Africa Development Indicators 2006 (African Development Indicators)

FROM PROMISES TO RESULTS

AFRICA

DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS

2006

from the World Bank Africa Database

THE WORLD BANK Washington, D.C.

Copyright © 2006 by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing September 2006 1 2 3 4 08 07 06 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this book are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. Permission to photocopy items for internal or personal use, for the internal or personal use of specific clients, or for classroom use is granted by the World Bank, provided that the appropriate fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470. Please contact the Copyright Clearance Center before photocopying items. For permission to reprint individual articles or chapters, please fax a request with complete information to the Republication Department, Copyright Clearance Center, fax 978-750-4470. All other queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, World Bank, at the address above or faxed to 202-522-2422. To order the Africa Development Indicators 2006, The Little Data Book on Africa 2006, and World Bank Africa Database 2006 (Multipleuser CD-ROM), please visit the publications web site at www.worldbank.org/publications. For more information about the Africa Development Indicators and its companion products, please visit our web site at www.worldbank.org/africa. You can email us at [email protected]. Cover design by Michael Diavolikis of Communications Development Incorporated. Photo credits: front cover, Curt Carnemark; top row, left to right, Trevor Samson/World Bank; Curt Carnemark/World Bank; Scott Wallace/World Bank; Eric Miller/World Bank; Curt Carnemark/World Bank; back cover, small top inset, Eric Miller/World Bank; large top inset, Curt Carnemark/World Bank; bottom, left to right: Scott Wallace/World Bank; Eric Miller/World Bank; Curt Carnemark/World Bank; Ray Witlin/World Bank; Eric Miller/World Bank. ISBN-10: 0-8213-6537-1 ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-6537-3 eISBN: 0-8213-6538-X DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-6537-3

Contents Foreword Acknowledgments

vi vii

Moving from the Year of Africa to the Decade of Africa— From Promises to Results Notes References

1 20 21

Indicator tables Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts

23

1. Basic indicators 1.1 Basic indicators

25

2. National accounts 2.1 Gross domestic product, real 2.2 Gross domestic product per capita, real 2.3 Agriculture value added 2.4 Industry value added 2.5 Services value added 2.6 Gross domestic product, nominal 2.7 Total consumption 2.8 General government consumption 2.9 Gross fixed capital formation 2.10 General government fixed capital formation 2.11 Private sector fixed capital formation 2.12 Gross domestic savings 2.13 Gross national savings 2.14 Resource balance (exports minus imports) 2.15 Exports of goods and services, nominal 2.16 Imports of goods and services, nominal 2.17 Exports of goods and services, real 2.18 Imports of goods and services, real 2.19 Gross domestic product growth 2.20 Gross domestic product per capita growth 2.21 Gross national income per capita 2.22 Total consumption per capita

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

Contents

iii

Part II. Millennium Development Goals 3. Millennium Development Goals 3.1 Millennium Development Goal 1: eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 3.2 Millennium Development Goal 2: achieve universal primary education 3.3 Millennium Development Goal 3: promote gender equality and empower women 3.4 Millennium Development Goal 4: reduce child mortality 3.5 Millennium Development Goal 5: improve maternal health 3.6 Millennium Development Goal 6: combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 3.7 Millennium Development Goal 7: ensure environmental sustainability 3.8 Millennium Development Goal 8: develop a global partnership for development

48 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

Part III. Development outcomes Results framework 4.1 Status of Paris Declaration indicators

58

Drivers of growth 5. Private sector development 5.1 Business environment 5.2 Investment climate

59 60

6. Trade 6.1 International trade and tariff barriers 6.2 Regional integration, trade blocs

62 65

7. Infrastructure 7.1 Water and sanitation 7.2 Transportation 7.3 Information and communication technology 7.4 Energy 7.5 Financial sector infrastructure

66 68 70 72 74

Participating in growth

iv

Africa Development Indicators 2006

8. Human development 8.1 Education 8.2 Health

76 78

9. Agriculture and rural development 9.1 Rural development 9.2 Agriculture

81 82

10. Labor, migration, and population 10.1 Labor 10.2 Migration and population

84 86

11. HIV/AIDS 11.1 HIV/AIDS

87

12. Malaria 12.1 Malaria

88

13. Capable states and partnership 13.1 Aid and debt relief 13.2 Capable states 13.3 Governance and anticorruption indicators 13.4 Country Policy and Institutional Assessment ratings, 2005

89 90 92 94

Part IV: Household Welfare 14. Household welfare 14.1 Burkina Faso household survey, 2003 14.2 Burundi household survey, 1998 14.3 Cameroon household survey, 2001 14.4 Côte d’Ivoire household survey, 1998 14.5 Ethiopia household survey, 2000 14.6 Gambia household survey, 1998 14.7 Ghana household survey, 1998/99 14.8 Kenya household survey, 1997 14.9 Madagascar household survey, 1999 14.10 Malawi household survey, 1997/98 14.11 Mozambique household survey, 1996 14.12 Nigeria household survey, 2004 14.13 São Tomé and Principe household survey, 2000 14.14 Sierra Leone household survey, 2002/03 14.15 Uganda household survey, 2002/03 14.16 Zambia household survey, 1998

95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110

Technical notes

111

Statistical references

147

Users guide: World Bank Africa Database 2006 and Africa Development Indicators CD-ROM

151

Contents

v

Foreword Making headway against African poverty and meeting the Millennium Development Goals are raising difficult challenges in most African countries. Despite pockets of success, nearly half the region’s population still lives in extreme poverty, and Africa still houses about three-fourths of the world’s poorest countries. But Africa is today a continent on the move. Average economic growth remains strong, exports are increasing, and many countries are making tangible progress on delivering better health and education outcomes. Africa Development Indicators 2006 is the latest annual report from the World Bank on social and economic conditions across the continent. It was revamped this year to better report and monitor the challenges and transformations in Africa. Africa Development Indicators has evolved from a single data book, and this year consists of three independent but complementary products: this book, which brings together an essay and key outcome indicators for Africa, The Little Data Book on Africa 2006, and the World Bank Africa Database (CD-ROM). Each year’s essay will discuss a topic of relevance for Africa. Starting the new series is an essay about the Year and the Decade of Africa. The essay takes stock of how countries and donors performed during 2005, which was marked by meetings of the UN Millennium Task Force, the U.K. Commission for Africa, and the Group of Eight Summit at Gleneagles, Scotland, and culminated in the UN Millennium+5 Summit in New York. The essay reflects both the magnitude of the challenges and the strength of the response and also sounds a clear warning on the need to move from promises to results to meet the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. Data in the book have been assembled from a variety of sources to present a broad vi

Africa Development Indicators 2006

picture of development across Africa. The book is designed to provide a set of key indicators to monitor development outcomes in the region. It is an important reference tool for those who want a better understanding of the economic and social developments occurring in Africa. The tables comprise a selection of key development outcome indicators from 1980 to 2004. They offer detailed information in areas such as the Millennium Development Goals, private sector development, trade, agriculture and rural development, HIV/AIDS and malaria, infrastructure, the Paris Declaration, governance, and aid. The Little Data Book on Africa 2006 is a pocket edition of Africa Development Indicators and is intended as a quick reference on the most recent key indicators for users of Africa Development Indicators 2006. The World Bank Africa Database 2006 offers the most comprehensive database on Africa, covering about 1,200 indicators of macroeconomic, sectoral, and human development variables, with time series of many indicators going back to 1965. The CD-ROM also offers country at-a-glance tables for all African countries and map tools for Africa. Despite the rich data reflected in this family of products, the lack of data for Africa is still a major impediment to monitoring development progress. As users will notice, many variables have few country observations and underline the need to improve data collection across the continent. I hope that this new series will contribute to the way countries, development partners, analysts, academics, and others understand and design development policies in Africa.

John Page Chief Economist, Africa Region

Acknowledgments Africa Development Indicators 2006 was produced by the Office of the Chief Economist and the Operational Quality and Knowledge Services Group of the Africa Region. The Development Data Group of the Development Economics Vice Presidency collaborated in the production of The Little Data Book on Africa 2006 and the World Bank Africa Database 2006. This book and its companions, The Little Data Book on Africa 2006 and World Bank Africa Database 2006, were prepared by a team led by Jorge Arbache and Vildan VerbeekDemiraydin, comprising Zena Angesom, Francoise Genouille, Rose Mungai, Joan Pandit, and Christophe Rockmore. Mehdi Akhlaghi provided technical support for The Little Data Book on Africa 2006, and William Prince provided technical support for the World Bank Africa Database CD-ROM. John Page, Chief Economist, Africa Region, provided overall guidance and supervision. The essay and Africa Development Indicator tables benefited from contributions from a large number of people. Ivar Andersen, Jorge Araujo, Demba Ba, Thorsten Beck, Misha Belkindas, Harry Broadman, Karen Brooks, Derek Byerlee, Michael Fuchs, Madhur Gautam, Linda Van Gelder, Delfin Go,

Catalina Gutierrez, Katie Heller, Lawrence E. Hinkle, Stefan Hochhuth, James Keough, Mohamed Khatouri, Jean Michel Marchat, Sergio Margulis, Celestin Monga, Anna Muganba, Jonathan Munemo, Francois Nankobogo, Benno Nludu, Essama Nssah, Sonia Plaza, Francesca Recanatini, Ivan Rossignol, Francis Rowe, Pieter Serneels, Sudhir Shetty, Stephanie H. Tam, Mark Roland Thomas, Robert Townsend, Dileep Wagle, Naoko Watanabe, Elizabeth White, and Yutaka Yoshino provided inputs in the form of comments, suggestions, background notes, and boxes. Xiao Ye helped the team in preparing tables and charts for the essay and provided a box. Cecilia Briceno-Garmendia, Arnaud Desmarchelier, Vivien Foster, Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee, and Kavita Sethi contributed to the infrastructure indicators and a box. Communications Development Incorporated provided overall design direction, editing, and layout, led by Bruce Ross-Larson, Meta de Coquereaumont, and Christopher Trott. Richard Fix supported the concept and production of The Little Data Book on Africa 2006. Staff from the World Bank Office of the Publisher oversaw publication and dissemination of the book and its companions.

Acknowledgments

vii

Moving from the Year of Africa to the Decade of Africa— from promises to results In 2005, in what came to be called the Year of Africa, the region’s leaders reaffirmed their commitment to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by accelerating growth, creating jobs, delivering human services, and fighting poverty. They also challenged the international community to support their efforts. Why the Year of Africa? In the view of many Africans and their international partners, 2005 marked a turning point in the region’s evolution. Africa is indeed on the move. In contrast with the 1990s, conflicts in Africa have declined, economic performance has improved, and some clear “high performers” are beginning to emerge. Since the late 1990s, 14 African countries have had average growth rates of above 5 percent.1 Across the continent countries are advancing in all spheres of transformation. • Growth for all Sub-Saharan Africa, which averaged 2.4 percent in the 1990s, rose to 4.0 percent in 2000–04 (indicator table 2.19) and came in at an estimated 4.3 percent in 2005. • Macroeconomic indicators have improved, with inflation down to historic lows, exchange rate distortions mostly eliminated, and fiscal deficits dropping. • Progress toward the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), while slow, improved in some countries (indicator tables 3.1–3.8). Cape Verde, Comoros, Eritrea, Guinea, and Mozambique have recorded significant reductions in child (under-five) mortality. In education, Mauritania has made progress in increasing the primary enrollment of girls. • There is a growing awareness by governments of the need to be accountable to their people. The African Union has an-

nounced that it will not recognize governments that come to power through unconstitutional means. Many countries have increased exports by more than 8 percent a year since the late 1990s (indicator table 2.17), despite falling prices in some of their primary commodities. These export successes—in cut flowers, vegetables, and clothing—show an Africa capable of both diversifying and building a constructive relationship with global markets. Progress is also being made in human development. With political support, The Gambia is advancing toward the Millennium Development Goal nutrition targets, and in five years, Niger has gone from being one of the worst performers in expanding primary education to one of the best.2 Some of the fastest growing countries have also done well in reducing poverty (indicator table 3.1). Since the second half of the 1990s, many low-income African countries, including Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Ghana, Mozambique, Senegal, and Uganda, have lifted significant percentages of their citizens above the poverty line. While in some countries growth and poverty reduction have recently declined moderately, many countries are still on course to meet the income poverty MDG target of halving poverty by 2015.3 Despite this progress, a lot more has to be done, especially in areas such as governance, civil society, private sector development, and human development, to make economic growth more sustainable, less exposed, and more resilient to shocks. Drawing on the indicator tables, this analysis takes stock of how countries and development partners performed during the Year of Africa. It then spells out what countries, with the support of their partners, are doing Moving from the Year of Africa to the Decade of Africa

1

to transform their efforts into the Decade of Africa. The main message: Africans and their development partners need to increase their focus on supporting the drivers of growth, sharing participation in and the benefits of growth, and building capable states. For shared growth to become a reality, the Decade of Africa must be about results not promises. T    Y  A The year 2005 was marked by the UN Millennium Project, the UK Commission for Africa, and the G-8 Summit at Gleneagles, Scotland, all culminating in the UN Millennium+5 Summit in New York. African governments committed to improving their economic and political institutions, accelerating economic growth, and achieving real progress toward the MDGs. Developed countries pledged to increase aid to Africa by $25 billion a year by 2010, more than doubling the assistance to the region, to open their markets to African products, and to forgive the debts of 25 of the continent’s poorest countries.4 The Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative for Africa would reduce debt to the International Development Association (IDA), the International Monetary Fund, and the African Development Fund by $42.1 billion. African governments are taking more control of their destiny African leaders are increasing ownership of their development strategies in new ways, helping to end conflicts through the African Union, and pushing for accountability in economic and political governance through the Peer Review Mechanism of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development. After a peak in 2002 the number of African conflicts has declined from 16 to 5.5 The transitions to peace include some of the longest running civil wars, such as the 21-year conflict between North and South Sudan and the protracted wars in Angola and Liberia. African governments are also taking action to improve the region’s reputation by certifying good practices in governance for a critical mass of African countries under the Africa Peer Review Mechanism. They are increasing regional connectivity to improve 2

Africa Development Indicators 2006

the capacity to trade—within the region and with the rest of the world. They are also enhancing the capacity of a rationalized system of regional bodies to provide regional public goods—such as cross-country transportation and power sharing, coordinating the management of pandemics, and protecting such regional commons as the Nile and the Great Lakes. And African enterprises, too long marginalized, have begun to show that they can connect constructively to world markets, with pockets of export successes outside commodities. More African states are choosing democratic arrangements, with elected officials in charge in many countries formerly ruled by military regimes or authoritarian governments. In addition, new arrangements and new spaces are being created to enable citizens to express their views and articulate their demands. Some African civil society leaders, for example, are studying Asian experiences with citizen report cards to assess the quality of service delivery. An invigorated media and civil society are making themselves heard, often leading the drive for greater accountability. The average scores on the World Bank’s Country Policy and Institutional Assessment have been rising, as has the number of African countries with scores above the good performance threshold of 3.5 (indicator table 13.4).6 Recent economic progress continued during the past year In 2005 higher oil prices did not strongly affect economic growth, and real GDP is expected to have grown by 4.3 percent, compared with 5.1 percent in 2004 (indicator table 2.19). Oil-importing countries did well, with their economies growing by 4.5 percent, above the 4.2 percent seen in 2004.7 Economic growth in the main oil-exporting countries slowed somewhat to 4.7 percent from 8.4 percent in 2004 and 6.2 percent in 2003, mainly because of constraints on oil supply in Chad, Equatorial Guinea, and Nigeria (indicator table 2.19). Also in 2005 the recent gains in reducing inflation were maintained, suggesting prudent macroeconomic management during external shocks. As expected, there was a pass-through of high oil prices to consumer

prices in both oil-importing and oil-exporting countries. So inflation crept up slightly to 10.8 percent, from 9.8 percent in 2004.8 The continent remained vulnerable to terms of trade shocks and the negative effects of exchange rate volatility. Because of the oil price increases in the first half of 2005, there was an equivalent, cumulative loss of around 3.5 percent of GDP in Sub-Saharan Africa’s net oil-importing countries.9 And nonoil commodity prices, while strong, were subject to volatility and could be an area of significant vulnerability in the future. Private investors—both domestic and foreign—were still reluctant to invest, except in minerals and some services. World Bank Doing Business surveys show that the continent continues to trail most other developing regions in starting a business, registering property, trading across borders, and accessing credit. Fast and slow growth countries remained on divergent paths The development pattern in Sub-Saharan Africa has become increasingly diverse over the last decade. Since the mid-1990s, 16 countries have had annual GDP growth rates in Table 1

excess of 4.5 percent (table 1). For several of them—including Ghana, Mozambique, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda—higher growth has been accompanied by diversification of their economies and exports. Excluding the oil-rich countries, the fastest growing group of African countries has had an average growth rate of 5.5 percent. These countries host 35 percent of the region’s people. The 13 slowest growing economies, by contrast, have seen an average growth of only 1.3 percent, with some having near zero or negative growth. These countries—many either engaged in conflict or having recently emerged from conflict—host 20 percent of the region’s people. Increasing macroeconomic divergence is also observed in other dimensions. The standard deviation of the average annual growth rate in Sub-Saharan Africa has jumped from 2 percent in the 1980s to 4 percent in 2000– 04. The standard deviation across countries has also risen significantly over time for exports and imports, value added of industry, agriculture, and services, and other variables, thus reinforcing that Africa is becoming increasingly diverse.

Divergent growth paths

Average annual GDP growth, 1996–2005 (%) Little or no growth countries Average: 1.3 percent 20 percent of African population

Slow growth countries Average: 3.4 percent 16 percent of population

Sustained growth countries Average: 5.5 percent 35 percent of population

Oil-exporting countries Average: 7.4 percent 29 percent of population

Swaziland

2.8 Nambia

4.0 Mozambique

8.4 Equitorial Guinea

Kenya

2.8 Zambia

3.6 Rwuanda

7.5 Angola

20.9 7.9

Lesotho

2.7 Guinea

3.6 Cape Verde

6.5 Chad

7.8 6.4

Eritrea

2.2 Niger

3.5 Uganda

6.1 Sudan

Comoros

2.0 Togo

3.3 Mali

5.7 Nigeria

4.0

Seychelles

2.0 Madagascar

3.3 Botswana

5.7 Congo, Rep.

3.5

Côte d’lvoire

1.5 Malawi

3.2 Ethiopia

5.5 Gabon

1.7

Burundi

1.2 South Africa

3.1 Tanzania

5.4

Sierra Leone

1.1 São Tomé and Principe

3.1 Mauritius

4.9

Central African Republic

0.9

Mauritania

4.9

Guinea-Bissau

0.6

Benin

4.8

0.0

Ghana

4.7

–2.4

Senegal

4.6

Congo, Dem. Rep. Zimbabwe

Burkina Faso

4.6

Gambia, The

4.5

Cameroon

4.5

Note: Data on growth rates are not presented for Liberia and Somalia, but they are included in the denominator in the calculation of population shares.

Moving from the Year of Africa to the Decade of Africa

3

Table 2

Debt service relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Country Debt Relief Initiative

$ millions Countries that have reached HIPC completion point

Estimated total nominal debt service relief

Countries between HIPC decision point and completion point

Estimated total nominal debt service relief

Benin

460

Burundi

1,472

Burkina Faso

930

Cameroon

2,800

Ethiopia

3,275

Chad

Ghana

3,500

Congo, Dem. Rep.

Madagascar

1,900

Congo, Rep.

895

Gambia, The

Mali

260 10,389 2,881 90

Mauritania

1,100

Guinea

Mozambique

4,300

Guinea-Bissau

Niger

1,190

Malawi

Rwanda

1,400

São Tomé and Prince

200

Senegal

850

Sierra Leone

950

Tanzania

3,000

Uganda

1,950

Zambia

3,900

800 790 1,000

Source: Indicator table 13.1.

The international community had mixed results in living up to its financial commitments Because of their performance, 14 countries in Africa are already eligible for the 100 percent debt relief initiative agreed at the G-8 Summit in Gleneagles. This number will grow to 25 as countries reach their completion points under the Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) Debt Relief Initiative (table 2 Box 1

Africa and trade reform

Sub-Saharan Africa would see a $4.8 billion increase in real income thanks to deep, multilateral reform of global merchandise trade, according to new World Bank estimates. Although small in absolute terms, this increase is significant relative to initial incomes and trade flows. Two-thirds of the gains would come from reforms by other countries (including other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa) and one-third from countries’ own liberalization. Reform in the agricultural sector would account for an estimated 78 percent of the total gain for Sub-Saharan Africa, of which 12 percent (if Southern Africa is excluded) would come from cotton. Although reform in cotton trade would contribute a negligible amount (0.5 percent) to the global gains, the sector is very important to Africa. Source: World Bank 2006b.

4

Africa Development Indicators 2006

and indicator table 13.1). As of March 2006, the debt service relief committed in nominal terms was $50.3 billion. The debt relief initiative will have important consequences for African countries and development partners, allowing treasuries to retain general budget resources that would otherwise have gone to debt repayment— and placing greater responsibility on African governments to build honest, efficient, and results-focused public expenditure systems. While there is still room for optimism that the Gleneagles pledges can be achieved by 2010, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s Development Assistance Committee and the Strategic Partnership with Africa10 both estimate that much of the increase in development assistance to Africa between 2006 and 2008 will be more apparent than real, consisting mainly of debt relief and emergency food aid. Progress by the rich countries in bringing the Doha Round of trade negotiations to a successful conclusion has been disappointing. Trade barriers need to be dismantled to level the playing field. With the end of the Multifibre Arrangement, World Trade Organization members have yet to define the nature and extent of preferences to be extended to the least developed countries and the role of “aid for trade” in the multilateral system (box 1).

While Sub-Saharan Africa as a whole would gain from multilateral trade reform, some countries on the continent would lose from preference erosion or, in the case of net food importers, from higher food prices. Losses from preferences, as with benefits, would be less than expected due to strict rules of origin and because they are highly concentrated among relatively few countries and products (mostly those with quota rents, such as sugar). But even relatively small losses can pose significant adjustment problems for some African countries, underlining the need for increased assistance for domestic implementation of reforms—“aid for trade”—to support and complement trade reform.

Box 2

The World Bank Group’s Africa Action Plan

The World Bank Group’s Africa Action Plan, launched in September 2005, is a resultsdriven partnership strategy with 25 priority initiatives designed to support African countries in implementing their national strategies to accelerate growth and reduce poverty. The plan is the core of the World Bank’s commitment to supporting improved development outcomes in Africa. The new replenishment for the International Development Association (IDA-14) is projected to increase resources in 2006–08 by an average of just under $1 billion a year over IDA13 in 2003–05. Under the Africa Action Plan, most of the increase in IDA will target strengthening Africa’s development by: • Ensuring that development support is implemented, monitored, and evaluated within a country-led results-oriented framework. • Increasing the rate of shared growth by developing infrastructure, fostering regional integration to boost export competitiveness, and improving health and human development, so that all citizens, including the poor and women, participate in and benefit from greater economic development. • Building capable states that practice sound governance, transparency, and accountability.

•

Leveraging the IDA-14 partnership through more effective collaboration and harmonization among development partners. The World Bank is supporting shared growth by enlarging investment in African infrastructure from $600 million in 2000 to a projected $2.4 billion in 2008. It is working as part of the Africa Infrastructure Consortium in bilateral and multilateral partnerships. It is also significantly increasing support for regional integration and regional approaches to support national development strategies. And the Malaria Booster Program is to be expanded by 150 percent in 17 countries by the end of 2008, meaning that a total commitment of $500 million to $1 billion may be required over the next five years. The Africa Catalytic Growth Fund, established in March 2006 with a grant from the United Kingdom, is a key element for leveraging the IDA-14 partnership. The fund allows the World Bank to increase support to investments that: • Ease the constraints to growth in well performing economies. • Lay the groundwork for sustained growth in transforming economies, where dedicated leadership can strengthen economic reforms. • Support regional programs, where problems of collective action and donor practices result in too little investment.

Source: www.worldbank.org/afr/aap.

The suspension of the World Trade Organization talks in Geneva will hit poor Sub-Saharan African countries hardest—and the talks may well not start up again until sometime in 2007 or even 2008. Now entering the last decade to achieve the MDGs, Africa and its development partners have to move from promises to results—from the Year of Africa to the Decade of Africa. M    D  A The Year of Africa focused global attention on Africa. But rebuilding infrastructure, tackling the disease burdens posed by HIV/AIDS and malaria, addressing the potential impact of avian flu, and building competitive exportoriented businesses are all medium- to long-

term challenges. Realistically, the work will be done over a decade or more. And as in any region, the progress of economic development among African countries is bound to move at different speeds, depending on countries’ initial conditions, their historical legacies, and the impact of weather and other natural shocks. In contrast with past decades, economic, political, and social outcomes are more varied, with more positive and negative aspects sometimes coinciding, sometimes in opposition. Both Africans and their development partners need to focus on ways to address the key challenges to progress by: • Supporting the drivers of growth. • Participating in and sharing the benefits of growth. Moving from the Year of Africa to the Decade of Africa

5

Figure 1

Nigeria and South Africa account for more than half of Africa’s GDP

$ billions, 2004

Nigeria, 72

Rest of Africa, 234

South Africa, 215 Source: Indicator table 2.6

•

Providing the underpinnings for shared growth by building capable states and improving governance.

Supporting the drivers of growth One major international development objective is for African countries to increase their growth to the 7 percent a year needed to Box 3

substantially reduce income poverty. Africa’s slow growth is due mainly to much slower productivity growth (box 3). Accelerating and sustaining high growth rates in Africa are major challenges, however, and there is no obvious or unique recipe for success. The region’s economic activity is highly concentrated. Of Sub-Saharan Africa’s nominal GDP of $526 billion in 2004, South Africa accounted for the largest share ($215 billion), followed by Nigeria ($72 billion), Sudan ($21 billion), Angola ($20 billion), and Kenya ($16 billion) (figure 1 and indicator table 2.6). Of industry value added of $116 billion in 2004, Nigeria accounted for $21 billion and South Africa $42 billion (indicator table 2.4). And of service value added of $182 billion in 2004, South Africa accounted for $92 billion (indicator table 2.5). Because most African economies are fairly small, a regional approach is required to achieve sustainable growth.

Sources of economic growth in Africa—an international perspective

Africa is the slowest growing region in the world. Average per capita output growth in the 1990s was negative due mainly to very low growth rates. But what explains such a performance from an international perspective? Growth decomposition is a widely used tool to assess the contributions of changes in factor inputs (human and physical capital) and total factor productivity to economic growth. (Total factor productivity measures changes in economic efficiency in the use of inputs and changes in technology for observed output growth.)

Growth accounting shows that growth in physical capital per worker in Africa has been less than 0.5 percent a year since 1960, far slower than the world average of 1 percent, and was negative between 1990 and 2003, suggesting low capital investment in the region. The contribution of human capital to growth kept pace with the rest of the world and has increased lately, mainly as a result of rising average years of schooling. But the main contributor to Africa’s disappointing growth is total factor productivity, negative since the 1960s and –0.4 percent between 1990 and 2003.

Sources of growth—a decomposition analysis, 1990–2003

Region

Africa Development Indicators 2006

Growth in output per worker (%)

Growth in physical capital per worker (%)

Education per worker (%)

Total factor productivity (%)

World

3.09

1.88

0.93

0.27

0.67

Africa

2.48

–0.09

–0.05

0.40

–0.44

Industrial countries

2.31

1.55

0.84

0.22

0.49

China

9.70

8.51

3.32

0.29

4.72

East Asia less China

5.24

3.12

2.05

0.47

0.58

Latin America

2.61

0.33

0.14

0.34

–0.16

South Asia

5.34

3.10

1.29

0.40

1.38

Middle East

3.64

0.61

0.20

0.51

–0.11

Source: Bosworth and Collins 2006.

6

Growth in output (%)

Developing the private sector What has been missing in most of Africa is a buoyant private sector. Building the African private sector is crucial for growth and for fostering a national consensus for growthoriented policies. It is also critical for reassuring the African public that a growth process led by the private sector is one that everyone can participate in and benefit from. Central to this effort is improving the investment climate and enhancing the capacity of African and foreign entrepreneurs to invest. There is considerable room for improvement: net foreign direct investment in Africa was a mere $10.1 billion in 2004, 1.6 percent of global flows, with more than half going to Nigeria and Sudan (figure 2 and indicator table 5.2). Improving the business environment. According to Doing Business 2006: Creating Jobs (World Bank 2006a), 6 of the 10 countries judged as having the most difficult environment for starting a business are in Africa. It takes an average of 64 days to start a business, ranging from 14 in the Central African Republic to 155 in the Democratic Republic of Congo (figure 3 and indicator table 5.1). Enforcing a contract is no less onerous, running an average of 439 days, ranging from 154 in Botswana to 1,011 in Angola. Investment Climate Assessments in more than a dozen countries point to specific changes that governments can effect to encourage higher levels of investment and faster job growth. Figure 3

Figure 2

More than half of Africa’s foreign direct investment goes to Nigeria and Sudan

$ million, 2004

Rest of Africa, $4,227

Nigeria, $4,409

Sudan, $1,481 Source: Indicator table 5.2.

The payoffs can be significant. In Madagascar a garment exporter estimated that if port clearance were reduced to one day, it would cut total costs by a sum equal to as much as 30 percent of the wage bill. Africa has not attracted many foreign investors because the prevailing business environment and the market conditions failed to attract even domestic investors. Fundamental obstacles remain throughout much of the region—economic and policy barriers to new business entry, poor governance, limited property rights protection, weak market institutions, undeveloped infrastructure, low technical capacity of firms, low skill of management and workers, and size of markets.

Fast starters—and slow starters

Time required to start a business (days)

Central Africa Republic Rwanda Sierra Leone Benin Ethiopia Botswana Angola Mozambique Congo, Dem. Rep. São Tomé and Principe

0

50

100

150

200

Source: World Bank 2006a.

Moving from the Year of Africa to the Decade of Africa

7

The private sector’s participation in policy matters is increasing. Investor councils in Ghana, Senegal, and Tanzania are showing the benefits of a constructive, problem-solving interaction between government and business in tackling inefficient customs and inconsistent tax enforcement. New councils started in Mali and Uganda will add to the experience. A more engaged private sector in Africa should be able to push for regulatory and infrastructure changes that will make Africa less of a high-cost, high-risk place to do business. Strengthening financial systems. Improving the performance of Africa’s financial systems is also high on the agenda for enterprise development. Despite numerous reforms over several decades, most Sub-Saharan financial systems remain weak, with Kenya, Mauritius, and South Africa among the exceptions. Little savings are mobilized from domestic or foreign sources. Credit to the private sector is limited and costly. Many national financial sectors are dominated by a few banks providing an uncompetitive, small range of services. The assets of banks exceed $10 billion only in Nigeria ($22 billion) and South Africa ($219 billion) and are less than $1 billion in 24 SubSaharan countries (indicator table 7.5). Financial reform programs anticipated an initial increase and then a reduction in the spread between lending and deposit interest rates, but the spread remains large in many countries. And since liberalization, many financial systems have seen high real interest rates. Financial deepening has also been lacking. Although Africa has about a dozen stock markets—several opened in the 1990s— they have been inconsequential for economic growth and investment. Simply put, there are too few opportunities for sharing risk, trading shares, and providing liquidity. Except for South Africa, the stock markets are by far the smallest of any region, both in the number of listed companies and in market capitalization. They are also highly illiquid, seriously constraining their ability to contribute to economic growth. Tackling these financial development challenges will require enlarging access to financial services—particularly savings facilities. This will require strengthening links between formal and informal financial systems—because most Africans do not have access to the 8

Africa Development Indicators 2006

formal financial sector. And given the small size of many African economies, a regional approach to financial sector development is needed to increase competition, cut costs, and lower risks. Closing the infrastructure gaps. Africa has a major infrastructure deficit, slowing economic growth, reducing trade and international competitiveness, and retarding poverty reduction (indicator tables 7.1–7.4). Nearly 40 percent of Africa’s people live in landlocked countries with high transport costs and poor trade links.11 Transport costs for intra-Africa trade (including trans-shipment) are unusually high, estimated at nearly twice the levels in other developing regions. GDP per square kilometer in Africa (excluding South Africa) is one-tenth the level in Latin America and one-twentieth that in India.12 Improving infrastructure is thus central to the growth and the development of the private sector, especially of nontraditional, noncommodity sectors that require more intensive inputs of infrastructure and logistics. African enterprises can be competitive in factory floor direct costs for the production of manufactures, but their indirect costs, especially the high costs of poor infrastructure services, are a major bottleneck for firms.13 Surveys of African firms indicate that inadequate roads, inefficient ports, and power outages hobble African enterprises in their push to secure a place in global markets. For example, clothing exports from Uganda are an estimated 80 percent more expensive because of transport costs. Rwandan farmers, who are making great strides in exporting coffee, receive only 20 percent of the price of their coffee as it is loaded onto ships in Mombassa. The other 80 percent disappears into transport costs—a combination of poor roads and administrative hurdles—between Rwanda and Kenya. Kenya loses the equivalent of 9 percent of its output to power outages—compared with 2 percent in China.14 To achieve the 7 percent growth rates needed to halve income poverty, Africa will need to invest 5 percent of GDP in infrastructure and an additional 4 percent of GDP to cover operation and maintenance requirements. To reach this goal, Africa’s infrastructure investment needs will amount to around $20 billion a year, twice what the region has been investing.15 The road sector alone accounts for

about 40 percent of total investment needs, with the energy and water sectors accounting for 20 percent each. While private capital has contributed to infrastructure finance in Africa, it is concentrated in a few countries (South Africa accounted for half of total investment) and sectors (70 percent went to telecommunications). Furthermore, private capital flows have declined steadily since 2001, reflecting a global trend toward disengagement from emerging markets. Total annual official development assistance for infrastructure in Africa has also been on the decline, accounting for an average of about $826 million in 2000–04 (indicator tables 7.1–7.4). Because of its magnitude, financing infrastructure requires concerted effort from all funding sources, both public and private. The Gleneagles G-8 summit emphasized investing in Africa’s infrastructure. It agreed to support an Africa Infrastructure Consortium—led by the African Union and the New Partnership for Africa’s Development and including the African Development Bank and the World Bank—to mobilize infrastructure resources to both national and regional projects. Creating an export push and fostering regional integration Global trade has increased at unprecedented levels over the last three decades, and the world marketplace has become ever more competitive. Yet Africa lost market share in traditional exports and made little progress in diversification of exports. Of the region’s exports of $128 billion in exports (in 2000 prices), only Angola, Nigeria, and South Africa had exports of more than $5 billion Box 4

(indicator table 2.17). Imports that year totaled $144 billion. Expanding and diversifying exports. Entering new markets and diversifying into nontraditional exports can spur productivity, innovation, and competitiveness in Africa. Asia—particularly China and India—with its rising incomes and consumer demand, offers new prospects for growth in exports by African producers in markets for tea, coffee, and cocoa. Global competition in mass manufacturing is fierce in some of Africa’s existing export markets, such as textiles and clothing, where competition increased substantially with the expiration of the Multifibre Arrangement in 2005, and some footloose investors left Africa. On the other hand, exports of services—including tourism and back-office support—offer new opportunities. Indeed, new World Bank research on Africa’s trade and investment relations with China and India suggests that countries such as Ghana, Kenya, and Tanzania, among others, have the ability to compete effectively in certain global services markets.16 To be sure, the prospects for boosting and diversifying Africa’s export flows depend significantly on improved market access and reduced subsidies in world markets. The benefits of preferential access provisions currently enjoyed by African countries would be far greater if they were more certain, not subject to burdensome rules of origin, and applied more uniformly across the continent. To this end, reforms are called for in the U.S. African Growth and Opportunity Act and the EU’s Everything But Arms initiative. Improvements could also come from further multilateral liberalization that opens

Information and communication technology improvements in Ghana

Ghana suffered from a very weak investment climate in the telecom sector in early 2004 due to international disputes in telecommunications, a lack of formal licenses for mobile operators, and an outdated regulatory framework. The result was a low fixed and mobile telephone penetration rate of 5 percent in early 2004. Today, there is a 15 percent penetration rate, and all telecom operators are investing heavily in the sector. How was this accomplished? In partnership with the U.S. Agency for International Develop-

ment, the World Bank financed the formulation of the National Telecommunication Policy and has been deeply engaged in policy advice on current reforms related to new legislation. The Bank’s Africa Aid Program helped accelerate the preparation of an “eGhana” project aimed at creating jobs, diversifying global information and communication technology services, and providing more efficient government services delivery through the use of information and communication technology applications and public-private partnerships.

Moving from the Year of Africa to the Decade of Africa

9

Figure 4

Intraregional trade is small but increasing

$ billions

150 Exports to Africa Exports to the rest of the world 120

90

60

30

0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: International Monitary Fund’s Direction of Trade Statistics.

developed country and other developing country markets for specific crops, such as cotton, sugar, and groundnuts, and for processed agricultural products. Improvements would also arise from a reduction of barriers in nonagricultural sectors, especially in other developing country markets. For example, some countries in Latin America heavily protect their own garment manufacturers and other labor-intensive manufactures, reducing the opportunity for African products to penetrate those markets. But even if there were significant reforms in market access, reductions in tariffs and subsidies, and elimination of nontariff barriers in overseas markets, for African firms to be able to effectively exploit the export opportunities created, significant changes must take place “behind the border”—that is, within African countries themselves.17 One such precondition is speeding the clearance of goods through customs. Moving goods to and from African countries takes the longest of any region—60 days on average to import, 48 to export. Regulations in the typical African country require 30 signatures to import, 19 to export. Integrating regional markets. Equally important to African trade and enterprise is a framework for regional integration that will foster competitiveness and promote economic efficiencies. But promoting eco10

Africa Development Indicators 2006

nomic integration in Africa is not an easy task because there is limited economic complementarity among countries, and they are potential competitors in resource-intensive products. But as African economies are too small and too fragmented, regional integration can promote internal and external economies of scale, encourage product differentiation and diversification, intra-industry trade, and a learning-by-exporting process, which would help make local firms more competitive in international markets. Effective regional integration is particularly important for landlocked countries. Currently, intraregional trade generally amounts to only a single-digit figure in most trade blocs of Africa (figure 4 and indicator table 6.2). It is African leaders who will build and sustain the regional economic alliances that African economies require to compete internationally. The New Partnership for Africa’s Development has regional integration as a core objective. It is encouraging the continent’s multiple and often overlapping regional organizations to define their roles and responsibilities and to focus on “open regionalism,” regional (rather than national) trading agreements, and greater competitiveness in global markets. Similarly, the European Union is supporting the rationalization of regional bodies to spur progress toward more competitive subregional economic groupings. Most countries are now giving more attention to regional integration as a means to sharpen competitiveness, expand trade, and accelerate growth. Successful regional integration will require better regional customs arrangements, lower tariffs, and much improved infrastructure and logistics to speed the movement and reduce costs of inputs, goods, and services within subregions to facilitate trade outside the region. Participating in and sharing the benefits of growth World Development Report 2006: Equity and Development (World Bank 2005c) showed that inequalities in income—and thus in opportunities—waste much productive potential and lead to inefficient resource allocations. Such inequalities impair the development of institutions that might lift the

Box 5

Growth is central to sustained poverty reduction

Like other developing regions, most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa either have negative

tribution of changes in inequality to changes

growth rates and increasing poverty or posi-

the developing world as a whole. Together

tive growth rates and declining poverty. Sub-

these findings suggest that poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa has been disappointing primarily because of its slow growth and low sensitivity of poverty to growth (holding constant the distribution of income). This low sensitivity can be traced to the region’s low incomes and high inequality (Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America are the world’s most unequal regions). What are the implications for policy? At a basic level, growth remains crucial for reducing poverty in Africa—all the more so given that the region’s low incomes imply a relatively low sensitivity of poverty to growth. Moreover, the importance of growth as the driver of changes in poverty seems to be even clearer over longer periods, suggesting that growth remains critical for sustained reductions in poverty, though it is not the only factor.

Saharan countries have a median per capita growth rate of 0.8 percent a year, substantially lower than the overall median of 2.1 percent, and most are above the regression line, indicating lower poverty reduction performance than for a typical developing country with similar growth performance. There are important differences across countries. For example, Ghana’s annual growth rate over 1987–99 was 1 percent and Uganda’s was 3 percent over 1989–96, but their annual rate of change in poverty ranged from about –8 percent to 2 percent. Differences in the Gini coefficient and differences in the change of income distribution over time may account for these results. Sub-Saharan countries tend to have a low sensitivity of poverty to growth, and the con-

in poverty in the region is similar to that in

Source: Adapted from World Bank 2005d.

constraints on people’s economic pursuits and improve the way markets work. And it is precisely those weak institutions that perpetuate the unequal distribution of income. They are also bad for the investment and risktaking that underpin long-term growth and poverty reduction. The poor have been ill equipped to participate in and benefit from the growth that has taken place in the region. Women in particular have suffered from the inability to own assets and from discrimination in economic activity. In short, growth alone will not be enough to achieve the MDGs in Africa. What is needed in addition? • Making agriculture more productive and sustainable. • Connecting poor people to markets. • Enhancing human development. • Getting services to poor rural populations, especially to women. • Using natural resource rents well. Making agriculture more productive and sustainable With poverty largely a rural phenomenon in Sub-Saharan Africa, agricultural and ru-

ral development are essential for the broad growth needed to achieve the MDGs (indicator tables 9.1 and 9.2). Agriculture still dominates the economies of most African countries, accounting for about 17 percent of the region’s GDP, 40 percent of exports, and a substantial share of employment (indicators tables 2.3, 6.1, and 10.1). In addition, agricultural and rural development can reduce poverty more than in other regions. A 1 percent increase in crop yield in Sub-Saharan Africa translates into a 0.7 percent reduction in the number of poor people, more than the 0.5 percent reduction in East and South Asia and seven times the 0.1 percent reduction in Latin America.18 Agricultural growth, important to all the MDGs, has the greatest impact on poverty and hunger, and empirical evidence for poor countries show that it can be an engine of growth.19 Findings from countries with significant poverty reduction achievements suggest that agricultural productivity growth may be responsible for as much as 40–70 percent of those reductions.20 The challenge for Sub-Saharan Africa is to commit to policy and investment improvements that will have explicit productivity-enhancing outcomes. Moving from the Year of Africa to the Decade of Africa

11

Figure 5

Rural access to transportation networks varies widely...

Share of rural population within 2 kilometers of an all-season road (%)

Nigeria Tanzania Niger Benin Congo, Dem. Rep. Burkina Faso Cameroon Ethiopia Chad

0

10

20

30

40

50

Source: Indicator table 7.2.

Productivity growth in agriculture is linked to higher income, increased employment, and improved well-being. Growth in productivity increases production and lowers food prices, which in turn holds down urban wages and encourages industrialization. Increased production also creates more jobs for the poor both on and off the farm. Agricultural production growth of 1 percent typically leads to agricultural employment growth of 0.3–0.6 percent and nonagricultural employment growth of around 0.9 percent.21 These growth and employment effects have proven most powerful when agricultural growth is driven by broad-based productivity increases in rural economies dominated by small farms. One reason that African agricultural productivity is far below that of other regions is that the percentage of irrigated area is very small—less than 4 percent of the total cropped area (indicator table 9.2). Governments will be expanding their efforts in water management, using lessons from successful irrigation programs, both small (the fadama projects in Nigeria) and large (rehabilitation of the Office du Niger in Mali). African farming can also be improved by employing environmentally sustainable farming methods, including appropriate use of fertilizer and improved seeds, better soil conservation practices, and longer fallows and rotations. 12

Africa Development Indicators 2006

Connecting poor people to markets Interventions to connect the rural poor to the modern economy through investments in rural roads, electrification, and communications are central elements of the shared growth strategy. The share of the rural population within two kilometers of an all-season road ranges from 5 percent in Chad and Uganda to more than 50 percent in Madagascar, Mali, Niger, and Zambia (figure 5 and indicator table 7.2). Rural access to electricity is also low, ranging from 0.2 percent in Burkina Faso and Niger to more than 20 percent in Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, and Nigeria (figure 6 and indicator table 7.4). Infrastructure is important to integrate markets and therefore essential for poor people to be able to develop their businesses, get contracts, enhance the value of their assets, have access to new technologies, and above all, benefit from the growth of the economy. Lack of access to credit, education, raw materials, goods, and public services also isolate poor people and expose them to emergencies, poor harvests, health problems, and economic crisis. If isolation raises the costs of obtaining education, for instance, the accumulation of human capital becomes economically infeasible. One consequence of low integration of the poor to markets is that poor people, especially those in rural areas, usually end up hostages of intermediaries who sell them

Figure 6

... as does rural access to electricity

Share of rural population with access to electricity (%)

Nigeria Côte d’lvoire Cameroon Ghana Comoros Burundi Central African Republic Niger Burkina Faso Chad

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Source: Indicator table 7.4.

provisions, seeds, and domestic utensils during the planting season or during the production of some agricultural or other product and who then buy their entire output for a very low price. The same happens with moneylenders who take advantage of the poor in urban areas and take possession of their income and goods. Building the assets of women and connecting them to markets are essential for shared growth. Much of Africa’s economic activity is in the hands of women. Data from Uganda suggest that women contribute about 50 percent to GDP and that women and men are not equally distributed across productive sectors. Time allocation studies throughout Sub-Saharan Africa confirm women’s preponderant role in agriculture. Because men and women differ in their access to, and control over, productive and other assets, economic capacities and incentives are gender-differentiated in ways that affect resource allocation within the household, labor productivity, and welfare. These difBox 6

ferences have implications for the flexibility, responsiveness, and dynamism of the economy. A study in Burkina Faso showed that shifting existing resources between men’s and women’s plots in the same household could increase agricultural output by 10–20 percent. Another study in Kenya concluded that giving female farmers the same level of agricultural inputs and education as male farmers could increase their yields by more than 20 percent. Enhancing human development Half the population in Sub-Saharan Africa is between the ages of 5 and 24, indicating that the population will continue to rise well into the twenty-first century. There is a substantial need for future scaling up of human development, notably in health and education, which can only be met by high and sustainable economic growth rates.22 If this large cohort requires massive resources, the increasing working-age population can potentially contribute to boost economic growth.

Scaling up support for education in Ethiopia has large payoffs

In 1991 only 30 percent of Ethiopian children attended school. Addressing this challenge has involved mobilizing communities, training teachers, and obtaining financing for the effort. Development partners are supporting a

sectorwide education reform program. One of the results has been a rise in the gross enrollment rate to 77 percent in 2004 thanks to annual reviews and a good monitoring system. But improving quality remains a challenge.

Moving from the Year of Africa to the Decade of Africa

13

Box 7

Responding aggressively to malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa

The Booster Program for Malaria Control supports country efforts to deliver concrete and measurable results. Currently targeting 19 countries, the program has a 10-year horizon, with the initial three-year “Intensive Phase” already well under way. Four projects have been approved—for Eritrea, Democratic Republic of Congo, Niger, and Zambia—and preparations are proceeding rapidly in nine more countries and on a regional project. Strong collaboration and partnership with key agen-

Africa’s human development indicators have traditionally been among the lowest in the world, but they are on the rise in many areas. Gross primary enrollment rates as a share of the relevant age group shot up to 93 percent in 2004 from 72 percent in 1990, holding the promise that many more Africans will contribute to and benefit from an expanding economy (indicator table 8.1). Indeed, the increase appears to have already contributed to a rise in literacy rates from 50 percent in 1997 to 65 percent in 2002. A further challenge now is to improve quality of primary education. In most countries, however, retention to the end of the primary cycle remains a problem, and the result is to undermine attainment of the education MDGs (universal primary school completion and gender parity in education—indicator table 3.3). In 2004 primary school completion rates in African countries averaged no more than 62 percent, up from 51 percent in 1991, and in only a few countries did the rate exceed 90 percent. Success will require, among other measures, improving the quality and relevance of schooling services and encouraging parents to let their children, particularly girls, complete the full cycle of primary schooling. With progress toward universal primary school completion, the number of students aspiring to post-primary education has been growing rapidly, and the pace can be expected to pick up in the coming years. The magnitude of the expected increase poses major policy challenges regarding the resources required to expand capacity without diluting the quality of services and the reforms needed to manage costs and ensure equitable 14

Africa Development Indicators 2006

cies and countries are moving the work program forward rapidly by focusing on results and strengthening donor harmonization and partnerships, including the U.S. Presidential Initiative for Malaria Control, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, ExxonMobil, the United Nations Children’s Fund, the World Health Organization’s Regional Office for Africa, and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria.

distribution of the burden of financing. Yet in too many African countries, these issues have received inadequate attention at best. In the meantime, conditions in post-primary education have deteriorated. Enrollments have grown, public budgets have stagnated and private sources of funding remain untapped. Moreover, post-primary education tends to be poorly diversified and typically leaves students unprepared for most employment opportunities. Many African national health care systems are under stress due to weakening human resource capacity and financing constraints. Solid evidence and best-practice examples show how sectorwide approaches are among the best options for ensuring that strengthened public and private health care systems are mutually reinforcing with disease-specific programs. It is necessary to scale up policies to address the systemic constraints in human resources for health, which include the dramatic brain drain of physicians and nurses from Africa.23 Despite the recent progress on treatment and prevention, HIV/AIDS remains a major development challenge in the region, particularly in Southern Africa, the epicenter of the epidemic. It continues to reverse life expectancy gains, consume savings, dilute poverty efforts, erode productivity, and threaten economic growth.24 Malaria, a completely preventable and treatable disease, has taken the heaviest toll on Africa (indicator table 12.1). Each year, it kills more than 1 million people around the world—90 percent of them in Africa. Every 30 seconds, an African child dies of malaria, making it the largest single killer of African children.25

Box 8

Investing smartly across sectors

Water supply and sanitation investments have important implications for health, especially child health. Nearby water and school latrines can dramatically increase mothers’ ability to care for their children and can increase girls’ school attendance. Better roads improve

school attendance and the use of health facilities. And health and education investments have clear complementary effects: mothers’ education is strongly correlated with child survival, and school attainment is directly affected by family illness, especially HIV/AIDS.

Source: World Bank 2006b.

The disease takes a high toll on households and health care systems and increases poverty by significantly reducing productivity and social stability. The annual economic burden in Sub-Saharan Africa is estimated to be about $12 billion. Although the disease is preventable and curable with available technology, coverage with effective interventions has remained low, particularly among poor and rural populations. In Sub-Saharan Africa 38 of 47 countries fall short of the World Health Organization’s standard of at least 20 physicians per 100,000 people.26 The March 2005 report of the Commission for Africa called for a tripling of the healthcare workforce in Africa. Africa will need to train an additional 1 million workers over a decade in the health sector and provide an improved workplace environment (salary, equipment, supplies) to make that happen. Getting services to poor rural populations, especially women Since 1999, when the Poverty Reduction Strategy approach became the key policy framework for development partners, many African governments have been consciously investing more in pro-poor service delivery, especially in health, education, HIV/AIDS, rural development (roads), agriculture, and water. According to World Development Report 2004: Making Services Work for Poor People (World Bank 2003), the biggest payoffs to service delivery are likely to come from a few key actions: spending smartly and predictably in line with priorities and coordinated across sectors; managing decentralization to reap the benefits of being closer to clients; developing and deploying administrative capacity to take sound decisions at the top and to implement them well; curtailing corruption; and learning from success and failure. Reforming basic incentives that strengthen

accountability and that raise performance closer to formal standards is the place to start. As incentives become better aligned and internalized and as administrative capacity grows, more advanced reforms can be deployed to support deeper institutional change and scaling up. The rural-urban divide can be enormous. In Kenya the share of the population with access to an improved water source is 39 percent in rural areas and 86 percent in urban; the share with a health center less than an hour away is 65 percent in rural areas and 98 percent in urban (indicator table 14.8). The male-female divide can also be wide. The different roles of men and women in the market economy are coupled with their equally different—and unbalanced—roles in the household. In addition to their prominence in agriculture, women take on most domestic tasks: processing food crops, providing water and firewood, and caring for the elderly and the sick. Providing women in particular with better services could enable them to be much more productive, and improve quality of life. Using natural resource rents well Resource-based rents are widespread and growing due to new discoveries and favorable prices. During the 1990s, 65 percent of all foreign direct investment was concentrated in oil, gas, and mining, and 45 percent of exports came from the oil and mining sectors. Those figures have substantially increased in recent years. Between 2000 and 2010, $200 billion in oil revenue will accrue to African governments. Estimates of the value of the oil price windfall to African oil- producers in 2004 range from 9 percent of government revenue in Gabon to 56 percent in Equatorial Guinea.27 Mineral-dependent countries in Africa tend to have higher poverty rates, greater income Moving from the Year of Africa to the Decade of Africa

15

Box 9

Governance is being tackled in Nigeria

Nigeria has long suffered the effects of massive corruption and weak governance, making it difficult for investors to do business in Nigeria, wasting public resources, and impoverishing the average Nigerian. Today, all of Nigeria’s governance and corruption indicators show an improvement. How has this been accomplished? The government has embarked on a comprehensive effort to fight corruption and improve governance: • Its targeted anticorruption efforts have yielded about 40 convictions, including

inequality, less spending on health care, higher prevalence of child malnutrition, and lower literacy and school enrollments than other countries at the same income level. But mineral-exporting economies can share growth. Chile, Indonesia, and Malaysia have all used natural resource wealth to provide a basis for a more diversified economy in which poor people can participate in and contribute to the process of growth. The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) aims to increase transparency in transactions between governments and companies within extractive industries. It shows what African governments, development partners, and private business can achieve when they act together to improve the transparency and accountability of natural resource flows. Revenues from oil, gas, and mining companies—in the form of taxes, royalties, signature bonuses, and other payments—can be an important engine for economic growth and social development. To date, 14 African countries have committed to implement the EITI, twice as many as a year ago (indicator table 13.2).28 In many of those countries EITI programs are for the first time involving local civil society groups in the direct oversight of natural resource revenues. The resource flows that could be overseen by the programs are staggering. Nigeria’s first EITI report, released in early 2006, reported an average of more than $15 billion in annual payments to government by oil and gas companies. Compare that with $4.7 billion in IDA commitments for all Africa in 2006. 16

Africa Development Indicators 2006

of high-ranking officials, and forfeiture of about $3 billion in cash and assets to the public treasury. • It has introduced a new Virtual Poverty Fund to help ensure that the federal government’s $750 million in annual savings on debt service payments go to the right uses and are tracked and monitored. • It has moved to open and competitive procurement systems. It is conducting independent audits of the oil accounts conducted under the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative.

Providing the underpinning for shared growth by building capable states and improving governance Without institutions that can deliver basic services, the rule of law, predictable administration, and responsive regulation, Africa’s plans and ambitions are not likely to gain traction. Support to the drivers of growth and a focus on strategies for shared growth must be complemented by a stronger focus on governance. This will require a strong civil society presence in order to make governments more accountable and to allow them to actively participate in building their country’s destiny. Furthermore, countries must identify their greatest shortcomings and challenges in order to find entry points where reforms can make the biggest difference. A country that has already dealt with electoral reforms might focus on tax system or state procurement. And the private sector, an independent media, and civil society organizations can help build demand for good governance. Developing institutional capacity Capacity development is a regionwide challenge for Africa, although countries are at various points on the spectrum from weak to strong capacity and from low to high accountability (indicators tables 13.2–13.4). To varying degrees, African countries all face the task of mitigating the brain drain of highly skilled workers with incentives for capacity retention and utilization. They have to revive failing service delivery systems to help achieve the MDGs, promote a competitive environment for private sector–led growth,

Box 10

A vision for capacity development

The World Bank Task Force on Capacity Development in Africa’s September 2005 report, Building Effective States, Forging Engaged Societies (World Bank 2005a) highlighted the need for African countries to implement homegrown, fully owned strategies for capacity development as an explicit part of their mediumterm development programs. They should take the lead in determining their capacity needs and set priorities for implementation in line with their poverty reduction strategies and other national development strategies.

The focus should be on strengthening the capabilities of the state. This means strengthening the skills and professional profiles of the public sector, increasing organizational effectiveness, and developing institutions capable of supporting change management. Many African countries are still far from taking strong leadership in programming and implementation, but the experiences of Botswana, Mauritius, and South Africa, for example, show that this can be done successfully.

Source: World Bank 2005a.

safeguard their people from civil strife and crime by strengthening the rule of law, and use open decisionmaking processes to include the voices of civil society and citizens. Capacity development efforts need clear objectives and should not rely on fragmented, project-centered approaches. They need time to be institutionalized, require followthrough by political and technical leaders, and must be supported by appropriate incentives. To be sure, training, equipment, and technical assistance are needed, but they should be provided in response to clear and effective demand so that they can be effectively absorbed. The successful cases—such as community-driven development in Malawi, performance management in Tanzania, public financial management in Burkina Faso and Madagascar, and decentralization in Uganda and Ethiopia—rely on strong leadership, use flexible and programmatic approaches to financing, and match existing capacities with global and local knowledge. Strengthening public expenditure management and financial accountability Sound public financial management is fundamental for effective use of domestic resources and of external aid. In most African countries expenditure and revenue accountability remains a challenge. Past efforts have addressed regulatory changes, the rehabilitation of existing systems, the establishment of internal and external audits, and procurement reforms. There has been progress in the development of an indicator-based approach to public financial management system assessment, evolving from the approach used

in assessing progress in the HIPC Debt Relief Initiative during 2001–04 and further refined by the Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability initiative.29 Reforming legal and judicial systems Early reforms focused on adjusting legal and regulatory frameworks to facilitate economic development, such as protecting property. Regional economic integration triggered reforms of the regulatory frameworks for commercial and business laws. An important issue is the relationship between the formal judicial system and informal conflict resolution mechanisms. Many African countries have a well functioning system of village or community courts where decisions are made by laypersons in accordance with traditional rules. Judicial reforms must appreciate the role and importance of these traditional systems for African societies and their relevance for the judiciary. Improving public sector management The public sector is critical for good governance and development. In many countries civil services are overstaffed, overly bureaucratic, and inefficient, with limited motivation and user-orientation. Well functioning administrative systems and a motivated, appropriately sized civil service are important for efficient service delivery and optimal use of public resources. To address existing dysfunctions in the civil service, countries are reforming civil service with differing emphases—in Nigeria and Zambia, improving the operational efficiency and rationalizing complex bureaucratic structures; and in MozamMoving from the Year of Africa to the Decade of Africa

17

bique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Tanzania, pursuing bottom-up administrative reforms by building demand for change and capacity to implement development programs and to absorb aid. This also includes cross-cutting institutional reforms aimed at comprehensive decentralization and capacity development in the context of far-reaching political reforms, as in Ethiopia. Strengthening local governments Recognizing that decentralization is a political choice made by many African countries, governments are addressing the political, regulatory, administrative, and financial implications of a decentralized state. In Ethiopia, Lesotho, Madagascar, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Uganda governments are developing or reforming the system of intergovernmental fiscal relations. Multisectoral public sector operations complement community-driven activities, especially where linked to local governance development. Community-driven development has proved an effective means for rebuilding societies emerging from conflict. It addresses urgent local needs and restores collapsed trust and relationships. By engaging people in addressing problems at the local level, community-driven development can yield an invaluable peace dividend. Rwanda created the Community Reintegration and Development Project, which largely emphasized decentralization and encouraging local government. To involve local people in decisionmaking, community development committees give an active role to local governments and voice and influence to communities. Citizens have more decisionmaking power through an approach that links community participation with local management of resources, making both citizens and politicians accountable for results. Managing the impact of shocks Low-income countries in Africa are disproportionately affected by outside economic shocks, in part due to continued heavy reliance on primary commodity exports or large swings in world prices of important inputs, such as the significant rise in oil prices and other minerals, which has had adverse effects on other sectors of the economy thanks to the exchange rate appreciation. These coun18

Africa Development Indicators 2006

tries have been buffeted by droughts, locusts, and other natural disasters while frequently lacking economic cushions, such as large foreign exchange reserves or insurance markets to protect themselves. Terms of trade shocks, for example, which tend to take several years to dissipate if triggered by export price declines, have very significant negative impacts on growth rates. Weak capacity to manage terms of trade volatility has led to fiscal volatility as country authorities find it difficult to shield public expenditures (especially public consumption) from shocks. Negative shocks very often lead to increases in poverty. In the absence of stabilizing mechanisms, an “input shock,” such as a drought, very quickly translates into an “output shock,” leading to a fall in consumption. Since adequate social safety nets are usually lacking, poor people are hurt disproportionately, often being forced to sell their meager assets to try to maintain consumption. National strategies for the development of statistics Without baseline data and good information on trends, it’s not easy to put a target-driven development strategy into gear. Yet, with the MDG time horizon of 2015 rapidly approaching, many countries still do not collect the statistics they need to track progress. In many Sub-Saharan countries, policymakers do not know how many people are living in poverty or whether the number is growing or shrinking. Building a sustainable statistical system that can produce and disseminate statistics to manage development results has been a focus of many countries struggling to meet demand for data. Recognizing the importance of strategic planning to guide the improvement of statistical systems, the Marrakech Action Plan for Statistics endorsed by developing countries and development agencies recommended that all low-income countries prepare a national strategy for the development of statistics by the end of 2006. This recommendation was further supported by the Reference Regional Strategic Framework for Statistical Capacity Building in Africa, which aims to help African countries meet the data challenges of the results agenda by 2015.

M     For shared growth to become a reality, the Decade of Africa must be about results not promises. In the final push to achieve as many of the MDGs in every African country, the ability to track progress is of enormous value. For example, the share of the population lacking access to safe water has dropped to 42 percent, from 51 percent in 1990, but an accelerated effort is needed to reach the goal of lowering this to 26 percent by 2015. The basis for realistic optimism is based primarily on changes in Africa and in new approaches among the continent’s global partners. First, the African leadership—in government, the private sector, and civil society—is taking ownership for development on the continent. Complementing this initiative, we see a new international commitment to increase assistance and make it more effective, and to open markets

to African products. Meanwhile, the significant growth in Asia, particularly in China and India, opens new opportunities for increased trade and investment. It is critical that the global conversation about the challenge of Africa’s economic development continue. But it must be more than a discussion about how much aid or market access wealthy developed countries will offer—important as these considerations are. It must also focus on the quality of development assistance and on the resourcefulness that Africans can bring to the challenges of building honest and capable states, and encouraging competitive companies that can generate jobs in agriculture, manufacturing, and services. Without Africans’ own investment and leadership, outside efforts—however generous—will falter or worse, create new problems. In short, Africa’s future will be most significantly determined by what Africans do.

Moving from the Year of Africa to the Decade of Africa

19

Notes

1

2 3 4 5 6

7 8

9 10

11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

20

Africa Development Indicators 2006

Throughout this essay Africa and African refer to Sub-Saharan Africa. The 14 countries are Angola (6.4 percent), Botswana (5.8 percent), Cape Verde (5.9 percent), Chad (9.9 percent), Equatorial Guinea (15.5 percent), Liberia (8 percent), Mali (6 percent), Mauritania (5.3 percent), Mozambique (8.4 percent), Rwanda (6.2 percent), Sierra Leone (6.7 percent), Sudan (6.2 percent), Tanzania (5.7 percent), and Uganda (5.7 percent). World Bank 2006b. World Bank Africa Region Poverty Studies. World Bank 2006b. Tcheyan 2006. The Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) assesses the quality of a country’s present policy and institutional framework. “Quality” means how conducive that framework is to fostering sustainable, poverty-reducing growth and the effective use of development assistance. The CPIA is conducted annually for all International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and International Development Association borrowers and has evolved into a set of criteria grouped into four clusters: economic management, structural policies, policies for social inclusion and equity, and public sector management and institutions. Data on GDP growth for 2005 is preliminary. These figures include Zimbabwe, which experienced inflation rates of 350 percent in 2004 and 237 percent in 2005. Removing Zimbabwe from the calculation substantially reduces the average inflation to about half those rates (IMF 2006). Bacon and Mattar 2005. Established in 1987, the Strategic Partnership for Africa is an informal association of donors and African partners that works to improve the quality and increase the quantity of assistance to Africa. For more information, see www.spa-psa.org. This figure includes the Democratic Republic of Congo, a coastal country whose population is virtually landlocked. Eifert, Gelb, and Ramachandran 2005. Eifert, Gelb, and Ramachandran 2005. Tcheyan 2006. World Bank 2005b. Broadman 2006. Broadman 2006. Thirtle, Piesse, and Lin 2003. Tiffin and Irz 2006. Thirtle, Piesse, and Lin 2003. Mellor 2001. World Bank 2006c. High-Level Forum on the Health MDGs 2004. Haacker 2004. WHO and UNICEF 2005. Page and Plaza 2005. Page forthcoming. Angola, Cameroon, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, São Tomé and Principe, and Sierra Leone.

29

The Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability initiative, started in December 2001, is jointly financed by the World Bank’s Development Grant Facilities, the European Commission, the U.K. Department for International Development, the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs, the Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The International Monetary Fund and the Strategic Partnership with Africa are also partners. A steering committee, comprising members of these agencies, manages the initiative, and a secretariat has been set up at the World Bank in Washington, D.C.

References

Bacon, Robert, and Adib Mattar. 2005. “The Vulnerability of African Countries to Oil Price Shocks: Major Factors and Policy Options.” World Bank, Washington, D.C. Bosworth, B., and S. Collins. 2006. “Economics of Developing Countries.” Brookings Institutions, Washington, D.C. [www. brookings.edu/es/research/projects/develop/develop.htm]. Broadman, Harry G. 2006. “Africa’s Silk Road: China and India’s New Economic Frontier.” World Bank, Washington, D.C. Eifert, Benn, Alan Gelb, and Vijaya Ramachandran. 2005. “Business Environment and Comparative Advantage in Africa: Evidence from the Investment Climate Data.” Working Paper 52. Center for Global Development, Washington, D.C. Haacker, Markus. 2004. “HIV/AIDS: The Impact on the Social Fabric and the Economy.” In The Macroeconomics of HIV/AIDS. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund. High-Level Forum on the Health MDGs. 2004. “Addressing Africa’s Health Workforce Crisis: An Avenue for Action.” Background paper for the Second High-Level Forum on the Health MDGs, December 2–3, Abuja, Nigeria. [www. hlfhealthmdgs.org/Documents/AfricasWorkforce-Final.pdf] IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2006. Regional Economic Outlook: Sub-Saharan Africa. May. Washington, D.C.

WHO (World Health Organization) and UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund). 2005. World Malaria Report. Geneva. World Bank. 2003. World Development Report 2004: Making Services Work for Poor People. Washington, D.C. ———. 2005a. “Building Effective States, Forging Engaged Societies.” Task Force on Capacity Development in Africa. World Bank, Washington, D.C. ———. 2005b. “Infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of the World Bank and the Donor Community.” World Bank, Africa Region, Financial, Private Sector and Infrastructure Department, Washington, D.C. ———. 2005c. World Development Report 2006: Equity and Development. Washington, D.C. ———. 2005d. Global Monitoring Report. Washington, D.C. ———. 2006a. Doing Business 2006: Creating Jobs. Washington, D.C. ———. 2006b. Global Monitoring Report. Washington, D.C. ———. 2006c. World Development Indicators 2006. Washington, D.C.

———. Various years. Directory of Trade Statistics. Washington, D.C. Mellor, J. 2001. “Reducing Poverty, Buffering Economic Shocks— Agriculture and the Non-Tradable Economy.” Background paper prepared for Experts’ Meeting, Roles of Agriculture Project, Food and Agricultural Organization, March 19–21, Rome. Page, John. Forthcoming. “Strategies for Pro-Poor Growth: ProPoor, Pro-Growth or Both?” Journal of African Economies. Page, John, and Sonia Plaza. 2005. “Migration, Remittances and Development: A Review of Global Evidence.” Paper presented at the Plenary Session of the African Economic Research Consortium, May 29, Nairobi. Tcheyan, Nils. 2006. “Revisioning Africa outside the Old Categories.” Paper presented at the University of California at Berkeley, April 8. Thirtle, C., J. Piesse, and L. Lin. 2003. “The Impact of ResearchLed Productivity Growth on Poverty in Africa, Asia and Latin America.” World Development 31 (12): 1959–75. Tiffin, Richard, and Xavier Irz. 2006. “Is Agriculture the Engine of Growth?” Agricultural Economics 35 (1): 79–89.

References

21

Indicator tables Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts 1. Basic indicators 1.1 Basic indicators

25

2. National accounts 2.1 Gross domestic product, real 2.2 Gross domestic product per capita, real 2.3 Agriculture value added 2.4 Industry value added 2.5 Services value added 2.6 Gross domestic product, nominal 2.7 Total consumption 2.8 General government consumption 2.9 Gross fixed capital formation 2.10 General government fixed capital formation 2.11 Private sector fixed capital formation 2.12 Gross domestic savings 2.13 Gross national savings 2.14 Resource balance (exports minus imports) 2.15 Exports of goods and services, nominal 2.16 Imports of goods and services, nominal 2.17 Exports of goods and services, real 2.18 Imports of goods and services, real 2.19 Gross domestic product growth 2.20 Gross domestic product per capita growth 2.21 Gross national income per capita 2.22 Total consumption per capita

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

Part II. Millennium Development Goals 3. Millennium Development Goals 3.1 Millennium Development Goal 1: eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 3.2 Millennium Development Goal 2: achieve universal primary education 3.3 Millennium Development Goal 3: promote gender equality and empower women 3.4 Millennium Development Goal 4: reduce child mortality 3.5 Millennium Development Goal 5: improve maternal health 3.6 Millennium Development Goal 6: combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 3.7 Millennium Development Goal 7: ensure environmental sustainability 3.8 Millennium Development Goal 8: develop a global partnership for development

48 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

Part III. Development outcomes 4. Results framework 4.1 Status of Paris Declaration indicators

58

Drivers of growth 5. Private sector development

Contents

23

5.1 Business environment 5.2 Investment climate

59 60

6. Trade 6.1 International trade and tariff barriers 6.2 Regional integration, trade blocs

62 65

7. Infrastructure 7.1 Water and sanitation 7.2 Transportation 7.3 Information and communication technology 7.4 Energy 7.5 Financial sector infrastructure

66 68 70 72 74

Participating in growth 8. Human development 8.1 Education 8.2 Health

76 78

9. Agriculture and rural development 9.1 Rural development 9.2 Agriculture

81 82

10. Labor, migration, and population 10.1 Labor 10.2 Migration and population

84 86

11. HIV/AIDS 11.1 HIV/AIDS

87

12. Malaria 12.1 Malaria

88

13. Capable states and partnership 13.1 Aid and debt relief 13.2 Capable states 13.3 Governance and anticorruption indicators 13.4 Country Policy and Institutional Assessment ratings, 2005

89 90 92 94

Part IV: Household Welfare 14. Household welfare 14.1 Burkina Faso household survey, 2003 14.2 Burundi household survey, 1998 14.3 Cameroon household survey, 2001 14.4 Côte d’Ivoire household survey, 1998 14.5 Ethiopia household survey, 2000 14.6 Gambia household survey, 1998 14.7 Ghana household survey, 1998/99 14.8 Kenya household survey, 1997 14.9 Madagascar household survey, 1999 14.10 Malawi household survey, 1997/98 14.11 Mozambique household survey, 1996 14.12 Nigeria household survey, 2004 14.13 São Tomé and Principe household survey, 2000 14.14 Sierra Leone household survey, 2002/03 14.15 Uganda household survey, 2002/03 14.16 Zambia household survey, 1998 24

Africa Development Indicators 2006

95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110

Table

Participating in growth

1.1

Basic indicators GNI per capita

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA

Population (millions) 2004

Land area (thousands of sq km) 2004

Dollarsa 2004

726.4 680.9 552.2 15.5 8.2 1.8 12.8 7.3 16.0 0.5 4.0 9.4 0.6 55.9 3.9 17.9 0.8 0.5 4.2 70.0 1.4 1.5 21.7 9.2 1.5 33.5 1.8 3.2 18.1 12.6 13.1 3.0 1.2 19.4 2.0 13.5 128.7 8.9 0.2 11.4 0.1 5.3 8.0 45.5 35.5 1.1 37.6 6.0 27.8 11.5 12.9 150.5 32.4 72.6 5.7 29.8 9.9 876.9

23,619 22,405 21,494 1,247 111 567 274 26 465 4 623 1,259 2 2,267 342 318 23 28 101 1,000 258 10 228 246 28 569 30 96 582 94 1,220 1,025 2 784 823 1,267 911 25 1 193 0 72 627 1,214 2,376 17 884 54 197 743 387 5,738 2,382 995 1,760 446 155 29,358

600 397 390 930 450 4,360 350 90 810 1,720 310 250 560 110 760 760 950 .. 190 110 4,080 280 380 410 160 480 730 120 290 160 330 530 4,640 270 2,380 210 430 210 390 630 8,190 210 .. 3,630 530 1,660 320 310 250 400 620 1,784 2,270 1,250 4,400 1,570 2,650 803

Life expectancy Under-five Average at birth mortality rate Gini annual growth (years) (per 1,000) coefficient (%) 2000–04 2004 1996–2004b 1996–2004b

1.7 2.0 1.9 4.6 1.2 5.7 0.3 0.0 2.7 40.0 0.3 3.6 –0.1 0.0 –0.5 –2.4 0.0 0.0 –3.4 1.3 0.3 0.8 2.4 1.0 3.8 0.3 1.9 –2.8 –1.5 –0.3 2.3 4.0 2.9 6.2 3.2 0.0 2.7 0.3 2.3 1.6 –2.3 5.3 0.0 2.2 7.5 –0.7 4.6 –0.7 1.8 0.3 –6.2 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 3.4 1.9

46 46 47 41 55 35 48 44 46 70 39 44 63 44 52 46 53 43 54 42 54 56 57 54 45 48 36 42 56 40 48 53 73 42 47 45 44 44 63 56 .. 41 47 45 57 42 46 55 49 38 37 71 71 70 74 70 73 50

168.2 172.2 166.4 260.0 152.0 116.0 192.0 190.0 149.4 36.4 193.0 200.0 70.0 205.0 108.0 193.6 125.6 204.0 82.0 166.4 91.0 122.0 112.0 155.0 203.0 119.5 112.2 235.0 122.6 175.2 219.0 125.0 15.2 151.6 63.4 258.8 196.6 203.0 118.0 136.6 13.5 282.8 225.0 67.0 91.4 156.4 126.0 139.6 137.8 182.0 129.0 32.8 40.0 36.0 20.0 43.0 25.0 137.6

.. .. .. .. 36.5 .. 39.5 42.4 44.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. 44.6 38.6 .. .. 30.0 .. 50.2 40.8 .. .. 42.5 .. .. 47.5 50.3 .. 39.0 .. 39.6 .. .. 43.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. 57.8 .. .. 34.6 .. 43.0 42.1 .. 32.0 34.4 .. 39.5 39.8 .. ..

Adult literacy rate (% ages 15 and older) Male 2000–04b

Female 2000–04b

.. .. .. 83 48 80 29 67 77 .. 65 41 .. 81 .. 61 .. 93 .. .. .. .. 66 43 .. 78 74 .. 77 75 27 60 88 .. 87 43 .. 71 .. 51 91 47 .. 84 71 81 78 69 77 76 .. .. 80 .. .. 66 83 ..

.. .. .. 54 23 82 15 52 60 .. 33 13 .. 54 .. 39 .. 80 .. .. .. .. 50 18 .. 70 90 .. 65 54 12 43 81 .. 83 15 .. 60 .. 29 92 24 .. 81 52 78 62 38 58 60 .. .. 60 .. .. 40 65 ..

Total net official development assistance per capita (current $)

2004

33 34 41 74 46 22 48 48 47 282 26 34 42 32 30 9 82 60 61 26 28 43 63 30 50 19 57 65 68 38 43 60 31 63 89 40 4 53 218 92 124 67 24 14 25 104 46 10 42 94 14 19 10 20 .. 24 33 31

a. Calculated by the World Bank Atlas method. b. Data are for most recent year available during the period specified.

BASIC INDICATORS

Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts

25

Table

2.1

Gross domestic product, real

Constant prices (2000 $ millions)

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA

Average annual growth (%)

1980

1990

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004 a

1980–89

1990–99

2000–04

222,703 127,255 97,330 6,746 1,084 1,130 1,263 559 6,339 .. 730 661 136 7,025 1,727 7,706 .. .. .. .. 3,265 213 2,640 .. 115 7,087 400 1,391 3,099 1,000 1,536 582 1,517 2,157 2,002 1,523 29,112 1,457 .. 2,417 290 754 .. 95,503 5,538 554 .. 964 .. 2,730 4,376 114,040 34,268 37,658 .. 18,307 8,630 339,883

269,422 158,478 126,079 8,464 1,412 3,175 1,750 865 8,793 303 809 1,099 181 7,670 2,765 8,274 608 248 .. 6,241 3,904 305 3,267 2,113 186 10,557 614 433 3,266 1,243 1,630 686 2,676 2,189 2,263 1,507 32,376 1,782 38 3,281 393 824 .. 110,945 7,079 1,024 6,801 1,071 3,077 3,028 6,734 172,850 45,148 65,727 .. 26,717 12,255 444,006

317,026 192,437 152,452 8,584 2,036 4,631 2,399 722 9,262 459 899 1,398 195 4,838 3,068 10,618 537 934 729 6,986 5,154 375 4,597 2,920 186 12,348 846 363 3,537 1,666 2,199 940 4,056 3,446 3,191 1,835 39,942 1,588 44 4,010 576 607 .. 124,638 10,887 1,315 8,344 1,307 5,192 3,058 8,334 222,130 50,583 91,404 .. 33,045 17,538 539,713

324,192 196,664 156,242 8,862 2,131 4,881 2,560 715 9,669 498 931 1,389 200 4,625 2,976 10,786 549 1,322 729 6,161 4,835 399 4,800 3,054 200 12,630 848 446 3,701 1,716 2,347 1,013 4,292 3,706 3,298 1,824 40,382 1,709 45 4,257 587 594 .. 127,577 11,577 1,361 8,639 1,340 5,610 3,126 8,034 228,009 52,057 93,967 .. 33,056 18,586 552,702

334,895 202,061 159,937 9,129 2,255 5,251 2,601 709 10,075 531 953 1,383 204 4,306 3,220 10,425 553 1,341 634 6,528 4,932 421 4,978 3,112 215 12,705 859 561 3,878 1,744 2,422 1,081 4,465 3,778 3,414 1,798 42,078 1,811 46 4,385 615 634 .. 132,878 12,330 1,389 9,079 1,329 5,926 3,238 7,399 236,346 53,306 98,782 .. 33,344 19,462 571,694

346,453 209,994 166,568 9,416 2,368 5,526 2,754 724 10,530 552 967 1,527 209 4,215 3,342 10,436 .. 1,361 692 7,104 5,055 445 5,187 3,237 216 13,262 887 577 4,111 1,657 2,716 1,120 4,713 4,273 3,495 1,926 43,382 1,933 48 4,591 601 588 .. 136,512 13,082 1,414 9,646 1,327 6,219 3,396 7,199 246,041 55,232 102,042 .. 35,512 20,513 592,841

358,273 216,776 172,685 10,768 2,474 5,804 2,875 756 10,952 577 959 1,655 213 4,363 3,496 10,266 .. 1,600 697 7,239 5,055 431 5,420 3,373 201 13,314 918 599 3,590 1,704 2,828 1,146 4,851 4,621 3,729 1,984 44,054 2,114 50 4,642 609 754 .. 141,549 13,867 1,455 10,345 1,382 6,622 3,508 6,883 254,992 57,138 105,103 .. 37,074 21,744 613,581

372,971 227,280 178,445 11,139 2,571 6,193 3,062 747 11,393 613 886 1,902 218 4,612 3,524 10,095 .. 1,835 724 6,972 5,187 460 5,675 3,413 202 13,683 946 411 3,941 1,808 3,039 1,219 4,992 4,986 3,858 2,090 48,766 2,133 52 4,946 571 828 .. 145,761 14,699 1,490 11,081 1,419 6,912 3,688 6,167 266,091 59,356 109,832 .. 38,335 23,157 639,340

391,961 239,766 187,999 12,378 2,650 6,494 3,182 783 11,815 640 898 2,463 222 4,925 3,651 10,261 .. 2,019 738 7,904 5,259 484 5,959 3,505 206 14,276 976 422 4,149 1,936 3,105 1,303 5,212 5,360 4,088 2,090 51,692 2,218 54 5,251 559 908 .. 152,276 15,581 1,521 11,822 1,461 7,300 3,887 5,908 279,378 62,064 115,873 .. 39,715 24,547 671,651

1.8 2.2 2.6 3.5 2.7 10.9 3.9 4.5 4.5 6.3 1.6 6.7 2.9 2.1 3.8 0.7 .. .. .. 2.1 0.5 3.5 2.6 .. 3.8 4.1 4.1 –3.3 0.8 2.4 0.5 1.9 5.9 –0.9 1.1 –0.4 0.8 2.5 .. 3.2 3.1 0.5 .. 1.4 2.4 6.5 .. 1.5 2.3 1.0 3.3 4.2 2.9 5.5 .. 4.2 3.2 2.6

2.4 2.7 2.8 1.0 4.7 4.7 4.1 –3.2 1.3 5.9 1.8 2.3 1.2 –5.0 0.9 3.5 –1.7 20.7 7.9 4.0 3.2 2.7 4.3 4.5 1.4 2.2 4.2 0.2 1.7 3.8 3.9 4.5 5.3 6.3 4.0 2.4 2.4 –1.6 1.7 3.0 4.5 –3.7 .. 2.0 5.3 3.3 2.7 3.6 7.2 0.2 2.7 3.3 1.7 4.4 .. 2.4 4.6 2.7

4.0 4.3 4.0 8.1 4.1 5.5 5.2 2.3 4.1 4.9 –2.0 14.7 2.2 3.7 3.1 –0.6 .. 11.8 3.6 3.7 1.6 3.2 4.6 3.0 –1.5 2.7 3.2 –8.7 0.9 3.0 6.3 4.7 3.7 8.9 4.7 3.9 5.4 5.2 4.0 4.4 –2.4 11.2 .. 3.4 6.0 2.4 6.9 2.6 5.4 4.6 –5.9 4.2 3.8 4.0 .. 4.4 6.0 4.1

a. Preliminary.

26

Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Table

2.2

Gross domestic product per capita, real

Constant prices (2000 $)

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA

Average annual growth (%)

1980

1990

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004 a

1980–89

1990–99

2000–04

581 359 341 861 292 1,077 192 135 724 .. 314 143 405 251 958 924 .. .. .. .. 4,689 327 234 .. 144 435 310 744 342 162 220 362 1,570 179 2,029 246 425 280 .. 406 4,507 233 .. 3,463 277 981 .. 346 .. 451 599 1,261 1,827 880 .. 950 1,353 718

523 330 324 804 273 2,222 205 153 755 852 270 182 416 203 1,113 654 1,089 703 .. 122 4,078 325 211 340 183 451 386 203 271 131 183 338 2,532 163 1,619 178 358 251 330 411 5,614 202 .. 3,152 272 1,330 259 270 173 361 637 1,473 1,785 1,181 .. 1,117 1,503 702

502 326 319 651 300 2,706 225 115 650 1,067 247 182 376 101 952 664 802 2,183 220 114 4,243 304 242 361 144 421 482 134 232 153 200 376 3,497 201 1,767 167 356 232 327 407 7,302 142 .. 2,975 346 1,327 251 261 227 298 675 1,633 1,708 1,411 .. 1,215 1,879 703

503 327 322 656 305 2,812 233 112 664 1,132 251 175 378 94 894 658 792 3,015 213 119 3,885 313 247 370 151 421 478 153 235 153 207 395 3,655 211 1,780 160 352 228 329 422 7,294 136 .. 2,972 359 1,335 254 258 238 298 644 1,676 1,738 1,469 .. 1,200 1,967 709

507 328 321 660 313 2,994 230 109 678 1,179 252 168 377 86 937 623 774 2,988 178 122 3,877 320 251 369 158 414 481 183 239 151 208 409 3,762 211 1,802 153 358 226 332 424 7,579 141 .. 3,020 375 1,329 261 248 244 303 587 1,712 1,755 1,519 .. 1,197 2,036 717

512 333 327 662 319 3,130 237 109 695 1,196 252 180 378 82 942 612 .. 2,961 187 129 3,897 328 255 376 154 423 494 183 247 140 226 411 3,927 234 1,811 158 360 231 338 433 7,405 126 .. 3,046 390 1,324 272 240 248 311 567 1,749 1,774 1,543 .. 1,258 2,110 727

517 335 330 737 323 3,277 239 111 709 1,221 247 188 379 83 956 592 .. 3,403 180 126 3,830 308 261 383 138 416 510 187 209 141 229 408 4,009 247 1,902 157 358 245 344 428 7,277 154 .. 3,122 405 1,337 286 243 255 316 538 1,778 1,819 1,562 .. 1,284 2,122 735

526 343 333 740 325 3,496 247 106 723 1,267 225 208 379 85 935 573 .. 3,815 179 120 3,867 320 268 379 135 418 526 128 224 146 239 422 4,085 262 1,943 160 387 244 349 445 6,893 162 .. 3,181 422 1,347 300 243 257 327 479 1,834 1,923 1,579 .. 1,339 2,228 751

541 354 343 799 324 3,671 248 107 737 1,292 225 261 378 88 940 574 .. 4,101 174 132 3,860 327 275 381 134 427 543 130 229 154 237 437 4,223 276 2,035 155 402 250 354 461 6,688 170 .. 3,346 439 1,358 314 244 262 339 457 1,879 1,992 1,615 .. 1,349 2,341 771

–1.1 –0.8 –0.4 0.5 –0.7 7.5 1.3 1.1 1.6 4.1 –1.0 3.9 0.3 –0.8 0.6 –3.5 .. .. .. –1.1 –2.7 –0.2 –0.6 .. 1.4 0.3 1.8 –4.9 –2.0 –1.9 –1.9 –0.5 4.9 –1.9 –2.3 –3.4 –2.0 –1.2 .. 0.2 2.3 –1.9 .. –1.2 –0.4 3.3 .. –2.1 –1.3 –2.3 –0.5 1.6 –0.1 2.9 .. 2.0 0.6 –0.2

–0.2 0.1 0.2 –1.8 1.3 2.4 1.2 –4.4 –1.2 3.4 –0.6 –0.8 –1.0 –7.7 –2.3 0.6 –3.8 17.8 6.2 1.1 0.2 –0.8 1.7 1.2 –1.6 –0.6 3.0 –3.3 –1.3 2.0 1.2 1.8 4.0 3.0 0.8 –0.9 –0.3 –1.7 –0.1 0.4 2.9 –4.3 .. –0.3 2.8 0.1 –0.2 0.5 3.9 –2.2 0.8 1.5 –0.3 2.5 .. 0.8 2.9 0.3

1.6 1.8 1.5 5.1 0.9 5.3 1.9 –0.6 2.1 2.4 –3.3 10.8 0.0 0.8 0.0 –2.3 .. 9.3 –0.9 0.8 –0.2 0.2 2.4 0.7 –4.5 0.5 3.1 –9.9 –1.8 0.7 3.2 1.6 2.7 6.7 3.2 0.4 3.1 2.6 1.6 2.0 –3.2 6.5 .. 2.5 4.0 0.6 4.8 –0.2 1.9 2.8 –6.5 2.4 3.4 1.5 .. 3.0 3.4 1.8

a. Preliminary.

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts

27

Table

2.3

Agriculture value added

Constant prices (2000 $ millions)

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA

Average annual growth (%)

1980

1990

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004 a

1980–89

1990–99

2000–04

36,019 32,933 25,571 .. 316 133 410 218 1,877 23 298 306 43 1,565 118 1,628 .. .. .. .. 320 87 1,227 .. 45 2,192 104 .. 690 263 656 107 224 .. 179 479 7,011 535 .. 495 18 370 .. 3,073 1,713 126 .. 220 .. 371 599 17,093 2,300 8,668 .. 4,023 1,201 53,056

44,387 40,677 32,242 686 467 155 531 300 2,380 50 332 321 59 2,011 166 1,756 18 54 .. 2,901 342 89 1,269 457 79 3,138 137 .. 852 302 792 127 274 707 223 537 8,447 558 6 654 17 489 .. 3,692 2,144 144 2,767 342 1,401 471 858 23,548 3,112 11,478 .. 5,925 1,792 67,896

55,544 51,989 41,163 467 744 151 819 272 3,388 65 433 597 69 2,353 174 2,265 18 78 170 3,282 293 93 1,653 647 100 3,452 135 .. 972 536 958 186 298 947 294 782 10,839 633 9 720 15 305 .. 3,557 4,244 144 3,505 453 1,803 576 1,091 29,317 4,521 14,496 .. 6,567 2,189 84,817

57,763 53,986 42,596 473 774 139 850 269 3,619 59 450 578 72 2,407 164 2,216 18 86 157 2,806 306 120 1,717 699 108 3,696 141 .. 1,005 590 1,046 195 300 1,000 312 743 11,399 687 9 818 17 323 .. 3,777 4,653 156 3,650 477 1,908 634 1,137 28,745 4,529 14,909 .. 5,378 2,415 86,505

58,916 54,959 43,236 517 824 139 881 255 3,782 64 478 563 83 2,126 171 2,400 18 94 89 2,868 318 133 1,757 697 112 3,649 145 .. 1,013 622 938 193 230 887 338 680 11,730 750 9 850 17 349 .. 3,956 4,963 150 3,773 455 2,014 644 1,174 28,100 4,302 15,418 .. 4,509 2,390 87,042

61,159 57,335 45,168 610 849 144 848 247 3,923 64 498 621 88 2,043 180 2,407 .. 100 115 3,197 331 145 1,822 740 114 4,012 145 .. 1,054 585 1,043 187 304 971 304 770 12,176 812 10 879 17 218 .. 3,827 5,239 136 3,980 461 2,111 627 1,128 .. 4,604 .. .. 5,546 2,426 91,549

62,702 58,626 45,936 691 911 143 919 257 4,067 60 517 617 90 2,053 188 2,351 .. 104 80 3,124 348 104 1,896 778 113 3,870 139 .. 1,041 600 1,005 182 318 1,076 334 785 12,692 930 10 700 17 284 .. 4,077 5,633 138 4,178 494 2,193 616 872 .. 4,788 .. .. 5,934 2,584 94,379

64,769 60,782 47,263 772 932 145 919 248 4,209 63 536 648 93 2,078 200 2,379 .. 92 89 2,730 366 124 1,984 801 121 3,967 137 .. 1,054 636 1,183 193 269 1,173 347 832 13,513 901 10 836 15 305 .. 3,991 6,006 142 4,346 489 2,243 647 863 .. 4,979 .. .. 5,993 2,752 97,466

67,503 63,593 49,184 886 985 149 1,086 247 4,393 67 533 614 95 2,090 212 2,474 .. .. 95 3,247 388 142 2,075 834 128 4,024 137 .. 1,086 653 1,128 188 278 1,271 336 .. 14,392 901 10 872 15 323 .. 3,923 5,943 144 4,604 505 2,361 675 838 .. 5,178 .. .. 6,053 2,931 101,399

2.3 2.2 2.1 .. 5.2 1.7 3.6 3.1 2.5 15.3 1.7 3.1 4.0 2.5 3.3 –0.4 .. .. .. 0.1 1.5 1.2 0.9 .. 5.0 3.2 2.1 .. 2.4 2.1 2.6 2.0 3.1 7.3 1.3 1.8 2.9 0.8 .. 2.8 –1.7 3.5 .. 2.9 2.3 2.0 .. 5.7 1.5 4.1 2.8 3.9 4.3 2.7 .. 7.0 2.0 2.8

3.2 3.4 3.5 –2.9 5.8 –1.0 4.3 –1.9 5.3 4.2 3.6 5.5 2.3 2.2 1.0 3.2 0.7 7.2 5.4 2.0 –1.9 2.2 3.3 4.7 4.3 1.8 1.7 .. 1.8 8.5 3.1 4.8 0.7 5.3 3.5 3.6 3.3 1.5 3.6 2.5 –0.5 –2.9 .. 0.7 9.1 1.0 3.2 4.5 3.6 4.3 4.2 2.4 4.0 3.1 .. 0.1 2.1 2.9

3.3 3.6 3.1 14.0 4.6 1.5 5.1 –0.6 3.8 0.9 3.0 2.2 3.3 –0.2 5.5 0.5 .. –0.1 –1.2 0.9 5.1 –0.2 4.3 4.5 3.3 1.9 –1.7 .. 1.4 1.8 5.1 –0.2 2.6 9.5 1.2 6.4 5.3 4.8 3.0 0.0 –3.1 1.9 .. 0.3 5.1 –0.3 5.0 2.7 3.9 1.3 –9.0 .. 4.6 .. .. 6.9 5.5 3.7

a. Preliminary.

28

Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Table

2.4

Industry value added

Constant prices (2000 $ millions) 1980

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 74,683 excluding South Africa 41,975 23,829 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola .. Benin 115 Botswana 550 Burkina Faso 252 Burundi 98 Cameroon 1,029 Cape Verde 23 Central African Republic 146 Chad 62 Comoros 20 Congo, Dem. Rep. 2,497 Congo, Rep. 958 Côte d’Ivoire 1,227 Djibouti .. Equatorial Guinea .. Eritrea .. Ethiopia .. Gabon 1,743 Gambia, The 28 Ghana 866 Guinea .. Guinea-Bissau 24 Kenya 1,189 Lesotho 117 Liberia .. Madagascar 461 Malawi 175 Mali 166 Mauritania 193 Mauritius 319 Mozambique .. Namibia 689 Niger 306 Nigeria 16,961 Rwanda 459 São Tomé and Principe .. Senegal 399 Seychelles 44 Sierra Leone 231 Somalia .. South Africa 32,864 Sudan 1,210 Swaziland 107 Tanzania .. Togo 216 Uganda .. Zambia 886 Zimbabwe 1,235 NORTH AFRICA 48,101 Algeria 19,763 Egypt, Arab Rep. 12,108 Libya .. Morocco 5,929 Tunisia 2,488 ALL AFRICA 124,438

Average annual growth (%)

1990

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004 a

1980–89

1990–99

2000–04

83,702 48,249 33,018 4,861 203 1,682 333 159 1,930 59 157 170 16 2,288 1,735 1,575 107 32 .. 812 2,260 42 962 712 34 1,752 186 .. 398 236 248 271 704 308 670 275 15,230 566 7 630 65 303 .. 35,440 1,431 313 967 212 381 1,018 1,714 64,746 25,325 17,338 .. 8,041 3,523 149,895

92,831 56,253 39,103 5,973 281 2,113 375 121 1,564 84 152 167 24 802 2,191 2,532 69 746 141 825 2,545 45 1,151 974 24 1,990 301 .. 458 276 433 351 1,088 698 856 306 17,150 340 8 841 170 189 .. 36,574 2,358 418 1,166 221 929 756 1,832 83,581 27,559 27,341 .. 10,075 5,028 176,978

94,133 57,621 40,912 6,359 287 2,223 398 127 1,663 97 159 158 24 1,061 2,226 2,573 69 1,202 145 559 2,581 46 1,208 1,026 25 1,943 303 .. 478 285 443 359 1,158 817 861 313 16,713 358 8 864 158 161 .. 36,511 2,558 427 1,232 228 1,040 709 1,770 86,894 28,968 28,019 .. 10,461 5,330 181,412

97,639 59,247 41,516 6,584 313 2,480 422 119 1,746 95 173 155 24 863 2,323 2,288 70 1,178 135 569 2,624 48 1,265 1,075 26 1,908 320 .. 504 282 464 380 1,208 906 873 319 17,732 371 8 901 178 170 .. 38,387 2,523 432 1,319 237 1,095 729 1,586 93,288 30,221 31,577 .. 10,727 5,609 191,046

100,381 61,247 43,050 6,853 341 2,608 457 111 1,764 95 180 177 26 840 2,253 2,214 .. 1,156 144 597 2,676 51 1,325 1,133 28 1,946 334 .. 543 252 561 366 1,294 1,095 905 327 18,199 399 8 940 177 153 .. 39,132 2,904 444 1,410 230 1,168 796 1,456 .. 30,452 .. .. 11,048 5,900 195,797

102,596 62,416 45,690 7,841 362 2,694 460 104 1,777 108 187 220 27 909 2,336 2,117 .. 1,420 155 632 2,749 56 1,409 1,186 31 1,996 357 .. 430 248 661 394 1,328 1,203 975 337 16,741 431 9 1,032 187 193 .. 40,177 3,122 451 1,542 255 1,260 873 1,296 .. 31,483 .. .. 11,435 6,219 201,034

109,853 69,354 48,874 8,138 372 2,887 460 98 1,787 114 200 344 28 1,025 2,292 1,960 .. 1,782 158 661 2,828 60 1,510 1,191 30 2,108 373 .. 492 261 599 416 1,335 1,324 1,021 350 20,484 450 9 1,084 165 219 .. 40,507 4,528 460 1,702 291 1,351 949 1,108 .. 32,888 .. .. 11,835 6,555 213,482

116,040 73,740 52,341 9,127 370 3,032 .. 92 1,783 124 205 780 29 1,162 2,469 2,034 .. .. 158 707 2,913 64 .. 1,225 30 2,181 384 .. 525 288 597 440 1,356 1,392 1,170 .. 21,434 460 .. 1,165 171 263 .. 42,338 5,044 468 1,873 312 1,426 1,050 1,069 .. 34,735 .. .. 12,297 6,909 225,199

1.0 1.3 3.6 .. 3.3 11.8 4.2 4.6 7.5 14.6 1.6 7.9 –2.3 2.3 5.5 5.1 .. .. .. 3.9 0.4 4.3 2.6 .. 1.3 3.7 4.1 .. 0.7 2.4 4.7 5.4 9.0 –4.5 –0.3 –2.0 –2.1 2.8 .. 4.4 3.8 0.2 .. 0.5 0.9 11.8 .. 0.7 4.4 0.7 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.2 .. 2.7 2.9 1.7

1.7 2.2 2.8 3.9 4.1 3.0 2.2 –4.7 –2.0 5.1 0.2 0.5 4.6 –8.9 3.0 6.6 –6.2 50.0 18.3 3.5 2.6 0.7 2.3 4.6 –2.5 1.5 5.4 .. 2.0 2.0 6.4 3.5 5.5 11.9 2.5 1.8 0.9 –5.5 1.4 4.0 11.9 –5.1 .. 0.9 6.0 3.9 2.5 1.7 12.6 –4.4 1.1 3.0 1.4 4.5 .. 3.1 4.5 2.2

4.5 5.8 6.1 8.6 4.3 5.2 2.7 –6.2 0.6 7.4 4.6 47.7 4.1 8.2 1.4 –3.5 .. 15.6 4.1 5.5 2.7 7.2 6.1 3.2 4.0 3.5 4.9 .. –0.2 0.8 5.9 4.3 2.7 11.1 7.3 3.1 5.1 5.7 4.3 6.8 –1.5 13.1 .. 2.3 20.1 2.0 9.3 8.2 7.0 9.5 –10.1 .. 3.6 .. .. 3.5 5.4 4.2

a. Preliminary.

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts

29

Table

2.5

Services value added

Constant prices (2000 $ millions) 1980

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 95,542 excluding South Africa 47,353 41,590 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola .. Benin 679 Botswana 292 Burkina Faso 598 Burundi 163 Cameroon 3,695 Cape Verde 92 Central African Republic 236 Chad 308 Comoros 78 Congo, Dem. Rep. 3,931 Congo, Rep. 458 Côte d’Ivoire 4,857 Djibouti .. Equatorial Guinea .. Eritrea .. Ethiopia .. Gabon 1,226 Gambia, The 100 Ghana 673 Guinea .. Guinea-Bissau 38 Kenya 2,625 Lesotho 149 Liberia .. Madagascar 1,612 Malawi 445 Mali 531 Mauritania 236 Mauritius 778 Mozambique .. Namibia 775 Niger 738 Nigeria 5,636 Rwanda 500 São Tomé and Principe .. Senegal 1,518 Seychelles 228 Sierra Leone 81 Somalia .. South Africa 48,244 Sudan 2,684 Swaziland 165 Tanzania .. Togo 539 Uganda .. Zambia 1,250 Zimbabwe 1,993 NORTH AFRICA 43,930 Algeria 9,623 Egypt, Arab Rep. 15,159 Libya .. Morocco 8,690 Tunisia 4,924 ALL AFRICA 140,764

Average annual growth (%)

1990

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004 a

1980–89

1990–99

2000–04

123,949 62,710 54,454 2,556 752 1,091 877 298 4,443 196 254 528 114 4,607 690 4,958 410 25 .. 2,219 1,364 136 1,117 901 59 4,235 218 .. 1,609 592 636 244 1,316 970 1,185 695 8,267 712 27 1,995 310 82 .. 61,244 3,072 264 2,444 516 1,065 1,159 2,893 75,732 13,481 32,594 .. 13,209 6,908 200,440

146,380 73,858 63,114 2,103 1,011 1,992 1,206 243 4,169 312 228 577 106 1,656 687 5,854 390 54 356 2,429 2,262 187 1,785 1,168 50 5,498 317 .. 1,769 695 771 333 2,157 1,497 1,733 746 10,746 621 28 2,455 391 77 .. 72,527 3,655 351 2,947 634 2,004 1,364 3,780 95,710 15,267 41,259 .. 16,810 10,317 242,506

150,717 75,339 64,522 2,035 1,073 2,118 1,311 242 4,160 342 233 602 107 1,328 638 6,043 396 60 364 2,362 1,949 185 1,869 1,192 54 5,613 317 .. 1,866 685 819 382 2,285 1,522 1,797 768 10,820 666 28 2,575 412 75 .. 75,379 4,024 367 3,100 633 2,147 1,449 3,856 101,743 15,379 45,328 .. 17,393 10,827 252,642

155,862 77,419 66,170 2,028 1,118 2,233 1,298 258 4,306 373 215 612 96 1,265 726 5,738 403 66 365 2,586 1,990 190 1,956 1,224 61 5,718 315 .. 1,967 669 854 431 2,429 1,611 1,869 798 11,251 690 29 2,633 419 79 .. 78,441 4,377 383 3,286 637 2,285 1,512 3,588 104,152 15,634 45,827 .. 18,109 11,462 260,285

162,027 80,740 69,115 1,935 1,178 2,377 1,439 304 4,715 393 204 670 93 1,249 804 5,811 .. 74 382 2,708 2,045 203 2,044 1,249 60 5,899 322 .. 2,086 671 905 473 2,583 1,832 1,942 828 11,628 721 30 2,772 408 83 .. 81,288 4,530 396 3,467 635 2,474 1,585 3,610 .. 16,102 .. .. 19,037 12,198 271,028

168,823 84,135 71,741 2,219 1,195 2,483 1,490 338 5,091 407 173 735 94 1,294 848 5,796 .. 83 383 2,832 1,977 221 2,133 1,273 67 6,030 329 .. 1,756 691 911 484 2,726 1,940 2,064 862 12,393 748 32 2,929 405 106 .. 84,690 4,713 416 3,682 627 2,672 1,647 3,877 .. 16,990 .. .. 19,851 12,954 283,009

175,089 86,760 73,505 2,194 1,266 2,567 1,671 346 5,504 433 112 797 95 1,376 865 5,741 .. 80 408 2,897 2,015 227 2,220 1,293 63 6,171 341 .. 1,940 701 994 516 2,870 2,030 2,135 907 13,248 783 33 3,038 390 117 .. 88,325 4,576 428 3,887 631 2,841 1,726 3,293 .. 18,074 .. .. 20,627 13,869 294,719

182,315 89,825 75,629 2,335 1,292 2,673 2,111 396 5,873 447 121 859 96 1,497 859 5,729 .. .. 414 3,092 1,995 238 .. 1,313 63 6,497 356 .. 2,056 738 1,084 570 3,025 2,209 2,223 .. 14,167 860 .. 3,228 373 129 .. 92,466 4,944 439 4,120 634 3,022 1,763 2,541 .. 19,298 .. .. 21,461 14,727 307,862

2.5 2.6 2.6 .. 1.1 15.2 3.9 5.5 3.5 8.5 1.3 7.4 3.3 2.3 3.0 –0.1 .. .. .. 4.5 0.3 2.5 5.3 .. 3.1 4.9 3.9 .. –0.2 3.2 2.1 –0.1 4.8 7.3 3.7 –1.3 2.7 3.9 .. 2.9 3.3 –1.1 .. 2.4 0.7 4.7 .. –0.5 2.1 0.0 2.8 5.6 3.3 8.2 .. 4.2 3.7 3.5

2.4 2.3 2.1 –2.8 4.0 8.0 4.6 –3.4 0.0 6.4 –0.3 0.6 –0.4 –13.0 –1.1 2.5 –0.8 9.7 6.9 6.1 4.5 3.9 5.9 3.6 –0.7 3.4 4.8 .. 2.0 1.9 2.8 4.9 6.4 4.7 4.6 1.6 3.1 –2.5 0.7 2.9 2.6 –2.6 .. 2.6 2.2 3.5 2.4 3.7 8.3 2.0 3.4 3.7 1.8 4.5 .. 2.7 5.3 2.9

4.0 3.8 3.3 4.2 3.7 4.5 11.9 10.4 8.1 4.7 –16.0 8.9 0.2 4.4 4.2 –0.2 .. 6.9 3.2 4.3 –0.1 5.9 4.3 1.8 1.2 3.1 3.2 .. 0.2 2.4 5.9 6.7 5.6 7.6 4.5 4.3 6.1 5.4 4.6 5.1 –2.7 14.1 .. 4.2 2.6 3.6 5.8 –0.2 7.2 4.0 –7.5 .. 5.5 .. .. 4.3 6.5 4.3

a. Preliminary.

30

Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Table

2.6

Gross domestic product, nominal Current prices ($ millions) Annual average

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA

1980

1990

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004 a

1980–89

1990–99

2000–04

261,288 181,358 116,062 .. 1,405 1,061 1,929 920 6,741 .. 797 1,033 124 14,395 1,706 10,175 .. .. .. .. 4,279 241 4,445 .. 111 7,265 431 954 4,042 1,238 1,787 709 1,153 3,526 2,169 2,509 64,202 1,163 47 2,987 147 1,101 604 80,710 7,617 543 .. 1,136 1,245 3,884 6,679 126,527 42,345 22,912 35,545 18,821 8,743 392,413

301,381 189,495 161,088 10,260 1,845 3,792 3,120 1,132 11,152 339 1,488 1,739 263 9,350 2,799 10,796 418 132 .. 12,083 5,952 317 5,886 2,818 244 8,591 615 384 3,081 1,881 2,421 1,020 2,383 2,463 2,350 2,481 28,472 2,584 58 5,699 369 650 917 112,014 13,167 882 4,259 1,628 4,304 3,288 8,784 165,240 62,045 43,130 .. 25,784 12,291 470,822

328,394 194,115 161,994 6,445 2,335 4,932 2,794 894 8,703 540 1,047 1,745 216 6,218 1,949 12,783 514 456 746 7,724 4,619 417 7,474 3,588 206 14,093 890 360 3,739 1,751 2,597 1,133 4,146 3,874 3,399 2,077 32,144 1,989 41 4,678 608 672 .. 134,296 11,086 1,346 8,383 1,587 6,585 3,237 6,066 216,647 47,357 84,829 .. 35,817 19,813 546,688

327,604 194,442 159,668 6,154 2,387 5,025 2,811 808 10,904 583 1,051 1,537 223 4,711 2,354 12,556 536 872 689 6,498 4,352 432 7,710 3,461 224 12,896 911 442 3,717 1,776 2,570 1,126 4,258 3,985 3,386 2,018 34,776 1,931 47 4,757 623 664 .. 133,184 10,702 1,377 8,638 1,576 5,999 3,131 5,964 222,680 47,592 89,207 .. 35,277 20,970 551,406

334,895 202,061 159,937 9,129 2,255 5,251 2,601 709 10,075 531 953 1,383 204 4,306 3,220 10,425 553 1,341 634 6,528 4,932 421 4,978 3,112 215 12,705 859 561 3,878 1,744 2,422 1,081 4,465 3,778 3,414 1,798 42,078 1,811 46 4,385 615 634 .. 132,878 12,330 1,389 9,079 1,329 5,926 3,238 7,399 236,346 53,306 98,782 .. 33,344 19,462 571,694

334,599 216,299 168,215 8,936 2,372 5,184 2,814 662 9,598 550 967 1,702 220 4,690 2,788 10,554 .. 1,702 671 6,510 4,334 418 5,309 3,042 199 13,059 763 543 4,529 1,717 2,630 1,098 4,534 3,697 3,216 1,945 48,000 1,703 48 4,564 619 814 .. 118,479 13,345 1,260 9,441 1,328 5,681 3,637 12,879 240,489 56,689 97,545 .. 34,219 20,032 575,198

356,494 245,948 199,234 10,835 2,807 5,423 3,203 628 10,880 616 1,046 1,982 247 5,547 3,017 11,482 .. 2,118 631 6,058 4,971 370 6,160 3,208 201 13,192 699 559 4,397 1,935 3,343 1,116 4,555 4,092 3,122 2,170 46,711 1,732 54 4,998 698 946 .. 110,882 15,054 1,192 9,772 1,476 5,848 3,697 30,853 240,231 57,990 90,650 .. 37,555 22,067 598,100

434,165 268,110 209,726 13,825 3,558 7,737 4,182 595 13,672 797 1,195 2,671 318 5,671 3,564 13,734 .. 2,915 747 6,651 6,055 367 7,521 3,638 235 15,036 1,065 435 5,474 1,764 4,362 1,340 5,237 4,786 4,473 2,731 58,294 1,684 60 7,501 703 999 .. 166,169 17,550 1,906 10,291 1,759 6,255 4,327 7,913 254,856 64,097 84,395 .. 45,817 26,632 693,664

526,485 311,836 239,628 19,564 4,047 8,974 4,824 664 15,775 948 1,307 4,307 369 6,632 4,343 15,475 .. 3,235 928 8,075 7,229 401 8,620 3,775 270 16,088 1,367 492 4,364 1,903 4,882 1,534 6,038 5,912 5,712 3,053 72,053 1,835 57 7,775 703 1,085 .. 214,663 21,463 2,517 11,311 2,061 6,822 5,423 4,696 269,150 75,068 75,744 .. 52,528 29,993 804,404

250,845 160,131 124,270 3,780 1,318 1,576 2,002 1,065 9,159 187 929 1,068 144 10,028 2,106 8,609 380 107 .. 6,594 3,676 225 4,692 2,230 156 7,069 412 935 3,124 1,255 1,609 806 1,387 3,375 1,859 2,000 35,577 1,761 52 3,341 197 963 855 90,894 12,478 552 5,009 1,021 3,611 3,171 7,204 135,859 53,750 31,646 26,527 16,987 8,923 391,471

313,764 179,741 149,758 7,042 2,005 4,511 2,629 979 10,052 448 1,177 1,602 238 7,161 2,343 11,200 485 294 609 7,115 5,062 374 6,576 3,376 242 9,906 847 264 3,326 1,900 2,486 1,085 3,563 2,766 3,119 2,013 30,007 1,771 48 4,922 494 779 917 134,007 9,644 1,186 5,904 1,458 4,835 3,349 7,375 179,698 47,968 59,638 .. 31,339 16,839 497,210

397,327 248,851 195,348 12,458 3,008 6,514 3,525 652 12,000 689 1,094 2,409 272 5,369 3,386 12,334 553 2,262 722 6,764 5,504 395 6,517 3,355 224 14,016 951 518 4,528 1,812 3,528 1,234 4,966 4,453 3,987 2,340 53,427 1,753 53 5,845 668 895 .. 148,614 15,948 1,653 9,979 1,591 6,107 4,064 12,748 248,214 61,430 89,423 .. 40,693 23,637 648,612

a. Preliminary.

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts

31

Table

2.7

Total consumption Share of GDP (%) Annual average

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angolab Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeriac Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA

1980

1990

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004 a

1980–89

1990–99

2000–04

72.4 76.7 83.3 .. 106.3 73.3 107.2 100.6 78.3 .. 108.9 .. 110.1 89.9 64.3 79.6 .. .. .. .. 39.4 94.2 95.1 .. 101.0 81.9 151.9 85.2 101.4 89.2 98.9 103.5 85.5 108.9 61.6 85.4 68.6 95.8 111.6 105.0 72.9 99.1 112.9 62.1 97.9 98.8 .. 76.8 100.4 80.7 86.2 59.5 56.9 84.8 43.1 86.3 76.0 68.4

80.1 82.6 84.9 70.3 97.8 57.4 94.8 105.4 79.3 108.1 100.6 107.7 103.0 90.7 76.2 88.7 .. 120.1 .. 90.4 63.1 89.3 94.5 82.3 97.2 81.5 152.9 .. 94.5 86.6 93.6 95.1 76.5 105.8 81.8 98.8 70.6 93.8 142.4 91.1 79.7 91.3 112.5 76.8 .. 90.8 98.7 85.3 99.4 83.4 82.5 77.7 72.9 83.9 .. 80.7 74.5 79.3

84.7 86.7 88.0 80.7 93.4 60.2 88.4 104.7 80.8 115.3 94.7 94.1 104.7 101.0 69.7 80.3 100.8 80.1 132.9 86.9 61.0 88.2 89.7 82.7 110.1 89.7 133.5 .. 93.0 91.9 89.6 95.6 75.1 89.2 86.3 97.3 80.4 102.8 107.0 88.1 81.3 97.5 .. 81.9 94.2 98.6 100.8 97.2 94.4 96.1 81.0 81.8 72.9 88.0 .. 81.9 76.4 83.7

83.8 85.8 86.9 79.3 95.2 61.3 91.9 102.5 68.8 117.5 89.0 100.2 105.7 90.9 59.0 78.7 105.5 .. 141.2 97.9 65.2 89.0 96.5 82.7 101.2 89.3 122.4 .. 92.8 100.6 90.5 95.0 76.7 86.3 87.5 96.3 80.9 100.0 110.3 88.7 74.4 110.3 .. 81.0 92.3 99.7 97.2 96.8 91.9 101.1 84.0 78.2 68.6 83.1 .. 80.4 75.4 81.7

80.9 80.8 84.6 60.5 94.0 58.3 93.5 107.3 79.7 114.2 92.2 94.5 98.9 95.5 42.3 82.1 105.3 .. 134.7 99.1 71.7 91.5 94.4 83.2 108.5 90.6 120.4 .. 92.3 96.2 88.0 86.8 76.1 88.4 86.0 96.5 66.6 98.7 104.1 89.1 77.7 113.3 .. 81.1 84.1 95.7 90.7 102.2 90.8 91.7 86.7 74.9 55.8 82.7 .. 81.8 76.1 78.7

81.7 82.1 86.1 84.9 93.5 59.5 95.0 109.0 81.0 115.1 88.9 94.7 100.9 96.6 46.9 81.0 .. .. 127.1 96.9 49.7 88.0 93.0 84.3 119.3 88.7 116.3 103.4 84.7 96.2 86.0 101.4 74.0 92.0 83.0 95.6 68.3 97.4 122.9 90.5 80.1 111.5 .. 80.8 90.2 96.9 91.4 99.0 93.7 82.7 89.8 75.1 59.1 82.3 .. 80.7 75.5 79.1

82.5 83.8 86.1 74.8 96.3 61.1 95.3 111.4 81.0 115.7 89.7 102.5 98.2 96.0 50.0 73.7 .. .. 133.7 97.5 51.6 87.1 92.6 90.9 112.1 87.2 118.0 103.3 92.3 110.1 88.7 104.9 74.9 89.0 82.2 94.7 74.2 100.0 117.2 94.4 76.7 109.3 .. 79.8 86.7 80.5 88.4 99.4 94.5 82.3 94.0 75.6 62.0 82.2 .. 80.9 75.1 80.0

80.0 81.0 84.7 80.6 94.0 61.4 96.1 108.2 81.4 115.8 85.6 81.5 98.7 95.0 52.6 79.4 .. .. 160.4 99.0 54.7 88.9 90.9 92.5 98.8 87.0 112.2 103.0 91.1 110.7 86.8 117.6 75.0 89.9 73.8 95.0 67.6 100.8 122.1 92.3 80.4 107.4 .. 78.3 84.3 82.4 90.5 94.7 93.5 81.3 94.1 75.2 63.6 81.5 .. 80.2 74.4 78.3

78.1 78.0 83.3 75.5 94.5 61.8 94.4 108.4 81.5 112.2 86.8 69.5 101.5 96.1 48.6 79.5 .. .. 162.9 99.5 53.6 89.5 89.7 93.5 101.7 87.4 107.7 100.6 92.2 109.1 89.3 118.8 76.4 87.7 73.3 94.2 60.4 97.6 129.0 90.2 78.6 104.9 .. 78.3 81.3 85.9 91.5 95.5 90.9 81.8 95.2 74.4 64.3 81.0 .. 79.9 73.3 77.0

78.0 81.7 82.7 76.0 102.4 64.7 102.7 96.9 75.8 101.8 101.1 108.1 104.5 89.1 68.1 80.4 .. .. .. 93.1 55.7 93.5 95.2 83.6 100.9 82.1 166.4 97.8 97.1 87.3 100.4 96.9 80.0 106.2 89.2 92.7 82.5 95.0 116.2 99.9 75.9 90.9 106.3 71.5 95.0 96.3 89.3 87.7 97.7 86.0 83.5 71.6 68.5 84.5 53.1 84.1 77.3 75.7

83.4 85.6 87.5 77.5 96.2 60.7 92.4 105.2 79.9 105.6 96.3 100.5 104.4 91.2 71.2 82.2 105.4 86.3 130.9 94.7 58.3 92.6 92.5 84.2 98.5 84.4 138.1 .. 95.8 96.6 92.4 92.6 75.9 99.0 87.3 97.3 76.0 105.5 120.0 89.9 78.3 97.1 112.5 80.6 94.4 97.7 98.6 93.3 94.2 92.9 83.1 79.2 69.9 86.0 .. 83.0 76.0 82.0

80.6 81.2 85.0 75.3 94.5 60.4 94.9 108.9 80.9 114.6 88.6 88.6 99.6 95.8 48.1 79.2 105.3 .. 143.7 98.4 56.2 89.0 92.1 88.9 108.1 88.2 114.9 102.6 90.5 104.5 87.8 105.9 75.3 89.4 79.7 95.2 67.4 98.9 119.1 91.3 78.7 109.3 .. 79.7 85.3 88.3 90.5 98.2 92.7 84.0 91.9 75.0 61.0 81.9 .. 80.7 74.9 78.6

a. Preliminary. b. The variability in the data are due to weaknesses in national account statistics. c. Since 1994 Nigeria’s ratios have been distorted because the official exchange rate used by the government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly overvalued.

32

Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Table

2.8

General government consumption Share of GDP (%) Annual average

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeriab Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA

1980

1990

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004 a

1980–89

1990–99

2000–04

14.1 13.9 .. .. 8.6 21.3 9.2 9.2 9.7 .. 15.1 .. 30.9 8.4 17.6 16.9 .. .. .. .. 13.2 31.2 11.2 .. 27.6 19.8 21.4 19.1 12.1 19.3 11.6 45.3 14.4 12.2 17.4 10.4 12.1 12.5 34.5 20.3 28.7 8.4 15.6 14.3 16.0 27.0 .. 22.4 .. 25.5 18.5 12.5 15.2 15.7 21.8 18.3 14.5 13.3

16.8 15.2 15.2 34.5 11.0 24.1 13.2 10.8 12.8 14.7 14.9 10.0 23.4 11.5 13.8 16.8 .. 39.7 .. 13.2 13.4 13.7 9.3 8.9 10.3 18.6 14.1 .. 8.0 15.1 13.8 25.9 12.8 13.5 30.6 15.0 15.1 10.1 27.6 14.7 27.7 7.8 .. 19.7 .. 18.1 17.8 14.2 7.5 19.0 19.4 14.6 16.1 11.3 .. 15.5 16.4 16.1

15.2 12.6 13.2 30.0 9.4 28.9 13.2 17.1 9.2 15.0 11.6 5.6 15.7 8.1 24.2 6.5 23.5 21.0 52.3 12.0 16.9 12.7 10.3 6.1 9.3 16.2 20.8 .. 7.8 14.7 14.7 12.8 12.9 8.4 29.6 13.1 9.7 10.0 25.6 11.8 31.2 9.1 .. 18.8 6.3 22.2 7.8 10.9 12.9 15.8 15.8 14.8 18.1 11.3 .. 18.0 15.6 15.0

16.0 14.3 14.5 59.7 10.0 30.4 12.5 18.2 8.4 19.4 11.5 6.9 14.6 6.0 15.1 6.5 26.4 .. 69.5 18.8 16.6 13.0 10.8 5.9 10.8 15.8 18.6 .. 7.2 13.4 15.9 12.9 12.7 9.5 30.3 14.9 13.4 11.0 29.8 12.7 26.9 10.5 .. 18.4 6.5 24.6 7.9 9.7 12.9 12.9 13.6 14.0 17.1 10.1 .. 19.2 15.5 15.3

17.0 16.2 14.4 42.5 11.6 30.4 12.6 17.6 9.5 21.3 11.3 7.7 13.3 7.5 11.6 7.2 25.2 .. 63.8 22.7 10.0 13.7 10.2 3.8 14.0 15.1 19.1 .. 6.8 14.6 8.6 15.0 13.1 10.1 28.8 13.0 22.8 10.5 50.9 14.0 24.2 13.2 .. 18.1 7.6 24.1 8.5 10.2 13.7 9.5 13.9 13.0 14.1 9.7 .. 19.1 15.7 15.4

17.3 16.8 13.9 34.9 11.6 31.9 12.2 19.9 10.2 11.3 11.4 7.5 16.3 6.0 14.1 7.5 .. .. 51.5 16.8 .. 14.4 9.7 6.8 12.6 15.6 17.8 14.4 8.3 15.8 9.2 13.7 12.9 10.0 28.4 12.4 26.5 11.7 64.2 12.6 24.8 17.4 .. 18.3 8.6 17.7 9.3 10.0 13.8 12.8 14.6 12.9 14.2 10.3 .. 17.9 13.6 15.6

16.9 16.2 14.2 36.9 12.5 33.1 13.1 19.1 10.2 11.7 11.8 7.8 15.9 5.5 18.4 7.8 .. .. 44.0 19.3 .. 12.9 9.9 7.5 13.0 16.7 15.6 13.7 8.2 14.7 8.7 16.4 12.8 9.7 26.4 12.2 24.7 11.8 66.7 13.3 22.7 16.2 .. 18.4 8.4 18.6 9.6 8.4 15.2 13.0 13.4 12.6 14.8 9.5 .. 15.8 13.7 15.3

17.9 17.0 15.1 34.0 13.3 33.8 12.8 22.7 10.1 14.7 10.5 7.8 13.9 6.3 17.0 8.2 .. .. 51.9 23.8 .. 11.0 8.9 7.5 12.8 17.8 15.4 8.0 9.1 16.3 8.4 15.7 14.1 10.3 26.5 11.3 23.7 15.1 36.4 13.4 25.6 15.2 .. 19.3 10.9 18.6 11.4 9.8 14.8 13.5 16.7 12.7 15.3 9.1 .. 15.1 13.7 16.1

18.0 16.8 15.1 29.3 13.6 34.3 13.0 25.8 10.2 14.8 11.6 5.0 13.2 8.2 16.0 8.3 .. .. 53.5 22.4 .. 11.1 8.4 5.7 14.5 17.0 14.2 9.7 9.6 16.9 10.0 14.9 13.2 10.4 24.5 12.5 22.1 12.9 33.7 13.9 25.2 13.4 .. 19.7 11.9 21.0 12.8 9.7 14.5 12.7 21.1 12.8 15.5 8.7 .. 14.5 13.7 16.4

15.5 14.4 14.5 31.5 12.7 24.3 12.2 9.3 10.0 10.8 15.6 11.3 28.6 9.0 17.7 16.5 .. 27.4 .. 15.7 18.3 29.1 9.0 8.9 18.9 18.3 19.4 22.0 9.8 17.5 12.3 30.6 13.5 13.8 27.9 11.9 13.9 13.0 36.6 17.3 33.1 7.7 17.6 17.4 12.1 21.5 14.1 16.9 9.9 23.0 20.1 15.6 17.2 16.2 30.0 16.6 16.5 15.4

16.7 14.7 15.1 43.9 10.5 27.3 13.6 17.0 10.5 17.0 13.9 8.1 19.8 9.9 18.0 11.9 27.6 25.1 39.7 13.5 14.5 13.8 11.7 7.1 8.4 15.8 16.7 .. 7.9 16.6 12.7 16.6 13.0 11.0 31.0 14.6 12.9 11.5 30.3 13.2 29.0 10.2 .. 19.4 6.3 22.6 14.0 12.8 11.1 17.7 17.2 14.4 16.7 10.5 .. 17.2 16.1 15.9

17.4 16.6 14.5 35.5 12.5 32.7 12.7 21.0 10.0 14.8 11.3 7.2 14.5 6.7 15.4 7.8 25.2 .. 52.9 21.0 10.0 12.6 9.4 6.3 13.4 16.4 16.4 11.4 8.4 15.7 9.0 15.1 13.2 10.1 26.9 12.3 24.0 12.4 50.4 13.4 24.5 15.1 .. 18.8 9.5 20.0 10.3 9.6 14.4 12.3 15.9 12.8 14.8 9.4 .. 16.5 14.1 15.8

a. Preliminary. b. Since 1994 Nigeria’s ratios have been distorted because the official exchange rate used by the government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly overvalued.

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts

33

Table

2.9

Gross fixed capital formation Share of GDP (%) Annual average

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeriab Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA

1980

1990

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004 a

1980–89

1990–99

2000–04

22.0 18.6 17.1 .. 15.2 40.1 15.1 13.9 21.0 .. 7.0 .. 33.2 10.0 35.8 26.5 .. .. .. .. 27.5 26.7 5.6 .. 28.2 24.5 37.0 .. 15.0 24.7 15.5 26.3 25.4 7.6 30.6 28.1 21.3 16.1 16.8 11.7 38.3 16.2 42.4 29.9 14.7 40.7 .. 28.4 6.2 23.3 16.9 28.2 39.1 27.5 22.1 24.2 29.4 23.5

16.4 15.7 15.8 11.7 14.2 37.4 18.2 14.5 17.8 22.9 12.3 6.8 18.8 9.1 15.9 6.7 .. 17.4 .. 12.9 21.7 22.3 14.4 17.5 29.9 24.2 52.7 .. 17.0 23.0 23.0 20.0 30.7 22.1 33.7 8.1 14.7 14.6 15.6 13.8 24.6 10.0 15.5 17.7 .. 19.1 26.1 26.6 12.7 17.3 17.4 28.4 28.6 28.8 .. 25.3 32.5 20.3

19.0 20.4 19.6 35.5 17.0 33.5 27.2 6.8 17.5 19.8 13.5 16.9 17.9 2.1 26.7 13.3 15.3 91.6 32.4 21.1 37.3 18.4 23.1 21.0 11.3 16.7 47.1 .. 14.8 13.5 20.9 16.7 27.6 24.2 25.8 11.3 24.1 14.8 35.8 18.6 34.6 5.3 .. 17.0 18.0 22.4 13.8 16.4 16.4 16.4 20.8 23.6 27.0 21.5 .. 22.2 26.9 20.7

18.2 19.4 18.6 27.1 17.5 28.0 23.8 5.9 15.7 20.9 14.4 13.7 14.9 3.1 27.8 13.1 8.9 .. 36.0 16.9 28.0 17.8 21.0 22.1 16.8 15.5 48.6 .. 14.9 14.7 21.2 16.2 25.5 36.7 23.3 10.2 23.4 17.2 39.0 18.5 43.3 5.4 .. 16.4 16.8 18.7 15.5 13.3 19.5 17.6 14.4 25.8 27.8 25.5 .. 23.4 26.8 21.0

17.1 17.8 17.9 12.7 18.9 20.0 22.7 6.1 16.7 19.7 10.8 23.3 13.1 3.5 21.0 10.8 12.9 .. 31.9 15.9 26.1 17.4 24.0 22.0 11.3 17.4 42.2 .. 15.0 13.6 24.6 26.5 25.9 33.5 19.5 11.4 17.7 17.5 43.6 20.9 25.2 8.0 .. 15.9 18.3 19.9 17.6 17.8 20.0 18.7 13.6 24.3 23.8 23.9 .. 24.4 27.4 19.8

17.8 19.2 18.1 13.4 19.2 23.0 18.9 6.2 20.3 18.3 14.0 40.5 11.8 5.4 26.4 11.2 .. .. 28.7 17.8 30.5 17.4 26.6 17.6 15.0 19.2 40.2 4.9 18.5 14.9 31.0 14.5 23.3 25.9 23.4 12.1 22.8 18.4 35.8 19.2 40.3 6.6 .. 15.3 17.6 18.4 17.0 20.4 18.6 20.0 9.3 24.4 25.8 22.7 .. 24.6 28.1 20.3

17.7 18.5 16.6 13.3 17.7 27.8 17.8 6.4 19.8 20.9 14.8 60.5 12.2 8.9 23.3 10.1 .. .. 26.0 20.5 28.4 21.2 19.7 13.1 9.6 16.3 42.3 4.7 14.3 11.4 18.6 14.8 21.4 29.8 19.7 14.2 26.1 16.9 32.8 16.7 25.6 10.0 .. 16.1 19.4 19.8 19.1 18.5 19.3 23.0 7.1 25.4 28.4 23.0 .. 25.0 28.6 20.6

18.8 20.0 18.9 12.8 18.8 29.6 18.7 11.3 18.3 18.7 16.6 53.5 11.6 12.2 22.9 10.1 .. .. 25.4 20.5 23.9 20.3 23.0 9.9 12.6 17.4 44.8 8.8 17.9 11.8 24.2 19.5 22.8 25.9 29.8 14.2 23.8 18.4 30.4 20.7 10.1 13.8 .. 16.9 20.0 18.0 18.6 18.9 20.5 26.1 10.6 26.5 30.0 23.5 .. 25.3 29.1 21.4

18.9 19.9 19.1 9.2 18.2 30.6 19.1 13.7 18.9 20.4 17.5 24.9 10.2 12.8 24.2 10.8 .. .. 22.8 19.8 25.4 28.1 24.2 10.8 13.2 18.3 41.1 12.3 24.3 15.3 19.0 21.5 24.2 20.7 25.5 15.8 22.4 20.5 34.5 23.4 14.7 10.5 .. 17.5 22.5 17.4 18.4 18.0 22.5 26.0 12.8 27.3 30.9 23.9 .. 25.4 29.9 21.5

18.5 15.9 15.6 14.8 15.1 30.0 17.4 16.6 23.8 40.5 10.9 6.3 28.8 11.7 32.5 16.5 .. .. .. 14.3 34.6 19.7 7.8 16.1 32.0 22.7 39.9 .. 10.6 19.4 17.2 27.5 23.5 12.2 18.4 15.3 16.5 15.3 15.8 12.1 26.4 12.2 28.8 23.4 14.4 27.2 16.8 19.5 8.5 16.1 17.3 29.0 33.9 28.6 26.5 24.4 28.8 21.8

17.3 17.8 17.4 20.7 16.3 29.5 21.7 9.1 16.0 29.6 11.4 13.1 17.7 7.6 25.9 11.3 10.2 59.5 25.0 14.5 25.7 20.1 19.9 19.5 25.9 18.3 56.3 .. 12.4 17.7 22.5 18.7 28.4 25.2 22.6 8.9 19.8 14.5 41.6 16.1 30.3 7.4 15.5 16.7 15.7 21.1 21.0 16.3 16.1 14.1 19.5 24.5 28.9 20.8 .. 22.2 28.3 19.7

18.1 19.1 18.1 12.3 18.6 26.2 19.4 8.8 18.8 19.6 14.8 40.5 11.8 8.6 23.6 10.6 12.9 .. 27.0 18.9 26.9 20.9 23.5 14.7 12.3 17.7 42.1 7.7 18.0 13.4 23.5 19.4 23.5 27.2 23.6 13.5 22.5 18.4 35.4 20.2 23.2 9.8 .. 16.3 19.6 18.7 18.2 18.7 20.2 22.8 10.7 25.6 27.8 23.4 .. 24.9 28.6 20.7

a. Preliminary. b. Since 1994 Nigeria’s ratios have been distorted because the official exchange rate used by the government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly overvalued.

34

Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Table

2.10

General government fixed capital formation Share of GDP (%) Annual average

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeriab Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA

1980

1990

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004 a

1980–89

1990–99

2000–04

.. .. .. .. .. 0.0 .. 12.8 4.4 .. 3.7 .. 23.2 5.1 .. 11.4 .. .. .. .. 5.3 .. .. .. .. 0.0 0.0 .. .. 17.5 .. .. 9.1 7.6 15.7 20.4 .. 12.2 .. 5.5 .. 5.3 .. 0.0 6.9 11.9 .. 20.2 .. .. 1.8 .. 11.0 .. 19.4 9.8 15.0 ..

4.0 6.5 5.7 5.1 7.4 12.7 3.9 12.5 5.5 10.3 4.7 10.0 5.0 4.0 5.6 3.6 .. 10.5 .. 4.0 3.9 7.4 7.5 9.2 27.4 9.7 23.0 .. 7.9 7.7 10.5 6.2 4.6 12.0 8.2 7.4 10.8 5.9 .. 4.1 8.2 3.9 .. 0.0 .. 5.7 10.5 7.3 6.2 6.2 3.4 9.8 8.2 14.7 .. 4.8 11.0 5.9

4.8 6.9 6.0 5.9 5.8 13.2 12.4 5.5 2.0 21.3 7.1 7.6 7.7 0.1 4.7 6.0 6.6 7.5 26.2 6.2 13.4 5.2 11.3 5.6 6.2 4.9 12.0 .. 7.9 8.8 9.5 4.9 3.1 9.8 7.7 6.4 11.3 6.8 19.8 7.0 2.9 4.9 .. 1.8 0.7 6.0 3.3 3.8 4.7 11.3 1.7 10.3 7.6 14.1 .. 4.2 11.6 6.8

4.7 6.9 6.2 12.8 6.3 13.2 14.9 5.4 2.0 6.5 6.8 9.6 5.4 1.1 6.1 4.2 .. .. 30.3 8.1 7.3 4.7 9.8 7.2 10.8 4.5 8.7 .. 6.9 10.3 9.4 6.2 3.4 11.6 11.0 6.4 10.4 6.3 26.0 8.1 1.4 2.4 .. 1.5 1.2 6.7 3.1 3.1 5.4 10.6 1.7 8.9 5.9 9.8 .. .. 12.4 6.1

4.4 6.4 5.7 6.1 7.6 12.6 12.1 5.4 2.1 12.5 7.1 10.5 3.8 0.4 7.0 2.8 .. .. 26.8 5.2 4.8 4.6 10.4 7.1 10.3 4.6 8.0 .. 6.7 10.0 8.6 17.5 3.7 10.4 6.1 6.6 9.3 6.0 26.1 5.8 13.8 6.3 .. 1.4 2.3 6.2 6.0 3.0 6.4 10.0 0.7 8.3 8.0 7.5 .. .. 12.5 5.7

5.3 7.2 5.8 6.4 7.8 10.8 8.2 3.7 2.2 10.8 7.4 8.9 4.4 0.1 10.1 1.9 .. .. 23.5 8.5 5.6 11.2 10.4 7.1 14.8 4.4 10.3 0.0 7.3 10.3 7.0 10.6 6.7 15.4 8.7 7.1 12.1 6.6 21.6 6.9 25.2 4.4 .. 1.9 2.3 8.0 5.6 2.3 5.8 11.9 1.3 .. .. 6.4 .. .. .. 6.2

4.7 6.3 5.4 7.1 6.6 11.4 7.2 4.6 2.3 13.0 7.6 10.2 5.9 1.0 8.6 3.2 .. .. 21.7 11.5 5.4 7.9 9.6 4.0 9.0 4.3 11.0 0.0 4.8 7.7 7.0 10.4 7.0 12.5 6.6 8.8 10.2 4.9 14.8 7.9 9.4 4.3 .. 1.3 3.0 7.4 7.6 1.4 5.3 11.8 1.0 .. .. 6.1 .. .. .. 5.5

4.7 6.8 6.1 7.7 6.1 11.9 7.5 8.3 2.3 9.8 2.1 12.8 5.5 2.7 6.5 2.7 .. .. 17.8 10.5 3.7 5.7 7.8 3.7 13.1 4.2 8.5 0.0 7.8 9.3 6.9 14.7 7.8 11.7 8.1 8.3 9.7 5.6 16.4 9.1 2.3 4.8 .. 1.2 3.0 5.7 7.4 3.7 4.7 11.5 1.6 .. .. 5.7 .. .. .. 5.3

4.6 6.9 6.3 4.9 5.4 11.4 8.3 10.7 2.6 8.8 2.0 8.0 4.3 2.8 7.0 2.8 .. .. 17.5 10.8 5.5 10.9 7.2 3.7 19.9 4.3 7.1 0.0 12.5 12.6 7.5 15.5 7.7 9.4 7.2 9.0 9.1 8.5 19.4 10.2 3.7 4.6 .. 1.2 5.0 7.7 7.3 5.3 5.2 9.2 2.1 .. .. 5.3 .. .. .. 5.2

3.6 .. 5.1 5.0 9.1 0.0 6.7 13.8 6.9 19.3 5.5 3.8 18.7 4.4 11.1 7.1 .. .. .. 6.9 6.7 10.4 6.3 7.4 33.3 0.8 4.6 .. 6.9 9.5 10.2 7.6 6.0 9.5 10.7 11.2 .. 12.1 .. 4.2 12.0 4.0 .. 0.0 4.3 8.0 3.5 11.2 4.4 .. 2.9 11.7 13.8 12.6 19.4 10.3 14.1 6.1

3.8 6.4 6.0 6.4 7.5 12.6 9.5 9.3 2.2 20.3 6.2 7.6 6.8 1.7 6.4 5.6 4.6 6.9 16.4 6.4 6.6 7.8 11.1 7.0 20.2 7.0 16.1 .. 6.9 9.2 10.1 4.9 3.7 11.7 8.2 5.6 8.9 7.2 25.3 5.4 9.9 3.3 .. 0.3 0.6 6.6 5.8 3.7 5.6 6.8 2.9 8.9 7.3 8.4 .. 8.8 12.1 5.4

4.7 6.7 5.8 6.4 6.7 11.6 8.7 6.5 2.3 11.0 5.2 10.1 4.8 1.4 7.8 2.7 .. .. 21.5 9.3 5.0 8.0 9.1 5.1 13.4 4.3 9.0 0.0 7.8 10.0 7.4 13.7 6.6 11.9 7.4 7.9 10.1 6.3 19.7 8.0 10.9 4.9 .. 1.4 3.1 7.0 6.8 3.1 5.5 10.9 1.3 8.3 8.0 6.2 .. .. 12.5 5.6

a. Preliminary. b. Since 1994 Nigeria’s ratios have been distorted because the official exchange rate used by the government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly overvalued.

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts

35

Table

2.11

Private sector fixed capital formation Share of GDP (%) Annual average

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeriab Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA

1980

1990

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004 a

1980–89

1990–99

2000–04

12.7 .. .. .. .. 34.5 .. 1.1 15.6 .. 3.2 .. 5.3 3.7 .. 13.0 .. .. .. .. 21.4 .. .. .. .. 8.2 35.6 .. .. 4.7 .. .. 15.1 0.0 11.4 5.1 .. .. .. 7.7 .. 9.5 .. 25.9 3.8 23.1 .. 8.0 .. .. 12.3 .. 22.8 .. 1.8 16.7 13.3 ..

12.6 8.6 9.5 1.7 6.0 19.7 13.6 2.7 11.9 12.6 6.7 1.3 6.4 8.9 11.6 4.9 .. 6.9 .. 8.9 17.6 14.9 6.9 8.3 8.4 10.9 29.7 .. 6.9 12.4 12.4 13.7 23.7 10.1 13.0 4.0 3.8 8.7 .. 8.8 14.8 5.7 .. 19.1 .. 12.7 15.3 18.0 6.5 7.2 14.8 16.8 18.8 12.3 .. 19.3 19.7 14.0

13.9 12.9 13.0 29.6 11.2 14.2 14.8 0.4 15.5 -1.5 6.5 6.5 7.0 2.0 19.6 9.9 8.6 84.1 6.2 14.8 23.9 13.2 11.1 14.0 5.2 8.5 37.0 .. 6.9 2.3 11.4 11.8 21.7 14.5 15.3 4.6 12.8 8.0 16.0 10.5 31.1 0.4 .. 15.2 17.3 16.4 10.3 12.5 11.3 3.5 18.9 12.7 19.0 7.2 .. 17.8 13.3 13.5

13.0 12.3 12.2 16.0 11.2 14.8 8.9 0.4 13.8 14.4 7.7 7.4 6.5 2.0 20.4 10.2 .. .. 5.6 8.9 20.8 13.1 10.7 14.0 6.0 7.9 38.9 .. 8.0 2.4 11.8 10.0 21.6 25.1 12.0 3.6 13.0 10.9 14.0 11.3 40.1 3.0 .. 13.9 15.6 12.1 12.3 10.3 13.8 5.4 11.6 16.2 20.1 13.0 .. 20.7 12.9 14.2

12.0 10.9 11.5 6.6 11.3 12.9 10.6 0.8 13.9 7.2 3.7 10.5 6.5 3.0 12.3 7.5 .. .. 5.1 10.7 21.3 12.8 12.7 14.0 1.0 7.5 36.6 .. 8.3 2.3 15.9 9.1 21.6 23.2 12.7 4.6 8.4 11.6 17.6 11.1 11.4 1.7 .. 13.8 16.0 13.7 11.4 14.8 13.3 7.2 11.1 15.0 13.5 14.1 .. 20.7 13.8 13.2

12.1 11.6 11.9 7.1 11.4 13.4 10.8 2.5 18.1 7.5 6.6 27.9 4.9 5.3 16.3 10.6 .. .. 5.2 9.3 24.9 6.2 16.7 9.5 0.2 7.6 32.5 2.0 11.2 3.5 24.0 3.9 16.4 10.5 13.2 4.8 10.7 11.8 14.2 11.9 15.1 2.2 .. 13.2 15.3 10.4 11.2 19.0 12.4 6.8 9.7 19.2 24.6 14.4 .. 21.2 23.7 14.9

12.5 12.0 11.1 6.1 11.6 12.6 10.6 1.5 17.5 7.9 7.2 49.9 4.4 8.0 13.8 6.0 .. .. 4.3 9.0 23.0 13.3 9.2 8.9 0.6 7.7 33.1 2.2 9.5 2.7 11.6 4.4 15.3 17.3 14.6 5.2 15.9 12.0 18.0 8.4 16.2 5.7 .. 13.7 16.4 12.3 11.4 17.4 13.7 9.8 8.0 18.8 19.2 16.1 .. 21.7 24.2 14.9

13.4 12.6 12.1 5.1 12.0 12.0 11.2 3.0 15.7 8.9 3.9 37.1 4.3 9.5 16.4 7.8 .. .. 7.6 10.0 20.2 13.5 14.4 6.1 1.5 7.8 35.7 4.5 10.1 1.5 17.3 4.8 14.4 14.2 21.1 5.7 14.1 12.8 14.0 11.3 7.8 9.0 .. 14.6 17.0 12.3 11.1 17.2 15.4 13.3 11.2 19.9 20.1 17.1 .. 22.1 24.7 15.6

13.3 12.2 11.8 4.3 12.1 13.2 10.8 2.7 15.7 11.6 4.1 15.3 4.2 10.0 16.6 7.1 .. .. 5.3 9.0 19.9 13.9 16.2 7.1 2.1 7.5 33.9 3.9 11.8 1.8 11.5 6.0 14.5 11.3 17.9 6.8 13.2 12.0 15.1 12.9 10.9 5.9 .. 14.9 17.5 9.7 11.0 15.9 16.9 15.4 13.4 20.8 20.7 17.9 .. 22.5 25.5 15.6

13.5 8.3 9.3 9.2 4.5 29.0 11.5 2.3 14.2 7.4 4.7 0.6 5.5 7.1 11.4 8.7 .. .. .. 9.1 27.2 8.6 3.8 8.7 10.0 10.7 34.9 .. 3.6 6.3 9.9 19.0 15.1 2.7 7.8 3.0 5.9 7.8 .. 8.4 10.1 7.3 .. 23.1 8.9 17.3 10.4 7.8 5.4 4.9 13.1 14.4 17.7 11.0 1.8 18.0 13.5 13.7

13.2 11.3 11.4 17.0 8.3 15.0 12.2 –0.3 13.8 9.3 5.0 4.0 7.5 6.3 18.5 7.3 5.9 52.6 8.6 8.1 18.8 12.3 8.6 11.8 7.7 9.8 40.6 .. 5.5 6.0 12.4 13.8 23.4 13.6 12.8 3.4 10.9 7.2 19.3 9.9 19.3 3.5 .. 16.0 15.1 13.8 15.0 11.8 10.3 5.8 17.2 15.8 19.2 11.9 .. 18.5 14.9 14.1

12.7 11.8 11.7 5.8 11.7 12.8 10.8 2.1 16.2 8.6 5.1 28.1 4.9 7.2 15.1 7.8 .. .. 5.5 9.6 21.9 11.9 13.8 9.1 1.1 7.6 34.4 3.2 10.2 2.4 16.1 5.6 16.5 15.3 15.9 5.4 12.5 12.0 15.8 11.1 12.3 4.9 .. 14.0 16.5 11.7 11.2 16.9 14.3 10.5 10.7 18.7 19.6 15.9 .. 21.6 22.4 14.8

a. Preliminary. b. Since 1994 Nigeria’s ratios have been distorted because the official exchange rate used by the government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly overvalued.

36

Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Table

2.12

Gross domestic savings Share of GDP (%) Annual average

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeriab Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA

1980

1990

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004 a

1980–89

1990–99

2000–04

27.6 23.3 16.7 .. –6.3 26.7 –7.2 –0.6 21.7 .. –8.9 .. –10.1 10.1 35.7 20.4 .. .. .. .. 60.6 5.8 .. .. –1.0 18.1 –51.9 14.8 –1.4 10.8 1.1 –3.5 14.5 –8.9 38.4 14.6 31.4 4.2 –11.6 –5.0 27.1 0.9 –12.9 37.9 2.1 1.2 .. 23.2 –0.4 19.3 13.8 40.5 43.1 15.2 56.9 13.7 24.0 31.6

19.9 17.4 15.1 29.7 2.2 42.6 5.2 –5.4 20.7 –8.1 –0.6 –7.7 –3.0 9.3 23.8 11.3 .. –20.1 .. 9.6 36.9 10.7 .. 17.7 2.8 18.5 –52.9 .. 5.5 13.4 6.4 4.9 23.5 –5.8 18.2 1.2 29.4 6.2 –42.4 8.9 20.3 8.7 –12.5 23.2 .. 9.2 1.3 14.7 0.6 16.6 17.5 22.3 27.1 16.1 .. 19.3 25.5 20.7

15.3 13.3 12.0 19.3 6.6 39.8 11.6 –4.7 19.2 –15.3 5.3 5.9 –4.7 –1.0 30.3 19.7 –0.8 19.9 –32.9 13.1 39.0 11.8 .. 17.3 –10.1 10.3 –33.5 .. 7.0 8.1 10.4 4.4 24.9 10.8 13.7 2.7 19.6 –2.8 –7.0 11.9 18.7 2.5 .. 18.1 5.8 1.4 –0.8 2.8 5.6 3.9 19.0 18.2 27.1 12.0 .. 18.1 23.6 16.3

16.2 14.2 13.1 20.7 4.8 38.7 8.1 –2.5 31.2 –17.5 11.0 –0.2 –5.7 9.1 41.0 21.3 –5.5 .. –41.2 2.1 34.8 11.0 .. 17.3 –1.2 10.7 –22.4 .. 7.2 –0.6 9.5 5.0 23.3 13.7 12.5 3.7 19.1 0.0 –10.3 11.3 25.6 –10.3 .. 19.0 7.7 0.3 2.8 3.2 8.1 –1.1 16.0 21.8 31.4 16.9 .. 19.6 .. 18.3

19.1 19.2 15.4 39.5 6.0 41.7 6.5 –7.3 20.3 –14.2 7.8 5.5 1.1 4.5 57.7 17.9 –5.3 .. –34.7 0.9 28.3 8.5 .. 16.8 –8.5 9.4 –20.4 .. 7.7 3.8 12.0 13.2 23.9 11.6 14.0 3.5 33.4 1.3 –4.1 10.9 22.3 –13.3 .. 18.9 15.9 4.3 9.3 –2.2 9.2 8.3 13.3 25.1 44.2 17.3 .. 18.2 25.3 21.3

18.3 17.9 13.9 15.1 6.5 40.5 5.0 –9.0 19.0 –15.1 11.1 5.3 –0.9 3.4 53.1 19.0 .. .. –27.1 3.1 50.3 12.0 .. 15.7 –19.3 11.3 –16.3 –3.4 15.3 3.8 14.0 –1.4 26.0 8.0 17.0 4.4 31.7 2.6 –22.9 9.5 19.9 –11.5 .. 19.2 9.8 3.1 8.6 1.0 6.3 17.3 10.2 24.9 40.9 17.7 .. 19.3 24.5 20.9

17.5 16.2 13.9 25.2 3.7 38.9 4.7 –11.4 19.0 –15.7 10.3 –1.3 1.8 4.0 50.0 26.3 .. .. –33.7 2.5 48.4 12.9 .. 9.1 –12.1 12.8 –18.0 –3.3 7.7 –10.1 11.3 –4.9 25.1 11.0 17.8 5.3 25.8 0.0 –17.2 5.6 23.3 –9.3 .. 20.2 13.3 19.5 11.6 0.6 5.5 17.7 6.0 24.4 38.0 17.8 .. 19.1 24.9 20.0

20.0 19.0 15.3 19.4 6.0 38.6 3.9 –8.2 18.6 –15.8 14.4 18.5 1.3 5.0 47.4 20.6 .. .. –60.4 1.0 45.3 11.1 9.1 7.5 1.2 13.0 –12.2 –3.0 8.9 –10.7 13.2 –17.6 25.0 10.1 26.2 5.0 32.4 –0.8 –22.1 7.7 19.6 –7.4 .. 21.7 15.7 17.6 9.5 5.3 6.5 18.7 5.9 24.8 36.4 18.5 .. 19.8 25.6 21.7

21.9 22.0 16.7 24.5 5.5 38.2 4.8 –8.4 18.5 –12.2 13.2 30.5 –1.5 3.9 51.4 20.5 .. .. –62.9 0.5 46.4 10.5 11.4 6.5 –1.7 12.6 –7.7 –0.6 7.8 –9.1 10.7 –18.8 23.6 12.3 26.7 5.8 39.6 2.4 –29.0 9.8 21.4 –4.9 .. 21.7 18.7 14.1 8.5 4.5 9.1 18.2 4.8 25.6 35.7 19.0 .. 20.1 26.7 23.0

22.0 18.3 17.3 24.0 –2.4 35.3 –2.7 3.1 24.2 –1.8 –1.1 –8.1 –4.5 10.9 31.9 19.6 .. .. .. 6.9 44.3 6.5 .. 16.4 –0.9 17.9 –66.4 2.2 2.9 12.7 –0.4 3.1 20.0 –6.2 10.8 7.3 17.5 5.0 –16.2 0.1 24.1 9.1 –6.3 28.5 5.0 3.7 8.8 12.3 2.3 14.0 16.5 28.4 31.5 15.5 46.9 15.9 20.5 24.3

16.6 14.4 12.5 22.5 3.8 39.3 7.6 –5.2 20.1 –5.6 3.7 –0.5 –4.4 8.8 28.8 17.8 –5.4 13.7 –30.9 5.3 41.7 7.4 .. 15.8 1.5 15.6 –38.1 .. 4.2 3.4 7.6 7.4 24.1 1.0 12.7 2.7 24.0 –5.5 –20.0 10.1 21.7 2.9 –12.5 19.4 5.6 2.3 1.4 6.7 5.8 7.1 16.9 20.8 30.1 14.0 .. 17.0 21.2 18.0

19.4 18.8 15.0 24.7 5.5 39.6 5.0 –8.9 19.1 –14.6 11.4 11.7 0.4 4.2 51.9 20.8 –5.3 .. –43.7 1.6 43.8 11.0 10.2 11.1 –8.1 11.8 –14.9 –2.6 9.5 –4.5 12.2 –5.9 24.7 10.6 20.3 4.8 32.6 1.1 –19.1 8.7 21.3 –9.3 .. 20.3 14.7 11.7 9.5 1.8 7.3 16.0 8.1 25.0 39.0 18.1 .. 19.3 25.4 21.4

a. Preliminary. b. Since 1994 Nigeria’s ratios have been distorted because the official exchange rate used by the government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly overvalued.

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts

37

Table

2.13

Gross national savings Share of GDP (%) Annual average

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeriab Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA

1980

1990

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004 a

1980–89

1990–99

2000–04

27.2 23.7 18.8 .. 1.1 28.7 .. .. 5.1 .. 1.6 .. –0.4 7.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. –6.3 15.4 34.6 .. –2.4 6.6 1.9 3.9 14.0 –6.9 26.9 13.0 26.1 .. –5.5 –7.4 .. 0.5 –5.8 33.9 4.0 16.7 .. 26.4 –0.9 7.3 .. 37.1 .. .. 53.5 .. 25.0 30.2

16.0 13.4 12.1 5.5 5.8 43.3 13.4 .. 16.1 17.6 –0.4 –2.7 9.7 0.8 6.6 –4.3 .. –22.0 .. 11.9 25.4 .. .. 10.6 15.3 18.6 39.0 .. 9.2 15.4 15.1 17.6 26.3 2.1 34.8 –1.2 19.4 .. –51.1 6.0 21.7 2.6 –21.9 19.1 .. 27.4 5.9 17.8 0.6 6.7 15.7 19.8 .. .. .. .. .. 18.5

13.3 12.0 11.3 5.1 11.3 47.1 15.1 –0.2 15.0 8.4 5.9 8.7 8.3 –6.8 7.4 10.7 .. 9.7 8.3 19.7 23.9 16.4 .. 14.3 –7.8 12.8 14.3 .. 7.3 4.3 12.9 14.3 26.7 9.8 28.2 1.6 15.4 –4.0 –18.1 14.4 16.9 2.7 .. 15.2 0.4 15.5 –1.9 5.8 6.0 –3.6 16.4 20.8 .. 18.9 .. 21.8 23.4 16.1

14.0 12.7 11.2 –1.7 9.9 38.5 6.6 –0.1 28.0 8.1 12.0 2.4 2.5 1.1 11.0 11.7 .. .. 4.9 8.5 18.9 14.2 .. 14.8 –3.3 13.7 22.4 .. 9.5 –2.5 11.9 18.7 24.9 14.7 24.3 2.8 13.9 –1.3 –19.0 12.7 23.2 –5.6 .. 15.9 0.0 16.2 0.9 3.8 8.2 –6.6 16.1 20.1 .. .. .. 22.5 .. 17.7

15.7 15.6 12.6 21.4 10.9 39.1 5.6 –0.1 15.4 9.1 8.0 7.9 14.8 –1.3 28.5 8.0 .. .. 20.4 10.5 11.5 13.6 .. 14.7 –2.7 15.2 22.6 .. 9.4 2.2 16.0 24.0 25.3 15.4 27.7 2.8 27.2 –0.5 –11.4 14.6 15.7 –7.9 .. 15.8 3.4 14.5 7.5 0.4 9.6 2.9 9.6 23.3 40.6 23.0 .. 22.8 24.7 19.9

15.1 14.9 11.9 –1.4 12.5 41.7 6.9 0.4 13.5 8.0 12.3 6.6 14.8 0.3 23.3 10.1 .. .. 28.7 13.0 33.7 14.8 .. 14.3 –15.7 15.6 26.2 –21.4 17.2 2.4 12.9 7.6 27.6 6.4 27.7 4.4 25.4 0.2 –29.6 14.5 15.5 –3.1 .. 15.4 2.8 13.9 7.5 3.1 6.9 12.1 9.3 26.7 38.1 22.7 .. 23.8 23.8 19.6

14.0 12.4 11.8 10.4 7.3 30.0 6.8 1.3 15.0 9.4 7.6 –3.0 11.6 5.3 23.0 16.3 .. .. 26.3 12.6 29.2 18.2 .. 8.8 –8.0 16.3 25.6 –11.1 8.3 –12.0 8.5 15.6 26.5 11.1 27.7 4.7 15.1 –2.3 –20.7 10.8 15.2 5.2 .. 17.2 8.1 24.7 10.8 4.1 6.7 13.7 5.7 26.2 35.9 22.5 .. 23.2 24.2 18.5

16.4 15.1 13.3 7.6 9.4 38.8 7.7 6.5 16.3 9.2 14.7 5.1 7.3 10.3 22.8 11.9 .. .. –6.4 13.7 28.2 18.6 21.5 6.5 5.1 17.1 29.3 –10.1 13.0 –5.1 14.5 –3.8 26.5 11.3 41.6 5.5 21.5 –3.8 –24.4 14.2 14.8 6.2 .. 18.4 10.0 19.9 9.5 7.3 7.3 15.2 4.8 26.4 34.7 22.9 .. 24.1 25.0 19.8

18.3 17.8 15.0 13.4 8.9 41.8 10.5 7.9 16.9 14.2 13.2 18.3 7.6 6.9 26.6 13.6 .. .. –20.8 14.3 29.5 14.3 22.8 4.6 9.8 16.9 35.8 28.7 13.5 –5.3 11.0 –5.4 24.0 12.5 39.7 6.3 27.1 –0.6 –33.0 16.7 18.5 5.6 .. 19.0 16.5 19.0 8.0 6.5 10.4 10.0 3.1 26.8 34.3 23.1 .. 24.2 26.1 20.9

20.7 18.1 18.3 19.9 2.1 33.7 .. .. 19.3 21.8 5.6 –3.3 15.0 5.9 18.0 8.6 .. .. .. 8.8 23.5 .. .. 8.7 –0.3 15.8 32.9 .. 2.1 11.1 3.5 17.1 19.7 –3.8 18.5 5.3 13.4 .. –17.6 –4.2 .. 7.2 3.2 24.3 6.5 20.2 18.1 13.3 2.6 2.2 17.3 24.6 .. .. 40.5 .. 20.9 22.7

13.9 11.8 10.3 12.1 7.3 41.3 14.6 1.4 14.9 21.2 3.9 3.5 6.6 1.1 5.0 6.2 .. 6.0 14.2 12.2 26.6 16.2 .. 11.6 5.5 16.1 29.4 .. 4.9 2.5 14.4 14.0 26.5 4.0 27.3 1.0 17.0 –9.2 –28.9 10.1 21.5 0.1 –21.9 16.6 –0.8 19.9 2.9 8.2 8.0 –1.2 16.0 18.2 .. .. .. 21.9 20.7 16.9

15.9 15.2 12.9 10.3 9.8 38.3 7.5 3.2 15.4 10.0 11.2 7.0 11.2 4.3 24.8 12.0 .. .. 9.6 12.8 26.4 15.9 22.2 9.8 –2.3 16.2 27.9 –3.5 12.3 –3.6 12.6 7.6 26.0 11.4 32.9 4.8 23.3 –1.4 –23.8 14.2 15.9 1.2 .. 17.2 8.2 18.4 8.7 4.3 8.2 10.8 6.5 25.9 36.7 22.8 .. 23.6 24.8 19.8

a. Preliminary. b. Since 1994 Nigeria’s ratios have been distorted because the official exchange rate used by the government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly overvalued.

38

Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Table

2.14

Resource balance (exports minus imports) Share of GDP (%) Annual average

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeriab Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA

1980

1990

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004 a

1980–89

3.1 0.8 –5.1 .. –21.5 –13.4 –22.3 –14.5 0.8 .. –15.9 –11.9 –43.2 0.1 –0.1 –6.2 .. .. .. .. 33.1 –20.9 –0.7 .. –29.2 –6.4 –89.0 –0.1 –16.4 –14.0 –14.4 –29.8 –10.9 –16.5 7.8 –13.5 10.2 –11.9 –28.4 –16.7 –11.2 –15.4 –55.3 8.0 –12.6 –39.4 .. –5.3 –6.6 –4.0 –3.2 4.7 4.0 –12.4 34.8 –10.5 –5.4 3.6

1.7 –0.7 –3.3 18.0 –12.0 5.3 –13.0 –19.9 2.9 –31.0 –12.9 –14.4 –21.8 0.3 7.9 4.6 .. –37.4 .. –3.3 15.2 –11.7 –9.0 0.2 –27.1 –5.6 –105.6 .. –11.4 –9.6 –16.6 –15.1 –7.2 –27.9 –15.5 –6.9 14.6 –8.5 –58.0 –4.9 –4.3 –1.3 –28.0 5.5 .. –12.5 –24.8 –11.9 –12.1 –0.7 0.1 –3.4 –1.5 –12.7 .. –6.0 –7.0 0.1

–3.7 –7.0 –7.5 –16.3 –10.4 6.3 –15.6 –11.4 1.7 –35.1 –8.2 –11.1 –22.6 –3.1 3.7 6.4 –16.1 –71.7 –65.3 –8.0 1.7 –6.6 –12.9 –3.7 –21.4 –6.3 –80.6 .. –7.8 –5.3 –10.5 –12.3 –2.7 –13.5 –12.0 –8.6 –4.5 –17.6 –42.8 –6.7 –15.9 –2.8 .. 1.1 –12.2 –21.0 –14.7 –13.6 –10.8 –12.5 –1.7 –2.8 0.1 –9.5 .. –4.1 –3.4 –3.2

–2.7 –6.3 –6.8 –6.4 –12.7 10.7 –15.7 –8.4 –0.2 –38.4 –3.4 –13.9 –20.7 6.0 13.2 8.2 –14.4 .. –77.2 –14.8 6.8 –6.8 –17.5 –4.8 –18.0 –4.9 –71.0 .. –7.7 –15.3 –11.7 –11.2 –2.2 –22.9 –10.8 –6.5 –4.2 –17.3 –49.3 –7.2 –17.6 –15.7 .. 2.6 –9.1 –18.4 –12.7 –10.1 –12.0 –18.7 1.6 –1.4 3.5 –8.6 .. –3.8 –2.2 –2.1

1.6 0.7 –3.2 26.8 –12.9 21.7 –16.2 –13.5 3.6 –33.9 –3.1 –17.8 –12.0 1.0 36.7 7.1 –18.2 .. –66.6 –15.0 2.2 –8.9 –18.4 –5.1 –19.8 –8.0 –62.7 .. –7.3 –9.7 –12.6 –13.3 –1.9 –21.9 –5.5 –7.9 15.7 –16.2 –47.7 –10.0 –2.9 –21.3 .. 3.0 –2.4 –15.6 –8.3 –20.0 –11.9 –10.4 –0.3 3.5 20.4 –6.6 .. –6.1 –3.5 2.4

0.2 –1.9 –4.9 1.7 –12.7 17.5 –13.9 –15.2 –1.3 –33.4 –2.9 –35.2 –12.6 –2.0 26.6 7.8 .. .. –55.8 –14.7 19.8 –5.4 –19.6 –1.9 –34.3 –7.9 –56.5 –8.4 –3.2 –11.1 –17.0 –16.0 2.7 –17.9 –6.4 –7.7 8.9 –15.8 –58.7 –9.7 –20.4 –18.1 .. 3.9 –7.8 –15.4 –8.4 –19.4 –12.1 –2.8 0.8 3.3 15.0 –5.0 .. –5.3 –3.6 1.4

–0.7 –2.9 –3.5 12.0 –13.9 11.1 –13.1 –17.8 –0.8 –36.6 –4.5 –60.7 –10.4 –4.9 26.7 16.2 .. .. –59.7 –18.0 20.0 –8.3 –12.3 –4.0 –21.7 –3.5 –60.4 –8.1 –6.6 –21.4 –7.3 –19.7 3.8 –18.8 –2.0 –8.9 –0.2 –16.9 –50.0 –11.2 –2.3 –19.3 .. 4.2 –6.2 –0.3 –7.5 –18.0 –14.7 –5.3 –1.1 1.8 9.6 –5.2 .. –5.9 –3.7 0.3

0.6 –1.9 –4.8 6.6 –12.8 8.9 –14.8 –19.5 0.4 –34.5 –2.2 –35.0 –10.3 –7.2 24.5 10.4 .. .. –85.8 –19.4 21.4 –9.2 –13.9 –2.3 –11.4 –4.4 –57.0 –11.8 –9.0 –22.5 –10.9 –37.1 2.1 –15.8 –3.6 –9.2 8.6 –19.3 –52.5 –13.0 9.6 –21.1 .. 4.7 –4.3 –0.3 –9.1 –13.6 –14.1 –7.4 –4.7 1.3 6.3 –5.0 .. –5.5 –3.5 1.0

2.5 1.3 –3.5 15.3 –12.7 7.5 –14.3 –22.0 –0.4 –32.6 –4.4 5.6 –11.6 –8.9 27.2 9.7 .. .. –85.7 –19.4 21.0 –17.6 –13.9 –4.3 –14.9 –5.6 –48.8 –13.0 –16.5 –24.4 –8.3 –40.3 –0.6 –8.3 1.2 –10.0 17.2 –18.1 –63.5 –13.6 6.7 –15.4 .. 4.2 –3.9 –3.3 –9.9 –13.5 –13.9 –7.7 –8.0 1.4 4.8 –4.9 .. –5.3 –3.2 2.4

–0.1 –3.1 –4.4 9.1 –17.5 5.3 –20.2 –13.5 0.4 –42.3 –12.1 –13.5 –33.3 –0.8 –0.5 3.2 .. –28.6 .. –7.4 9.7 –13.2 –3.1 0.2 –32.9 –4.9 –106.3 2.9 –7.7 –6.7 –17.6 –24.4 –3.5 –18.4 –7.6 –8.0 1.1 –10.3 –32.0 –12.0 –2.3 –3.1 –35.1 5.1 –9.4 –23.5 –12.3 –7.2 –6.2 –2.1 –0.8 –3.1 1.5 –13.2 20.4 –8.5 –6.1 –1.0

1990–99

2000–04

–1.0 –3.8 –5.3 1.8 –12.5 9.8 –14.1 –14.4 2.5 –35.2 –7.7 –13.6 –22.2 1.2 2.9 6.5 –15.7 –45.8 –55.8 –9.2 16.0 –12.6 –12.4 –3.7 –24.5 –2.7 –94.4 .. –8.2 –14.3 –14.9 –11.3 –4.3 –24.2 –10.0 –6.2 4.1 –19.9 –61.7 –5.9 –8.6 –4.5 –28.0 2.8 –10.2 –19.1 –19.6 –9.6 –11.7 –7.0 –2.6 –0.9 1.3 –6.7 .. –5.2 –4.3 –0.8

0.8 –0.9 –4.0 12.5 –13.0 13.4 –14.5 –17.6 0.3 –34.2 –3.4 –28.6 –11.4 –4.4 28.3 10.3 –18.2 .. –70.7 –17.3 16.9 –9.9 –15.6 –3.5 –20.4 –5.9 –57.1 –10.3 –8.5 –17.8 –11.2 –25.3 1.2 –16.5 –3.3 –8.7 10.0 –17.3 –54.5 –11.5 –1.9 –19.0 .. 4.0 –4.9 –7.0 –8.7 –16.9 –13.3 –6.7 –2.6 2.3 11.2 –5.3 .. –5.6 –3.5 1.5

a. Preliminary. b. Since 1994 Nigeria’s ratios have been distorted because the official exchange rate used by the government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly overvalued.

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts

39

Table

2.15

Exports of goods and services, nominal Current prices ($ millions) Annual average 1980

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 79,589 excluding South Africa 51,112 31,308 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola .. Benin 222 Botswana 563 Burkina Faso 173 Burundi 81 Cameroon 1,880 Cape Verde 19 Central African Republic 201 Chad 175 Comoros 11 Congo, Dem. Rep. 2,372 Congo, Rep. 1,024 Côte d’Ivoire 3,561 Djibouti .. Equatorial Guinea .. Eritrea .. Ethiopia .. Gabon 2,770 Gambia, The 103 Ghana 376 Guinea .. Guinea-Bissau 14 Kenya 2,144 Lesotho 86 Liberia 613 Madagascar 539 Malawi 307 Mali 263 Mauritania 261 Mauritius 539 Mozambique 383 Namibia 1,712 Niger 617 Nigeria 18,859 Rwanda 168 São Tomé and Principe 10 Senegal 803 Seychelles 100 Sierra Leone 252 Somalia 200 South Africa 28,555 Sudan 806 Swaziland 405 Tanzania .. Togo 580 Uganda 242 Zambia 1,608 Zimbabwe 1,561 NORTH AFRICA 41,644 Algeria 14,541 Egypt, Arab Rep. 6,992 Libya 23,523 Morocco 3,273 Tunisia 3,518 ALL AFRICA 119,851

1990

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004 a

1980–89

1990–99

2000–04

77,334 50,175 37,841 3,993 264 2,087 352 89 2,251 43 220 234 36 2,759 1,502 3,421 .. 42 .. 672 2,740 190 993 870 24 2,207 104 .. 512 447 415 465 1,529 201 1,220 372 12,366 145 8 1,450 230 146 90 27,149 .. 658 538 545 312 1,180 2,009 42,750 14,546 8,647 .. 6,830 5,353 120,832

90,678 56,228 45,451 3,666 399 2,537 362 71 2,306 109 178 323 26 1,852 1,487 5,038 244 464 111 1,038 2,119 213 2,532 770 30 2,843 239 .. 805 574 644 399 2,653 519 1,562 369 10,776 111 12 1,419 370 109 .. 34,451 607 1,059 1,144 471 635 865 2,632 52,125 10,880 13,754 .. 9,970 8,529 143,447

93,010 59,268 46,437 5,311 385 2,743 287 61 2,241 113 117 282 29 1,109 1,702 5,067 250 .. 66 918 1,964 199 2,473 759 56 2,687 216 .. 909 498 680 370 2,716 586 1,563 321 12,832 114 16 1,466 422 84 .. 33,742 828 1,006 1,166 455 735 701 2,767 55,873 13,259 13,500 .. 10,624 8,852 149,272

110,599 73,564 51,149 8,182 342 3,222 237 55 2,343 146 126 234 31 964 2,586 4,211 247 .. 96 984 1,825 202 2,429 735 68 2,743 256 .. 1,190 446 649 379 2,801 744 1,558 320 22,416 151 15 1,310 464 115 .. 37,034 1,891 1,133 1,307 409 663 682 2,660 69,479 22,579 15,940 .. 10,409 8,566 180,196

107,305 71,811 51,042 6,847 360 2,835 260 45 2,104 167 121 251 35 875 2,232 4,357 .. .. 133 980 2,619 150 2,401 822 57 2,968 319 126 1,317 480 876 379 2,978 1,004 1,446 329 20,774 157 16 1,402 490 129 .. 35,495 1,711 1,156 1,537 421 690 980 2,357 70,139 21,701 17,072 .. 10,405 8,863 177,254

110,298 74,034 55,002 8,406 380 2,504 272 39 2,169 194 126 253 39 1,174 2,434 5,695 .. .. 128 983 2,957 157 2,625 785 61 3,281 390 111 704 471 1,066 382 2,757 1,188 1,548 330 19,044 132 20 1,527 555 153 .. 36,266 1,996 1,131 1,667 498 697 875 2,012 69,781 20,578 16,332 .. 11,152 9,682 180,144

140,988 94,618 65,625 9,709 487 3,232 357 55 2,762 253 138 675 58 1,482 2,766 6,280 .. .. 103 1,139 3,781 158 3,066 807 77 3,590 520 133 1,264 480 1,153 359 3,099 1,353 2,300 438 28,997 139 22 2,137 648 197 .. 46,372 2,613 1,641 1,881 595 778 891 1,855 76,628 21,804 16,009 .. 13,886 11,711 219,111

177,280 120,252 80,879 13,722 539 3,570 416 59 3,061 295 150 2,274 60 2,023 3,669 7,445 .. .. 122 1,369 4,420 184 3,349 824 98 4,207 763 171 1,425 511 1,341 451 3,356 1,828 2,644 491 39,372 189 25 2,165 663 240 .. 57,032 3,822 2,357 2,016 691 933 1,059 1,694 83,995 25,103 14,997 .. 16,128 13,279 264,541

62,624 36,479 28,593 2,613 214 999 184 111 2,240 37 181 153 22 2,016 1,092 3,142 .. 32 .. 607 1,964 108 554 660 15 1,805 66 519 414 295 255 387 764 215 1,139 420 7,725 173 12 924 123 187 119 26,088 875 394 478 464 371 1,060 1,530 32,437 12,221 6,654 17,320 3,790 3,312 95,467

85,417 53,877 41,344 4,223 327 2,350 287 89 2,179 79 185 254 40 1,595 1,393 4,129 222 160 132 727 2,621 195 1,684 740 32 2,594 187 .. 673 465 514 448 2,191 373 1,543 325 12,563 107 11 1,376 298 155 90 31,523 682 886 913 441 500 1,083 2,469 49,017 12,508 12,493 .. 8,399 7,161 135,057

129,294 86,856 60,739 9,373 422 3,073 308 51 2,488 211 132 738 44 1,304 2,737 5,598 247 .. 116 1,091 3,120 170 2,774 794 72 3,358 450 135 1,180 478 1,017 390 2,998 1,223 1,899 382 26,120 154 20 1,708 564 167 .. 42,440 2,407 1,484 1,681 523 752 897 2,116 74,004 22,353 16,070 .. 12,396 10,420 204,249

a. Preliminary.

40

Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Table

2.16

Imports of goods and services, nominal Current prices ($ millions) Annual average 1980

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 71,605 excluding South Africa 49,598 37,269 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola .. Benin 524 Botswana 705 Burkina Faso 603 Burundi 214 Cameroon 1,829 Cape Verde 100 Central African Republic 327 Chad 298 Comoros 64 Congo, Dem. Rep. 2,354 Congo, Rep. 1,026 Côte d’Ivoire 4,190 Djibouti .. Equatorial Guinea .. Eritrea .. Ethiopia .. Gabon 1,354 Gambia, The 153 Ghana 407 Guinea .. Guinea-Bissau 46 Kenya 2,608 Lesotho 470 Liberia 614 Madagascar 1,202 Malawi 480 Mali 520 Mauritania 473 Mauritius 665 Mozambique 965 Namibia 1,542 Niger 957 Nigeria 12,324 Rwanda 307 São Tomé and Principe 24 Senegal 1,302 Seychelles 117 Sierra Leone 421 Somalia 534 South Africa 22,073 Sudan 1,763 Swaziland 619 Tanzania .. Togo 640 Uganda 324 Zambia 1,764 Zimbabwe 1,771 NORTH AFRICA 35,735 Algeria 12,847 Egypt, Arab Rep. 9,822 Libya 11,167 Morocco 5,247 Tunisia 3,987 ALL AFRICA 105,915

1990

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004 a

1980–89

1990–99

2000–04

72,339 51,408 43,207 2,147 486 1,888 758 314 1,931 148 411 485 93 2,731 1,282 2,927 .. 92 .. 1,069 1,837 227 1,522 864 90 2,691 753 .. 864 629 817 619 1,701 888 1,584 545 8,203 364 42 1,728 246 154 346 21,016 .. 768 1,595 738 834 1,203 2,002 48,320 15,472 14,109 .. 8,374 6,220 120,427

102,796 69,879 57,643 4,714 642 2,229 798 174 2,159 298 264 516 75 2,045 1,416 4,224 327 791 597 1,655 2,041 240 3,492 903 74 3,737 956 .. 1,095 667 915 538 2,767 1,041 1,972 547 12,236 462 30 1,733 467 128 .. 32,917 1,955 1,342 2,375 687 1,344 1,268 2,737 58,282 10,850 21,812 .. 11,425 9,194 161,198

101,854 71,567 57,263 5,705 688 2,204 729 129 2,268 337 153 495 75 827 1,391 4,041 327 .. 597 1,882 1,669 228 3,826 924 96 3,312 864 .. 1,197 769 982 495 2,808 1,500 1,927 452 14,304 448 40 1,806 531 188 .. 30,287 1,802 1,260 2,263 615 1,455 1,287 2,670 59,057 11,571 21,144 .. 11,959 9,317 160,957

105,173 72,066 56,271 5,736 634 2,080 658 151 1,981 326 155 480 55 920 1,404 3,471 347 .. 518 1,961 1,718 239 3,347 894 111 3,757 794 .. 1,474 616 954 523 2,888 1,571 1,746 462 15,794 445 38 1,746 482 250 .. 33,107 2,189 1,349 2,064 674 1,366 1,018 2,680 61,124 11,709 22,457 .. 12,458 9,257 166,337

106,736 75,860 59,350 6,697 662 1,930 650 146 2,228 351 149 850 63 971 1,490 3,529 .. .. 507 1,938 1,761 173 3,441 880 125 4,002 750 171 1,463 672 1,322 554 2,854 1,665 1,652 479 16,511 427 44 1,844 616 276 .. 30,889 2,756 1,350 2,333 678 1,378 1,080 2,249 62,285 13,177 21,963 .. 12,220 9,583 169,047

112,819 81,220 62,065 7,110 772 1,900 693 151 2,254 419 174 1,457 65 1,447 1,629 3,837 .. .. 505 2,073 1,962 188 3,380 913 105 3,741 812 156 993 886 1,311 601 2,584 1,958 1,610 523 19,151 425 46 2,085 572 336 .. 31,615 2,924 1,134 2,403 763 1,554 1,072 2,341 65,481 14,998 21,010 .. 13,362 10,494 178,347

138,198 99,694 75,690 8,801 944 2,542 977 171 2,712 529 164 1,611 91 1,891 1,891 4,848 .. .. 744 2,430 2,484 192 4,113 892 104 4,257 1,127 184 1,756 878 1,630 856 2,988 2,108 2,461 688 23,997 464 54 3,110 581 408 .. 38,525 3,367 1,648 2,816 833 1,662 1,212 2,225 73,361 17,742 20,264 .. 16,426 12,636 211,993

164,342 116,289 89,320 10,728 1,055 2,893 1,104 205 3,128 604 207 2,034 103 2,610 2,488 5,939 .. .. 917 2,934 2,902 255 4,550 986 138 5,114 1,430 235 2,146 974 1,747 1,069 3,393 2,320 2,573 795 26,965 521 61 3,223 616 407 .. 48,071 4,650 2,441 3,138 969 1,879 1,478 2,068 80,245 21,472 18,706 .. 18,932 14,251 245,485

62,943 41,489 34,079 1,895 447 842 579 254 2,219 104 292 305 67 2,107 1,093 2,906 .. 61 .. 1,096 1,586 137 709 658 67 2,154 503 491 668 384 536 576 809 773 1,284 583 7,362 354 28 1,283 123 225 403 21,441 1,853 515 1,060 542 619 1,148 1,598 36,910 13,875 10,787 10,722 5,136 3,834 99,277

88,497 60,580 49,338 4,019 579 1,896 659 234 1,926 237 282 469 93 1,537 1,309 3,406 302 270 482 1,351 1,797 242 2,509 867 91 2,942 977 .. 942 716 882 571 2,334 1,001 1,844 448 11,214 405 41 1,664 344 191 346 27,961 1,750 1,116 1,977 586 1,042 1,313 2,661 50,712 11,907 16,635 .. 9,979 7,840 139,313

125,453 89,026 68,539 7,814 813 2,269 816 165 2,461 446 170 1,286 75 1,568 1,780 4,325 347 .. 638 2,267 2,165 209 3,766 913 117 4,174 983 187 1,566 805 1,393 721 2,941 1,925 2,008 589 20,484 456 49 2,401 573 335 .. 36,442 3,177 1,584 2,551 784 1,568 1,172 2,312 68,499 15,820 20,880 .. 14,680 11,244 194,242

a. Preliminary.

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts

41

Table

2.17

Exports of goods and services, real

Constant prices (2000 $ millions)

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA

Average annual growth (%)

1980

1990

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004 a

1980–89

1990–99

2000–04

66,392 46,987 24,776 3,618 391 691 226 10 1,054 31 .. 159 9 667 1,118 3,048 .. .. .. .. 1,118 112 853 .. 22 1,479 58 .. 976 315 175 338 732 436 1,096 257 21,726 171 .. 520 .. 199 .. 19,504 764 424 .. 499 .. 812 638 28,647 10,759 6,893 .. 2,848 3,205 96,405

72,535 49,929 33,884 4,804 247 1,993 253 18 1,870 42 .. 214 28 1,224 2,024 4,084 .. .. .. 579 1,647 182 1,005 501 17 2,374 83 .. 756 354 266 412 1,739 237 954 214 16,042 210 9 807 252 144 .. 22,613 334 778 685 414 229 559 1,011 46,965 16,228 11,050 .. 6,337 5,248 119,419

105,566 71,807 46,903 8,223 351 2,509 297 30 2,184 93 .. 259 28 669 3,032 4,203 .. .. 111 704 2,027 191 2,139 691 33 2,482 178 .. 893 574 559 363 2,726 572 1,504 291 24,883 116 10 1,203 360 96 .. 33,766 462 1,058 1,200 432 566 759 2,377 61,588 19,562 14,282 .. 9,495 7,625 167,789

105,105 70,917 49,120 8,499 344 2,680 262 41 2,466 96 .. 254 32 1,000 2,553 4,337 .. .. 67 761 1,893 184 2,409 713 55 2,712 204 .. 1,031 479 657 377 2,859 564 1,571 261 21,797 138 14 1,364 378 95 .. 34,192 845 1,006 1,120 426 715 797 2,502 65,859 20,735 15,584 .. 10,196 7,985 171,093

110,601 73,566 51,151 8,182 342 3,222 237 55 2,343 146 .. 234 31 964 2,586 4,211 .. .. 96 984 1,825 202 2,429 735 68 2,743 256 .. 1,190 446 649 379 2,801 744 1,558 320 22,416 151 15 1,310 464 115 .. 37,034 1,891 1,133 1,307 409 663 682 2,660 69,829 22,560 16,175 .. 10,452 8,597 180,508

112,092 74,403 52,877 7,951 359 3,063 244 69 2,387 167 .. 225 27 983 2,635 4,152 .. .. 131 1,032 1,857 160 2,430 791 71 2,878 339 .. 1,304 491 811 365 3,101 1,127 1,525 298 21,536 264 22 1,424 503 128 .. 37,687 1,736 1,318 1,500 460 757 880 2,521 72,299 21,951 16,707 .. 11,529 9,641 184,300

112,871 74,981 55,871 9,753 359 2,736 273 66 2,363 182 .. 211 28 1,062 2,917 4,372 .. .. 127 1,172 1,915 183 2,389 781 71 3,134 430 .. 706 499 1,067 338 3,394 1,310 1,739 286 19,138 279 26 1,470 533 128 .. 37,888 1,790 1,345 1,559 476 844 939 2,210 72,627 22,983 15,406 .. 12,276 9,434 185,426

120,689 82,709 57,458 9,443 376 2,603 300 116 2,453 208 .. 481 24 1,065 2,800 4,263 .. .. 86 1,351 1,976 200 2,453 739 76 3,340 395 .. 993 480 907 306 3,632 1,485 2,139 282 25,252 274 28 1,472 613 232 .. 37,991 2,135 1,264 1,649 508 911 1,034 1,942 76,518 24,959 17,226 .. 12,083 9,050 197,256

127,834 88,916 62,879 10,632 378 2,595 307 89 2,495 226 .. 1,301 32 1,279 3,027 4,997 .. .. 80 1,842 2,041 211 2,547 765 79 4,002 447 .. 1,008 465 905 332 3,570 1,840 1,994 287 26,045 304 34 1,526 638 261 .. 38,937 2,434 1,278 1,534 523 968 1,164 1,981 84,537 25,808 21,981 .. 12,647 9,520 212,036

0.0 –0.3 0.0 1.6 –4.5 13.8 –1.7 3.8 6.5 0.3 –1.3 7.4 11.0 11.2 4.9 1.2 .. .. .. 3.6 1.8 0.5 1.4 .. –3.9 3.3 4.7 .. –1.8 2.1 4.7 3.5 10.1 –8.9 1.4 –3.2 –1.5 4.2 .. 3.7 .. –1.1 .. 1.6 –5.0 7.5 .. 0.4 1.4 –3.0 4.3 4.9 4.2 4.4 .. 7.6 5.1 0.9

5.0 4.8 4.7 7.2 2.0 4.0 –0.1 5.2 2.7 13.9 .. 2.8 –2.2 –2.5 5.6 1.5 .. .. –1.4 5.9 2.3 –1.1 10.5 4.4 14.2 1.2 10.7 .. 3.3 4.8 10.1 –1.5 5.8 10.5 4.3 3.1 5.1 –6.4 1.5 6.2 4.9 –7.8 .. 5.6 8.8 3.5 7.8 1.4 16.0 3.5 10.8 3.7 2.9 3.3 .. 5.0 5.1 4.6

3.7 4.9 5.0 7.2 2.5 –5.8 7.5 16.0 1.5 11.5 –8.4 52.1 –0.2 6.7 3.8 3.8 .. .. –7.4 14.6 2.9 3.2 1.0 0.1 3.7 9.5 13.5 .. –5.9 0.6 8.1 –4.3 6.6 23.2 8.7 –2.7 4.7 15.5 19.6 3.4 8.7 25.0 .. 1.1 7.4 2.0 4.2 6.1 9.9 13.1 –8.2 4.3 2.7 6.0 .. 2.8 6.9 3.9

a. Preliminary.

42

Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Table

2.18

Imports of goods and services, real

Constant prices (2000 $ millions)

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA

Average annual growth (%)

1980

1990

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004 a

1980–89

1990–99

2000–04

31,471 18,973 9,032 3,008 797 715 517 51 795 122 110 318 83 566 1,031 3,345 .. .. .. .. 1,662 303 1,888 .. 79 1,913 520 .. 1,827 803 392 518 829 1,232 1,107 1,017 25,771 177 .. 1,040 .. 381 .. 19,907 1,742 580 .. 708 .. 1,977 618 48,971 16,346 19,678 .. 4,291 4,456 66,055

63,935 45,474 35,618 2,461 484 1,729 650 66 1,261 145 99,316 535 84 1,063 1,044 2,313 .. .. .. 1,116 1,729 218 1,541 780 84 1,854 761 .. 1,027 743 683 625 1,793 851 1,151 569 9,462 210 41 1,295 209 176 .. 18,795 1,083 770 1,829 803 687 1,180 984 50,959 14,285 18,158 .. 7,787 6,357 112,065

101,955 67,641 55,134 4,871 560 2,159 816 93 1,658 254 .. 413 69 492 1,135 4,398 .. .. 596 1,679 2,009 216 3,673 834 64 3,742 951 .. 1,139 688 869 531 2,691 1,146 1,817 468 12,527 532 30 1,548 496 178 .. 34,297 2,739 1,313 2,047 776 1,283 1,253 2,414 57,810 11,799 21,571 .. 11,284 8,196 159,877

102,576 71,152 56,769 5,410 615 2,172 752 110 1,706 288 149 447 75 785 1,344 4,316 .. .. 607 1,967 1,679 211 4,082 864 82 3,687 846 .. 1,209 787 938 483 2,853 1,610 1,842 378 14,392 496 38 1,702 489 158 .. 31,429 2,064 1,260 2,062 710 1,397 1,274 2,470 57,821 10,943 21,914 .. 11,560 8,444 160,531

105,176 72,071 56,278 5,736 634 2,080 658 151 1,981 326 155 480 55 920 1,404 3,471 .. .. 518 1,961 1,718 239 3,347 894 111 3,757 794 .. 1,474 616 954 523 2,888 1,571 1,746 462 15,794 445 38 1,746 482 250 .. 33,107 2,189 1,349 2,064 674 1,366 1,018 2,680 61,124 11,709 22,457 .. 12,458 9,257 166,339

111,306 78,138 60,712 6,833 660 2,064 718 175 2,213 351 135 762 65 1,012 1,493 3,624 .. .. 520 1,952 1,757 184 3,606 921 107 4,489 850 .. 1,647 704 1,238 612 2,955 1,246 1,918 504 17,425 447 63 1,965 632 380 .. 33,179 2,182 1,480 2,049 681 1,408 1,295 2,434 63,329 13,722 21,597 .. 12,743 9,835 174,748

120,963 86,122 66,628 7,885 668 2,048 762 204 2,416 393 72 3,550 63 1,387 1,854 3,554 .. .. 502 2,148 1,806 219 3,449 1,004 92 4,132 989 .. 1,235 907 1,110 685 3,108 1,756 1,983 526 19,492 422 62 2,094 548 512 .. 34,859 2,346 1,477 2,129 716 1,623 1,219 2,556 67,352 14,970 22,571 .. 13,601 10,432 188,518

129,714 91,787 70,018 10,188 670 2,012 1,000 289 2,353 435 110 1,147 73 1,767 2,178 3,984 .. .. 508 2,515 1,865 242 3,713 881 84 4,240 966 .. 1,638 806 1,260 754 3,233 1,985 2,096 533 21,761 445 67 2,180 549 553 .. 37,943 2,470 1,418 2,472 736 1,640 1,264 2,256 70,614 15,771 23,501 .. 14,184 11,100 200,632

143,743 100,476 78,220 11,166 678 2,067 1,035 309 2,450 448 101 1,163 74 2,233 3,531 4,486 .. .. 434 3,028 1,936 260 4,134 912 91 4,889 1,009 .. 2,045 800 1,225 828 3,230 2,067 1,868 558 22,257 464 83 2,310 593 487 .. 43,278 4,643 1,437 2,527 758 1,723 1,401 2,248 74,372 16,501 24,613 .. 15,073 11,805 218,660

6.6 8.4 14.9 –1.8 –7.4 8.2 2.6 1.8 4.9 –1.9 96.5 11.5 0.3 13.1 –4.7 –2.2 .. .. .. 4.6 –2.1 –7.5 –0.5 .. 1.1 0.9 3.4 .. –7.7 –1.5 6.8 0.7 9.5 –4.4 0.5 –6.7 –15.4 4.3 .. 1.7 .. –5.3 .. –1.0 –7.5 2.6 .. 3.0 4.7 –1.7 2.7 –2.0 –4.0 –2.2 .. 2.4 0.6 4.2

6.1 5.2 5.6 9.3 1.8 3.7 1.7 1.8 4.1 8.2 .. –2.8 –0.9 –6.5 2.5 8.9 .. .. 9.9 5.3 0.9 –1.6 11.8 1.0 –2.5 10.3 2.1 .. 3.3 –0.3 3.1 –0.8 5.2 5.5 6.0 –2.1 3.9 6.1 –2.3 2.9 11.1 –1.7 .. 7.9 9.6 4.7 0.1 1.0 10.7 2.6 9.8 2.5 –1.4 3.0 .. 5.7 3.5 4.8

8.1 8.6 8.3 18.9 1.5 –0.4 13.2 21.4 5.0 8.9 –10.0 24.4 7.4 26.2 24.9 6.3 .. .. –3.7 11.9 3.0 4.5 4.6 0.0 –6.3 4.8 6.3 .. 6.7 6.8 5.3 12.0 3.2 10.7 2.3 4.4 9.5 0.8 17.9 6.9 2.8 18.7 .. 6.9 17.7 0.8 6.1 3.2 6.4 6.3 –4.2 5.1 8.6 2.7 .. 5.0 6.3 7.1

a. Preliminary.

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts

43

Table

2.19

Gross domestic product growth Annual growth (%) Annual average

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA

1980

1990

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004 a

1980–89

1990–99

2000–04

4.2 2.0 1.1 .. 6.8 12.0 0.8 1.0 –2.0 .. –4.5 –6.0 .. 2.2 17.6 –11.0 .. .. .. .. 2.6 6.3 0.5 .. –16.0 5.6 –2.7 –4.1 0.8 0.4 –4.3 3.4 .. .. .. –2.2 4.2 9.0 .. –3.3 –4.2 4.8 .. 6.6 1.5 12.4 .. 14.6 .. 3.0 14.4 5.3 0.8 10.0 .. 3.6 7.4 4.6

1.1 2.1 0.6 –0.3 3.2 6.8 –1.5 3.5 –6.1 0.7 –2.1 –4.2 5.1 –6.6 1.0 –1.1 –1.9 3.3 .. 2.1 5.2 3.6 3.3 4.4 6.1 4.2 6.4 –51.0 3.1 5.7 –1.9 –1.8 5.8 1.0 2.5 –1.3 8.2 –2.4 1.8 3.9 7.0 3.3 .. –0.3 –5.5 8.6 7.0 –0.2 6.5 –0.5 7.0 4.1 0.8 5.7 .. 4.0 8.0 2.1

2.3 3.5 4.0 6.8 4.5 6.0 1.0 4.8 5.0 7.4 4.7 7.0 0.9 –1.6 3.7 4.8 0.5 21.9 1.8 –4.3 2.1 3.5 4.7 4.8 –28.1 3.3 –4.6 29.7 3.9 3.9 6.0 3.5 6.0 12.6 3.3 10.4 1.9 8.9 2.5 4.5 8.4 1.7 .. 0.5 6.4 3.3 3.7 –2.3 4.9 –1.9 2.9 6.0 5.1 6.2 .. 7.7 4.8 3.7

2.6 2.8 3.3 3.2 4.7 5.4 6.7 –1.0 4.4 8.6 3.6 –0.7 2.9 –4.4 –3.0 1.6 2.2 41.4 0.0 5.4 –6.2 6.4 4.4 4.6 7.8 2.3 0.2 22.9 4.7 3.0 6.7 7.8 5.8 7.5 3.4 –0.6 1.1 7.6 2.5 6.2 1.9 –2.1 .. 2.4 6.3 3.5 3.5 2.5 8.1 2.2 –3.6 4.2 3.2 6.0 .. 0.0 6.1 3.2

3.3 2.7 2.4 3.0 5.8 7.6 1.6 –0.9 4.2 6.6 2.3 –0.4 1.9 –6.9 8.2 –3.3 0.7 1.5 –13.1 6.0 2.0 5.5 3.7 1.9 7.5 0.6 1.3 25.7 4.8 1.6 3.2 6.7 4.0 1.9 3.5 –1.4 4.2 6.0 3.0 3.0 4.8 6.7 .. 4.2 6.5 2.0 5.1 –0.8 5.6 3.6 –7.9 3.7 2.4 5.1 .. 0.9 4.7 3.4

3.5 3.9 4.1 3.1 5.0 5.2 5.9 2.1 4.5 3.8 1.5 10.4 2.3 –2.1 3.8 0.1 .. 1.5 9.2 8.8 2.5 5.8 4.2 4.0 0.2 4.4 3.2 2.9 6.0 –5.0 12.1 3.6 5.6 13.1 2.4 7.1 3.1 6.7 4.0 4.7 –2.2 .. .. 2.7 6.1 1.8 6.2 –0.2 4.9 4.9 –2.7 4.1 3.6 3.3 .. 6.5 5.4 3.7

3.4 3.2 3.7 14.4 4.5 5.0 4.4 4.4 4.0 4.6 –0.8 8.4 2.3 3.5 4.6 –1.6 .. 17.6 0.7 1.9 0.0 –3.2 4.5 4.2 –7.1 0.4 3.5 3.7 –12.7 2.9 4.2 2.3 2.9 8.2 6.7 3.0 1.5 9.4 4.1 1.1 1.3 28.2 .. 3.7 6.0 2.9 7.2 4.1 6.5 3.3 –4.4 3.6 3.4 3.0 .. 4.4 6.0 3.5

4.1 4.8 3.3 3.4 3.9 6.7 6.5 –1.2 4.0 6.2 –7.6 14.9 2.1 5.7 0.8 –1.7 .. 14.7 3.9 –3.7 2.6 6.9 4.7 1.2 0.6 2.8 3.1 –31.3 9.8 6.1 7.4 6.4 2.9 7.9 3.5 5.3 10.7 0.9 4.0 6.5 –6.3 9.8 .. 3.0 6.0 2.4 7.1 2.7 4.4 5.1 –10.4 4.4 3.9 4.5 .. 3.4 6.5 4.2

5.1 5.5 5.4 11.1 3.1 4.9 3.9 4.8 3.7 4.4 1.3 29.5 1.9 6.8 3.6 1.6 .. 10.0 2.0 13.4 1.4 5.1 5.0 2.7 2.2 4.3 3.1 2.6 5.3 7.1 2.2 6.9 4.4 7.5 6.0 0.0 6.0 4.0 3.8 6.2 –2.0 9.6 .. 4.5 6.0 2.1 6.7 3.0 5.6 5.4 –4.2 5.0 4.6 5.5 .. 3.6 6.0 5.1

1.8 2.2 2.6 3.5 2.7 10.9 3.9 4.5 4.5 6.3 1.6 6.7 2.9 2.1 3.8 0.7 .. .. .. 2.1 0.5 3.5 2.6 .. 3.8 4.1 4.1 –3.3 0.8 2.4 0.5 1.9 5.9 –0.9 1.1 –0.4 0.8 2.5 .. 3.2 3.1 0.5 .. 1.4 2.4 6.5 .. 1.5 2.3 1.0 3.3 4.2 2.9 5.5 .. 4.2 3.2 2.6

2.4 2.7 2.8 1.0 4.7 4.7 4.1 –3.2 1.3 5.9 1.8 2.3 1.2 –5.0 0.9 3.5 –1.7 20.7 7.9 4.0 3.2 2.7 4.3 4.5 1.4 2.2 4.2 0.2 1.7 3.8 3.9 4.5 5.3 6.3 4.0 2.4 2.4 –1.6 1.7 3.0 4.5 –3.7 .. 2.0 5.3 3.3 2.7 3.6 7.2 0.2 2.7 3.3 1.7 4.4 .. 2.4 4.6 2.7

4.0 4.3 4.0 8.1 4.1 5.5 5.2 2.3 4.1 4.9 –2.0 14.7 2.2 3.7 3.1 –0.6 .. 11.8 3.6 3.7 1.6 3.2 4.6 3.0 –1.5 2.7 3.2 –8.7 0.9 3.0 6.3 4.7 3.7 8.9 4.7 3.9 5.4 5.2 4.0 4.4 –2.4 11.2 .. 3.4 6.0 2.4 6.9 2.6 5.4 4.6 –5.9 4.2 3.8 4.0 .. 4.4 6.0 4.1

a. Preliminary.

44

Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Table

2.20

Gross domestic product per capita growth Annual growth (%) Annual average

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA

1980

1990

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004 a

1980–89

1990–99

2000–04

1.1 –1.1 –2.1 .. 3.5 8.2 –1.3 –1.9 –4.8 .. –7.0 –8.0 .. –0.9 14.0 –15.1 .. .. .. .. –0.5 2.9 –2.0 .. –18.8 1.7 –5.2 –7.2 –2.0 –2.6 –6.5 0.9 .. .. .. –5.2 1.2 5.5 .. –5.8 –5.4 2.9 .. 4.2 –1.7 9.0 .. 11.1 .. –0.3 10.5 2.5 –2.5 7.5 .. 1.1 4.6 1.5

–1.8 –0.9 –2.3 –3.0 –0.3 3.9 –4.4 1.0 –8.8 –1.6 –4.4 –7.0 2.4 –9.7 –2.2 –4.4 –6.4 1.4 .. –1.6 1.8 –0.3 0.5 0.9 3.1 0.8 5.0 –50.5 0.2 1.7 –4.3 –4.0 5.0 –0.3 –1.8 –4.3 5.1 –2.1 –0.4 0.9 6.1 1.6 .. –2.3 –7.5 5.2 3.5 –3.1 2.7 –3.4 3.8 1.8 –1.7 3.5 .. 1.9 5.4 –0.6

–0.2 0.9 1.3 4.4 1.6 4.2 –1.7 3.9 2.8 5.0 2.6 3.7 –1.2 –3.5 0.3 2.1 –3.0 19.0 –1.1 –6.7 –0.6 0.1 2.4 2.6 –30.0 0.9 –5.8 19.0 0.8 1.0 3.2 0.7 4.9 10.0 0.4 6.7 –0.6 –1.7 0.7 1.9 6.3 0.1 .. –1.8 4.0 0.0 1.4 –5.8 1.8 –4.1 1.6 4.4 3.6 4.3 .. 6.4 3.5 1.3

0.1 0.3 0.8 0.9 1.7 3.9 3.8 –2.1 2.2 6.1 1.7 –3.8 0.7 –6.3 –6.1 –0.8 –1.2 38.1 –3.3 4.0 –8.4 3.0 2.1 2.5 4.9 0.0 –0.8 14.2 1.6 0.2 3.8 4.8 4.5 5.2 0.8 –3.9 –1.3 –1.8 0.6 3.5 –0.1 –4.3 .. –0.1 4.0 0.6 1.3 –1.1 4.8 0.0 –4.7 2.6 1.8 4.1 .. –1.2 4.7 0.9

0.8 0.3 –0.1 0.5 2.7 6.5 –1.3 –2.5 2.1 4.1 0.6 –3.7 –0.3 –8.9 4.8 –5.4 –2.3 –0.9 –16.3 2.9 –0.2 2.2 1.4 –0.2 4.5 –1.6 0.6 19.3 1.7 –1.1 0.3 3.6 2.9 –0.2 1.2 –4.7 1.8 –1.0 0.9 0.5 3.9 3.5 .. 1.6 4.3 –0.4 2.9 –4.0 2.4 1.5 –8.8 2.2 1.0 3.4 .. –0.2 3.5 1.1

1.0 1.4 1.6 0.4 1.8 4.6 2.7 –0.2 2.4 1.4 0.0 6.7 0.2 –4.5 0.6 –1.8 .. –0.9 4.8 5.5 0.5 2.6 1.9 1.8 –2.7 2.1 2.7 –0.2 3.0 –7.3 8.9 0.6 4.4 10.7 0.5 3.5 0.7 2.2 1.8 2.2 –2.3 .. .. 0.9 4.0 –0.4 4.1 –3.1 1.6 2.9 –3.5 2.2 1.1 1.5 .. 5.1 3.7 1.3

1.0 0.7 1.1 11.2 1.2 4.7 1.1 1.6 2.0 2.2 –2.1 4.6 0.2 0.8 1.4 –3.2 .. 14.9 –3.7 –2.2 –1.7 –6.1 2.2 2.0 –9.8 –1.7 3.3 2.2 –15.1 0.5 1.1 –0.7 2.1 6.0 5.0 –0.5 –0.7 6.5 1.8 –1.3 –1.7 22.7 .. 2.5 4.0 1.0 5.1 1.3 3.0 1.5 –5.1 1.6 2.5 1.2 .. 2.0 0.5 1.1

1.8 2.4 0.9 0.5 0.6 6.7 3.1 –4.3 2.1 3.7 –8.8 10.9 0.0 2.7 –2.2 –3.2 .. 12.1 –0.7 –5.1 1.0 3.9 2.5 –1.0 –2.4 0.6 3.1 –31.6 6.8 3.8 4.3 3.2 1.9 5.8 2.1 1.8 8.3 –0.8 1.6 4.0 –5.3 4.9 .. 1.9 4.0 0.8 5.0 0.0 0.9 3.4 –10.9 3.1 5.7 1.1 .. 4.3 5.0 2.2

2.9 3.1 2.9 7.9 –0.2 5.0 0.6 1.3 1.8 2.0 0.0 25.2 –0.2 3.7 0.6 0.1 .. 7.5 –2.3 10.1 –0.2 2.2 2.8 0.5 –0.8 2.0 3.3 2.0 2.4 4.8 –0.8 3.7 3.4 5.4 4.7 –3.3 3.7 2.5 1.4 3.7 –3.0 5.2 .. 5.2 4.0 0.8 4.7 0.4 2.0 3.7 –4.7 2.5 3.6 2.2 .. 0.7 5.1 2.7

–0.8 –0.9 –0.5 –0.3 –0.2 8.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 4.2 –1.6 2.7 0.1 –1.2 3.5 –4.4 –6.8 –1.6 .. –0.9 –1.3 0.3 –1.1 1.6 0.4 0.5 1.3 –6.2 –2.4 –2.4 –1.8 –0.2 4.9 –0.6 –2.3 –3.0 –1.9 –0.3 –0.6 –0.4 1.2 –1.2 .. –0.3 0.6 3.6 0.4 –0.9 –0.6 –1.8 1.4 1.7 –0.3 3.4 .. 1.6 1.0 0.0

–0.6 –0.2 –0.3 –1.7 1.1 2.8 0.9 –2.8 –2.1 2.8 –1.1 –0.8 –0.6 –8.2 –2.3 –0.3 –3.8 17.4 6.4 –0.1 –0.2 –0.4 1.6 0.9 –1.0 –0.6 2.7 –3.2 –1.3 2.0 0.9 1.2 4.2 2.8 0.8 –1.4 0.4 1.2 –0.1 0.4 3.3 –3.5 .. –0.8 2.1 0.6 0.2 –0.4 3.5 –2.1 0.6 1.5 –0.4 2.6 .. 1.1 3.3 0.1

1.5 1.6 1.3 4.1 1.2 5.5 1.2 –0.8 2.1 2.7 –2.1 8.7 0.0 –1.2 1.0 –2.7 –2.3 6.5 –3.7 2.3 –0.1 1.0 2.2 0.6 –2.3 0.3 2.6 –1.7 –0.2 0.2 2.7 2.1 2.9 5.5 2.7 –0.6 2.7 1.9 1.5 1.8 –1.7 5.1 .. 2.4 4.1 0.3 4.4 –1.1 2.0 2.6 –6.6 2.3 2.8 1.9 .. 2.4 3.6 1.7

a. Preliminary.

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts

45

Table

2.21

Gross national income per capita Dollarsa Annual average

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA

1980

1990

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004b

1980–89

1990–99

2000–04

650 519 434 .. 390 960 310 220 620 .. 340 230 .. 600 820 1,120 .. .. .. .. 4,790 370 410 .. 150 460 490 530 440 190 250 450 .. .. .. 390 810 250 .. 500 2,080 380 100 2,510 450 960 .. 410 .. 600 930 1,276 2,060 500 10,460 970 1,360 769

577 372 393 730 330 2,450 350 210 960 940 460 260 550 220 880 730 .. 350 .. 170 4,780 310 380 430 220 380 640 .. 230 180 260 540 2,300 170 1,740 280 280 360 420 660 5,020 200 140 3,390 550 1,200 200 380 320 420 850 1,375 2,420 760 .. 1,030 1,430 732

514 317 325 460 340 3,100 260 140 610 1,240 290 210 420 110 530 740 750 1,070 220 100 3,820 320 370 460 140 440 680 130 240 200 240 440 3,760 200 2,020 190 280 270 280 470 7,320 160 .. 3,280 300 1,460 250 290 280 310 570 1,534 1,560 1,240 .. 1,290 2,050 697

498 309 315 390 340 2,860 260 130 600 1,290 280 200 410 100 450 710 760 830 210 100 3,180 320 380 440 150 440 650 120 240 180 230 440 3,710 220 1,890 170 280 270 290 460 7,290 150 .. 3,150 310 1,470 270 280 280 310 500 1,578 1,540 1,350 .. 1,240 2,080 689

482 300 304 430 340 2,870 250 110 580 1,280 270 180 400 80 520 650 780 650 180 110 3,090 320 330 400 160 430 630 130 240 150 220 460 3,690 210 1,870 160 280 250 300 450 7,320 140 .. 3,050 310 1,370 280 270 260 290 460 1,641 1,570 1,460 .. 1,220 2,080 685

473 306 303 470 330 3,000 240 100 560 1,240 260 190 400 80 570 600 780 710 180 110 3,080 310 290 370 140 420 590 130 250 140 220 410 3,850 210 1,770 160 320 230 310 440 7,220 150 .. 2,830 340 1,380 290 240 240 300 580 1,674 1,660 1,480 .. 1,230 2,060 681

464 313 311 610 330 2,700 250 100 570 1,210 250 200 400 90 620 570 790 .. 170 100 2,990 270 270 360 130 400 540 140 220 140 220 450 3,850 210 1,740 160 320 210 320 420 6,800 160 .. 2,630 390 1,190 300 240 230 310 890 1,634 1,710 1,390 4,760 1,220 1,990 666

510 349 343 690 380 3,500 290 90 650 1,400 260 230 460 100 640 630 870 .. 170 90 3,340 270 310 380 140 430 590 100 280 150 270 460 4,100 230 1,990 180 380 200 350 510 7,430 190 .. 2,850 440 1,310 310 260 230 350 920 1,670 1,930 1,310 4,350 1,370 2,260 709

600 397 390 930 450 4,360 350 90 810 1,720 310 250 560 110 760 760 950 .. 190 110 4,080 280 380 410 160 480 730 120 290 160 330 530 4,640 270 2,380 210 430 210 390 630 8,190 210 .. 3,630 530 1,660 320 310 250 400 620 1,784 2,270 1,250 4,400 1,570 2,650 803

576 412 386 740 319 1,202 284 231 883 910 345 217 383 347 990 811 .. 343 .. 156 4,403 304 370 415 178 381 522 399 320 168 204 458 1,390 251 1,466 289 496 289 485 474 2,764 280 127 2,797 528 934 .. 306 285 432 858 1,305 2,462 631 7,826 806 1,264 716

534 322 335 452 329 2,876 287 166 749 1,122 365 236 512 154 658 712 790 546 208 131 4,232 333 379 460 202 348 724 120 232 187 253 480 3,199 167 1,991 213 270 282 355 560 6,420 173 140 3,471 326 1,404 205 324 245 346 659 1,380 1,755 956 .. 1,170 1,808 692

506 333 330 626 366 3,286 276 98 634 1,370 270 210 444 92 622 642 834 680 178 104 3,316 290 316 384 146 432 616 124 256 148 252 462 4,026 226 1,950 174 346 220 334 490 7,392 170 .. 2,998 402 1,382 300 264 242 330 694 1,681 1,828 1,378 4,503 1,322 2,208 709

a. Calculated by the World Bank Atlas method. b. Preliminary.

46

Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Table

2.22

Total consumption per capita

Dollars Annual average

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S. Africa & Nigeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Morocco Tunisia ALL AFRICA

1980

1990

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004 a

1980–89

1990–99

2000–04

491 389 334 .. 403 742 314 224 603 458 373 .. 406 462 609 971 .. .. .. .. 2,420 348 374 .. 141 365 507 435 452 179 254 456 1,020 319 1,354 345 643 214 555 526 1,667 337 105 1,818 373 949 .. 314 99 518 788 824 1,281 443 5,040 843 1,041 563

469 326 352 685 349 1,523 347 210 759 1,030 499 309 622 224 859 757 .. 450 .. 213 3,926 303 359 373 233 299 591 .. 242 172 255 478 1,725 194 1,376 289 222 342 702 651 4,196 145 155 2,444 .. 1,041 160 351 241 328 686 1,094 1,789 650 .. 870 1,124 590

440 285 298 394 321 1,736 232 148 494 1,446 272 213 436 131 421 642 774 853 299 110 2,320 298 353 367 176 431 676 .. 228 148 211 434 2,686 202 1,624 184 231 299 325 419 6,270 153 .. 2,624 332 1,339 254 308 272 303 398 1,303 1,166 1,152 .. 1,078 1,623 596

424 276 283 361 325 1,774 236 130 515 1,558 252 194 445 88 417 603 815 .. 284 101 2,280 302 383 346 171 384 628 .. 219 159 206 416 2,780 196 1,598 171 245 258 378 418 5,762 167 .. 2,514 307 1,347 247 294 234 302 401 1,259 1,088 1,122 .. 1,030 1,672 573

408 264 270 399 295 1,746 215 117 540 1,347 233 159 373 82 396 512 815 .. 240 101 2,779 293 237 307 171 375 579 .. 221 146 183 355 2,861 186 1,549 147 238 223 345 378 5,891 159 .. 2,450 315 1,271 237 253 221 277 509 1,261 976 1,214 .. 979 1,550 559

402 280 282 534 299 1,747 229 109 513 1,373 224 190 402 88 369 501 .. .. 230 96 1,659 271 243 298 169 369 494 178 230 140 188 409 2,796 186 1,383 152 273 198 411 390 6,101 194 .. 2,137 359 1,144 243 238 212 276 911 1,265 1,084 1,171 .. 981 1,563 553

423 317 326 554 353 1,870 254 103 570 1,509 241 231 430 101 413 488 .. .. 218 88 1,942 231 275 331 156 359 459 180 237 176 240 417 2,818 195 1,310 163 281 201 430 435 6,398 211 .. 1,950 382 881 239 258 213 274 2,267 1,251 1,145 1,065 .. 1,066 1,694 569

488 326 329 741 422 2,684 324 91 706 1,910 260 238 544 99 497 620 .. .. 296 96 2,468 227 322 374 155 400 664 139 283 158 297 545 3,215 226 1,662 199 313 194 487 623 6,823 210 .. 2,840 424 1,421 252 285 218 311 579 1,300 1,280 965 .. 1,276 2,013 633

566 357 361 953 468 3,136 355 99 802 2,148 285 317 637 114 543 688 .. .. 357 115 2,844 243 357 384 178 420 819 153 222 165 332 611 3,736 267 2,083 213 338 202 482 616 6,609 213 .. 3,694 491 1,932 275 329 223 386 345 1,330 1,491 844 .. 1,408 2,215 706

445 321 309 586 313 780 277 215 691 550 352 221 394 288 681 681 .. .. .. 140 2,501 276 340 324 177 301 475 446 301 150 206 433 1,078 277 1,474 259 385 272 579 480 2,170 250 136 2,094 488 812 204 270 231 397 700 944 1,697 540 5,044 667 961 545

452 285 300 460 317 1,714 252 171 618 1,189 344 235 519 154 592 637 828 463 251 121 2,713 315 348 388 205 312 690 .. 231 180 230 442 2,413 173 1,666 202 221 283 462 498 5,142 181 155 2,782 319 1,297 189 303 217 330 531 1,107 1,212 832 .. 1,001 1,440 576

458 309 314 636 367 2,236 276 104 626 1,657 249 227 477 97 444 562 815 .. 268 99 2,339 253 287 339 166 385 603 162 239 157 248 467 3,085 212 1,597 175 289 203 431 488 6,364 197 .. 2,614 394 1,330 249 273 217 305 922 1,282 1,195 1,052 .. 1,142 1,807 604

a. Preliminary.

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts

47

Table

3.1

Millennium Development Goal 1: eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Share of population below national poverty linea (poverty headcount ratio) Survey year

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Morocco Tunisia

Percentage

International poverty line Share of population below PPP $1 a daya Survey year

Percentage

Poverty gap ratio at $1 a daya (incidence x depth of poverty) Survey year

Percentage

.. 1999 .. 2003 1990 2001 .. .. 1996 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1994 2000 .. 1998 1998–99 1994 .. 1997 .. .. 1999 1998 1998 2000 .. 1996–97 .. 1993 1992 1999 .. 1992 .. 2003 .. .. .. .. 2000–01 .. 2003 1998 1996

.. 29.0 .. 46.4 36.4 40.2 .. .. 64.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 53.0 44.2 .. 57.6 39.5 40.0 .. 52.0 .. .. 71.3 65.3 63.8 46.3 .. 69.4 .. 63.0 34.1 60.3 .. 33.4 .. 70.2 .. .. .. .. 35.7 .. 37.7 72.9 34.9

.. 2003 1993 2003 1998 2001 .. 1993 .. .. .. .. 2002 .. .. .. 2000 .. 1998 1998–99 .. .. 1997 1995 .. 2001 1998 1994 2000 .. 1996–97 1993 1995 2003 2000 .. 1995 .. .. .. 2000 .. .. 2000–01 .. .. 2002–03 1995

.. 30.9 23.5 27.2 54.6 17.1 .. 66.6 .. .. .. .. 14.8 .. .. .. 23.0 .. 59.3 44.8 .. .. 22.8 36.4 .. 61.0 41.7 72.3 25.9 .. 37.8 34.9 60.6 70.8 51.7 .. 22.3 .. .. .. 10.7 .. .. 57.8 .. .. 75.8 56.1

.. 2003 1993 2003 1998 2001 .. 1993 .. .. .. .. 2002 .. .. .. 2000 .. 1998 1998–99 .. .. 1997 1995 .. 2001 1998 1994 2000 .. 1996–97 1993 1995 2003 2000 .. 1995 .. .. .. 2000 .. .. 2000–01 .. .. 2002–03 1995

.. 8.2 7.7 7.3 22.7 4.1 .. 38.1 .. .. .. .. 4.1 .. .. .. 4.8 .. 28.8 17.3 .. .. 5.9 19.0 .. 27.9 14.8 37.4 7.6 .. 12.0 14.0 34.0 34.5 20.0 .. 5.7 .. .. .. 1.7 .. .. 20.7 .. .. 36.4 24.2

1995 1999–2000 .. 1998–99 1995

22.6 16.7 .. 19.0 7.6

1995 1999–2000 .. 1998–99 2000

2.0 3.1 .. 2.0 2.0

1995 1999–2000 .. 1998–99 2000

0.5 0.5 .. 0.5 0.5

a. Data are based on expenditure shares, except for Namibia and Swaziland, where data are based on income shares b. Data are for most recent year available during the period specified.

48

Part II. Millennium Development Goals

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Share of poorest quintile in national consumption or income a Survey year

Share of population below minimum dietary energy consumption (%)

Prevalence of child malnutrition, underweight (% of children under age 5)

Percentage

1989–94b

2000–04b

2003

.. 2003 1993 2003 1998 2001 .. 1993 .. .. .. .. 2002 .. .. .. 2000 .. 1998 1998–99 1994 1993 1997 1995 .. 2001 1997 1994 2000 .. 1996–97 1993 1995 2003 .. .. 1995 .. .. .. 2000 .. 1994 2000–01 .. 1999 2002–03 1995

.. 7.4 2.2 6.9 5.1 5.6 .. 2.0 .. .. .. .. 5.2 .. .. .. 9.1 .. 4.8 5.6 6.4 5.2 6.0 1.5 .. 4.9 4.9 4.6 6.2 .. 6.5 1.4 2.6 5.0 .. .. 6.4 .. .. .. 3.5 .. 2.7 7.3 .. 5.9 6.1 4.6

20.0 .. .. 32.7 .. 15.1 13.5 .. .. 18.5 .. .. 23.8 22.9 .. 41.0 47.7 .. .. 27.3 26.8 .. 22.5 21.4 .. 45.2 27.6 .. 47.6 .. .. 26.2 42.6 39.1 29.4 .. 22.2 .. 28.7 .. .. 33.9 .. 28.9 .. 23.0 25.2 15.5

30.5 22.9 12.5 37.7 45.1 18.1 .. 24.3 36.7 25.4 31.0 .. 17.2 .. 18.6 39.6 47.2 11.9 17.2 22.1 32.7 25.0 19.9 18.0 26.5 41.9 21.9 33.2 31.8 .. 23.7 24.0 40.1 28.7 24.3 12.9 22.7 .. 27.2 25.8 .. 40.7 10.3 .. .. 22.9 23.0 ..

38 14 30 17 67 25 .. 45 33 62 72 34 14 26 .. 73 46 5 27 12 24 37 31 12 49 38 34 28 10 6 45 23 32 9 36 12 23 9 50 .. .. 27 19 44 25 19 47 45

1995 1999–2000 .. 1998–99 2000

7.0 8.6 .. 6.5 6.0

9.2 9.9 .. 9.5 ..

10.4 8.6 .. 10.2 4.0

5 3 3 6 3

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Part II. Millennium Development Goals

49

Table

3.2

Millennium Development Goal 2: achieve universal primary education

Net primary enrollment ratio (% of relevant age group)

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Morocco Tunisia

Primary completion rate (% of relevant age group)

Share of cohort reaching grade 5 (% of grade 1 students)

Youth literacy rate (% ages 15–24)

1991

2004a

1991

2004a

1991

2003

1990

2004

50 41 83 29 53 74 91 52 35 57 54 79 45 29 91 16 22 85 48 54 27 38 .. 71 .. 64 48 21 35 91 43 .. 22 .. 66 .. 43 .. 43 9 90 40 75 49 64 .. .. ..

.. 83 82 40 57 .. 92 .. 57 55 .. .. 56 33 59 48 46 77 73 58 64 45 76 86 66 89 95 46 74 95 71 74 39 88 73 .. 66 100 .. .. 89 43 77 86 79 98 80 82

35 21 79 21 46 56 .. 27 18 .. 46 54 43 27 .. .. .. .. .. 63 17 .. .. 58 .. 33 31 11 33 102 26 .. 17 .. 47 .. .. .. .. .. 75 40 62 61 35 .. .. 91

.. 49 92 29 33 63 95 .. 29 50 .. 66 .. 29 .. 44 51 .. .. 65 48 .. 89 71 .. 45 58 44 43 100 29 .. 25 75 37 75 45 106 .. .. .. 49 .. 57 66 57 66 ..

.. 55 84 70 62 .. .. 23 51 .. 55 60 73 87 .. .. 18 .. .. 80 59 .. 77 66 .. 21 64 70 75 97 34 62 62 89 60 .. 85 93 .. .. .. 94 77 81 48 36 .. 76

.. 69 .. 76 63 .. 91 .. 46 63 .. .. .. .. .. 80 .. .. .. .. 82 .. 75 63 .. 57 .. 79 82 99 .. .. 74 35 46 .. 78 .. .. .. .. 92 .. 88 76 .. .. ..

.. 40 83 .. 52 81 81 52 48 57 69 93 53 73 93 61 43 .. 42 82 44 .. 90 87 57 72 63 .. 46 91 49 87 17 74 73 .. 40 .. .. .. 88 65 85 83 63 70 81 94

72 45 94 31 73 .. .. 59 38 .. 70 .. 61 .. 95 .. .. .. .. 71 47 .. 80 .. .. 70 76 24 61 95 .. 92 37 .. 78 .. 49 99 48 .. 94 77 88 78 74 77 69 ..

89 84 96 56 94

97 94 .. 87 97

79 .. .. 46 74

94 95 .. 75 97

95 .. .. 75 86

96 .. .. .. ..

77 61 91 55 84

90 .. .. 70 94

a. Provisional.

50

Part II. Millennium Development Goals

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Table

3.3

Millennium Development Goal 3: promote gender equality and empower women

Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school (%)

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Morocco Tunisia

Ratio of young literate women to men (% ages 15–24)

Women in national parliaments (% of total seats)

Share of women in wage employment in the nonagricultural sector (%)

1991

2004a

1990

2004

1990

2006

2000

2003

.. 49 109 62 82 83 .. 60 41 71 .. 85 65 70 .. .. 68 .. 64 79 46 .. 94 124 .. 98 81 59 67 102 72 108 57 79 96 .. 69 .. 67 .. 104 78 98 97 59 82 .. 92

.. 71 .. 76 82 87 100 .. 58 84 .. .. .. 75 .. 73 73 .. .. 91 72 .. 94 104 .. .. 98 74 96 103 82 .. 71 84 100 .. 90 .. .. .. .. 88 .. .. 73 97 93 ..

.. 44 110 .. 77 88 87 60 65 78 72 95 62 78 92 68 66 .. 68 86 43 .. 93 126 51 86 68 .. 65 100 48 104 37 82 86 .. 60 .. .. .. 100 71 101 87 60 76 88 95

75 56 104 65 92 .. .. 67 42 .. 81 .. 74 .. 100 .. .. .. .. 86 57 .. 101 .. .. 94 86 52 82 102 .. 103 44 .. 98 .. 70 101 63 .. 101 84 103 94 76 86 91 ..

15 3 5 .. .. 14 12 4 .. 0 5 14 6 0 13 .. .. 13 8 .. .. 20 1 .. .. 7 10 .. .. 7 16 7 5 .. 17 12 13 16 .. 4 3 .. 4 .. 5 12 7 11

15 7 11 12 31 9 .. 11 7 .. 12 9 9 .. .. 22 21 9 13 19 .. 14 7 12 13 7 14 10 .. 17 35 27 12 6 49 .. 19 .. 15 8 33 15 11 30 7 24 13 16

.. .. 45 15 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21 .. .. 34 .. .. .. .. .. .. 34 .. .. .. 12 .. .. 39 .. 49 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 32 .. .. .. .. 20

.. .. 47 15 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 .. .. 35 .. .. .. .. .. .. 39 .. .. .. 13 .. .. 35b .. 51 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19 31 .. .. .. .. 22

83 81 .. 70 86

99 .. .. 88 ..

79 72 84 62 81

92 .. .. 75 96

2 4 .. 0 4

6 2 5 11 23

12 19 .. 26 25

16 22 .. 26 25

a. Provisional. b. Data are for 2004.

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Part II. Millennium Development Goals

51

Table

3.4

Millennium Development Goal 4: reduce child mortality

Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000)

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Morocco Tunisia

52

Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)

Child immunization rate, measles (% of children ages 12–23 months)

1990

2004

1990

2004

1990

2004

260 185 58 210 190 139 60 168 203 120 205 110 157 163 170 147 204 92 154 122 240 253 97 104 235 168 241 250 133 23 235 86 320 230 173 118 148 19 302 225 60 120 110 161 152 160 180 80

260 152 116 192 190 149 36 193 200 70 205 108 194 126 204 82 166 91 122 112 155 203 120 112 235 123 175 219 125 15 152 63 259 197 203 118 137 14 283 225 67 91 156 126 140 138 182 129

154 111 45 113 114 85 45 102 117 88 129 83 103 122 103 88 131 60 103 75 145 153 64 74 157 103 146 140 85 20 158 60 191 120 103 75 90 17 175 133 45 74 78 102 88 93 101 53

154 90 84 97 114 87 27 115 117 52 129 81 117 101 122 52 110 60 89 68 101 126 79 80 157 76 110 121 78 14 104 47 152 101 118 75 78 12 165 133 54 63 108 78 78 80 102 79

38 79 87 79 74 56 79 83 32 87 38 75 56 85 88 .. 38 76 86 61 35 53 78 80 .. 47 81 43 38 76 59 57 25 54 83 71 51 86 .. 30 79 57 85 80 73 52 90 87

64 85 90 78 75 64 69 35 56 73 64 65 49 60 51 84 71 55 90 83 73 80 73 70 42 59 80 75 64 98 77 70 74 35 84 91 57 99 64 40 81 59 70 94 70 91 84 80

69 104 41 89 52

40 36 20 43 25

54 76 35 69 41

35 26 18 38 21

83 86 89 80 93

81 97 99 95 95

Part II. Millennium Development Goals

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Table

3.5

Millennium Development Goal 5: improve maternal health Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)

Maternal mortality ratio, modeled estimate (per 100,000 live births)

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Morocco Tunisia

2000

1989–94a

2000–04a

1,700 850 100 1,000 1,000 730 150 1,100 1,100 480 990 510 690 730 880 630 850 420 540 540 740 1,100 1,000 550 760 550 1,800 1,200 1,000 24 1,000 300 1,600 800 1,400 .. 690 .. 2,000 1,100 230 590 370 1,500 570 880 750 1,100

.. .. .. 42 .. 58 .. .. .. .. .. .. 45 .. 5 .. .. .. 44 44 31 .. 45 50 .. 57 55 .. 40 97 .. 68 15 31 26 .. 47 .. .. .. .. 86 56 44 .. 38 51 69

45 66 94 38 25 62 .. 44 14 62 61 .. 68 61 65 28 6 86 55 47 56 35 42 60 51 51 61 41 57 99 48 76 16 35 31 76 58 .. 42 25 .. 87 74 46 61 39 43 ..

140 84 97 220 120

77 41 .. 31 ..

96 69 .. 63 90

a. Data are for most recent year available during the period specified.

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Part II. Millennium Development Goals

53

Table

3.6

Millennium Development Goal 6: combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases Prevalence of HIV (% ages 15–49) 2005

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe NORTH AFRICA Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Morocco Tunisia

Contraceptive prevalence rate Share of women ages 15–49

Deaths due Malaria prevention to malaria Children sleeping under (per 100,000 insecticide-treated bednets people) (% of children under age 5)

Survey year Percentage 1997–2004a

6.1 3.7 1.8 24.1 2.0 3.3 5.4 .. 10.7 3.5