EDMUNDHUSSERL
EDMUND HUSSERL
OOLLEOTEO WORKS
IDEAS PERTAINING TO A PURE PHENOMENOLOGY AND TO A
VOLUME E
PHENOMENOLO...
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EDMUNDHUSSERL
EDMUND HUSSERL
OOLLEOTEO WORKS
IDEAS PERTAINING TO A PURE PHENOMENOLOGY AND TO A
VOLUME E
PHENOMENOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY FIRST Boox GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO A PURE
Volume I
Volume II
Ideas pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy. ghird Book: Phenomenology and the Foundations of the Ideas pertaining to a pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy. First Book: General Introduction to a Pure Phenomenology
PHENOMENOLOGY TRANSLATED BY
F. KERSTEN
1983 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS TRANSLATIQNS PREPARED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE I-IUSSERL ARCHIVES (LQUVAIN)
a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP THE HAGUE / BOSTON /’ LANCASTER
Translation of Edmund Husserl, ldeen zu einer reinen Pha‘nomenol0_gie and phiinomenoiogischen Philosophie, I. Bach: All_gemeine Einfzihrung in die reiae Pha‘nomenologie. Hallc a. d. S., Max Niemeyer Vcrlag, 1913. \\/ith corrections and supplementary materials (in footnotes) from Edmund Husserl, Ideen .521 einer reinen Phfinomenologie und phiinomenologischen Philosophie, 1. Bach: .-lllgemeine Ez'nfz'1'hrung in die reine Phiinomenologie. Ncu herausgegeben von Karl Schuhmann, l. Halbband: Text der l-3 Aufiage (Hm‘.s‘erliarm Band lll, l); 2. Halbband: Erganzende Texle (1912-1929) (Husserliana Band Ill, 2). Den Haag, Martinus Nijho1‘T. l976.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Distributors." for the United Slates and Canada Kluwer Boston, Inc. 190 Old Derby Street Hingham, MA 02043 USA
NoTE or TRANSLATOR . .
XIII
for all other countries
INTRoDUcTIoN . Kluwer Academic Publishers Group Distribution Center P.O. Box 322 3300 AH Dordrecht The Netherlands
.
FIRST BOOK
GENERAL INTRODUCTION T0 PURE PHENOMENOLOGY PART ONE Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
GE
Husserl, Edmund, 1859-1958. Ideas pertaining to a pure phenomenology and to a phenomenological philosophy.
C"*PTER()"E
Translation of: Ideen zu einer reinen Phenomenologie und phénomenologischen Philosophie. Contents: lst bk. General introduction to pure phenomenology. l. Phenomenology. I. Title.
B3279.H95I513
1u2'.7
ISBN 90-21+?-2505-8 (v. 1)
MATTER or FACT AND EssENcE
10 ll 12 13 1415 16
Natural Cognition and Experience. . . . . . . . . . . . Matter of Fact. Inseparability of Matter of Fact and Essence. . . . . Eidetic Seeing and Intuition of Something Individual . . . . . . . . . . Eidetic Seeing and Phantasy. Eidetic Cognition Independent of All Cognition 0fMattersofFact. ........................ judgments About Essences andjudgments Having Eidetic Universal Validity. Some Fundamental Concepts. Universality and Necessity. . . . . . . . . Sciences of Matters of Fact and Eidetic Sciences. . . . . . . . . . . . . Relationships of Dependence Between Science of Matters of Fact and Eidetic Science.............................. Region and Regional Eidetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Region and Category. The Analytic Region and Its Categories. . . . . Syntactical Objectivities and Ultimate Substrates. Syntactical Categories. . Genus and Species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Generalization and Forrnalization- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Substrate-Categories. The Substrate-Essence and the Todi Ti. . . . . . Selfsufficient and N0n—selfsuHicient Objects. Concretum and Individuum. . Region and Category in the Materially Filled Sphere. Synthetical Cognitions
l7
Conclusion of Our Logical Considerations.
82-2180
AACR2
-Fb0Ql\D'—-'
5 6
first published in paperback 1983 ISBN 90-247-2852-5 (paperback)
@--J
ISBN 90-247-2503-8 (hardback) ISBN 90-247-2342-6 (series)
9 Copyright © 1982 lgy Martina; Ni_jho_fi'Pablishers bu, The Hague. All rights reserved N0 part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval s stem, or transmitted in ' . . . . .3’ anyforrn or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, A/Iartinus Nijhqfl Publishers, P.O. Box 566, 2501 CN The Hague, The Netherlands. 0I-O"J0\K’?7OJ!-U"457i0f3-'EU0O4'¢l -"OJ07OUO'1)¢047'JlOf0'i-90 '?
83 84 85 86
The Theme ofthe Following Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reflection as a Fundamental Peculiarity of the Sphere of Mental Processes. StudiesinReflection ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. The Phenomenological Study of Reflections on Mental Processes . . . . . Critical Excursis. Phenomenology and the Difficulties of “Self-Observation.” The Relationship of Mental Processes to the Pure Ego . . . . . . . . . Phenomenological Time and Consciousness of Time . . . . . . . . . . Continuation. The Three-fold Horizon of Mental Processes As At The Same Time the Horizon of Reflection On Mental Processes . . . . . . . . . . Seizing Upon the Unitary Stream of Mental Processes as “Idea.” . lntentionality as Principal Theme of Phenomenology . . . . . Sensuous UM] , Intentive |J.OQ(p’II|‘ _ , , _ _ _ _ _ The Functional Problems . . . .
CHAPTER THREE
§ as. § 89.
PrcliminaryRemarks....................... Really Inherent and Intentive Components of Mental Processes. The Noema Noematic Statements and Statements About Actuality. The Noema in the Psychological Sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I- v—lr- I- I—'l—"'-":'
§ § §
I13 114. 115
§
I16.
§
I17.
§ § §
I18. 119. 120
§
122
§ 121
NOESIS AND NOEMA
§s7
U‘ 1'0‘-' @§O@‘-I
#4”!-05(7¢O60'!f4J>€47>£l7>
211 213
§ 123 § 124. § 125.
Transition to New Dimensions of Characterizations . . . Belief-characteristics and Being-characteristics . . . .
-
The Doxic Modalities as Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . Belief-Modality as Belief, Being-Modality as Being . . . . . . . . Aflirmation and Denial Along With Their Noematic Correlations . . . . Reiterated Modifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - Noematic Characteristics Not Determinations Produced by “Reflection.” . The Neutrality Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . Neutralized Consciousness and Legitimation of Reason. Assuming . . . . The Neutrality Modification and Phantasy . . . . . . . . . - - - - Reiterability of the Phantasy Modification. Non-Reiterability of the Neutrality Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - Actual and Potential Positings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Further Concerning the Potentiality of Positing and Neutrality Modification Applications. The Broadened Concept of an Act. Effectings of an Act. Arousals ofanAct..........................-_Transition to New Analyses. The Founded Noeses and Their Noematic Correlates............................. The Founded Positings and the Conclusion of the Doctrine of Neutrality Modifications. The Universal Concept of Positing . . . . . . . . . . . Syntheses of Consciousness. Syntactical Forms . . . . . . - The Transmutation of Polythetical and Monothetical Acts . . Positionality and Neutrality in the Sphere of Syntheses . . Doxic Syntaxes in the Emotional and Volitional Spheres . . . . . . ‘ . . Modes of Effectuation of the Articulated Syntheses. “Theme.” . . . . . . Confusion and Distinctncss as Modes of Effectuation of Synthetical Acts . . The Noetic-Noematic Stratum of “Logos.” Signifying and Signification. . . The Modalitics of Eff¢(;tual;iOl'l in the Logical-Expressive Sphere and the Method ofClarification . . . . . - - -
- - - - - -
- -
- - - -
-
-
X
CONTENTS
§ 126. Completeness and Universality of Expression . . . . . . . . . . . § 127. The Expression ofjudgments and the Expression ofEmot1onalNoemas
CONTENTS
. .
. .
299 300
PART Foun
REASON AND ACTUALITY CHAPTER ONE
Index to Proper Names . Analytic Subject Index . .
THE N OEMATIC SENSE AND THE RELATION TO THE OBJECT §128.Introduction. ...... . § 129. “Content” and “Object;” the Contentas“Sense.” . . . § 130. Delimitation of the Essence, “Noematic Sense." . . . . . . . § 131. The “Object,” the “Determinable X in the Noematic Sense.” . . . . . . § 132. The Core As a Sense in the Mode Belonging to its Fullness . . . . . . . . § I33. The Noematic Positum. Posited and Synthetic Posita. Posita in the Realm of Objectivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . § I34. The Doctine ofApophantic Forms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . § 135. Object and Consciousness. The Transition to the Phenomenology of Reason
307 309
D3LO O3 ||4—|LE1CL10 '—h‘
3l7 319 322
CHAPTER Two
PHENOMENOLOGY or REASON § l36. The First Fundamental Form of Rational Consciousness: Originarily Presentive “Seeing.” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . § 137. Evidence and Intellectual Sight. “Ordinary” and “Pure” Evidence, Assertoric and Apodictic Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . § 138. Adequate and Inadequate Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . § 139. The Interweaving of All Kinds of Reason. Theoretical, Axiological and Practical Truth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . § 14-0. Confirmation._]ustification Without Evidence. Equivalence of Positional and Neutral Intellectual Sight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . § 141. Immediate and Mediate Rational Positing. Mediate Evidence . . . § 142. Rational Positing and Being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . § 143. Adequate Physical Thing-Givenness as Idea in the Kantian Sense . . . . . § 144. Actuality and Originary . Presentive Consciousness: Concluding Determinations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . § 145. Critical Considerations Concerning the Phenomenology of Evidence . . .
326 329 331 333 336 338 340 342 343 344
CHAPTER THREE
THE LEvELs or UNIVERSALITY PERTAINING To THE PROBLEMS o1= THE THEORY OF REASON § 146. The Most Universal Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . § 147. Ramifications of the Problem. Formal Logic, Axiology and Theory of Practice § I4-8. Problems of the Theory of Reason Pertaining to Formal Ontology . . . .
§ 14-9. The Problems ofthe Theory ofReason Pertaining to Regional Ontologies. The Problem of Phenomenological Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . § 150. Continuation. The Region, Physical Thing, As Transcendental Clue . . . § 151. The Strata of the Transcendental Constitution of the Physical Thing. Supplementations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . § 152. Extension of the Problem ofTranscendental Constitution to Other Regions. § 153. The Full Extension of the Transcendental Problem The Articulation of the Investigations..........................
349 350 353
.
-
TRANSLATOR’S NOTE
Edmund Husserl’s Idem zu einer reinen P/ziinomenologie zmdph2in0men0Zogisc/zen P/zilosopkie, Erstes Bur/2: Allgemeine Einfzlhrung in die reine Ph2in0menologie, was first published in 1913 in the first volume ofijahrbuc/zfzlr Philosophie and phiinomenologische Forsc/lung, edited by Edmund Husserl, AdolfReinach, Max Scheler, Moritz Geiger and Alexander Pfander (Hallez Max Niemeyer), pp. 1-323. In 1922 the book was reprinted with an “Ausfiihrliches Sachregister” prepared by Gerda Walther. Reprinted again in 1928, the book contained a “Sachregister” prepared by Ludwig Landgrebe replacing that of Gerda Walther. A new edition of the book was published in 1950 by Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague. Edited by Walter Biemel, the title page states that the edition is a “Neu, auf Grund der handschriftlichen Zusatze des Verfassers erweiterte Auflage.” This edition, published as Volume III of Edmund Husserl, Gesammelte Werke (Husserliana) included additions, insertions and marginal notes ofHusserl which were either run into the text itself or printed in a section of “Textkritische Anmerkungen” (pp. 463—4~83). Much of this supplementary material was taken from three copies ofldeen which Husserl annotated between 1913 and 1929. Biemel also included as appendices manuscripts ofHusserl in which he either developed further certain ideas in the text or else tried to rewrite existing sections of the book.
In I976 Biemel’s edition was replaced by one edited by Dr. Karl Schuhrnann (Husserliana III, 1 and III, 2), also published by Martinus Nijhoff. This new edition establishes a corrected text of the three editions printed during Husserl’s lifetime and contains, in a second volume, revised and corrected texts of the supplementary material found in Biemel’s edition along with material not found in that edition. In addition to reproducing Husserl’s annotations in still
TRANSLATOR’S NOTE
TRANSLATOR’S NOTE
another copy ofIdeen (the copies are identified as Copies A, B, C, D) ,1 this edition prints, among others, all of the manuscripts which
A basic concern in making this translation has been to preserve Husserl’s distinctions in English and to render his ideas by expressions which conform to the things themselves which he sought to describe.iOfgreat help in this connection was the Guidefor Translating Husserl by Dorion Cairns3. The translation also benefited from a comparison with the following published translations: Idées directrices pour unephénoménologie, traduit de l’allemand par Paul Ricoeur (Paris: Gallimard, 1950); Ideas relativas a unaflznomenologia puray unafilosofia fenomenologica; con las adiciones, notas marginales y correcciones postumas, traducido por]ose Gaos (Mexico-Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 1962); and Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology, translated by W. R. Boyce Gibson (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1931). A translation is always only that -— a translation. While it is possible to make Husserl’s philosophy accessible and, hopefully, equally plausible in English, it is also to be hoped that final judgment of the work will be made of the expression of this philosophy in the original, and that the failings of the translator will not be laid to the author. I dedicate this translation to the memory of my Mother, who thoughtfully gave me my copy of Ideen as a graduation present from college; and to the memory of Dorion Cairns, who patiently helped_ me learn to read it. W. R. Boyce Gibson’s translation ofIdeen was ofgreat help to me in preparing my translation, and I have tried to preserve the high standard he set for the translation of Husserl. I wish to express here my deep gratitude to Professor B. Gibson of the Australian National University for his generous cooperation in permitting the publication of my translation. I also wish to acknowledge the help and encouragement in prepar-
XIV
Husserl had prepared for W. R. Boyce Gibson but which the latter
did not use in his translation.” Every effort has been made to conform the present translation to the text as published by Dr. Schuhmann. Included in footnotes is a representative selection of Husserl’s annotations in his four copies of Ideen along with a number ofvery short appendices. The source of the note is identified according to Dr. Schuhmann’s edition (e.g., “Addition in Copy A”), while Husserl’s own footnotes in the printed editions during his lifetime are identified by the locution, “AUTHOR’S FOOTNOTE.” Numbers of the appendices refer to Dr. Schuhmann’s arrangement of them. Unless otherwise stated, the supplementary material is to be applied after the word to which the footnote is affixed. All internal page references, including those of the indices, are to the pages of the first printed edition and which appear in the margins of the pages. Although all of the supplementary materials published by Dr. Schuhmann is valuable to anyone seeking a thorough scholarly and philosophical understanding of Husserl’s great work (Dr. Schuhmann published 38 pages of Husserl’s annotations, and 132 pages of appendices), chiefly for reasons of economy I have translated only a selection of this material. As a consequence, the make up of this volume differs from that of Dr. Schuhmann. Taken as a whole, however, the supplementary materials included in the present translation provide what, in myjudgment, is a good picture ofa significant commentary by Husserl on his own text over a period of about sixteen years and which, I believe, will satisfy the immediate needs of the English-speaking reader. l ' ' . For a discussion of the nature and dating of Husserl’s annotations in these copies, see Schuhmann’s account in Husserliana III, 2, pp. 657f., and his “Einleitung des Herausgebers” in Ill, l, pp. Lff. According to Schuhmann (III, 2, p. 478), Copy A was annotated from 1913 to 1929; Copy B between I914 and I921; Copy C ca. 1921, and Copy D in the Fall of 1929. . 2 Dated from around 1925 to 1929, these manuscripts are printed in III, 2, pp. 627-651, and discussed by Schuhmann in III, l, pp. XLVIIHI The manuscripts chiefly concern the second chapter of Part II of Ideen, and reflect Husserl’s attempt both to reformulate the line of thought in that chapter concerning the psychological and transcendental reductions, and to rewrite the text in such a way that it is brought up to the level of his thought in the late l920’s. An important and detailed study of the various groups of manuscripts involved in the genesis and development of Ideen also can be found in the second volume of Karl Schuhmann’s Die Dialektik der Phanomenologie (Den Haag: Martinus Nijhofi, 1973); and a penetrating study ofIdeen is given in the same author’s Die Fundamentalbetrac/clung der Pheinornenologie. Zuni Weltproblem in der Philosoplzie Edmund Husserls (Den Haag: Martinus N ijhofl", 1971). _
XV
I-—-in---i-i,.__.
3 Dorion Cairns, Guidefor Transtating Husseri (Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1973). Among the papers left by Dorion Cairns at his death in 1973 was a very early draft ofabout halfof Idem, some of which, however, underwent extensive revision in later years. However, with but a few exceptions, this draft did not conform at all to Cairn’s translations of Cartesian Meditations (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1960) and Formal and Transcendental Logic (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1969), nor to the material published in the Guide. What Cairns’s translation might have looked like had he been able to complete it can be found in his essay, “The many Senses and Denotations of the World Bewufitsein (“Consciousness”) in Edmund Husserl’s Writings,” in Life- World and Consciousness. Essaysfor Aron Gurwitsclz, edited by Lester E. Embree (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1972) , pp. 20-27. (I wish to thank Richard Zaner, the owner of Cairns’s papers, for allowing me to consult and make use ofCairris’s manuscripts, especially the commentary Cairns had prepared on" Idem in the years immediately preceding his death.)
xvi
TRANSLATOR’S NOTE
ing my translation from Alexander Schimmelpenninck, Publisher, Martinus Nijhoff; Dr. Karl Schuhmann, editor of the definitive edition of Ideen; Dr. Samuel I_]sseling, Director of the HusserlArchives at Louvain; Dr. Lester Embree, Duquesne University; and Dr. Richard Zaner, Southern Methodist University. Andy and Steve Kersten helped prepare the final typescript.
IDEAS PERTAINING TO A PURE PHENOMENOLOGY AND TO A PI-IENOMENOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY
INTRODUCTION
F.K.
Pure phenomenology, the way to which we seek here, the unique position of which relative to all other sciences we shall characterize and show to be the science fundamental to philosophy, is an essentially new science which, in consequence of its most radical essential peculiarity, is remote from natural thinking and therefore only in our days presses toward development. It is called a science of “phenomena”. Other sciences, long known, also concern phenomena. Thus we hear that psychology is designated as a science of psychical “appearances” or phenomena and that natural science is designated as a science of physical “appearances” or phenomena; likewise on occasion historical phenomena are spoken of in the science ofhistory, cultural phenomena in the science ofculture; and something similar is true of all other sciences of realities. No matter how varied may be the sense of the word “phenomena” in such locutions, and no matter what further significations it may have, it is certain that phenomenology also relates to all these “phenomena” and does so with respect to all significations of the word “phenomenon.” But phenomenology relates to them in a wholly different attitude whereby any sense of the word “phenomenon” which we find in the long-known sciences becomes modified in a definite way. To understand these modifications or, to speak more precisely, to bring about the phenomenological attitude and, by reflecting, to elevate its specific peculiarity and that of the natural attitudes into the scientific consciousness use this is the first and by no means easy task whose demands we must perfectly satisfy if we are to achieve the realm of phenomenology and scientifically assure ourselves of the essence proper to phenomenology. During the last decade much has been said in German philosophy
and psychology about phenomenology. In supposed agreement with