AHrrnficKuil
UKONbHUIKAM, AEI,ITYPI,IEHTAM, YHAIIII,IMCR
A. C. Cynurerrr
M.A. Marnu'u YV
AHil[IIIICKI|IIII f,3brK c...
852 downloads
5654 Views
15MB Size
Report
This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form
AHrrnficKuil
UKONbHUIKAM, AEI,ITYPI,IEHTAM, YHAIIII,IMCR
A. C. Cynurerrr
M.A. Marnu'u YV
AHil[IIIICKI|IIII f,3brK c
ynpaxrerufMu
English Topics (for perfect speaking) l2-e usdanue
vAn s11.111(075.3) BBI{ 81.2Awtrr-922 c89
CePua ocnoean'a e 1999 zo1Y
PeqeEBeHT npoQeccop xaQegprr (ponerraxn anrr'nzfi cxoro irabrrca Muucxoro rr4grBllcrurrecxolo yHlaBepcl4Tera
flpeguc.norne
II.II.IIaU'oaa
Perouen4oaano
e6noft rulrru o6Paeonauua
Hayrno-uer u cpe4ctr o6
Cyurueuuu, A.C'
: ycrHbre reMbr c yfipa)rcnenr4flC89 Anr.rzftcrzfi,sarrrc M' *" / E.C. Cymreara'r, A' Marnrun' - 7?-eue4' M"*"* : Aalpcan, ?OLI' - ?55 c' - (IIIxolbr{r4KaM' a6ratypraenraryr, Y'raqnryrc's)'
ISBN I 78-9 85- 529 -7 08-7'
C6oPnur Ycrlrrrx re
,{annoe [oco6r4e npeAHaBHatIeHo AJrff ] ralrlt4xc.rr ooqeo6paaonareJlbHbrx rrrKoJr, a6ratypraeuton, a'Tar$fie Arrfl Bcex uSyqarcIqr4x aHrJrr4ftcKuft .flsblK caMocTogTeJrbHo. floco6ne ilpeAcraBJr.fler co6ofi c6opnzrc ycrHblx TeM, KOTOpbre o6cylKAarorc.f Ha ypoKax aHrur[ficKoro sSbrrta B cooTBeTcrBr4r4 c rpe6oBaHLIflMLl flporparvrnn rro aHrJrr{ficxorvry .aabrry Arfl o6lqeo6pasoBareJrbHbrx ruKoJr. floco6ue cocronr t43 Tpex pasAeJroB, BKJrroqaroulr4x reMbr pasHoro )4)oBHs CJIO}I(HOCTLT:
Da3oBaTeJIbIILIX IIIKOJ'I'
,rrftcrvfi aerrx' flPeA;r
TeM rt YrrPaficEenu fi A'rr'a ca:u crBoBalrrro IraBbrKoB ycrHoil pequ'
yAK 811.111(ozb'B) BBK 81.2Axur-922
J o
Pasgen I 4na Harrr4Haroqr4x Pas4en tr Rns rrpoAoJrlnarorqrax r4B) rarb arrJrLrircKkrir. .fl3brlt
o
ISBN 978-985 -529 -7 08-7
@ Cyrurenuv (O
A. C., Mar':rrru M. A',1999 OIO tAnepcesr, 1999
Paa4e.rr III .qrs coBeprrreHcTByrorqzx HaBbIKLr ycrHoft pevu fi a1wrypvteHToB.
Vcrnue reMbr cHa6,fieHbr cJroBapeM vr KoMrrJreHcoM ynpa)flHeHufi. sa [poBepKy froHr4MaHr{.ff coAeplrcaHrrfl TeMbr, reKclrqecKyro Aom,q{y vr 3aKperlJreHue JreKcr4Krr, paSBktrr4e HaBbrlcoB ycTHofi peqlr. I-{eJIbrc [oco6r4ff .fiBJrffercfl rroAroroBKa y.ra-
O+opMneHI4e.
3
IllglxcffKeaMocTogTeJIbHoMyBbIcKasbIBaHI{IoIIo oArrofi I{3 rrpeAJro}r(eHrrbrx TeM' BeAeHr4IO 6eceAbr no 4anuofi TeMe fl Bbrpaficelrklro cobctnenHoro MH+ :rvrfi. Pae4eleHIae reM eo II z III paBAeJIax ycJroBrro. Teurr Il3 pas,qeJra III rvroryt 6rrtr I4cfIoJIbBoB&trbr lruaulrrMr4ca 9, 10, 11 x'naccon o6,l4eo6paSOBaTeJrbHbrx ruHoJr u KaK IAn$OpUaqIIOHHbIe TeKcTbr ,4IIff qTeHI4ff no Aaunoft TeMe c rrocJle'4y-
PaeAe"rr
I
Topics. Elementary Level
rcuILrM ynpoqeHrleM.
About myself Hello! My name is Kate. My surname is Pavlova. I'm seven. I live in Minsk, in Pushkin'street. I go to school number 2L4.I'rn in the first form. I've got a family. It is small. We are a family of four. I've got a father, a mother and a brother. I haven't got a sister. My father is.an engineer. He works in a plant. My mother is a teacher. She works at school. My brother is little. He doesn't go tg school. He goes to a kindergarten. He is four. I like to play. I have got many toys. I have got a teddy-bear, dolls, a ball, a toy monkey and a doll?s house. I like the doll's house very much. It .is big. It is pink and nice. We have got a cat. It is small and grey. It is very nice. It has big blue eyes, a funny nose, a small mouth.and sharp teeth. Its ears are small. It can play hide-and-seek. I love my cat. ft loves me, too.
I go to school. I'm a pupil. I have got many friends. We have our classroom. It is nice and large. You can
see
twelve desks, many chairs, our b
teacher's table, a blackboard, two bookcases in the classroom. At the lessons we have pens, pencils, pencil-boxes or pencil-cases, rulers, erasers, textbooks, exercise-books, record-books on the desks. I like to read. I can read well. I like fairytales. They are very interesting. I like and best. Bye!
But they don't live in Minsk. They live in different towns. They come to see us and we rrsually have a good time together. I'm happy to have such a family. lren_h9w.
Vocabulary ttunt n.
[o:nt] ['brzd [kukj [k"zn] ['dfaront] ['drna] [endr'nre] ['famh]
be busy
cook u. Oousln n.
People
in the Family
My name is Helen. Ilm nine. I'm from Minsk. I've got a mother, a father and a sister. So we are a family of four. My sister's name is Kitty. She is three. She is a nice funny.little girl. I like to play with her. We play hide-and-seek and tag. Kitty has got many toys: dolls, balls, toy animals. We often play with her toys. My father and my mother are very busy. My father works in a plant. He is an engineer. My mother is a teacher. She works at school and teaches children English. Her pupils love her. I want to be a teacher, too. I like to go to school. It's interesting. When my parents are at work my Granny looks after my sister and me. She cooks us tasty dinner and takes us for a walk. She is very kind. I love her very much. We have got a lot of relatives: cousins, aunts and uncles, because my Granny has a son and two daughters, five grandchildren, two nieces and one 6
different
a.
dinner n. englneer n.
famiiy
n.
grandchildren z. have a good time
['grantJrldren]
look after u. nephew n. nrece '?.
parents z. people z.
plant n.rr.
such a. n.
take for a walk
tasty a. teach (taught, taught) town z. uncle n.
usually
I. Ornerrre
paeazvnrrfi, pasxrri o6e4
ru]rceuep ceM6n
anyxra BpeM.E
['hardond'si:k] rpflrxt4
kind a.
tag
crpariarr, roroBrrr6, Bapr.rb ABoropoAErrft 6par (cecrpa)
xopoffo [poBoAr,rTL
hide-and-seek n, interesting a.
relative
r6rs 6srrs sax,nr.6rtl
u.
[intrrstr4] [kamd] ['luk'o:fte] ['nevjul [ni:s] ['peerents] ['PiPl] [plo:nt] ['reletrv] [s.,\,tll [teeg] [wc:k] ['terstr] [tiil ['taun] ["nkl] [ju:Set]
rra Bolpocbr.
1. What is your name? 2. How old are you?
r.rnrepecnrrfi
4o6prrft aa6orzrrca, cneAvrE rrJreMfiHrrrx rrJreMsnnlrqa
poArrrenr nroAr{ saB6s
poAcrBeEHrK
raxofi carrotrxr.r BErBoAr.rrs rra
ncycurrfi yrrr{rb ropo4 Ar^Aa
o6rrruo
[polyJrny
My Flat
3. Where are you from? 4. Have you got a familY?
familY of four or three? got a sister or a brother? al What is her (his) name? 8. How old is she (he)? 9. Do you like to play yith your sister (prother)? 10, What is she (he)? 11. What is your father's name? t2. What is he? 13. Where does he work? 14. What is your mother's name? 15. What is she? 16. Where does she work? t7. Have you got other relatives? 18. What can you tell us about your relatives? 19. Do you love your,familY? WhY? 5.
Are you
a
6. Have you
II.
Paccxancute o cnoeft ceMbe.
My name is ... .I am ... . I am from -.. . I have got ... . So we are a family of ... . My ... name is .... Sft" (He) is... . She (He) is a... girl (bov)' I (d.on't) Iike to play with her (him). We play" ' " My father and mother are very busy. My father works in (at) a... .He is a ... . My mother is a " ' ' She works in (at) a ... . I want to be a ... ' It is interesting. When my parents are at work, my Granny looks after my... and me. She eooks us tasty." and takes us for a walk. She is very....I love her very much. We have (haven't) got a lot of relatives: ... ' .. ' ' ... .They (don't) live in ... . They come to see us and we usually have a good time. I am happy to have such a family.
My name is Tanya; I live in Minsk, the capital of Belarus. I live in Gerasimenko street in a large nine-storeyed house. Our flat is on the eighth floor. Our flat is not large but it is very cosy. There are two rooms in our flat. There is a livingroom and a bedroom in our flat. There is a kitchen, a bathroom and a toilet there, too. Our living-room is light and comfortable. There is only one window in it, but it's very large. There is modern furniture in our living-room. There is a wall-unit, a TV-set, a sofa, two armchairs and a table in the room. There is a large carpet on the fioor. But there is no carpet on the wall. There are some pictures on the walls. I like to watch TV in the living-room and to'play or talk with my parents in the evening there. Our kitchen is small, but it is nice. There is a cooker there, a refrigerator, a table and four chairs. We have meals .in the kitchen ancl my mother cooks tasty things there. Our bathroom is clean and niee. We wash hands and face, clean teeth in the bathroom. There is a bath and a sink with hot and cold water taps there. I like to be at home,'to play, to read books. There are a lot oJ books in our flat. I help my parents about the house and our flat is always clean and nice. I think, there is no place like home.
Vocahulary armchair n. avenue n. bath n.
['o:m'![ee] ['evrnjuJ [bo:O]
I
Kpecro
rpocrrexr BaHEa
['bo:Orum] ['bedrum]
BAIIIIAfi
bedroom n.
capital n.
['kaprtl]
cToJrtrqa
carpet n.
['ko:prt] ['k^mfetebl]
IcOBep
bathroom n.
comfortable cooker z.
o.
cosy (,.
dining-room n. flaf, n.
II.
CIIAJIbH,fi
1. There are three rooms in our: flat. There is
['koke]
yAo6ssrft KyxoIIHag trJII4Ta
['keuzr] ['darm4rum]
cro.nos'ag KBapTIIpa
[flc:]
IIOJI, ATA}K
['fa:rufa]
rvre6e.nr,
house z.
Ihaus]
AOM
kitchen n.
['krtjon]
KyxHs
Iight
Iart]
cgerlrrrft
llwl
)I(TTTb
Iive
n.
a.
u.
living-room n. meal z. modern o. nine-storeyed
rocrunag, o6u1aa rorvnara
['moden] ['narn'stc:nd]
coapeuennsrft 4eaarueraxrtrtrYt
eAa, trpneM rrr{rql{
XOJIOAIINbIII4K KOMIIATA
n.
[rum] Isqk] ['utrgnrm]
paKoBnEa TOCTITIIA,f
gnra-r, cotPa
sofa n.
['seufe]
street n.
['stri:t]
ynrqa
tap n. TV-set n.
ltapl
Kparr
['ti:vi:'set] I wcljurut]
TeJreBnSop
wall unit n. wash u.
lwojl
window n.
['Wmdou]
I.
.
.
['hvrq'rum] Imi:l]
room tt.
sitting-room
1
o6cranoara
refrigerator z. (ftidge) In'fnfieretto] sink n.
2.
ytornrrft
lfle0
floor z. furniture
rou6unrrpoaarnrrft rura(P, ceR4rrs yMbrBarbcf, OKHO
SanoJrsrrre nlxrnycnrr rrog'o4srymm rro cMbrcnJr CJIOBAMIT.
The flat is not ... but it is very... . There is modern ... in our ...-room. We have ... rooms in our ... . There is a... and a... with hot and cold water --. in the bathroom. 5. I think, there is no ... Iike ... .
1. 2. 3. 4.
10
Cor.racrrrecb rtJ;:i vcfipaBbre rreBepsbre rrpeAroilceHllg.
3.
4. 5.
III. 1. 2. 3.
4.
Ilepene4rrre na anr.nuftcrcnfi sarrr. Hanra RBaprrrpa Ha rperbeM gTarrce. IJanala rocrrrHafi cBerJraff u y4o6naa. Ha Kyxlre ecrb rrJrI{Ta, xoJroAr/tJrbutrx, croJr !r rreTbrpe cryna. B nannofi ecrb BaHHa, Kpanbr c ropaveft ra xoJroAHofi no4ofi r,I paroBrrua.
5. ,f
IV.
a
living-room, abedroorn and my room. There is only one window in the living-room and it is very small. There is a large carpet on the floor and another one is on the wall. My mother cooks tasty things in the bathroom. We wash our face and hands, clean teeth in the kitchen.
nowroraro MaMe rro AoMy.
Ornerbre Ee Borrpocbr. Where do you live? Do you live in a large or a small house? Is your flat comfortable? Is your room cosy? How many rooms are there in your flat? Whdt are they?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. You have got akitchen and abathnoom, haven'tyou? 8. Have you got modern furniture? 9. What is there in your living-room? 10. WilI you describe your room? 11. 12. 13. 14.
Is your kitchen large or small? What furniture is there in the kitchen? What do you do in the kitchen? What is there in your bathroom? 11
15. Do you like your flat? '16. What do you usually do at home?
V.
Paccrcasrcrflre o KBaprrrpe (gorue), rge
Daily Life
rrr ncmiire.
1
I'm Jane. I'm nine. f'm a pupil of the third form. I go to school every day. I usually get up at 7 o'clock. Then I do exercises, take a shower, wash my face and hands, clean teeth and dress. Then I have breakfast and go to school. At 8 o'clock my classes begin. We usually have five lessons. We have lunch at school after the second lesson. When the lessons are over I go home. I come home at one o'clock. I wash my hands and have dinner. It is always very tasty. After dinner I go for a walk or read books; Sometimes I watch TV when an interesting film is on. At 4 o'clock I do my homework. At 6 o'clock I have supper. In the evening I help my parents about the house, play chess or computer games with my father, read, watch TV
or play with my friends. At I o'clock I go to bed. I like the proverb, . So I try to do everything in time; Vocabulary always adu. at ,., o'clock be on (was, were) u.
ypoKrr
ih time
do
AeJraTb BoBpeMfl
dress u.
everung n. every a. everything get up (got) u. go for a walk (went) go to bed help about the house lesson
life
z.
n.
play chess proverb n.
sometimes adu. take a shower (took)
try
u.
wash u.
watch TV
u.
,
Idres]
oAeBaT6C.fi
['ivmt3]
Beqep
['evn]
raxgrrft
['evn0rp]
BCe
['getnp]
BCTaBaTb, IIpOCEIIIaTBCfi
['wc:k] ['gaute'bed]
JIOlKItTbcfi cIIaTb
[lesn]
rloMoraTb rro AoMy ypoK
['larfl
)KNSIIB
[rIesl
lII'paTB B IIIaXMaTbI IIOCnOBilTIa
['pmveb] ['sirmtatmz] ['terkeJaue] Itrar]
xoAr4TE rra
[poryJrKy
,rHoIAa IIPLIHEMATE AYIII
lwoIJ
npo6onarr, rrbrrarscf, yMrrBarbcs, urrrr(ca)
I wof^ti:vil
cMoTpeTb TeJreBrrSop
f.
Bcranrre nporryqeExbre cJroBa. 1. I am a pupil of the 2. I ... get up at 7 o'clock. 3. At 8 o'clock my ... begin. 4. When the lessons ... ... I go home. 5. At 4 o'clbck I do my 6. I ... to do ... in time.
II.
Cor.racrlrecb rrJr[ llcrrpaBbre rreBeprrbre JrrBep_
ilcAeEIIff. BCerAa
l'c:lwazl Ie'klokl
.., qacoB unru (o (pnrrrrvre)
B
t2
1. I go to school every day. 2. After breakfast I go to the swimming pool. 13
3. We have lunch at home a-fter the second lesson. 4. After dinner l do exercises. 5. At 9 o'clock in the evening I go for a walk. 6. I try to do everything in time.
III.
IlepeneArrre ua asrlrllftcrcllft ssrrrc. 1. Sarervr s AeJraro BapffAny, rrprrul{Maro 4yrrr' Moro Jrrrqo r pVKu, quqy ay6rr ra oAeBarocb. 2. O6sr-ruo y Hac n.srb ypoxoB. 3. fl npvxoxcy 4owroft B qac, Moro pynrr z o6egaro. 4. ?l:,::otqa fl cMorpro reJreBr{eop, ecrul r'r4tit zrrepecnsrfi @znrm. 5. Bevepou,fi rroMoraro cBolIM poAIrreJIsM rlo AoMy' firpalo B rrraxMarbr vrrvr B KoMrlbrorepHbre r{r'pbr c nauofi, rruraro KHr{rlr, cMorpro reJreBr'r3op trJr9r firpam co cBorl[Mrr ApysbflMrr. 6. Mne HpaBr4Tcs [ocJIoB]IrIa: (He orxlagrrnafi na SaBTpa To' rrTo MolItHO cAeJraTb ceroAH'fl.
IV.
I have English on Monday, Wednesday and Thursday. English is usually the second lesson. At the English lesson we speak, read and write. We speak about school, pupils and teachers, about lessons, animals and nature, about our friends, sports and games. We read books and stories about children, nature, school life and so on. We write letters, words, sentences, exercises and dictations. We play at English, too. We sing songs and learn poems. I like English. I can read and write well, but I can't speak English well yet.
))
Paccrcaficnre o cnoiltu pa6oueu gue. Bonpocrr
rroMoryT BaM. 1. Are you a pupil? 2. When do you usually get uP? 3. What do you do before breakfast? 4. Do you havebreakfastbefore you go to school? 5. When do your classes begin? 6. How many lessons do you have every day? 7. When do you have lunch? 8. Do you come home at 1 o'clock? 9. When do you usually have dinner? 10. What do you usually do after dinner? 11. When do you do your homework? 12. Do you help your parents about the house? 13. What do you like to do in the evening after supper? 14. When do you usually go to bed? 15. Do you try to do everything in time?
t4
At the English Lesson
Vocabulary dictation z. Engiish n. exerclse n.
Friday z. learn
u,
lesson z.
Lelter n. Monday z. poem n,
Saturday z. sentence n. speak u.
Thursday z. Tuesday n. Wednesday n.
word n.
[d*'terJnJ ['r4ghl] ['eksesaz] ['frardr] [s:n] .[esn] ['leta] ['mmdt] ['peum] ['s@todr]. ['sentens] [spi:k] ['Os:zdr] ['tju:zdr] ['wenzdr] [ws:d]
I. Bcrasrre rrporryulerrnbre
Ar.rxrarrr
anr.nuficrczfi ssrrr yflpa)rinenrre trfirnr4rla yqr,rrb
ypox
6yxra [orreAerrbur4x crrrxorBoperrne
cy66ora [peAno]r(earre
roBopnrs rrerBepr BropEr{K cpeAa cnoBo
cJroBa.
1. I have English oD ..., 2. At English w€ ..., ... and ... . 15
Books
3. We ... English songs and .'. poems. 4. I can read and ... well, but I can't ..' English weII yet.
II.
CornacuTecb rrJrrr rlcrrpaBbre rreBeprrbre
rrpeJtr-
JIO'ICEHIIfl.
1. English is usually the second lessonl 2. We write letters, words, sentences, exercises, dictations and stories.
3. We play at English, too. 4. I can sing and write well, but I can't speak English well.
III.
IlepeneArrre rrpeAJroJrceHrrs Ea asr.nuficrcuft
poems.
g3brK.
We must keep books clean and tidy. We must not spoil them. I am fond of reading, too. I like to read fairytales. My favourite book is . The author of the book is Pamela Travers. She is a famous English writer. The book tells us about wonderful adventures of children with their magic nurse Mary Poppins. She is my favourite character. She is kind and strict at the same time, joyful and tactful, well-bred and very pretty. Mary Poppins is popular with children.
.flobrna y MeHfl o6slrHo no rloHeAeJrbHrrKaM, cpeAaM lI rreTBepraM. Mrr roBopr,IM o rrrxoJre, yrIeHIlIKax rr yrrzTeJr'fix' o6 yporcax, EtLIBorHbIx lr [pplpoAe, o Harrr]Ix Apy-
1. Vponra anr.nnftcxoro
2.
It goes without saying, books are our teachers and friends. They teach us to be kind, clever, polite, hardworking, friendly. Books help us to learn more about nature, the iborld around us and many other interesting thiags. There are a lot of books on history, about animals, travellers, children, school and so on. Children like to read adventure and magic books, science fiction and detective stories. They enjoy stories, short stories, novels, fairy-tales, fables and
3bsx, cflopTe
r,I
urpax.
3. ,fl nrc6.rrro anr.nzficrczfi. 4. ,f mory xopolro rlr{Tarb vr rlurcarb, r{o rroxa otrerrb xopouro roBopro
IV. Otnerbre
He
no-anrnzficxu.
Ea Borrpocbr.
When do you have English? Is English usually the first lesson? 3. What do you do at the English lesson? 4. What do you speak and read about? 5. You write letters, words, sentences, exercises, dietations, don't you? 6. Do you play, sing songs or learn poems at your English lessons? 7. Do you like English? 8. Can you speak English well? 1.
,
16
Vocabulary adventure z.
author z. be fond of u. character n. detective story
Ied'ven{e] {'c:oe}
IIpI{KnIOTIeHI'Ie aBTOp
[&'telarv]
nro6rarr uepconaxc, repoft AereKrr.rB (paccras)
enJoy u.
lm'4crl
tron] {aTb yAoBoJrbcTBrre
fable z,
fairy-tale n.
['ferbl] ['feen terl]
6acx.a cKaSRa
famous a.
['fermes]
ngsecrHsrri
['kankte]
t7
favourite
['fervant] ['ho:d,ws:kr1]
a.
hardworking
a.
['me{tk]
maglc a. novel n,
polite a. popular science
spoil
fiction
cTlrxoTBOpegne
gexc.nnsuft
uonylcPnrrfi
lspcill
IIopTrITb
raxrlr.rxsrt
['teektful] ['tardr] ['wel'bred]
a.
well-bred a'
writer
nonure6nrrft
safruaa (Pafriacrr'rra
a.
wonderful
rpygonro6raeufr
['sarens'fikJan]
u.
lactft tidy
o.
III.
vrrrft
poMaH
['novel] ['pourm] Ipo'latt] ['popjule]
poem n.
.nro6v
onpatnrrfi , axxYP4rxrrfi no.nlnrr,reufi
ft xoporree
vy4ecnrrir, nPercPacnuft lllcarenE
['w,tndefu] ['rarte]
n.
I. Cor;racurecb
rrJrr(
lrcnpaBbre rreBeprrbre yrBep-
It
goes
g3brK.
1.
help us to learn more about nature' the 2. - They worid around us and many other things' 3. I don't like reading' ;: ih; author of the iook , said one clever man' , stadium, etc. They are used for international and world competitions. They were built for the 22"d Olyrnpic Games which took place in 1980. Everybody chooses a kind of sports he or she is interested in. Every week thousands of people do sports and millions watch sports programmes on TV, read sport news in newspapers and listen to sport reports on the radio. As for me, I like sports too, though in theory at present. When I was a junior pupil I went in for sports. I liked swimming, so I went to the
swimming pool every day. you know how it always happens when you grow up. The habits gradually change and at present I hardly do sports seriously. Though from time to time I do my morning exercises. But I am sure if you want to keep fit you must go in for sports because sport makes people strong, healthy and optimistic. 95
II.
Vocabulary [,kcmpt'ttJn] cocrfiBaurre,copeBrroBaurre raop.recxraft [ki:'ertrv]
competition z. creative 4. development n. equal o.
pasrrrr? ['i:kwel] BooMoxrnocrrr, cpeAcrBa [fa'ulrtrzl ['gradjuah] nocretrerHo 1 rpr,rBbrrrxa ['habrt] a4oporrrfi ['helOr] ['6u:njs] ]^regrrr MnaArrrtrx rcJraccoB
facilities n. gradually adu.
habit
n.
healthy a. junior pupil keep
paaB]rrr,re
[dr'velepment]
fit
coxpaH,Erb (bopnny
(6rrrr mean (meant) u.
mould
u.
provide
u.
reason n.
['ri:zn]
seriously odu.
['srerrash] Isfie]
sphere z.
surpass u. to be fond of
6o4prrrvr
(poprrraporarr cna6r*arr, o6ecnequsatr IIptFII,rHa, ocIIoBaHlle cepLesEo
cQepa, no.ne Aefi TeJrbrrocrr,r rrpeBocxoAt4T6
Iso:'pa:s]
.nro6zrr
I.
Orruerrre rrpeAnolrcenrr.fl BaJIeHTaMrr pyccft[x.
1.
He 6eg ocnosaur{fi JrroArzr roBopfiT, rrro clopr ffBJrfleTc.fi Mr4poM n ce6e v He Mo)neT SHarrlrrb oAHo I,r To
2. Mu
,
ffBngrcql{ecg
grcBrr-
)fie AJrff KilICAOtO. BHaeM,
qro
HJrra r{oMeHalrz (crpa}r{aMv Tayepa), Koropr,re Hocsr or Jrr{\r Te Jrbnyro fl pxyro rb oplry rroAopoB cRrrx BpeMeH. JroHrry co
a) a Constitutional Convention was opened. b) the war in Vietnam started. c) the War of Independence began. 4. In 1787 55 of the most highly regarded American leaders opened a Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the meeting which lasted four long months and resulted in a) abolition of slavery. b) the'Constitution of the USA. - c) the Bill of Rights.
cyAapcrBy c paaaraloft eKoHoMlIKoft Z pannrruz rrpaBaMlr ,qJrfi Bcex.
nponyqenErre cJroBa. 1. 500 years ago North America was a ...... inhabited by Indians who 20,000 years earlier came from Asia across the ... ... .
Saron rrrre
ilceHrrbre Baprrarrrbr.
HeBaBT4CzMOMyr AeMOKpaTI/rqeCICOMy' CIzIJIbIIOMy FO-
II. Berarrre
Those who did settle the New
5.
The framers of the C,onstitutloncreated an enduring
a) document.
b) state. c) government. L55'
:.
i
r IV. Orserrre 1. 2. 3. 4.
.
5. 6.
V.
ua Borrpocbr. When did the history.of the USA begin? Who discovered America to the whole world? What did America promise to the first settlers? How many. colonies did the European settlers found in 1733? When was the.Declaration of Indepefdence adopted and what did it proclaim?. When was the Bill of Rights added to the Constitution and what did it guarante'e? Paa4e.rurre rerccr Ea cMbrcJroBrre qacrrr rr EaBoBIITE IIX.
VI.
PacnoJroJrcrrre Aarrnbre rryrrrcTbr rrJraua corJracEO JIOIIIICE IIOBECTBOBAHIIS.
1. A young country. 2, The way for the American dream. 3. The promise of . 4. The results of the War of Independence. 5. The adoption of the Constitution of the USA. VII. I{cno;rrsya Qarcrrr lra rerccra paccrcaxrrre 1. About the beginning of the history of the USA. 2. The events after the . 3; The Constitirtion of the USA.
tools for developing their individual powers of rnind and spirit to the utmost. Education in the United States comprises three basic levels: eletnentar:y, secondary and higher oducation. Pare4ts may choose whether to send their children to their local free public schools, or to private schools which charge fees. The organization and curricula of private schools and colleges are similar to those of public schools although the adrriinistration differs. The vast majority of students at the primary and secondary levels go to public schools. Most of those Who attend private schools dttend church sponsored parochial schools. The school year is usually nine months long, from early September to mid-June.The common pattern of organization, refetred to as the 6-3-3 plan, includes
elementary school in grades 1 through 6, iunior high school in grades 7 through 9 arrd senior high school in grades 10 through 12. Ilowever, many variations on the pattern exist in the [ISA. The main purpose of elementary school is the general intellectual and social development of the child from 6 to'I2 or 15 years of age.
In
The US System of Education
secondary schools most pupils follow a
course that includes English, science,'social studies,
American education remains today what it was in the earliest days of the Repuhlic: the anvil upon which the national culture is ireated and adapted to changing needs. Its goal is universal education from"kindergarten to university. All, regardlesS of race or class or economic status, are entitled to a fair chance ancl to the
riiathematics and physical educatign. Elective subjects may be chosen in the fields of foreign Ianguages, fine arts and vocational training. Pupils usually eleet about half their work in grades nine through twelve. The vocational program may give training in four fields: agricultural education, business education, home economics and trade and industrial
156
L57
education.,This program prepares students either for employment or further training. Most young Americans graduate from school
with" a high school diploma upon satisfactory completion of a specified number of courses. Students are usually graded from A (excel.lent) to F (failing) in each course they take ofi the basis of performance in tests given at intervals throughout the year. Students receive .at least twice a year which indicate the grades they have received in each of the subjects. High schools maintain a school which summarizes the courses taken and the'grades obtained for each student. Usually, the pupil has one teacher for all major subjects during his or her first six years of schooling. For the last six grades, however, they have a separate teacher for each discipline. The US is committed to providing every youngster with a good; solid education, regardless of the economic background or even the inherent ability of the youngster. . In May 1983 the National Commission on Excellence in Education stirred considerable concern when it reported that the US was from the . It judged that standards were too low, the school day too short, teacher.s paid too little, and education was too far down on the list of national priorities. Among the Commission's recommendations were calls for higher standards, more time to be devoted to basic academic subjects and attracting a higher calibre of individual to the teaching profession.
llcsides, it was necessary to strengthen the bonds between federal, state and local authorities aimed
at raising student achievements at all levels. The American people have accepted the view that the quality of education is directly related to the quality of life. It is part of the American tradition to presume that they can improve. Vocabulary anvil
n.
['anvrl]
HAKOBAJI6HS
bond n.
CBfi3B
calibre n.
['kahbe]
rroAroToBKa r{ nr{qHbre
commit u. completion n.
[ke'mrt] [kem'pli:Jn] [kem'prarz] [ken'ss:n]
roprrarb,
[dr'veut]
yAennrb
KAlIECTBA
comprlse u. concern n. considerable a. devote u.
saxrro.rarr s
ce6e
6ecnoroficteo [kan'srdarebl] snaqlrre.nrnrrfi [peAMerbr no nrr6opy
elective subjects employment n.
[rm'plcrmant] pa6ora'
entitle
[rn'tartl]
AaBarb rrpaBo K4aCC; OTMerKa, OqeIrKa
graduate from u.
['grredjtiert]
oxarrqr{BarB
inherent a. maintain u.
Irn'hrerent] Imern'tern] Imi:dr'okntr] . [eb'tem] Ipa'reukjel]
rporxgiinnufi
u.
grade n.
y.re6noe BaBeAerrve
mediocrity obtain
n.
u.
parochial school
coxparr.fiTb rrocpeAcrBeBrrOcrb
IIonyrarb rrpr{xoAcKag ruKoJra, rrrKoJra
IIpr pattern n,
qepRBr.r
MOAenb
presume u.
Ipn'zju:m]
public school
IIpr4sIIaBaTIi
rocyAapcTBerrHas cpeArrsff IIIKOJIA
refer
u.
satisfactory
stir
a.
u.
the youngsters z.
[n'fs:]
OTIIOCITTbCg
[,satrs'fakten]
yAoB
[sts:]
Jre r B opr4Tensnrrfi 34. BErSbrBaTb
lj,qstozl
MOJIOAe)K6, IIOAPOCTKI,I
tide n.
158
BBepsrb
oxorrrrauue,BaBeprrenlre
3A.
159
BOJTHa
utmost
['Atmeust]
vocational training
BE
AE
form
grade
high mark
higher
grade
primary
elementary
programme secondary
program student high
state
public
pupil
I. Oruerrre
3. ... subjects may be chosen in the fields of
BA. MaKcl{Manbrro npo(peccr,rona.nrnoe o6yuenrae
B Terccre npe4JroJrceurrg,
t
III.
sBJrgroqxe-
cff 9KBrrBaJreETaMr{ pyccKllx.
1. Bceu,
HecMorp.s HapacoByro vrvrnraccoByro
[pll-
3 arcorsrrre rrpeAJroJrcenrrff , rrcrro Jrbcys rrpeAno,rceEEbre BaprraETbr.
1. Education in the USA comprises three basic
HaIJIeTKHOCTb, AKOHOMTIqeCKOe IIOJTOIKeHI{e, AUITOTc.fi oAr4HaKoBbre BoSMolrcHocrrlr }I ec6 Heo6xoAr{Moe A Jr fl M aKCritMaJrbH oro pa3 B r{Tr{fl c B oLr x nH AvtBLt Ay -
levels a) primary, elementary and secondary education. b) elementary, junior and senior education. . c) eiementary, secondary and higher education. 2. The majority of students at the primary and secondary Ievels go to a) private parochial schools. b) public schools. c) senior high schools. 3. The main purpose of elementary school is a) the general intellectual and social development of the child. b) to prepare students for advanced or higher education.
aJlbubrx yMcrBerrHbrx lI AyxoBurrx cnoco6nocrefi . MoAeJIb opraHvaarrl Vo6paoonarura, TaK Ha3blBaemrrft nnan 6-3-3, BKJrIotIaer HarIaJIbHyro rrrxoJry c 1 no 6 x.naccu, cpeAHrolo ruxony c 7 no 9 rcnaccrr u crap[q[o rrrroJr]r c 10 no 12 ItJraccbl.
2. O6qeryr{HfiTa,fl
3. Vuarqzecs
noJryqaror oqeuxr{ or A (orau.*ro) 4o F (ney4or-rrerBopzreJrrno) sa xaxc4rrfi Kypc rro pesyJrbraraM TecroB 3a roA. 4. Avrepanaullbr cqr{Taror, qro KaqecrBo }rdr4rsHra BaBUrCurr or KaqecrBa o6pa3oBaHlrff.
II. Sanonurfle
...
languages, ... arts and ... training. 4. Most young Americans ... from school with a high school ... upon satisfactory ... of specified number of courses. 5. Students receive at least twice a year which indicate the ... they have received in each of the subjects. 6. The US is committed to providing every ... with good, solid education, ... of the economic background or even the ... ability of the ... .
rrpouycrcrr rroAxoA.EqrrMrr rro cMbrc-
c) to provide literacy and some general
Jry cJroBaMrI.
education.
1. The goal of the American education is universal education from... to ... , 2. The organization and curricula of ... schools and
4. The students gr:aduate from secondary schools at the age of
colleges are similar to those of ... schools although
a) b)
the administration differ.
c)
160
6
3ar.
l5l
L2. 15. 18.
161
IV.
VII.
Ornerbre rra ronpocrr.
1. What is the goal of the American education? 2. Does the quality of education depend on the race or class or economic status? 3. What basic levels does education comprise? 4. What school may parents choose to send their children to? 5 How long does the school year last in the USA? 6
What is the common pattern of education
organization in the USA? What is the main purpose of elementary school? 8 What subjects do students foilow in secondary 7
schools?
9. What elective subjects can students choose? 10. What training do vocational programs give? 11. How are students usually graded? 12. How many.teachers do pupils have in elementary , and secondaryschools? 13. What did the National Commissiqn on Excellence in Education report in May 1983? 14. What were its r,ircommendations? 15. What view have the Arnerican people accepted?
V. Ilpovurafire rerccr erq6 pae rl pas,4eJrrrre
ero qacrrr. flog6eprrre rraaBanrle K Ea cMFrcJroBbre
rcalrc4ofi rra Errx.
VI.
PacnoJrotrcrrre rryErcrbr rrJrana corJracEo ICE
IIOBCCTBOBAE}Iff.
1. The goal
of the American education'
2. The organization of education. 3. Elementary school. 4. Higher standards of education. b.
High school.
I62
Jror[-
Paccrcalrcrrre o
1. Elementary school in the USA. 2. Secondary school in the USA. 3. The system of education in the USA.
The Russian Federation The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. It occupies about one-severith of the earth's surface. It covers the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia, Its total area is about 17 million square kilometres. The couhtry is washed by 12 seas of 3 oceans: the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic. In the south Russiaborders on China, Mongolia, Korea, Kazakhstart, Georgia and Azerbaijan. In the west it borders on Norway, Finland, the Baltic States, Belarus and Ukraine. It also has a sea-border with the USA. There is hardly a country in the world where such a variety of 'scenery and vegetation can be found. There are steppes in the south, plains and forests in tn'e midland, tundra and taiga in the north, highlands and deserts in the east. There are two great plains.in Russia: the Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Lowland. There a-re several mountain chains on the territory of fhs country: the Urals, the CaucasuS; the Altai and others. The largest mountain chain, the Urals, separates Europe from Asia. . There are over two million rivers in Russia. Eulope's biggest river, the Volgar'flows into the Caspian Sea. The main Siberiarr riverst- lhe Ob, the.Yenisei and the Lena from the south tq the north. The - flow Amur in the Far East flows into the Pacifit Ocean. 1G,
Russia is rich in beautiful lakes. The worldp deepest lake (1,600 metres) is Lake Baikal. It much smaller than the Baltic Sea, but there much more water in it than in the Baltic Sea. water in the lake is so clear that if you look down you ean see the stones on the bottom. Russia has one-sixth of the world's f5rests.' They are conientrated in the Fluropean north of the count'ry,.in Siberia and in the Far East. ' On the vast territory of the country there arevarious types of climate, from arctic in the north to sqbtropical in the south. In the middle of the, country the climate is temperate and continental. Russia is rich in oil, coal, iron ore, natural gas, copper, nickel and other mineral resources. Russia is a parliamentary republic. The Head of State is.the President. The legislative power is exercised by the Duma. Th'e capital of Russia is Moscow. It is its largest political, scienti.fic, cultural and. industrial centre. It is one of the oldest Russian cities. Today there are a lot of opportunities for this country to become one of the leading countries in the world. It has great past and promising
future. Vocabulary
lron
China coal z.
concentrate u. copper n. Georgia
['botem] .
['tJaine] Ikot-tl]
['konsontrett] ['kope]
)rdeneorrarr pyAa
rrrineral resources
[l'sc:srz]
cpeAEsfi rroJroca IIOne3IIble LICKOIIaeMbIe
Norway occupy u.
['nc:wer] ['okjupar]
oil
['6c:6ia]
promising
fpyaua MCCTHQCTb
,L64
saxoaogare;rrnrrii
Hoprerlra SAIIUMAT6
'[crl]
ne(prr unoroo6erqaroulnfi
a.
steppe z.
CTE116
Istep]
temperate a. ['tempent] 'bcJtrk'sterts] the Baltic States [ the Caucaius ['kc:kesas] the Great Russian Plain
ynrepexnrrfi
the Urals the West Siberian Lowland vegetation z.
Vpar-
:
I
juarelz]
flpr{6aruricxue crpanrr Kagras Boirovno-eepoireft cxas (Pyecxas) paBrrrrua
Isar'bronon]
Sana4no- Cr,r6ripcrca,E
[,veSr'tedn]
pacrr,ITeJrbEocTb
HI1ISMEHIIOCTb
Ormerrre
B Terccre upeAnorcexrrfl, sBJrarotrvrecg arcBrrBaJreETaMr[ pyccrcrffi . 1. Ona saHuluaer oKoJro 1/ rsceit.sevtnorl
uorepxno-
CTVI.
I
E4na .ru HafiAiircfl erqd oAHa crpaua B Mrpe c Tarcr2rM
paanoo6paSr.IeM JrarrAuraoTa'
14
pacrr4TeJrL-
HOCTLT.
3. O6urupnar repprrropvt ff grpaHbr oxBarbrBaer paoJrrrqrrBre K Jrtr MaTv qecKr,re SoEbI oT apKT[qec Koft rra ceBepe Ao cy6rpouuqecKoft Ha rcre. 4. SaxonogareJrbHafi BJIacrb ocyilIecrBJraerc,fi AyMofi.
II.
MEAB"
Earopbe, B6rcbxoropnafi
highland n.
l
z.
nrio Krnraft yroJrb coipego.ravranarrca
c:] ['leSslelw] ['aren
D.
bottom n.
j
ore
Iogislative a. nridland r.
1.
Cero4na y crpaubr Mrroro BooMornnocreft olu.oft rro BeAyrrl[x crparr B Mnpe.
crarr
Sauorunte rrporry cKrr rroAxoAsquMrl rro cl.rr6rcry cnoBaMl Russia covers the part of Asia.
....
part of Europe and the ...
1_65
in the south, ... and ... in the midland, ... and ... in the north, .'. and ... in the east' 3. The largest ... ..., the Urals, ... Europe from Asia' 4. In the ... of the country the climate is ... and "' ' 5. Russia has great ... and ... future.
2. There are ...
ilr.
3ancos.rnre [peAJrolrcenrrs' [crroJrraya rrpeg.notrceEEbre BapllarrTbr.
The country is washed by 12 seas of 3 oceans: a) the Atlantic, the Indian and the Arctic' b) the Pacific, the Arctic and the Indian. c) the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic' 2. The main Siberian rivers - the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena - flow a) into the Pacific Ocean. b) from the south to the north. c) from the north to the south. 3. Forests are concentrated in a) the European north of the country, in Siberia and in the Far East. b) the Great Russian Plain. c) the European south of the country, in Siberia and the Far East. 4. The Head of State is a) the Prime-Minister. b) the President. c) the Chairman of the Duma. 5. The capital of Russia is a) Novgorod. b) St. Petersburg. c) Moscow.
1.
I
Orrerrre
Ea Borrpocbr.
Where is the Russian Federation situated? What is the total area of the country? What countries does Russia border on?
166
4. What mountain chain separates Europe from Asia? How many rivers are there in Russia? Which is the Iongest river in Europe? What do you know about the Baikal? What mineral resources is the Russian Federation rich in? 9. What is the climate like in Russia? 10. What great Russians do you know?
5. 6. 7. 8.
V. Ilpouurafire
rerccr
eqi paa ll pasAenlre
ero
Ea cMbrcJroBbre rracrrr. Ilog6epure EaaBarr[e
rc
rcaucgoft rra Errx.
VI.
Pacuoroficllre rryEnrbr nJrana corJracEo Jror[ICE
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
VII.
IIOBECTBOBAEIIS.
Types of climate. The geographical position and borders. The rivers and lakes. The scenery. The political system. The mineral resources. Paccrarrcrrre o
1. The geographical position
of the Russian
Federation.
2. Its political system.
. Moscow Moscow is the capital of Russia, its political, economic, commercial and cultural centre. It was founded 8 centuries ago by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Historians'havei accepted the year of.11-47 as the start of lVloscow's hiStory. Gradually the city 1b?
becaine rflore, and more .powerful. In the 13tb' century Moscow was the centre of the struggle Russian lands for the liberation from the Tartar yoke. In the.16th century under Ivan the Terrible Moscow became the capital of the new united state. Though Peter the Great moved the eapital to St. Petersburg in 17L2, Moscow rernained, the heart of Russia. That is why it became the main target of Napoleon's attack. Three-quarters of the city were destroyed by the fire during
There are a lot of beauti-ful palaces, old mansions, t:rrthedrals, churches, and, monuments in'Moscow. Now Moscow is being reconstructed and we all lrope that in a few years the city will becorne even nrore beautiful. There are more than 80 museums in Moscow. The largest museurns are the Pushkin Museum if Fine Arts and the State Tretyakov Gallery. Other unique rnuseums include the All-Russia Museum of Folk Arts, the Andrei Rublev Museum of EarlyRussian Art, Alexei Bakhrushin Theatre Museum, Mikhail (ilinka Museum of Musical Cultul'e and many others. Moscow is famous for its theatres. The bestknown of them is the Bolshoi Opera House. Drama bheatres and studios are also very popular. Moscow is a city of students. There are over 80
Napoleon's occupation'but,by the mi.d-19th^, century Moscow had been cornpletely restored. After the October revolution Moscow becamel the capital again. Now Moscow is one of the'largest cities in Europe. Its total area is about nine hundred square kilometres. The population of the city is over 8
higher educational institutions in it, including several universities. Moscow is the seat of the Russian Parliament (the Duma) and the centre of political life of the
million.
Moscow is one of the most bearitiful'cities in the world. The heart of Moscow is Red Square. It has more historical associations than any other place in Moscow. The Kremlin and St. Basil's Cathedral are masterpieces of ancient Russian'
country.
Vocabulary
,
architecture. The main Kremlin tower, the
Spasskaya Tower, has become the symbol of the country. On the territory of the Kremlin you can see old cathedrals, the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great, l the Palace of Congresses, the Tzar-Cannon and the Tzar-Bell, the biggest cannon and the bell in the world. St. Basil's Cathedral was built in the rnid16th century in memory of the victory over Kazan,; There is a legend,that:Ivan the Terrible blindedl the architegts Barrlra and Postnik, becau.se he didn't'; want them to cr:eate another masterpiece. 168
ancient o.
blind
u.
destroy u. legend z. manslon n. masterpiece n.
reconstiuct u.'
.
['ernJent] [blamd] [dts'trol] ['le$end] [manfn] . ['mo:stepi:s] ['rirken'str kt]
4peenzfi ocrrerrrrrB paspyTrrrarl
rereuAa oco6n.ar He,qeBp
fepecrparBarb, BOCCTAHABJI14 BATB
restore u.
;
studio n. ,
target
n.
tartar
yoke
unrque 4.
[ns'tc:] ['stjtudrou] ['to:grt] ['to:ta jeuk] [u:'ni:k]
169:
BoccTarraBJrrnBarh
cryAus, Mr{rrren6, qe.nr,
rarapcxoe r,rro
ynzxa.rrrnrrfi
o6rexr
I Oruerrre cfl
B Terccre rrpeAJrolrc€[rrs' sBJffirorqtle-
oKBTTBaJIeETaMII
pyccKllx.
Lt47 ro4 Kar( roA HarlaJra ficropplt Mocnnrr. 2. C Kpacuofi rrJrorqa,4brc cBflsano 6olrrre accoqra:q;uitr rreM c ruo6rru ApyrI'rM MecroM e Mocxee. 3. Cyrqecreyer JrerelrAa, uro ?fean lposurrfi ocJlerrraJr apxr,rrexTopoB Bpalry r'r floctnraxa' TaK KaK He xoreJr, qro6rr oHI{ cosAa;rv erq6 oAI{H rxe1. Vlcroput from Constantinople via Kiev and Novgorod to the Baltic Sea. Trading
settlements multiplied and many towns of the present-day Belarus were founded by the end of the 12th century. Polotsk and Turov first appeared in historical documents in'862 and 980 respectivply, Brest 1017, Minsk in 1067. The- geographical position of the country, the development of trade attracted Dutch herring-salters, Muscovite trappers, Jewish financiers, Hungarian wine-merchalts, Turkish spicers, Tatar tanners and Chinese silkmen who bought in exchange furs, dried fish, salt, linen, sailcloth, ropes, timber, tar and foodstuffs. These international contacts influenced the most distinctive features of the Belarusian national character -- tolerance and hospitality. The advantageous geographical position - on the cross-roads from east to west and from north to south more than once turned into disadvantage. Belarus -was the arena of many wars, invasions and aggressions. In the l1th century the TatarMongols attacked Polotsk and Turov principalities in the east and south. In the l3tn century the Crusaders invaded Belarus from the west. Sweden conquered the north of Belarus. Belarus was
devastated by Russian-Polish wars (16-18tt' centuries), the Napoleon invasion (1812), World War I (1914-1918), the Soviet-Polish war which ended with Western Belarus ceded to poland and the World War II and Nazi occupation (1941-1944), the longest and 'the greatest fighting for freedom and independence during which Belarus lost every fourth citizen. All these tragic events slowed down but didn't stop the 178
development of the nation. Thqugh Belarusians belong to the East Slavic ethnic group there is a
strong mixturb of Baltic and Scandinavian elements in their racial, Iinguistic and cultural
background. Belarus was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (14ih century), Poland and the Russian Empire (18'h century). It was a backward province where 80%o of the population were illiterate. People suffered from many diseases and there was only one doctor per 7,000 patients. The life changed for the,better at the beginning of the 20th century. On January 1, 1919 the Declaration on the formation of the Byelorussian
Soviet Socialist Republic was adopted. In December 1922 it joined the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics (the USSR) as .one of its founders. On the disintegration of the USSR, Belarus proclaimed its sovereignty on July 27, 1990. In December 1991 it was one of the three Slavic republics of the former USSR to form the CIS (the Common*ealth of Independent States) with the headquarters in Minsk. Nowadays Belarus is a country of developed industry, agriculture; science and culture. Belarusian industry produces heavy-duty trucks and tractors, large-capacity dump trucks, refrigerators, TV sets, fertilisersi meat and dairy products. They make its chief exports. Timber processing, furniture
making, match and papermaking, textile
r7g
.and
potatoes are the main field crops, a large percentage of which is used for animal feed. Cattle and'pig
raising are also important. Belarus is a country of well-developed science, culture and education. There is an Academy of Sciences, 37 higher educational establishments, and a lot of theatres, museums, and art galleries thbre.
The long history has taught Belarusians to overcome difficulties. Today they are optimistic because their historical experience makes them sure they will do their best to preserve their unique culture, language and revive industry and agriculture. But they are anxious about the future of their children after the Chernobyl catastrophe, 1986. And still they hope for the best. Vocabulary. a.
advantageous
n. u.
['Enslsto]
ancestor
atttact
n. a.
background backward
n. anxious cattle n conquer u:
barley be
consumption devastate u. disease
n.
distinctive feature n.
n.
a.
fertilizer z. financier
flax
n.
['bakgraond] [bakwed] ['bo:h] ['a4kJes] [kaetl] ['ku4ke] [kan's,tmpJn] ['devastert] [dt'zi:z] [dts'tt4ktl] ['fi:tje]
rpeAorc [prrBJrexar6, rrprirarvBarr,
r4ctorrr, rrporcxorr(Aerrre
otcra-nuii
[far'nansra]
n.
['fu:dsttfl ['hen4'sclte] [,hospr'teltt] [rn:vergn]
linen
z.
n. local principality rnillennium n. rnultiply u. oats n. Palaeolithic a. preserve D. respectively adu. revive u. rye n. sailcloth n. silkman z. spicer z. suffer u. suzerainty z. tanner z. tar n' tolerance n. trade n. trapper n. tribe z. tributary n. unique a.
herring-salter
hospitality
n.
n.
z.
,180
['lmm]
IIOJIOTI{O
['larvstok]
xcrtBoruoBoAcrBo
livestock farming
['leuka!pnnsr'pelrtt] uecrnoe Err.fix{ecrBo
[mr'lenrem] ['mrJttplat] [euts]
Trrc.firreJlerrte
yne.nz'ruearr(ca)
[,pehe(u)'h0rk]
oeiic ua.neoazrz-recnr4fi
[pn'zs:v]
coxpanfirb coorBercrBenuo
[rr'varv] [ra4 ['serlkloO] ['sparso]
Bo3po)KAarb po)rcb
rapycilrra ToproBeII rrij;rrorr ToproBeq creqrlfiMu crpaAarr, Brracrr
['su:zeremtl] 4y6ralrulrr ['tane] nijrots
['tolarens] [trerd] ['trape]
reprrr4Mocrb roproBrr.a oxornr.IR, craearqr,rfi rcarrKarr rrJIeMfl
l'tnbjoton] fiu:'ni:k]
rprrrox
['varo]
qepes
ynr.rxa-nrrsul, e4rnc, serrrrrrii B CBOeM pOAe
nr{Meub
vra prep.
6ecnorcoutr,cs
winemerchantn. ['warn'ms:tfent] nunoroproneq
xpynnuri porarr,rrf cror saeoiierreat', no6erx4arr notpe6nenne orycrornarb, pasopfirb 6o.nesnr
ornz.rzre.nrnrrfi
'
I. Hafilrrre
B Terccre rrpeAJrorceu[s, sBJrflrotrIllecs 9rcBuBaJIeETaMtr pyccrc[x. 1. Onu floceJr]rJrrrcb B pafioHe peK-I{ floJrora (rrpl4ToK 3ailaAnoft,{nnnsI) z nosxe 6r,ttra HaBBaHbI
oco6ennocrr, uepra y4o6penue
n.
truck
(pnnancncr
IIOJIOTIIAHE.
rpoAyxrbr rrtaurfl corlr{rrrrqrx cerrbArl rocrerrpt4rrMcrBo, paAyrrrue Brop)KeHEe
paoBrrBaJracb 6JlaroAapff ToMy, rrro ,{uenp 6rrn qacruo BoAHoro nyrr4 r4B KoncranTHHOTTOJTff trepes Kraes n HoBropoA x EanruficrroMy Mopro. IeorpatpflrrecKoe noJro)Kelrlle crpanbr, pacBurrl,Ie
2. Toprourfi
.niin
foodstriff
invasion
[eedvo:n'ter$as] errro4urrfi, 6.naronprzarnrrft
6oarrtrerpysnrrft cauocgaa
Large-capacity dump
3.
TOpf oBJrlI fi pzBJreHaJI vt clo Aa
181
A
arcKllx pBr6aKoB,
-
r',
M@rtoBclrl,Ix oxoTr{r{rtoB, eBpeft cKr4x $rarraucrrc TOB, BerrrepcKLrx Bt4rroToproBrleB, TypeIIKTAX TOproBqeB crrerlr4 ff Mr4, Tarapcxr{x ay 6rznrr4unoB rtorr( z rrraricx\rx roproBqes iliirnolr, rioroprre n o6MeH Ha cBor,r roBapbr rroxyrraJrv Mexa, cyruiinyro psI6y, coJrb, rroJrorHo, rlapyct4rry, nepiiurz, .nec, 4tiIOTb r{ [poAyIcTbI lrr4Tarrr4.f,. n -
4. Eenapycr
6uryra aperrofi Muorr4x BofiH, Bropfice-
n arpeccrafi. 5. Xors 6enopycrr flplrHaAJreficar K Bocror{HocJrassucrofi DTur{qecftofi rpynne, B Lrx flpoT4cxoxrlrrair
r,r KyJrbrype cMerrraJrLTc"CKaHAIIHaBCKIUIe AJIeM€HTbI.
Aeuuru, fiBbrxe CI{}-I9
6.
fi
6anrmtt-
.{o.rrraa rrcropllff Hayquura 6enopycon fipeoAoJreBaTb TpyAHOCTlr.
7. Ho onz "ne
o6ecnoroeHbr 6y4yrquwr cBor{x gerefi noc-
III.
Sarconqrlre rrpeAJrorrceE[s, ilcnoxbays, npeAJro?rceEHbre BaprraETbr.
1. Man
came to these Iands in a) the middle Palaeolithic times. b) the Middle Ages. c) the middle of the first millennium. 2. They took up a) paper making. b) honey collecting, hunting and agriculture. c) heavy-duty trucks and tractors producing. 3. Belarus is a country of the well developed a) industry and agriculture. b) sciencei cultur:e and education.
c) travelling business. 4. Grain is the main field crop, which
vepno6rrnrcxoft aBapvtt 1986 ro4a.
fI. Bcrarrre
a) gives two harvests a year. b) is used for animal feed. c) is the main foodstuff.
rrponyqerxbre cJroBa.
1. Its history is a ... page in the world history. 2. But it was only in the middle of the first ... that Slavs... here. 3. Trading settlements ... and many towns of presentday Belarus ... by the end of the 12ih century. 4. These international contacts influenced the most ... ... of the Belarusian national character ... and... . 5. It was a ... province where 8O% of. the population were... . '6..In December 1991 it was one,of the three... republics of the former USSR to form CIS (the Commonwealth of Independent States) with the . ... in Minsk. 7. And today they are,.optimistic because their historical experience males them sure they wiII :
.,, ,,do their best to .:. their.urfque,culture, laaguage
and ...
indtlstr,yland,agrigulture. 182
.
:
IV. Orrerbre
Ea Borrpocbr.
1. What tribes were the Belarusian people's alcestors?
2. When did Belarusian towns first appear in historical documents?
3. Who conquered Belarus during its history? 4. When was the BSSR proclaimed? 5. When did it join the USSR? 6. When did Belarus become a sovereign state? 7. What does the Belarusian industry produce nowadays?
8. What are the main'agricultural products? 9. Carr you prove that Belarus is a country of well,
developdd science,,culture and education?
{.,,Paage.nrrre: Terccr Ea cMbrcJroBbre Etcrrr; nog6eprrre HaBB&EIIfi r0 lce]rcEofi.ns fi iix :
18S
VI.
Parenonolrcr{Te Aarrrrbre rrynrcTbr rrJrarra eorJracIIO JIOTIIft E IIOBECTBOBAIIIS.
1. Belarus nowadays: political status, economical development and social life. 2. The Belarrisian people's ancestors: the first settlers, their occupations, the development of trade and nation.
3. Belarus as the arena of wars and aggressions. 4. Belarusian racial, Iinguistic and cultural background.
VII.
IlcnoJrbays Qarrrr rra Terccra paccrcarcrrre o 1. The life of the East-Slav tribes on the territory of Belarus. 2. The advantages and disadvantages of the geographical position of Belarus. 3. Belarus nowadays.
Minsk
the East and the West. Thus, this advantage often turned into disadvantage. But nevertheless Minsk steadily increased in importance first as a provincial centre after 1793 and later as an industrial centre after the building Romny and Liepaja of the Moscow -'Warsaw In 1919 it railways through Minsk in the 1870s. became the capital of the Byelorussian republic and remained the capital when Belarus gained independence in 1991. The same year the city became the administrative centre of the CIS.
Minsk stands on the Svisloch river in
a
picturesque place. The present'day city is almost entirely of new construction. It is the city with broad streets and avenues, modern architecture, shady parks and some churches which have survived as relics of the past. Minsk is the major industrial centre of Belarus'
The economy is based on machine-building,
Minsk is the capital of Belarus, an ancient and beautiful city with a long and exciting history. It was first mentioned in chronicles in 1067 in connection with the battle of the Nemiga River during which it was completely destroyed. It was destroyed, burned, ruined by the conquerors many times during its 930 year history: by the Crimean Tatars in 1505, French troops in 1812, German occupants in 1919-L92O, fascists duri.ng World War II. But each time it rose from the ruins and asn-es as the rnythical bird Phoenix. Many conquerors have passed through Minsk because it is situated on the cross.roads of the busiest traderoutes connecting the Baltic and the Black seas,
particularly the manufacture of tr''rcks and tractors. Other products include electric motors, bearings, machine tools, radio and television equipment, refrigerators, watches, textiles and foodstuffs. The city is also a major educational and cultural centre with the Academy of Sciences of Belarus, the Belarusian State University founded in 1921 and numerous institutions of higher education and scientific research. It's the city where you can find the best pieces of Belarusian cultural heritage: museums, exhibitions, theatres and so on. The best way to explore the city is to make a tour. If I were a guide I would show the tourists my favourite places in Minsk. They are numerous. But the shortest way to get acquainted with our
L84
185
city and its people is to walk down Francisk
Skorina avenue from Independence square to Yakub Kolas square. I think, this is the most beautiful and the busiest part of the city. Tourists can see the most famous places of interest here: the House of the Government, the State University, the Catholic church, the RuSsian Academic Drama Theatre, the Art Museum of the Republic of Belarus, Y.Kupala Belarusian Drama Theatre, October Square, the Palace of the Republic and zero kilometre mark, the State Circus, Opera and Ballet House, the embankment of the Svisloch, Victory Square and the Obelisk of Victory with the Eternal Fire, the Palace of Arts, Philharmonic Society, the monument to Y.Kolas, beautiful parks
and gardens and everything what our city is rich in. And then they will understand why our city is considered to be so beautiful, clean, green, calm, optimistic and hospitable.
r:ortsider
u.
,
rlcstroy
advantage z.
Iod'vo:ntr@]
ancient a. ash z.
laJl ['avrnjuJ
na6eperxnaa
crrtirely adu. r:quipment n.
Ir'kwrpmont]
o6opy4oaanre
avenuen.'
battle n. be situated
oxciting
gaxsarrrsaroqufi,
a.
soruyrcrrlrli Irks'plc:]
I oodstuffs n. galn u. get acquainted
Isem]
fioJrFrarg, Ao6uBarrcg
Io'kwemtrd]
noSHaRoMr(TECff,
guide n. lreritage n. lrospitable a. in connection with
Isard]
rr,rA, 9KcRypcoBoA
['hentr$]
HacJreAcTBo, HacJreAr,Ie
[:hospttebl]
rocrenpnzrrrnrrft.
tncrease u. independence n. rnanufacture n.
Im'kri:s]
u.
bearing n. broad o. burn' (burnt, burned) chronicle n.
llumerous (l. adu.
fiellet,
remaln
a.
u,
research institute
rurn
[brc:d]
mrpoxr,rft
shady a.
Jrceqb, ctKntaT6
steadily adu.
cTonrrqa
survLve u,
:JIETOtrIICb, XPOEI4KA
:
CIS
CHT
completely odu. connecting p. conqueror n,
coBeprrreHrro, rloJrHocTbIo
cBasrraarorquft
l€tr
rrpor{sBoAcTBo
['mrOrkl] ['njumeres]
ulrtprlvecxnfi , .nerer4apxrrft
Ipa'tftjuleh] Ipo:s]
oco6egno IIpoxoAnTb
[,prktJa'resk]
lrlrsonNcgtrft
[pi:s]
o6paeeq, fiplrMep; qacrb penrrKBrr!r
{'rehksl Irr'mern] [n'ss:tJl
llgoroqucleggrrfi
OCTABATECS
Hafruo-r{ccJregorarearcnzfi kt
pacnoaolrceugLlM
C
ycz.rraarr(ca) HE3ABI{CI{MOCT6
Imanjo'fakfa]
rise (rose, risen) u.
IIOAItrIIIIHI,IK
['kopkare]
B CB,fi3I4
cpaxcexne
Ibeenp]
['kmnftl]
u.
yrroMr{EaTb
['srfuertrd]
capital n.
IIPOAYKTLI IIlITAIIIIA
mention u. rnythical a.
6rrrr
u.
r.tccJreAoBarb
OSIIAKOMIITbcg
gpernraft
6lrria,
rIoJrHocrbro, Bceqeno,
cxplore u.
prece n. relics n.
IIpocrreKT
i
coBeprleIlHo
picturesque
SoJra
I
gacrpoira
[rm'ba4kment] Irn'tareh]
pass u.
IIper4MyqlecTBo
lo'4AraTb' cqaTaTF: .t
paspyrrraT6, yrrurrTo*caT6
u.
crnbankment z.
particularly
Vocabulary
[ken'srde] Ikan'strirkJn]
lonstruction z.
u.
the Eternal Fire tour z.
trade-route,n. : troops z.
rrcTlrTyT
[oAHrrMaTbcfi, BcraBaTb
paspymarb
[rurn]
tenracrrrfi ['stedrh] [se'varv]
rrocTqfiHrro, EerrcMerrHo, BepHo
Ir'to:nl]
ge'rnrrft ororn
Itua] ['trerd'ru:t]
IIyTeIUeCTBLIe' SKCRYpCUff
Itru:ps]
SABOEBAT€JIb
18V.
y4eneT6
roproorrft nyrr soficra
-.
I.
Omnerrre B Terccre rrpeAnoilcenrrg, gBnsrcrquecg orcBrrBaJIeETaMrr pyccKrrx.
1. Bnepeue Mvncr 6srn ynowrsrryr B Jreronr4csx 1067 rola B cB.nBLr c 6ureoft. Ha pexe HeMrare, e
3.
p$yJrbrare rconcpofi on 6rr"n rroJrHocrbro paopyrrreH. Ho xarx4rrft pas oH [oAHlrMaJrcfi.,ns py[r{, Kar{ JrereHAapHafl rrrllrla @enzxc. Coepervrennrrfi ropoA nolrrpr noJrnocrbro Bacrpo-
4.
eH HOBbIMIUI SAaHVffMIzI. F,cn:u 6rr s 6rrn ancxypcoBoAoM,
2.
s 6rr norasar
Typr craM wroz nro6zMbre Mecra s M[HcKe. trIx OIIEHb MHOIO.
5.
LI rorAa onz noftwryr, norreMy Harrr ropoA crrr{Taercg raKnM BeJreHbIM, rrlulcrbrM, cnoxofiHrtm, onTTl
II.
MI{CTI4IIHbIM \1 TOCTEIIPI4I4 MHbIM.
Sano.nrurre rrpolycrcrr rroAxoAsqrrMrr rro cMbrcJfy cJroBaMrr.
1. Minsk is the ... of Belarus, an ... and ... city with a long and ... history. 2. This ... often turned into ... 3. It is the city with broad... and ..., modern ..., shady ... and some churches which ... ... as ... of the past.
4. Minsk is the ... ... centre of Belarus . 5. The best way to ... the city is to make a ...
III.
IV. 1. 2. 3.
.
1. Many conquerors have passed through Minsk because
a) it was rich and wealthy. b) it is situated in the centre of Europe. c) it is situated on the crossroads of the busiest trade-routes connecting the Baltic and the Black Seas, the East and the West.
Minsk became the capital of the Byelonrssian
republic and remained the capital when a) Belarus .was occupied by the f ascist invaders. b) Belarus gained independence in 1991. c) the CIS was formed. 3. Minsk is the city where you can find a) the best pieces of international cultural heritage. b) the best pieces of Belarusian cultural heritage. c) the best examples of the West-European cultural heritage. 4. Walking down Francisk Skorina avenue tourlsts can see a) the most famous places of interest in'Minsk. b) the biggest plants and factories. c) aII Minsk theatres.
4.
Sarcoutrrrre rrpeAJroJrcenrrs, llcrronbays rrpeAnaraeMbre Bapr(a[TBr.
188
2. In 1919
5.
6. 7.
8. 9. 10. 11.
t2.
Orserbre rra Borrpocbr. Is Minsk an ancient city? When was it first mentioned in chronicles? Why r','as it destroyed, burned and ruined many times during its 930 year history? Why do we say that the geographical position of Minsk was an advantage which often turned into disadvantage? Why did Minsk steadily increase in importance? When did it become the capital of Belarus? Where is Minsk situated? Are there many relics of the past in Minsk? What is the economy of Minsk based on? Is Minsk a major educational and cultural centre of Belarus? What are your favourite places in Minsk? If you rvere a guide what would you show the tourists?
189
V. flporrurafire
rerccr er46 pae rl paBAeJrHTe ero Ha rracrru cMbrcJroBbre rrog6eplrre EaBBaHrre K rcailc,4oft ua rrux.
VI.
PacnoJrorcrrre rryHrcTbr rrJraHa corJracHo JrorfiKE IIOBECTBOBAEIIS.
1. Minsk is the major industrial centre of Belarus. 2. Some places of interest in Minsk worth seeing. 3. Minsk is an ancient city with a long and exciting history.
4. Minsk
is a major educational and cultural centre.
VII.
llcnoJrbays Qarcrrr rrs Tercra, paccrca?rcr{Te o 1. The history of Minsk. 2. Your favourite places in Minsk.
Education in Belarus Scientific and intellectual potential is the main strategic resource of Belarus. In 1950s Belarus became the country of universal literacy. In 1989, accordingto the results of the eensus, 899 people per each thousand engaged in the national economy had higher and secondary education; L44 people among them were the graduates from the higher educational establishments. Thus, we can say that Belarus had a developed system of education. It embraced 11,000 educational establishments; 430,000 teachers worked there; 33 per cent of population attended different forms of classes. Nowadays the number of students attending diff,erent educational establishments has not changed. The republic guarantees its citizens the right to universal secondary e-ducation and creates r.ngans for fu{ther professienal edueation. It tries 190
to preserve the democratic character of education, paying much attention to common human values,
developing independent critical thinking instead of simple perception of information. The republic is reforming its system of education today with the aim of creating an independent, qualitatively new national school, corresponding to international standards and ensuring each citizen the right to the high-quality education according to his abilities and inclinations. The reform envisages a continuity of study at all stages, such as pre-school, secondary school, vocational training and specialized secondary school, and at the higher school level. It gives teachers and students freedom in the choice of educational forms and methods, while the results must correspond to the state educational standards. Themain principles of theeducational system in Belarus are the priority of human values, national culture as the basis of education, humanism, sense of ecological purpose, scientific basis, democracy, support of gifted children and so on. In the period from 1996 till 2010 the reform envisages:
L. L2 year secondary school. Academic
education in the Ll-1-2rh forms according to the main trends of the higher education: humane, natural, aesthetic and technological. 2. Primary vocational training at vocational schools. 3. Secondary vocational training at secondary specialized schools and colleges. 4. Higher education at two levels: the first level for those seeking a bachelor's degree 191
(4-5
years) arid the second level to obtain a master's degree (5-6 years). 5. Possibility for masters to obtain doctoral degree. There have been changes in the organrzation of education itself. New types of educational establishments have appeared: gymnasiya, lyceum, experimental school, college. There appeared nonstate-owned schools of various kinds, private kindergartens, schools at home, commercial
institutes. So, it stimulates effectiveness of education, creates non-idealistic attitude to society
on students' part.
ability n. attitude n. bachelor's degree
engaged census z. ctttzen n. common human values continuity z.
be
irrclination
embrace
u. u. u.
guarantee envisage
ribtain
u.
yx:rception z. l)feserve u.
lrriority
n.
rlrralitatively adu. reform u.
cTeneEb Marflcrpa HETOCYAAPCTBEHIIBIC
[eb'tern] [pe'sepJn]
[kon'spond] [e6o'kedn] [rm'brets] . [garon'ti:] [tn'vzt$]
[prar'ontr] ['kwnlrtatrvld [rr'fc:m]
KaqecrBerruo peQopruvpoBarb,
[n'sc:s]
pecypc
L92
nprroprzrer
cpeAHee o6paooaarze 4o6naarrca, crpeMr,rrbct 9KOJrOtUqeCKag
l,rrrnd n.
HanpaBJreHHocrb TeHAeHqI4fi, yKJTOH
liu:nr'v::sel'lrtensrl nceo6qaa rpaMoruocrb upo{recctt ona.nrroe
o6yvstta
roceqarb orrorrrerrr{e, rro3vqrff
f. Oruerrre B Terccre rrpeAJroficerrrrg,
6rrtl aasstrrrvr [epe[rrcr HaceJreur,I.fi
1. C;re4yer orMerllTb, rrro B rrgrrzAec,frblx roAax
rpar (Mozart Covetous and Salieri), aKamenny gost> (The Stone Guest), and (Feast in Time of the Plague) and the famous short story (The Queen of Spades). Eventually, he was allowed to return to St. Petersburg. Soon marriage to one of the leading beauties of the societybrought its problems. Pushkin was mortally wounded defending his wife's honour
in a duel. And died on February 10, 1837. ontT
a\t .
Pushkin's use of the Russian language is astonishing in its simplicity and profundity' His novel in verse was the first
Russian work depicting contemporary society and pointing the way to the Russian realistic novel of the mid-L9th century. Pushkin's importance as a great national poet was recognized even during hi. Lif"ti-e. Pushkin was the creator of the Russian literary language and stood as the cornerstone of Russian literature, (the beginning of beginnir$S> ' Pushkin has thus become an inseparable part of the literary world of the Russian people. He also exerted a profound influence on other aspects of Russian culture, most notablY in oPera. Pushkin's work has struck an echo all over the world with its nobility of conception, its emphasis on civic responsibility, its tife-affirming vigour, and its confidence in the triumph of reason over prejudice, of human charity over slavery and oppression'
His works are translated into all the major languages. They are transcending national bariiers expressing most completely Russian national consciousness. Vocabulary BOCTIIITAEI{E
announce u.
banish u. boredom n.
boyar
vero-ro) conscience n. consclousness ft.
cornerstone n. discharge u. dread a. emphasis n.
['konJens] ['konJesms]
Idred] ['emfosrs]
COBECTL
coSHar{r{e RpaeyroJl6Hblrir xamenr yBon6rrETb B oTcTaBKy
yxacnrrfi, crpaunrrrft aI(qeHT, rro,qqepKItBaIIrre,
yAapeIIue estate n.
exert
I,IMEHI{E
u.
Irg
exile z. fame n.
'zs:t]
['eksarl]
I{STIIAIII,IE, CCbIJIKA cJraBa, I,ISBeCTrrOCT6
freed serf garn u. hoof (hooves) z. imaginative a.
xpenocraofi , noayvzrurrafi cno6o4y rronJnrarr, npro6perarr KOtrbITA
Ihu:fl
o4apiinnrrft 6oratrru aoo6pan<enzerr HaArrt cB, KpaTKoe IrocBgrrleHI{e
inscription z. inseparable a. jealousy n.
Iife-affirming maternal narrative
BJIII.ET6
reorge.nraurrfi ['Selosr]
peBrlocT6, 3aBLICT6 ,r(r,rsHeyTBeprrtAarorqr,rfi
o.
uarepr,rncxr,rfi
a.
B rrpo3e
oppressron n.
Ie'preJen]
yIHeTeIIlIe, [pI,rTeCHeIrI{e
prejudice z.
['preQudr]
rrpeApaccyAoR KIIfiSCK
Ipra'fmdrtr]
rny6zna
remote o.
Aa.uirz*
simplicity n. slave n.
rrpocToTa pa6
roAoBlrlrasa, ro6rureft o6rannarr, [poBoornarrrarb
slavery n.
pa6cmo
stimulus z.
CTI'MYJI
r,rSroHgTb, BbIcbrJIaTb
sting
cKyKa
6orpcxnft
tension n. transcend u.
['tenJn] Itren'send]
['Santt]
MrrnocepArre
tribute n.
['srvrk]
rpax4ancrraft
Ilnbjut]
uneasy o,
Ienr'vs:sen] Ia'nauns] ['bc:dem]
a.
charity n. civic a.
IIPA3AHOBAHI,IE I'IJII4
trpeAoK
ancestor z.
anniversary z.
Ika'memerert]
o3rraMerroBanr4 e (raxono-ro co6rrrz,s IrJrv roAoBIqr4 116r
princeling z. profundity n.
ycbrEoBrlTE, rrpnrrffTb rra
adopt u.
commemorate u.
208
u.
209
'KAJIIITb
rratrp.E)KeHre
flepecTytraTb [peAeJrbr AAIIb 6ecnoxoft nufi ,
rperoxcnrrfi
unrequited love verse n.
vlgour n.
I.
['mrr'kwartrd] nepas4eldnras.nro6oar CTI'IX, CTIIXIi
[vs:s] ['vrge]
cIIna, aIIeprr{ff
Orrvrerme B Terccrie rrpeAJrolrcenrrg' sBJrffroryreefl aKBrrBaJreETaMrr pyccKrrx.
1.
Tarc rreJroBeqecrno or4aiir AoJIJrcHoe reHr{Io pyccxofi nuteparypbr B oBHaMeHoBaIrr4e ero 200-ner-
nero ro6raneg.
2. Mrr pocJIlI c ero KoroM lnr6nrrwr, Koropbrft xoAr{T IIO qeurl KpyroM; lrAeT rraJreBo
. 3. Or csoeft crapeHbrofi nsnr Apvnrr PograonorsaBOArrT, Ha[paBo
urr,fxosreaofi , KperrocrHoft, nolytrzsrrreft cso-
4. 5.
6oAy, oH cJlblrrraJr pyccxr'Ie HapoAnbre cKaBHrr. Ero rpl,IHecJro flyruHuny cJraBy' z )Kyxoncnzft rroAaprrJl ervry cnofi floprper c HaArrr'rcbro: , B lrorumental wall painting of the . He wrote treatises on painting, architecture, abook onthe elements of mechanics., awork on human anatomy, geographical, botanical, hydrological and aerological researches. From 1500 tiil 1502 Leonardo travelled from one city to another until he entered the service of the notorious son of Pope Alexander VI,:Cesare Borgia as <senior military architect and gener.al engineer>. Onty his can explain Leortardo's decision. For ten months he travelled across the territories and sketched some of the city plans and topographical maps-.that laid the groundwork for modern cartography. In 1503 he returned to Florence and for three yea-rs worked on but it remained unfinished. These same years he painted the portrait of <Mona Lisa> and a painting of a standing , which
*as not completed and has survived only in copies.
213
In 1506 the governor of Milan invited Leonardo da Vinci and the latter accepted the invitation. In Milan he did very little as a painter but his scientific activity flourished. In 1513 Leonardo went to Rome hoping to find employment there. He remained in the Eternal City for three years. While Donato Bramante'was building St. Peter's, Raphael was painting the last room.s of the Pope's new apartments, Michelangelo was struggling to complete the tomb of Pope Julius, and many younger artists were active there, the ageing master worked in his studio on mathematical studies and technical experiments.
In a life of such loneliness, it is
Vocabulary n.
devastate u. esteemed a.
flourish guide
u.
u.
[kri:'edn] ['devestert] [rs'ti:md.] ['flar{J [gard]
2t4
rBoperv e o[ycrorrrar6, pasopfir6 ynaxaewrrrft rpoqBerarb, rpeycrreBarb pyxoBoAr{rb
n.
hence adu.
lay the ground work legitimate a. notary z. notorious a,
lsrldl
tlanbAvfi
flrens]
rarzm
[r'Srtrmrt]
saxoHrrrrft
['natrten] Inou'tc:nas]
IlOTapUyC
[,
obzs:'verJn]
['pezent], In'naund]
treatise n.
I'ti:ttz)
undimmed a.
[,rn'drmd]
unfold
o6pasonr
trOJIOJK'ITb IIAqAJIO
observation n. peasant n. renowned a. sketch u.
npecaonyrr,rfi na6.nro4are:rrnocrr KpecTbfiIIr,rH
norectnrrfi , npoc.na-alennrrfi AeJrar6 na6pocrr.l Tparcrar, rrayrnrrrt rpy4
nerycrnerorqNft
pacrprnarr(ca)
u.
Oruerrre
B Terccre rrpeAnoilceurrfl, gBJrflrctrIfie-
cff oIcBIrBaJIeETaMr[ pyccKrrx.
easy to
understand why Leonardo, despite his 65 years, decided to accept the invitation of the young king Francis I to enter his service in France. Leonardo spent the last three years of his life in the small residence near the King's summer palace. The King treated him in every respect as an honoured guest. Leonardo spent most of his time arranging and editing his scientific studies. He died on May 2, 15t9. During the French Revolution the church where he had been buried was devastated. Hence, his grave can no longer be located. But his ma-sterpieces live and we can admire their perfect beauty.
creation
guild
HeyxporuMaff crpacrb K BHaHlrffM pyxoBoAlrJra elo MbIcJrfiMI{ r{ IIOBeAeIIITeM. 2. Jleonap4o poc B AoMe orrla, rAe BocrrlrrbrBaJrcff KEuc BatcoHurrfi ctrn 14 rroJrJrqr{Jr o6sr.rHoe Haquulbnoe o6paaoBaulle roro BpeMeHv: ttayrraJlcff rrr4rTaTb, IIIitCaTb lt CtII(TaTb. 3. Jleonap4o 6sr.n uocrosnuo B€trrfiT Kax xyAolnur{K, crcyJrbrrrop, oQopuurelr,EoprIoBbD( [paBAHr{KoB, TEXHI.IIIECKIIfi COSET'{IIK II IIH)KEIIEP. 4. C 1500 no 1502 ro4 JleonapAo rrepeea)rdaJr rro oAHoro ropoAa s gpyrofi, rrora He rrocryrrlrJr Ha 1.
cnyx6y K rrpecJroByroMy cbrHy flaurr A-nexcanVI, I{eaaplo Bop4ncna B Kar{ecrBe . 5. B Mrn;raHe oE orlenb MaJro BaurirMzucfi x(r{Borrfi-
cblo, 6
SaTO
eIO Ha] IHa-'I Ae.ErenbHocTb llpoqBeTuura.
florta,{ouaro Epauanre crpotrJr co6op Cn.aroro flerpa, Pa@aanr pac[?rcbrBa;r fiocJreAurorc KoMHary HoBbrx flaucxr,rx anapraMeHroB, MnxelanAJrceJro' rrbrraJrc.E Baronqrrrb na4rpo6ne flanrr IOnus rir Mrrorue MoJroAbre xyAolr(Hr{Kz pa6oraJrur rau, fipecrapeJrrrft rvracrep pa6ora-n s csoefi
215
Macrepcxoft na4 MareMarwlecKI{MIII rrccJIeAoBa]JUr. fi:NtrUI
I4
T e X H I4
q
eCK
I{ M }1
II. Sano.rurrrb rrporrycrcH
0K
C
rI
e
p
I',I
M e H T aM
fi '
rroAxoAsrqrrMrr rro cMbrc-
Jry cJroBaMr{.
that the Florentine artist and ... Leonardo da Vinci enjoyed in his lifetime has remained ... to the present daY. 2. Leonardo's artistic ... must have appeared early, because when he was about 15 his father took him to a ... workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio. 3. For 10 months he travelled across the territories and ... some of the city plans and ..' maps that ... the groundwork for modern ..'. 4. These same years he painted the ... of on the ground. The situation got worse because ... ... coincided with the ... existing zones of high The Chernobyl ... has affected the ... of millions of Belarusian people. Measures were taken to ... the people from the most ... districts, to ... for their medical ... and
1.
cyqecrnyrorquft
n. forestry n. formerly adu,
par[a-
5. Mexc4ynapoArroe corpyAurrqecrBo B aroft o6lacTr,r cJryttcrrT rrHTepecaM Bcero rleJroBerrecTBa.
['destm]
fall-out
BJrrltffHrre
\J/JlrHaJrro,4efi rrocJre aI,apr4ikr B pec[y6Jrr,rKe 6bura rrpoBeAerra SHaqrrreJrbFan pa6ora.
grra.rrare.ngnrrfi
considerable o, contaminate u.
destiny n.
toro, rrro6br yMerrbrrrurb
4orroapenaerrrrft
['manr@] [pre'rard] [prelvr3n] [skeil] [sr'vre]
yrpaBtnrb
III. Sarcorsnre
o6ecnerrr.rsarr o6ecue'renue pa3Mep
1.
raxciiarrfi, xcecrorsrft
It is the most severe catastrophe throughout a) the history of Belarus. b) the entire world history of atomic energy
enepro6.nox JICTIEHI'E
Orruerrre B Terccre rrpeAnoffieErrs, sBJrgroqfiecs oKBrIBaJreETaM[ pyccKrrx.
L. 26 arrpeJrff 1986 roga s 12 rl,uroNrerpax or 6eropyccKofi rpallnqbr Ha yKpa-rd-re [pousorlxa KaTac-
rpo$a.
2. B peey;rBTare BBp,brBa aBaprftHoro peanropa
B
arMocoepy 6rrno srl6poureEo orpoMEoe KoJrrrqeCTBO pa,qfi oaRTr4Brrblx BeuIecTB.
3. flocne qepno6burbcxofi 3orrofi oKoJrornqecKoro
ao,
use.
c) the entire world history
:
:
of industrial
development. 260,000 hectares of agricultural lands a) aie forbidden to use for farming purposes. b) are forbidden to use for hunting. , .: r , c) can be usdd for farming plrrposes. r" ' 3, The measure$ taken are a) quite enough. : -' b) not enoughyet. ' '
2.
:
aBapfiE Berapycb craJla
6e{.easng'.
npegnotrceurrfi , rrcrroJrbays npeAxo-
ficeEEbre BaprlaETbr.
c)unsucces$ful.:':1
23i
IV. Otserbre rra Borrpocbr. 1. When
and where did the Chdrnobyl catastrophe
break out?
2. Why is
it
considered to be the most severe
catastrophe?
3. What are the consequences of the Cherpobvl catastrophe in Belarus? 4. What was done in Belarus during the postaccident period to decrease the influence of radiation? 5. Are the measures taken quite enough?
V.
PasAerrrre terccr rra cMbrcJroBbre lracrrr ll rrasoBITTE IIX.
VI. PacnoJroilc[Te 4aurrbre nyrrrTbr
rrJrarra corJrac-
EO JIOTIIrcE IIOBECTBOBAEITS.
'1. Measures were taken to decrease the influence of radiation. 2. The catastrophe and its consequences. 3. Belarus is the zone of ecological disaster.
VII.
llcnoJrbays Qanrrr r[3 Terccra paccrcaircrrre 1. about long-term consequences of the Chernobyl catastrophe. 2. about the ecological situation in Belarus during the post-accident Period. 3. about the measures which were taken to decrease the influence of radiation.
Press is the
Mirror of Current Events
E-very day millions of newspapers and magazines are published all over the world. Now it's difficult
to say how many different- newspapers 232
and
magapines are issued in our country. The list of their titles may seem endless. There are different national and local papers, dailies and weeklies, some that are issued three times a week and even monthlies. They satisfy different interests and tastes. People subscribe to various papers and magazines,
but they have one comaron aim. People want to know what is going on in the world, in the country, city, town or village, what people are anxious about. That's why newspapers and magazines inform the readers of the current events and home and international affairs. They inform the readers of all important developments, give full attention to
the most important national and internatibnal
affairs, carry commentaries on the most interesting events. There are also articles on sports, art, music, new books. There are interviews with well-known
people and celebrities. Everything printed corresponds to people's interests. As our press is democratic, following the principle of freedom of speech,it makes readers acquainted with different opinions on various problems.
As for me, I subscribe- to . It's a weekly for specialists and entrepreneurs. In Britain such newspapers are called quality newspapers, because they are serious and cover news thoughtfully. In you can find all the necessary inforrnation on computer #orld: new discoveries and inventions, network, software, hardware, interesting and entertaining facts, advertisements. The papOr has a supplement, which contains information about the cornputer
233
market:,prices, sellers, types of computeis and
periphe This Persona you are intere losubscribe to
:
has a circulation of 10500' useful and interesting' And if things I advise You r. Youwon't regret' [e'kwernt]
sEaxoMtrrb
affair
[e'fee]
Aerro
BITNMAIIIE IIepeAaBaTb
u.
[,ss:kju'lerJn] rrrpiln(raeetrr,
commona. correspond u, current events developments z. entrepreneur z, hardware z.
['komen]
tssue u,
lisjul
KOMtrbroTepa BbrrrycKaTb, lrSAaBaT6
local
['leukcl] [,mago'ziin]
rvrecrnrrfi )Kypr{an
['nju:s,perPe]
ceTb taSeTa
[pe'nferelz]
uepu(Pepraft
newspaper
rl,.
peripherals n.
*cyprra-na)
['krrentr'vents] texyrque co6nrlrs co6rrrns, o6crogrearcrsa [,nntrepre'ns:] Epe4np[ErrMareJrr COCTABIIbIE qACTI[
nue YctPofi ctna
print
IIEIIAT Tb
u.
publish satisfy
u. u.
['prbltfl
r,rsAaBaTb
['setNfar]
y4oa.7retroparr, COOTBETCTBOBATb
trpoAaBeq
seller n.
softwaren. subscribe u,
I softwee] [seb'skratb]
z. thoughtfuliy odul title n. '
I srPhmont]
supplement
uirorparurvrroe o6ec[etreufie
:
The list of their ... may seem ... . . . . to various netvspapers and .. ., but they have one ... aim. 3. Newspapers and magazines inform the ... of the ... events and home and international.. . 4. As our press is ..., following theprincipleof ... of ... it makes readers acquainted with different ... on various problems. b. As for me, I ... to .., , 1.
2. People
and magazines are issued in our country? 2. What kinds of newspapers and magazines are issued in our country? 3. Why do people subscribe to newspapers, and-
rnagazines?
rroAutrcbrBarEe* na (rasersr'
;
-l)tcYPEaJIEI
r l. A')
4.
rrII)4nolrceErre
gQAeplrcaTenE{9
['Ocrfult] [tattl]
HaSBaHIte, SaFJraB're
;,
284
vHTepecaM
IIr. Ornerrre Ha Borrpocbr. 1. Is it easy to say how many newspapers
rleI{a
lpraml
'l,.
Bcii naue.IarauHoe coorBercrByer
II. Sanolnnre
COOTBCTCTBOBAT6
ROMrrbroTepa
prlce
2. Jlrc,qlr xor,fiT Buarb, rrro fipor4cxoAr,rr B Mr4pe, B cTpaHe, B ropoAe fiJrr4 AepeBrre, rAe oHr{ EcrrByT.
flponycrcrr rroAxogffqrlMrr rro cMr,rcJry cnoBaMn.
o6u1nft
network n.
Mt4JrJrrir-
peclloft.
circulation z,
maga-zine z.
eo sctiNr Mrrpe r,raAarorc,ff
oHbr raSeT Lr EcypHaJroB.
4. B Epuranrul Taxr{e raoerbl HaobrBalor ra3eraMrr BbrcoKoro KarrecrBa, rroroMy lrro ourir cepriisno z coAep)I{aTeJIbHo rroAaroT HoBocTrr. 5. JIu'rHo,fi cqlrraro gry qaoery uo.neanoft ra rrHTe-
[ad'vs:trsment] pirraMa,o6sssresr4e
attention z.
a.
1. ICax4ufi 4ens
.nroAeft.
acquaint u. advertisement z.
carry
cg oKBrrBaJreHTaMrr pycc$ux.
3.
Vocabulary n.
I. Oruerrre B Terccre rrpeAJrotrcenrr.fl, .flBJr.flror{rr€:
'!
b. :
6.
.,
What kind of information can they find there? Is our press democratic? Wh?t is your favourite 4Swspaper'(magazine)? '
IV. Ilcnolraya
,
o Qarcrbr rra rerccra' pacerciaffcrrre
1. The role of Press in our life' 2. The newspaper (magazine) you subscribe to'
The Role of TV in our Life
'
are concerned with the country's national events, the most topical political problems of the day. Musical Review presents songs, pop groupb, folk songs. It is very popular with TV viewgrs. Thus, we can say that TV is a great force whieh attracts millions of people to the screens.' But tastes differ. Some people are against TV. They say that TV is doing a lot of harm. It occupies a lot of free time. People used to have hobbies, to meet with fri6nds, to go to the cinema or theatre, to read books, to listen to music. Nowadays many people sit watching TV hour by hour. They don't read books, they don't do sports, they begin to forget the art of conversation. Watehing TV for a long time may lead,to poor health and ruin eye-sight" But nobody makes you watch TV for hours.
You can simply switch off your TV-set. But nobody can deny the fact, that TV is a great force
in the world today.
Television, Cornputers, Books As far as books and computers are concerned, I can say in my firm confidence that computers vrill
never replace books. First because they fulfil different functions. It's true that both books and cgmputers contain information. But one cor.nputer is worth the whole library. So perhaps, computers
will replace reference books because it's quicker and easier to find the necessary inforrnation in .the computer than in reference books,. , . ', .' But I'm sure computers can't be eompared to fictioq. Historical novels, adventure books, detective 23,6
2iB7
stories, science fiction; romance, poems, which we read for pleasure or if they are recommended by teacheis create a special atmosphere. They take us into the imaginary world of high human emotions, exciting relations. A computer can help you in reading these'books without turning the pages but working on the coniputer demands cerf,ain effort. You dre to sit straight, not to stoop, you keep your'finger on the keyboard. Besides computers have'a harmful impact on the eyesight. In my opinion, it's impossible to read on the s"t"un. We'Il lack something important: the invisible contact with th'e writer who speaks with,us from the passed centuries. As to TV, it's role is. expressed in the proverb,