerve tracts and the morphology of the nuclei that compose the central nervous system, and serial cross sections can help students imagine what the whole three-dimensional picture looks like. Yet a lack of readily available published data for the dog was underlined at the 2008 European Society of Toxicologic Pathology congress held in Edinburgh, as the most recognized book from Marcus Singer dated from 1962 and was out of print. The probable reason for the lack of such data is the difficulty in obtaining good histologic sections of large brain specimens and the expense of production, not only for histotechnology, but also for the lengthy research on structures and terminology. Considering that the beagle dog is routinely used in toxicology as a non rodent species and more broadly in the field of neuroscience research, the idea of building a new reference in the field arose, in the hope that an up-to-date and readily available atlas could decrease the need to use dogs as controls or for teaching purposes. Moreover, the work could serve as a guide to understand the comparative brain structure of other mammals, because although some important differences do exist, particularly in the nomenclature of the cortical sulci and gyri, the similarity of the arrangement of nuclei and tracts is striking. The present study is meant to provide a brain atlas in stereotaxic coordinates, to be made available to the scientists who work on CNS-related targets and to students of the brain. Of course, the interindividual variations observed in the size of the specimens make the stereotaxic approach more difficult in the dog than in any of the more standardized small laboratory animal species. Yet the measurements provided in this atlas will provide the histotechnologists and neuroanatomists with useful clues to find the areas of interest.

Seven control adult male animals were selected from toxicity studies in order to become familiar with and refine the surgical approach and fixation of the brains. Once the methodology was validated, one of the specimens (Beagle dog #5903777 from Marshall Farms, born on June 07, 2008 and 13.5 months of age at the time of sacrifice) was finally chosen to create the original set of plates depicted in this atlas. The material for the surgery was as follows (Fig. 1): The perfusion solution was prepared as recommended by NeuroScience Associates (Table 1). For 1,000 mL total: • Begin with 500 mL of dH20 and heat to 60–65° on a heater/magnetic stirrer. • Add the sucrose. • Create a deep vortex using a magnetic stir bar. Gradually sprinkle the finely powdered paraformaldehyde onto the vortex surface. The solution will have a milky appearance. • Allow to cool to room temperature. • Bring the total volume to 1,000 mL with 0.2 M Phosphate Buffer and verify the pH. • Filter the solution using a qualitative paper. The rinsing solution was also prepared as recommended by NeuroScience Associates period. Stock solutions: • Monobasic sodium phosphate: 0.2 M: 27.6 g/L of dH20 • Dibasic sodium phosphate (anhydrous): 0.2 M: 28.4 g/L of dH20 • Phosphate-Buffered Saline working solution, pH = 7.2, for 1,000 mL total • Monobasic sodium phosphate: 280 mL • Dibasic sodium phosphate: 720 mL

X. Palazzi, The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8372-5_1, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011

1

2


Fig. 1 Overview of the surgical instruments needed to perform perfusion fixation of the dog brain

Material for the surgery - Four plastic pouches (Infusor 5L, Alcyon, France). Two of them were prefilled with 4L of rinsing solution and the two other ones were filled with 4L of fixing solution - Two perfusion sets - One 2L-jar filled with fixation solution - A basic set of surgical instruments for vascular surgery - Silk thread (D 1 and 2) for carotid ligature - Four percutaneous introductors, angiographic–type, (9 Fr in diameter), Cordis™ - Four 14G catheters - A Medezine™ saw

Table 1 Reagents for perfusion solution (http://www.neurosci enceassociates.com/fix_method.htm) For 1,000 mL total Final (%) Paraformaldehyde

40 g

4

Sucrose

40 g

4

Phosphate buffer 0.2 M; pH 7.2

500 mL

–

Surgery • The dog was premedicated (Acepromazine, 0.7 mL IM and glycopyrrolate 0.01 mg/kg SC) • A deep anesthesia was obtained with sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg IV route) • The cervical region was shaved bilaterally • The animal was placed in dorsal recumbency • The carotid arteries and jugular veins were exposed bilaterally • Both carotid arteries and jugular veins were catheterized using either the 9 Fr introductors (largest specimens) or the 14G catheters (smallest specimens)

• Heparin (50,000 IU) was injected IV • 5 min following heparination, the animal was euthanized by injecting concentrated sodium pentobarbital in the cephalic vein • Both jugular veins catheters were opened. • The rinsing solution was immediately perfused (4 L in each carotid) • Then the fixation solution was perfused (approximately 4 L in each carotid artery) • The skull was carefully dissected using Medezine™ saws, the brain exposed, removed from the skull and immersed in a jar containing 2 L of fixation solution (Figs. 2 and 3)

3 Histology Histology was performed at NeuroScience Associates, 10915 Lake Ridge Drive, Knoxville, TN 37934, USA. Upon receipt of the dog brain, it was infiltrated overnight with 20% glycerol and 2% dimethylsulfoxide

5 Reference Planes and Stereotaxic Accuracy

Fig. 2 Surgical field showing vascular catheterism of the carotid artery and jugular vein

3

and stained in 0.05% Thionine/0.08 M acetate buffer, pH 4.5. Following deionized water rinses, the slides were placed in 95% alcohol/acetic acid and dehydrated in a standard alcohol series, cleared in xylene and coverslipped. • Weil-myelin Iron Hematoxylin Stain - For Weilmyelin staining, sections from a container adjacent to those stained with thionine were mounted onto gelatinized (subbed) slides and air dried. They were then dehydrated in 95% ethanol, then rehydrated and stained in a Hematoxylin/Ferric Ammonium Sulfate solution heated to 55°C. Following water rinses they were placed in 2% Ferric Ammonium Sulfate, rinsed in deionized water rinses, and further differentiated in a Potassium Ferricyanide/Sodium Borate solution. Following deionized water rinses, the slides were dehydrated in an ascending series of alcohol, cleared in xylene and coverslipped.

4 Data Capture, Optimization, and Selection of Sections

Fig. 3 Lateral view of the brain following perfusion and removal from the skull

to prevent freeze-artifacts and embedded in a gelatin matrix using MultiBrain® Technology (NeuroScience Associates, Knoxville, TN). The brain was positioned for coronal sectioning. The horizontal plane was established by aligning the brain such that the ventral surface of the temporal lobe (T) and the ventral surface of the cerebellum (C) just adjacent to the brain stem were coplanar (see Figs. 4 and 5). After curing, the entire brain was rapidly frozen by immersion in isopentane chilled to −70°C with crushed dry ice and mounted on a freezing stage of an AO 860 sliding microtome. The block was sectioned coronally at 20 m. All sections cut were collected (none were discarded) sequentially into a 4 × 6 array of containers filled with Antigen Preserve solution (50% PBS pH 7.0, 50% Ethylene glycol, 1% Polyvinyl c. Sections not stained immediately were stored at −20°C Staining was performed as follows: • Nissl (thionine) Stain - For Nissl staining, one of every 24th serial set of sections were mounted onto gelatinized slides and air dried. They were then dehydrated through an ascending series of alcohols prior to being placed in a chloroform/ether/alcohol solution for removal of lipids, and then rehydrated

Whole histology slides were digitally scanned at 3,200 and 4,800 dpi. The resulting virtual slides were then exported to Adobe Photoshop™ CS3 for further optimization. All files were processed in .tiff format. The plates to be presented in the atlas were selected by the author in order to show enough details, especially in the thalamic area. The spacing was chosen to permit visualization of all major structures. Labelling was performed on all Weil-myelin Iron Hematoxylin stained specimens and on a selection of Nissl (thionine) stained specimens. A 10 mm-bar was embedded in every plate and a grid was superimposed over the coronal sections (5 mm step). Altogether, 103 coronal plates are presented in this atlas.

5 Reference Planes and Stereotaxic Accuracy As stated earlier, the horizontal plane was established by aligning the brain such that the ventral surface of the temporal lobe and the ventral surface of the cerebellum just adjacent to the brain stem were coplanar. Midline was also used as a reference to build the three-dimensional stereotaxic system, and position the grid. “x” was set to zero on the very first rostral section obtained from the olfactory bulb. The anteroposterior distance from this first rostral section obtained from the olfactory bulb is written on each plate.

4


Fig. 4 Definition of horizontal and coronal planes of section

Coronal plane of sectioning

Points of contact to establish horizontal plane

T C

measurements were repeated following histotechnique for comparison. The overall variability was found to be less than 3%, so it was decided not to perform any mathematic adjustment of stereotaxic coordinates. As stated earlier, these stereotaxic data will depend on the age and size of the Beagle dog and need to be used cautiously.

6 Nomenclature

Fig. 5 Brain embedded in Gelatin matrix with marker cylinders in place

One lateral and one ventral schematic brain diagram were added in order to illustrate the level and plane of section. The stereotaxic reference grid shows 5 mm intervals. In order to check for technical artifacts, fresh brains were measured rostrocaudally and mediolaterally. These

English nomenclature was preferred to Latin terms, except for certain instances where there was no equivalent. For consistency between species and stable neuroanatomical nomenclature, our nomenclature was compared to the excellent reference atlases from Paxinos, Singer, and Adrianov (refer to “Bibliography” section at the end of the book). Similar terms were used as often as possible. A list of abbreviations and a list of structures were created in order to facilitate the use of this document.

7 List of Structures

5


Central lobe

Clo

Central medial thalamic nucleus

NCM

Structure

Abbreviation

Central tegmental tract

ctt

Abducens nucleus

AbN

Cerebello rubro thalamic tract

crtt

Accessory cuneate nucleus

ACuN

Cerebral peduncle

cp

Accumbens nucleus

Acb

Cerebro bulbar tract

cbt

Acoustic radiations

AR

Cerebro spinal tract

cst

Acoustic stria

AS

Choroid fissure of the lateral ventricle

cfLV

Acoustic tubercle

AT

Choroid plexus

chp

Alveus

Alv

Cingulate gyrus

CG

Ambiguous nucleus

AmbN

Ansa lenticularis

Al

Cingulum

Ci

Ansate sulcus

AnS

Claustrum

Cl

Ansiform lobe

ans

Cochlear nerve

8n

Anterior commissure

Ac

Cochlear nucleus

CoN

Anterior commissure nucleus

acN

Commissural nucleus

CN

Anterior commissure, anterior part

aca

Commissure of superior colliculus

SCCo

Anterior commissure, posterior part

acp

Corona radiata

cr

Anterior ectosylvian gyrus

AEG

Coronal gyrus

Cg

Anterior ectosylvian sulcus

AES

Coronal sulcus

Cs

Anterior hypothalamic nucleus

AHN

Corpus callosum

cc

Anterior lateral thalamic nucleus

ALTN

Cortical amygdaloid nucleus

NCo

Anterior medial nucleus

AMN

Corticospinal fibers

csf

Anterior nucleus

AnN

Cruciate sulcus

CS

Anterior olfactory nucleus

AO

Crus olfactorium

CrO

Anterior paraventricular nucleus

APN

Culmen

Cu

Anterior sigmoid gyrus

ASg

Cuneate fascicle

Cuf

Anterior suprasylvian gyrus

ASG

Cuneate nucleus

CuN

Anterior suprasylvian sulcus

ASS

Deep gray layer of the superior colliculus

DpG

Anterior ventral nucleus

AVN

Deep white layer of the superior colliculus

DpWh

Anterior ventral thalamic nucleus

AVTN

Dentate gyrus

DG

Anterodorsal nucleus

AoDN

Dentate nucleus

DN

Anteroventral nucleus

AoVN

Descending vestibular nucleus

DVeN

Aqueduct

Aq

Dorsal acoustic stria

DAS

Arcuate fibers

Arcf

Dorsal central thalamic nucleus

DCN

Arcuate hypothalamic nucleus

Arc

Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

dlf

Arcuate periventricular nucleus

ArN

Dorsal medial hypothalamic nucleus

DMHN

Area septalis

ASe

Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus

DMN

Basal amygdaloid nucleus

NB

Dorsal raphe nucleus

DRaN

Bigeminate nucleus

BN

Dorsal tegmental nucleus

DtegN

Brachium of the inferior colliculus

bic

Dorso lateral geniculate nucleus

DLGe

Brachium of the superior colliculus

bsc

Dorso lateral thalamic peduncle

DLTP

Caudal pontine reticular nucleus

CPRN

Dorso medial hypothalamic nucleus

HDMN

Caudate nucleus

Cd

Ectolateral sulcus

ELS

Central amygdaloid nucleus

Ce

Entopeduncular nucleus

EP

Central canal

CeC

External capsule

ec

Central gray matter

Cgm

External medullary lamina

eml (continued)

6


(continued)

Interthalamic adhesion

ITA

Lateral amygdaloid nucleus

NL

Lateral basal amygdaloid nucleus

NBp

Lateral central nucleus

LCN

Lateral geniculate nucleus

LGe

Lateral gyrus

LG

Lateral habenular nucleus

LHaN

Lateral habenulo interpeduncular nucleus

LHIN

Lateral hypothalamic nucleus

LHN

Lateral lemnicus

ll

Lateral lemniscus dorsal nucleus

llDN

Lateral lemniscus dorsolateral nucleus

llDLN

Lateral lemniscus ventrocaudal nucleus

llVCN

Lateral mamillary nucleus

LMN

Lateral posterior thalamic nucleus

LPN

Lateral preoptic nucleus

LPO

Lateral reticular nucleus

LRtN

Lateral septal nucleus

SeNL

Lateral stria olfactoria

SOl

Lateral sulcus

LS

Lateral ventricle

LV

Lateral vestibular nucleus

LVeN

Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus

LDTN

Lenticular fasciculus

lenf

Limitans nucleus

LN

Limitans sulcus

LIS

Lingual gyrus

LIG

Lingula

Li

Locus coeruleus

LC

icpb

Longitudinal fissure

lof

IC

Mamillary peduncle

Mp

Inferior colliculus commissure

ICC

Mamillary tegmental tract

Mtegt

Inferior colliculus nucleus

ICN

Mamillo tegmental fasciculus

mtef

Inferior gray layer of the superior colliculus

InG

Mamillo thalamic tract

mtt

Inferior olivary nucleus

ION

Medial accessory nucleus

MAN

Inferior vestibular nucleus

IVeN

Medial amygdaloid nucleus

Me

Inferior white layer of the superior colliculus

InWh

Medial basal amygdaloid nucleus

NBm

Medial central nucleus

MCN

Intercalated nucleus

INN

Medial cerebellar peduncle

mcbp

Intermediate lateral thalamus nucleus

ILTN

Medial ectosylvian gyrus

MEG

Intermediate stria olfactoria

SOi

Medial ectosylvian sulcus

MES

Internal capsule

ic

Medial geniculate nucleus

MGe

Internal medullary lamina

iml

Medial habenular nucleus

MHaN

Internal plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb IPl

Medial habenulo interpeduncular nucleus

MHIN

Interpeduncular nucleus

IPN

Medial lemniscus

ml

Interposed nucleus of the cerebellum

INcb

Medial longitudinal fasciculus

mlf

Interstitial nucleus

IN

Medial mamillary nucleus

MMN

Structure

Abbreviation

External plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb

EPl

Extreme capsule

ex

Facial nerve

7n

Facial nucleus

7N

Fascicularis gyrus

FaG

Fastigial nucleus

FN

Fimbria

fi

Floccular peduncle

FLp

Flocculus

FL

Fornix

f

Fourth ventricle

4V

Frontal gyrus

FG

Fronto pontine tract

fpt

Globus pallidus

GPa

Glomerular layer

Gl

Glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb

GP

Glosso pharyngeal nerve

9n

Glossopharyngeal nucleus

9N

Gracile nucleus

GN

Granule cell layer of the olfactory bulb

GrO

Gyrus rectus

Gr

Habenular commissure

HaC

Habenulo interpeduncular tract

HaIPt


hit

Hippocampus

CA

Indusium griseum

IGr

Inferior cerebellar peduncle Inferior colliculus


7

(continued)

Pineal gland

Pi

Structure

Abbreviation

Pons (pontine nuclei)

Pn

Medial preoptic nucleus

MPO

Pontine decussation

Pdec

Medial profund nucleus

MPN

Ponto cerebellar tract

pct

Medial septal nucleus

SeNM

Postcruciate gyrus

PCG

Medial stria olfactoria

SOm

Posterior commissural nucleus

PCoN

Medial suprasylvian gyrus

MSG

Posterior commissure

PCo

Medial suprasylvian sulcus

MSS

Posterior ectosylvian gyrus

PEG

Medial vestibular nucleus

MVeN

Posterior ectosylvian sulcus

PESS

Median sulcus

MEDS

Posterior hypothalamic nucleus

PoHN

Medullar body (cerebellar white matter)

MB

Posterior median nucleus

pmS

Medullary lamina of the external pallidus

LMEx

Posterior paraventricular thalamic nucleus

PPN

Medullary lamina of the internal pallidus

IPlm

Posterior pulvinar thalamic nucleus

PPTN

Mesencephalic nucleus of V

MN-V

Posterior sigmoid gyrus

PSG

Mitral cell layer of the olfactory bulb

Ml

Posterior suprasylvian gyrus

PSSG

Nodulus

No

Posterior suprasylvian sulcus

PSSS

Nucleus of the solitary tract

SotN

Posterior thalamic nucleus

PoTN

Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve

5-stN

Posterolateral ventral thalamic nucleus

PLVN

Nucleus prepositus

NP

Posteromedial ventral thalamic nucleus

PMVN

Nucleus profundus mesencephali

NPM

Postlateral gyrus

PLG

Nucleus reuniens

NRu

Postlateral sulcus

PLS

Oculomotor nerve

3n

Precuneus

PCu

Oculomotor nucleus

ON

Preolivary nucleus

PrON

Olfactory bulb

OB

Presylvian sulcus

Ps

Olfactory tract

Ol

Pretectal area

PTA

Olfactory tubercle

Tu

Proreus gyrus

PG

Olivocerebellar tract

oct

Pulvinar thalamic nucleus

PTN

Optic chiasm

ox

Putamen

Pu

Optic layer of the superior colliculus

Op

Pyramidal tract

py

Optic nerve

2n

Pyriform lobe

LPy

Optic radiations

OR

Pyriform lobe

Pyr

Optic tract

opt

Raphe nucleus

RaN

Oral pontine reticular nucleus

OPRN

Red nucleus

RN

Paracentral thalamic nucleus

PCN

Reticular gigantocellular nucleus

RGN

Parafascicular thalamic nucleus

PaFN

Reticular nucleus

RtN

Paraflocculus

PFl

Reticular parvicellular nucleus

RPN

Paraolfactory gyrus

PaG

Reticular tegmental nucleus

RtegN

Parapeduncular nucleus

PPedN

Rhinal fissure

Rhf

Rhomboid nucleus

RhN

Parataenialis nucleus

PtN

Rostral thalamic peduncle

RTP

Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus

PaHN

Rubrospinal tract

rst

Paraventricular thalamic nucleus

PV

Solitary tract

Sot

Parieto occipito temporo pontine tract

potpt

Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve

5-st

Perifornical nucleus

PFN

Spinocerebellar tract

sct

Periventricular gray matter

PVG

Spinotectal tract

stect

Periventricular hypothalamic nucleus

PHN

Spinothalamic tract

stt

Periventricular preoptic nucleus

PPO

(continued)

8 (continued) Structure


Abbreviation

Splenialis gyrus

SpG

Splenialis sulcus

SpS

Stria medullaris of the thalamus

sm

Stria terminalis

st

Subcallosal bundle

suB

Subcallosal gyrus

SuG

Subcommissural organ

SCO

Subiculum

Sub

Subparafascicular thalamic nucleus

SuPTH

Substantia nigra

SN

Subthalamic nucleus

STh

Subthalamic nucleus

SuTN

Subthalamic tegmental tract

sttt

Sulcus limitans

SL

Sulcus olfactorius

So

Superior central nucleus

SCN

Superior cerebellar peduncle

scbp

Superior cerebellar peduncle decussation

SCPdec

Superior colliculus

SC

Superior gray layer of the superior colliculus Sug

Ventral commissural nucleus

VCN

Ventral lateral thalamic nucleus

VLTN

Ventral medial hypothalamic nucleus

VMN

Ventral medial thalamic nucleus

VMTN

Ventral reticular nucleus

VRtN

Ventral spinocerebellar tract

vsct

Ventral tegmental area

VTA

Ventral thalamic peduncle

VTPo

Ventrolateral geniculate nucleus

VLGe

Vestibular nuclei

VeN

Vestibulo cerebellar tract

Vect

Vestibulo spinal tract

vst

Zona incerta

ZI

Zonal layer of the superior colliculus

Zo

8 List of Abbreviations Abbreviations are given in alphabetical order followed by their full meaning and the plate numbers where these are mentioned. They were built so as to give an intuitive idea of the structure they represent.

Superior olivary nucleus

SON

Suprafascicular thalamic nucleus

STN

Suprageniculate thalamic nucleus

SGe

Abbreviation

Structure

Supramamillary nucleus

SMN

10N

Vagus nucleus

Supraoptic nucleus

SoN

10n

Vagus nerve

Supraspenialis gyrus

SSpG

12N

Hypoglossus nucleus

Supraspenialis sulcus

SSpS

2n

Optic nerve

Suprasylvian gyrus

SSG

3n

Oculomotor nerve

Sylvian gyrus

SG

3V

Third ventricle

Sylvian sulcus

SS

4N

Trochlear nucleus

Tectospinal tract

tst

4n

Trochlear nerve

Tegmental area

Teg

4V

Fourth ventricle

Third ventricle

3V

5N

Trigeminal nucleus

Trapezoid body

TB

5n

Trigeminal nerve

Trapezoid nucleus

TpN

5-st

Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve

Trapezoidal decussation

Tdec

5-stN

Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve

Trigeminal nerve

5n

7n

Facial nerve

Trigeminal nucleus

5N

7N

Facial nucleus

Trochlear decussation

TNdec

8n

Cochlear nerve

Trochlear nerve

4n

9n

Glosso pharyngeal nerve

Trochlear nucleus

4N

9N

Glossopharyngeal nucleus

Uncinate fasciculus

unf

AbN

Abducens nucleus

Uvula

Uv

Ac

Anterior commissure

Vagus nerve

10n

aca

Anterior commissure, anterior part

10N

Acb

Accumbens nucleus

Vagus nucleus

8 List of Abbreviations (continued)

9 Ci

Cingulum

Abbreviation

Structure

Cl

Claustrum

acN

Anterior commissure nucleus

Clo

Central lobe

acp

Anterior commissure, posterior part

CN

Commissural nucleus

ACuN

Accessory cuneate nucleus

CoN

Cochlear nucleus

AEG

Anterior ectosylvian gyrus

cp

Cerebral peduncle

AES

Anterior ectosylvian sulcus

CPRN

Caudal pontine reticular nucleus

AHN

Anterior hypothalamic nucleus

cr

Corona radiata

Al

Ansa lenticularis

CrO

Crus olfactorium

ALTN

Anterior lateral thalamic nucleus

crtt

Cerebello rubro thalamic tract

Alv

Alveus

Cs

Coronal sulcus

AmbN

Ambiguous nucleus

CS

Cruciate sulcus

AMN

Anterior medial nucleus

csf

Corticospinal fibers

AnN

Anterior nucleus

cst

Cerebro spinal tract

AnS

Ansate sulcus

ctt

Central tegmental tract

ans

Ansiform lobe

Cu

Culmen

AO

Anterior olfactory nucleus

Cuf

Cuneate fascicle

AoDN

Anterodorsal nucleus

CuN

Cuneate nucleus

AoVN

Anteroventral nucleus

DAS

Dorsal acoustic stria

APN

Anterior paraventricular nucleus

DCN

Dorsal central thalamic nucleus

Aq

Aqueduct

DG

Dentate gyrus

AR

Acoustic radiations

dlf

Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

Arc

Arcuate hypotalamic nucleus

DLGe

Dorso lateral geniculate nucleus

Arcf

Arcuate fibers

DLTP

Dorso lateral thalamic peduncle

ArN

Arcuate periventricular nucleus

DMHN

Dorsal medial hypothalamic nucleus

AS

Acoustic stria

DMN

Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus

ASe

Area septalis

DN

Dentate nucleus

ASg

Anterior sigmoid gyrus

DpG

Deep gray layer of the superior colliculus

ASG

Anterior suprasylvian gyrus

DpWh

Deep white layer of the superior colliculus

ASS

Anterior suprasylvian sulcus

DRaN

Dorsal raphe nucleus

AT

Acoustic tubercle

DtegN

Dorsal tegmental nucleus

AVN

Anterior ventral nucleus

DVeN

Descending vestibular nucleus

AVTN

Anterior ventral thalamic nucleus

ec

External capsule

bic

Brachium of the inferior colliculus

ELS

Ectolateral sulcus

BN

Bigeminate nucleus

eml

External medullary lamina

bsc

Brachium of the superior colliculus

EP

Entopedoncular nucleus

CA

Hippocampus

EPl

cbt

Cerebro bulbar tract

ex

External plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb Extreme capsule

cc

Corpus callosum

f

Fornix

Cd

Caudate nucleus

FaG

Fascicularis gyrus

Ce

Central amygdaloid nucleus

FG

Frontal gyrus

CeC

Central canal

fi

Fimbria

cfLV

Choroid fissure of the lateral ventricle

FL

Flocculus

CG

Cingulate gyrus

FLp

Floccular peduncle

Cg

Coronal gyrus

FN

Fastigial nucleus

Cgm

Central gray matter

fpt

Fronto pontine tract

chp

Choroid plexus

Gl

Glomerular layer (continued)

10 (continued) Abbreviation


Structure

LN

Limitans nucleus

lof

Longitudinal fissure

LPN

Lateral posterior thalamic nucleus

LPO

Lateral preoptic nucleus

LPy

Pyriform lobe

LRtN

Lateral reticular nucleus

LS

Lateral sulcus

LV

Lateral ventricle

LVeN

Lateral vestibular nucleus

MAN

Medial accessory nucleus

MB

Medullar body (cerebellar white matter)

mcbp

Medial cerebellar peduncle

MCN

Medial central nucleus

Me

Medial amygdaloid nucleus

MEDS

Median sulcus

MEG

Medial ectosylvian gyrus

MES

Medial ectosylvian sulcus

MGe

Medial geniculate nucleus

MHaN

Medial habenular nucleus

MHIN

Medial habenulo interpeduncular nucleus

Ml

Mitral cell layer of the olfactory bulb

ml

Medial lemniscus

mlf

Medial longitudinal fasciculus

MMN

Medial mamillary nucleus

MN-V

Mesencephalic nucleus of V

Mp

Mamillary peduncle

MPN

Medial profund nucleus

MPO

Medial preoptic nucleus

MSG

Medial suprasylvian gyrus

MSS

Medial suprasylvian sulcus

mtef

Mamillo tegmental fasciculus

GN

Gracile nucleus

GP

Glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb

GPa

Globus pallidus

Gr

Gyrus rectus

GrO

Granule cell layer of the olfactory bulb

HaC

Habenular commissure

HaIPt


HDMN

Dorso medial hypothalamic nucleus

hit


ic

Internal capsule

IC

Inferior colliculus

ICC

Inferior colliculus commissure

ICN

Inferior colliculus nucleus

icpb

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

IGr

Indusium griseum

ILTN

Intermediate lateral thalamus nucleus

iml

Internal medullary lamina

IN

Interstitial nucleus

INcb

Interposed nucleus of the cerebellum

InG

Inferior gray layer of the superior colliculus

INN

Intercalated nucleus

InWh

Inferior white layer of the superior colliculus

ION

Inferior olivary nucleus

IPl

Internal plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb

IPlm

Medullary lamina of the internal pallidus

IPN

Interpeduncular nucleus

ITA

Interthalamic adhesion

IVeN

Inferior vestibular nucleus

LC

Locus coerulus

LCN

Lateral central nucleus

LDTN

Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus

Mtegt

Mamillary tegmental tract

lenf

Lenticular fasciculus

mtt

Mamillo thalamic tract

LG

Lateral gyrus

MVeN

Medial vestibular nucleus

LGe

Lateral geniculate nucleus

NB

Basal amygdaloid nucleus

LHaN

Lateral habenular nucleus

NBm

Medial basal amygdaloid nucleus

LHIN

Lateral habenulo interpeduncular nucleus

NBp

Lateral basal amygdaloid nucleus

LHN

Lateral hypothalamic nucleus

NCM

Central medial thalamic nucleus

Li

Lingula

NCo

Cortical amygdaloid nucleus

LIG

Lingual gyrus

NL

Lateral amygdaloid nucleus

LIS

Limitans sulcus

No

Nodulus

ll

Lateral lemnicus

NP

Nucleus prepositus

llDLN

Lateral lemniscus dorsolateral nucleus

NPM

Nucleus profundus mesencephali

llDN

Lateral lemniscus dorsal nucleus

NRu

Nucleus reuniens

llVCN

Lateral lemniscus ventrocaudal nucleus

OB

Olfactory bulb

LMEx

Medullary lamina of the external pallidus

oct

Olivocerebellar tract

LMN

Lateral mamillary nucleus

Ol

Olfactory tract

8 List of Abbreviations (continued) Abbreviation

Structure

ON

Oculomotor nucleus

Op

Optic layer of the superior colliculus

OPRN

Oral pontine reticular nucleus

opt

Optic tract

OR

Optic radiations

ox

Optic chiasm

PaFN

Parafascicular thalamic nucleus

PaG

Paraolfactory gyrus

PaHN

Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus

PCG

Postcruciate gyrus

PCN

Paracentral thalamic nucleus

PCo

Posterior commissure

PCoN

Posterior commissural nucleus

pct

Ponto cerebellar tract

PCu

Precuneus

Pdec

Pontine decussation

PEG

Posterior ectosylvian gyrus

PESS

Posterior ectosylvian sulcus

PFl

Paraflocculus

PFN

Perifornical nucleus

PG

Proreus gyrus

PHN

Periventricular hypothalamic nucleus

Pi

Pineal gland

PLG

Postlateral gyrus

PLS

Postlateral sulcus

PLVN

Posterolateral ventral thalamic nucleus

pmS

Posterior median nucleus

PMVN

Posteromedial ventral thalamic nucleus

Pn

Pons (pontine nuclei)

PoHN

Posterior hypothalamic nucleus

PoTN

Posterior thalamic nucleus

potpt

Parieto occipito temporo pontine tract

PPedN

Parapeduncular nucleus

PPN

Posterior paraventricular thalamic nucleus

PPO

Periventricular preoptic nucleus

PPTN

Posterior pulvinar thalamic nucleus

PrON

Preolivary nucleus

Ps

Presylvian sulcus

PSG

Posterior sigmoid gyrus

PSSG

Posterior suprasylvian gyrus

PSSS

Posterior suprasylvian sulcus

PTA

Pretectal area

PtN

Parataenialis nucleus

PTN

Pulvinar thalamic nucleus

Pu

Putamen

PV

Paraventricular thalamic nucleus

11 PVG

Periventricular gray matter

py

Pyramidal tract

Pyr

Pyriform lobe

RaN

Raphe nucleus

RGN

Reticular gigantocellular nucleus

Rhf

Rhinal fissure

RhN

Rhomboid nucleus

RN

Red nucleus

RPN

Reticular parvicellular nucleus

rst

Rubrospinal tract

RtegN

Reticular tegmental nucleus

RtN

Reticular nucleus

RTP

Rostral thalamic peduncle

SC

Superior colliculus

scbp

Superior cerebellar peduncle

SCCo

Commissure of superior colliculus

SCN

Superior central nucleus

SCO

Subcommissural organ

SCPdec

Superior cerebellar peduncle decussation

sct

Spinocerebellar tract

SeNL

Lateral septal nucleus

SeNM

Medial septal nucleus

SG

Sylvian gyrus

SGe

Suprageniculate thalamic nucleus

SL

Sulcus limitans

sm

Stria medullaris of the thalamus

SMN

Supramamillary nucleus

SN

Substantia nigra

So

Sulcus olfactorius

SOi

Intermediate stria olfactoria

SOl

Lateral stria olfactoria

SOm

Medial stria olfactoria

SoN

Supraoptic nucleus

SON

Superior olivary nucleus

Sot

Solitary tract

SotN

Nucleus of the solitary tract

SpG

Splenialis gyrus

SpS

Splenialis sulcus

SS

Sylvian sulcus

SSG

Suprasylvian gyrus

SSpG

Supraspenialis gyrus

SSpS

Supraspenialis sulcus

st

Stria terminalis

stect

Spinotectal tract

STh

Subthalamic nucleus

STN

Suprafascicular thalamic nucleus

stt

Spinothalamic tract (continued)

12 (continued) Abbreviation


Structure

sttt

Subthalamic tegmental tract

suB

Subcallosal bundle

Sub

Subiculum

SuG

Subcallosal gyrus

Sug

Superior gray layer of the superior colliculus

unf

Uncinate fasciculus

Uv

Uvula

VCN

Ventral commissural nucleus

Vect

Vestibulo cerebellar tract

VeN

Vestibular nuclei

VLGe

Ventrolateral geniculate nucleus

VLTN

Ventral lateral thalamic nucleus Ventral medial hypothalamic nucleus

SuPTH

Subparafascicular thalamic nucleus

VMN

SuTN

Subthalamic nucleus

VMTN

Ventral medial thalamic nucleus

TB

Trapezoid body

VRtN

Ventral reticular nucleus

Tdec

Trapezoidal decussation

vsct

Ventral spinocerebellar tract

Teg

Tegmental area

vst

Vestibulo spinal tract

TNdec

Trochlear decussation

VTA

Ventral tegmental area

TpN

Trapezoid nucleus

VTPo

Ventral thalamic peduncle

tst

Tectospinal tract

ZI

Zona incerta

Olfactory tubercle

Zo

Zonal layer of the superior colliculus

Tu

9 Plates

13

9 Plates

Plate 10 + 5 mm

AO: Anterior olfactory nucleus FG: Frontal gyrus Gr: Gyrus rectus lof: Longitudinal fissure PVG: Periventricular gray matter Rhf: Rhinal fissure

14


Plate 12 + 6 mm

9 Plates

15

Plate 14 + 7 mm

AO: Anterior olfactory nucleus FG: Frontal gyrus Gr: Gyrus rectus lof: Longitudinal fissure PVG: Periventricular gray matter Rhf: Rhinal fissure So: Sulcus olfactorius

16


Plate 16 + 8 mm

9 Plates

17

Plate 18 + 9 mm

AO: Anterior olfactory nucleus FG: Frontal gyrus Gr: Gyrus rectus lof: Longitudinal fissure PVG: Periventricular gray matter Rhf: Rhinal fissure So: Sulcus olfactorius

18


Plate 20 + 10 mm

9 Plates

19

Plate 22 + 11 mm

AO: Anterior olfactory nucleus FG: Frontal gyrus Gr: Gyrus rectus lof: Longitudinal fissure Ol: Olfactory tract PVG: Periventricular gray matter Rhf: Rhinal fissure So: Sulcus olfactorius

20


Plate 24 + 12 mm

9 Plates

21

Plate 26 + 13 mm

AO: Anterior olfactory nucleus ASG: Anterior suprasylvian gyrus Cg: Coronal gyrus CrO: Crus olfactorium Cs: Coronal sulcus EPl: External plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb FG: Frontal gyrus Gl: Glomerular layer of the olfactor bulb Gr: Gyrus rectus GrO: Granulle cell layer of the olfactory bulb IPl: Internal plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb lof: Longitudinal fissure Ml: Mitral cell layer of the olfactory bulb OB: Olfactory bulb Ol: Olfactory tract PG: Proreus gyrus

Ps: Presylvian sulcus PVG: Periventricular gray matter Rhf: Rhinal fissure So: Sulcus olfactorius SOi: Intermediate stria olfactoria SOl: Lateral stria olfactoria SSG: Suprasylvian gyrus

22


Plate 28 + 14 mm

9 Plates

23

Plate 30 + 15 mm

AO: Anterior olfactory nucleus ASG: Anterior suprasylvian gyrus Cg: Coronal gyrus CrO: Crus olfactorium Cs: Coronal sulcus FG: Frontal gyrus Gr: Gyrus rectus lof: Longitudinal fissure Ol: Olfactory tract Ps: Presylvian sulcus PVG: Periventricular gray matter Rhf: Rhinal fissure So: Sulcus olfactorius SOi: Intermediate stria olfactoria SOl: Lateral stria olfactoria SSG: Suprasylvian gyrus

24


Plate 31 + 15.5 mm

9 Plates

25

Plate 32 + 16 mm

AO: Anterior olfactory nucleus ASG: Anterior suprasylvian gyrus Cd: Codate nucleus Cg: Coronal gyrus Cl: Claustrum CrO: Crus olfactorium Cs: Coronal sulcus ex: Extreme capsule FG: Frontal gyrus Gr: Gyrus rectus lof: Longitudinal fissure PG: Proreus gyrus Ps: Presylvian sulcus Rhf: Rhinal fissure SOi: Intermediate stria olfactoria SOl: Lateral stria olfactoria SSG: Suprasylvian gyrus

26


Plate 33 + 16.5 mm

9 Plates

27

Plate 34 + 17 mm

AO: Anterior olfactory nucleus Cd: Caudate nucleus Cg: Coronal gyrus Cl: Claustrum CrO: Crus olfactorium Cs: Coronal sulcus CS: Cruciate sulcus ex: Extreme capsule FG: Frontal gyrus Gr: Gyrus rectus ic: Inferior colliculus lof: Longitudinal fissure LV: Lateral ventricle PG: Proreus gyrus Ps: Presylvian sulcus Rhf: Rhinal fissure SOi: Intermediate stria olfactoria SOl: Lateral stria olfactoria SSG: Suprasylvian gyrus

28


Plate 35 + 17.5 mm

9 Plates

29

Plate 36 + 18 mm

AO: Anterior olfactory nucleus Cd: Caudate nucleus Cl: Claustrum CrO: Crus olfactorium Cs: Coronal sulcus CS: Cruciate sulcus ex: Extreme capsule FG: Frontal gyrus Gr: Gyrus rectus ic: Inferior colliculus lof: Longitudinal fissure LV: Lateral ventricle PaG: Paraolfactory gyrus PG: Proreus gyrus Ps: Presylvian sulcus PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus Rhf: Rhinal fissure SOi: Intermediate stria olfactoria SOl: Lateral stria olfactoria SSG: Suprasylvian gyrus

SuB: Subcallosal bundle Tu: Olfactory tubercle

30


Plate 37 + 18.5 mm

9 Plates

31

Plate 38 + 19 mm

AO: Anterior olfactory nucleus Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Cl: Claustrum Cs: Coronal sulcus CS: Cruciate sulcus ex: Extreme capsule FG: Frontal gyrus Gr: Gyrus rectus ic: Inferior colliculus lof: Longitudinal fissure LV: Lateral ventricle Ol: Olfactory tract PaG: Paraolfactory gyrus PG: Proreus gyrus Ps: Presylvian sulcus PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus Rhf: Rhinal fissure SOi: Intermediate stria olfactoria SSG: Suprasylvian gyrus

suB: Subcallosal bundle Tu: Olfactory tubercle

32


Plate 39 + 19.5 mm

9 Plates

33

Plate 40 + 20 mm

aca: Anterior commissure, anterior part AO: Anterior olfactory nucleus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Cl: Claustrum Cs: Coronal sulcus CS: Cruciate sulcus ex: Extreme capsule FG: Frontal gyrus ic: Inferior colliculus lof: Longitudinal fissure LV: Lateral ventricle Ol: Olfactory tract PG: Proreus gyrus Ps: Presylvian sulcus PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus Rhf: Rhinal fissure SSG: Suprasylvian gyrus suB: Subcallosal bundle

SuG: Subcallosal gyrus Tu: Olfactory tubercle

34


Plate 41 + 20.5 mm

9 Plates

35

Plate 42 + 21 mm

aca: Anterior commissure, anterior part ASG: Anterior suprasylvian gyrus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Cl: Claustrum CS: Cruciate sulcus Cs: Coronal sulcus ex: Extreme capsule FG: Frontal gyrus Gr: Gyrus rectus ic: Inferior colliculus IGr: Indusium griseum lof: Longitudinal fissure LPy: Pyriform lobe LV: Lateral ventricle Ol: Olfactory tract PCu: Precuneus PG: Proreus gyrus Ps: Presylvian sulcus

PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus Rhf: Rhinal fissure suB: Subcallosal bundle SuG: Subcallosal gyrus Tu: Olfactory tubercle

36


Plate 43 + 21.5 mm

9 Plates

37

Plate 44 + 22 mm

aca: Anterior commissure, anterior part Acb: Accumbens nucleus AEG: Anterior ectosylvian gyrus AES: Anterior ectosylvian sulcus ASG: Anterior suprasylvian gyrus ASS: Anterior suprasylvian sulcus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cr: Corona radiata Cs: Coronal sulcus CS: Cruciate sulcus ec: External capsule ex: Extreme capsule Gr: Gyrus rectus ic: Inferior colliculus lof: Longitudinal fissure LV: Lateral ventricle

Ol: Olfactory tract PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus Pu: Putamen Rhf: Rhinal fissure SeNL: Lateral septal nucleus SeNM: Medial septal nucleus SG: Sylvian gyrus suB: Subcallosal bundle Tu: Olfactory tubercle

38


Plate 45 + 22.5 mm

9 Plates

39

Plate 46 + 23 mm

2n: Optic nerve aca: Anterior commissure, anterior part Acb: Accumbens nucleus AEG: Anterior ectosylvian gyrus AES: Anterior ectosylvian sulcus ASG: Anterior suprasylvian gyrus ASS: Anterior suprasylvian sulcus CA: Hippocampus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cr: Corona radiata

Cs: Coronal sulcus CS: Cruciate sulcus ec: External capsule ex: Extreme capsule GPa: Globus pallidus ic: Inferior colliculus lof: Longitudinal fissure LPy: Pyriform lobe LV: Lateral ventricle Ol: Olfactory tract PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus Pu: Putamen Rhf: Rhinal fissure SeNL: Lateral septal nucleus

SeNM: Medial septal nucleus SG: Sylvian gyrus suB: Subcallosal bundle Tu: Olfactory tubercle

40


Plate 47 + 23.5 mm

9 Plates

41

Plate 48 + 24 mm

2n: Optic nerve aca: Anterior commissure, anterior part Acb: Accumbens nucleus AEG: Anterior ectosylvian gyrus AES: Anterior ectosylvian sulcus AnS: Ansate nucleus ASG: Anterior suprasylvian gyrus ASS: Anterior suprasylvian sulcus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cr: Corona radiata ec: External capsule EP: Entopedoncular nucleus ex: Extreme capsule GPa: Globus pallidus ic: Inferior colliculus lof: Longitudinal fissure

LPy: Pyriform lobe LV: Lateral ventricle Ol: Olfactory tract PCG: Postcruciate gyrus PCu: Precuneus Pu: Putamen Rhf: Rhinal fissure SeNL: Lateral septal nucleus SeNM: Medial septal nucleus SG: Sylvian gyrus suB: Subcallosal bundle Tu: Olfactory tubercle

42


Plate 49 + 24.5 mm

9 Plates

43

Plate 50 + 25 mm

2n: Optic nerve aca: Anterior commissure, anterior part Acb: Accumbens nucleus AEG: Anterior ectosylvian gyrus AES: Anterior ectosylvian sulcus AnS: Ansate nucleus ASG: Anterior suprasylvian gyrus ASS: Anterior suprasylvian sulcus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cr: Corona radiata ec: External capsule ex: Extreme capsule GPa: Globus pallidus ic: Internal capsule lof: Longitudinal fissure LPy: Pyriform lobe

LV: Lateral ventricle Ol: Olfactory tract PCG: Postcruciate gyrus PCu: Precuneus Pu: Putamen Rhf: Rhinal fissure SeNL: Lateral septal nucleus SeNM: Medial septal nucleus SG: Sylvian gyrus suB: Subcallosal bundle Tu: Olfactory tubercle

44


Plate 51 + 25.5 mm

9 Plates

45

Plate 52 + 26 mm

aca: Anterior commissure, anterior part acp: Anterior commissure, posterior part AEG: Anterior ectosylvian gyrus AES: Anterior ectosylvian sulcus AnS: Ansate nucleus ASe: Area septalis ASG: Anterior suprasylvian gyrus ASS: Anterior suprasylvian sulcus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cr: Corona radiata ec: External capsule ex: Extreme capsule f: Fornix GPa: Globus pallidus ic: Internal capsule lof: Longitudinal fissure

LPO: Lateral preoptic nucleus LV: Lateral ventricle Ol: Olfactory tract ox: Optic chiasm PCG: Postcruciate gyrus PCu: Precuneus PPO: Periventricular preoptic nucleus Pu: Putamen Rhf: Rhinal fissure SG: Sylvian gyrus suB: Subcallosal bundle

46


Plate 53 + 26.5 mm

9 Plates

47

Plate 54 + 27 mm

3V: Third ventricle Ac: Anterior commissure acN: Anterior commissure nucleus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cr: Corona radiata ec: External capsule ex: Extreme capsule f: Fornix GPa: Globus pallidus ic: Internal capsule

LG: Lateral gyrus LMEx: Medullary lamina of the external pallidus lof: Longitudinal fissure LPO: Lateral preoptic nucleus LV: Lateral ventricle MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MPO: Medial preoptic nucleus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus ox: Optic chiasm PPO: Periventricular preoptic nucleus Pu: Putamen

Rhf: Rhinal fissure SG: Sylvian gyrus st: Stria terminalis suB: Subcallosal bundle

48


Plate 55 + 27.5 mm

9 Plates

49

Plate 56 + 28 mm

3V: Third ventricle AMN: Anterior medial nucleus AVN: Anterior ventral nucleus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus Ce: Central amygdaloid nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cr: Corona radiata ec: External capsule EP: Entopedoncular nucleus ex: Extreme capsule f: Fornix GPa: Globus pallidus in: Internal capsule LG: Lateral gyrus LHN: Lateral hypothalamic nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LV: Lateral ventricle

NBm: Basal amygdaloid nucleus Me: Medial amygdaloid nucleus MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus NBp: Lateral basal amygdaloid nucleus NRu: Nucleus reuniens opt: Optic tract ox: Optic chiasm PaHN: Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus PFN: Perifornical nucleus PtN: Parataenialis nucleus Pu: Putamen RtN: Reticular nucleus SG: Sylvian gyrus sm: Stria medullaris of the thalamus SoN: Supraoptic nucleus SS: Sylvian sulcus

st: Stria terminalis suB: Subcallosal bundle

50


Plate 57 + 28.5 mm

9 Plates

51

Plate 58 + 29 mm

3V: Third ventricle AHN: Anterior hypothalamic nucleus AMN: Anterior medial nucleus AnN: Anterior nucleus APN: Anterior paraventricular nucleus AVN: Anterior ventral nucleus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus Ce: Central amygdaloid nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cr: Corona radiata ec: External capsule ex: Extreme capsule f: Fornix GPa: Globus pallidus ic: Internal capsule LG: Lateral gyrus lof: Longitudinal fissure

LV: Lateral ventricle NBm: Basal amygdaloid nucleus NBp: Lateral basal amygdaloid nucleus Me: Medial amygdaloid nucleus MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus NRu: Nucleus reuniens opt: Optic tract PtN: Parataenialis nucleus Pu: Putamen PV: Paraventricular thalamic nucleus RtN: Reticular nucleus RTP: Rostral thalamic peduncle SG: Sylvian gyrus sm: Stria medullaris of the thalamus SS: Sylvian sulcus st: Stria terminalis Sub: Subcallosal bundle

VMN: Ventral medial nucleus

52


Plate 59 + 29.5 mm

3V: Third ventricle AHN: Anterior hypothalamic nucleus AMN: Anterior medial nucleus AnN: Anterior nucleus AVN: Anterior ventral nucleus Cd: Caudate nucleus Ce: Central amygdaloid nucleus Cl: Claustrum GPa: Globus pallidus LHN: Lateral hypothalamic nucleus LV: Lateral ventricle Me: Medial amygdaloid nucleus NB: Basal amygdaloid nucleus NCM: Central medial thalamic nucleus NCo: Cortical amygdaloid nucleus NL: Lateral amygdaloid nucleus NRu: Nucleus reuniens PCN: Paracentral thalamic nucleus PtN: Parataenialis nucleus Pu: Putamen

PV: Paraventricular thalamic nucleus RtN: Reticular nucleus SoN: Supraoptic nucleus VMN: Ventral medial nucleus

9 Plates

53

Plate 60 + 30 mm

3V: Third ventricle AMN: Anterior medial nucleus AoDN: Anterodorsal nucleus APN: Anterior paraventricular nucleus AVN: Anterior ventral nucleus cbt: Cerebro bulbar tract cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus Ce: Central amygdaloid nucleus Cg: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cr: Corona radiata cst: Cerebro spinal tract DLTP: Dorsolateral thalamic pedicle DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus eml: External medullary lamina EP: Entopedoncular nucleus ex: Extreme capsule f: Fornix

fpt: Fronto pontine tract GPa: Globus pallidus ic: Internal capsule iml: Internal medullary lamina ITA: Interthalamic adhesion lenf: Lenticular fasciculus LG: Lateral gyrus LHN: Lateral hypothalamic nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure Me: Medial amygdaloid nucleus MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus mtt: Mamillo thalamic tract NCM: Central medial thalamic nucleus NRu: Nucleus reuniens opt: Optic tract PCN: Paracentral thalamic nucleus PtN: Parataenialis nucleus

Pu: Putamen PV: Paraventricular thalamic nucleus RhN: Rhomboid nucleus RtN: Reticular nucleus SG: Sylvian gyrus sm: Stria medullaris of the thalamus SoN: Supraoptic nucleus st: Stria terminalis suB: Subcallosal bundle Teg: Tegmental area VMN: Ventral medial nucleus ZI: Zona incerta

54


Plate 61 + 30.5 mm

3V: Third ventricle AHN: Anterior hypothalamic nucleus AnN: Anterior nucleus AVN: Anterior ventral nucleus Cd: Caudate nucleus Ce: Central amygdaloid nucleus Cl: Claustrum DMHN: Dorsal medial hypothalamic nucleus DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus EP: Entopeduncular nucleus GPa: Globus pallidus LHN: Lateral hypothalamic nucleus LV: Lateral ventricle Me: Medial amygdaloid nucleus NBm: Medial basal amygdaloid nucleus NBp: Lateral basal amygdaloid nucleus NCM: Central medial thalamic nucleus NCo: Cortical amygdaloid nucleus NL: Lateral amygdaloid nucleus

PCN: Paracentral thalamic nucleus PtN: Parataenialis nucleus Pu: Putamen RtN: Reticular nucleus SoN: Supraoptic nucleus VMN: Ventral medial hypothalamic nucleus VMTN: Ventral medial thalamic nucleus

9 Plates

55

Plate 62 + 31 mm

3V: Third ventricle APN: Anterior paraventricular nucleus cbt: Cerebro bulbar tract cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus Ce: Central amygdaloid nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus chp: Choroid plexus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cr: Corona radiata crtt: Cerebello rubro thalamic tract cst: Cerebro spinal tract DLTP: Dorsolateral thalamic pedicle DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus ec: External capsule eml: External medullary lamina ex: Extreme capsule f: Fornix fpt: Fronto pontine tract GPa: Globus pallidus iml: Internal medullary lamina

IPlm: Medullary lamina of the internal pallidus ITA: Interthalamic adhesion LCN: Lateral central nucleus lenf: Lenticular fasciculus LG: Lateral gyrus LHN: Lateral hypothalamic nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LV: Lateral ventricle Me: Medial amygdaloid nucleus MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus mtt: Mamillo thalamic tract NBm: Medial basal amygdaloid nucleus NBp: Lateral basal amygdaloid nucleus NCM: Central medial thalamic nucleus NCo: Cortical amygdaloid nucleus NL: Lateral amygdaloid nucleus NRu: Nucleus reuniens opt: Optic tract

PCN: Paracentral thalamic nucleus PFN: Perifornical nucleus PtN: Parataenialis nucleus Pu: Putamen PV: Paraventricular thalamic nucleus RhN: Rhomboid nucleus RtN: Reticular nucleus SG: Sylvian gyrus sm: Stria medullaris of the thalamus SoN: Supraoptic nucleus SS: Sylvian sulcus st: Stria terminalis suB: Subcallosal bundle Teg: Tegmental area VLTN: Ventral lateral thalamic nucleus VMN: Ventral medial hypothalamic nucleus VMTN: Ventral medial thalamic nucleus VTPo: Ventral thalamic peduncle ZI: Zona incerta

56


Plate 63 + 31.5 mm

3V: Third ventricle AHN: Anterior hypothalamic nucleus ALTN: Anterior lateral thalamic nucleus CA: Hippocampus Cd: Caudate nucleus Ce: Central amygdaloid nucleus Cl: Claustrum DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus EP: Entopeduncular nucleus GPa: Globus pallidus HDMN: Dorso medial hypothalamic nucleus ITA: Interthalamic adhesion LCN: Lateral central nucleus LHN: Lateral hypothalamic nucleus LV: Lateral ventricle NBm: Medial basal amygdaloid nucleus NBp: Lateral basal amygdaloid nucleus NCM: Central medial thalamic nucleus NCo: Cortical amygdaloid nucleus NL: Lateral amygdaloid nucleus NRu: Nucleus reuniens

PCN: Paracentral thalamic nucleus PtN: Parataenialis nucleus Pu: Putamen PV: Paraventricular thalamic nucleus RtN: Reticular nucleus SoN: Supraoptic nucleus VLTN: Ventral lateral thalamic nucleus VMN: Ventral medial hypothalamic nucleus VMTN: Ventral medial thalamic nucleus

9 Plates

57

Plate 64 + 32 mm

3V: Third ventricle APN: Anterior paraventricular nucleus Arc: Arcuate hypothalamic nucleus AVTN: Anterior ventral thalamic nucleus cbt: Cerebro bulbar tract cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus Ce: Central amygdaloid nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cp: Cerebral peduncle cr: Corona radiata cst: Cerebro spinal tract DLTP: Dorsolateral thalamic pedicle DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus ec: External capsule eml: External medullary lamina EP: Entopedoncular nucleus ex: Extreme capsule f: Fornix

GPa: Globus pallidus HDMN: Dorso medial hypothalamic nucleus ic: Internal capsule iml: Internal medullary lamina IPlm: Medullary lamina of the internal pallidus ITA: Interthalamic adhesion LCN: Lateral central nucleus LG: Lateral gyrus lof: Longitudinal fissure LV: Lateral ventricle NBm: Medial basal amygdaloid nucleus NBp: Lateral basal amygdaloid nucleus Me: Medial amygdaloid nucleus MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus mtt: Mamillo thalamic tract NCM: Central medial thalamic nucleus NCo: Cortical amygdaloid nucleus

NL: Lateral amygdaloid nucleus NRu: Nucleus reuniens opt: Optic tract PCN: Paracentral thalamic nucleus PLVN: Posterolateral ventral thalamic nucleus PTN: Pulvinar thalamic nucleus PV: Paraventricular thalamic nucleus RtN: Reticular nucleus SG: Sylvian gyrus sm: Stria medullaris of the thalamus SoN: Supraoptic nucleus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SS: Sylvian sulcus st: Stria terminalis STN: Suprafascicular thalamic nucleus suB: Subcallosal bundle Teg: Tegmental area VLTN: Ventral lateral thalamic nucleus VMN: Ventral medial nucleus VMTN: Ventral medial thalamic nucleus ZI: Zona incerta

58


Plate 65 + 32.5 mm

3V: Third ventricle APN: Anterior paraventricular nucleus ArN: Arcuate periventricular nucleus AVTN: Anterior ventral thalamic nucleus CA: Hippocampus Cd: Caudate nucleus Ce: Central amygdaloid nucleus DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus EP: Entopedoncular nucleus f: Fornix ITA: Interthalamic adhesion LCN: Lateral central nucleus LHN: Lateral hypothalamic nucleus LV: Lateral ventricle NBm: Medial basal amygdaloid nucleus NBp: Lateral basal amygdaloid nucleus NCM: Central medial thalamic nucleus NCo: Cortical amygdaloid nucleus NL: Lateral amygdaloid nucleus NRu: Nucleus reuniens PCN: Paracentral thalamic nucleus

PLVN: Posterolateral ventral thalamic nucleus PMVN: Posteromedial ventral thalamic nucleus RtN: Reticular nucleus sm: Stria medullaris of the thalamus VLTN: Ventral lateral thalamic nucleus VMN: Ventral medial nucleus

9 Plates

59

Plate 66 + 33 mm

3V: Third ventricle Al: Ansa lenticularis ALTN: Anterior lateral thalamic nucleus Alv: Alveus APN: Anterior paraventricular nucleus ArN: Arcuate periventricular nucleus CA: Hippocampus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Codate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cp: Cerebral peduncle cr: Corona radiata crtt: Cerebello rubro thalamic tract DG: Dentate gyrus DLTP: Dorsolateral thalamic pedicle DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus ec: External capsule eml: External medullary lamina ex: Extreme capsule f: Fornix fi: Fimbria

HDMN: Dorso medial hypothalamic nucleus ILTN: Intermediate lateral thalamus nucleus iml: Internal medullary lamina ITA: Interthalamic adhesion lenf: Lenticular fasciculus LHN: Lateral hypothalamic nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LV: Lateral ventricle MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus mtef: Mamillo tegmental fasciculus mtt: Mamillo thalamic tract NBm: Medial basal amygdaloid nucleus NBp: Lateral basal amygdaloid nucleus NCM: Central medial thalamic nucleus NCo: Cortical amygdaloid nucleus NL: Lateral amygdaloid nucleus NRu: Nucleus reuniens

opt: Optic tract OR: Optic radiations PCN: Paracentral thalamic nucleus PHN: Periventricular hypothalamic nucleus PLVN: Posterolateral ventral thalamic nucleus PMVN: Posteromedial ventrothalamic nucleus Pu: Putamen RtN: Reticular nucleus SG: Sylvian gyrus sm: Stria medullaris of the thalamus SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SS: Sylvian sulcus SSpG: Supraspenialis gyrus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus st: Stria terminalis suB: Subcallosal bundle Teg: Tegmental area VCN: Ventral commissural nucleus VMN: Ventral medial nucleus ZI: Zona incerta

60


Plate 67 + 33.5 mm

3V: Third ventricle ALTN: Anterior lateral thalamic nucleus APN: Anterior paraventricular nucleus ArN: Arcuate periventricular nucleus Cd: Codate nucleus DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus HDMN: Dorso medial hypothalamic nucleus ILTN: Intermediate lateral thalamus nucleus ITA: Interthalamic adhesion LHN: Lateral hypothalamic nucleus LV: Lateral ventricle NBm: Medial basal amygdaloid nucleus NBp: Lateral basal amygdaloid nucleus NCM: Central medial thalamic nucleus NCo: Cortical amygdaloid nucleus NL: Lateral amygdaloid nucleus NRu: Nucleus reuniens PCN: Paracentral thalamic nucleus PHN: Periventricular hypothalamic nucleus

PLVN: Posterolateral ventral thalamic nucleus PMVN: Posteromedial ventrothalamic nucleus RtN: Reticular nucleus STh: Subthalamic nucleus VMN: Ventral medial nucleus

9 Plates

61

Plate 68 + 34 mm

3V: Third ventricle Alv: Alveus CA: Hippocampus cbt: Cerebro bulbar tract cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cr: Corona radiata crtt: Cerebello rubro thalamic tract cst: Cerebro spinal tract DLTP: Dorsolateral thalamic pedicle DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus eml: External medullary lamina ex: Extreme capsule f: Fornix fi: Fimbria fpt: Fronto pontine tract ic: Internal capsule iml: Internal medullary lamina ITA: Interthalamic adhesion LHaN: Lateral habenular nucleus

LHIN: Lateral habenulo interpeduncular nucleus LMN: Lateral mamillary nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LPN: Lateral posterior thalamic nucleus LV: Lateral ventricle MCN: Medial central nucleus MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MHaN: Medial habenular nucleus MMN: Medial mamillary nucleus Mp: Mamillary peduncle MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus Mtegt: Mamillary tegmental tract NL: Lateral amygdaloid nucleus opt: Optic tract OR: Optic radiations PLVN: Posterolateral ventral thalamic nucleus PMVN: Posteromedial ventrothalamic nucleus PoHN: Posterior hypothalamic nucleus

PPN: Posterior paraventricular thalamic nucleus PPTN: Posterior pulvinar thalami nucleus PTN: Pulvinar thalamic nucleus RtN: Reticular nucleus SG: Sylvian gyrus sm: Stria medullaris of the thalamus SMN: Supramamillary nucleus SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SS: Sylvian sulcus SSpG: Supraspenialis gyrus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus STN: Suprafascicular thalamic nucleus suB: Subcallosal bundle SuTN: Subthalamic nucleus Teg: Tegmental area VCN: Ventral commissural nucleus ZI: Zona incerta

62


Plate 69 + 34.5 mm

3V: Third ventricle CA: Hippocampus DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus LHaN: Lateral habenular nucleus LHIN: Lateral habenulo interpeduncular nucleus LMN: Lateral mamillary nucleus LV: Lateral ventricle MCN: Medial central nucleus MHaN: Medial habenular nucleus MMN: Medial mamillary nucleus NL: Lateral amygdaloid nucleus PLVN: Posterolateral ventral thalamic nucleus PMVN: Posteromedial ventrothalamic nucleus PoHN: Posterior hypothalamic nucleus PPN: Posterior paraventricular thalamic nucleus PPTN: Posterior pulvinar thalamic nucleus PTN: Pulvinar thalamic nucleus SMN: Supramamillary nucleus

STN: Suprafascicular thalamic nucleus SuTN: Subthalamic nucleus VCN: Ventral commissural nucleus

9 Plates

63

Plate 70 +35.5 mm

3V: Third ventricle Alv: Alveus CA: Hippocampus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cp: Cerebral peduncle crtt: Cerebello rubro thalamic tract DG: Dentate gyrus DLTP: Dorsolateral thalamic pedicle DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus eml: External medullary lamina ex: Extreme capsule f: Fornix fi: Fimbria ic: Internal capsule iml: Internal medullary lamina ITA: Interthalamic adhesion LHaN: Lateral habenular nucleus LHIN: Lateral habenulo

interpeduncular nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LPN: Lateral posterior thalamic nucleus LV: Lateral ventricle MCN: Medial central nucleus MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MHaN: Medial habenular nucleus MMN: Medial mamillary nucleus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus Mtegt: Mamillary tegmental tract mtt: Mamillo thalamic tract opt: Optic tract OR: Optic radiations PaFN: Parafascicular thalamic nucleus PESS: Posterior ectosylvian sulcus PLVN: Posterolateral ventral thalamic nucleus PMVN: Posteromedial ventrothalamic nucleus PoHN: Posterior hypothalamic nucleus

PPN: Posterior paraventricular thalamic nucleus PPTN: Posterior pulvinar thalamic nucleus PSSG: Posterior suprasylvian gyrus PSSS: Posterior suprasylvian sulcus PTN: Pulivnar thalamic nucleus Rhf: Rhinal fissure RtN: Reticular nucleus SG: Sylvian gyrus sm: Stria medullaris of the thalamus SMN: Supramamillary nucleus SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SSpG: Supraspenialis gyrus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus st: Stria terminalis suB: Subcallosal bundle SuPTH: Subparafascicular thalamic nucleus Teg: Tegmental area ZI: Zona incerta

64


Plate 71 +35.5 mm

3V: Third ventricle CA: Hippocampus Cd: Caudate nucleus DCN:: dorsal central thalamic nucleus DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus LHaN: Lateral habenular nucleus LHIN: Lateral habenulo interpeduncular nucleus LPN: Lateral posterior thalamic nucleus LV: Lateral ventricle MHaN: Medial habenular nucleus NL: lateral amygdaloid nucleus PaFN: Parafascicular thalamic nucleus PLVN: Posterolateral ventral thalamic nucleus PMVN: Posteromedial ventrothalamic nucleus PoHN: Posterior hypothalamic nucleus PPN: Posterior paraventricular thalamic nucleus PPTN: Posterior pulvinar thalamic nucleus

PTN: Pulivnar thalamic nucleus RtN: Reticular nucleus SMN: Supramamillary nucleus SuPTH: Subparafascicular thalamic nucleus SuTN: subthalamic nucleus

9 Plates

65

Plate 72 +36 mm

3V: Third ventricle Alv: Alveus AR: Acoustic radiations CA: Hippocampus cbt: Cerebro bulbar tract cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cp: Cerebral peduncle Crtt: Cerebello rubro thalamic tract cst: Cerebro spinal tract DCN: Dorsal thalamic nucleus DG: Dentate gyrus DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus eml: External medullary lamina ex: Extreme capsule f: Fornix FaG: Fascicularis gyrus fi: Fimbria fpt: Fronto pontine tract hit: Habenulo interpeduncular tract IPN: Interpeduncular nucleus

LG: Lateral gyrus LGe: Lateral geniculate nucleus LHaN: Lateral habenular nucleus LHIN: Lateral habenulo interpeduncular nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LPN: Lateral posterior thalamic nucleus LS: Lateral sulcus LV: Lateral ventricle MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MHaN: Medial habenular nucleus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus Mtegt: Mamillary tegmental tract mtt: Mamillo thalamic tract NL: Lateral amygdaloid nucleus opt: Optic tract PaFN: Parafascicular thalamic nucleus PESS: Posterior ectosylvian sulcus PoHN: Posterior hypothalamic nucleus PPN: Posterior paraventricular thalamic nucleus PPTN: Posterior pulvinar thalamic

nucleus PSSG: Posterior suprasylvian gyrus PSSS: Posterior suprasylvian sulcus PTN: Pulvinar thalamic nucleus Pyr: Pyriform lobe Rhf: Rhinal fissure RtN: Reticular nucleus SG: Sylvian gyrus SGe: Suprageniculate thalamic nucleus sm: Stria medullaris of the thalamus SMN: Supramamillary nucleus SN: Substantia nigra SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus suB: Subcallosal bundle SuPTH: Subparafascicular thalamic nucleus Teg: Tegmental area ZI: Zona incerta

66


Plate 73 +36.5 mm

3V: Third ventricle DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus IPN: Interpeduncular nucleus LGe: Lateral geniculate nucleus LHaN: Lateral habenular nucleus LPN: Lateral posterior thalamic nucleus LV: Lateral ventricle MHaN: Medial habenular nucleus PaFN: Parafascicular thalamic nucleus PoHN: Posterior hypothalamic nucleus PPN: Posterior paraventricular thalamic nucleus PPTN: Posterior pulvinar thalamic nucleus PTN: Pulvinar thalamic nucleus SGe: Suprageniculate thalamic nucleus SN: Substantia nigra SuTN: Subthalamic nucleus LMN: Lateral mamillary nucleus

9 Plates

67

Plate 74 + 37 mm

3V: Third ventricle Alv: Alveus Aq: Aqueduct AR: Acoustic radiations CA: Hippocampus cbt: Cerebro bulbar tract cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cp: Cerebral peduncle crtt: Cerebello rubro thalamic tract cst: Cerebro spinal tract DG: Dentate gyrus DLGe: Dorsolateral geniculate nucleus ELS: Ectolateral sulcus FaG: Fascicularis gyrus fi: Fimbria fpt: Fronto pontine tract IPN: Interpeduncular nucleus LG: Lateral gyrus LGe: Lateral geniculate nucleus

LN: Limitans nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LPN: Lateral posterior thalamic nucleus LS: Lateral sulcus LV: Lateral ventricle MAN: Medial accessory nucleus MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MGe: Medial geniculate nucleus Mp: Mamillary peduncle MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus mtt: Mamillo thalamic tract opt: Optic tract OR: Optic radiations PCo: Posterior commissure PCoN: Posterior commissural nucleus PESS: Posterior ectosylvian sulcus PMVN: Posteromedial ventrothalamic nucleus PoTN: Posterior thalamic nucleus potpt: Parieto occipito temporo pontine tract

PPTN: Posterior pulvinar thalamic nucleus PSSG: Posterior suprasylvian gyrus PSSS: Posterior suprasylvian sulcus Pyr: Pyriform lobe Rhf: Rhinal fissure SCCo: Commissure of the superior colliculus SCO: Subcommisural organ SG: Sylvian gyrus SGe: Suprageniculate thalamic nucleus SN: Substantia nigra SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract sttt: Subthalamic tegmental tract suB: Subcallosal bundle Teg: Tegmental area VLGe: Ventrolateral geniculate nucleus ZI: Zona incerta

68


Plate 75 + 37.5 mm

9 Plates

69

Plate 76 + 38 mm

3n: Occulomotor nerve 3V: Third ventricle Alv: Alveus Aq: Aqueduct CA: Hippocampus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum cp: Cerebral peduncle ctt: Central tegmental tract DG: Dentate gyrus dlf: Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus DLGe: Dorsolateral geniculate nucleus ELS: Ectolateral sulcus FaG: Fascicularis gyrus fi: Fimbria IN: Interstitial nucleus LG: Lateral gyrus LG: Lateral gyrus LN: Limitans nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure

LS: Lateral sulcus LV: Lateral ventricle MAN: Medial accessory nucleus MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MGe: Medial geniculate nucleus ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus Mp: Mamillary peduncle MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus ON: Occulomotor nucleus opt: Optic tract OR: Optic radiations PCo: Posterior commissure PCoN: Posterior commissural nucleus PESS: Posterior ectosylvian sulcus Pi: Pineal gland PoTN: Posterior thalamic nucleus PPTN: Posterior pulvinar thalamic nucleus PSSG: Posterior suprasylvian gyrus

PSSS: Posterior suprasylvian sulcus PTA: Pretectal area Pyr: Pyriform lobe Rhf: Rhinal fissure RN: Red nucleus SCCo: Commissure of the superior colliculus SCO: Subcommisural organ SG: Sylvian gyrus SN: Substantia nigra SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract suB: Subcallosal bundle Teg: Tegmental area VLGe: Ventrolateral geniculate nucleus

70


Plate 77 + 38.5 mm

9 Plates

71

Plate 78 + 39 mm

3V: Third ventricle Aq: Aqueduct bsc: Brachium of the superior colliculus CA: Hippocampus cc: Corpus callosum cfLV: Chorioid fissure of the lateral ventricle CG: Cingulate gyrus Cgm: Central gray matter Ci: Cingulum cp: Cerebral peduncle ctt: Central tegmental tract DG: Dentate gyrus DLGe: Dorsolateral geniculate nucleus FaG: Fascicolaris gyrus fi: Fimbria HaIPt: Habenulo interpeduncular tract IN: Interstitial nucleus IPN: Interpeduncular nucleus LG: Lateral gyrus LN: Limitans nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure

LS: Lateral sulcus LV: Lateral ventricle MAN: Medial accessory nucleus MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MGe: Medial geniculate nucleus ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus Mp: Mamillary peduncle MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus ON: Occulomotor nucleus opt: Optic tract OR: Optic radiations PCo: Posterior commissure PCoN: Posterior commissural nucleus PoTN: Posterior thalamic nucleus PPTN: Posterior pulvinar thalamic nucleus PSSG: Posterior suprasylvian gyrus Pyr: Pyriform lobe Rhf: Rhinal fissure RN: Red nucleus

SC: Superior colliculus SG: Sylvian gyrus SN: Substantia nigra SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stect: Spinotectal tract stt: Spinothalamic tract suB: Subcallosal bundle VLGe: Ventrolateral geniculate nucleus

72


Plate 79 + 39.5 mm

9 Plates

73

Plate 80 + 40 mm

3V: Third ventricle Alv: Alveus Aq: Aqueduct bic: Brachium of the inferior colliculus bsc: Brachium of the superior colliculus CA: Hippocampus cbt: Cerebro bulbar tract cc: Corpus callosum CG: Cingulate gyrus Cgm: Central gray matter Ci: Cingulum cp: Cerebral peduncle cst: Cerebro spinal tract ctt: Central tegmental tract DG: Dentate gyrus dlf: Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus DpG: Deep gray layer of the superior colliculus DpWh: Deep white layer of the superior colliculus fpt: Fronto pontine tract iml: Internal medullary lamina

InG: Inferior gray layer of the superior colliculus InWh: Inferior white layer of the superior colliculus IPN: Interpeduncular nucleus LG: Lateral gyrus LGe: Lateral geniculate nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LS: Lateral sulcus LV: Lateral ventricle MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MGe: Medial geniculate nucleus MN-V: Mesencephalic nucleus of the V MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus NPM: Nucleus profundus mesencephali NRu: Nucleus reuniens ON: Occulomotor nucleus Op: Optic layer of the superior colliculus opt: Optic tract

OR: Optic radiations PCo: Posterior commissure Pn: Pons (pontine nuclei) potpt: Parieto occipito temporo pontine tract PSSG: Posterior suprasylvian gyrus Pyr: Pyriform lobe Rhf: Rhinal fissure rst: Rubrospinal tract SC: Superior colliculus SG: Sylvian gyrus SN: Substantia nigra SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stect: Spinotectal tract stt: Spinothalamic tract suB: Subcallosal bundle SuG: Subcallosal gyrus Zo: Zonal layer of the superior colliculus

74


Plate 81 + 40.5 mm

9 Plates

75

Plate 82 + 41 mm

4N: Trochlear nucleus Alv: Alveus Aq: Aqueduct CA: Hippocampus cc: Corpus callosum Cg: Coronal gyrus Cgm: Central gray matter Ci: Cingulum cp: Cerebral peduncle ctt: Central tegmental tract dlf: Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus DpG: Deep gray layer of the superior colliculus DpWh: Deep white layer of the superior colliculus IC: Inferior colliculus InG: Inferior gray layer of the superior colliculus InWh: Inferior white layer of the superior colliculus IPN: Interpeduncular nucleus LG: Lateral gyrus

lof: Longitudinal fissure LS: Lateral sulcus LV: Lateral ventricle mcbp: Medial cerebellar peduncle MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MN-V: Mesencephalic nucleus of the V MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus NRu: Nucleus reuniens ON: Occulomotor nucleus Op: Optic layer of the superior colliculus opt: Optic tract PCo: Posterior commissure Pdec: Pontine decussation Pn: Pons (pontine nuclei) PSSG: Posterior suprasylvian gyrus Pyr: Pyriform lobe

RaN: Raphe nucleus Rhf: Rhinal fissure rst: Rubrospinal tract SN: Substantia nigra SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract suB: Subcallosal bundle SuG: Subcallosal gyrus tst: Tectospinal tract Zo: Zonal layer of the superior colliculus

76


Plate 83 + 41.5 mm

9 Plates

77

Plate 84 + 42 mm

4N: Trochlear nucleus Alv: Alveus Aq: Aqueduct bic: Brachium of the inferior colliculus BN: Bigeminate nucleus CA: Hippocampus CG: Cingulate gyrus Cgm: Central gray matter Ci: Cingulum cp: Cerebral peduncle ctt: Central tegmental tract dlf: Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus DpG: Deep gray layer of the superior colliculus DpWh: Deep white layer of the superior colliculus DRaN: Dorsal raphe nucleus IC: Inferior colliculus InG: Inferior gray layer of the superior colliculus

InWh: Inferior white layer of the superior colliculus IPN: Interpeduncular nucleus LG: Lateral gyrus lof: Longitudinal fissure LS: Lateral sulcus LV: Lateral ventricle mcbp: Medial cerebellar peduncle ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MN-V: Mesencephalic nucleus of the V MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus NPM: Nucleus profundus mesencephali Op: Optic layer of the superior colliculus PCo: Posterior commissure Pdec: Pontine decussation PEG: Posterior ectosylvian gyrus

Pn: Pons (pontine nuclei) PSSG: Posterior suprasylvian gyrus Pyr: Pyriform lobe RaN: Raphe nucleus Rhf: Rhinal fissure rst: Rubrospinal tract SC: Superior colliculus SCPdec: Superior cerebellar peduncle decussation SN: Substantia nigra SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus SuG: Subcallosal gyrus tst: Tectospinal tract Zo: Zonal layer of the superior colliculus

78


Plate 85 + 42.5 mm

9 Plates

79

Plate 86 + 43 mm

Alv: Alveus Aq: Aqueduct bic: Brachium of the inferior colliculus BN: Bigeminate nucleus CA: Hippocampus cbt: Cerebro bulbar tract CG: Cingulate gyrus Cgm: Central gray matter Ci: Cingulum csf: Corticospinal fibers ctt: Central tegmental tract DRaN: Dorsal raphe nucleus fpt: Fronto pontine tract ICN: Inferior colliculus nucleus IPN: Interpeduncular nucleus LG: Lateral gyrus ll: Lateral lemniscus lof: Longitudinal fissure LS: Lateral sulcus LV: Lateral ventricle mcbp: Medial cerebellar peduncle ml: Medial lemniscus

mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MN-V: Mesencephalic nucleus of the V MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus OPRN: Oral pontine reticular nucleus OR: Optic radiations Pdec: Pontine decussation PEG: Posterior ectosylvian gyrus Pn: Pons (pontine nuclei) potpt: Parieto occipito temporo pontine tract PSSG: Posterior suprasylvian gyrus Pyr: Pyriform lobe RaN: Raphe nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract scbp: Superior cerebellar peduncle SCPdec: Superior cerebellar peduncle decussation SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract

tst: Tectospinal tract VTA: Ventral tegmental area

80


Plate 87 + 43.5 mm

9 Plates

81

Plate 88 + 44 mm

Alv: Alveus Aq: Aqueduct bic: Brachium of the inferior colliculus CA: Hippocampus cbt: Cerebro bulbar tract CG: Cingulate gyrus Cgm: Central gray matter Ci: Cingulum csf: Corticospinal fibers ctt: Central tegmental tract DRaN: Dorsal raphe nucleus fpt: Fronto pontine tract ICC: Inferior colliculus commissure ICN: Inferior colliculus nucleus IPN: Interpeduncular nucleus LDTN: Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus LG: Lateral gyrus LIG: Lingual gyrus ll: Lateral lemniscus llDN: Lateral lemniscus dorsal nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure

LS: Lateral sulcus LV: Lateral ventricle mcbp: Medial cerebellar peduncle ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MN-V: Mesencephalic nucleus of the V MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus OPRN: Oral pontine reticular nucleus OR: Optic radiations pct: Ponto cerebellar tract Pdec: Pontine decussation PEG: Posterior ectosylvian gyrus Pn: Pons (pontine nuclei) potpt: Parieto occipito temporo pontine tract rst: Rubrospinal tract scbp: Superior cerebellar peduncle SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus

stt: Spinothalamic tract tst: Tectospinal tract VTA: Ventral tegmental area

82


Plate 89 + 44.5 mm

9 Plates

83

Plate 90 + 45 mm

Aq: Aqueduct bic: Brachium of the inferior colliculus cbt: Cerebro bulbar tract CG: Cingulate gyrus Cgm: Central gray matter cst: Cerebro spinal tract Cu: Culmen DRaN: Dorsal raphe nucleus fpt: Fronto pontine tract ICC: Inferior colliculus commissure ICN: Inferior colliculus nucleus LG: Lateral gyrus LIG: Lingual gyrus ll: Lateral lemniscus llDLN: Lateral lemniscus dorsolateral nucleus llVCN: Lateral lemniscus ventrocaudal nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LS: Lateral sulcus mcbp: Medial cerebellar peduncle ml: Medial lemniscus

mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MN-V: Mesencephalic nucleus of the V MPN: Medial profund nucleus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus OPRN: Oral pontine reticular nucleus pct: Ponto cerebellar tract Pdec: Pontine decussation PEG: Posterior ectosylvian gyrus Pn: Pons (pontine nuclei) potpt: Parieto occipito temporo pontine tract RaN: Raphe nucleus RtegN: Reticular tegmental nucleus scbp: Superior cerebellar peduncle SCN: Superior central nucleus SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract tst: Tectospinal tract

84


Plate 91 + 45.5 mm

9 Plates

85

Plate 92 + 46 mm

5N: Trigeminal nucleus bic: Brachium of the inferior colliculus cbt: Cerebro bulbar tract CG: Cingulate gyrus cst: Cerebro spinal tract Cu: Culmen DRaN: Dorsal raphe nucleus DtegN: Dorsal tegmental nucleus ICN: Inferior colliculus nucleus LC: Locus coerulus LG: Lateral gyrus LIG: Lingual gyrus ll: Lateral lemniscus llDLN: Lateral lemniscus dorsolateral nucleus llVCN: Lateral lemniscus ventrocaudal nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LS: Lateral sulcus mcbp: Medial cerebellar peduncle ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus

MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus OPRN: Oral pontine reticular nucleus pct: Ponto cerebellar tract Pdec: Pontine decussation Pn: Pons (pontine nuclei) potpt: Parieto occipito temporo pontine tract RaN: Raphe nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract RtegN: Reticular tegmental nucleus scbp: Superior cerebellar peduncle SCN: Superior central nucleus SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract TNdec: Trochlear decussation tst: Tectospinal tract

86


Plate 93 + 46.5 mm

9 Plates

87

Plate 94 + 47 mm

4n: Trochlear nerve 4V: Fourth ventricle 5N: Trigeminal nucleus bic: Brachium of the inferior colliculus cbt: Cerebro bulbar tract CG: Cingulate gyrus CPRN: Caudal pontine reticular nucleus cst: Cerebro spinal tract Cu: Culmen DRaN: Dorsal raphe nucleus ELS: Ectolateral sulcus ICN: Inferior colliculus nucleus LC: Locus coerulus LG: Lateral gyrus lof: Longitudinal fissure LS: Lateral sulcus mcbp: Medial cerebellar peduncle ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus pct: Ponto cerebellar tract Pdec: Pontine decussation

PEG: Posterior ectosylvian gyrus potpt: Parieto occipito temporo pontine tract PPedN: Parapeduncular nucleus PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus rst: Rubrospinal tract RtegN: Reticular tegmental nucleus scbp: Superior cerebellar peduncle SpS: Splenialis sulcus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract tst: Tectospinal tract vsct: Ventral spinocerebellar tract

88


Plate 95 + 47.5 mm

9 Plates

89

Plate 96 + 48 mm

4V: Fourth ventricle 5n: Trigeminal nerve 5N: Trigeminal nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus CPRN: Caudal pontine reticular nucleus cst: Cerebro spinal tract Cu: Culmen DtegN: Dorsan tegmental nucleus ELS: Ectolateral sulcus ICN: Inferior colliculus nucleus LC: Locus coerulus LG: Lateral gyrus LIG: Lingual gyrus ll: Lateral lemniscus lof: Longitudinal fissure mcbp: Medial cerebellar peduncle mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus PFl: Paraflocculus PLS: Postlateral sulcus Pn: Pons (pontine nuclei) PPedN: Parapeduncular nucleus

PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus Py: Pyramidal tract RaN: Raphe nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract scbp: Superior cerebellar peduncle SON: Supraolivary nucleus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract TB: Trapezoid body tst: Tectospinal tract VeN: Vestibular nuclei vsct: Ventral spinocerebellar tract

90


Plate 97 + 48.5 mm

9 Plates

91

Plate 98 + 49 mm

4V: Fourth ventricle 5n: Trigeminal nerve 5N: Trigeminal nucleus 7n: Facial nerve ans: Ansiform lobe Clo: Central lobe CPRN: Caudal pontine reticular nucleus cst: Cerebro spinal tract Cu: Culmen ELS: Ectolateral sulcus LG: Lateral gyrus Li: Lingula ll: Lateral lemniscus lof: Longitudinal fissure mcbp: Medial cerebellar peduncle ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus PFl: Paraflocculus PLS: Postlateral sulcus PrON: Preolivary nucleus PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus

py: Pyramidal tract RaN: Raphe nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract scbp: Superior cerebellar peduncle SON: Superior olivary nucleus SpG: Splenialis gyrus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract TB: Trapezoid body Tdec: Trapezoidal decussation TpN: Trapezoid nucleus VeN: Vestibular nuclei vsct: Ventral spinocerebellar tract

92


Plate 99 + 49.5 mm

9 Plates

93

Plate 100 + 50 mm

4V: Fourth ventricle 5-st: Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 5-stN: Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 7n: Facial nerve 8n: Cochlear nerve AbN: Abduceus nucleus ans: Ansiform lobe CoN: Cochlear nucleus CPRN: Caudal pontine reticular nucleus Cu: Culmen ELS: Ectolateral sulcus icbp: Inferior cerebellar peduncle LG: Lateral gyrus lof: Longitudinal fissure ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus PFl: Paraflocculus PLS: Postlateral sulcus py: Pyramidal tract RaN: Raphe nucleus

rst: Rubrospinal tract scbp: Superior cerebellar peduncle SON: Supraolivary nucleus SpG: Splenialis gyrus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract TB: Trapezoid body Tdec: Trapezoidal decussation VeN: Vestibular nuclei vst: Vestibulo spinal tract

94


Plate 101 + 50.5 mm

9 Plates

95

Plate 102 + 51 mm

4V: Fourth ventricle 5-st: Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 5-stN: Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 7n: Facial nerve 8n: Cochlear nerve AbN: Abduceus nucleus ans: Ansiform lobe AT: Acoustic tubercle CoN: Cochlear nucleus ctt: Central tegmental tract Cu: Culmen DAS: Dorsal acoustic stria dlf: Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus ELS: Ectolateral sulcus FL: Flocculus LG: Lateral gyrus Li: Lingula lof: Longitudinal fissure MB: Medullar body ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus

PLS: Postlateral sulcus PrON: Preolivary nucleus PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus py: Pyramidal tract RaN: Raphe nucleus RGN: Reticular gigantocellular nucleus RPN: Reticular parvicellular nucleus scbp: Superior cerebellar peduncle SON: Supraolivary nucleus SpG: Splenialis gyrus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus TB: Trapezoid body Tdec: Trapezoidal decussation tst: Tectospinal tract unf: Uncinate fasciculus Vect: Vestibulo cerebellar tract VeN: Vestibular nuclei vsct: Ventral spinocerebellar tract vst: Vestibulo spinal tract

96


Plate 103 + 51.5 mm

9 Plates

97

Plate 104 + 52 mm

4V: Fourth ventricle 5-st: Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 5-stN: Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 7n: Facial nerve 7N: Facial nucleus 8n: Cochlear nerve AbN: Abduceus nucleus ans: Ansiform lobe AS: Acoustic stria CoN: Cochlear nucleus Cu: Culmen dlf: Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus DN: Dentate nucleus ELS: Ectolateral sulcus FL: Flocculus icbp: Inferior cerebellar peduncle INcb: Interposed nucleus of the cerebellum LG: Lateral gyrus Li: Lingula lof: Longitudinal fissure

MB: Medullar body ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus PFl: Paraflocculus PLS: Postlateral sulcus PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus py: Pyramidal tract RaN: Raphe nucleus RGN: Reticular gigantocellular nucleus RPN: Reticular parvicellular nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract scbp: Superior cerebellar peduncle SpG: Splenialis gyrus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract tst: Tectospinal tract unf: Uncinate fasciculus VeN: Vestibular nuclei vsct: Ventral spinocerebellar tract vst: Vestibulo spinal tract

98


Plate 105 + 52.5 mm

9 Plates

99

Plate 106 + 53 mm

4V: Fourth ventricle 5-st: Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 5-stN: Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 7n: Facial nerve 7N: Facial nucleus AbN: Abduceus nucleus ans: Ansiform lobe CoN: Cochlear nucleus CPRN: Caudal pontine reticular nucleus cst: Cerebro spinal tract Cu: Culmen DAS: Dorsal acoustic stria DN: Dentate nucleus FL: Flocculus FLp: Floccular peduncle FN: Fastigial nucleus icbp: Inferior cerebellar peduncle INcb: Interposed nucleus of the cerebellum Li: Lingula ll: Lateral lemniscus

lof: Longitudinal fissure LVeN: Lateral vestibular nucleus MB: Medullar body mcbp: Medial cerebellar peduncle ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MVeN: Medial vestibular nucleus PFl: Paraflocculus PLG: Postlateral gyrus PLS: Posterolateral sulcus pmS: Posterior median sulcus PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus py: Pyramidal tract RaN: Raphe nucleus RGN: Reticular gigantocellular nucleus RPN: Reticular parvicellular nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract SL: Sulcus limitans SpG: Splenialis gyrus SSpG: Supraspenialis gyrus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract

TB: Trapezoid body Tdec: Trapezoidal decussation tst: Tectospinal tract unf: Uncinate fasciculus Vect: Vestibulo cerebellar tract VeN: Vestibular nuclei vsct: Ventral spinocerebellar tract vst: Vestibulo spinal tract

100


Plate 107 + 53.5 mm

9 Plates

101

Plate 108 + 54 mm

4V: Fourth ventricle 5-st: Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 5-stN: Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 7n: Facial nerve 7N: Facial nucleus 9n: Glosso pharyngeal nerve ans: Ansiform lobe AT: Acoustic tubercle CoN: Cochlear nucleus ctt: Central tegmental tract Cu: Culmen DN: Dentate nucleus DVeN: Descending vestibular nucleus ELS: Ectolateral sulcus FL: Flocculus FLp: Floccular peduncle FN: Fastigial nucleus icbp: Inferior cerebellar peduncle INcb: Interposed nucleus of the cerebellum lof: Longitudinal fissure

LVeN: Lateral vestibular nucleus MB: Medullar body MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MVeN: Medial vestibular nucleus NP: Nucleus prepositus PFl: Paraflocculus PLG: Postlateral gyrus PLS: Postlateral sulcus PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus RaN: Raphe nucleus RGN: Reticular gigantocellular nucleus RPN: Reticular parvicellular nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract Sot: Solitary tract SpG: Splenialis gyrus SSpG: Supraspenialis gyrus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus tst: Tectospinal tract unf: Uncinate fasciculus Vect: Vestibulo cerebellar tract vst: Vestibulo spinal tract

102


Plate 109 + 54.5 mm

9 Plates

103

Plate 110 + 55 mm

4V: Fourth ventricle 5-st: Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 5-stN: Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 9n: Glosso pharyngeal nerve ans: Ansiform lobe cst: Cerebro spinal tract ctt: Central tegmental tract Cu: Culmen DN: Dentate nucleus ELS: Ectolateral sulcus FN: Fastigial nucleus icbp: Inferior cerebellar peduncle INcb: Interposed nucleus of the cerebellum ION: Inferior olivary nucleus IVeN: Inferior vestibular nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LVeN: Lateral vestibular nucleus MB: Medullar body ml: Medial lemniscus

mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus NP: Nucleus prepositus PFl: Paraflocculus PLG: Postlateral gyrus PLS: Postlateral sulcus PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus py: Pyramidal tract RaN: Raphe nucleus RGN: Reticular gigantocellular nucleus RPN: Reticular parvicellular nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract sm: Stria medullaris of the thalamus Sot: Solitary tract SSpG: Supraspenialis gyrus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract vst: Vestibulo spinal tract

104


Plate 111 + 55.5 mm

9 Plates

105

Plate 112 + 56 mm

10N: Vagus nucleus 4V: Fourth ventricle 5-st: Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 5-stN: Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve AmbN: Ambiguous nucleus ans: Ansiform lobe cst: Cerebro spinal tract ctt: Central tegmental tract DN: Dentate nucleus FN: Fastigial nucleus icbp: Inferior cerebellar peduncle INcb: Interposed nucleus of the cerebellum ION: Inferior olivary nucleus IVeN: Inferior vestibular nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure MB: Medullar body ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus NP: Nucleus prepositus

PFl: Paraflocculus PLG: Postlateral gyrus PLS: Postlateral sulcus py: Pyramidal tract RaN: Raphe nucleus RGN: Reticular gigantocellular nucleus RPN: Reticular parvicellular nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract Sot: Solitary tract SotN: Nucleus of the solitary tract SSpG: Supraspenialis gyrus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract vst: Vestibulo spinal tract

106


Plate 113 + 56.5 mm

9 Plates

107

Plate 114 + 57 mm

10N: Vagus nucleus 12N: Hypoglossus nucleus 4V: Fourth ventricle 5-st: Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 5-stN: Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve ACuN: Accessory cuneate nucleus AmbN: Ambiguous nucleus cst: Cerebro spinal tract DN: Dentate nucleus FN: Fastigial nucleus icbp: Inferior cerebellar peduncle INcb: Interposed nucleus of the cerebellum ION: Inferior olivary nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LVeN: Lateral vestibular nucleus MB: Medullar body ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MVeN: Medial vestibular nucleus

No: Nodulus PLG: Postlateral gyrus PLS: Postlateral sulcus py: Pyramidal tract RaN: Raphe nucleus RGN: Reticular gigantocellular nucleus RPN: Reticular parvicellular nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract sct: Spinocerebellar tract sm: Stria medullaris of the thalamus Sot: Solitary tract SotN: Nucleus of the solitary tract SSpG: Supraspenialis gyrus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract vst: Vestibulo spinal tract

108


Plate 115 + 57.5 mm

9 Plates

109

Plate 116 + 58 mm

10n: Vagus nerve 10N: Vagus nucleus 12N: Hypoglossus nucleus 4V: Fourth ventricle 5-st: Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 5-stN: Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve ACuN: Accessory cuneate nucleus AmbN: Ambiguous nucleus Arcf: Arcuate fibers cst: Cerebro spinal tract ctt: Central tegmental tract CuN: Cuneate nucleus FL: Flocculus FN: Fastigial nucleus icbp: Inferior cerebellar peduncle INcb: Interposed nucleus of the cerebellum INN: Intercalated nucleus ION: Inferior olivary nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LRtN: Lateral reticular nucleus

MB: Medullar body ml: Medial lemniscus No: Nodulus PFl: Paraflocculus PLG: Postlateral gyrus py: Pyramidal tract RaN: Raphe nucleus RGN: Reticular gigantocellular nucleus RPN: Reticular parvicellular nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract Sot: Solitary tract SotN: Nucleus of the solitary tract stt: Spinothalamic tract tst: Tectospinal tract vst: Vestibulo spinal tract

110


Plate 117 + 58.5 mm

9 Plates

111

Plate 118 + 59 mm

10N: Vagus nucleus 5-st: Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 5-stN: Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve ACuN: Accessory cuneate nucleus AmbN: Ambiguous nucleus Arcf: Arcuate fibers cst: Cerebro spinal tract ctt: Central tegmental tract CuN: Cuneate nucleus icbp: Inferior cerebellar peduncle INN: Intercalated nucleus ION: Inferior olivary nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LRtN: Lateral reticular nucleus ml: Medial lemniscus No: Nodulus oct: Olivocerebellar tract py: Pyramidal tract RGN: Reticular gigantocellular nucleus RPN: Reticular parvicellular nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract

Sot: Solitary tract SotN: Nucleus of the solitary tract stt: Spinothalamic tract tst: Tectospinal tract Uv: Uvula vst: Vestibulo spinal tract

112


Plate 119 + 59.5 mm

9 Plates

113

Plate 120 + 60 mm

10N: Vagus nucleus 12n: Hypoglossus nerve 12N: Hypoglossus nucleus 4V: Fourth ventricle 5-st: Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 5-stN: Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve ACuN: Accessory cuneate nucleus AmbN: Ambiguous nucleus Arcf: Arcuate fibers cst: Cerebro spinal tract icpb: Inferior cerebellar peduncle INN: Intercalated nucleus ION: Inferior olivary nucleus LIS: Limitans sulcus lof: Longitudinal fissure LRtN: Lateral reticular nucleus MEDS: Median sulcus ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus oct: Olivocerebellar tract py: Pyramidal tract

RaN: Raphe nucleus RGN: Reticular gigantocellular nucleus RPN: Reticular parvicellular nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract sct: Spinocerebellar tract Sot: Solitary tract SotN: Nucleus of the solitary tract stt: Spinothalamic tract VRtN: Ventral reticular nucleus vst: Vestibulo spinal tract

114


Plate 122 + 61 mm

9 Plates

115

Plate 124 + 62 mm

10N: Vagus nucleus 12N: Hypoglossus nucleus 5-st: Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 5-stN: Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve ACuN: Accessory cuneate nucleus AmbN: Ambiguous nucleus Arcf: Arcuate fibers CeC: Central canal CN: Commissural nucleus cst: Cerebro spinal tract CuN: Cuneate nucleus GN: Gracile nucleus icpb: Inferior cerebellar peduncle INN: Intercalated nucleus ION: Inferior olivary nucleus LRtN: Lateral reticular nucleus MEDS: Median sulcus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus py: Pyramidal tract RaN: Raphe nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract

sct: Spinocerebellar tract Sot: Solitary tract SotN: Nucleus of the solitary tract stt: Spinothalamic tract tst: Tectospinal tract VRtN: Ventral reticular nucleus vst: Vestibulo spinal tract

Epilogue

It is now 2.5 years since this project was initiated, and it has been a fantastic trip in the world of neuroanatomy that was made possible by the confidence of my Editor and the major financial help from two professional societies (namely SFPT and ESTP) that believed in the value of such a publication. I was fortunate to benefit by an experienced neurohistology laboratory and to obtain

access to old copies of the reference textbooks without which extensive labelling would never have been possible. I am now looking forward to receiving comments and feed-back from the readers in order to keep improving this document, as descriptive neuroanatomy is never definitive.

X. Palazzi, The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8372-5, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011

117

Bibliography

Adrianov O.S., Domino K.E., Domino E.F. (2010). Atlas of the Canine Brain. Npp Books Eidelberg E., Saldias CA. (1960) A stereotaxic atlas for Cebus monkeys. J Comp neurol. 115:103–23 Lim R.K.S, Liu CN, Moffitt R.L. (1960). A stereotaxic atlas of the dog’s brain. Thomas. Mai JK., Asshewer J., Paxinos G. (2004). Atlas of the human brain. 2nd ed. Academic Press. Palazzi X., Bordier N. (2008). The marmoset brain in stereotaxic coordinates. Springer Paxinos G. (1995). The rat nervous system. 2nd ed. Academic Press.

Paxinos G., Watson C. (2007). The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. 6th ed. Academic Press. Paxinos G., Huang XF. (2009). The Rhesus monkey brain in stereotaxic coordinates. 2nd ed Academic Press. Saavedra JP., Mazzuchelli AL. (1968). A stereotaxic atlas of the brain of the marmoset (hapale jacchus). J. Hinforsch, 11(1):105–22 Singer, M. (1962). The Brain of the Dog in Section. Saunders. Stephan H., Baron G., Schwerdtfeger WK. (1980). The brain of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus): a stereotaxic atlas. Springer-Verlag.

X. Palazzi, The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8372-5, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011

119

The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates

The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, Sixth Edition

The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates - The New Coronal Set, Fifth Edition

A Combined MRI and Histology Atlas of the Rhesus Monkey Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates

The Method of Coordinates

Normal coordinates in the geometry of paths

THE VOYAGE OF THE BEAGLE

The Voyage of the Beagle

Basic GIS Coordinates

Language in the Brain

Note on Projective Coordinates

Projective normal coordinates

Voyage of the Space Beagle

Phantoms in the Brain

The Voyage of the Beagle

The Voyage Of The Beagle

Language in the Brain

IL-28 'Beagle'

Beagle, Peter S - Tamsin

Beagle,.Peter.S.-.Folk.Of.The.Air

Peter S. Beagle - Quarry

Beagle, Peter S - MrSigerson

Iljuszyn Il-28 Beagle

Normal Coordinates for the Geometry of Paths

The Voyage of the Space Beagle

Basic GIS Coordinates, Second Edition

Beagle, Peter S - Tamsin

Beagle, Peter S - FourFables

An introduction to generalized coordinates in mechanics and physics

The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates

The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, Sixth Edition

The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates - The New Coronal Set, Fifth Edition

A Combined MRI and Histology Atlas of the Rhesus Monkey Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates

The Method of Coordinates

Normal coordinates in the geometry of paths

THE VOYAGE OF THE BEAGLE

The Voyage of the Beagle

Basic GIS Coordinates

Language in the Brain

Note on Projective Coordinates

Projective normal coordinates

Voyage of the Space Beagle

Phantoms in the Brain

The Voyage of the Beagle

The Voyage Of The Beagle

Language in the Brain

IL-28 'Beagle'

Beagle, Peter S - Tamsin

Beagle,.Peter.S.-.Folk.Of.The.Air

Peter S. Beagle - Quarry

Beagle, Peter S - MrSigerson

Iljuszyn Il-28 Beagle

Normal Coordinates for the Geometry of Paths

The Voyage of the Space Beagle

Basic GIS Coordinates, Second Edition

Beagle, Peter S - Tamsin

Beagle, Peter S - FourFables

An introduction to generalized coordinates in mechanics and physics

Recommend Documents