A Modest Proposal (Webster's Thesaurus Edition)

A MODEST PROPOSAL Webster’s Thesaurus Edition for PSAT®, SAT®, GRE®, LSAT®, GMAT®, and AP® English Test Preparation

Jonathan Swift

PSAT is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board and the National Merit Scholarship Corporation neither of which sponsors or endorses this book; SAT is a registered trademark of the College Board which neither sponsors nor endorses this book; GRE, AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which neither sponsors nor endorses this book, GMAT is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admissions Council which is neither affiliated with this book nor endorses this book, LSAT is a registered trademark of the Law School Admissions Council which neither sponsors nor endorses this product. All rights reserved.

A Modest Proposal Webster’s Thesaurus Edition for PSAT®, SAT®, GRE®, LSAT®, GMAT®, and AP® English Test Preparation

Jonathan Swift

PSAT® is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board and the National Merit Scholarship Corporation neither of which sponsors or endorses this book; SAT® is a registered trademark of the College Board which neither sponsors nor endorses this book; GRE®, AP® and Advanced Placement® are registered trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which neither sponsors nor endorses this book, GMAT® is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admissions Council which is neither affiliated with this book nor endorses this book, LSAT® is a registered trademark of the Law School Admissions Council which neither sponsors nor endorses this product. All rights reserved.

ICON CLASSICS Published by ICON Group International, Inc. 7404 Trade Street San Diego, CA 92121 USA www.icongrouponline.com A Modest Proposal: Webster’s Thesaurus Edition for PSAT®, SAT®, GRE®, LSAT®, GMAT®, and AP® English Test Preparation This edition published by ICON Classics in 2005 Printed in the United States of America. Copyright ©2005 by ICON Group International, Inc. Edited by Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. (INSEAD); Copyright ©2005, all rights reserved. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. PSAT® is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board and the National Merit Scholarship Corporation neither of which sponsors or endorses this book; SAT® is a registered trademark of the College Board which neither sponsors nor endorses this book; GRE®, AP® and Advanced Placement® are registered trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which neither sponsors nor endorses this book, GMAT® is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admissions Council which is neither affiliated with this book nor endorses this book, LSAT® is a registered trademark of the Law School Admissions Council which neither sponsors nor endorses this product. All rights reserved. ISBN 0-497-25286-4

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Contents PREFACE FROM THE EDITOR .......................................................................................... 1 A MODEST PROPOSAL FOR PREVENTING THE CHILDREN OF POOR PEOPLE IN IRELAND FROM BEING A BURDEN TO THEIR PARENTS OR THE COUNTRY, AND FOR MAKING THEM BENEFICIAL TO THE PUBLIC. 1729. ........................................................ 3 GLOSSARY ..................................................................................................................... 13

Jonathan Swift

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PREFACE FROM THE EDITOR Designed for school districts, educators, and students seeking to maximize performance on standardized tests, Webster’s paperbacks take advantage of the fact that classics are frequently assigned readings in English courses. By using a running thesaurus at the bottom of each page, this edition of A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift was edited for students who are actively building their vocabularies in anticipation of taking PSAT®, SAT®, AP® (Advanced Placement®), GRE®, 1 LSAT®, GMAT® or similar examinations. Webster’s edition of this classic is organized to expose the reader to a maximum number of synonyms and antonyms for difficult and often ambiguous English words that are encountered in other works of literature, conversation, or academic examinations. Extremely rare or idiosyncratic words and expressions are given lower priority in the notes compared to words which are “difficult, and often encountered” in examinations. Rather than supply a single synonym, many are provided for a variety of meanings, allowing readers to better grasp the ambiguity of the English language, and avoid using the notes as a pure crutch. Having the reader decipher a word’s meaning within context serves to improve vocabulary retention and understanding. Each page covers words not already highlighted on previous pages. If a difficult word is not noted on a page, chances are that it has been highlighted on a previous page. A more complete thesaurus is supplied at the end of the book; Synonyms and antonyms are extracted from Webster’s Online Dictionary. Definitions of remaining terms as well as translations can be found at www.websters-onlinedictionary.org. Please send suggestions to [email protected] The Editor Webster’s Online Dictionary www.websters-online-dictionary.org

PSAT® is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board and the National Merit Scholarship Corporation neither of which sponsors or endorses this book; SAT® is a registered trademark of the College Board which neither sponsors nor endorses this book; GRE®, AP® and Advanced Placement® are registered trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which neither sponsors nor endorses this book, GMAT® is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admissions Council which is neither affiliated with this book nor endorses this book, LSAT® is a registered trademark of the Law School Admissions Council which neither sponsors nor endorses this product. All rights reserved.

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Jonathan Swift

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A MODEST PROPOSAL FOR PREVENTING THE CHILDREN OF POOR PEOPLE IN IRELAND FROM BEING A BURDEN TO THEIR PARENTS OR THE COUNTRY, AND FOR MAKING THEM BENEFICIAL TO THE PUBLIC. 1729.%

It is a melancholy object to those, who walk through this great town, or travel in the country, when they see the streets, the roads and cabbin-doors crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags, and importuning every passenger for an alms. These mothers instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood, are forced to employ all their time in stroling to beg sustenance for their helpless infants who, as they grow up, either turn thieves for want of work, or leave their dear native country, to fight for the Pretender in Spain, or sell themselves to the Barbadoes. I think it is agreed by all parties, that this prodigious number of children in the arms, or on the backs, or at the heels of their mothers, and frequently of their fathers, is in the present deplorable state of the kingdom, a very great additional grievance; and therefore whoever could find out a fair, cheap and easy method of making these children sound and useful members of the common-wealth, would

Thesaurus alms: (n) handout, charity, benefaction, gift, donation, contribution, offering, bounty; (n, v) sportula, largess; (v) relieve. deplorable: (adj) sad, wretched, criminal, calamitous, abominable, pitiful, lamentable, miserable, regrettable, sorry; (adj, v) woeful. ANTONYMS: (adj) acceptable, pleasing, laudable, happy, cheerful, admirable, agreeable, excellent, fortunate, praiseworthy.

livelihood: (n) subsistence, existence, prodigious: (adj) gigantic, enormous, job, maintenance, support, living, huge, phenomenal, portentous, sustenance, bread, keep, bread and stupendous, exceptional, colossal, immense, gargantuan; (adj, v) butter, career. melancholy: (adj, v) dreary; (adj, n) monstrous. ANTONYMS: (adj) gloom, melancholic; (adj) depressed, unexceptional, normal, average, tiny, dejected, dismal, gloomy, doleful; (n, weak. v) low spirits; (n) gloominess, sustenance: (n) living, food, depression. ANTONYMS: (n) maintenance, subsistence, fare, happiness, cheerfulness, hopefulness, sustentation, provisions, optimism; (adj) happy, bright, cheery, nourishment, nutriment, aliment, livelihood. ANTONYM: (n) extras. satisfied.

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A Modest Proposal

deserve so well of the publick, as to have his statue set up for a preserver of the nation.% But my intention is very far from being confined to provide only for the children of professed beggars: it is of a much greater extent, and shall take in the whole number of infants at a certain age, who are born of parents in effect as little able to support them, as those who demand our charity in the streets. As to my own part, having turned my thoughts for many years, upon this important subject, and maturely weighed the several schemes of our projectors, I have always found them grossly mistaken in their computation. It is true, a child just dropt from its dam, may be supported by her milk, for a solar year, with little other nourishment: at most not above the value of two shillings, which the mother may certainly get, or the value in scraps, by her lawful occupation of begging; and it is exactly at one year old that I propose to provide for them in such a manner, as, instead of being a charge upon their parents, or the parish, or wanting food and raiment for the rest of their lives, they shall, on the contrary, contribute to the feeding, and partly to the cloathing of many thousands. There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme, that it will prevent those voluntary abortions, and that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children, alas! too frequent among us, sacrificing the poor innocent babes, I doubt, more to avoid the expence than the shame, which would move tears and pity in the most savage and inhuman breast. The number of souls in this kingdom being usually reckoned one million and a half, of these I calculate there may be about two hundred thousand couple whose wives are breeders; from which number I subtract thirty thousand couple, who are able to maintain their own children, (although I apprehend there cannot be so many, under the present distresses of the kingdom) but this being granted, there will remain an hundred and seventy thousand breeders. I again subtract fifty thousand, for those women who miscarry, or whose children die by accident or disease within the year. There only remain an hundred and twenty thousand children of poor parents annually born. The question therefore is, How this number shall be reared, and provided for? which, as I have already said,

Thesaurus apprehend: (v) arrest, comprehend, grasp, catch, understand, fathom, realize, sense, follow, nail; (adj, v) conceive. ANTONYMS: (v) misunderstand, discharge, free, liberate. babes: (n) babies, babe. infants: (n) brood. inhuman: (adj) heartless, cruel, atrocious, brutal, cold, harsh, ferocious, remorseless, barbarous, relentless, barbaric. ANTONYMS:

(adj) sympathetic, kind, humane. preserver: (n) defender, protector, maturely: (adv) mellowly, adultly, custodian, conservative, keeper, perfectly, completely, fully, readily, conservator, savior, patron, restorer, flotation device; (adj) third person. agedly, oldly, primely, correctly, conscientiously. ANTONYMS: (adv) raiment: (n, v) dress, garb, apparel, garment, clothes; (n) costume, attire, childishly, irresponsibly. miscarry: (v) fail, founder, abort, fall, clothing, array, habit; (v) clothe. flop, break down, go wrong, backfire, subtract: (v) reduce, calculate, take off, fall through, miss, lose. add, discount, diminish, subduct, nourishment: (n) food, alimentation, withhold, deduce, withdraw, remove. ANTONYMS: (v) estimate, meal, meat, diet, feeding, nutrition, repast, sustenance, edible, fuel. credit.

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under the present situation of affairs, is utterly impossible by all the methods hitherto proposed. For we can neither employ them in handicraft or agriculture; we neither build houses, (I mean in the country) nor cultivate land: they can very seldom pick up a livelihood by stealing till they arrive at six years old; except where they are of towardly parts, although I confess they learn the rudiments much earlier; during which time they can however be properly looked upon only as probationers: As I have been informed by a principal gentleman in the county of Cavan, who protested to me, that he never knew above one or two instances under the age of six, even in a part of the kingdom so renowned for the quickest proficiency in that art.% I am assured by our merchants, that a boy or a girl before twelve years old, is no saleable commodity, and even when they come to this age, they will not yield above three pounds, or three pounds and half a crown at most, on the exchange; which cannot turn to account either to the parents or kingdom, the charge of nutriments and rags having been at least four times that value. I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts, which I hope will not be liable to the least objection. I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed, is, at a year old, a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricasie, or a ragoust. I do therefore humbly offer it to publick consideration, that of the hundred and twenty thousand children, already computed, twenty thousand may be reserved for breed, whereof only one fourth part to be males; which is more than we allow to sheep, black cattle, or swine, and my reason is, that these children are seldom the fruits of marriage, a circumstance not much regarded by our savages, therefore, one male will be sufficient to serve four females. That the remaining hundred thousand may, at a year old, be offered in sale to the persons of quality and fortune, through the kingdom, always advising the mother to let them suck plentifully in the last month, so as to render them plump, and fat for a good table. A child will make two dishes at an entertainment for friends, and

Thesaurus handicraft: (n) craft, handcraft, handiwork, mystery, occupation, handwork, trade, art, profession, artifice, job. nourishing: (adj) alimentary, healthy, nutrient, healthful, wholesome, rich, nutritive, hearty, alimental, good, beneficial. ANTONYMS: (adj) unhealthy, unwholesome, meager, insufficient. nursed: (adj) care, suckled. plentifully: (adv) plenteously,

bountifully, bounteously, abundantly, profusely, richly, fully, liberally, opulently, amply, prolifically. ANTONYM: (adv) meagerly. proficiency: (n) ability, expertise, capability, dexterity, competence, efficiency, knowledge, expertness, skill, facility, craft. ANTONYMS: (n) inability, inexperience. quickest: (adv) most quickly. roasted: (adj) fried, baked.

rudiments: (n) grammar, fundamentals, elements, alphabet, abecedary, primer, vade mecum, bedrock, element, fundamental principle, rudiment. saleable: (adj) salable, marketable, merchantable, commercial, vendible, sellable, profitable. stewed: (adj) poached, tipsy, intoxicated, done, drunk, huffy, inebriated, baked, tight. towardly: (adj) timely, seasonable.

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A Modest Proposal

when the family dines alone, the fore or hind quarter will make a reasonable dish, and seasoned with a little pepper or salt, will be very good boiled on the fourth day, especially in winter.% I have reckoned upon a medium, that a child just born will weigh 12 pounds, and in a solar year, if tolerably nursed, encreaseth to 28 pounds. I grant this food will be somewhat dear, and therefore very proper for landlords, who, as they have already devoured most of the parents, seem to have the best title to the children. Infant's flesh will be in season throughout the year, but more plentiful in March, and a little before and after; for we are told by a grave author, an eminent French physician, that fish being a prolifick dyet, there are more children born in Roman Catholick countries about nine months after Lent, the markets will be more glutted than usual, because the number of Popish infants, is at least three to one in this kingdom, and therefore it will have one other collateral advantage, by lessening the number of Papists among us. I have already computed the charge of nursing a beggar's child (in which list I reckon all cottagers, labourers, and four-fifths of the farmers) to be about two shillings per annum, rags included; and I believe no gentleman would repine to give ten shillings for the carcass of a good fat child, which, as I have said, will make four dishes of excellent nutritive meat, when he hath only some particular friend, or his own family to dine with him. Thus the squire will learn to be a good landlord, and grow popular among his tenants, the mother will have eight shillings neat profit, and be fit for work till she produces another child. Those who are more thrifty (as I must confess the times require) may flea the carcass; the skin of which, artificially dressed, will make admirable gloves for ladies, and summer boots for fine gentlemen. As to our City of Dublin, shambles may be appointed for this purpose, in the most convenient parts of it, and butchers we may be assured will not be wanting; although I rather recommend buying the children alive, and dressing them hot from the knife, as we do roasting pigs.

Thesaurus carcass: (n) body, frame, corpse, edible, healthy. repine: (v) kick, grumble, regret, cadaver, framework, shell, carrion, remains, dead body, skeleton, bomb. quetch, murmur, brood, mourn, devoured: (adj) eaten up. languish, whine, lament; (n) sink. gentlemen: (n) sirs, messieurs. roasting: (n) barbecuing, cookery, glutted: (adj) fleshed, fat, exceeding cooking; (adj) broiling, baking, demand, corpulent, fuller, overfull, burning, boiling, airless, blazing, close; (adj, n) scorching. satiate, congested, blas, gorged, ANTONYMS: (adj) airy, fresh. replete. nutritive: (adj) nourishing, nutritious, thrifty: (adj) careful, economical, alimentary, nutrient, alimental, provident, sparing, prudent, stingy, wholesome, eatable, rich, alible, saving, spare, parsimonious, chary,

scotch. ANTONYMS: (adj) wasteful, spendthrift, profligate, extravagant, generous. tolerably: (adv) well enough, passably, acceptably, reasonably, enough, moderately, to a tolerable degree, pretty, to an adequate degree; (adj, adv) somewhat; (adj) pretty well. ANTONYMS: (adv) unbearably, intolerably, unacceptably, unreasonably, insufficiently, inadequately.

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A very worthy person, a true lover of his country, and whose virtues I highly esteem, was lately pleased, in discoursing on this matter, to offer a refinement upon my scheme. He said, that many gentlemen of this kingdom, having of late destroyed their deer, he conceived that the want of venison might be well supply'd by the bodies of young lads and maidens, not exceeding fourteen years of age, nor under twelve; so great a number of both sexes in every country being now ready to starve for want of work and service: And these to be disposed of by their parents if alive, or otherwise by their nearest relations. But with due deference to so excellent a friend, and so deserving a patriot, I cannot be altogether in his sentiments; for as to the males, my American acquaintance assured me from frequent experience, that their flesh was generally tough and lean, like that of our school-boys, by continual exercise, and their taste disagreeable, and to fatten them would not answer the charge. Then as to the females, it would, I think, with humble submission, be a loss to the publick, because they soon would become breeders themselves: And besides, it is not improbable that some scrupulous people might be apt to censure such a practice, (although indeed very unjustly) as a little bordering upon cruelty, which, I confess, hath always been with me the strongest objection against any project, how well soever intended.% But in order to justify my friend, he confessed, that this expedient was put into his head by the famous Salmanaazor, a native of the island Formosa, who came from thence to London, above twenty years ago, and in conversation told my friend, that in his country, when any young person happened to be put to death, the executioner sold the carcass to persons of quality, as a prime dainty; and that, in his time, the body of a plump girl of fifteen, who was crucified for an attempt to poison the Emperor, was sold to his imperial majesty's prime minister of state, and other great mandarins of the court in joints from the gibbet, at four hundred crowns. Neither indeed can I deny, that if the same use were made of several plump young girls in this town, who without one single groat to their fortunes, cannot stir abroad without a chair, and appear at a play-house and assemblies in foreign fineries which they never will pay for; the kingdom would not be the worse.

Thesaurus dainty: (adj, v) nice; (adj, n, v) delicacy; undernourish, starve. ANTONYMS: (adj) sloppy, (adj) fastidious, savory, tasteful, gibbet: (n) gallows, gallowstree, unscrupulous, slapdash, relaxed, gallous, scaffold; (v) hang, expose, squeamish, particular, mincing, guilty, deceitful. refined; (adj, n) tidbit; (n) luxury. pillory, brand, stigmatize, disgrace, unjustly: (adv) wrongly, wrongfully, ANTONYMS: (adj) coarse, vulgar, string up. wickedly, iniquitously, inequitably, groat: (n) penny, doit, rap, mite, Grote, undeservedly, illegally, foully, rough, inelegant, harsh, gross, awkward, accepting, heavy, careless, change, denarius, farthing, coin, injuriously, unrighteously, unjustifiedly. ANTONYMS: (adv) thick. stiver, pocket money. fatten: (adj, n) enrich; (adj, v) fat, scrupulous: (adj) careful, punctilious, rightly, reasonably. elaborate; (v) fatten up, feed, fill out; venison: (adj) turtle; (n) beef, chicken, exact, conscientious, particular, (adj) fructify, bloom, bear fruit, painstaking, accurate, prudent, ham, lamb, mutton, pork, red meat, blossom, blow. ANTONYMS: (v) meticulous, rigorous, cautious. animal protein, white meat.

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A Modest Proposal

Some persons of a desponding spirit are in great concern about that vast number of poor people, who are aged, diseased, or maimed; and I have been desired to employ my thoughts what course may be taken, to ease the nation of so grievous an incumbrance. But I am not in the least pain upon that matter, because it is very well known, that they are every day dying, and rotting, by cold and famine, and filth, and vermin, as fast as can be reasonably expected. And as to the young labourers, they are now in almost as hopeful a condition. They cannot get work, and consequently pine away from want of nourishment, to a degree, that if at any time they are accidentally hired to common labour, they have not strength to perform it, and thus the country and themselves are happily delivered from the evils to come.% I have too long digressed, and therefore shall return to my subject. I think the advantages by the proposal which I have made are obvious and many, as well as of the highest importance. For first, as I have already observed, it would greatly lessen the number of Papists, with whom we are yearly over-run, being the principal breeders of the nation, as well as our most dangerous enemies, and who stay at home on purpose with a design to deliver the kingdom to the Pretender, hoping to take their advantage by the absence of so many good Protestants, who have chosen rather to leave their country, than stay at home and pay tithes against their conscience to an episcopal curate. Secondly, The poorer tenants will have something valuable of their own, which by law may be made liable to a distress, and help to pay their landlord's rent, their corn and cattle being already seized, and money a thing unknown. Thirdly, Whereas the maintainance of an hundred thousand children, from two years old, and upwards, cannot be computed at less than ten shillings a piece per annum, the nation's stock will be thereby encreased fifty thousand pounds per annum, besides the profit of a new dish, introduced to the tables of all gentlemen of fortune in the kingdom, who have any refinement in taste. And the money will circulate among our selves, the goods being entirely of our own growth and manufacture.

Thesaurus curate: (n) rector, clergyman, minister, evils: (n) mala. chaplain, pastor, Stipendiary curate, incumbrance: (n) impediment, priest, vicar, incumbent, reverend, hindrance, obstruction, clog, fardel, canon. imposition, charge, hitch, burden, desponding: (adj) despairing, worry, vexation. lessen: (v) decrease, abate, fall, despondent. diseased: (adj) bad, ailing, sickly, decline, dwindle, assuage, allay, alleviate; (adj, v) abridge, curtail, unsound, sick, ill, unhealthy, pathological, infected, unwholesome, contract. ANTONYMS: (v) increase, infirm. ANTONYMS: (adj) well, fit. exacerbate, intensify, raise, grow, episcopal: (adj) pontifical, bishoplike, aggravate, accelerate, bolster, clerical, episcoparian. worsen, strengthen, rise.

maimed: (adj) disabled, mutilated, deformed, truncated, faulty, cut short, game, cut off; (n) wounded. rotting: (adj) rotten, decaying, decayed, moldering, mouldering, decomposing, putrid; (n) rot, putrefaction, decomposition, deep etching. selves: (pron) oneself. vermin: (n) bug, varmint, louse, trash, pest, brute, varment, scum, riffraff, ragtag and bobtail, rabble.

Jonathan Swift

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Fourthly, The constant breeders, besides the gain of eight shillings sterling per annum by the sale of their children, will be rid of the charge of maintaining them after the first year.% Fifthly, This food would likewise bring great custom to taverns, where the vintners will certainly be so prudent as to procure the best receipts for dressing it to perfection; and consequently have their houses frequented by all the fine gentlemen, who justly value themselves upon their knowledge in good eating; and a skilful cook, who understands how to oblige his guests, will contrive to make it as expensive as they please. Sixthly, This would be a great inducement to marriage, which all wise nations have either encouraged by rewards, or enforced by laws and penalties. It would encrease the care and tenderness of mothers towards their children, when they were sure of a settlement for life to the poor babes, provided in some sort by the publick, to their annual profit instead of expence. We should soon see an honest emulation among the married women, which of them could bring the fattest child to the market. Men would become as fond of their wives, during the time of their pregnancy, as they are now of their mares in foal, their cows in calf, or sow when they are ready to farrow; nor offer to beat or kick them (as is too frequent a practice) for fear of a miscarriage. Many other advantages might be enumerated. For instance, the addition of some thousand carcasses in our exportation of barrel'd beef: the propagation of swine's flesh, and improvement in the art of making good bacon, so much wanted among us by the great destruction of pigs, too frequent at our tables; which are no way comparable in taste or magnificence to a well grown, fat yearly child, which roasted whole will make a considerable figure at a Lord Mayor's feast, or any other publick entertainment. But this, and many others, I omit, being studious of brevity. Supposing that one thousand families in this city, would be constant customers for infants flesh, besides others who might have it at merry meetings, particularly at weddings and christenings, I compute that Dublin would take off

Thesaurus brevity: (n) briefness, shortness, succinctness, transience, terseness, abruptness, crispness, duration, economy, length, brevities. ANTONYMS: (n) lengthiness, length. compute: (v) cipher, count, measure, account, cast, enumerate, gauge, add, reckon, assess, tally. ANTONYMS: (v) guess, suppose, surmise, estimate. contrive: (v) plan, invent, design, concoct, devise, cast, concert, excogitate, frame, formulate; (n, v)

manage. ANTONYMS: (v) demolish, brilliancy, gorgeousness; (n) glory, destroy, ruin, waste, wreck, fail. pomp, brilliance, grandness, enumerated: (adj) detailed. greatness, dignity, majesty, loftiness. exportation: (n) exporting, ANTONYMS: (n) paucity, modesty, mercantilism, emission, ejection, shabbiness, poverty, austerity, rejection, expulsion, effusion, unattractiveness. commercialism; (v) importation, rewards: (n) booty, loot. studious: (adj) scholarly, bookish, transportation, transport. farrow: (v) pig, bear fruit, EAN, give academic, assiduous, erudite, birth, kindle, kitten; (adj, n) brood; (n) diligent, learned, careful, deliberate; (adj, v) thoughtful, reflective. breed, spat, spawn, parturition. magnificence: (adj, n) splendor, ANTONYM: (adj) negligent.

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A Modest Proposal

annually about twenty thousand carcasses; and the rest of the kingdom (where probably they will be sold somewhat cheaper) the remaining eighty thousand.% I can think of no one objection, that will possibly be raised against this proposal, unless it should be urged, that the number of people will be thereby much lessened in the kingdom. This I freely own, and 'twas indeed one principal design in offering it to the world. I desire the reader will observe, that I calculate my remedy for this one individual Kingdom of Ireland, and for no other that ever was, is, or, I think, ever can be upon Earth. Therefore let no man talk to me of other expedients: of taxing our absentees at five shillings a pound: Of using neither cloaths, nor houshold furniture, except what is of our own growth and manufacture: Of utterly rejecting the materials and instruments that promote foreign luxury: Of curing the expensiveness of pride, vanity, idleness, and gaming in our women: Of introducing a vein of parsimony, prudence and temperance: Of learning to love our country, wherein we differ even from LAPLANDERS, and the inhabitants of TOPINAMBOO: Of quitting our animosities and factions, nor acting any longer like the Jews, who were murdering one another at the very moment their city was taken: Of being a little cautious not to sell our country and consciences for nothing: Of teaching landlords to have at least one degree of mercy towards their tenants. Lastly, of putting a spirit of honesty, industry, and skill into our shop-keepers, who, if a resolution could now be taken to buy only our native goods, would immediately unite to cheat and exact upon us in the price, the measure, and the goodness, nor could ever yet be brought to make one fair proposal of just dealing, though often and earnestly invited to it. Therefore I repeat, let no man talk to me of these and the like expedients, 'till he hath at least some glympse of hope, that there will ever be some hearty and sincere attempt to put them into practice. But, as to my self, having been wearied out for many years with offering vain, idle, visionary thoughts, and at length utterly despairing of success, I fortunately fell upon this proposal, which, as it is wholly new, so it hath something solid and real, of no expence and little trouble, full in our own power, and whereby we can incur no danger in disobliging England. For this kind of commodity will not bear exportation, and flesh being of too tender a consistence,

Thesaurus consistence: (n) thickness, body, unhelpful, contrary, disagreeable, ill- vitiated, atrophied, short, attenuate, natured. ANTONYMS: (adj) obliging, attenuated. coherence, consistency, viscosity, hardness, uniformness, property, agreeable, polite, pleasant, courteous, parsimony: (n) frugality, thrift, density, solidity; (adj) spissitude. mannered, civil, helpful, cooperative. niggardliness, parsimoniousness, ANTONYM: (n) inconsistency. expensiveness: (n) dearness, closeness, meanness, miserliness, curing: (n) hardening, ageing, drying, sumptuosity, sumptuousness, cost, avarice, stinginess, prudence, pettiness. ANTONYMS: (n) rectification, vulcanization, luxury, lavishness. preservation; (adj) curative, remedial, gaming: (n) play, game, diversion, extravagance, generosity. quitting: (n) departure, resignation. corrective, comforting, medicinal. speculation, wager, frolic, bet, disobliging: (adj) unobliging, harsh, wearied: (adj) jaded, tired, spent, gamble, recreation, vice, betting. uncooperative, unwilling, offensive, lessened: (adj) diminished, hurt, fatigued, weary, prostrate, limp, not ready to give a hand, awkward, lower, mitigated, pointed, tapering, haggard, shattered, worn, fatigate.

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to admit a long continuance in salt, although perhaps I could name a country, which would be glad to eat up our whole nation without it.% After all, I am not so violently bent upon my own opinion, as to reject any offer, proposed by wise men, which shall be found equally innocent, cheap, easy, and effectual. But before something of that kind shall be advanced in contradiction to my scheme, and offering a better, I desire the author or authors will be pleased maturely to consider two points. First, as things now stand, how they will be able to find food and raiment for a hundred thousand useless mouths and backs. And secondly, there being a round million of creatures in humane figure throughout this kingdom, whose whole subsistence put into a common stock, would leave them in debt two million of pounds sterling, adding those who are beggars by profession, to the bulk of farmers, cottagers and labourers, with their wives and children, who are beggars in effect; I desire those politicians who dislike my overture, and may perhaps be so bold to attempt an answer, that they will first ask the parents of these mortals, whether they would not at this day think it a great happiness to have been sold for food at a year old, in the manner I prescribe, and thereby have avoided such a perpetual scene of misfortunes, as they have since gone through, by the oppression of landlords, the impossibility of paying rent without money or trade, the want of common sustenance, with neither house nor cloaths to cover them from the inclemencies of the weather, and the most inevitable prospect of intailing the like, or greater miseries, upon their breed for ever. I profess, in the sincerity of my heart, that I have not the least personal interest in endeavouring to promote this necessary work, having no other motive than the publick good of my country, by advancing our trade, providing for infants, relieving the poor, and giving some pleasure to the rich. I have no children, by which I can propose to get a single penny; the youngest being nine years old, and my wife past child-bearing.

Thesaurus continuance: (n) duration, abidance, existence, endurance, protraction, adjournment, resumption, prolongation, time, standing, perseverance. ANTONYMS: (n) discontinuation, destruction. effectual: (adj, n) efficient, efficacious, able; (adj) forceful, telling, authoritative, operative, potent, adequate, impressive, powerful. ANTONYMS: (adj) ineffectual, incapable, weak, impotent,

ineffective, unproductive, unsuccessful, useless. impossibility: (n) impossibleness, option, nonexistence, absurdity, inability, impracticability, alternative, choice, contradiction, contradiction in terms, doubtfulness. ANTONYMS: (n) possibility, probability. misfortunes: (n) misfortune. mortals: (n) people. overture: (n, v) offer, advance; (n) prelude, approach, introduction,

preface, opening, presentation, feeler, bid, motion. ANTONYMS: (n) finale, conclusion, postscript. prescribe: (n, v) ordain; (v) enjoin, decree, dictate, fix, command, assign, determine, set, stipulate, designate. profess: (v) assert, feign, affirm, avow, state, pretend, claim, confess, allege, aver; (n, v) protest. ANTONYM: (v) repress. relieving: (adj) pertinent, comforting, applicable; (n) encouragement.

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GLOSSARY able: (adj) dexterous, competent, clever, ingenious, accomplished, gifted, effective, fit, expert; (adj, n) talented, efficient. ANTONYMS: (adj) incapable, incompetent, weak, untrained, inept, delicate, feeble, infirm, clumsy, ineffective, ineffectual above: (adv, prep) beyond, aloft, on, in excess of; (adv) up, supra, on top; (adj) preceding, former; (adj, prep) past; (prep) surpassing. ANTONYMS: (prep) beneath, under, deficient, underneath; (adj) inferior, following abroad: (adj, adv) overseas, away; (adv) afield, forth, beyond seas, yonder, farther, at large, further; (adj) foreign, out. ANTONYMS: (adj) remaining, nearby absence: (n) absenteeism, deficiency, lack, default, dearth, want, nonattendance, scarcity, paucity, shortage, privation. ANTONYMS: (n) attendance, existence, fulfillment, inclusion, occurrence, abundance, glut, confirmation, supply, excess accident: (n) casualty, crash, coincidence, fortune, smash, incident, hazard, hap, luck, event, fortuity. ANTONYMS: (n) certainty, design, intention, intent, calculation accidentally: (adv) incidentally, casually, fortuitously, by chance, coincidentally, adventitiously, unintentionally, contingently, haphazardly, occasionally, inadvertently. ANTONYMS: (adv) deliberately, knowingly, purposely, unfortunately, correctly account: (n) narrative, score, tale, reckoning, narration, description, tally, tab, reason; (n, v) regard, report acquaintance: (n) connection, friend, acquaintanceship, mate, awareness, associate, buddy, friendship,

intercourse, companion; (n, v) knowledge. ANTONYMS: (n) ignorance, inexperience, unfamiliarity, animosity, enemy acting: (adj) interim, active, temporary, pro Tem, provisional, agent, substitute; (n) drama, business, portrayal, playing adding: (n) addition, calculation, reckoning addition: (n) accession, accessory, increase, extension, addendum, accretion, attachment, appendage, annex, extra; (n, prep) accumulation. ANTONYMS: (n) removal, estimation, deduction, exclusion, decline, erosion, loss, setback additional: (adj) extra, supplementary, more, further, accessory, ancillary, another, second, spare, increased; (adj, pron) other. ANTONYMS: (adj) main, fewer, none, scant, essential, basic admirable: (adj) fine, outstanding, beautiful, great, commendable, lovely, good, creditable, praiseworthy, worthy, grand. ANTONYMS: (adj) appalling, poor, unworthy, despicable, contemptible, detestable, dishonorable, rotten, unimpressive, loathsome, low admit: (n, v) allow; (adj, v) acknowledge; (v) concede, accede, grant, affirm, confess, include, permit, take, welcome. ANTONYMS: (v) reject, exclude, bar, dispute, gainsay, withhold, refuse, oust, hide, eject, dismiss advanced: (adj) progressive, senior, higher, precocious, modern, new, late, superior, ripe, cultured, developed. ANTONYMS: (adj) inferior, fundamental, slow, traditional, simple, obsolete, neurotic, behind, after, backwards, incomplete advancing: (adj) progressive, moving forward, increasing, moving,

processive, thriving, ongoing, aggressive; (n) advancement, progression, proceeding advantage: (n) privilege, behalf, profit, good, preponderance, account, lead, virtue, expediency, perk; (n, v) boot. ANTONYMS: (n, v) disadvantage; (n) drawback, difficulty, detriment, hindrance, minus, restriction, obstacle, loss, inferiority, inconvenience affairs: (n) dealings, concern, circumstances, transaction, occupation, duty, matters, matter, personal business, gear, finances again: (adv) more, then, repeatedly, anew, encore, furthermore, yet, also, often, once again, once more against: (adj, adv) counter; (prep) toward, versus, from; (pref) by; (v) oppose; (adv, prep) on; (n) opposition; (adj) unwilling, repugnant; (adv) athwart. ANTONYMS: (prep) for; (adj) eager aged: (adj) senile, elderly, older, hoary, ripe, venerable, ancient, senior, decrepit, antique, antiquated. ANTONYMS: (adj) youthful, new, fresh, green, unripe, unseasoned, smooth agreed: (adj) unanimous, approved, set, united, in agreement, accepted, agreeable; (adv, int) all right; (int) okay; (v) content; (adv) no question. ANTONYMS: (adj) changing, individual agriculture: (n) Department of Agriculture, agricultural, agribusiness, farm, husbandry, agriculture department, tillage, agronomy, geoponics, cultivation, rural economy. ANTONYM: (n) industry alas: (adv) unluckily, regrettably, sadly, unhappily, sorry to say; (n) oh; (int) lackaday. ANTONYM: (adv) luckily alive: (adj) live, vivacious, living,

14 sensible, delicate, snappy, animated, lively, spry, responsive; (n) life. ANTONYMS: (adj) deceased, inanimate, unanimated, dispirited, dull, inactive, lethargic, lifeless, listless, nonfunctioning, sluggish allow: (adj, v) admit, accord; (v) agree, permit, grant, accede, acquiesce, afford, authorize, bear; (n, v) give. ANTONYMS: (v) prohibit, deny, reject, refuse, keep, prevent, disallow, disapprove, withstand, hold, outlaw almost: (adj, adv, prep) about; (adj, adv) nearly, all but, near, nigh; (adv, prep) just about, approximately; (adv) just, mostly, virtually, most. ANTONYMS: (adv) surely, exactly, definitely, certainly alms: (n) handout, charity, benefaction, gift, donation, contribution, offering, bounty; (n, v) sportula, largess; (v) relieve alone: (adj) forlorn, individual, lonely, lonesome; (adj, adv) only, apart; (adv) solely, entirely, exclusively, separately, individually. ANTONYMS: (adj) overshadowed, ordinary, mobbed, equaled, crowded, accompanied, common, grouped, surpassed; (adv) jointly; (n) foe already: (adv) beforehand, previously, before, formerly, even now, just now, at present, once, heretofore, yet, in advance although: (adv, prep) notwithstanding; (prep) in spite of, even though, however; (adv, conj) though; (conj) whereas; (adv) even, tho, when, anyway, tho' altogether: (adv) absolutely, all, wholly, perfectly, purely, all in all, completely, entirely, totally, simply, ensemble. ANTONYMS: (adv) incompletely, partially always: (adv) continuously, whenever, permanently, ever, usually, eternally, unceasingly; (adj) perpetual, still, eternal; (adj, adv) without exception. ANTONYMS: (adv) erratically, intermittently, temporarily american: (n) Missourian, Alabamian, aboriginal, Hoosier, wolverine, Tory, Oregonian, Ohioan, northerner, American English, Nebraskan among: (prep) between, amidst, mid, in, amongst, in the middle of, inter, in the midst of, with, within, middle. ANTONYM: (prep) outside

A Modest Proposal annual: (adj, v) yearly; (n) yearbook, magazine, ephemeris, flora, annals, periodical; (adj, n) annuary; (adj) anniversary, etesian, yearlong. ANTONYMS: (adj) biennial, perennial annually: (adv) each year, every year, per annum, anniversarily, by year, a year, per year, periodically another: (adj) second, more, alternative, additional, new, further, fresh, extra; (adj, v) other; (adj, pron) some other; (n) the other. ANTONYMS: (n, pron) same answer: (n, v) respond, retort; (v) counter, serve, resolve, acknowledge, correspond; (n) solution, defence, return, reaction. ANTONYMS: (n, v) question; (v) ask, differ, fail, ignore; (n) request, problem, invitation, poison appear: (v) occur, seem, sound, come out, turn up, show, emerge, break, arrive, feel, arise. ANTONYMS: (v) vanish, hide, stop, sink, recede, go, depart appointed: (adj) specified, prescribed, destined, ordained, fit, set, fitted, commissioned, nominated, designated; (v) appoint apprehend: (v) arrest, comprehend, grasp, catch, understand, fathom, realize, sense, follow, nail; (adj, v) conceive. ANTONYMS: (v) misunderstand, discharge, free, liberate arms: (n) armament, coat of arms, weaponry, ammunition, shield, ordnance, order, munition, hardware, blazon; (adj) armed arrive: (n, v) come, appear; (v) mature, reach, attain, succeed, turn up, land, fall, get in, show. ANTONYMS: (v) go, depart, fail, fall, lose, exit artificially: (adv) synthetically, factitiously, affectedly, contrivedly, insincerely, unreally, feignedly, falsely, fictitiously, artfully, counterfeitly. ANTONYM: (adv) naturally assured: (adj, v) certain, sure; (adj) confident, guaranteed, positive, definite, assertive, confirmed, convinced, reliable, safe. ANTONYMS: (adj) uncertain, doubtful, unsure, troubled, timid, questionable, hesitant, confused, halting, unlikely attempt: (n, v) endeavor, offer, struggle, assay, essay, attack; (n) effort, trial; (v) undertake, chance,

aim. ANTONYMS: (n) success, fulfillment, achievement, accomplishment; (v) succeed, fulfill, achieve, accomplish, perform author: (n) writer, producer, founder, creator, inventor, parent, originator, architect, maker; (v) compose, create. ANTONYM: (n) reader avoid: (v) shun, parry, avert, escape, evade, ward off, duck, circumvent, prevent, ignore; (adj, v) eschew. ANTONYMS: (v) associate, tackle, face, validate, participate, invite, seek, embrace, court, permit, encourage avoided: (adj) unpopular away: (adj, adv) abroad, absent; (adj, adv, int) out; (adj) distant; (adv) aside, aloof, afar, way, by, forth; (adv, int) off. ANTONYMS: (adj) adjacent, neighboring, nearby, near, close; (adv) intermittently, haltingly, discontinuously, in babes: (n) babies, babe bacon: (n) Francis bacon, statesman, solon, philosopher, lard, gammon, livelihood, pay, middlings, Roger bacon, salary baked: (adj) adust, parched, scorched, baken, heated, driest, tempered, sunbaked, seared, arid, drier. ANTONYMS: (adj) unbaked, humid bastard: (adj, n) illegitimate, fake; (adj) spurious, phony, misbegotten, bastardly, adulterine, impure; (n) whoreson, love child, illegitimate child. ANTONYM: (adj) fathered bear: (v) accept, take, stand, acquit, abide, allow, wear, comport, tolerate, convey, teem. ANTONYMS: (v) release, avoid, destroy, dodge, take, eradicate, evade, kill, refuse, erase; (n) bull beat: (n, v) pulse, throb, tick, flap, knock; (v) batter, whip, trounce, pulsate, bat; (n) round. ANTONYMS: (v) protect, help, divide, cede, aid, separate, surrender; (adj) invigorated, energized; (n) caress, pat become: (v) grow, suit, be, match, come about, arise, get, sit, to become, fall; (adj) becoming. ANTONYMS: (v) halt, stay, lower, stop, reduce, clash beef: (n, v) grumble, moan, grouse, squawk, groan; (n) complaint, ox, fuss, beeves; (v) grouch, complain. ANTONYMS: (n) impotence, praise; (v) rejoice before: (adv) ahead, ago, in front,

Jonathan Swift previously, already, forth; (adv, prep) fore, afore; (adj) preceding, prior; (adj, adv) earlier. ANTONYMS: (adv, prep) later, behind, afterward, after; (adv) subsequently, ahead; (adj) subsequent begging: (n) mendicancy, request, plea; (v) asking, beg; (adj) beseeching, entreating, mendicant, imploring, suppliant, vagabond believe: (n) belief, believing; (v) assume, conceive, consider, reckon, guess, accredit, to believe, understand; (n, v) trust. ANTONYMS: (v) distrust, doubt, question, suspect, reject, discredit, deny, despair beneficial: (adj) favorable, fruitful, handy, profitable, useful, expedient, propitious, productive, healthy, conducive, good. ANTONYMS: (adj) useless, disadvantageous, harmful, unhelpful, unhealthy, unprofitable, destructive, detrimental, inauspicious, negative, unfortunate bent: (adj) curved, arched, deformed, crooked; (n) propensity, inclination, fancy, leaning, flair, gift, curvature. ANTONYMS: (n) weakness, inability, aversion; (adj) undetermined, undecided, uncurved, uncaring, rigid, unbent besides: (adv) as well, moreover, too, furthermore, again, as well as, anyway, additionally; (prep) apart from, beside; (adj, adv) more best: (adj, n) supreme, most, elite; (adj) superior, great, leading, choice, superlative; (v) beat, outdo; (adj, n, v) top. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) worst; (v) lose, surrender; (adj) minimum, lowest, least, inferior, incorrect, fewest; (n) loser; (adv) insincerely better: (adj, v) improve, mend; (adj, adv, v) best; (v) recover, ameliorate, emend, reform, advance, enhance, surpass; (n) bettor. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) worse; (adj, n) inferior; (v) worsen, deteriorate; (adj) lesser, lower, tinier, ill, unhealthy, smaller, sicker black: (adj) sable, dark, ebony, colored, bleak, dirty, evil, nigger, darkie, unclean; (adj, n) blackamoor. ANTONYMS: (v) whiten; (adj) spotless, snowy, saintly, pale, optimistic, merry, light, angelic, ivory, bright bodies: (n) people, public body: (n) cadaver, corpse,

organization, cluster, set, carcass, figure, consistency, aggregate, association; (adj, n) mass. ANTONYMS: (n) handful, mind, minority, soul, few boiled: (adj) intoxicated, poached, stewed; (v) sodden bold: (adj) adventurous, audacious, manly, arrogant, intrepid, fearless, spirited, heroic, daring, courageous, stalwart. ANTONYMS: (adj) timid, modest, afraid, meek, shy, light, courteous, discreet, faint, fearful, abashed boots: (n) Bootes, bell boy, bootblack, counterjumper, boy, shoeblack, footwear bordering: (adj) abutting, adjoining, conterminous, contiguous, frontier, next, neighboring, nearby, near, approximate, fringent born: (adj) native, natural, congenital, inbred, inborn, innate, inherent, untutored; (v) be born, to be born, arise. ANTONYMS: (adj) learned, unborn, acquired, trained breast: (n) boob, udder, tit, titty, chest, knocker, mammilla, bust, pap, heart; (n, v) front breed: (n) variety, race, kind, ancestry, sort, order, species; (v) engender, multiply, beget, bear. ANTONYMS: (v) destroy, eradicate, ignore, kill, neglect, quell brevity: (n) briefness, shortness, succinctness, transience, terseness, abruptness, crispness, duration, economy, length, brevities. ANTONYMS: (n) lengthiness, length bring: (v) convey, get, take, bear, carry, put, conduct, return, reduce, set, bring in. ANTONYMS: (v) drop, free, leave, lose, remove, avoid build: (n, v) make, shape; (v) erect, establish, raise, rise, found, base, fabricate, fashion; (n) frame. ANTONYMS: (v) destroy, dismantle, raze, overturn, obliterate, decrease, decelerate, ruin, disassemble bulk: (n) size, mass, volume, majority, amount, capacity, quantity, dimension, magnitude, thickness; (adj, n) lump. ANTONYMS: (n) minority, lightness burden: (n, v) bother, weight, pack, burthen, trouble, clog, strain; (n) anxiety, bale, responsibility; (v) afflict. ANTONYMS: (v) relieve, lighten, free, disburden, alleviate,

15 relax; (n, v) help; (n) tranquility, relaxation, peace, pleasure buying: (n) purchasing, buy, purchase, business, shopping, import, export, transaction, ownership, patronage, sale calculate: (v) estimate, compute, add, account, appraise, gauge, cipher, reckon, enumerate, forecast, guess. ANTONYMS: (v) suppose, doubt, estimate calf: (n) calves, calfskin, sura, foal, shorthorn, pup, kitten, colt, leather, kid, box calf came: (v) arrive, come carcass: (n) body, frame, corpse, cadaver, framework, shell, carrion, remains, dead body, skeleton, bomb care: (adj, n, v) anxiety; (n, v) attention, charge, worry; (n) caution, bother, concern, apprehension, aid, custody; (v) attend. ANTONYMS: (n) carelessness, recklessness, thoughtlessness, rashness, negligence, vagueness, unconcern; (n, v) disregard, dislike; (v) loathe, abhor cattle: (n) stock, cows, neat, bull, beef, bovine, livestock, ox, kine, cow, oxen cautious: (adj) guarded, conservative, prudent, watchful, attentive, reserved, shy, provident, judicious, circumspect, chary. ANTONYMS: (adj) rash, open, impulsive, impetuous, careless, irresponsible, wasteful, incautious, thoughtless, imprudent, unwary censure: (n, v) accuse, reprimand, reproach, attack, animadversion, abuse; (n) accusation, condemnation; (v) carp, condemn, berate. ANTONYMS: (v) approve, commend, allow, endorse, laud, permit, sanction; (n) approval, blessing, commendation; (n, v) compliment certain: (adj) definite, sure, assured, absolute, reliable, indisputable, dependable, unquestionable, undeniable, unavoidable, unequivocal. ANTONYMS: (adj) unsure, doubtful, questionable, hesitant, debatable, erratic, faulty, indistinct, vague, doubting, undecided certainly: (adv) assuredly, definitely, positively, clearly, necessarily, undoubtedly, actually, securely, confidently, absolutely; (adj, adv) really. ANTONYMS: (adv) doubtfully, possibly, equivocally,

16 perhaps chair: (n, v) chairman; (n) bench, president, chairperson, throne, couch, armchair, electric chair, chairwoman; (v) moderate, lead charge: (n, v) blame, care, burden, commission, command, attack, bill, load, tax; (n) accusation; (v) bid. ANTONYMS: (v) request, discharge, plead, beg, compensate, aid, credit, calm; (n, v) retreat, absolve, unload charity: (n) dole, favor, aid, liberality, generosity, kindness, alms, mercy, virtue; (v) almsgiving; (adj, n) brotherly love. ANTONYMS: (n) intolerance, meanness, unkindness, cruelty, malice, stinginess, cheapness, nastiness, inhumanity cheap: (adj) tacky, low, stingy, base, flashy, worthless, sleazy, shabby, niggardly, mean, economical. ANTONYMS: (adj) expensive, costly, tasteful, generous, luxurious, quality, noble, inflated, precious, dear, steep cheat: (n, v) trick, con, fake, sham; (n) fraud, bilk, impostor; (v) defraud, beguile, betray, fleece. ANTONYMS: (v) support, repay, help, contribute, aid child: (n) baby, babe, bairn, infant, kid, toddler, tot, girl, brat, juvenile, minor. ANTONYMS: (n) ancestor, parent children: (n) child, offspring, descendant, family, seed, boy, babies, descendants, birth, relatives, people chosen: (adj, n) elect; (adj) preferred, select, favored, named; (adj, v) designate, desired, designated; (n) deary, ducky, dearie. ANTONYMS: (adj) ignored, involuntary circulate: (v) broadcast, circle, disseminate, disperse, distribute, propagate, circularize, mobilize, diffuse, proclaim, issue. ANTONYMS: (v) suppress, hide, block, withhold, concentrate circumstance: (n) affair, incident, matter, event, occasion, chance, accident, opportunity, adventure, casualty, fact city: (adj) municipal, urban, civic, public; (n) borough, the City, burgh, village, metropolis, municipality, state. ANTONYMS: (adj) suburban, country, private cold: (n) chilliness, chill; (adj) chilly, frigid, distant, indifferent, aloof, callous, icy, apathetic, impassive. ANTONYMS: (adj) warm, friendly,

A Modest Proposal hot, prepared, burning, affectionate, loving, soporific, fervid; (n) heat, warmth collateral: (n) warranty, guarantee, mortgage, guaranty, security, pledge, bond; (adj) secondary, indirect, oblique, subsidiary. ANTONYMS: (adj) primary, chief, fundamental, principal, lineal commodity: (n) article, product, object, thing, good, goods, stuff, wares, ware, basic, item common: (adj) coarse, mutual, vulgar, mean, mediocre, ignoble, plebeian, base; (adj, n) cheap, habitual; (adj, n, v) usual. ANTONYMS: (adj) uncommon, rare, unusual, characteristic, specific, unique, extraordinary, exclusive, aristocratic, infrequent, refined comparable: (adj) analogous, corresponding, alike, commensurate, similar, same, equal, equivalent, parallel, akin; (v) allusive. ANTONYMS: (adj) dissimilar, incomparable, unworthy, unlike, unequal, unalike computation: (n, v) calculation, estimation, reckoning; (n) compute, estimate, account, arithmetic, figuring, count, computing; (v) enumeration. ANTONYMS: (n) guesswork, guessing, conjecture, estimation compute: (v) cipher, count, measure, account, cast, enumerate, gauge, add, reckon, assess, tally. ANTONYMS: (v) guess, suppose, surmise, estimate conceived: (adj) formed concern: (adj, n, v) worry; (n, v) interest, care, affect, regard, trouble, bother; (n) affair, attention, matter, anxiety. ANTONYMS: (n) reassurance, negligence, unresponsiveness, calmness, coldness, detachment, pleasure, confidence, recklessness, serenity, thoughtlessness condition: (n) position, status, provision, standing, clause, circumstances, term, predicament, rank; (n, v) aspect; (v) provide. ANTONYMS: (v) disqualify; (n) option confess: (adj, v) own, allow, admit, avow; (v) concede, profess, recognize, divulge, disclose, reveal, receive. ANTONYMS: (v) suppress, hide, dispute, conceal, repress, harbor confessed: (adj) known

confined: (adj) limited, cramped, imprisoned, bounded, enclosed, restricted, narrow, constrained, strict; (adj, v) close, invalided. ANTONYMS: (adj) liberated, invasive, roomy, unconfined, unlimited, open, spacious, general conscience: (n) moral sense, Conscience money, sense of right and wrong, scruple, intention, tender conscience, small voice, principles, morals, morality, inward monitor. ANTONYM: (n) indifference consequently: (adv) therefore, subsequently, as a result, then, sequentially, followingly, so, naturally, in consequence, hence; (conj) ergo consider: (v) think, regard, view, cogitate, deliberate, calculate, conceive, reckon, reflect, assume; (n, v) study. ANTONYMS: (v) disregard, forget, discard, doubt, reject, nevermind, dismiss, abandon, leave, decide, overlook considerable: (adj, v) important, influential; (adj) large, ample, substantial, significant, sizable, great, momentous, consequential, meaningful. ANTONYMS: (adj) insignificant, faint, trivial, slight, paltry, imperceptible, unnoticeable, little, inconsiderable, unimportant, subtle consideration: (n, v) respect, regard, care, account, condition; (n) reflection, thought, attention, cogitation, conception, thoughtfulness. ANTONYMS: (n) impulsiveness, inconsideration, inattention, cruelty, rashness, unconcern, heedlessness, disregard, negligence, neglect, insensitivity consistence: (n) thickness, body, coherence, consistency, viscosity, hardness, uniformness, property, density, solidity; (adj) spissitude. ANTONYM: (n) inconsistency constant: (adj) ceaseless, perpetual, continual, faithful, changeless, steadfast, eternal, uninterrupted, continuous; (adj, n) steady, invariable. ANTONYMS: (adj) irregular, intermittent, changeable, variable, inconstant, erratic, episodic, fickle, temporary, disloyal, inconsistent continual: (adj, adv) constant; (adj) ceaseless, incessant, endless, continuous, frequent, everlasting, uninterrupted, perpetual,

Jonathan Swift unrelenting, perennial. ANTONYMS: (adj) sporadic, temporary, occasional, finite, inconstant, infrequent, ending, ceasing, halting, rare, acute continuance: (n) duration, abidance, existence, endurance, protraction, adjournment, resumption, prolongation, time, standing, perseverance. ANTONYMS: (n) discontinuation, destruction contradiction: (n) antithesis, denial, repugnance, clash, disproof, contrast, opposite, disagreement, paradox, inconsistency, reverse. ANTONYMS: (n) correspondence, confirmation, consistency, reinforcement, concord contrary: (adj, n) contradictory, reverse; (adj) adverse, conflicting, unfavorable, perverse, cross, disobedient, alien, different, obstinate. ANTONYMS: (adj) similar, harmonious, helpful, obliging, compatible, complaisant, concordant, parallel, agreeable, cooperative, favorable contribute: (v) bring, bestow, administer, aid, impart, supply, provide, afford, endow, lead; (adj, v) tend. ANTONYMS: (v) hurt, harm, detract, counteract, minus, neglect, subtract, withhold, refrain, leave, refuse contrive: (v) plan, invent, design, concoct, devise, cast, concert, excogitate, frame, formulate; (n, v) manage. ANTONYMS: (v) demolish, destroy, ruin, waste, wreck, fail convenient: (adj) comfortable, commodious, handy, appropriate, expedient, timely, fit, useful, nearby, opportune; (adj, n) advantageous. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwieldy, fixed, useless, distant, troublesome, unsuited, remote, unsuitable, unadaptable, unuseful, inappropriate conversation: (n) talk, conference, communication, colloquy, confabulation, discussion, language, discourse, speech, talking, palaver cook: (v) boil, prepare, brew, bake, make, stew, simmer, grill, falsify, concoct; (n) chef corn: (n) clavus, cereals, Zea Mays, callus, wheat, Indian corn, callosity, grain; (v) feed, keep; (adj, n) commonplace countries: (n) country country: (n) nation, home, land,

place, area, territory, commonwealth, soil, kingdom, realm; (adj) rustic. ANTONYMS: (adj) urban, metropolitan; (adj, n) city; (n) metropolis county: (n) canton, state, area, country, shire, commune, arrondissement, district, mofussil, precinct, realm couple: (v) connect, associate, combine, attach, copulate, join, tie, mate; (adj, n) brace; (n, v) yoke; (n) duo. ANTONYMS: (v) separate, unhook, detach, disconnect, divide, unbuckle, undo; (n) individual, single course: (n, v) stream, flow; (n) bearing, route, career, track, path, road, channel; (adj, n) current; (v) chase. ANTONYM: (v) trickle court: (n) forum, bar, close, field, tribunal, passage, judicatory, judge; (v) romance, attract; (n, v) invite. ANTONYMS: (v) shun, reject, ignore, spurn, disregard, discourage cover: (n, v) coat, top, conceal, screen, cloak, veil, shield, spread; (v) bury; (n) blanket, binding. ANTONYMS: (v) reveal, expose, uncover, exclude, ignore, abandon, strip, free, forget, omit; (n) exposure cows: (n) cattle, cow, bull, ox, oxen, Bos Taurus, bullock, beef, Cowes, steer, milker crowded: (adj) compact, congested, full, packed, busy, dense, populous, jammed, cramped, tight; (adj, n) thronged. ANTONYMS: (adj) sparse, deserted, uncrowded, loose crown: (n, v) top, cover; (v) cap, complete; (n) apex, pinnacle, crest, summit, peak, kingdom, acme. ANTONYMS: (n) base, bottom; (v) dishonor, dethrone, begin, commence, start, depose cruelty: (n) brutality, cruelness, oppression, barbarity, ferociousness, tyranny, violence, atrocity, ferocity, mercilessness, harshness. ANTONYMS: (n) compassion, gentleness, friendliness, humanity, benevolence, sensitivity, liberty, decency cultivate: (v) civilize, educate, train, produce, polish, farm, crop, develop, domesticate, raise; (adj, v) promote. ANTONYMS: (v) neglect, sterilize, brutalize, stunt, retard, pollute, ignore, harm, discourage curate: (n) rector, clergyman, minister, chaplain, pastor, Stipendiary curate, priest, vicar,

17 incumbent, reverend, canon curing: (n) hardening, ageing, drying, rectification, vulcanization, preservation; (adj) curative, remedial, corrective, comforting, medicinal custom: (n) habit, convention, usage, practice, consuetude, fashion, method, mores; (n, v) use, accustom; (adj) bespoke. ANTONYMS: (n) fad, innovation, phenomenon, rage, rarity customers: (n) trade dainty: (adj, v) nice; (adj, n, v) delicacy; (adj) fastidious, savory, tasteful, squeamish, particular, mincing, refined; (adj, n) tidbit; (n) luxury. ANTONYMS: (adj) coarse, vulgar, rough, inelegant, harsh, gross, awkward, accepting, heavy, careless, thick danger: (n) risk, peril, hazard, chance, jeopardy, threat, trouble, precariousness, slipperiness, disaster, insecurity. ANTONYMS: (n) security, ease, privilege dangerous: (adj, n) critical; (adj) severe, serious, grave, adventurous, unhealthy, precarious, hazardous, perilous, threatening, chancy. ANTONYMS: (adj) stable, secure, protected, unhazardous, slight, weak, harmless, friendly, favorable, calm, pleasant dealing: (n, v) trade; (n) transaction, deal, exchange, business, concern, traffic, conduct, handling, dealings, distribution dear: (adj, adv) close, near; (adj, n) darling; (adj) costly, expensive, lovely, precious, affectionate, adorable, cherished; (n) love. ANTONYMS: (adj) worthless, inexpensive, valueless, despised, modest, loathed, hateful, distant; (n) rival, foe, enemy death: (n) expiration, end, close, exit, fate, mortality, departure, cessation, decease, dissolution; (adj) quietus. ANTONYMS: (n) existence, delivery, living, nascency, being, survival, life, beginning debt: (n) score, debit, loan, liability, obligation, due, bill, commitment, arrears, pocket, hole. ANTONYMS: (n) asset, cash, credit deer: (n) caribou, buck, fawn, stag, reynard, brocket, cervid, ruminant, roe, roebuck, hart deference: (n) homage, respect, compliance, admiration, allegiance, reverence, obedience, submission,

18 compliancy, duty, complaisance. ANTONYMS: (n) contempt, opposition, rebellion, resistance, disobedience degree: (n) extent, level, condition, title, rank, academic degree, place, caliber, status, stair; (adj, n) order delicious: (adj, v) delicate; (adj) tasteful, pleasing, delightful, appetizing, agreeable, sweet, toothsome, savory, enjoyable, dainty. ANTONYMS: (adj) tasteless, distasteful, yucky, unsavory, unpleasant, unappetizing, revolting, nauseating, inedible, gross, dry deliver: (v) consign, bear, carry, save, rescue, abandon, send, pronounce, hand over, bring; (adj, v) utter. ANTONYMS: (v) capture, confine, imprison, hold, oppress, enslave, restrain, retain, collect, withhold, shackle demand: (v) ask, require, ask for, beg; (n, v) need, request, command, appeal, requisition, sale; (n) requirement. ANTONYMS: (v) grant, offer, obviate, give, eliminate, cede, beg, present, request; (n) response, plea deny: (v) controvert, rebuff, contradict, disavow, gainsay, reject, oppose, refuse, disown, abnegate, renounce. ANTONYMS: (v) affirm, claim, acknowledge, declare, maintain, agree, spoil, accept, accede, allow, argue deplorable: (adj) sad, wretched, criminal, calamitous, abominable, pitiful, lamentable, miserable, regrettable, sorry; (adj, v) woeful. ANTONYMS: (adj) acceptable, pleasing, laudable, happy, cheerful, admirable, agreeable, excellent, fortunate, praiseworthy deserve: (v) rate, warrant, gain, earn, to deserve, demand, justify, bear; (n, v) reward; (n) richly deserve, worth deserving: (adj) meritorious, admirable, creditable, commendable, laudable, fit, good, deserved, condign; (v) deserve, worthy of. ANTONYMS: (adj) unworthy, undeserving, unimpressive design: (n, v) purpose, aim, scheme, sketch, conceive; (n) conception, drawing, device, idea, arrangement; (v) contrive. ANTONYMS: (n) chance, fortuity, accident, destruction; (v) improvise desire: (n) ambition, aspiration, craving, dream; (adv, n, v) will; (n,

A Modest Proposal v) fancy, wish, aim; (v) want, aspire, seek. ANTONYMS: (n, v) dislike, hate; (n) aversion, reality, revulsion, apathy; (v) spurn, abhor, answer, command, insist desired: (adj) coveted, desirable, favorite, wanted, welcome, needed, beloved, required, most wanted; (adj, v) chosen; (v) consenting despairing: (adj) hopeless, desperate, despondent, forlorn, desolate, dejected, pessimistic, sad, brokenhearted, miserable, inconsolable. ANTONYMS: (adj) hopeful, optimistic, rosy, happy, confident, cheerful desponding: (adj) despairing, despondent destroyed: (adj) ruined, lost, desolate, shattered, desolated, broken, depressed, dead, damaged, undone, fallen. ANTONYMS: (adj) preserved, living destruction: (n, v) defeat; (n) death, ruin, collapse, demolition, devastation, downfall, abolition, damage, desolation, end. ANTONYMS: (n) preservation, protection, creation, reparation, formation, conservation, restoration, building, help, making, order devoured: (adj) eaten up differ: (v) disagree, contradict, clash, diverge, deviate, depart, difference, discrepancy, conflict, vary, contrast. ANTONYMS: (v) correspond, concur, conform, match, resemble, harmonize, equal, consent, accord, accede, support dine: (v) feed, lunch, breakfast, dining, meal, give, have supper, take tea, grub, consume, entertain. ANTONYM: (v) abstain disagreeable: (adj) nasty, offensive, uncomfortable, distasteful, cantankerous, cross, ungrateful, abhorrent, horrible, bad, painful. ANTONYMS: (adj) pleasant, friendly, amiable, inoffensive, acceptable, desirable, easygoing, happy, pleasing, sweet, nice disease: (n, v) ailment; (n) illness, sickness, condition, complaint, affection, ill, disorder, affliction, bug; (adj, n) infirmity. ANTONYM: (n) health diseased: (adj) bad, ailing, sickly, unsound, sick, ill, unhealthy, pathological, infected, unwholesome, infirm. ANTONYMS: (adj) well, fit dish: (n) basin, disk, plate, meal,

platter, food, saucer, beauty, meat, repast; (n, v) hollow dishes: (n) food, meal, crockery, dinner service, dishware, menu, plates dislike: (n) disapproval, disaffection, antipathy, disdain, disfavor, revulsion; (n, v) hate, disinclination, aversion, distaste; (v) detest. ANTONYMS: (n) liking, fondness, taste, attraction, enjoyment, preference, longing; (v) like, enjoy, approve, adore disobliging: (adj) unobliging, harsh, uncooperative, unwilling, offensive, not ready to give a hand, awkward, unhelpful, contrary, disagreeable, ill-natured. ANTONYMS: (adj) obliging, agreeable, polite, pleasant, courteous, mannered, civil, helpful, cooperative disposed: (adj) prone, apt, ready, subject, prepared, liable, game, inclined, fain, likely, minded. ANTONYMS: (adj) ailing, indisposed, unlikely, disinclined, reluctant, impervious distress: (n, v) pain, torment, trouble, concern, torture, upset, worry; (n) anguish, agony; (adj, n) difficulty, grief. ANTONYMS: (n, v) comfort; (v) please, soothe, relieve; (n) peace, encouragement, straightforwardness, solace, relieving, relief, prosperity doubt: (n, v) suspicion, question, query, dispute; (n) disbelief, misgiving, incertitude, apprehension, uncertainty; (adj, n) skepticism; (v) suspect. ANTONYMS: (n) certainty, confidence, conclusiveness, belief, certitude, faith, approval; (v) accept, believe, consider, swallow dressed: (adj) attired, clad, garbed, appareled, spruced up, spiffed up, covered, polished, garmented; (v) clothed, habited dressing: (n) bandage, stuffing, fertilization, binding, bandaging, scolding, fertilizer, manure, compress, preparation, farce dublin: (n) Irish capital, capital of Ireland during: (prep) within, on, by, of, for, pending, inside; (adv) whilst, while; (adj) throughout; (n) at. ANTONYM: (prep) out dying: (n) death, demise, decease, mortality; (adj) vanishing, moribund, last, final, ultimate, failing, ebbing. ANTONYMS: (adj)

Jonathan Swift thriving, well, opening, aborning, developing, flourishing, growing, reviving, rejuvenating; (n) birth earlier: (adj) past, former, previous, advance, preceding; (adj, adv) antecedent; (adv) formerly, beforehand, ahead, anterior, before now. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) later; (adj) subsequent, present, following; (adv) subsequently, afterward earnestly: (adj, adv) seriously; (adv) eagerly, intently, zealously, solemnly, ardently, fervently, heartily, gravely, warmly, passionately. ANTONYMS: (adv) indifferently, insincerely, unconcernedly, jokingly earth: (n) world, dust, ground, land, lair, dry land, terra firma, clay, creation, ball, country ease: (v) alleviate, assuage, relieve, allay; (n) convenience, rest, leisure, relief, satisfaction; (adj, v) facilitate; (n, v) relax. ANTONYMS: (n) discomfort, formality, awkwardness, worry, toil, problem, pain, maladroitness; (v) aggravate, worsen, impede easy: (adj) convenient, gentle, familiar, graceful, at ease, light, lenient, clear, contented, cozy; (adj, adv) soft. ANTONYMS: (adj) arduous, laborious, demanding, hard, strenuous, particular, burdensome, tough, uneasy, awkward, testing eating: (n) ingestion, intake, feeding, browsing, banqueting, food, lunching, supping, pica, repletion; (v) eat effect: (n, prep) consequence; (v) accomplish, achieve, bring about, create, complete, cause, do; (n) product, sequel; (n, v) result. ANTONYMS: (n) reason, cause; (v) impede, fail effectual: (adj, n) efficient, efficacious, able; (adj) forceful, telling, authoritative, operative, potent, adequate, impressive, powerful. ANTONYMS: (adj) ineffectual, incapable, weak, impotent, ineffective, unproductive, unsuccessful, useless eight: (n) eighter, eleven, nine, ten, team, queen, ogdoad, octonary, octet, ace, octad eighty: (n) four score either: (adj) whatever; (adv) too, also, neither, besides, likewise; (n) or; (det) any; (conj) other eminent: (adj) high, celebrated,

elevated, brilliant, illustrious, noble, big, famous, renowned, conspicuous, dignified. ANTONYMS: (adj) undistinguished, obscure, low, unremarkable, common, uncelebrated, unimportant, insignificant, humble, ordinary emperor: (n) sovereign, ruler, monarch, imperator, mikado, king, Saturnia pavonia, crowned head, emperors, protector, saturniid employ: (v) use, apply, exploit, consume, wield, hire, engage, exercise, work, busy, utilize. ANTONYMS: (v) fire, dismiss, can, ignore, misuse, sack, underuse; (n) unemployment emulation: (n) mimicry, rivalry, contest, simulation, contention, strife, conflict, ambition, emulate, compete, imitating encouraged: (adj) optimistic, confident, enthused, expectant, inspired, pleased, positive, stimulated, stirred, moved. ANTONYM: (adj) pessimistic enforced: (adj) required, obligatory, compulsory, applied, compelled, binding, essential, requisite, necessary, mandatory, legal. ANTONYMS: (adj) optional, unenforced, voluntary england: (n) Britain, British, UK, United Kingdom, Albion, British Empire entertainment: (n) distraction, diversion, enjoyment, show, pleasure, recreation, fun, reception, pastime; (adj, n) party; (n, v) regalement. ANTONYMS: (n) job, boredom, discomfort entirely: (adv) fully, absolutely, utterly, wholly, altogether, all, thoroughly, perfectly, clean, solely; (adj, adv) completely. ANTONYMS: (adv) partially, incompletely, unenthusiastically, hardly, slightly, somewhat enumerated: (adj) detailed episcopal: (adj) pontifical, bishoplike, clerical, episcoparian equally: (adv) evenly, equivalently, levelly, alike, justly, as, parallelly, uniformly, similarly; (adj, adv, conj) as well; (adj) even. ANTONYMS: (adv) unevenly, individually, differently, unfairly especially: (adv) particularly, chiefly, expressly, peculiarly, specifically, above all, exceedingly, principally, exceptionally, extraordinarily,

19 unusually. ANTONYMS: (adv) unexceptionally, customarily, usually, commonly, frequently, generally esteem: (n) deference, admiration; (n, v) respect, value, consideration, account; (v) appreciate, deem, adore, admire, count. ANTONYMS: (v) scorn, hate, disdain, insult, despise, abominate, abhor, dislike, reject; (n) disesteem, disapproval ever: (adj, adv) always, continually; (adj) constantly, still, forever; (adv) never, e'er, before, once, perpetually; (n) Evers. ANTONYM: (adv) erratically every: (adj) each, total, whole, any, thorough; (n) everybody, everyone, everything; (adv) apiece, either; (pron) every one evils: (n) mala exact: (adj, n) correct; (v) demand, claim, command, ask; (n, v) require; (adj, v) close, direct; (adj) precise, detailed, faithful. ANTONYMS: (adj) wrong, vague, imprecise, approximate, inexact, rough, careless, thoughtless, indeterminate; (v) tender, give exactly: (adv) correctly, punctually, rightly, accurately, strictly, perfectly, definitely, directly, truly, right, absolutely. ANTONYMS: (adv) inaccurately, randomly, figuratively, wrongly, vaguely, roughly, inexactly, indirectly, imprecisely, around; (adv, prep) about exceeding: (prep) beyond, more than, greater than; (adj) excessive, transcendent, extraordinary, exceptional, prodigious, surpassing, Olympian; (v) exceed excellent: (adj, n) estimable, worthy, capital; (adj) superior, admirable, beautiful, distinctive, superb, great, good, splendid. ANTONYMS: (adj) poor, abysmal, awful, mediocre, terrible, imperfect, inadequate, middling, shoddy, bad, used except: (adj, conj, prep) save; (v) exclude, demur, omit, elide; (adv, conj, prep) but; (adv, prep) besides; (prep) excepting, excluding, aside from; (conj, n) without. ANTONYMS: (prep) including; (v) receive, admit exchange: (n, v) barter, interchange, swap, counterchange, switch, substitute; (n) commutation; (v) commute, alternate, alter, convert. ANTONYMS: (n) holding, keeping; (v) keep

20 executioner: (n) killer, murderer, hangman, headsman, electrocutioner, executor, tormentor, executer, public executioner, slaughterer, slayer exercise: (n, v) employ, practice, use, discipline; (v) apply, train, exert; (n) employment, application, play, movement. ANTONYMS: (n) avoid, idleness, inactiveness, inactivity, work; (v) ignore, neglect, overlook, perform, conserve expected: (adj) likely, expect, predictable, prospective, anticipated, usual, conventional, intended, due, assumed, hoped-for. ANTONYMS: (adj) unusual, surprising, unconventional, unexpected, unlikely, exceptional expedient: (adj) fit, advisable, becoming, desirable, adequate, apt, convenient, suitable; (n) contrivance, resource, artifice. ANTONYMS: (adj) inappropriate, inexpedient, impractical, futile, detrimental, inconvenient, foolish expensive: (adj) sumptuous, dear, luxurious, lovely, extravagant, valuable, lavish, darling, beloved, overpriced, high-priced. ANTONYMS: (adj) cheap, reasonable, inexpensive, worthless, economical, plain, shabby expensiveness: (n) dearness, sumptuosity, sumptuousness, cost, luxury, lavishness experience: (v) endure, suffer, examine, meet, live, know, receive; (adj, v) see; (n) event, episode, happening. ANTONYMS: (n) inexperience, greenness, naivete, inability, ignorance exportation: (n) exporting, mercantilism, emission, ejection, rejection, expulsion, effusion, commercialism; (v) importation, transportation, transport extent: (n) extension, amplitude, bulk, amount, ambit, compass, boundary, scope; (n, v) area, expanse; (adj, n) distance. ANTONYMS: (n) weakness, mildness, scarcity fair: (adj) clear, beautiful, sweet, reasonable, dispassionate, average, fine, impartial; (adj, v) bright; (adj, adv) clean; (n) blonde. ANTONYMS: (adj) biased, unjust, exceptional, dark, partial, mismatched, unwarranted, foul, imbalanced, prejudiced, poor families: (n) family

A Modest Proposal family: (adj, n) household, descent, home; (n) name, genus, house, people, breed, brood, kin, lineage famine: (n) scarcity, shortage, privation, deficiency, deficit, starvation, drought, hunger, poverty, penury, failure. ANTONYMS: (n) abundance, plenty, glut, feast, bounty, excess famous: (adj) celebrated, splendid, distinguished, renowned, illustrious, famed, capital, prominent, well-known, fine, stunning. ANTONYMS: (adj) infamous, ordinary, anonymous, insignificant, obscure, inglorious, undistinguished farrow: (v) pig, bear fruit, EAN, give birth, kindle, kitten; (adj, n) brood; (n) breed, spat, spawn, parturition fast: (adj, v) firm; (adj) dissolute, instant, agile, staunch, quick, hurried, fixed, rapid; (adv) soon, hard. ANTONYMS: (adv) slowly, loosely, sluggishly; (n) binge; (adj) sluggish, loose, unattached, plodding; (adj, adv) leisurely; (v) gorge, eat fatten: (adj, n) enrich; (adj, v) fat, elaborate; (v) fatten up, feed, fill out; (adj) fructify, bloom, bear fruit, blossom, blow. ANTONYMS: (v) undernourish, starve fear: (n) awe, dismay, alarm, fright, consternation, care, anguish; (n, v) apprehension, doubt, concern, reverence. ANTONYMS: (n) fearlessness, reassurance, confidence, courage, valor, calm, boldness, security, equanimity, peace; (v) brave feast: (n, v) junket, fete; (n) entertainment, dinner, binge, spread, celebration, jamboree, carousal; (v) feed, eat. ANTONYMS: (v) abstain, starve; (n) snack feeding: (n) alimentation, eating, nourishment, grazing, dining, browsing, feed supply, banqueting, supplying, ingestion, intake fell: (v) cut, chop, bring down, drop, cut down; (adj) barbarous, cruel; (adj, v) prostrate, floor, knock down; (n) skin. ANTONYMS: (v) construct, erect, raise, build female: (n) woman, girl, she, wife, hen, spouse, squaw; (adj) feminine, distaff, pistillate, not male. ANTONYMS: (adj) masculine, manly, androgynous, manlike; (n) man, boy fifty: (adj, n) l; (n) half a hundred,

fifty dollar bill, cubic decimeter, cubic decimetre fight: (n, v) battle, dispute, contest, quarrel, engagement, feud, squabble, argue, struggle, clash; (adj, n, v) brawl. ANTONYMS: (n, v) withdrawal, retreat; (n) fear, surrender, agreement; (v) compromise, favor, submit figure: (n, v) form, design, cast, estimate, shape, image; (v) count, cipher; (adj, n) appearance; (n) character, cost. ANTONYM: (v) estimate filth: (n) grime, garbage, foulness, impurity, soil, blot, stain, nastiness, squalor, uncleanliness; (adj) impure. ANTONYMS: (n) cleanliness, luxury, loveliness find: (v) catch, detect, encounter, come across, feel, attain, ascertain; (n) detection, disclosure, search, discovery. ANTONYMS: (v) misplace, search, fail; (n) loss fine: (adj) delicate, dainty, agreeable, nice, thin, elegant, capital, excellent, brave; (n) penalty; (v) punish. ANTONYMS: (adj) poor, thick, wide, coarse, unsatisfactory, substantial, wretched, unpleasant, unimpressive, dark, cloudy fish: (n) bird, eel, fishing, Pisces, anchovy, chondrichthian, alewife, shellfish; (v) seek, hunt, pursue five: (n) fives, quintuplet, quint, Phoebe, basketball team, fin, squad, ace, digit; (adj, n) v; (adj) quinary flea: (n) chamois, chigger, chigoe, insect, frog, chigoe flea, epizoon, goat, ectoparasite, chinch, dog flea flesh: (adj) carnality, concupiscence; (n) mortality, beef, form, figure, frame, person, mankind, humanity, meat foal: (n) filly, pony, calf, horse, Arab, charger, thoroughbred, racer, palfrey, nag, jument fond: (adj) affectionate, caring, devoted, tender, loving, amorous, delicate, adoring, doting, ardent, attached. ANTONYMS: (adj) aversion, cold, rough food: (n, v) fare; (n) edible, board, nourishment, diet, sustenance, aliment, dish, foodstuff, meat, nurture forced: (adj) compelled, bound, constrained, artificial, involuntary, unnatural, forcible, farfetched, strained, obligatory, labored. ANTONYMS: (adj) unprovoked, spontaneous, voluntary, natural,

Jonathan Swift genuine, willing, optional fore: (adv) ahead, before; (adj, adv) forward; (n) bow, head, forefront, stem; (adj, n) front; (adj) anterior, foremost, frontal. ANTONYMS: (adv) aft, behind, rear; (adj) back foreign: (adj) extraneous, extrinsic, alien, exterior, external, exotic, strange, oversea, adventitious, unfamiliar, stranger. ANTONYMS: (adj) familiar, domestic, internal, relevant, national, natural formosa: (n) Taiwan fortunately: (adv) happily, prosperously, propitiously, fortuitously, providentially, successfully, auspiciously, opportunely, felicitously, blessedly, advantageously. ANTONYMS: (adv) disastrously, unluckily, inauspiciously, negatively fortune: (n) estate, fate, fluke, destiny, luck, accident, means, assets, riches, abundance, doom. ANTONYM: (n) design fortunes: (n) adventures, fortune, personal narrative, life, journal found: (v) erect, build, base, form, construct, constitute, appoint, institute, set up, create, ground. ANTONYMS: (v) abolish, disband; (adj) lost four: (n) quaternary, foursome, tetrad, quaternion, quadruplet, square, quarter, quad, air, age of man; (adj, n) IV fourteen: (adj, n) XIV fourth: (adv) fourthly; (n) interval, third, after part, common fraction, fourth part, quartern, second; (adj) quaternary fourthly: (adv) quaternarily freely: (adv) loosely, frankly, openly, generously, independently, gratuitously, voluntarily, liberally, free, sparely; (adj, adv) spontaneously. ANTONYMS: (adv) reluctantly, deceitfully, accurately, meagerly, parsimoniously, secretly, stingily, unwillingly; (adj) restricted french: (adj) Gallic, Frankish, Gallican, Gallian; (v) to take French leave; (n) Frenchman, romance language, French people, Daniel Chester French, profanity, the French frequent: (adj, v) customary, usual, ordinary, incessant; (adj) everyday, many, familiar, continual, habitual; (v) patronize, haunt. ANTONYMS: (adj) infrequent, occasional, intermittent, spasmodic, unusual,

few; (v) shun, boycott, avoid frequently: (adv) usually, repeatedly, continually, generally, regularly, habitually, ordinarily, commonly, often, incessantly, constantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) infrequently, unusually, seldom, intermittently, occasionally, spasmodically friend: (adj, n) associate, comrade, companion, fellow, ally; (n) acquaintance, colleague, boyfriend, crony, brother, mate. ANTONYMS: (n) foe, stranger, rival, nemesis, adversary, antagonist friends: (n) circle, associates, connections, links, support group, acquaintances fruits: (n) revenue full: (adj, n) complete, absolute, entire; (adj) abundant, flush, broad, extensive, ample, total, enough; (adj, adv, n) crowded. ANTONYMS: (adj) lacking, starving, hungry, sketchy, incomplete, thin, deserted, partial, restricted, weak; (v) wane furniture: (n) fitment, equipment, appliance, fixture, appointments, furnishings, goods, dresser, article of furniture, cabinet; (v) stuff gain: (n, v) profit, benefit, win, catch, advance; (v) derive, earn, get, attain, reach; (n) earnings. ANTONYMS: (n) loss, deficit, disadvantage, setback; (n, v) decrease; (v) reduce, scatter, collapse gaming: (n) play, game, diversion, speculation, wager, frolic, bet, gamble, recreation, vice, betting generally: (adj, adv) usually; (adv) commonly, broadly, regularly, ordinarily, altogether, approximately, generically, normally, comprehensively, popularly. ANTONYMS: (adv) rarely, specifically, locally, occasionally, particularly, unusually gentleman: (n) gent, Mr, male, patrician, sir, adult male, esquire, sahib, gentlemen; (adj) gentilhomme, gentlemanly gentlemen: (n) sirs, messieurs gibbet: (n) gallows, gallowstree, gallous, scaffold; (v) hang, expose, pillory, brand, stigmatize, disgrace, string up girl: (n) damsel, gal, lady, young woman, maid, lass, fille, wench, daughter, bride, virgin. ANTONYMS: (n) son, boy give: (v) extend, commit, donate, endow, contribute, dispense, deliver, convey, grant; (adj, v)

21 bestow, accord. ANTONYMS: (v) withdraw, take, withhold, retain, receive, keep, get, hide, conceal, starve, withstand giving: (n) endowment, donation, presentation, bestowal, disposal; (adj) liberal, generous, charitable, bighearted, big, humanitarian. ANTONYMS: (adj) nasty, tightfisted, malevolent, mean, stiff, stingy glad: (adj) jubilant, cheerful, gay, blithe, delighted, festive, content, delightful, genial, bright, willing. ANTONYMS: (adj) unhappy, apologetic, dismayed, unwilling, disappointed, sorry gloves: (n) gauntlet, mitten, mittens, gauntlets, scarf, ornament, handbag, belt, batting glove, boxing glove, baseball mitt glutted: (adj) fleshed, fat, exceeding demand, corpulent, fuller, overfull, satiate, congested, blas, gorged, replete gone: (adj, prep) past; (adj) deceased, bygone, departed, desperate, lost, late; (adj, v) exhausted, extinct; (adj, adv) absent, away. ANTONYMS: (adj) present, remaining, found, alive goodness: (adj, n) generosity, kindness, gentleness; (n) good, excellence, benefit, virtue, worth, morality; (adj) favor, beneficence. ANTONYMS: (n) evil, wickedness, badness, corruptness, bad, immorality, corruption goods: (n) cargo, belongings, commodity, merchandise, product, estate, chattels, property, wealth, produce; (n, v) stuff grant: (adj, v) bestow, allow, confer; (n, v) award, gift, boon; (v) concede, afford, admit, acknowledge; (adj, n, v) present. ANTONYMS: (v) deny, reject, refuse, maintain, prohibit, disagree, retrieve, take, withhold, withdraw granted: (adj, v) assumed; (adj) fixed, approved, settled, privileged, legal, decided, acknowledged, arranged; (v) disposed; (adv) yes grave: (adj) solemn, serious, critical, earnest, dangerous, sedate, sad, grand; (adj, v) severe, acute; (v) engrave. ANTONYMS: (adj) frivolous, funny, cheerful, carefree, slight, nonchalant, trivial, stable, minor, insignificant, favorable great: (adj) eminent, gigantic, big, distinguished, large, extensive,

22 extreme, grand, chief, ample, massive. ANTONYMS: (adj) awful, insignificant, tiny, mild, poor, minor, useless, ordinary, slight, weak, unknown greater: (adj) larger, more, major, higher, superior, most, great, bigger, increased, considerable, not inconsiderable. ANTONYMS: (adj) inferior, smaller, small, lower greatly: (adv) badly, enormously, considerably, extremely, highly, vastly, immensely, mightily, hugely; (adj, adv) far, deeply. ANTONYMS: (adv) mildly, hardly, superficially, poorly, lightly, insignificantly, barely, moderately grievance: (n) injustice, wrong, grudge, affliction, protest, objection, disaffection, discontentment, dissatisfaction; (adj) annoyance; (adj, n) distress. ANTONYMS: (n) justice, praise grievous: (adj) bitter, dolorous, dreadful, deplorable, sad, tough, pitiful, atrocious, regrettable, sorrowful, sorry. ANTONYM: (adj) successful groat: (n) penny, doit, rap, mite, Grote, change, denarius, farthing, coin, stiver, pocket money grossly: (adv) rudely, roughly, commonly, heavily, bluntly, disgustingly, shamefully, rankly, totally, uncouthly, obscenely. ANTONYM: (adv) appealingly grow: (v) expand, advance, augment, enlarge, come, emerge, spring, become, farm, turn, get. ANTONYMS: (v) decrease, weaken, shrink, decline, drop, collapse, struggle, wane, plummet, dwindle, deteriorate grown: (adj) mature, big, growed, grown-up, developed, ripe, grownup, fully grown, full-grown, growth, become. ANTONYM: (adj) unripe growth: (n, v) increase, evolution, augmentation; (n) gain, accretion, enlargement, germination, accumulation, improvement, increment, rise. ANTONYMS: (n) weakening, reduction, decline, nondevelopment, shrinking, contraction, collapse, fall, loss, disappearance, retreat guests: (n) guest, visitors half: (adj) moiety, part, short, defective; (n) semi, mediety, halve, division, piece, first half; (adv) partly. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) all;

A Modest Proposal (adj) fully, complete handicraft: (n) craft, handcraft, handiwork, mystery, occupation, handwork, trade, art, profession, artifice, job happily: (adv) fortunately, joyously, joyfully, merrily, luckily, gladly, blissfully, cheerfully, felicitously, providentially, successfully. ANTONYMS: (adv) miserably, unhappily, sadly, unfortunately, unsuccessfully, reluctantly, gloomily, discontentedly, despondently, negatively, grudgingly happiness: (n) delight, merriment, ecstasy, welfare, gladness, luck, cheerfulness, blessedness, bliss, felicity, contentment. ANTONYMS: (n) sadness, despair, grief, misery, dissatisfaction, seriousness, dullness, discontent, dejection, gloominess, displeasure having: (n) estate, possession, acceptance, enjoyment head: (n) captain, boss, froth, foam, crown, chieftain; (n, v) point, lead; (adj, n, v) front; (v) capital, direct. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) subordinate; (n) end, beginning, foot, mouth, rear, tail, body, underling, base; (adj) minor healthy: (adj) healthful, wholesome, salubrious, hale, good, fit, beneficial, whole, well, sound, hearty. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwell, harmful, unfit, soporific, dependent, fattening, infected, unwholesome, weak, ill, underfed heart: (adj, n) core, gist, marrow; (n) spirit, center, essence, basis, kernel, crux, breast, hub. ANTONYMS: (n) body, surface hearty: (adj) heartfelt, healthy, genial, sturdy, cheering, fervent, wholehearted, lusty, enthusiastic, convivial; (adj, n) well. ANTONYMS: (adj) unhealthy, frail, old, weak, sluggish, unwholesome, meager help: (n, v) assist, assistance, support, benefit, favor, avail, cure, assistant; (v) facilitate, ease, alleviate. ANTONYMS: (n) hindrance, detriment, interference, damage, disadvantage, disservice, manager; (v) worsen, aggravate, halt, hurt helpless: (adj, v) forlorn, destitute, abandoned; (adj) powerless, weak, defenseless, disabled, impotent, feeble, hopeless, unable. ANTONYMS: (adj) strong,

independent, capable, invulnerable, armed, powerful, impervious highest: (adj, n) most; (adj) best, chief, foremost, first, supreme, topmost, extreme, utmost, top, uppermost. ANTONYMS: (adj) bottom, minor highly: (adv) greatly, extremely, much, loftily, exceedingly, mightily, eminently, toweringly, too, largely; (adj, adv) very. ANTONYMS: (adv) insignificantly, poorly, simply, slightly, ill hind: (adj, n) rear; (adj) after, posterior, hindermost; (n) doe, clown, peasant, roe, countryman, servant; (v) hinder hired: (adj) leased, chartered, mercenary, hackneyed, hack; (v) contented, compensated, paid hitherto: (adv) as yet, yet, so far, up to now, until now, thus far, before, hereunto, to date, still, all the same home: (n) domicile, abode, house, residence, base, place, dwelling, family, habitation; (adj) domestic; (adj, n) household. ANTONYMS: (adj) external, national, public, away, foreign; (adv) out honest: (adj) fair, genuine, sincere, good, equitable, artless, heartfelt, guileless, frank, forthright, faithful. ANTONYMS: (adj) lying, misleading, guarded, corrupt, disloyal, unwholesome, discourteous, disreputable, fictional, crafty, crooked honesty: (adj, n) candor, justice, fidelity, equity; (n) integrity, fairness, candidness, probity, frankness, rectitude, faith. ANTONYMS: (n) dishonesty, wickedness, treachery, deceit, deception, deviousness, decadence, affectation, caution, evasiveness, injustice hope: (n, v) trust, desire; (n) aspiration, faith, belief, expectation, confidence, expectancy, anticipation; (v) confide, anticipate. ANTONYMS: (n) reality, past, pessimism, distrust, independence hopeful: (adj) confident, auspicious, bright, optimistic, sanguine, rosy, probable, likely, expectant, upbeat; (n, v) candidate. ANTONYMS: (adj) desperate, pessimistic, gloomy, pained, doubtful, bad, unhopeful, unlikely, unpromising, down hoping: (adj) desirous, expectant, optimistic, eager horrid: (adj) grisly, ghastly, ugly,

Jonathan Swift gruesome, grim, fearful, dreadful, direful, dire, horrible, fearsome. ANTONYMS: (adj) lovely, nice, appealing, attractive, kind house: (adj, n, v) family; (adj, n) home; (v) accommodate; (n) dwelling, firm, abode, domicile, edifice, habitation, housing; (n, v) lodge. ANTONYM: (adj) public however: (adv, conj, prep) but; (adj, adv, conj) although; (adv) nevertheless, anyway, nonetheless, how, notwithstanding; (adv, conj) though, yet; (conj) albeit; (n) while humane: (adj, n) gentle, compassionate, beneficent, gracious; (adj) clement, kind, charitable, merciful, good, tender, benignant. ANTONYMS: (adj) inhumane, foul, harsh, selfish humble: (v) demean, humiliate, mortify; (n, v) disgrace, debase; (adj, n, v) abase; (adj) base, lowly, unassuming, docile, low. ANTONYMS: (adj) impressive, arrogant, haughty, imposing, conceited, pompous, snooty, overbearing, presumptuous, proud, exalted humbly: (adv) lowly, meanly, modestly, submissively, low, shyly, lowlily, naturally, regretfully, remorsefully, repentantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) conceitedly, haughtily, pompously, ostentatiously, unrepentantly, affluently, brashly, pretentiously hundred: (adj) a hundred, one hundred, many; (adj, n) c; (n) cent, centred, riding, lathe, soke, tithing, carbon idle: (adj) lazy, indolent, inactive, free, unfounded, fruitless, baseless, groundless, frivolous, empty, disengaged. ANTONYMS: (adj) active, employed, industrious, energetic, meaningful, productive, worthwhile, diligent; (v) change, run, work idleness: (n) lethargy, laziness, torpor, inactivity, idling, unemployment, sloth, inaction, inertia, faineance, idlesse. ANTONYMS: (n) energy, activity, bustle, liveliness, responsibility immediately: (adv) instantly, presently, readily, rapidly, quickly, promptly, instantaneously, speedily, right; (adj, adv) at once, forthwith. ANTONYMS: (adv) slowly, whenever, gradually, now, eventually

imperial: (adj) majestic, grand, dignified, imperious, purple, stately, August, regal, noble, lordly; (adj, n) beard importance: (n) account, gravity, import, dignity, prominence, stress, emphasis, value, concern, magnitude; (n, v) consequence. ANTONYMS: (n) unimportance, insignificance, triviality, meaninglessness important: (adj, v) grave; (adj) fundamental, significant, crucial, key, serious, remarkable, chief, earnest, central, heavy. ANTONYMS: (adj) insignificant, trivial, minor, irrelevant, low, worthless, frivolous, secondary, little, superfluous, inconsequential impossibility: (n) impossibleness, option, nonexistence, absurdity, inability, impracticability, alternative, choice, contradiction, contradiction in terms, doubtfulness. ANTONYMS: (n) possibility, probability impossible: (adj) unimaginable, insufferable, unbelievable, hopeless, impracticable, impractical, inconceivable, unlikely, unthinkable, unable, ridiculous. ANTONYMS: (adj) feasible, achievable, manageable, bearable, attainable, on, tolerable, probable, hopeful, easy, consistent improbable: (adj) implausible, impossible, incredible, unbelievable, fishy, questionable, inconceivable, impractical, unthinkable, absurd; (adj, n) marvelous. ANTONYMS: (adj) probable, certain, plausible, truthful, ordinary, on, practical improvement: (n, v) advancement; (n) amelioration, betterment, correction, repair, development, amendment, gain, enhancement, adjustment, advance. ANTONYMS: (n) deterioration, downgrade, knock, setback, slump, worsening, decrease, disadvantage, retreat included: (adj) inclusive, incorporated, numbered, enclosed; (adv) under incumbrance: (n) impediment, hindrance, obstruction, clog, fardel, imposition, charge, hitch, burden, worry, vexation incur: (n, v) contract; (v) catch, get, incite, begin, cause, encounter, experience, obtain, suffer, receive indeed: (adv) certainly, exactly, in reality, surely, of course, assuredly,

23 as a matter of fact, admittedly; (adj, adv) really, much; (n) yes. ANTONYMS: (adv) possibly, doubtfully individual: (adj) single, distinct, particular, different, especial, alone, characteristic, distinctive; (n) creature, fellow, person. ANTONYMS: (adj) joint, common, combined, vague, general, communal, ordinary, public, group; (adj, n) collective; (n) collection inducement: (n) enticement, attraction, cause, incitement, impulse, temptation, bait, impetus, occasion, motive, goad. ANTONYMS: (n) disincentive, deterrent industry: (n) application, diligence, effort, assiduity, industriousness, trade, toil, labor, work, assiduousness, exertion. ANTONYM: (n) sloth inevitable: (adj) ineluctable, unavoidable, inescapable, destined, fatal, fated, necessary, obvious, irrevocable, irresistible; (n) ineluctability. ANTONYMS: (adj) evitable, avoidable, optional, preventable, unpredictable, unlikely; (adv) surprisingly infants: (n) brood informed: (adj) cognizant, educated, conscious, knowledgeable, familiar, apprised, wise, conversant, experienced, sensible; (adv) abreast. ANTONYMS: (adj) uninformed, unconcerned inhabitants: (n) population, citizens, populace, folk, country, community, abode, group, inhabitation, nation, natives inhuman: (adj) heartless, cruel, atrocious, brutal, cold, harsh, ferocious, remorseless, barbarous, relentless, barbaric. ANTONYMS: (adj) sympathetic, kind, humane innocent: (adj) chaste, artless, clear, ingenuous, innocuous, guileless, guiltless, ignorant, unsophisticated, spotless, naive. ANTONYMS: (adj) culpable, responsible, wicked, wary, experienced, corrupt, worldly, unfair, meaningful, offensive, jaded instance: (n) exemplar, case, time, illustration, sample, affair, pattern, chance, cause; (v) exemplify, illustrate instances: (v) conceive, abate, commotion, decline, decrease, imply, diminution, diminish instead: (adv) instead of,

24 alternatively, as an alternative, in place of, more willingly, to compensate for, sooner, preferably, otherwise, on the other hand; (n) lieu intended: (adj) deliberate, calculated, destined, knowing, meant, planned, premeditated, prospective, willful, designed; (adj, v) voluntary. ANTONYMS: (adj) accidental, involuntary, unintended, spontaneous, unconscious intention: (n) idea, intent, goal, purpose, cause, motive, mind; (n, v) aim, end, design, drift interest: (n, v) advantage, care, benefit; (adj, v) engage; (n) affair, account, gain, hobby, eagerness, enthusiasm, sake. ANTONYMS: (n) indifference, apathy, boredom, distraction, hostility, detachment, inattention, repulsion; (v) repel, appall introduced: (adj) exotic, familiar, foisted in, imported introducing: (n) introduction invited: (adj) welcomer, wanted, cherished ireland: (n) Hibernia, cork, Emerald Isle, Irish Free State island: (n, v) isle; (n) islet, reef, safety zone, Cebu, Papua; (v) insulate, isolate, segregate, sequester, separate justify: (v) explain, exonerate, vindicate, confirm, absolve, defend, deserve, apologize, claim, palliate; (n, v) warrant justly: (adv) accurately, fairly, correctly, honestly, lawfully, properly, exactly, uprightly, legitimately, impartially, purely. ANTONYMS: (adv) wrongly, unfairly, unjustifiably, unjustly, unlawfully, sinfully, falsely, immorally kick: (v) grumble, complain; (n) bitch, beef, thrill, gripe, charge, excitement; (n, v) recoil, spurn, protest. ANTONYMS: (v) start; (n) bore kind: (n) sort, form, class, variety, breed; (adj, n) helpful, good, humane, friendly, gentle; (adj) generous. ANTONYMS: (adj) unkind, cruel, hardhearted, mean, merciless, nasty, spiteful, uncaring, upsetting, callous, disagreeable kingdom: (n) domain, realm, state, empire, dominion, territory, nation, crown, monarchy, department, land knew: (adj) known; (v) recognize,

A Modest Proposal wist knife: (adj, n) blade; (adj) cutlery, edge tool; (v) stab; (n) sword, cleaver, whittle, cutter, tongue, pocketknife, chopper knowing: (adj, v) canny, crafty, wise; (adj, n) clever; (adj) conscious, aware, ingenious, intelligent, bright, conversant, smart. ANTONYMS: (adj) naive, uncomprehending, unconscious knowledge: (n) information, comprehension, science, lore, understanding, intelligence, grasp, erudition, acquaintance; (n, v) cognition; (adj, n) art. ANTONYMS: (n) foolishness, inexperience known: (adj) familiar, knew, conscious, certain, famous, know, eminent, plain, accepted, published, acknowledged. ANTONYMS: (adj) unknown, secret, unidentified, unfamiliar labour: (n, v) travail, labor, toil; (v) grind, fag, drudge; (n) exertion, employment, confinement, childbed, business land: (n) country, earth, soil, kingdom, field, nation, estate, domain; (v) disembark, debark, get. ANTONYMS: (adj) aquatic, amphibious; (n) sea; (v) lose, depart, embark landlord: (n) laird, proprietor, landlady, owner, landholder, land holder, land owner, innkeeper, property owner, slumlord, publican. ANTONYM: (n) occupant lastly: (adv) eventually, ultimately, latterly, in conclusion, last, at last, terminally, latestly, utmostly, definitively, concludingly. ANTONYM: (adv) initially late: (adj, adv) dilatory, fresh, behindhand, backward; (adj) former, deceased, dead, slow, delayed, modern; (adv) belatedly. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) early, punctual; (adv) punctually, promptly; (adj) ahead, existing, alive, initial, middle, old, premature lately: (adv) tardily, newly, freshly, belatedly, slowly, latterly, deadly; (adj, adv) anew, late, afresh; (adj) recent lawful: (adj) legal, just, rightful, constitutional, true, right, justifiable, licit, regular; (n, v) allowable; (adj, v) permissible. ANTONYMS: (adj) unlawful, prohibited, unconstitutional laws: (n) Pentateuch, Torah

lean: (adj, v) gaunt; (adj) emaciated, thin, bony, lank; (n, v) bend, tilt, slant, list, careen; (n) inclination. ANTONYMS: (adj) plump, rich, chubby, greasy, stout; (v) straighten, repel learn: (v) get, find, ascertain, hear, find out, have, determine, con, acquire, tell; (n, v) know. ANTONYM: (v) reject learning: (n, v) erudition, enlightenment; (n) acquisition, education, culture, scholarship, wisdom, acquirement, letter, literature; (v) learn least: (n) minimum; (adj) smallest, minimal, littlest, lowest, insignificant, minutest, negligible; (adj, n) smallest amount; (adv) at least, fully. ANTONYMS: (adj) maximum, greatest; (adj, adv) most leave: (v) depart, go, abandon, desert, lead; (adj, v) forsake, quit; (n) furlough, permission, holiday; (n, v) escape. ANTONYMS: (v) enter, arrive, stay, remain, come, approach, change, reposition, disinherit, occupy, participate length: (n, v) extent; (n) distance, range, duration, size, measurement, longness, dimension, depth, compass, quantity. ANTONYMS: (n) shortness, width, breadth, brevity, conciseness lent: (n) Quadragesima, Lententide less: (adj) inferior, wanting, minor, secondary, subordinate, deficient, minus, few; (adj, adv) lesser, lower; (adv) below. ANTONYMS: (adj) additional; (prep) plus lessen: (v) decrease, abate, fall, decline, dwindle, assuage, allay, alleviate; (adj, v) abridge, curtail, contract. ANTONYMS: (v) increase, exacerbate, intensify, raise, grow, aggravate, accelerate, bolster, worsen, strengthen, rise lessened: (adj) diminished, hurt, lower, mitigated, pointed, tapering, vitiated, atrophied, short, attenuate, attenuated lessening: (n) diminution, cutback, alleviation, contraction, abatement, mitigation, shrinking, reduction, cut; (adj) decreasing, diminishing. ANTONYMS: (n) growth, restoration; (adj) increasing liable: (adj) answerable, accountable, disposed, apt, responsible, inclined, exposed, likely, subject, culpable, vulnerable. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwilling, innocent, unlikely,

Jonathan Swift disinclined, impervious life: (adj, n) animation; (n) energy, spirit, activity, dash, enthusiasm, being, biography, existence, exuberance, live. ANTONYMS: (n) death, apathy, extinction, nonexistence, lifelessness likewise: (adv) besides, in addition, furthermore, alike, moreover, further, too, similarly; (adj, adv) as well, equally; (adj) even list: (n) catalogue, catalog, inclination, index, calendar, enumeration; (n, v) file, tilt, schedule; (v) enter, itemize little: (adj, adv) small; (adj) diminutive, insignificant, short, tiny, some, brief, petty, minute, exiguous; (adv) rather. ANTONYMS: (adj) enormous, large, important, huge, high, giant, older, old, tall; (adv) frequently, well livelihood: (n) subsistence, existence, job, maintenance, support, living, sustenance, bread, keep, bread and butter, career lives: (n) life, living, estate, existence, earnest living london: (n) British capital, jack London, John Griffith Chaney, Greater London, capital of the united kingdom long: (v) yearn, desire, hanker, languish, ache, wish; (adj, n) extensive; (n, v) hunger; (adj) extended, lengthy; (n) length. ANTONYMS: (adj) short, brief, concise longer: (adj) longest, better, lengest; (adv) farther; (n) yearner, thirster lord: (n) chief, king, noble, sir, duke, master, God, seignior, nobility, Mister, potentate. ANTONYM: (n) lady loss: (adj, n) detriment, damage, injury, harm; (n) defeat, deprivation, deficit, destruction, forfeit, forfeiture, bereavement. ANTONYMS: (n) retrieval, appearance, victory, recovery, gaining, income, gain, accumulation, win, benefit, fortune love: (n) desire, fondness, affection, dear, liking, benevolence, charity, honey, devotion; (v) enjoy; (n, v) worship. ANTONYMS: (n, v) dislike; (n) abhorrence, hatred, aversion, detestation, detachment, indifference; (v) abhor; (adv) roughly lover: (n) dear, darling, fan, devotee, beau, buff, love, admirer, beloved,

amorist, man luxury: (n) comfort, luxuriousness, extravagance, opulence, wealth; (adj, n) delicacy, gratification, elegance; (adj) luxurious, deluxe, indulgence. ANTONYMS: (n) paucity, necessity, poverty, filth, discomfort, bareness, shabbiness; (adj) basic, inferior, cheap, Spartan magnificence: (adj, n) splendor, brilliancy, gorgeousness; (n) glory, pomp, brilliance, grandness, greatness, dignity, majesty, loftiness. ANTONYMS: (n) paucity, modesty, shabbiness, poverty, austerity, unattractiveness maimed: (adj) disabled, mutilated, deformed, truncated, faulty, cut short, game, cut off; (n) wounded maintain: (v) continue, assert, aver, preserve, defend, declare, guard, conserve, affirm; (n, v) justify, allege. ANTONYMS: (v) change, neglect, abandon, transform, quit, grant, end, cancel, endanger, refute, stop maintaining: (n) contention, continuation; (adj) affirming, assertory making: (n) creation, construction, production, fabrication, manufacture, cartography, devising, fashioning, manufacturing, formation; (v) to make. ANTONYMS: (n) undoing, destruction male: (n) fellow, boy, chap, guy, man, lad, gent; (adj) masculine, manly, virile, manlike. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) female; (n) woman; (adj) feminine, androgynous manner: (adj, n) kind; (n) bearing, demeanor, method, form, appearance, carriage, way; (n, v) custom, style, habit manufacture: (v) construct, frame, fabricate, produce, build, contrive, invent; (n) formation, construction, production, fabrication. ANTONYMS: (v) consume, destroy march: (n, v) hike, parade, trek, ramble, journey, tramp, course; (n) demonstration; (v) process, pace, stride market: (n) fair, emporium, marketplace, bazaar, grocery store; (n, v) shop, trade; (v) demand, sell, commercialize, exchange marriage: (adj, n) bridal, nuptial; (n) matrimony, espousal, union, wedlock, intermarriage, alliance, coupling; (n, v) match; (v) marry.

25 ANTONYM: (n) separation married: (adj) wedded, conjugal, matrimonial, connubial, nuptial, united, mixed, connected, marrying, attached, unite. ANTONYMS: (adj) unmarried, unattached, divorced, public materials: (n) goods, resources, equipment, riches, treasures, reserves, provisions, order matter: (n) business, substance, issue, material, affair, concern, incident, article, subject; (n, v) case; (adj, n) import maturely: (adv) mellowly, adultly, perfectly, completely, fully, readily, agedly, oldly, primely, correctly, conscientiously. ANTONYMS: (adv) childishly, irresponsibly mean: (adj, n) middle, low, contemptible, average, medium, common; (v) design; (n, v) imply, denote; (adj) ignoble, hateful. ANTONYMS: (adj) generous, kind, extravagant, charitable, luxurious, rich, expansive, extreme, great; (n) maximum, minimum measure: (n) amount, criterion, extent, measurement, estimate, degree, beat, benchmark, quantity, meter; (n, v) act. ANTONYMS: (v) guess, estimate meat: (n) food, gist, essence, core, kernel, heart, substance, marrow, crux, matter, beef medium: (adj, n) mediocre, mean; (adj) intermediate, fair, mid; (n) instrument, vehicle, atmosphere, gobetween, means, agency melancholy: (adj, v) dreary; (adj, n) gloom, melancholic; (adj) depressed, dejected, dismal, gloomy, doleful; (n, v) low spirits; (n) gloominess, depression. ANTONYMS: (n) happiness, cheerfulness, hopefulness, optimism; (adj) happy, bright, cheery, satisfied members: (n) convention, personnel mercy: (n) kindness, compassion, pity, favor, leniency, pardon, forgiveness, grace, charity, humanity; (n, v) quarter. ANTONYMS: (n) cruelty, harshness, unkindness, severity, mercilessness, ruthlessness, impatience, inhumanity merry: (adj) joyful, lively, cheerful, glad, jolly, facetious, frolicsome, lighthearted, festive; (adj, n) convivial, jovial. ANTONYMS: (adj) gloomy, miserable, serious, uptight method: (n) course, fashion, form,

26 system, order, approach, arrangement, way, manner, formula; (adj, n) plan. ANTONYMS: (n) chaos, disorderliness might: (n) power, energy, ability, influence, strength, puissance, vehemence, intensity; (v) may, can, could. ANTONYMS: (n) weakness, feebleness, meekness milk: (v) squeeze, drain, tap, bleed, anodyne, balm; (n) buttermilk, colostrum, foremilk; (adj) gluten, chalk million: (n) meg, myriad, one thousand thousand, heap, large integer, mint minister: (n) envoy, priest, deputy, divine, ambassador, churchman, clergyman, cleric, curate, ecclesiastic; (v) supply miscarriage: (n, v) failure; (n) flop, fiasco, spontaneous abortion, defeat, disappointment, failing, balk, frustration; (v) fail, fault miscarry: (v) fail, founder, abort, fall, flop, break down, go wrong, backfire, fall through, miss, lose misfortunes: (n) misfortune mistaken: (adj) wrong, erroneous, false, misguided, inaccurate, fallacious, untrue, misleading, confused, improper, error. ANTONYMS: (adj) accurate, wise, right modest: (adj) humble, lowly, moderate, gentle, low, meek, chaste, decent, unassuming; (adj, n) bashful, diffident. ANTONYMS: (adj) pretentious, arrogant, spectacular, conceited, showy, proud, pompous, elaborate, grand, conspicuous, ostentatious moment: (n, v) consequence, weight; (adj, n) instant; (n) flash, jiffy, minute, import, second, time, bit, hour. ANTONYMS: (n) inconsequence, age, triviality money: (n) currency, capital, kale, funds, means, lucre, assets, legal tender, pelf, cash, dough month: (n) calendar month, months, lunation, minute, hour, day, period, quarter, quinquennium, year, moonshine mortals: (n) people mother: (n) mamma, mommy, origin, mama, ma, mammy, mummy; (n, v) father; (v) engender, generate, beget motive: (n, v) cause; (n) account, incentive, impulse, inducement, motif, motivation, incitement, reason, subject; (v) aim.

A Modest Proposal ANTONYM: (n) disincentive move: (v) excite, go, affect, carry, touch, instigate, travel; (n, v) act, drive, transfer, maneuver. ANTONYMS: (v) stay, restore, refrain, remain, rest, withdraw, stop, repel, come, leave name: (v) appoint, describe, baptize, list, enumerate, identify, cite, mention; (n, v) title, entitle; (n) epithet. ANTONYMS: (n) nobody, indecency nation: (n) state, country, kingdom, people, community, commonwealth, land, a people, body politic, nationality, tribe native: (adj, n) aboriginal, natural; (adj) inherent, inborn, innate, congenital, inbred, indigenous, domestic; (n) autochthon, aborigine. ANTONYMS: (n) stranger, migrant, foreigner; (adj) foreign, learned, acquired, nonnative, overseas, adopted; (adj, n) immigrant, imported nearest: (adj) proximate, immediate, close, near, next, adjoining, intimate, direct, adjacent; (adj, adv) nighest; (adv) fore. ANTONYM: (adj) distant neat: (adj) elegant, tidy, clear, natty, graceful, dainty, pretty, clever, pure, straight, nifty. ANTONYMS: (adj) messy, scruffy, unkempt, clumsy, disordered, disorderly, diluted, large, lax, impulsive, loose necessary: (adj, n, v) requisite; (adj, v) important; (adj) inevitable, compulsory, mandatory, fundamental, main, indispensable; (n) necessity, demand; (adj, n) basic. ANTONYMS: (adj) optional, surplus, needless, unjustified, dispensable, possible, unimportant, voluntary, nonessential, inappropriate; (n) inessential neither: (conj) either, no-one, not either, nor, nother never: (adv) ne'er, Nevers, always, not ever, by no means, at all times, not at all, not, NE. ANTONYMS: (adv) always, forever nine: (n) niner, club, ball club, baseball club, ennead, Nina from Carolina, three times three, ten, nightspot, clubhouse, queen nothing: (adv, n) naught; (adj, n) nil, null; (n) nobody, cipher, nihil, nonentity, trifle, nix, aught, cypher. ANTONYMS: (pron) anything, everything, some; (n) all nourishing: (adj) alimentary, healthy, nutrient, healthful, wholesome, rich,

nutritive, hearty, alimental, good, beneficial. ANTONYMS: (adj) unhealthy, unwholesome, meager, insufficient nourishment: (n) food, alimentation, meal, meat, diet, feeding, nutrition, repast, sustenance, edible, fuel number: (n, v) amount, figure; (v) calculate, total, aggregate, enumerate, come; (n) score, act, volume, issue nursed: (adj) care, suckled nursing: (n) attention, tending, care, breast feeding, treatment, nurture, suckling, nurse, feeding, treat, rearing nutritive: (adj) nourishing, nutritious, alimentary, nutrient, alimental, wholesome, eatable, rich, alible, edible, healthy object: (n) cause, intent, meaning, mark, subject, objective, substance; (n, v) aim, end, intention; (v) except. ANTONYMS: (v) agree, approve, praise; (n) notion objection: (n) dissent, complaint, grievance, exception, gripe, disagreement, outcry, difficulty, expostulation, disapproval, criticism. ANTONYMS: (n) approval, agreement, praise, acceptance oblige: (v) coerce, force, drive, constrain, make, bind, accommodate, obligate, necessitate, enforce, impel. ANTONYMS: (v) displease, request, hinder observe: (n, v) comment, notice, note; (v) commemorate, mind, guard, mention, mark, see, discover; (int, v) look. ANTONYMS: (v) feel, disregard, break, overlook, disobey, disrespect, Miss, violate observed: (adj) ascertained, empirical, discovered, viewed, experimental, experiential, determined, visual, disclosed obvious: (adj, v) clear; (adj) distinct, conspicuous, open, evident, flagrant, glaring, blatant, discernible; (adj, adv) apparent, manifest. ANTONYMS: (adj) inconspicuous, obscure, unclear, undetectable, hidden, imperceptible, slight, subtle, concealed, unobvious, furtive occupation: (n) occupancy, business, craft, calling, job, place, vocation, career, function, line; (n, v) affair. ANTONYM: (n) surrender offer: (v) give, bestow, put, tender, extend, impart, introduce, advance, propose; (n) proposal, proposition.

Jonathan Swift ANTONYMS: (v) refuse, withhold, take offered: (adj) presented, accessible, existing, obtainable, available, ready, on hand, to be had, unsolicited offering: (n, v) gift, grant; (n) oblation, contribution, donation, presentation, offer, present, endowment, gratuity, bestowal often: (adj, adv) oft; (adv) much, again and again, repeatedly, ofttimes, oftentimes, many times, always, commonly, again; (adj) frequent. ANTONYMS: (adv) seldom, infrequently, never omit: (adv, v) neglect, disregard; (adj, v) miss, skip, jump, pretermit; (v) delete, forget, exclude, except, leave. ANTONYMS: (v) add, remember opinion: (adj, n, v) judgment, feeling, notion; (n) idea, belief, conjecture, advice, guess, impression, view; (n, v) meaning oppression: (n, v) hardship, grievance; (n) injustice, despotism, weight, stress, doldrums; (adj, n) abuse, tyranny, dictatorship, autocracy. ANTONYMS: (n) democracy, ease, freedom, liberty order: (n, v) command, direct, decree, dictate, sort, rank, array, commission, charge; (n) instruction, edict. ANTONYMS: (n, v) request; (n) mayhem, confusion, chaos, mess, anarchy, disorderliness, disarray; (v) disturb, deregulate, supply others: (n) rest, cessation, lie, lave, LAN, ease, acquiesce, intermission otherwise: (adv) besides, differently, or else, yet, alias, nevertheless, on the other hand, in addition; (adj, adv) other; (n) or; (adj) different overture: (n, v) offer, advance; (n) prelude, approach, introduction, preface, opening, presentation, feeler, bid, motion. ANTONYMS: (n) finale, conclusion, postscript pain: (n, v) hurt, afflict, ache, bother, torment, trouble, grieve, anguish; (n) ill, agony, nuisance. ANTONYMS: (v) encourage, cheer; (n) joy, peace, content, balm, ecstasy parish: (n) community, congregation, county, region, province, township, borough, church, grazing land, area, arrondissement parsimony: (n) frugality, thrift, niggardliness, parsimoniousness, closeness, meanness, miserliness, avarice, stinginess, prudence, pettiness. ANTONYMS: (n)

extravagance, generosity part: (adj, n) constituent; (n) piece, article, section; (v) break, disjoin, divide, divorce; (n, v) branch, division, character. ANTONYMS: (n) whole, entirety; (v) join, unite, meet, arrive, connect; (adv) wholly particular: (n) detail, item; (adj) fastidious, fussy, finicky, exact, individual, careful, definite, delicate, detailed. ANTONYMS: (adj) careless, easy, vague, ordinary, collective, generalized, slapdash, universal, strong, normal, indeterminate particularly: (adj, adv) specially, only; (adv) peculiarly, specifically, individually, expressly, separately, curiously, markedly, unusually, definitely. ANTONYMS: (adv) slightly, generally, vaguely, somewhat, unexceptionally partly: (adj) half, semi, quasi; (adv) part, constituently, in part, sidely, moderately, halfway, incompletely, relatively. ANTONYMS: (adv) completely, wholly, entirely; (adj) fully parts: (n) faculty, nous, quick parts, sagacity, wit, surroundings; (adj) ingenuity, cleverness, capacity, turn, talents passenger: (n) traveler, wayfarer, occupant, itinerant, rider, stowaway, voyager, hitchhiker, commuter, passer, pilgrim. ANTONYM: (n) driver past: (n) history, yesterday; (adj, adv, prep) beyond; (adj) former, bygone, old, prior, over, gone by; (adv) before; (adv, pref) along. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) future, present; (prep) within; (adj) current, contemporary, modern, upcoming, following, subsequent, later; (n) prospect patriot: (n) jingoist, jingo, subject, patriotic, Garibaldi, loyalist, national, chauvinist. ANTONYM: (n) turncoat paying: (adj, v) profitable; (adj) paid, lucrative, salaried, stipendiary, good, beneficial; (v) advantageous, remunerative; (n) payment, defrayment penalties: (n) penalty penny: (n) change, coin, centime, copper, groat, subunit, money, mite, doit, small change, denomination pepper: (n) cayenne, capsicum, paprika, pimento, peppercorn, black pepper; (v) bombard, sprinkle; (adj)

27 spice, season, salt perfection: (n) maturity, ideal, consummation, paragon, completeness, finish, completion, crown, flawlessness, development, ne plus ultra. ANTONYMS: (n) imperfection, fault, abandonment, ugliness, deterioration perform: (v) execute, fulfill, accomplish, do, achieve, complete, carry out, behave, make, play, appear. ANTONYMS: (v) omit, rehearse, malfunction, stop perhaps: (adv) mayhap, perchance, peradventure, possibly, probably, conceivably, by chance, haply, if, presumably; (n) might. ANTONYM: (adv) certainly perpetual: (adj) incessant, continual, constant, endless, eternal, everlasting, lasting, ceaseless, immortal, continuous, perennial. ANTONYMS: (adj) temporary, intermittent, transitory, mortal, unstable, finite, inconstant, occasional, sporadic person: (n) individual, human, man, mortal, character, soul, human being, being, creature, body; (n, v) party personal: (adj) own, particular, human, intimate, peculiar, private, direct, proper, subjective, physical; (n) person. ANTONYMS: (adj) public, general, detached, collective, common, orthodox, formal, impersonal, outermost, external, typical persons: (n) folk, public, society, world physician: (n) doctor, medico, doc, medic, quack, surgeon, leech, houseman, MD, allergist, intern pick: (n) alternative, best, option, selection, choice; (adj, n) cream, elite; (adj, v) select; (v) opt, harvest, gather. ANTONYMS: (v) reject, refuse piece: (n) fragment, division, part, article, lump, hunk, composition, component, opus; (n, v) patch, portion. ANTONYMS: (n) whole, chunk; (v) disassemble pigs: (n) stock, hogs, Suidae, livestock, litter, family Suidae, domestic animals, cattle, boars, sheep, farm animals pine: (v) languish, long, ache, droop, flag, crave, fade; (n) fir; (n, v) yearn, sink; (adj) peak pity: (n, v) compassion, ruth; (n) mercy, commiseration, condolence,

28 sympathy, clemency, remorse; (v) sympathize, compassionate, feel sorry for. ANTONYMS: (n) blame, cruelty, indifference, harshness, joy please: (v) delight, charm, amuse, entertain, oblige, enchant, enrapture; (adj, v) gratify, enjoy, like; (adj) glad. ANTONYMS: (v) displease, annoy, irritate, anger, distress, sicken, disappoint, dissatisfy, sadden, repel, appall pleased: (adj) contented, glad, delighted, content, joyful, thankful, gratified, appreciative, overjoyed, cheerful; (adj, v) elated. ANTONYMS: (adj) unhappy, annoyed, angry, worried, ashamed, disappointed, frustrated, sad, unsatisfied, ungrateful, uncomplimentary pleasure: (n) fun, enjoyment, delectation, joy, comfort, happiness, mirth, inclination; (n, v) contentment, content; (adj, n, v) gratification. ANTONYMS: (n) irritation, nuisance, boredom, ache, displeasure, dissatisfaction, misery, pain, sadness, worry, anguish plentiful: (adj) opulent, bountiful, ample, luxuriant, liberal, copious, fruitful, full, abundant, rich, plenty. ANTONYMS: (adj) scanty, meager, sparse, lacking, insufficient, few, infertile plentifully: (adv) plenteously, bountifully, bounteously, abundantly, profusely, richly, fully, liberally, opulently, amply, prolifically. ANTONYM: (adv) meagerly plump: (adj) chubby, corpulent, stout, round, obese, overweight, gross, buxom, pudgy; (adj, n) fleshy; (v) fatten. ANTONYMS: (adj) thin, emaciated, skinny, slim, slender points: (n) turnout, handicap, interest, percentage, brownie points, commendation, credit, eight points, share, terms poison: (adj, v) contaminate, taint; (n, v) envenom, drug, empoison; (adj) toxic, poisonous; (v) defile, intoxicate; (n) bane, venom. ANTONYMS: (n) cure; (v) clean poor: (adj) bad, miserable, piteous, destitute, pitiful, insufficient, penniless, pathetic; (adj, v) meager; (adj, n) paltry, mean. ANTONYMS: (adj) wealthy, excellent, privileged, admirable, good, adequate, satisfactory, outstanding, favorable, dignified, comfortable

A Modest Proposal poorer: (adj) lesser, substandard, subordinate, of inferior quality, not as good as, lower, junior, minor. ANTONYMS: (adj) superior, higher popish: (adj) papistic, papist, Roman, Romish, Romanist, papal, pontifical, apostolic, Roman Catholic popular: (adj) general, current, fashionable, democratic, customary, plain, known, pop, celebrated; (adj, v) favorite; (n) folk. ANTONYMS: (adj) unpopular, aristocratic, disliked, companionless, out, unknown, unpleasant, minority, forgettable, highbrow, unfashionable possibly: (adv) probably, perhaps, peradventure, likely, perchance, may, might, or, mayhap, conceivably, potentially. ANTONYMS: (adv) impossibly, definitely, certainly, indeed, implausibly pound: (n, v) pen, hammer, thump; (v) palpitate, grind, maul, crush, bang, flap, mash, buffet power: (n, v) might, ability, influence, dominion, faculty; (n) potency, energy, control, authority, domination, strength. ANTONYMS: (n) powerlessness, helplessness, weakness, inability, subjugation, moderation, calmness, meekness, inferiority, feebleness, ease practice: (n, v) exercise, drill, discipline, use; (n) fashion, convention, habitude, habit, experience, form, observance. ANTONYMS: (n) theory, innovation; (v) perform pregnancy: (n) gestation, richness, womb, abundance, fertility, affluence, wealth, profusion, conception, opulence; (adj) procreation prescribe: (n, v) ordain; (v) enjoin, decree, dictate, fix, command, assign, determine, set, stipulate, designate present: (adj, n, v) gift, grant; (n, v) donation, display; (adj, v) confer, bestow; (v) introduce, give, prefer, offer, perform. ANTONYMS: (v) withdraw, withhold, consume, take; (adj) missing, lost, dated, historical; (adj, n) past, future; (n) history preserver: (n) defender, protector, custodian, conservative, keeper, conservator, savior, patron, restorer, flotation device; (adj) third person pretender: (n) fraud, fake, imposter, sham, hypocrite, claimant, cheat,

quack, shammer, humbug; (v) fanfaron prevent: (n, v) hinder, bar; (v) anticipate, block, forbid, avert, avoid, preclude, arrest, hamper, obviate. ANTONYMS: (v) allow, permit, promote, advance, attract, cause, let, drive, help, support, include price: (v) appraise, assess; (adj, n) worth, merit; (n) cost, charge, expense, figure, fee; (n, v) estimate, amount pride: (n) arrogance, conceit, egotism, vanity, lordliness, assumption, insolence, disdain, hauteur; (n, v) boast; (v) plume. ANTONYMS: (n) modesty, sorrow, dregs, disgrace, shame, baseness prime: (adj, n) chief, best, paramount, essential; (adj) first, head, fundamental, primary, early; (n) flower; (v) ground. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) secondary, inferior; (adj) new, marginal; (n) nadir principal: (adj, n) chief, master, cardinal, primary, leading, capital, prime, main; (adj) grand; (n) manager, leader. ANTONYMS: (adj) secondary, subordinate, peripheral, trivial, marginal, side probably: (adv) presumably, perhaps, maybe, in all probability, in all likelihood, belike, believably, credibly; (adj, adv) doubtless; (adj) like; (n) may. ANTONYM: (adv) implausibly procure: (v) get, obtain, buy, earn, win, gain, have, purchase, induce, derive, find. ANTONYM: (v) give prodigious: (adj) gigantic, enormous, huge, phenomenal, portentous, stupendous, exceptional, colossal, immense, gargantuan; (adj, v) monstrous. ANTONYMS: (adj) unexceptional, normal, average, tiny, weak profess: (v) assert, feign, affirm, avow, state, pretend, claim, confess, allege, aver; (n, v) protest. ANTONYM: (v) repress professed: (adj) alleged, declared, apparent, avowed, pretended, seeming, supposed, affected, feigned, so-called, purported profession: (n) employment, declaration, occupation, affirmation, calling, career, vocation, job, position, assertion, assurance. ANTONYM: (n) denial proficiency: (n) ability, expertise, capability, dexterity, competence,

Jonathan Swift efficiency, knowledge, expertness, skill, facility, craft. ANTONYMS: (n) inability, inexperience profit: (n, v) gain, produce, net, increase, help; (adj, n, v) benefit, advantage; (n) account, earnings, lucre; (adj, n) good. ANTONYMS: (n) loss, detriment, insignificance project: (n, v) design, jut, scheme; (v) hurl, contrive, overhang, protrude, shoot, bulge; (n) device, idea promote: (adv, v) further, forward; (v) help, encourage, aid, push, prefer, develop, foster, advertise, assist. ANTONYMS: (v) demote, prevent, downgrade, impede, obstruct, oppose, restrain, thwart, buy, hinder, neglect propagation: (n, v) generation, progeneration, genesis; (n) diffusion, dissemination, extension, circulation, transmission, promulgation; (adj, n) multiplication; (v) procreation proper: (adj) due, decent, modest, agreeable, fitting, legitimate, right; (adj, v) correct, fit, becoming; (adj, n) just. ANTONYMS: (adj) inappropriate, wrong, unseemly, rude, unconventional, unsuitable, false, relaxed, vulgar, unreasonable, undue properly: (adv) duly, decently, appropriately, neatly, exactly, rightly, becomingly, fittingly, fitly, seemly, aptly. ANTONYMS: (adv) improperly, incorrectly, inappropriately, unlawfully, unsuitably, unduly, informally, indecently, dishonorably, badly, jokingly proposal: (n) advice, suggestion, proposition, overture, plan, proffer, offer, hypothesis, presentation, idea, view propose: (v) bid, nominate, design, plan, proffer, move, intend, mean, aim, suggest; (n, v) advance. ANTONYMS: (v) reject, improvise, oppose proposed: (adj) intended, projected, suggested, intentional, jutting, planned, future, projecting, predetermined, prospective; (n) moot prospect: (n) outlook, expectancy, lookout, aspect, anticipation, hope, possibility, perspective, probability, panorama, picture provide: (v) contribute, furnish, offer, cater, supply, afford, equip, administer, accommodate, allow, fit.

ANTONYMS: (v) refuse, withhold, divest, neglect, take, buy provided: (adv) in case, provided always; (conj) if; (n) conditionally, as if, quasi; (adj) fitted, instructed, enlightened, arranged; (v) foreseen providing: (v) provide; (n) provision, supply, supplying, health care delivery, giving out, alimentation, logistics; (conj) if, on condition that; (adv) in case prudence: (n) foresight, economy, frugality, caution, care, forethought, providence, circumspection, judgment, deliberation; (adj, n) wisdom. ANTONYMS: (n) imprudence, profligacy, generosity, hindsight, recklessness, extravagance prudent: (adj, v) discreet; (adj) cautious, circumspect, reasonable, chary, economical, careful, frugal, deliberate, advisable, canny. ANTONYMS: (adj) imprudent, reckless, spendthrift, stupid, careless, unwise, unsafe, tactless public: (n) folk, people, populace; (adj) national, overt, civic, communal, popular; (adj, v) general, open; (adj, n) community. ANTONYMS: (adj) private, confidential, personal, individual, privileged, restricted, unknown, home, secret purpose: (n, v) plan, intention, design, project, resolve, purport, end, object; (n) mind, effect, motive. ANTONYM: (n) weakness putting: (n) placing, putt, botong, swing, puts, miniature golf, golf stroke, golf shot, placing into standby quality: (adj, n) character, faculty; (n) class, characteristic, condition, grade, feature, distinction, description, mark, peculiarity. ANTONYMS: (adj) cheap; (n) drawback, inferiority, mediocrity quarter: (n) part, district, neighbourhood, division, mercy, neighborhood, region, direction, portion; (n, v) place; (v) lodge. ANTONYM: (v) evict question: (n, v) query, distrust, interrogate, matter, challenge, demand; (n) inquiry; (v) investigate, inquire, contest, examine. ANTONYMS: (n) certainty, resolution; (n, v) trust; (v) praise, reply, believe, accept quickest: (adv) most quickly quitting: (n) departure, resignation

29 rags: (adj) refuse, rubble, scourings, sweepings, trash, waste; (n) clothing, tatter, orts, odds and ends, dress raiment: (n, v) dress, garb, apparel, garment, clothes; (n) costume, attire, clothing, array, habit; (v) clothe raised: (adj) embossed, erect, convex, inflated, brocaded, high, uplifted, lifted, exultant; (v) in relief, repousse rather: (adv) a little, enough, fairly, pretty, moderately, considerably, very, relatively, kind of, instead, kinda. ANTONYMS: (adv) extremely, absolutely; (adj) complete reader: (n) professor, lector, proofreader, subscriber, reviewer, bookworm, printer, preacher, compositor, schoolbook, scholar ready: (v) prepare, fix; (adj, v) fit, disposed, willing; (adj) quick, prompt, nimble, apt; (adj, n) available, dexterous. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwilling, reluctant, unavailable, unready, unripe, difficult, unenthusiastic, young real: (adj, n, v) actual; (adj, n) true, pure, authentic; (adj) physical, material, natural, concrete, positive, literal, native. ANTONYMS: (adj, v) pretend; (adj) imaginary, artificial, fake, apparent, mock, insubstantial, imitation, fantasy, false, bogus reason: (n) account, intellect, occasion, object, understanding, argument, purpose; (n, v) cause; (v) argue, debate; (adj, n) rationality. ANTONYMS: (n) inconsistency, disincentive reasonable: (adj) rational, just, fair, legitimate, judicious, sensible, sane, temperate, impartial, inexpensive, equitable. ANTONYMS: (adj) illogical, unfair, expensive, unsatisfactory, inadequate, excessive, intolerable, intemperate, inexplicable, ridiculous, obsessional reasonably: (adv) fairly, rather, quite, passably, pretty, justly, somewhat, sensibly, rationally, enough, fair. ANTONYMS: (adv) extremely, dangerously, illogically, irrationally, wrongly, extravagantly, foolishly, implausibly, intolerably, unsatisfactorily, unfairly receipts: (n) proceeds, earnings, revenue, gain, profit, gross, gate, profit and loss account, box office, gains, emolument reckon: (v) estimate, judge, hold, compute, guess, calculate, gauge, rate; (n, v) enumerate, count,

30 number recommend: (v) advocate, advise, counsel, commend, offer, suggest, move, praise, urge, endorse, promote. ANTONYMS: (v) oppose, reject refinement: (n) culture, cultivation, purification, gentility, polish, finish, civilization, nicety, courtesy, grace; (adj, n) elegance. ANTONYMS: (n) vulgarity, adulteration, tackiness, uncouthness, tastelessness, inelegance, coarseness, clumsiness, awkwardness, crudeness regarded: (adj) reputed reject: (v) deny, decline, disapprove, eliminate, dismiss, exclude, rebuff, discard, repel, ignore; (n) cull. ANTONYMS: (v) approve, choose, select, grant, acknowledge, agree, pass, welcome, propose, prefer, keep rejecting: (adj) negative, dismissive, disdainful; (n) rejection relations: (n) family, dealings, kin, relation, connections, people, kindred, kinsfolk, contact, relationship, folks relieving: (adj) pertinent, comforting, applicable; (n) encouragement remain: (n, v) abide, endure, continue, last; (v) bide, linger, stay, keep, persist, live, hold. ANTONYMS: (v) leave, depart, change, move, go, become, stop remaining: (adj) leftover, left over, odd, surplus, extra, other, enduring, lasting, residual, spare; (adv) over. ANTONYMS: (adj) spent, finished, left, gross, fleeting, basic, transient remedy: (n, v) cure, redress, heal, help, medicine, relief; (v) rectify, amend, relieve, correct; (n) drug. ANTONYM: (n) poison render: (v) interpret, explain, give, offer, furnish, pay, construe, return, provide, impart, translate renowned: (adj, n) illustrious, glorious; (adj) famous, famed, notable, noted, eminent, distinguished, great, notorious, well-known. ANTONYMS: (adj) obscure, anonymous, undistinguished rent: (n, v) breach, fissure, lease, let; (adj, n) cleft; (n) crevice, tear, crack, break; (v) charter, engage repeat: (v) copy, recapitulate, reduplicate, reiterate, rehearse, return, say, double, renew, iterate, duplicate repine: (v) kick, grumble, regret,

A Modest Proposal quetch, murmur, brood, mourn, languish, whine, lament; (n) sink require: (v) charge, crave, involve, desire, demand, exact, claim, ask, entail; (adj, v) want, lack. ANTONYMS: (v) obviate, dislike, have reserved: (adj, n) cold, distant, frigid; (adj) coy, reticent, diffident, bashful, aloof, retiring, quiet, shy. ANTONYMS: (adj) open, forthcoming, uninhibited, relaxed, warm, communicative, talkative, free, definite, cordial, forward resolution: (n) determination, purpose, firmness, conclusion, answer, solution, resolve, decomposition, resoluteness, perseverance, settlement. ANTONYMS: (n) problem, feebleness, indecision, irresoluteness, irresolution, weakness, indifference rest: (adj, n) remnant, remainder, residue; (n, v) pause, balance, nap, relaxation, sleep; (n) recess, leisure; (v) remain. ANTONYMS: (n) activity, agitation, intensification; (v) change, stand, deteriorate return: (v) recur, reimburse, restore; (n, v) pay, restitution, recompense, refund, restoration, render, retort; (n) proceeds. ANTONYMS: (n) departure, confiscation, abolition, recovery, loss, disappearance, penalty; (v) keep, depart, take, remove rewards: (n) booty, loot rich: (adj, n) copious, luxurious; (adj) productive, fruitful, full, deep, prolific, opulent, fat, affluent; (adj, v) fertile. ANTONYMS: (adj) poor, impoverished, destitute, broke, light, plain, lean, delicate, infertile, weak, barren roads: (n) anchorage, anchorage ground, communications, infrastructure, port, road and rail network, transportation roasted: (adj) fried, baked roasting: (n) barbecuing, cookery, cooking; (adj) broiling, baking, burning, boiling, airless, blazing, close; (adj, n) scorching. ANTONYMS: (adj) airy, fresh roman: (adj) Romanist, Romish, classical, apostolic, popish, papist, papistic; (n) Catholic, Roman type, reglet, Romanesque rotting: (adj) rotten, decaying, decayed, moldering, mouldering, decomposing, putrid; (n) rot,

putrefaction, decomposition, deep etching round: (n) bout, circuit, beat; (n, v) ring, compass; (adv, prep) about; (adj) circular, entire; (adj, v) plump; (adj, n, v) turn; (v) gird. ANTONYMS: (adj) sharp, slender, thin, square, harsh, reedy, evasive; (prep) exactly rudiments: (n) grammar, fundamentals, elements, alphabet, abecedary, primer, vade mecum, bedrock, element, fundamental principle, rudiment sale: (n) fair, disposal, sales, sales event, bazaar, market, demand, marketing, saloon, vend, vendition. ANTONYMS: (n) acquisition, purchase saleable: (adj) salable, marketable, merchantable, commercial, vendible, sellable, profitable salt: (adj) salty, saline, briny, brackish, pungent; (v) cure, pickle; (n) salinity, common salt, alkali; (adj, n) spice same: (adj) identical, equal, like, corresponding, equivalent, similar, uniform, even, consistent, matching; (adv) equally. ANTONYMS: (adj) different, varying, another, unlike, other, varied savage: (adj, v) fierce, wild, furious; (adj) ferocious, brutal, cruel, bloodthirsty, rough, pitiless; (adj, n) brute; (n) vandal. ANTONYMS: (adj) civilized, gentle, nice scene: (n, v) aspect, view, outlook, lookout; (n) background, display, spectacle, picture, environment, panorama, perspective scheme: (n, v) plot, design, intrigue, project; (n) contrivance, dodge, device, diagram, method; (v) devise, conspire scraps: (n) garbage, odds and ends, scrap, bits, food waste, leftover, trash, waste, oddments, leftovers, residue scrupulous: (adj) careful, punctilious, exact, conscientious, particular, painstaking, accurate, prudent, meticulous, rigorous, cautious. ANTONYMS: (adj) sloppy, unscrupulous, slapdash, relaxed, guilty, deceitful season: (v) mature, flavor, salt, mellow, moderate; (adj, v) harden, inure, habituate; (n) opportunity, spell, space seasoned: (adj) veteran, flavoured, flavored, mature, ripe, versed,

Jonathan Swift hardened, confirmed, practised, accustomed, sophisticated. ANTONYMS: (adj) green, unseasoned, inexperienced, mild secondly: (adv) secondarily, second, latterly, subordinately, duplicately, inferiorly, forwardly, additionally, furtherly, in the second place, subsequently seem: (v) appear, feel, seeming, loom, expect, show, beseem, sound, glitter, glisten, gleam seized: (adj) confiscate, appropriated, condemned, apprehended, grasped, taken, held, seised, detained, obtained, arraught seldom: (adj) scarce, rare, few, infrequent; (adv) occasionally, infrequently, uncommonly, hardly, scarcely, not often, once in a blue moon. ANTONYMS: (adv) often, seldom self: (n) ego, person, me, individual, being; (pron) myself, herself, itself; (adj) same; (v) own; (adv) personally sell: (v) deal, handle, dispose, betray, give, promote, realize, merchandise, dispose of; (n, v) cheat; (adj) sold. ANTONYMS: (v) buy, wholesale selves: (pron) oneself sentiments: (n) breast serve: (adj, n, v) avail; (v) assist, aid, act, benefit, tend, attend, operate, function, do; (n, v) officiate service: (n, v) overhaul, serve, refit, assist; (n) aid, employment, assistance, avail, ministration, ceremony; (v) attendance. ANTONYMS: (n) disservice, damage, hindrance, uselessness settlement: (n) accommodation, colony, hamlet, payment, arrangement, conclusion, resolution, determination, contract, village, colonization seventy: (n) large integer several: (adj, v) diverse, divers, sundry; (adj, n) a few, some; (adj) various, individual, different, particular, special, numerous. ANTONYMS: (adj) joint, all, none shall: (n) must, necessity; (v) require, bequeath, leave shambles: (n) disorder, confusion, mess, butchery, abattoir, chaos, muddle, bedlam, hash, tangle; (n, v) slaughterhouse. ANTONYM: (n) order shame: (n, v) disgrace, dishonor, discredit, humiliate, degrade, chagrin; (n) humiliation, modesty, scandal, insult; (v) abash.

ANTONYMS: (n) pride, glorification, making, worthiness; (v) acknowledge, glorify, respect, dignify sheep: (n) goat, ram, tup, ewe, cattle, follower, Bovidae, stock, simple, simpleton, family Bovidae since: (adv, conj, prep) because, seeing that; (adv, prep) afterwards, before; (adv, conj) for, as; (adj, adv) ago; (conj) whereas; (prep) from, of; (adv) after sincere: (adj, v) earnest, devout; (adj) genuine, faithful, heartfelt, honest, serious, open, artless, candid; (adj, n) cordial. ANTONYMS: (adj) insincere, dishonest, guarded, flippant, affected, disingenuous, hypocritical, cunning, unfaithful, unenthusiastic, unbelievable sincerity: (adj, n) candor, honesty, integrity, probity, faithfulness; (n) earnestness, heartiness, genuineness, candour, frankness, cordiality. ANTONYMS: (n) dishonesty, hypocrisy, flippancy, frivolity, affectedness, caution, reticence, deceit, doubt single: (adj) celibate, odd, particular, separate, solitary, isolated, sole, lone, lonely, simple; (adj, n) one. ANTONYMS: (adj) double, multiple, divorced, attached, dual, involved, widowed, general, common; (n) record situation: (n) employment, position, post, job, matter, location, circumstance, circumstances, condition, site, office skilful: (adj) adroit, practised, experienced, cunning, expert, dextrous, clever, adept, proficient, practiced, good skill: (n) artifice, capacity, capability, knack, ability, faculty, finesse, cleverness, expertise; (adj, n) craft, cunning. ANTONYMS: (n) clumsiness, incompetence, uselessness, stupidity, ineptness, tactlessness, inexperience, ignorance, inaccuracy, delay, drawback skin: (n) hide, fur, rind, coating, shell, hull; (v) pare, scrape, excoriate, flay; (n, v) bark solar: (adj) heliacal, sunny, solars, sunlight, suns, the sun, planetary, lunar, astral, astronomical, astrophysical sold: (adj) depleted, interested; (v) to market solid: (adj, v) dense, compact,

31 consistent, close, fixed; (adj) hard, strong, real, good, secure, substantial. ANTONYMS: (adj) soft, unreliable, loose, permeable, runny, gaseous, transparent, watery, slim, weak, brittle something: (n) what, object, thing, article, entity, substance, somebody; (adv, n) somewhat; (adv) rather, a little, kinda. ANTONYM: (pron) nothing somewhat: (adv) slightly, a little, fairly, a bit, reasonably, pretty, moderately, sort of; (adv, v) little; (adv, pron) partly; (adj, adv) something. ANTONYMS: (adv) considerably, very, unreasonably, totally, hugely, completely, closely, massively, absolutely, wholly soon: (adv) shortly, presently, anon, immediately, directly, at once, before long, betimes, quickly, promptly; (adj, adv) early. ANTONYMS: (adv) now, eventually, later, slowly sort: (adj, n, v) class; (n, v) type, group, rank; (n) variety, breed, assortment, form, pattern; (adj, n) manner, description sound: (n, v) chime, echo, peal; (adj) reasonable, complete, healthy, sensible, sane, rational; (adj, v) fit, fast. ANTONYMS: (adj) illogical, unsound, confused, unreliable, flawed, flimsy, silent, weak, unreasonable; (n) silence; (v) devoice spain: (n) spains, Espana spirit: (n, v) courage, mind; (n) mood, ghost, apparition, disposition, energy, essence, soul, phantom; (adj, n) animation. ANTONYMS: (n) lethargy, body, cowardice, surface, sluggishness, lifelessness, defeatism squire: (n, v) escort; (n) landlord, gallant, attendant, beau, gentleman, esquire, landowner, landholder, armiger; (v) attend stand: (v) endure, undergo; (n) rack, booth, attitude, base, pedestal; (n, v) live, position; (adj, v) suffer, tolerate. ANTONYMS: (v) sit, lie, yield, forbid; (n) top starve: (v) fast, crave, lust, hunger, thirst, perish, be hungry, deprive, benumb; (adj, v) pinch; (adj) gripe. ANTONYMS: (v) feed, eat state: (n) nation, position, kingdom, status, country; (n, v) say, show, place; (adj) national; (v) express, expound. ANTONYMS: (adj) private; (n) monarchy; (v) conceal,

32 refute statue: (n) figure, monument, statuette, effigy, idol, sculpture, carving, bust, sphinx, icon, representation stay: (adj, n, v) remain; (n, v) rest, prop, stop, delay, abide, continue, pause, endure, halt, support. ANTONYMS: (v) change, abscond, depart, move, disappear, become, go stealing: (n) pilferage, larceny, theft, steal, burglary, misappropriation, embezzlement, stolen, thievery, pilfering, thieving sterling: (adj) sound, fine, authentic, reliable, genuine, pure, good, infallible, excellent; (n) pound sterling, pound. ANTONYM: (adj) spurious stewed: (adj) poached, tipsy, intoxicated, done, drunk, huffy, inebriated, baked, tight stir: (adj, n, v) move, bustle; (v) rouse, arouse, affect, agitate, inspire; (adj, n) movement; (n) commotion, excitement, disturbance. ANTONYMS: (v) dampen, retire, stultify, bore, steady, stifle, suppress; (n) quiet, peace; (n, v) calm stock: (n, v) store, handle; (n) lineage, breed, goods, origin, ancestry, hoard, race; (adj, v) regular; (adj) standard. ANTONYMS: (adj) original, unusual, atypical, nonstandard streets: (n) street strength: (n, v) power; (n) energy, firmness, endurance, stability, potency, health, soundness; (adj, n, v) might; (adj, n) vigor, intensity. ANTONYMS: (n) frailty, shortcoming, flaw, faintness, powerlessness, moderation, limitation, instability, impotence, feebleness, disadvantage studious: (adj) scholarly, bookish, academic, assiduous, erudite, diligent, learned, careful, deliberate; (adj, v) thoughtful, reflective. ANTONYM: (adj) negligent subject: (n) matter, citizen, motif, question, issue, affair, point, national; (adj, v) exposed; (adj, n) dependent, inferior. ANTONYMS: (n) foreigner, resolution; (adj) impervious submission: (n) compliance, obedience, acquiescence, bid, offer, deference, entry, presentation, conformity; (adj, n) resignation, surrender. ANTONYMS: (n)

A Modest Proposal defiance, divergence, disobedience subsistence: (n) existence, life, entity, maintenance, food, support, sustenance, living, livelihood, esse, ens subtract: (v) reduce, calculate, take off, add, discount, diminish, subduct, withhold, deduce, withdraw, remove. ANTONYMS: (v) estimate, credit success: (n) conquest, prosperity, achievement, hit, passing, victory, effectiveness, accomplishment, triumph, coup, achiever. ANTONYMS: (n) flop, disappointment, prevention, debacle, defeat, fruitlessness, poverty, dissatisfaction, inefficiency, criticism suck: (v) nurse, drink, imbibe, suckle, absorb, lactate, puff, drain, pull, suck up; (n) sucking. ANTONYM: (v) rock sufficient: (adj) adequate, proper, commensurate, competent, good, acceptable, apt, ample, full; (adj, n) enough; (adv) quite. ANTONYMS: (adj) inadequate, insufficient, unacceptable, unsatisfactory, impossible, appalling summer: (n) summertime, joist, rafter, beam, scaffold, season, skeleton, corner stone, lintel, transom, girder. ANTONYM: (n) winter support: (n, v) stand, aid, keep, prop, comfort, patronage; (adj, n, v) assist; (v) brace; (adj, v) encourage, back; (n) maintenance. ANTONYMS: (n, v) neglect; (v) undermine, reject, weaken, abandon, condemn, contradict, disapprove, release; (n) hindrance, opposition supported: (adj) sustained, backed, bolstered, based; (v) borne, carried, conveyed, supporting; (adv) on supposing: (adv) admitting, conditionally, in case; (n) supposition, conjecture, thought, theory, assumption; (conj) although, what if; (v) suppose sure: (adj) secure, reliable, safe, indisputable, dependable, assured, positive; (adj, v) steady, firm; (adv) certainly; (adj, adv) for certain. ANTONYMS: (adj) doubtful, uncertain, unsure, hesitant, humbled, dubious, indefinite, wavering, wobbly, unconvinced; (adv) doubtfully sustenance: (n) living, food, maintenance, subsistence, fare,

sustentation, provisions, nourishment, nutriment, aliment, livelihood. ANTONYM: (n) extras swine: (n) hog, boar, beast, sow, Eohyus, babiroussa, babirussa, barrow, brute, razorback, grunter table: (n) board, schedule, chart, stand, list, desk, plateau, platen; (v) defer, shelve, postpone. ANTONYMS: (v) decide, vote, withdraw taken: (adj) occupied, full, interpreted, appropriated, seized, overcome, affected, besotted; (v) take, get, receive. ANTONYMS: (adj) given, free talk: (n, v) discourse, gossip, converse, lecture, chatter, chat, address; (v) articulate, speak, prattle; (n) language. ANTONYMS: (v) refuse; (n) silence taste: (n, v) relish, sample, smack, touch; (n) flavor, liking, penchant, morsel, bit, drop, fondness. ANTONYMS: (n) dislike, tastelessness, disinclination, hate, lot, coarseness, uncouthness; (v) abstain, refrain taxing: (adj) burdensome, demanding, trying, arduous, exacting, strenuous, heavy, troublesome, tough, laborious, hard. ANTONYMS: (adj) light, refreshing, relaxing, undemanding teaching: (n) education, instruction, indoctrination, precept, pedagogy, schooling, doctrine, training, lesson, advice, tuition tears: (n) cry, crying, snivel, brine, weeping, activity, bawling, bodily function, bodily process, body process, lacerations temperance: (n) moderation, abstinence, abstemiousness, control, restraint, moderateness, soberness, forbearance, measure, gravity, asceticism. ANTONYMS: (n) intemperance, wildness tender: (n, v) offer, proffer, bid; (adj, v) affectionate; (adj) painful, sensitive, soft, loving, sore; (v) propose, present. ANTONYMS: (adj) hardhearted, rubbery, hard, rough, uncaring, healthy, mature, unfeeling, cold, experienced; (v) withdraw tenderness: (n) fondness, soreness, love, affection, sympathy; (adj, n) clemency, mildness, compassion, gentleness, softness, delicacy. ANTONYMS: (n) pleasure, dryness, hatred, strength, detachment

Jonathan Swift themselves: (pron) myself, itself, yourself; (n) yourselves thence: (adv) therefore, thus, therefrom, thereof, consequently, then, so, thereafter, thenceforth, since, on account of thereby: (adv) whereby, hereby therefore: (adv) thence, so, hence, accordingly, as a result, thus, for that reason; (conj) since, because, then, ergo thing: (n) affair, occurrence, object, event, concern, something, article, happening, substance, occasion, being things: (n) gear, belongings, equipment, garb, garment, clothes, paraphernalia, goods, life, property, palliament thirdly: (adv) third, tertiarily, in the third place, thrice thirty: (n) large integer, termination; (adj) thretty though: (adj, conj) however; (conj) still, notwithstanding, nevertheless, albeit, whereas, while; (adv) even, after all, tho'; (adv, conj) tho thoughts: (n) mind, opinion, depth of thought, feelings, reflection, ideas, workings of the mind, view, stance, position, considered opinion thousand: (adj, n) one thousand, k, m; (n) grand, g, thou, cat Valium, constant of gravitation, grounds, curtilage; (adj) a thousand thousands: (n) myriad, much, many thrifty: (adj) careful, economical, provident, sparing, prudent, stingy, saving, spare, parsimonious, chary, scotch. ANTONYMS: (adj) wasteful, spendthrift, profligate, extravagant, generous throughout: (prep) during; (adv, prep) about; (adv) every inch, in extenso, en masse, on the whole, bodily, en bloc, passim, everywhere, thoroughly thus: (adv) then, so, consequently, hence, thence, accordingly, as a result, ergo, thusly, for that reason, as till: (conj, prep) until, unto; (v) plow, hoe, farm, dig; (adj) up to; (n) tiller, drawer; (adv) so far; (prep) to times: (n) present time, modern times, contemporary world, multiplication, time, period, era, many years duration, epoch, present, arithmetic operation title: (n, v) call, style, designation, term, designate; (adj, n) claim, right; (n) caption, denomination,

appellation, epithet. ANTONYM: (n) possession told: (v) related, narrated; (adj) numbered, oral, spoken, legendary, verbal, manifest tolerably: (adv) well enough, passably, acceptably, reasonably, enough, moderately, to a tolerable degree, pretty, to an adequate degree; (adj, adv) somewhat; (adj) pretty well. ANTONYMS: (adv) unbearably, intolerably, unacceptably, unreasonably, insufficiently, inadequately tough: (adj) difficult, strong, arduous, rugged, severe, stout, laborious, sturdy; (adj, v) tenacious; (n) bully, rowdy. ANTONYMS: (adj) weak, easy, flimsy, soft, lightweight, simple, feeble, gentle, kind, fragile, facile towardly: (adj) timely, seasonable towards: (prep) to, facing, until, opposite to, till, unto, upon; (n, prep) against; (adv) about, by; (n) at town: (adj) municipal, urban; (n) borough, township, village, burgh, burg, municipality, townspeople, metropolis; (adj, n) community. ANTONYMS: (adj) country, private trade: (n, v) deal, exchange, swap, merchandise, switch, barter, change; (adj, n) business; (n) commerce, profession, occupation. ANTONYMS: (n) purchase, entertainment, fun, pastime; (v) buy, wholesale travel: (adj, n, v) go, pass, run; (adj, v) proceed; (v) roam, move, ride, sail; (n) stroke, tour; (n, v) voyage. ANTONYMS: (v) remain, settle trouble: (n, v) inconvenience, pain, bother, disquiet, disorder, worry, annoy, fuss, afflict, torment; (adj, n) difficulty. ANTONYMS: (v) please, help, assist, aid, placate, soothe, comfort; (n) fitness, pleasure, advantage, ease true: (adj, n) genuine, authentic; (adj) right, faithful, even, correct, accurate, honest, straight, truthful; (adj, v) actual. ANTONYMS: (adj) inaccurate, untrue, bogus, untrustworthy, unrealistic, mythical, fraudulent, faithless, disloyal; (adv) wrongly, dishonestly turn: (n, v) curve, roll, twist, go, coil, round, change, bent, spin; (n) bout; (v) revolve. ANTONYMS: (n) failure, Miss, stagnation; (v) unbend turned: (adj) off, curved, rancid, twisted, false, bent, altered, sullen,

33 having inflections, versed, glowering. ANTONYM: (adj) unturned twelve: (adj, n) dozen, XII; (n) boxcars, large integer twenty: (adj) vigesimal; (n) large integer, twenty dollar bill under: (adj) lower, down, nether, bottom, inferior, low, subject; (adv, prep) beneath, underneath; (adv) downstairs, infra. ANTONYMS: (adv, prep) over, above; (adv) primary, higher, major unite: (v) associate, meet, connect, link, blend, join, coalesce, unify, tie, amalgamate; (adj, v) fuse. ANTONYMS: (v) divide, cut, disband, disconnect, diverge, segregate, split, undo, unpick unjustly: (adv) wrongly, wrongfully, wickedly, iniquitously, inequitably, undeservedly, illegally, foully, injuriously, unrighteously, unjustifiedly. ANTONYMS: (adv) rightly, reasonably unknown: (adj, n) secret, alien; (adj) hidden, unfamiliar, unidentified, obscure, nameless, foreign, anonymous; (n) stranger, foreigner. ANTONYMS: (adj) familiar, recognized, famous, documented, identified, transparent; (n) native unless: (adv) but, if, yet, besides, except with, further; (adv, conj) save; (conj) without, if not; (n) provisionally; (adj) not necessary upon: (adv, prep) above; (prep) up, onto, against, towards; (adv) on, on that occasion, then, before, by; (n) at upwards: (adj, adv) upwardly, up; (adv) over; (adj) improving, open. ANTONYM: (adv) down useful: (adj) helpful, beneficial, practical, handy, advantageous, valuable, convenient, effective, functional, efficient, gainful. ANTONYMS: (adj) worthless, ineffective, unusable, negative, decorative, destructive, detrimental, disadvantageous, ineffectual, irrelevant, theoretical useless: (adj) pointless, unnecessary, needless, worthless, fruitless, hopeless, abortive, idle, barren, superfluous, unavailing. ANTONYMS: (adj) helpful, effective, competent, convenient, valuable, necessary, brilliant, great, meaningful, usable, worthwhile using: (n) colonialism, employment, enjoyment, victimisation, mistreatment, victimization,

34 development; (adv) through, via, by; (adj) usant usual: (adj, n, v) ordinary, common, customary; (adj, n) habitual, accustomed, familiar, average, regular; (adj) everyday; (adj, v) frequent, general. ANTONYMS: (adj) unconventional, extraordinary, abnormal, irregular, atypical, exceptional, unprecedented, uncommon, rare, changing, unacceptable usually: (adv) generally, ordinarily, normally, frequently, habitually, customarily, mostly, regularly, typically, as a rule, in general. ANTONYMS: (adv) rarely, exceptionally, occasionally utterly: (adv) completely, absolutely, totally, entirely, extremely, altogether, expressly, purely, dead, fully, wholly. ANTONYMS: (adv) partly, uncertain, slightly, incompletely, hardly, somewhat vain: (adj) proud, arrogant, conceited, fruitless, idle, empty, abortive, ineffectual, unproductive, narcissistic; (adj, v) useless. ANTONYMS: (adj) shy, successful, possible, persuasive, selfless, fruitful, humble, useful, responsible, worthwhile, effective valuable: (adj) costly, beneficial, expensive, helpful, useful, admirable, important, invaluable; (adj, n) estimable, worthy; (n) treasure. ANTONYMS: (adj) useless, unimportant, valueless, insignificant, ineffectual, shabby, cheap, detrimental, disadvantageous; (n) trash, garbage value: (adj, n, v) price; (n) cost, importance, consequence; (n, v) rate, appraise, measure; (v) appreciate, evaluate, esteem, assess. ANTONYMS: (n) disadvantage, futility, uselessness, insignificance, detriment, inefficiency, inferiority; (v) scorn, disregard, disrespect, hate vanity: (n) egotism, pride, emptiness, arrogance, futility, inanity, vainglory, conceitedness, pretension, pomposity; (adj, n) amour propre. ANTONYMS: (n) selflessness, humility, importance, value, effectiveness vast: (adj) large, immense, spacious, extensive, immeasurable, enormous, gigantic, wide, boundless, colossal, great. ANTONYMS: (adj) narrow, tiny, cramped, small, miniature, affordable, bounded, insignificant,

A Modest Proposal slight, shallow, restricted vein: (n) vena, strain, nervure, mine, temper, blood vessel, tone; (adj, n) mood, humor, strip, frame of mind venison: (adj) turtle; (n) beef, chicken, ham, lamb, mutton, pork, red meat, animal protein, white meat vermin: (n) bug, varmint, louse, trash, pest, brute, varment, scum, riffraff, ragtag and bobtail, rabble violently: (adj, adv) vehemently, hotly, madly, ardently; (adv) wildly, passionately, strongly, hard, furiously, turbulently; (adv, n) vigorously. ANTONYMS: (adv) gently, nonviolently, feebly, impassively, peacefully, tamely virtues: (n) brawn, sinew, qualities, nerve, manner, habit, disposition, custom visionary: (adj, n) utopian; (adj, v) imaginary; (adj) airy, fanciful, unreal, dreamy, ideal, romantic; (n) seer, dreamer, prophet. ANTONYMS: (adj) foolish, unromantic, practical, real, realistic, unimaginative voluntary: (adj) optional, deliberate, unforced, willing, gratuitous, intentional, conscious, willful, intended, unpaid; (adj, n) volunteer. ANTONYMS: (adj) compulsory, forced, instinctive, unwilling, obligatory, welcome, professional; (n) draftee; (adv) paid walk: (adj, n, v) step; (n, v) gait, ramble, march, pace, hike, course, saunter, stroll, roam; (n) path. ANTONYMS: (v) run, ride, stride want: (n, v) lack, desire, miss, wish; (n) poverty, deficiency, deprivation, famine, necessity, destitution, shortage. ANTONYMS: (n, v) hate; (n) glut, despise, luxury, option, prosperity, supply; (v) disinterest, answer wanted: (adj) welcome, cherished, precious, treasured, marketable, invited, necessary, needed, desirable, desired, loved. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwanted, unwelcome wanting: (adj, v) missing; (adj) deficient, lacking, absent, defective, short, failing, insufficient, devoid, poor, incomplete. ANTONYMS: (adj) sufficient, satisfactory, adequate, full, present wearied: (adj) jaded, tired, spent, fatigued, weary, prostrate, limp, haggard, shattered, worn, fatigate weather: (v) survive, withstand,

resist, brave, stand, brave out, wear; (n) climate, atmospheric condition, downfall, inclemency. ANTONYMS: (v) succumb, reject weigh: (v) press, study, measure, matter, consider, count, deliberate, contemplate, assess; (n, v) balance, poise. ANTONYMS: (v) ignore, neglect weighed: (adj) determined, deliberate, tared when: (adv, conj) once, as soon as; (adv) then, because, than, since, after; (conj) although, while, if; (prep) during where: (adv) there, here, wherever, whither, in which, wherein, in what; (adv, pron) anywhere; (pron) everywhere; (n) point, spot whereas: (conj) while, though, whenas, where, albeit; (adv) when, whilst, then; (prep) because; (n) grounds for a decisions whereby: (adv) how, hereby wherein: (adv) in what, in which, where whether: (pron) where whoever: (n) anyone, somebody; (pron) whosoever, whatsoever person whole: (adj, v) entire; (adj, n) total, integral, sum, aggregate, well; (adj, adv, n) all; (adj) complete, healthy, intact, full. ANTONYMS: (adj) incomplete, broken, partial, imperfect, unhealthy, deficient, destroyed, fractional, impaired, half, sick wholesome: (adj) healthy, beneficial, salubrious, healthful, salutary, sound, good, nutritious, nourishing, pure, hale. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwholesome, unhealthy, impure, indecent, sordid, warped, tainted, decadent, deadly, unsavory wholly: (adj, adv) totally, entirely, altogether, quite, exclusively, perfectly, solely; (adv, pref) all; (adv) fully, utterly, absolutely. ANTONYMS: (adv) partially, inclusively, hardly, incompletely, slightly wife: (n) matron, missis, partner, married woman, spouse, consort, helpmate, housewife, lady, woman, viscountess winter: (n) wintertime, season, time of year, hiems, frost, chill; (adj) wintery, wintry; (v) spend. ANTONYM: (n) heat wise: (adj) reasonable, sensible, sound, rational, sagacious,

Jonathan Swift intelligent, prudent, shrewd, discreet; (adj, n) knowing; (n) method. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwise, stupid, ignorant, mistaken, illogical, reckless, naive, irrational, dense within: (adv, n, prep) inside; (adv, prep) in; (adv) indoors, internally, inwardly, inly; (adj, n) interior; (prep) into, on, between; (adj) inwards. ANTONYMS: (prep) beyond, out without: (adv, n, prep) outside; (adj, adv) except; (adj) lacking, save barring; (prep) out of, sans; (n) minus, provisionally; (adv) save, beyond; (adv, prep) besides. ANTONYMS: (prep) with, having; (adv) inside wives: (n) woman women: (n) sex, gentle sex world: (n) cosmos, nature, creation, earth, public, sphere, society, realm, globe, macrocosm; (adj) global worse: (adj) worser, subordinate, waur, worsened, warre, unrelieved, minor, lesser, junior, poorer; (n) badness. ANTONYMS: (adj) improved, healthier, higher worthy: (adj) noble, good, meritorious, valuable, estimable, respectable, deserving, worthwhile, virtuous, honorable; (adj, n) celebrity. ANTONYMS: (adj) bad, unrespected, disreputable, mediocre, petty, poor, unimpressive, insignificant, dishonorable, despicable; (n) nobody yearly: (adv) annually, each year, every year, per annum, per year, by year; (adj) perennial, anniversary, periodic, annual tickets; (n) a year yield: (n, v) produce, return, allow, give; (v) surrender, concede, submit, give up, grant, cede; (n) output. ANTONYMS: (v) persevere, survive, stand, withstand, repel, reject, prevent, withhold, acquire, oppose, veto young: (n, v) offspring; (adj, n) juvenile; (adj) immature, fresh, adolescent, new, raw, baby, childish, early; (n) progeny. ANTONYMS: (adj) old, mature, adult, ripe, older, late; (adj, n) aged

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