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ARCHAIC CLASSICS.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR, AND
READING BOOK
ARCHAIC
CLA...
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271
ARCHAIC CLASSICS.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR, AND
READING BOOK
ARCHAIC
CLASSICS. AN
ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR; WITH
FULL SYLLABARY
AND PROGRESSIVE READING BOOK, OF
THE ASSYRIAN LANGUAGE, IN
THE
CUNEIFORM
TYPE.
BY
THE
REV.
A.
H.
SAYCE, M.A.
FELLOW AND TUTOR OF QUEEN'S COLLEGE, OXFORD. Author of ''An Assyrian Grammarf^ and " The Principles of Comparative Philology.
Multae
terricolis linguae, ccelestibus
LONDON
una.
:
SAMUEL BAGSTER AND IS,
PATERNOSTER ROW. S^All rights reserved.^
SONS,
PJ3&S SS5
CONTENTS.
Preface
PREFACE The
following pages have been written in connection with
upon Assyrian
were commenced
philology, which
my
in the early part of
lectures
1875 under
the auspices of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, and through the exertions of
Mr.
W.
R. Cooper, the Secretary
for the first time to
oi"
smooth over the
the Society. difficulties
An
endeavour has been made
which beset the entrance
study of the Assyrian inscriptions, and so attract students to this
important branch of research.
When my
''
Assyrian
three years ago, a knowledge of the language
seemed
much
increased for a long while to come.
two
still
new and
was published,
confined to the few, and
prospect that the small band of Assyriologues would be
there
little
was
Grammar
"
to the
classes of readers
;
to those
who were
My
work was
therefore addressed to
already able to read the inscriptions,
and could appreciate a grammar which entered
into details
and points of
and to those who were acquainted with the better-known Semitic languages, but wished to learn something of the new dialect which had been so unexpectedly revealed, and promised to throw such a flood of light on Semitic scholarship,
philology in general. distant has
The
been more than
prospect, however, that three years realised.
ago seemed so
Assyrian has become a "popular" subject;
and the world of scholars which once looked with
distrust
upon the labours of
ii
Preface.
the decipherers, has at last
are flocking in from
awakened
all sides,
to their interest
and importance.
Students
and elementary grammars and progressive reading-
books, like those which initiate the pupil into
Hebrew
or Greek, are needed and
called for.
The
present volume
is
intended to meet this demand.
which has been freely used throughout forms of the characters, and as
even where the Assyrian text their original forms.
all
is
will
The
cuneiform type
accustom the eye of the reader to the
transliterated
words are divided
into syllables,
not added, he will be able to reduce them into
Care has been taken not to burden the memory with
unnecessary matter; and practical experience has proved that tabular
lists
of
nouns, verbs, and particles, such as are given in the second part of the book, are the best
means
A separate into details
for
impressing the rudiments of a
new language upon the mind.
chapter on the syntax has been omitted, since any attempt to enter
would be inconsistent with the plan of the Grammar, while
been found more convenient to state those few cases of importance
has
it
which
in
Assyrian differs from the syntactical usage of other languages in those places of the accidence to which they naturally belong. The notes appended to each of the reading-lessons are designed to lead the student on to a more
advanced and independent acquaintance with the language, and so complete the
work of a
practical
The main later
and elementary grammar.
difficulty is the Syllabary, the larger part of
have to be learnt by
memory
heart.
beginner
is
advised
first
will
to
sooner or
commit
to
the characters which express open syllables, given in pp. 46 and 47, as
well as the Determinative Prefixes at the monosyllabic closed syllables.
the
The
which
commoner and more
in p. 48,
and then
to
work
Experience alone can show him what are
favourite values with which a character
must be content to be continually a his side for
and Affixes given
learner,
is
used
;
and he
keeping the Syllabary constantly at
purposes of reference, and remembering that any endeavour to learn
iii
Preface.
the whole Syllabary
is
He
a needless and useless task.
will
soon come to know
what characters and what values are most frequently employed, and what ideographs are most likely to occur
The
hieroglyphic origin of the Syllabary, and
a foreign language, with.
in the inscriptions.
Its
will give the
Accadian
inventors
spoke
modern Chinese),
more ideas than
one,
an
came
it
he
difficulties
dialect
agglutinative
;
will
meet
and
each
to be corrupted into a cuneiform
originally expressed the
denoting the object or idea for which for
adaptation to the wants of
key to many of the
hieroglyphic, which in course of time
character (like the
its
stood.
The same
sound of the word
picture could stand
and might therefore be pronounced
in
more than one
way, so that when the Semitic Assyrians (or rather Babylonians) borrowed the cuneiform system of writing, using what were words in Accadian as mere phonetic values, polyphony became inevitable, and the same character repre-
Even
sented several phonetic powers.
in
Accadian the characters could be
employed phonetically as well as ideographically
;
and the Assyrians, while
turning the dictionary of the Accadians into a huge syllabary, did not forget the hieroglyphic origin of the writing, but reserved to themselves the
power of using
a character not only as the representative of a syllabic sound, but also as an ideograph to which of course a Semitic pronunciation was attached.
Many
of the characters exhibit their primitive form at the
for instance, clearly standing for
"
the tongue of a balance."
Y' the resemblance to the objects originally signified
simplified forms of the characters as used in Assyria,
the archaic
we
"
the sun
;"
and
it
is
not until
glance;
In other cases
not very visible in the
and we have
Babylonian type to detect the likeness.
resemblance to that
is
first
Thus
we remember
to
^Y
go back
has lost
to all
the archaic 'Zl^
discover the circle which stood for the great luminary of day.
A large
number of characters are compound, and when they are used ideographically their meaning can often be determined by considering what is the meaning of the
iv
Preface.
separate characters of which they are "
and
Yjf
act of
a drop of water
"
;"
the
made
compound
'-Cil^
>-C^Y^y
is
"
a mouth,"
therefore naturally denotes the '*
So, again, the Assyrian
drinking."
Thus
up.
>-^J
a month
" is
the simplified
form of the archaic J
Z-
?
564.
lab,
J65.
agarin
ummu
mother
266.
?
^arru
king
267.
ubigi
?
shrine
268.
?
?
?
269.
gaz (gaza), bi
daku,
partsu
rud
alu
:
(?)
city
puhuz,
niku,
(?)
(?)
to smite, victim,
?,
Tenanting (?)
khibu
270.
lil,
ubi
abutu,
s'aru,
naclu
...
charm, king, complete
galam, galum
271.
?
872.
zicura
{73.
taltal
\l\.
si,
?
se,
>VYY
;?x sem
...
trY
eak,
?,
to
casadu ^a
milcu, sarar-sirri
silim,
sallim
{of
Ass.
^ulmu,
sulummu
king {Judge),
?
rest {completion, recompense),
peace {alliance)
origin)
342rt^,
343.
a
malicu
^agar, sagalum
ci (cina), cicu
itti
(ittu),
asm, kak-
karu, matu,
ki?ig
with, place, grotmd, country, earth, lower,
irtsitu,
a dwelling, on,
about
saplu, asabu, anna,
ema cizlukh
343a.
utu
343(5.
canlab
<jgj
mascanu
highplace
citim-sa
belotv it {its
suluv, nidutu, terictu, asru,
high,
ramanu
malacu
high
lower part) place,
to rule
343^.
siten
344.
durud
carru
345-
va(?),cicas(?)
su
346.
cusi...
?
?
347
sakkad
cubsu, Nabiuv
crown, the god Nebo
348.
lit,
?
?
ab
lat (lad) ...
>
extension,
place, self
fortress
like {the sajtie, ditto, repetition)
...
..
month
arkhu
u 349.
cir (kir)
ub
350.
<jMrYT
ciru, tsurru
.
plantation
(?),
ubbu
?
libis...
labbu
heart {interior)
sem...
khalkhallatu
desire (?)
...
metsi
a^
bowels
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
SYLLABARY.
31
32 Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
SYLLABARY.
ASSYRIAN GRAMxMAR.
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
376.
dugud cab
(Ass.
value)
377-
gig
378.
din
(tin)
gal
379.
ugun
380.
mukh
381.
caccul
382.
man,
in, nis
busur ^ar
{Ass.
value)
383.
cus (cusu)
384-
es
...
esseb &m.{Ass.value)
385.
Cuneiform Character.
SYLLABARV.
33
34 Phonetic Value (Acca clian word).
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
SYLLABARY.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. Phonetic Value (Accadian word.)
SYLLABARY.
35
36
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
SYLLABARY.
38 Phonetic Value (Accailiun word).
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
SYLLABARY.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Plionetic Value (Acca-
dian word).
SYLLABARY.
39
40 Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
SYLLABARY.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
463.
khap
gil,
Cuneiform Character.
D
SYLLABARY.
41
Meaning.
Assyrian rendering.
lagabu
(khab), gur cir,
(gu), (kir,
gir),
rim,
girim,
gar,
zam,
mik, lagab raca^u,
pukhkhuru,
gararu-sa-nisi,
curu,
to bind, gathering,
se-
men,
dubutu, ba-
fear
enclosing,
tumult of ?,
? (?),
halu, bihisu
463 d!. puda (gidda) zar (tsar,
5.
DSTT
s'ar)
umuna
aricu,
ruku
long, distant
?
?
alapu
a thousand
t4.
'^festival"
466.
zarip
467.
uh, ua
468.
1.69.
i
470-
...
?
...
suk
...
U
rubtsu,
cabasu,
pi-
flock, sheep
kannu taccabu
umun
HI
pu pur
(Lenormant)
{See No.
tsutsu
aquatic plant [plant, marsh)
khammu
heat (zone)
tsutsu
pool [marsh)
puru, muspalu
pool
(?),
low ground
223)
471.
bul
?
...
472.
?
?
...
a
473-
?
?
...
?
474.
cu
or
(?)
sagar
(?)
khusukhkhu
cornfield (?)
famine
to
42 Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
SYLLABARY.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
4<S5.
kin
ki,
(cin)
Cuneiform Character,
HI. I^IL
!il
SYLLABARY
Meaning.
Assyrian rendering.
turtu,
sipru,
paru,
dovei^), writing {explanatioii),
senikhii,
sitehu,
?, ?,
?,
messenger
amaru
486.
487-
488.
sak, sik sik,
ukh
mut
(?)
saradu
paint
supatu, sipatu
doth stuff J
plank
?
sis
IEIIi)
(e-mu-ka-a-nu) (239, 23, 20, 437, 24)
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
NUMERALS.
55
THE NUMERALS. The
have two forms, mascuHne and feminine; but from the feminine form is used for the mascuhne, and the mascuHne form cardinals
3 to 10
for the
feminine. " " the numerals are expressed in symbols f signifies one," ]] two,"
When and so
X
10
(=
on.
The "
as yasi appears
>
we ^Y
also find
>~-^|
sa'asina ^r sasina
or sasi
Three demonstratives are used or ^y
ma
and (^i^
("hie") Jg[J
"this
'tillu
"
that
distance,
Jl^^
ammu
*^ annu ("iste") "that by you;" Of ammu we find only the sing, by him."
by me;"
(" ille ")
to determinate '-^y
^y yjr V^y ammate, and md (^ yj) or ma the contracted form of the Thus masc. amma, and the pi. masc. amjntlta, which is used as a suffix. sing. " " auni-ma or an-ma, we have sar Assur-ma, king of this same Assyria
fem.
^^^
;
"myself" siati
"
(literally,
in this
"this person here"); >-
very year."
This
-^ ^y
suffix is especially
^^
yj
^
--y
...
Plural,
...
'a-ga-ta
This pronoun was further compounded with
article.
^aga,
namely
>-|^y 'agannutu, aganutu
's-g^-^nm,
and aga
is
'agannitu, 'aganet
^liey
namely
frequently used like a mere
62
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
PRONOUNS.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
The
Relative Pronoun
^
is
of
sa,
numbers and genders, which was
all
be understood, as in English, " the man I saw" for " the man whom I saw." It is often used to express the periphrastic genitive, when instead of the construct state, the fiill form of the first noun originally a demonstrative.
with the case-ending
is
"
V
Thus
of."
times the
^^ -^TT
first
It
may
given followed by sa, which then means exactly our " ^^ ^^ sarrn sa matdti king of the world." Some-
noun was omitted,
maneh) of Carchemish." The Interrogative Pronoun is --^^TIT *"^I -accatum (for in-tan-accattim).
{2d)
(3(7')
Iphtaal from Pael, as
{lb)
Iphtanaal from Pael, as
{\a)
Istaphal from Shaphel, as
f^v^ >TTT
^^1
it-ta-dum (for in-ta-ctum).
*^&
^^Sj
?=SS ^TTT ^^\
is
it-tan-
yuc-ta-ttum.
^^T ^iSlI yuc-tan-attum. \
the Aphel of concave verbs
^ >wTT
*"^^tl
^^f J^J^ ^ ^m\ yus-ta-dum
Istanaphal from Shaphel, as ^f^T >^T!T or yul-tan-adum.
(4^)
From
VERBS.
or yul-ta-ctum.
*^\ *"Q ^^^u yus-tan-adtim
formed an Itaphal, as
J^fff^
>in
^^^TIT
yu-ta-dhib.
These secondary conjugations have a reflexive force. Niphal and Shaphel (and also probably Aphel) admit conjugations, (2^) Niphael, as
*^ywT_| iccattwn,
of Paelised
also (4^)
Shaphael, as
5f^T >^T ^jpfy^yT yiiscattum.
From
Niphal, Pael, and Shaphel, other intensive conjugations could be formed
by repeating the iccatumim
;
last radical
(srd) Palel,
2iS,
:
thus {2nd) Niphalel, as
yucatumim ; and
'^y^]] *^]-^*^^]]] isam he made ") and one he makes "), which came to be used with
isaccm longer (as f=^ ^^TT^ The longer and more a real tense-distinction of meaning (as in Ethiopic). came further to form the be used with a future of primitive present {isaccitm)
and the longer and more primitive form of the aorist {isctmu), from its " " or " who," came to have generally a being adopted after words like when force
;
perfect or pluperfect sense.
The permansive viated forms
of
(perfect) has
grown out of the
the personal pronouns to
close attachment of abbre-
nouns and participles into a true
tense.
Besides the apocopated or ordinary aorist (isam) and the pluperfect aorist or motive aorist {iscuna) formed by the [isctmu), there exists (i) a conditional "
the augment of motion," to the apocopated aorist, and (2) the energic aorist formed by the retention of the original mimmation, iscunu7n{ina), There was also another form of the aorist which tscunim{ma), iscunam{ina).
attachment of
ended
a,
in -i (as iscuni).
These terminations of the
aorist in -u,
-/,
-a,
answer
to the three case-endings
of the noun, the apocopated aorist corresponding with the construct /State, and go back to a time when but little distinction was made between the noun and the
subjunctive mood is used in relative and conditional clauses, and denoted by the addition of the particle ni, which may be placed after the
verb. is
The
possessive pronoun
had
called
it."
suffix,
as
^][^| J^^
A-j
"!J-
^
Jf^
ci ikabu-sti-ni
"
when he
66
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Vi^RBS.
The
imperative is confined to the 2nd person, the 2nd pers. sing. masc. the giving simplest form of the verb (as S2imn, rikkiis, tsabat), the vowels always the same in both syllables, the 2nd being pers. fem. ending in i (as siicmi or sucni), the 2nd pers. pi. masc. in -^l (as stcchm or sitcmi) and the 2nd pers. pi.
The 2nd The sitcna).
fem. in a (as sticina or stccna). of motion -a (as sucuna or
pers. sing. masc.
may
take the augment
precative is formed by prefixing In or li vowel of which coalesces with the vowel of the person-prefix in the ist and (the It is generally used in the 3rd persons) to any one of the forms of the aorist. "
The
3rd person, as liscun may he place." tive and declined accordingly.
infinitive is really
a verbal substan-
Besides the moods, every conjugation possesses a participle, which, except Kal and the Pael of concave verbs, prefixes imi,-.
There are three numbers,
singular, plural,
and
dual, but the dual
in
which ends
only found in the 3rd person. in the singular and plural, the 2nd and 3rd having different forms for masculine and feminine. in -a is
There are three Persons
A
feminine nominative, however,
verb
(as
disclosed
>->-y
")
^Yy^ j:|yyt:
^J^y|
is
often used improperly with a masculine Ista.r
>-yyjp^
tasahmt for tasallinm, usziz or
KI>?^
tclsiz for
usaziB.
D, J=y yy
ts,
z,
or s assimilate the inserted
>^ its-tsa-bat for
S may
change the
i-sa-can for
^yy ^yyy
The enclitic of the verb.
t
5=y
^yyy
'^ its-ta-bat,
t
into s
becoming
^^
s
of the secondary conjugations, as 5^y yy
itself,
"^yyf iz-za-car for iz-ta-car.
as
>^y
^^ J^^
i's-'sa-can
and
is-ta-can.
conjunction vd
" ('"
and)
is
attached very closely to the termination
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
VERBS.
67
PARADIGMS. The Strong or Complete
Verb,
KAL.
The second vowel "
ipdhh'
he freed,"
The
"
of the aorist
itsbat
"
may be
he took," but n
either ^,
is
i,
or u, as iscun
"
he placed,"
most common.
vowel of the present may similarly be either a, i, or tCy as inaccar " he estranges," isaccin "he places," idammum it passes away," but ^ is, by far,
the most
The of
a,
third
common
vowel.
person singular of the aorist sometimes has e in Babylonian instead as iii t^^m csnik for asjiik, and verbs t^"D (see infra) in Assyrian first
might adopt the same vowel.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
68
VERBS.
AORIST. Singular.
^ ^y^^vjpi^
I.
as-cun ("
^y.-^yy-
ar-khl-its
-Vi '^^
> ^
ats-bat
J^i ("'
;
/ immdated ") tar -khi-its
2.
,,
^
.
ats-bat
tar-khi-tsi;
ta-ats ba-ti
ir-khi-its;
its-bat
tar-khi-its
tas-cun;
{^'Itook") ta-
;
ta-ats-bat
;
F/ura/.
1
J^
.
jrmI
;
^S
4^
>=Y
ni-ir-khi-its
2.
Afasc.
tas-cu-nu;
,,
,,
tar-klii-tsu
2.
Fem.
tas-cu-na;
,,
,,
tar-khi-tsa
3.
Masc.
3.
Fem.
,,
5,
;
>|y.
^Y
>~