A catalogue of Jewish Ossuaries: In the collections of the State of Israel

A CATALOGUE OF JEWISH OSSUARIES IN THE COLLECTIONS OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL A CATALOGUE OF JEWISH OSSUARIES IN THE COLLE...

Author: L. Y. Rahmani

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A CATALOGUE OF JEWISH OSSUARIES IN THE COLLECTIONS OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL

A CATALOGUE OF JEWISH OSSUARIES IN THE COLLECTIONS OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL

L.Y. RAHMANI

JERUSALEM 1994

THE ISRAEL ANTIQUITIES AUTHORITY THE ISRAEL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

THE ISRAEL ANTIQUITIES AUTHORITY THE ISRAEL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

Editor in Chief: Ayala Sussmann Editor: Peter Schertz

ISBN 965-406-016-7

Jerusalem, 1994 The Israel Antiquities Authority The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities

Graphics and Production: Ghislaine Lewertowski and Olga Chertok Graphics: Natalia Zak Typesetting: Kesset, Ltd. Jerusalem Printed in Israel

To My Parents

Edi and Zipora In Loving Memory

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS IX PREFACE

1

INTRODUCTION 3

1. Terminology 2. Materials 3

3

B. Clay 3

A. Stone 3

C. Wood 3

3. Form 4 4. Dimensions 6 5. The Artisans and Their Work

7

A. Hard Limestone Carving 7 B. Chip Carving 7 C. Incision 8 D. Wash and Painting 8 E. Repair 8 F. Finish 8 G. Copying 9 H. Perforation 9 I. Clay 10 J. Marketing 10

6. Inscriptions

11

A. Technique 11 B. Location and Position 12 C. Repetition 12 D. Scripts 12 E. Language 13 F. Contents 13 a. Names (13) b. Family Relationships (15) c. Titles and Designations (16) d. Professions (16) e. Origin (17) f. Age (17) g. Terms Used for the Ossuary (17) h. Consolatory Expressions (17) i. Exclamations of Sorrow (18) j. Protective Formulae (18) 1. Numerals and `Price Tags' (18)

7. Marks

k. Magic (18)

19

A. Direction Marks 19 B. Marks and Emblems Designating Profession or Family 20 C. Protective Marks 20

8. Reasons for Inscribing and Marking Ossuaries 9. Chronology and Geographical Distribution 21 A. 20-15 BCE to 70 CE 21

10. Ornamentation

B. 70 to 135 CE 23

20

C. Late-Second to ca. Mid-Third Century CE 24

25

A. Absence of Ornamentation 25 B. Location and General Scheme of Decoration 25 C. Interpretation 25 a. Symbolical Interpretations (25) b. The Non-Symbolical Interpretation (27)

11. The Ornamental Motifs

28 A. Tomb Facade 28 B. Columned Porch 29 C. Entablature on Antae 30 D. Outer Court and Gate 30 E.'Lattice' 30 F. Nefesh (Tomb Monument) 31 G. Column 33 H. Amphora 34 I. Ashlar Wall 35 J. Cornice and Its Ornamentation; Frames 36 K. Metope and `Triglyph'; Angle Ornament and Discs 37 L. Rosettes 39 M. Wreath 41 N. Abandonment of Metopes 42 0. Branches and Plants 42 P. Acanthus 43 Q. Grape and Vine 43 R. Fruits of the Land 43 S. Anthemion 44 T. Tomb Entrance and Door 45 U. Motifs from Tomb Interiors 47 a. Ornamental Panel (47) b. Loculi (48) c. Arcosolium (48) V. Motifs Based on the Tomb's Surroundings 48 a. Palm Tree (48) b. Lily (50) W. Varia 51 a. Painted Garland (51) b. Human Figure (51) c. Menorah (51) d. Pagan Motifs (52)

1. Altar and Libation (52) 2. Sun and Moon (52)

APPENDIX A: Jewish Ossilegium 53 APPENDIX B: Were Jewish Ossilegium and Ossuaries Influenced from Abroad? 56

APPENDIX C: Was the Christian Reliquary a Continuation of the Jewish Ossuary? ILLUSTRATIONS OF ARCHITECTURAL AND ORNAMENTAL PARALLELS 62

60

CATALOGUE 69

Explanatory Notes Catalogue 75

71

BIBLIOGRAPHY 264 INDICES 281

Index of Subjects 282 II. Index of Motifs 287 III. Index of Inscriptions 292 IV. Index of Passages 298 I.

V. Index of Locations 302 Table of Tomb-Groups 304 PLATES (1-135) 309

IX

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Institutions and organizations: Archaeological Staff Officer of Judaea and Samaria Israel Antiquities Authority Israel Museum

ASOJS IAA IM

General abbreviations and symbols appearing in the text: Appendix App. Bibliography Bibl. Comment (to entries in the Catalogue) Comm. Figure (in the Introduction) Fig. Hebrew H Illustration (on plates following the Introduction) Ill. Index Ind. Inscription Inscr. Introduction Intro. Item number in the Catalogue No. Plate Pl. Table of Tomb Groups (following the indices) TTG § Denoting section and sub-section in the Introduction Parts of the ossuary: Back (of ossuary or lid) Front (of ossuary or lid) F Left side (of ossuary or lid) L Lid (of ossuary) Lid Right side (of ossuary or lid) R For further details, see the Explanatory Notes preceding the text of the Catalogue. B

Periodicals, serials and books frequently referred to: Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research AASOR Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan ADAJ American Journal of Archaeology AJA 'Atiqot (English Series) 'Atiqot (ES) 'Atiqot (Hebrew Series, with English summaries) Àtigot (HS) Biblical Archaeologist BA Biblical Archaeology Review BAR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research BASOR Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society (H) continuing: BIES BJPES Bulletin of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society (H) Corpus Inscriptionum Graecorum, Berlin, 1828 CIG CPJ

V.A. Tcherikover and A. Fuks, Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum I-III. Cambridge,

EAEHL

Mass., 1957-1964 Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, Jerusalem. 1975-1978 Encyclopaedia Biblica. Jerusalem, 1950-1982 (H)

EB

El EJ (1932) EJ (1971) ESI

Eretz-Israel (H, with English summaries) Encyclopaedia Judaica. Berlin, 1932 Encyclopaedia Judaica. Jerusalem, 1971 Excavations and Surveys in Israel (English translation of HA)

List of Abbreviations

X HA

IEJ JAOs JBL

JdI Josephus AJ Josephus BJ

Hadashot Arkheologiyot (Archaeological News) (H) Israel Exploration Journal Journal of the American Oriental Society Journal of Biblical Literature Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts Josephus, Jewish Antiquities. H. St. J. Thackeray, R. Marcus and L. Feldman, transls. (Loeb Classical Library). Cambridge, 1930-1965

Josephus, The Jewish War. H. St. J. Thackeray, transl. (Loeb Classical Library).

Cambridge, 1927-1928 Josephus Contra Apionem Josephus, Against Apion. H. St. J. Thackeray, transl. (Loeb Classical Library). Cambridge, 1926 Josephus, The Life. H. St. J. Thackeray, transl. (Loeb Classical Library). Cambridge, Josephus Vita 1926

JPOS JQR JRS LA

Liddel, Scott and Jones MDPV MGWJ Pape and Benseler

Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society Jewish Quarterly Review Journal of Roman Studies Liber Annuus: Studii Biblici Franciscani H.G. Liddel, R. Scott and H.S. Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford, 1969 Mitteilungen and Nachrichten des Deutschen Palastina-Vereins Monatsschrift fur Geschichte and Wissenschaft des Judentums W. Pape and G.E. Benseler, Worterbuch der griechischen Eigennamen. Braunschweig, 1911

PEFA

PEQ PEFQSt PG P'ragim Preisigke PWRE Qadmoniot Qedem QDAP Qovez RA

RAC RB SEG

SWP

Palestine Exploration Fund Annual Palestine Exploration Quarterly, continuing: Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund Patrologia Graeca P'raqim, Yearbook of the Schocken Institute for Jewish Research of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (H) W.K. Preisigke, Namenbuch. Heidelberg, 1922 Pauly-Wissowa Real-Encyclopadie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft Qadmoniot, Quarterly for the Antiquities of Eretz-Israel and Bible Lands, Israel Exploration Society (H) Qedem, Studies in Jewish Archaeology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem (H) Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine Qovez, Journal of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society (H) Revue Archeologique Reallexikon fur Antike and Christentum Revue Biblique Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum C.R. Conder and H.H. Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, I-III. London, 1881-1883

Tarbiz ZDMG ZDPV

Tarbiz, Quarterly Review of the Humanities, Hebrew University Press (H) Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina-Vereins

The Hebrew Bible, Septuagint (LXX), Apocrypha and New Testament (NT) Cant. Canticles Isa. Isaiah Chron. Chronicles Judg. Judges Dan. Daniel Lam. Lamentations Deut. Deuteronomy Neh. Nehemiah Eccles. Ecclesiastes Num. Numbers Ex. Exodus Prov. Proverbs Gen. Genesis Ps. Psalms

List of Abbreviations Sam. Zech.

Samuel Zechariah

Ecclus. Macc.

Ecclesiasticus (The Wisdom of Ben Sira) Maccabees

XI

Tob.

Tobit

Cor. Matt. Rev.

Corinthians Matthew Revelations

References to the Hebrew Bible are to the edition of R. Kittel and P. Kahle, Biblia Hebraica (Stuttgart, 1949) and to the translations of the Authorized Version; for LXX, to A. Rhalff, ed., Stuttgart, 1935; and to the translations in R.H. Charles, The Apocrypha and Pseudoepigrapha in English. Oxford, 1913. The text and translations of NT are from the Authorized Versions.

Abbreviations of Orders and Tractates in Mishnaic and Related Literature MK Naz. Ned.

Bik. BK BM Dem. Eduy. Er.

Àrakhin Àvodah Zarah Bava Batra Bekhorot Berakhot Bikkurim Bava Kamma Bava Mezia Demai Èduyyot Èruvin

Git. Hag.

Gittin Hagigah

Hul.

Hullin

Shek. Shev. Suk.

Mo'ed Katan Nazir Nedarim Niddah Oholot Òrlah Parah Pesahim Rosh Ha-Shana Sanhedrin Shabbat Shekalim Shevi'it Sukkah

Ket. Kid. Kil.

Ketubbot Kiddushin Kil'ayim Makkot Menahot

Ta'an. Toh.

Ta'anit Tohorot

Yev.

Yevamot

Sem.

Semahot

Ar.

Av. Zar. BB

Bek. Ber.

Mak. Men.

Nid. Oho. Or. Par. Pes.

RH Sanh. Shab.

To distinguish between the Mishna, Tosefta, Babylonian Talmud and Jerusalem (Palestinian) Talmud, the abbreviations M., Tos., TB and TJ precede the title. References to TB are to the Vilna edition (1895-1908); to TJ, to the reprint of the Krotoshin edition (Jerusalem, 1960); to Tos., to Zuckermandel's (Zuck.) edition (2"d edition, Jerusalem, 1937); translations of M. are those rendered by Danby (Oxford, 1933). The mode of citation for M.

and Tos. is by tractate, chapter and section, to which the page number of Zuck. has been added for Tos.; to TB, by tractate, folio and page (a or b); to TJ by tractate, folio, and column (a, b, c or d). References to and translations of Sem. are from Zlotnick 1966. Abbreviations of Midrashim Eccles. R. Ecclesiastes Rabbah Esther Rabbah Est. R. Genesis Rabbah Gen. R. Lam. R. Lamentations Rabbah Lev. R. Leviticus Rabbah Num. R. Numbers Rabbah

References to Midrash Rabba are to the reprint of the Vilna edition (Jerusalem, 1961). Midrashim are cited by section and verse or to chapter and verse of the Biblical reference.

PREFACE This catalogue includes all ornamented and inscribed

The discussion of motifs in the introduction is

Jewish ossuaries in the collections of the Israel Antiquities Authorities (IAA) as well as those in possession of the Israel Museum, Jerusalem. To

accompanied by schematic drawings by Boris Zielony,

these have been added representative specimens of undecorated and uninscribed ossuaries in those collections. In all, 897 specimens are listed in the catalogue, including inscribed fragments. In many cases, only a general findspot was recorded, ascribing the ossuaries to a particular region (e.g. `Jerusalem'); it was thus impractical to arrange this catalogue by tomb-groups. The number of ossuaries originally found in a given tomb-group, if known, has been noted in the comments on the first ossuary listed for the group and in the Table of Tomb Groups following the indices. These numbers frequently do not include undecorated or uninscribed fragments, or even ossuaries, which, in the past, were often neither collected nor recorded; indeed, in some instances, only inscribed ossuaries were noted.

It also proved impractical to arrange the catalogue by ornamental motifs, as the ornamentation consists of a mixture, often combining details from several motifs in a single ornament. The motifs are therefore discussed in some detail in the Introduction, which

serves as a glossary for the terminology used in describing the ossuaries. For these reasons the catalogue is arranged according

to the inventory numbers of the IAA - formerly the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums (IDAM) and the Palestine Archaeological Museum

(PAM) - followed by ossuaries registered by the Archaeological Staff Officer of Judaea and Samaria (ASOJS) and finally those with the Israel Museum, Jerusalem (IM). This order could not be followed

who also prepared 1:1 facsimiles of all inscriptions and marks (excluding Nos. 282, 884, 893) appearing upon the ossuaries. His meticulous and painstaking

work, performed under the author's supervision, often clarified the reading of inscriptions. The author is grateful to Mr Zielony for his skill and patience.

The plates reproduce photographs of all decorated ossuaries in the catalogue, as well as a selection of characteristic or unusual plain ones. The details provided are normally restricted to difficult inscriptions and a sampling of marks. The author wishes to acknowledge the work of the photographers

including C. Amit, D. Harris, Z. Radovan, Z. Sagiv and the late Y. Schweig. The author extends his special thanks to his colleagues D. Alon, E. Braun, E. Damati G. Edelstein,

N. Feig, G. Foerster, S. Gudovitch, G. Hadas, O. Hess, A. Kloner, O. Negbi, Y. Naveh, E. Oren, Y. Porath, F. Vitto and the late J. Gath for permitting the inclusion in this catalogue of ossuaries uncovered

in their excavations, prior to publication of their final reports.

The author also wishes to extend his thanks to Y. Naveh and V. Tzaferis for their advice in reading several of the Jewish and Greek inscriptions and for permission to quote their own readings. Further thanks are extended to Lea Di Segni for reviewing and commenting on the Greek inscriptions.

The author takes great pleasure in thanking his colleagues G. Foerster and A. Kloner for many interesting and stimulating discussions on subjects directly or indirectly related to Jewish ossilegium and

with the final entries of the catalogue, as Nos. 863-895

ossuaries and to J. Zias for discussions related to

were added after the catalogue had been closed; we have thus advanced its final date to 31 August, 1989 while the final date of the bibliography was advanced to the end of February, 1993.

anthropological issues. Final thanks are extended to the Director of the Israel

In discussing previous publications we preferred original mention of an ossuary to its re-publication in Frey (1936). Avi-Yonah (1940; 1948; 1950) and Goodenough (1953) are quoted when their discussion of an ossuary was regarded as pertinent.

Museum, Jerusalem and to the Chief Curator of its Samuel Bronfman Biblical Archaeological Museum for their permission to publish the Jewish ossuaries from their collection.

INTRODUCTION

1. Terminology

Jerusalem, and at Hizma, where the wasters include

In this catalogue, the term ossuary designates a chest containing bones gathered from the primary

an ossuary fragment.' In some of these quarries, cavities left in the rock by stonecutters are similar in size and form to ossuaries. Moreover, there is a remarkable similarity between the tool marks on the underside of many ossuaries and those found

burial preferably of one or of several human corpses,

interred in a Jewish tomb;' the act of gathering the bones is termed ossilegium (mnay utp'5). The function of these chests should be seen as continuing

the function of the small loculi occasionally found under or near burial loculi in Jerusalem's Jewish tombs.2

The term rcnpvt5), or otpvt ), derives from the Greek y oaaoxoµetov, yAo aadxo zov `casket' (or `coffin'). It appears throughout Jewish literature of the period, referring to both òssuary' and `coffin'. Many variations of the word 1'r were also used for òssuary' and it had been suggested that this word was related to t7x and thus stood for `cedars'. Lieberman's3 suggestion that it was a metathesis of the Greek aopoc `cinerary urn, coffin', derived from the local pronunciation, has been confirmed

by the use of this word in the sense of òssuary' on No. 789:Inscr. A (recovered from the Jewish necropolis of Jericho).

Another Greek term for ossuaries, inscribed on No. 85, is da t ocpcyoc (literally 'bone-eater'). There are also isolated occurrences of the term z' 'p (No. 125) and 73p = Tdnoc (Nos. 560, 573), but ossuaries more often bear the term rtn5n or n5n (Comm. 226:2 and Nos. 461, 502).4 In one instance, and in Palmyrene script at that, the term rtptp ('amphora') was inscribed on an ossuary, apparently in the sense of funerary urn.5

on the unfinished stone vessels from these quarries.

These findings indicate that the ossuaries as well as the stone vessels were prepared at the quarry, although most ossuaries may have received their finish and ornamentation in the city's workshops.3 B. CLAY

Clay was occasionally used to fashion ossuaries (see below, §51). The clay is usually reddish-brown, with

a straw temper and, sometimes, grits. The firing is poor, in most cases leaving a black core. C. WOOD

Wood, apparently, was very rarely used for the manufacture of ossuaries; the examples which have survived are from 'En Gedi and Bet She'arim (see nn. 5, 14). The existence of wooden prototypes for the stone ossuaries was assumed' for three reasons. First, the

word prrt was falsely derived from tart `cedar; as we have noted (see above, §1), the word comes from Greek and is not associated with wood. Second, soft-limestone ossuaries were frequently ornamented

1. Terminology 1 Occasionally these receptacles were found in non-Jewish assemblages such as the apparently pagan burials of Nos. 251 and 463 and, perhaps Nos. 234 and 635; see §l1Wd and the comments therein.

2. Materials

2

A. STONE

3

Most of the ossuaries were made from a type of soft limestone locally known as kaàkule or nari. This limestone is common in the Jerusalem region' and occurs in other parts of the country

Kloner 1980a:223.

Lieberman 1963:1235; cf. also Zlotnick 1966:160, n. 8. See LXX Gen. 50:26. 4 For this word, see Habermann 1956. tnni seems to have been reserved for a coffin used in primary burial (Sem. 1:5, 3:2, 9:23, 13:9, cf. Zlotnik 1966:107). 5

Abel 1913:271, No. 11. Cf. also Repetitoire d'epigraphie

as well. Twenty-four of the ossuaries from the Jerusalem region in this catalogue were made of

semitique, III. Paris, 1916. P. 1779.

local hard limestone, either reddish (mizzi ahmar), greyish (mizzi yahudi) or whitish (meleke). Cave quarries containing wasters of soft-limestone vessels contemporaneous with the ossuaries have been

2. Materials

reported in the Abu Dis - Beit Sajur region of

Cf. Blankenhorn 1905:75-120; Picard 1956. Gibson 1983: Fig. 1:14; Magen 1978:9-18. 3 For the techniques involved, see Matz 1978. 4 E.g. Clermont-Ganneau 1873a:401; Watzinger 1935:75-76; Rahmani 1961:102, n. 48; see also Avi-Yonah 1971. 1

2

Introduction

4

by chip carving (see below, §5B). In more recent

Diaspora (e.g. to Bet She'arim for burial'4 in

times, this technique was characteristic of European

accordance with a custom15 of the third century CE) and are unrelated to ossilegium (see below,

folk-art in wood; it was concluded, therefore, that chip carving was similarly used on wood in antiquity. The absence of wooden ossuaries from local tombs

App. A).'s

was attributed to the climate, which would have prevented the survival of organic material; this argument has been disproved by the discovery of a considerable number of locally manufactured

3. Form

wooden coffins in the Dead Sea region, adjacent to tombs containing only stone ossuaries. Most of the coffins were from the period immediately predating the Jewish ossuaries,' though at least one coffin was contemporaneous with them.6 The wooden coffins either lacked ornamentation or were decorated with simple painted bands;7 there is a single coffin

decorated in inlay.8 In fact, none of the wooden or clay chip-carved objects recorded in this country

Most of the ossuaries are shaped like the rectangular' wooden household chests and boxes2 used throughout the Mediterranean and Black Sea areas from Greek' to

Avigad 1962b:182, Pl. 22A; Hachlili 1979b:33; Hadas, 'En Gedi (forthcoming). 5

Hadas, 'En Gedi (forthcoming); including a plain wooden ossuary together with a plain, soft limestone ossuary. 6

Hachlili 1979b:34. This technique appears on a second century CE wooden box from the Dead Sea region (Yadin 1963:122-124, Fig. 47). Similar first century CE Nabataean 7

wooden coffins exhibit simply incised designs (Negev 1971:118).

predate the Byzantine period.9

8 Avigad 1962b: 182. Similar inlays of bone on wood occur

The third reason for assuming that stone ossuaries were modelled on wooden prototypes is that nails recovered from contemporaneous Jerusalem tombs were interpreted as having belonged to disintegrated

in Nubia as late as the third century CE. Cf. Woolley and

wooden ossuaries.10 Upon closer scrutiny, however,

it became apparent that the finds usually were the remnants of a single large nail, used either to secure a

flat lid to the chest's rim (e.g. Nos. 70, 196), or, perhaps, to incise an inscription on an ossuary.11 In truth, few accumulations of small nails have been recovered.'2

After the discovery in the Dead Sea region of wooden coffins, all constructed without nails," nails could no longer be assumed as proof of wooden ossuaries. Moreover, it seems that wood was deliberately avoided in the manufacture of ossuaries,

perhaps because it is a perishable material. A text from the early second century CE warns against the use of linen sheets for ossilegium for just this reason, explaining: 'Rabbi Akiba says: In the course of time, the sheet will waste away; in the course of time, the bones will intermingle. Let them rather be gathered and placed in ossuaries' (Sem. 12:8). Some of the inscriptions and marks on the ossuaries

(see below, §§6Fj, 7C), as well as their closure with lids fastened by rivets or ropes (see below, §5H), may have been a means of preventing such intermingling. Only stone receptacles (and, to a lesser

degree, those of clay) could guarantee the separate

preservation of the bones within the confines of the tomb.

Thus, remains alluding to the existence of wooden ossuaries are exceptions.

Such boxes probably

contained the bones of Jews brought from the

Randall-Maclver 1910:70-71, Pl. 22, 7516-7517; see also Wenig 1979:268-278, Nos. 208-209. 9 Rahmani 1983:223-224; 1988:64. 10 E.g. Avigad 1967a: 124. 11 E.g. Sukenik 1928b:116, Pl. 2.2; Rahmani 1961:100, 102, No. 9. 12 Ca. fifty small nails, found near a skeleton, were identified as studs from a leather belt; see Stekelis 1934:30. The nails found in the Nicanor tomb (Avigad 1967a: 124), which was still open in Byzantine times, are irrelevant in this context. 13 For contemporaneous furniture, joined by tenons and dowels or fastened by wooden pegs, see Richter 1966:77; for similarly worked coffins, see Watzinger 1905:66-67 and, locally, Avigad 1962b:18, P1. 22A; Hachlili 1979b:33; Bennett 1965:532-534, Tomb G81. See also Negev 1971:118. 14 B. Mazar 1973:135-136; the remains at Bet She'arim include a number of nails clinging to the edges of iron angles to which wood adhered (B. Mazar 1973:222-223, Fig. 27). 15 See Gafni 1981. 16 Baskets and mats used for ossilegium were found in the Cave of the Letters (Yadin 1963:31-32, Pls. 5-7); these were obviously an exception to the usual practice, necessitated by the urgency of the situation. Two small leaden boxes were supposedly used for this purpose:

Duncan 1925 and IAA No. 40.1296. These are in fact infant's coffins dating to the third century CE: cf. Rahmani 1987:135-136; 1989:74-75.

3. Form 1 Two tub-shaped exceptions should be noted: No. 374, which is probably unfinished, and No. 853, made of clay. Obviously, any receptacle would serve in emergencies (see above, §2, n. 16). 2 Cf. Watzinger's statement (1905:63): 'Truhe and Sarg sind im

Altertum in identischer Form gebildet worden. Beide sind nureine Vergrosserung der Kiisten die zur Aufnahme des Toilettengerdtes and der Arbeitsgegenstdnde der Frau dienten.'

Richter 1966: Fig. 582. Cf. also late Hellenistic ash urns, in imitation of wooden boxes with locks (Marshall 1909:155, No. 4, Fig. G). 3

Form

5

Imperial Roman' times. These chests were ultimately derived from Egyptian prototypes.5 Few boxes of this type survived locally,6 though some of the wooden coffins found in the Dead Sea region (see above, §2, n. 6) probably reflect the shapes of domestic containers

401), a secure fit was achieved by profiling the

used contemporaneously with the ossuaries. There is a single example of an ossuary which, like some

rim of the chest with a nail or rivet. Holes bored at the edges of lids and chest rims (e.g. No. 783) may allude to rivet or rope fastenings. Admonitory inscriptions and marks (see below, §§6Fj and 7C)

of the household chests, has an inner subdivision (cf. Comm. 860:2).

Like these household chests, an ossuary may have low feet (Fig. 1) or may lack them (Fig. 2). The lids are solid and flat (Fig. 3), gabled (Fig. 4) or vaulted (Fig. 5); the latter two types were usually

hollowed out. The lid rested on the rim of the chest (Fig. 3) or on an inner ledge cut into the rim (Fig. 6a). Often the rim of one narrow side of an ossuary was cut away, to enable a flat (or

underside of the lid to fit onto the inner rim.

It seems that special care was taken with the lids in order to prevent the opening of the ossuaries;

a further measure was to

affix the lid

to the

emphasized the sealing of the lid. Many of the gabled and vaulted lids have depressions

('fingergrips') of varied size and depth cut into the narrow sides for easy handling; some flat, sliding lids have a shallow depression at one narrow end for this purpose.

In one case (No. 182), part of a heavy clay tile

was used as an improvised lid (for the lids of

occasionally a gabled or vaulted) lid to be slid into

clay ossuaries, see below, §51). A rare and unusual

place along inner ledges on the three remaining

lid-type has a central ridge along the apex of its

sides (Fig. 2). A secure fit was occasionally obtained

gable (e.g. Nos. 25, 55bis, 124, 843); this seems to be a feature derived from domestic chests similar

for the lid by bevelling its sides and the inner ledges of the chest at corresponding angles (e.g. No. 395); another technique was to alter either one end (Fig. 6b), both ends (e.g. No. 137) or all edges (e.g. No. 159) of the lid. Gabled or

to one used as a coffin in Egypt. These chests had gabled lids hinged along the apex, and were

opened by lifting one side of the lid.7 Coffins made in imitation of this form of chest, have a one-

vaulted lids which had not been made for a specific

piece lid rather than a hinged one, but retain the

chest were sometimes adjusted by chiseling the

ridge along the gable's apex as a decorative feature although it had lost its function. Similarly ridged lids, of a considerably later date, occur among the wooden coffins from Jericho.' Moreover, at this site, a coffin with a flat lid hinged along one long side

underside. In a few instances (e.g. Nos. 12, 14, 393, B

seems to be a household chest reused for burial. Central ridges along vaulted lids (e.g. Nos. 55bis, 843) were probably copied by artisans unaware of this feature's origin.

The upright ridge placed at the outer edge of a flat sliding lid (e.g. Nos. 613, 724) was also copied from household chests and boxes. In the rare instances where this feature appears on an ossuary, rudimentary notches (e.g. No. 395), like those appearing on first to second century CE wooden boxes, are displayed.9 The ossuaries made of hard limestone are very similar

in form, workmanship and, often, in ornamentation 6a l 6b

Figs. 1-6 1: ossuary with low feet; 2: ossuary lacking feet, with inserted sliding lid; 3: ossuary with flat lid; 4: ossuary with gabled lid; 5: ossuary with vaulted lid; 6a: ossuary showing inner ledge and rim, 6b: lid cut-to-measure

E.g. Woolley and Randall-Maclver 1910:70-71, Pl. 22, 75167517; and Wenig 1979:268-278, Nos. 208-209. 5 Richter 1966:73, Figs. 380-382. 6 Yadin 1963:123-124. 7 Watzinger 1905:70-71, Figs. 35-36, 38-39. 8 Hachlili 1979b:33. 9 See, e.g., the wooden box from Kertch (Vaulina and W4sowicz 1974:137-139, P1. 119, 59). 4

Introduction

6

to local sarcophagi of the same period. Like the soft limestone ossuaries, they seem to imitate household chests in form. Indeed, their sunken-panelled sides

have profiled frames (e.g. Nos. 154, 308, 393) representing the panelling on chests10 and on wooden coffins." Framed, sunken panels of this type were sometimes used in the decoration of regional

tombs.12 This fact, and the presence of domestic chests with this feature, influenced the artisans who manufactured sarcophagi and ossuaries. The only group of ossuaries which does not seem to be based on household prototypes is characterized by a more or less rudimentary gable; this has often degenerated to a mere ridge with corner (and sometimes central) acroteria (Fig. 7), which have occasionally degenerated yet further (Nos. 553, 681-690). All these ossuaries, with the exception of No. 681, lack ornamentation, and should be dated to the third century CE (see below, §9, Group Cla). Their form obviously derives from the sarcophagi of the period. 13

Larger chests for the joint burial of related individuals (see App. A) are also found. An ossuary for the bones

of two people measures 62-89 x 27-31 x 32-41 cm, though such an ossuary may be as long as 168 cm (e.g. No. 490). This narrow, shallow type of chest could have sufficed for the burial of a single, tightly shrouded body,[ together with the remains of relatives

(or perhaps just their bones) which were interred after the earlier burial had decayed. The inscription on No. 490 may be an indication of this practice, although it is equally possible that this receptacle served as a large ossuary (cf. also Comm. 666:2 and No. 668). Inscriptions from Bet She'arim may also indicate the use of sarcophagi (though much larger) for this practice.2 Infants as young as three years old were rarely accorded their own ossuary; in the only known case, the ossuary (No. 803) is much larger than was necessary. There is no reason to consider small, hard limestone ossuaries (e.g. Nos. 13 and 393, 72 and 107 cm long) as children's sarcophagi.' That they are ossuaries is

borne out by inscriptions such as 'Shalom, wife of El'azar' on No. 13.

The ossuary walls are usually ca. 3 cm thick,

7n

only rarely reaching 5 cm. Hard limestone ossuaries usually have walls 7-8 cm thick, and are even thicker at their bases.

Fig. 7: ossuary with central ridge and corner acroteria

It should be noted that the so-called 'stone ashurns' reported from Jerusalem14 are no more than fragments of large stone jars, probably used as water

containers. They are frequently found in Second Temple assemblages, usually domestic15 rather than

funerary;1t those found near tombs probably held water for the ablutions of mourners.

10 11

Richter 1966: Figs. 386-404. Watzinger 1905:36-38, Figs. 64-65; 1935:69-70. The painted

wooden frames of the Jericho coffins may be a survival of such panels, cf. Hachlili 1979b:33. 12 E.g. at the Khazneh, Petra (G.H. Dalman 1912:69, Fig. 64); Bachmann, Watzinger and Wiegand 1921:11, Fig. 9). 13 E.g. at Bet She'arim (Avigad 1976b:136-164, Pls. 39-51). 14

Watzinger 1935:75 (quoting Dussaud 1912:No.

4. Dimensions

fragment from the Hinnom Valley, Jerusalem). 15 Avigad 1983:174-176; see also Rahmani 1976:70.

The length of most ossuary chests was determined

16

by the length of the limb bones of the corpse, while the width and height of the ossuary were

4. Dimensions

governed by the dimensions of the pelvis and skull

and by the total number of bones to be placed in the chest (see Pl. 110, No. 776, inside). These dimensions principally depended on the age of the deceased. An adult's ossuary was 42-65 cm long, 23-28 cm wide and 30-39 cm high, an adolescent's was slightly smaller, while a chest for a child could be as small as 29.5 x 16 x 20 cm (No. 49). The measurements of many chests decrease toward their base (e.g. Nos. 609, 793, 826).

1

2

56,

a

See Dussaud 1912: No. 56.

E.g. Vincent and Steve 1954:345. Avigad 1976b:Nos. 15, 22.

Bagatti and Milik's suggestion (1958:45-46) that all hard limestone chests of this type be defined as sarcophagi is thus refuted. Of the examples they list, No. 4 (2.56 m long) could 3

be classified as a sarcophagus, as would even shorter chests, e.g.

those from the 'Tomb of the Kings', 2 and 2.5 m long (Kon 1947:71); those from Herod's family tomb (1.8 m long; Vincent

and Steve 1954:345); and that of the Nazir (1.88 m and 2 m long; Avigad 1971:191-193). These chests match the dimensions of the wooden coffins from Jericho, which are about 1.90 m long (Hachlili 1979b:33; 1979c:63).

The Artisans and Their Work

5. The Artisans and Their Work A. HARD LIMESTONE CARVING

The skill of Jerusalem's stonemasons in the late Second Temple period is amply demonstrated by

7

burin (kintra, M. Kelim 14:3) served to incise straight lines. The carving tools included the carving knife or firmer chisel, the scalprum (probably the izmel, M.

Kelim 13:4) and the caelum, a gouge or veining

tomb facades,' architectural remains,2 and sarcophagi (see above, §4, n. 3) fashioned from locally-

tool with a rounded edge (perhaps the mafseleth, M.

quarried hard limestone (see above, §2A). The 24 hard limestone ossuaries in this catalogue (19 of them ornamented) were obviously made by these stonemasons, employing the same techniques and

carve small discs (e.g., No. 176).

ornamentation. The relative rarity of these ossuaries

and sarcophagi must be attributed to the degree of skill required for their manufacture, and the consequent high cost.

Kelim 13:4). A corer seems to have been used to The technique of chip carving has been widely used in many cultures for the decoration of materials as diverse as wood, stone, clay and metal. Locally, the technique was used chiefly for the ornamentation of soft limestone ossuaries during the period here discussed.4 The local stone industry, which produced a variety of vessels, employed many craftsmen who possessed a basic knowledge of geometry and were

B. CHIP CARVING

skilled in the use of the lathe and the various

Soft Jerusalem limestone' was particularly suitable

carving tools. When decoration was called for, they naturally used the chip-carving technique to produce simplified' versions of the elaborate metopes, rosettes

for the production of ossuaries. Indeed, most ossuaries

(856 out of the 897 items in this catalogue) are made of this material. Of these 856, only 559 are ornamented, 354 of which are wholly or partially decorated by the chip-carving technique, while 189 are simply incised with no additional carving. Some twelve soft limestone ossuaries are relief carved in patterns clearly copied from hard limestone ossuaries, sarcophagi and tomb facades (e.g. No. 388; see also Comm. 60:1); three are decorated by a wash and one (No. 209) has polychrome decoration.

The surfaces of the chest and lid were usually smoothed, while the base of the chest (and sometimes of the lid) was left roughly dressed, with broad chisel

and other motifs occurring on ornamented tomb facades and hard limestone sarcophagi and ossuaries.

The ease with which soft limestone yielded to the carver allowed for the capricious combining of these motifs with representations of trees and plants that grew in the vicinity of the tombs. A ledger listing 23 artisans who produced ossuaries

(apparently working in five teams in a single workshop) was inscribed on an ossuary lid found at Bethphage.6 Accompanying each name (or, in most cases, the patronymic) is inscribed a sum of money which had been credited to the worker. These

marks clearly visible. The surface of some plain

sums range from one obol to four dinars, and in

ossuaries was comb-dressed, perhaps in imitation of work on hard limestone (compare Nos. 394 and 395 with No. 393 from the same tomb group).

one case perhaps even three shegels (tetradrachms).7

The basic techniques of chip carving are: (1) the furrow cut, consisting of two longitudinal cuts descending at an angle to a central groove; (2) the almond or leaf cut, composed of two curved cuts meeting at either one or two pointed or rounded junction(s); (3) the triangular cut, formed by any type of triangle with wedge-shaped chips cut out toward

its centre; (4) the zigzag cut, in which triangular or arched chips are carved in alternating directions on a straight or curved line. The tools required for chip carving were simple and few. A regula `ruler' (perhaps the kana, M. Kelim 12:8) was used to sketch charcoal guidelines on the ossuary's surface; a taut string, whitened with chalk or reddened with paint, could also be used to mark

out the lines (the linea or kan, M. Kelim 12:8). The circinus `compass' (pargol, M. Kelim 29:5) was employed to measure out circles and curves, while a

One obol (one sixth of a dinar) was a very low daily wage,' but might have supported a single 5. The Artisans and Their Work 1

Avigad 1947; 1950-51. These tombs were often cut into the

rock face of quarries from which building stones had been extracted; cf. Vincent and Steve 1954:347; Kloner 1980a:262-263. 2 E.g. B. Mazar 1975:28-29; Avigad 1983:Figs. 181, 200. 3

This material was widely used in the region, see above,

§2, n. 2. 4 For this, see in general Rahmani 1988.

Significantly, simplified rosettes of this type also appear on contemporaneous small artefacts of bone, similarly fashioned by artisans using a lathe, compass and ruler; cf., for instance, 5

Avigad 1983 : Fig. 236.

Milik 1971. The supposed second list (Dussaud 1923; Milik 1971:76) proved a forgery. 7 Milik 1971:80. 8 For wages from the first to second centuries CE, see Sperber

6

1974:101-102; at a somewhat later date, the minimum daily wage seems to have been between one and two dinars. See also Ben David 1974:292, on an annual minimal wage of 200 dinars.

Introduction

8

person' fed by his employer during working hours - i.e. practically the whole day.10 The wide range of wages recorded on this lid may reflect the diversity of the work, from the initial preparation of the chest

none from Jerusalem, rosettes, palm trees or other motifs were executed in red and/or blue paint or

and lid to the carving of the pattern (e.g. No. 493). `Price tags' seem to have survived on two ossuaries,

C. INCISION

decorative scheme. It is considerably more elaborate than other painted ossuaries and seems to represent an uncommon, direct foreign influence; its execution and motifs are unlike any other local Jewish ossuary or sarcophagus earlier than the third century CE.

The ornamentation of the chest and lid was frequently finely incised. Here, too, a ruler and

E. REPAIR

compass served to mark out the decoration, although

There are several examples of repairs performed on

the lines were often incised in zigzag. Zigzags were also used to fill in small areas such as the

ossuaries in antiquity. Repairs of hard limestone ossuaries, in which a great deal of work would already have been invested, are not particularly surprising; an example is No. 121, where the chest

Nos. 696 and 730; (see below, §6F1).

petals of a rosette. Incised decoration was often cut

through a red or yellow surface wash that had

wash (e.g. Nos. 464, 764, 758).

No. 209

is

the sole example of a polychrome

initially been applied to the ossuary. This simpler artwork is frequently contemporaneous with the relief-carved hard limestone and chip-carved soft limestone ossuaries found together with it in the tombs of Jerusalem and Jericho. It seems likely that finely incised ossuaries were produced in the same workshops as the chip-carved specimens and were merely a cheaper variety produced by apprentices or less skilled workers. Most incised ossuaries, however, come from outside of Jerusalem (for the distribution and date of these ossuaries, see below, §9).

wall - broken near the rim - was mended by

The horror vacui displayed in the decoration of these ossuaries suggests that their makers had unsophisticated taste; indeed, the workmanship

some cases, holes were drilled through the ossuary

gradually

degenerated

into

clumsily

incised

ornamentation, partly executed in freehand (see, e.g., No. 473). Freehand incision does, however, supplement chip-carved decoration, either forming part of it (No. 57) or as separate complementary motifs (e.g. No. 817). In neither case need these

the insertion of a piece of stone secured by an iron rivet.13 A few soft limestone ossuaries were also repaired, such as No. 241, a chip-carved ossuary repaired with iron rivets. Examples of incised

ossuaries which have been repaired include No. 771, carelessly mended after the decoration had been completed, and No. 826, which was more skilfully

repaired before the wash and ornamentation were applied. There are even instances of undecorated ossuaries being repaired (e.g. the base of No. 651). In walls and an additional piece of stone was secured by rivets; other specimens, including a base (No. 132), were less skilfully repaired with plaster and glue. In

one case (No. 348), a faulty corner of an ossuary was simply smoothed off. F. FINISH

In very rare cases, ossuaries were left wholly (e.g.

additions be regarded as the work of relatives of the

No. 374) or partially (No. 182, with one side crooked

deceased, and bearing symbolic value.'1

due to a flaw in the stone) in an unfinished state.

D. WASH AND PAINTING

Red or yellow wash was often applied over the surface of some or all sides of a chest or lid. The ornamentation frequently cut through this wash was emphasized by the contrast of colours. In a few cases (e.g. Nos. 317, 449, 849), the wash

was scraped off to form patterns, thus achieving a bichrome effect. Coloured bands were added to incised or chip-carved ornamentation and resemble bands found on contemporaraneous wooden coffins.12

Usually these bands form a `lattice' pattern (see below, §11E). Incised or chip-carved lines were occasionally picked-

out in red paint (e.g. No. 352, 461). In several cases,

9

Sperber 1974:101-125.

Ben David 1974:66. Thus Goodenough 1953:120. 12 Hachlili 1979b:33. 10 11

13 For a similar repair of a contemporaneous sarcophagus, see Avigad 1971:192; the insertion, once fitted into a carefully

matched part of the cornice at the back of the lid, is now missing. The absence of metal clamps shows that it must have been plastered into place, which would have been less secure than rivets or clamps.

The Artisans and Their Work On about forty of the ossuaries in this catalogue, minor decorative details were left unfinished. Ten of these have partially unfinished chip-carved motifs (e.g. Nos. 112, 202) or incomplete, decorative schemes, such as unfinished ashlar walls (Nos. 184 and 384, in

9

borrowed motifs though unaware of their original meanings or even imitated previous copies without reference to their origin (e.g. the amphora motif and its derivatives, see below, §11H, Figs. 36-41).

which only a gate-jamb has a completed ashlar

Artisans also `read in' completely new interpretations of motifs, a process illustrated by the development of

pattern). Similar examples are the lily on No. 129, only the roots of which were chip carved, and the motif sketched in but never carved on the narrow

the palm tree motif (see below, §llVa and Figs. 111-121) into a sword (No. 146) or archways into tress (Comm. 871:6) by means of naturalistically

side of No. 224. In other cases, the well-carved chest

rendered additions.16

of an ossuary may have an unfinished lid (as No. 160, on which the finely and inaccurately incised rosettes were not fully carved). Lids on which

H. PERFORATION

rosettes had been sketched were sometimes placed on finished ossuaries (Nos. 377, 446, 588). Unfinished decoration even occurs on expensive hard limestone ossuaries (e.g. No. 392 and the incomplete work on

three sides of the elaborately carved chest of No. 482)."

The most likely explanations for unfinished ornamentation are: (1) the ossuaries were needed for immediate use; (2) the negligence of the artisan; or (3) parsimony. The last might have arisen from

a condemnatory attitude toward the superfluous expenditure of money or labour on the dead (cf. Sem. 9:23). However, lack of finish also characterizes some of the most elaborate work in the houses of the Jerusalem aristocracy of those days, such as sundials,

stone tables and capitals'5 - all cases in which the injunction against `wanton destruction' (Sem. 9:23) does not apply. The urgent need to obtain an ossuary

does not seem a particularly convincing reason for accepting unfinished work, nor does it seem likely that wealthy families would attempt to save money

Occasionally holes were bored through the base of an ossuary chest (e.g. No. 135), or through one (e.g.

No. 304, near the base) or all (No. 470, toward the centre of the chest) sides of an ossuary. The holes

are usually 5-7 mm in diameter; in one case (No. 668) they are 2 cm in diameter, and are located near the base of the chest. Pairs of perforations through the rim and lid of an ossuary were intended to facilitate sealing with rivets (e.g. Nos. 70,. 196) or, perhaps, with ropes (e.g. No. 783); such sealing was apparently intended to protect the remains of the deceased. Perforations at or near the base have been interpreted as openings to establish contact between the corpse and the soil." As ossuaries were intended for bones and were placed in rock-cut tombs, this contact would have been purely symbolic.18 Another explanation for the perforations," pertaining only to sarcophagi, suggests that the holes were devices for the drainage of body fluids (see a fifth century CE commentary in Gen. R. 100:2).20 Of the ossuaries large enough to

by accepting an inferior product. The negligent execution characteristic of the ornamentation is paralleled by the inscriptions (see

below, §§6A-6B), though incomplete inscriptions (e.g. No. 694) are very unusual. G. COPYING

As will be described below (§11, passim), the repertoire of motifs was limited and the technique employed, based as it was on simple geometric forms, further restricted the artisans. It cannot, therefore, be

proven that ossuaries bearing common motifs are from the same workshop. Instances of copying, however, do occur. For example, there is a soft limestone ossuary bearing decoration

almost identical to that on No. 60 (see Comms. 60:1, 601:3); similarly, the ornamentation of No. 569 seems to have been copied from a relief-carved, hard limestone ossuary. In many more cases, artisans

14 My thanks are due to G. Foerster for drawing my attention to similar unfinished work on Roman sarcophagi, see Koch and Sichterman 1982: Figs. 68-71. Unfinished work is rare on these sarcophagi, with the exception of the portrait heads on their lids (Koch and Sichterman 1982:613), which were presumably to be finished on the purchaser's orders. 15

Avigad 1983 : Figs. 116, 141, 157.

16 Rahmani 1959. 17 Avigad 1967a:141-142; 1971:193-194. See the interpretation of Nahmanides of an early-third century CE saying by R. Hezekiyah: '...and let my coffin be pierced at the bottom' (TJ Kil. 9:32b). 18

In the case of sarcophagi, the contact between body and

soil may have been effected by placing earth in the sarcophagus itself, a practice observed at Bet She'arim (see Avigad 1976b:136ff. and 173). 19

Avigad 1971:193-194.

20

Midrash Rabbah, Genesis, II, ed. and trsl. H. Freedman,

London, 1939, p. 989.

10

Introduction

have been used as sarcophagi (Nos. 490, 666, 668),

only No. 688 had holes which could have served

The use of pottery jars for ossilegium has been reported from first century CE Jewish tombs in

sealed by ropes strung through these perforations

Cyrenaica (see below, §9C, n. 30). Such jars, dating from the late-first to early-second centuries, have also

(similar to those cases mentioned above). In one case (No. 651), a hole near the base, perhaps

been reported from the Galilee and the Judaean foothills, dating from between the late-second to

accidentally made, was repaired. Perforations as in

third century (see below, §9B, n. 19).

for drainage. It is also possible that the ossuary was

No. 367 are probably evidence of tomb-robbing, as is a heavily battered ossuary (No. 365). J. MARKETING

1. CLAY

Fifteen clay ossuaries are presented in the catalogue. Even allowing for their fragility, it seems clear that few clay ossuaries were produced. None seem to be predate 70 CE, and most examples date from between 135 and the mid-third century CE (see below, §9).

The only clay ossuary reported from a Jerusalem tomb belonged to a child.21 The superior quality of its greyish clay distinguishes it from the other specimens of this material; the artifacts found within

the tomb date to the period between 70 and 135 CE,22 though the tomb also contained a stone ossuary indicating earlier use. Most clay ossuaries were poorly fired, made from a

We cannot be certain of how and where ossuaries were acquired nor of the criteria which guided their selection. Soft limestone ossuaries seem to have been purchased from the artisan at his workshop.25 This

seems to have been the case with customers in Jerusalem, as well as with those from Jericho, where examples of characteristic Jerusalem workmanship (Nos. 765, 767, 773, 779, 790, 800, 802 and 804) were

found side by side with what appears to be local work. Ossuaries from such distant sites as Beit Nattif (see Comm. 869:2) also originated from Jerusalem workshops. Plain ossuaries were no doubt cheaper than ornamented ones. Ossuaries decorated by chip carving

would have commanded higher prices than those

reddish-brown clay with a straw temper, and have a black core. The edges of the chests are reinforced

ornamented by incision, the price varying according

by ribs, and an inner ledge below the rim of

limestone ossuaries, although usually decorated with

the chest supported the lid. Lids found in the Galilee at Tiv'on (No. 471), Nazareth (Nos. 754-756), Kefar

a restrained scheme of a sunken panel inside a

Hittin (No. 866), Kafr Sajur (No. 864) and Bet Sheàrim23 are crudely modelled imitations of roof tiles with strap handles applied lengthwise along the

centre. The specimen from Kefar Hittin indicates that clay ossuaries could be locally manufactured: grits at the base of the chest and on the underside

to the complexity of the ornamentation. The hard

profiled frame, would have been the most expensive, since they were made by skilled masons.

Two `price tags' have survived on soft limestone ossuaries; one indicates a price of one drachma (dinar) and four obols for a plain ossuary with a tightly-fitting sliding lid (No. 696). This is well within the range of the average minimal daily wage,

of the lid, and the imprints of goats' hooves on the lid's surface indicate that it had been dried

and was actually earned by a few of the workers on the Bethphage list (see above, §5B). A much

in a village courtyard before being fired. No. 187 has

more elaborate ossuary (No. 730) seems to have cost

a ridge handle instead of a strap handle on the lid; it was found to the east of Acre. Two very crudely worked clay ossuaries (Nos. 39, 40) come from the

only one dinar more; it is possible, however, that this was the price of the decoration alone, and that the artisan who prepared the chest and lid was paid separately. Incidentally, this is the only example which can probably be attributed to a particular

Ramle region. Some locally purchased clay ossuaries (Nos. 339, 340, 805, 806), purportedly from the Hebron Hills, have

slightly inverted rims and chest walls which are

craftsman - Joseph, the son of Sha'ul (see, however, App. B, n. 57).

often knife-pared. The surviving lids resemble roof tiles, one of which (No. 339) bears a lattice on its upper surface.

21

It should be noted that among the very few Jewish

22

ossuaries known from North Africa there are a number of clay examples, probably also from the second to early-third centuries CE.29

Sukenik 1930a:124, No. 4, P1. 1:3-3a.

Sukenik 1930a: Pl. 3; Avigad 1967a: 140, n. 48; Barag 1970:18; Kloner 1980a: 191-192, No. 19-4. 23 Avigad 1976b: 125. 24 Ferron 1956:107, P1. 11. 25 As Sukenik (1935b:109) pointed out.

Inscriptions While it is clear that only wealthy families would have been able to afford the costly varieties of ossuaries, the choice of cheaper types should not be regarded as a sign of comparative poverty or

11

of parsimony. In the `Tomb of the Kings', belonging to the royal house of Adiabene, richly embellished

uninscribed specimens were either discarded by the excavators or excluded from this catalogue. Some idea of the original proportion of inscribed ossuaries may be obtained from the Table of Tomb Groups (TTG). There is no discernible rule governing the proportion of these ossuaries; in some tomb groups,

sarcophagi were found together with the much

the majority of ossuaries seems to have been inscribed

simpler sarcophagus of Queen Helene,26 as well as

with very simple chip-carved ossuaries and even

(e.g. TTG: Kidron Valley a, d and Talbiyeh) and in other groups (e.g. TTG: Kidron Valley f; Jericho,

finely-incised types.27 Neither poverty nor parsimony

Tomb H) about half of them bore inscriptions.2

could have prompted the family of Nicanor, one of the wealthiest in mid-first century CE Jerusalem, to purchase a simply incised ossuary,28 nor can this

Several large groups have either single inscriptions (e.g. TTG: Romema b, Ammunition Hill) or none

have been the motive of a family which placed

Shemu'el Hanavi a).3

plain ossuaries (Nos. 477, 488, 493) side by side with ossuaries bearing the common metope ornamentation (e.g. Nos. 483, 492) and an elaborately carved example (No. 482). This evidence refutes the suggestion that

at all - even in particularly lavish tombs (TTG:

A. TECHNIQUE

a plain ossuary or coffin indicates parsimony or lack of care for the deceased, as do the special

By far the greatest number of the inscriptions were finely incised, presumably in front of or inside the tomb itself at the time of burial. Most inscriptions

protection formulae occasionally inscribed on plain

were executed with whatever sharp tool was available,

containers.29

perhaps by relatives of the deceased; in some cases

Ethical and religious considerations may have dictated the choice of a simple ossuary. The impulse

the tool was a nail discarded on the spot. The

to expend money on a burial in order to pacify

part of a decoration carved in low relief

the dead, assuage the mourners' feelings of guilt, or

No. 282) and on hard limestone ossuaries (e.g.

impress the living30 was indeed frequently condemned in the first and second centuries CE.31

Nos. 13, 893), where the material itself dictated the mason's work. Inscriptions are rarely incorporated

Apparently, an ossuary was made to order only

into the decoration of soft limestone ossuaries,' though attempts to centre them were sometimes

in the rare cases of elaborately decorated ossuaries (e.g. No. 482), particularly if the ornamentation incorporated an inscription (No. 282) or an apparent family emblem (see Comm. 742:2). The majority of ossuaries, however, must have been bought ready made.

few more carefully executed inscriptions occur as (e.g.

made (e.g. Nos. 67, 270). Greater care was taken when

an incised inscription was picked out in colour (e.g. Nos. 32, 396, 403), a feature undoubtedly added in the artisan's workshop.

The inscriptions tend to be carelessly executed, clumsily

spaced,

and,

often,

contain

spelling

6. Inscriptions Of the 897 specimens included in this catalogue, about 227 soft limestone ossuaries are inscribed. Of the 20 hard limestone ossuaries from Jerusalem, four

bear inscriptions in Jewish script. Two additional

hard limestone ossuaries from the south of the country (Nos. 282, 865) bear inscriptions, one

in Jewish script and one in Jewish and Greek script. None of the clay ossuaries are inscribed.' Inscribed ossuaries from outside the Jerusalem and

Dussaud 1912:44, No. 28. 27 De Saulcy 1865:367-368, 375. 26 28 29 30

Avigad 1967a: 124, No. 1. Milik 1956-57:235; Puech 1989. Examples of permitted and forbidden squandering are given

in Sem. 8:2-6. 31 E.g. Sem. 9:23: 'Whosoever heaps effects upon the dead transgresses the injunction against wanton destruction'. Cf. also TB Ket. 8b; TB MK 27b, on Rabban Gamliel II's injunction against burial in costly burial garments.

Jericho areas are rare. This catalogue includes one

6. Inscriptions

from the central region (No. 610), two from the north (Nos. 145, 425) and three additional examples which may be from the south (Nos. 290, 464, 465). The seemingly high proportion of inscribed ossuaries is in many respects misleading since plain,

1 The few examples of clay ossuaries known from North Africa bear Greek inscriptions written in charcoal (Ferron 1956). 2 Cf. the 'Dominus Flevit' tombs, where 43 of the 123 ossuaries have inscriptions (Bagatti and Milik 1958, passim). 3 E.g. Rahmani 1982b. 4 Cf. the framed inscriptions in Sukenik 1945:P1. 2:6.

Introduction

12

mistakes.' This is true even in cases of renowned families, including those of high-priestly rank (e.g. No. 871). It is also evident in the smaller group of charcoal, ink, and paint inscriptions (e.g. Nos.

an ossuary, usually inverted (Nos. 236:Inscrs. E-F, 390) or at a right angle to the rim (No. 703); these may have been inscribed after the deceased's bones

35, 95, 102) which sometimes supplement an incised

example (No. 54) of an ossuary which may have been inscribed in mirror-writing.'

inscription or summarize a Greek inscription (e.g.

in Jewish script;6 inscriptions as carefully penned as No.789 are rare. A further wellknown exception to this negligence is the beautifully

had been placed in the ossuary. There is a single

Nos. 559-560)

C. REPETITION

The repetition of an inscription in different languages

B. LOCATION AND POSITION

and scripts on the same ossuary is fairly common: fourteen (or fifteen) cases of Greek and Jewish inscriptions are listed herein as well as one certain case of an inscription in Hebrew and Aramaic (No. 24). A rare instance of Jewish and Palaeo-Hebrew

Any part of the chest or lid of an ossuary seems to have

inscription has also been reported.'°

been considered as suitable to bear an inscription, though unornamented and uninscribed spaces were apparently preferred. Plain, long and narrow sides were used with little attention paid to the placement

A name could be repeated five (No. 18), six (No.

of the inscription on the available surface. Decorated

the initial inscription was found unsatisfactory (as

sides were inscribed, even when plain areas were available (e.g. Nos. 24, 44, 76), and sometimes the inscription was written across the ornamentation

in No. 179 and, probably, No. 871 - on which

(e.g. Nos. 142, 497, 778, 795). The same inscription might be repeated on different parts of the ossuary as, for instance, the inscriptions on the ornamented

just as mourners repeatedly cry out the name of

front, plain back and underside of the lid of No. 793 or on the ornamented front, narrow sides and

D. SCRIPTS

carved and well-spaced Greek inscription on the narrow side of a plain ossuary7 in the monastery of St. Anne.8

the plain back of No. 797.

Several inscriptions appear on the underside of lids (e.g. Nos. 413, 787) or on both the top and underside of lids (e.g. No. 50). An explanation

102) and even seven times (Nos. 236, 383).11 Names

were probably written two or three times in the same script and even by the same hand when

only the first name was repeated). Repeating the name of the deceased may also have expressed grief,12 the deceased.

Several different scripts appear on the 233 inscribed ossuaries in this catalogue (see TTG). 143 of these ossuaries bear Jewish script only (see n. 6) whereas

73 of them bear only Greek script; an additional fourteen (perhaps fifteen, see No. 108) ossuaries are

of this phenomenon can be deduced from ossuary No. 179, where an inscription was begun in very large letters on the plain front; as the space proved

inscribed in both Greek and Jewish scripts. Of the remaining inscribed ossuaries, two bear texts in Latin script, and there is a single example of

adequate for only three letters, the text was attempted

Palmyrene script.13

on the underside of the lid, where the last letters

In a single tomb group, such as TTG: Kidron Valley d, all but one of the inscriptions were in Jewish script. In another tomb group (TTG:

of the name had to be written above the rest of the inscription. Finally, the name was inscribed in two lines on the lid's face.

The rim of a chest was also occasionally used for inscriptions (e.g. Nos. 478, 572) which were sometimes repeated on the corresponding narrow side of the chest (as

in Nos.

468, 568). Such

corresponding inscriptions were perhaps intended as aids for aligning the lids, similar to direction marks (see also below, §7A).

Inscriptions were usually written horizontally. They do, however, appear vertically (e.g. Nos. 24, 61, 349), ascending or descending at a slant (e.g. Nos. 98, 266) or even inverted (e.g. Nos. 236, 694, 716). This may

be due either to carelessness or lack of skill. In a few instances, inscriptions were written inside

5

As already noted by Vincent 1931:228, n. 38.

6 The term 'Jewish script', used throughout this catalogue, is defined by Naveh (1982:112, 162-164) as a local variant of Aramaic script developed in the Hellenistic period. Sukenik 1931c:18, Pl. 3. Doubts, however, have been raised concerning the authenticity of this inscription (Bagatti and Milik 1958:84, No. 13b). 9 See also Bagatti and Milik 1958:107; see also Naveh 1988:42. 7

8

10

Rosenthaler 1975; an additional inscription thought to be

in these scripts (Barkay 1989) is extremely doubtful. 11 Bagatti and Milik 1958:106-107. 12 Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974:83. 13 An inscription in Palmyrene (Abel 1913:371, No. 11), and

a bilingual text in Palmyrene and Eastern Aramaic (Puech 1982a: No. 2) should be added to this example.

Inscriptions

13

Talbiyeh, southern slope), only Jewish script was used, while in TTG: Giv'at Hamivtar a, only Greek inscriptions occur. Other ratios of Greek-Jewish

From these inscriptions, it can be concluded that

script are 7:2 (TTG: Kidron Valley a) and 1:6 (TTG: Kidron Valley f). In isolated cases, it seems that the choice of script was determined by the geographic origin of the deceased; this was probably the reason

Greek. This knowledge was probably limited to everyday speech and in general did not include a

in and around Jerusalem and Jericho even the lower classes of the Jewish population knew some

for the few Latin and Palmyrene examples. The

profound familiarity with the language, its grammar or its literature; this is similar to the level of Greek evidenced at Bet She'arim at a somewhat later

single conclusion which may safely be drawn from

period. 17

the ossuary inscriptions, most of which are from Jerusalem, is that Jewish script was preferred, though with a heavy admixture of Greek.

F. CONTENTS

a. Names

Including variants and contractions, 147 names, E. LANGUAGE

nicknames and probable names are inscribed on the

The ossuary inscriptions usually record little more than names and indications of family relationships.

ossuaries. Of these, 72 (in addition to about eight possible names) are Jewish; 44 (and eight doubtful cases) of the Jewish names occur only in Jewish

There are a few instances of a title, profession, place of origin or age being recorded. This paucity of information must be considered when evaluating

script; twelve (and two doubtful readings) are names

Hebrew, Aramaic or Greek on the basis of ossuary

in Greek script only, and the remaining appear in both scripts. Two Jewish names also appear in Latin script and forms (Nos. 200, 497), and

inscriptions. Of the occasional formulae for the protection of the deceased's remains, one is in

one in Palmyrene script (No. 579). There are 51 Greek names, including eight possible

Aramaic (No. 455), while three are in Greek (Nos.

readings. Of these, 26 (and one doubtful reading) are written only in Greek script, five appear only

contemporary knowledge of and preference for

142, 259, 559). The only text (No. 26) which seems to express the grief and sorrow of the bereaved is written

in Aramaic, as is the sole example of a consolatory inscription (No. 455). In general, little difference can be seen in the use of Hebrew versus Aramaic: esheth appears three times, while athath is used six times; bar and barath appear two or three times more often than ben and bath. In a few of the bilingual inscriptions, the main text is in Greek, with a Hebrew summary repeating the identity of the deceased (e.g. Nos. 559, 560).14 In some

of the Greek inscriptions, Hebrew names have been given an uninflected Greek form (e.g. No. 868).15

This phenomenon confirms that the name of the Jericho family mentioned in Nos. 799, 800 is Goliath

as in the Septuagint, differing from Goliathos or Goliathes, as spelt by Josephus (e.g. AJ 6:171, 177). In two of the Greek inscriptions, transliterated Hebrew words appear in lieu of their Greek

equivalents. In the first case (No. 552), this may reflect how the family of the deceased woman addressed her ('Salona Katana'). In the second example (No. 559), however, the Greek term seems either to have been unknown or forgotten: the

admonition against any future `disturber of the deceased' echoes the threats in Deut. 28:28 and Zach.

12:4, but the word for `blindness' in this text was written as oupouv (a transliteration of jt,ty) instead of aopa6ia or anoTupawcLS.16

in Jewish script, and the others are inscribed in both. Of the seven Latin names, all are written in Greek characters and one also occurs in Jewish script. Four Palmyrene names appear (in addition

to two doubtful readings), one in Greek script and the others in Jewish script. Two other names in Palmyrene script (No. 579) seem to be Àrab' - of Safaitic, Palmyrene or a similar origin.18 One Nabataean name appears in Greek script (No. 490). The Hebrew masculine names most frequently found

in these inscriptions (including their variants and 14 An example of this occurs on the 'Nicanor' ossuary (Avigad 1967a:124). 15

This phenomenon has also been noted at Bet She'arim

(Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974:203). 16 Transcriptions of this kind, retaining the Hebrew word, also occur in contemporaneous literature: Josephus, AJ 3:156 &pvA0 'belt, sash'; AJ 3:134 dpwv 'ark'. This phenomenon is parallelled by names: e.g. XayeipaS from tci n 'lame one', or, later, &awpep 'scribe' (from Aramaic; Benoit et al. 1961: Nos. 94, 15). Common examples at Bet She'arim include pappi,

aaaoip, and XwAv 'priest' (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974:Index, s.v.). For such Greek-Hebrew-Aramaic 'jargon', see Schwabe 1937:86; Lieberman 1942:27-28. 17 Cf. Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974:218-220, and the bibliography

quoted therein. See also, Hengel 1989:17-18; Yadin and Naveh 1989:8-9 (for the first century CE). 18 For further examples, see Abel 1913:267-271; Bagatti and Milik 1958:87, No. 16; Puech 1982a:368-369.

14

Introduction

contracted forms) are: Simon (26 examples), Joseph (19), Judas (18), Lazarus (16), John (12), Ananias (10), Jesus (10) and Matthew (8). The most common feminine names are: Salome, including Salamzion (26), Maria (20) and Martha (11).

In contrast, most of the Greek names occur only once and without any variants. The exceptions are: Dositheos (6), Alexander (perhaps 5) and Mares (3). The names Erotarios, Kynoros, Kyria, Pappias and Protas are each encountered twice.19 Nicknames,2° often alluding to a physical characteristic of the deceased, occur frequently,

to third centuries CE, such as Juda (nicknamed 'Gur Aryeh', meaning 'lion's whelp', after Gen. 49:9) who is also known as 'Aqavya'. The same passage also mentions 'Aha', known as 'Pinhas'. The Babylonian Talmud (TB Git. 34b) mentions a woman who bore the names Miriam and Sarah, which is possibly paralleled by 'Miriam Johanna' (No. 31) and 'Mariamene Mara' (No. 701). The appearing between the names in No. 701 is also found at Bet She'arim,s° standing for xai, the formula usually preceding a signum. This formula was sometimes omitted" as may be the case

usually in status emphaticus: 'the small' (No. 421),

in No. 31 and is almost certainly true of Nos.

,the mute' (No. 117), 'the beautiful' (probably No. 35; see also Comm. 783:4),21 'the amputated' (No. 62), and 'the deaf'.22 Some of these names seem to have originated as terms of abuse or mockery, for instance

95 ('Sorra Aristobola'), 868 ('Alexa Mara') and 477 ('Yehudan Yason'). Another phenomenon paralleled in the Bet She'arim inscriptions82 is the occasional

'dour' (No. 44), 'oil cake' (No. 198), or 'kneading

of this type, e.g. Salona Maraiame (No. 552), called Katana 'little one'.

trough' (No. 610), but may have been accepted family

addition of a title or nickname to a double name

names (e.g. 'Goliath' in Jericho, Tomb H, which was probably originally ascribed to someone very large)." Names of endearment derived from aromatic

plants such as 'aloe' (No. 114), 'balsam' (No. 461), 'cinnamon' (No. 803) and 'saffron'24 also appear as nicknames. Names of this type were sometimes added to a person's first name to distinguish between family members bearing the same name. 'Ammia' or 'Imma' (Nos. 21, 51, 257) and 'Pappias' (No. 139) are names of endearment derived from baby talk (Lallnamen).25

19 See Bagatti and Milik 1958:107-109; Kane 1978:270-271; Rabinowitz in EJ (1971), s.v. Names in the Talmud, vol. 12,

cols. 807-809; Hachlili 1984a. 20 Cf. Lidzbarski 1908:1-23; Klein 1929b; 1930; and, especially, Goitein 1970. Nicknames occur frequently at Masada, see Yadin and Naveh 1989: passim; cf. also, Naveh 1990. 21

The Greek name 'Kallon' (Grimme 1912) was probably

A person's place of origin might also serve as a

another such allusion. Despite the name's offensive connotations

nickname (see below, §6Fe).

('shame', 'disgrace', 'prostitution') in Hebrew, it was a family name in Jerusalem of this period. 22 As an emendation of the translation of win 'smith'; cf.

Family names were occasionally added either to an

individual's first name and patronymic (e.g. No. 151) or in place of the latter (e.g. No. 41). It is significant that in both these cases the dead belonged to important priestly families, as did members of the Kallon branch of the Bene Ishbab family (see n. 21). On one ossuary, a member of the Bene Yakhin family is explicitly identified as a priest.26 The phrase inscribed on No. 430, 'of David's House', may similarly attest a family's claim to Davidic descent. A grandparent's name following that of a parent may also have expressed family pride (e.g. Nos. 57, 327), particularly in priestly descent (e.g. No. 871).

Double names, similar to classical signa,27 occur mainly in Hebrew-Greek28 (e.g. Nos. 95 and 868 in

Greek script and No. 477 in Jewish script) but in one case Hebrew-Safaitic (No. 579); the second name,

in Palmyrene script, may have been a nickname.29 Double Hebrew names are mentioned in Talmudic literature (TB Pes. 113b-114a) as belonging to both

Palestinian and Babylonian sages of the second

Bagatti and Milik 1958:83, No. 12. 23 For several parallel cases, though more recent, see Goitein

1970. For derogatory nicknames cf. Josephus BJ 5:474 and, in the priestly families of Jerusalem, Vita:3-4. For additional examples, see Yadin and Naveh 1989:25,29,43. Naveh (1990:118, n. 13) rejects that 'Goliath' was a family name. See also n. 21.

Kpoxos pip (Clermont-Ganneau 1891:242; 1899:406, No. 15). mop 'thyme' perhaps also occurs (Avigad 1962:10-11). 25 See also Tan;: Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 128. 26 o>>' w> In (Bagatti and Milik 1958:89-92, No. 22). A similar formula ('nn) appears in the famous Bene Hezir inscription in the Kidron Valley (Avigad 1954:61; cf. Hansler 1913; Benoit et al. 1961: No. 20:17). 27 PWRE, s.v. Signum (Doppetname), cols. 2448-2452. For a recent comprehensive discussion of double names in this period, see Horsley 1984:89-96. For later examples, from Bet She'arim, see Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 212. 28 Cf. Cassuto-Salzmann 1932:214-215; see also Vincent 1902: 104-106; Abel 1913:274-275, No. 16. 29 For another example of an 'Arab'-Hebrew double name, see Bagatti and Milik 1958:85-87, No. 16. 30 Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 101. 31 At Bet She'arim, see Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 102. 32 Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 121. 24

Inscriptions Contracted names33 (cf. 51T) loran lup ova, M. Shab.

12:3) occur frequently (cf. Index of Subjects, s.v.).

In some cases, both the plene and the contracted

forms of a name appear on the same ossuary, e.g. `Yeshuà' and `Yeshu' (No. 9), `Mathathya' and `Mathya' (No. 42-)34 and `Martha' and 'Mara' (No. 468). This clearly indicates that the contractions were forms of endearment used by relations and friends which sometimes became the only name by which a person was known. Initials rarely occur. The inscription of a single letter identical to the initial letter of the full name identical to on the same ossuary (e.g. No. 789) suggests that a single letter or group of letters inscribed on an ossuary may have been considered sufficient to identify the deceased. The letter inscribed on No.

15

In eleven inscriptions referring to women, the names of husbands accompany their name and the relationship is explicitly stated (e.g. Nos. 13, 24, 821). The name of the woman's father precedes (Nos. 236: Inscr. B, 256) or follows (No. 236:Inscrs. A, C-E) that of her husband. The wife's name is occasionally omitted and she is identified only as the 'wife of N' (No. 74).

Very rarely the phrase `father of N' (No. 751) follows

the name of the deceased; the term `mother of N' follows a number of female names (Nos. 98, 257, 370, 801, 868). Several names are preceded by `father'

or `mother' (Nos. 70, 351), a variant of which is a name preceded or followed by òur father' or ,our mother' (Nos. 12, 70, 71, 561). It is possible, therefore, that the simple inscriptions of rnrt (No.

291 as well as the two repeated letters on No.

344) and rtnre (No. 21) denote not an actual name,

289 are probably examples of this practice; groups

but rather `father' or `mother'.40 This may also

of letters such as those on Nos. 319, 582 and

be true of a8eacp6S (No. 135), which may indicate

even 522 may also be interpreted in this manner. Monograms35 may have been inscribed on several ossuaries. On No. 42, a probable monogram occurs

either a `brother' or a personal name.41

alongside the full and contracted names of the deceased while there are no names beside the

patronymic (e.g. No. 570). Understandably, the

monograms on Nos. 44 and 713. Ligatures should perhaps be

mentioned here,

although their use was not restricted to names. They are common in Jewish script, as in beth-resh

for b(a)r (on No. 57, this ligature was written as part of a name). Three clusters of letters on No. 108: Inscr. A may be ligatures in Jewish script for the name Mariame which was repeated several times in Greek on the ossuary. Greek ligatures also occur, e.g., tau-eta-rho (No. 98) and tau-rho (No. 349, similar to ligatures on Herodian Characters are sometimes added above irregularly-

In certain cases, relatives found it important to

indicate a sibling relationship in addition to a relationship was emphasized when the remains of brothers were deposited in the same ossuary; two brothers were laid to rest in No. 560 even though the wife of one was interred in a separate ossuary (No. 559) in the tomb. A sibling relationship is also implied by inscriptions which mention the `sons of N' (Nos. 75, 76).42

Some inscriptions indicate that' the remains of a married couple were placed in a single ossuary (e.g. No. 150). Inscriptions which mention the name of

coins36).

executed inscriptions (e.g. Nos. 88:Inscr. B, 179:Inscr. E, 610).37 This feature should be considered within

the context of the frequent carelessness in the execution of the inscriptions rather than as evidence of esoteric meanings.38

b. Family Relationships Kinfolk are referred to in about half of the inscriptions mentioning the name of the deceased. Seventythree inscriptions refer to the father of the deceased while patronymics unaccompanied by the deceased's

personal name rarely occur (e.g. Nos. 75, 76, 464, 571).39 In six further inscriptions (Nos. 57, 198, 290, 327, 520, 871), three of which commemorate women, a grandfather is mentioned; on No. 796, a grandmother may be referred to. (For such emphasis given to pedigree, see above, §6Fa.)

Cf. PWRE, s.v. Namenswesen (Kurznamen), cols. 1626-1631; Lidzbarski 1908; Hachlili 1984a. 34 Sukenik 1934:69, No. 13. 35 Cf. also PWRE, s.v. Monogramm. 36 Meshorer 1967:127, 167. 37 Cf. Clermont-Ganneau 1891:242. 38 As suggested by Figueras 1983:16. 39 For further contemporaneous examples, see the Bethphage list (above, §5J, n. 8) and Benoit et al. 1961: No. 43:7. Examples such as Barabbas occur in the New Testament (e.g. Matt. 27:16). For frequent cases at Masada, see Yadin and Naveh 1989: passim; for Bet She'arim, see Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: Nos. 89, 97. This 33

form of identification frequently occurs in Rabbinic literature from the early third century CE onwards. See also Naveh 1990. Cf. Euting 1885: No. 70. See also the commentary on ossuary No. 135. `Maryam, my sister' appears on another ossuary (Avigad 1961:143). 42 nshould be distinguished from w3 In or 1)]n which indicate membership in a priestly clan. See above, n. 26. 40 41

16

Introduction

a man followed by that of a woman (e.g. Nos.

of the title 'ri 'Birebbi' (see Comm. 865:4) on

139, 354, 455) are probably also evidence of this

an ossuary of the third century CE; as in funerary

practice, although the relationship was not explicitly stated. On No. 490, the inscription clearly indicates

inscriptions from Jaffa and Bet She'arim,53 it follows the name of the deceased.

that the remains of a wife and son were added to those of the head of the family, as may have occurred in No. 354.

More common are inscriptions attesting to infants interred with their mother (e.g. Nos. 73, 800, 868). Even though a mother-child relationship is not stated, this may have been the case with normalsized ossuaries inscribed with two masculine names and a feminine name in the nominative (e.g. No. 56). (For regulations concerning the joint burial of relatives, see App. A.) In a few instances, the name inscribed on the ossuary

does not seem to be that of the deceased but of his son. In this way, the son demonstrated that he had fulfilled the duty of collecting his parent's remains (see Comms. 12:5, 139:5, 370:4 and 573:3; see also App. A). These examples parallel funerary inscriptions from the 'Abba Tomb',43 and, slightly later, at Bet She'arim44 and Jaffa.45

c. Titles and Designations Specific reference to civic and religious offices are rare. Obviously, the rank of High Priest was noted on No. 871 to enhance the prestige of the descendants, similar to the description of a woman as the daughter of a priest46 and to other references to the priesthood.47

d. Professions Professions are rarely mentioned. In addition to that of High Priest, quoted above, there are a scribe (No. 893)54 and a teacher.55 Artisans are denoted by their

professions slightly less often that in the funerary inscriptions at Bet She'arim56 and Jaffa.57 The phrase 'builder of the sanctuary' (No. 200) emphasizes

the artisan's status and, though the readings are uncertain, other inscriptions have been interpreted as referring to a physician (vo1n, No. 80) and to a potter (m-rp, No. 222).

The reading of the word win as 'smith' is doubtful and it more likely means `the deaf one' (see above, n.

Cf. Rosenthal 1973. A similar formula may have been intended in a poorly preserved ossuary inscription (Puech 43

1982a:355-358); this seems to refer to the bones of an individual's

mother brought to Jerusalem for burial, presumably in a family tomb. In accordance with Puech (1982a:357, n. 10) we suggest an amended reading: 'Joseph, son of Elasah(?): A chariot has brought the bones of our mother (mm) Ammi to Jerusalem'. 44 For elaborate examples, see Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 183:4-5; for simpler examples, which do not mention relationships, see Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 219:8-9. Cf. Frey 1952: No. 927. Clermont-Ganneau 1899:386; Ilan 1991/92:157-159. Abel 1913:268, No. 1; Bagatti and Milik 1958:89-92, No. 22;

45 46

The term 'first citizen' (No. 282), inscribed in both Hebrew and Greek on a third century CE ossuary, is

47

the sole reference to a civic title. Religious status is recorded in several instances; there are a few examples of proselytes,48 and one of a nazir,

belonging to the priestly family of Caiaphas (Reich 1992) is

whose personal name is omitted.49 The civil status

Temple]'.50

1991/92:154-155; for examples from Italy, see Frey 1936:21, 68, 202, 576. For the status of such proselytes, see EJ (1971), s.v., vol. 13, cols. 1182-1191. 49 Avigad 1971:196-198. 50 Avigad 1967a:124, No. 4. 51 Avigad 1967b: 104. The equivalent, ,tpeapuTepoS, appears once (Clermont-Ganneau 1884:99, No. 28).

Honorific titles and expressions are very rare.

52

reav seems to have been used once in the sense of 'elder', rather than to denote a family relationship (a similar use of the word is known from a somewhat earlier inscription at Jason's Tomb in Jerusalem51).

referring to the (later) passage in TB Kid. 31b. From the third century CE onward, mar became the usual honorific title for father, superior and/or teacher: cf. EJ (1971), s.v. Mar, vol. 11,

Two inscriptions have the title 'master' (-in ,x-n); No.

54

327, where the ancestry of the deceased is traced back three generations, and No. 560, on which

Ganneau 1899:392-394, Nos. 3-4. 55 AtUcrxaaoc (Sukenik 1930b:140-141, Inscr. 2; 1931b:18); there is a doubtful reading of » (Abel 1913:269, No. 9); cf. also, Zimmermann 1984:70-75, 85-86, 217. 56 For a Greek example, see Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No.

of the deceased was mentioned in isolated cases: one man is described as a freedman (No. 789), and another inscription records the exceptional social standing of 'Nicanor, who made the gates [of the

the Greek equivalent, x6ptoc, is also inscribed. The inscription on ossuary No. 8 may include this title in Hebrew, and it is known from later inscriptions at Bet She'arim.52 There is also a single occurrence

Naveh 1979:17. The absence of the title on ossuaries apparently surprising.

Bagatti and Milik 1958:84-85,

48 31

89, 95,

Nos.

13, 21,

(respectively); see also Clermont-Ganneau 1899:417, Ilan

'My lord father': Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No.

130,

col. 939. 53 Cf. Avigad 1967b:243.

Bagatti and Milik 1958:83, No. 12. See also Clermont-

215. 57

Frey 1952 : Nos. 902, 940, 945.

Inscriptions

17

22); similarly, man, interpreted as `weaver',58 should

usually accompanies the name of the deceased,

be read as n'pn (a contraction of n'ptn `Hezekiah';

though there are exceptions (e.g. Nos. 85, 125).

see Comm. 218:6). In the inscription of the proselyte Juda,59 it is more likely that the word Tupa is

a contraction of the name

rather than

a subsitute for Tuponor.oc 'cheesemaker'.

e. Origin In Jerusalem's tombs, the deceased's place of origin

was noted when someone from outside Jerusalem

and its environs was interred in a local tomb. Thus, Bet She'an-Scythopolis is mentioned in a bilingual inscription (No. 139); Berenike (No. 404)

and Ptolemais (No. 99), both probably cities in Cyrenaica, each occur once. Probable place-names in the country include Sokho (No. 257), Bet Alon (No. 293) and Bethel.61 Hin (No. 290), Cyrenaica,62 Capua,68 Alexandria,64 Bithynia or Cilicia and Syria65 are other locations encountered.

At Jericho, some of the inscriptions explicitly state that the deceased came from Jerusalem (e.g. No. 777; see also Comm. 778:3). Two infants (Nos. 797, 803) interred at Jericho, seem to have been born at

h. Consolatory Expressions Though Greek and Roman epitaphs are replete with consolatory expressions, they are almost completely absent from contemporary local Jewish tombs

and ossuaries. A notable exception is a bilingual (Aramaic71-Greek72) inscription found in Jason's Tomb; it is essentially Hellenistic in content and partly in wording. The same may be said of the epigram78 on No. 455, which is the sole example of such an inscription on an ossuary.74 In the third century CE at Bet She'arim, an epigram75 and brief expressions of encouragement and consolation occur in 40 out of the 220 odd inscriptions at the site.76 Short consolatory exclamations such as oft `peace' (which was also used as a name; see Comm. 3:4) are rare on ossuaries,77 though they are abundant at Bet She'arim.78 These exclamations are often in Hebrew, even in cases when the remainder of the inscription is in Greek.79 w nu `rest to (his) soul' occurs only

Bet Ezob, across the Jordan river.

The use of a foreign script (e.g. Palmyrene on No.

579 and Latin on Nos. 197, 202) is indicative of Jews coming from abroad. An external origin also explains the foreign decorative motifs on No. 209, and, probably, No. 555. Historical considerations may also indicate a foreign origin (see Comm. 789:3).61

f. Age

The age of the deceased is recorded only on Nos. 100

and 778. In both instances, the inscriptions are in Greek and Greek letters representing the numbers are preceded by the sign L, standing for irw_v `years';67

both the sign and the numbers follow the name of the deceased. Locally, the L-sign was used to indicate

dates in tombs at Maresha68 and, later, on coins of the Herodian dynasty and the Roman procurators.69 As Avigad noted in discussing No. 100,7° the sign,

used mainly in Egypt, occurs in Jewish tomb inscriptions in Egypt and Cyrenaica to indicate dates and ages. Age thus recorded may indicate the foreign origin of this inscription's scribe, though on No. 778 it is clearly the deceased who comes from Jerusalem (see Comm. 778:3).

g. Terms Used for the Ossuary The terms used for òssuary' on the objects themselves

usually differ from those in contemporary literary sources (see above, §1). On the ossuaries, the term

Bagatti and Milik 1958:93-94, No. 27. Bagatti and Milik 1958:84-86, 89, Nos. 13, 21, (respectively); the latter is another example of a proselyte with a double name, Diogenes-Zena. Zena is a.contraction of a name like Zenas, or Zenagenes (cf. Preisigke, s.v.). 60 Preisigke. s.v. 58

59

61

Vincent 1902:104-105.

62

Bagatti and Milik 1958:81, No. 9.

63

Vincent 1902:106-107.

Avigad 1967a:124, P1. 21:1. Abel 1913:275-276; Ilan 1991/92:149-51. 66 See Hachlili 1979a:33, 46. From the third century CE, many 64 65

Jews from abroad were laid to rest in hallowed ground near the tombs of sages in places like Bet She'arim. Their origin is either explicitly stated, or can be inferred from,their names. Cf. Avigad 1976b:2; Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974:217-219; for a general comment, see Gafni 1981. See also App. A. 67 Cf. PWRE, s.v. Siglae, cols. 2286-2287. 68 Peters and Thiersch 1905:45, 49, 53, etc. Meshorer 1967:127ff, 170ff. Avigad 1962a:7. 71 Avigad 1967b. 72 Benoit 1967. 73 Naveh 1980. 74 For a slightly different reading of this inscription, see Cross 69 70

1983.

E.g. Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 127. Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974:Index, s.v. 77 As pointed out by Samuel Klein (1920); this has since proved correct. 78 Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: Index, s.v. For examples at Jaffa, see Frey 1952: Nos. 903, 908 etc.; abroad, see Frey 1936: Index, s.v. In general, see also Dinkier 1974. 79 Pointed out in Klein 1920:4: this has since proved correct. 75

76

18

Introduction

once80 - on an ossuary lid from Nazareth-" Like other ossuaries from the site (e.g. Nos. 754-756), this example should probably be dated to the third century CE when the same formula appears on contemporaneous Jewish headstones from Jaffa;82 references in Talmudic literature (TJ Er. 21c; cf. Gen. R. 14:9-10) corroborate this date. i. Exclamations of Sorrow

The only exclamation of sorrow inscribed on an ossuary is the word San; it is of foreign origin and inscribed in Palmyrene script.83 A Palmyrene origin here is appropriate, since the same formula is found locally (e.g. at Bet SheàrimB4) even later, chiefly in

placed upright on its narrow edge. On its underside,

a partial abecedary was inscribed, from alpha to theta (and a phi, perhaps in place of an iota). This lid had been removed from its ossuary and positioned to face the tomb's entrance, as if to protect the entire tomb. The tomb itself displays further indications of foreign influences: mural paintings93 and the ossuary

of a freedman who presumably had been a slave in Rome (see Comm. 789:2). Three abecedaries come from third century Jewish tombs at Bet She'arim: one, in Greek94, is very similar to No. 787, and two

others list the full Jewish alphabet.95 As on No. 787, the abecedaries at Bet She'arim may indicate a foreign influence.96

Palmyrene inscriptions. The phrase `who failed to give birth', following the name of the deceased on No. 226 may be an exclamation of sorrow; if so,

1. Numerals and `Price Tags'

the sorrow is implied rather than stated.85

letters in two cases (see above, §6Ff). In two further

j. Protective Formulae Protective inscriptions on tomb monuments8fi perhaps inspired the use of protective formulae on ossuaries.

The brief inscription nn=5 x5i (No. 70: Inscr. B) prohibiting the opening of an ossuary evokes contemporaneous inscriptions such as that of King Uzziah87 and an inscribed sealing stone of a tombloculus in a tomb.88 More elaborate formulae in Greek (e.g. No. 259) included threats against those who disturb the bones of the dead. The only instance

in which a protective formula does not follow the identification of the deceased person is an Aramaic inscription on an ossuary lid.89 Formulae of this type

were inscribed in Hellenistic tombs at Maresha.90

The age of the dead person is indicated in Greek

80 A similar reading suggested by Klein (1920:27, No. 68) of an inscription's last line is questioned by Frey (1952: No. 1254). 81 G.H. Dalman 1914:136, No. 3, Pl. 40; Yellin and Poznanski 1918:58; Klein 1920: No. 166; Frey 1952: No. 988. 82 83

Frey 1952: Nos. 892, 900. Abel 1913:271, No. 11.

B. Mazar 1973:202, 207; cf. two Greek inscriptions, one of which mentions a person with a Nabataean name (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974:Nos. 117, 119). 85 The interpretation of the inscriptions on ossuaries Nos. 113 and 114 as lamentations for the Crucifixion is unlikely; cf. the commentary on these ossuaries. 86 E.g. Avigad 1953:137-152. 84

87

Sukenik 1931d.

88

Sukenik 1935a: 193.

89

Milik 1956-57:235; this resembles the Aramaic inscription

Other versions of threats also occur at Bet Sheàrim.91 The words n' (Comm. 610:4), g ivy (Comm. 390:3), in and c ro (on an unpublished ossuary

on a contemporaneous stone coffin lid: iv un N5 +r -nx -ov VON 5» m1 nnrta nnv iapm n5n (Puech 1989), which Naveh (1992:196-198) reads (in the present author's translation into

in the Museum Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Jerusalem), like n-r ,92 indicate that the ossuary was intended for the remains of a single person,

English): 'Closed. By the ram (or "lamb"): It may not be changed and none entombed with him in this coffin'. c-mm 'ram, lamb'

perhaps implying that it contained nothing of value. Admonitory inscriptions sometimes supplemented material seals (e.g. No. 70), though, on several examples, a mark (e.g. the lock on No. 403) seems to have been considered a sufficient deterrent against opening the ossuary (see below, §7C). The various measures employed to seal the ossuaries were probably prompted by the wish to protect the remains of the deceased and the desire to prevent the mingling of their remains with those of other people (including relatives, cf. Sem. 12:8, 13:8).

90

k. Magic

The only inscription with magical intent discovered in a Jewish tomb occurs on an ossuary lid (No. 787)

refers to the daily burnt offering, here invoked as a binding conjuration. Naveh refers to Lieberman 1942:132-137.

E.g. Peters and Thiersch 1905:48, No. 17, similar to our

Nos. 142, 559. 91 Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: Nos. 129, 134,162; cf. also Avigad 1976b:23-24. See also Kloner 1985. 92 Avigad 1961. 93 Hachlili 1983.

B. Mazar 1973: No. 122; Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: Nos. 46-47; those at Masada (Cotton and Geiger 1989:122ff) are of a different nature and use. 94

95

B. Mazar 1957:163.

B. Mazar 1957:138. Hachlili 1984b:30 points to the Jericho inscription as proof of a 'magic-mystic element in Jewish burial customs', thus confusing early Jewish Merkavah mysticism with magical practices such as the use of the 22 letters of the alphabet as based on the 'Book of Creation'. This, however, should not 96

be dated earlier than the third or perhaps the second century CE, and was only written between the third and sixth centuries.

Marks

19

cases, Jewish numerals are indicated: on No. 696,

adjacent rim or side (e.g. Nos. 36, 156, 276) of the

the numerals are preceded by the letter resh, an

chest.

abbreviation for va7 'quarter (shekel) = drachma,

dinar' or a cursive mem, for [nv]n 'obol'. On the second example (No. 730), the word pvn òbols' is spelt out in full, indicating the cost of the manufacture or decoration of the ossuary (for further details, see above, §5B).97

7. Marks Approximately 40% of the decorated and plain

11

12

Figs. 11-12 11: ossuary with pairs of letters used as marks; 12: ossuary with mark on insertion edge of lid.

The unpaired marks on Nos. 351, 488 and 647 are

ossuaries listed in this catalogue bear marks.

probably due to an oversight of the artisan which was sometimes corrected (e.g. 488). The other occurrences

A. DIRECTION MARKS

of unpaired marks are either when a lid which

Most of the marks on ossuaries are incised or drawn with charcoal. They usually occur in pairs, one on

probably bore the corresponding mark is missing

the lid and the second on either the narrow side

when a lid was placed on an ossuary for which it

(Fig. 8) or rim (Fig. 9) of the chest or occasionally on the chest's long side (Fig. 10). In a few cases (e.g. Nos. 803, 868), paired marks were made on all four sides of the lid and the chest. Usually these paired marks

was not intended. The large charcoal-drawn cross marks on each side of No. 114 are unique. They are probably preparatory marks for decoration which was never completed.s

are identical, though exceptions occur (e.g. Nos.

There remain 11 instances of unexplained marks. Most of these consist of single letters or groups of two or more letters; these may represent the initials

51, 88, 150); their most common forms are zigzags, nicks, stars (e.g. No. 322) or triangles. Single straight lines also occur, sometimes extending unbroken from the lid to the chest (e.g. Nos. 206, 326, 433, 840). Two large or small crossed lines are also a common

mark (e.g. Nos. 747, 568, 841). At times pairs of marks are inverted (e.g. Nos. 78, 270).

8

9

10

Figs. 8-10 8: ossuary with corresponding marks on lid and narrow side of chest; 9: ossuary with corresponding marks on lid and narrow rim of chest; 10: ossuary with corresponding marks on lid and long side of chest

The location of paired marks indicates that their only function was to ensure the positioning of the

(e.g. Nos. 256, 266, 289) or in those isolated instances

of the deceased's names (cf. above, §6Fa).

Cf. Scholem 1954:75-77 and n. 130 for quotations ranging from the third to seventh centuries. See also Scholem in EJ (1971), s.v. Yezirah, Sefer, vol. 16, cols. 782-788. The local absence of magical abecedaries between the end of the First Temple period and the third (or perhaps second) century CE renders the Jericho

example unique and indicates a foreign influence. The dating of the Jewish abecedary in the 'Darom' tomb - between the second and fourth century CE (Kloner 1985) - is problematic. It may be added that retrograde inscriptions, which are very rare on ossuaries (see above, §6Fh and n. 82), may also have been

executed with a magical intent; such ossuary inscriptions are too rare to constitute a local custom. 97

Cf. also Milik 1971:80; Yadin and Naveh:59.

7. Marks

On sliding lids, whether flat or gabled, a single

1 In a discussion of marks used in carpentry in M. Shab. 12:3, various usages of letter combinations, similar to their usages on ossuaries, are mentioned: pairs of identical (e.g. Nos.. 36, 110, 168, 390) or different letters in various scripts (e.g. Nos. 312, 324), as well as letters used as signs (nrm'c). The signs have been understod from TB Shab. 115b (trsl. H. Freedman, London, 1938:567, n. 8) as n+mnn am) 'inverted [letters] nuns' (e.g. Nos. 275, 823). Stonemasons of this period used letters

mark usually indicates the direction for inserting the

in a similar way, to, e.g., mark the drums of a column and

lid. The marked edge (here termed the 'insertion edge') was intended to be inserted along the inner ledge cut on the chest's rim (Fig. 12); this ensured

their sequence (Yadin 1966:68-69; Avigad 1983:165). At Masada,

lid for the closest possible fit on the chest. In seven cases, pairs of Greek letters were used for the same purpose (Fig. 11) and in about sixteen examples Jewish letters were thus used.'

a secure fit2 and prevented breakage. In some cases,

the artisan, to assure that his intention would be clearly understood, added a matching mark(s) on the

Jewish, Palaeo-Hebrew and Latin characters were employed as marks in addition to geometric marks; Avigad provides examples of the use of Jewish letters and numerals. For contemporaneous Nabataean use, see Negev 1964. 2 As suggested in Dickson 1903:331 and Macalister 1912:398. 3 Cf. also R.H. Smith 1974:58-60; Puech 1982b:50.

Introduction

20

B. MARKS AND EMBLEMS DESIGNATING PROFESSION

on the Mount of Olives and in the Hinnom Valley

OR FAMILY

as cells. between the fourth and tenth centuries.13 This

A second type of mark are those designating the

ossuary was found in a cave storeroom with several

profession or family of the deceased. These marks may

other ossuaries and it is likely that they had all

occur as part of an ossuary's ornamentation scheme (e.g. Nos. 41, 742, 815) or as an independent element (e.g. Nos. 829, 848). The more elaborate marks probably signify the profession of the deceased. The incised depiction of an altar (No. 41), for instance, may indicate that the deceased was of priestly rank,

been removed from different tombs.14 Both this cross

as might two representations of a menorah (Nos. 815:F, 829:Lid, see below, §1lWc). The inscriptions

on Nos. 41 and 829 confirm that the deceased belonged to priestly families. Other representations of menorot from this period also seem to bear this meaning.4 Another mark (No. 3) may represent scales and allude

to a money-changer. The single instance of a fishshaped mark (No. 348) probably indicates that the dead man was a fishmonger (see Comm. 348:3),5 just as the incised representation of a plow6 may indicate that the deceased was a smith or a farmer.

No. 742 bears a unique depiction of a large fig leaf and figs, forming part of the ossuary's decoration.

This may be a punning device (armes parlantes) representing a personal or family emblem alluding to the name nircn 'fig' (for which see Nos. 53, 405, 406); the same emblem perhaps occurs on another ossuary in the form of an entire fig tree (see below, Fig. 95). The lily (see below, §IIVb) may also have served as a

and a very similar example found on a reused sarcophagus from Pella15 were probably added in the sixth to seventh centuries CE.16

8. Reasons for Inscribing and Marking Ossuaries Laconically brief or lengthy and informative epitaphs

are common on Greek' and Roman2 funerary monuments. These epitaphs were supplemented or replaced by elaborate representations, even upon sarcophagi destined to rest within tomb-chambers or catacombs.' The inscriptions and representations served similar purposes: first, to demonstrate pride in family and the social standing of both the deceased

and his survivors; second, to remind visitors of the 4

See Rahmani 1980b; 1982a: 117-118;cf. Avigad 1983:147-149.

For this interpretation of fish representations, see Engemann in RAC, s.v. Fisch, col. 1069. Figueras' suggestion (1983:21, 105-106) that the frame around the inscribed 'Jesus' on No. 140 represents a fish is untenable; a similar frame encloses a different name on No. 856 and a rectangular frame contains No. 5

236: Inscr. C. See also Puech 1983: Fig. 6: 30a. 6 Bagatti 1971: Fig. 102:3 (cf. Testa 1962:Pl. 32:4) is the only recognizable plow among the examples cited by him.

E.g. aper represented by a boar (see Koch and Sichtermann

family emblem, though not as a punning device

7

(which are known from Roman area, both punning devices and family emblems are found on seals from an earlier date.'

1982:607).

sarcophagi7). In this

Avigad 1966; 1969:9; 1981:305; 1982:60. See also Rahmani 1967b:97, Fig. 6. 8

9

Regarded as a Christogram by Bagatti and Milik (1958:

6, 178).

C. PROTECTIVE MARKS

10

Though inscriptions or tight closure of the lid (see

11

above, §6Fj) were intended to protect the remains of the deceased, in certain cases marks seem to have been used or added for this purpose. The representations

12 Clermont-Ganneau 1899:411-412, No. 29. The cross and inscription are now considered later additions, see Homes-

of a lock on the flat sliding lid of No. 403 may be an example of this phenomenon: it is depicted next to a rivet of a sort which firmly affixed the lid to the rim of the chest (e.g. on No. 70).

In the context of protective marks, the symbol inscribed on an ossuary9 can be regarded as standing for the word xapaaaw and its derivatives in the sense `sealed'.10 Alternatively, it might represent a personal monogram or be an initial of obscure significance."

It is unlikely that any of the marks on ossuaries of this period bear religious significance. A cross deeply chip-carved on an ossuary12 was probably a late addition by Christian anchorites who used tombs

Colella 1973. Cf. de Vaux 1959:300.

Fredericq 1974: No. 17. 13 Cf. Vincent and Abel 1926:850-852. 14 R.H. Smith 1973b:148-149. For chip-carving of this period

and its use by local Christians, see Rahmani 1983:223-224. Very similar crosses were executed in the identical chip-carving technique (Dunscombe-Colt et al. 1962:Pls. 15:2-4; 16:3; 21:2, 24:2; the latter was carved on wood). 15 R.H. Smith 1974:56-57, n. 19. 16 Clermont-Ganneau 1899:381-382.

8. Reasons for Inscribing or Marking Ossuaries 1

2

Cf. Kurtz and Boardman 1971:260-266. Cf. Daremberg-SaglioDictionnaire, s.v. Inscriptions, 541-542.

Inscriptions on sarcophagi are much rarer, cf. Koch and Sichtermann 1982:25-27. 3 For this problem, see the chapter on Sinngehalt in Koch and Sichtermann 1982:582-617.

Chronology and Geographical Distribution

21

virtues of the deceased; and third, to console the

inferior execution. This situation prevailed until

bereaved.

the custom of ossilegium was gradually abandoned in the mid- to late-third century CE (see App. A). Table 1 shows the three major periods of ossuary use and manufacture: (A) 20-15 BCE to 70 CE; (B) 70 to 135 CE and (C) the late-second to approximately

The representations found locally in catacombs and graveyards are generally simpler than those found abroad and the inscriptions tend to brevity. In the

Bet She'arim catacombs and Jaffa cemetery, the main purpose of inscriptions and depictions may have been to guide the bereaved to the place of mourning and to demonstrate the ownership of a burial vault or tomb. Consolatory inscriptions seem to have been little more than personal, often spontaneous, expressions of bereavement and love for the deceased.4

The name of the deceased scribbled on an ossuary should similarly be regarded as an expression of bereavement, as might the repetition of the deceased's

name on a single ossuary (see above, §6C). It is in this light that the more formal expression of grief and consolation on No. 455 should be considered; though addressed to the bereaved, the inscription is

too small and faint to have been detected in the darkness of the tomb. Names may also have been inscribed on ossuaries to help later burial parties locate an appropriate resting place for a close relative of the person already buried in a particular receptacle (cf. Sem. 13:8). A very small

number of inscriptions and marks seem, however, intended to prevent further handling of the remains

in an ossuary, including the burial of additional remains (see above, §§6Fj and 7C).

9. Chronology and Geographical Distribution The manufacture of Jewish ossuaries should be regarded as the response of Jerusalem's artisans to

a local demand in the late-first century (for the motivations, see App. A; for the ossuaries' alleged prototypes, see App. B).

Prior to Jerusalem's destruction in 70 CE, ossuaries were made by local artisans utilizing skills acquired in dressing building stones and tomb facades and by artisans proficient in shaping and ornamenting stone

vessels and receptacles. Until this date, ossuaries from Jerusalem were also used by Jews living within

a radius of 20-25 kms from that city, including Jericho.1

the mid-third centuries CE. For each of

these

periods, the geographic distribution of ossuaries is presented alongside characteristics of their material and manufacturing techniques. A. 20-15 BcE To 70 cE

As many family tombs had been in use long before ossuaries were introduced, exact dating is difficult. There are, however, tombs without ossuaries which

had ceased to be used in the late Hellenistic or even early Herodian times.' In tombs containing ossuaries, a large number of round lamps with spatulate nozzles - the so-called `Herodian' lamps, dating to the very end of the first century BCE - have

been found' alongside moulded lamps with grooved

bodies and elongated nozzles; the latter are now firmly dated to King Herod's reign.4 One can thus conclude that ossuaries were introduced in Jerusalem

ca. 20-15 BCE.5 It took at least one generation for the custom of ossilegium to evolve in Jerusalem before spreading to other population centres. Thus, the 20-15 BCE date accords well with the finds at Jericho which were dated by their excavators to at least one generation later.6 From ca. 20 BCE to 70 CE, Jerusalem's skilled masons manufactured hard limestone ossuaries (Group Ala;

B. Mazar 1973:193; Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974:219. For the period preceding the use of ossuaries, see Avigad 1967b; Benoit 4

1967.

9. Chronology and Geographical Distribution 1 Bennett 1965; Hachlili 1978; 1979a-c; 1980; 1983a; Hachlili and Killebrew 1983b. Finely incised ossuaries were also found across the Jordan river; see, e.g., Saller 1967: Fig. 1.

E.g. Rahmani 1967b; Tzaferis 1970:18-19; Kloner 1980a: 161, 166, 204-207. In these tombs, the custom of burial in communal

2

charnels prevailed (see App. A). Dating the introduction of ossuaries to 200 BCE (see Vincent 1934:564; Goodenough 1953:114) is thus untenable. 3 Avigad 1983:88. 4 E.g. Sukenik 1974:Pl. 85: Al; Bagatti and Milik 1958:111, Fig. 25:5. For a similar lamp, with a spatulate nozzle chacteristic

In the aftermath of each of the two wars against Rome, the number of skilled artisans in Jerusalem

of `Herodian' lamps, see Rahmani 1980:51, Fig. 2; A. Mazar

was greatly reduced, if not eliminated. Though some artisans may have been among the refugees from that city who settled farther afield, Jerusalem's Jews had now to use ossuaries of simpler and eventually much

5

1982:44, Fig. 2:2. See also Avigad 1983:88, Fig. 70, centre. Kloner now agrees with this date. 6 I.e. the period 4 BCE to 68 CE, given in Bennett 1965:516-517,

which coincides with Qumran II. Hachlili and Killebrew 1983b:124-125 suggest a terminus ante quem of ca. 10 CE. See Rahmani 1986a:96.

Introduction

22

Table 1

Chronology, Geographical Distribution, Material and Technique of the Ossuaries Group Al

Date

Locality

Material

Technique

20-15 BCE to 70 CE Jerusalem

Remarks

Jerusalem made

vicinity and strays

Hard limestone Soft limestone Soft limestone

a

b c

Relief carved Chip carved Finely incised,

rarely in freehand A2

5-10 CE to 70 CE

Jericho Soft limestone Soft limestone

a b

B1

Some Jerusalem, most Jericho made

70 CE to 135 CE

Chip carved Finely incised, rarely in freehand Locally made

Vicinity of Jerusalem

a

Soft limestone

b

Clay

Finely incised in freehand Single specimen

B2

Southern Judaea

Soft limestone

Finely incised, rarely in freehand

Locally made

B3

Gezer to Jaffa

Soft limestone

Finely incised, rarely in freehand

Locally made

B4

Hebron Hills and foothills

Locally made

a

Soft limestone

b

Soft limestone

bl

Soft limestone

Crudely incised, mostly in freehand Crudely fashioned, some with diagonallycut feet, clumsy flat or vaulted lids Similar to B4b

c

Hard limestone

Similar to B4b, no feet

Soft limestone

Similar to B4b

Stray finds with Pagan motifs

Galilee

B5

a

Locally made, several probably a

b

Cl

decade or two later Single specimens, locally made

Clay

Late 2nd to mid-3rd century CE

Southern Judaea

Locally made

Hard limestone

a

Crudely fashioned

copies of sarcophagi, reduced in size

Several some decades later(?)

Clay

Single specimens

a

Clay

b

Hard and soft limestone

Locally made Single specimens Single specimens

b C2

Galilee Crudely fashioned, flat lid, no feet

Chronology and Geographical Distribution

23

see above, §5A); these have not been found outside

number of artisans' apprentices who could hardly

the Jerusalem area. During the same period, soft limestone was used for chip-carved ossuaries by Jerusalem's artisans (Group Alb; see above, §5B) while their apprentices or less-skilled colleagues produced cheaper, finely incised containers from this material (Group Alc; see above, §5C). The soft-limestone ossuaries are found up to 25 kms away from Jerusalem, e.g. at Shu'afat7, Tell en-Nasbeh,8, Ài (No. 760), Kh. el-Latatin (No. 375) to the

have met the demand. Indigenous artisans produced ossuaries with crudely incised ornamentation, usually executed in freehand. This style of ornamentation imitates the finely incised ossuaries of Group B4a with the addition of such motifs as the nefesh and the domed tomb, both inspired by local sepulchral architecture (see below, §11F); similar renderings of nefashot are found in southern Judaea on `Darom' lamps from this period (see Comm. 199:3). Historical

north; at Ramat Rahel (Nos. 188, 190), Beit Natif (No. 869), Roglit9 to the south and southwest and Bet Zayyit (No. 146) and Qatanne (No. 46) to the west. Stray ossuaries of this kind have even been

reasons also indicate that the Jewish population still remained sufficiently numerous and strong to require an extensive supply of ossuaries. This population diminished in the wake of the Second

found 40 km away, e.g. at H. Qara (No. 872).

War against Rome,16 although there are indications that ossuaries continued to be used in some places (see Comm. 553:2). These latter ossuaries (Group B4b) are mostly plain, some with diagonally-cut feet; the lids are either flat (and occasionally sliding) or exhibit a crude gabled

Some of the ossuaries found at Jericho (Groups A2a-b) from this period originated in Jerusalem (see No. 777; Comms. 767:2, 778:3). Jericho, however, was apparently a sufficiently large centre to render the local manufacture of ossuaries profitable, probably by someone copying those from Jerusalem or by a less-skilled apprentice originating from Jerusalem. B. 70 TO 135 CE

Following the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE, the manufacture of both hard limestone and chip-carved, soft limestone ossuaries ceased. Thereafter, the tombs

in the vicinity of Jerusalem contain ossuaries of

or vaulted form (e.g. No. 633). Odd patterns of decoration (e.g. No. 523, similar to No. 759) may also

be attributed to this period. No. 523 was recovered from a partly hewn, partly ashlar-built tomb at H. Midras which contained both incised soft limestone ossuaries and hard limestone ossuaries (Group B4c); this tomb, constructed before 70 CE, was used

perhaps purchased before the war or manufactured by a skilled artisan who escaped famine, slaughter and captivity. One of these tombs contained a clay

until 135 CE. At Lydda a similar ashlar-built tomb contained a large soft limestone ossuary carved in relief; a similar ossuary (perhaps of hard limestone) was reported from Emmaus.17 Though there is no clear evidence, these ossuaries probably predate 135

ossuary, unique for this period (Group Blb; see

CE, perhaps even 70 CE.

Group Bla and isolated specimens from Group Alb,10

above, §51 and n. 22, there).

During this time-span, a cheaper variety of ossuary (Group B2) was manufactured in southern Judaea from soft limestone. These ossuaries are decorated

by fine incision, rarely executed in freehand (see above, §5C). Similar ossuaries have been found at Bethlehem," Maresha, other sites of the `Darom',12

and at Nebo.15 This is also the style of ossuaries found in the region between Emmaus (Nos. 91-93), Gezer14 and the vicinity of Ramleh (Nos. 39-40), Ben Shemen (Nos. 608-610) and Bet Shemesh (Nos. 671-675) and even toward the Mediterranean coast at Benaya (No. 201) and Jaffa15 (Group B3). Finds of `Darom' lamps (see n. 12) confirm the proposed date for this group. The custom of ossilegium was probably introduced in these areas by refugees from Jerusalem who influenced the local population and created a demand for ossuaries. The quality of some of the ossuaries in

Groups B2 and B3 attests to the presence of a small

7

8

9 10

Abel 1913. McCown 1947.

I would like to thank S. Gudovitch for this information. See for this a chip-carved ossuary from a tomb at Bethany,

dated by a glass vessel to 70-135 CE (Avigad 1967a: 140; Sukenik

1930a). Our ossuaries Nos. 627-628 were accompanied by socalled `Darom' lamps (for which, see V. Sussman 1982b: 17 and Comm. 623:1) and should thus probably be dated to 70-135 CE. This indicates that the tomb continued to be used, although its main period of use must have been before 70 CE. 11

12

Bagatti 1952. Oren 1965; Oren and Rappaport 1984:121-125; V. Sussman

1982b:129-131; the ossuaries here are accompanied by 'Darom' lamps. 13 Saller 1967. 14 Cf. Avi-Yonah 1976b:15-16. 15 Macalister 1912. 16 Kaplan 1950. 17 For H. Midras, Kloner 1977; 1978:118, Fig.; for Lydda, Clermont-Ganneau 1896:344; for Emmaus, Vincent and Abel

1932.

24

Introduction

Some of the ossuaries (Group B4b1) are similar to those in Group B4b, but seem to have been used by Pagans living in the same region and influenced by their Jewish neighbours (see below, §1lWd; Nos. 251, 263). This may also explain the presence of an early-second century CE plain ossuary found at the Nabataean cemetery of Mampsis.18

The limited use of ossuaries is evidenced in this period in the Galilee. Here, too, the custom of ossilegium was most likely introduced after 70 CE and

may have continued for a decade or two after

681). The form of this ossuary and of several much larger ones (Nos. 683-690, 857-862) is copied from late-second and third century sarcophagi, though they are smaller to suit the requirements of ossilegium.23 The lids of these ossuaries illustrate a decline in the artisans' abilities to shape acroteria or even gables; the lids were most likely copies of copies in which the original form was completely lost (e.g. Nos. 684, 862) or scarcely recognizable (e.g. No. 690). Gophna and Sussman24 and Kloner25 date this group to the late-third or early-fourth century CE. However,

fashioned and either lack feet or have clumsily-made,

only one tomb (No. 8) in Kloner's group can be attributed to this period, and it contained no

diagonally-cut feet. These ossuaries are all plain,

ossuaries at all; Tombs 2 and 5, which did contain

perhaps because there were no artisans in the region capable of decorating them (see, for example, Nos.

ossuaries, are dated from the second to third centuries.

145). In an ashlar-built tomb at Tiberias, a crudely fashioned ossuary with a vaulted lid (No. 753) is very similar to those found in Judaea at,

mainly by its glass vessels, to the early-fourth century, this proves merely that the tomb was used up to this

135 CE. These ossuaries (Group B5a) are crudely

472,

e.g., H. Midras (see above, Group B4c). Clay ossuaries

(Group B5b) have also been found, for instance, at

Though Tomb 4 contained ossuaries and was dated,

period. There seems to be no evidence for any terminus ad guem for secondary burial in ossuaries at this site or elsewhere in the region.

Tiv'on, where they were accompanied by locally produced stone ossuaries (see Comm. 422:1); and at

Kefar Hittin (No. 866), where only clay ossuaries have been found. There is also evidence that halved, large jars were used for ossilegium in the Galilee in both this and the ensuing period.19

18

Prausnitz and Rahmani 1967:310; for a comparable practice in Cyrenaica, see n. 30. It is possible that this was done when a container more suitable for ossilegium was unavailable. 20

C. LATE-SECOND TO CA. MID-THIRD CENTURY CE

In the Galilee, clay ossuaries (Group C2) were apparently used well into the third century CE, e.g., near Acre (No. 187), Nazareth (Nos. 754-756)

and Kafr Sajur (No. 864). This practice may be regarded as the result of waves of refugees from Judaea after 135 CE.20 Similar clay ossuaries from Judaea (Group Clb) may come from the same period. There are also some stone ossuaries (Group C2b; see No. 873; Comm. 754:1) from the Galilee, though none from Bet She'arim or Kh. Shemà.41

The last type of stone ossuaries produced (Group

Cla) are found in Judaea, where some of the Jewish population retained their land or eventually returned to live. The presence of Jewish farmers is attested in literature (TJ Dem. 22c) at Bet Govrin

(Eleutheropolis) in the days of Rabban Judah I (ca. 170-200 CE).22 A hard-limestone lid (No. 282), carved in relief and dating to the early-third century CE, has been recovered from this region. This finely executed specimen belonged to a prominent Jewish

Negev 1971.

19

B. Mazar 1973:4; Avigad 1976b:1. The scant evidence

available for the settlement of Jews from Jerusalem in the Galilee

before 70 CE (cf. M. Men 8:6) led Samuel Klein (1945:59) to suggest that such settlement occurred mainly after 135 CE; see also, Oppenheimer et al. 1977:53-55. 21 Meyers suggested that ossilegium was practised through

the third and into the fourth century CE on the basis of some badly disturbed remains at Kh. Shema' (Meyers et al. 1976:138-145). Meyers concedes, however, that the burials were rifled in antiquity and that no lamps dating from later than the second to third centuries CE were found (Meyers et al. 1976:141);

moreover, no stone or clay ossuaries were found, though some nails discovered there might allude to the existence of wooden ossuaries (Meyers et al. 1978a:91-94;1981:107-110). This may be

similar to the situation at Bet She'arim (cf. above, §2C, n. 19), and may similarly be connected with the practice of bringing to rest the remains of those who died abroad. Primary burials dating from the fourth century CE were also found at this site overlying the remains of some 15 burials from the third century CE or earlier, perhaps in a mass grave. None of the evidence proves that the custom of Jewish ossilegium was practised much beyond the mid-third century CE (see also App. A). See further, Horowitz 1923, s.v.; Avi Yonah 1977:159-162. Ossuaries of this type have also been reported from Yuta in the Hebron district (Avigad 1976a: 137-138, Fig. 26) and from Eshtemo'a (Avigad 1976a:135-136, Fig. 24:5). At the latter site,

22 23

citizen, probably from Bet Govrin; it should be

they were found with apparently earlier incised ossuaries (see

compared with a modest, contemporaneous ossuary from a smaller site (No. 865). From this date, even an awkward relief-carved rosette has been found (No.

24 Gophna and Sussman 1974.

Avigad 1967a: Fig. 24:1-3). This may well indicate the continued use of the tomb. 25

Kloner 1983.

Ornamentation The widespread practice of ossilegium by Jews gradually diminished by the mid-third century CE as a result of political and social changes and the concomitant changes in religious concepts (see App. A). Individuals or small, isolated rural communities might have continued the custom for a generation or two.26

Outside of Palestine, Jewish ossuaries have been found in Africa. A specimen from Alexandria27 bears simple, incised ornamentation, similar to the ossuaries found at Jericho (e.g. No. 803; see above,

Group A2b). This ossuary was probably brought from Jerusalem before 70 CE.29 Some ossuaries reported from the region of Carthage probably date to the late-second to early-third centuries CE.29 Instances of Jewish ossilegium in niches and in halved pottery jars have been reported from the first century CE in Cyrenaica.30

A supposedly Jewish ossuary from Algiers3t is probably a Christian reliquary32 (for sixth century reliquaries with chip-carved decoration, see App. Q. An inscribed stone receptacle from Tarragon, Spain33

was thought to be a second century ossuary but is clearly a synagogue basin attributable to the fourth century.34 A small sarcophagus from Gerasa need not be regarded as an- ossuary.35

10. Ornamentation

25

Major architectural motifs such as tomb facades, ashlar walls, columned porches and nefashot may cover an entire side (even all sides) of a chest and lid; smaller architectural motifs, e.g. doors, gates, columns and various parts of the nefesh may replace the `triglyph'. Ossuaries with fronts decorated with a red wash and incision (e.g. Nos. 608-610) often have very simple

`lattice' patterns on their backs, narrow sides and even lids.

The freedom of design enjoyed by the artisans is reflected in the use of motifs removed from their original contexts. Such motifs could be enlarged or reduced in size, or combined with completely unrelated motifs. C. INTERPRETATION

a. Symbolical Interpretations Most interpretations of ossuary ornamentation have

been based on the decoration of one ossuary or of a small group of ossuaries. Thus, scholars have interpreted the same motif in differing and conflicting ways. For example, the common rosette motif has been interpreted as representing the eyes of the deceased;' as a wheel symbolizing reincarnation;2 and, though bared of its original significance, as an Ishtar star.3

A. ABSENCE OF ORNAMENTATION

The proportion of decorated to plain ossuaries in this catalogue is misleading. As noted in the Preface, until

recently few plain and uninscribed ossuaries were recorded and merely a few representative examples of these have been included in this catalogue. B. LOCATION AND GENERAL SCHEME OF DECORATION

In most cases, only one long side of the ossuary was ornamented; this has been designated the `front'

(F). Ossuaries ornamented on all their sides, with decorated or plain lids, are relatively rare (e.g. Nos. 695, 730, 733; see also Nos., 631 and 635, with rudimentary decoration). There are also instances of plain ossuary chests with ornamented lids (e.g. No. 731).

More than half of the soft limestone ossuaries catalogued here are decorated with metopes containing rosettes. Though there may be up to five

metopes on a long side, usually there are two. The `triglyphs' in this scheme may be bare or broadened and adorned with an additional motif; alternatively, they may be replaced with floral or architectural motifs (see below).

26 The practice of bringing the remains of a deceased from abroad for burial in the Holy Land is distinct from this custom; see App. A. 27 Clermont-Ganneau 1873b. 28 Clermont-Ganneau 1873b:304, n.1 (citing TJ Yoma 41a).

Ferron (1956:108, n. 5) quotes a similarly dated passage from TB Git. I lb, related to the name Lus, which appears on one of the ossuaries. Jewish settlement in the region seems to have occurred in this period, cf. Bickermann in EJ (1932), s.v. 29

Karthago, vol. 11, cols. 1012-1013. Rappaport (in EJ [1971], s.v. Carthage, vol. 5, cols. 214-215) suggests that Jews arrived in two major waves, after 70 and after 135 CE. 30 Wright 1963:32-44. For a rare local example, see n. 19. 31 Clermont-Ganneau 1899. 32 This was in fact assumed by Papier (1895), the first scholar to publish this object; cf. Clermont-Ganneau 1898; Leclerq and Cabrol 1937, s.v. Ossuaries, cols. 25-27. 33 Beinart 1967:299-301, Fig. 1. 34

Correctly dated by Foerster (1974:196, n. 35), although

described as an ossuary. 35 Kraeling et al. 1938:561-562, though failing to give proof of this coffin's use as an ossuary or of the tomb being Jewish.

10. Ornamentation I 2 3

Grimme 1912:529. Sukenik 1924b:337. Sukenik 1931c:10.

Introduction

26

these suggestions have long proved untenable,4 symbolical interpretations continue to be proposed. The amphora motif, for instance, has been regarded as alluding to `Holy Zion', the Temple and the priesthood.5 The motif of the gabled tomb facade

Though

has been interpreted as representing the Temple facade,6 the door motif as a Torah ark' and a row of arches as a depiction of the Royal Portico in the Temple compound.8 The following discussion will consider the extensive studies by Goodenough, Bagatti, Testa and Figueras,9

occurred during a period of about a hundred years and in a very limited area (mainly within Jerusalem itself); had there been any generally-accepted symbolic

meaning in ossuary ornamentation, at least a degree of consistency of form and placement of the motifs could be detected. In truth, only the rosettes,

whose form was dictated by the their execution, are consistent in shape, even in secular use: on the mosaic floors of bathrooms, where it could be trod

each of whom assign symbolical content to almost

upon;21 on the edges of table-tops;22 on a sundial;23 and even on cosmetic spoons.24 As Goodenough himself stated: 'To be a symbol... the

all the decorative motifs.

form must seem symbolic to a group at least';25 if

Goodenough's interpretations of Jewish symbols in

He regarded ossuary ornamentation as èlaborately

ossuary ornamentation had been considered symbolic, some written reference to the symbolism could be expected in contemporaneous literature.26 Tomb

symbolic', describing

'repressed

representations, such as the ships depicted on the

symbols', 'symbols of hope of another life for those whose bones were in the boxes - symbols of hope, and perhaps direct aids to its fulfillment'.12 In general, Goodenough believed that the meaning or `value' of a symbol lay in its 'emotional impact'.13 Though he implied that this impact was universal,14 he determined this 'value' within his own psyche.15

tombs of the Maccabees (see I Macc. 13:29-30), are discussed in literary sources not as symbols but as glorification of the dead. These references parallel

general" have, for the most part, been rejected." the

motifs

as

He further argued that the motifs expressed deep mystical concepts shared by both the artisans and the purchasers of the ossuaries. To some of the motifs, such as the cup and vine, he assigned a Dionysiac16 or Orphic'7 origin; the common rosette

motif he interpreted as 'a symbol of the sun.... the divine light',18 which was intended 'to bring a divine

protection and power to the dead'.19 It should be noted that if the ornamentation had symbolic or

apotropaic values, most of the dead, resting in plain ossuaries, were knowingly deprived of such `protection' or 'power'. This method of interpretation subjective.

is

excessively

M. Smith's skepticism regarding the

possibility of symbolic values in the Kidron tombs and ossuaries40 may be unreservedly applied to all ossuaries.

The weakness of Goodenough's method is that

he could not point out a consistent system of symbolic meanings for the ornamental motifs on the ossuaries. The combinations of the motifs are endless: a type of column prominently displayed on

4

Weigand 1914/19:19; Watzinger 1935:75-76. See also Nock

1960:732-733. 5 Hansler 1930:134-136. 6 Avi-Yonah 1944:147.

Avi-Yonah 1944:140; Goodenough 1953:128-129; Kanael 1961. Against this, see Rahmani 1962:74-75. 7

8

Barnett 1961.

For details, see Bibliography. Goodenough 1953-1965. 11 By, e.g. Avi-Yonah (1956); Nock (1955, 1957, 1960); M. Smith (1967); Avigad 1976:284-285. M. Smith (in EJ [1971], s.v. Goodenough, Erwin Ramsdell, vol. 7, col. 779) summarized the main reasons for rejecting Goodenough's interpretations as his 'reconstruction of Hellenistic Judaism is often speculative [and his] interpretation of the material is often unreliable'. 12 Goodenough 1953:132-133. 13 Goodenough 1965:70. 9

10

14

Goodenough 1954b:30-62.

Goodenough 1958:220. 16 Goodenough 1953:30; 1954b:37; 1956:69-71. 17 Goodenough 1965:106-108; here he identified the amphora as a vine cup (see below, §11H). 18 Goodenough 1953:176. Elsewhere, he said: 'for the Jews, too, the the rosette had come to symbolize their God and their Hope' (1958a:197); against this, see Nock 1960:733. 19 Goodenough 1965:142; even when he doubts the value of the motif, he concludes that 'rosettes and "round objects" on the ossuaries seem more probably symbolic than merely decorative' 15

the front of one ossuary may appear on another

(1965:24).

as one in a portico. An amphora portrayed as part of a gabled tomb entrance or atop a nefesh may appear

20 M. Smith 1967:64, n. 58.

elsewhere as a central motif or as an unimportant element in a larger composition, detached from

22

its original architectural context (see below, §§l1G,

11H). This random combining and use of motifs

Avigad 1983:Figs. 162-163. Avigad 1983 : Figs. 185:1, 3; 194. 23 Avigad 1983 : Fig. 116. 21

24 Avigad 1983: Fig. 236. 25 Goodenough 1965:68. 26 As previously noted by M. Smith 1967:57-58.

Ornamentation

27

the scene of a naval battle depicted in Jason's

Figueras41 agreed with Goodenough's basic premises42

Tomb, Jerusalem27 and inscriptions mentioning the deceased as a `builder of the sanctuary' (No. 200) or as the descendant of a High Priest (No. 871); in these cases, the reference is limited only to the deceased's occupation or standing in society.

regarding a symbolic interpretation on the ground that ossuaries were placed in dark caves and tombs and were therefore not intended to be appreciated by the living. The ornamentation, then, `related to an aim transcending material purposes'; the general symbolism of ossuary decoration was a `sign of

In the tombs at Bet She'arim, phrases expressing consolation and hope28 occur alongside numerous representations of the menorah used as a symbol of Jewishness, especially by Jews from the Diaspora.29

Consolatory inscriptions of this type rarely occur on ossuaries (see above, §6Fh) or the tombs that contained them. In the absence of such inscriptions, it is unlikely that symbols were employed; none

of the ossuary motifs, then, should be regarded as symbols (for the isolated instances of menorot

the wish felt for the happiness and peace of the deceased...[and] of benevolence from the relatives'

who are expressing `their wish for the peace of the dead person, which includes their hope for the everlasting life and perhaps for the bodily resurrection'. Nonetheless, Figueras concedes that the

decoration is symbolic ònly at times', i.e. when the artisan intended it to be so.43 Figueras regards 'symbolic' motifs as bearing more than one meaning

chests and lids of ossuaries as religious symbols

depending on the beholder's personal view; 'it is useless to try to get back the supposed meaning assigned to each motif, for this meaning does

(see above, §7A), came to attribute Judaeo-Christian significance to all elements of ossuary ornamentation. Thus, Bagatti equates the rosettes with stars, `symbols

not exist'.44 Numerous Biblical, classical and fairly late sources are adduced as evidence for concepts embodied in the decorative motifs of ossuaries.

depicted on ossuaries, see below, §1lWc). Bagatti30 and Testa,31 interpreting marks on the

of the angels who were guarding the dead until the day of resurrection',32 while Testa sees mystical significance in the number of petals of each rosette.33 Testa (1962) concluded that 'the ossuaries were created exclusively in Christianity... [and] are the expression

of the new Christian faith in the resurrection of the flesh and of the communion of the Saints and thus of Christian use'.34 Bagatti (1971) adopted this view, stating that all ossuaries are 'a product of the Judaeo-Christians'.35 In 1958, Bagatti still restricted

this interpretation to the finds from the 'Dominus

b. The Non-Symbolical Interpretation In the present author's view,45 the ornamentation on Jewish ossuaries is non-symbolical. As has already been noted, but for the very rare occurrences of the word shalom 'peace' (see above, §6Fh), no expressions of hope for everlasting life, bodily resurrection

28

Rahmani 1967b:70-71; 96-97, Figs. 5a-b. Avigad 1976b:236, Nos. 5, 7-8; 241, Nos. 13, 8.

29

Avigad 1976b:268-273.

27

These views have been rejected37 and, with few

Bagatti and Milik 1958; Bagatti 1971. Testa 1962; see also Danielou 1964. 32 Bagatti 1971:288.

exceptions,38 largely ignored by scholars.

33

The practice of ossilegium is met with approval in

34

Jewish legal texts (see below, App. A) in which

35

Flevit' excavations and some of the nearby tombs.36

acceptable and unacceptable ways of performing the rite are detailed. Had ossilegium been a specifically Judaeo-Christian custom, no such discussion would have occurred; the Judaeo-Christians were considered minim, heretics,39 and their characteristic practices, if mentioned at all, were condemned outright in Jewish sources.

The ossuaries themselves completely lack Christian inscriptions and marks.40 Though at least some of the Judaeo-Christians living in Judaea could have practised ossilegium, there is no positive evidence to support this claim; the fanciful interpretation of contemporaneous tomb and ossuary ornamentation, often based upon texts dating from several hundred years later, does not constitute proof.

30 31

Testa 1962:496-498.

Testa 1962:466. Cf. Bagatti 1971:265-269. 36 Bagatti and Milik 1958:179; see also, Bagatti 1952-53. 37

De Vaux 1959; Noth 1960:184; Avi-Yonah 1961b. An

exception is De Deaut (1966); though his view is interesting, he uncritically accepts Bagatti and Testa's finds and interpretations. 38 Figueras 1983:10-12; see also Rahmani 1982a:116-117. 39 Cf. Sperber in EJ (1971), s.v. Min, vol. 12, cols. 1-3. For additional references, see Schiirer 1979:463, n. 165. 40 On inscriptions which were earlier defined as Christian, see the comments on Nos. 113-114 as well as the views expressed on fish-shaped marks (see above, §7B and Comm. 348:3) and the purported 'monogram of Christ' and cruciforms (see above, §7C). 41

Figueras 1974, expanded into book-form (Figueras 1983).

Figueras 1983:81; 1989 (for a summary of his views); cf. Goodenough 1954:32-33. 42 43

Figueras 1983:83-86.

44

Figueras 1983:85.

45

Summarized in Rahmani 1982a.

28

Introduction

or rest in an eternal home appear on ossuaries or in contemporaneous tombs. In the absence of

decorate the ossuaries.49 The sole symbolism involved in Jewish ossilegium consisted of the act itself, which

fuller written expressions of such sentiments, there

was linked neither to the receptacle nor to its form nor to its decoration. The ritual of ossilegium was intended to reassure the survivors that their relatives

is no reason to postulate symbolic expression of these sentiments. In contrast to this, in the third century CE, when symbols such as the menorah do occur, the wishes symbolized are attested by numerous inscriptions;46 by this time, however, the use of ossuaries had been largely abandoned.

'rested from judgment', cleansed from sin and entitled to resurrection (see App. A).


The assumption that ossuary ornamentation is symbolic because these vessels could hardly be seen inside the tomb, presupposes that a single,

A. TOMB FACADE

logical process determined the decoration of funerary

nefesh (tomb monument) nearby, should be compared to contemporaneous tombs and nefashot still visible

receptacles and the choice of accompanying grave goods. On the contrary, the choices were dictated by factors47 such as the cost and availability of the

The single representation in this catalogue (No. 122 = Fig. 13) of a complete tomb facade with a

on the slopes of the Mount of Olives, Jerusalem (Ills. 12-14). No. 122 displays a tomb entrance and

item and the desire of the purchaser to exhibit

a nefesh in the form of a fluted column rising

his generosity toward the dead. Obviously, flaunting this generosity conflicted with the injunction to avoid

from a squat base and topped by a cone (for nefashot, see below, §11F; Figs. 28-29; Ills. 18-20);' beneath

'wanton destruction' by expending money on the dead (compare Sem. 9:23 with Sem. 8:2-6). Indeed,

one tomb group may contain ornate and plain ossuaries in addition to specimens incised with the common metope pattern (e.g. TTG: Romema b; see Comm. 173: 1); if the decoration had borne symbolic significance, surely each member of this family

would have merited an equal measure of good will and concern. Furthermore, many motifs in this

tomb group were left unfinished, which would undoubtedly have 'invalidated' them.48 Purchasers may, of course, have selected ossuaries on the basis

of a personal idea, but this suggestion cannot be pursued.

Like the purchasers of the ossuaries, the artisans do not seem to have regarded the ornamentation as in any way symbolic. It is likely that the artisans elaborately decorated some ossuaries in anticipation

of receiving a higher price. The decoration would

have to be suitable to the material in which the artisans worked; thus, hard limestone ossuaries were decorated in the same way as stone sarcophagi. The ornamentation of both funerary containers was very

similar to that of tomb facades and was probably carved by the same artisans (see above, §5A). The metopes, rosettes and other motifs occurring on soft limestone ossuaries were also inspired by tomb

Fig. 13 (No. 122) Cf. Schwabe 1976b:231-232. 46

and

Lifshitz

1974:223-224;

Avigad

Cf. Malinowski 1954:48. For an evaluation of the different ways in which the Greeks rationalized the deposition of grave goods in tombs, see Kurtz and Boardman 1971:206. 47

48

As, for instance, a cross lacking one arm would not be

represented on a Christian tombstone.

49 Avigad suggested (1950-51:106) that the decorated tomb facades 'are carved in imitation of architectural structures, structural elements being reduced to features of ornamental value'. Such features were observed on local tombs and further reduced, altered and recombined on the ossuaries at the whim of the artisans.

facades; at times an entire facade (e.g. No. 90)


or substantial parts of it were reproduced.

Figueras 1983:76, n. 162 unconvincingly suggests that this I may represent the entrance to She'ol (the Netherworld), with the zigzag symbolizing the Great River, the flame-like central acroterium representing God and the column symbolizing the

In Judaism, particularly among the inhabitants of Jerusalem in this period, everything related to death is considered a major source of impurity. This trait

undoubtedly led contemporary artisans to turn to tombs rather than to houses when seeking motifs to

deceased's soul fleeing the Netherworld. Each of these elements

(but for the zigzag) monuments.

is,

in fact, paralleled on tombs and

The Ornamental Motifs the gable, a zigzag replaces a metope frieze. The convention of replacing the metope frieze becomes clear when it is compared to the representations of similar tomb facades on Nos. 90 and 773 (= Figs.

29

An elaborately worked - though unfinished - hard

frieze, but on No. 773 it is replaced by a zigzag (cf. also No. 891). Such metope friezes occur on

limestone ossuary (No. 482) bears a tomb facade on both its front and back. The design is reminiscent of the tomb facades at Petra (Ill. 6) and the decoration of a tomb interior in Jerusalem (Ill. 40). On No. 482, too, abstract floral patterns replace the figurative art of neighbouring countries (Ill. 5). Each narrow side

actual tomb facades (Ills. 10, 26, 28, 32).

of this ossuary bears an entrance facade of a type

A vessel surmounts the gable of No. 122 in an

found both locally (e.g. Ills. 2, 4, 7) and at Petra.3

14-15); the tympanum on No. 90 retains the metope

arrangement familiar from the interiors of surviving local tombs (Ills. 1-2), and, possibly on an exterior gable at Sanhedriya (Ill. 35), as well as from tomb facades at Petra (Ill. 23).

El L

B. COLUMNED PORCH

The columned porches of local tombs (e.g. Ill. 32) are more frequently represented on ossuaries than tomb facades. A few examples show columns with

high bases, sometimes set on a fluted stylobate and surmounted by Ionic (Fig. 17) or Corinthian (No. 341)4 capitals supporting the entablature.5 The capitals of a more abstract version of the columned porch motif (No. 476 = Fig. 18) are indicated by

small discs. On No. 442 (= Fig. 19), the capitals, 15

14 I I

H

fE

0

I 1111111 Ill I i Ill 11iLL:LLL[[[LL WEI

fns

= 11

11

17 11

H

]I

0 Im

16

I

Figs. 14-16

I

14 (No. 90); 15 (No. 773); 16 (No. 175)

A more common representation of a tomb facade (e.g. Figs. 14-15) on ossuaries portrays a columned porch, extended antae (indicating side acroteria), and a gable surmounted by a central acroterium. A

18

r

0

0

slightly similar tomb facade has survived locally (I11. 7) and a comparable representation was found within a tomb (Ill. 8). In a more abstract representation (No. 175 = Fig. 16),

the metopes were employed as a

frame within a fluted frame (for which, see below, §11K); side

acroteria and a rudimentary central

acroterium were depicted upon the gable. The cone above the outer frame of this peculiar representation may indicate a tholos or nefesh (or perhaps another gable) carrying a covered vessel whose depiction inside the cone (instead of on its top) may be due to lack of space. At Petra, a frieze with side acroteria is surmounted by a central gable with an additional ornament; the tholos surmounted by a covered vessel

is also known from this site (for this, see below, §11H).2 The dart-shaped ornaments between the columns of No. 175 may be abstract replacements of statues found between columns at Petra. (See below, §1 lWb.)

19

Figs. 17-19 17 (after Sukenik 1945:P1. 2.6); 18 (No. 476); 19 (No. 442:L)

2 3

4

Cf. Rahmani 1968. Br0nnow and Domaszewski 1904:158, Fig. 179; 170, Fig. 194. For Doric capitals, see e.g., No. 185: F. For another Corinthian

example, see Fig. 110. Stylobates appear only occasionally on local tomb faades, see, e.g., Avigad 1950-51: Fig. 7. 5

These are the only fluted columns known from porch rep-

resentations. Moreover, no contemporaneous examples of fluted columns are known from the tombs and buildings of Jerusalem, although they figure in wall paintings (Avigad 1983 :103, Fig. 105) and in stucco work at Masada (Yadin 1966:44) and Jerusalem. See also SWP I:324; for examples of partial fluting, see below, nn. 112-113.

Introduction

30

reduced to two short horizontal lines, are almost unrecognizable.

In many cases (e.g. No. 381= Fig. 20), this motif was barely indicated - usually by two (No. 113), but also by three (Fig. 20) and up to seven (No. 58) columns. This austere style is also evident on tomb facades, including those of the wealthiest families of Jerusalem (Ill. 3).6

Fig. 21 (No. 384)

The arched gateway is also depicted on ossuaries

detached from its original context. On No. 299

1111H

IFF11

III]

r

Fig. 20 (No. 381)

Another way of stylizing this motif was to use zigzags

(= Fig. 22, outlined with concentric lines), and in Fig. 23, outlined by a zigzag, the arched gate is part of the usual ornamentation scheme of rosettes set within zigzag-framed metopes.

(see Fig. 56); an example from Jerusalem7 shows a porch with only a central column situated between the antae (monostyle in antis), an arrangement which may have influenced the ornamentation schemes of Nos. 46 and 891 (and perhaps also of Nos. 42, 809). C. ENTABLATURE ON ANTAE

This is a columnless version of a tomb facade (I11.

10) which, though rarely found in Jerusalem, is depicted on several ossuaries (e.g. Nos. 354, centre

and 456, with an abstract palm tree fronting the entrance8). On Nos. 653 and 742, for instance, this design was schematized almost beyond recognition. A frieze carved above the metope scheme on, e.g. No. 2 (see also below, §IIK), may have been adapted from this motif. D. OUTER COURT AND GATE

Many, if not most, of the Jerusalem tombs from this period had a courtyard in front of the facade. Of the surviving outer courts, some were small and simple,'

others were large and carefully constructed.1° A number of elaborate tombs, approached by staircases

set at right angles to the facades,ll or by means of a succession of courts,12 have survived. Originally,

many of

these courts

were no doubt entered

through an arched gateway, two examples of which survive: one rock-hewn,18 the second ashlar-built

and affording a view of the porch and tomb door within (Ill. 11). Such views must have inspired the depiction on No. 384 (= Fig. 21) of an arched gate framing a gable and metope frieze surmounting a tomb entrance; this view was perhaps expressed in primitive perspective on other ossuaries (see Comm. 185:2).

22

1111

I I91

23

Figs. 22-23 22 (No. 299); 23 (Studium Biblicum Fanciscanum, Jerusalem, unpublished)

E. `LATTICE'

Though some courts had heavy stone doors, it is likely that others used simpler and cheaper lattice gates. Gates of this type appear on Roman wall paintings at, e.g., Boscoreale.14 Though such gates have not survived locally, their existence is indicated

by the common motif of crossed diagonal lines (herein termed a `lattice') on ossuaries (e.g. Fig. 24).

E.g. Nicanor's Tomb (Avigad 1967a:119-125) and Sanhedriya (Rahmani 1961:96, Fig. 3). 7 Cf. Rahmani 1967b:64, Pl. 13. 8 Cf. a more elaborate representation in Milik 1956-57: Fig. 22, top, left. 9 E.g. Rahmani 1958:101. 10 Jotham-Rothschild 1952: P1. 7: 1. 11 Kon 1947:40, Fig. 6. 12 Rahmani 1967b:Fig. S. 13 Kon 1947:P1. 2. 14 Lehman 1956: P1. 15. 6

The Ornamental Motifs This attractive motif was used as a central element (e.g. No. 397 = Fig. 25), repeated (No. 290) or even

as a frame (No. 149). It was often executed in red wash on the back, the narrow sides or the lid of an ossuary.

31

locally to replace statues found at the base and apex of tomb monuments abroad" or vessels at their apex (e.g. Ill. 15). Representations of vessels survive on gables inside tombs (Ills. 1-2) and on ossuaries (see below, §11H, Fig. 36). On several ossuaries believed to be from the Hebron

Hills and foothills

§9, Group B4a), the pyramid-capped nefesh is flanked by trees (No.

24

XN

(cf. above,

473 = Fig. 27). Remnants of pyramid-capped tombs have been found in this region and may well have served as models for these depictions.20 The reticulate pattern overlaying these representations was used as a space-filler.21 25

Fig. 24-25 24 (St. Anne, Jerusalem, unpublished); 25 (No. 397) F. NEFESH (TOMB MONUMENT)

The nefesh (tomb monument)15 stood either above (Ill. 11) or beside the tomb; either set on steps (Ill. 14) or on a monolithic base (Ill. 13 and Ill. 16, from Petra). It is depicted in detail on some ossuaries (e.g. No. 231:L=Fig. 26; a narrow, elongated, almost column-formed, nefesh

was incised on the front of the same ossuary).16 The spirals emerging at the side of the nefesh on No. 231:L possibly represent metal ornaments.17

Fig. 27 (No. 473:Lid)

Nefashot were also depicted on ossuaries in the form of an obelisk or a column. Surmounting these representations are cones or small pyramids, parallel to part of an obelisk discovered at the `Tomb of the Kings' (Ill. 18).22 Josephus (AJ 20:95) mentions such pyramid-capped obelisks, which are also known from

Petra (Ill. 16) and from drawings on the wall of a

15

For a general discussion of such tomb monuments, see

Gawlikowski 1970:22-43. Such monuments, especially the type

represented by Absalom's Tomb, Jerusalem, existed in many parts of the late Hellenistic and Roman world. Examples are

Fig. 26 (No. 231:L)

Such ornamentation was probably affixed to all four corners of the base of the pyramid on the `Tomb of Zechariah' in Jerusalem; these corners were

broken in antiquity, perhaps when the ornaments were pulled off. The apex of the pyramid of that tomb has a socket about 10 cm in diameter, which was clearly intended for the attachment of an ornament; the nefesh on No. 231:L is surmounted by an anchor which resembles the anchors depicted on Jewish coins from the Hasmonaean to the Herodian

periods.18 Such ornaments may have been used

listed by Avigad (1954:112-117) and Gabelmann (1973:190-193, Fig. 40); see also Precht 1979. 16 Rahmani 1968. 17 Cf. the S-shaped motifs on the syma of the tholos, as shown at Boscoreale (Lehman 1956:202-203, Pl. 33). 18 Meshorer 1967:Nos. 8, 11, 50-53, 56-57. For ornaments surmounting this type of tholos, see Avigad 1954: 111, Fig. 70. 19 Gabelmann 1973: Fig. 40:1-2.

See Rahmani 1964:227, Fig. 12. Though there it was tentatively assigned a third century CE date, it may be as early as the late-first to early-second century. For a lamp of this period

20

from the same region, see V. Sussman 1982b: No. 60 (for the site, see further Kloner 1977). 21 This pattern does not represent opus reticulatum, which was

used locally only in Herodian buildings, where it was probably executed by foreign workmen. See Netzer 1975:93, Pls. 8: A, 10: B; 1983:52-54; Netzer and Ben-Arieh 1983:163-175. 22 See Kon 1947:80, Fig. 25. For parallels to this type of nefesh, see Rahmani 1977b;49-50; 1978:107; 1981c:47.

Introduction

32

Jewish tomb at Jericho (Ill 19).23 A small cone cap and the upper part of a fluted column monument (Ill. 20) found on the surface near the Jewish necropolis

the background (for an example of such primitive

of Jericho further attest to the presence of these

The lower part of the singular representation on

obelisks in contemporaneous Judaea;24 at the base of

No. 445 seems to refer to tower tombs, e.g. at Dura,

the cone are holes which may have accommodated ornamentation as represented on some ossuaries.25 When represented on ossuaries, the column may be

which, even in the best preserved examples, lack

fluted and may (Nos. 60, 122 = Figs. 28, 13, right; No. 730:Lid, right gable) or may not (No. 599 = Fig. 29) stand on a base. Even the highly stylized forms (e.g. Fig. 30) may represent an obelisk-shaped nefesh; the column seems to have been drawn here with concave sides to accommodate the flanking rosettes.

flat platforms,33 as is probably the case at Palmyra34

perspective, see above, §11D; Fig. 21), implying that such nefashot were open at both ends.

traces of the original superstructure.32 Comparable

tombs from the Euphrates region are roofed with

(though in Syria the circular tomb monuments, megasils, are surmounted by cupolas). It is possible

that the representation on No. 445 is based on these or similar monuments, which have been dated from the Hellenistic period to the first century CE.35 A second possibility is that it is a distorted representation of a Nabataean tomb facade (e.g. Ill.

5); the ornamentation of two ossuaries (surviving

only in drawings) may also refer to Nabataean monuments.36

28 1

29

23 Hachlili 1981:33, Fig. 1. For Nabataean contacts, see Index of Subjects, s.v. 24 Hachlili 1981:34, Pl. 4a. 25 A rock-cut platform (ca. 2 m2) surviving above the Tomb of Bnei Hezir (cf. Avigad 1954: Fig. 25) could well have served as a base of a similar obelisk- or column-shaped nefesh as described

30

Figs. 28-30 28 (No. 601); 29 (No. 599:Lid); 30 (Ecole Biblique, Jerusalem, unpublished)

Contemporary literary sources refer to both the

in Tos. Er. 6:4, Zuck. 144:21-22. For nefashot in neighbouring countries, see, e.g., Contenau 1920:287-289, Figs. 85-87; for Palmyra, see the shoulder-high example in Bossert 1951: No.

pyramid and the obelisk types of nefesh.26 The word itself signifies any form of funerary monument, and

554.

is sometimes used to indicate the tomb itself.27

mention of these panoplies and representations of ships on the monoliths, perhaps because they were no longer there in his day;

Other forms of nefashot may include the unique tower-shaped depiction on No. 65, which resembles the tomb towers known from Palmyra;28 conceivably they represent a monument that a Jew from Palmyra or Dura Europos remembered having seen.

Domes as on Nos. 465 and, flanked by

trees,

825:F may represent the domed tombs typical of the Hebron Hills and foothills in which these ossuaries originated.29 In certain cases (e.g. No. 631:R), the depiction derives from a dome, probably resting on corbels, capping a cubical construction.30 The two curious structures depicted on No. 555: F and R (which is the only ossuary bearing an apparently

human representation) may be based on aediculashaped nefashot (see Tos. Er. 6:5, Zuck. 144:25) or huts which stood near nefashot (see M. Oho. 7:1). They seem to represent flimsy structures which are closely paralleled in an enigmatic graffito from Dura Europos (Ill. 17).31 The position of the structures, one within the other, suggests that the smaller one was in

26

E.g. I Macc. 13:27-29. Josephus (AJ 13:211) makes no

cf. Abel 1949:239-241, n. 29. 27 Cf. Avigad 1954:66-73; Gawlikowski: 1972. For this and the Nabataean nefesh, see F. Zayadine in Lindner 1970:131-135. 28 Gawlikowski 1970:22-43; see also Wiegand et al. 1932:77-81; Will 1949:87-111; Rostovtzeff 1938:Pl. 10:2. 29 Rahmani 1964:223-228, Figs. 10, 12. For early examples of corbel-supported domes, compare Creswell 1969:454, 456, Fig. 498 with the corbel in Rahmani 1964: Fig. 10, inset. 30 Robertson 1943:252. This construction was further developed in the fourth century CE (see Hamilton 1939).

This graffito should not be confused with the graffiti from the synagogue, which probably represent a Torah shrine; see 31

Kraeling 1956:320, Nos. 71, (72?); Figs. 123, (124?); du Mesnil

du Buisson 1936:75. All these examples show the veil (mno) in front of the edifice, which is missing in the graffito in Ill. 17 and in the representation on No. 555. 32

Cf. Rostovtzeff et al. 1938:143-144, Pl. 24, probably prior to

160 CE. 33 Rostovtzeff 1938:56.

Gawlikowski 1970, Tower No. 51. Gawlikowski 1970:16, n. 36. 36 Goodenough (1953:128-129, Figs. 214-215) suggested that they refer to Torah shrines. 34 35

The Ornamental Motifs G. COLUMN

The column, already encountered as part of the portico motif (see above, §B; cf. Fig. 17 and No. 341), also occurs as a motif flanking a central palmette and ivy branches.87 Sometimes hybrid forms,

33

(Fig. 34) and combined with a rosette;38 a lily (No. 600); a six-petalled rosette framed by zigzags (No.

44); or a palmette inside a zigzag frame (Fig. 35; in this example, the column is posed on ashlarbuilt steps).39

taken from one of the versions of the nefesh (e.g. Fig. 26), are used, resulting in such combinations

as a fluted column set on steps culled from the pyramid-capped nefesh (No. 262=Fig. 31), with ashlar-built steps; with plain (No. 78=Fig. 32), or decorated (No. 110=Fig. 34, Figs. 33, 35; cf.,

X11

also, Ill. 14) steps.

Ionic (Figs. 31-32; No. 746), Doric (Nos. 185, 241) and Corinthian (Fig. 33; Nos. 191, 341) capitals

occur surmounting fluted columns. The capitals were sometimes decorated by four-petalled rosettes inside a frame (No. 809) or were replaced by other elements: e.g. a conch shell (Ill. 21, appearing above a tomb entrance), sometimes with a metope frame

34

0 ;0

r

31

I

32

35s

11

li

Figs. 34-35 34 (No. 110); 35 (St. Anne, Jerusalem, unpublished)

Further elements culled from local tomb decoration might be incorporated in the column motif. Thus, the base of No. 809 is fluted, a decorative element

I

ZI

which usually adorns cornices and entablatures (see below, §11J; Figs. 51-52). The column itself may be overlaid with a branch pattern (No. 643), a motif more often used on a `triglyph' or as a frame (see below, §110). Goodenough justifiably described some of the variations and combinations

of capitals and columns as à bad dream'.40 The elements in these designs are often so abstract that it seems unlikely that the artisan knew their origin (e.g. No. 48).

There seems to be no relation between the column motifs and the much earlier Greek tomb stelae,41 Figueras 1983:Pl. 17:552. Similar to Milik 1956-57: Fig. 18:4. 38 39 Similar to Allegretti 1982: P1. 27:1; Fig. 2, above. 40 Goodenough 1953:122, Fig. 167. 37 33

Figs. 31-33 31 (No. 262); 32 (No. 78); 33 (after Avigad 1976a:640, bottom, left)

41

Figueras 1983:61-62.

34

Introduction

none of which have been found in this country, let alone Jerusalem. The only feature suggesting such a relationship is the steps, which, however, are actually derived from the local pyramid-capped nefashot. In fact, the column-shaped monuments (Ills. 18-20)

represented on ossuaries (Figs. 28-29) are of quite different appearance (see above, §11F).

Decorative schemes incorporating the column motif

sometimes seem to be confused with the central column between antae (see above, §11B and n. 7). H. AMPHORA

As noted above (see §11A; Figs. 13, 16), amphorae

probably surmounted some of Jerusalem's tomb monuments.42 The amphora set on a trumpet foot represented on a nefesh-cone on No. 325(= Fig. 36)43 closely resembles the upper part of the Sarsina

monument (dated to ca. 20-10 BCE);44 similarly topped monuments probably existed in Jerusalem at

the time. It seems very probable that an amphora originally crowned the monument at Herod's family tomb45 and it is possible that one surmounted the

Figs. 37-40 37 (No. 213); 38 (No. 378); 39 (after Milik 1956/57: Fig. 19:4); 40 (No. 399)

lotus atop 'Absalom's Tomb' (Ill. 13).46 Similar

On the finely incised ossuaries, the amphora motif

amphorae from this period appear at Petra (Ills. 5, 23), a culture that also eschewed cremation; in both

is sometimes overlaid with zigzags (e.g. 815:R, L).48

cases, the vessels had lost their original significance, and become merely ornamental.

One of the amphorae on No. 815: F (= Fig. 41) is composed of an encircled six-petalled rosette with crude traces of the original motif's neck and trumpet foot.

Fig. 41 (No. 815)

For further examples, cf. Avigad 1954:115, Fig. 70. For examples of amphorae on local coins, see Hill 1914:272-275, 303, 306; Meshorer 1967:Nos. 153, 156, 169, 191-192, 224; on local lamps, see V. Sussman 1982b:Nos. 47-57. Obviously, these examples show a conventionalized form rather than an accurate representation of the vessel. 44 Gabelmann 1973: Fig. 40:1. 45 Schick 1892:118, Fig. 11. 46 Avigad (1954:114-117) believed that there might have been 42

Fig. 36 (No. 325)

On tombs and their monuments, amphorae appear both with47 and without (Ills. 1-2, 5, 23) handles. The amphora motif is simple to render and came to be used separately from the nefesh cone (e.g. No. 213 = Fig. 37). It might be further stylized

or adorned by a wreath or garland on the neck and ornamental discs and zigzags (No. 378 = Fig. 38).

Further abstraction reduced the original amphora into a minor side ornament (No. 399 = Fig. 40, Fig. 39) recognizable only by comparison with less stylized versions. Variants of the motif might be simply incised (No. 231:R) or combined with other motifs (No. 599).

43

an ornament atop the lotus, but rejected that it was a funerary urn as cremation was not practised here. 47 Gabelmann 1973:Fig. 40:1-2.

48 The pervasiveness of the zigzag motif refutes Figueras' (1983:102) suggestion that, sometimes representing water or wine, zigzags express 'ideas of eternal salvation and abundance of life in a new world'. Equally unacceptable is Goodenough's (1965:106-107) assertion that these vessels are cups for ceremonial drinking and of value to the-deceased (Goodenough 1953:120).

The Ornamental Motifs

35

1. ASHLAR WALL

the ancient concept that She'ol, the Netherworld,51

Only sixteen soft limestone ossuaries in this catalogue bear representations of ashlar walls in the header-andstretcher arrangement common to contemporaneous

was a place of 'darkness' and 'corruption', from which the dead were 'never to return' (e.g. Job

buildings and tomb facades in Jerusalem (see Ills. 11, 24).49 The ashlar motif on ossuaries may be unadorned (e.g. No. 217) or overlaid with encircled rosettes (No. 53 = Fig. 42, Nos. 668, 730) or circles

The concept of 'Eternal House' is thus in full

(e.g. No. 455), probably intended to contain rosettes. Four ossuaries (two of them particularly large) bear the ashlar motif on all sides of the chest, as well as on

the majority of the people to their views (see App. A). Thus, the concept that ossuary ornamentation negates

the front and back of their gabled lids. There are chests which bear the motif only on the front (Nos. 164, 844); on the front and back (No. 478); or on the front and both narrow sides (No. 217). Always when the lid is flat and sliding (Nos. 217, 481) and in some other cases (e.g. No. 487), the ashlar motif appears on the chest but not on the lid. Occasionally, the motif was begun on one side of an ossuary but left unfinished (Nos. 184, 384).

10:21-22, 17:13-16, 30:23; cf. also Isa. 38:11, 18). accordance with the Sadducean denial of individual physical resurrection, but unsuited to the Pharisees, who, in the period of ossuary use, were converting

the belief in such resurrection should be rejected. Even if this ornamentation was thought to assure the deceased of the benefits of an 'Eternal House', or of magical protection within a 'mystic shrine' (a belief absent in Jewish literature of the period), the surviving relatives would hardly be satisfied with

the partial application of this potent motif or to have this house or 'magic shrine' lacking doors or a tiled roof.54 Moreover, it is inexplicable that during one brief period only a small minority of burials in

a tomb were given this protection, while family members who were at least as prominent, to judge by the inscriptions, were denied it (e.g. Nos. 481 and 487 vs. 490). 11

II

I

I

LI

It may be concluded, therefore, that this motif was merely culled from local tombs to decorate ossuaries in any way that pleased the artisan and the

I

4

purchaser.55

Fig. 42 (after Galling 1977: Fig. 71:8; cf. No. 353)

The ashlar motif may also be used on a stepped column-base (e.g. Nos. 110, 262; Figs. 31, 34); to ornament the pyramid cap of a nefesh (Fig. 26, No. 231; cf. Ill. 11); or merely to ornament a frieze (No. 490). More significantly, some hard limestone

ossuaries were relief carved on one or more sides of the chest and lid to convey the impression of a single ashlar (e.g. Nos. 14, 121, 831, 893); delicately

carved frames as the sole ornament on all sides of an ossuary (e.g. Nos. 54, 200) seem an attempt to adopt this motif to the chip-carving technique used on soft limestone. Goodenough suggested that an ossuary ornamented with the ashlar wall motif was intended to represent the deceased's "Eternal House'.50 He further

proposed" that such ossuaries with superimposed rosettes were 'mystic shrines' that benefitted and protected the deceased.

The concept of the 'Eternal House' is encountered only twice in late Biblical and Apocryphal literature: as oixoS 'house' (Eccl. 12:5) and once as zorroS 'place', in the sense of 'tomb'.52 Both these occurrences express

Cf. also the Tomb of the Nazir (Avigad 1971: Fig. 3) and Herod's family tomb (Vincent and Steve 1956:82). The representation of ashlar walls was often reproduced in plaster 49

inside the homes of the wealthy (Avigad 1983: Figs. 88, 101-102). 50 In the past, the author shared this view (see Rahmani 1962:74;

1967a:190-191), which is still held by Figueras (1983:53-54). Goodenough 1953:117-118.

51

52

Tob. 3:6, similar to its use in No. 560:Inscrs. A-B and

its frequent occurrences at Bet She'arim (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974:Index, s.v.) at a later date. 53 Cf. E. Stommel in RAC 4 (1959), s.v. Domus aeterna. The quotations in Krauss (1911:479, n. 448) concerning 051Y M all refer to Talmudic and Midrashic literature of the fifth century CE or later. 54 This should be compared with examples of Roman funerary

art (e.g. Altmann 1905:20, Fig. 13; 67, No. 13; Koch and Sichtermann 1982: Fig. 16) where these elements clearly indicate

the artisan's intention to represent a house; this parallels the house-urns and other vessels of this type and usage in many ancient cultures. 55 The concept of the 'Eternal House' was perhaps introduced

at a later date at Bet She'arim, where olxos in the sense of 'house' occurs once (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974:No. 171); for decoration which might be interpreted in this way, see Avigad

36

Introduction

J. CORNICE AND ITS DECORATION; FRAMES

Cornices often appear on the rims of both hard and soft limestone ossuaries; in the latter, the cornice

47

is often part of the lid rather than of the chest.

48 UUUUUUUUUIYUUUUUIJUUUDUUUUUM

Cornices may occur on all four sides of the chest or only on the front. None of the finely incised ossuaries have cornices, but they occasionally appear on clay ossuaries (e.g. No. 39).

49

Some cornices protrude at right angles to the wall

of the chest (No. 327=Fig. 43); others jut out in an acute angle with some profiling (Nos. 407, 455=Figs. 44, 45). The cornice could eventually

51

I

I I I II

II

I

I

II

I

19 IE

II

I` P

degenerate to a slight swelling near the chest's rim (No. 344 = Fig. 46).

52

I(I(If

1[I[I(If

Figs. 47-52 47 (No. 34); 48 (No. 37); 49 (No. 1); 50 (No. 350); 51 (No. 324); 52 (No. 222)

Interlaced semi-circles (No. 345 = Fig. 53, No. 396) were also used as a frieze, sometimes in an elaborate form (No. 2 = Fig. 54) or to encircle rosettes (No. 295). By rotating the compass in only one direction, the artisan produced friezes of circle segments that give the impression of a leaved half-branch (Fig. 55). Frame elements of this sort also encircle rosettes (e.g. the bead-and-reel on Nos. 282: R, L and 399). 53

55

Figs. 53-55 53 (No. 345); 54 (No. 2); 55 (No. 368)

Figs. 43-46 43: profile of No. 327; 44: profile of No. No. 407; 45: profile of No. 455; 46: profile of No. 344

The cornices occurring on ossuaries were modified versions of the plain (e.g. Ills. 26, 32) and decorated (e.g. Ill. 10) cornices found on tomb facades.56 On ossuaries, as on tombs, cornices are adorned with the leaf pattern (No. 455 =Fig., 45); the leaf-anddart pattern (No. 34 = Fig. 47; cf. No. 346 and Ill. 25); the egg-and-tongue pattern (No. 742); the fluted frieze (Nos. 37, 324, 222 = Figs. 48, 51-52); the bead-and-reel pattern (Figs. 49-50; cf. Ill. 25); and the `running dog'

(No. 779) pattern. These and other patterns were usually employed as frames or friezes (Nos. 1, 350, 324, 222 = Figs. 49-52) independently of cornices.

The most common motif used in frames, however, is the zigzag. This easily-executed pattern often delimits metopes, encircles rosettes (No. 203 = Fig. 60) and may outline a porch (No. 147 = Fig. 56).

It was originally derived from the zigzag which replaced metope-representations in friezes (see above,

1976b:153-154, Pl. 49:71-72. Neither Klein (1920) nor Frey (1952: Nos. 892-960) cite examples to substantiate Figueras' (1983:88) assertion that the expression o5iv mz appears in second

to third century CE epitaphs from Jaffa. Jewish inscriptions using this expression are rare (Yadin 1962:245; Benoit et al. 1961: No. 20) or later and from the Diaspora: Frey 1936: Nos. 337, 23 (Roman); 1952: Nos. 820 (Palmyrene), 877 (Sidonian), 1415,

and 1418 (Edessian). In these examples, the original meaning of the term was disregarded, as it has been in modern times. 56 Vincent and Steve 1956:Pls. 86:1, 95-96.

The Ornamental Motifs §11A; Figs. 14-15). Its common form is demonstrated

in Figs. 56 and 60 (where it is doubled); more and less elaborate versions of the motif occur on Nos. 203 and 207 (= Figs. 57-58). The zigzag on No. 120 (= Fig. 59), resembling cursive script, became the most popular form of the motif on

37

metope frames survive in combination with rosette and knocker- (or handle-) ring motifs (see below, §11T; see also No. 441; No. 65 = Fig. 106).

the finely incised ossuaries, where it was frequently used for frames and to overlay rosette petals and other elements, including amphorae (see above, §11H; Fig. 41; cf. No. 331).

U

56

57

LLL

L

61

LLL`LL

58

62

Figs. 60-62 60 (No. 203); 61 (after Bagatti and Milik 1958: P1. 26:68); 62 (No. 285)

Figs. 56-59 56 (No. 147); 57 (No. 203); 58 (No. 207); 59 (No. 120)

The `triglyph' rarely appears in its classical form (e.g. Ill. 28), even on tomb facades; on ossuaries, it K. METOPE AND `TRIGLYPH'; ANGLE ORNAMENT

was merely an ornamental element, either broadened

AND Discs

and bare or containing an additional motif (e.g.

The metope motif was the basic arrangement for

the palm-trunk motifs on Nos. 181, 198). By minor additions, the `triglyph' could be transformed into different motifs, usually palm trees (e.g. Nos. 226, 442; see also below, §11Va). The `triglyph', though, was often replaced altogether, by palm tree, column

ossuary decoration (Nos. 147, 203 = Figs. 56, 60); it usually consisted of two metopes on the long side of an ossuary (rarely on lids), though three (No. 1), four (No. 690) and, particularly on lids, even five57 (Nos. 139, 163) metopes occur. The motif was copied from tomb and monument friezes found in Jerusalem (Ills. 10, 13, 28, 32),58 as becomes evident on both chipcarved (Fig. 60) and incised (Fig.. 62) ossuaries which have lateral lines extending to their very edges. On ossuaries, compass-drawn rosettes (see below, §11L) replaced the elaborately carved rosettes appearing

inside the metopes on tombs; again, this origin of the motif is substantiated by Fig. 61, showing incomplete metopes on the extreme left and right and the incomplete rosette on the left - as if part

or amphora motifs; in such cases, the original arrangement can sometimes be detected in details such as small discs in the corners of the metopes (for example, cf. Nos. 118 and 44). On a number of ossuaries, the metope arrangement was completely abandoned (see below, §11N).

The angle ornament (`metope corner' motif) often has an ivy leaf emerging from its inner corner (Nos.

559, 69, 43, 460=Figs. 64-67). Some examples of the motif are still divided into a metope-'triglyph'

of a complete frieze were represented.

Metope motifs were also used as frames

(No.

318 = Fig. 63) around representations of tomb facades or columned porches (Figs. 14, 16, 20). Remnants of

57 58

For five plain metopes on a lid, see Rahmani 1961: Pl. 14:3. This was recognized by Avi-Yonah (1950:61).

Introduction

38

arrangement (Fig. 64), indicating' that the motif

Figueras69 suggested that this motif `has some relation

was derived from the corner of a metope frame

with divine symbolism'. His position is based on

(e.g. Fig. 63). Even when this division was omitted,

that of Goodenough, on references as late as the fifth century CE (e.g. from Orosius) and on the theories

the lines of the frame were extended (Fig. 65), a convention which degenerated into three short prongs (Fig. 66) when the origin of the motif had been forgotten or misunderstood.

I

II

of Kuniya.70

Neither Figueras, Cumont (see n. 63) nor Kuniya have adequately explained the absence of these purported funerary symbols on Jewish tombs or tombstones in

Palestine or abroad. Nor have they explained the occurrence of the symbol on the everyday clothing of the living (including that of the inhabitants of

I

Judaea in the early second century CE).

The nearest parallel to gammadia from an ossuary 63

64

65

still forms part of a line frame (No. 460 = Fig. 67) and

lacks the ivy leaf in the inner corner. Resembling a motif from a mosaic floor of a house in Jerusalem,71 it is thus safe to assume that the angle motif bears no symbolic significance; arrived at via the metope motif, it was gradually combined with other decorative elements and its derivation obscured. The disc motif on the metope friezes of local tombs and monuments (Ills. 13, 26, 27, 32) readily lent itself

to the compass-drawn decoration of the ossuaries.

Figs. 63-66 63 (No. 318); 64 (No. 599); 65 (No. 69); 66 (No. 43)

Sukenik59 and, more recently, Figueras80 suggested

that these motifs represent angle-irons on wooden boxes; however, all the joints on locally-surviving wooden coffins were mortised or pegged without using nails or metal fittings (see above, §2C). AviYonah6l compared this motif to the àngle fillers' of a third century vexillum,62 which had in turn

Fig. 67 (No. 460)

been compared to the so-called gammadia on Coptic textiles and to other Byzantine parallels.63 Goodenough, discussing this motif in the context of the frescoes from the synagogue at Dura Europos,64

59

termed it gams. He ascribed to it `some symbolic

60

force' and suggested parallels from the third to sixth centuries. He did not, however, refer to ossuaries in this survey.65

Yadin, in his discussion of textiles from the Bar Kokhba period,66 suggested that this motif was an indication of a woman's garments and that, consequently, this might be the case with No. 43. There is, however, no indication of gender on this or any other ossuary bearing the motif67 with the exception of a specimen inscribed with `Maryam Yehohanan' (pnrr D -In).68 This ossuary may have contained only the remains of `Maryam, daughter

of Yehohanan', but it is large enough to have accommodated those of both a husband and a wife; thus, even this example is inconclusive.

Sukenik 1934:66. Figueras 1983:70. 61 Avi-Yonah 1950:74. 62 Rostovtzeff 1942:92-106. 63 Cumont (1942:232-234) suggests that this corner motif may represent the hinges or corners of the Celestial Gate.

64 Goodenough 1964:162-164. 65

66

Goodenough 1953:125, Figs. 162, 165 and 196. Yadin 1963:231.

67 The suggestion that the shape of the lid indicates the gender of the deceased (Sukenik 1924b:383) has been refuted by numerous inscriptions. 68

Vincent 1907:411L

Figueras 1983:70; this suggestion immediately follows his more down-to-earth explanation (see n. 60). 70 Kuniya (1967:34) believed that in certain periods this motif expressed `hope for immortality or participation in eternal life through the connotations of the divine fluid.' 71 Avigad 1983: Fig. 164; the room in question was probably a dressing room, used after bathing. 69

The Ornamental Motifs The disc was used as a large, unaccompanied motif (No. 14:L = Fig. 68); as a space-filler in metopecorners (No. 118 = Fig. 69); between the petals of a rosette or in its centre (No. 120), or as a frame (No. 315 = Fig. 70, where, combined with bead-and-reel pattern, it also encircles a rosette). The suggestion

that discs represent nailheads72 is refuted by the absence of nails in contemporaneous wooden coffins and furniture (see above, §2Cc, n. 13). Discs were employed in a variety of patterns, including all-over decoration (No. 220). Discs were often halved and quartered to fill a broadened `triglyph' (No. 554 = Fig. 71), sometimes accompanied by small, whole discs.73

39

ossuaries were compass-drawn and completed with a carving knife or a firmer chisel (see above, §5B) or merely incised..

The six-petalled rosette and its variations is by far

the most common type of rosette appearing on ossuaries. It was easily sketched in by drawing a circle and using a compass to draw semi-circles which intersect at the centre of the primary circle (No. 57 = Fig. 72).74 This device occurs wherever compasses

are employed.76 Locally, six-petalled rosettes were

applied to imitate both the elaborate

(e.g. Ill.

10) and very simple (e.g. Ills. 28, 29, 36) rosettes

on tomb facades. More intricate versions of the six-petalled rosette were produced by completing the intersecting circles, thus obtaining multiple and interlaced rosettes, usually framed by a circle (No. 44 = Fig. 74) but occasionally by a rectangle (No. 350 = Fig. 75; cf. also No. 328).

The common treatment of the interstices between the petal-tips resulted in a six-petalled rosette with

68

its petal-tips linked by segments (No. 59 = Fig. 76).76 Interstices were also scalloped (Fig. 73); attempts at additional elaboration, e.g. into trefoils or lily-forms, were abandoned as difficult to carve (e.g. No. 106). A different method of elaboration resulted in ivy leaves

69

between the petals (No. 184). Small dots picked out

in black sometimes occur between the petals and in the rosette's centre (No. 185); these dots could be replaced with tiny discs (No. 305) or rosettes (Nos. 239, 350).

The three-petalled rosette (No. 74 = Fig. 77) was derived from the six-petalled version by simply omitting three of the petals. This origin is evidenced on No. 106, where all six petals were sketched out but only three were carved.77 70

71

Figs. 68-71 68 (No. 14:L); 69 (No. 118); 70 (No. 315); 71 (No. 454)

When the ornamentation included a large central motif, the corner discs of metopes might be reduced in size or omitted altogether (see above, §11J and, e.g., Nos. 44, 809). For the rare occurrences of

discs on incised ossuaries, see, e.g., Nos. 628 and 757. L. ROSETTES

Rosettes are the principal ornamental motif used on the ossuaries. The rosettes appearing on hard those on sarcophagi; both are simplified versions of the

limestone ossuaries are identical

to

rosettes that decorated the facades of local tombs. The much simpler rosettes adorning soft limestone

72

See Rahmani 1961:102, No. 11, n. 53; 1961:114, No. 6;

1967a: 188, No. 14. This idea was correctly opposed by Goodenough (1965:68, n. 13), though maintained by Figueras (1983:33). 73 Milik 1956-57 : Fig. 18:2. 74

For additional technical explanations, see R.H. Smith

1973a:73-74, Fig. 2. 75 Its universal character was correctly emphasized by Wiegand (1920) and by Watzinger (1935:75-76), who justifiably calls it an Allerweltsmotiv. 76

Rosettes of this type are also found in contemporaneous

houses, e.g. in Jerusalem, see Avigad 1983: Figs. 116, 162.

Avigad 1983: Figs. 163, 236. The use of the three-petalled rosette on everyday items such as bathroom floors and cosmetic spoons underlines the absence of symbolic or magical meaning of such rosettes. 77

40

Introduction

Figs. 72-76 72 (No. 57); 73 (Studium Biblicum Fanciscanum, Jerusalem, unpublished); -74 (No. 44); 75 (No. 350); 76 (No. 69) 75

The simplest twelve-petalled rosette was produced by superimposing two six-petalled rosettes (No. 378=Fig. 78). More complex effects were obtained

see also No. 377 : Lid, where the rosette is misdrawn)

by using rosettes of different radii (No. 42 = Fig. 79). Rosettes with up to twenty-four petals were achieved in this way (e.g. No. 365). The four-petalled rosette was produced by bisecting a circle with two lines at right angles (No. 133 = Fig.

a local tomb (Ill. 33).

80). Further division of the circle produced eightpetalled (e.g. No. 12) and sixteen-petalled rosettes (No. 399 = Fig. 81). These could be further elaborated

by superimposing floral motifs or by substituting different motifs for some of the petals, e.g. No. 13

are rare and seem to be the result of chance rather than intent; one example of this type is known from The whirl rosette, which appears in a metope on a local tomb (Ill. 28), has a more intricate geometric basis (No. 49 = Fig. 85). Starting from the grid of multiple, interlaced rosettes (Fig. 74), the centres of the outer rosettes established points on the inner rosette's circumference which bisected the arches between the inner rosette's petals. The twelve points thus established served to draw petals of the whirl rotating clockwise or counter-clockwise (both could

(framed by a circle) and Nos. 347 and 163 (= Fig. 82, framed by a rectangle).

occur on the same ossuary, e.g. No. 244) using

A different type of rosette was obtained when the

the full width of the petals, the artisan might shift the insertion points slightly or estimate by

intersecting semi-circles of a rosette were of a smaller

radius than that of the principal circle. This could produce a rosette with eight petals (No. 207 = Fig. 83),

and, by omitting one petal, was the most common method of producing a seven-petalled rosette (No. 454 = Fig. 84), which were not always accurately drawn (e.g. No. 830). This method was also used to produce rosettes with nine (Fig. 61), fourteen (No. 139), twenty-one (No. 16) and, in a few examples, eighteen (No. 61) petals. Rosettes with different numbers of petals than these (e.g. No. 583, with ten;

the radius of the inner rosette. In order to achieve

eye.78 One ossuary (No. 355) still bears the insertion holes of the compass.

The whirl rosette could be further elaborated by increasing the number of lines, or by drawing the petals around an inner circle which contained an enlarged point (No. 247), disc (No. 244) or a different type of rosette (Nos. 148 and, unfinished,

78

See R.H. Smith 1973a:75, Fig. 4.


41

82

.

A

II

85

83

Figs. 77-85 77 (No. 74); 78 (No. 378); 79 (No. 42); 80 (No. 133); 81 (No. 399); 82 (No. 163); 83 (No. 207); 84 (No. 454); 85 (No. 49)

112). Sometimes a rectangular section of a whirl rosette of this type was used as a central motif (No. 167). In rare cases (Nos. 148, 204, 802), branches instead of petals form the whirl rosette.

attributed to Jews from abroad (a foreign influence is particularly pronounced in the tomb containing

the latter two examples;. see Nos. 202 and 209, the commentary therein; App. B). A wreath may also be depicted on No. 831.81

M. WREATH

Few wreaths were carved on local tomb facades; they

appear once inverted on side acroteria (Ill. 4) and twice as a central motif (Ills. 10, 32). Wreaths on local hard limestone sarcophagi and ossuaries usually adorn narrow sides of the chest (e.g. Nos. 14:R, 60:R, 308:R),79 and only rarely its front.80 The wreaths on

Nos. 282:Lid (hard limestone), 206:L and, more primitively, 208:R (both of soft limestone) may be

Even where foreign influence was a distinct factor, it is doubtful whether the wreath bore special significance. The single instance where it was 79

See Dussaud 1912:45, No. 30; Bagatti and Milik 1958: Pl.

14:29-30; within a gable of an ossuary lid, see Avigad 1967a: 133, No. 2. 80 Germer-Durand 1914. 81 Some finely incised ossuaries from Gezer bear similar wreaths on their narrow sides (Macalister 1912:399, Fig. 203).

42

Introduction

prominently displayed (No. 282) may represent a corona civica,82 but there is no proof that the wreath had a symbolic meaning linked to death83 or immortality84 in this region and period.85

freehand incision produced a branch as on No. 337 (= Fig. 91). The prototype for both the plain (Fig. 90) and elaborate (e.g. No. 31 = Fig. 92) versions of the motif may have been the leaved branch, the lily (see below, §llVb) or a combination of the two.

N. ABANDONMENT OF METOPES

A series of metopes, each containing a disc, rosette or (rarely) a wreath, is the most common arrangement found on Jerusalem's tomb friezes (see above, §11K). This arrangement seems never to have been abandoned, though occasionally its centre was disrupted, as on the frieze of the `Tomb of the Kings' (Ill. 32). On a number of hard limestone sarcophagi and ossuaries (e.g. Nos. 13, 736), the artisans omitted the metope arrangement completely, though retained an outer frame (e.g. Nos. 13, 153, 604). While most

88

soft limestone ossuaries display rosettes inside a metope arrangement, a few copy the arrangement found on hard limestone ossuaries (e.g. No. 601; cf.

Comm. 60:1). The frames are mostly very simply executed (e.g. Nos. 37, 52, 204, 626), though richly ornamented frames do occur (e.g. No. 600). In a variant to this arrangement, a zigzag frame contains a single metope (e.g. Nos. 47, 298, 735). On the sides

of some ossuaries, frames were omitted and only simple aligned (Nos. 4, 94, 496, 567) or unaligned

89

90

91

(e.g. No. 663) rosettes appear.86 0. BRANCHES AND PLANTS

The most intricate version of a branch, embellished with leaves and fruit, appears as a frame on a local

Figs. 86-92

tomb facade (Ill. 32). Simpler branch frames occur on several hard limestone sarcophagi87 and ossuary lids. Chip-carved versions of this motif, constructed with

a ruler and compass, are found on a few ossuaries; the corners posed an almost insurmountable obstacle to the artisan using this method (see, e.g., Nos. 49, 163, 205, 325; successfully executed on, e.g, No. 148).

On occasion, a branch was halved lengthwise (e.g. No. 44) or forms a whirl encircling a rosette (see above, §l1L). Upright branches often occur in broadened `triglyphs'. The foliage of branches- may be closely

86 (No. 265); 87 (No. 404); 88 (No. 252); 89 (No. 27); 90 (No. 45); 91 (No. 337); 92 (No. 31)

Rahmani 1972a:114. Figueras 1983:51. 84 Goodenough 1953:119. 85 Figueras 1983:51, quoting Goodenough 1956b:171. Both base their suggestion on TB Bezah 6a, where myrtle branches 82 83

are mentioned as being placed on the coffin. This, however, was written in the Babylonian-Jewish text of the late-fourth to early-fifth centuries CE. More apposite is the reference to such customs in Sem. 8:2 (cf. Zlotnick 1966:14-17), in which wreaths

packed, as in the frame of No. 265 (= Fig. 86)

are conspicuously absent from the items hung on the canopy

or sparse (No. 404 = Fig. 87); eventually the motif became almost unrecognizable (No. 252 = Fig. 88). Further variations, partially executed in freehand,

to the dead as an expression of respect and endearment. See

show a spindly plant with a triangular base and long-stemmed, lanceolate leaves (e.g. No. 27 = Fig.

89); the triangular base could be extended into a net-like design of `roots' (No. 427). Abstraction of this motif may have resulted in plant-like patterns akin to lilies (see No. 45 = Fig. 90), while clumsy

over the dead person's bier. Among the Greeks and Romans, the wreath did not have special funerary significance; it was given PWRE, s.v. Kranz; for different views, see Cumont 1942: Index, s.v. couronne d'immortalite, symbole du triomphe sur la mort; against this, see Nock 1946:163. The wreath carved on the ceiling of Absalom's Monument (Avigad 1954:102-103) similarly lacks symbolic intent. 86 Cf. Avi-Yonah 1950:61-62. 87 E.g. Bagatti and Milik 1958:Pl. 17:36-37; Avigad 1971: Pl. 38:A, C.


43

P. ACANTHUS

The acanthus motif is rare on the tomb facades of Jerusalem (Ills. 32, 35, 37) or on contemporaneous sarcophagi.B8 On No. 893:F, centre, one of the very

few ossuaries bearing this motif, the branches are somewhat similar to olive branches and its berries to those of another ossuary (see Fig. 93, though the composition of the design is closer to the acanthuscup found on tombs on which pomegranates are clearly represented).89

associated with the vine motif.94 The passages he cites

include some with clearly negative connotations,95 which one would hardly expect to be alluded to on an ossuary. Thus, these motifs seem to be purely ornamental and have no deeper significance. This seems true even of the centrally positioned grape cluster on the frieze of the `Tomb of the Kings' (Ill. 32); as the grape cluster could hardly have symbolized or implied wine,96 it seems more likely that image indicated the wealth of the tomb's owners.97 R. FRUITS OF THE LAND

Fruits other than the vine and grapes are rarely represented on local tomb facades and conseFig. 93 (after Avigad 1967a:P1. 21:2)

quently rarely appear on sarcophagi and ossuaries. Pomegranates and olives are discernible among the

fruits on the richly ornamented branches which Q. GRAPE AND VINE

frame the facade of the `Tomb of the Kings' (Ill. 32;98

Neither the grape cluster nor the vine with tendrils are

similar fruit occurs on a sarcophagus lid found in

frequently found on local tomb facades; sometimes they appear together (Ill. 4), while in other cases grape clusters appear separately (Ills. 28, 32).9° On ossuaries, they are shown separately (No. 893: F), combined as a frame (No. 600) or in a frieze (No. 816:F, over a large, central palmette).91

The easily drawn scroll motif was depicted more frequently than grape clusters on tomb facades; it sometimes emerges from a central acanthus (see above, §11F; Ills. 35, 37) or incorporated ivy leaves, lilies, palmettes or lotuses. The running scroll adorns several contemporaneous hard limestone sarcophagi

and ossuaries (No. 587).92 On the front of soft limestone ossuaries it was employed as a frame (No. 371), as a frieze (No. 643), or carelessly executed in freehand incision inside a broadened `triglyph' (No.

88

E.g. from the 'Tomb of the Kings' and the Tomb of

Nicophoria (Kon 1947: Fig. 14 and Pl. 85, respectively). See also

Bagatti and Milik: Pl. 14:28, though not a cup, and with grape clusters replacing other fruits. 89 For the origins of this motif, see Watzinger 1935:60-61. Goodenough (1953:80,120) regarded the acanthus as representing

a cup out of which grows a vine bearing various fruits and acanthus leaves. He interprets this motif as the Tree of Life or the fountain sprouting from it. The pomegranate he regards as a symbol of fertility and immortality.

90 The unique naturalistic rendering of a vine in a wallpainting in a Jericho tomb (Hachlili 1983), seems to have been influenced by Jews from abroad (cf. above, §6Fk and below, App. B). 91

This motif rarely appears on hard limestone sarcophagi:

from the scroll.

Avigad 1971:P1. 38: A. For hard limestone ossuaries, see Bagatti and Milik 1958:Pl. 16:35. 92 Vincent and Steve 1956: Pls. 84:2, 85, 93:1, see Bagatti and Milik 1958: Pl. 18:38-39. 93 Goodenough 1956a:100. 94 Figueras 1983:52.

Extensive systems of symbolic interpretation have

95

305). The `running dog' motif ('Vitruvian scroll'), occasionally used as a frame (Nos. 389, 779) or to ornament a capital (No. 69), may have derived

been based on the vine scroll motif, particularly when it appears with the grape cluster. Thus, Goodenough9s claimed that `cups' (including the acanthus motif and amphora; see n. 48) with emerging vines and grape clusters were frequently depicted in funerary ornamentation. A mere two examples (see Ills. 35, 37; to these may be added Ills. 4, 28, 32) led him to conclude that these motifs ìndicate

an eschatological implication of such (symbolic) drinking'. Figueras referred in more general terms to a `possible symbolic meaning in relation to afterlife'

Figueras 1983:101-104, e.g., the 'cup of suffering' (Mark 14:36) and the `wine of God's wrath' (Rev. 14:10). He also notes the presence of wine at the messianic meal, referring to Midrashic literature of the fifth century CE or later.

As Avigad (1971:198) pointed out, the original owner, a Nazirite, would have abstained from wine; Avigad further 96

emphasized that this applied to the family of the Nazirite placed in a coffin with a central motif of a scroll and grape clusters. 97

Locally, the image of the huge cluster of grapes must

ultimately have been traced back to the grapes brought back from Canaan by the spies, together with pomegranates and figs (Num. 13:23) to which olives were added in Deut. 8:8. All were regarded as evidence of the fertility and abundance of the land. 98 Kon 1947:Pis. 9-11.

Introduction

44

this tomb99); pomegranates with foliage were depicted in the tympana of other tombs (Ills. 35, 37).

On ossuaries, pomegranates may have been incorporated into the design of an acanthus (see above, §1IP, Fig. 93) and once (No. 60:F) were an element in

an ornamentation scheme. This fruit is prominently

displayed in a composition on a hard limestone ossuary (No. 308:L). There is one finely incised example of a pomegranate tree (No. 185: Lid= Fig. 94) and two painted specimens (Nos. 209:B, 758: Lid;

the former in an ornamentation scheme clearly attesting to a foreign influence, see above, §5D; App. B).

The elements appearing between branches on Nos. 13:L and 14:Lid, right gable, may represent olives, although the branches in these examples (see above, §110) are too stylized for specific identification.

S. ANTHEMION

The anthemion depicted on the cornices of local tombs is based on both the lotus and the palmette. These motifs occur together (e.g., on the `Tomb of the Kings"") and separately (for a palmette, see III. 4, on the central acroterion; for the lotus, Ills. 10, on the cornice, and 34).

The two motifs were combined in a frame (No. 371) and were awkwardly rendered side by side in the centre of one ossuary (Fig. 97).101 On No. 136, spindly palmettes were incised in freehand over

the rosette in the upper corner of the left metope (Fig. 98) and lotuses in the right metope (Fig. 99). The palmette appears somewhat more frequently than the lotus as a convenient central (No. 816) or corner motif (Nos. 204, 371). Both the palmette (No. 60, 102) and the lotus (No. 643) could be

Fig leaves and figs occur only on No. 742 (= Fig. 96). Their prominent position may indicate that they represent a family emblem, perhaps alluding

combined with other motifs, such as the scroll.

to a name based on the word rnrtn 'fig'

(see

No. 308: L and the central acroterion on No. 282: Lid,

above, §7B). A similar explanation may apply to a minor, elaborately carved element centrally poised on an ossuary lid (Fig. 95) inscribed with the name

left gable). They were eventually incorporated in a floral arrangement issuing from a lily chalice (No.

The original form of these motifs was forgotten or disregarded, resulting in awkward variations (e.g. on

482:F, b).

IEAK.

94

Fig. 97 (after Savignac 1904:263, No. 22)

95

99 Kon 1947:67, Fig. 14; also Goodenough 1953: Figs. 232, 235. Some of the details are discernible, see de Saulcy 1853: P1. 32. No symbolic meaning should be sought in these: see also Engemann in RAC (1983), s.v. Granatapfel, cols. 707-708.

100 Kon 1947:83, Fig. 28; Vincent and Steve 1956:95, above left. 101

Savignac 1904:263, No. 2.

Goodenough (1953:116, Fig. 126), as well as Figueras (1983:46), includes this among his acanthus motifs, even though the form of this palmette is identical to that at the 'Tomb of the 102

96

Figs. 94-96 94 (No. 181:Lid); 95 (after Milik 1956/57: Fig. 22, top, left); 96 (No. 742: F)

Kings' (cf. above, n. 109). An unpublished pendant piece in the St. Anne collection to ossuary No. 60 bears a lotus (instead of the palmette) in an otherwise similar arrangement.


45

are rendered in a primitive perspective (see §11D, Fig. 21); their representation on a separate plane

is clearly intended to indicate that the doors are recessed. Simplified versions of this motif also exist,

the result of the craftsman's misunderstanding or

99

98

Figs. 98-99 98 (No. 136:F, left); 99 (No. 136:F, right)

ignorance of the original motif (e.g. No. 469). These variations should not be mistaken for doors depicted practically on the same plane as their frames and low arch on pillars; the latter were clearly influenced by Nabataean tomb architecture (see Comm. 482:2).

T. TOMB ENTRANCE AND DOOR

I

111

11

11

11

A few ossuaries bear representations of a tomb entrance showing door frames with a panelled door, usually with two leaves, as distinct from tomb facades, outer gates and porches (see above, §§11A-11E). Even

the most detailed example, on a richly carved hard

limestone ossuary (No. 482:L=Fig. 100), has an unfinished gable decoration. On a similar example (No. 366:F, centre) the gable is missing, perhaps due to lack of space.

101

L 102

Figs. 101-102 101 (after Spoer 1907:355); 102 (No. 185)

Single- (No. 56 = Fig. 103) and double-leaved (Fig.

38), panelled doors were sometimes represented as an independent motif without their 100; cf. Ill.

surrounding frames. Most local tombs were sealed by a large dressed stone blocking a small entrance.103 Fig. 100 (No. 482:L)

A simplified version of this motif frequently depicts doors behind the porch (e.g., Nos. 46, 891). In some cases, there is little more than a sketchy indication of the metope frieze above the entrance and the door jambs; the jambs, flanking the panelled

door (Fig. 101) are represented in much the same way as the columns of tomb facades (Figs. 14-16) and porches (Fig. 20). There are examples of

a doubled gate surmounted by flat arches, with two single-leaved doors behind it (Fig. 102; cf. No. 241 a crude version of the single-leaved door); this form may have been mistaken for an arcosolium (see below, §1lUc). In all these examples, the doors

Larger entrances were sometimes sealed by rolling stones, set in a groove,104 and supplemented by a stone door turning on pivots.105 Such pivoted doors

E.g. Jotham-Rothschild 1952:27, Fig. 2; Rahmani 1961:110-111, Fig. 9; Pl. 16:3. 104 E.g. at Herod's family tomb (Vincent and Steve 1956:Pls. 82, 83:D). See also Abel 1925:275-279. 103

105 E.g., behind the rolling stone at the 'Tomb of the Kings', sockets in front of and inside of the entrance were obviously

intended for stone entrance doors; for the outer and inner sockets, see Kon 1947:59 and 62, respectively; for the door on the inner socket, see 111. 38; see also Avni, Greenhut and Ilan 1992:107. Similar doors inside the tomb can be seen in Ill. 41.

46

Introduction

must have been fitted into the inner frames carved into the door sill, jambs and lintel of rock-hewn door frames.106 Some such doors have survived (Ills.

38, 41) and they are further attested by the sham doors shown on tomb facades107 and within tomb chambers, some showing knocker rings (Ill. 2).108

Rings and masks of this sort used as handles have not been found in Jerusalem tombs.119 In general, the examples of such fittings on stone sarcophagi and the doors of tombs, houses and temples,"' are earlier than the bronze fittings known from wooden coffins.121 In Jerusalem; rings are represented on

106

Avigad 1954:134. The sockets at the much smaller entrance

to the Sanhedriya Tomb (Jotham-Rothschild 1952:28) may be later additions; see also Barton 1903:171. Rare examples of sockets from tombs at Petra attest to similar stone entrance doors (see G.H. Dalman 1912:67, Fig. 61). For slightly later doors of a similar type which survive in situ, see Crowfoot et al. 1942:85-86, Fig. 43; farther afield, at Palmyra (Amy and Seyrig 1936:232, Pls.

Fig. 103 (No. 56)

A sham, double-leaved, panelled door surmounted by a gable has survived inside a tomb (Ill. 2; cf. Fig. 100). Sham doors are known from tomb exteriors,109 such

as those at Petra, which show an arch surmounting a gable.110 On local facades (Ills. 4, 7), only the door frames survive; one example displays an arch below the gable (Ill. 39), a scheme which should be compared with the more elaborate versions at Petra.111 Flat-arched entrances of this type, without gables, may have inspired the representations on Nos. 185 (= Fig. 102), 241 and 482: F, B. Once again,

these examples should be compared to Petra (Ill. 6) and to a local tomb (Ill. 40).

The peculiar partial fluting of the upper part of a column (Fig. 102, No. 241)112 may be an attempt to

copy partially fluted columns on, for instance, the Tomb of Zachariah and on a monumental capital from the Upper City of Jerusalem.113

Concentric circles derived from knocker rings (No. 309: F = Fig. 104) occur, though they were not always

associated with their original function. Knocker or handle rings were used as a separate motif as well, rendered naturalistically (Fig. 105; see also Nos. 569, 736) or barely indicated (No. 65 = Fig. 106). Bronze rings were affixed to the sides of sarcophagi of the first to third centuries CE, almost always clenched in the jaws of lion `masks'. Most of these came from Syria,114 although they have also been found locally at coasta1115 and unidentified sites (this includes most

of the examples in the collections of the IAA).116 This type of handle ring rarely occurs unattached to masks,117 though there is a unique set of eight bronze

rings attached to round bronze plates with a small central boss and concentric mouldings.118

28-29). This stone example even copies the two knocker rings suspended from lion masks, while a similar stone door from Italy only shows a simple ring (Overbeck and Mau 1884:411, Fig. 208). For rings of this type with lion masks, see Kurz 1972 and Meyer 1964. For similar depictions in Asia Minor, see Koch and Sichtermann 1982:539-540, Figs. 524, 529. 107 Clermont-Ganneau 1899:298; for slightly

resentations on Jewish 'Darom' lamps,

see

V.

later repSussman

1982b : Figs. 59-61. 108 Macalister 1901:148, Fig. aXV; for similar sham and real doors inside a tomb, see Avni and Greenhut 1991: Figs. 103-104. 109 Clermont-Ganneau 1899:298. 110 Brunnow and Domaszewski 1904:170, Fig. 194. 111 Brunnow and Domaszewski 1904:159, Fig. 180.

112 A similar example can be seen in Spoer 1907: No. 3, Fig. 354, below. 113 Avigad (1954:84-85; 1983:161, Figs. 179-182) first pointed

this out as an example of unfinished fluting; on chronological grounds, this explanation seems preferable to the suggestion that they imitate Doric partial fluting (see Figueras 1983:59, citing Doric examples dating from 210 BCE at Delos). Cf. Lawrence 1957:271, Fig. 157 who adds an example from about 140 BCE from Athens (Lawrence 1957:268, Fig. 154). For fluting, see also above, n. 5. 114 Their use on ships and various vessels need not concern us here. For the Syrian examples, see Kurz 1942:25-26 and Koch 1977:111-120. See also Koch and Sichtermann 1982:81. 115

E.g. Reich 1983:105-109, dated to the late-first to early-

second century CE. 116 Kurz (1972:26, n. 26, Fig. 1) cites a single example from Bet She'an. 117 See Koch 1977:117, n. 35.

118 The rings were bought in 1942 at Sebastiyeh (Samaria), together with the bronze corners from a wooden chest, a mirror and a glass bowl from the first century CE (IAA 42.186). The ring is similar in shape and date to that shown in Crowfoot et al. 1957:Fig. 93:5. Although they were not found in situ, the rings probably originated from burials; the remnants of iron rivets indicate that they had been attached to wooden coffins. The registration numbers are IAA 42.196-42.03. 119 Such masks, perhaps acceptable to the Jews of Rome (cf. Kurz 1972:25-26), were obviously offensive to the Jews of first century CE Jerusalem. 120 Kurz 1972:23-29. 121 Kurz 1972:27.

The Ornamental Motifs a false door (Ill. 2)122 and stylized on an ossuary (Fig. 104). Thus, although the meticulously carved representations of such rings on the chest and lid of No. 736 may represent fittings similar to those on the Sebastiyeh coffin (see n. 116); the examples in Figs. 105 and 106 may represent door knockers. ;i

47

interprets doors and entrances as representing the figure of Christ; this, as well as the notion that these representations indicate an 'Eternal House' (see above, §11I, nn. 50-55), must be rejected. The depictions on ossuaries of tomb entrances, doors and their details (e.g. doorknockers or handles) are no different from the other details copied from tombs; they bear no symbolic significance. Bagatti12s

U. MOTIFS FROM TOMB INTERIORS

104

0 0 0

Tomb interiors and their decorative details rarely seem

to have inspired ossuary ornamentation, probably because they would have been less conspicuous.

a. Ornamental Panel

A few examples of ornamental panels are known from local tombs, as on the soffit of a doorway (Ills. 33, 34). The example shown in Ill. 33 is similar to a panel within a broadened 'triglyph' on the front of an ossuary (Fig. 107) and to a panel within a broad, ornate frame (No. 371).

Fig. 107 (after Milik 1956/57: Fig. 20:1)

122 To which may be added both the real and sham door inside a Jerusalem tomb (Avni and Greenhut 1991: Figs. 103-,104). 123 Avi-Yonah 1944:140. This view is shared by Kanael 1961:15 and Dothan 1983:37. 124

Figs. 104-106 104 (No. 309:F); 105 (after Milik 1956/57: Fig. 22, bottom, left); 106 (No. 65)

Some of the motifs discussed in this section (e.g. Fig. 102; see also, §11A, Fig. 14) have been interpreted as Torah shrines,123 a view which Goodenough originally rejected,124 but later reconsidered. 125 It should be emphasized that the earliest Torah shrines126 and representations of Torah shrines date

from the third century CE at Bet She'arim127 and Dura Europos.128 In the synagogues at these sites, the shrine is within a niche surmounted by a conch shell - quite different from the motifs appearing on these ossuaries.

Goodenough (1953:127-128) considered this motif an

arched portico, though he believed that similar representations on ossuaries (Goodenough 1953:128, Fig. 215) were Torah shrines. 125 Goodenough 1954:120. 126

Foerster 1977:8; cf. Yadin 1966:181-187; Gutman 1981:

59-62; Levine 1987:112. It is probable that the motif of the Torah shrine was introduced into local funeral art in the third century .CE by Jews from the Diaspora (see n. 127). The motif is absent on 'Darom' lamps (ca. 70-135 CE, see V. Sussman 1982b:passim), but appears on stone and in mosaics from the late-third to fourth centuries CE (cf. for dates, Kuhnen 1990:328-331) and in even later synagogues. 127 B. Mazar 1973:110-113, 176-177, Fig. 11, P1. 34; cf. the third century CE burials of Palmyrene Jews (B. Mazar 1973:180). 128

Kraeling 1956:Pl. 51. Cf. also a fragment from Fahma

(Goodenough 1953:214, Fig. 560). 129 Bagatti 1971:206-209.

Introduction

48

b. Loculi Loculi cut into the walls of a tomb-chamber, such as the lower row within the `Sanhedriya' tomb (Ill. 42), may have inspired the rows of arches depicted on ossuaries (e.g. No. 269 = Fig. 108).130 The stylized

variations of this motif include lines which were `read in' as trees (e.g. Nos. 437, 871, the former with reminiscences of doors and amphorae). The representation on No. 346 may be of the gabled

world.135 The existence of gardens at Jericho has been attested by excavations,136 and literary evidence indicates their presence in Jerusalem (Josephus BJ 5:57, 6:5), including the vicinity of the `Tomb of the Kings' (Josephus BJ 5:259-264).137 In the Mishna and Tosefta, explicit mention is made of shade trees

(M. Nas. 7:3 = M. Nid. 7:5; M.Ohol. 8:2; see also Tos. Nid. 6:16, Zuck. 648:18) and lilies (M. Toh. 3:7).138 The New Testament also refers to a garden

loculi encountered in local tombs (e.g. Ill. 8)131 or

surrounding the sepulchre that served as Jesus' tomb

a simplified version of the tomb facade depicted

(John 19:41).139 Thus, it is not surprising to find

on No. 482:F, B.

trees and flowers represented on ossuaries.

a. Palm Tree Though many varieties of shade trees probably grew

near tombs, the easiest to represent was the palm tree (Ill. 45). The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) was extensively cultivated in the Gaza region and

the environs of Jericho.140 It was also known in the Jerusalem area (see I Macc. 13:51; John Fig. 108 (No. 269)

c. Arcosolium

Arcosolia of the type known from local tombs'12 are very rarely represented on ossuaries. One reliefcarved example (No. 160 = Fig. 109) probably shows this motif with a kline-formed base;133 another arcosolium may be represented on No. 693:F, centre. The elaborate version, including the column capitals depicted on No. 191 (= Fig. 110), is reminiscent of a tomb interior at Kh. Zakhariye (Ills. 43-44).134

E.g. Stekelis 1934:31, Pl. 5, above, and Clermont-Ganneau 1896:344, Fig. E (= Goodenough 1953:127, Fig. 208). Barnett 1961 (=Goodenough 1953:127, Fig. 211) gives a more intricate example, but this surely does not represent Herod's stoa on the 130

Temple Mount, which had no arches (cf. Vincent and Steve 1956:44, Fig. 137); recent excavations have not revealed evidence of such arches. In any case, it is unlikely that Jews from Jerusalem

would have represented a part of the Temple - the epitome of the pure and holy - on a receptacle intended for the impure bones of the dead. Rather, one should note the reconstructed upper storey of a late-first century BCE tomb monument in southern Italy, with elements very similar to those seen on No. 269 (Fig. 108) and von Sydow 1977:267-300, Fig. 21-27, 29. This

motif on local ossuaries may indicate that similar round-tomb monuments existed in Jerusalem. The superstructure of a round edifice in opus reticulatum, found near the Damascus Gate and identified by some scholars as Herod's family tomb (see n. 21), might have been comparable.

110

Figs. 109-110 109 (No. 160); 110 (No. 191)

V. MOTIFS BASED ON THE TOMB'S SURROUNDINGS

Natural foliage or cultivated gardens, laid out much like the gardens of the living, formed part of tomb surroundings in various parts of the Graeco-Roman

131

See also Sukenik 1936:88, below; Tzaferis 1970: Fig. 2.

132

E.g. Jotham-Rothschild 1952:Pl. 8:2; cf. Kloner 1980a:

English summary, x(ii) and Pls. 7, 21, 27. 133 See K.O. Dalman 1939:203, Fig. 7. 134 Dated by Watzinger (1935:71) to the first century BCE; this is probably from mid-first or early-second century CE; for a first century BCE version, see Avni and Greenhut 1991: Fig. 103C. 135 Cf. Jeshinski 1979:141-159. 136 Netzer 1975:99, Fig. 4. 137 See Low 1934:267; Vincent and Steve 1954:90-91 emphasize

that some of these would have been cultivated gardens, while others would simply have been plots with natural flora. 138 See for this, the comments by, e.g., Siegfried Klein (1908:87) and Krauss (1911:77). 139

Cf. Vincent and Steve 1954:90-91; Vincent and Abel

1914:94.

140 Low 1924:307-308; Goor and Nurock 1968:121-151.

The Ornamental Motifs 12:13) where it was grown, as it still is (Ill. 45), as an ornamental tree, its fruit considered worthless (M. Bik 1:3) and inedible.141

The palm tree's scaly trunk, spreading, ascending or descending fronds and even roots (at times exposed, Ill. 46) could easily be represented almost naturalistically (Fig. 111)142 or in simplified versions (e.g. No. 852). Schematized versions often cf.

utilized `triglyphs' to represent trunks (Nos. 226, 442 =Figs. 112-113).

49

the encircled rosettes flanking the tree to the base of the frame (No. 105 = Fig. 119, No. 83). This version was further simplified to a single ascending branch representing the tree's crown (No. 367 = Fig. 120, Nos. 216, 485), a variation also occurring simply as an outline emphasized by scraping the red wash from the surface of the motif (No. 317 = Fig. 121).

The palm-tree motif could be so stylized that the original form was completely lost (No. 456 = Fig. 114, Nos. 331, 674) or only the crown (shaped as a leaf on Nos. 315, 387), sometimes with an indication of the trunk, remained (e.g. Nos. 49, 838)

The stylization of the motif could also obliterate (Fig. 120; Nos. 216, 485) or so obscure its origin that

it was at times reinterpreted. On No. 146, a single upright of a palm tree branch was complemented by a naturalistic representation of a sword handle, thus providing the motif with an entirely new meaning;

only the lines delimiting the tree's foot attest to 112

Ill

the origin of the motif.141 This reinterpretation of the motif may perhaps be attributed to the prevalent strife of the period in which the ossuary was made. In another case (No. 826:F), the artisan may have

combined the palm-tree motif with that of the amphora. The palm trunk's scales could be indicated by rhombs (Fig. 11), truncated triangles (Fig. 118) or simply 113

Figs. 111-113 111 (after Milik 1956/7: Fig. 22, top, left); 112 (No. 226); 113 (No. 442)

by zigzags (Figs. 112-113, 117). The trunk motif (e.g. Figs. 116 and 118) also served as frames and `triglyphs' (Nos. 181, 198=Figs. 122-123). Further stylization resulted in an all-over reticulate pattern of lozenges (No. 17) which may have been the origin of the checkerboard pattern on No. 449.

Date clusters were rarely represented in paint or wash (Fig. 115), by chip carving (Fig. 116; similar to No. 307) or by fine incision (Fig. 113). Short descending elements (Fig. 112), mostly in the form of straight lines (e.g. Nos. 799, 842, 852), may indicate fruit twigs. Elaborately carved (Fig. 116) or highly abstracted (No. 149 = Fig. 117) ascending branches often represent the tree's crown. The crown was frequently mirrored at the tree's foot (No. 82 = Fig. 118), perhaps harkening back to representations of the tree's exposed roots (see

above) or depicting young shoots at the tree's foot (e.g. Nos. 161, 295). Eventually, lines reminiscent of

Figs. 122-123 122 (No. 181); 123 (No. 198)

a trunk (e.g. No. 332) between the crown and its mirror image were omitted (e.g. No. 177).

Another variant of this motif shows spreading and ascending branches. The roots in this variant were often indicated by triangles; the foot of the trunk was delimited by two small lines descending from

See further, Low 1924:307-308 and Feliks 1957:40. For the complete ossuary, see Milik 1956-57: Fig. 22; for a somewhat similar representation, Vincent and Abel 1932. 143 Cf. Rahmani 1959. For details of the process of `reading in', see Boas 1955:123-124. 141

142

Introduction

50

X__'l F_

114

118111y---" V

119

Figs. 114-121 114 (No. 456); 115 (after photograph from the Museum Ha'Aretz, unpublished); 116 (after Vincent 1907:411, Fig. 4; cf. also No. 307); 117 (No. 149); 118 (No. 82); 119 (No. 105); 120 (No. 367); 121 (No. 317)

b. Lily As mentioned above (n. 138), the white lily (Lilium

More formal representations of the lily were combined

The plant still grows wild in the shady, moist soil of

with elements culled from the tomb monument; the monument's steps occasionally serve as a base for a naturalistically represented (No. 411) or stylized,

candidum) was described as growing near tombs.

the Upper Galilee and on the Carmel and it may

chip-carved lily (Fig. 126; No. 723). A similar

well have been cultivated in antiquity for its beauty and strong, pleasant scent.'44 Its representation upon

variation lacks the steps, and merely portrays some leaves at the flower's foot (Nos. 163, 375; further

a number of

developed on Nos. 723, 816).

ossuaries,

all but one (No.

282)

from Jerusalem, indicates that it also grew in this region. The assumption that the artisans had firsthand knowledge of the lily is strengthened by botanical details (the corolla, stamens, slender stem

and leaves at the base) rendered in freehand with varying degrees of accuracy (Nos. 57, 817: Lid = Figs. 124-125; Ill. 47).

Fig. 126 (No. 431)

144

Feliks 1957:234-238; see also Low 1934:164-167; Zohary

Figs. 124-125

1959:365. For the lily motif in ancient Palestinian art, see

124 (No. 57); 125 (No. 817:Lid)

Meshorer 1985.

The Ornamental Motifs Further stylization of the flower transformed it into a motif ideal for replacing a capital (Nos. 600;145

see also No. 191) or for forming the petals of

51

names commonly borne by priestly families are also inscribed on this ossuary. Both these examples should be dated to between 70 and 135 CE.

a rosette (No. 13: R). As a minor element, lilies might flank central motifs (Nos. 298, 341), be included in a

complex frame (No. 371) or be combined with a palmette (No 482:F, b).

Both the palm tree and the lily grew near tombs and their depictions, at times on a single ossuary (Nos. 161, 642-643), should be regarded as pleasing ornaments rather than as expressions of a belief in the 'victory of eternal life' or paradisiacal happiness after death, everlasting life, and divine salvation.'146 It is possible that certain families adopted the lily as a family emblem (see above, §7B; Comm. 430:5).

Figs. 127-128 127 (No. 815); 128 (No. 829:Lid)

W. VARIA

Representations of menorot from before 70 CE; 148 as

a. Painted Garland No. 209 (see Comms. 3-7, there) is ornamented with

well as the depiction of an altar (No. 41), must be associated with the Temple priesthood, for whom

a painted festoon and items which may represent

the seven-branched menorah seems to have been an emblem. King Mattathias-Antigonus, the last of the

sandals, strigili and an ampulla. This highly unusual

decoration was probably painted to specifications provided by a Jew from abroad (possibly Rome, cf. Comm. 202:3; see also above, §5D; App. B). Except for a single case showing a small garland adorning

the neck of an amphora (No. 378 = Fig. 38), this motif is absent on Jewish ossuaries.

b. Human Figure

In addition to elements which seem to represent booths or nefashot (see above, §11F), on No. 555:B there may be a depiction of a human figure (perhaps the deceased). The figure seems wrapped in an outer garment and accompanied by a lyre or an amphora. This ornamentation may indicate that the deceased or his relatives originated in Palmyra or Dura Europos (cf. Comms. 555:3a-3d); the ossuary probably dates from the second century CE. For abstraction or replacement of the human figure, see Comms. 175:2, 209:7 and 482:2. c. Menorah In accordance with mid-second century CE religious injunctions, the menorah might be represented

with five, six or eight branches, but not with its original seven (see TB Men. 28b; TB RH 24a). One or two ossuaries were alleged to bear a central

motif reminiscent of a menorah, but these seem intended as trees.147 On ossuary No. 815:F (= Fig. 127), however, a five-branched menorah replaces the `triglyph' in a metope scheme. A similar menorah appears on No. 829: Lid (= Fig. 128), though without a base and with the furtive addition of two branches, thus producing a seven-branched menorah;

127

Hasmonean priest-kings, minted a coin bearing a menorah (Ill. 48); there is also a graffito (Ill. 49) from the Jewish quarter of Jerusalem149 and a sundial (Ill.

50) from the Temple Mount with this motif.l"' Depictions showing this hallowed object with seven branches are rare; all examples seem to come from

priestly contexts, although, like the graffiti (Ill. 51) at Jason's Tomb, Jerusalem,151 this remains hypothetical.

There are several representations of the menorah on lamps (e.g. Ill. 52) dating to 70 CE.152 None of these menorot have seven branches and they are often further masked by the addition of handles, so that the sacred object was not accurately reproduced.

145

Watzinger 1935:69, Fig 67; Avigad 1971:191, Pl. 38A

(lacking the base). 146 Goodenough 1958a:122. Figueras 1983:94, incidentally, rejects similar claims by Goodenough and Testa on the grounds that 'nothing can prove such interpretation'. 147 Clermont-Ganneau 1899:398 is certainly a palm tree as noted by Goodenough (1953:120, Fig. 198). This also holds true for the tree motifs on Nos. 132:R and 159:Lid. 148 Rahmani 1980b. 149

In addition to a representation of the altar and shew-

bread table, shown beside the menorah (see Avigad 1983:147-149, Fig. 154). 150 B. Mazar 1972:82. A similar sundial was found in the 'Palatial Mansion' (Avigad 1983:119, Fig. 116). For another

example, though lacking the menorah, see Macalister and Duncan 1926:154, Figs. 144-145. 151 Before 30/3 CE, cf. Rahmani 1967b:99. 152 V. Sussman 1982b:16 and Nos. 1-5.

Introduction

52

Only in the third century CE does the menorah seem to have become a symbol of Jewish identity in the Diaspora. Locally, seven-branched depictions of menorot were probably introduced into the area in such places as Bet She'arim by Jews from abroad.153 It may thus be suggested that menorahrepresentations on ossuaries, like certain inscriptions 7B; No. 871: Inscr. ), express membership in a priestly family. In the light of explicit interdicts, such families might have

(see

above, §6Fc,

representations (Ill. 53).161 The rayed disc on No. 635 may also have been intended to represent the sun. Similar to these representations, the motif on No. 234:Lid perhaps symbolizes a star. It is inconceivable that Jews of this period would have used ossuaries bearing representations of heavenly bodies. Idolators were identified as those who

worship `the sun and the moon and the stars and the host of heaven' (Deut. 4:19) and accidentally

number up to seven; the reason for this remains

found objects bearing representations of the sun and moon had to be destroyed (M. Av. Zar. 3:3). It may therefore be concluded that these ossuaries were locally produced by foreigners, probably Nabataeans, who had adopted the Jewish custom of ossilegium;162 this does not, though, imply the acceptance of Jewish religious ideas associated with ossilegium (for which,

unknown.

cf. below, App. A).

been reluctant to depict a seven-branched menorah, especially upon an object associated with the impurity of death (cf. n. 130), and therefore `masked' the menorot. In one of the two cases though (No. 829: Lid), branches were furtively added to bring the

d. Pagan Motifs 1. Altar and Libation A representation of an altar (cf. Ill. 53, right and left),

probably dating from the late-first to early-second century CE154 appears on No. 463:F (= Fig. 129), from the Hebron foothills. It is depicted within a wreath accompanied by a branch and a vessel from which a libation is being poured; except for its lack of

Fig. 130 (No. 251:F and R)

horns, this representation resembles those of local Roman altars.155 Libation ceremonies for the dead are

well attested in pagan practice'56 and are explicitly mentioned in a Latin epitaph from Syria inscribed beneath a libation scene: `Live happy and pour wine to our Manes.1157 Libation of this type was also practiced at Petra and among the Arabs,158 though it was completely alien to Jews of this period.159 It should be clearly distinguished from the practice of sprinkling (c)5>c) the bier (nun; TJ Shek. 47a) or bones of the deceased (Sem. 12:9).160

153

Cf. Avigad 1976b:268-277.

154

This is similar to other Nabataean representations; see

2. Sun and Moon

G.H. Dalman 1908:58, Fig. 21; 1912:52, Fig. 53. See also n. 161. 155 See, for instance, Abel 1926:422, Fig. 1. 156 Cf. PWRE, s.v. Totenteil, cols. 1825-1827 and Trankopfer, cols. 2131-2137. 157 Michon 1900:95-101, Pl. I; probably of the second half of the second century CE. See also Cumont 1923:50-53. 158 G.H. Dalman 1908:61. 159 An earlier and rather unclear text, Tob. 4:17, may actually refer to an ancient custom of placing food and drink within the tomb, rather than to a libation poured on the tomb or tombstone; offerings `given... to the dead' were, however, proscribed (Deut. 26:14). See also App. B, n. 36. 160 Cf. Zlotnik 1966:161, n. 9.

A disc and crescent prominently displayed on No. 251: F and R (= Fig. 130) are presumably of similar origin and date to No. 463. These depictions, representing the sun and moon, closely resemble

Cf. Jaussen 1905:88. For an additional pagan parallel to the concept of moon and sun (or star) on funerary monuments, see Cumont 1942:225, Fig. 46. 162 This maybe the explanation behind the similar late-first to early-second century CE plain ossuary lid, found at Nabataean

the execution and design of similar Nabataean

Mampsis (see Negev 1971). See also App. Ba and Nos. 482, 490.

Fig. 129 (No. 463)

161

APPENDIX A JEWISH OSSILEGIUM

Jews practising ossilegium endeavoured to retain within the family tomb, the entire skeleton of each deceased separately once the flesh had completely decomposed (see e.g. Pl. 110, No. 776). This intent is

clearly implied in Rabbi Akiva's injunction against

the use of sheets for ossilegium: Ìn the course of time, the sheet will waste away, in the course of time the bones will intermingle. Let them rather be gathered and placed in ossuaries' (Sem. 12:8). This injunction, however, conflicted with the desire

obligated to provide even to the most humble of its members.

The collective retention of the bones of former burials within the family tomb must thus be regarded as avoidance of the ejection of former burials. This cannot be seen as a precursor to Jewish

ossilegium,4 an intentional act of collecting the bones of a relative individually and placing them into a specially prepared, separate container.5 The concept of ossilegium was apparently based on the

of near relatives to be buried together. In the

ideas of personal and individual physical resurrection

mid-second century CE, Rabbi Judah resolved this difficulty by ruling: `Whomsoever a person may sleep with when he is living, he may be buried with when he is dead' (Sem. 13:8). Some of the ossuary

propagated by the Hassidim in the second century

inscriptions attest that this ruling was applied to

12:38-45, a sinless state is indicated as a prerequisite for such resurrection.?

ossilegium (see Intro. §6Fb).'

The rites of ossilegium, as practised in Jerusalem

BCE. These concepts are explicitly mentioned in late

Biblical literature (Dan. 12:2)6 and exemplified in passages such as II Macc. 7 and 14:46. In II Macc.

prior to the destruction of the Temple, are described by a sage, probably of the late-first century CE:

This belief was adopted by the Pharisees (Josephus AJ 18:14; BJ 2:163; cf. also Contra Apionem 2:218). Resurrection was, however, denied by the Sadducees

Rabbi Eleazar bar Zadok said: 'Thus spoke father at the time of his death: "My son, bury me first in a fosse. In the course of time, collect my bones and

(Josephus AJ 18:18; BJ 2:165) and considered superfluous by the Essenes, who held that the soul alone was immortal (Josephus AJ 18:18; BJ

put them in an ossuary; but do not gather them

2:154-157).8

with your own hands." And thus did I attend him: Johanan entered, collected the bones, and spread a sheet over them. I then came in, rent my clothes

for them, and sprinkled dry herbs over them. Just as he attended his father, so I attended him' (Sem. 12:9).

The form of ossilegium under discussion must be distinguished from prehistoric and Canaanite practices in local and neighbouring countries. In these earlier practices, the remains of all previous burials within the family tomb were moved aside to accommodate additional burials. In local tombs of the First Temple period, earlier remains were placed in large depositories beneath the floor of the tomb-chamber;2 during the Hellenistic period, a communal charnel in a special chamber was used.3 In these varied practices, the remains of earlier burials

were left within the family tomb, presumably to assure the deceased of the benefit of food, drink, clothing and security, which the family clan was

1 In gathering the bones for ossilegium, these rules were not always observed, probably as a result of human negligence and the dark, cramped and unpleasant conditions within the tombs. 2 See Rahmani 1981b:230,234.

3

See Rahmani 1958; 1967b; 1982a:45; Kloner 1980d. For

Hellenistic Maresha: Kloner 1991:75-76. 4 Meyers 1971; cf. Rahmani 1973.

Some of these customs may have been practised in other cultures, as evidenced by Chalcolithic ossuaries (which are, however, unassociated with the much later ossuaries used by Jews); cf. Perrot 1961:1-83; Perrot and Ladiray 1980 (esp. p. 5

108).

6

Cf. Hengel 1974:196. Isa. 26:19, though probably earlier,

may allude to similar ideas (cf. Hengel 1974, n. 571). 7 This prerequisite was still disputed as late as the beginning of the second century CE; contrast the emphasis in Acts 24:15 and John 5:28-29.

8 The single case of re-inhumation at Qumran (de Vaux 1973:46) cannot be interpreted as ossilegium in the sense used here. It is difficult to accept Hengel's (1989:90, n. 235) sweeping statement that the Essenes believed in physical resurrection, as it

rests on a fragmentary text. The library at Qumran very likely included writings not associated with the Essenes (see for this

Appendix A

54

their forebears had completed their atonement and

In Jerusalem toward the end of the Second Temple period, Pharisaic beliefs were so widely accepted that even Sadducees submitted 'to the formulas of the Pharisees' (Josephus AJ 18:17).9. The Pharisaic belief in individual physical resurrection was thus generally accepted (see, e.g., M. Sanh. 10:1) and

result of changes in Jewish attitudes toward death, burial and mourning - resurrection was considered possible even if the bones of the deceased had not

expressed in the second benediction of the daily

been preserved:

were entitled to resurrection.15

In the first half of the third century CE - as a

'Amidah ('Eighteen Benedictions').'°

Rab Judah said in the name of Samuel, or it may

Small niches, excavated under or beside the tomb's loculi in late Hellenistic and early Herodian times served for individual ossilegium. These niches were soon superseded by ossuaries, in which the remains might await the individual's physical resurrection.

be R. Ammi or as some say it was taught in a Baraitha: On one occasion four hundred boys and girls were carried off for immoral purposes. They divined what they were wanted for and said to themselves, If we drown in the sea we shall

The sinless state necessary for this resurrection might

attain the life in the future world? The eldest

be attained after death by the decay of the flesh, conceived of as a painful process." A passage in the Jerusalem Talmud attests that a sinless state

among them expounded the verse, The Lord said,

I will bring again from Bashan, I will bring again from the depths of the sea. 'I will bring

was achieved after the bare bones of the deceased are gathered:

again from Bashan', from between the lion's teeth.

And further said Rabbi Meir: 'A man collects the

those who drown in the sea. When the girls heard

bones of his father and mother, because it is a

this they all leaped into the sea. The boys then

gladness unto him.. .when the flesh had decayed,

drew the moral for themselves, saying, If these for

they collected the bones and buried them in an

whom this is natural act so, shall not we, for

ossuary. That day (the son) kept (again) full mourning rites, but the following day he was

whom it is unnatural? They also leaped into the

'I will bring again from the depths of the sea',

sea (TB Git. 57b;16 cf. Lam. R. to 1: 16).

glad, because his forebears rested from judgment' (TJ MK 80c).12

This passage should be seen in the light of contemporaneous rulings that criminals executed by a lawful court13 were not to be buried in the ancestral tomb, but 'when the flesh had decayed, the bones were gathered and buried in their proper place' (M. Sanh. 6:5-6; cf. Tos. Sanh. 9:8-9, Zuck. 429:25-29). As late as the third century CE, this passage was understood as a reference to the criminal's atonement, for which 'the decay of the flesh is also necessary' (TB Sanh. 47b). Between the

late-first century BCE and the early-third century CE, the pious seem to have shared the view that sin, which contaminated all mortals, could be expiated in this manner.14

Ossilegium also seems to have been the most acceptable method of preserving the complete remains of the deceased for resurrection. The bare bones were

gathered into the receptacle a minimum of twelve months after the primary burial, which presumably

allowed the flesh to decay in Jerusalem's damp rock tombs. This period accords, moreover, with R. Akiva's assertion that 'the judgment of the unrighteous in Gehenna shall endure twelve months' (M. Eduy. 2:10; further elaborated in TB RH 17a).

Ossilegium thus indicated to the descendants that

Strugnell and Dimant 1988:46, cf. 57; Eshel, Eshel and Yardeni 1992:219). In regard to resurrection, the Qumran sect, very likely

to be identified with the Essenes, was probably nearer to the concepts of the Sadducees (for the relation of the two, see Y. Sussmann 1989-90).

Thus, the use of ossuaries by members of priestly families (cf. Intro. §§6Fc, 7B, l l We and No. 871; Greenhut 1992; Reich 1992) need not astonish. See also Hengel 1991:44-45, 131-132, nn. 226-227. 9

'Faithful art thou to revive the dead. Blessed art thou, 0 Lord, who revivest the dead' (transl. Hertz 1985:135); for the pre-70 CE date of the 'Amidah, see Heinemann 1964:22. 10

E.g. 'Rabbi Isaac also said: "Worms are as painful to the dead as a needle in the flesh of the living"' (TB Shah. 11

152a). 12

The second century rabbi reflects in his sayings the customs

and concepts of pre-70 CE Jerusalem; for adherence to these customs, see Safrai 1957 and Sem. 12:9. 13 I.e. not by the state authority (cf. Sem. 2:9), which was the

Roman administration at that time. 14

This was recognized by Zuckermandel (1874), Graetz (1881),

and Klein (1908:100); see also Rahmani 1961:117-118, n.

7.

Lieberman (1965:495-532) examined different trends of thought on this subject, some slightly later. 15 Sociological, psychological and additional theological as-

pects regarding this subject are indicated in Rahmani 1981a: 172-173,176. 16 Transl. M. Simon, Soncino, London 1936:266-267. The sages mentioned belong to the late-third century CE. In the same period, a slightly different solution was suggested - that

Appendix A

The resurrection referred to in this passage was clearly not dependent on the preservation of all

or even part of the skeleton. Such ideas must be attributed to changes in the local social and

55

political situation of this period and concomitant changes in the conception of resurrection.19 As stone

have rendered ossilegium of relatives impossible.

ossuaries were impractical for the transportation of the remains, wooden receptacles seem to have been used;20 there is even evidence that sheets were used (TJ Pes. 36b), seemingly overruling an injunction of earlier times and conditions (see Intro. §2C and Sent. 12:8). The transportation of these remains, however, differs completely in form and purpose

The practice of ossilegium thus gradually died

from ossilegium in the sense discussed here.

political conditions in the wake of the Bar Kokhba

war and to the growing influence of Jews from the Diaspora. Furthermore, the increased mobility

of families and individuals in this period may out, surviving only in some of the -smaller, more isolated communities up to the middle or end of the third century CE.

Parallel to the spiritualization of the concept of resurrection, the deposition of grave goods gradually

declined from the early-third century CE onward. This shift in attitudes is clearly evident in Rav's affirmation that eating, envy, hate and competition

do not exist in the world to come; instead, the crowned righteous will rest and enjoy the splendour of the Lord (TB Ber. 17a).17

From the end of the second to the mid-fourth century CE, the remains of Jews wishing to be buried in the Holy Land were brought from the Diaspora. Apparently, burial near tombs containing

the remains of the Sages was preferred.18 This desire must be seen in the light of changes in the

the deceased would be resurrected out of a small bone, the luz, believed to be located under the eighteenth vertebra. The concept was further developed in texts from the fifth to the tenth century (Lev. R. 18:6-7; Eccles. R. to 12:5). 17 For details, see Lieberman 1965. 18

E.g. at Bet She'arim (B. Mazar 1973:135-136; Avigad

1976:40). In a few cases, the remains were re-buried in imported lead coffins, though it is doubtful that they had been transported in these receptacles (see Avigad 1976b: 181-182). 19 I.e. that atonement of sins could be obtained through burial

in the Land of Israel and that those buried there would be the first to rise. Gafni's (1981:102-103) treatment of this subject is superior to Meyers' (1971; 1971-72), who failed to note the differences in motivation, approach and execution between the early-first century and the third to fourth centuries CE. 20

B. Mazar 1973:222-224, Figs. 27:1-9.

APPENDIX B WERE JEWISH OSSILEGIUM AND OSSUARIES INFLUENCED FROM ABROAD? A number of scholars have suggested that a measure

of foreign influence was exerted on the custom of Jewish ossilegium and the form and ornamentation of Jewish ossuaries.) The sources of influence were

beginning of the second century BCE11 and by others to as late as the first century CE.12

said to be the cultures of Central and Western Asia, particularly of Iran, or the Hellenistic and

Plainer ossuaries - most of clay and some of stone - were found at Qalaly-Ghyr, Khorezm; through stylistic comparison with ceramics, the excavator dated these to the late-second to early-third century

Roman worlds. It seems appropriate to probe such

CE (C-14 date: 179 CE).13

suggestions in some detail.

The questions of date and reasons for ossilegium in Central Asia remain controversial. Belenitsky14 assigns the custom to the Kushan period15 and

A. The East In Zoroastrian religious writings, stone, plaster and clay receptacles (astodans) are mentioned as intended

to contain the bones of the deceased stripped of flesh by exposure to dogs and birds of prey.' The relevant passages in the Vendidad (Videvdat)s are based on an oral tradition, apparently concerning practices in northeastern and eastern Iran,' which may date to Achaemenid times.5 It seems agreed that

a general concept of resurrection existed in both the Jewish and Iranian religious traditions. The initial impetus of the Jewish belief in individual,

1

See, e.g., Meyers 1971:17-36 and, in response, Rahmani

1973:121-123. 2

Vendidad 6:49-51. See Darmsteter 1895:74-75. Cf. Boyce

1975:326-327.

As with the Avesta in general, the date when these texts were first written down is disputed, though the fourth to sixth centuries CE have been suggested (see Ghirshman 1954:230); they were perhaps redacted in the Parthian period. 4 Boyce 1975:190-191; 274-275. For the sporadic, early use of 3

physical resurrection may have come from the Iranian tradition, but was further developed by the Hassidim

astodns carved in rock in these regions, see, e.g., Boyce 1982:210211; cf. Shahbazi 1987:851-852. 5 Boyce 1979:93-95, 134-135; see also Kellens 1989:35-36. 6 Belenitsky 1969:216; Hultgard 1979:575-576; Hengel 1974: 196. Boyce and Grenet (1991:401-415) suggest that Jewish beliefs

of the second century BCE according to their own

were completely derived from the Iranian. Shaked, partly

requirements (see App. A) without additional Iranian

accepting such views, acknowledged the absence of proof for the direct contact between the Jews and Persians necessary for such

influence.6

It is important to note that under the Achaemenid the Persians do not seem to have practised any of the burial rites described in the Videvdat.7 These customs were practised only after the beginning of the common era, possibly due to influences from Media Atropatene (present day Azerbaijan).' Evidence that bones were collected into a communal

charnel in Persia is found only at the end of the first or beginning of the second century CE (e.g. at Susa).9 Ostothecae - astodans (ossuaries), unknown prior to that time, are numerous only during the Sassanian period (third to mid-seventh

influences; he therefore suggested that during the Hellenistic period, Jews from Persia and Mesopotamia or from Asia Minor were the intermediaries. for such ideas and beliefs (Shaked 1984:323-325). No Jewish ossuaries have come to light in any of

these areas from before, during or after that era, nor is there verifiable evidence of Jewish ossuaries in northeastern or eastern Iran. 7 Herzfeld 1935:37-39; 1941:217-220; See also Strouve 1960: 532-533; Ghirshman 1964:231ff; Boyce 1982:25-26, 54-60. 8 Ghirshman 1954:270; Boyce and Grenet 1991:82.

9 Ghirshman 1954:270. 10 Herzfeld 1935:38-39; Ghirshman 1954:332-333; Grenet 1990:559-560; Russel 1990:561-562. 11

Tolstov 1962:130.

12

Belenitsky 1969:241, Fig. 52. Tolstov 1962:115, Fig. 57. Belenitsky 1969:107.

centuries CE).10

13

Most finds presumably associated with the Iranian

14

concept of ossilegium are from Central Asia, beyond the borders of Persia itself." Some singular, rectangular clay ossuaries surmounted by squatting human figures have been reported at Koy KrylganKala, Khorezm, dated by the excavator to the third or

15

Belenitsky 1969:97. The event used for dating this period, the accession of King Kanishka, has been variously placed as 78, 144 or even 278 CE. Belenitsky (1969:222) suggested that the Kushan kingdom continued from the first century BCE to the fourth century CE; cf. earlier views, such as Strelkoff's (1938:451-453).

Appendix B

57

believes it to have been influenced by the use of sarcophagi adorned with figures in Hellenistic and

the East, merely attest to the presence of Jews from the East in Jerusalem. Individual pagans apparently

Roman cultures rather than by Zoroastrianism.ts

adopted the use of ossuaries from their Jewish

Decorated clay ossuaries appearing in the regions associated with the Soghdian culture are now dated

neighbours and applied their own motifs thereon

to the sixth to eighth century CE.17 In Central Asia, this same period yields many ossuaries, mostly of clay and unornamented, though some with birds depicted upon their lids (e.g., at Toprak-Qala, Khorezm).18

These are comparable to the rectangular alabaster ossuaries with low, gabled lids of the Afrigid culture (dated to the eighth century CE) which seem to be the last ossuaries used in Central Asia.19 A group of ossuaries dated to the sixth to

seventh century CE from the region of BayramAly, Turkmenistan20 are mostly bee-hive shaped, though some are similar to those from Central Asia. One of these bears at its top and base the Jewish inscriptions zp " and ivy zpr, 13;21 this, the only link between Central Asian or Iranian ossuaries and Jews yet discovered,22 is very late. It is possible that a Jew or some Jewish families visited or settled in these regions and accepted a local burial custom,

adding a single Jewish element - the script and Jewish names.23 In light of this

brief survey of Central Asian and Iranian ossilegium, any direct theological or practical influence upon the Jerusalem custom may be excluded. Jewish ossilegium was initiated earlier (see Intro. §9A) than in the regions just detailed.

As to the ornamentation on Jewish ossuaries, a Parthian or even Mesopotamian origin has been claimed for such simple motifs as the six-petalled rosette and its variants (see Intro. §11L, Fig. 74).24

This is unlikely, if not impossible: the alleged prototypes from Assur,25 the first century CE stucco from Kuh-i-Khwaya,26 and the second century CE

finds at Hatra27 are too late and at too great a distance to have influenced local artisans. These similar patterns probably developed independently when artisans completed a number of intersecting circles.28 The Marissa slab,29 cited by Avi-Yonah as

a link to Sidon and the Mesopotamian world,30 is actually a local table top of the late Second Temple period, similar to those discovered in Jerusalem's Upper City.31

It may thus be concluded that any Eastern influence in the decoration of Jewish ossuaries originated in Eastern elements in Jerusalem's tomb architecture. As this was essentially a Hellenistic architecture, general Oriental traits are to be expected. Sporadic images (No. 555), names (No. 254) or scripts (No. 579), far from indicating a direct influence from

(see Intro. §llWd). B. The West

The second century BCE Hassidim and the Pharisaic circles of mid-first century BCE Jerusalem independently developed concepts and beliefs concerning individual, physical resurrection; Greek and Hellenistic thought32 might, however, have made

Belenitsky 1969:215-216. Ghirshman 1962:323, Fig. 434 (= Strelkoff 1938: P1. 145 B); Belenitsky 1969: Figs. 77-78 (= Strelkoff 1977: Pl. 145 D); also more primitive versions, Belenitsky 1969: Figs. 120-121. 16 17

18

Tolstov 1962:114.

See Ghirshman 1953:227-228, Fig. 9. Yershov 1959:160-204. 21 Yershov 1959:179, Fig. 10. 19

20

22 The claim that Jewish ossuaries existed at Samarkand (Meyers 1971a:31, 74, n. 8) seems to have been raised in 1888 by Jivanji Jamsedii Modi, a Parsee scholar, in a lecture read in Bombay and published in the Journal of the Anthropological Society, Bombay 1 (1889) - the year Dieulafoy (1889:369ff) reported on the objects. Modi reprinted his views

in: Astodans of Turkestan, Journal of the 5Anthropological Society, Bombay 8, 1909:331-336. Inostranzeff (1906) disproved

any link between these finds and Jews, showing that the claim had been based merely on the coincidence that the ossuaries

were found at a depth of 2.5 m beneath the courtyard of a house belonging to a Jew of Samarkand. 23

See W. Fischel in EJ (1971), s.v. Transoxania (vol.

15,

cols. 1336-1337), Khurasan (vol. 10, col. 958) and Khorezm (vol.

10, cols. 955-957); Y. Slutsky, in EJ (1971), s.v. Samarkand 758-760), from the twelfth century. Klevan (1987:8-19) claimed that Jewish settlements existed in these regions prior to the eighth and ninth century CE sources which (vol. 14, cols.

he quotes; his evidence consists of the legends and a few inscriptions (see n. 21) referred to in Klevan 1974 (where he had,

correctly, refrained from any connection between these late Turkmenian burials and Jewish ossilegium in places and periods far removed from each other). 24 Avi-Yonah 1961a:16-21. 25 Ghirshman 1962:40-41

Lenzen 1952:199. It may be added that the motifs and technique used locally with stucco differ from those of the 26

Parthians; see, e.g., Avigad 1983:102, Figs. 89, 91 (Jerusalem); Kelso and Baramki 1955: Pis. 18-20 (Jericho). 27 Ghirshman 1962:353, s.v. Hatra. 28 See also Wiegand 1920:212. 29 The slab was found out of context, see Bliss and Macalister 1912:56-57, Pl. 18:9. 30 Avi-Yonah 1961a:18. 31 Avigad 1983:168-173. 32 Hengel1974:195.

58

Appendix B

a general contribution to the emphasis placed on the individual."

age onward are similarly shaped.49 Fraser correctly

In considering the possibility of local Hellenistic influence, it should be emphasized that individual

Rhodian caskets and similar contemporary caskets

ossilegium is known only from Jewish tombs.34 This

of a connection between the Rhodian and the

does not imply that at this period Greek ideas

Roman examples, as the latter differ 'fundamentally in shape, for it is far more cubical and rarely gable-lidded, to say nothing of the invariable ornate decoration'.50 Any links between Jewish ossuaries and the ash caskets of Rhodes, Asia Minor or Rome must also be denied; the geographical, cultural and religious distance between Jewish Jerusalem and the pagan Roman world was far too great. Details such as the sunken panel inside a profiled frame, whether occurring on local hard limestone

and formulae are not in evidence in these tombs; in Jason's Tomb,35 for example, there are wall decorations and Greek inscriptions exhorting the living to enjoy life36 (this expression could have been adopted from a Jewish source such as Eccles. 10:19, rather than from Greek funerary epigraphy).37 An Aramaic epigram on an ossuary38 seems to be based

on the formula o68ed4 a0avavoS. This phrase is encountered in Greek, Latin and eventually Jewish epigraphy,39 but at the time Jews would probably have been more familiar with the Greek version found in Ben Sira 17:30: oux &OavxroS, (o) uioq

pointed out that no links existed between the from Asia Minor; he also refuted the possibility

ossuaries (e.g. No. 308), a local sarcophagus5l or

av0pGnrou.40

It seems unlikely that Jewish ossilegium originated

urns have rarely been found outside Italy;41 of the four second century CE urns reported from Syria,

Hengel 1974:202; also 116-117. 34 E.g. Peters and Thiersch 1905; see also Kloner 1991:75-76. 35 Rahmani 1967b : Figs. 5-6. 36 Lifshitz 1966:248-255; Benoit et al. 1967; this is preferable to Puech's suggestion (1983:491-494) that the inscription refers

only one is in fact an ash urn while the other

to an offering to the deceased; for this, see Intro. §llWd(1), n.

three may be children's sarcophagi.42 Locally-found clay vessels containing the ashes and bone fragments

159.

in the contemporary Roman funerary custom of retaining the ashes of cremations in urns. These

of cremated corpses are either much earlier (e.g. from Phoenician cist graves at Acre)43 or attributable

33

See n. 36. In discussing this inscription, Hengel (1974:124) refers to the passage in Ecclesiastes, which he calls the 'motto 37

of Koheleth'. 38

Naveh 1980.

to Roman legionaries (including those dated to 70 CE found outside the city wall of Jerusalem44). All represent the common pottery of the period. Similar

39 Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 105.

stray finds have been reported from Megiddo, where a reused MB vessel contained ashes, and Samaria,

41

where the only locally-reported ash urn (a plain lead vessel and lid) was recovered from a second century CE tomb.45

It is unlikely that the few Jerusalem Jews who visited Rome viewed ash urns there, if only because entering pagan tombs would have violated the laws

of purity.46 Thus, local Jews in the period under discussion could hardly have been familiar with such cinerary urns. Even if these Jews had known about the funerary customs and art of Rome, they would have strongly disapproved of them47 and certainly would not have deliberately copied them. The shape of the ossuaries was based on the common

household boxes and chests used throughout the Hellenistic and Roman worlds (see Intro. §3). It is therefore not surprising that Rhodian limestone cinerary caskets of the third to mid-first centuries BCE

are much the same shape, with low feet and gabled lids,48 or that Roman ash urns from the late Augustan

40 This should here be preferred to the Syriac version, cf. Segal 1958:107-108.

Koch and Sichtermann 1982:41-44, citing examples from

Syracuse and Lyon. 42 Koch 1977a:394. 43 Fortuna 1966:452ff. 44 E.g. de Saulcy 1895:355-358; Barkay 1986:15. 45 Schumacher 1908:189-190; Crowfoot et al.

1947:90;

1957:435.

46 The strict observance of these laws by Jerusalemites is attested by the ritual baths (miqvaot) in most homes; the widespread use of stone vessels for food preparation is probably attributable to similar considerations of ritual purity; see Avigad 1983:139-142, 183.

47 To this day, Jews are reluctant to accept non-Jewish funeral customs such as cremation. The coins found in a few skulls (Hachlili and Killebrew 1983a; 1983b:116; Greenhut

1991:7-8) have been interpreted as payment for Charon but cannot be construed as a custom of Jews in this country during this period (Rahmani 1992). The coins represent exceptional cases of submission to foreign superstition. Neither did local

Jews adopt the custom of placing coins on the eyes of the deceased (Rahmani 1986b). 48 Fraser 1977:12-13, Figs. 25-30. 49 Koch and Sichtermann 1982:46. 50 Fraser 1977:13 51 Vincent and Steve 1954: Pls. 84-85.

Appendix B

59

the Cafarelli sarcophagus in Rome,52 may in each case have been derived from wooden chests seen by the artisans. Alternatively, the framed, sunken panel may been copied here from a local tomb such

In conclusion, there is no proof that direct influence from Western or Eastern sarcophagi, ash urns, tomb

as the vestibule at the Khazna.53

local ossuaries introduced by Jews from abroad. This

Claims of direct Western influence on architectural motifs depicted on the ossuaries are equally

altars, stelae or astoddns was exerted on Jewish

ossilegium, with the few exceptions of motifs on

§11G), nor should the depictions of

situation alters only after ossuaries almost ceased to be used by Jews, i.e. in the late-second and early-third centuries CE. At this time, sarcophagi were imported58 into the region both by Jews of the Diaspora wishing to be interred in the Holy

ashlar walls, columned porches or arcades be seen

Land (see App. A) and by local Jews in the

as proof that motifs were copied from Roman

wake of this fashion.59 These sarcophagi60 were

cinerary caskets, tomb altars or sarcophagi. Even in Rome, these motifs were probably reproductions (Nachbildungen) of local funerary architecture54 which evolved independently from that of Asia Minor - a claim which is no less true in Jerusalem.

copied locally and served as models for the last

unfounded. The column motif should not be regarded as derived from much earlier Greek stelae (see Intro.

Furthermore, the earliest arcaded Roman sarcophagi date to the latter half of the second century CE, while the columned examples of Roman sarcophagi are no earlier than the middle of that century;55 thus, linking

Jewish ossuaries with Roman sarcophagi on the basis of these motifs is chronologically untenable. Moreover, with the exception of an isolated example from Sidon, perhaps of the first century CE,56 Greek

or Roman sarcophagi did not reach Syria, much less Palestine, before the second half of the second century CE.

Any other direct or indirect influence from the West is as sporadic as that from the East, e.g. the painted garlands on No. 209, in the same tomb as an ossuary with an inscription in Latin script (No. 202).57 The majority of motifs on Jewish ossuaries were culled by the artisans from the local

tombs and tomb monuments which, in common with contemporary and regional architecture, were Hellenistic in character, bearing chiefly Western elements.

group of ossuaries described above (Intro. §§3, Fig. 7; 9, Group Cla).

52

Koch and Sichtermann 1982: Fig. 3. Cf. also Gabelmann

1977:220f. 53

G. Dalman 1912:69, Fig. 64; cf. also Browning 1980:125,

Fig. 68. 54 Kranz 1977:360, 373-375. 55 Kranz 1977: Pls. 46-47. 56 Koch 1977a.

Some tombs in the Jewish necropolis of Jericho seem to indicate similar contact or influence, though, except for No. 789:Inscr., not in the sphere of the ossuaries; see Intro. §6Fk and n. 96. A very abstract representation of a bull's 57

head was found on an ossuary made by an artisan from Beirut in a Jerusalem tomb belonging to Jews from Syria; see Avni, Greenhut and Ilan 1992:104-105; Ilan 1991/92:149.

For ornately adorned, local, pagan marble sarcophagi, most from the late-second and third centuries CE, see Koch and Sichtermann 1982:573-575, Figs. 421 and 588; Watzinger 58

1935:102-103, Pl. 32:74-75. For details of particular sarcophagi, see Savignac 1913:106-111; Michon 1913:111-118; Avi-Yonah 1976a:72-76. For a fragmentary Dionysiac sarcophagus from Caesarea, see Avi-Yonah 1972:13, Fig. 5; Koch and Sichtermann 1982:421. 59 60

Avi-Yonah 1972:9-21; Avigad 1976b:164-173. Avigad 1976b:136, 139, 162-164.

APPENDIX C WAS THE CHRISTIAN RELIQUARY A CONTINUATION OF THE JEWISH OSSUARY? From the beginnings of research on Jewish ossuaries, it has generally been assumed that Christian

reliquaries were a direct continuation of ossuaries.' Recently, Grabar claimed that Jewish ossuaries were the source of the chip-carved rosettes and zigzags on an ornate reliquary lid bearing a Syriac inscription.'

ornamentation characteristic of ossuaries is known from contemporary Jerusalem. These motifs appear only on stone and wood in the Negev and on pottery from the Gaza region, the Jordan Valley and a few

other sites. In the Byzantine period, the form of

He assumed that this was the result of contact

the lids of the reliquaries was based on sarcophagi lids, usually with corner acroteria,16 rather than on

between the two communities, especially in Syria,

those of ossuaries.

down to the fifth century CE.3 Reliquaries were kept under the church's altar or in

The manufacture of chip-carved Jewish ossuaries ceased around-70 CE (see above, §9, Groups Alb,

a martyrion and were used for the preservation of the bones of saints and martyrs. This custom was practised from the fourth century onward, although the evidence for it dates chiefly from the fifth and sixth centuries.4 The lids of most reliquaries were securely fastened and provided with openings for the insertion and extraction of oil which had been brought into contact with the holy bones inside. Sometimes pieces of cloth (brandae) were inserted

A2b), though some of the motifs continued to be used

through a hole or funnel in the lid in order to absorb the sanctity of the bones,5 perhaps with the aid of pincers or a thin rod.' There does not seem to be any direct link between these Christian practices7 and the Jewish custom of ossilegium (see App. A). The two customs stem from very different concepts and were carried out for totally different purposes. Moreover, the reliquaries published by Grabar8 and Figueras9 date from several

hundred years after the chip-carved ossuaries upon which they are allegedly based.1° The chip-carved decoration of the reliquaries is characteristic of the material culture in Palestine (mainly of the Negev) in

the sixth and seventh centuries." Similar Christian

artefacts of this period have been reported from North Africa.12 It is to this culture and period that the Memoria Feliciani reliquary from Algiers should be assigned; it has no links with Jewish ossuaries (see Introduction, §9C).13

The early Anchorites who lived in the tomb-caves on the Mount of Olives, Jerusalem14 were familiar with Jewish ossuaries and even reused some of them for their own purposes (see above, §7, n. 13).15 The decoration on these ossuaries impressed neither the hermits nor anyone else in Jerusalem at this time; no

example of rosettes or of any other chip-carved

until the early third century, when the custom of using ossuaries was on the wane. Local Christian reliquaries, none of which were made before the fifth century, are not even remotely reminiscent of chip-carved (or even plain) ossuaries in either form

or decoration. The chip-carved reliquaries of the late-fifth to seventh, if not of the eighth, centuries must thus be regarded as part of the Byzantine tradition of chip-carving, executed in stone, wood and pottery in Palestine-Syria and North Africa. The few ornamented reliquaries bear rows of simple concentric circles,17 or a simple, inlaid metal cross.18

All reliquaries should thus be seen as independent Byzantine creations.

1

Clermont-Ganneau 1873a:398, n. 2; cf. Leclercq and Cabrol

1937, cols. 25-27.

2 Among the saints mentioned in the inscription is Simon Stylites, probably the Elder, who died in 459 CE; see Leroy 1966:17-22. On the basis of its decoration, this reliquary cannot be earlier than the sixth century. 3

Grabar 1964.

In general, see J.P. Kirsch in RAC, s.v. Altar, cols. 343-347. For Palestine and Jordan, see Bagatti 1962:121-134; Sailer 1941:101-103; Leclercq in Dictionnaire des Antiquites Chretiennes, s.v. Reliques et reliquaires, cols. 2323-2325; for Syria, see Delahaye 1935; Tchalenko 1957:261, 334-335; Napoleone and Balty 1969:57-65; Pfister 1974:686-688; Canivet 4

1978:153-162.

For most of these holes, this interpretation seems preferable to the theory that they served as openings for the exhalation of the odour of sanctity (Leory 1966:21); this seems to have been a later explanation, rather than the original reason. 6 See also Leclercq in Dictionnaire des Antiquites Chretiennes, cols. 2313-2318; Kitting in RAC, s.v. Devotionalien, cols. 5

866-869.

Appendix C These practices first appear among Christians in Asia Minor, as remarked by Figueras 1983:11, n. 71. 7

8

Grabar 1964. For a similar object, see Elbern 1984:82-86,

61

Rahmani 1983:222-225; Rahmani 1988:62-65 and the examples cited there. For further Syrian parallels in stone, 11

some dated as early as the late-fourth to fifth centuries CE, see

Figs. 1-2.

Baccache 1980: Figs. 58, 64, 245, 246, 248, 312.

9

Figueras 1983: Pl. 24:232 (a drawing based on photo No. 830, the Archaeological Institute of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem; the photo was taken in the 1930's by the late Prof.

12

Sukenik at Palmyra). This object - not an ossuary - was

Jaubert 1966:172-178; Duval 1975: Figs. 25, 29, 62, 63, 67, 69 and 94. I would like to thank Prof. N. Duval for drawing my attention to these parallels and for supplying copies of these publications.

Pinard 1950:236-239, Pls. 6 and 7; Fevrier and Marcillet-

probably connected with the fifth to sixth century Christian community at Palmyra (see Gabriel 1926:88-90; Puchstein in Wiegand et al. 1932:32-33; Browning 1979:160-170). For a discussion of ornamentation similar to this reliquary (two encircled crosses), see Weigand 1914/19:209-211, Figs. 4-6;

For a contemporary, chip-carved pottery jug from Christian

Rahmani 1983:222-224, Pl. 27A. See also, a late-fourth century reliquary (Baccache 1980: Fig. 81) from Kafr Nabo (northern

ossuaries from the third century CE (see above, §9, Groups Ca, Cb) were decorated.

Syria). 10

Applebaum's thesis (1953:202ff, citing Holmquist 1938:258)

that the chip-carving technique of Jewish art in Palestine influenced styles to the West in the second half of the

fourth century and ultimately affected Merovingian art is thus untenable. One may here add, that a chip-carved clay reliquary from Clermont-Ferrand, France cited as Palestinian by Buschhausen 1971:312, No. C64 is in fact Merovingian, dating from the seventh or eighth century (see Elbern 1965:142, No. 142). On chip-carving in late Roman and early Mediaeval Europe, see Riegl 1927:291-316. For dating, recently amended, see Gilles 1984:302-310.

North Africa, see Kaufmann 1922:600, Fig. 300.

Papier 1895. Clermont-Ganneau (1898) assumed that this reliquary was a Jewish ossuary; see also, Leclercq and Cabrol 13

1937. It should also be remembered that almost no Jewish

14 Thus Makhouly 1939:45-46. For its reuse in the sixth century, see Barag 1970:63-64; cf. Vincent and Abel 1926: 850852. For the reuse of a Jewish tomb between Hebron and Lachish in the sixth to tenth centuries CE, see Kloner 1990. 15

This is the origin of the deeply incised cross on one

ossuary; see above, §7C, n. 12. 16 E.g. Baramki 1934:116, Pls. 37:2, 40:2. 17 E.g. Saller 1941:Fig. 15:2, Pl. 127:1, 2. 18 Kraeling et al. 1938:253, Pl. 50:b.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS OF ARCHITECTURAL AND ORNAMENTAL PARALLELS I

2

Vestibule of tomb, Wadi Qaddum, Silwan, Jerusalem. Loculi in tomb chamber, Jerusalem (K.O. Dalman 1939:200,

Fig. 6). 3

Facade, 'Nicanor's Tomb', Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem (Avigad

Gable over entrance, 'Tomb of the Grapes', Jerusalem

(Macalister 1900:Pl. 3). 5 Tomb facade, the Khazna, Petra (Briinnow and Domaszewski

Details showing discs, 'Absalom's Monument', Kidron

Valley, Jerusalem (Avigad 1954:98, Fig. 58). 28 Tomb facade, Hinnom Valley, Jerusalem (Vincent and Steve 1954: Fig. 94). 29

1967a: 123, Fig. 5). 4

27

Details of door-jamb capitals, 'Tomb of the Grapes',

Jerusalem (Macalister 1900:P1. 4c). 30

Details of ceiling-centre in innermost chamber, 'Tomb of

7 Tomb facade, Hinnom Valley, Jerusalem (Vincent and Steve

the Grapes', Jerusalem (Macalister 1900: Pl. 4e). 31 Detail from vestibule over entrance to tomb chamber, 'Tomb of the Grapes', Jerusalem (Macalister 1900: Pl. 4b). 32 Facade, 'Tomb of the Kings', Jerusalem (Avigad 1956:340, Fig. 18).

1954:343, Fig. 93B).

33

1904: Pl. 2).

6 Tomb facade, Petra (Briinnow and Domaszewski 1904:169, Fig. 193).

8 Tomb-chamber entrance,

Hinnom

Valley,

Jerusalem

Detail of soffit, entrance to the 'Tomb of the Grapes',

Jerusalem.

Detail of soffit, entrance to the 'Tomb of the Grapes',

(Macalister 1901:157, Fig. 25b).

34

9 Lattice gate, Boscoreale; detail of wall painting (Lehman 1956: Pl. 15).

Jerusalem. 35 Gable of vestibule-entrance, Sanhedriya Tomb, Jerusalem.

10 Facade, 'omb of the Frieze', Jerusalem (Avigad 1950-51:100, Fig. 5).

36

View from the forecourt, 'Jason's Tomb', Jerusalem. 'Absalom's Monument', Tomb of 'Benei Hezir' and 'Tomb of Zechariah', Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. 13 'Absalom's Monument', Kidron Valley, Jerusalem (Avigad 11

12

Ceiling of tomb vestibule, Hinnom Valley, Jerusalem

(Macalister 1901:217). 37 Gable over entrance, 'Tomb of Jehoshaphat', Kidron Valley, Jerusalem (Avigad 1954:135, Fig. 77). 38

Stone door from chamber, 'Tomb of the Kings', Jerusalem

1954:96, Fig. 52).

(Dussaud 1912:47, No. 34). 39 Tomb facade, Jerusalem (Vincent and Steve 1954:362, Fig.

14 Tomb of Zechariah', Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. 15 Tomb monument, Sarsina (late-first century BCE) (Avigad

102, left). 40 Entrance

1954:113, Fig. 69:9).

(Macalister 1901:157, Fig. 25a).

16 Tomb facade, Petra (Horsfield 1938: Pl. 67:2).

41

17

Detail of wall graffiti, Dura Europos (Rostovtzeff et al.

1952: Pl. 14:1). 18

Architectural detail, 'Tomb of the Kings', Jerusalem (Kon

1947:80, Fig. 25). 19 Wall drawings in a Jewish tomb, Jericho (Hachlili 1981:33, Fig. 25).

20 Top of tomb monument, Jericho (Hachlili 1981:P1. 4:A). 21 Tomb facade, Hinnom Valley, Jerusalem (Avigad 195051:105, Fig. 9).

Capital, 'Tomb of the Kings' (Vincent and Steve 1954:Pl. 94, bottom, right). 23 Tomb facade, Petra (Briinnow and Domaszewski 1904:163, 22

Fig. 188). 24

Rock-cut side wall of tomb vestibule, Jerusalem (Avigad

1945:78, Fig. 3). 25

Capital, 'Absalom's Monument', Kidron Valley, Jerusalem

(Avigad 1954:98, Fig. 57, centre). 26 Architectural details, 'Absalom's Monument', Kidron Valley, Jerusalem (Avigad 1954:97, Fig. 56:1).

to tomb chamber, Hinnom Valley, Jerusalem

Stone door from chamber, 'Tomb of the Kings', Jerusalem

(Kon 1947:69, Fig. 15). 42

Loculi in chamber, Sanhedriya Tomb.

43

Arcosolia inside rock tomb, Kh. Zakhariye (Clermont-

Ganneau 1896:353: B). 44 Detail of capital, arcosolium of rock-cut tomb, Kh. Zakhariye (Clermont-Ganneau 1896:355:I). 45 Palm tree, west of Jaffa Gate, Jerusalem. 46 Exposed roots of palm tree, west of Jaffa Gate, Jerusalem. 47 White lily (Lilium candidum) (Feliks 1957:237:2). 48 Coin of King Mattathias-Antigonus (Kindler 1958: P1. 4). 49 Graffiti on wall of late-first century CE house, Upper City, Jerusalem (Avigad 1983: Fig. 154). 50 Stone sundial (B. Mazar 1973a:82). 51

Graffiti on vestibule-wall, 'Jason's Tomb', Jerusalem

(Rahmani 1967b:74, Fig. 7). 52 Jewish oil lamp (V. Sussman 1982b:31, No. 1). 53 Lintel over entrance to a Nabataean tomb, 'Avdat (Jaussen et al. 1905:88).

CATALOGUE

Explanatory Notes Each entry begins with the item's sequential number

It should be noted that the hand carving of the

in the catalogue, printed in boldface, followed by a plate number referring to its photograph in this volume. This is at times followed by the word

ossuaries often resulted in differences of measurements

`Fig.', with a number referring to drawings of details appearing in the Introduction.

Immediately below the catalogue number is the inventory number of the item in brackets. Ossuaries

numbered 1-756, 863-866 and 868-895 belong to the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA, formerly the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums, IDAM, which succeeded the Mandatory Department of Antiquities in Palestine; the latter two are referred to as `the Department' throughout the

catalogue); Nos. 757-804 are items registered with the Archaeological Staff Officer of Judaea and

between the front and back, and the right and left of both the chest and the lid. The measurements in this catalogue and those of other publications may vary by as much as 4 cm due to the measurements being taken at different locations of the ossuary.

Though chests are rectangular unless otherwise stated, many of them taper toward the base; this phenomenon has been noted in the `description' only if it is exceptionally pronounced.

Thickness of the walls of the chest has been noted only when exceeding the norm of 3-4 cm. Material is the soft, local limestone, unless otherwise noted after the measurements. Technique includes:

R. Hachlili's excavations at Jericho); Nos. 805-862

1. Chip carved - indicates that the ornamentation was executed by gouging out triangular or curved

and No. 867 are in the collections of the Israel

wedges.

Museum, Jerusalem (IM). Measurements are quoted after the bracketed numbers.

2. Incised - indicates that the ornamentation was

Unless otherwise stated, these measurements are in

the order: length x width x height (length of the front rim of the chest x width of the rim

3. Finely incised - a process similar to incision but resulting in fainter lines. 4. Relief carved - usually found on hard limestone

of the narrow side to the right of the chest's front

ossuaries.

x height of the right edge of the chest's front,

5. Painted - indicates that the ornamentation was

measured from the rim to the base or Foot of the

executed in wash or paint on the surface of the stone.

chest). Tub-shaped ossuaries (Nos 374 and 852) were measured for both length and width at the centre of the chest's rim.

6. Plain - indicates an ossuary completely lacking

Samaria (ASOJS; those prefixed ASOJS Jer. are from

executed by the incision of shallow lines.

ornamentation.

If the lid extends above the rim of the chest, its height is recorded, prefixed by `+'; in the case of gabled and vaulted lids resting on an inner ledge, some 2-3 cm should be added to obtain the lid's full height. In cases wherein one of

Provenance (Pron.). This indicates, as far as is known, the location of the discovery; if this is

the first three measurements cannot be determined due to damage, a dash (-) has been inserted in its stead. If a cornice protrudes considerably beyond the rim of the chest, measurements are given as: chest length, measured directly beneath the cornice, followed by the length including the cornice itself x chest width, similarly measured and also followed by the width including the cornice in parentheses. If a gabled or vaulted lid broadens into a cornice, this is noted under the description of the lid, followed

Description (Descr.). The physical condition of the item is, if necessary, described using the following

in parentheses by the length x width of the lid,

6. Unfinished - indicating that the motifs were only

including the cornice.

partially completed, the rest being sketched in or

Jerusalem or its environs, it includes further details deemed necessary.

terms:

1. Fragmentary - if only part of an ossuary survives. 2. Broken.

3. Reconstructed - from surviving fragments.

4. Restored - indicating the addition of plaster for missing pieces.

5. Worn - if the surface of the item has been damaged by wear.

72

Explanatory Notes

lacking altogether. More detailed information may be found under the headings Òrnam.' and `Lid'.

to ensure a close fit of the lid and avoid damage by incorrect insertion.

Front (F) indicates the long side of the chest or

Outer edge is the edge of the lid opposite the insertion edge. The differences between `flat' to

lid with the main ornamentation, or, if plain, with an inscription. In some cases, this definition is arbitrary. Back (B) refers to the long side opposite the front. Right (R) and Left (L) refer to the shorter

`slightly vaulted' lids are irregular and often difficult to define; thus, these terms are only approximate.

sides of the chest in relation to the front.

Marks (Mark). These were incised by the the artisan

Inner ledge designates a narrow ledge carved into the inside of the chest's rim to support a lid. Such ledges are described as 'on two sides' if carved only on the long sides of the chest, or 'on four sides',

on one edge of the lid to indicate the direction in which it should be inserted. Sometimes a second, though not always similar, mark was incised on the corresponding rim or side of the chest. In the drawings in this volume, when two such marks

which was usually to support a gabled or vaulted lid. Ledges described as òn three sides' refer to instances

occur, they are depicted one atop the other (lid over

where the two long sides have a ledge at the same level as the lowered rim of a short side; this enabled the insertion of a sliding lid. Wash signifies colour applied over the surface of the item, often only on the front of the chest, but sometimes on four sides, the lid and even the lid's

chest, unless otherwise noted).

underside. In most cases, the wash was applied before carving and the incision was cut through the stained surface to the stone's natural surface. If no feet are mentioned, the chest has a flat, straight

Inscriptions (Inscr.). Unless noted otherwise, these

base.

Single marks appearing only on the lids or chest have been included in this section, as have marks apparently unassociated with the positioning of the lid.

were incised and, like the marks, were often too faint to appear in photographs. The inscriptions and

the marks have been copied by the Department's draughtsman, Mr B. Zielony, under the author's supervision.

Ornamentation (Ornam.). Under this heading, only

the ornamentation on the chest is described; the examples of ornamented lids are described under the heading `Lid'. The terms used to describe the decorative elements and ornamentation are those detailed and illustrated in the Introduction. Discussion of ornaments, unless deemed exceptional or important, has been kept at an absolute minimum. A fuller discussion accompanied by drawings, may be found in the Introduction.

Lids (Lid). If no mention is made of a lid, it is missing, often through looting in antiquity; for various reasons, those lids that survive sometimes do not appear in photographs.

Cut-to-measure describes a lid that has been cut at one narrow edge so that it fits securely onto the rim of the chest. Overhanging indicates that the lid extends beyond the chest's edge. When the lid is significantly longer than the chest, its length has been given in parentheses. Fingergrips designate large or small recesses carved

into one or both short ends of gabled, vaulted and occasionally even flat lids to facilitate opening and closing of the chest. Insertion edge of a sliding lid is the edge intended to

be inserted first onto an inner ledge; this was done

The drawing of the inscription is followed by its reading, either as originally published (see under 'Bibliography') or occasionally as amended by the present author. Those published herein for the first time include the present author's reading. The author gratefully accepted readings suggested by J. Naveh (see Nos. 18, 54, 87, 290, 293, 430, 461, 610, 696, 796, 797 and 801), L. Di Segni (see Nos. 142, 478 and 599) and V. Tzaferis (see No. 559). If an ossuary bears more than one inscription, each is prefixed by a sequential letter of the alphabet and referred to in the comments by these letters. The following editorial symbols were used in reading the inscriptions: Dots in place of letters indicate illegible letters and their approximate number. Dots under (Greek) or above (Jewish) letters indicate broken or damaged letters. the resolution of a contraction the completion of effaced or damaged letters or words or a lacuna a line break in the inscription (

)

[

1

Bibliography (Bibl.). Each bibliography lists the major publications in which the item is discussed, details of which may be found in the comprehensive

bibliography. HA designates the short notes by

Explanatory Notes the excavators on current discoveries appearing in Iiadashot Arkheologiyot (Hebrew); these have been

cited only when a fuller publication is lacking. Beginning with No. 78, an English translation of IUadashot Arkheologiyot appears under the title Excavations and Surveys in Israel (ESI).

Comments (Comm.). The first notation in the commentary is the way in which the ossuary was acquired. If an ossuary originated from a tomb, a brief reference as to the type of tomb and number of ossuaries it contained is given. If more than one ossuary was retained from the same tomb, this

73

together with the catalogue numbers of the other ossuaries; the first comment of all succeeding ossuaries from that tomb refer the reader to this entry. Ossuaries belonging to one tomb group are summarized in the Table of Tomb Groups (TTG). If final reports have not been published, the excavator is thanked in the commentary for granting his or her permission to publish the ossuary. References to the Introduction are according to sections and subsections. Anthropological observations have been included only if they seemed relevant to the ossuaries listed

information appears in the first comment of the first

here. For summaries of some results in this field, readers are referred to Arensburg et al. 1980 and

ossuary of the tomb group listed in the catalogue,

Goldstein et al. 1980 and 1981.

CATALOGUE

Pl. I

1

[S 746] 84(85) x 31(34) x 40 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Cornice on all sides. F, L and R Cavetto above base. Low feet.

Ornam. F Three metopes; bead-and-reel patterned 'triglyphs'. In central metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; petal-tips linked by segments. In each outer metope, a similarly encircled twelvepetalled rosette with rounded petal-tips. Inscr. A. F Small. Top, centre:

n0

leaves. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Bibl. Avi-Yonah 1948:154, Pl. XLV:3; Goodenough 1953:124, Fig. 176. Comm. The metope scheme seems to have been combined with a 'columned porch' motif.

3 [S 750] 37 x 20 x 23 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Low feet.

P1. 1

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, each containing a twelve-petalled rosette inside a zigzag

IlanoS Pap(p)os B. R Large:

circle.

Lid Flat, overhanging (40 cm long). Mark On R of chest. Large: Inscr. F Centre:

IIanoc Pap(p)os Bibl. Vincent 1900:110, Pl. IIA; Hornstein 1900:75, Fig. 3; Kautsch 1900:40-41, Fig. 26. Comm. 1. The Department retained seven out of

27 ossuaries (Nos. 1, 3-6, 8 and 11) recovered from a double-chambered loculi tomb. 2. For the unusual treatment of the base, cf. No. 74.

3. IIan(n)oq: For the name, cf. Raniaq/v'oo (No. 139), v'm (No. 256) and IIanniwv (CPJ 1519), dated to 5 BCE; see also, at Bet She'arim, Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974:131. Since these examples are all personal names, it is unlikely that here the word means `grandfather'. It should rather be considered a term of endearment (Lalinamen), derived from 7=7= `papa', for `father', similar to 'AIA(IA)ia (No. 51) or Tc-n (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974:128). See also the name 'Imma' on No. 257, derived from rt»rt 'mother'. For such names, see Lidzbarski 1908:20.

2

P1. 1

[S 7,49] 57 x 28.5 x 35 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?).

Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames at base and sides and frieze of intersecting semi-circles at top. Broadened 'triglyph' contains a floral ornament composed of two ivy leaves between three elongated

Desc.

65v mvv' Ish(sh)bah, peace Bibl. Vincent 1900:108, Pl. VIB; Lugscheider 1900:35. Comm. 1. See Comm. 1:1.

2. The mark may have been intended as a monogram or may represent scales alluding to the occupation of the deceased's family, i.e. money-changer (nummularius); cf. an epitaph in the Catacomb of Priscilla, Rome (Leclercq and Cabrol 1937, s.v. monnai, Fig. 8343), or a similar at Bet She'arim (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974:92). For other possibilities, such as baker, see Leclercq and Cabrol 1937, s.v. balance. It is unlikely that the representation refers to the occupation of the deceased, as the size of the ossuary suggests that it belonged to a child 3. navv>: This may stand for nav' (cf. I Chron. 4:17) with the shin doubled, similar to iwv' 'Issachar'. nzv' is parallelled in Palmyrene as SBHY (see Stark 1971, s.v., who tentatively relates the latter to shebah 'praise'), and in Safaitic as SBII (see Lancester-Harding 1971, s.v.) 4. o5v: Here the word probably means 'peace' rather than the similarly spelt female name; cf. Avigad

Catalogue

76

1967b:103-106; Benoit et al. 1961:No. 30:6, 25; No. 30:33 (o5w) and Dinkier 1974:124-125. For later occurrences, see the examples at Bet She'arim.

4

Pl. 1

[S 753] 52 x 22 x 25.5 cm. Incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F and B Two six-petalled rosettes in concentric line circles. L and R Similar to F nd B, a rosette in concentric line circles. Lid Flat. Worn. Three palm branches incised in freehand. Comm. 1. See Comm. 1:1. 2. The lid did not originally belong to this ossuary.

branch. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Bibl. Vincent 1900:108, Pl. IIB; Hornstein 1900:76; Lugscheider 1900:35; Avi-Yonah 1948:154, Pl. XLV : 2; Goodenough 1953:124, Fig. 177. Comm. See Comm. 1:1.

7 [S 763] 63 x 26 x 33 cm. Plain. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Traces of red

wash. Low feet.

Lid Flat, sliding. Narrow sides. Mark On top of insertion edge:

Pl. 1

8 [S 765] 49 x 28.5 x 36.5 cm. Plain.

5 [S 754] 64 x 24 x 35 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken. Low feet.

Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Inscr. F Upper left corner:

Ornam. F Two six-petalled rosettes survive, each inside zigzag circles.

-fln"1111)

Inscr. R Fragmentary:

'Epq)/ti(a)piou [of] Erotarion Bibl. Vincent 1900:110, Pl. IIA; ClermontGanneau 1900a:308; Hornstein 1900:76; Kautzsch 1900:40-41; Lugscheider 1900:35. Comm. 1. See Comm. 1:1.

2. Clermont-Ganneau read a no longer extant inscription on the F and identified it as the female name Erotarion (cf. No. 55). 3. The second letter of the first line was apparently intended as a rho. At the beginning of the second line there may be a ligature of tau, alpha(?) and rho.

6 [S 760] 53 x 25.5 x 32 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Low feet.

Pl. 1

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag and line frames; broadened `triglyph' contains seven-stalked

nvinrin Master Iahos(a)(?) Bibl. Vincent 1900:107f, Pl. IIA; ClermontGanneau 1900a:308; Kautzsch 1900:40-41; Lugscheider 1900:35; Lidzbarski 1902:187, 312, 351; G.H. Dalman 1903:83; Samuel Klein 1920: No. 73; Bagatti and Milik 1958:98, n. 16; Puech 1983:503, No. 4. Comm. 1. See Comm. 1: 1. 2. Vincent, Lugscheider, Clermont-Ganneau and Kautzsch read mvn 'iv or n'vrn -in; Klein read 7n

n'vn. Though all suggest that the samekh and yod were transposed, they do not satisfactorily explain the suggested name. Dalman suggested reading nvtrn -)a, while Lidzbarski read twin' -n (cf. Milik 1956-57:243, Fig. 10) and Bagatti and Milik suggested nn' min for nnrc n'-in, 'Maria, the mother'. The fourth letter, however, is definitely a het, while the last is a heh; thus nvirn -n must be excluded as must nv' nrin (Puech 1983:503, No. 4). Moreover, the first letter seems to be mem, from which the penultimate letter differs slightly, indicating a samekh. A possible reading is rio nvm 'my lord Hosah'; in the Bible, the name is attested to as that of a Levitic family in Davidic times, though in a late work (I Chron. 16:38; 26: 11). For rn `master' see No. 327; for its plural see No. 560. There are several examples in which

Catalogue

77

the relationship of the deceased to the engraver is similarly emphasized, e.g. nn:im 'our father' (Nos. 12, 70 and 561) and cnJ m òur mother' (No. 71); thus, no is possible. As a further possibility, compare the name ' I c oS, which appears in a Roman inscription

10 [S 772] 68.5 x 23.5 x 29.5 cm. Thinly incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Unfinished. Red wash. Low feet.

(CIG 111: 6417; cf. Pape and Benseler 1911, s.v.).

frames at top and sides; frieze of semi-circles at base. Each metope contains a six-petalled rosette inside line circles, linked to corners of metopes by diagonal zigzags; central metope has small, sixpetalled rosettes in lower corners. Lid Flat, overhanging.

For the form 'lachosa', instead of 'lachos', compare xvb:nx for 4XXoc (Gen. R. 6:4; Num. R. 6:9), (Esth. R. to 1: 10). Thus, -n or MV 1 for ivin) 'Master Iahosa' need not be ruled out.

P1. 2

Ornam. F Three metopes in unfinished zigzag

Comm. The lid probably does not belong to this Pl. 2 9 [S 767] 58 x 30.5 x 35.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Unknown Descr. Damaged. Inner ledge on two sides. Low

ossuary.

feet.

[S 773] 70 x 30 x 38 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet. Inscr. R:

Ornam. F Two metopes in line frames; broadened `triglyph'. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette

11

fPw

inside concentric line circles.

Mark On R of chest: Inscr.

-rA F_

A. F In `triglyph':

Hpw/ziq Protas Bibl. Vincent 1900:110, Pl. IIA; Hornstein 1900:76, Fig. 2; Kautzsch 1900:41, Fig. 27; Samuel Klein 1920: No. 72. Comm. 1. See Comm. 1:1.

wo Yeshu B. F In left metope: 4

I D/ _H $I ).OA- I P Over -13 viw) Yeshua', son of Yehosef Bibl. Sukenik 1931a:19, n. 1, Pl. 4; Vincent 1931. Comm. 1. viva-,: A contraction of vv n', familiar

from the later books of the Bible (I and II Chron., Ezra and Neh.) and Talmudic sources, where it is also contracted as tw' for Jesus of Nazareth (cf. Krauss 1908; Goldstein 1950:24 and 270, n. 22). This ossuary carries both the fuller form of the name, Yeshua', as well as the contraction Yeshu, indicating that the shorter form of the name bore no negative connotations due to its association with Jesus of Nazareth (as assumed in Kuhn 1982:667-668). For a probable occurrence of `Yeshu', see Pixner 1983:344, No. 7; for vwr, see Yadin and Naveh 1989: No. 420:5.

2. For contemporaneous full and contracted forms of names, cf. M. Shab. 12:3. For the appearance of both forms on the same ossuary, see Nos. 42, 270, 370, 468 and 829; Index of Subjects, s.v. Inscriptions, contents; Personal names, contractions. 3. Ovtm: For the name, see Bagatti and Milik 1958:89, No. 20.

2. IIpwt&S: The name also appears on No. 236, and among Jews in Egypt (CPJ 421:201 from 73 CE) and Italy (Frey 1936:50; 98).

Pl. 2 [S 863] 75 x 35 x 38 + 20 cm. Hard limestone; comb dressed. Relief carved. Prov. Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Descr. Base damaged. Inner ledge on four sides. 12

Ornam. F In sunken panel, two eight-petalled rosettes; petal-tips rounded. B. Roughly hammer dressed. L and R Similar rosette in sunken panel. Lid Vaulted; base broadened into cornice measuring 77 x 36.5 cm. Profiled inner rim. Inscr. Lid R:

rulay

2cj) 1 , J .,

Il`1 .,9 C 1n nit Ovmv.:iv 'wnvwinnax our father, Shim'on (the) Elder, Yehosef his son Bibl. Mayer 1924:59-60, No. 1, Inscr. 1; Lidzbarski 1924:424; Sukenik 1924b : No. 1; Savignac 1925 : No.1. Comm. 1. The Department retained 16 of 19

78

Catalogue

ossuaries (Nos. 12-27) discovered in a doublechambered, masonry-walled tomb; the remaining three plain, uninscribed ossuaries are Mayer 1924:60, Nos. 9, 10 and 19. 2. Mayer regarded `Yehosef his son' as the signature of the man who had collected and reinterred his father's bones. Sukenik speculated that the deceased might have been Simon b. Gamliel, a member of the Sanhedrin. Savignac, like Lidzbarski, preferred to interpret the inscription as the names of three deceased people, the first of whom was named Abinah, although he agreed that the third letter in this word was a vav rather than a yod. Dr P. Smith (Hebrew University Medical School) examined the scanty remains and identified the teeth of two adults and one child (refuting Mayer's claim that the remains were of only one person); nonetheless, there are other instances of an ossuary's contents not matching its inscription. The name Àbinah' or 'Abunah' appears in Talmudic literature, mainly among Babylonian sages of the third century CE and later. The form of the tomb, however, and the material and workmanship of this ossuary indicate a date no later than 70 CE. Thus, the interpretation òur father', as on No. 70 and parallel to snnrt òur mother' on No. 71, seems correct. This reading contravenes a ruling in Sem. 1: 12 which limits this epithet exclusively to the three Patriarchs, and the epithet òur Mother' to the four Matriarchs; such contraventions were not unusual (see Zlotnick 1966:99, n. 10, 100, n. 11). 3. mkv: For its meaning as èlder', or as an honorific title, see an inscription in `Jason's Tomb', Jerusalem (Avigad 1967b: 104).

4. ltvmv: The name occurs very frequently; see Index of Inscriptions, s.v.; Bagatti and Milik 1958:76-77, No. 5. 5. n- ovtrr: It is difficult to explain `Yehosef his son'. In two similar cases (Nos. 73 and 396) r-i:t ànd her (resp. his) son' clearly refers to two deceased people. Here, the absence of the conjunctive vav suggests that Shim'on the Elder's remains were interred by `Yehosef his son'. For other instances in which the name on the ossuary seems to be that of a son who interred a parent's remains, see No. 370 and perhaps No. 573. See also Comm. 139:5.

6. For the workmanship of this ossuary, cf. No. 153.

13 P1.2 [S 864] 72 x 35 x 39.5 + 17 cm. Hard limestone; comb

dressed. Relief carved. Thickness of walls: 5.1 cm.

Prov. Desc.

Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Damaged.

Ornam. F In sunken panel, two rosettes; the right-hand rosette has six petals, with smaller petals in between; the left-hand one has sixteen petals, rounded at tips. B Roughly hammer dressed. L Four-petalled rosette; petals in form of longleaved branches with olive-shaped fruits between leaves. R Four-petalled rosette; petals lily-shaped. Lid Gabled; base broadens into cornice, measuring 77 x 40 cm. F Two discs. Inscr. F Slightly left-of-centre:

-aft riwN othj Shalom, wife of El'azar Bibl. Mayer 1924:59-60, No. 13, Inscr. 8; Sukenik 1924b : No. 7; Savignac 1925 : No. 13; Avi-Yonah

1948:162, Pl. 46:4-5. Comm. 1. See Comm. 1:1. 2. ot5vi: A contracted form of lrsnt5v; see Bagatti and Milik 1958:79-81, No. 8. 3. -n ft: This name occurs frequently, see Index of Inscriptions, s.v.; Bagatti and Milik 1958:92, No. 25. 4. The petals of the rosette on L resemble branches of an olive tree; the fruit represented here corroborates this impression, even though there could not have been any naturalistic intent. For a slightly more naturalistic representation of an olive branch and fruit, somewhat similar to that on the sarcophagus lid from the `Tomb of the Kings', Jerusalem, see No. 14: Right gable (cf. de Saulcy 1850:226, Pl. XXXI-XXXII). 5. For the lily-shaped petals of the rosette, R, cf. No. 282: Right gable, akin to No. 195 and No. 375; this motif has evolved into a representation with the leaves at the base of a flower.

14 Pl. 3; Fig. 68 [S 865] 80 x 39 x 43 + 28 cm. Hard limestone; comb dressed. Relief carved. Prov. Kidron Valley, Jerusalem.

Protruding inner rim. Ornam. F Raised rectangle with broad margins, resembling an ashlar. B Roughly hammer dressed. L In sunken panel, disc. R In sunken panel, wreath, fillet tied above, its ends inside wreath. Lid Gabled; base broadens into cornice, measuring 84 x 40 cm. F Similar to F of chest. Left gable: Upright vine-leaf; tendrils in lower corners. Right gable: Three long-leaved branches; olives in corners Descr.

Catalogue below the joint of the upright and horizontal

79

B. R:

branches. Bibl. Mayer 1924:60, No. 3; Goodenough 1953:118, Figs. 142-143. Comm. 1. See Comm. 12: 1.

2. For the olive branches, see No. 893:F, centre and Comm. 13:4.

15 [S 868] 85 x 28 x 36.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Descr. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Pl. 3

Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frame. 'Triglyph' replaced by palm-tree motif; ascending branches mirrored by roots. Each outer metope contains a whirl-rosette with six-petalled rosette in centre. In central metope, a six-petalled rosette inside palm-trunk patterned circle; petal-tips linked

lnvnw -ia 'lvnm Yehosef, son of Shim'on Bibl. Mayer 1924:59-60, No. 5, Inscr. 7; Sukenik 1924b : No. 2; Savignac 1925: Nos. 7, 7a. Comm. 1. See Comm. 12: 1.

2. Mayer and Sukenik failed to note Inscr. A and read the first name in Inscr. B as -17m) or pn', contracted forms of 5pnrn or pnr. Savignac noted 'Yehosef' on F and thus correctly read the inscription on R. The samekh and final peh in the first name of Inscr. B must thus be regarded as a ligature.

17 [S 870] 62.5 x 29 x 37 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Kidron Valley, Jerusalem.

by segments. Lid Flat. Broken.

Inscr. L.Tin 9vn(' -13] invr Yo'ezer, [son of Ye] hosef Bibl. Mayer 1924:59-60, No. 7, Inscr. 4; Sukenik 1924b : No. 4; Samuel Klein 1925:93, No. 5; Savignac 1925 : No. 4; Avi-Yonah 1950:63, Pl. 20:1; Goodenough 1953:125, Fig. 193. Comm. 1. See Comm. 12: 1. 2. invr: A contraction of - nvm (see No. 151 and Comm. 793:2; see also Yadin and Naveh 1989: No.

Descr. Low feet. Ornam. F Reticulate pattern of rhombs. Lid Flat. Broken. Traces of red lines. Inscr. R:

nw p itv5n Hel'azar, son of Shet Bibl. Mayer 1924:59-60, No. 8, Inscr. 5; Sukenik 1924b : No. 6; Savignac 1925: No. 5; Goodenough 1953:127, Fig. 210; Bagatti and Milik 1958:92, No.

383).

25.

3. ia: This suggestion by Mayer and Sukenik, rather than Savignac's reading p, accords with the present examination of the inscription. Klein rejected both these readings, considering the names to be of two

Comm. 1. See Comm. 12: 1. 2. - nv5n: Mayer, Sukenik and Savignac read the

deceased persons.

16 [S 869] 73 x 31.5 x 42 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Descr. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, each containing a twenty-one petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; discs in corners of metopes. Inscr. A. F Upper-right corner:

qvn> Yehosef

Pl. 3

Pl. 3

first letter as aleph, though Savignac remarked on its similarity to heh, which is Milik's correct reading. The name obviously represents a local dialectal pronunciation, with heh replacing the aleph (encountered elsewhere, e.g. No. 801): the spiritus lenis appears as spiritus asper, as in local contemporary transcriptions of Greek words, e.g. 'Ap.cjvI'rmn or'ApX1vos v»ain (cf. Krauss 1898:59).

3. nw: This is attested as the name of the father of Ananias, the high priest (6-12 CE, cf. Josephus AJ 18:26). It also appears on No. 61:Inscr. B; as both ossuaries are large, it is unlikely that the word means `six' and that ben shet signifies `six years old'. 4. The reticulate pattern may be derived from the palm-trunk motif; cf. Intro. §llVa and No. 362.

Catalogue

80

P1.3

18 [S 871] 76.5 x 30 x 41 + 13 cm. Chip carved.

Prov.

Kidron Valley, Jerusalem.

Descr. Low feet. Ornam. F Zigzag frame containing two metopes; `triglyph' broadened and containing branch. In each metope, a whirl-rosette inside a zigzag circle with an eight-petalled rosette; petals heart-shaped. Discs in corners of metopes. Lid Vaulted. Inscr. R:

V xvD5rt -i ltvnv Shim'on, son of Alexa Bibl. Mayer 1924:59-60, No. 11, No. 6; Sukenik 1924b: No. 5; Lidzbarski 1924b; Savignac 1925: No. 6. Comm. 1. See Comm. 12:1 2. Though Mayer read only ...7s ltvnw, Sukenik suggested that the second name was Ovr. Savignac accepted Lidzbarski's suggestion of nrm, standing for n' oN. The present author prefers Naveh's reading of

20 [S 873] 68 x 28 x 35 + 15 cm. Plain. Prov. Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Gabled, sliding. Inscr. F:

y 'X iw5rt El'azar Bibl. Mayer 1924:59-60, No. 17, Inscr. 12; Sukenik 1924b : No. 8; Savignac 1925: No. 12. Comm. 1. See Comm. 12: 1.

2. -tv5m: For the name, cf. Bagatti and Milik 1958:92, No. 25.

Pl. 4 21 [S 874] 52 x 23 x 29.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Small fingergrip on outer edge. Incr. F Large. Badly centred:

Z VD5rc as a contraction of Alexandros; see No.

725 and, with a different spelling, No. 87. For Alexandros, cf. the Nicanor inscription (Frey 1952: No. 1256; Avigad 1967a: 124). See also 'AXel;&S in Cyrenaica (Liideritz 1983: No. 52h).

xnrt mother (or Imma) Bibl. Mayer 1924:59-60, No. 18, Inscr. 14; Sukenik 1924b : No. 13; Savignac 1925 : No. 14. Comm. 1. See Comm 12:1.

P1. 4 19 [S 872] 54 x 26.5 x 35 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Damaged. Inner ledge on three sides.

Ornam. F Two rows of rectangles; engaged columns and entablature roughly indicated. Each upper rectangle contains a six-petalled rosette inside a line circle; from these circles, finely incised leaves (palmettes?), executed in freehand, rise toward upper corners. Each lower rectangle contains a three-petalled rosette inside a line circle. B Two finely incised metopes in line frames; in each, a six-petalled rosette inside a line circle. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Mayer 1924:60, No. 12; Goodenough 1953:117, Fig. 129. Comm. 1. See Comm. 12: 1. 2. The motif on F may be a representation of superimposed loculi (see Intro. § 11 Ub; No. 269 and Comm. 785:2) or simply the result of combining a metope motif with the motif of a tomb's columned porch.

2. xmrt: Mayer offered two possibilities: that the word was used as a name similar to Imma Shalom (wife of R. Eli'ezer b. Hyrcanus), or that it simply meant 'mother', as in the ossuary inscription he quotes: rgre'pa (Thomsen 1921: No. 203). Sukenik preferred to regard it as a name. The other examples of a name accompanying this word on ossuaries (e.g. Nos. 71:Inscr. A, 351 and 801, in the latter case also in Greek), support the contention that it stands for 'mother'. It does, however, occur as a name on No. 257. See also, Comm. 135:3.

22 Pl. 4 [S 876] 65 x 29 x 36.5 + 15 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Descr. Traces of red wash. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, each containing a twenty-one-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle.

Lid Vaulted, broadened into cornice slightly smaller than rim of chest.

Catalogue

81

Inscr. R:

Inscr. F Inscr. A: In top of `triglyph', inscribed in two rows of Hebrew: yod, heh and vav of Yehudah in ligature. Inscr. B: In base of `triglyph', the name repeated in Aramaic; written vertically from bottom to top:

p-mtn> Yehosef

A.

Bibl. Mayer 1924:59-60, No. 4, Inscr. 2; Sukenik 1924b: No. 11; Savignac 1925: No. 2. Comm. 1. See Comm. 12: 1.

2. Mayer and Sukenik ignored the flourish after the samekh while Savignac remarked that it could hardly be accidental. One might thus read here Yehosif, for which cf. a varia lectio Josippus, in Josephus (Schalit 1967, s.v. 'I o-Innoc); here, however, `Yehosef' is a more likely reading, by analogy with 'or `Yose'.

(_A A J

oi5v.' Shalom, wife of Yehuda

B.

nun' rinN oft Shalom, wife of Yehuda Bibl. Mayer 1924:59-60, No. 13, Inscr. 8; Sukenik 1924b: No. 10; Savignac 1925: No. 8. Comm. 1. See Comm. 12: 1.

inscriptions are common, this is a rare example of a Hebrew-Aramaic ossuary inscription; the second inscription was overlooked by the excavator and subsequent scholars.

Worn. A. F:

n-n'iriv.

1958:74, No. 3b. 4. While Greek-Hebrew or Greek-Aramaic bilingual

Lid Flat, broken. Fingergrips. Inscr.

j1`lp',

2. aft: See Comm. 13:2. 3. non': For the name, see Bagatti and Milik

23 [S 877] 43 x 24.5 x 30 cm. Plain. Prov. Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Descr.

t1w ro-O -1 Ve

1

E Salome B. Effaced traces of earlier(?) Inscr. above: MA[PIAMH](?) Ma[riame](?) C. B:

ot5v Shalom Bibl. Mayer 1924:59-60, No. 16, Inscrs. 10-11; Sukenik 1924b : No. 12; Savignac 1925: Nos. 10-11;

Pl. 4 25 [S 879] 65 x 28 x 32 + 13 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Descr. Yellow wash. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, doubled at top and sides; broadened `triglyph'. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Lid Gabled with central, vaulted ridge. Bibl. Mayer 1924:60, No. 14. Comm. For the unusual form of the lid, see Intro. §3; Nos. 55bis, 124 and 843; see also Goodenough 1953: Fig. 178.

Puech 1983 : No. 22. Comm. 1. See Comm. 12: 1.

2. E aX n : For the name, cf. Comm. 13:2 and No. 800.

26

3. Puech's reading Mapt&n is possible, though far from certain.

[S 880] 54.5(56) x 27(28) x 31 + 13 cm. Plain. Prov. Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Descr. Worn. Inner ledge on four sides. Cornice

24

under rim of chest. Lid Gabled. Broken. Inscr. F:

Pl. 4

[S 878] 56 x 26.5 x 34.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, broadened `triglyph'. Each metope contains an off-centre, six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle.

Pl. 4

' iyo wmmz rsn5w Shlamzion, daughter of Shim'on

Catalogue

82

Bibl. Mayer 1924:59-60, No. 6, Inscr. 3; Sukenik 1924b : No. 3; Savignac 1925 : No. 3. Comm. 1. See Comm. 12: 1.

4. For the central plant motif, see Nos. 135, 245 and 335; for more elaborate versions, cf. Nos. 45, 513 and 810.

2. lrsnhj: For the name, see Clermont-Ganneau 1899:388-392 and Milik 1956-57:240; Bagatti and Milik 1958:72.

28

3. The end of the first line of the inscription shows vestiges of the letters shin and mem, presumably part of an unfinished 'Shimòn'.

[S 2575] 73 x 32 x 37 + 13 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. of Olives, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Gabled, sliding. Bibl. Sukenik 1928a.

Pl. 4; Fig. 88 [S 881161 x 26 x 32.5 + 10 cm. Chip carved. Pron. Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Descr. Traces of yellow wash. Low feet.

Comm. The Department retained eight of ten

27

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag and line frames; broadened `triglyph' containing plant with triangular base and seven branches ending in lanceolate leaves. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Lid Vaulted. Fragmentary. Inscr. R: -11-11

A

1

ossuaries recovered from a single-chambered loculi tomb (Nos. 28-35).

29 [S 2576] 62(63) x 30(31.5) x 35 + 12 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. of Olives, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Cornice under rim of chest.

Lid Gabled. Fingergrips. Marks On one gable of lid and corresponding rim of chest:

1-

7ev55 nz p5w Shalon, daughter of Li'azar. Bibl. Mayer 1924:59-60, No. 15, Inscr. 9; Sukenik 1924b : No. 9; Lidzbarski 1924; Savignac 1925: No. 9. Comm. 1. See Comm. 12: 1. 2. Mayer and Sukenik referred to the male name

Bibl. Sukenik 1928a. Comm. See Comm. 28.

`Shalum-Shalun' in Neh. 3:15, to which Sukenik added a reference to 'Salina' for 'Shlamzion' in Eusebius. All suggested or agreed that this was a contraction or alternate form of the name Shalamzion. Sukenik (1930c:154) amended Clermont-Ganneau's reading (1891:241) of an ossuary inscription into Shalon as well, and mentioned a Greek ossuary inscription reading 1cxX6v/Eacpipa. He later added (1932a:30) that this name occurred in Greek on Jewish tombstones in Italy; see also ZmX6 Sukenik 1945:29. For the name, see Bagatti and Milik 1958:79-81, No. 8 and Eaawva (No. 552) which gives the local pronunciation of this name, though Selamzion was also in use (Milik 1956-57:240). 3. ,rv'5: A contraction of 7rv'5x or -ay5x, as is ivv, frequently occurring in the Jerusalem Talmud; cf. Hyman 1910:865, s.v. The present form seems to appear on another ossuary (ClermontGanneau 1899:406, No. 16). The Greek form appears on No. 576, attesting to the local pronunciation.

[S 2577] 54 x 29 x 32.5 + 12 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. of Olives, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Low feet. Lid Gabled.

30

Mark On one gable of lid and corresponding rim of chest: n I

Bibl. Sukenik 1928a. Comm. See Comm. 28.

31

Pl. 5; Fig. 92

[S 2580] 76.5 x 29 x 36 + 13 cm. Chip carved.

Pron.

Mt. of Olives, western slope, Jerusalem. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame; `triglyph' replaced by plant derived from lily or leaved branch; discs in corners of metopes, replaced in upper, inner corners by top of plant. In each metope, two superimposed rosettes of twenty-four petals with an eight-petalled rosette in centre. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips.

Catalogue Inscr. L:

mn" o>in Maryam Yohana Bibl. Sukenik 1928a:195-196, No. 1. Comm. 1. See Comm. 28. 2. o'7n: Sukenik remarked that the name was presumably pronounced `Maryam', referring inter alia to the Greek name Map&aµ-q in the Septuagint, Josephus, the Dead Sea documents (Benoit et al. 1961: No. 10, II : 2) and another ossuary inscription. For variations of the name, see Index of Inscriptions, s.v. and the exact Greek equivalent, Mapia4L on No. 64 and the contraction on No. 405 Mapia (which occurs frequently in Jewish script, e.g. Nos. 152, 706 and 796; cf. also Avigad 1961, where it is equated with `Maryam' on the same ossuary). See also Bagatti and Milik 1958:77, No. 7; Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974:5; and Cotten and Geiger 1989: No. 785. urim `Miryam' occurs only once, on a third century CE inscription at Bet She'arim (B. Mazar 1973b: 197-198, No. 6). See also, Comms. 108:3 and 152:2.

3. nm: Sukenik equated the name with the New Testament 'Iwavva (Luke 8:3, 24:10). Though acknowledging that it might be a male name, he considered it a female's and accordingly surmised that the ossuary contained the remains of two women, perhaps sisters. The name occurs as nm' (No. 270) accompanied by the plene form rnntrn; see also a rare case of Latin script on No. 202 as IOHANA; neither of these examples indicates the sex of the deceased. The Dead Sea documents have the name once as male mm-n-, (Benoit et al. 1961: No. 18:11) and once as female nmtrn (Benoit et al. 1961:No. 10, I:1). The Damascus Document has the name mn+ once for a male (Rabin 1954: V: 18, 3). It clearly is a female name in a mid-second century Jewish papyrus from Egypt (CPJ 133:35, 39) as well as on No. 871. This ossuary is large enough to have contained the remains of two persons. It is unlikely that they were married since in such cases, the male's name preceded the female's; on this ossuary, both names were incised by the same hand, with Iohanna second in order. Thus, Sukenik's suggestion is the most probable, though it is possible that the inscription records the double name of one person (cf. Intro. §6Fa; Nos. 477 and 868; Index of Subjects, s.v. Inscriptions, contents; Names, double). 4. For similarly superimposed rosettes, see No. 205; cf. also, No. 325.

83

32 Pl. 5 [S 2581] 64.5 x 28 x 37.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. of Olives, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Red and yellow wash. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in a zigzag frames; `triglyph' replaced by large zigzag. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Lid Flat. Inscr. R Incised, picked out in blue-black:

'Io68aS Judas Bibl. Sukenik 1928a:197, No. 3. Comm. 1. See Comm. 28.

2. Io( oa : The Hebrew form is rim'; the name appears in both scripts on ossuary No. 35, also from this tomb. For the name, see Comm. 24:3. 3. For the central zizag, cf. No. 63.

33 [S 2582] 58 X 27 x 34 + 8cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. of Olives, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Yellow wash. Low feet.

Lid Vaulted. Marks On top, near one narrow side of lid and corresponding side of chest:

Q

d

Bibl. Sukenik 1928a:198, No. 4. Comm. 1. See Comm. 28.

2. Sukenik suggested that the direction marks be read as two samekhs, perhaps standing for -ivv `side'; cf. No. 78 and Comm. 821:2.

34

Pl. 5 [S 2583] 78(82) x 31(34) x 41 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. of Olives, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Reconstructed and restored. Cornice with

leaf-and-dart pattern under rim of chest; darts omitted on narrow sides. Traces of yellow wash. Ornam. F and B Ashlar wall pattern, overlaid with two rosettes of twenty-four petals. L and R Similar to F and B, overlaid with single sixteen-petalled rosette. Bibl. Sukenik 1928a. Comm. See Comm. 28; though this ossuary is

listed in the IAA register as originating from the same tomb as Nos. 28-33, and 35, Sukenik did not describe it.

Catalogue

84

Pl. 5

35 [S 2584] 67.5 x 28.5 x 35 + 8 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. of Olives, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame; broadened 'triglyph' containing branch. In each metope, two superimposed six-petalled rosettes of different radii; petal-tips of larger rosette linked by segments. Lid Vaulted.

Inscr. R In charcoal:

o

C, I-D

I of B

further described by similes of red (xpntv), i.e. red pomegranate seeds and red roses. See also R. Ammi, Shafir-Naeh naa--row mm (TB Git. 41a) known also as n.o-rnI (late-third to early-fourth centuries). Here again (red) roses are equated with beauty. It is also possible that the family name Kallon, appearing on a group of ossuaries, may originally have been a nickname meaning `beautiful' (cf. Comm. 783:4). Thus, it seems likely that Judas' nickname was added to his ossuary in order to distinguish him from the Judas interred in No. 32 (also from this tomb); a similar practice has been found in other tombs, cf. Nos. 113 and 114 and Nos. 797 and 803. For the use of nicknames by Jews of this period, see Intro. §6Fa. 3. For similarly composed rosettes, see Nos. 42 and 120.

/rivo in nn' Judas/Yehuda/Shappira

Bibl. Sukenik 1928a:196-197, No. 2. Comm. 1. See Comm. 28.

36

Pl. 6

2. Sukenik believed that the Hebrew inscription referred to two different people, the first, a male, also referred to by the Greek name, and the second a woman. He did, however, observe that the remains of only one person were found in this ossuary. The female name Shappira does occur on ossuaries (e.g. Nos. 198 and 455). On an ossuary which contained the bones of a male, a bilingual rci v.' and Eapetpa (Mayer 1925:72) occurs. Though, as Sukenik suggests, this could have happened by mistake, it is possible that only the deceased's nickname or surname, `the beautiful', was inscribed on his ossuary in status emphaticus (for a similar case, see No. 62). At any rate, here it is preferable to read K-i,oi as `the beautiful', added as a nickname or surname to the `Yehuda' above it. Similarly,

[19408156 x 26 x 31 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. of Offence (near former Government House), Jerusalem. Descr. Reconstructed and restored; broken, F, lower

'Av8po5S (Preisigke 1922, s.v.) may have designated

Bibl. QDAP 2 (Notes and News: Jerusalem, Government House): 188; Goodenough 1953:124, Fig. 189. Comm. 1. Sukenik recovered this and No. 37 from

a man nicknamed Earrtpa on an ossuary containing the remains of a single person (Sukenik 1930b: 142, Pl. 5:1). This may also have been the case with a woman called Eaacav Eacptpa, mentioned by Sukenik (1930c). These designations accord well with the use of nicknames in this period: e.g. ltn-rx, known from the late Second Temple period (cf. M. Ket. 13:3; TB Ket. 105a). This was the nickname of a Palestinian Amora of the third century: mm xp ov (TJ Ber. 13a), also known as -mmmn ?tart `the red one' (cf. Margalioth 1973, s.v.). Furthermore, this nickname resembles R. Yohanan's (first to early-second century CE) self-description as one of the remaining o,)*rv, `beautiful (ones) of Jerusalem' (TB BM 84a). As in the abovementioned nicknames, the beauty of Yohanan is

centre. Inner ledge on four sides. Red wash. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' containing plant composed of nine stalks, ending in lanceolate leaves; at foot of central stalk, two tendrils, under which are two quarter-circles. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette. Discs in corners of metopes. Lid Flat. Marks On one edge of lid and corresponding narrow side of rim:

the loculus of a tomb in 1931. 2. The direction marks represent the letters bet-betsee Comm. 821:2.

37 [9409] 54(56) x 28(30) x 32 + 13 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. of Offence (near former Government

House), Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice under rim of chest bearing fluted frieze.

Ornam. F Two unfinished zigzag uprights on edges. Two rosettes, each inside a zigzag circle;

Pl. 6

Catalogue right-hand rosette of twelve petals shaped as ivy leaves; left-hand rosette, irregular whirl-rosette with antithetically rotating petals; meeting-point covered by ivy leaf. R Six-petalled rosette inside concentric zigzag circle.

Lid Gabled. F Right, unfinished zigzag frame. Marks On F of lid and F of chest, nearby:

85

approximately 3.80 x 2.70 m, one of which yielded ossuaries Nos. 39 and 40; an additional clay lid and two stone ossuaries were found. The second tomb contained fragments of a similar clay ossuary. For the probable date (second to early-third centuries CE), see Intro. §9, Group Clb.

40 Bibl. QDAP 2 (Notes and News: Jerusalem, Government House): 188. Comm. 1. See Comm. 36.

2. The uprights and frieze may together represent an entablature on antae motif.

Pl. 6 38 [32.314] 61.5 x 30 x 24 + 8 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Hizmeh, Jerusalem. Descr. Restored. Low feet. Ornam. F Checkerboard pattern of zigzag lines. Lid Gabled; hole in F, perhaps ancient. Fingergrips. Inscr. Lid F, right-of-centre:

v'1e

Pl. 6 [32.2683] 51 x 28 X 27 cm. Clay, red-brown; straw temper; poorly fired. Prov. Kh. Umm Kalkha, vicinity of Ramleh. Descr. Very irregularly shaped, plain chest. Lid. Flat; formed of two separate clay tiles, each measuring approximately 26 x 26 x 3 cm. Comm. See Comm. 39.

41 [32.2839] 60 x 30 x 36.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet.

Pl. 6

Ornam. F Columned porch, formed of vertical grooves capped by plain frieze. In second intercolumnar space from left, incised representation of an altar. Inscr. A. F Left, top:

Vmv 7:i vvn Hoshea', son of Shmu'on (=Shim'on) Bibl. Avigad 1967a:138:2. Comm. 1. The Department retained one of

six ossuaries found in a single-chambered loculi tomb in 1931; two others were also ornamented. A measuring cup found in the tomb dates from shortly after the Bar Kokhba period. 2. vvm: Avigad noted the singularity of this name upon ossuaries (see, however, Comm. 713:2). 3. jvinv: The name stands for `Shimòn' with the vav and mem erroneously transposed. 4. For the ornamentation on F, cf. Nos. 830 and

prota ltvnv Shim'on of (the family of) Boethos B. F To right of Inscr. A, above the altar:

833.

pron of (the family of) Boethos Sukenik 1934:67; Goodenough 1953:115, Fig.

Bibl.

Pl. 6 39 [32.2682] 57-64 x 30-34 x 29.5 cm. Clay, red-brown; straw temper; poorly fired. Prov. Kh. Umm Kalkha, vicinity of Ramleh. Descr. Somewhat tub-shaped; plain chest, rim broadening into a sort of cornice. Lid Flat, measuring 62 x 33 x 3 cm. On top, two upright strap handles, one broken off. Comm. In a report (26.8.1932) in the records file in the IAA archive, J. Ory notes the clearance of two single-chambered loculi tombs measuring

107.

Comm. 1. The Department retained five (Nos. 41-45) of 23 ossuaries discovered in a doublechambered loculi tomb.

2. Based on this ossuary, Sukenik links this tomb to the priestly family of Simon b. Boethos of Alexandria (cf. Josephus AJ 15:320), living in Jerusalem at the time of King Herod. He interpreted J1v13 as a transliteration of the genitive plural of Bo7)06S. For family names, see Index of Subjects, s.v.

Catalogue

86

3. For the representation of the altar, cf. the surviving incisions beside a representation of a seven-branched menorah in a late Second Temple period house in the Upper City of

43

Jerusalem (Avigad 1970:4-5; 1980:147-149). Such representations should be interpreted as signs or emblems of the profession or occupation of the deceased (see Intro. §7B).

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame at top, line frames at base and sides. In each metope, a

42

Pl. 7; Fig. 66 [32.2841] 59 x 26 x 33 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Pl. 7

[32.2840] 65 x 28 x 33 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Ornam. F Three-columned porch; fluted columns, stylobate and frieze. Each intercolumnar space contains two superimposed six-petalled rosettes of differing radii, each inside a line circle. Lid Flat, sliding. Mark On top of insertion edge of lid:

twelve-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. In each corner, an angle ornament ('metope-corner' motif) incised in freehand; ivy leaf issues from vertex and three short lines issue from each end. Lid Flat, sliding.

Mark On top of insertion edge of lid: Bibl. Sukenik 1934:66; Avi-Yonah 1950:74; Goodenough 1953:225, Fig. 196; Yadin 1963:228, 231, n. 69, Fig. 77h. Comm. 1. See Comm. 41:1.

2. Sukenik interpreted the angle ornament as representing angle-irons on wooden panels. It is more probably derived from angle motifs such as those on Nos. 59, 69, 334, 460, 599 and 642 which ultimately recall the motif of the metope frame (e.g.

F To left of Inscr. A:

No. 318); see Intro. §11k.

Inscr. A. F Right intercolumnar space, top:

44

Pl. 7; Fig. 74

[32.2842] 60 x 26.5 x 36 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

nmn Matya B. B:

167

/1

1

srnnn Mattatya Bibl. Sukenik 1934:68-69, Fig. 13; Goodenough 1953:117, Fig. 132. Comm. 1. See Comm. 41:1.

2. The mark on F may be a monogram, conceivably containing the name of the deceased in Greek characters. 3. mmnn: For the name, see No. 72; for its contracted form, n,nn, see Nos. 73 and 703; for MA'M, see Nos. 559 and 560. See also Bagatti and Milik 1958:74-76, No. 3. Cf. also Comm. 9:2 and

Heltzer and Ohan 1978:57, s.v. nnn II, citing Yadin for the appearance of nmn at Masada (cf. Yadin and

Ornam. F Two metopes in frame formed of halfbranches; `triglyph' replaced by a fluted column on a base of seven steps, its capital replaced by a whirlrosette inside a zigzag circle and a zigzag abacus. The capital and base of the column supplant discs which occur in outer corners of the metopes. In each metope, motif of multiple, interlaced, six-petalled rosettes inside concentric line circles; dots emphasize centres of half-rosettes at edges of this composition. Lid Flat.

Marks On top of narrow side of lid and corresponding rim of chest:

)( /Y

-A On F, to right of column's capital:

Inscr. F Left of column's capital:

Naveh 1989: No. 499).

4. The decorative scheme may have been influenced by the monostyle in antis motif (cf. Nos. 46, 262, 809 and 891). 5. For similarly composed rosettes., see Nos. 35 and 120.

KI 14 _11-4 wmu `the dour' Bibl. Sukenik 1934:68-69, 71; Avi-Yonah 1950:70; Goodenough 1953:122, Fig. 170.

Catalogue

87

46

Pl. 7

Comm. 1. See Comm. 41:1. mn: Sukenik considered this an unspecified

2.

name or nickname. It occurs on a Masada ostracon (Yadin and Naveh 1989: No. 432; Naveh 1990:115; Naveh 1992:43-44). It is most likely a nickname in status emphaticus, referring to a dry, hard person. It must be derived from -rya meaning dry ground, the parched surface of the field, and land, or hard, unbroken ground (cf. Jastrow 1926, s.v.). wv1n or owmn p, from v-in `clay', may similarly allude to a person's character (cf. Samuel Klein 1930:265). See also Intro. §6Fa. 3. For the aleph-aleph direction marks, see Comm 821:2.

4. The mark on F may be a monogram of the name of the deceased, though it is not possible to determine if it is in Greek or Jewish script. 5. For a simpler execution of the half-branch motif, see No. 368. For the central motif, see Intro. §11G and Comm. 262:3 6. For the replacement of the capital of the central column, cf. Nos. 110 and 600.

Pl. 7; Fig. 89 [32.2843] 61 x 22 x 28 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem.

[32.2844] 64 x 26 x 29 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Qatanne (north of Qiryat 'Anavim). Descr. Worn surface. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F In fluted frame, tomb facade consisting of a panelled, two-leaved door behind a monostyle in antis. Above the columns, a zigzag frieze surmounted by a gable with central acroterium; antae lengthened at top to indicate side acroteria: Six-petalled rosettes flank facade; each rosette inside concentric line circles and with small drilled dots in centre. Lid Flat. Bibl. Avigad 1967a:139, No. 3. Comm. 1. The Department retained one of three ossuaries discovered in a single-chambered loculi tomb in 1932. The published report erroneously assigns this ossuary to the Hebrew University collection and another (with two twelve-petalled rosettes on F) to the Department; the latter ossuary probably went to the University collection. 2. For the ornamentation scheme, see Intro. §§11A-11B and No. 891.

45

Descr. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' contains plant with base of tiny triangles, an ivy-leaf top and eighteen tendrils. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle.

Lid Flat, slightly overhanging. Inscr. F Dispersed over ornamentation:

A\

M

0

A

1

Map0ac of Martha Bibl. Sukenik 1934:64, 71, 73; Goodenough 1953:124, Fig. 181. Comm. 1. See Comm. 41:1

2. Map0a: The name also occurs in Greek on No. 287 and is common in Jewish script (Index of Inscriptions, s.v.). See also Bagatti and Milik 1958:78-79, No. 7, to which should be added CPJ 147:2 from 14 BCE and CPJ 148:4, 9, 13, 18, 25 from 10 BCE.

3. For the central plant, cf. Nos. 513 and 810. This motif seems to have derived from the image of a lily with its corolla and stamen showing (e.g., Nos. 57 and 817).

47 Pl. 7 [33.3108] 74 x 31 x 35.5 cm. Chip carved and incised.

Prov. Abu Tor, Jerusalem. Red wash. Low feet. Ornam. F Single metope inside doubled zigzag frame contains a composite motif of horizontally interlaced three-petalled rosettes with small dots in centres and large discs between petals. In centres of half-rosettes, three smaller petals flanked by tendrils incised in freehand. Discs in corners of metope. Lid Flat. Broken. Bibl. Unpublished, although mentioned in Goodenough 1953:117, Fig. 131. Comm. 1. Nos. 47-51 and 80 are listed as originating from a single-chambered loculi tomb in 1932. The Department initiated clearance of this tomb, which Sukenik eventually concluded. According to the records file in the IAA archive, the Hebrew University received two of the eight ornamented ossuaries discovered; Avigad, however, does not mention these ossuaries in his printed report (see below, No. 49), written when these records were inaccessible. According to the records, two small glass vessels were found with the ossuaries in addition to one spatulate lamp (IAA Nos. 33.3110-33.3112) and two very worn bronze

Descr.

Catalogue

88

coins, not retained (though one was identified as a Procurator coin). 2. The usual two-metope ornamentation scheme has been suppressed here, as in Nos. 566 and 735, though some or all of the discs in the original metope-corners remain. All these designs are based on the six-petalled rosette; in the present case, three of the petals have been replaced by large discs. Here, as is in No. 735, the frame retains the form used in the metope scheme, similar to Nos. 298 and 712. This type of frame was also finely incised, on No. 128. See also, Intro. § 11 N.

48

B. Lid Across top, near insertion edge:

'Iwav-qS Johannes

C. Lid Underside, lengthwise, near to and parallel to F:

J WAN H (

'Iwavr)S Johannes Bibl. Avigad 1967a:125, No. 1. Comm. 1. See Comm. 47: 1. 2. 'Iwavr)S: For this name, see No. 89; cf. also Bagatti and Milik 1958:88, No. 18. For this name in Jewish script, cf. Index of Inscriptions, s.v. prnm.

Pl. 8

[33.3109] 71(73) x 30(31.5) x 39 + 15 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Abu Tor, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. F, L and

R Cornice under rim of chest. Low feet. Ornam. F In line frame, two large discs flanking very abstract column(), capital(?) and base(?); a horizontal zigzag emphasizes the middle of the column(?). L and R Similar to F, disc in square, doubled line frame. Lid Vaulted. F and B Continuous line frame. Fingergrips. Comm. See Comm. 47:1.

49

Pl. 7; Fig. 85 [33.3113] 29.5(31) x 16(17.5) x 20 cm. Chip carved.

Prov. Abu Tor, Jerusalem. Cornice under rim, on all sides. Ornam. F Two metopes in broad, branch frame at base and sides; complimented by cornice at top. `Triglyph' replaced by highly stylized palm tree represented by three ascending branches. In each Descr.

metope, a whirl-rosette inside a zigzag circle. Bibl. Avigad 1967a:125, No. 3. Comm. 1. See Comm. 47: 1.

2. For similar remnants of the upper part of palm trees, cf. Nos. 315, 387 and 839.

50 [33/3114] 50 x 33 x 27 cm. Plain. Prov. Abu Tor, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Inscr. A. F Under rim, left-of-centre:

IwANH(

'Iwavr]S Johannes

51 [33.3115] 59.5 x 25.5 x 33 cm. Plain. Prov. Abu Tor, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Lid Flat, sliding. Broken. Inscr. Lid Upper-left corner, lengthwise:

'Aµia Am(m)ia Bibl. Avigad 1967a:125, No. 2. Comm. 1. See Comm. 47. 2. 'Asia: Avigad noted that the name appears on one of the ossuaries from the Schneller tomb (see Comm. 134:1). This seems to be a name of endearment (Lallnamen; see Comm. 1:3), similar to Maniac (No. 139) and vim (No. 256); cf. nnx (No. 257). See also Thomson 1921:120, No. 204a.

52

Pl. 8

[34.3115] 80(82) x 32(34) x 42 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Kidron Valley (near Silwan), Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice under rim on all sides.

Ornam. F In line frame, two six-petalled rosettes, each inside a zigzag circle. R and L Similar to F, encircled rosette inside line frame. Lid Flat. Fingergrips. Marks On one edge of lid and corresponding narrow rim of chest: ,

Comm. In a report (7.12.34) in the records file in the IAA archive, S.A.S. Husseini states that six ossuaries found in a small, single-chambered loculi tomb were bought from the landowner. Five of these (Nos. 52-55bis) were retained and one was

Catalogue

89

54

P1.8

presented to the Iraq Museum, Baghdad and is not listed here (34.3117: 68.5 x 30 x 37.5 cm. Low feet. Red wash. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' containing palm-trunk motif; in each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside zigzag circles; small discs in corners of metopes. Flat lid).

[34.3118] 64.5 x 26.5. X 32.5 cm. Incised. Prov. Kidron Valley (near Silwan), Jerusalem. Desc. Corner broken and reconstructed.

Ornam. F, B, L and R Doubled line frame around all edges, each side probably represents an ashlar. Lid Flat. Broken.

Inscr. L Upper-right corner, under recently repaired break: 53 [34.3116] 61 x 25 x 28 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Kidron Valley (near Silwan), Jerusalem.

Pl. 8

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; 'triglyph' broadened and containing a 'lattice' pattern. In each

Comm. 1. See Comm. 52. 2. Naveh suggests reading the name as 'an; if so,

metope, a six-petalled rosette; zigzags overlay petals.

the yod is upside-down. The name Haggai occurs on ossuary No. 603 and at Masada (see Yadin and Naveh 1989: No. 422); cf. also CPJ 28:19, mid-second century BCE. A second possibility is to read the word backwards, as rsw (for inverted inscriptions, see Milik 1985:107). For the name 'Oy&(S), my in Palmyrene, see Stark 1971:104, s.v. 'G' and Wi.ithnow 1930:154, s.v., who identified the name with Say (for which, see also No. 821). It appears as the name of a Jew at Bet She'arim (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 80). Perhaps this name could be similar to 'ayn 13 of the Bethphage list (Milik 1971:84, 1. 17) and stand for a derogatory nickname based on 'cake' (cf. -pai, Comm. 198:4).

B, L and R 'Lattice' pattern in red wash. Lid Flat. Inscr. B Very carelessly incised on top of decoration:

N

Oevvaaou Dou... of Thennas Dou... Comm. 1. See Comm. 52. 2. Oe'vvaS: The word OehhvaS occurs on an ossuary found in 1913 at Shu'afat, north of Jerusalem, and was identified by Abel (1913:275, No. 14 = Frey 1952: No. 1233) with the Hebrew Harm 'fig, fig-tree'; on two ossuaries (Nos. 405-406) from a Jerusalem tomb, the name is spelt O&L%4. In all these cases, the name is that of a male, as it is on a later Jewish headstone (spelt 0iv(o 4?); Schwabe 1941:230-231; Lifshitz 1963:260-261, No. 6). At Bet She'arim, however, the name occurs in the feminine form Oivw (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 130). For further examples of tree-names given to people, e.g., OouO&(S) from ntn 'mulberry', see Schwabe and

55 Pl. 9 [34.3119] 56 x 26 x 28.5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Kidron Valley (near Silwan), Jerusalem. Descr. Red wash. Low feet. Ornam. F Eight vertical zigzag bands, interstices alternately filled by irregular, vertical zigzag lines. Lid Flat. Broken. Zigzag lines on long edges. Inscr. A. B Top, poorly centred:

Lifshitz 1974 : No. 75.

The fig leaf and figs prominently displayed in the centre of No. 742 from a Jerusalem tomb may allude to this name, as might the fig tree on the lid of an ossuary (see Fig. 95).

3. The second word, probably the name of Thennas' father, starts clearly enough in the first row 'Dou..', and continues in the second row with a kappa, whose vertical stroke ascends into the upper row. No reading can be suggested here, beyond the omicronupsilon ending, indicating the genitive case, as in the first name.

'Epwtdpeiv Erotarein B. L Top:

VYI-/\, 'Epo vc peLv Erotarein Comm. 1. See Comm. 52.

q

4

Catalogue

90

2. For the ornamentation executed in freehand cf., e.g., Nos. 627 and 772. 3. 'EpwTapEiv: Dr M. Cassuto-Salzman suggested that this name was a diminutive of the female name 'EpwTapcov (see Preisigke, s.v., quoting a first century CE Egyptian papyrus). Pape and Benseler, however, describe this as a male name; see also No. 5. In late Greek, EpwTaw is generally used in the sense 'to beg, beseech, entreat, pray' (cf. Liddell, Scott and Jones, s.v.); thus, it seems plausible that here the name is a translation of Vn.

55bis

Pl. 9

[34.3120] 61 x 24 x 25 + 9 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Kidron Valley (near Silwan), Jerusalem. Descr. feet.

Inner ledge on four sides. Red wash. Low

Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frames. `Triglyphs' transformed into palm trees by zigzag lines indicating ascending branches mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and fill interstices. L and R Roughly carved. Lid Vaulted, with central ridge. In zigzag frame, frieze of semi-circles overlaid by zigzags. Fingergrips. Comm. 1. See Comm. 52. 2. For the form of this lid, cf. Nos. 25, 124 and 843.

56

Pl. 9; Fig. 103 [34.7753] 52.5 x 25.5 x 31 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Unknown. Probably Jerusalem, where it was purchased. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in metope frame; `triglyph' replaced by panelled door. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles.

Mark B Under rim:

Inscr.

-qo7l

cal

LQ Popeli(a) (= Popilia), Joses, E Comm. 1. IIonA : This seems to be a diminutive of the female name IIo r Abr), the Greek form of the Latin `Popilia' (cf. Pape-Benseler, s.v.).

The masculine equivalent was IIoniaioq, Latin 'Popilius'.

2. 'Iwo- 4: A contracted form of Iwa rco4 comp (for which see Bagatti and Milik 1958:89, No. 20) occuring on another ossuary (Vincent 1902a:104-105, with further quotations) and on Jewish papyri from Egypt, cf. CPJ 428, col. 1:4 (101-102 CE). It is equivalent to the more common 'Iwa j (cf. Nos. 444 and 576, with different spellings), which represents 'vv (nvr on No. 705), frequent in Talmudic literature. 3. 'IjaoG4: `Jesus', a common name during this period; see Comm. 9:2 and Index of Inscriptions, s.v. 4. The size of this ossuary indicates that it contained the remains of the mother, Popilia, and her two infants, Joses and Jesus; cf. No. 800 for a case where the inscription explicitly mentions the ossilegium of a mother and her two sons. 5. For a similar, though much more elaborate, ornamentation scheme, see No. 569:F.

57

Pl. 9; Figs. 75, 124 [34.7754] 58.5 x 26.5 x 30.5 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Inner ledge on two sides.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame, unfinished at base; `triglyph' replaced by a lily incised in freehand, cut open in order to represent the botanical details. Two small handles were added to the sides of the corolla, as though an amphora had been intended. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Doubled lines traverse outer corners of metopes. Lid Flat. Marks On narrow edge of lid and corresponding rim of chest:

A. R:

Popeli(a) (= Popilia), Joses, Jesus

B. L:

Catalogue Inscr. F Starting at upper-left corner, avoiding the ornamentation:

J1i 1Ij'

91

2. For the central motif, see Intro. §11G; for the angle ornament, see Intro. §11K and Comm. 43:2.

')_ 60

mn-) -i pnm - ii-nn) Yehuda, son of Yehohanan, son of Yitro Bibl. Sukenik 1935a: 192, 195-6; Avi-Yonah 1948:156, Pl. 45:7; Goodenough 1953:125, Fig. 192. Comm. 1. The Department retained one of five ossuaries found in a double-chambered loculi tomb near Beit Sahur el Àtiga. Sukenik described two additional ossuaries as plain and two as ornamented with the usual six-petalled rosettes in zigzag-framed metopes. 2. xim: As Sukenik remarks, this is the first instance of the name in Jewish epigraphy, although cf. No. 773 and Schwabe 1941:'IIJTpoc. 3. Reference to a grandparent, though rare in such inscriptions, does occur; cf. Nos. 198, 290, 327, 520, 871 and, perhaps also, 796. 4. For the quasi-naturalistic rendering of the lily, see also Intro. §llVb and Nos. 411 and 817.

Pl. 9

58

Pl. 10 [35.2905] 61 x 35 x 34 + 11.5 cm. Hard limestone. Relief carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?).

Ornam. F In sunken panel, bead frame. In centre, palmette; two scrolls emerge from base, each encircling an eight-petalled rosette. The smaller (right-hand) scroll bears two pomegranates and a leaf. B Sunken panel. L In sunken panel, a twelve-petalled rosette. R In sunken panel, wreath composed of small flowers and large leaves tied at top by fillet ending inside wreath. Small disc in lower centre of wreath. Lid Gabled. Base: 1.5 cm high, length and width equal those of chest rim. Above base, broadens into cornice, 67 x 38.5 cm. F and B Sunken panel. Bibl. Goodenough 1953:116, Fig. 126. Comm. 1. The St. Anne collection has a very similar, soft-limestone ossuary (unpublished); it seems to be a copy of this specimen, though showing a lotus instead of a palmette on F. For the almost unrecognizable palmette, see Comm. 282:7. 2. For the high base of the lid, cf. No. 401.

[35.2895] 57 x 24.5 x 26.5 cm. Chip carved.

Prov. Abu Tor, Jerusalem. Very worn surface. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet. Ornam. F Metope frame inside fluted frame containing stylized porch with seven columns. Lid Flat; too short for rim. Fingergrip. Comm. The records file in the IAA archive contains a note that Nos. 58 and 59 originated from a `Deir Abu Tor burial', but provides no further details.

Descr.

61 Pl. 10 [36.911] 61 x 27 x 35.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Kidron Valley (near Silwan), Jerusalem. Descr. Yellow wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, doubled at top and sides. In each metope, an eighteenpetalled rosette inside concentric zigzag and line circles.

Lid Flat. Broken. Inscr. R Vertically, in upward direction:

Pl. 9

59

[35.2896] 61.5 x 25 x 29.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Abu Tor, Jerusalem. Descr. Worn. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in line frame. `Triglyph' replaced by fluted column standing on a threestepped base and surmounted by an Ionic capital. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Angle ornament ('metope-corner' motif) in each upper, outer corner; ivy leaf issues from vertex.

Lid

Flat, too short for rim. 1. See Comm. 58.

Comm.

nw 'r is Imov Shim'on, son of Yan(na)i shet Bibl. Sukenik 1936:90-91. Comm. 1. The Department retained nine (Nos.

61-69) of twelve ossuaries found in a singlechambered loculi tomb. 2. A form of 'ra> with the aleph omitted. The name was in use from the time of King Alexander Yannai to the late Talmudic period. For

Catalogue

92

a contemporaneous occurrence of this spelling, see B. Mazar 1953/4:154-157. 3. nw: For the word, see Comm. 17:2. As No. 17, this ossuary is too large for the remains of a sixyear old child. It should be regarded, as Sukenik suggested, as the name of a second, later interment.

became family names; see for this, Comm. 35:2 and Intro. §6Fa. For such 'nameless people', see also Naveh 1990.

Pl. 11

63 [36.913] 62 x 25.5 x 31.5 cm. Chip carved.

Kidron Valley (near Silwan), Jerusalem. Descr. Red wash. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, doubled at top and sides; broadened `triglyph' containing large zigzag. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside zigzag circles. Lid Flat. Broken. Prov.

62

Pl. 10 [36.912] 54 x 23.5 x 28 + 6 cm. Incised. Prov. Kidron Valley (near Silwan), Jerusalem. Descr. Worn surface. Inner ledge on three sides. Traces of red wash. Ornam. F, B, L and R Thin doubled line on edges,

each side perhaps representing an ashlar. F Redrawn into two metopes through addition of a zigzag `triglyph'; in each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a line circle. Lid Vaulted, sliding; height of ends unequal. Broken.

Inscr. B Very large:

Inscr. R Vertical, ascending:

vwm Yehoshua' Bibl. Sukenik 1936:92. Comm. 1. See Comm. 61:1. 2. vvn': For the name, see Comm. 9:2. 3. For the central zigzag, cf. No. 32.

n o nn the amputated (the one-handed)(?) Bibl. Sukenik 1936:92. Comm. 1. See Comm. 61:1. 2. Sukenik read the inscription as the name Ilagraman, though agreeing that the first letter might be a heh and the third a daleth; however, the word is not attested to as a name. The parallels which Sukenik suggested, Agra or Agathe, apart from being place-names, differ significantly from his reading. It is more likely that oran is in status emphaticus as a nickname or surname, signifying 'the amputated' or 'the one-handed'; for a similar instance, see Comm 822:2. Similar surnames from this period include Chagiras, the son of Nabatheos, who fought with the Jewish forces in the siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE (cf. Josephus BJ 19:474). This man's name is transliterated from the Aramaic inn (m-inn in Palmyrene inscriptions, cf. Stark 1971, s.v.) and means 'the lame one'; it is obviously an adopted nickname. For further parallels of derogatory nicknames in this period, cf. Josephus' ancestors: ''eaa6S 'the stammerer' and Kupr6S 'the hunchback' (Josephus Vita 1:3-4; for the latter, see also Polotsky 1962:262 and vnnn `the deaf one', Bagatti and Milik 1958:83, No. 12). For the present name, cf. 'mm lwm (Noth 1928:227-228) and its Arabic equivalent gada'um. Nicknames of the period were often derogatory, though some eventually

64

P1. 11

[36.914] 61.5 x 25 x 31 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Kidron Valley (near Silwan), Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and restored. Yellow wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph'. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line and zigzag circles; small dots drilled between petals, arranged in two concentric circles. Lid Flat. Broken. Inscr. A. F Top. Irregularly spaced from left-hand

metope to 'triglyph':

fs7/\f pkltl

Maipoi(l Mairam (Mariam) B. Lid Lengthwise, off-centre. Preceding first letter, an unfinished mu:

Mapiaµ Mariam Bibl. Sukenik 1936:92. Comm. 1. See Comm. 61:1.

Catalogue 2. MapiajL: On the F, the name is misspelt. It is a Greek transcription of o'in (see Comm. 31:2).

Pl. 11; Fig. 106 65 [36.915] 58 x 28.5 x 32 + 8 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Kidron Valley (near Silwan), Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Yellow wash.

Ornam. F Two pairs of columnar shapes flank a knocker (or handle) ring enclosing a three-petalled rosette; petal-tips linked by pairs of segments. Above ring, two small discs, slightly right-of-centre; similar discs surmount each tower. Lid Vaulted, cut-to-measure. Bibl. Sukenik 1936:90; Goodenough 1953:117, Fig. 130.

1. See Comm. 61:1. 2. The representations on F perhaps depict tomb monuments similar to the funerary towers of Dura Europos and Palmyra; see Intro. §11F. 3. For the ring, see Intro. §11T and, e.g., No. 569. Comm.

93

capitals(?). In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; segments link petal-tips. Lid Flat, sliding. Inscr. A. F Top. Between columns:

U

n n>>m/n-iwx - o Martha, daughter of IIananya B. B Traces of a single line, perhaps similar to F, but too worn to be copied and read. Bibl. Sukenik 1936:92-93. Comm. 1. See Comm. 61:1. 2. .rnn: For the name, see Bagatti and Milik 1958:77-78, No. 7; for nn, see Bagatti and Milik 1958:93, No. 26; for Greek transliterations of Martha, see Nos. 45 and 287. Both names also occur on No. 354:Inscr. A.

68

66

Pl. 11 [36.916] 64 x 30 x 36.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Kidron Valley (near Silwan), Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Red wash. Low

Pl. 11

[36.918] 68.5 x 28.5 x 38 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Kidron Valley (near Silwan), Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and mended. Red wash. Low feet.

feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, doubled at top. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph', containing upright branch. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside a zigzag

inside a zigzag circle. Lid Flat. Broken and reconstructed. Inscr. L:

circle.

Lid Flat, cut-to-measure. Broken. Inscr.

n5W

B:

Innm Yehonatan Bibl. Sukenik 1936:93 Comm. 1. See Comm. 61:1. 2. 'mim: For the name, see Bagatti and Milik 1958:87, No. 16; for a Greek transliteration of this name, see No. 232.

/4")

Bibl. Sukenik 1936:92. Comm. 1. See Comm. 61:1.

2. n5w: This may be either a name (cf. No. 73) or the word for `peace' (see Comm. 3:4).

69 67

Pl. 11

[36.917] 57.5 x 23 x 32.5 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Kidron Valley (near Silwan), Jerusalem. Descr. Surface weathered. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet.

Pl. 11; Figs. 65, 76 [36.919] 57 x 26 x 35.5 + 9 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Kidron Valley (near Silwan), Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Profiled cornice, slightly protruding. Yellow wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in line frames; `triglyph' transformed into two-columned porch on

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled line frame, absent at top; `triglyph' replaced by fluted column with Ionic capital, 'running-dog' motif in abacus, and volutes incised in freehand. Steps flanking base

stylobate(?), circle segments indicating Ionic

carelessly indicated. In each metope, a six-petalled

Catalogue

94

rosette inside concentric line circles; segments link petal-tips. Incised in freehand in each upper, outer metope corner: angle ornament ('metope corner' motif), ivy leaf issuing from vertex; additional ivy leaves flank capital. Incised in freehand at base of metopes, palm trees with ascending branches; flanked by plants (perhaps representing lilies). Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Bibl. Sukenik 1936:90; Avi-Yonah 1950:52, Pl. 18:11; Goodenough 1953:121, Fig. 162. Comm. 1. See Comm. 61:1. 2. For the central motif, see Intro. §11G. 3. For the angle ornament, see Intro. §11K and Comm. 43:2.

Inscriptions, s.v.; see also, CPJ 29; Benoit et al. 1961: Nos. 30:1, 6, 10; 392; and Yadin and Naveh 1989: No. 382. The name mnvrr and its variations often occurred among sages of the late Second Temple period. 4. For other ossuaries sealed with metal rivets, see Nos. 77 and 196. For holes bored through the lids and sides of an ossuary's chest, see Intro. §5H.

71 [36.1868] 40(50) x 26(27) x 36 + 10 cm. Plain. Prov. Talbiyeh, south slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips.

Pl. 12

Marks On R of lid and corresponding rim of chest: Pl. 11 70 [36-1867163 x 27.5 x 36 cm. Plain. Prov. Talbiyeh, south slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Iron rivet through narrow side of chest and corresponding outer edge of lid. Lid Flat, sliding. Inscr. A. F Left-of-centre:

17 11D11A?

Inscr.

Iryn5v xnm mother Shlamzion B. Lid Lengthwise, centre:

vnvV-r m3m father Dostas

luYl,

B. Lid Lengthwise, towards insertion edge:

r< b 1171-1 nnwn5 rt5i mnrc vnvrr Dostas, our father, and not to be opened Bibl. Sukenik 1928b: 116-117, Pl. 2:2-4; Samuel Klein 1929; Savignac 1929:231-233; Sukenik 1929; Yellin 1929. Comm. 1. The Department retained ten (Nos. 70-79) of twelve ossuaries discovered in a double-

chambered arcosolium tomb in 1929. 2. rtirt: The word seems to have been added as an afterthought, perhaps parallel to Inscr. 71:B. For

nmu, see Comm. 12:2 and No. 561. For n rip on ossuaries, see Nos. 567 and 751; cf. also Bagatti and Milik 1958:99, No. 41, and, from a somewhat later period, Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: Nos. 60-61, 103. For a contemporaneous interdict against re-opening a loculus, see Sukenik 1935:193. For different formulae intended to protect remains interred in ossuaries, see Intro. §5H and Nos. 142, 259 and 559. 3. vnvrr: A contraction of the name Dositheos (cf. Schalit 1967, s.v). The name is common in inscriptions from this period; cf. Index of

A. F Top, slightly left-of-centre:

Vxjv

nmrc psn5w Shlamzin our mother Bibl. Sukenik 1928b:117-118; Savignac 1929:233-234; Bagatti and Milik 1958:87-88, No. 17; Puech 1983:204-205, No. 9. Comm. 1. See Comm. 70: 1. 2. In accordance with the inscription on the lid, Savignac amended the reading of the first word of Inscr. A to nDnrt, cf. No. 70: Inscr. A; Sukenik's reading of rcnrt is, however, preferable; see also No. 351. For a probable parallel to nmm, see Comm. 70:2. 3. pyn5v): This is a common contraction of lrxn* (cf. Comm. 26:2) which may also have occurred at Jericho (see Comm. 796:7). An additional contraction was o5v) (cf. Comm. 13:2).

72 [36.1869] 69 x 30 X 36 cm. Plain. Prov. Talbiyeh, south slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken on L. Inner ledge on three sides.

Lid Flat, sliding. Mark See below, Inscr. B.

Catalogue Inscr.

A. F Large. Centre:

mnnn Mattatya B. Lid Lengthwise, mark toward insertion edge:

mnnn Mattatya Bibl. Sukenik 1928b:118; Savignac 1929:234. Comm. 1. See Comm. 70: 1. 2. mnnn: For the name, see Comm. 42:3. The remains of his wife and infant seem to have been buried in No. 73.

73 [36.1870] 74 x 29 x 35 cm. Plain. Prov. Talbiyeh, south slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Red wash. Low feet.

Lid Flat. Inscr. A. F Upper centre:

111 mnmio5vi Shalom and Matya, her son B. Lid Lengthwise:

i f ` 11 `F'j ° n nn ni mnn nnx Matya's wife and her son Bibl. Sukenik 1928b:119; Savignac 1929:234. Comm. 1. See Comm. 70: 1.

2. o5w: For the name, cf. Comm. 13:2. 3. mnn: For the name, a contraction of mnnn, see Comm. 42:3. The husband mentioned here is probably identical with the mnnn of No. 72. Citing the case of Matthias (Josephus Vita 4), Sukenik pointed out that at that time, a son bearing his father's name did not necessarily imply that he was born posthumously, see also Nos. 490 and 799. There are the additional examples of the high priest Annanus (Josephus AJ 20:197) and of Zacharias (Luke 1:59); see also Krauss 1910:13; Comm. 227:3 and No. 799.

Pl. 12; Fig. 77 [36.1871] 66(68) x 34(36) x 39 + 20 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Talbiyeh, south slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Profiled cornice

74

95

under slightly stepped rim. Cavetto above base. Low, profiled feet. Ornam. F Columned porch(?) indicated by thin lines, cornice serving as frieze and cavetto at base as stylobate. Between `columns', two asymmetrically aligned three-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles. Lid Gabled, cut-to-measure. Fingergrips. Inscr. A. R Badly centred:

-) [/\/ /\< n TIJ /-, -itv5x nnm the wife of El'azar B. Lid F, right-of-centre:

-1

nni K

-tv5x nnix the wife of E1'azar Bibl. Sukenik 1928b:119; Savignac 1929:235; Goodenough 1953:117, Fig. 128. Comm. 1. See Comm. 70: 1. 2. For the unusual treatment of the base, cf. No. 1. 3. For the omission of the personal name of the wife see No. 150 and Naveh 1990.

75 Pl. 12 [36.1872] 71 x 30 x 38 cm. Plain. Prov. Talbiyeh, south slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and restored. Inner ledge on three sides.

Lid Flat, sliding. Inscr. A. F Upper centre:

-n.Ox -ni the sons of El'azar B. Lid Lengthwise, toward insertion edge:

itv5x >n the sons of El'azar Bibl. Sukenik 1928b:119; Savignac 1929:235; Goodenough 1953:117, Fig. 128. Comm. 1. See Comm. 70: 1. 2. For similar inscriptions indicating sibling relations, cf. Nos. 76, 560 and 820. For the omission of the personal name of the deceased, see Naveh 1990.

Catalogue

96

Pl. 12 [36.1873] 57 x 24 x 30.5 + 10 cm. Chip carved and finely incised. Prov. Talbiyeh, south slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Red wash. Low feet.

76

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame; broadened `triglyph' replaced by finely incised checkerboard pattern. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle.

Lid Asymmetrically vaulted, cut-to-measure. Fingergrips. Inscr. F Upper-right corner:

JJhA

rivets or a rope (see Comm. 783:2); the single rivet found was obviously considered sufficient.

P1. 12; Fig. 32 [36.1875] 54.5 x 21.5 x 29 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Talbiyeh, south slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

78

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; `triglyph' replaced by fluted column with Ionic capital on a three-stepped base; echinus contains a meander; volutes incised in freehand are attached to echinus. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Small discs in upper, outer

pn 1,33 the sons of Hanan Bibl. Sukenik 1928b:120; Savignac 1929:235. Comm. 1. See Comm. 70: 1.

corners. Lid Flat.

2. For the omission of the personal name of the

side of chest:

Marks On top of left edge of lid and corresponding

deceased, see Naveh 1990.

3. pn: A contraction of n' r or pnn'. It appears in Greek as "AvavoS, the name of the son of a high priest, toward the end of the Second Temple period (see Comm. 829:4). In Talmudic literature, the earliest attestation of the name is Hanan b. Avishalom, a Jerusalem magistrate who lived shortly before the city's destruction (M. Ket. 13:1-2). pn also occurs in a document from the Bar Kokhba period (Lifshitz 1961a:57) and on No. 430.

77 [36.1874] 62.5 x 26 x 33.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Talbiyeh, south slope, Jerusalem.

Inner ledge on three sides. F Unfinished bore-holes in upper, outer corners. Iron rivet through narrow outer edge of lid and rim of chest Descr.

nn vl Lo

b

Bibl. Sukenik 1928b:120-121; Savignac 1929:231; Goodenough 1953:121, Fig. 160. Comm. 1. See Comm. 70: 1.

2. The marks are undoubtedly direction marks intended for the proper positioning of the lid. Savignac questioned Sukenik's suggestion that they were the first two letters of the word iuv `side, edge'. The assumption is, however, supported, by the marks on No. 33 which seem to be the first letter of this word and is preferable to the hypothesis proposed by Puech (1983:515-516, No. 21). 3. For the central motif, see Intro. §11G. 4. The column, including the meander of the capital's echinus, is similar to those on Nos. 344, 517 and 746; see also Ill. 25.

nearby.

Lid Flat, sliding. Marks On outer edge of lid, aligned with rivet and I corresponding narrow side of chest: On top of insertion edge:

Inscr.

F Centre:

0 jj V 1 `1 vnvtt Dostas

79

Pl. 12

[36.1876] 60 x 28.5 X 32 cm. Incised. Prov. Talbiyeh, south slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Red wash, also partly over lid. Low feet.

Ornam. F All-over checkerboard pattern. Lid Flat. Damaged. Bibl. Sukenik 1928b:121; Goodenough 1953:130, Fig. 232.

Comm. See Comm. 70:1.

Bibl. Sukenik 1928b: 120; Savignac 1929:236. Comm. 1. See Comm. 70: 1.

2. vnvrr: For the name, see Comm 70:3. 3. For the rivet, see Comm 70:4. The unfinished holes in F must have been intended for additonal

80 [36.2175] 51.5 x 22.5 x 25 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Abu Tor, Jerusalem.

Pl. 13

Catalogue Descr.

Traces of red wash. Low feet. Damaged.

Ornam. F Two metopes in tripled line frames. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle.

Lid

Flat. Fragmentary.

Inscr. L Top:

f1 \Q 1 ij L! Ùn mzwm uoin the captive physician(?) Bibl. Unpublished, though mentioned in Bagatti and Milik 1958:100, No. 42. Comm. 1. See Comm. 47: 1. 2. Milik wishes to read the last three letters as wiv; the penultimate letter, however, has the base-stroke of a beth.

3. urn: If regarded as a Semitic word, it could only derive from the root un `lax', which is inexplicable here. If it is a transliteration from Greek, M. Dothan suggested to the present-author a derivation from OpEnt6S, in the sense of `pupil' or simply as a name rather than in the sense of `slave, bred in the house'. Threptos is indeed a name in Athens (Pape-Benseler, s.v.) and in Egypt of the second century CE (Preisigke 1922, s.v.), but uo-in is an unlikely abbreviation due to the difficulty of its pronunciation. Possibly the word stands for with the final syllable dropped similar to the pattern of jtu>o for at-rwvrJS 'public buyer of corn' (see Krauss 1898:119) and with the epsilonupsilon absorbed (see Krauss 1898:24). Oepaneut- , Oeparrcu-rrjp meant `servant, caretaker' or `worshipper', but also `medical attendant' (cf. Plato, Resp. 341 c) and could be used here in the sense of healer or physician; cf. the frequent use of Oepaneuwv in the period from Tob. 12:3 to the New Testament; cf. also Tobias the Physician (M. RH 1:7) and Thodos the Physician (M. Bek. 4:4). For instances of surnames designating a person, see Comms. 62:2 and 821:3. Though in both of these cases the surname appears in status emphaticus, the Greek word in this example would require

poor, the persecuted' (cf. Naveh 1973:91; Rosenthal 1973:75; Comm. 139:5). There is indeed mention of freed sages, e.g. R. Yishma'el b. Elisha (TB Git. 58a), from this period. 5. The inscription may thus be interpreted as `the captive physician' or as `Therapeut(es), the captive'; of the two readings, the former is preferable.

81 Pl. 13 [36.2176] 36 x 17 x 20.5 + 3.5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Ramallah. Descr. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame. `Triglyph' transformed into palm tree; stylized, ascending branches mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals, fill interstices and link circles to outer corners of metopes. L and R Six-petalled rosette inside concentric zigzag circles, concentric line circles in between. Lid Vaulted. Broken. Fingergrips. Comm. The report by S.A.S. Husseini in the records file in the IAA archive states that four similarly decorated ossuaries and further fragments were discovered in a single-chambered loculi tomb in September 1934; the Department retained one ossuary.

82

Pl. 13; Fig. 118 [36.2177] 63 x 29 x 34 + 15 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Zikhron Moshe, Jerusalem. Descr. Traces of yellow wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame. `Triglyph' replaced by palm tree; stylized, ascending branches framed by zigzag semi-circle and mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Lid Vaulted. Broken. Fingergrips. Inscr. A. F Left metope, upper-left corner:

either heh or an aleph. Cf. two Punic inscriptions (CIS 1:321-322) from this period with rco7 used in the sense of `physician' in status emphaticus and in one inscription (CIS 1:323) otherwise. Cf. also rco in `the healer' on an early-sixth century BCE bulla (Shilo 1986:32). Another possibility is that this is a translation of the name rtoi, a shortened form of Rapha (+ name of deity, e.g., 'Raphael'), which appears well into Roman times in Semitic inscriptions (e.g. Caquot 1955:57, No. 54:3). 4. nzvnn: This resembles the contemporaneous inscription noiin iv* .= n3m 'Abba, the oppressed

97

Py may Àzarya

B. Lid Across vault:

(?)o>>n

Unpublished; for ornamentation, see AviYonah 1948:115, Pl. 45:6; Goodenough 1953:122, Bibl.

Fig. 169.

98

Catalogue

Comm. 1. In a report in the records file in the IAA archive S.A.S. Husseini states that a

single-chambered tomb with three large loculi was discovered in December 1934. The Department retained two (Nos. 82-83) of the three ossuaries

3. Inscr. B could not be deciphered. 4. For this form of delimitation of a palm tree's foot and roots, see Intro. §11Va.

discovered.

84

2. n'ity: For the name, see Bagatti and Milik

[36.2179] 39.5 x 33 cm.

1958:95, No. 30.

Prov.

3. The very carelessly incised letters on the lid may be a transliteration of the name M&v%, attested in second century CE Egypt (cf. Preisigke, s.v.). For a similarly executed inscription on an ossuary fragment (Avigad 1971:199-200, Fig. 10), it is possible to suggest the reading n>>n `Mavia', attested as a Greek female name (Pape and Benseler, s.v.; see also PWRE, s.v. col. 1109, Nos. 4-5). This name, rather than or7n, is a more probable reading of Bagatti and Milik 1958:85, No. 15, Fig. 22:6. 4. For a similar representation of a palm tree, cf. No. 271.

Pl. 13 83 [36.2178] 59 x 29 x 36 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Zikhron Moshe, Jerusalem. Descr. Fragmentary, partially restored. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame. `Triglyph' replaced by palm tree with triangularnotched roots and stylized, ascending and spreading branches. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside line and zigzag circles; vertical lines delimit foot of tree and link circles to base of frame. Lid Vaulted. Fragmentary. Inscr. A. F Left metope, upper-left corner:

Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Descr. Fragment of long side. Inscr.

\41 kc jks

'ArrpiaS 'A0 va(yopou) of Apphia, (daughter of) Athenagoras Bibl. Sukenik 1937:128-129, Pls. 5-6:3; Thomson 1941:231.

Comm. 1. The Department retained the inscribed fragments (Nos. 84-87) of five ossuaries discovered in 1934 near Beit Sahur el Àtiga. They were found in a badly disturbed, single-chambered tomb, partially stone-built. 2. The Greek inscription here and the Hebrew inscription of No. 86 are from the same ossuary and thus, read together, No. 84 can be amended. 3. 'Arrcpia: A transliteration of the Latin name Appia, which Sukenik compared to the name in Philem. 2. Arndt and Gringbrich (1957, s.v.) remark that this name is attested mainly in inscriptions from Asia Minor. 4. 'AOjvayopaS: As Sukenik remarks, this was a common name; cf. Pape and Benseler, s.v.

85 [36.2180] 57 x 33 cm.

Prov. Descr.

Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Fragment of long side.

Inscr.

OQTo0Prc

1vim Yehosef B. F Right metope, between petals of upper-left segment of rosette:

tAF

6a-ropayoc 6aropayoc ossuary, ossuary Bibl. Sukenik 1937:130, Pls. 5-6:4; Avigad 1967a: 141-142, Fig. 35, Pl. 21:1. Comm. 1. See Comm. 84: 1. 2. 'Oarocpayoc: Literally 'bone-eater'; cf.

oaropaye'(Strabo, 16.4.17) and the somewhat

Unpublished; for ornamentation, see Rahmani 1959:188, Pl. 24:6. Comm. 1. See Comm. 82: 1. 2. 1vn': For the name, see Comm. 9:2. Bibl.

similar term 6a-re'ov at Bet She'arim (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 131). For other contemporaneous terms for ossuaries found inscribed on these containers, see Intro. §§1 and 6Fg. See No. 125, in which a similar designation is also unaccompanied by the name of the deceased.

Catalogue 3. Avigad, who examined this ossuary, noted three holes bored into its base; he explained these as outlets for body secretions or for the establishment of contact between body and soil, in accordance with TJ Kil. 32b, though noting that in an ossuary these would have been symbolic rather than functional. For this, see Intro. §5H and Index of Subjects, s.v. Holes.

86 [36.2181] 26 x 17 cm.

Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Descr. Fragment of narrow side. Inscr. Prov.

vnunrc ns vn' (of) A(p)phia, daughter of Athenagoras Bibl. Sukenik 1937:Pl. 5-6:2. Comm. 1. See Comm. 84: 1. 2. For the reading, see Comm. 84:2. 3. Sukenik notes on the first name that the sigma of the Greek genitive is transliterated as samekh, though this is meaningless in Hebrew.

87 [36.2182] 29.5 x 19 cm.

Prov. Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Descr. Fragment of back. Inscr.

nv 5H -ow) nn n Honya, son of Alexa Bibl. Sukenik 1937:127, Pls. 5-6:1. Comm. 1. See Comm. 84: 1. 2. The other fragments of this ossuary are now missing. Sukenik originally described it as measuring 67 x 30 x 39 cm, with low feet and a flat lid. The ornamentation on F consisted of a central `lattice' pattern under a fluted frieze. 3. Sukenik explained the aleph after the first word as a mistake; the engraver had begun to carve the father's name before the 'bar'. 4. n>m: Cf. No. 132; the name is more frequently spelt rrnn, at times contracted to mn (e.g. 5)vnn 'nn), a common name in this period (see Josephus, passim); cf. also, the Dead Sea Scrolls (Benoit et al. 1961:91, No. 10). 5. nv»5m: Spelt nvo5rc on Nos. 18 and 725; for the feminine form, see No. 868. This contraction of Alexandros does not occur in Nabataean or other

99

Semitic inscriptions, though it is well attested to locally: a prominent citizen of Lod, ca. 80-110 CE (TB Hag. 18a); a sage of the third-fourth centuries CE (TJ Ket. 29c); and a Roman(?) judge of the fourth century CE (TJ Ket. 33b; Shev. 38a). In the latter case this might have been a transliteration of Alexas, which was also the name of the husband of Salome, King Herod's sister (Josephus AJ 17: 10). Krauss considered the transliteration of shin for sigma an indication of an early date. Naveh reads nv.,v5rc p 'Ele'asah', which was documented in the second century CE: nwvSK, father-in-law of R. Yehuda ha-Nassi (TB Ned. 5la) and R. Eleasah (Lev. R. 4:6).

88 Pl. 13 [37.1140] 68 x 28 X 36 + 13 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. of Offence (near former Government House), Jerusalem. Descr. Red wash, also covering lid. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened 'triglyph' containing a doubled zigzag line alluding to `palm trunk' motif. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; small discs in all corners of metopes. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Marks Short vertical line under fingergrip on right end of lid, directly over Inscr. B and Mark, R. R Under Inscr. B, centre:

B Left and right of centre: Inscr. A. B Centre, under rim:

z m' 'Ezra B. R:

JAC

Esras Comm. 1. In a report (October 1937) in the records file in the IAA archive, D.C. Baramki states that thirteen ossuaries (ten of which were plain), three cooking-pots and two juglets were discovered in a

tomb on private property. The Department retained three (Nos. 88-90) of the ossuaries.. 2. rt-ity: The name is unusual in this period; R. Ezra is mentioned only in the fourth century CE (TB Men. 53a). See also Yadin and Naveh 1989: Nos. 394, 472. In Greek, the name is usually spelt though occasionally 'Epa.

Catalogue

100

Pl. 14

89

[37.1141] 55 x 26 x 32 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. of Offence (near former Government House), Jerusalem. Descr. Red wash, also covering lid. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames, each containing a twelve-petalled rosette inside a

Bibl. Avi-Yonah 1940:147, Pl. 29:9; Goodenough 1953:128, Fig. 218. Comm. 1. See Comm. 88: 1.

2. The motif on F resembles No. 711: F. For the replacement of metopes by a zigzag on the frieze of a tomb facade, cf. Nos. 773 and 891; Intro. §11A; see also No. 122.

zigzag circle. Lid Flat. Inscr. A. B Upper-left corner: 91 Pl. 14 [37.1143] 70.5 x 29 x 32 + 9 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Imwas (Emmaus). Descr. Worn. Inner ledge on four sides. Red wash. Low feet.

'Iwav,4ou 'Irlaiou of Johannes of Jesus B. L Right-of-centre:

Ornam. F Three metopes in line frames with

T Comm. 2. 'Ico

1. See Comm. 88: 1. An irregular genitive ending of

'Iwav-% the normal form being 'Iwavou. For the name, cf. Comm. 50:2. 3. Ib)aEou: The genitive case of'IratoS, a variant form of the name Jesus common in the period; see Index of Inscriptions, s.v. 'I aouS. For an additional variant of this name, see 'IEaouoS, genitive 'Ieaouou (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: Nos. 138-140).

4. The fact that both names are in the genitive may indicate that the remains of two individuals were interred in this ossuary, rather than that the second name referred to the father of Johannes. 5. Inscr. B could not be deciphered.

frieze of interlaced semi-circles at top and base; left `triglyph' broadened and containing `lattice' pattern. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a line circle, petals overlaid by zigzags. Small discs in corners of metopes. L Traces of `lattice' pattern in red wash.

Lid Gabled. Fingergrips. Marks On R of gable, two marks and corresponding narrow side of chest: Comm. In a report (May 1937) in the records file in the IAA archive, S.A.S. Husseini states that eight ossuaries were discovered in a tomb destroyed through building activities; the Department retained three (Nos. 91-93) of the five decorated ossuaries; three plain ossuaries were also found.

92

Pl. 14

[37.1144] 62 x 25 x 30 + 5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Imwas (Emmaus). Descr. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

90

Pl. 14; Fig. 14

[37.1142] 73 x 28 x 36 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. of Offence (near former Government House), Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Fluted frame containing metope frame. In centre, tomb facade consisting of a three-columned porch surmounted by a metope frieze. Above frieze, a gabled roof with square central acroterium; the antae are extended upwards to indicate side acroteria. Six-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles, flank tomb. Lid Flat, cut-to-measure.

Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frame; `triglyphs' replaced by tree-pattern consisting of small discs indicating branches and roots. Central and right metope each contains a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line and zigzag circles; in left metope, two similar rosettes of different radii arranged vertically. Zigzags overlay all petals and fill spaces between petals. Additional discs added randomly inside outer frames of metopes. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Marks On top of R of lid and corresponding narrow side of chest: Comm. See Comm. 91.

Catalogue Pl. 14 93 [37.1145] 63 x 25 x 33 + 5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Imwas (Emmaus). Descr. Low feet. Ornam. F Broad, 'lattice'-patterned frame bordered by zigzags and containing three six-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles. B `Lattice' in red wash. L Similar to F, rosette inside frame. R Similar

101

B. L Over whole side:

to B.

Lid Vaulted. F Zigzag line on edge. Comm. See Comm. 91.

94

Pl. 14

[42.120] 62 x 28 x 35 cm. Chip carved.

Silwan village, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Inner ledge on four sides. Traces of red wash. Low feet. Ornam. F Within line circles, two rosettes consisting of two superimposed twelve-petalled rosettes of different radii; right-hand rosette has one space cut in leaf-pattern (a lily?) between the petals of the large rosette. Lid Flat, sliding. Prov.

Mark On top of insertion edge: Bibl. Sukenik 1942b; Avigad 1967:128, Fig. 12. Comm. 1. This ossuary was found with inscribed

fragments in a large, multi-chambered tomb which had both loculi and arcosolia; for this open and looted tomb, see a report by S.A.S. Husseini in the records file in the IAA archive (May 1941). 2. For the treatment of the space between petals, see also Nos. 106, 112 and 809.

Eoppa/'AppL6TO(36/Aa Sorra Arristobola Bibl. Sukenik 1942b; Avigad 1962a:4-5, No. 1. Comm. 1. The Department retained ten (Nos. 95-104) of eleven ossuaries discovered in 1941 in a single-chambered tomb; one inscribed ossuary (see Comm. 99:4) was given to the Hebrew University.

2. Eoppa: This is the equivalent of Eapa (see No. 99), as spelt in all examples from Bet She'arim (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974:Index, s.v.), though Josephus has Eappa. The name occurs frequently in Egypt (CIJ:Index, s.v.) and Cyrenaica (cf. Applebaum 1969:131). 3. A second line of Inscr. A is too effaced to copy;

in the first line, it is tempting to reconstruct an upsilon between the omicron and the lambda-alpha at the end of the name, even though this is absent in Inscr. B. The rare feminine form of Aristobulus, usually spelt ÀptaroPo6A'q, occurs on another local ossuary (Abel 1913:275, No. 15). Obviously, this is a double name belonging to one person; for such use of signa, see Intro. §6Fa and Index of Subjects, S.V. Inscriptions, contents; Names, double.

96 95 [42.121147 x 22 x 25.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.. Lid Flat, sliding. Marks On top of insertion edge and corresponding rim of chest:

Incr. A. F Upper-left, in dark green paint(?):

Àppi6To(3o6[Aa] Arristobou[la]

[42.122] 41 x 22.5 X 24.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Lid Flat, sliding. Fragmentary. Bibl.

Sukenik 1942b; Avigad 1962a:4, No. 2.


97 [42.123] 47 x 22.5 x 31 cm. Plain. Prov. Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet. Lid Flat, sliding. Broken.

Catalogue

102 Inscr.

F:

ccaimcoS Philiskos Bibl. Sukenik 1942b; Avigad 1962a:5, No. 3. Comm. 1. See Comm 95:1. 2. I LA axoq: Avigad remarked that the name occurs frequently in Cyrenaica; it is also common in Egypt (see Preisigke, s.v.); see also Comm. 99:4.

wash, including underside of lid. Low feet (with the stone-cutter's cruciform guide-lines at their sides). Lid Flat, sliding. Stone-cutter's guide-lines survive. Inscr. A. F Centre, (final five letters faintly incised):

A&c/MLQNPc Eapa EitLwvoS/IITUaetLacxr Sara, (daughter) of Simon of Ptolemais B. R Centre:

98 [42.124] 53 x 25.5 x 29 cm. Plain. Prov. Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Low feet. Lid Flat, sliding.

Mark On top of insertion edge: Inscr.

EapaS of Sara C. Lid Lengthwise on the underside; incised into red

F At a slant:

MH

Al

LA M

wash:

CAyAC C

Ea(3aziS/[Lr-rv)p D4cuvoc Sabatis, mother of Damon Bibl. Sukenik 1942b; Avigad 1962a:5-6, No. 4. Comm. 1. See Comm. 95: 1. 2. Ea(3(34rcoc: The feminine form of Ea(3(3a-Aq or Ea(3(3aTaioq'mnav or -maw. It was a common Jewish name in Egypt (cf. CPJ I : No. 34) and elsewhere. See also, Schiirer 1901-1909, 111: 563-564; Frey 1936: Nos. 155, 156, 157, 470 and 397 (referring to a male!); Tcherikover 1954:78-98; and CPJ III: Nos. 43-56. It has recently been found on a Jerusalem ossuary belonging to Jews from abroad (see Avni, Greenhut and Ilan 1992:109). 3. Daµwv: This is a common Greek name (cf. Preisigke, s.v.), occurring frequently among Jews from Egypt who also used the diminutive Dat,lwv (CPJ 312, 337, also 404:6); see also line (No. 403).

4. For the tau-eta-rho in the second word, see a similar ligature in No. 349. 5. For similar cases of the deceased designated as someone's mother, see Nos. 370, 801 and 868; see, at Bet She'arim, Avigad 1976b : Index, s.v. ji7jr p and xnx; Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974:Index, s.v.

99 [42.125] 55 x 27 x 31 cm. Plain. Prov. Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Traces of red

E ap aS of Sara Bibl. Sukenik 1942b; Avigad 1962a:8-9, No. 5. Comm. 1. See Comm. 95: 1.

2. Eapa: For the name, see Comm. 95:2. 3. Eiµwv: This name also occurs frequently in Jewish script; see Index of Inscriptions, s.v. and Bagatti and Milik 1958:76, No. 5. an ethnic 4. A variant of adjective derived from IIToXetLatq. Sukenik identified the name with Acre, while Avigad preferred to identify it with Ptolemais in Cyrenaica

rather than in Egypt. Avigad noted the frequent occurrence of many of the names on this group of ossuaries among Cyrenaican Jews, though they occurred among Egyptian Jews as well. The single ossuary retained by the Hebrew University bears the inscription mr7p vm3vD5x; this might be interpreted as Àlexander the Cyrenian', though Avigad remarked that n-))-)p might be nickname derived from the plant thyme (for similar nicknames, cf. Nos. 421, 498 and 803). As there is no evidence of a contemporary Jewish community in an Egyptian city of that name, Avigad's suggestion regarding Cyrenaica seems preferable. For further ossuaries ascribed to Cyrenian Jews residing in Jerusalem, see No. 404 and Bagatti and Milik 1958:81, No. 9. For contemporaneous Jewish ossilegium in Cyrenaica, see Wright 1963. For ethnic-names added to personal names, see Comm. 797:3.

Catalogue

103

100 [42.126] 53 x 25 x 31 cm. Plain.

102

Prov. Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Broken.

Prov. K idron Valley, Jerusalem.

Mark On top of insertion edge, preceding Inscr. B

[42.128] 6 3 x 26 x 31 + 14 cm. Plain. Descr.

I nner l edge on two sides.

Lid Ga bled. F ingergrips. Inscr. A . F Un der rim, faded green paint(?):

(see below). Inscr. A. F Upper centre:

f

W MA

UP H N WMA

'Qprja 'f pAa 'f2pAa Horea, Horea, Horea B. B Under rim, very faded green paint(?):

Oacatapxoc LK/Oaatap7o4 LK/Aoai0eou Thaliarchos, aged 20/Thaliarchos, aged 20/son of Dositheos B. Lid Lengthwise, following mark at insertion edge:

U/\AIArxOC LK OaxtapxoS LK Thaliarchos, aged 20 Bibl. Sukenik 1942b; Avigad 1962a:6-7, No. 6. Comm. 1. See Comm. 95: 1. 2. Oaxtapxoc: As Avigad noted, this name-was common in Cyrenaica and also occurred in Egypt (cf. Preisigke, s.v.). 3. A oat0e oS: For the name, see Comm. 70:3. 4. The age of the deceased is rarely found on ossuaries; see, however, an identically incised L-sign on No. 778; cf. Intro. §6Ff.

101 [42.127] 54 x 26 x 31 cm. Plain. Prov. Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

/Ha '!Dp'a

Horea, Horea/] ora

Bibl. Sukenik 1942b; Avigad 1962a:8, No. 8. Comm. 1. See Comm. 95: 1.

'OpAa: Similar to the female name 'Opata (CPJ 159:1), the male name 'S2pa7toc (CPJ 91:3, 92:3 from 153 BCE) or 'Qptwv (CPJ 464:4, from the

2.

second century CE), and 'S2prjwv (Preisigke, s.v.). 3. Line 2 of Inscr. B seems corrupted. 4. For other instances of the repetition of names, see, e.g., Nos. 108, 236, and 383. See also Intro. §6C and Index of Subjects, s.v.

103 [42.129] 35 x 21 x 27 cm. Plain. Prov. Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Desc. Inner ledge on three sides.

Lid Flat, sliding. Shallow fingergrip on outer edge. Bibl. Sukenik 1942b; Avigad 1962a:4, No. 10. Comm. See Comm. 95:1.

Mark On top of insertion edge: 104

Inscr.

F Upper centre:

[42.130] 73(75) x 34(35) x 37 + 14 cm. Plain.

Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice on all sides. Low feet. Lid Gabled. Fingergrips. Prov.

Descr.

Incr. F Upper centre, partially worn off: Mva/aoGq of Mnaso Bibl. Sukenik 1942b; Avigad 1962a:7-8, No. 7. Comm. 1. See Comm. 95: 1. 2. Mvaac : As Avigad noted, this is a female name; its masculine forms were common in Cyrenaica and Egypt; cf. Mvaawv (CPJ 28:17) and Preisigke, s.v. MvaaLS.

atpv, Ya'aqov Bibl. Sukenik 1942b; Avigad 1962a:1l, No. 11. Comm. 1. See Comm. 95: 1. 2. ivy): Cf. Nos. 396 and 678 and Yadin and Naveh 1989: No. 402; Nos. 290 and 865 have

Catalogue

104

this name without the vav. Regarding the pronunciation of the name, the Septuagint, Apocrypha and New Testament throughout have 'Iax6(3; Josephus has 'Iaxw(3o4, while in Egypt

2. For the treatment of the space between petals, cf. Nos. 94 and 809.

'l0'Cxou(3oc (cf. CPJ:Index, s.v.) frequently appears as well as 'Iaxo[3oq. At Bet She'arim, 'Iax6(3, 'Iaxou[3oq occurs with the additional spellings of "Ixou[3oc (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: Nos. 94 and 96) and 'Iaxxw(3oS (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 6). Cf. also nn-pp (Abel 1913:268 and Comm. 838:3).

P1. 15 107 [42.158] 65 x 29.5 x 34.5 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Kidron Valley (Wadi el Ahmadieh, northern slope), Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Red wash.

Pl. 15; Fig. 119 105 [42.144] Original length: 67 cm. height: 39 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Kidron Valley (Sal'ah), Jerusalem. Descr. Fragmentary, partially reconstructed. Red wash.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame. 'Triglyph' replaced by palm tree with stylized, ascending and spreading branches; triangles indicate roots. In each metope, multiple, interlaced six-petalled rosettes inside a line circle. Vertical lines (surviving only on right) delimit foot of tree and link circles to base of frame. Bibl. Avigad 1967a:133, No. 1; Rahmani 1959:188, Pl. 24:5. Comm. Reconstructed by the Department from finds strewn throughout an open and looted threechambered loculi tomb found in November, 1941. The Hebrew University received one hard limestone ossuary with a gabled lid from this tomb.

Ornam. F 'Running-dog' frame containing metope frame. In centre, motif derived from two-columned porch; columns contain metopes. Six-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles, flank column motif. Lid Flat, sliding. Inscr. A. R: 4

Il

'min' Yehonatan B. Lid Across, near insertion edge:

nnrnnmtrn Yehonatan/Yehonatan Bibl. Sukenik 1945:28, No. 6. Comm. 1. See Comm. 106.

106

Pl. 15

2. lmn': For the name, see Bagatti and Milik

[42.157] 40.5 x 20 x 25.5 cm. Chip carved.

1958:87, No. 16.

Prov. Kidron Valley (Wadi el Ahmadieh, northern slope), Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Yellow wash, F only. Low feet.

3. The 'running-dog' is stylized into S-shapes (cf. No. 888); for a more regular example, see No. 779. For a similar rendering of a porch, see No. 827.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames at base and sides, palm-trunk frieze at top. 'Triglyph' replaced by two large discs; black spots above and below frames. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette;' only three alternating petals of each were completed, giving the impression of three-petalled rosettes; scalloped edges between petal-tips, elaborated in part of left rosette into lilies(?). Lid Flat, thick and roughly dressed. Bibl. Sukenik 1945:28, No. 5. Comm. 1. The Department retained five (Nos. 106-110) of eighteen ossuaries discovered in a single-

chambered loculi tomb in 1941.

108 Pl. 15 [42.159] 64 x 26 x 34 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Kidron Valley (Wadi el Ahmadieh, northern slope), Jerusalem. Descr. Yellow-brown wash. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened 'triglyph' contains a vertical row of small discs. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; small discs between petals of rosettes and in all corners of metopes. Lid Flat. Broken.

Catalogue Inscr. A. F Divided between upper corners of right-

hand metope and upper-right corner of left-hand one:

I

105

Pron. Kidron Valley (Wadi el Ahmadieh, northern slope), Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Red wash, also

on underside of lid. Low feet. Ornam. Two metopes in doubled line frames, each containing an eight-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles, the eighth petal irregularly added to a seven-petalled rosette. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Sukenik 1945:28, No. 14. Comm. 1. See Comm. 106. 2. For a similar, though better executed, rosette, cf. No. 207.

Mapta u /Macpeaje7) Mariame/Mariame C. Lid Across underside:

MapLd. voy/Mapea/ n of Mariamne/Maria/me Bibl. Sukenik 1945:28, No. 13. Comm. 1, See Comm. 106.

2. Inscr. A seems to be ligatures, perhaps forming the name of the deceased in Jewish letters and reading mmirr-im. 3. Mapi con : For this form of the name, cf. Index

of Inscriptions, s.v. and Josephus, passim, also spelt as MapL&.Ln. This is a common Greek form of the name orin (for which, see Comm. 31:2); cf. Bagatti and Milik 1958:97, No. 37b; Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 8; Benoit et al. 1961:239, No. 113a:6; Cotton and Geiger 1989: Nos. 785, 895. Spelt as Mape&LvI, it appears on the underside of the lid in the genitive case (for a different form, cf. No. 701). This spelling (cf. Krauss 1916) was once regarded as a later version of Mapea1+7], attested in the manuscripts of Hippolytus' Refut. Omn. 134, 79 (ed. P. Wendeland, Leipzig, 1916) and Origenes' Contra Celsum V:625 (PG XI: 1, 1281 A); see also Pape and Benseler, s.v. This example proves that the name was current in Jerusalem before 70 CE. For other variations of the name, see Nos. 552 and 559 which indicate that the proper pronounciation was 'Mariam', `Mariame' or `Mariamne'.

Pl. 15 109 [42.160] 58.5 x 26.5 x 34 cm. Chip carved and incised.

110 Pl. 15; Fig. 34 [42.161] 61 x 26 x 32 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Kidron Valley (Wadi el Ahmadieh, northern slope), Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Traces of redbrown wash. Low feet.

Ornam. Two metopes in zigzag frame; `triglyph' replaced by a fluted column on three ashlar-steps; capital replaced by conch bordered by metopes and set on a metope abacus. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; petal-tips linked by scallops. Lid Flat, sliding. Marks On insertion edge of lid and corresponding narrow rim of chest: Inscr. A. L Top, right:

B. Lid Lengthwise in centre; reading towards insertion edge, as if written from B. Faint:

VrX Bibl. Sukenik 1945:28, No. 16; Goodenough 1953:121, Fig. 161. Comm. 1. See Comm. 106.

2. urN: Sukenik regarded this as a transliteration of the Greek name Ai'SaS, though it is possibly a contraction of ALSe6LoS, attested as the name of a Jew from Antioch buried at Bet She'arim (cf. Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974:Nos. 141-143). It is perhaps more likely that the name was a Graecized form of re-rre or rent (the name of several Amoraic sages). For similar instances of Graecized, Jewish names, cf. Nos. 572 and 582 and names such as my v ,,m vv'ri 'Levitas of Jabneh' (M. Avot 4:4, early second century CE). See also Krauss 1898:76-77, §106 and Comm. 139:5.

Catalogue

106

3. The lone aleph of Inscr. A is probably the start of the same name. For the bet-bet direction marks, see Comm. 821:2. 4. For the motif in centre, see Intro. §11G; for a conch replacing the capital, see also Milik 1956-57:252, Fig. 18:4. For other motifs replacing capitals, see Nos. 44 and 600.

111 Pls. 15, 16 [42.243] 61 x 24.5 x 27.5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Silwan village, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Red wash, F and

R. Low feet.

Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frame, doubled at sides and top, between which are bands of interlaced semi-circles. 'Triglyphs' replaced by discs at top and base, similar discs in outer corners of metopes. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle, central rosette smaller than side rosettes. B and L `Lattice' pattern in red wash. R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame, discs in corners. Lid Slightly vaulted. Lattice pattern executed in red wash. Fingergrips. Comm. 1. In a report in the records file in the IAA archive, S.A.S. Husseini states that a singlechambered tomb with two large loculi and a common repository-pit was discovered in 1943; the Department retained two (Nos. 111-112) of the five ossuaries recovered. The finds, chiefly pottery and several stone measuring cups, range from the late Hellenistic period to 70 CE. 2. For the `triglyph' motif, cf. No. 92; it may derive from a tree motif.

112 [42.244] 67 x 26 x 31 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Silwan village, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Low feet.

Pl. 16

113 Pl. 16 [46.173] 50 x 24 x 28 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Yellow wash on all sides and underside of lid. Low feet. Ornam. Fluted frame containing metope frame.

In centre, porch with two columns, flanked by two six-petalled rosettes inside concentric line circles. Lid Flat. Inscr. B In charcoal, faint, partly effaced:

I 'I7)ao5q 'Io66/[o]u Jesus, son of Juda Bibl. Sukenik 1947:355, 358, 363, P1. 80, No. 7; Bagatti and Milik 1958:85, No. 13; Kane 1971; 1978:271-273. Comm. 1. The Department retained three (Nos. 113-115) of fourteen ossuaries discovered in a singlechambered loculi tomb in 1945.

2. Sukenik read 'Ir)ao5S iou, in the sense of `Jesus, woe', interpreting this, as well as the cross-marks and the word 'AA60 on No. 114, as expressions of lamentation for the crucifixion of Christ. Milik, discerning a further stroke after the upsilon of the second word, amended it to 'IoC [a]. Kane suggested that this stroke was part of the delta, but observed traces of a second line with part of an upsilon, thus reconstructing omicron-upsilon and proposing the plausible reading 'IouBou, a genitive denoting Judas as the father of Jesus.

114 [46.174] 63.5 x 27 x 32 cm. Plain. Prov. Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet. Lid Flat, cut-to-measure. Marks F Centre, in charcoal:

Ornam. F Two metopes in unfinished zigzag frames; `triglyph' replaced by doubled palm-trunk pattern, overlaid by lilies(?). In each metope, a whirl-rosette inside zigzag circles elaborated into a chain of lilies(?); in centre of rosettes, eightpetalled rosettes inside similar circles. Left rosette, unfinished. Lid Flat. Comm. 1. See Comm. 111:1. 2. For the `triglyph' motif, cf., e.g., No. 88; for the lilies, see Nos. 94, 106 and 809.

_tD R Centre, in charcoal:

L Centre, in charcoal:

Pl. 16

Catalogue B Centre, in charcoal:

Inscr.

116 [46.178] 58 x 30 x 36 + 18 cm. Plain.

Prov. Mt. of Offence (Batn el-Hawa), Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Low feet.

Lid Centre, lengthwise:

hQ

107

0

'IiaoGS 'AXW' O Jesus aloe(?)

Bibl. Sukenik 1947: No. 8; Kane 1971; Smith 1974:58-60. Comm. 1. See Comm. 113: 1.

2. Sukenik tentatively interpreted aloth as `to wail, lament' (from the Hebrew word n5x); however, the use of the root in this sense is very rare (Joel 1:8; it stands also for `curse' in dictionaries of later Hebrew and Aramaic). Sukenik also discusses the possibility of aloth being an adjectival form of a place name (cf. LXX Jer. 48:5; for this, see Schalit 1951:115, n. 78). Kane supported a third possibility, mentioned by Sukenik, that this is a name or nickname, perhaps a transliteration of the Hebrew m5nx àloe'. Though the correct Greek spelling would then be 'Aao-n, LXX Cant. 4:15 has 'AXc50, further attested as a male name in second century CE Egypt (cf. Preisigke, s.v.). It thus seems likely that here the nickname served to differentiate this Jesus from the Jesus mentioned on ossuary No. 113; for the analogous differentiation of close relatives, see, e.g., Nos. 32 and 35; 797 and 803. For similar nicknames derived from aromatic plants, cf. `balsam' (No. 461), `cinnamon' (No. 803), pip 'saffron' (Clermont-Ganneau 1891:242; 1899:406, No. 15) and, perhaps, rr»p `thyme' (Avigad I962a:10-11). For such names in general, see Intro. §6Fa and Comm. 35:2. 3. The marks at the exact centre of each side of the chest seem to be in preparation for additional ornamentation.

Pl. 17 115 [46.175] 54.5 x 24 x 28 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished(?). Yellow wash. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames at top and base, palm trunk frames at sides; `triglyph' replaced by vertical branch. In each metope, a sixpetalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Bibl. Sukenik 1947:356-357, No. 14, Pl. 83:C. Comm. 1. See Comm. 113: 1. 2. The ossuary, especially its central motif, is either unfinished or carelessly executed.

Lid Gabled lid. Fingergrips. Comm. The report by S.A.S. Husseini (January 1942) in the records file in the IAA archive states that a single-chambered tomb with eight irregular loculi was cleared. The Department retained four (Nos. 116-119) of the 12 ossuaries discovered, in addition to pottery. Of the remainder, six were plain and two bore chip-carved decoration of metopes containing six-petalled rosettes.

117 Pl. 17 [46.179] 74.5 x 26 x 30 + 9 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. of Offence (Barn el-Hawa), Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Yellow wash. Low feet. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Inscr. F:

/UAT11 I,, xn5x p n-nn' Yehuda, son of Illma Comm.

1. See Comm. 116.

2. xn5x: This name was borne by the father of a high priest who served for a single day in the latter part of Herod's reign `Joseph, son of Ellemos' (Jos. AJ 17:166), of Sepphoris (Tos. Yom. 1:4, Zuck. 180:40). Variant spellings of the name occur in Talmudic sources: o5ix ,a5lx, oft, o5x xn5x-a51,x 'the mute' (as interpreted by Schiirer 1901-1909, 11:270, n. 7). Though this is the most likely interpretation, aft-xn'N in the sense of `the strong' is also possible. For derogatory and other types of surnames and nicknames, see Comms. 35:2 and 62:2. Josephus' ancestor 'FcXX `the stammerer' (Vita 3) seems a close parallel to xnx, and perhaps one should read the name Ìllma' rather than Àlma' in Yadin 1962:250 on Document 44 of Babata. For the name, cf. also Gafni in EJ (1971), s.v. Joseph b. Elem, vol. 10, col. 227.

118

Pl. 17; Fig. 69

[46.180] 58.5 X 27.5 X 31.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. of Offence (Batn el Hawa), Jerusalem. Descr. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames,

Catalogue

108

each containing a twelve-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Small discs in all corners of metopes.

On one edge of lid:

Lid Thick, overhanging (63 cm long). Lid Flat. Marks On top of lid and B; continuous vertical

Comm.

line:

i

/r 1. See Comm. 116. 2. The lid is somewhat too narrow and probably was not intended for this ossuary; moreover the marks do not correspond.

120 Inscr. A. F In charcoal, very cursive; starting in left-hand metope, written from the left of the small

disc in the right corner and continuing over the circle in metope; this position affected the writing and makes the inscription's axis uncertain:

B. Lid In charcoal, across, to left of mark:

0 h C. Lid Across underside, in charcoal, last letter partly obscured by incrustation:

1. See Comm. 116. 2. Inscrs. B and C are complementary and somewhat similar to Inscr. A. However, as only a lamed in the middle of the word can be identified, it remains unread. 3. The corresponding marks prove the association of the chest and lid, despite the latter's excessive length. Comm.

[46.182] 69.5 x 26.5 x 34,5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Bet Jala, Jerusalem. Descr. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame, doubled at top and sides; `triglyph' replaced by amphora with trumpet foot and lid. In each metope, superimposed six-petalled rosettes of differing radii inside a zigzag circle; small discs in centres and between petals of larger rosette. Similar discs on lid and lower part of amphora, and in corners of metopes (though amphora's handles slightly displace those in the upper-inner corners). Comm. 1. Chance find, purchased in November 1941.

2. For similarly composed rosettes, see Nos. 35 and 42.

Pl. 17 121 [46.183] 52.5 x 30.5 x 32 + 17 cm. Thickness of walls: 5.5 cm. Hard limestone. Relief carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus (west of Augusta Victoria Hospital), Jerusalem.

Descr. R Part of rim and wall repaired in antiquity with iron rivet. Ornam. F and B One raised rectangle resembling an ashlar. L Raised rhomb. Lid Vaulted; base broadened into cornice (54 X 35 cm).

Inscr.

119 Pl. 17 [46.181] 62 x 27 x 33 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. of Offence (Batn el-Hawa), Jerusalem. Descr. Yellow wash. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. 'Triglyph' transformed into palm tree; at top, two recessed triangles bordered by zigzags indicate ascending branches. In each metope, a twentypetalled rosette within a zigzag circle. Lid Flat.

Mark On R of chest:

Pl. 17

Lid F, left-of-centre:

t; n t, 1 4"11 .'1 --W i

I

vrrvrr -13 vrv, Yeshua', son of Dostas Bibl. Unpublished, though mentioned in Rahmani 1968:222, n. 6. Comm. 1. In a report in the records file in the IAA archive, S.A.S. Husseini states that a single-chamber loculi tomb was discovered in 1942, containing eight ossuaries; four ornamented ossuaries (Nos. 121-124) were retained. 2. 'w": For the name, see Comm. 9:1.

3. vnvrr: For the name, see Comm. 70:3.

Catalogue

109

4. For a similar method of repair, see Intro. §5E and Index of Subjects, s.v.

Lid Vaulted. Comm. See Comm. 121:1.

P1. 17; Fig. 13 122 [46.184] 46 x 25 x 27.5 + 12 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus (west of Augusta Victoria

124 P1. 18 [46.186] 64 x 31 x 36 + 13 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus (west of Augusta Victoria Hospital), Jerusalem. Descr. Badly damaged; reconstructed from many fragments. Inner ledge on four sides. Red wash. Low

Hospital), Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Inner ledge on three sides (B, L and R). Slightly protruding cornice, F only. Low feet. Ornam. F Gabled tomb facade flanked by asymmetrically aligned six-petalled rosettes, each inside a zigzag circle; above tomb entrance, gable with zigzag frieze and amphora on top; directly underneath, a second tomb entrance is indicated. To the right of these representations, a column-shaped nefesh surmounted by a small pyramid or cone. Lid Gabled, cut-to-measure. Incr. A. Lid F, across width:

coX

125 Pl. 18 [46.211] 54(55.5) x 24(25.5) x 29 cm. Chip carved.

oc

Prov. Abu Tor, Jerusalem. Unfinished. Broken and reconstructed. Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice on all sides, under rim. Descr.

q Saul Rahmani 1968:222, Pl. 23; Meyers 1970:1

Fig. 1. Comm. 1. See Comm. 121:1. 2. Stew: Meyers interpreted Inscr. A as She'ol 'Netherworld'; the Greek inscription, however, unequivocally indicates the name 'Saul'. 3. As represented here, a zigzag replaces the metopes on a tomb's frieze; cf. Intro. §11 J and Nos. 773 and 891. For the usual metope frieze, cf. No. 90. 4. For a column-shaped nefesh, see Intro. §11F and Nos. 599, 601 and 730; cf. also Ills. 18-20.

123 [46.185] 53.5 x 24.5 x 27.5 + 6 cm. Incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus (west of Augusta Victoria

Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frames. Inside the large central metope, concentric line circles containing pattern of multiple, interlaced sixpetalled rosettes, each inside a line circle; zigzags overlay all petals and link circle to corners of metope. Side metopes are vertically divided into three rectangles; inside the upper and lower ones are two rows of juxtaposed semi-circles; the larger central rectangle contains a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; zigzags link circles to corners of rectangles. Lid Gabled, vaulted central ridge. Fingergrips. Comm. 1. See Comm. 121:1. 2. For the lid, cf. Nos. 25, 55bis and 843.

5trtti Sha'ul B. Lid F, across width:

Bibl.

feet.

Pl. 18

Hospital), Jerusalem.

Descr. Low feet. Ornam. F In doubled line frames, two six-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles. L and R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame.

Low feet.

Ornam. Two metopes flanked by zigzag frames at sides, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a line circle; carving of petals unfinished. Inscr. B Top, centre:

N1 'p tomb Comm. 1. In a short report (November 1944) in the records file in the IAA archive, S.A.S. Husseini notes the discovery of a single-chambered tomb containing three ossuaries (Nos. 125-126 and 307). 2. wvp: The word `tomb' (cf. Jastrow 1926, s.v.) without a name is unusual, but is paralleled on No. 85 by the word 'ossuary'. On No. 560: Inscr. A, izp was probably used in the sense of 'ossuary'; on No. 573 the word may also bear this meaning or be a verb indicating 'buried'.

110

Catalogue

Pl. 18 126 [46.212] 62.5 x 38 x 30 cm. Plain. Rough dressed.

Prov. Abu Tor, Jerusalem. Broken. Inner ledge on four sides. Slightly trough-shaped. Comm. 1. See Comm. 125: 1. 2. One of the few ossuaries of such crude make and shape, though cf. Nos. 158, 374, 422 and 472. Descr.

130 [49.2453] 68 x 30 x 32 cm. Plain. Prov. Jerusalem. Descr. Fragmentary. Inscr. A. F Centre:

127

B. B, right-of-centre:

Ornam. F Two metopes in line frames; 'triglyphs' transformed into palm trees with ascending and spreading branches. In each metope, a six-petalled

Comm. The inscriptions cannot be read; as nothing is known about the location and

Pl. 18 [49.1460] 60(61) x 26.5(27) x 30.5 + 10 cm. Incised. Prov. Qatamon, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice on all sides, under rim. Low feet.

Pl. 19

rosette inside concentric line circles. Lid Gabled. Fingergrips. Comm. 1. Chance find. 2. For the transformation of the 'triglyphs', cf. No.

circumstances of the ossuary's discovery, a recent date for them is possible.

226.

131 [49.2454] 61 x 25 x 32.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Sanhedriya-Mahanayim, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Broken and partially reconstructed. Low feet.

P1. 19 128 [49.2451] 59 x 22.5 x 29.5 + 3 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Abu Tor, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Red wash. Low feet. Ornam. F In zigzag frame, two six-petalled rosettes, each inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals. Lid Vaulted.

Comm. Chance find.

Pl. 19

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened 'triglyph' containing palm-trunk motif. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; small discs between petals and in corners of left metope; similar disc in lower left corner of right metope. R Guidelines for six-petalled rosette. Bibl. Slousch, Sukenik and Ben Zvi 1925; Rahmani 1961:106, No. 3.

Pl. 19 129 [49.2452] 56 x 25 x 31.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Unfinished. Broken and partially restored. Low feet. Ornam. Two metopes in zigzag frame, doubled at top and sides; 'triglyph' replaced by lily with chipcarved, triangular roots and guidelines indicating an unfinished stem and chalice. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Comm. 1. Nos. 129, 132, 371, 522, 807-815 and 856 were formerly in the.collection of the Bezalel National Art Museum, Jerusalem. The only information on these ossuaries is that they were acquired locally and probably originated in Jerusalem or its vicinity. See also Comm. 807: 1. 2. For the lily, cf. Nos. 57, 410, 411, 431 and 600.

Comm. From a three-chambered loculi and arcosolia tomb, discovered in 1925 and cleared in 1957. Of the eight ossuaries found, the Department retained seven, one of which (Rahmani 1961:106, No. 5) was given to Oslo University; the others are Nos. 147-151.

132 Pl. 19 [49.2455] 55 x 28 x 34 + 4.5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Traces of red wash. Hole in base, repaired

in antiquity on inside with twice-perforated, flat carved stone. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. 'Triglyph' transformed into palm tree; zigzag semi-circles indicate ascending branches over representation of date cluster; roots mirror branches.

Catalogue In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and elements of tree and link circles to corners of metopes. R Zigzag frame containing two palm trees; ascending branches indicated by zigzag lines and roots indicated by short horizontal zigzag lines. Lid Vaulted. Horizontal edges of F bordered by zigzag lines; similar lines on top form a grid. Fingergrips. Inscr. B Upper half, centre:

mpn 1n nn Honi, son of Hananya Comm.

1. See Comm. 129: 1.

2. nn: This name is attested in the first century BCE as 'nn 5avnn (cf. Yadin and Naveh 1989: No. 433) or in )n, rann, a name occurring in Josephus as 'Oviaq. Here, it is a contracted form of rimin and mnn> (or mini). The vav representing the sound ò' is frequently omitted in the contraction of names; see n'm, No. 87 and, e.g., Nos. 370:Inscr. A, 730, 783: Inscr. A and 840. 3. nn)n: This name occurs frequently, see Comm. 67:2 and Index of Inscriptions, s.v. 4. For ancient repairs, see Intro. §5E and Index of Subjects, s.v.

Pl. 20; Fig. 80 133 [50.94] 48 x 39 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Sanhedriya, Jerusalem. Descr. Fragment of F, partially restored. Cornice under rim.

Ornam. F In metope, a large whirl rosette inside concentric line circles; in each corner, a small fourpetalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Vertical branch-frame to left. Bibl. Rahmani 1961:103, No. 3. Comm. 1. This is the largest and best preserved of many ossuary fragments recovered in 1949/50 from a multi-chambered loculi tomb, the largest of the Sanhedriya tombs. See also, Nos. 141, 700 and 751. 2. The small rosettes replace the discs often occupying the corners of metopes. 3. For another instance of a branch frame, cf. No. 162.

Pl. 20 134 [53.385] 55.5(58) x 27.5(31) x 32 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Schneller, Jerusalem.

Descr. sides.

111

Inner ledge on four sides. Cornice on all

Ornam. F Two metopes in line frames, each containing an eight-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; wedge-shaped petals. Comm. This and Nos. 135-136, 138-139 belonged to the former Syrisches Waisenhaus in Jerusalem, commonly known by the name of its first director, Th. Schneller. In 1905 Schneller published a note in the institution's quarterly, Der Bote aus Zion (No. 2:28-31), on the discovery of a tomb with five loculi, containing eight ossuaries. Three of the ossuaries (including No. 139) bore inscriptions (see Lidzbarski 1908:195-197). Schneller mentioned another tomb, but offered no details; this may be the origin of two inscribed ossuaries, one of which (No. 135) remained in Jerusalem. Nos. 134, 136, 138 and 353 presumably belong to these tomb groups; the other ossuaries were probably destroyed in the 1948 war.

135 P1. 20 [53.388] 62 x 26 x 30 + 12 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Schneller, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Worn surface.

Heavy inscrustation on parts. Hole in base. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames. Broadened `triglyph' containing sevenbranched plant with triangular base; branches end in lanceolate leaves. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Lid Gabled. F and B Four metopes in zigzag frames; F central `triglyph' replaced by vertical scroll with grape clusters(?); the other `triglyphs' are composed of zigzags which also form gabled patterns inside each metope.

Inscr. R Upper half:

&8cXc

/aSE brother/bro

Bibl. Euting 1885:684, No. 71; Samuel Klein 1920:21, No. 16; Thomson 1921: No. 203b. Comm. 1. See Comm. 134.

2. The authors listed above quote Euting, who noted neither the omicron in the first line nor the entire second line, doubtlessly because, on the badly weathered surface, it is difficult to determine whether the word was repeated or only begun on the second line.

Catalogue

112

3. An ossuary inscribed t,qrdpa, which Euting (1885:684, No. 70) interpreted as 'mother', was found with this ossuary. Other inscriptions mention family relationships, e.g. 'brothers' (No. 560) and 'sister' (Avigad 1961). Though Adelphos, like renx (No. 396), occurs as a name (cf. PapeBenseler, s.v.), the fact that it occurs with an ossuary inscribed [L-qr4pa indicates 'brother' as the more likely meaning. Mention of family relationships unaccompanied by a personal name is rare; it may have been intended on Nos. 21 (w ) and 344 (z' ), though both could be personal names. It definitely expresses a family relation at Bet She'arim (Avigad 1976b: No. 13). See also Naveh 1990.

4. For the central plant, see Comm. 27:4. 5. Though a gable pattern on a lid is rare, it is the sole motif on No. 835; it may derive from the pyramid-capped nefesh. 6. For the hole in base, see Comm. 85:3.

136 Pl. 20; Fig. 98, 99 [53.389] 57 x 28 x 29 + 10 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Schneller, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken, reconstructed. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag and line frames, each containing a whirl-rosette inside a zigzag circle. In upper corners of right-hand metope, lotuses incised in freehand issue from circle; in left metope, similarly incised palmettes. Lid Gabled, cut-to-measure at both ends.

Marks On right gable of lid and corresponding

narrow side: C

l) 1. See Comm. 134. 2. For the freehand motifs, cf. Intro. §11S. Comm.

137 [53.390] 59 x 28.5 x 35.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Romema, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Inscr. R Large. Upper half:

138 Pl. 20 [53.392] 54.5 x 26.5 x 32 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Schneller, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Red wash. B Five

small holes bored through walls of chest (three near base, two midway between top and base). Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened 'triglyph' contains vertical row of discs. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle with discs above and below it. In all corners of metopes, quarters of presumably twelve-petalled rosettes inside zigzag circles. Comm. 1. See Comm. 134. 2. For a very similar arrangement of holes, see No. 810:B and No. 470 (on all sides). Though they might serve a similar symbolic function, these holes

should perhaps be distinguished from holes in the bases of ossuaries (see, e.g., No. 85). For further examples of holes bored into the sides of ossuaries, see Intro. §5H and Index of Subjects, s.v. Both these types of holes should be distinguished from pairs of holes through the rim and lid of an ossuary (see Comm. 783:3).

Pl. 20 139 [53.393] 67.5 x 26 x 35 + 11 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Schneller, Jerusalem. Descr. Yellow wash. Low feet. Ornam. Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened 'triglyph' contains a thrice repeated palm-trunk motif. In each metope, a fourteen-petalled rosette within a zigzag circle and with a central disc. Lid Gabled. Five metopes in zigzag frames. Inscr. A. R Upper half, under rim:

1C Afl1 AC IIarriaq Papias B. Under Inscr. A:

1) 1 n \

,1 VaTJ nvnniv'o.q Papias,/the Be(t)shanite C. Lid B, right:

nCA 'Io68ou of Judas Bibl. Yeivin 1951:85; Schwabe 1954:158-159. Comm. 1. One of two ossuaries discovered in 1949

in a single-chambered loculi tomb. 2. 'Io68aS: For the name, see Comm. 24:3 and Index of Inscriptions, s.v.

CCCCIC/X

Cke0 aEiT

lla7riac xai 1o6kwtuX/ExuOoiroXr1rac Papias and Salomich(1)/the Scythopolitans Bibl. Schneller 1905; Lidzbarski 1908:197; Thomson 1921:120, No. 204c.

Catalogue 1. See Comm. 134. 2. Eaaw[.ix: Lidzbarski transcribed this as Ea),6[ q, which indeed must have been intended. There Comm.

is a possibility that a velar pronunciation of chi after iota was intended (as in German licht; for such a pronunciation, see Krauss 1898:40-41, 53); this might have represented an abbreviation of irvnyv (see No. 801), similar to the contraction of Eaaapaat (Bagatti and Milik 1958:71, No. 2). Here the name probably refers to the wife of Papias. 3. ' va: Since it probably stands for jrev mi (Scythopolis), this word strengthens the argument that such drastic contractions were common at this time. For reference to the place of origin of the

113

Fragment. Inscr. To right of circle (around rosette?): Desc.

T oaa a[ Tolla[ Bibl. Rahmani 1961:104, No. 2. Comm. 1. See Comm. 133:1, though this ossuary is from a nearby tomb.

2. The first surviving letter may be a tau and enough of the final letter survives to read it as an alpha; the most likely reading is ToXXa , attested in Egypt in this period (cf. Preisigke, s.v.)

deceased, see Comm. 797:3.

4. IIanfaS: This is a term of endearment (Lallnamen), see Comms. 1:3 and 51:2; cf. also v).=, No. 256.

5. A missing ossuary from this group bore the Hebrew inscription izp rtzrtn>>v I)m ii qvm nr u under the bilingual inscription twin pm/ 'Aviv Exu0o7roAeitir14. Lidzbarski suggested the

translation: 'Joseph, son of Hanin, the poor/father, his son buried (him)'. For the rendering of nnv as 'Isaac the 'the poor', cf. 'I6aaxou

142 Pl. 21 [54.553] 40 x 15 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Qiryat Shemu'el, Jerusalem. Descr. Restored fragment. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; 'triglyph' containing an independent motif. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette within line circles. Inscr. F Top, in three lines over decoration, interrupted by deeply incised central motif: /11

poor' (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: Nos. 99, 206). The transliteration of pm into Greek as 'Avr.v, from which pert (starting with an rt) was later transliterated, also merits attention. For a similar

instance of a son burying his father (rather than assuming that the inscription means 'tomb of his son'), see No. 12; for a possible instance of a soi burying his mother, see No. 573.

CAE `Po6cpou- oS 8' av/[Ae-revdvxr] 7ra[p(E(3-j?)]/-r6v

6px/ov/a6('rou) of Rufus; whoever/moves it/breaks his vow Bibl.

Kloner 1981b:403-404.

Comm. 1. This ossuary was discovered by Y. Aharoni in an irregular single-chambered loculi

140 [53.1223] 21 x 24 cm. Fragment. Prov. Unknown Inscr. Inside circle:

Pl. 20

viv' Yeshua' Bibl. Figueras 1983:21, 105-108.

Comm. For another example of a name within a carelessly drawn circle, see No. 856. The similarity of the circle to a fish is coincidental and the inferences drawn by Figueras excessive.

141 [54.521] 8 x 4 cm. Prov. Sanhedriyah, Jerusalem.

tomb in 1954.

2. The inscription is difficult to read; L. Di Segni suggested this reading (in two columns) and translation Cf. also Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 162. Kloner interpreted the second word as the beginning of the name Dan(iel?). In Jewish script, this name is attested once on an ossuary (Kloner and Stark 1992:13).

3. The Latin name Rufus, though censured in Talmudic literature (Lev. R. 1; 28) is found in a second century CE Jewish family in Egypt (cf. CPJ 11:378) and in Rome (see Frey 1936:45-146).

4. For other formulae intended to protect the remains, see Nos. 259 and 559. A simpler formula occurs on No. 70. See also Intro. §6Fj.

Catalogue

114

146 Pl. 21 [56.1931] 43 x - x 31 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Bet Zayyit. Descr. Fragment, mainly of F; reconstructed. Low

143 [55.578] 15 x 8 cm. Fragment. Prov. Jerusalem. Inscr.

feet.

Comm. Chance find.

144 [55.861133 x 20 x 24 cm. Plain. Prov. Qatamon, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

Mark On insertion edge: Comm. From a tomb cleared by Y. Aharoni in the early 1950's and mentioned in Rahmani 1961:119, n. 19. With this ossuary was found a fragment of a vaulted lid of a hard limestone sarcophagus.

Pl. 21 145 [56.1179] 61 x 28 x 38 cm. Plain. Rough dressed. Prov. Kefar Barukh, Yezre'el Valley. Descr. Damaged. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet.

Lid Flat, sliding. Fragmentary. Fingergrip at one end. Inscr. A. F Top, left-of-centre:

1oyc 6,/Xb/\

1 0V

'Io68a4 Oa88aiou Judas, (son) of Thaddaeus B. B:

ov

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame; `triglyph' replaced by palm-tree motif with single central branch, here transformed to represent a short, upright sword, its bone handle naturalistically rendered. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Short lines delimit foot of tree and link circles to base of frame. Bibl. Rahmani 1959. Comm. 1. Chance find in a loculi tomb, looted in

antiquity. 2. For this form of the palm-tree motif, cf. Nos. 216, 306, 317, 367, 485 and 741; for the style of the foot, see Intro. §llVa. 3. For the transformation ('reading in') of the central motif, see Comm. 437:2 and Rahmani 1959.

147 Pl. 21; Fig. 56 [57.751] 68 x 32 x 39.5 + 13.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Sanhedriya-Mahanayim, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and partially reconstructed. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet. Ornam. F Stylized three-columned porch; columns, entablature and stylobate are all indicated by zigzags. In each intercolumnar space, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; segments link petal-tips. Lid Gabled, cut-to-measure. Fingergrips. Bibl. Slousch, Sukenik and Ben Zvi 1925; Rahmani 1961:106, No. 2. Comm. 1. See Comm. 131. 2. For the ornamentation scheme, see Intro. §11B and, e.g., No. 732.

'Io68aS Oa88aiou Judas, (son) of Thaddaeus Bibl. Prausnitz and Rahmani 1967. Comm. 1. From a double-chambered loculi tomb

dated by lamps and other pottery to no later than the early-second century CE; fragments of four or five plain, uninscribed ossuaries were also found. 2. Oa88aioq: A transliteration of'rcvri, a contraction of Theodothos or Theodoros, sometimes spelt vrnri, though here spelt as in Matt. 10:3 and Mark 3:18 and in second century CE documents (see Lifshitz 1961a:58). For the further contraction, Oa88a Kin, cf. Bagatti and Milik 1958:74. 3. 'Io68aS: For the name, see Comm. 24:2 and Index of Inscriptions, s.v.

148 Pl. 21 [57.752] 68 x 28 x 34 + 12.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Sanhedriya-Mahanayim, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet. Ornam. Three metopes, each in broad branch frame; outer rosettes consist of two concentric, branch-formed whirl-rosettes inside a line circle with eight-petalled rosette in centre; central rosette consists of sixteen ivy-leaf petals, pointing inward, inside a line circle. `Triglyphs' replaced by stylized plants with leaved base and three, ivy-leaf tipped branches. Lid Vaulted. Broken. Fingergrips.

Catalogue Bibl. Slousch, Sukenik and Ben Zvi 1925: Fig. 32;

Rahmani 1961:106, No. 4. Comm. 1. See Comm. 131. 2. This ornamentation scheme, which occurs on No. 427, may originally have derived from a threemetope scheme (cf. No. 163). 3. For a similar, highly stylized representation of the base of a plant, see No. 427; for slightly more naturalistic representations, see Nos. 163 and 375. 4. The whirl rosettes obviously echo the form of the branch frame. Similar branch motifs may have influenced the rosettes on No. 204; cf. also No. 802.

115

151 Pl. 21 [57.756] 57 x 26 x 32.5 + 11 cm. Plain. Prov. Sanhedriya-Mahanayim, Jerusalem. Descr. Weathered. Inner ledge on four sides. Lid Gabled. Fingergrips.

Marks On F of chest. Large, to left of inscription (see below, Inscr.).

On F of lid: On R of lid and on corresponding side of chest:

Y/ Inscr. F Upper centre:

P1. 21; Fig. 117 149 [57.754] 72 x 30 x 34 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Sanhedriya-Mahanayim, Jerusalem. Descr. Red wash. Low feet. Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag 'lattice'patterned frame. 'Triglyphs' transformed into palm trees; zigzag semi-circles indicate ascending branches. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette within concentric line and zigzag circles; zigzags overlay petals. Lid Flat. Bibl. Slousch, Sukenik and Ben Zvi 1925; Rahmani 1961:106, No. 8. Comm. See Comm. 131.

150 [57.755] 72 x 29 x 39 cm. Plain. Prov. Sanhedriya-Mahanayim, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

Marks On insertion edge of lid and corresponding rim of chest:

,,

J

X

y

tvtn> ltvnw p .yv 'Eli, son of Shim'on, Yeho'ezer Bibl. Slousch, Sukenik and Ben Zvi 1925; Rahmani 1961:106, No. 7. Comm. 1. See Comm. 131.

2. The reading is by Ben Zvi, who, based on the use of the name itvn' and the rarity of the name 'Eli in this period, posited that the deceased belonged to a priestly family. -tvn> perhaps represents a family name rather than the father's second name; for its occurrence on seals and other objects from the First Temple period onward, see Heltzer and Ohana 1978:196 and Comms. 793:2 and 797:2. For family names, see also Index of Subjects, s.v. 3. The form and meaning of the mark near the inscription cannot be determined, but it may be a family crest. Some of its features resemble those of the mark on the lid, F.

L

Inscr. R Large. Top:

152 [57.1112] 30 x 21 cm.

Prov. Desc.

Talbiyeh, Jerusalem. Fragment.

Inscr.

nnrcvnvnw Shim'on/and (his) wife Bibl. Slousch, Sukenik and Ben Zvi 1925; Rahmani 1961:106, No. 6. Comm. 1. See Comm. 131. 2. nnrn: For the closest parallel to this word upon an ossuary, see Savignac 1904:263. As on No. 74, the wife is nameless (see Naveh 1990).

]w rn n'in Marya, daughter of Sh[ Comm. 1. Chance find. 2. n'= A contracted, Graecized form of o'in; the two appear side by side in ossuary inscriptions (see Bagatti and Milik 1958:77, No. 7; Avigad 1961).

Catalogue

116

The Jerusalem Talmud has the spellings N'1n and K»1113 (see Jastrow 1926, s.v.; for o-,n, see Comm.

31:2; see also Mapicko, Comm. 108:3). N.G. Cohen (1974) suggested that the form `Maria' arose under the influence of the Roman nomen gentile Marius and thus considered its apppearance as proof of the Roman origin of the deceased. This is unlikely as the name Maria appears on ossuaries in Jewish script (Nos. 706 and 796) and in Greek (No. 405), usually referring to local people. For cases where a Roman origin seems indicated, see Comm. 202:3.

153 P1. 21 [58.278] 87 x 39 x 44 + 20 cm. Thickness of walls: 5.2 cm. Hard limestone. Relief carved. Prov. Valley of the Cross, Jerusalem.

Ornam. F In sunken panel, two eight-petalled rosettes, tips rounded. L and R Similar to F, rosette inside panel. B Crudely hammer-dressed. Lid Vaulted, base broadened into cornice (90 x 40.5 cm). Bibl.

Rahmani 1961:112-114, No. 2. Comm. 1. The Department retained five (Nos. 153-157) ossuaries recovered from a singlechambered loculi tomb on Ruppin Rd. in February 1958; one plain and one broken ossuary (chip-carved rosettes in two zigzag-framed metopes) were also found. 2. For a similar ossuary, see No. 12.

154 Pl. 22 [58.279] 110 x 38 x 41 + 19 cm. Thickness of walls: 5.5 cm. Hard limestone. Relief carved. Prov. Valley of the Cross, Jerusalem. Descr. Damaged base.

Ornam. On each side, sunken panel in profiled frame.

Lid Vaulted, base broadened into cornice (116x41.5 cm). Bibl. Rahmani 1961:112, No. 1.

zigzag circle. Discs between petals and in corners of metopes. Bibl. Rahmani 1961:114, No. 6. Comm. See Comm. 153:1.

Pl. 22

156 [58-281] 60 x 27 x 32 cm. Plain.

Prov. Valley of the Cross, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Lid Flat, sliding. Marks On insertion edge of lid and corresponding rim of chest:

X

['-/\

\

Bibl. Rahmani 1961:114, No. 4. Comm. See Comm. 153:1.

157 [58.283] 46 x 25 x 29 cm. Plain. Prov. Valley of the Cross, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Red wash. Low feet.

Bibl. Rahmani 1961:114, No. 7. Comm. See Comm. 153:1.

158 Pl. 22 [58.286] 59 x 21 x 30 + 5 cm. Hard Limestone. Plain. Rough dressed.

Prov. Hugoq (Upper Galilee). Slightly tub-shaped. Lid Vaulted, clumsily executed. Fragmentary. Fingergrip. Bibl. Ravani and Kahane 1961:121-125, 131, No. 9. Comm. 1. One of three similar ossuaries found in a single-chambered loculi tomb in 1956/7; probably all date from 70-135 CE (cf. Barag 1970:62). 2. For the crude workmanship, see Comm. 126:2. Descr.

Comm.

1. See Comm. 153: 1. 2. For a similar ossuary, see No. 393.

155 [58.280] 75.5 x 33 x 38.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Valley of the Cross, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Low feet.

159

Pl. 22

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' contains doubled palm-trunk motif. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a

Pl. 22

[60.1122] 44 x 21 x 26.8 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Valley of the Cross, Jerusalem. Descr. Fragmentary; restored. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frame; `triglyph' replaced by palm-tree motif; six-petalled rosette inside line circle forms crown mirrored by roots; zigzags link petal-tips. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric zigzag circles; zigzags overlay petals and link their tips. Zigzags

Catalogue link circles to outer corners of metopes. L Twelvepetalled rosette inside zigzag circle; zigzags link petals and link circle to corners of chest. R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame. Lid Vaulted. On underside, a protruding frame, cut-to-measure. On top, a zigzag frame containing a palm tree executed in zigzags. Fingergrips. Comm. 1. Chance find.

160 Pl. 23; Fig. 109 [61.543] 38 x 20 x 22 cm. Relief carved and incised. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F In relief, two low arches surmount thin columns with plain (Doric?) capitals and bases which rest on a kline-formed base. Incised palm tree in centre; similar trees sprout from each arch toward upper, outer corners. Lid Flat, sliding. On top, incised sketches of rosettes of eighteen and twelve petals; the latter with geometric guide-lines. Fingergrip cut into one edge and notched on- the other. Bibl. Rahmani 1982b:63, No. 2. Comm. 1. One of thirteen ossuaries (Nos. 160-172) discovered in 1961 by M. Dothan and Z. Yeivin in a four-chambered tomb. An additional flat lid was also found. 2. The ornamentation probably represents an arcosolia tomb, see Intro. §llUc and No. 191. 3. For the kline, unique on Jerusalem ossuaries, see Intro. § l l Uc and n. 133. 4. The rosettes on the lid may either be sketches similar to those on Nos. 377, 446 and 588 or simply unfinished ornamentation.

161 [61.544] 62.5 x 30 x 34 + 14 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Red wash.

Pl. 23

117

162 Pl. 23 [61.545] 63(65) x 30(32) x 34 + 11 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and mended. Inner ledge on four

sides. Cornice under rim, on all sides. Red wash. Ornam. F Three upright branches (columns or antae of a porch?), support cornice representing entablature. In each interstice between branches, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line and zigzag circles; segments link petal-tips. Lid Gabled. F Three metopes in line frames; in each outer metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a line circle. Bibl. Rahmani 1982b:63-64, No. 6. Comm. 1. See Comm. 160: 1.

2. For the ornamentation scheme, see also Nos. 630 and, more elaborately, 643. For a similar branch frame, cf. No. 133.

163 Pl. 23; Fig. 82 [61.546] 105 X 33.5 x 41 + 14.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Low feet.

Ornam. F Five metopes in broad, branch frame that converges on four tendrils at centre of top and base. Central metope contains an eight-petalled rosette inside rectangular frame, its top and bottom petals replaced by lily with leaved base. Similar lilies replace the `triglyphs' between the four outer metopes; in each outer metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Lid Vaulted. F Three metopes in zigzag frame, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Bibl. Rahmani 1982b:63, No. 5. Comm. 1. See Comm. 160: 1. 2. For a similar lily, see No. 375; for a more'stylized version, see No. 723 and Sukenik 1925:78-79, No. 11, Fig. 24.

Ornam. F Two metopes in line frame. 'Triglyph' 164

replaced by palm tree with ascending branches, zigzag trunk and shoots emerging from foot of tree. In each metope, whirl rosette inside a line circle. In upper, outer corners of metopes, inward-inclined

Pl. 23 [61.547] 59(60) x 29(30) x 33 + 21 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Inner ledge on two sides.

lilies.

Cornice under rim on all sides. B Hole near base. Ornam. F Ashlar-built tomb facade containing columned porch and antae on stylobate. Between columns, whirl rosette flanked by unfinished rosettes of eight ivy-leaf petals pointing inward. Unfinished zigzag on cornice. Lid Gabled. F `Lattice' pattern with unfinished

Lid Gabled. F Three metopes in zigzag frame, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Bibl. Rahmani 1982b:63, No. 4. Comm. 1. See Comm. 160: 1.

2. For the shoots at the foot of the tree, see No. 295.

Catalogue

118

wedge shapes on left and right. Bibl. Rahmani 1982b:63, No. 1. Comm. 1. See Comm. 160: 1. 2. For the hole, see Intro. §5H and Comm. 85:3. 3. For the ashlar-wall motif with superimposed rosettes, see Intro. §11I. The representation of a columned porch within this motif is strongly reminiscent of the contemporary Mugharet Umm el-'Amad tomb, see Avigad 1950-51:102, Fig. 7.

165 [61.548] 66 x 29 x 37.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Low feet.

Pl. 23

rim of chest:

A

A Bibl. Rahmani 1982b:64, No. 12. Comm. 1. See Comm. 160: 1.

2. For the marks, alpha-alpha, see Comm. 821:2.

169 Pl. 24 [61.552] 55 x 28 x 36 + 10 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Broken and worn; mended.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames, each containing a fourteen-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; disc in centre.

Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet. Ornam. F Broad branch-frame at top and sides; only leaf-tips fully carved.

Lid Gabled. Hole in F, upper-left.

Lid Flat. Bibl. Rahmani 1982b:64, No. 9. Comm.

Marks On insertion edge of lid and corresponding

Bibl. Rahmani 1982b:64, No. 3. Comm. 1. See Comm. 160: 1.

See Comm. 160:1.

2. For the hole, see Intro. §5H. See also Comm. 85:3, though the explanation offered there, even in its symbolic sense, is improbable in this case. The function of this hole is unknown, but it is possibly an accident caused by a fault in the stone (for the ancient repair of such holes, see Intro. §5E). 3. For the frame, cf. Comm. 205:2.

166 [61.549] 40 x 19 x 24 cm. Plain. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Lid Flat, sliding. Rahmani 1982b:64, No. 13. Comm. See Comm. 160:1.

Bibl.

Pl. 24 167 [61.550] 52.5 x 22 x 27 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Ornam. F Two metopes in irregularly-carved zigzag frame; broadened `triglyph' containing rectangular section of whirl rosette. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Lid Flat, overhanging (61 cm long). Bibl. Rahmani 1982b:64, No. 7. Comm. 1. See Comm. 160: 1. 2. The lid did not originally belong to this ossuary.

170 [61.553] 61.5 x 27 x 31 + 10 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' contains vertical row of small discs between juxtaposed line semi- and quarter-circles. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; small discs in all corners of metopes.

Lid Gabled. Bibl. Rahmani 1982b:64, No. 8. Comm. See Comm. 160:1.

171

168

[61.551] 54 x 24 x 29 cm. Plain. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

Pl. 24

Pl. 24

Pl. 24

[61.554] 68(71) x 24 x 36 + 15 cm. Plain. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice under rim

on all sides. Width broadened at base to 28 cm. Low feet.

Catalogue Lid Gabled. Bibl. Rahmani 1982b:64, No. 11. Comm. See Comm. 160:1.

119

175 Pl. 24; Fig. 16 [62.327] 43 x 20 x 26 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Romema, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Yellow wash. Low feet.

172 [61.555] 96 x 32 x 41 + 13 cm. Plain. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Gabled, sliding. F and B Around all edges, shallow groove between thin lines; perhaps intended to represent single ashlar. Bibl. Rahmani 1982b:64, No. 10. Comm. 1. See Comm. 160: 1. 2. For similar representations, cf. Index of Motifs, s.v. Ashlar, single(?).

173 [62.325] 34 x 21 x 23 cm. Plain. Prov. Romema, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

Mark On insertion edge of lid: T Bibl.

Rahmani 1967a:188, No. 11.

Comm. The Department retained three plain (Nos. 173-174 with marks and No. 179 with an inscription) and all ornamented ossuaries (Nos. 176-178 and 180-186) of 22 ossuaries found in the southernmost of two adjacent single-chambered loculi tombs in 1962. The remaining plain ossuaries included three with flat lids, four with flat sliding lids and two with gabled lids. For the single ossuary found in the northern tomb, see No. 175; the southern tomb was apparently re-used by the owners of the northern tomb as an ossuary depository.

Ornam. F Fluted frame containing metope frame; central tholos (or gable) containing amphora with lid atop outer frame. Inner frame topped by side acroteria and central gable. In centre, five-columned porch with dart-shaped intercolumnar decoration. Lid Flat. Bibl. Rahmani 1967a:190-191, No. 19.. Comm. 1. See Comm. 173, although this specimen

is from the northern tomb. 2. The dart-shaped objects may replace the human forms appearing as an intercolumnar decoration on tomb facades; see, e.g., the tombs at Petra (cf. Rahmani 1981c:47). For more elaborate replacements of this motif, cf. No. 482; for its replacement in and between garlands, see No. 209. For another possible abstraction of the human form, see No. 553:B and Comm. 553:3. 3. The ornamentation scheme seems to represent a tomb facade, an effect achieved by the addition of gables, acroteria and dart-shaped motifs to the usual scheme of the framed, columned porch (e.g. No. 250).

176 Pl. 24 [62.328] - x 28 x 32 cm. Incised. Prov. Romema, Jerusalem. Desc. Fragment. Ornam. F Checkerboard pattern, each square containing a small disc. Bibl. Rahmani 1967a:191, No. 20. Comm. 1. See Comm. 173. 2. For similar ornamentation, see No. 220.

174 [62.326] 46 x 23 x 30 cm. Plain. Prov. Romema, Jerusalem. Descr. Damaged. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet.

Flat, sliding. Marks On insertion edge of lid and corresponding Lid.

177 Pl. 24 [62.329] 60 x 26 x 30 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Romema, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Red wash, F only. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in 'lattice'-patterned frame with zigzag border. `Triglyph' replaced by trunkless

narrow side of chest: I-q

Bibl. Rahmani 1967a: 188, No. 12. Comm. 1. See Comm. 173.

2. For the marks, gimel-gimel, see Comm. 821:2.

palm-tree motif, doubled zigzag semi-circles indicate ascending branches mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals. B Large `lattice' pattern in

Catalogue

120

red wash, repeated twice. L and R Similar to B, not repeated. Lid Slightly vaulted. Broken. Fingergrips. Bibl. Rahmani 1967a:191, No. 22. Comm. 1. See Comm. 173.

2. This simplified rendering of the palm-tree motif occurs frequently; cf. Nos. 186, 301, 396, 571, 609, 673, 674, 762, 766 and 778. At times the 'crown' and

`roots' are still depicted as linked to a 'trunk', e.g. on Nos. 332 and 450. 178 [62.330] 61 x 24 x 29 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Romema, Jerusalem. Descr. Red wash, F only. Low feet.

Pl. 25

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame. 'Triglyph' replaced by two six-petalled rosettes; the upper rosette inside zigzag circles, the lower (smaller) one is inside concentric line circles. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric zigzag circles; zigzags overlay petals. B Large 'lattice' pattern in red wash, repeated twice. L and R Similar to B, not repeated. Lid Flat. Damaged. Bibl. Rahmani 1967a:191, No. 21. Comm. 1. See Comm. 173. 2. See Comm. 177:2.

A common name in this period, encountered on several ossuaries, e.g. Vincent 1902:106-107; in Jewish script Irimsp5x (Abel 1913:269, No. 10). Cf. also nvD5wnv»5x, Comm. 87:5. 3. The artisan did not accurately assess the space necessary for the name; Inscr. A could not be completed, and it was necessary to complete Inscr. C above, rather than below, the start of the name. 2.

180 [62.332] 74 x 31 x 37 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Romema, Jerusalem. Descr. Fragmentary; only a small part of F survives. Inner ledge. Low feet. Ornam. F Six-petalled rosette(s) inside a zigzag circle; segments link petal-tips. Lid Flat. Fragment. Bibl. Rahmani 1967a:188, No. 13. Comm. See Comm. 173. P1.25 181 [62.333] 63 x 28 x 35 + 12.5 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Romema, Jerusalem.

179

Descr. Low feet. Ornam. Two metopes inside doubled zigzag frames; broadened 'triglyph' contains doubled palm-trunk motif. In each metope, a twelve-petalled

[62.331] 57 x 28 x 34 cm. Plain. Prov. Romema, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

rosette inside a zigzag circle. Lid Vaulted. Broken. F Representation of pomegranate tree incised in freehand. Fingergrips.

Lid Flat, sliding. Fingergrip. Inscr. A. F Very large. Over whole side:

'AXe Ale(xander)

B. Lid Top, lengthwise:

Bibl. Rahmani 1967a:188-189, No. 15. Comm. 1. See Comm. 173.

2. For similarly incised decoration on an ossuary lid, see No. 856.

'AAeEav/8pou of Alexander C. Lid Underside, lengthwise:

'AAekavB/pou of Alexander Bibl. Rahmani 1967a:188, No. 9. Comm. 1. See Comm. 173.

Pl. 25 182 [62.334] 62 x 31 x 34 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Romema, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. L Roughly cut. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes inside doubled zigzag frames, unfinished on left. Broadened 'triglyph' contains vertical row of small discs; similar discs in corners of metopes. In each metope, a twelvepetalled rosette inside a zigzag circle.

Catalogue Lid Flat, short and ill-fitting. Fashioned from a thick clay tile. Bibl. Rahmani 1967a: 188, No. 14. Comm. 1. See Comm. 173.

2. Probably a fault in the stone caused the irregularities on the left side of the chest. The artisan, loath to abandon the rough-cut chest, chose to decorate the entire front, with the exception of the area near the fault. 3. This is the only known example of part of a clay tile being used as the lid of a stone ossuary. 183 [62.335] 57 x 25.5 x 29 + 6 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Romema, Jerusalem. Descr. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Pl. 25

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames at top and base, palm-trunk frames at sides. 'Triglyph' replaced by amphora with lid and badly drawn trumpet-foot. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Lid Vaulted, overhanging (59 cm long). Fingergrips. Bibl. Rahmani 1967a:189, No. 16. Comm. 1. See Comm. 173. 2. For the amphora, cf. No. 213 and Intro. §11H.

184

P1. 25

[62.336] 63 x 33 x 39 + 17.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Romema, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Inner ledge on four sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Unfinished representation of ashlar wall with two superimposed six-petalled rosettes, each inside a zigzag circle; inward-pointing ivy leaves between petals. L Line frame containing six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Lid Gabled, cut-to-measure. Fingergrips. Bibl. Rahmani 1967a:189, No. 17. Comm. 1. See Comm. 173. 2. For a finished representation of an ashlar wall with superimposed rosettes, see No. 34; for an unfinished example, see No. 384. Pl. 25; Fig. 102 185 [62.337] 72.5 x 27.5 x 32.5 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Romema, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Fluted frame containing metope frame; in centre, representation of doubled gate flanked by antae. Gate consists of three partially fluted columns on high bases and bearing rudimentary Doric capitals; between columns, panelled doors.

121

Entablature surmounts columns, supporting two low arches containing small uprights, perhaps representing an additional support or grille; between arches and on their outer edges, crude acroteria. In each flanking panel, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; segments link petal-tips; black dots in centre of rosette and between petals. Lid Flat, cut-to-measure. Bibl. Rahmani 1967a:189-190, No. 18. Comm. 1. See Comm. 173. 2. The lower frames of the doors are well above the base line; for similar rudimentary perspective, see No. 384. This ornamentation scheme is exactly paralleled on an ossuary discovered in Jerusalem (Spoer 1907: No. 3, Fig. on p. 354, below). For representations of a single gate of this kind, see Nos. 241 and 469; for a tomb entrance seen through an arched gateway, cf. Intro. §11T. Here, however, the motif seems confused with that of an arcosolia motif (cf. Intro. §§l1T, IIUc and No. 160). 186 Pl. 25 [62.338] 40 x 18.5 x 19 + 3 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Romema, Jerusalem. Descr. Red wash. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame; 'triglyph' replaced by trunkless palm-tree motif. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Bibl. Rahmani 1967a:191, No. 23. Comm. 1. See Comm. 173. 2. The central motif is perhaps derived from 'palmtree' motif, see Comm. 177:2. 187 Pl. 25 [63.808] 60 x 29 x 26 cm. Clay, red-brown; straw temper; poorly fired. Partially smoothed. Prov. H. 'Uza (Kh. 'Aiyadiya, east of Acre). Descr. Fragmentary; reconstructed. Inner ledge on four sides. Slightly tapered sides. Lid Flat, rim on all sides. Smaller than chest. Lengthwise in centre, broad ridge handle; finger imprints at base of narrow sides. Bibl. Ben-Tor 1966:22-24. Comm. 1. This specimen was recently identified as an ossuary after reconstruction. With it were found eleven clay coffins, one of which bears a painted decoration of garlands between palm trees. Glass, pottery vessels and lamps date the tomb to the second to third centuries CE. 2. For the handle, see Intro. §3; cf. No. 845. For the more common strap handles of clay lids, see, e.g., Nos. 39 and 471.

Catalogue

122

188 Pl. 26 [64.1288] 59.5 x 26.5 x 27 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Ramat Rahel, Jerusalem. Descr. Fragmentary; reconstructed. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. Three metopes in zigzag frame. `Triglyphs' transformed into palm trees, zigzags .indicate ascending branches, trunks and roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle, central metope is smaller than outer ones; zigzags overlay petals and link outer circles to corners of metopes. Lid Flat. Fragmentary. Bibl. Kochavi 1964:70-72, Figs. 30:1-2, P1. 10:1. Comm. 1. One of two ossuaries was retained from -a single-chambered, trough tomb excavated in 1961/2. The tomb also contained a glass `candlestick' bottle. 2. Kochavi dates the tombs of Ramat Rahel to the first half of the third century CE. Barag (1970:39-40) and Kloner (1980a:81) rightly suggested a pre-70 CE date for the ossuaries and the bottle; the tombs were re-used in the third and fourth centuries CE.

191 P1. 26; Fig. 110 [65.1339] 58 x 29 x 32.5 + 13 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Qatamon, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed; recent burn marks. Inner ledge on two sides. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metoped arches link three fluted columns with Corinthian capitals in which a lotus replaces the acanthus. Columns stand on high profiled bases surmounting a stylobate; each base overlaid with ivy leaf. A lily issues from top of central capital; spirals emerge from outer edges of side capitals. Lid Gabled. Fingergrips.

Inscr. R Top:

I

nnrn 1. Chance find. 2. The ornamentation probably represents an arcosolia tomb; see Intro. §11Uc and No. 160. 3. For the rendering of the capitals, see No. 341. 4. nrn'n: The word does not seem to be Semitic. It may be a contracted transliteration of from euX `prayer', or perhaps a translation of the name n' n; for its transcription, cf. vnronrn (TJ Nid. 49d) for 66EwS `forthwith', normally transcribed vtrarn a' (cf. Krauss 1899:16; Jastrow Comm.

189 [64.1289] 51 x 24.5 x 28.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Ramat Rahel, Jerusalem. Descr. Reconstructed from many fragments. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Kochavi 1964:74-82, Fig. 31:2, Pl. 13:1. Comm. 1. Two ossuaries (Nos. 189-190) were recovered in 1961/2, one from a single-chambered trough tomb and the other in its vicinity. 2. For the probable date of the tomb and ossuaries, see Comm. 188:2.

1926, s.v. vimmnm).

192 [67.657] 15 x 20 cm.

Prov.

190

Desc.

[64.1290] 67.5 x 29 x 32.5 + 14.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Ramat Rahel, Jerusalem. Descr. Fragmentary; reconstructed. Inner ledge on four sides. Low feet. Lid Gabled. Fingergrips.

Inscr.

Marks On one gable of lid and corresponding side of chest:

X X

Bibl.

Kochavi 1964:67, 75, Figs. 31:1, 33:7,

Pl. 13:2. Comm. See Comms. 189:1 and 2.

]iz m[

Pl. 26

Arnona, Jerusalem. Fragment.

II

Ben-Arieh 1982c:77, Pl. 24:1. Comm. One of four ossuaries (Nos. 192-196) and ossuary fragments, found in December 1967 in a three-chambered loculi tomb. Bibl.

Catalogue Pl. 26 193 [67.658] 54 x 25.5 x 33 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Arnona, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Yellow wash on underside of lid. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in line frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; segments link petal-tips; ivy leaves between petals, pointing inward. L Zigzag frame containing whirl rosette inside a zigzag circle. R Zigzag frame containing eight-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; petals in form of ivy leaves, pointing inward. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Ben-Arieh 1982c:77, No. 1. Comm. See Comm. 192.

Pl. 26 194 [67.659] 72(74) x 30(32) x 38 + 13 cm. Plain. Prov. Arnona, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice under rim. Low feet. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Bibl. Ben-Arieh 1982c:77, No. 4. Comm. See Comm. 192.

195 [67.660] 64 x 25 x 33 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Arnona, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Low feet.

Pl. 26

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame; `triglyph' replaced by stylized lily. In each metope, a whirl rosette inside a zigzag circle. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Ben-Arieh 1982c:77, No. 2. Comm. 1. See Comm. 192.

1. See Comm. 192. 2. For the rivets, cf. Comm. 70:4. Comm.

197 Pl. 26 [67.668] 120 x 46 x 47 + 27 cm. Thickness of walls: 7 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Kh. el-Hadab (Hebron Hills).

Descr. Low feet. Ornam. F Three metopes in line frames, each containing a rosette inside a line circle; from left to right rosettes are: sixteen-petalled, eighteen-petalled, and a motif of multiple, interlaced six-petalled rosettes. R Line frame containing a six-petalled rosette inside a line circle; segments link petal-tips. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips.

Comm. This ossuary was found with fragments of two plain ossuaries in a tomb cave in 1967; it is probably the site, though not the tomb, mentioned in SWP 111: 329 (Sheet XXI J w).

198

Pl. 27

[68.117] 68.5 x 28.5 x 39 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; `triglyph' contains palm-trunk motif. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle with whirl rosette in centre; between petals, ivy leaves pointing inward. Small discs in all corners of metopes. Lid Flat. Inscr. B Under rim, slightly right-of-centre:

f Tj &1t )

2. The base of the lily, though partially mirroring its corolla and stamen, may be intended as a leaved base; for this, see Nos. 13: R and 282: R. For more naturalistic representations of lilies, see Nos. 57, 411 and 816.

196

123

Pl. 26

[67.661] 55 x 24 x. 31 cm. Plain. Prov. Arnona, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Fragments of

lead rivets which fastened lid to rim of the chest: three at insertion edge and one at outer edge; one on a long side. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Ben-Arieh 1982c:77, No. 3.

7-,Z7 p pntrn na n7'ow Shappira, daughter of Yehohanan, son of Revikh(?) Comm. 1. Purchased in Jerusalem. The quality of workmanship indicates that this ossuary was produced in Jerusalem and not, as the dealer claimed, Hebron. 2. ni'ow:- As a female name, see No. 455; cf. also rn'tw (Bagatti and Milik 1958:84-85, No. 13b); Benoit et al. 1961: No. 29, verso 3.

3. pnn': A common name, see Index of Inscriptions, s.v. 4. The last word is difficult to decipher; its final letter is very different from the final

nun in pnn> and p, thus excluding the reading p7i (though a final nun with a serif has been recorded, Bagatti and Milik 1958:73, Fig. 18: 1).

124

Catalogue

Moreover, the name Rabin, equated with 'Abin' or 'Abun' (cf. the R. Rabin bar Rav I;Iisda), is Babylonian and known only from the second half of the third century CE. The possibility remains of reading 'Revikh' with a final kaf similar in form to one on the contemporaneous Uzziah epitaph

,V-)

(Sukenik 1931d: Pis. 1-11). nmai or n>>3-i in this

period indicates an oil-soaked cake of unleavened dough (M. Men. 7:1-2). Thus, r37 'Revikh' might be a nickname alluding to a personal trait such as obesity, greediness or a predilection for this sort of cake. Similar uses of nicknames are yO p 'son of "round cake"', also alluding to obesity (see Yadin and Naveh 1989: No. 430), and pin n3 Bar Hubbaz (from 'pn 'soft cheese') in TJ Pe'ah 16a, a derogatory nickname obviously unconnected with the individual's occupation as a linen merchant. For such nicknames, cf. Intro. §6Fa; see also Comm. 35:2 and possibly No. 222. For the mention of grandparents, see Comm. 57:3.

199

Pl. 27

[68.118] 61.5 x 28 x 26.5 cm. Finely incised over irregular comb dressing. Prov. Hebron Hills(?).

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, each containing a pyramid-capped, cube-shaped nefesh with zigzag frieze and flanked by two palm trees with ascending branches; entire structure overlaid with reticulate pattern executed in freehand. L Zigzag frame containing four-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; segments link petal-tips. R Similar to L, encircled six-petalled rosette inside frame; segments link petal-tips. Comm. 1. Locally purchased. 2. For the form of the monument, see Intro. §11F. 3. For the execution of the nefesh motif in this rudimentary manner, cf. Nos. 465, 473, 814, 825 and 837; see also an oil-lamp, dated between 70 and 135 CE (V. Sussman 1982b:59-60, No. 60). Such lamps also came from the southwestern slopes of the Hebron hills, the 'Darom' (cf. V. Sussman 1982b: 16-17); see Intro. §9, Group B4a.

4. The reticulate pattern may be a crude indication of masonry rather than representing opus reticulatum; see Intro. §11F and n. 21.

200 [68.441] 58 x 28 x 33 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem.

Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet. Ornam. F, B, L and R Frame of narrow, gouged lines; each side perhaps represents an ashlar. Lid Flat, sliding. Inscr. A. F Somewhat off-centre: Descr.

Pl. 27

-J

.p I'5

n57n n)v»nv Simon, builder of the sanctuary, B. R Lower centre:

V

i1L/YJ1 n5:)n ru3nt»v Simon, builder of the sanctuary. Bibl. Tzaferis 1970:28, No. 1; Naveh 1970:33-34; Haas 1970:40-42. Comm. 1. One of eight ossuaries (Nos. 200, 217-223) recovered from a double-chambered loculi tomb excavated in June, 1968. 2. nnv: A transliteration of the Greek form (see Nos. 99, 332 and Index of Inscriptions, s.v.) of jivnv (for which, see Comm. 12:4), frequently encountered as the name of sages at Bet She'arim (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: Nos. 59, 60); on No.651 it is found spelt both as 1mvi and jtvov.'. For a similar contraction under the influence of Greek pronunciation and spelling, see No. 572. See also Kloner 1993:94-95, n. 14. 3. n5an ma: The variations in spelling, between aleph and heh, should be noted. As to Simon's craft, he is identified (as Naveh 1970:34 suggested) as a master-mason or builder. This interpretation is preferable to Safrai's suggestion that he was a priest (see Naveh 1970:34, n. 10). 4. In addition to the remains of two adults (a male and a female), this ossuary also contained the bone of a dog; for animal bones found in ossuaries, see also Comms. 228:3 and 486:3. The presence of animal bones may be the result of carelessness either in the process of ossilegium or in sealing the tomb and loculus. See also Kloner 1993:94-95, n. 14.

P1. 27 201 [68.486] 65 x 26 x 35 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Benaya. Descr. Red wash. Low feet. Ornam. Two metopes inside zigzag frames. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals. Lid Flat, overhanging (69 cm long). Fingergrips. Bibl. HA 28-29, 1969:16.

Catalogue Comm. The Department retained one of three similar ossuaries discovered in a rock-cut, singlechambered loculi tomb, dated to ca. 70 CE. Fragments of apparently similar ossuaries from the vicinity are briefly mentioned in Kaplan 1949:91-92; see also Nos. 874-876.

125

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Between petals, tendrils finely incised in freehand. Lid Vaulted.

Bibl. HA 28-29, 1969:28. Comm.

See Comm. 202:1.

Pl. 27

202

204

[68.660] 29.5 x 17.5 x 18.5 cm. Chip carved.

Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F In unfinished zigzag frame, two rosettes; six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle on the left side, an unfinished, badly incised one on right. Inscr. R Centre, top:

TOHANA

Iohan[n] a Bibl. HA 28-29, 1969:28. Comm. 1. The Department retained sixteen (Nos. 202-216 and 235) of twenty-four ossuaries recovered in 1969 from a loculi tomb; the remaining ossuaries were either plain or broken. Pottery, including a spindle bottle, and two Procurator coins from the 50's of the first century CE indicated that the tomb dates from between the mid-first century BCE and 70 CE. Thanks are due to A. Kloner, the excavator, for granting permission to publish these ossuaries. 2. The ossuary was intended for an infant; the name does not indicate its gender (cf. Comm. 31:3). 3. The rendering of a local, Jewish inscription in Latin characters is very unusual; the only other definite instance on an ossuary is No. 497. Possibly the inscription was written by a Jew from Rome who had settled here, perhaps a freedman or the descendant of one (in this context, cf. the ossuary of a freedman at Jericho, Comm. 789:3 and the Graeco-Latin names on ossuaries from a contemporary Jerusalem tomb, Abel 1913:277). For a probable colony of Jewish freedmen, cf. Schdrer

Pl. 28 [68.662] 59 x 22 x 31 + 9 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Worn. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F In doubled line frame, two line circles each containing a whirl rosette consisting of two concentric whirls with a central disc; the inner whirl has large leaves and rotates clockwise, the outer whirl rotates counter-clockwise and has smaller leaves. Palmettes in upper corners. Lid Vaulted. Bibl. HA 28-29, 1969:28. Comm. 1. See Comm. 202: 1. 2. For similar whirl rosettes, cf. Nos. 148 and 802.

205

Pl. 28

[68.663] 67 x 28.5 x 40.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem.

Descr. Low feet. Ornam. F Branch frames at top and sides. In centre, two superimposed twenty-four-petalled rosettes.

Bibl. HA 28-29, 1969:28. Comm.

1. See Comm. 202: 1.

2. The frame motif may have been inspired by the heavy branch frames on the antae and friezes of tomb facades, cf. those on the `Tomb of the Kings', Jerusalem. See also Intro. §110 and, e.g., Nos. 213 and 325. 3. For similarly superimposed rosettes, see No. 31; cf. also No. 325.

1901-1909, 11: 562-503, n. 7; III: 128. For ossuary

inscriptions indicating the presence of Jews from the Diaspora in Jerusalem, see Nos. 99 and 404 (from Cyrenaica) and 579 (from Palmyra). For other Roman influences in this tomb, see No. 209.

203 [68.661] 46.5 x 23.5 x 26 + 16 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Low feet.

Pl. 28

206

Pl. 28

[68.664] 33.5 x 18 x 23 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Ornam. F Two rosettes, each inside a zigzag circle; six-petalled on the left side, twelve-petalled on the right; between petals on left, ivy leaves pointing inward. B Two six-petalled rosettes, each inside a line circle; segments link petal-tips. L Wreath, tied by fillet at top, its tips ending inside wreath.

Catalogue

126

R Inside a line circle, a six-petalled rosette; between petals, ivy leaves pointing inward. Lid Flat, sliding. In line frame, two six-petalled rosettes, each inside a line circle and with similar rosettes in centre. Between rosettes, rhomb, subdivided by two lines crossed at right angles. Straight diagonals join circles to outer corners of frame. On L narrow end, short line parallel to edge; probably an imperfect fingergrip.

Mark On outer edge (L) of lid, continuing on corresponding side of chest, under rim: Bibl. I1A 28-29, 1969:28. Comm. 1. See Comm. 202: 1.

X

2. For marks associating the lid and chest, cf. Nos. 326, 433, 697, 698 and 840.

3. In size and workmanship this ossuary is very similar to No. 202.

207

Pl. 30; Fig. 83 [68.665] 68.5 x 30 x 33 + 28.5 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame, unfinished at base. In each metope, an irregularly formed eight-petalled rosette inside line circles; segments link petal-tips. Discs in centres of rosettes and replacing outer corners of frame. Lid Gabled. F In line frame, four incised rosettes, each inside a line circle; six-petalled rosettes flank two whirl-rosettes. Fingergrips. Bibl. HA 28-29, 1969:28. Comm.

1. See Comm. 202: 1.

2. For a similar, though less sophisticated, eightpetalled rosette, see No. 109.

208

Pl. 30

[68.666] 39 x 25 x 26 + 12.5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Worn. Damaged. Inner ledge on two sides.

Ornam. R Near top, wreath; tied by fillet at bottom, its tips ending below wreath. Lid Gabled.

F and R Worn. Inner ledge on four sides. Ornam. F Three semi-circular red garlands, formed of narrow fillets strung at short intervals with irregularly-shaped leaves. Between garlands, red dart-shaped objects, swollen and rounded at bases. Left garland contains a red-circled object with a yellow core and, at top, right, a faint extension. The right garland contains an object outlined by three undulating lines, with a yellow core. The central garland contains two parallel yellow objects outlined in red, curved at bases. Each of these three representations is accompanied by a lily-shaped red flower; some of the colours have faded, but it is possible that, like the garlands on B, green leaves filled spaces between the red leaves. B Similar to F, three garlands, formed of red fillets on which red and green leaves are strung at irregular intervals. Each outer garland contains one large object, similar to that on left garland, F, and a lily-shaped flower; traces of green foliage around these flowers. The central garland contains a similar flower accompanying a cluster of three similarly-shaped objects. Between the garlands are dart-shaped objects, each with a small knob at its base. L and R A garland similar to F, rendered in red; inside garland, two lily-shaped flowers flank a dart-shaped object similar to those on B. Lid Vaulted, cut-to-measure. Bibl. HA 28-29, 1969:28. Descr.

Comm.

1. See Comm. 202: 1.

2. This ossuary contained the remains of an adult and an infant, as well as a small glass bottle (IAA No. 68.670; Type 16-1 of Barag 1970) dated to the first century BCE.

3. This is the only ossuary with surviving polychrome painting. Its ornamentation scheme is far more elaborate than those of ossuaries ornamented by chip carving or incision. 4. On B, the objects inside the outer garlands seem to represent pomegranates similar to the cluster in the central garland. Similar clusters of pomegranates appear near the apex of the tympanum on the facade of the `Sanhedriya Tomb' in Jerusalem (cf. De Saulcy 1865: Pl. 34) and in the upper, right-hand corner of the straight garland on the facade of the

B i b 1.

`Tomb of the Kings' (De Saulcy 1865: Atlas, Pl. 30; Vincent and Steve 1954: Pl. 92:2). The fruits on this ossuary are round, similar to the sketchy rendering

209

of this fruit on No. 181:Lid, the four incised and painted pomegranates on No. 758:Lid, and in the composition on No. 308:L. 5. On F, it is possible that the objects inside the central garland represent strigils; the rounded.

I1A 28-29, 1969:28. Comm. See Comm. 202:1.

[68.668] 60.5 x 26 x 33.5 + 24 cm. Painted. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem.

Pl. 29

Catalogue

127

® RED GREEN

® YELLOW

Front

Back

Left

lines in the lower part of each render, in simple perspective, the hollows of these instruments. There is no indication of a handle or suspension ring at the upper ends, but these are also absent in representations of strigils on Jewish lamps dated to 70-135 CE (cf. V. Sussman 1982b:93, Nos. 78-79). Here, though not necessarily on B, the round

Right object inside the left garland may correspond to the ampullae which accompany strigils on these lamps; an ampulla and strigil were considered to be the items most necessary for the baths and are always depicted together and referred to by the term strigilis et ampulla. They may also be identified on the face of a relief-carved, soft limestone ossuary

128

Catalogue

found in the Jerusalem region (Clermont-Ganneau 1882:62, No. 12; Dussaud 1912:33, No. 15; B. Mazar 1975:231).

The objects in the right garland may represent the small, coarse cpwawvia 'linen towels' mentioned by Lucian (Lexiphanes 2, in Lucian. V.A.M. Harmon transl. [Loeb Classical Library]. Cambridge, 1936). Normally, however, these were larger items, such as the pallae `cloaks' in Petronius (Satyricon 28, in Petronius. M. Heseltine transl. [Loeb Classical Library]. Cambridge, 1913) or lintea `linen sheets' in Pliny (Natural History 31:131, in Pliny, VIII. W.H.S. Jones transl. [Loeb Classical Library]. Cambridge, 1963). Another possibility is that they represent the indoor soleae `light sandals' (cf. PWRE, s.v.) or the socci `slippers' mentioned by Plautus (Persa 124, in Plautus, II. P. Nixon transl. [Loeb Classical Library]. Cambridge, 1924) in a list of bathing utensils (though this reference may be too early).

6. In this region, representations of garlands similar to those occurring here are rare; they are distinct from the heavy, fruit-laden, straight garlands on the facade of the `Tombs of the Kings', Jerusalem, and from the garlands on wall-paintings in Jerusalem homes (Avigad 1983: Figs. 166-167; see also Broshi 1976: Pl. III, centre). The only similarly-rounded

garland is that on a fragmentary wall-painting (Broshi 1976: Pl. III, lower right). Among Jews, the depiction of garlands was perhaps stigmatized due to their use in Roman art as ornamentation on pagan altars; during the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius, garlands also adorned sarcophagi, sometimes containing sacrificial vessels (e.g., on the Ara Pacis and the Cafarelli, Raffael and Ostia sarcophagi; cf. also Brandenburg 1978:304-314 and Koch and Sichtermann 1982:38-39). The garlands on this ossuary resemble Styles III and IV on Pompeian wall paintings (cf. Roux Aine 1870: Pls. 63, 77, 82). The elements supporting or contained in these garlands indicate that they were modelled after Roman altars and sarcophagi, though such pagan elements as bucrania and erotes were replaced by dart-like objects (cf. the intercolumnar motif on No. 175), perhaps representing alabastra; the deities were replaced by fruits or bathing implements. For the use of dart-shaped objects as substitutes for representations of a living form, see No. 175; for different substitutions, see No. 482. 7. Some decorative elements seem to draw their inspiration from Asia Minor. For example, the only representation of alabastra supporting garlands occurs on a sarcophagus from Bubon (Cibyratis) (see

Strocka 1978:888-893, Figs. 4-5); this representation, however, not only differs considerably from the present example, but also dates from the first half

of the third century BCE - too early to have influenced the makers of this ossuary. Utensils associated with the bath are also depicted in the funerary art of Asia Minor, e.g. on a tomb door of the Roman period (Haspels 1971:198, Fig. 640, below).

8. The elements on this ossuary should be viewed in the context of the Latin inscription on another ossuary in this tomb group (No. 202); the inscription indicates a virtually unique Roman influence (though this does not exclude the possibility that the owner or artisan originated in Asia Minor).

210

Pl. 30 [68.671] 68.5 x 27 x 33 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Inner ledge on three sides.

Ornam. F In centre, a large six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; dots between petals. Palmbranch motifs radiate from the circle toward all corners, their tips vertically linked by two lines; on right, the resulting motif is subdivided by irregularly incised diagonal lines, probably the beginning of an unfinished motif. L Six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. R Three palm branches crossed at centre, the junction transversed by an incised line; below, three horizontal guide-lines. Lid Flat, sliding. At regular intervals, four vertical palm branches. Bibl. 11A 28-29, 1969:28. Comm. 1. See Comm. 202: 1. 2. The palm motif of F may represent trees or, more likely, branches; the central branches are the same length as those on the lid, though small shoots sprout from the entire length of the latter, while on F shoots sprout only at the base of each branch. For similar motifs and execution, see Nos. 494 and 695.

211 [68.672] 64 x 28.5 x 36 + 10 cm. Plain. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Lid Gabled. Fingergrips.

Marks On one gable of lid and corresponding narrow side of chest: Bibl. 11A 28-29, 1969:28. Comm. See Comm. 202:1.

X

Catalogue

129

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame. `Triglyph' replaced by a single-branched palm tree; its roots indicated by triangles; vertical lines delimit foot of tree and link circles to base of frame. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Lid Vaulted. Bibl. HA 28-29, 1969:28.

212 [68.673] 62 x 34 x 38.5 cm. Plain.

Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding; bevelled edges.

Mark On insertion edge of lid: Bibl. HA 28-29, 1969:28. Comm. See Comm. 202:1.

Comm.

1. See Comm. 202: 1.

2. For the palm-tree motif, see Intro. §11Va and Comm. 146:2. Pl. 30

213

[68.674] 71 x 30.5 x 34 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Damaged. Low feet.

Ornam. F Branch frame (absent at base) containing amphora with lid and trumpet foot; amphora between two twelve-petalled rosettes each inside a zigzag circle. Bibl. HA 28-29, 1969:28. Comm. 1. See Comm. 202: 1. 2. For the frame, see Comm. 205:2. 3. For a similar ornamentation scheme, see No. 325, though there the amphora surmounts a stepped gable or nefesh; for amphorae, see Intro. §11H and No. 183.

214

Pl. 30 [68.675] 63 x 29.5 x 35 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened 'triglyph' with two wedges cut into lower centre. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. R Finely incised, unfinished whirl

[68.678] 64 x 31 x 36 cm. Incised. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Traces of yellow wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F In doubled line frame, representation of ashlar wall (stretchers only). B Doubled line frame. L and R Similar to F. Lid Flat, sliding. Broken.

Mark On insertion edge of lid:

Inscr.

A. F Right, second row of ashlars from top:

L, I (V/

h 11(k

ot'W ot'w peace peace(?)

B. F In central ashlar, same row:

ti oft peace(?) C. B Top, right-of-centre:

rosette.

Bibl. HA 28-29, 1969:28. Comm.

Pl. 31

217

See Comm. 202:1.

215 [68.676] 63.5 x 24 x 31 cm. Plain. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

ot'v' aft peace peace(?)

D. Lid Near insertion edge:

Bibl. HA 28-29, 1969:28. Comm. See Comm. 202:1.

216 [68.677] 51 x 26 x 31.5 an. Chip carved. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Yellow wash. Low feet.

Pl. 31

aft peace(?) Bibl. Tzaferis 1970:28-29, No. 5; Naveh 1970:36; Haas 1970:43, No. 1/5. Comm. 1. See Comm. 200: 1.

2. The bare frame on B may indicate an unfinished ornament, either replacing the ashlar motif on the

Catalogue

130

other sides or intended to represent a single ashlar. 3. oe'w: The word is repeated six times spelt with a vav. Since the ossuary contained the bones of a young man, the female name Shalom could not have been intended. Dinkier (1974:124-126) believed it was an exclamation of the word 'peace'. For the repetition of names, cf. Intro. §6C and Index of Subjects, s.v.; as with names, the repetition of words such as 'peace' may be an expression of sorrow.

218

Pl. 31

[68.679] 59 x 24 x 32 cm. Plain. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet. Lid Flat. Inscr. A. Upper third of F, slightly off-centre and faintly incised; B. Middle of F, left-of-centre and deeply incised. The second letter of the third word shows many erasure lines:

'Jr-fir"

J n 11

ti -r-AA-4 A. pm w/ B. 5"pm 1wpnin)

A. Yehohanan/ B. Yehohanan son of Ilezgil Bibl. Tzaferis 1970:28, No. 4; Naveh 1970:35; Haas 1970:43, No. 1/4; 1970:49-53; Yadin 1973; Moller-Christensen 1976; Kuhn 1978; 1979; Rahmani 1981c:51-52; Kuhn 1982; Puech 1983:505-507, No. 11; Zias and Sekeles 1985. Comm. 1. See Comm. 200: 1.

2. The inner ledge is superfluous as the lid rests upon the rim. 3. The ossuary contained the remains of a male in his twenties, a 3-4 year-old child, and the partial remains of a second adult. The bones of the adult male indicate that he had been crucified. 4. Kuhn (1979:120-121; 1982:713) demonstrated that the nail transfixing the heel bone of the deceased originally measured 11.5 cm, and not the 17-18 cm as proposed by Haas; this contradicts Moller-Christensen's theory regarding the method of crucifixion. Zias and Sekeles suggested that each heel bone was nailed to the upright of the cross and that the tip of one of the nails, turned by a knot in the wood, survived. 5. The faintly incised name in Inscr. A is very similar in execution to the first name in Inscr. B; it is thus difficult to determine if Inscr. A is a later

addition and referred to the child. For repetition of a name in shallower script, cf. No. 871. 6. The second name is difficult to read; Yadin's reading 5ipyn 'the (one) hanged with knees apart' is unlikely as the first letter of this word resembles the het in both carvings of prnrn, and differs from both hehs. Above the two horizontal strokes of the supposed 'ayin are small erasure lines, indicating a zayin or possibly a gimel. Kuhn (1979:312-316; 1982:714-715) disregarded these erasures and read the word as a transliteration of ayx(.Xoc 'crooked, curved', referring to the manner of Yehohanan's crucifixion. The erasures, however, indicate Naveh's original reading 5)pm 'Hezgil', a contracted form of Yehezgiel (for 5rcpm-, 'Hizgiel, Ezeqiel', see Cassuto in EB, s.v.); similar contractions occur on other ossuaries, e.g. tovpn' 'Yehegiya' for Yehezgiya (No. 232); see also an ossuary inscription with a Yehagiya named as the father of a Maryam (Spoer 1907: No. 3 [ = Frey 1952: No. 1341 ] ), and a Bar-Hagya or BarIlegiya from Bar-Ilezgiya (instead of Bar-Hagva as in Bagatti and Milik 1958:93-94 No. 27). Other contractions of this name include: ripen Hezga (see Benoit et al. 1961: No. 22:1-10) and ppen (Yadin and Naveh 1989: No. 386). For a similar form in Greek, 'EaxiaS, see No. 330. Similar contractions also occur, e.g., pntm from Yehonatan (see No. 232), o'pm Yehoqim from Yehoyaqim (see No. 718) and 5rtru Neta'el from Netan'el (see No. 796).

219

Pl. 31

[68.680] 43.5 x 22 x 25.5. + 9.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken, partially reconstructed. Yellow wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame; 'triglyph' replaced by two large discs. In each metope, a sixpetalled rosette inside concentric line circles; small discs between petals and in outer corners of metopes. Lid Vaulted, slightly overhanging. On F from base to apex, four rows of small discs. Bibl. Tzaferis 1970:29, No. 8; Haas 1970:44, No. 1/8. Comm. 1. See Comm. 200: 1.

2. The discs in the inner corners of the metopes were eliminated to accommodate the elements replacing the 'triglyph'.

220 [68.681] 56 x 26 x 34.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem.

Pl. 31

Catalogue Damaged. Yellow wash. Low feet.

Descr.

Ornam. F Checkerboard pattern of thin lines; in each square, a small disc. L and R Discs arranged in `lattice' pattern. Lid Flat, slightly overhanging. Broken. Inscr. B Centre:

/-,\V)l ___ rcn- o Marta Bibl. Tzaferis 1970:28, No. 3; Naveh 1970:35; Haas 1970:42, No. 1/3. Comm. 1. See Comm. 200: 1.

131

Bibl. Tzaferis 1970:28, No. 2; Naveh 1970:34-35; Haas 1970:42, No. 1/8. Comm. 1. See Comm. 200: 1.

2. )=rr: For the name, see Comm. 68:2. 3. mip: Naveh proposed that this is an Aramaic word designating the deceased as a potter (cf. onran 'the baker', Yadin and Naveh 1989: No. 429); Yadin (Naveh 1970:35, n. 1) suggested the Hebrew nickname `(the) pot' (i.e. `pot-bellied'). For the latter possibility, cf. Intro. §6Fa (on derogatory nicknames) and Index of Subjects, s.v. Nicknames.

2. mm-m: For the name, cf. Comm. 67:2. 3. For a similar checkerboard pattern, see No. 176.

223

221

Lid Flat, sliding.

[68.682] 76 x 31 x 41 + 12 cm. Plain.

Bibl.

[68.684] 76.5 x 26.5 x 33.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Givàt Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Prov.

Tzaferis 1970:29, No. 7; Haas 1970:44, No. 1/8.

Descr.


Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet. Lid Gabled, sliding; cut-to-measure. Mark On insertion edge of lid: Bibl. Tzaferis 1970:29, No. 6; Haas 1970:43, No.

n

1/6. Comm.

Pl. 32

224 [68.685] 40 x 20 x 22 cm. Chip carved.

See Comm. 200:1.

222

Pl. 32 [68.683] 58(59.5) x 27(28.5) x 35 + 13 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Givàt Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Cornice under rim

on all sides, slightly protruding. Low feet. Ornam. F Zigzag frames on base and sides, fluted frieze at top; inside frame, two six-petalled rosettes, each inside a zigzag circle. L In zigzag frame, two vertical, juxtaposed zigzag semi-circles, with a larger zigzag semi-circle descending from top. R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside a zigzag frame. Lid Gabled. F Zigzag frame containing two zigzag semi-circles emerging from base, linked by a zigzag segment. B Line frame. Fingergrips. Marks On left gable of lid and corresponding rim of chest:

4Inscr. F Top, between rosettes:

Prov. Givàt Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Inner ledge on three sides.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a line circle; segments link petal-tips. R Unfinished six-petalled rosette in an unfinished zigzag frame. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Tzaferis 1970:29, No. 9; Haas 1970:45, No. III/1. Comm. One of two ossuaries (Nos. 224-225) found in a single-chambered loculi tomb.

225

Pl. 32

[68.686] 60 x 23.5 x 29.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Givàt Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Inner ledge on three sides.

Ornam. F and B In doubled line frame, two sixpetalled rosettes inside concentric line circles. L and R Similar to F and B, encircled rosette inside frame. Lid Flat, sliding; bevelled edges. F Similar to F and B of chest, two encircled rosettes inside frame; one petal of right-hand rosette unfinished. Fingergrip. Bibl. Tzaferis 1970:29, No. 10; Haas 1970:45, No. 111/2.

Comm.

Inrn) n rrp Yehonatan the potter (or `(the) pot')

1. See Comm. 224.

2. The frames may indicate an ashlar.

132

Catalogue

Pl. 32; Fig. 112 [68.687] 63(65) x 27(29) x 36 + 11 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Ramat Eshkol, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice; two thin grooves under rim. Low feet.

Descr.

Ornam. Two metopes in zigzag frames. 'Triglyphs' transformed into palm trees; ascending and spreading branches surmount indication of date clusters in central tree. In each metope, a

Inscr.

six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Lid Gabled, cut-to-measure. Fingergrips.

5trty Sha'ul Bibl. Tzaferis 1970:29, No. 12; Naveh 1970:36; Haas 1970:46, No. IV/2Comm. 1. See Comm. 226: 1. 2. According to Haas, this ossuary contained the remains of an elderly man, presumably the father of Shalom (see No. 226). 3. 5irtw: As Naveh noted, the small, careless incisions are by the same hand that incised this name on No. 228; he suggested that two individuals bore the same name, or that both inscriptions record the name of the head of the family who had ordered the ossuaries. There are, however, cases of a son and father bearing the same name (see Comm. 73:3). The youth in ossuary No. 228 met his death at the same time as Sha'ul and as Shalom's father (see No. 226); thus the same relative might have inscribed the right name on each ossuary, perhaps when the remains were collected for ossilegium.

226

Mark On top of left gable of lid and corresponding rim of chest:

Inscr. R Top:

Atnia rn w rmv >thtrty.' rr mhj n5n ossuary of Shalom, daughter of Sha'ul/who failed to give birth. Peace, daughter! Bibl. Tzaferis 1970:30, No. 14; Naveh 1970:37; Haas 1970:48, No. IV/4; Dinkier 1974:125. Comm. 1. Five ossuaries (Nos. 226-230) were recovered from a single-chambered bench tomb. 2. n5n: For this word, from n5n, signifying 'ossuary', see Milik 1956/7:235-238 and Habermann 1956. Here in status constructus, similar to No. 461. 3. o15w: For the female name, cf. Comm. 13:2. In the second line, Naveh suggests a reading of 'peace' (cf. also Comm. 3:4), though, as he remarked, it is conceivably a repetition of the daughter's name. 4. 5trcv : A common name in this period, see Index of Inscriptions, s.v. Cf. Comms. 227:2 and 228:2 for the possible identity of this man. 5. m4v1 n: Haas identified the remains of a young

woman with her unborn child in this ossuary; thus, Naveh's reading 'who failed to give birth' is preferable to Fitzmyer and Harrington's (1978:173, No. 88:2) suggestion 'who hoped for(?) Salome, her daughter'. 6. For the date-cluster motif, see Intro. §11Va, Figs. 113 and 115 and Nos. 307 and 442.

7. For the transformation of the 'triglyphs', cf.

Inner ledge on two sides. Traces of red wash. Low feet. Lid Gabled, cut-to-measure.

Marks On left gable of lid and corresponding side of chest:

F Small. Top, right-of-centre:

jr

228

Pl. 33

[68.689] 46.5 x 19.5 x 25 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Ramat Eshkol, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Metope frame inside fluted frame. In centre, two-columned porch flanked by six-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles. Lid Flat, sliding. Broken. Inscr. L Small. Top, left-of-centre:

5irtvj Sha'ul Bibl. Tzaferis 1970:29, No. 11; Naveh 1970:36; Haas 1970:39, 46, No. IV/1. Comm. 1. See Comm. 226: 1. 2. 5irtv.': See Comm. 227:3. Haas noted that the

No. 127.

remains found in this ossuary are those of a 16-17 year old youth who met his death in a fire; he was, then, too young to be the father of Shalom (Comm.

227

226:5).

[68.688] 52 x 27.5 x 33 + 12 cm. Plain. Prov. Ramat Eshkol, Jerusalem.

3. For the two lamb bones found in the ossuary, cf. Comms. 200:4 and 486:3.

Catalogue 229

Pl. 33 [68.690] 62(64) x 30(32) x 39 + 15 cm. Plain. Prov. Ramat Eshkol, Jerusalem. Descr. Damaged and reconstructed; surface left

unsmoothed. Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice under rim on all sides. Low feet. Lid Gabled, cut-to-measure. Marks On one gable of lid and corresponding narrow side of chest:

133

Comm.

1. Purchased in Jerusalem. The workmanship and ornamentation indicate the suggested provenance.

2. The nefesh on L was apparently inspired by Jerusalem tomb monuments, cf. Ill. 14. The ornament on the apex of L may be a family crest; see Intro. §§7B and 11 F. The nefesh on F seems to have been copied from L, but narrowed in order to fit the `triglyph'.

232 Bibl. Tzaferis 1970:29, No. 13; Haas 1970:47, No. IV/3. Comm. See Comm. 226:1.

Pl. 34 [68.1293] 60.5 x 25 x 29.5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Damaged. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

230

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame. `Triglyph' replaced by zigzag palm-tree

[68.691] 77(79) x 29(31) x 38 + 12 cm. Plain. Prov. Ramat Eshkol, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice under rim on all sides. Low feet.

motif; zigzag semi-circle indicates ascending branches mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and link circles to outer corners of

Lid Gabled, cut-to-measure. Marks On one gable of lid and corresponding narrow rim of chest, over cornice:

metopes. Lid Flat. Fingergrips. Inscr. A. R Descending vertically:

i

Tzaferis 1970:30, No. 15; Haas 1970:48-49, No. IV/5. Comm. See Comm. 226:1. Bibl.

Pl. 33; Fig. 26 [68.969] 68.5 x 33 x 38 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Damaged. Inner ledge on two sides. Low 231

wNAeHL G2-C 10 1 'Iwva0tS/'EZexiov Jonathan, son of Hezekiah B. Lid Lengthwise, partially obliterated:

feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in line frames. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; segments link petal-tips. In broadened `triglyph', nefesh set on four steps; two branches or leaves(?) issue at sharp angles from either side of top step. Nefesh is formed as a fluted column topped by an ashlar-built pyramid with dot at apex; two spirals emerge from each side of base. B Two finelyincised, horizontal branches; lower branch consists of three twigs. L Inside line frame, nefesh set on four steps; body of nefesh consists of a number of columns topped by a broad frieze containing three finely incised lily-shaped plants. Ashlar-built pyramid on nefesh has anchor-shaped ornament at apex; spiral rises from each side of base. R Finelyincised covered amphora on a trumpet foot has spirals issuing from base of lid; two eight-petalled rosettes flank vessel. Above this, two horizontal branches converge at edge with those incised on B. Bibl. Rahmani 1968:220-222, Pls. 21-22, 24: B.

nrpn'ni lnin' Yehotan, son of Yehegiya Comm. 1. Purchased with No. 233 in Jerusalem and probably from the same tomb. 2. 'Iwv0'E0w The name is similarly spelt in No. 287: Inscr. A; this version, and its more common spelling, 'Iwva0aq, occur in the Septuagint and Josephus; it is also recorded in Murabba'at (see Comm. 233:3 and Benoit et al. 1961: No. 95:2). 3. Frequently found in the Septuagint, the New Testament and Josephus. It occurs on another ossuary (Abel 1913:273, No. 6) and in one instance (No. 330), it was contracted to 'EaxlaS. 4. lmm: A contraction of Inn n) (see No. 68:2); the Greek form confirms its identification. 5. mpn': A contracted form of mptrn, also confirmed by the Greek form. For both names, cf. Comm. 218:6.

Catalogue

134

233

Pl. 34

[68.1294] 58.5 x 25 x 29 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame. `Triglyph' replaced by zigzag palm-tree motif; semi-circle indicates ascending branches mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and link circles to outer corners of metopes. Lid Flat. Fingergrips. Inscr. A and B: B Large. Vertically ascending:

Slightly damaged. Low feet. Ornam. F Highly stylized palm tree(?) with ascending, spreading and descending branches. Lid High, vaulted. On apex, twelve-rayed star Descr.

(rosette?).

Marks On R of lid and corresponding narrow side of chest, star-shaped ornament. Comm. 1. Locally purchased. 2. The similarity of the elaborate marks on the lid and chest indicate that they are direction marks. For such attentiveness to the execution of direction marks, cf. No. 841. 3. In style, this ossuary resembles Nos. 251 and 463, which are pagan, and No. 635, which is possibly pagan. For the form of this ossuary, see Intro. §9, Group B4b1. This entire group of ossuaries might have belonged to Nabataeans or other pagans influenced by the Jewish custom of ossilegium; if so,

the motif on the top of the lid may represent a star, parallel to the sun and moon on No. 251, and to the sun suggested on No. 635.

235

Mapiatq/yuvi 'Iwva Mariame, wife of Iona Comm:

Pl. 34

[68.1429] 53.5 x 26 x 31.5 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Shemu'el Hanavi St., Jerusalem. Descr. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

1. See Comm. 232: 1.

2. MapL .o : For the name, see Comm. 108:3. 3. 'Iwva: Though possibly the genitive of 'IwvaS, this name is otherwise attested only later at Bet She'arim (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 215 note its absence in earlier Graeco-Jewish inscriptions). In Talmudic literature the earliest mention of a Rabbi Jonah refers to an Amoraic sage of the first half of the fourth century, 'IwvaS ('Iwvc roc in the genitive) occurs in an Egyptian document of 219/8 BCE; the text's editors remarked that it is `probably an abbreviation of 'Iwvaro Inn-n-, rather than a transcription of the rare name mr' (CPJ I:181, No. 35, 18). As this ossuary closely resembles No. 232 in style, form and decoration, and both probably come from the same tomb, it is reasonable to regard the name as a contraction of 'Iwv&07)q, found in No. 232: Inscr. A; he would thus have been Mariame's husband. The use of two different contractions of a name, Iona in Greek and Yehotan in Hebrew, is noteworthy.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' contains vertical running scroll incised in freehand. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Bibl. HA 28-29, 1969:28.

234

IIp i xo[S]/yuv71 Ow6ovS 0u/y&TIP TeL./tLeiaeiwvo; of Protas' wife, Doso, daughter of

[68.1295] 65 x 30 x 31 + 19 cm. Incised. Prov. Hebron Hills(?).

Pl. 34

Comm.

1. See Comm. 202: 1. 2. For a similar ornamentation scheme, see No. 239.

236

Pl. 34

[69.100] 46.5 x 23.5 x 27 cm. Incised. Prov. Silwan, Jerusalem. Descr. Badly damaged, reconstructed and restored.

Inner ledge on three sides. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Porch with seven slender columns. Each of the four outer intercolumnar spaces contain a disc; both the inner spaces contain a six-petalled rosette inside a line circle. Lid Flat, sliding; overhanging. Inscr. A. F Far left intercolumnar space, vertically ascending (see below, Comm. 2):

Timision

Catalogue B. B Under rim:

vV c.u y CE r (M 44 Awao3S 9uy[cT-%

Yuv')

[IIp]wr[dxoc] waoi /[Owa]o3S] of Doso, daughter of Timision, wife of Protas, of Doso, of Doso

C. L Under rim:

eA (\) Lcr1 c,

N Mn1)

+ Dc?`1 I (t1

1 __5y7

1

Bagatti and Milik preliminarily before some of the inscriptions were badly damaged. Bagatti and Milik wished only to demonstrate the repetition of names in inscriptions and refrained from discussion or translation. Inscrs. A and E have almost completely disappeared; the remaining facsimiles reflect the present state of the inscriptions. 3. For the repetition of names, see Intro. §6C and Comm. 102:4. 4. Owaw: The contracted form of a name cognate to Dosithea (for which see CPJ I:47 and Preisigke, s.v.; for the male form, Dositheos, cf. No. 100), here in the genitive case (like Mvr)a('O - Mv-qaoGS, No.

N) C

1waoGS [Yu]v IIP[w]/[TcT]Oq 6u[Ya]T-JP of Doso, wife of Protas, daughter

of Timision D. L Base:

J :q (1P1

135

1

[Ow]aouc yuv[ Ilpw]/[T01]TOC, 6uY[a'n'IP]/ [TEL]µeLae[[wvoS] of Doso, wife of Protas, daughter

of Timision E. R Inside, inverted (see below, Comm. 2): Owaoi S Yvv/ IIpwTaroc/0uy x p TELE.t./[eLae[]wvoc of Doso, wife of Protas, daughter

of Timision F. Inside, back, low and inverted:

P

IIpYr T[oc] Protas Bibl. Bagatti and Milik 1958:106-107. Comm. 1. Ossuaries Nos. 236-290 were found

stacked on wooden racks in the open, southern courtyard of the Rockefeller Museum after the Six Day War; though damaged, some very badly, the majority could be reconstructed. Identification numbers, when surviving, corresponded to a register providing very scanty information; thus `Silwan', occurring throughout, seems to signify the entire area rather than a particular tomb; `Jerusalem(?)' (Nos. 243ff), therefore, must stand for ossuaries originating the areas of the city under Jordanian rule between 1948 and June 1967. In many cases, the illustrations are of the ossuary prior to restoration. 2. The unillustrated transcription was published by

101). The name parallels the contraction of the contemporaneous male name xvrr or ntvrr, Owa-1. For other contractions of this name, cf. vnvr (Index of Inscriptions, s.v.). 5. IIpwr&S: See Comm. 11:2, here in the genitive (cf. also Preisigke, s.v.). 6. TeLµcLae[wv: The word seems to stand for TLliLa[wv `honoured in Zion'. Iota's were frequently lengthened to epsilon-iota; cf. Nos. 139 and 789. This title may be a compound of Tip,Loq `valued, honoured, worthy, noble' and ELuv `Zion'. For the two words occurring together, cf. Septuagint to Lam. 4:2: utoi ELCsv o[ T[p,LoL o'ip'n lily na and its Mishnaic parallel o>5wt7> 'vp-, 'precious sons of Jerusalem' (M. Yoma 6:4). See also the use of `Zion' in the contemporaneous female name ZeXa[Lalwv, though not translated into Greek (cf., e.g., Nos. 26, 387 and 801). Cf. also ClermontGanneau 1899:388-392 who also quotes Ethiopic combinations of `Zion' in names. 7. For inverted and right-angle inscriptions, including some inside an ossuary, see also Nos. 394, 703 and 716. For another inscription inside an ossuary, see Bagatti and Milik 1958:84-85, No. 13. 8. The lid probably was not intended for this ossuary.

237

Pl. 35 [69.101] 60 x 27.5 x 30 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Silwan, Jerusalem. Descr. Badly damaged, reconstructed and restored. Inner ledge on three sides.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; `triglyph' broadened and bare. In each metope, a sevenpetalled rosette inside concentric line circles; disc in centre. Comm.

See Comm. 236:1.

Catalogue

136

238

Pl. 35

[69.102] 63.5 x 24 x 32.5 -cm. Chip carved. Prov. Silwan, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished, damaged.

Marks On one gable of lid and corresponding narrow side of chest: Comm. See Comm. 236:1.

Ornam. F Two metopes in unfinished zigzag frames, each containing a seven-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; disc in centre. Comm. See Comm. 236:1.

Pl. 35 [69.103] 53.5 x 28.5 x 31.5 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Silwan, Jerusalem. Descr. Badly damaged and reconstructed. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

239

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' contains vertical running scroll incised in freehand. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Between petals, small eight-petalled rosettes inside circles, incised in freehand. Inscr. A. B Large. Badly centred:

r Paiwvo4 of Gaion B. L Upper half:

Aft

roc

241 Pl. 35 [69.105] 62 x 28 x 35.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Karm esh-Sheikh, Jerusalem. Descr. Damaged, reconstructed and slightly restored. Repaired in antiquity with rivets in small holes on edges of L and B and on upper F. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet. Ornam. F Metope frame inside fluted frame. In centre, representation of gate consisting of two partially fluted columns on high bases, with rudimentary Doric capitals supporting a low arch; between columns, a panelled door. Flanking representation, six-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles. Lid Flat. Fragmentary. Comm. 1. See Comm. 236: 1. 2. The ornamentation is very similar to ClermontGanneau 1882:114, No. 78; cf. also the doubled gate depicted on No. 185. Both here and on No. 185 the lower frames of the door are well above the baseline, perhaps in order to show the door in perspective as behind the gate; see Intro. §§l 1T, 11Uc; Comm. 185:2 and No. 469. 3. For a similar example of an ancient repair, see No. 121.

FAM)NOC Paiwvoc,/Iaiwvoq of Gaion/of Gaion Comm.

1. See Comm. 236: 1.

2. 1'a6v: A common name in second to third century CE Egypt (cf. Preisigke, s.v.) that has not been attested in local epigraphy or literature; the deceased probably came from Egypt. 3. For the repetition of names, see Comm. 102:4. 4. For the small rosettes between the petals, cf. Nos. 383 and 525; in general, for this ornamentation, cf. No. 236.

242

Pl. 35

[69.106] 53 X 27 x 32.2 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Silwan, Jerusalem. Descr. Damaged, reconstructed and restored. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' containing palm-trunk pattern. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Comm.

See Comm. 236:1.

240 [69.104] 56(57) x 28.5(29.5) x 33 + 13 cm. Plain. Prov. Silwan, Jerusalem. Descr. Slightly damaged. Inner ledge on two sides.

Cornice under rim on all sides. Lid Gabled.

243 [69.107] 62.5 x 27.5 x 35 + 12 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Damaged, reconstructed and partially restored. Yellow wash. Low feet.

Pl. 35

Catalogue Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' containing vertical row of discs. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle.

Lid Gabled, fragmentary. Fingergrips.

Incr. L Upper centre:

Pl. 36

(69.111] 60 x 31 x 37 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Unfinished. Badly damaged, reconstructed and partially restored. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F and B Two unfinished six-petalled

I

rosettes each inside a zigzag circle. L Unfinished whirl-rosette inside a zigzag circle. R Similar, but completed. Comm. See Comm. 236:1.

o'in Maryam Comm.

247

137

1. See Comm. 236: 1.

2. orin: For the name, see Comm. 31:2. 248

Pl. 36

[69.112] 60 x 31 x 37 cm. Chip carved.

244

Pl. 35

[69.108] 66 x 26.5 x 32.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?).

Damaged and partially reconstructed. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet. Ornam. Two metopes in zigzag frames, absent at base; `triglyph' broadened and bare. In each metope, a whirl rosette inside a line circle; disc in centre. Descr.

Comm.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' containing palm-trunk pattern. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; segments link petal-tips. Discs in corners of metopes.


1. See Comm. 236: 1.

245

Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Damaged, reconstructed and partially restored. Red wash. Low feet.

Pl. 35

[69.109] 57 x 26 x 30.5 cm. Chip carved.

Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Damaged, reconstructed and restored. Inner ledge on two sides.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames with line border; zigzags absent at base. Broadened `triglyph' contains seven-branched plant with lanceolate leaves; roots indicated by triangle at base. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside

249

Pl. 36

[69.113] 65.5 x 28 x 38 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Damaged, reconstructed and restored.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, doubled at top and sides; `triglyph' broadened and bare. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle.


concentric line circles. Comm. See Comm. 236:1.

250

246

Pl. 36

[69.110] 53 x 25 x 30.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Damaged, reconstructed and partially restored. Traces of yellow wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' containing palm-trunk pattern. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle.


Pl. 36

[69.114] 63 x 23 x 28 + 11 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Damaged, reconstructed and slightly restored. Yellow wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Fluted frame containing metope frame. In centre, a five-columned porch flanked by sixpetalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles. Lid Vaulted, base broadens into cornice (64 x 25 cm).


Catalogue

138

Pl. 36; Figs. 130a-b 251 [69.115] 58 x 30 x 38 cm. Thickness of walls: 6 cm. Relief carved. Prov. Hebron Hills(?). Descr. Badly damaged; reconstructed and slightly

restored. Irregular dimensions (height at left edge of F: 48 cm). Traces of red wash. Ornam. F Disc. R Crescent, tips toward base. Comm.

1. See Comm. 236: 1.

2. The disc on F undoubtedly represents the sun accompanying the crescent moon on R. These motifs differ from the decorative schemes on Jewish ossuaries; their symbolism is alien to Judaism and of a clearly pagan character. The symbols are akin to, e.g., representations on the lintel of the so-called `Tomb of Obodas' at 'Avdat ('Abdah), dated to the third century CE (cf. Jaussen et al. 1905:88; see also Intro. §11Wd(2) and Comm. 234:3). For further possible evidence of Nabataean contacts, see Comms. 482:2 and 490:2. 3. The provenance is suggested on the basis of stylistic considerations and on the fact that it was discovered between 1948 and June 1967 in the Jordanian-held West Bank. Ossuaries of this type have not been recorded in either the Jerusalem region, the Samaria district or at Jericho (no ossuaries have been recorded in other parts of the Jordan Valley or on the shores of the Dead Sea).

252

Pl. 37; Fig. 90 [69.116] 65 X 29 x 33 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Damaged; reconstructed and restored. Inner

ledge on two sides. Traces of red wash. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened 'triglyph' containing stylized plant ornament, its base containing two triangles mirrored above. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Comm. 1. See Comm. 236: 1.

2. The base of the plant ornament mirrors its `corolla' and 'stamen', similar to Nos. 13 :R, 195 and 282:R. This image seems to derive from naturalistic representations of lilies, e.g., on Nos. 57, 411 and 817. For the triangles at the plant's base, see Comm. 27:4.

253 [69.117] 69 x 29.5 x 37.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Reconstructed and restored. Low feet.

Pl. 37

Ornam. Doubled line frame carved along all edges. Comm. 1. See Comm. 236: 1. 2. Each side of the chest may represent a single ashlar.

254

Pl. 37 [69.118] 53 x 23.5 x 30 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Damaged. Inner ledge on two sides. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Fluted frame containing metope frame. In centre, two-columned porch flanked by sixpetalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles. Inscr. B Above, slightly right-of-centre:

Oaµa Thama Comm.

1. See Comm. 236: 1.

2. Oaq,a: This is a transliteration of the name unn 'Tamma', at Bet She'arim occurring as Thuma (Mazar 1973:198-199). In Palmyrene inscriptions, the name appears in masculine (Stark 1971:56, s.v. TM') and feminine (D.H. Muller 1898:18, No. 44, with the addition u-n nv'the unlucky one') forms. It is the equivalent of nnn Tammah (cf. Cantineau 1932:7, No. 3, who tentatively compared the word to uinn 'wonder'; see also Lidzbarski 1898:386, quoting the Hebrew non). Stark (1971:117, s.v. TM') suggested up'n as the 'name of a bird' (cf. TB Hul. 141b), which reappears as a male name in the second century CE, cf. R. Yehuda b. Tema (M. Avot 5:20).

The latter form occurs frequently in Palmyrene (urnn, Oauµeivo4, Taimi) as both a male and female name (cf. Stark 1971:57, s.v. TYM'; Ingholt 1936:104-105, No. 184; D.H. Muller 1898:13, No. 34) or Oai[.aIo4 Taimai (Cantineau 1930b:9, No. 3). This name was also spelt Tr t (Cantineau 1930a:10-11) and Ounl, a variant appearing twice at Bet She'arim (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 11-12) and possibly on a Palmyrene inscription, though the reading is far from certain (cf. Cantineau 1930b:21, No. 13). Oa4 u (cf. Figueras 1983:19) appears on a Jewish ossuary at the Pontifical Biblical Institute, Jerusalem. All of these should of course be differentiated from the Oaµa occurring here, though both this example and that at the Pontifical Biblical Institute should be regarded as names of Jews from Palmyra or of Palmyrene descent. 3. For further evidence of Palmyrene Jews present in Jerusalem at this time, see No. 579.

Catalogue 255

Pl. 37

[69.119] 65 x 26 x 32 cm. 'Chip carved.

Prov. Descr.

Jerusalem(?). Damaged. Yellow wash.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened 'triglyph' containing plant ornament with nine leaves and triangular roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Comm.

See Comm. 236:1.

256 [69.120] 52 x 26 x 29 cm. Plain.

Prov. Descr.

Jerusalem(?).

Reconstructed and restored. Inner ledge on

139

in status emphaticus, replace personal names in the Bethphage list (i5aan, '5i5an; see Milik 1971:84) and at Masada (see Naveh 1990:113-116). These examples confirm Naveh's interpretation of the last word, especially since its initial letter is closed by a left-hand downstroke to form a samekh; this stroke is separate from the zigzag line forming the other part of the letter and must be regarded as deliberately drawn. 3. rcnx: Cf. No. 21 and Comm. 51:2; for terms of endearment (Lallnamen), see Comm. 1:3. As usual in Aramaic, heh and aleph are used interchangeably. 4. w nn: For the name, see Comm. 67:2. 5. The lid was probably not originally intended for this ossuary.

two sides.

Mark On R, under rim: 258

Inscr. F Centre:

[69.122] 65 x 30 x 35 cm. Plain. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Damaged; reconstructed and restored. Inner ledge on two sides. Inscr. A. F Top, right-of-centre:

O

1

win, nnx/v)m (!) u Kmn Marta, son (!) of Pappias/wife of Yehosef Comm.

1. See Comm. 236: 1.

2. rcmn: For the name, see Comm. 67:2. 3. vim: For this Lallnamen, see Comms. 1:3 and 139:4.

4. -u: A mistake for ma 'daughter'.

Pl. 37

257 [69.121] 64 x 25.5 x 29 cm. Plain. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Damaged. Inner ledge on three sides. Cornice under rim on all sides. Lid Flat. Inscr. F Top, left-of-centre: P-1 1

NL

JJ H

f

71 y)

vnvVT Dostas

B. Left of Inscr. A: Comm. 1. See Comm. 236: 1. 2. Inscr. B seems to have been added later; it is partially effaced and thus illegible. 3. vnvrt: For the name 'Dostas', a contraction of 'Dositheos', cf. Comm. 70:3.

259

Pl. 37 [69.123] 57 x 27 x 33.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Reconstructed. Inner ledge on two sides.

Inscr. R Upper half:

x):nvi't nnrt H' n ma nnre Imma, daughter of Hananya; mother of the Sokhite Bibl. Naveh 1979:21-23; 1992:191. Comm. 1. See Comm. 236: 1.

>t nnx: Naveh reads, as in Nos. 801 and 370: Inscr. A (5v mm), 'mother of N'. The son's name has been replaced by his birthplace n>»v 'the 'the Ezobite', Sokhite' ('from Sokho'; cf. n' Comm. 797:3). Similar Hebrew designations, also 2.

8cva 1'/pot Tep-riav I adjure: let no one

take away (of) Tertian Comm. 1. See Comm. 236: 1.

140

Catalogue

ae T6v 6e6v 'I Cf. Mark 5:7: adjure thee by God'. 3. o : `No one', as in Acts 9:7; see Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 134. Cf. also, Peters and Thiersch 1905:48, No. 17. 4. Apat: The word derives from odpw `to take away, seize, destroy'; cf. LXX to Is. 51:13: d(iouaeuaaTo TOG apai ae (ri>nwn 'p wx ). Cf. also Matt. 24:17; Mark 13:15, 16; Luke 17:31. 5. Tep'riav: The accusative of the Latin female name Tertia, or the male name Tertianus (see Pape and Benseler, s.v.) with the inflection omitted, perhaps due to insufficient space or ignorance. 6. For similar admonitions not to disturb the remains of the deceased, see Nos. 70 and 142 (on which it also occurs with a Roman name). See also Intro. §6Fj; Comm. 142:4 and No. 559. 2.

260

Pl. 37 [69.124] 66 x 25.5 x 30 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Reconstructed and restored. Inner ledge on three sides. Traces of red wash.

trunk motif; stylobate indicated by zigzag line. In centre, a squat, fluted column rests on five ashlarbuilt steps. Column carries Ionic capital with discs in metopes and, on its echinus, two additional discs indicating volutes; between volutes and echinus, small palmettes. Twelve-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles and with a central disc, flank column; between petals, long-stemmed ivy leaves, pointing outward. Discs in outer corners. Comm.

1. See Comm. 236: 1.

2. The original length was probably 68 cm. 3. The ornamentation scheme seems to combine a monostyle in antis motif with a metope scheme in which the 'triglyph' has been replaced by a column. The column is combined with the stepped base of a nefesh and the small corner discs from the metope scheme (though the inner discs were supplanted by the steps and volutes of the capital). For further variations of this combination, see Intro. §§llB and 11 G and Nos. 59, 69, 78, 110, 334, 517 and 746.

4. For the capital, cf. Intro. §11G and Ill. 25; for the vestiges of its palmettes, cf. Nos. 334, 642 and 746.

Ornam. F Doubled line frame containing two

263

six-petalled rosettes inside zigzag circles. B, L and R Frame similar to F. Comm. 1. See Comm. No. 236:1. 2. The ornamentation on each side may have been intended to represent a single ashlar (cf. No. 253). For rosettes superimposed on ashlar motifs, see No. 34.

[69.127] 62.5 x 27 x 31 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Reconstructed and restored. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Metope frame containing fluted frame. In centre, a two-columned porch flanked by sixpetalled rosettes inside concentric line circles. Comm.

Pl. 37 261 [69.125] 57 x 26 x 33.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Desc. Damaged; reconstructed and restored. Inner ledge on three sides. Traces of red wash. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; `triglyph' broadened and bare. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Comm. See Comm. 236:1.

Pl. 38

See Comm. 236:1.

264

Pl. 38

[69.128] 53 x 26.5 x 32.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. feet.

Reconstructed and partially restored. Low

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Comm.

See Comm. 236:1.

262

Pl. 38; Fig. 31 [69.126] 54 x 30 x 37 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Fragmentary, partially reconstructed. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Entablature with metope frieze, each metope flanked by zigzags and containing a disc. Entablature surmounts antae overlaid with palm-

265

Pl. 38; Fig. 86

[69.129] 67 x 29 x 32 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Reconstructed and restored. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' contains a vertical, multi-leaved branch. In each metope, a fourteen-petalled rosette

Catalogue inside a zigzag circle; disc in centre. Lid Flat.

Unfinished. Damaged; reconstructed and partially restored. Red wash. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame finished at top and indicated by freehand incision at sides. `Triglyph' replaced by multi-branched plant ornament, finely incised in freehand. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric zigzag circles; outer circle is chip carved, inner circle is incised in freehand. Comm. See Comm. 236:1.

Descr.

Mark On one edge of lid: Comm.

141

1. See Comm. 236: 1.

2. The lid probably does not belong to this ossuary.

266

Pl. 38 [69.130] 57 x 26 x 23 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Reconstructed and partially restored. Steeply tapered sides. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. `Triglyph' replaced by palm tree; zigzag semi-circles indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and link circles to outer

269

corners of metopes.

Ornam. F Line frame containing four tall arches;

Mark On B, centre. Under rim: Inscr. R Centre, from upper right-hand corner,

small discs above convergance of arches. Each outer arch contains a six-petalled rosette; each inner arch contains an eight-petalled rosette. All rosettes inside concentric line circles. Comm. 1. See Comm. 236: 1. 2. The motif probably represents the loculi of a tomb; for this and another possible interpretation, see Intro. §llUb, n. 130 and Nos. 437 and 871.

slanting downward:

v- wt Doris [or: Dores(?) `down-treader'] Comm. 1. See Comm. 236: 1. 2. viva: A transliteration of the, female Greek name Awpic `Doris', attested locally in this

270

period (e.g. King Herod's first wife, a native of Jerusalem; cf. Josephus BJ 1:432). Its masculine form, 0%spoq »irr appears in TJ MK 82c. It could also represent the male nickname virr, probably signifying `down-treader'; cf. Rabbi Yonathan b. Dores (see Samuel Klein 1929b:336).

Pl. 38

267

Pl. 39; Fig. 108 [69.133] 55.5 x 26 x 30 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Damaged; reconstructed and restored. Inner ledge on three sides. Traces of red wash.

[69.131] 43 x 20 x 25 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Damaged; reconstructed and partially restored. Inner ledge on two sides. Yellow wash. Low feet.

Pl. 39 [69.134] 60.5 x 32(33) x 34 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Damaged; reconstructed and partially restored. Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice slightly

protruding under front rim only. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; `triglyph' broadened and bare. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Lid Flat, cut-to-measure.

Mark On R edge of lid, centre and corresponding side of chest, under rim: Inscr.

A. F Top, inside `triglyph':

1

Ornam. F Line frame containing two six-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles. R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame.

Mark L Under rim, centre: Comm.

See Comm. 236:1.

Pl. 39 [69.132] 54 x 25 x 30 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Jerusalem(?).

268

ronr Yohana B. L Top, centre:

morn' Yehohana Comm. 1. See Comm. 236:1. 2. mmn>: A contraction of

further contracted

Catalogue

142

to roan. Both forms appear on this ossuary; for similar cases, cf. Comm. 9:2. For another contraction of this name, see No. 31; for Latin script, see No. 202. The gender of the deceased is indeterminable. See also Comm. 31:3. 3. The direction marks may represent the letters tav-tav; cf. Comm 821:2.

271 [69.135] 60 x 29 x 41 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Fragmentary, damaged; partially reconstructed. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Pl. 39

330). See Nos. 765, 820, 828 and 880.

Pl. 39 [69.139] 57 x 30 x 34 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Worn and damaged.

275

Ornam. F Incised branch frames containing two metopes. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a finely incised zigzag circle. Comm. See Comm. 236:1.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame. `Triglyph' replaced by palm tree; zigzag semi-circle forms stylized, ascending branches. In each metope, a whirl rosette inside a line circle; six-petalled rosette in centre, its petals linked by segments. Discs in outer corners of metopes. Comm.

2. The ornamentation seems a vague reminiscence of a metope scheme combining a broadened, bare `triglyph' with a columned porch motif (e.g. No.

1. See Comm. 236: 1.

276 [69.143] 49.5 x 24 x 27.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. sides.

Worn and Damaged. Inner ledge on three

Lid Flat, sliding. Fingergrip on outer edge. Marks On F of lid, centre and corresponding, on F

2. The original length was probably 70 cm. 3. For a similar tree, see No. 82:

of chest, centre:

Pl. 39 [69.136] 44 x 21 x 24.5 cm. Comb dressed. Incised. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Unfinished. Damaged and reconstructed. Inner ledge on three sides. Ornam. F Left-of-centre, incised circle. Comm. 1. See Comm. 236: 1. 2. The comb dressing on all sides may have been intended as an ornamental pattern.

272

On insertion edge of lid and top of corresponding side (L), centre:

Comm.

1-

1. See Comm. 236: 1.

2. For the direction marks, aleph-aleph, see Comm. 821:2.

273

277

[69.137] 68 x 31 x 36 + 12 cm. Plain. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet. Lid Gabled, cut-to-measure. Comm. See Comm. 236:1.

[69.144] 60 x 25 x 31 cm. Plain. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Damaged. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

Mark On insertion edge of lid: Comm.

274

rL

Pl. 39

[69.138] 60 x 27 x 30 + 10 cm. Incised. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Damaged. Inner ledge on four sides.

Ornam. F Two six-petalled rosettes inside concentric line circles; rosettes flank vertical panel bordered on sides by lines. Lid Gabled. Comm. 1. See Comm. 236: 1.

See Comm. 236: 1.

278

Pl. 40

[69.145] 52 x 20 x 24 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Damaged and reconstructed. Steeply tapered sides. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. `Triglyph' replaced by palm tree, its trunk a zigzag

Catalogue saltire; zigzag semi-circle indicates ascending branches, mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals. Lid Flat. Fingergrips. Comm. 1. See Comm. 236: 1. 2. For the palm-tree motif, see Comm. 332:3.

279 [69.146] 41 x 20.5 x 22.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Lid Flat, sliding. Fingergrip at outer edge. Comm.

See Comm. 236:1.

280

Pl. 40

[69.147] 53 x 26 x 26 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Damaged. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. `Triglyph' replaced by palm tree, its trunk a zigzag saltire; zigzag semi-circle subdivided by zigzag line indicates ascending branches, mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and link circles to outer corners of metope. Lid Flat. Fingergrips. Comm. 1. See Comm. 236: 1. 2. For the palm-tree motif, see Comm. 332:3.

Pl. 40 281 [69.150] 71 x 37 x 39 cm; thickness of walls: 6 cm. Hard limestone. Plain. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Damaged. Comm. See Comm. 236: 1.

P1.40 [69.151] 112 x 33 x 55 cm. Hard limestone. Relief

282

carved. Prov. Kh. Zif. Descr. Lid only. Lid Gabled. Damaged; fragmentary and

reconstructed. F Two wreaths, tied below with descending fillets. B Similar to F. Left gable: Threepetalled rosette inside a three-quarter bead-and-reel circle with thin line at base. Base flanked by slightly inclined lilies serving as side acroteria; central acroterium surmounting circle seems to derive from

143

a palmette. Right gable: Bead-and-reel frame broken at top by vertical central branch flanked by floral ornaments probably derived from lily motif. Inscr. A. F Centre, between wreaths; see Pl. 40: Kuvwp6q Ato/80'[r]ou 7rpw/,ro7roaet-r-q/S Kynoros,

(son) of Diodothos, protopolites ('citizens' head') B. B Centre, between wreaths; see Pl. 40: or n]v» vivtt uz vwp Kynoros, son of Dotos, citizens' head Bibl. Rahmani 1972a; Kutscher 1972; Yadin 1972; Rahmani 1972b. Comm. 1. See Comm. 236: 1. 2. This lid probably comes from the tomb west of Kh. Zif and north of Tell Zif, noted in ADAJ 6-7, 1962:110 as a three-chambered arcosolia and shaft tomb; it probably dates to the early third century CE. 3. Kuvwpo5/vvrp: This name appears on No. 465, an ossuary presumably from the Hebron Hills. It probably represents a Greek approximation of the Semitic name a57 (see Liver 1962), which occurs in a Latin translation as Canius (Kraeling et al. 1938:390, No. 30:13), dated to 130 CE. 4. 6 oroc: A common name in the GraecoRoman world (cf. Pape and Benseler, s.v. and, for Egypt, Preisigke, s.v.); in the second century BCE, the Syrian general Diototus-Triphon bore this name. It is attested in a pagan context (cf. Lifshitz 1962:80 for an inscription dated to the third century CE; see also Lifshitz 1964:134, No. 453) and at Masada (Cotten and Geiger 1989: No. 901) dated before 73-74 CE. The contracted Aramaic form, viva `Dotos' (though Yadin suggested vtvrt 'Diotos'), remains unprecedented on ossuaries, though names like Dositheos abound (see Comm. 70:5). 5. IIpwro7roaetrr)S: Here the term corresponds L

to 7rpw-ro7roX r7jq `first citizen' (Liddell, Scott

and Jones, s.v.). It is attested in late-third gr earlyfourth century CE Egypt (Grenfell and Hunt 1898:85, No. 41:9) and in third century CE North Africa (cf. Frezouls 1971:287-292). It seems to be the Greek term for a member of the honestiores under the Constitutia Antoniniana of 212 CE, perhaps referring in this case to a notable of nearby Eleutheropolis (founded by Septimius Severus after 200 CE).

6. One accepts Yadin's reading that the Aramaic equivalent of protopolites was o>n(v)ti), in which D'-MY (from -my 'to dwell, reside') stands for `citizens'. The word was probably pronounced

`reshmarim' and is here written as a contraction without the 'ayin. 7. For the lily motif on R, cf. Nos. 13:R and 195:F and ultimately No. 375. For the summarily

Catalogue

144

executed palmette on L, see Nos. 60: F, 308: L and 482: F, b. Watzinger (1905:53, Fig. 111) described a similar palmette as kerykeionahnlich, i.e. 'caduceuslike'. For its probable second century CE date, see Vaulina-W4scowicz 1974:127, Pl. 110. These palmettes may be derived from such forms as that used as a central acroterium on the `Tomb of the Grapes', see Ill. 4; see also Intro. §11S and Fig. 97. 8. In this case, the wreaths may have been intended to represent coronae civicae. 9. The integration of the inscription and ornamentation is remarkable.

Inscr.

F Top, right-of-centre:

oft Comm.

1. See Comm. 236: 1.

2. oi5v: There is no way to determine if a name is here indicated or the word `peace'; cf. Comms. 3:4 and 217:3.

287

Pl. 41

[69.156] 62 x 28 x 34 cm. Plain. Prov. Jerusalem(?).

Worn and damaged. Inner ledge on three

283 [69.152] 67 x 30 x 35 + 11 cm. Plain.

Descr. sides.

Prov. Mt. of Offence (near former Government House), Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Lid. Gabled. Fingergrips.

Lid Flat, sliding. Mark On edge of lid (see below, Inscr. B). Inscr. A. R Top, right-of-centre:

W N&Oh c

Marks On one gable of lid and corresponding narrow side of chest:

'IwvaO-% Jonathan B. Edge of lid, across:


284 [69.153] 48 x 27 x 34 + 11 cm. Plain.

Prov. Mt. of Offence (near former Government House), Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Lid Gabled.

Marks On one gable of lid and corresponding narrow side of chest:

Comm.

V

See Comm. 236:1.

Pl. 40; Fig. 62

285 [69.154] 59 x 23 x 30 cm. Incised. Prov. Mar Elias,_ Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Ornam. F Two metopes in line frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a line circle. Comm.

Eeaasiwv/MapOa[S] Selasion, daughter of Martha Comm. 1. See Comm. 236: 1. 2. Uva0r]S: Tzaferis' reading is probably correct despite the unusual shape of the iota. For this name, cf. Comm. 232:2. 3. The lid seems to have belonged to the ossuary of a woman named Selasion, a contraction of Salamsion, occurring as lvs5v (TB Shab. 16b); see also Comm. 26:2. 4. M4p0a: Cf. Comm. 45:2. As the stone is broken, the final sigma is conjectural; the letter closely resembles a tau. 5. Figueras' drawing and reading (1983:17, Pl. 6:601) are inaccurate.

1. See Comm. 236: 1.

2. Chance find.

288 286 [69.155] 66 x 25 x 30 cm. Plain. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

[69.157] 47 x 23 x 27 cm. Plain. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Damaged. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.


P1. 41

Catalogue Inscr. R Top, right-of-centre:

145

290

Pl. 41

[69.159] 65.5 x 24 x 31 + 3 cm. Incised. Prov. Unknown.

Inner ledge on three sides. Ornam. F Frieze of semi-circles above `lattice' pattern. Lid Flat. Inscr. F Inside three semi-circles of frieze, starting at base of the central one: Descr.

n'. v.' -ia -iw5m Eli'ezer, son of Shekhanya (['beetlebrowed'?) Comm. 1. See Comm. 236: 1.

2. itv'5rc: Though well attested in the literature of the period, this form of the name occurs less frequently on ossuaries than -n (for which, see Comm. 13:3). See also, Spoer 1907:356, No. 5; Frey

a°

1952:1387; and Yadin and Naveh 1989: No. 390.

3. n>»vr As in I Chron. 3:21-22, this is a contraction of the name m»w (see II Chron. 31:15); the contraction occurs on a seventh to sixth century BCE seal from the south of the country (cf. Avigad 1975:67) and as a post-exilic name (cf. Neh. 3:29, 6:18 and Ezra 8:3); it was also the name of one of the priestly `courses' (I Chron. 24: 11; cf. for this Sperber in EJ [1971], s.v. Mishmarot and Ma'amadot, vol. 12, cols. 89-93). There is no later record of this name, though the names of the priestly courses were well known and documented. Thus, it is possible that here n' w is the nickname of someone who was beetle-browed (cf. Tos. Bek. 5:3 [Zuck. 539:32] ).

Pl. 41

289 [69.158] 57 x 27 x 32 cm. Chip carved.

Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Damaged. Inner ledge on three sides.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette with a differently carved six-petalled rosette at centre; around outer rosette, zigzag circle containing knocker or handle ring with attachments indicated above. Lid Flat. Mark On R rim of chest: Inscr. F Upper-inner corners of metopes:

I

hvnA-%-!a

13

1>rwinvr mmn Marta, daughter of Yehosef, son of Ya'aqov, wife of Yehosef, from

Hin Comm.

1. See Comm. 236: 1. 2. mmn: A common name, see Comm. 67:2 and Index of Inscriptions, s.v. reran.

3. ovim: Here in the plene spelling common at the time; cf. Comm. 9:3 and Index of Inscriptions, s.v. 4. an): The yod was continued from the right upright of the heh above it. The same spelling occurs on No. 865; see also, Clermont-Ganneau 1896:393-396.

5. rn o: Naveh suggested that this refers to a place named `Hin' as the origin either of Martha or, more probably, of her husband, Yehosef. If this is so, two possible identifications can be suggested: Hini in Babylonia, near Kufa, mentioned in Talmudic literature (e.g. TB Git. 80a and Obermeyer 1929: map) by Rav and R. Huna. This reference shows that Hini was a Jewish community in the first half of the third century CE, a date compatible with the style of this ossuary. Conceivably, the place-name might refer to Bet Hini, approximately 25 km east of Caesarea, identified with the village of Ànin (cf. Horowitz 1923:131) mentioned in TB Hul. 53a in the days of R. Dimi (late-third to early-fourth centuries CE; see also Abel 1938:274. For In, see also No. 777, and In on No. 293.

6. For mention of grandparents, see Comm. 57:3.

OH Comm.

1. See Comm. 236: 1.

2. The letters on F may be the initials of the name of the deceased.

3. The lid was not intended for this ossuary; it does not require the inner ledge and it covers the mark on the rim. 4. For the ring, see Intro. §11T and, e.g., No. 569.

Pl. 41 291 [69.160] 61.5 x 25 x 31 + 10 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Ammunition Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken. Low feet. Ornam. F Zigzag frames at top and base, palmtrunk frames at sides. Frame contains two twelvepetalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles. Lid Gabled. Broken. Fingergrip.

Mark On top, centre of chest:

Catalogue

146

Bibl. HA 30, 1969:22. Comm. 1. Pottery from the first century CE as well as 18 ossuaries were recovered from a loculi tomb discovered in 1969 northeast of Shemu'el Hanavi St., near the former Police School (now the UNRWA building); two ossuaries were recovered in April 1971 from an adjacent tomb. Of the 20 ossuaries, two (medium-sized with chip-carved, twelve-petalled rosettes in zigzag-framed metopes) were exchanged for others and 13 (Nos. 291-303) were retained; the remaining five ossuaries were

plain with flat, sliding lids, two of which were large (62-76 cm long), and the others of medium length (48-59 cm). Thanks are due to S. Gudovitch, the excavator, for granting permission to publish these ossuaries.

2. The central mark may be a phi representing the initial of the deceased's name.

292

Pl. 41

[69-161] 59.5 x 28 x 31.5 + 4 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Ammunition Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Steeply tapered narrow sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. 'Triglyph' transformed into zigzag palm tree, its ascending branches mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and link circles to outer corners of metopes. B `Lattice' pattern in red wash, repeated twice. Lid Vaulted.

Bibl. HA 30, 1969:22. Comm.

See Comm. 291:1.

293

Pl. 42

[69.162] 60 x 26.5 x 31 + 5 cm. Incised. Prov. Ammunition Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Red wash. Low feet.

0:1- s10

T

132:2) from win (see Comm. 87:4). 3. mw: As a name, this remains unrecorded. As a verb, the word describes the beating process in weaving, Tos. Shab. 8(9):2 [Zuck. 119:20]; TB Shab. 75b, 97b. It might thus be a nickname in the sense of `rod' (cf. Isa. 14:29; Prov. 13:24, 29:15), referring to a forceful or aggressive character (cf., e.g. 7a >>n ,7 v>>vo `R. Mani, son of (the) hammer', TB Hul. 48b. 4. i)5rt r >rn: Naveh read `from Bet Alon'. For pn `from', cf. also Nos. 290 and 777. Bet Alon may refer to o>>t5rt mz Bet Alonim, identified with Ramat el-Khalil (Terebinthos), near Hebron (cf. Mader 1957:186). This site has been dated by coin finds to the period from the reign of Alexander Yannai to after the Bar Kokhba war (Mader 1957:167-168).

294

Pl. 42 [69.164] 64 x 31 x 32 + 12 cm. Thickness of walls: 4.5 cm. Hard limestone. Relief carved. Prov. Ammunition Hill, Jerusalem.

Ornam. F and B Raised rectangle with broad margins, resembling an ashlar. L In centre, a tenpetalled rosette with a central knob; petals shaped as ivy leaves, pointing inward. R In centre, a twelvepetalled rosette with a central knob. Lid Gabled. F and B Sunken profiled frames. Left gable: Profiled. Right gable: Bare. Bibl. HA 30, 1969:22. Comm.

See Comm. 291:1.

295

Ornam. F Two metopes in line frames, zigzag frame begun at top. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. L and R Similar to F, encircled rosette. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Inscr. B Top, centre; slanting slightly upward:

'

Bibl. HA 30, 1969:22. Comm. 1. See Comm. 291:1. 2. nn': Instead of rrnn'. Though this form also occurs on No. 561, it is not recorded in contemporaneous literature (in', the Aramaic form of the name, was more common in this region). It may be a contraction similar to 'm (see Comm.

1, ro

yt5x nz rri vsw -i -n' Yehud son of Shevat (or: shevet `rod'?), from Bet Alon

Pl. 41

[69.166] 61 x 26 x 37 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Ammunition Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in line frames; `triglyph' transformed into palm tree with descending branches mirrored by shoots at foot. In each metope, line circle containing ring of interlaced semi-circles, their outer edges scalloped; inside ring, concentric line circles containing six-petalled rosette. Lid Flat, sliding. Broken. Bibl. HA 30, 1969:22. Comm.

1. See Comm. 291:1. 2. For the shoots at the foot of the tree, cf. No. 161.

Catalogue

147

Pl. 41 [69.167] 58 x 26 x 32 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Ammunition Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Worn. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Lid Flat. Broken. Bibl. HA 30, 1969:22.

Ornam. F Two metopes inside doubled zigzag frames at top and sides, line frame at base. Broadened `triglyph' contains seven-branched plant. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Lid Flat. Broken. Bibl. HA 30, 1969:22. Comm. See Comm. 291:1.

and 469.

296

Comm. 1. See Comm. 291:1. 2. For the arched gate, see Intro. §11D and Nos. 384

300

Pl. 43

[69.174] 55 x 27 x 32 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Ammunition Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken, reconstructed. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; 'triglyph' contains palm-trunk pattern. In each metope, a sixpetalled rosette inside a zigzag circle.

Pl. 43

297 [69.171] 61 x 25.5 x 28 + 7 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Ammunition Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes inside doubled zigzag frames at top and sides, line frame at base. In each metope, a three-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; segments link petal-tips; large discs between petals. Lid Vaulted. Broken and repaired. Fingergrips.

Bibl. HA 30, 1969:22. Comm.

See Comm. 291:1.

Pl. 43 [69.172] 50 x 26 x 29 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Ammunition Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. 298

Ornam. F Inside zigzag frame, rosette formed of four 'lily'-leaves, each with an enlarged central leaf. Rosette is flanked by two lilies issuing from base, their long stalks inclined toward the centre. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. HA 30, 1969:22. Comm. 1. See Comm. 291:1. 2. For similarly inclined lilies, see No. 341. 3. For the frame, see Comm. 47:2.

299

Pl. 43

[69.173] 70 x 32 x 38 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Ammunition Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Red wash. Low

Bibl. HA 30, 1969:22. Comm. See Comm. 291:1.

301

P1. 43

[69.175] 63.5 X 27 x 31 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Ammunition Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Fragmentary and reconstructed. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. Two metopes in zigzag frame, doubled at top and base. 'Triglyph' replaced by trunkless palmtree motif; concentric zigzag semi-circles indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots(?); semicircles touch and displace zigzags of 'trunk' toward sides. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and link circles to outer corners of metopes. Lid Flat.

Bibl. HA 30, 1969:22. 1. See Comm. 291:1. 2. For the palm-tree motif, see Comm. 177:2. Comm.

Pl. 43

302 [69.177] 64 x 27 x 34 cm. Chip carved.

Ammunition Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Worn; fragmentary and reconstructed. Inner ledge on three sides. Ornam. F Two metopes in bead-and-reel frames, each containing a twelve-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Bibl. HA 30, 1969:22. Prov.

Comm.

See Comm. 291:1.

feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' contains representation of an arched gate. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; segments link petal-tips, each of which has lily incised in freehand.

303

Pl. 43 [69.178] 45 x 21 x 24 + 4 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Ammunition Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Fragmentary and reconstructed. Steeply

Catalogue

148

tapered sides. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay all petals. Lid Vaulted. Does not fit rim of chest. Bibl. IIA 30, 1969:22. Comm. See Comm. 291:1.

304

Pl. 43

[69.180] 65.5 x 32 x 34 + 16 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Romema, Jerusalem.

Inner ledge on two sides. L Near base, right: hole bored through wall. Traces of red wash. Ornam. F At top, net-like pattern, incised in freehand. Lid Gabled. Marks On left gable of lid and corresponding narrow side of chest: Descr.

Comm. 1. From a single-chambered tomb discovered in 1965; dated by a procurator coin to the early-first century CE. Thanks are due to O. Negbi, the excavator, for granting permission to publish this ossuary. 2. The incised lines can scarcely be accidental, though it is not possible to determine their meaning; cf. the incisions on Nos. 361 and 386. Similar unexplained motifs appear at Jason's Tomb (Rahmani 1967b:75); at Bet She'arim (Mazar 1973b:81, 93, 173); as well as outside Eretz Israel (see Frey 1936: No. 682). Testa's (1960-61:257) and Bagatti's explanations (1971:291-292) are speculative (see Comm. 386:2). 3. For the hole near the base, cf. Comm. 85:3.

305

Pl. 44

[69.181] 65 x - x 34 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Qiryat Shemu'el, Jerusalem. Descr. Fragmentary, reconstructed and partially restored.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' contains vertical running scroll incised in freehand. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; small discs between petals.

Comm. These fragments were found in 1969 in a double-chambered loculi and arcosolia tomb. 306 [69.182] 50 + x - x 30 cm. Chip carved.

Prov.

Pl. 44

Valley of the Cross, Jerusalem. Descr. Fragmentary, partially reconstructed. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame. `Triglyph' replaced by palm tree with single central branch. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Vertical lines delimit foot of tree and link circles to base of frame. Bibl. HA 30, 1969:22. Comm. 1. This ossuary, with fragments of two plain ones, was recovered from a looted, threechambered loculi tomb. 2. For the palm-tree motif, see Comm. 146:2. 307 Pl. 44 [69.183] 64 x 23 + x - cm. Chip carved. Prov. Abu Tor, Jerusalem. Descr. Fragmentary, partially reconstructed. Traces of red wash.

Ornam. Two metopes in doubled zigzag frame. `Triglyph' replaced by palm tree with ascending branches; spirals under branches indicate date clusters. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Comm. 1. See Comm. 125: 1. 2. For the palm-tree motif, cf. an almost identical representation in Vincent 1907:412, No. 3, Pl., Fig. 4. Date clusters are rarely represented on ossuaries, though see Nos. 226 and 442.

308

Pl. 44

[69.184] 119 x 47 x 45 + 24 cm. Hard limestone. Relief carved. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Fragmentary, partially reconstructed.

Ornam. F Sunken panel inside profiled frame. B Small fragment of sunken panel inside beadand-reel frame survives. L Composite motif of two pairs of pomegranates issuing from a palmette; palmette flanked by lilies between upper and lower pomegranates. R Sunken panel inside profiled frame containing wreath of small flowers; in lower centre of wreath, an oval disc. Lid Vaulted. A small fragment survives. Bibl. HA 30, 1969:22. Comm. 1. Nos. 308 and 309 were recovered in 1969 from a loculi tomb looted in antiquity. 2. For a similar wreath, see No. 60:R. 3. In the composite motif, L, there is a peculiar, almost unrecognizable, 'caduceus-like' palmette, see Comm. 282:7. For simple palmettes, rare on ossuaries, see Intro. §11S; Figs. 97 and 99.

Catalogue

149

Pl. 44; Fig. 104 [69.185] 61 x 27 x 21 + cm. Chip carved. Prov. Givàt Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Fragmentary, partially reconstructed and restored. Low feet.

Ornam. F Fluted frame containing metope frame. In centre, two-columned porch flanked by six-

Ornam. F Metope frame containing `running dog' frame. In centre, a panelled two-leaved door flanked

corresponding side (R) of chest:

by six-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles; in each panel, a disc which perhaps represents a knocker ring. Bibl. HA 30, 1969:22. Comm. 1. See Comm. 308: 1. 2. For the `running dog' motif, cf. Comm. 107:3; for the panelled door, see Intro. §11T.

Bibl. Ben Arieh 1982b:65, No. 2. Comm. 1. Nos. 312 and 324 (which are very

309

310 [69.186] 63 x 26 x 32 + 12 cm. Plain. Prov. Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Lid Vaulted, base broadened into cornice.

Marks On one narrow side of lid and

Marks Toward insertion edge of lid and

7J

similar) were found together with pottery in a single-chambered loculi tomb in 1970; the tomb probably dates from the middle to the end of thefirst century BCE. 2. The beta marked on the lid faces the inverted beta and alpha on the chest; the same system of marks is employed on No. 324. For a series of pairs of letters (from alpha to gamma) used as marks, see Comm. 821:2 and Nos. 823-824.

313

U/`'

corresponding side of chest: On narrow side of lid, near other mark: Vertical line marking centre of arch. Inscr. On narrow side of chest, right-of-centre, directly under mark on lid:

CA QA G E ov Ea[ia0eou of Sab(b)atheos Comm. 1. Purchased in Jerusalem. 2. Ea[ia0i.o5, E . OaioS: >xn3v was a common name from Hellenistic times onward, cf. Comm. 98:2. 3. As the lid rests on the chest's rim, the inner ledge is superfluous.

311

Pl. 45

[69.187] 69 x 31 x 37 + 20 cm. Incised. Prov. Abu Tor, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F In line frame, two six-petalled rosettes inside concentric line circles; diagonal lines traverse corners. R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame; diagonal lines traverse corners. Lid Gabled, sliding. Fingergrips. Comm. Purchased with a plain ossuary and its flat lid.

312

petalled rosettes inside concentric line circles. Lid Flat, sliding.

P1. 45

[69.188] 54.5 x 23.5 x 33.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Givàt Ram, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Traces of yellow wash. Low feet.

Pl. 45

[69.189] 87 x 35 x 44 + 21 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Fault in stone disrupted the carving of the right rosette. Traces of yellow wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in branch frames, absent at base; broadened `triglyph' with zigzag border contains a vertical branch flanked by bead-and-reel pattern. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; small discs in centre and between petals. Lid Vaulted.

Marks On R side of lid and corresponding side of chest:

Bibl. HA 33, 1970:4-5. Comm. Four ossuaries (Nos. 313-316) were recovered in 1969 from a rock-cut tomb with one ashlar-built wall. The tomb consisted of a loculi chamber, originally with a communal charnel chamber. At a later date, an ossuary chamber was added; this fact and pottery from the site show that the tomb was in use from the late Hellenistic to the Early Herodian periods, and from the late Herodian period to 70 CE. The tomb was looted in antiquity. Thanks are due to E. Oren, the excavator, for granting permission to publish these ossuaries.

Catalogue

150

314

P1. 45

[69.190] 54 x 24 x 27.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Traces of red wash.

Ornam. F Two metopes in line frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a line circle. Lid Flat, sliding; overhanging. Mark On R rim of chest:

A

1. See Comm. 313: 1.

2. The mark was clearly intended to position a sliding lid, presumably similarly marked; the present lid was probably intended for another ossuary.

315

Pl. 45

[69.191] 72.5 x 32 x 39 + 19 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Traces of yellow wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F 'Bead-and-reel' frame, formed by alternating discs and darts, contains two metopes. 'Triglyph' replaced by large ivy leaf, pointing downward. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a circle similar to frame; segments link petal-tips. Small discs in outer corners of metopes. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Bibl. HA 33, 1970:4-5. Comm.

1. See Comm. 313: 1.

2. The central motif seems to derive from the palmtree motif, though its origin was probably unknown to the artisan; for a similar example, see No. 387. 3. For this variant of the bead-and-reel pattern, see No. 489.

Pl. 45

316

317

Pl. 45

[69.193] 62 x 28.5 x 36.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Yellow wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame, doubled at top. `Triglyph' replaced by palm-tree motif with single central branch; this motif was scraped clean of wash, revealing stone's natural surface. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Vertical lines delimit foot of tree and link circles to

Bibl. HA 33, 1970:4-5. Comm.

is superfluous; the lid was probably intended for another ossuary. 3. For similarly executed branches, see No. 603.

[69.192] 59 x 26.5 x 32.5 cm. Chip carved.

Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames at top and bottom, branch frames at sides; broadened `triglyph' contains two branch uprights. In each metope, a whirl rosette inside a zigzag circle.

base of frame. Lid Flat. Comm. 1. One of three ossuaries (Nos. 317-318, 629) found in a tomb accidentally discovered in early 1970; no details are available. 2. This ossuary contained the base of a glass vessel (70.423), which appears to have been deliberately broken. For the palm-tree motif, see Comm. 146:2.

3. For the scraping off of the wash, cf. Nos. 449 and 849.

318

Pl. 46

[69.194] 59 x 26 x 31.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Metope frame containing fluted frame. In centre, two-columned porch flanked by sixpetalled rosettes inside concentric line circles. Lid Flat. Comm. See Comm. 317:1.

319

Pl. 46 [69.195] 61.5 x 26 x 29.5 cm. Plain. Roughly dressed. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Lid Flat.

Inscr. R Very large:

Discs in corners of metopes. Lid Flat, broken.

Mark On top of lid: IDKX I

Bibl. HA 33, 1970:4-5. Comm.

1. See Comm. 313.

2. As the lid rests on the chest's rim, the inner ledge

Bibl. Tzaferis 1982:49, Pl. 14:3. Comm. 1. The Department retained six ossuaries

and fragments of three plain ossuaries (Nos.

Catalogue

151

319-323, 544, 548) recovered from two adjacent tombs (one with four chambers and the the other

Bibl. Tzaferis 1982:49, Pl. 14:1, 4. Comm. 1. See Comm. 319: 1.

with a single oval chamber) looted in antiquity and

2. Tzaferis read the letters as'I''BXV. They may represent initials, cf. Comm. 319:2.

cleared in 1970. 2. I bKX: These letters cannot be interpreted, though V. Tzaferis suggests that they represent

initials. A similar combination of Greek letters is found on Nos. 582 and, perhaps, 322.

320

Pl. 46

323

Pl. 46

[69.199] 64 x - x 34 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Fragment, partially reconstructed and restored. Traces of red wash.

[69.196] 42 x 25 x 27.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Branch frame, absent at base, containing palm tree with ascending and spreading branches. Palm tree flanked by an eighteen-petalled rosette,

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, doubled at top. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Lid Flat. Broken. Bibl. Tzaferis 1982:49, Pl. 14:2. Comm. 1. See Comm. 319: 1.

each inside a zigzag circle. Vertical lines delimit foot of tree and link circles to base of frame. Bibl. Tzaferis 1982:49. Comm. 1. See Comm. 319: 1. 2. For similar arrangements, see e.g. Nos. 213, 325 and Comm. 205:2.

2. The wash is well preserved and the motifs, carved through to the stone, appear very white. 3. This ossuary is almost identical to No. 321.

324

Pl. 46

[69.200] 60 x 25 x 32 cm. Chip carved.

Pl. 46 321 [69.197] 35 x 23 x 25 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Traces of red wash. Low feet. Damaged.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Bibl. Tzaferis 1982:49. Comm. 1. See Comm. 319 1.

2. This ossuary is almost identical to No. 320.

Pl. 46 [69.198] 68.5 x 30 x 38.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and partially reconstructed. Inner ledge on two sides. Lid Flat, cut-to-measure.

322

Marks On edge of lid and corresponding narrow

Prov. Giv'at Ram, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Traces of yellow wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Fluted frame containing metope frame. In centre, a two-columned porch flanked by sixpetalled rosettes inside concentric line circles. Lid Flat, sliding. Broken. Marks On outer edge of lid and corresponding side (R) of chest: Bibl. Ben-Arieh 1982b:65, No. 1. Comm. 1. See Comm. 312: 1.

2. This ossuary is very similar to No. 312. For identical marks, see Comm. 312:2.

325

Pl. 46; Fig. 36

[69.664] 72 x 32 x 42 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

side of chest:

Ornam. F Branch frame, absent at base, containing a covered amphora with trumpet foot upon a stepped gable or nefesh. Flanking amphora, three

On narrow side of chest, below marks and near break in stone. Inverted and slanting

superimposed twelve-petalled rosettes inside a zigzag circle; discs between petal-tips. Comm. 1. The Department retained Nos. 325 and 376 from a double-chambered(?) tomb, accidentally discovered in 1970. 2. For a similar amphora, but lacking this base,

Inscr.

downward:

X'F/AB

Catalogue

152

see No. 213. For amphorae of this type shown on a tomb facade, cf. Nos. 122 and 175; for an example on a nefesh, see Intro. §11F. For the frame, cf. Comm. 205:2; for a nefesh with a stepped gable carrying the central branch of a palm tree, see

70 CE; probably in the singular on No. 8, and in the plural in No. 560: Inscr. A, as proven by its equation with xupt6S/xup6S in No. 560:Inscr. B. For a comparable honorific title of the period,

No. 883. 3. For similarly superimposed rosettes, see Nos. 31 and 205.

4. nn a: A contraction of the Biblical torn occurring in Talmudic literature, e.g. Rabbi Bena'a (or Benaya) of Tiberias, of the early-third century CE (TB Ta'an. 7a). See also Yadin and Naveh

rcav Èlder', see Comm. 12:3.

1989: Nos. 421:6, 423.

326

P1. 47

[69.665] 60 x 28 x 34 + 11 cm. Relief carved. Prov. Hebron Hills(?). Descr. Low feet. Ornam. Rectangular frame in high relief on all

5. [n]nn': As the stone is broken after the dalet, a contraction (cf. Nos. 293 and 561) is also possible. 6. For mention of grandparents in inscriptions, see Comm. 57:3.

sides.

Lid Gabled. Mark Extending from one gable to corresponding narrow side of chest: Comm. 1. Purchased locally. The style and workmanship indicate the suggested provenance. 2. The ornamentation possibly derives from a sunken panel in a plain frame (cf., e.g., Nos. 12 and 13), although the artisan was probably unaware of this.

3. The breaks on the base of the lid and the rim of the chest prove that at one time the direction marks had been disregarded and the lid was incorrectly inserted. For such marks, see Comm. 206:2.

327 [69.666] 39 + x - x 15 + cm. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Fragment of long side of chest. Inscr. Under rim:

[n] nr 11 mrs -n nrn 1v)-,I> Master Yehosef, son of Benaya, son of Yehud[a] Comm. 1. Acquired locally. 2. qvvm: For the name, see Comm. 9:2. 3. non (v n): As `lord, master', see E.Y. Kutscher's Glossary, in Rosenthal 1967: s.v. and Jastrow 1926:s.v. -in rc- n. It is analogous to Mapty in

Philo (Flaccus 39, in Philo IX. F.H. Colson transl. [Loeb Classical Library]. Cambridge, 1941) and is thus dated as early as the forties of the first century CE. G:H. Dalman (1905:152, n. 3) reads Mapev as -in `my lord', parallel to 17n or rein; cf. MapavaOa (I Cor. 16:22), though this has connotations of divinity (cf. for this K.G. Kuhn 1969). This title occurs on ossuaries dated earlier than

328

Pl. 47; Fig. 43 [69.667] 72(73) x 27.5(29.5) x 35 + 15 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Valley of the Cross, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice under rim on all sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. Broadened `triglyph' bordered by zigzags containing a rhomb with central disc and smaller discs outside its corners. In each metope, two interlaced six-petalled rosettes; petals of irregular length and size, their tips linked by segments; discs between petals. Lid Gabled. Bibl. Bahat 1982b:Pl. 21:3. Comm. 1. One of fourteen ossuaries recovered in 1976 from a double-chambered loculi tomb on BenZvi Blvd., below Sha'are Hessed. Of the ten ossuaries

retained, one (small, broken, with two metopes in zigzag frames, each containing two six-petalled rosettes) was exchanged for other antiquities. The remaining eight are Nos. 328-336. 2. For the ornamentation scheme, see No. 350.

329

Pl. 47

[69.668] 56 x 24.5 x 30 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Valley of the Cross, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Fluted frame containing metope frame. In centre, a two-columned porch flanked by sixpetalled rosettes inside concentric line circles. Lid Flat. Fingergrips. Bibl. Bahat 1982b. Comm. See Comm. 328:1.

Catalogue 330

Pl. 47

[69.669] 49 x 25.5 x 30 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Valley of the Cross, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Metope frame containing 'runningdog' frame. In centre, degenerated `two-columned porch' motif, flanked by six-petalled rosettes inside concentric line circles. Lid Flat, sliding.

153

`Triglyph' transformed into palm-tree motif; concentric, zigzag semi-circles indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots; trunk formed of one zigzag line and two zigzag semi-circles. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals. Zigzag quarter-circles in the outer corners. B `Lattice' pattern in red wash, twice repeated. R Similar to B, not repeated. Lid Gabled. Fingergrips. Inscr. R Top, left-of-centre:

Inscr. R Top, off-centre:

.AOO

'EaxtaS Eskias Bibl. Bahat 1982b. Comm. 1. See Comm. 328: 1. 2. In addition to bones, this ossuary contained tiny bronze nails (probably belt-studs). 3. 'Eaxt : The sigma replaces a zeta in this found in other ossuary contraction of inscriptions (e.g. Abel 1913:273, No. 6) as well as in the Septuagint and Josephus. The name derives from n'pin (see No. 380), one of a variety of contractions of n'pin' (see Comm. 218:6) frequent on ossuaries in Jewish script. 4. For the 'running-dog' frame and the central motif, cf. Comm. 107:3; see also Nos. 389 and 432.

I /\), p

Et[,ov Simon Bibl. Bahat 1982b:Pl. 21:6. Comm. 1. See Comm. 328: 1.

2. Ei- ov: The hand that incised the inscription on No. 333 seems to have carved this name as well. For a similar sigma, cf. the incised inscription on a contemporaneous stone weight from Jerusalem (Avigad 1983: Fig. 80). The name is more frequently spelt Ut twv (e.g. No. 784; for this name and its variants, cf. Bagatti and Milik 1958:76-77, No. 5). For jinv, see Comm. 200:2; for lmw, No. 651. 3. For the palm-tree motif, see also Intro. §llVa; Comm. 177:2 and Nos. 278, 280 and 450.

333 331 [69.670] 64 x 29 x 29 + 7 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Valley of the Cross, Jerusalem. Descr. Red wash, R only. Low feet.

Pl. 47

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame. `Triglyph' replaced by palm tree; concentric, zigzag semi-circles indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and link circles to the outer corners of metopes as well as to crown and foot of tree. Lid Gabled. Fingergrips. Bibl. Bahat 1982b. Comm. 1. See Comm. 328: 1. 2. The palm-tree motif is stylized nearly beyond recognition.

Pl. 48

[69.672] 63 x 26 x 30 + 4.5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Valley of the Cross, Jerusalem. Descr. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals. Zigzag frame added above and below each rosette. B `Lattice' pattern in red wash, twice repeated. R Similar to B, not repeated. Lid Gabled. Fingergrips. Inscr. L Above, slightly left-of-centre:

vim. P iA4111.4\h MapLaµr] Mariame Bibl. Bahat 1982b:Pl. 21:7. Comm. 1. See Comm. 328: 1.

2. Maptd. n: For the name, see Comm. 108:3.

332 [69.671] 62 x 26 x 31 + 4 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Valley of the Cross, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame.

Pl. 47

334

Pl. 48 [69.673] 64.5 x 26 x 32 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Valley of the Cross, Jerusalem.

Catalogue

154

Descr.

Unfinished. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in unfinished zigzag frame. `Triglyph' replaced by fluted column with Ionic capital; meander in echinus and volutes with palmettes incised in freehand attached to echinus' outer edges. Column stands on a two-stepped base, the upper one ashlar-built, the lower one overlaid by a palm-trunk motif. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Angle ornament ('metope corner' motif) incised in freehand in upper, outer corners; ivy leaf issues from each vertex. Lid Flat. Broken. Bibl. Bahat 1982a:Pl. 21:5. Comm. 1. See Comm. 328: 1. 2. For the angle ornament, see Intro. §11K and Comm. 43:2. 3. For this form of capital, including the meander on its echinus, see Nos. 78, 517 and 746. For the palmettes, see Comm. 262:4.

335

Pl. 48

[69.674] 65 x 26 x 33 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Valley of the Cross, Jerusalem. Descr. Damaged. Unfinished. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in unfinished doubled zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' contains plant with seven branches, each ending in lanceolate leaves. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Lid Flat. Bibl. Bahat 1982b:Pl. 21:4. Comm. 1. See Comm. 328: 1. 2. For the central plant, see Comm. 27:4.

Pl. 48 [69.675] 42(44) x 20(22) x 25 + 3 cm. Plain. Prov. Valley of the Cross, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice under rim

336

on all sides. Low feet. Lid Vaulted, cut-to-measure. Overhanging on one narrow side. Mark On cornice, beneath overhang of lid:

T

Bibl. Bahat 1982b. Comm. See Comm. 328:1.

337

Inner ledge on two sides. Traces of red wash. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' containing a multi-leaved branch incised in freehand. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Lid Vaulted. Fragmentary (upper part broken off). Marks On one side of lid and corresponding (R) Descr.

Pl. 48; Fig. 91 [69.676] 57 x 25.5 x 29.5 + 7 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem.

side of chest:

Comm. The Department retained two (Nos. 337-338) ossuaries discovered in a tomb destroyed in June 1970 by road construction.

338 [69.677] 70(71) x 27(28) x 29 + 3 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice under rim on all sides. Low feet. Lid Vaulted, cut-to-measure. Fingergrips.

Marks On one edge of lid and corresponding rim and side of chest:

Comm.

See Comm. 337.

339

Pl. 48 [69.678] 52 x 26 x 29 cm. Clay, red-brown, black core; straw temper; poorly fired. Prov. Hebron Hills(?). Descr. Slightly tub-shaped; inverted rim. All sides knife-pared near base.

Lid Flat. Ill-fitting. Top scored with large, single 'lattice'-pattern. Comm. Discovered locally with No. 340 and probably from the same tomb. They are similar to Nos. 805-806 (see Comm. 805:2) and probably date from the second to early-third centuries CE.

340

P1. 48

[69.679] 58 x 26 x 29 cm. Clay, red-brown, black core; straw temper; poorly fired. Prov. Hebron Hills(?). Descr. Slightly tub-shaped; inverted rim. All sides knife-pared near base. Lid Flat. Fragmentary; ill fitting. Comm. 1. See Comm. 339. 2. Its height varies between 26 and 29 cm.

Catalogue Pl. 49 341 [69.680] 67 x 29.5 x 38cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Of exceptionally careful workmanship; errors in carving retouched with red wash. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Three-columned porch; frieze on entablature consists of bead-and-reel pattern flanked by zigzags. Fluted columns support Corinthian capitals in which a lotus - bordered above and below by zigzag bands - replaces the acanthus; each capital is surmounted by an eight-petalled rosette flanked by leaves. Each column stands on a high, profiled base and plinth though the stylobate is absent. Between columns, concentric line circles contain a broad ring with reticulate pattern; inside ring, a circlet of small lilies containing a six-petalled rosette; segments link petal-tips. In upper half of each intercolumnar space, long-stalked lilies inclined toward each other. Comm. 1. Locally purchased. This and the style of the ossuary indicate a Jerusalem origin. 2. For the composite capitals, cf. No. 191; for the lilies, cf. No. 298; for this type of porch on an ossuary, see Fig. 17 (which, however, shows the stylobate) and Sukenik 1945:28-29, No. 4, Pl. 11:6. 3. For inclined lilies, see No. 298.

155

Comm. 1. The Department retained three (Nos. 342-344) ossuaries from a tomb destroyed during

construction work in 1970; an additional ossuary (broken, small and plain) was also found. 2. pin5vr For this contraction of Shlomzion, see Comm. 71:3; for the plene spelling, see Comm. 26:2. See also Comm. 796:7. 3. -ivy 5x: For the name, see No. 13:3.

343 [69.682] 34 x 19 x 21 + 3 cm. Plain. Prov. Ramat Eshkol, Jerusalem.

Descr. Low feet. Lid Vaulted. Marks On one edge of lid and corresponding narrow side of chest:

Comm. See Comm. 342:1

A'

344

Fig. 46 [69.683] 64 x 29 x 35 + 12 cm. Plain. Prov. Ramat Eshkol, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice under rim

on all sides, slightly protruding. Low feet. Lid Gabled, cut-to-measure. Inscr. F Very faint. Under rim, right-of-centre:

/I)

342 [69.681] 52.5(53.5) x 26.5(27.5) x 31 + 8 cm. Plain. Prov. Ramat Eshkol, Jerusalem, Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice under rim on all sides. Low feet. Lid Gabled, cut-to-measure.

Marks On left gable of lid and corresponding side of chest:

xlti t trna

I

Comm. 1. See Comm. 342: 1. 2. rtzrt: As the word stands alone (cf. rcrnc, Comm.

21:2 and 'ABeap6S, Comm. 135:3), it can mean either `father' (cf. Comms. 12:2 and 70:2) or the common name in this period, Àbba' (see Yadin and Naveh 1989: No. 389).

Inscr. A. F Slightly left-of-centre:

345

Pl. 49

[69.684] 55 x 25 x 32.5 + 11 cm. Chip carved. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Three-columned porch; columns and frieze at top contain pattern of juxtaposed, -tv5rc nsq,sn5v., Shlamzin, daughter of El'azar B. Lid F, upper-centre:

/

IJ

-icv5x na psn5v Shlamzin, daughter of El'azar

interlaced semi-circles; the stylobate bears a metope pattern. In each intercolumnar space, a six-petalled rosette; petal-tips linked by segments ending in small, drilled dots marking the midpoints of outer circlet of segments. Spaces between large and small segments each contain a disc linked by two small

Catalogue

156

triangles to concentric circles surrounding each rosette.

Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Marks On one narrow side of lid and corresponding rim of chest: X Bibl. HA 36, 1970:14. Comm. The department retained five (Nos. 345-347, 618 and 621) ossuaries recovered from a double-chambered loculi tomb in 1970; a broken, medium-sized (plain, with a cornice and a gabled

lid) and a large (plain, with a flat, sliding lid) ossuary were also found. Thanks are due to E. Oren, the excavator, for granting permission to publish these ossuaries.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' contains a multi-leaved, upright branch. In each metope, an eight-petalled rosette inside a square, line frame; alternating broad and narrow petals; the upper, broad petals are overlaid by juxtaposed, leafy branches. Lid Vaulted. Broken. Fingergrips. Bibl. HA 36, 1970:14. Comm.

1. See Comm. 345. 2. For the rosette, cf. No. 163. For superimposed leaves on rosette petals, see e.g. No. 350.

348

Pl. 49

[69.687] 51 x 27 x 34.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Unknown.

Pl. 49 [69.685] 78(80) x 30(33) x 40 + 15 cm. Chip carved. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice under rim on all sides; on cornice of F, leaf-and-dart frieze. Low feet.

346

One corner broken off and smoothed in antiquity. Low feet. Mark Beneath inscription (see below, Inscr.) Inscr. Narrow side, top: Descr.

Ornam. F Two line uprights flank three gabled structures, their columns overlaid by zigzags and surmounted by small triangular acroteria. In each outer structure, a six-petalled rosette inside a line circle; segments link some of the petal-tips of righthand rosette. L and R Two line uprights linked near top by two horizontal lines. Lid Gabled. Fragmentary. F Three metopes in line frames; outer metopes contain a six-petalled rosette inside a line circle; most of left-hand rosette missing; only two petals completed on right rosette. Fingergrip(s). Bibl. HA 36, 1970:14. Comm. 1. See Comm. 345. 2. The ornamentation on F may represent a highly stylized tomb facade, similar to those on No. 482: F and B (see Comm. 482:2), though very simplified here. It is also possible that the ornamentation represents a row of loculi inside the tomb. Though these normally have a vaulted roof, gable-roofed loculi occur, e.g. Sukenik 1936:88, Pl. I, A-B; for single loculi, see also Tzaferis 1970: Fig. 2:A-A, 9 and C-C, 12. The side ornamentation is probably copied from the F, with the gable and rosette omitted.

347 [69.686] 68 x 26 x 32 + 11 cm. Chip carved. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Pl. 49

'Ix? wB Claudius Comm. 1. Locally purchased. oq. The Latin name 2. ' IxXc &i : A variant of KA

`Claudius' was common among Jews in Rome (cf. Frey 1936:250-251, No. 319). For the suffix -Lq, instead of -.o4, see, e.g., No. 98 and Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 4. The iota prefix represents a local pronounciation, cf. 5+invvm for ampo(itAoc; see also Comm. 478:2.

3. The mark seems to represent a fish. The possibility that it bears symbolic significance (see Figueras 1983:21, 105-6) seems slight; the fish's role in the Jewish context of the cena Aura remains unclear (cf. Engemann in RAC, s.v. Fisch, col. 1017). There is no evidence linking this representation to the Christian acrostic IXOTE; in fact, save the unrelated fish representations on seventh to sixth century BCE Jewish seals (see, e.g., Avigad 1979:121, No. 3), this seems to be the earliest locally discovered example; the fish-amulet from Tomb 117 at Gezer (Macalister 1912: Pl. 98:13) should be dated with its fourth century CE context of lamps and glass vessels, rather than the much earlier ossuaries recovered from the tomb (cf. Barag 1970:9). The same date should be assigned to the shale (sic, not èbony') fish from Tomb 81 at 'Dominus Flevit' (Bagatti and Milik 1958:158, Nos.

Catalogue 21-22; for third to fourth century CE shale amulets and jewelry, cf. Rahmani 1960:146, Pl. 21B and n. 22). Engemann (RAC, s.v. Fisch, col. 1069) suggests that on sepulchral monuments the fish might allude to the name or occupation of the deceased. Fishmongers are mentioned in Jerusalem as early as the fifth century BCE (Neh. 13:16) and thus the fish may refer to this or a related occupation; cf. the altar (Comm. 41:3) or the rare examples of a menorah on an ossuary (Nos. 815 and 829) which may allude to priestly families. Here, the mark could also allude to a personal characteristic or represent a mark or emblem. The use of marks in lieu of names is specifically mentioned in TB BB 161b (dated to the first half of the third century CE) which also relates that Rav used a fish for this purpose. For personal and family emblems, see Intro. §7B, Comm. 743:2 and Index of Subjects, s.v. Marks, family.

349 [69.688] 78 x 29 x 36 + 10 cm. Plain. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Worn. Low feet. Lid Vaulted. Inscr. A. F Above, right-of-centre. Partially obliterated:

[E]«o6Aou/KX uncC[T]uS of Saul, son of Cleopatros B. R Centre, vertically descending from rim:

Eaou/Xo4 Saul Comm. 1. Locally purchased. 2. Eaouaoc: A common name, see Index of Inscriptions, s.v. 3. KAe6naTpouc: Either a variant of the female name KAsonaTpw in the genitive or the male name Kaeo7raTpoc incorrectly inflected (cf. Pape and Benseler, s.v.); should it be a female name, it would be a rare example of a metronymic (cf. No. 776). The ligature of tau and rho resembles the contemporary monogram on coins of King Herod

157

(see Meshorer 1967:67, 127); cf. No. 98. The name has not been encountered locally, though it occurs in Egypt (see SEG 31: No. 1668); the author extends

his thanks to L. Di Segni for drawing this to his attention.

350

Pl. 49

[69.689] 75 x 29 x 37.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem.

Descr. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in bead-and-reel frames. Broadened `triglyph' in line border contains a vertical row of five eight-petalled rosettes in oval frames; small lilies issue from meeting points of ovals. In rectangle of each metope, two interlaced, six-petalled rosettes; petals of irregular size with tips linked by segments. Two upper and two lower petals are overlaid by a leafy branch; central petals at top and bottom are transformed into closed lilies, while petals to the left and right are open lilies. Small eight-petalled rosettes fill some of the spaces between the petals of large rosettes. Lid Flat. Bibl. Tzaferis 1974; P. Smith 1977. Comm. 1. This sole ossuary comes from a singlechambered arcosolia tomb; a door leads to another tomb-chamber possessed of a separate entrance. The inscription on the wall of the latter chamber stated that Àbba' buried MTTY there (see Naveh 1973; Rosenthal 1973); it was suggested that the latter should be identified with the Hasmonaean king Mattathias Antigonus and that the remains in this ossuary were his. The remains, however, proved to be principally those of a woman (P. Smith 1977); see also Rahmani 1981c:51-52; Kloner 1980a: 135. 2. For the elaborate ornamentation scheme,.,cf. No. 328; for the superimposition of a leafy branch on rosette-petals, cf. No. 347. 3. In the autumn of 1983 another ossuary was accidentally discovered in a sunken trough in the floor of the inscribed tomb chamber; local conditions prevented excavation or photography. The ossuary is of hard limestone with a vaulted lid and is relief carved; a profiled, sunken frame on F contains a central rosette (similar to No. 13:R) flanked by two eight-petalled rosettes. On L there is a knocker ring and R has a frame similar to F containing a twelve-petalled rosette. The ossuary contained the remains of a 30-40 year old male and a 3-4 year old child; no signs of violence were discerned. Thanks are due to J. Zias of the IAA for this information.

Catalogue

158

354

351 [69.690] 57 x 25 x 28.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Meqor I;Iayim, Jerusalem. Descr. Worn. Inner ledge on four sides. Lid Flat.

Pl. 50

Mark On one edge of lid:

[70.141] 74 x 30 X 35 cm. Incised, partially chip carved. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Red wash, applied after carving.

Inscr. F Upper half, right-of-centre:

Ornam. F Entablature on antae with profiled

oi i ) ri t)-y orin nnrt mother Maryam Bibl. Tzaferis and Berman 1982:70, No. I. Comm. 1. The Department retained three (Nos. 351-352 and 611) of six ossuaries discovered in a

single-chambered loculi tomb in 1970. 2. One loculus contained the remains of a burial, together with seven coins ranging from the sixties to the early eighties of the first century CE. For a similar burial with several contemporaneous coins, see Rahmani 1967b:99. 3. nnrc: The word is clearly used as a title in the sense of `mother'; cf. No. 71:Inscr. A for a similar use of the word. The ossuary contained the bones of a woman, approximately 65 years old.

Pl. 49

352 [69.691] 58.5 x 26 x 33.5 cm. Incised. Prov. Meqor Hayim, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Large `lattice' pattern covering side, all lines picked out in red. Lid Flat, sliding. Fragmentary. X Mark On L rim of chest: Bibl. Tzaferis and Berman 1982:70, No. 2. Comm. 1. See Comm. 351:1.

2. The ornamentation is similar in its execution and picked-out, red lines to Nos. 358 and 397.

353

Pl. 50; Fig. 42

[70.100] Chip carved.

Prov.

Schneller, Jerusalem(?). Fragmentary wall of chest. Ornam. Cornice with leaf pattern. Ashlar pattern, showing headers and stretchers. Bibl. Galling 1977: Fig. 718. Comm. 1. See Comm. 134.

frieze; flanked by arches surmounting a `lattice' pattern, scalloped at the top. In each arch, a sixpetalled rosette inside a line circle. Segments link petal-tips; small dots drilled between petals. In centre, a similar, larger rosette inside a line circle; between petals appear smaller petals flanked by small drilled dots. Lid Flat, sliding. Marks On insertion edge of lid and corresponding side (R) of chest: IJ

Inscr. A. R Vertically ascending from base:

rcmnvn>>m Hananya and Marta B. To right of Inscr. A, effaced:

n-run,, Yehuda

Bibl. A. Mazar 1982:43, No. 3; Puech 1983:515, No. 20. Comm. 1. One of four ossuaries (Nos. 354-356, 550) recovered from a three-chambered tomb in 1970.

2. rnnm and rcmn: For the names, see Comm. 67:2. 3. n-rm: Though the heh is carelessly carved, Puech's reading should be accepted. 4. The inscription probably refers to a husband and wife; the remains of an infant may have been added later.

Descr.

2. Though the provenance of these fragments is uncertain, they closely resemble Galling's drawing, which has a gabled lid with an ashlar pattern similar to chest, flanked by two six-petalled rosettes. 3. For a similar ossuary, see No. 455.

355

Pl. 50 [70.142] 81 x 35 x 42 + 14.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. F Centre of rim broken in antiquity. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' bordered by palm-trunk motif and containing a multi-leaved, upright branch. In

Catalogue each metope, a whirl rosette inside a palm-trunk circle; small discs in corners of metopes. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Bibl. A. Mazar 1982:43, No. 2. Comm. See Comm. 354:1.

356 [70.143] 67 x 28 x 34 + 9 cm. Plain. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips.

Marks On one narrow side of lid and corresponding side of chest: Bibl. A. Mazar 1982:43, No. 1. Comm. See Comm. 354:1.

Descr.

159

Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame; discs in outer corners flanked by spirals. `Triglyph' replaced by palm tree, its central branches ascending, the outer branches curled outward at tips; branches are mirrored by roots; trunk contains smooth, rounded leaves. In each metope, an eighteen-petalled rosette inside a palm-trunk circle; in outer corners, discs flanked by spirals. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Bibl. HA 38, 1971:18-19. Comm. See Comm. 357.

kA V

357

1

Pl. 50

360

Pl. 51

[70.147] 49.5 x 20 x 27 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken, partially restored. Inner ledge on two sides. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

[70.144] 57 x 28 x 32 cm. Chip carved. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Red wash on all sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' contains a doubled palm-trunk motif. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames, each containing a fourteen-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle with a small disc in its centre; similar

zigzag circle; space between petals scalloped. Lid Flat. Broken and restored.

discs in corners of metopes.

chest:

Mark R Upper-right corner: Bibl. HA 38, 1971:18-19.

Bibl.

Comm. One of four ossuaries (Nos. 357-359, 545) recovered from a single-chambered loculi tomb in 1970. Thanks are due to E. Oren, the excavator, for granting permission to publish these ossuaries.

Mark On edge of lid and corresponding rim (L) of

Bahat 1982a:37. Comm. Three ossuaries (Nos. 360-362) were recovered from a partially destroyed, singlechambered loculi tomb in 1970.

361 Pl. 50

358 [70.145] 53 x 28 x 34 + 13 cm. Chip carved. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in line frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; segments link petal-tips. Lines picked out in red. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Bibl. HA 38, 1971:18-19. Comm.

1. See Comm. 357.

2. The ornamentation is similar in its execution and picked-out, red lines to Nos. 352 and 397.

Pl. 50 [70.146] 66.5 x 30 x 36.5 + 12 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem.

359

Pl. 51

[70.148] 63 x 25.5 x 31 + 4 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frames. `Triglyphs' transformed into palm trees; semi-circles indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots; zigzags overlay entire motif. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals. B Upper left corner carries a net-like pattern finely incised in freehand, ca. 8 cm high:

Catalogue

160

R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame; zigzags overlay petals. Two zigzag semi-circles descend from the upper frame. Lid Gabled. `Lattice' pattern in red wash. Fingergrips. Bibl. Bahat 1982a:37, Pl. 10:2-3. Comm. 1. See Comm. 360. 2. For the net-like pattern on B, cf. Comms. 304:2 and 386:2.

362

1. See Comm. 363.

366

Ornam. F Reticulate pattern of lozenges; unfinished in lower-right corner. Bibl. Bahat 1982a:37, Pl. 10:4. Comm. 1. See Comm. 360. 2. For the reticulate pattern, see Intro. §llVa and Comm. 17:4.

363

Pl. 51 [70.150] 53(55) x 28.5(35) x 32 + 10.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice under rim on all sides.

Lid Gabled. Fingergrips. Marks On one gable and corresponding cornice of chest:

Bibl. Bahat 1982a:36. Comm. Seven (Nos. 363-367, 511-512) ossuaries

recovered from a single-chambered loculi tomb excavated in 1970 were retained; the two remaining ossuaries were plain with flat, sliding lids. The final use of the tomb was dated by a coin to ca. 70 CE.

Pl. 51

[70.152] 65 x 25 x 29 cm. Relief carved. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Groove around all sides of rim. Low feet.

Ornam. F Moulded door-frame containing a panelled door; flanked by two large discs. Lid Flat. Bibl. Bahat 1982:36, Pl. 9:5. Comm. 1. See Comm. 363. 2. For the central motif, cf. Intro. §11T.

367

Pl. 52; Fig. 120 [70.153] 50 x 24.5 x 33 + 10 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. B Right-of-centre, rim and corresponding

edge of lid broken in antiquity. Crack on one narrow side. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame, doubled at top and sides. `Triglyph' replaced by palm tree with a single central branch; small triangles indicate roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; scalloped interstices between petals. Vertical lines delimit foot of tree and link circles to base of frame. Lid Vaulted, slightly overhanging. Bibl. Bahat 1982a:36. Comm. 1. See Comm. 363.

364 [70.150A] 63.5 x 29 x 34 cm. Plain. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

2. Although possibly not intended for this ossuary, the breaks at the back of the lid and chest rim prove their association. For the break in B, see Comm.

Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Bahat 1982a:36. Comm. See Comm. 363.

[70.151] 71 x 30 x 40.5 + 15 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. F Battered. Low feet.

Comm.

2. The battering, as well as the holes in No. 367:B (also from this tomb-gtoup), may be signs of an attempted robbery in antiquity.

Pl. 51

[70.149] 43 x 24 x 28 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Fragmentary. Low feet.

365

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; `triglyph' replaced by palm-tree motif. In each metope, a zigzag circle contains three superimposed, twentyfour petalled rosettes of differing radii. Small discs in corners of metopes. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Bibl. Bahat 1982a:36, Pl. 9:4.

365:2.

3. For the palm-tree motif, see Intro. §11Va and Comm. 146:2. Pl. 51

368

Pl. 52 [70.154] 70(72) x 31(33) x 36 + 18 cm. Chip carved and incised.

Catalogue French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Profiled cornice under rim of all sides. Traces of red wash. Low feet. Ornam. F Line frame, perhaps indicating a single ashlar; at top, frieze formed by half-branch. Lid Gabled. Fingergrips. F Line frame, perhaps indicating a single ashlar. Comm. 1. No details are available concerning this tomb or the adjacent tombs accidentally discovered late in 1970 or early in 1971. Six ossuaries (Nos. 368-370, 372-374) were retained;-one large, plain ossuary, with a flat, sliding lid, was also found. 2. For the half-branch frieze, cf. No. 44. Prov.

161

1913:273, No. 5). It was a common local name in the second and, particularly, in the third to fifth centuries CE. For such an extreme contraction, see the mosaic inscription at the Gerasa synagogue (cf. Sukenik 1930d; Naveh 1978: No. 50) and rp for mlirn (No. 572); see also the rare litn' (No. 477). 3. 5v mm 5v': Lit. òf his mother of ...', cf. Comm. 801:8. Reference to a deceased woman as `X, mother of Y' occurs occasionally, see Comm. 98:5. For such expressions lacking the deceased's name, see Naveh 1990.

4. rrn': For the name, see Comm. 24:3. Note that the repetition of the name is in different Jewish scripts.

Pl. 52

369 [70.155] 68 x 27 x 35.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frames. Each outer metope contains a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; in the central metope, a seven-petalled rosette inside similar circles. Comm. See Comm. 368.

case in No. 573; see Comm. 573:3); see also Comms. 12:2 and 139:5. For another example of a name occurring in both its contracted and plene forms on the same ossuary, see Comm. 9:2. 5. For the fluted `triglyph', cf. No. 440.

Pl. 52

370 [70.156] 54 x 24 x 29 + 11 cm. Chip carved. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem.

Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Similar irregularities in the shape of both lid and chest. Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames at sides and top, fluted frame at base; `triglyph' contains doubled horizontal fluting. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles.

Lid Gabled. Fingergrips. Inscr.

The similar workmanship of the chest and lid indicate that they were originally associated. Thus, the name Yehuda, repeated twice on the chest, may refer to the subsequent interment of the woman's infant son to the ossuary; it is, however, possible that the name refers to a son who collected the remains of his mother (as seems to have been the

A. Lid, F Top, right-of-centre:

1-r, 5vi inx 5v of (his) mother of Yudan B. R Upper centre:

III ; I

i i

wn-wn-rrr Yehuda/Yehuda Comm. 1. See Comm. 368. 2. Iv: A contraction of in'; cf. the retrograde inscription in Greek NAATOI IOUSav (Abel

371 P1. 52 [70.157] 60 x - x 32 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem. Descr. Fragment of F. Ornam. F Zigzag outer frame containing inner frame which carries, on horizontal edges, a running scroll issuing from one corner-palmette and reaching the opposite corner-palmette; additional palmettes, ivy leaves and lilies issue from the scroll. Each vertical of inner frame contains a lotus; thin tendrils issue from its bases as well as from the corner-palmettes. In centre, additional zigzag frame, subdivided into three panels. Each outer panel contains a whirl rosette; central panel contains a six-petalled rosette with scalloped spaces between petals. All rosettes are inside concentric line circles. Comm. 1. Formerly in the collections of the Bezalel National Art Museum, Jerusalem; see Comm. 129:1. 2. For the elaborate panels, see Intro. §llUa and Fig. 107; here, this is conceivably a three-metope scheme.

Catalogue

162

372

Pl. 52

[70.158] 68.5 x 37 x 40 + 5.5 cm. Plain. Comb

375

[70.161] 64 x 27 x 34 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Kh. el-Latatin, vicinity of Ramallah. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Very worn. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

dressed. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem.

Descr. Low feet, cut at an angle. Lid Flat, uncommonly thick. Broken. 1. See Comm. 368. 2. Nos. 372-373 differ in shape and dressing from Comm.

the other ossuaries in this tomb-group. Similar ossuaries (Nos. 394-395, 400, 613-615) were found alongside the common type of ossuaries in a tomb (see Comm. 386: 1) dating from between the early first century BCE (well before the introduction of ossuaries) to ca. 70 CE; thus, an appropriate date to these comb-dressed specimens, indeed even to No. 374 (a roughly dressed ossuary), is pre-70 CE.

3. The peculiar carving of the feet also occurs in much later periods, cf. No. 681. 4. For the comb-dressing, cf. its use on hard limestone ossuaries, e.g. Nos. 388 and 392-393.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame; `triglyph' replaced by lily with leaved base. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; segments link petal-tips. Comm. 1. Nos. 375 and 591 were recovered by R.A.S. Husseini from a single-chambered loculi tomb in 1942. The tomb had been broken into, probably in antiquity, and contained assorted debris, including a second century CE bronze ring (47.4299) and Byzantine pottery sherds. 2. For a similar lily, see No. 163; a more stylized version occurs on No. 723.

376

373

Pl. 53

Pl. 53

[70.159] 62.5 x 36 x 36.5 + 12 cm. Plain. Comb dressed. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem.

Low feet, cut at an angle. Lid Gabled. Fragmentary. Comm. 1. See Comm. 368. 2. For the comb dressing and date, see Comm. Descr.

Pl. 53

[70.162] 69 x 26.5 x 33.5 + 6.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Ornam. F Near top of line frame, three six-petalled rosettes inside concentric line circles. B Similar to F, three encircled rosettes near base of frame. L and R Similar to F, encircled rosette. Lid Vaulted, sliding. Comm. See Comm. 325:1.

372:2.

Pl. 53 [70.163] 57 x 38 x 32 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Jerusalem. Descr. Low feet. 377

374

PI .53 [70.160] 81 x 35 x 34 cm. Plain; very roughly dressed. Thickness of walls: 6 cm. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished(?). Tub-shaped chest. Rim worn; depressions on its narrow sides may have been

intended to support a lid. Comm. 1. See Comm. 368. 2. For the date of this ossuary, cf. Comm. 372:2. 3. Though some clay ossuaries show more or less pronounced rounded edges, a tub shape is rare (though cf. No. 853). Stone ossuaries of this shape and crude workmanship are unusual in the tombs of Jerusalem, but the location of its discovery and its context leave little doubt that it was used as an ossuary.

4. For the workmanship, see Comm. 126:2.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' contains a multi-leaved upright branch. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Lid Flat. On underside, finely incised sketches of a six-petalled, an eight-petalled and two four-petalled rosettes (the latter three executed in freehand). Comm. 1. Purchased locally. The ossuary's style and place of purchase indicate the suggested provenance. 2. For the similar use of lids for sketching, see Intro. §5F; Nos. 446 and 588.

Catalogue 378

Pl. 54

[70.164] 68 x 32 x 32 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

163

Lid Flat, bulging. Inscr. F Large. Centre: I

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames at top and base and palm-trunk frames at sides. 'Triglyph' replaced by covered amphora with fluted, trumpet foot. Amphora's handles and lower part of its body are overlaid with zigzags; the body and lower ends of handles contain discs; garland adorns neck. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; outermost circle linked to base by triangle flanked by two smaller triangles. Two discs flank base of amphora whose handles supplant discs in upper, inner corners. Discs in outer metope corners replaced by quarter-rosettes, apparently of sixteen-petalled rosettes, echoing in their execution the ornamentation on the amphora's lid and base. Lid Flat, cut-to-measure. Mark On R side of chest, to the left and under rim. Large:

T7 n'prn Hizgiya Bibl. Ben-Arieh 1982a:59, No. 1. Comm. 1. See Comm. 378: 1.

2. mprn: The name also occurs on ossuaries in Greek, as 'E6xtaq (No. 330) and (No. 232); it is common in Josephus (cf. Schalit 1967:s.v.) both as the name of high priests and of a mid-first century BCE rebel; several Talmudic scholars from the late-first centry CE onward also bore this name.

Bibl. Ben-Arieh 1982a:59, No. 4. Comm. 1. One of eight ossuaries (Nos. 378-385)

381 Pl. 54; Fig. 20 [70.167] 65.5 x 27 x 31 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Yellow wash. Low

recovered from a double-chambered loculi tomb in

feet.

1978.

Ornam. F Fluted frame containing metope frame. In centre, a three-columned porch flanked by six-

2. The lid, found with ossuary No. 381 (which does not require its special shape), fits this ossuary when the cut-to-measure edge is positioned above the mark on the chest. Spots over the front edge of the lid and No. 378: F corroborate their association.

379

Pl. 54

[70.165] 62.5 x 29.5 x 36.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames, each containing a fourteen-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle.

Lid Flat. Fragmentary; one edge missing. Mark On L side of chest, top centre. Large: Bibl. Ben-Arieh 1982a:59, No. 5. Comm. See Comm. 378:1.

380 [70.166] 62.5 x 26 x 32.5 + 4 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides.

petalled rosettes inside concentric line circles. Bibl. Ben-Arieh 1982a:59, No. 6. Comm. 1. See Comm. 378: 1. 2. For the lid found with this chest, see Comm. 378:2.

Pl. 54 382 [70.168] 61.5 x 30.5 x 34.5 + 10 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Broken, reconstructed and

restored. Inner ledge on two sides.

Ornam. F Four pairs of vertical lines ascending from doubled horizontal lines. These form three panels supporting a fluted(?) frieze. In each outer panel, an upright branch, its unfinished leaves carelessly executed. In central panel, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; segments link petal-tips. Lid Gabled. Bibl. Ben-Arieh 1982a:No. 7. Comm. 1. See Comm. 378: 1. 2. The ornamentation scheme seems to derive from the columned-porch motif, here crudely executed

Catalogue

164

and combined with a three-metope scheme. See also Bagatti and Milik 1958 : Pl. 22:54-55.

383

Pl. 54

[70-169157.5 x 27.5 x 33.5 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Between the petals, small, rudimentary sixpetalled rosettes incised in freehand. Lid Flat. Broken and reconstructed. Ill-fitting. Inscr. A. R Large. Upper half:

Greek. AaouS should be regarded as a term of endearment from Aaou[3oc; contractions of names often accompany their plene spellings on the same ossuary, cf. Comm. 9:2. 3. For the repetition of names on an ossuary, see Intro. §6C and Index of Subjects, s.v. 4. For the small rosettes between the petals, cf. Nos. 239 and 525; for similar rosettes perfectly executed, see No. 350.

384

Pl. 54; Fig. 21 [70.170] 54(55.5) x 27(28) x 34 + 12 cm. Chip carved and finely incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Broken and reconstructed. Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice under rim on all sides; zigzag on F and half of L. Low feet.

Ornam. F Courtyard entrance with an ashlar

AaouS/AaouS Hasus/Hasus B. L Large. Upper half:

V epl

A

c

Aaou[ios/Aaou(3os Hasubos/Hasubos C. Lid Across:

poT(

AaouS/AaouS/AaouS Hasus/Hasus/Hasus Bibl. Ben-Arieh 1982a:59, No. 2. Comm. 1. See Comm. 378: 1.

2. Aaou[3oc: Probably a variation of the name iiv.'n Aaou(3 (Hashub) found in the Septuagint and fairly common in the days of Ezra and Nehemiah (cf. Neh. 3:11, 11:15). Though otherwise, the name is locally unattested in this period, it occurs in Syria (cf. Prentice 1908:249, No. 214) as late as the sixth century CE as an Arabic name in

facade finished only on the lower left. In centre, arched gate (only left jamb finished) on a crude base and surmounted by a Corinthian(?) capital. Depicted within the gate and on a higher plane, a finely-incised representation of a gabled tomb entrance with a metope-frieze under the tympanum. Each wall flanking gate bears a superimposed six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle, of which only the left is finished with inward-pointing ivy leaves between the petals. The representation is flanked by zigzag antae resting with the gate's jambs on a partially finished zigzag stylobate(?) and supporting the zigzag frieze indicated on the cornice. Lid Gabled, cut-to-measure. F Line frame. Fingergrips. Bibl. Ben-Arieh 1982a:59, No. 3. Comm. 1. See Comm. 378: 1. 2. For the courtyard entrance and its arched gate, see Intro. §11D and Nos. 299 and 469. 3. For the rendering of the capital on the finished jamb, cf. Nos. 191 and 341. 4. For a finished example of a similar ashlar wall, see No. 34; for an unfinished example, see No. 184. 5. For other instances of rudimentary perspective, cf. the recessed doors depicted on Nos. 185 and 241; see also Comm. 555:2.

385

Pl. 55

[70.171] 63 x 29 x 38 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Fragmentary; reconstructed and partially restored. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; in each,

Catalogue a fourteen-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Lid Flat. Broken. Slightly overhanging. Bibl. Ben-Arieh 1982a:No. 8. Comm. See Comm. 378:1.

165

388 Pl. 55 [70.174] 51.5 x 28.5 x 24.5 cm. Comb dressed. Relief carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished.

Ornam. F Sunken panel in profiled frame containing a horizontal row of three discs. L Similar to F, unfinished disc. R Similar to F, large disc. Bibl. HA 40, 1971:20.

386 [70.172] 69.5 x 31.5 x 38 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Low feet. Lid Flat.

Comm.

Marks On top of one edge of lid and under rim of corresponding side of chest:

1. See Comm. 386: 1.

2. The ornamentation is in imitation of the motifs and carving techniques found on hard limestone ossuaries (e.g. Nos. 392-393) and coffins. See also Comms. 372:2 and 4.

X On opposite side of chest:

Bibl. HA 40, 1971:20. Comm. 1. The Department retained twentythree (Nos. 386-402, 408, 426, 543, 613-615) of twenty-four ossuaries recovered from two adjacent single-chambered loculi tombs in 1971. Each tomb

had an additional chamber and charnel beneath it. Thanks are due to F. Vitto, the excavator, for granting permission to publish these ossuaries. 2. The incision of the net-like pattern (see above, Marks) seems intentional but it is difficult to determine what it represents; there is a slight resemblance to the marks on Nos. 304 (see Comm. 304:2) and 361. Explanations based on the number of squares (Testa 1960-61:257) are inadequate; No. 304 bears well over fifty squares, No. 361 about twenty, while here there are only four. Thus, 'net-like pattern' is an accurate description, though it bears no implicit meaning.

389 Pl. 55 [70.175] 71.5(72.5) x 30.5(31.5) x 35 + 10.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice under rim on all sides. Red wash, including inside. Low feet.

Ornam. F 'Running-dog' frame contains schematized two-columned porch, flanked by six-petalled rosettes inside concentric line circles. Lid Gabled. Fingergrips.

Bibl. HA 40, 1971:20. Comm.

1. See Comm. 386: 1.

2. For the frame and central motif, see Comm. 107:3 and No. 330; for a variation of this ornamentation scheme, see No. 432.

390

Pl. 55 [70.176] 60(61) x 27.5(28) x 30 + 12 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem.

Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice under rim on all sides. Red-brown wash. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, doubled at top. `Triglyph' broadened and bare. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Lid Gabled, cut-to-measure. Marks On right gable and corresponding side of Desc.

Pl. 55

387 [70.173] 49.5 x 21 x 27.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Yellow wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frame, absent at base; `triglyph' replaced by single upright leaf in upper centre. In each metope, a twelvepetalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Lid Flat. Broken.

Bibl. HA 40, 1971:20. Comm.

1. See Comm. 386: 1.

chest:

Fl 11

Inscr. B Inverted, written in charcoal halfway

down the interior of chest; partially obliterated by incrustation:

/i(

2. Both the metope arrangement and the 'palm-tree' motif (here only an upright branch survives) are stylized beyond recognition. For parallel cases, see

gtvv n>>m Hananya 'twf

Nos. 49, 315 and 839.

Bibl. HA 40, 1971:20.

Catalogue

166

1. See Comm. 386: L 2. rnnm: For the name, cf. Comm. 67:2. 3. ctuy: This may stand for `wrapped' (as in M. Shab. 16:4; cf. Negev 1971:121-122) or `covered', indicating that the bones of Hananya were covered by a sheet (since rotted away, cf. Zlotnik 1966:36, Comm.

82). This may also be the sense of the sign * on an ossuary from 'Dominus Flevit' (Collella 1973:553-557). However, the wording in Sem. 12:9

Descr.

Unfinished. Damaged.

Ornam. L Unfinished disc. R Finished Disc. Lid Gabled, base broadened into profiled cornice (94.5 x 41 cm).

Marks On right gable, deeply incised, and corresponding side of chest, similarly incised:

Bibl. HA 40, 1971:20. Comm.

See Comm. 386: 1.

is vm5y v-i>D `spread over them', not Ovy `wrapped';

cf. also Zlotnik 1966:162, n. 9:'a sheet'. The word may signify `feeble' or `faint', usually associated with the heart, spirit or soul, referring to someone in dire distress (cf, Jonah 2:8; Ps. 61:3, 102:1, 107:5; Lam. 2:11-12), and still used in that sense in the fourth century (cf. TB MK 28b). In this sense it might have served to describe the state of the deceased as `feeble', analogous to the use of in n' `poor' on an ossuary (equivalent to a later Jewish epitaph, see Comm. 139:5). This example is also reminiscent of the adjectives n>>yn no-nn `the oppressed, the persecuted' added to Abba's name in the Giv'at Hamivtar inscription (Rosenthal 1973:75). It is unlikely that the word expresses the sorrow of the bereaved as similar expressions, except for the occasional 5sn, are absent in both ossuary and tomb inscriptions. 4. For inverted inscriptions inside ossuaries, see Nos. 236, 703 and 716, the first and last of which are names. This must have been the easiest way to write inside an ossuary. 5. For the direction marks, heh-heh, see Comm. 821:2.

393

Pl. 56 [70.179] 107.5 x 39.5 x 45.5 + 21.5 cm. Thickness of walls: 6.5 cm. Hard limestone. Comb dressed. Relief carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Ornam. F, B and L Sunken panel in profiled frame. R Similarly framed panel containing large disc.

Lid Vaulted, base broadened into cornice (115 x 46 cm). Interior depression closely fits rim. Bibl. HA 40, 1971:20. Comm.

1. See Comm. 386: 1.

2. For a similar ossuary, see No. 154.

Pl. 57 [70.180] 129.5 x 45.5 x 46.5 + 6 cm. Thickness of walls: 7.5 cm. Comb dressed. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Cornice indicated

394

by deep incision under rim on all sides. Low feet, cut at an angle. Ornam. R Large circle, probably an unfinished disc.

Pl. 56 391 [70.177] 38.5 x 21.5 x 25 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag

Lid Gabled, sliding. Damaged. Large, clumsy fingergrip on outer edge. Bibl. HA 40, 1971:20. Comm.

1. See Comm. 386: L 2. For the dressing and carving of the feet, see Comms. 372:2-3.

circle.

Lid Flat. Bibl. HA 40, 1971:20. Comm.

392

See Comm. 386:1.

Pl. 56 [70.178] 91 x 39 x 45 + 21.5 cm. Thickness of walls: 6.2 cm. Hard limestone. Comb dressed. Relief carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem.

Pl. 57 [70.181] 83 x 44 x 44.5 cm. Comb dressed. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides, bevelled on three sides to accommodate lid. Low feet, cut at an angle. Lid Flat, sliding; edges bevelled to fit inner ledge. 395

On top of outer edge, an upright ridge handle with two wedge-shaped incisions across width of lid. Bibl. HA 40, 1971:20. Comm.

1. See Comm. 386: 1.

Catalogue

167

2. For the dressing and carving of the feet, see Comms. 372:2-3. 3. For the ridge handle, cf. Nos. 613 and 724 (though the latter is smaller). For this form of handle on sliding lids of wooden boxes from the first to second century CE, see Vaulina and W4scowicz 1974:137-139, No. 59, Pl. 119 and

Lid Gabled. F Line frame. Fingergrips. Bibl. HA 40, 1971:20.

Richter 1966 : Fig. 402.

398

Comm.

1. See Comm. 386: 1.

2. The ornamentation is similar in its execution and picked-out red lines to Nos. 352 and 358.

396

Pl. 57 [70.184] 87 x 38 x 38 + 23 cm. Thickness of walls: 5.3 cm. Comb dressed. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem.

feet.

Descr. L and R At centre, irregularly-shaped, truncated pyramid forms handle. Lid Gabled. Bibl. HA 40, 1971:20.

Ornam. F Four metopes in zigzag frame; at top

Comm.

and base, a frieze of interlaced semi-circles with zigzag border. `Triglyphs' replaced by vestiges of palm-tree motif; zigzag semi-circles indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals. Zigzag quarter-circles in outer corners.

2. For similar dressing and unusual handles in this

Pl. 57 [70.182] 68 x 29.5 x 31.5 + 5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Red wash. Low

Lid Gabled. Fingergrips. Inscr. B Top, centre. Picked out in red:

YI'7 -1

^1 rc Nn

n-i3 zt-pv>> xnx Aha and Ya'aqov, his son

Bibl. HA 40, 1971:20. Comm.

1. See Comm. 386: 1.

2. xnx: A contraction of tn'nx or axnx that became common in Talmudic literature only from the latesecond century CE. This form, however, occurs on an ostracon from Samaria (Reisner, Fisher and Lyon 1924:237, No. 51) and on seventh century BCE sealimpressions on Judaean jar-handles (cf. Ben Dor 1947:66-67). Cf. also Comm. 584:2. 3. znv>: For this name, see Comm. 104:2. 4. For the palm-tree motif, see Comm. 174:2; see also the very similar ornamental scheme on No. 522, where `triglyphs' still appear.

P1.57; Fig. 25 [70.183] 78(81) x 34(36.5) x 44 + 15.5 cm. Incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Cornice under rim

397

on all sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Three metopes in line frames (vertical lines doubled and extended from base of feet to top edge). In outer metopes, a six-petalled rosette inside a line circle; in central metope, a `lattice' pattern. All lines picked out in red.

1. See Comm. 386: 1.

tomb-group, cf. Nos. 394, 395 and 613.

399

Pl. 57; Figs. 40, 81 [70.185] 52(53.5) x 27.5(29.5) x 31.5 + 14 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Cornice bearing

bead pattern under rim on all sides. Low feet. Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frames at base and sides, completed at top by cornice with bead pattern. In each outer metope, an ornamentation scheme incised in freehand composed of small and large `leaves' and small discs; in central metope, a sixteen-petalled rosette inside a line circle; discs in corners linked horizontally by `stalks'. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Bibl. HA 40, 1971:20. Comm.

1. See Comm. 386: 1.

2. The very unusual ornamentation indicates that the artisan did not understand the various motifs: metope-corner discs occur only in the central metope; the `triglyphs' extend to the base; the motifs in the outer metopes may have derived from an amphora motif, though they can scarcely be recognized as such (for further remarks on this motif, see Intro. §11H; cf. Figs. 38 and 39).

400 [70.186] 73 x 36,5 x 34 + 11 cm. Plain. Comb dressed. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem.

Descr. Low feet, damaged in antiquity. Lid Vaulted. Marks On one narrow side of lid and corresponding side of chest:

Catalogue

168

Bibl. HA 40, 1971:20. Comm.

1. See Comm. 386: 1.

2. For similar dressing, cf. Comms. 372:2 and 4.

401 Pl. 58 [70.187] 61.5 x 38 x 33 + 16.5 cm. Thickness of walls: 4.7 cm. Hard limestone. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Lid Gabled. Base 2.1 cm high (length and width correspond to rim of chest); broadened above base into moulded cornice measuring 66 x 42.5 cm.

Bibl. HA 40, 1971:20 Comm.

1. See Comm. 386: 1.

2. For the high base of the lid, cf. No. 60.

402

Pl. 58 [70.188] 85.5 x 37.5 x 36 + 22 cm. Thickness of walls:

6 cm. Hard limestone. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Lid Gabled. Base broadened into moulded cornice measuring 89 x 43 cm. Bibl. HA 40, 1971:20 Comm. See Comm. 386:1.

§§6Fj, 7C and Index of Subjects, s.v. Protection of remains. 3. dim: Bahat suggested reading yiv), but the first letter is not a yod and the second is clearly a mem, though a final mem; such confusion of forms frequently occurs on inscriptions of this period. Puech suggested the name iin'i (cf. II Sam. 4:2, 5:9), but it is more likely the Greek name Dc ui v (see Comm. 98:3).

404

Pl. 58; Fig. 87 [70.190] 61 x 26 x 31 + 9 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Ramat Eshkol, Jerusalem. Descr. Badly damaged, reconstructed and partially restored. Inner ledge on two sides. Irregularly carved on L. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames at top and sides, palm-trunk frame at base. Broadened `triglyph' bordered by palm-trunk motif and containing branch with irregularly carved leaves and triangular base. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Lid Vaulted, slightly too short. Inscr. B Large. Top-centre:

rA1 Oy,A\P TC MWNOC

BC-PN 1KC0(

403 [70.189] 88 x 30 x 37.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three- sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

Mark On top of outer edge (L) of lid, finely incised in freehand:

Inscr. F Large. Top, slightly right-of-centre;

incision picked out in red:

JD ltoi Damon Bibl. Bahat 1982a:39, Pl. 11:1-2; Puech 1983:511-512, No. 14. Comm. 1. Discovered with No. 549 in a doublechambered bench tomb in 1970.

2. The mark probably represents a lock, cf. Reinach 1895 : Pl. 52:21. Like the * on an ossuary from 'Dominus Flevit' (cf. Colella 1973), this representation seems to signify that the ossuary had been closed or sealed to prevent its being reopened; for other methods of achieving this end, see Intro.

Fafou 'Ap-r4twvoq/BepvtxEoq of Gaios, (son) of Artemon, Berenikaian (from Berenike) Comm. 1. The Department retained four (Nos. 404-407) of seven ossuaries recovered from a largely destroyed, single-chambered loculi tomb in 1971. Thanks are due to G. Edelstein, the excavator, for granting permission to publish these ossuaries.

2. F46oq: The Latin name `Caius' ('Gaius') was common among western Jews (cf. Frey 1936:Index, s.v.) and occasionally occurs in this region, see, e.g., v'rea on No. 421 as well as at Bet She'arim (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 207) and in a document from the Bar Kokhba period (Lifshitz 1961a:54-55, 58, 61), though the latter example might refer to a gentile. In contemporaneous local literature, this was considered a non-Jewish name (cf. TJ Git. 43b for its occurrence among Jews from abroad). 3.

'Ap-re .WV: The name., otherwise unattested on

ossuaries, is rarely attested as a Jewish name, though it was borne by the leader of the Jewish revolt in Cyprus in 115-117 CE (Dio Cassius Historia 68:32 in Dio's Roman History, VIII. E. Cary, transl. [Loeb Classical Library]. Cambridge, 1925) and by the head (Prostates) of a synagogue in fourth century CE Egypt (Frey 1952: No. 1447).

Catalogue 4. Bepvtxeog: The phonetic spelling of BEpevix',

169

Inscr. R Small. Under rim, centre:

the genitive of Bep(e)vLxevc (an ethnic adjective of

It is tempting to identify this with Elath (see Josephus AJ 8:163), but during this period there were few if any Jewish inhabitants living there. The earliest reference to Jewish inhabitants at Elath may be in Tos. Par. 7:4 (Zuck. 636:29), where, however, it is identified by the place-name rt>drt (cf. Alon 1977:326). Here, the most likely identification of the place name is Berenike in Cyrenaica (modern Benghazi), which had a large Jewish community (cf. Schiirer 1901-1909, 111: 79-80; Applebaum 1969:137-143). See also Comm. 99:4. 5. For the base of the branch, see Comm. 27:3; cf. also No. 255.

OEVaq Thenas Comm. 1. See Comm. 404: 1.

2. OEvaS: Very likely this is the father of the Maria mentioned on No. 405.

407

Pl. 58; Fig. 44 [70.193] 80.5(83) x 30(32.5) x 42.5 + 14.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Ramat Eshkol, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Moulded cornice

under rim on all sides. Crack in one narrow side. Low feet.

Pl. 58

405 [70.191] 62 x 27.5 x 36 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Ramat Eshkol, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames, in each a twelve-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle.

fq

Lid Flat. Broken. Inscr. L Under rim, slanting downward:

Ornam. F and B Halfway up chest and near edges of doubled line frame, two eight-petalled rosettes inside concentric line circles; petals formed by intersecting circle segments, their radius smaller than that of surrounding circles. L and R Similar to F and B, frame containing a six-petalled rosette inside concentric zigzag and line circles. Lid Gabled. F and B Doubled line frame containing ashlar pattern with three superimposed, eight-petalled rosettes, each inside a line circle. Left and right gables: Similar to F and B, doubled line frame.

Marks At base of frame of right gable and on corresponding cornice of chest: Two pairs of small Mapta/Oevou Maria, daughter of Thenas 1. See Comm. 404: 1. 2. Mapta: Like Mapv , a Greek form of ann; cf. Bagatti and Milik 1958:37b; CPJ 227:1, 223:1 and Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974:8 and n. 20. See also Comm. 108:3. 3. OEVaS: A form of the male name Oee'vaS (Hebrew n ri `fig'; see Comm. 53:2). The remains of this individual were probably interred in No. 406. Comm.

Pl. 58 [70.192] 69 x 29 x 33 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Ramat Eshkol, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

406

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled palm-trunk frames; broadened `triglyph' contains a multi-leaved, upright branch. In each metope, multiple, interlaced six-petalled rosettes inside concentric line circles. Small discs in outer corners of metopes.

notches (Pl. 58). Comm. 1. See Comm. 404: 1.

2. Note that the ashlar motif occurs only on the lid. The ornamentation on each of the chest's sides may either represent a single large ashlar or indicate that the chest was left unfinished.

408

Pl. 59 [70.194] 82 x 39 x 41 + 18 cm. Thickness of walls: 5.5 cm. Hard limestone. Relief carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Slightly damaged and repaired. Inner ledge on four sides.

Ornam. F and B Raised rectangle with a broad margin, representing an ashlar. L Raised disc. R Square with broad margin, probably a representation similar to F and B. Lid Gabled. On underside, slightly protruding frame fitting depression chiselled into rim of chest. Bibl. HA 40, 1971:20. Comm.

1. See Comm. 386: 1.

Catalogue

170

2. The lid fits into the rim of the chest and thus the inner ledge is superfluous; the lid was probably intended for a different ossuary.

409

unfinished at base; high above base of frame, `triglyph' replaced by a large, short-stalked lily on five steps, incised in freehand. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Inscr. F Above right rosette:

Pl. 59

El I

[70.195] 46 x 27 x 30 + 10 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem.

Badly damaged, reconstructed and partially restored. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet; right, front foot irregularly carved. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a ring with attachments indicated at top; segments link petalDescr.

tips.

Lid Vaulted, cut-to-measure. Broken and partially reconstructed. Bibl. Kloner 1975; 1980a:185-190; 1980b:198 A. Comm. 1. Sixteen ossuaries (Nos. 409-414, 427-431, 444, 507, 541-542 and 551) were discovered in a partially destroyed, single-chambered loculi tomb in 1971.

2. The motif surrounding the rosettes derives from representations of knocker rings on doors or handle rings of chests; cf. Intro. §11T and No. 569.

V)a-d-1111Y

ot5vmN Avshalom Bibl. Kloner 1980b:198 C. Comm. 1. See Comm. 409: 1.

2. 015Mrt: For the name, cf. Benoit et al. 1961: No. 18:2 and the contemporaneous parallels Kloner cites (II Macc. 11:17; Josephus BJ I:7:6, 11: 17:6 and first to second century CE sages). See also Macalister 1908 and Steinsalz 1963 on this name. 3. For this combination of the lily with the steps of a nefesh, see Comm. 430:5 and No. 431, also from this tomb. For other `naturalistically' rendered lilies, see Nos. 57:F and 817.

412 [70.198] 47 x 24 x 29 cm. Plain. Prov. Givàt Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Lid Flat, sliding. Fingergrip at insertion edge.

410

Pl. 59

[70.196] 51 x 25.5 x 30 + 10 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed; very irregularly carved. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in line frames; `triglyph' replaced by a long-stemmed lily. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette surrounded by a 'running-dog' circlet inside line circles. Lid Gabled; very irregularly carved, especially on left gable. Fingergrip on right gable. Marks On F of lid, right-of-centre and fi corresponding side of chest, top-right: 11 Bibl. Kloner 1980b:198 B. Comm. 1. See Comm. 409: 1. 2. For the direction marks, heh-heh, see Comm. 821:2.

3. For the lily, see Comm. 430:5.

P1. 59 411 [70.197] 50.5 x 27 x 31 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame,

Bibl. Kloner 1980b:198 G. Comm. See Comm. 409:1.

413 [70.199] 47 x 24 x 29 cm. Plain. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Broken. Inscr. Lid Underside, centre, lengthwise:

MAPEC Mape4 Mares Bibl. Kloner 1980b:198 H. Comm. 1. See Comm. 409: 1.

2. Mope : Kloner interprets this as a variant of the Greek word zeptS `part', used as a translation of p5n, a contraction of the name rn>p5n; cf., however, the name v'in on Nos. 820 and 822. Probably all three are variations of the Greek name M«ppc (cf. Pape and Benseler, s.v.), ultimately derived from the Semitic -w `Lord', and spelt Mapesc in early-second century CE Egypt (e.g. Kenyon 1907:187:232).

Catalogue 414

171

Prov.

[70.200] 39 x 23 x 25.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Fragmentary. Inscr. R Under rim, centre; slightly ascending:

L

_n T

1

w-117 Kyria

Bibl. Kloner 1980b:198 J. Comm. 1. See Comm. 409: 1.

2. nip: The size of this ossuary indicates that it was intended for the remains of a child or adolescent. Thus, the word cannot be a transliteration of Kupia in the sense of `lady', but must be the female name derived from that word (cf. Pape and Benseler, s.v.). This name is attested in Greek as Kupia in Egypt (cf. Preisigke, s.v.) and at Bet She'arim (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 170) where rn'p (Avigad 1976b:Nos. 19-21) appears in Jewish script and Kup& (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: Nos. 39, 57) appears as a title; for the title, see also Lifshitz l9d1b:117-118. The name is repeated on No. 428, also from this tomb group.

Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Inner ledge on three sides. Ornam. F Two six-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles meeting at centre; segments link petal-tips. B Similar to F, but circles do not meet; one space between petals of left rosette prepared as though for chip-carving. Lid Flat, sliding. On top, two twelve-petalled rosettes inside concentric line circles; segments link petal-tips of right-hand rosette. Fingergrip. Bibl. Graessner 1970a; 1970b. Comm. 1. See Comm. 415. 2. For the degeneration of the metope ornamentation scheme, see the more elaborate versions on Nos. 47, 566 and 735; an earlier stage in the process may allude to the original metope scheme (cf. No. 572).

418

Pl. 60

[71.219] 52 x 22 x 27 + 8 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Ornam. F and B Two six-petalled rosettes inside zigzag circles. L and R Similar to F and B, one rosette.

Lid Gabled, sliding. F and B Horizontal zigzag line at top and base. Mark Base of insertion edge, deeply cut:

415 [71.208] 30 x 24 x 47 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Graessner 1970a; 1970b. Comm. Seven ossuaries (Nos. 415-421) were recovered from a complex, two-storey loculi tomb and a nearby single-chambered, loculi tomb at Ras el-Jami (Isawiya) in 1970. Thanks are due to the

excavator for granting permission to publish these ossuaries.

416 [71.209] 32.5 x 26.5 x 59 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Bibl. Graessner 1970a; 1970b. Comm. See Comm. 415.

419

Pl. 60

[71.220] 51.5 x 27 x 57 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet,

Ornam. F and B Two metopes in line frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a line circle; rosettes are near edge of frame and asymmetrically aligned. L and R Similar to F and B, encircled rosette inside line frame. Lid Gabled. F and B Two six-petalled rosettes, each inside a line circle. Bibl. Graessner 1970a; 1970b. Comm. See Comm. 415.

Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Graessner 1970a; 1970b. Comm. See Comm. 415.

417 [71-218127.5 x 21 x 39.5 cm. Incised.

420

Pl. 59

[71.221] 53 x 25 x 32 cm. Incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Ornam. F, B, L and R Ashlar pattern.

Pl. 61

Catalogue

172

Lid Flat, sliding. On top, zigzag frame around edges of lid and chest. Mark On top of insertion edge, deeply cut: Bibl. Graessner 1970a; 1970b. Comm. See Comm. 415.

423 [71.402] 52 x 27.5 x 31 cm. Roughly dressed. Plain. Prov. Qiryat Tivòn. Descr. Broken and partially reconstructed. Lid Flat.

Marks On one narrow edge of lid and 421 [71.222] 57 x 23.5 x 28.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Inscr. F Under rim, right-of-centre:

Pl. 61

-Z _Jj C7 v-w v) x) Gaius the small Bibl. Graessner 1970a; 1970b. Comm. 1. See Comm. 415.

2. vrna: A transliteration of the Latin name Gaius, cf. Comm. 404:2. 3. vm (possibly via): This was originally a nickname derived from the Greek word vavo `dwarf'; cf. R. Shim'on b. Nanes, M. Men. 4:3; M. Ket. 10:5, etc. (first half of the second century CE). Here, the word is used as an adjective `the small, puny', analogous to nmvp (which was transliterated into Greek, see Comm. 552:3); cf. also 'Pa(3(3i Àvr.avLou rod vavou at Bet She'arim, parallel to lvpn rt ' (Avigad 1976b:53; Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 175). For an Arabic version

of the name at Fustat in the eleventh century CE, see Goitein 1970:522.

422 Pl. 61 [71.401] 60 x 30 x 34 cm. Roughly dressed. Plain. Prov. Qiryat Tiv'on. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Inner ledge on three sides. Vestiges of low feet.

Lid Flat, sliding. Broken and restored. Bibl. HA 41-42, 1972:14; RB 79, 1972 (Chronique Archeologique):574-576; IEJ 24, 1974 (Notes and News): 279. Comm. 1. A five-chambered rock-cut tomb was

uncovered in 1972; of the eight ossuaries found, five stone ossuaries and the fragments of another (Nos. 422-425, 472) as well as a clay ossuary and a similar lid (Nos. 471-471bis) were retained. They are dated by pottery to the second half of the first or the early-second century CE. Thanks are due to F. Vitto, the excavator, for granting permission to publish these ossuaries. 2. For such crudely worked ossuaries, see Comm. 126:2.

corresponding side of chest, under rim: Bibl. HA 41-42, 1971:14; RB 79, 1972 (Chronique Archeologique):574-576; IEJ 24, 1974 (Notes and News) : 279.

Comm.

See Comm. 422:1.

424 [71.403] 57 x 25 x 28 cm. Plain. Prov. Qiryat Tiv'on. Descr. Hole near rim of one narrow side. Low feet. Lid Flat. Fragmentary.

Bibl. HA 41-42, 1972:14; RB 79, 1972 (Chronique Archeologique):574-576; IEJ 24, 1974 (Notes and News) : 279.

Comm.

See Comm. 422:1.

425 [71.404] 59 x 26 x 34 cm. Roughly dressed. Plain. Prov. Qiryat Tiv'on. Descr. Fragmentary. Very irregularly carved. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Fragmentary.

Inscr. R Under rim, slightly right-of-centre:

A Maia4/EmouAoS of Maia/(daughter of) Saul Bibl. HA 41-42, 1972:14; RB 79, 1972 (Chronique Archeologique):574-576; IEJ 24, 1974 (Notes and News) : 279. Comm. 1. See Comm. 422: 1.

2. The alpha to the left of the inscription was apparently a mistake. Maim is probably the genitive of the female name Maim (cf. Pape and Benseler, s.v.), attested on a second century CE tombstone at Horns (le Bas and Waddington 1870: No. 2568d) and in papyri from Roman Egypt (Preisigke, s.v.). 3. EaouAoc: A common name, here the genitive of EaoX (EawA); see Index of Inscriptions, s.v.

426 [71.406] 46 x 25.5 x 29.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem.

Catalogue

173

erasure lines seem to have been made in antiquity. 4. For the base of the plant, cf. No. 486.

Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Descr.

Mark On insertion edge of lid: Bibl. HA 40, 1971:20

429

See Comm. 386:1.

Comm.

427

Pl. 62

[71.407] 61 x 23 x 30 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge, only in corners. Low feet.

Ornam. F In zigzag frame, two six-petalled rosettes flank a twelve-petalled rosette; each rosette inside concentric line circles. Between rosettes, stylized plants with net-like roots and three branches tipped by ivy leaves. Lid Flat.

Marks On right edge of lid and corresponding side of chest, under rim:

Pl. 62 [71.409] 53.5 x 27.5 x 31.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Inner ledge on three sides.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag and line frames (zigzag absent at base); `triglyph' broadened and bare. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Lid Flat, sliding. Broken. Bibl. Kloner 1980b:198 Q. Comm. 1. See Comm. 409: 1. 2. A metope ornamentation scheme was apparently combined with the columned porch motif; zigzag columns support a zigzag entablature with a central door.

Bibl.

430

Kloner 1980b:198 0.

Comm.

1. See Comm. 409: 1.

2. The ornamentation scheme possibly derives from the three-metope scheme, cf. No. 148.

428

Pl. 62

[71.408] 66 x 26 x 32 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame, doubled at top and sides; broadened 'triglyph' contains thirteen-leaved branch, its base stylized beyond recognition. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; interstices between petals scalloped toward the circle. Small discs in corners of metopes. Lid Flat, broken. Inscr. B Top-centre; erasure lines over second name:

Pl. 62

[71.410] 61.5 x 28.5 x 39 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; bare 'triglyph'. All uprights transformed into palm trees; zigzag semi- and quarter-circles indicate ascending branches. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. In lower corners of metopes, single leaves (replaced by zigzag quartercircle in one corner). Lid Flat, cut-to-measure. Fingergrips. Marks On right edge of lid and corresponding side of chest:

n

Inscr. A. F Right, above rosette:

33nio5 i Shalom (Shallum?)/Hanan B. R Rim: itvna n>-ip Kyria Shim'on Bibl. Kloner 1975; 1980b:198 N. Comm. 1. See Comm. 409: 1.

2. n'ip: For the name, see Comm. 414:2. 3. As the ossuary contained the remains of two persons of undetermined sex, aged about 15 and 40, little can be concluded from the inscription. The

IQ

1

r.-

-n-r,:i 5w of the house of David Bibl. Kloner 1975; 1980b:198 M; Flusser 1986. Comm. 1. See Comm. 409: 1.

2. »n o5vj: The reading is uncertain; the shin and lamed as well as the mem and heth seem to be

174

Catalogue

ligatures. If this reading is accepted, the first word is unlikely to mean `peace' as this usually follows the name of the deceased (cf. Dinkier 1974:123-131); it may be the female name (cf. Comm. 13:2 and No. 73) or the male name Shallum. 3. )m: A reading suggested by Naveh; see Comm. 76:3. 4. n i' 5w: It is unlikely that this refers to

a member of an uncle's household; the term rrypp71 (TB Yev. 21b) cited by Kloner is from third to fourth century CE Babylonia and is thus both chronologically and geographically remote from this ossuary. For an example of such a nephew-uncle relationship from Bet She'arim, see Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 131; if this ossuary refers to a person caring for his cousin, it would be a unique occurrence.

A second interpretation suggests that the deceased was of Davidic ancestry. Liver's (1959:29-32, 144; 1971: cols. 1443-1444) assertion that none of the genealogical tables at the end of the Second Temple period could legitimately trace Davidic descent may be too sweeping (as remarked by Uffenheimer 1960:404-405); such claims were made for, e.g., Hillel the Elder (TJ Ta'an 68a; TB Ket. 62b; Gen. R. 98:8). The family of David was also mentioned as being entitled to bring the wood-offering to the Temple (M. Ta'an 4:2 and in the Dead Sea documents, see Benoit et at. 1961: No. 7.22, etc.). Genealogy seems to have been very important at this period in Jerusalem (cf. Biichler 1917; Freund 1917; and Jeremias 1958:145-161); several of the names found in this tomb (Avshalom, Hanan and perhaps also Shallum) are associated with the royal house of David and support the view that certain families in the city claimed Davidic descent. Though this seems a modest tomb, its original appearance cannot be determined since the tomb's facade had been bulldozed before excavation. It should be noted, however, that such important tombs as the `Nicanor' (Avigad 1967a:Pl. 20:2), `Builder of the Temple' (Tzaferis 1970) and Àbba' (Tzaferis 1974) tombs are quite modest. Economic as well as ideological reasons may account for such simplicity (cf. Intro. §5J); indeed, pride of ancestry may well have been all that remained to some families in this period. Thus, the almost hidden inscription, reading rrr>z 5v may be interpreted as meaning òf David's House', embodying the genealogical claims of the family which used this tomb for five generations, from the mid-first century BCE to the late sixties CE. 5. The number of lily representations in this

tomb-group (on three of the 16 ossuaries recovered) suggests that perhaps the lily was a family emblem. In two instances (Nos. 411 and 431) it appears on steps, perhaps indicating its original place on the apex of a nefesh (for another family crest, see Comm. 231:2). 6. For the direction marks, heh-heh, see Comm. 821:2. 7. For the use of family names, cf. Intro. §6Fa and Index of Subjects, s.v.

431 Pl. 63; Fig. 126 [71.411] 51.5 x 23 x 30.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Givàt Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame; `triglyph' replaced, by five steps surmounted by a short-stalked, stylized lily. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric zigzag circles. Small discs in outer corners of metopes. Lid Flat, sliding.

Marks On insertion edge of lid and corresponding rim of chest:

I/

//

Bibl. Kloner 1980b:198 P. Comm. 1. See Comm. 409: 1.

2. For the lily posed on steps, see No. 411 and Comm. 430:5.

432

Pl. 63

[71.412] 63 x 29 x 33 + 17 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. R 'Running-dog' frames. In centre, motif possibly derived from `two-columned porch' and containing a `lattice' pattern flanked by six-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles. Lid Gabled, cut-to-measure. Fingergrips. Bibl. Barag 1973:102, No. 7. Comm. 1. The Department retained five (Nos. 432-436) of eight ossuaries discovered in a singlechambered tomb excavated on behalf of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem in 1964. 2. For the frame, see Comm. 107:'3 and Nos. 330 and 389.

433 [71.413] 58 x 28 x 33 cm. Plain.

Prov.

Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem.

Catalogue Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Descr.

Mark Continuing from outer edge of lid to corresponding narrow side of chest, near rim: Bibl. Barag 1973:102, No. 4. Comm. 1. See Comm. 432: 1. 2. For the mark, cf. Comm. 206:2.

175

similar semi-arches flank full arches. In each outer arch, a six-petalled rosette inside a line circle; above and below circle, juxtaposed circle segments form cones, uppermost ones ending in small, chip-carved triangles. Central arch vertically bisected by two parallel lines. Lid Flat, sliding. Marks On insertion edge of lid and corresponding rim (L) of chest: --c::Comm. 1. Purchased locally. 2. The ornamentation scheme may represent a row of loculi in a tomb, cf. Comm. 269:2; parts of this motif were then 'read-in' (for this process, see Rahmani 1959) as `trees' (for a similar occurrence, see Comm. 146:3 and No. 871). The conical additions may have been inspired by the motif of a trumpet-foot amphora (see Intro. §11H).

-`

434 [71.414] 50.5 x 24.5 x 32.5 cm. Plain.

Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Prov.


Lam,

Bibl. Barag 1973 : No. I. Comm. See Comm. 432:1.

435 [71.415] 67.5 x 30 x 38.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Damaged. Inner ledge on three sides. Red wash. Low feet.

Lid Flat, sliding. Inscr. F Under rim, off-centre; partially obliterated by recent damage:

J,'f lmm' -n rrnm Yehuda, son of Yehohanan Bibl. Barag 1973:102, No. 6. Comm.

438 [71.418] 62 x 26.5 x 37 cm. Plain. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

Bibl. HA 44, 1972:22-23. Comm. One of three ossuaries (Nos. 438, 440-441) discovered in 1972 in a single-chambered loculi tomb. Thanks are due to F. Vitto, the excavator, for granting permission to publish these ossuaries, as well as No. 439.

1. See Comm. 432: 1.

2. Both names are common (see Index of Inscriptions, s.v.); on No. 57 they also occur in this

439

sequence.

Prov.

[71.419] 69.5 x 29.5 x 35 + 14 cm. Plain.

Givàt Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet. Lid Gabled. Fingergrips. Marks On one gable and corresponding narrow rim of chest: ')C Descr.

436 [71.416] 54.5 x 25 x 29 cm. Plain.

Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Barag 1973:102, No. 5. Comm. See Comm. 432:1.

/X

Prov.

Descr.

Bibl. HA 44, 1972:22-23. Comm. The sole ossuary recovered from a tomb adjacent to the one described in Comm. 438.

440 437

Pl. 63 [71.417] 57 x 23 x 43 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Zigzag frame containing three arches each consisting of two semi-arches topped by leaves;

Pl. 63

[71.420] 54 x 21.5 x 28 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Givàt Hamivtar, Jerusalem.

Inner ledge on four sides. Groove on rim. Moulded cornice under rim on all sides; slightly protruding. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; Descr.

Catalogue

176

broadened 'triglyph' contains three horizontally fluted uprights. In each metope, a whirl-rosette inside a zigzag circle. Small discs in corners of

Prov.

metopes.

and side frames transformed into palm trees; concentric line semi- and quarter-circles indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; small central disc. L and R Six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Lid Flat. Marks Near narrow edge of lid and corresponding (L) narrow side of chest:

Newe Ya'aqov, Jerusalem. Descr. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in line frames. 'Triglyphs'

Bibl. HA 44, 1972:22-23. Comm.

1. See Comm. 438.

2. For the fluted 'triglyph', cf. No. 370.

Pl. 63 441 [71.421] 59.5 x 26.5 x 33.5 + 5 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened 'triglyph' contains a disintegrated floral motif, finely incised in freehand. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles, combined with metope motif. Lid Vaulted. Marks On one narrow side of lid and corresponding side of chest, under rim: Bibl. HA 44, 1972:22-23.

Bibl. HA 45, 1973:25. Comm. The Department retained four (Nos. 443,

Comm.

1. See Comm. 438. 2. For the floral motif, cf. Comm. 584:3.

444

442

[71.424] 76 x 28 x 37 cm. Plain. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

Pl. 63; Fig. 19 [71.422] 64.5 x 25.5 x 31 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jericho(?). Descr. Battered. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frames; 'triglyphs' transformed into palm trees with fruit twigs and dates beneath descending branches. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric zigzag circles; zigzags overlay petals. Above frame, a broad frieze containing zigzag semi-circles. L Zigzags form three horizontal panels, central

one containing three-columned porch; columns support cube capitals bordered below by zigzags. Lower panel contains zigzag uprights and upper panel contains zigzag semi-circles descending from frame. R Horizontal panels of alternating ashlar, checker-board and 'lattice' patterns. Comm. 1. Purchased locally. The provenance is suggested both by personal communication and the style of the trees (see Comms. 799:2 and 842:2). 2. Date clusters were rarely depicted, although cf.

537-538, 594) ossuaries recovered from a largely destroyed loculi tomb in 1973; a plain, broken ossuary was also found. Thanks are due to F. Vitto,

the excavator, for granting permission to publish these ossuaries.


iN

M/ Inscr. F Lower right edge, vertically descending:

Iwad Jose Bibl.

Kloner 1980b:198 E.

Comm.

1. See Comm. 409: 1.

2. 'IwaE: Kloner originally read 'Iaor 'Jose' or 'Jesuse', regarding the first half of the omega as a sigma, and its second half as an omicron. However, the first upstroke of the supposed sigma, though faint, connects to the presumed omicron, which is open on top, and thus forms an omega. The name Jose is spelt 'Ioad on No. 576 and on No. the correct spelling for )vi) is Jw 56 as See also Comm. 56:2.

445

Nos. 226, 307 and 852.

Pl. 64

[71.425] 64 x - x 31 cm. Relief carved. Prov. Hebron Hills(?).

443 [71.423] 69.5 x 35 x 35.5 cm. Incised.

P1.64

Fragmentary; most of F and small part of L survive. Low feet. Descr.

Catalogue Ornam. F In low relief, two rings, each with a small central disc. Between rings, facade on three steps, consisting of three columns, their width equal to that of the intercolumnar spaces. Columns support a cornice surmounted by central dome or arched niche and flanked by narrow grooves or slits, extended above cornice; between slits and dome, two small depressions. Comm. 1. Purchased locally. The provenance is suggested by both personal communication as well as the style. 2. The rings may derive from knocker (or handle?) rings, though the artisan was probably unaware of

448

Pl. 64 [71.428] 71 x 25 x 35.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Traces of yellow wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F In zigzag frames, unfinished at base, two six-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles; segments link petal-tips. Lid Flat, cut-to-measure.

Mark On outer edge of lid: Bibl. Kloner 1982:58, No. 2. Comm. 1. See Comm. 446: 1.

this.

2. The lid does not fit the chest and was not originally intended for this ossuary.

3. The unique motif in the centre apparently represents a nefesh or a tomb-facade (see Intro. § I IF). Its lower part may be compared to the Dura

449

tower tombs (see Rostovtzeff et al. 1946:143-144, 148, Pl. 24) which probably pre-date 160 CE; this ossuary can thus be dated to the mid-second century CE. It might have been carved by a person from Syria, either a Jew or, conceivably, a gentile (perhaps a Nabataean; cf. Ill. 5) who had adopted the local custom of ossilegium (for further instances of this kind, cf. Nos. 251 and 463).

446

Pl. 64

[71.426] 38 x 20 x 25 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Yellow wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; `triglyph' containing palm-trunk pattern. In each metope, an asymmetrically aligned six-petalled rosette inside a palm-trunk circle. Lid Flat. Both top and underside were used for finely incised sketches of vari-petalled rosettes and semi-circles. Bibl. Kloner 1982:57-58, No. 1. Comm. 1. Five ossuaries (Nos. 446-450) were re-

covered from a single-chambered loculi tomb in 1973. 2. For sketches on lids, see also Nos. 377 and 588; for sketches by Roman artisans, see McCann 1978:95, Fig. 110.

177

Pl. 64

[71.429] 61.5 x 28.5 x 35.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Yellow wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; `triglyph' replaced by checkerboard pattern with wash scraped from alternating squares to emphasize design; one lower-left square was chip carved. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Lid Flat. Broken. Bibl. Kloner 1982:58, No. 4. Comm. 1. See Comm. 446: 1. 2. For the scraping off of the wash, cf. Nos. 317 and 849.

450

Pl. 65 [71.430] 68.5 x 28.5 x 32.5 + 5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem.

Red wash on F, L and R. Low feet. Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frameson top and sides; 'lattice'-patterned frieze at base. 'Triglyphs' transformed into palm trees; zigzag serni-circles indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and link circles of outer rosettes to corners of frame. B `Lattice' pattern in red wash, thrice repeated. L and R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside zigzag Descr.

frame.

447 [71.427] 44 x 22 x 29 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Kloner 1982:58, No. 3. Comm. See Comm. 446:1.

Lid Vaulted. On top, `lattice' pattern in red wash, thrice repeated. Fingergrips. Bibl. Kloner 1982:58, No. 5. Comm. 1. See Comm. 446: 1.

2. In addition to human remains, this ossuary contained fragments of pottery vessels, including a cooking pot.

Catalogue

178

451 Pl. 65 [71.431] 66 x 25.5 x 33.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Yellow wash. Low feet.

Bibl. V. Sussman 1982a:46. Comm. 1. See Comm. 451:1. 2. A metope scheme seems to have been combined

with a columned-porch motif and a metope frieze of an entablature; for a similar hybrid ornamentation

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames; broadened 'triglyph' contains vertical branch of alternating carved and smooth leaves. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle;

scheme, see No. 884.

small discs between petals. Lid Flat. Bibl. V. Sussman 1982a:46. Comm. 1. The Department retained five (Nos. 451-453, 508 and 593) ossuaries recovered from a two-storey loculi tomb in 1973; four plain, unmarked ossuaries were also found. 2. V. Sussman regarded the 'triglyph' motif as unfinished. However, the effect of alternating carved and smooth leaves seems intentional and was emphasized by nicks at the tips of the smooth leaves. See also No. 501.

454

452

in 1971.

Pl. 65

3. For the hole at the base, cf. Comm. 85:3.

Pl. 66; Figs. 71, 84 [71.434] 67 x 30 x 34 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Yellow wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' containing juxtaposed semi-circles in palm-trunk border. In each metope, a seven-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles, with a small disc in centre. Lid Flat, cut-to-measure. Bibl. Rahmani 1980a:52, No. 1. Comm. Nine ossuaries (Nos. 454-459, 503, 529-530) were recovered from a single-chambered loculi tomb

[71.432] 34.5 x 17 x 18 + 4.5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. feet.

Red wash. Hole bored through base. Low

Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frames, each containing random diagonal zigzags, occasionally intersecting. R Frame similar to F containing single zigzag 'lattice' pattern. Lid Vaulted. On top, zigzag frame and 'lattice' pattern in red wash. Fingergrips. Bibl. V. Sussman 1982a:46, Pl. 13:2. Comm. 1. See Comm. 451:1. 2. For the hole in the base, cf. Comm. 85:3.

453

Pl. 66

[71.433] 51 x 24 x 30 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Yellow wash. Hole

bored through L at base. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in line frames with metope frame at top. Broadened 'triglyph' contains semi-circle flanked by quarter-circles at top and bottom. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Lid Flat, cut-to-measure. Marks On outer edge of lid and corresponding rim of chest:

455

Pl. 66; Fig. 45 [71.435] 89(93) x 31(34) x 41.5 + 12.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Inner ledge on two sides.

Cornice bearing leaf-pattern under rim on all sides. Ornam. F In line frame, ashlar-wall pattern in irregular header-and-stretcher arrangement. Near outer edges, two incised circles as preparation for rosettes superimposed on ashlar pattern. B, L and R Similar to F, ashlar-wall pattern inside frame. Lid Very narrow gable. F and B In line frame, ashlar-wall pattern with superimposed twenty-four petallecl rosettes. Left and right gables: Line frames. Mark On right gable, below inscription: `r'te Inscr. Very small. On right gable:

,5vn5 mm 5Do x5 nobody has abolished his entering, -tv5x x5i not even El'azar and Shappira Bibl. Rahmani 1980a:52, No. 2; Naveh 1980; 1992:206-207. Comm. 1. See Comm. 454.

2. The elaborate ornamentation was left unfinished;

Catalogue for similar ornamentation, cf. Nos. 34 and 353. 3. Naveh regarded this as an Aramaic epigram (unique upon a Jewish ossuary), in which n5vn5 was used in the sense of `his entering' (into the grave), which 'nobody has abolished'. This can be interpreted as paralleling ov&'Lq «OavaTo `nobody is immortal' in Classical epitaphs. Cross (1983) reads the first line as: n5vn5 v m5 mx5 `no man can go up (from the grave)', in the sense of `can lift himself from the grave'; Puech (1989:164) explains it as forbidding burial in this ossuary to anyone but the two persons mentioned. Both suggestions are refuted by Naveh (1992:207, n. 54).

Descr.

456

458

Pl. 66; Fig. 116 [71.436] 60 x 27 x 35 cm. Incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem.

Unfinished. Inner ledge on three sides. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Entablature on antae the latter with cube-capitals. Palm tree in centre, its descending branches indicated by circle segment, flanked by six-petalled rosettes; each rosette inside a line circle. L Unfinished three-petalled rosette inside a line

Lid Flat, sliding. Broken. Inscr. B Centre, under rim:

IV

i

indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots. Six-petalled rosettes flank tree, each inside a line circle.

Lid Gabled, sliding. Marks On insertion gable of lid and corresponding

(L) rim of chest: M

/ll` Bibl. Rahmani 1980a:52, No. 4. Comm. 1. See Comm. 454.

2. For the direction marks, mu-mu, see Comm. 821:2.

[71.438] 40(42) x 20(22) x 25 + 9 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem.

Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice under rim on all sides. Low feet. Lid Gabled, cut-to-measure. Broadened into stepped cornice.

Marks On one gable and corresponding rim of chest:

1-,

459

El'azar, son of Zekharya Bibl. Rahmani 1980a:52, No. 3. Comm. 1. See Comm. 454. 2. Though the ornamentation closely resembles a metope scheme, the frame is absent at the base and the antae are emphasized. It is also similar to a tomb facade with a palm tree in front of its gate. For a more elaborate example of this ornamentation, see Fig. 117 (= Milik 1956-57: Fig. 22). The artisan may have confused the present motif with a door motif, as on No. 469. 3. 7cv5m: A common name, see Comm. 13:3. 4. n'73t: A common name (see Bagatti and Milik 1958:30) which also occurs among late Second Temple period sages (Zechariah b. Evkolas and Zechariah b. Hakasav). wi7r 7:t

Ornam. F In centre, palm tree: straight lines

Bibl. Rahmani 1980a:52, No. 7. Comm. See Comm. 454.

circle.

i I D - _)_

Inner ledge on three sides.

Descr.

Descr.

1

179

t'

457 [71.437] 64 x 27 x 31 + 14 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem.

Pl. 66

Pl. 66

[71.439] 46 x 22 x 27 cm. Incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. sides.

Unfinished. Damaged. Inner ledge on three

Ornam. F Two six-petalled rosettes, each inside. concentric line circles. L and R Similar to F, encircled rosette (unfinished on R). Lid Flat, sliding. Mark On insertion edge of lid: Bibl. Rahmani 1980a:53, No. 8. Comm.

See Comm. 454.

460

Pl. 67; Fig. 67 [71.440] 42.5 x 27 x 35 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Unknown. Descr.

Inner ledge on two sides. Hole in B, near

base. Low feet. Ornam. Line frame containing angle ornaments (`metope-corner' motifs). In centre, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; segments link petal-tips. Lid Flat.

180

Catalogue

1. Purchased locally. 2. For the angle ornaments, see Intro. §11K and Comm. 43:2. 3. For the hole near the base, see Comm. 85:3; in this case, the hole may be the result of a natural flaw in the stone as on No. 600:F. Such holes were sometimes mended, e.g. Nos. 132 and 651.

from the F of the chest onto the lid confirm this erroneous positioning.

461 Pl. 67 [71.441] 54.5 x 29 x 34.5 + 14.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Zigzag frame containing irregular

Comm.

Ornam. F Three-columned porch(?) with zigzag stylobate and bead-and-reel frieze; columns overlaid with palm-trunk pattern. In each intercolumnar space, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; segments link petal-tips. Lines picked out in red.

Lid Gabled, cut-to-measure. F Two metopes in line frames. Fingergrips. Marks On left gable and corresponding rim of chest:

On B of lid, large: Inscr. F Top, widely spaced above rosettes:

462

Pl. 67 [71.663] 66 x 25 x 32.5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. El-Maghar (vicinity of Ramleh). Descr. Badly damaged, partially reconstructed. Red wash. Low feet.

`lattice' pattern, executed in zigzag lines. Comm. This ossuary was accidentally discovered in a loculi tomb in 1946/7.

463

Pl. 67; Fig. 129 [71.664] 57 x 38 x 32 + 20 cm. Relief carved. Prov. Hebron Hills(?).

Ornam. F Zigzag frame on top and sides. In centre, a tomb-altar inside a line wreath, its fillet tied below(?). Incised in freehand above the altar, a tilted piriform juglet with three short lines descending from its mouth toward the right; to left of juglet, a raised branch. Two knob-shaped cones carved in high relief flank upper part of altar representation. Near each side, a vertical pair of six-petalled rosettes, each inside a line circle. B, L and R A raised rectangle, probably representing a single ashlar.

Lid High; vaulted. Damaged. Large, triangular rtnt5s n5n ossuary of Balzama Comm. 1. Purchased locally; the suggested provenance is based on verbal communication and the style and workmanship of the ossuary. 2. n5n: Here a term for ossuary in status constructus; see No. 502 and Comm. 226:2. 3. rcnt5z: This is Naveh's reading. The name appears as BaXad.i wv (Pape and Benseler, s.v.)

and Baaaaµia (on an epitaph for a Jewish girl in the Via Portuensis catacomb in Rome; see Frey 1936: No. 309). In this period, the name was unrelated to such names as o0vs; like oinrp (No. 803), it should be considered a name of endearment. In Lev. R. 31: 10 cinnamon and balsam are referred to as plants of paradise. Balsam was also equated with 'is (cf. the name n>r,) in Gen. R. 91: 11. For names of endearment derived from aromatic plants, cf. 'A),66 Aloe (Comm. 114:2), and Saffron (Clermont-Ganneau 1891:242; 1899:406, No. 15). 4. The paired marks and correspondence of the third mark with the inscription of the chest's F, indicate that the lid was originally placed backward upon the chest; ancient, corresponding knife cuts

f ingergrips. Comm. 1. Purchased locally; the suggested

provenance is based on personal communication as well as on the style and the workmanship of the ossuary; see also Nos. 234 and 633-635. 2. The representation, seemingly a libation upon a tomb-altar, is presumably of pagan character. For ossuaries with pagan ornamentation, see Intro. §llWd; cf. Nos. 251, 635 and, possibly, 234. 3. The cones may be a misunderstood representation of the knobs used to fasten lids, see Richter 1966:75-76.

464

Pl. 68 [71.665] 69 x 33.5 x 37 cm. Painted in red wash. Prov. Hebron Hills(?). Descr. Very worn. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two wreaths(?) of alternating red and plain squares arranged in imitation of a metope pattern; each plain square contains a small red dot; similar dots encircle each wreath. In centre, a palm tree with ascending branches(?). B In a frame

Catalogue containing small circles, two six-petalled rosettes, each inside a line circle. Inscr. F Painted in black, above palm tree; two lines, the upper line mostly effaced. The second line reads:

rt-rn' i3 son of Yehuda 1. Purchased locally; the suggested provenance is based on personal communication as well as on the style and workmanship of the Comm.

ossuary.

2. One of the few painted ossuaries with a motif other than the `lattice' pattern; see also No. 764 from Jericho and No. 758; for a fragment of a similar ossuary of unknown origin, see Intro. Fig. 115. For a more skillfully executed, polychrome decoration, see No. 209, where the motifs indicate foreign influences. 3. rt-rm: Naveh read the ligature as yod-heh. This is a common name, usually spelt nnrr; see Index of Inscriptions, s.v. The personal name of the deceased cannot be deciphered.

181

provenance is based on personal communication as well as on the style, cf. Comm. 199:3. 2. For the form of the nefesh, cf. Intro. §11F and No. 231 (particularly No. 231:L, for the ornamentation issuing from the base of the pyramids). The semi-circles possibly represent the domed tombs (cf. No. 825:F and Comms. 837:3 and 843:2) constructed in the second century and first half of the third century CE (cf. Hamilton 1939; Rahmani 1964:223). For the execution of the motifs, see Comms. 199:3-4.

3. v7op: The reading `Kynoros' is corroborated by the bilingual inscription on No. 282 (see Comm. 282:3).

4. For the hole, see Comm. 365:2.

466 [71.667] 56 x 26 x 28.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

Mark On insertion edge of lid: Bibl. HA 41-42, 1972:21. Comm. The Department retained three ossuaries

465

Pl. 68

[71.666] 59 x 30 x 31 + 10 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Vicinity of Bet Govrin(?).

Very worn. Red wash. Hole bored through F, under rim. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame. Each metope is horizontally divided by a zigzag: in upper region, a zigzag semi-circle and in lower region, a six-petalled(?) rosette inside a zigzag circle. L and R Single metope in zigzag frame, divided similarly to F with a similar zigzag semi-circle in its upper region. Lower region contains a pyramid-capped, cube-shaped nefesh with further ornaments at base of pyramid; reticulate pattern overlays pyramid. Uprights of frames continue on, edges of lid. Lid Gabled. Damaged. F Two metopes. in zigzag frames, each containing a zigzag semi-circle. Fingergrips. Inscr. B Upper half, right-of-centre: Descr.

Y

N

vija Kynoros Comm. 1. Purchased locally; the suggested

(Nos. 466-468) discovered in a single-chambered loculi tomb in 1971. Thanks are due to F. Vitto, the excavator, for granting permission to publish these ossuaries.

467 [71.668] 82 x 27 X 37 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Lid Flat, sliding. Marks On insertion edge of lid and corresponding side of chest, under rim:

Bibl. HA 41-42, 1972:21. Comm.

See Comm. 466.

468

Pl. 68

[71.669] 76 x 29 x 34.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.


V

Catalogue

182

Inscr.

A. On rim of chest, under Mark:

470

P1. 69

[71.671] 66 x 26 x 32 cm. Plain.

Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Inner ledge on three sides. On all sides of chest, irregularly spaced holes 0.7 cm in diameter; bored into the walls from the outside with a downward slant. Lid Flat, sliding. Broken. Prov.

Descr.

nin Mara B. On narrow side of chest, under Inscr. A:

Mark On insertion edge of lid: Bibl. HA 41-42, 1972:21.

xrnn Martha Bibl. HA 41-42, 1972:21. Comm.

Comm.

1. See Comm. 466.

2. x-in: A contraction of win (see Comm. 67:2) attested as a Jewish name in Rome (Frey 1936: Nos. 41, 372); for both the plene and the contracted forms of a name occurring on an ossuary, cf. Comm. 9:2 and Index of Subjects, s.v. Thus, Clermont-Ganneau 1899:405, No. 12 should be amended to rc-vn and Bagatti and Milik 1958:99, No. 41 to Mapa. Cf. also Nos. 701 and 868. The name also occurs in Cyrenaica, see Luderitz 1983: No. 50d.

1. See Comm. 469: 1.

2. For possible explanations of the holes, see Intro. §5H and Comm. 85:3.

471-471bis

Pl. 69 [71.672] 53 x 33 x 27 cm. Reddish-brown clay; black core, straw temper. Badly fired. Prov. Qiryat Tiv'on. Descr. Broken; reconstructed and restored. Inner ledge on four sides. Protruding ridges reinforce all edges.

Lid Shaped as roof-tile with central strap-handle

469

Pl. 68

[71.670] 68 x 33 x 38 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Worn. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Bead-and-reel frame containing 'running-dog' frame. In centre, an arched outer gate containing a panelled, two-leaved door. Two six-petalled rosettes inside concentric line circles flank central motif; segments link petal-tips. Lid Flat. Broken. Inscr. B Under rim, right-of-centre, partially

flanked by T-shaped ridges. Bibl. HA 41-42, 1972:14; RB 79, 1972 (Chronique Archeologique) : 574-576; IEJ 24, 1974 (Notes and News) : 279.

Comm.

1. See Comm. 422: 1.

2. Fragments of a similar lid (No. 47lbis: 40 x 26 cm; see Pl. 68) were found with this ossuary. 3. For the date, see Comm. 422:1; see also Intro. §§5I, 9, Group B5b and Nos. 39, 754-756, 864 and 866.

effaced:

472

n r Hananya

Pl. 69

[71.673] 59 x 29.5 x 30 cm. Roughly dressed. Prov. Qiryat Tiv'on. Descr. Fragmentary. Low feet, diagonally carved.

Bibl. HA 41-42, 1972:21. Comm. 1. The Department retained two (Nos.

Bibl. HA 41-42, 1971:14; RB 79, 1972 (Chronique Archeologique):574-576; IEJ 24, 1974 (Notes and

469-470) of three ossuaries recovered from a doublechambered loculi tomb in 1971; the fragments of two further ossuaries were also found. Thanks are due to F. Vitto, the excavator, for granting permission to publish these ossuaries.

News) : 279.

2. n' r : For this name, see Comm. 67:2. The last letter is damaged and the remainder of the inscription has worn off. 3. For 'running-dog' frames, see Comm. 107:2. For a similar representation of a panelled door inside an

473

arched gateway, see No. 241. For such gateways in general, see Intro. 11D and No. 384.

Comm. 1. See Comm. 422: 1. 2. For crudely worked ossuaries, see Comm. 126:2.

Pl. 70; Fig. 27 [73.679] 44 x 26 x 24 + 8 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Hebron Hills(?). Descr. Red wash. Low feet. Ornam. F Zigzag frame. Spaced between three palm trees with ascending branches, two nefashot surmounted by pyramidal structures; lines rising

Catalogue from base of pyramids may represent additional ornaments. Reticulate pattern overlays nefashot. L and R Similar to F, frame containing nefesh flanked by palm trees with ascending branches. Lid Gabled. F Two metopes in zigzag frame, each containing a representation similar to F of chest, though the palm trees have both ascending and descending branches. Fingergrips. Comm. For the execution of the ornamentation and date of this ossuary as well as the geographical origin of its nefesh motifs, see Comms. 199:3-4.

474

Pl. 70

[74.1500] 62 x 30 x 37.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. feet.

183

C. Lid B, upper-half, left-of-centre, left:

'AvivaS Aninas

Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 3. Comm. 1. See Comm. 474: 1. 2. 'Avaivaq: A variant of 'AvivaS x), )n (cf. ))m on No. 570). It frequently occurs in Talmudic literature and at Bet She'arim (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 55; Avigad 1976b: 10); for the name 'Avrivc in the Dead Sea documents, see Benoit et al. 1961: No. 89:20. See also Comm. 139:5. 3. For the direction marks, yod-yod or vav-vav, see Comm. 821:2.

Unfinished. Inner ledge on three sides. Low

Ornam. F Three-columned porch with frieze of discs at top. Between columns, two rosettes, each inside a line circle: six-petalled rosette on right, three-petalled rosette on left; segments link all petaltips. The carving of only three petals of the righthand rosette was finished. Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993 : No. 2. Comm. 1. The Department retained 37 ossuaries (Nos. 474-496, 504-505, 509, 526-528, 531-534, 546, 588, 592 and 617) recovered by A. Kloner from a large, five-chambered loculi tomb (extending over two interconnected caves) in 1974; a small, broken

476

Pl. 70; Fig. 18 [74.1502] 71.5 x 29.5 x 40 + 13.5 cm. Incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two-columned porch. Small discs on capitals and cube-shaped bases of columns and on the antae. Stylobate at base. Lid Gabled. Fingergrips. Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 4. Comm. See Comm. 474:1.

ossuary and two lids (one flat and one gabled) were also found. 2. For the ornamentation scheme, cf. No. 802.

477

475

Marks On insertion edge of lid and corresponding

[74.1501] 50 x 28 x 35 + 14 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Low feet. Lid Gabled. Fingergrips.

rim of chest:

Marks On F of lid, right and F of chest: Inscr.

A. F Large. Upper-half:

'AvivaS Aninas B. Lid F, lower-half, left-of-centre:

/'eN\1 /\-\ NAC 'Ava'tvaS Anainas

[74.1503] 62.5 x 30 x 35 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Broken.

Inscr.

F Small. In ink, right-of-centre, near rim:

IN

P\

jw, I-nn) Yehudan Yason Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993:No. 5. Comm. 1. See Comm. 474: 1. 2. inn': Apparently a rare variant of y-m, a contraction of -n-nn, (for both of which, see Index of Inscriptions, s.v.); it is attested in the Dead Sea documents (Benoit et al. 1961: No. 18:12; cf. Naveh 1978:21). See also the form y-t, (Comm. 370:2).

Catalogue

184

3. y : Jason, a common name in this period; cf., e.g., Avigad 1967b: 103 and Yadin and Naveh : No.436.

4. The two names probably refer to a single person. Double names each in a different language were common in this period; see Intro. §6Fa and Index of Subjects, s.v. Inscriptions, contents: Names, double. 5. For such carefully penned inscriptions in ink, see Avigad 1967b: 109-110; see also No. 789.

478

in papyri (Preisigke, s.v.). L. De Segni suggests the reading [II oa] .xapnioc, a name which occurs in the Jewish catacombs of Rome (see Frey 1936: No. 96); there are, however, no signs that the letters IIOA ever existed.

479

Pl. 71

[74.1505] 70 x 29.5 x 33 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Low feet. Pls. 70, 71

[74.1504] 79 x 29.5 x 36 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Inner ledge on three sides.

Ornam. F In zigzag frame, ashlar wall of irregular header-and-stretcher arrangement; superimposed on centre, three rows of three eight-petalled rosettes, each row linked vertically by a zigzag strip. Ashlar pattern absent between these strips. B Similar to F, ashlar pattern inside zigzag frame; in centre, vertical zigzag strip (unfinished at top) links two slightly larger eight-petalled rosettes. The ashlar pattern is absent from the central element, except for lowest row, continued behind the strip (which is superimposed on ashlars). L In zigzag frame, single zigzag `lattice' pattern; interstices contain

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' contains a doubled palm-trunk motif. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Bib!. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 10. Comm. 1. See Comm. 474: 1.

480

Pl. 71

[74.1506] 48 x 25 x 30 cm. Incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Damaged. Inner ledge on three sides.

Ornam. F In line frames, `lattice' pattern, repeated twice.

Lid Flat, sliding. Mark On insertion edge of lid, deeply incised:

'A-

regularly-spaced eight-petalled rosettes of varying sizes. R In zigzag frames, three horizontal zigzag

Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993:Nos. 11,

lines.

30.

All rosettes are inside line circles, petals shaped as ivy leaves, pointing inward. Lid Flat, sliding. Zigzag frame; in centre, two eight-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric zigzag circles; zigzag strips link circles to each other and to top and base of frame.

Comm.

Mark On insertion edge of lid: Inscr.

B Very faint. Rim, right:

\r

Ap- FTI A 'Ixapnia Ikarpia Bib!. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993:No. 6. Comm.

See Comm. 474: 1.

481 Pl. 71 [74.1507] 51.5 x 25.5 x 31.5 cm. Incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Ancient break near rim, on insertion side of lid. Ornam. F, B, L and R Ashlar-wall pattern. Lid Flat, sliding. Fingergrip on top of outer edge. Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993:No. 12. Comm. See Comm. 474:1.

1. See Comm. 474: 1.

2. 'Ixap7ia: Though the rho is faint, this is the most likely reading. The male name Kapnoc occurs frequently in Greek literature and inscriptions (cf. Pape and Benseler, s.v.) and appears in Greek papyri from Egypt (cf. Preisigke, s.v.). The iota prefix may represent the local pronunciation of the name (cf. Ixaw&S, Comm. 348:2) or the word may stand for euxapr«a (lit. `fruitfulness'), attested as a Greek female name (Pape and Benseler, s.v.) which appears

482

Pl. 72; Fig. 100 [74.1508] 82(83.5) x 41(42.5) x 47 + 22 cm. Hard limestone. Comb dressed. Relief carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Cornice under rim on all sides.

Ornam. F Six-pillared tomb facade set on a high stylobate; moulded capitals of pillars carry entablature with moulded cornice and unfinished central acroterium. In centre, a high, narrow

Catalogue doorway with a moulded opening and lowered door step; above doorway, a pediment with bare gable. Arched niches between pillars, each with a floral ornament issuing from an eight-petalled rosette; ornaments from right to left: (a) trefoil(?) emerging from a lily chalice; (b) a 'caduceus-like' palmette emerging from a lily chalice; (c) three ivy leaves emerging from a lily chalice; (d) an unfinished ornament. B Similar to F, but tomb facade is unfinished and gabled rather than arched; niche on far-right contains disc in gable. L Tomb-entrance facade composed of a shallow arch resting on two pillars. In centre, a moulded doorway containing a panelled, two-leaved door. Above doorway, a pediment with decorated gable, unfinished except for central disc with scroll to right. Between pediment and arch, four discs. R Tomb-doorway facade with broken ('Syrian') gable resting on four pillars; in centre, a moulded doorway containing a panelled, two-leaved door. Above doorway, a pediment crowned by a central, tri-pronged floral ornament. Lid Vaulted, base broadened into cornice (86 x 45.5 cm). At centre of apex, a six-petalled rosette carved into raised disc. Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1984b; 1993: No. 14. Comm. 1. See Comm. 474: 1.

2. Each side represents a tomb facade. For F and B, cf. the highly stylized representations on Nos. 175 and 346; these tomb facades resemble those at Petra (e.g. Brunnow and Domaszewski 1904:168-169, Figs. 192-193). For the facades carved on L and R, cf. Bruntiow and Domaszewski 1904:158, Fig. 179; 170, Fig. 194. Similar tomb facades occur in Jerusalem, e.g. Avigad 1950-51:99, Fig. 4. The acroterium on L is situated where a Petra tomb displays an eagle (cf. Brunnow and Domaszewski 1904:170, Fig. 194), apparently replaced on this ossuary by a floral element. Floral ornaments also seem to have replaced the human and animal representations on the Petra facades (e.g. the Khazneh; cf. Brunnow and Domaszewski 1904: frontispiece); for the replacement of the human form, albeit simplified, see Nos. 175 and 209. For the peculiar palmette F, b, see Comm.

185

483

Pl. 72

[74.1509] 60 x 27 x 34 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside concentric zigzag circles. Small discs between petals and in corners of metopes. Inscr. L Upper half, right; traces indicate it was picked-out in red:

IV -m5x El'azar Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 17. Comm. 1. See Comm. 474: 1. 2. ev5x: For this name, see Comm. 13:3.

484

Pl. 72

[74.1510) 59 x 26 x 33.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, doubled at top; doubled palm-trunks at sides. `Triglyph' replaced by palm tree; two leaves indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots; central branch replaced by lily(?) incised in freehand. In each metope, sixpetalled rosette inside line circle. Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 19. Comm.

See Comm. 474:1.

485

Pl. 72

[74.1511] 55.5 x 24 x 30.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Worn surface. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame. `Triglyph' replaced by palm tree with single upright branch; triangles indicate roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Vertical lines delimit foot of tree and link circles to base of frame. Lid Flat.

282:7.

Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993:No. 20.

The apparent Nabataean influence on this ossuary may have originated in Jerusalem tomb facades or, more directly, through members of the family clan using this tomb. Indeed, this tomb group included an individual called Phasael who was possibly of Nabataean origin (cf. Comm. 490:2); see also

Comm.

Comm. 251:2.

1. See Comm. 474: 1.

2. For the palm-tree motif, see Comm. 146:2.

486 [74.1512] 52.5 x 26.5 x 28.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem.

Pl. 72

Catalogue

186 Descr.

Low feet.

B. R Large. Upper half, centre:

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. `Triglyph' replaced by palm tree with ascending branches inside a zigzag semi-circle; square indicates foot of tree. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 21. Comm. 1. See Comm. 474: 1.

2. The rendering of the tree's foot is unusual, though it slightly resembles that of the plant on No. 428. Both may have been based on the type of nefashot represented on No. 601 and in the Jericho wall paintings (see Ill. 19). 3. In addition to the remains of one adult and two children, this ossuary contained the jawbone of a young pig or wild boar; for animal bones found in ossuaries, see Comms. 200:4 and 228:2.

'JJ

I-i

ltvnw pin-wn Hananya, son of Shim'on Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 25. Comm. 1. See Comm. 474: 1. 2. mmm: For the name, cf. Comm. 67:2. 3. iwnv : A common name, see Index of Inscriptions, s. v.

489

Pl. 73

[74.1515] 75 x 28.5 x 35 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Low feet.

Ornam. F and B Ashlar pattern with a zigzag and an empty frieze at top. L and R Similar to F and B; with a large, superimposed six-petalled rosette inside

Ornam. F Two metopes in 'bead-and-reel' frames composed of alternating discs and darts. Broadened `triglyph' contains a highly stylized representation of a panelled two-leaved door(?), overlaid by discs. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; small discs in centre and between petals of rosettes. In each outer corner of the metopes, three similar discs; one in each inner corner. Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 26.

a zigzag circle.

Comm.

Lid Gabled, sliding. F and B Two zigzag semicircles descending from apex. Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 24. Comm. See Comm. 474:1.

2. For this variant of the bead-and-reel pattern, cf.

487 Pl. 73 [74.1513] 60 x 24 x 32 + 6 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

1. See Comm. 474: 1.

No. 315.

3. For the central motif, cf. No. 623.

490 488 [74.1514] 63(64) x 27(28) x 31.5 + 16 cm. Plain. Roughly carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem.

Inner ledge on four sides. Cornice under rim on all sides. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips.

Pl. 73 [74.1516] 168(171) x 48(51) x 54 + 38 cm. Chip and relief carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr.

Cornice with fluted frieze under rim on all

Descr.

sides. Low feet.

Marks On apex of lid:

Ornam. F Zigzag frame, absent at top; sides of frame continued onto feet. Central row of seven horizontal, somewhat irregularly spaced, sixteen-

On right gable of lid and corresponding cornice of

(some fifteen- or seventeen-) petalled rosettes. B Similar to F, but lacking zigzag frame. L and

chest:/

R Frame similar to F. In centre, a grooved ring carved in high relief and containing an eightpetalled rosette; petals shaped as inward-pointing

Inscr. A. F Large. Right-of-centre:

ivy leaves.

mmn Hananya

Lid Gabled; deep wedge on length of apex. F and B Zigzag frame with ashlar patterned frieze at base. Central row of five horizontal rosettes, similar to those on F and B of chest and flanked by rings and rosettes similar to those on L and R of chest. Left

Catalogue and right gables: Large eight-petalled rosette in zigzag circle above large fingergrip. Inscr. Lid F, in space between rosettes and ashlar frieze:

A. In centre, deeply carved:

,q cAHAoY of Phasael B. To right of Inscr. A; finely incised, mostly in doubled lines:

KA HT

r

N

C AL

xai Eup.yeveiac and of Iphigenia C. To left of Inscr. A; finely incised, partially in doubled lines:

4)A0\HAQYY1i IaaaAXou uto6 of Phasael, his son Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 27. 1. See Comm. 474: 1. 2. (DaaarJXo;: Although well known from Herod's family (see Schalit 1964, s.v.), this is the first local Comm.

occurrence of the name on a Jewish inscription. The name is found in a number of Palmyrene, Safaitic and, especially, Nabataean inscriptions from the first and second centuries CE in both masculine (as here) and female forms (e.g. Clermont-Ganneau 1898:370-379; Littmann 1904:59-62; Abel 1938b; and Khairy 1981:22-23). The name may indicate that the deceased was a Palmyrene or a Nabataean (see also Comm. 482:2) who perhaps married into this Jewish family. 3. Etcptye'vem: A variant of 'Ipiye'vem which does not occur in early epigraphy, except for a possible reading in a second century CE inscription at Ephesus, cf. SEG 29 (1979) : No. 1118. Agamemnon's daughter Iphigenia was identified in Greek mythology with the goddesses Artemis and Hecate (Herodotus 4:103; Pausanias 1:43, 1; 2:35, 1; 7:26, 5). Moreover, a cult image of Artemis-Iphigenia was supposed to have been brought from Chersonesus to Laodicea, Syria, where it still stood in the mid-second century CE (Pausanias 3:16, 8). Even though Greek names are frequent among the Jews of Jerusalem, the use of so ill-omened a

name with strong pagan connotations is unique and remarkable. Possibly the pagan context was unknown or not considered and the name was used in its literal meaning of 'strong born, mighty'. 4. The names of the wife and son seem to have been

187

incised by the same hand, perhaps indicating that they died at the same time and that their remains were interred together in this ossuary. 5. For examples of a father and son bearing the same name, see Comm. 73:3; King Herod's brother, Phasael (d. 40 BCE), had a son named Phasael (Schalit 1964, Genealogical Table). 6. Though the chest is possibly long enough to contain the primary burials of all those mentioned in the inscriptions, its other dimensions are inadequate; probably only Phasael's body was placed in this receptacle while the bones of his wife and son were added at a later date (for this practice, cf. Sem. 13:8 and Avigad 1971:193.) The size of the ossuary is remarkable though not unique, cf. Nos. 666 and 668; the elaborate ornamentation is also noteworthy, although cf. No. 668. 7. In style, this ossuary is very similar to one from 'Dominus Flevit' (Bagatti and Milik 1958: Pl. 19:44-45).

8. The rings on the lid seem to derive from representations of knocker or handle rings lacking indications of attachments; see Intro. §11T. 9. In the photographs, the lid is incorrectly positioned so that its F appears with the B of the chest.

491 [74.1517] 45(46) x 16(17) x 20 + 7 cm. Plain. Pron. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Very worn. Broken, partially reconstructed.

Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice under rim on all sides.

Lid Gabled, cut-to-measure. Fingergrips. Marks On one gable and corresponding rim of chest:

Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 28. Comm. See Comm. 474:1.

492

Pl. 74

[74.1518] 44.5 x 21.5 x 23 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem.

Ornam. F In doubled zigzag frame, two sixpetalled rosettes, each inside a line circle. Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 31. Comm. See Comm. 474:1.

Catalogue

188

Pl. 74

493 [74.1519] 50 x 26 x 29 cm. Plain.

Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Carved on all sides. Low feet. Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 32. Comm. 1. See Comm. 474: 1. 2. The carvings may be rudimentary ornamentation. Prov.

Descr.

494

Pl. 74 [74.1520] 42.5 x 22.5 x 24 cm. Incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Worn. Broken and restored. Inner ledge on three sides.

Ornam. Palm branches incised on rim, with the exception of the side corresponding to insertion edge of lid. F Four horizontal palm branches. B Seven vertical palm branches. L Two crossed palm branches forming `lattice'. R 'Lattice' similar to L; in upper, central triangle, a wedge-shaped motif. Lid Flat, sliding. On top, a palm tree vertically crossed at centre by a palm branch. Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 33. Comm. 1. See Comm. 474: 1. 2. The ornamentation is similar in some of its motifs and execution to Nos. 210 and 695. The motif on the lid and the wedge-shaped motif on R might have been intended as large direction marks (cf. Comm. 725:3).

497

Pl. 75

.[74.1523] 68 x 27 x 31.5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Red wash. Small hole bored into F, lower-

centre mars ornamentation. Low feet, one broken. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. `Triglyph' transformed into palm tree; zigzag semi-circles indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots (mostly erased). In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric zigzag circles; zigzags overlay petals and trunk of tree. R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame. Lid Flat. Broken. Inscr. F Large. Between rosettes, carved over decoration:

N MARION Marion Comm. 1. Purchased locally. 2. Marion: A name used by Jews in Egypt from the late-third to early-second centuries BCE (see CPJ 40:47) until the-end of the first century BCE (CPJ: 1498). Always a female name, it was considered a Greek form (MapLov) of o>1n. The name is unlikely to represent the male name Mapiwv (Josephus AJ 14:297, 298; BJ 1:238, 239; common also in Egypt, see Preisigke, s.v.) or the comparatively late jr7n, found in Talmudic literature of the early-fourth century CE (e.g. TJ Suk. 53a).

495 [74.1521] 29.5 x 18 x 17 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem.

Inner edge on three sides. On one narrow side, break near rim. Lid Flat, sliding. Fingergrip on outer edge. Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 37. Comm. See Comm. 474:1. Descr.

496

Pl. 74

[74.1522] 37 x 19.5 x 22 cm. Incised Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem.

Broken, partially restored. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet. Descr.

Ornam. F Two six-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles. Lid Flat, sliding. Fragmentary. Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993 : No. 39. Comm.

See Comm. 474:1.

Since Latin script was rarely used in this region, this inscription may be evidence of Jews from Rome living in Jerusalem and adopting local burial customs; see also Comm. 202:3.

498 [74.1524] 53.5 x 25.5 x 30 cm. Plain. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Low feet. Lid Flat. Inscr. F Upper half, slightly right-of-centre:

to 'Iouaia Tpwl;aXXi Julia Grasshopper Comm. 1. Purchased locally. 2. 'Iou?ioc: A transliteration of the Latin name `Julia', unrecorded locally, although common among Jews abroad, especially in Italy (cf. Frey

Pl. 75

Catalogue

189

Inscr. R Top-left, badly damaged:

1936:Index, s.v.).

The literal meaning is `grasshopper' (see Liddel, Scott and Jones, s.v.). Though it seems a. strange nickname, in Hebrew (naan) it accompanies a depiction of a grasshopper on an ancient seal (cf. Avigad 1966:50-53) and was used as a family name (-mnn >>a mn )xi) in the early Second Temple period (cf. Ezra 2:45, 46; Neh. 7:48). For insect names used as nicknames and family names, see Goitein 1970:524. The name either refers specifically to Julia, due to a personal trait, or may indicate that she belonged to the Hagav, or IIagava family. 3.

iwnw n of 1 [ ]m, son of Shim'on Bibl. HA 50, 1974:14; Kloner 1980a:176-177. Comm. 1. See Comm. 499. 2. lwnv : A very common name, cf. Index of Inscriptions, s.v. 3. For similarly executed leaves, see No. 451.

502

499

Pl. 75

[74.1525] 57 x 25 x 32.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Givàt Mordekhai, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Bead-and-reel frame containing two six-petalled rosettes, each with a dot in centre and inside a zigzag circle. Bibl. HA 50, 1974:14; Kloner 1980a:176-177.

Comm. The Department retained three (Nos. 499-501) of four ossuaries recovered from a singlechambered loculi tomb in 1974. Thanks are due to A. Kloner, the excavator, for granting permission to publish these ossuaries.

Pl. 76

[74.1528] 58.5 x 27.5 x 31 cm. Incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. `Triglyph' transformed into palm tree by means of small circles incised in freehand to indicate scales on trunk; many spreading and ascending branches, curled at tips, issue from trunk. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; left-hand circles contain small circles, right-hand circles contain zigzag. L Twelve-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. R `Lattice' pattern. Inscr. F Upper-right corner, under frame: 11"4, V- F7 1..V

500

017 C) M I /(/

Pl. 75

[74.1526] 64 x 28 x 36.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Givàt Mordekhai, Jerusalem.

Damaged; partially reconstructed and restored. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, doubled at top; `triglyph' broadened and bare. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Bibl. HA 50, 1974:14; Kloner 1980a:176-177. Comm. See Comm. 499. Descr.

>>vnw n- o'o mn5n the ossuary (of) Maryam, daughter of Shim'on Comm. 1. Purchased locally. 2. rtn5n: For n5n, here in status emphaticus, cf. Fitzmyer 1959; see also, Comm. 226:3. 3. orin: For the name, cf. No. 31:2. 4. jtvov : A very common name, cf. Index of Inscriptions, s.v.

Pl. 75 501 [74.1527] 69 x 29.5 x 34.5 cm. Chip carved and

503

incised. Prov. Giv'at Mordekhai, Jerusalem. Descr. Badly damaged; partially reconstructed.

[74.1529] 58 x 27 x 32 + 12 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Lid Gabled. Fingergrips.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag

Marks On F of lid and corresponding side of chest, under rim:

frames; broadened `triglyph' flanked by zigzags and

containing an upright branch with alternating carved and smooth leaves, each with superimposed tendrils incised in freehand. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle.

Bibl. Rahmani 1980a:52, No. 5. Comm. See Comm. 454.

Catalogue

190

504

509

[74.1530] 61.5 x 26 x 31.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

[74.1535] 54.5 x 23 x 29 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.


Marks On insertion edge of lid and corresponding narrow rim of chest:

Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 42. Comm. See Comm. 474:1.

Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993:No. 8. Comm. See Comm. 474:1. 505 [74.1531] 67 x 28 x 31.5 cm. Plain.

Prov.

510

Descr.

[74.1536] 69.5 x 29.5 x 37.5 + 14 cm. Plain. Prov. Valley of the Cross, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Gabled.

Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

Mark On insertion edge of lid: Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 40. Comm. See Comm. 474:1.

Marks On F of lid and chest, under rim: Bibl. HA 30, 1969:22. Comm. In 1968, three plain ossuaries (Nos. 510,

506 [74.1532] 75(77)x31(33)x41 + 14 cm. Plain. Prov. Ramat Eshkol, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Cornice under rim

on all sides. Lid Gabled. Fingergrips.

539-540) were recovered from a three-chambered loculi tomb on Ben-Zvi Blvd., looted in antiquity. Thanks are due to S. Gudovitch, the excavator, for granting permission to publish these ossuaries.

Marks On one gable and corresponding cornice of chest:

Comm. One of two plain ossuaries recovered from a tomb; no further details are available.

511 [74.1537] 60.5 x 30 x 34.5 + 13.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Lid Gabled. Fingergrips.

Pl. 76

Marks On F of lid and chest, under rim: 507 [74.1533] 35.5 x 23 x 23 cm. Plain Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Lid Flat, sliding. Mark On insertion edge of lid:

Bibl.

Bahat 1982a:36.

Comm. See Comm. 363.

512

Bibl. Kloner 1975; 1980a:185-190; 1980b:198 D. Comm. See Comm. 409:1.

[74.1538] 57.5 x 27 x 32 + 11 cm. Plain. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Lid Gabled, sliding. Slightly overhanging.

508

Mark On insertion gable:

[74.1534] 46 x 25 x 28.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Bibl.

Lid Flat, sliding. Fragmentary. Marks On insertion edge of lid and corresponding narrow side of chest: Bibl. V. Sussman 1982a:46. Comm. See Comm. 451:1.

X

Comm.

513

Bahat 1982a:36

See Comm. 363.

Pl. 76 [74.1539] 62 x 24 x 31 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Catalogue Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, doubled at sides; broadened `triglyph' contains plant with ivy leaf at top and tiny nicks at base; 22 tendrils incised in freehand issue from stem. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Bibl. Avigad 1971:195, No. 10. Comm. 1. Fourteen ossuaries, two lids and two hard limestone sarcophagi were discovered in 1967 in the `Tomb of the Nazir', a four-chambered, rockcut tomb with an ashlar-constructed facade. The Department retained eight ossuaries (including one of hard limestone) and one lid (Nos. 513-521). 2. For the plant motif, cf. Comm. 45:3.

191

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, absent at base. `Triglyph' replaced by a wide, fluted column set on three steps. Echinus of Ionic capital contains a meander above metope motif; volutes attached to edges of echinus. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. An ivy leaf incised in freehand (as are details of capitals) issues from each of the upper, outer corners. Lid Vaulted. Bibl. Avigad 1971:194, No. 5. Comm. 1. See Comm. 513.

2. The ìllegible graffito' on F top-right mentioned by Avigad seems to be accidental scratches. 3. For the column and most details of the capitals, cf. Nos. 78, 344 and 746; see also Comm. 262:4.

514 [74.1540] 40 x 22 x 22 cm. Plain.

518

Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Avigad 1971:194, No. 3. Comm. See Comm. 513.

515

Pl. 77

[74.1544] 62 x 29 x 40 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, doubled at top and base; in each, a twelve-petalled rosette Pl. 76

[74.1541] 49 x 25 x 31 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem.

Damaged and partially reconstructed. Red wash. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames; in each, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Bibl. Avigad 1971:195, No. 11.

inside a zigzag circle. Bibl. Avigad 1971:194, No. 6. Comm. See Comm. 513.

Descr.

Comm.

See Comm. 513.

Pl. 76 [74.1542] 60(61) X 23(24.5) x 33 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Cornice on F, L

519 [74.1545] 61 x 27 x 32 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Bibl. Avigad 1971:194, No. 4. Comm. See Comm. 513.

516

and R. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame, absent at top and base. In each metope,, a whirl rosette with a

520

Pl. 77

[74.1546] 54 x 25 x 29 + 10 cm. Chip carved.

Prov.

Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Yellow wash. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle.

central disc. Bibl. Avigad 1971:195, No. 12. Comm. 1. See Comm. 513.

Lid Vaulted. Inscr. Lid Top, lengthwise:

2. The ornamentation scheme may be a clumsily rendered 'columned-porch' motif.

517 [74.1543] 69 x 26 x 34 + 10 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Pl. 77

'nvx -13 iwnv ia'nvx Ashuni, son of Shim'on, son of Ashuni Bibl. Avigad 1971:195, No. 16. Comm. 1. See Comm. 513.

2. nvx: Avigad suggested that this name derived

Catalogue

192

either from lip-w `pupil of the eye', or from len `steadfast', comparing it with the Talmudic p'WN and jx1,vrt.

3. For the mention of grandparents, see Comm.

frieze at base; `triglyph' replaced by door(?) motif. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric zigzag circles; zigzags overlay petals. Comm. See Comm. 523:1.

57:3.

525 521

P1. 77

[74.1547] 71 x 22 cm. Incised.

Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Lid only. Lid Flat. Broken and reconstructed. In zigzag frame, two six-petalled rosettes each inside concentric line circles. Fingergrip. Bibl. Avigad 1971:195, No. 13. Comm. See Comm. 513.

522

Pl. 77

[74.1548] 60 x - x 29 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Fragment of F only, partially reconstructed and restored. Ornam. Four metopes in zigzag frames; frieze of semi-circles at top and base. 'Triglyphs' transformed into palm trees; zigzag lines indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots. In each metope, a sixpetalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; segments link petal-tips. Comm. 1. Formerly in the collections of the Bezalel National Art Museum, Jerusalem; see Comm. 129:1.

2. For a similar ornamental scheme, though the 'triglyphs' are absent and the trees more abstract, see No. 396.

523

Pl. 78

[74.1551147 x - x 30 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Hebron Hills. Descr. Fragment of F, partially reconstructed. Traces of red wash.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; between petals and in corners of metopes, eight-petalled rosettes, finely-incised in freehand. Comm. 1. Chance find. 2. For the execution of the eight-petalled rosettes, cf. Nos. 239 and 383; for their perfect execution, cf. No. 350.

526 [75.600] 36 x 22 x 23 cm. Plain.

Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet. Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 35. Comm. See Comm. 474:1. Prov.

527 [75.601] 36 x 20 x 25 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Damaged. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet.

Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 22. Comm. See Comm. 474:1. Pl. 77

[74.1549] 13 x 13 cm. Deeply incised. Prov. Vicinity of H. Midras (Kh. Durusiye).

528

Fragment, probably of F. Ornam. Triangular pattern, probably part of a 'lattice' pattern. Comm. 1. Nos. 523-524 were surface finds. In 1976, A. Kloner recovered similar ossuary fragments and plain, hard limestone ossuaries from a late-first to early-second century CE tomb nearby; cf. Kloner 1977:251-252;1978:118. 2. For a complete example of this pattern, cf. No.

Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Damaged, partially reconstructed. Inner ledge on two sides. Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 13.

[75.602] 58 x 28 x 36.5 cm. Plain.

Descr.

759.


529 [75.603] 65 x 27 x 33 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Lid Flat, sliding. Fingergrip on top of insertion

524

Pl. 77

[74.1550] 42 + x - x 35 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Vicinity of H. Midras (Kh. Durusiye). Descr. Fragment of F. Red wash. Low feet. Ornam. Two metopes in zigzag frames, metope

edge. Bibl. Rahmani 1980a:52, No. 6.


Catalogue

193

530

Lid Flat, sliding.

[75.604] 53 x 24 x 29 cm. Plain.

Bibl.

Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Rahmani 1980a:53, No. 9. Comm. See Comm. 454.

Comm.

Prov.

Kloner 1980a:204-207.

See Comm. 535.

Descr.

531 [75.606] 63 x 32 x 35 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken. Inner ledge on three sides. Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 15. Comm. See Comm. 474:1.

532 [75.607] 69 x 30.5 x 33.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 16. Comm. See Comm. 474:1.

537 [75.612] 43 x 29 x 23 cm. Plain.

Prov. Newe Ya'aqov, Jerusalem. Descr. Ba dl y worn. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

Bibl. HA 45, 1973:25. Comm. See Comm. 443.

538 [75.613] 56.5 x 35 x 31 cm. Plain. Prov. Newe Ya'aqov, Jerusalem. Descr. One corner missing. Lid Flat.

Bibl. HA 45, 1973:25. Comm. See Comm. 443. 539 [75.614] 53 x 23 x 27 cm. Plain.

Valley of the Cross, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Red wash on exterior and interior. Lid Flat, sliding. Fingergrip on top of outer edge. Bibl. 1IA 30, 1969:22. Comm. See Comm. 510. Prov.

533 [75.608] 60 x 29.5 x 36 + 10 cm. Plain.

Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Lid Vaulted. Broken. Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 18. Comm. See Comm. 474:1. Prov.

540 534 [75.609] 72 x 30 x 35 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Desc. Inner ledge on three sides.

Lid Flat, sliding. Fingergrip on top of one edge. Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 7. Comm. See Comm. 474:1.

[75.615] 67 x 25 x 30 cm. Plain. Prov. Valley of the Cross, Jerusalem. Descr. Red wash. Lid Flat.

Bibl. HA 30, 1969:22. Comm.

See Comm. 510.

541

535 [75.610] 70 x 28 x 34 + 12 cm. Plain.

French Hill, Jerusalem. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet. Lid Vaulted, cut-to-measure. Prov.

Descr.

Bibl.

Kloner 1980a:204-207.

[75.616] 56 x 26 x 34 cm. Plain. Prov. Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Kloner 1975; 1980a:185-190; 1980b:198 K. Comm. See Comm. 409:1.

Comm. Three ossuaries (Nos. 535-536, 598) were recovered in 1975. Thanks are due to A. Kloner, the excavator, for granting permission to publish these

542

ossuaries.

Prov.

[75.617] 65 x 25 x 34 cm. Plain.

Giv'at Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Descr.

536 [75.611] 68 x 31 x 36.5 cm. Plain.

Prov. Descr.

French Hill, Jerusalem. Inner ledge on three sides.

Bibl. Kloner 1975; 1980a:185-190; 1980b:198 L. Comm. See Comm. 409:1.

194

Catalogue

543

Lid Flat, sliding.

[75.621] 61 x 29.5 x 37.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Bibl. Bahat 1982a:39. Comm. See Comm. 403:1.

Lid Flat, sliding. Fingergrip on top of outer edge. Bibl. HA 40, 1971:20.

550

Comm. See Comm. 386:1. 544

[75.625] 67 x 24 x 33 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Tzaferis 1982:49. Comm. See Comm. 319:1.

[75.635] 80 x 31 x 35 cm. Plain. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Bibl. A. Mazar 1982:43. Comm. See Comm. 354:1. 551

[75.637] 60 x 27 x 35 cm. Plain.

Prov. Givàt Hamivtar, Jerusalem. Descr Badly damaged. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet.

545

Lid Flat, sliding. Fingergrip on top of narrow side.

[75.626] 57 x 26 x 30 cm. Plain.

Bibl. Kloner 1975; 1980a:185-190; 1980b:198 F. Comm. See Comm. 409:1.

French Hill, Jerusalem. Lid Flat. Prov.

Bibl. HA 38, 1971:18-19. Comm. See Comm. 357.

546 [75.627] 60 x 30 x 30 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. 11A 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 42. Comm. See Comm. 474:1.

547 [75.629] 79.5 x 28 x 35 cm. Plain. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet. Bibl. Kloner 1980a:190. Comm. Three ossuaries (Nos. 547, 590, 620) were recovered from a single-chambered loculi tomb in 1973. Thanks are due to A. Kloner, the excavator,

552

P1.78

[75.650] 58.5 x 28.5 x 33.5 + 10 cm. Roughly dressed. Finely incised. Prov. El-Jib(?). Descr. Roughly dressed. Red wash. One incised

line running along all sides of rim. Low feet. Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frames with frieze of interlaced semi-circles at top; `triglyphs' transformed into palm trees with ascending branches of zigzag semi-circles, mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals. Zigzag trefoils link circles of outer metopes to frames. R Similar to F, rosette inside circle similarly linked to frame. Lid Gabled. Broken and reconstructed. Fingergrips. Inscr. B Large. Top, right-of-centre:

for granting permission to publish these ossuaries.

548 [75.631] 64 x 29 x 36 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Lid Flat. Broken. Bibl. Tzaferis 1982:49. Comm. See Comm. 319:1.

549 [75.633] 104 x 31 x 38.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Givàt Hamivtar, Jerusalem.

Descr.. Inner ledge on three sides.

EaAWva xa'rav/a Mapa aiµvj Little Salona Maraiame Comm. 1. Purchased with No. 557 in Jerusalem; the suggested provenance is based on verbal information. 2. E aXw' v a: For the name, cf. lt5w, Comm. 27:2. 3. Kxrava: A Greek transliteration of njup `little (one)', analogous to v>» (Comm. 421:3). See also Ivpn n-nm (B. Mazar,1973b:200, No. 36); Kup& Mi.xx (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 165); 'Ioxr 6 O.LxxdS and Do tvtxa µixp& (Schwabe and

Catalogue Lifshitz 1974: Nos. 28, 198; Lifshitz 1961b:117-118).

Cf. also the Greek transcription 'M6a i;r)pa for pns' rcvvr Ìsaac the little' (B. Mazar 1957:162, 198). Since this ossuary contained the remains of an adult, the word `little' may have been a term of endearment

or a nickname, perhaps alluding to the physique of the deceased; it is unlikely that it is in place of vec - pa `the younger' (Frey 1952:1274). A similary transliterated nickname appears on an unpublished ossuary in the Ecole Biblique, Jerusalem: E xXw 'Salo the round' (cf. nyr-ip -)z, Yadin and Naveh 1989: No. 408; Naveh 1992:45). For other Greek transliterations of Hebrew words in ossuary inscriptions, see Intro. §6E and n. 16; see also Comm. 559:9. 4. Mapouc n : One of the many variants of the name Mariame (Maryam, Maria), see Comm. 108:3. It is apparently a second name for Salona (for double names, see Index of Subjects, s.v. Inscriptions, contents: Names, double); the names Salo and Maria occur together on another ossuary (Sukenik 1945:29).

553

195

dates no later than the early-second century CE. See also Comm. 553:2. Pl. 79 [75.653] 66 x 29 x 31 cm. Plain. Incised in freehand. Prov. Hebron Hills or southwestern foothills(?). Descr. Irregularly cut. Low feet, diagonally cut. 555

Ornam. F Tilting slightly toward right, depiction of an aedicula-shaped structure, with an onionshaped dome, containing a similar, smaller representation; an ornament surmounts each dome. Both structures show double lines overlaid with a `lattice' pattern.

Pl. 78

[75.651] 39 x 22 x 23 + 6 cm. Plain. Prov. Hebron Hills or southwestern foothills(?). Descr. Irregularly cut. Low feet, diagonally cut. Lid Gabled. Broken and partially reconstructed.

B Incised depiction of structure(?) or featureless human figure(?); to its left an object with handles(?) or wings(?).

Central ridge (6 cm high) and crude acroteria in corners. Comm. 1. Four ossuaries (Nos. 553-556),

probably originating from the same site, were purchased in Jerusalem; they are similar in material, workmanship and the form of their feet. 2. For similar crudely shaped ossuaries and lids, see Nos. 683-686 from H. Tilla (Lahav) and No. 861, which, like this ossuary, date to the third century CE. If these ossuaries constitute a single tombgroup, it must also include Nos. 554 and 556 with sliding lids, indicating that the tomb from which they originated may have been in use from the earlysecond century CE onward. Two similarly shaped ossuaries, Nos. 145 and 422, are from the north of the country and of later date.

R Upper half, right-of-centre: Incised representation similar to F; dome contains monogram(?).

554

Pl. 78 [75.652] 61 x 30 x 39 cm. Plain. Prov. Hebron Hills or southwestern foothills(?). Descr. Irregularly cut. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet, diagonally cut. Lid Flat, sliding. Fingergrip above narrow edge. Comm. 1. See Comm. 553: 1. 2. Very similar in form to Nos. 145, 422 and 556; it

Lid Flat. Damaged. Comm.

1. See Comm. 553: 1.

2. A near parallel to the representations on F and

196

Catalogue

R is incised on a wall at Dura Europos, dating from the first half of the third century CE (see Ill. 17-Rostovtzeff et al. 1952:66, Pl. 14:1). In our case, these structures might be considered to stand at or near a tomb or nefesh (though absent here), perhaps like the booths (m:nv) mentioned as being erected near a nefesh in the mid-second century CE (M. Oho. 7: 1). Another possibility is that the structure represents a nefesh open at both sides (cf. Tos. Er. 6:5 [Zuck. 144:25] ); if so, they may represent two similar structures, the smaller one behind the larger and viewed through its openings (this may also occur on No. 730, see Comm. 730:3; for rudimentary perspective, cf. Nos. 185, 241 and 384). 3a. The incisions on B are unique and enigmatic. No lines link the two representations, though both seem to have been incised by the same hand (probably by the artisan who incised the depictions on F and R). 3b. The larger representation on B is unlikely to represent a nefesh since there is no evidence of a contemporaneous tomb-structure, monument, or tower with a similar peaked top or 'lattice'-patterned triangles on the upper part. It may represent a human figure, although it differs from even the schematic, rectangular representations of humans found at Bet She'arim which depict some facial details and extended arms (see B. Mazar 1973b : 61, 162, 172, Fig. 14, Pls. 8:3, 26:2-3) or, in some cases, even winged (see B. Mazar 1973b : 80-82, Fig. 9 and 163, Pl. 26:4). These are probably depictions of the deceased and his `soul'. 3c. If the present representation is a human figure, it is probably of the deceased. An outer garment covers his shoulders and peaked cap or hairdo as in a depiction on a Palmyrene tomb relief at Erlangen, dated to the early-second century CE (see Parlasca 1976:33-35, Pl. 2). A vest-like outer garment reaching to the knees and worn over the tunic is occasionally represented in Palmyra in this period (Seyrig 1937:22, Fig. 13). Threads of a similar, gold-embroidered, outer garment were discovered in a Jerusalem tomb (Gath and Rahmani 1977:212-214; this has been dated to the early-third century CE, and was probably brought from the Palmyra or Dura Europos region). The garment seems to have been drawn over the head and face, and thus, unlike those depicted on Palmyrene reliefs, did not reach to the knees. In the representation here, the hands are covered by the garment, which must have been stretched tightly over the shoulders, roughly in the fashion shown in two of the Dura Europos synagogue paintings

(Kraeling 1956: Pls. 66, 78). This, then, is not a depiction of the deceased in an attitude of prayer (cf. Kraeling 1956:166f, 238), but rather shrouded and girded, as referred to in Sem. 12: 10 (Zlotnick 1966:82), and with his face covered (cf. TB MK 27a). 4. The smaller object on B resembles a lyre or a handled vessel. In either case, it is enigmatic, differing from the representation at Bet She'arim in which the soul of the deceased is perhaps depicted as a winged, highly abstract figure (B. Mazar 1973b:61, 162, Pl. 26:4). 5. The representations on this ossuary date from approximately the second century CE and may indicate the origin of the deceased as Palmyra or Dura Europos (cf. Nos. 254 and 579). The structures on the F and R are most likely funerary and the very abstract representation on B may be of the deceased and an unidentified object, possibly a lyre or jar.

556

Pl. 79 [75.654] 44.5 x 23 x 31 + 6 cm. Plain. Prov. Hebron Hills or southwestern foothills(?). Descr. Irregularly cut. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet.

Lid Vaulted. Fingergrip on top of one narrow side. Comm.

See Comm. 553:2.

557

Pl. 79

[75.655] 49 x 21 x 22 + 3 cm. Finely incised. Prov. El-Jib(?). Descr. Fragmentary; partially reconstructed.

Ornam. F Three metopes in line frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Lines link circles to corners of frames. Lid Vaulted; broken.

Incr.

(son) of Haddu (Haddan?) Comm. 1. See Comm. 552: 1. 2. The name is difficult to read. yin `Horon' is unlikely, since the resh of the first word differs from the middle letter (a daleth) of the second word. The last letter of the name looks like a vav, but may be a nun. In either case, the element Tn `sharp, keen' is paralleled in Safaitic, Palmyrene and pre-Islamic Arabic names, and also appears in Greek as A88oq. See also, yrn (Littmann 1943:314a); HD' (Stark 1971, s.v.); IID (Lancaster-Harding 1971, s.v.). For the final vav in such names, similar to Nabataean (?ytn) rrn -

Catalogue and Palmyrene names from this period, see Milik 1971:82 to lines 10 and 26.

Pl. 80

558

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames; `triglyph' contains 'palm-trunk' motif. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Bibl. Kloner 1980a:193-195. Conn. Seven ossuaries (Nos. 558-564) were

recovered from a single-chambered loculi tomb in 1975. Thanks are due to A. Kloner, the excavator, for granting permission to publish these ossuaries.

559

Pl. 80 [75.657] 48.5 x 24 x 25 cm. Plain. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Inscr. A. R Top, under rim. In ink or paint(?):

b

rnnn Huge o) in Maryam, wife of Matya B. R Under Inscr. A:

MN rY NYANTl

¶ifl P\T,

The upsilon preceding the word is a dialectical form of the article o. 7. IIaTa e: From nar&aaw 'to strike, smite'; it occurs frequently in the Septuagint for n5n, e.g. aopaa(a for (Deut. 28:28) and nar&Ew ev for Ii71ys nrnrt (Zech. 12:4). 8. Au-rou: A grammatical mistake for adr6v.

[75.656] 44.5 x 23.5 x 29.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Yellow wash. Low feet.

or

197

INh( I(To'

1N M aptec n MaOtaS/yo'nj u avTLGXLVAa(aS)/adTa naTaEe adTO5/oupouv Maryame, wife of Mathia; who(soever) moves these (bones) away, may

9. Oupouv: This is probably a Greek transliteration of jt7ty into Greek instead of one of the Greek words used in the Septuagint for `blindness'; the àyin remained unexpressed (cf. Speiser 1932/3: 238, 240); vav was normally expressed by Or. A spelling starting with IOr must have been considered unacceptable as this stood for Latin IV (e.g. 'Iou)Loq for ÌVLIVS'). For other Greek transliterations of Hebrew words, see Intro. §6E and n. 16; Comm. 552:3. For formulae intended to protect the remains of the deceased, see Intro. §6Fj and Nos. 70, 142 and 259. For another threat against transgressors, see an inscribed ossuary lid (Milik 1956-57:235ff). In this period, much earlier curse-formulae for such violations were visible on Jerusalem's ancient tombs,

e.g. nm nx nno' iwz on ivn (see Avigad 1953, who quotes earlier, contemporaneous and later examples). Third-century CE Greek inscriptions from Bet Sheàrim contain threats of explicit retribution against transgressors; see Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 129, who quote Phrygian Jewish epitaphs, which, moreover, refer to the curses listed in Deuteronomy (see Frey 1936:760). The same necropolis also has Aramaic epitaphs with threats of an evil end for all such transgressors (see Avigad 1976b:235).

10. For inscriptions penned in ink, see Comm. 477:5.

blindness strike him Bibl. Kloner 1980a:193-195. Comm. 1. See Comm. 558.

2. Thanks are due to V. Tzaferis and L. Di Segni for their aid in reading the Greek text. 3. mmn: A contraction of (i)mnnn (see also Nos. 42, 73 and 703).

4. MapLcc n : A variant of the name o-nn 'Maryam', see Comms. 31:2 and 108:3. 5. MaOiocq: Here the genitive of MaOta, a variant of the name MaTOtaS or Ma00aioc (cf. Schalit 1968, s.v.), derived from Ma0Oa0(o S - MaTTaOtaS n'nnn; see Comm. 42:3. For the probable identification of Mathia (Matya), see Comm. 560:5. 6. 'AvTLaxLvja(aC,): The aorist participle of avTL(a)xLv o `move in opposition, against, disturb'.

560

Pl. 80

[75.658] 62 x 27 x 39 cm. Incised. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Line frame containing 'running-dog' pattern. Lid Flat, sliding; broken. Edges bevelled for a close fit.

Inscr. A. R Top-centre:

1

-in-17 '7n the masters of the tomb

Catalogue

198

B. Lid Underside, across narrow side:

AL1AA,'6q

561 Pl. 80 [75.659] 52 x 26.5 x 30.5 cm. Incised and chip carved. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Red wash. Incised lines picked out in red.

Ornam. F Two metopes in line frames. Each contains a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles.

Ma0ta xal Et[,c0v/&80Xcpo6/6o6 'Iatepe/xupc ruq Tounou Mathia and Simon, brothers; sons of Ya'ir. The masters of the tomb C. Under Inscr. B, undecipherable traces of charcoal inscription in Jewish letters. Bibl. Kloner 1980a:193-195. Comm. 1. See Comm. 558. 2. See Comm. 559:2.

Lid Flat, sliding. Inscr. B Top, left:

3. '7n: The honorific title in the plural, cf. Comm.

Comm.

327:3.

4. asp: `Tomb', here probably referring to the ossuary (cf. Comms. 125:2 and 573:3). 5. Ma0ta: This is probably the husband of Maryame (cf. No. 559 and Comm. 559:4). This spelling of the name confirms that it was pronounced without a final sigma. See also mnn (Comm. 42:3). 6. 'A8aap6: For a8eapol; in this inscription, little attention was given to spelling or to grammar. For a parallel case of the remains of two brothers being buried together, see a Jewish catacomb in Rome (Frey 1936:347); for two sisters, see Frey 1936:288. For an ossuary inscription which probably refers to a brother's remains, see Comm. 135:3. For cases of siblings buried together in ossuaries, see Nos. 75 and 76 and 820 (though without the explicit use of the word `brothers'). 7. `Y'ou: For uiot, a double misspelling.

8. IaLEpe: For 'Iaetpou -oxl. The name occurs as 'Iaetp and'Iaeipoc in the Septuagint and on further ossuaries (cf. Frey 1952:1367-1368; Bagatti and Milik 1958:70, No. 1) as well as 'lot-j'p, 'loctp and 'Iaipoq in Josephus. See also Yadin and Naveh 1989: No. 437.

9. Kupe: For Kupot/xupLoi; on the basis of Inscr. A, the word is most likely the plural of xupoc/xuptoc. See >7n (Comm. 3, above). 10. T oun ou: A misspelling of T on ou, here equivalent to izp (see Comm. 4, above); the term is common at Bet She'arim, see Avigad 1976b:Index, s.v. The preceding word, Tuq, is a misspelling of the article Tou(S).

11. For the disintegrated 'running-dog' motif, see Comm. 107:3.

I yu -nn' Yehud, our father Bibl.

Kloner 1980a:193-195.

1. See Comm. 558. 2. -nn': A contraction of non', see Comm. 293:2. 3. )izrt: For nru , see Comms. 12:2 and 70:2.

562

[75.660] 54.5 x 24.5 x 30.5 cm. Plain. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Kloner 1980a:193-195. Comm. See Comm. 558.

563 [75.661] 24 x 20 x 38 cm. Plain.

French Hill, Jerusalem. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Prov.

Descr. Bibl.

Comm.

Kloner 1980a:193-195.

See Comm. 558.

564 [75.662] 56 x 31 x 35 cm. Plain. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Marks On top of insertion edge and corresponding rim of chest: Bibl. Kloner 1980a:193-195. Comm. See Comm. 558.

Catalogue

199

565

567

[75.663] - x 28 x 36 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Ramat Eshkol ('Tomb of the Grapes'), Jerusalem. Descr. Small fragment of left corner of F, plain L and small fragment of plain B; restored from many fragments. Fragment of low foot.

Ornam. F Two six-petalled rosettes, each inside a zigzag circle. L and R Similar to F, encircled

Ornam. F Indications of zigzag frame at top and base; to left, an upright branch. Inscr. B Top:

Pl. 81 [75.666] 55 x 25 x 28 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Ramat Eshkol, Jerusalem. Descr. Damaged; reconstructed and restored. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

rosette. Inscr. F Across top, almost effaced:

LUCZ P

the Byzantine period to recent times. A. Kloner cleared it in 1974-1976 and collected fragments of several ossuaries; only a fragment of No. 565, similar to No. 630, could be restored. Many small ossuaryfragments with six-petalled rosettes in metopes or an all-over reticulate pattern were also found. For the tomb, see also Vincent 1899 and Macalister 1900. 2. The inscription may perhaps be read as Niyep. Originally a Latin cognomen (cf. PWPE, s.v.), the name appears in Egyptian papyri and ostraca (cf. Preisigke, s.v.); Josephus (BJ 2:520) mentions Niger of Peraea.

IOPMU- [p].... Bibl. HA 54-55, 1975:20; Kloner 1980a:182-183. Comm. 1. Two ossuaries (Nos. 567-568) were reconstructed from several fragments recovered from a double-chambered loculi and arcosolia tomb in 1975. Thanks are due to A. Kloner, the excavator, for granting permission to publish these ossuaries. 2. II r r p: The word `father' is the only decipherable element of the inscription, perhaps as part of a name; cf., however, Comm. 751:3. IOP at the beginning of the inscription might represent the name Iwpa rrn' (Ezra. 2:18) or 'Iwpe' >it> (I Chron. 5:13), although such an extreme contraction cannot be identified. The remainder of the inscription cannot be read.

566

568

[N]Lyep [N]iger(?) Bibl. Kloner 1980a:180-181. Comm. 1. This large loculi tomb was reused from

Pl. 80

[75.665] 57 x 28 x 34.5 + 11 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Vicinity of Mt. Zion, Jerusalem. Descr. Damaged; reconstructed and partially restored. Low feet.

Ornam. F In a palm-trunk frame, two horizontally interlaced six-petalled rosettes; segments link petaltips. In each corner, small discs inside palm-trunk circles; similar discs above and below conjunction of rosettes. Pairs of finely incised tendrils issue from each disc. Lid Vaulted. Fragmentary. Fingergrips. Bibl. Kloner 1980a:171-173. Comm. 1. This is the only ossuary originating from a tomb excavated in earth rather than a rockcut tomb-cave; the flat stones lining the interior of the tomb were plastered over. It was discovered in 1975 during road and development works on the slope to the west of the Old City Wall. Thanks are due to A. Kloner for granting permission to publish this ossuary. 2. For the ornamentation scheme, see Comm. 47:2.

Pl. 81

[75.667] 73(75) x 28(30) x 37 + 11 cm. Plain. Prov. Ramat Eshkol, Jerusalem.

Damaged; reconstructed and restored. Inner ledge on four sides. Cornice under rim on all sides. Lid Gabled; slightly too short. Fingergrips. Marks On one gable and corresponding rim of Descr.

chest:

X Inscr. A. On narrow side, under marks; faintly incised:

'IoiBaS Judas B. On second narrow side:

Mapxeoq Marcios

Catalogue

200

C. On rim, above Inscr. B:

borders, three six-petalled rosettes, each inside a zigzag circle. Lid Flat. Broken. Inscr. Lid Lengthwise, faint:

Moipxaeo5 Marcios

Bibl. HA 54-55, 1975:20; Kloner 1980a:182-183. Comm. 1. See Comm. 567: 1. 2. The lid was probably intended for another ossuary.

3. M4pxeo4 - Mapxaeoc: The Latin name `Marcius'; the name occurs frequently as MapxaoS in Egyptian papyri (cf. Preisigke, s.v.) and as the name of a Roman official in Josephus (AJ 16:165). See also Mapxoc at Masada, before 73-74 CE (Cotton and Geiger 1989: No. 788).

4. Since the name Marcios is incised much more distinctly than that of 'IouSaq (for which, see Index of Inscriptions, s.v.), the latter may either refer to a close relative whose bones were buried with those of Marcios or be part of a double name (see Index of Subjects, s.v.).

569

P1. 81

pm [i] 'tnre n'vJv -13 'w w Shimi, son of 'Asiya, brother

of Hanin Bibl. HA 54-55, 1975:19; Kloner 1980a:158-159. Comm.

1. See Comm. 569: 1.

2. The proposed reading is by Naveh. 3. mv: A contraction of >Hnw; both forms were used by a second century CE sage; cf. the spelling >nw, Comm. 856:5. 4. mviv: A Biblical name, cf. II Kings 22:12 and 5renw in Ezra. 10:15; cf. also inniv on several pre-Exilic seals (Lidzbarski 1908:145; ClermontGanneau 1900b: 155; Tufnell, Inge and.Harding 1953:348, No. 170). It may be identical with the name 'Acn xS in a Jewish epitaph from Rome (Frey 1936:90).

[75.668] 81 x 36 x 47 + 22 cm. Relief carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Low feet, one broken in antiquity.

[ r] nn m: `Brother of'; for similar family relationships inscribed on ossuaries, see Comm. 135:3 and Avigad 1961.

Ornam. F Sunken panel in profiled frame

6. pm: A contraction of rtrm, a common name in this period, parallel to mmn; cf. Comms. 67:2 and

containing panelled single-leaved door flanked by eighteen-petalled rosettes, each in separate square frames. L and R Frame similar to F containing knocker or handle ring, attachments shown above. Lid Vaulted, slightly saddle-formed. Large fingergrips. Bibl. HA 54-55, 1975:19; Kloner 1980a:158-159. Comm. 1. Eighteen ossuaries (Nos. 569-586) and a lid (No. 587) were discovered in a double-chambered loculi tomb in 1975. Thanks are due to A. Kloner, the excavator, for granting permission to publish these ossuaries. 2. For the ring motif, see Intro. §11T. 3. The ornamentation scheme on F may well have been influenced by the two-metope scheme, its `triglyph' replaced by an independent motif, i.e. a door (cf. No. 56).

5.

132:4. See also part, Comm. 139:5.

571 Pl. 81 [75.670] 55 x 24 x 28 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Badly worn. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; `triglyph' replaced by two semi-circles containing three petals (probably a remnant of a 'palm-tree' motif with ascending branches, mirrored by roots?). In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line and zigzag circles; zigzags overlay petals and traverse outer corners of frames. Lid Flat, broken. Inscr. B Top, slightly left-of-centre. In ligature:

570

Pl. 81 [75.669] 70 x 27 x 28 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Battered and worn; reconstructed. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F In 'lattice'-patterned frame with zigzag

om) -13 Bar Nahum

Bibl. HA 54-55, 1975:19; Kloner 1980a:158-159. Comm. 1. See Comm. 569: 1. 2. n n : A Biblical name occurring frequently on

Catalogue pre-exilic seals (e.g. Tufnell, Inge and Harding 1953:P1. 47:113; Aharoni 1981:166) and ostraca (e.g.

Aharoni 1968:17:8). In the mid- to late-first century CE, it occurs as a name among Jerusalem sages, e.g. M. Naz. 9:1; Tos. BB 9:1 (Zuck. 410:17). See also Bagatti and Milik 1958:90, No. 22. 3. 7a: The word was used interchangeably in this period with 13 (see Index of Inscriptions, s.v.). It is commonly used to indicate a patronymic without a personal name; cf. Nos. 74-75, Milik 1971:78 (in Jerusalem); Yadin and Naveh 1989:Nos. 406, 408, 420 and 422; and Naveh 1990. For the slightly later examples at Bet She'arim, see Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974:Index, s.v. Bap. 4. For the 'palm tree' motif, see Comm. 177:2.

572

Pl. 81

[75.671] 57.5 x 25.5 x 30 + 4 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Red wash. Low

201

often appear in the outer corners of the metopes; here, moreover, each pair is represented by a single disc replaced by a small rosette. For the different stages in the disintegration of the metope scheme, see, e.g., Nos. 417, 566 and 735.

573

Pl. 82

[75.672] 59 x 26 x 30 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem.

Descr. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. 'Triglyph' transformed into rooted 'palm tree'; zigzag semi-circles indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric zigzag circles; zigzags overlay petals. Zigzag quarter-circles in outer corners of metopes. R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame. Lid Flat. Broken and reconstructed. Inscr. A. F Right metope, above rosette:

feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in line frames. 'Triglyph' replaced by small, six-petalled rosettes inside concentric line circles at top and base; similar rosettes and circles in outer corners of metopes. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric zigzag circles; zigzags overlay petals. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips at edges.

Marks On top of narrow side of lid and

q vi, -n vnrD Pinhas, son of Yosef B. R Top, above ornamentation:

T

1 L01 I

L-) )L

nnrc -inp'vp -13 vnro Pinhas, son of Yosef qbr 'mh C. F Right edge, vertical; starting near base:

corresponding side (L) of chest: Inscr.

On L rim: p5nn Kblyn

n13 m rir Judith, daughter of Nadav Bibl. HA 54-55, 1975:19; Kloner 1980a:158-159. Comm.

1. See Comm. 569: 1.

2. m-n: A contraction of mrtm, derived from the transliteration m-m for the Graecized 'IouM (cf. Apocrypha; Clement of Rome, I Cor. 55:4); cf. also Comms. 110:2, 139:5 and 582:3. For similar contractions, cf. yt' for ynr (No. 370), 1tnw for yvnw (Comm. 651:2) and opr for o'p'm (from o'pr; see Comm. 718:2). 3. n-n: A contraction of one of the Biblical names nmnv, 31mm, n-o'

etc. (cf. Noth 1928: 193)

occurring up to the early-second century CE; cf. R. Samuel b. Nadav, son-in-law of R. I:Ianina (TB Ar. 16b). 4. The ornamentation derives from the metope scheme, its 'triglyph' replaced by the discs which

Bibl. HA 54-55, 1975:19; Kloner 1980a:158-159. Comm. 1. See Comm. 569: 1. 2. vn»n: This name is inscribed on a similarly decorated ossuary (Abel 1913:266-268, Fig. 2, Pl. 1:1). See also Benoit et al. 1961: No. 28:1-9. 3. nnrt ina: The second letter of the second word is clearly a mem. For the double reference to a son, once with the additional reference to his mother, cf. No. 370:Inscrs. A-B. A reading of Inscr. B as 'tomb of his mother' (in the sense of ' "ossuary" of his mother') is likely, though 'buried (his) mother' is possible and would not change the meaning. Probably the bones in this ossuary were those of the mother of Pinhas b. Joseph, whose name was not indicated (cf. Naveh 1990). The presence of the son's name attests that he had fulfilled his filial duty; cf. vnvvr (No. 70); the sons of Shlamzion (No. 71); and the brother of Maryam (Avigad 1961, paralleled by, e.g., No. 135). For a son burying his father, see

Catalogue

202

Comm. 139:5; for lap as a term for ossuary, see Comm. 125:2. 4. Inscr. C is difficult to decipher. The first three letters may stand for 5m), which suggests 15)5m), a name recorded at Murraba'at (Benoit et al. 1961: No. 30:4, 17).

Luke 16:20 and Josephus BJ 5:567) and contracted to (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 177) and (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 93). even Despite being in the nominative in this inscription, the name probably refers to Jose's father, although it may be part of a double name (see Intro. §6Fa and Index of Subjects, s.v. Inscriptions, contents: Names, double).

574 [75.673] 52 x 25 x 28 + 8 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Low feet, some damaged in antiquity. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Bibl. HA 54-55, 1975:19; Kloner 1980a:158-159. Comm. See Comm. 569:1.

577 [75.676] 46.5 x 25 x 30 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

Marks On top of insertion edge and corresponding rim of chest:

575

Pl. 82

[75.674] 58.5 x 25.5 x 28.5 cm. Incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Bibl. HA 54-55, 1975:19; Kloner 1980a:158-159.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. `Triglyph' transformed into palm tree; two diagonal lines indicate ascending branches. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. L and R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame; rosette on L carelessly executed. Bibl. HA 54-55, 1975:19; Kloner 1980a:158-159. Comm. See Comm. 569:1.

Pl. 82

576 [75.675] 44.5 x 22 x 25.5 cm. Chip carved.

Prov.

Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Irregularly carved. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; `triglyph' broadened and bare. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Lid Flat.

Inscr. R Top:

'IorE Jose (son of?) Leazaros. Bibl. HA 54-55, 1975:19; Kloner 1980a:158-159. Comm.

1. See Comm. 569: 1.

2. 'IoaE: A variant spelling of 'Iwa 'vr `Jose', cf. Comms. 56:2 and 444:2. 3. A variant of 7tv>5 (see Comm. 27:3), more commonly transliterated as (e.g.

Comm.

See Comm. 569: 1.

578

P1.83

[75.677] 63.5 x 24.5 x 29 + 9 cm. Incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. feet.

Badly worn. Broken and reconstructed. Low

Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals. L and R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame. Bibl. HA 54-55, 1975:19; Kloner 1980a:158-159. Comm. See Comm. 569:1.

579

Pl. 83 [75.678] 63 x 25.5 x 32 + 9 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Broken and reconstructed. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. `Triglyph' transformed into palm tree; scales of trunk chip-carved; zigzag diagonals indicate ascending branches and zigzag quarter-circles indicate roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; unfinished chip-carved petals; segments link petal-tips. L and R Similar to F, encircled rosettes inside frame; petal-tips not linked. B `Lattice' pattern repeated twice in red wash. Lid Gabled. Fragmentary. Fingergrips.

Catalogue Inscr. In Palmyrene: A. F Upper corner of right metope:

203

Bibl. HA 54-55, 1975:19; Kloner 1980a: 158-159. Comm. See Comm. 569:1.

581

mnnx/mm

[75.680] 38 x 20 x 24 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

B. R Upper-right corner:

Mark On top of insertion edge: Bibl. HA 54-55, 1975:19; Kloner 1980a:158-159. Comm. See Comm. 569:1.

7 T11

582

Bibl. HA 54-55, 1975:19; Kloner 1980a:158-159. Comm. 1. See Comm. 569: 1. 2. Palmyrene inscriptions were also found on ossuaries from a large Jewish tomb north of Jerusalem (cf. Vincent 1913); see also Comm. 254:2. 3. rwn: Probably mm, as at Murraba'at (Benoit et al. 1961: No. 19:29). The name was later common among Amoraim, both locally and in Babylonia, from the mid-third century CE (e.g. R. Hinena Karthignaah in TJ Shab. 16c and R. Hinana b. Shlemia in TB Pes. 105a). 4. rtons (or Knot): If the first letter is read as a zayin, this might represent the Safaitic ZHM 'Zahim'; cf. Littmann 1943, Vocabulary, p. 313, s.v. 5. rim : Possibly a transliteration of the female Arabic name `Pa8voi01, see Dussaud and Madler 1903:282, No. 123. The name might, however, derive from the female name `Po8av0-q `rosetree' (cf. Pape an d Bensel er, s.v.), para lle l to the Ara bi c Varde

[75.681] 62 x 27.5 x 36 + 6 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Damaged. Low feet.

Pl. 84

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, doubled at top; broadened `triglyph' containing palm-trunk motif. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle.

Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Inscr. A. B Right-of-centre:

I

r ,,Jj rp

I

I

V-

vnrt nnm oft/vorc (n)nm omhj Shalom, wife of Amas/Shalom, wife of Amas B. R Small. Top, le(t:

`-T-n' (cf. Wuthnow 1930, s.v.).

6. On the basis of these readings, the ossuary contained the remains of Hinena, the son of Zahim (or Hinena, nicknamed Zahim `the fat' or `the stout'); alternatively, this could be a bilingual double name, one element of which was Àrabic' (cf. Bagatti and Milik 1958:86-87, No. 16; see also Index of Subjects, s.v. Inscriptions, contents: Names, double). The remains of Radnathe (or Rodanthe), presumably Hinena's wife, seem to have been interred at a later date.

580

P1. 84 [75.679] 6 7(69) x 24(26) x 33.5 + 13.5 cm. Incised.

Prov. M t. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. I nner ledge on two sides. Cornice under rim on all sides. Low feet. Lid Gabled. F and B Double line frame.

1 1q5 Bibl. HA 54-55, 1975:19; Kloner 1980a:158-159. Comm.

1. See Comm. 569: 1.

2. oft: As a female name, see Comm. 13:2. 3. vort: Probably a form of 'nrc, a contraction of 120rt (cf. I Chron. 6:31, Neh. 11:12; transliterated as 'A8 ocaod and 'At,aae in the Septuagint) and itself a contraction of n>xort (AjLecyafacS in the Septuagint

and 'At,wrka in Josephus AJ 9:247). The spelling on this ossuary seems to be a transliteration of one of these Greek spellings, rather than the original Semitic contraction '(mm or 'oz, which is rendered À .uc in the Septuagint. For other examples of Graecized forms of Hebrew names transliterated into Jewish script, cf. Comms. 110:2 and 572:2; see also Comm. 139:5.

Catalogue

204

4. The significance of the Greek letters in Inscr. B remains enigmatic, though they might represent initials; cf. Nos. 319 and, perhaps, 322.

Bibl. HA 54-55, 1975:19; Kloner 1980a:158-159. Comm. See Comm. 569:1.

586

Pl. 84

583

[75.682] 61.5 x 25 x 31 + 8 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Red wash. Low feet, one foot damaged.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' containing an eleven-leaved branch. In each metope, a ten-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Lid Vaulted.

r

Mark On one narrow side of lid:

X Bibl. HA 54-55, 1975:19; Kloner 1980a:158-159. Comm. 1. See Comm. 569: 1. 2. The lid seems to have been intended for a different ossuary since it does not fit the rim of the chest. The mark, if it is intended as an aleph, is upside-down.

Pl. 84 [75.683] 68 x 30 x 38.5 cm. Chip carved and finely incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Red wash. Low feet. 584

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' contains column of unconnected lotuses (or lilies?), finely incised in freehand. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Inscr. F Upper-right corner of frame:

\1 N ;xnm Aha(i)(?)

Bib). HA 54-55, 1975:19; Kloner 1980a:158-159. Comm. 1. See Comm. 569: 1. 2. 'Nnx: The last letter, a yod, may be intentional or a mistake by the engraver; for xnx, see Comm. 396:2. Alternatively, this may be the Aramaic word for `brother' (cf. Comms. 135:3 and 570:5). 3. For an even more disconnected and abstract form of the floral motif, see No. 441.

585 [75.684] 50 X 24 x 32 cm. Plain.

Prov.

Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Worn. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Descr.

[75.685] 61.5 x 25 x 28 cm. Plain.

Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. IiA 54-55, 1975:19; Kloner 1980a:158-159. Comm. See Comm. 569:1. Prov.

587

Pl. 84 [75.686] 120 x 41 x 19 cm. Hard limestone. Relief carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Lid only.

Lid Gabled. F and B Panel in sunken, profiled frame contains a running scroll, each spiral ending in a lily; knobs appear above and below the midpoints of spirals. Left and right gables: Large disc. Bibl. HA 54-55, 1975:19; Kloner 1980a:158-159. Comm.

1. See Comm. 569: 1.

2. This lid is very similar to one from the 'Dominus Flevit' tomb, cf. Bagatti and Milik 1958: Pl. 18:38-39.

588

Pl. 85

[75.687] 37 x 27 cm. Incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem.

Fragment of lid. Lid Flat. Sketches of rosettes, incised with a compass. Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 43. Comm. 1. See Comm. 474. 2. For the use of lids for sketching, see Nos. 377 and Descr.

446.

589

P1. 85

[75.688] 35 x - x 35 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Fragment; partially reconstructed and restored. Low feet.

Ornam. F Metope (one of two?) in zigzag frame; in it, a sixteen-petalled rosette inside a metope circle. Comm. Chance find.

Catalogue 590 [75.689] 74 x 28 x 37.5 cm. Plain. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

205

Lid Flat; two separate halves. Marks On top of each half of lid:

On outer edge of right half of lid and corresponding side of chest:

Mark On top of insertion edge: Bibl. Kloner 1980a:190. Comm. See Comm. 547.

Pl. 85 591 [75.690] 73 x - x 33 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Kh. el-Latatin (vicinity of Ramallah). Descr. Fragment; partially reconstructed. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, doubled at top and sides; 'triglyph' broadened and bare. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric zigzag circles; segments link petal-tips. Comm. 1. See Comm. 375. 2. The metope scheme seems combined with ornamentation derived from a tomb facade with an entablature and columns between the antae.

Bibl. V. Sussman 1982a. Comm. 1. See Comm. 451:1.

2. The corresponding marks on top of the lid were clearly intended to indicate the common edge of the two halves of the lid.

594

P1. 85

[75.693] 75(77) x 29(32) X 39.5 + 12 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Newe Ya'aqov, Jerusalem. Descr. Battered; broken and reconstructed. Inner

592

ledge on two sides. Cornice under rim on all sides; decorated with zigzag. Low feet. Ornam. F and B In zigzag frame (incorporating zigzag on cornice), two six-petalled rosettes each inside a zigzag circle. L and R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame. Lid Gabled. F and B Zigzag frame. Marks On one gable and corresponding rim of

[75.691] 69 x 29 x 36 cm. Plain.

chest:

Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

Bibl. HA 45, 1973:25. Comm. See Comm. 443.

Mark On top of insertion edge, at exact centre:

Incr. Lid Across centre, toward insertion edge: 595

Pl. 85

[75.694] 64.5 x 23.5 x 34 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Vicinity of Maresha (Marissa). Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Low feet.

T -itv5x El'azar T Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 41. Comm. 1. See Comm. 474. 2. - mv5rt: A common name, see Index of

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames.. 'Triglyph' transformed into palm tree; zigzag semi-circles indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside

determined.

a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and link circles to outer corners of frame. R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame.

593

Comm. Thanks are due to A. Kloner who brought this ossuary to the Department in 1975 and granted permission to publish it.

Inscriptions, s.v.

3. The significance of the letter 'T' cannot be

Pl. 85 [75.692] 59(60) x 30.5(32.5) x 36.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Inner ledge on four sides.

Cornice under rim on all sides. Low feet. Ornam. Two metopes in line frames, in each a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; segments link petal-tips of left-hand rosette.

596

Pl. 86 [75.695] 67 x 39 x 45 cm. Thickness of walls: 6 cm. Hard limestone; roughly dressed. Relief carved. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Ornam. Ring on one narrow side.

206

Catalogue

Comm. 1. One of two ossuaries (Nos. 596, 597) from a double-chambered arcosolia tomb excavated

in 1974. Thanks are due to A. Kloner, the excavator, for granting permission to publish these ossuaries. 2. A gabled lid was reported to have been recovered with this ossuary. 3. The ring, perhaps left unfinished, might have been intended as a wreath, a knocker or a handle ring; cf. No. 654.

Pl. 86 [75.696] 74 x 38 x 41 + 25 cm. Thickness of walls: 7.2 cm. Hard limestone; comb dressed. Relief carved. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. 597

Ornam. L Raised disc. R Raised square. Lid Gabled; broadened at base of long sides to form narrow cornice, emphasized by a cavetto. Roughly dressed. Right gable: Gable containing plain disc. Bibl. Kloner 1980a:203-204, B. Comm. 1. See Comm. 596: 1.

2. The raised square may represent an ashlar. 3. The lid was perhaps intended for another ossuary.

598 [75.697] 51 x 23 x 33 cm. Plain. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Kloner 1980a:204-207. Comm. See Comm. 535.

599

Pl. 86; Fig. 29 [75.698] 57.5(58) x 26.5(28) x 33.5 + 12.5 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice under rim

on all sides; fluted frieze, F. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes inside zigzag frames at sides, line frame at base (frieze of cornice replaces frame at top). `Triglyph' replaced by large, covered amphora on a fluted trumpet foot; lower part of amphora is fluted, its upper part divided horizontally, each half containing a running scroll and ivy leaves incised in freehand. Dome-shaped lid of amphora is flanked by small discs and contains upright darts alternating with trefoils, probably intended to represent lilies. Palm trees with

ascending line-branches flank amphora's base and are in lower, outer corners of frame. In each-upper, outer corner, an angle ornament ('metope-corner' motif); an ivy leaf issues from vertex. Each metope contains a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; ivy leaves between petals, their tips curled inward. Lid Gabled, cut-to-measure. F Three metopes in line frame; `triglyphs' replaced by representations of nefashot, partially incised in freehand and composed of a fluted column, surmounted by a pyramid (or cone); spirals at base of pyramid. Above each column, ornament formed of counterpoised semicircles; each containing a semi-circle ending in spirals above a 'running-dog' motif. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a line circle. Fingergrips. Marks On one gable of lid and corresponding side (R) of chest:

V Bibl.

Strange 1975:T6/KIB; Arensberg and Rack

1975.

Comm. 1. The Department retained six (Nos. 599, 602 and 604-607) ossuaries recovered from a single-chambered loculi tomb in 1970-1971; a plain ossuary was also found.

2. For the column-formed nefesh, see Comm. 122:4. 3. For the angle ornament, see Comm. 43:2. 4. For the direction marks, perhaps tet-tet, see Comm. 821:2. For their form, see Nos. 78 and 616.

600

Pl. 86 [75.699] 69(70) x 32.5(34.5) x 35.5 cm. Chip and relief carved. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Damaged; broken and reconstructed. F, Flaw in stone between column and rosette. Inner ledge on four sides. Cornice on all sides; zigzag frieze, F. Low feet.

Ornam. F Broad frame containing vine scroll from which issue alternating vine leaves and grape clusters; leaves rendered in flat relief carving, except leaf at base, left-of-centre which has been further elaborated. Tendrils in all corners, except lower left. In centre, fluted column, its capital replaced by an elaborate lily and flanked by sixteen-petalled rosettes, each inside a zigzag circle.

Lid Fragments of gabled lid. Bibl.

Strange 1975: T2/K3A; Arensburg and Rack

1975.

1. Four plain ossuaries were also recovered from a badly damaged loculi tomb in the winter of Comm.

1970-1971.

Catalogue 2. Representations of a vine scroll with grape clusters and leaves rarely occur on ossuaries, though see Intro. §11Q Nos. 816 and, more elaborately, 893, see also Bagatti and Milik 1958: Pl. 16:35. 3. For the replacement of the capital, cf. Nos. 44 and 110. For the lily, see Intro. §1lVb and cf. No.

207

petals shaped as ivy leaves. Discs in corners of metopes. Lid Gabled. Broken, partially reconstructed. Fingergrips. Inscr. A. Lid F, upper-centre:

431.

Pl. 86; Fig. 28 601 [75.700] 57 x 28.5 x 36.5 cm. Chip and relief carved. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem.

pan -iz cvn, Yehosef, son of IIaggai B. Lid B, upper-centre; at upward angle:

Descr. Low feet. Ornam. F Sunken panel in profiled frame, containing two twelve-petalled rosettes carved in relief, each inside a line circle and with a large central knob. Between rosettes, column-shaped nefesh on rectangular base; conical top flanked by spirals. Bibl. Strange 1975:T1/K1A; Arensburg and Rack

nn -o gm -n-, Yehosef, son of Haggai

C. F Rim:

1 -4 TI 41 -Fl Tf

1975.

-an -n ivin' Yehosef, son of Haggai Bibl. Strange 1975: T1/K1B; Arensburg and Rack

Comm. 1. Two ossuaries (Nos. 601, 603) were recovered from a single-chambered loculi tomb in

1975; Geraty 1975. Comm. 1. See Comm. 601.

1970-1971.

2. 'an: In addition to the parallels Geraty cited, see the reading proposed in Comm. 54:2; Yadin and Naveh 1989: No. 422; and names of third and fourth century CE sages (in, e.g., TJ Kid. 63d). 3. For similarly executed branches, see No. 316.

2. For the form of this ne f esh, see Comm. 122:4; for the base see Ill. 19. 3. The frame and the relief carved rosettes were copied from such hard limestone ossuaries as Nos. 13 and 736; for a similar instance of imitation, see Comm. 60:1.

604 602

P1. 87

[75.701156 x 30 x 34.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Fragmentary. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph'contains elongated palm-trunk pattern, repeated twice. In each metope, a twelvepetalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Bibl. Strange 1975:T6/K1A. Arensburg and Rack

P1.87 [75.703] 96 x 37 x 40 + 23 cm. Thickness of walls: 6 cm. Hard limestone. Relief carved. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem.

Ornam. F In sunken panel with broad frame, two eight-petalled rosettes. L and R Similar to F, rosette inside panel and frame. Lid Gabled, base broadened into cornice (98 x 39 cm). Bibl. Strange 1975:T6/K4. Comm. See Comm. 599:1.

1975.


605 603

Pl. 87

[75.702] 71.5 x 27 x 34 + 15 cm. Chip carved. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in frames formed by multi-leaved branches at sides, frieze of palm-trunk pattern at top, zigzag at base. In each metope, a sixteen-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles;

[75.704] 47.5 x 24 x 28 cm. Plain. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Strange 1975:T6/K7A; Arensburg and Rack 1975.

Comm.

See Comm. 599:1.

Catalogue

208

606

Pl. 87

Red wash, F and R. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame. `Triglyph' replaced by trunkless palm-tree motif; zigzag diagonals indicate branches; a zigzag semi-circle with descending central zigzag line indicates roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and link circles to outer corners of metopes. B and L Traces of `lattice' pattern in red wash. R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame. Lid Flat. On top, red `lattice' pattern. Shallow fingergrips. Bibl. Porath 1990:162-164, Fig. 4A. Descr.

Marks On top of lid, on outer edge and corresponding side of chest:

Strange 1975:T6/K6; Arensburg and Rack

1975.

Comm.

Pl. 88

[75.709] 35 x 19 x 19.5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Ben Shemen.

[75.705] 56 x 25 x 30 cm. Plain. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

Bibl.

609

1. See Comm. 599: 1.

2. The curious decoration encircling the mark on the narrow side of the chest may represent an eightpetalled rosette. It is similar to the central ornament on the ceiling of the `Tomb of the Grapes' (see 111. 30 and Macalister 1900: Pl. IVe); its careless

Comm.

1. See Comm. 608. 2. For the palm-tree motif, see Comm. 177:2.

execution in freehand indicates that it may have been added as an afterthought.

610

607

Pl. 87

[75.707] 56.5 x 26 x 31 + 16 cm. Chip carved. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, doubled at top. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle.

Lid Vaulted. Bibl. Strange 1975:T6/K2; Arensburg and Rack 1975.

Comm.

608

See Comm. 599:1.

Pl. 88

[75.708] 66 x 25 x 31 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Ben Shemen. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Red wash. Low

Pl. 89 [75.710] 60 x 24 x 30.5 + 6 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Ben Shemen. Descr. Broken; reconstructed and partially restored.

Red wash, F. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. `Triglyph' replaced by trunkless palm-tree motif; concentric zigzag semi-circles indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots; zigzags form trunk. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric zigzag and line circles; zigzags between overlaying petals. In upper, outer corners, zigzag quarter-Eircles; zigzag diagonals in lower, outer corners. B, L and R `Lattice' pattern in red wash. Lid Gabled. On top, `lattice' pattern in red wash. Fingergrips. Inscr. A. R Top, right-of-centre; incised into painted decoration:

I F-JRIP lI vlz

feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; `triglyph' replaced by large, zigzag `lattice' pattern. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and link circles to corners of metopes. B `Lattice' pattern in red wash, repeated twice. L and R Similar to B, `lattice' pattern. Lid Flat. On top, `lattice' pattern in red wash, repeated twice. Fingergrips at edges. Porath 1990:164, Fig. 4B. Comm. Three ossuaries (Nos. 608-610) were recovered from a single chambered, loculi tomb by Y. Porath in 1976. Bibl.

n'

n w5n -n n5 Levi, son of Malosha, by himself Bibl. Porath 1990:164, Fig. 4C. Comm. 1. See Comm. 608.

't5: A common name in this period, e.g., Luke 5:27; Josephus BJ 2:575. For its occurrence on 2.

ossuaries, see Frey 1952:1339; Milik 1971:78.

3. nv5n: This name is perhaps a nickname derived from vi5n (from wi5 'to knead') `kneading trough'. Here it is in status emphaticus, as rtwt5n, similar to win in TJ Git. 49b. Other nicknames derived from the kitchen include a Jerusalemite, iivtan 13 `son

Catalogue of the plate' (from avian) in M. Yev. 8:4 and, on ossuaries, n-i-rp `pot' (No. 222) and r3-i 'oil-cake' (No. 198, not in status emphaticus). See also Intro. §6Fa.

Naveh suggested that the lamed replaces a nun and thus identified the name as n v)n `Menashe'. 4. n' : It is possible that originally n was written, similar to u-1n `within' or àmongst' (see Job 30:5). If so, the peh written above the word is a later amendment and the reading is [nmu 'by himself' as in Ex. 21:3-4. In TB Kid. 20a this is interpreted as into `with his own body', or as >rn> `single, alone'. n'naa may, like xraya (see Avigad 1961), indicate

either that no further remains should be added to the ossuary or that the ossuary contained nothing of value (parallel to the epitaph `There is no silver and no gold here/but [his bones]...', Avigad 1953:143). See also Intro. §6Fj and Index of Subjects, s.v. Protection of remains.

209

613

Pl. 89

[75.717] 83 x 44 x 45 cm. Plain; comb dressed. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides, bevelled on long sides. Low feet. Lid Flat, sliding; long edges bevelled for secure fit.

On top of outer edge, an upright ridge serving as handle. Bibl. HA 40, 1971:20. Comm.

1. See Comm. 386: 1.

2. For the shape of this ossuary and the comb dressing, see Comm. 372:2. 3. For the ridge on the lid, see Comm. 395:3; for a smaller version, see No. 724.

614 [75.718] 66 x 41 x 39 + 17 cm. Plain. Comb dressed. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem.

Lid Gabled, of irregular height. Bibl. HA 40, 1971:20. 1. See Comm. 386: 1. 2. For the comb dressing, see Comm. 372:2. Comm.

Pl. 89 611 [75.714] 55.5 x 27 x 30.5 + 18 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Meqor I;Iayim, Jerusalem. Descr. Badly worn. Low feet.

Ornam. F Fluted frame containing metope frame. In centre, a two columned porch flanked by sixpetalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles. Lid Gabled. Bibl. Tzaferis and Berman 1982:70, No. 3. Comm. See Comm. 351:1.

612

Pl. 89

615 [75.719] 56 x 33 x 34 + 8.5 cm. Plain; comb dressed. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Lid Vaulted.

Bibl. HA 40, 1971:20. 1. See Comm. 386: 1. 2. For the comb-dressing, see Comm. 372:2. Comm.

616

[75.716] 55 x 24 x 29 cm. Finely incised. Prov. H. Sharisha (Kh. Sarissa). Descr. Worn. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

[75.720] 78(80) x 34(36) x 44.5 + 17 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Cornice under rim

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. `Triglyph' transformed into palm tree; descending diagonal zigzags indicate branches and zigzag semi-circles indicate roots. In each metope, a

on all sides. Lid Gabled. Fingergrips.

six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and link circles to outer corners of metopes.

Bibl. HA 57-58, 1976:27. Comm. This ossuary was recovered from a singlechambered loculi tomb excavated in 1976; the contents of the tomb date from the first to the sixth centuries CE. Thanks are due to A. Kloner, the excavator for granting permission to publish this ossuary.

Marks On one gable and corresponding rim of chest:

V

Comm. 1. The Department retained Nos. 616 and 622, recovered from a badly damaged loculi tomb; a

plain, broken ossuary was also found. 2. For the direction marks, perhaps tet-tet, see Comms. 599:4 and 821:2.

Catalogue

210

617

Pl. 89

[75.721] 56 x 26 x 33.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, southern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Yellow wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Zigzag frame at sides and base with palm trunk frame at top; frame contains two sixpetalled rosettes, each inside a zigzag circle. Bibl. HA 51-52, 1974:24-25; Kloner 1993: No. 23. Comm.

621 [76.5] 68(70) x 30(32) x 39 + 7 cm. Plain. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice on all sides under rim. Lid Gabled. Broken.

Bibl. HA 36, 1970:14. Comm.

See Comm. 345.

See Comm. 474:1.

622 618

Pl. 90

[75.722] 50 x - x 24 cm. Chip carved. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Fragments of F; partially reconstructed.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph'contains a thirteen-leaved branch. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle.

Bibl. HA 36, 1970:14. Comm.

Pl. 90

[76.6] 48 x 22 x 31 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames; `triglyph' contains palm-trunk motif. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; inner edges of circles scalloped between petals. Comm. See Comm. 616.

See Comm. 345.

623

619

Pl. 90

[75.723] 57 x 25 x 29 + 12 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem. Descr. Fragmentary; partially reconstructed and restored. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' containing a nineteen-leaved branch with triangular base. In each metope, a sixpetalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; discs between petals. Lid Vaulted, too short. Comm. 1. Chance find.

2. The lid was probably intended for another ossuary.

620

Pl. 90

[76.26] 70 x 31.5 x 38 + 10 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames; broadened `triglyph' contains two vertical rows of discs. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Lid Vaulted, slightly overhanging. Broken. Fingergrips.

Bibl. HA 57-58, 1976:32. Comm. 1. Three complete and two fragmentary ossuaries (Nos. 623, 625-628) were recovered from a double-chambered loculi tomb below the Augusta Victoria Hospital in 1976; previously, two sarcophagi (or large ossuaries) and one ossuary (Nos. 666-668) had been looted from the tomb. A lamp, identified by V. Sussman (personal

[76.1] 61.5 x 28 x 33 cm. Chip carved. Prov. French Hill, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Red wash. Low

communication) as a `Darom' type, indicates the tomb continued to be used for several decades after 70 CE. Thanks are due to the late J. Gath, the excavator, for granting. permission to publish these

feet.

ossuaries.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, doubled at sides. In each metope, a fourteen-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle, each with a central disc. Lid Flat. Broken.

2. The lid was probably intended for another

Bibl. Kloner 1980a:190. Comm. See Comm. 547.

Pl. 90

ossuary.

3. For the central element, cf. No. 489, reminiscent of the door motif.

Catalogue 624

Pl. 90

[76.27] 57 x 27.5 x 33.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; `triglyph' broadened and bare. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Bibl.

Kloner 1980a:166-168.

Comm. This ossuary was recovered from a singlechambered loculi tomb in 1975; thanks are due to A. Kloner, the excavator, for granting permission to publish it.

211


627

P1. 91

[76.30] 38 x 19 x 20 cm. Finely incised in freehand. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Fragmentary; partially reconstructed. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Zigzag horizontal lines incised over entire surface, crossed by similar vertical lines at sides.

Lid Flat, broken. Bibl. HA 57-58, 1976:32. 625

Pl. 90 [76.28] 61 x 25.5 x 31 + 11 cm. Incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Badly worn; broken and reconstructed. Inner

Comm. 1. See Comm. 623: 1. 2. This ossuary and No. 628 may date from 70-135

ledge on three sides. Line incised on all sides of rim. Traces of red wash. Ornam. F Two metopes in line frames; `triglyph' formed by doubled zigzag. In each metope, a sixpetalled rosette inside a line circle. B, L and R Line

Nos. 55 and 772.

frame.

Lid Gabled, sliding. F Line frame, containing two six-petalled rosettes, each inside a line circle. B and both gables: Line frames. Marks On left gable and corresponding side of chest, under rim: VA qA


CE.

3. For the simple pattern incised in freehand, see

628

Pl. 91

[76.31] 65.5 x 28 X 32.5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem.

Fragmentary; partially reconstructed and restored. Red wash. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames (missing central section probably contained `triglyph'). In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; zigzags overlay petals. Discs in surviving corners. Bibl. HA 57-58, 1976:32. Comm. See Comms. 623:1 and 627:2. Descr.

626

Pl. 91 [76.29] 77(79) x 30(32) x 37.5 + 16 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Damaged. Inner ledge on four sides. Cornice

under rim on all sides; decorated with line frame. Low feet.

Ornam. F and B Line frame at sides and base (completed by frame on cornice) containing two whirl rosettes, each inside a line circle and with a central disc. L and R Similar to F and B, encircled six-petalled rosette inside frame. Lid Gabled. F and B Line frame containing three six-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles. Left and right gables: Line frames.

Marks On right gable and corresponding rim of chest:

S

629 [76.32] 67(68) x 29(30) x 37 + 10 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Cornice on all sides. Low feet.

Lid Vaulted, base broadened into cornice. Comm.

630

See Comm. 317:1.

P1. 91

[76.33] 67 x 26.5 x 36 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Ramat Eshkol ('Tomb of the Grapes'), Jerusalem. Descr. Fragmentary; reconstructed and restored.

212

Catalogue

Low feet.

633

Ornam. F Monostyle in antis(?); issuing from midpoints, juxtaposed, multi-leaved branches overlay entablature and each column. Two small, whirl rosettes superimposed on central column. Between antae and central column, a rosette; right-hand rosette (and probably the left-hand one) with seven petals; segments link petal-tips. Bibl. Kloner 1980a:180-181. Comm. 1. See Comm. 565: 1. 2. For the ornamentation scheme, see Comm. 262:3; for similarly superimposed branches, cf. Nos. 162

[76.980] 68 x 36 x 36 + 24.5 cm. Thickness of walls: 5 cm. Incised. Prov. Hebron Hills or western foothills(?). Descr. Low feet.

and 643.

631 [76.34] 64 x 31 x 32 + 12 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Worn. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

P1. 91

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. In each metope, a highly stylized wreath. L In zigzag frame, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. R In zigzag frame, a domed nefesh with zigzag frieze and all-over reticulate pattern. Lid Gabled. F Two line semi-circles at base; between them, continuation of `triglyph' from F of chest. Left gable: Zigzag frame continued from L of chest. Right gable: Zigzag frame continued from R of chest and complemented by zigzag at base. Fingergrips. Comm. 1. Locally purchased. 2. The semi-circles on the lid may represent cupolatombs; for these and the dome-capped monument on R, see Comm. 465:2. For the execution of the ornamentation and a probable date, see Comms. 199:3-4.

632 [76.35] 50 + x - x 34+ cm. Chip carved. Prov. Unknown Descr. Fragment; battered and partially

Pl. 92

reconstructed. Worn. Ornam. (Two) metopes in zigzag frame. `Triglyph' replaced by amphora with traces of lid. Lower part is fluted, body (and lid?) adorned with small discs. Similar discs in corner(s) of metope(s) and flanking trumpet foot of amphora. In each metope, a whirl rosette inside a zigzag circle; central disc. Comm. 1. Locally purchased. 2. For the ornamentation scheme, see Intro. §11H and Comm. 262:3.

Pl. 92.

Ornam. F In zigzag frame, large central sixpetalled rosette inside a line circle; segments link petal-tips. Similar small, encircled rosettes in corners. R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside metope frame. Lid Vaulted. Zigzag frame from F to B; on apex, rosette similar to F of chest. R Similar to R of chest, encircled rosette inside frame. Comm. 1. Nos. 633-635 were acquired by the Museum of the Negev, Be'er Sheva. 2. No. 633 is very similar in workmanship to No. 635; cf. Comm. 635:3.

634

P1. 92

[76.981] 61.5 x 26 x 39 + 7.5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Hebron Hills or western foothills(?). Descr. Low feet.

0

Ornam. F In zigzag frame, `lattice' pattern executed in zigzag lines. B, L and R Red-painted `lattice' pattern. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Comm.

See Comm. 633:1.

635

Pl. 93

[76.982] 68 x 38 x 34.5 + 20.5 cm. Incised in freehand. Prov. Hebron Hills or western foothills(?). Descr. Damaged.

Ornam. F Two zigzag (twisted?) uprights (columns?), linked at top and base by horizontal lines; arched gate(?) attached to each upright. In centre, a rayed circle. B Resting on stylobate(?) with all-over `lattice' pattern, three twisted uprights (columns?) flanked by additional uprights (antae?) overlaid with `lattice' pattern. L In line frame, a triple-arched gate (or loculi?) with a twisted upright (column?) on a twisted base in centre. R Twisted frame (unfinished at top and left side) containing a large `lattice' pattern. Lid High; vaulted. Three twisted bands run from F to B. Comm. 1. See Comm. 633: 1. 2. Most details of the ornamentation seem to have been inspired by architecture, presumably of local tombs. The absence of foliage in the central

Catalogue motif on F indicates that not even a primitive representation of a wreath was intended (cf., e.g., Nos. 208 and 631); it may represent the sun, in which case this ossuary should be considered pagan. For this possibility, cf. Comms. 234:3 and 251:2. 3. Due to its similarity in form and workmanship, No. 633 should, perhaps, be attributed to this pagan group.

213

Inner ledge on three sides. Comm. See Comm. 636.

Descr.

641 [77.510] 56 x 30 x 33 cm. Plain. Prov. Ramot, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Comm. See Comm. 636.

636 [77.505] 61.5 x 29 x 32 cm. Plain. Prov. Ramot, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Broken. Comm. Six ossuaries (Nos. 636-641) were recovered

from a single-chambered loculi tomb in 1977. The presence of Late Roman potsherds in the tomb indicates that it was reused (or looted) between the third and fourth centuries CE. Thanks are due to the late J. Gath, the excavator, for granting permission to publish these ossuaries.

637 [77.506] 56 x 25 x 30 cm. Plain. Prov. Ramot, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.


638 [77.507] 58.5 x 29 x 33 cm. Plain. Prov. Ramot, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Comm. See Comm. 636.

642

Pl. 93

[77.515] 60 x 24 x 32 + 11 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Slightly protruding cornice. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. `Triglyph' replaced by a fluted column with a composite capital; volutes at base of capital are only remaining Ionic element. `Running dog' under domed echinus incised in freehand; pale and `lilies' issue from top of dome. Column stands on two-stepped base incised in freehand with all-over `lattice' pattern. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; in each upper, outer corner, angle ornament ('metope-corner' motif) with ivy leaf issuing from vertex. Lower, outer corners contain upright lilies. Lid Gabled. Unfinished. F Above zigzag line at base, two asymmetrically aligned, faintly incised circles (probably in preparation for rosettes). Marks On right gable: On left gable and corresponding side of chest, nearby:

h 11

639 [77.508] 66 x 23.5 x 31 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Ramot, Jerusalem. Descr. Worn.

Ornam. F Faint traces of zigzag frame and two six-petalled rosettes, each inside a line circle. 1. See Comm. 636. 2. The badly worn surface.of this ossuary indicates Comm.

that the tomb stood open for a long time.

640 [77.509] 40 x 21 x 26 cm. Plain. Prov. Ramot, Jerusalem.

Bibl. Reich and Geva 1982:53, No. 3. Comm. 1. Eight ossuaries (Nos. 642-646, 648-650) were recovered from a single-chambered loculi tomb

(Tomb III in the Botanical Gardens) in 1972. 2. The mark on the right gable may be a monogram representing the name of the deceased; on the left gable and side of chest, they may be direction marks, het-het (see Comm. 821:2). 3. For the ornamentation scheme, see Comm. 262:3; for the angle ornament, see Intro. §11K and Comm. 43:2. 4. The artisan misunderstood many elements in this representation of a capital, e.g. the palmettes between the echinus and the volutes (cf. Comm. 262:4).

Catalogue

214

643

Pl. 93

[77.516] 75 x 35 x 40 + 19 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Slightly

Comm.

1. See Comm. 642: 1.

2. For the holes, see Comm. 85:3.

protruding cornice. Two holes bored in base. Low

645 [77.518] 74 x 26 x 37 cm. Plain.

feet.

Prov.

Ornam. F Porch with three rectangular columns, each with vertically superimposed, multi-leaved branch. Entablature contains frieze composed of lotuses sprouting from running scroll; zigzag border at base of frieze complemented by inverted leafand-dart pattern on cornice. In each intercolumnar space, twelve-petalled rosette inside a line circle; ivy-shaped petals. Ivy leaves point toward circles from corners of intercolumnar spaces. Lid Gabled. F Three metopes in line frame at top and base, zigzag frame at sides. `Triglyphs' transformed into palm trees with upright branches; tips of branches linked by scalloped incisions. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a line circle. Fingergrips.

Inscr. R Top. In charcoal:

Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Reich and Geva 1982:56, No. 2. Comm. See Comm. 642:1. 646 [77.519] 56.5 x 26 x 30 cm. Plain.

Prov.

Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Broken. Bibl. Reich and Geva 1982:56, No. 5. Comm. See Bibl. 642: 1.

647 [77.520] 61 x 29 x 30 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Lid Flat, cut-to-measure.

Mark On one edge of lid: 'I6apou of Itharos (or: òf Jethro') Bibl. Reich and Geva 1982:54, No. 8. Comm. 1. See Comm. 642: 1. 2. For the broad frieze, rare on ossuaries, cf. No.

Reich and Geva 1982:56, No. 9. Comm. The ossuary was recovered from a singlechambered loculi tomb (Tomb IV in the Botanical Gardens, cf. Comm. 642:1) in 1972. Bibl.

816.

3. 'I6apou: The genitive of 'IOapoq; Reich and Geva interpreted this as derived from nn') (for which, see Comms. 57:2 and, perhaps, 773:3). This name, however, occurs in the Septuagint as 'loOdp, 'IeOdp and 'IeOep and in Josephus as

648

'IEOpaS with the variants 'IeOpoivIS and 'IeOapor%.

Mark On right gable:

Here, however, the theta occurs before the alpha and thus the reading of the Greek name "I6apoc (Latin Itharus), might be preferred; see Pape and Benseler, citing CIG 3:6444, 6671; and Preisigke, s.v. "ITapoS, dated to the second century CE. 4. For the holes in the base of the chest, cf. Comm.

Inscr. Lid On one line on F, the Greek centred and the Jewish script to its left:

85:3.

B.

[77.521] 73 x 28 x 34 + 14 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Lid Gabled. Y

A.

DetyeoS

5. For similarly superimposed branches, cf. Nos. 162 and 630.

644 [77.517] 85 x 38 x 37 cm. Plain; comb dressed. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem.

Descr. Two small holes drilled near bottom on one narrow side of chest. Lid Flat. Bibl. Reich and Geva 1982:54, No. 6.

Bibl. Reich and Geva 1982:54, No. 1. Comm. 1. See Comm. 642: 1. 2. )D)1/DeLpeoc: The second epsilon was added

above the line; Reich and Geva interpreted the word as an unknown name. The nearest possibility is OL6pt).N (Pape and Benseler, s.v.); its equivalent @e!0TLa04 was common among Jews both locally (e.g. names of high priests, see Josephus AJ 17:78

Catalogue and 18:123; see also m5.on, No. 871) and in Egypt (from the third century BCE to the second century CE; see CPJ:Index, s.v.). The Greek name Oeoptq is also possible, cf. Pape and Benseler, s.v. and, at Naucratis, Preisigke, s.v.

649 [77.522] 51 x 26 x 30 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Reich and Geva 1982:56, No. 4. Comm. See Comm. 642:1.

2. yinw: Lacking an 'ayin, it is parallel to the contraction of r rnn into n'r (see Comm. 572:2); this reduction may be caused by the influence of the Greek form of the name Efµcuv (see No. 332), which was also transliterated as ' v (see Comm. 200:2). 3. For a similar example of an ancient repair, see No. 771; see also Intro. §5E and Index of Subjects, s.v. Repairs, ancient. 652 [77.527] 58 x 28.5 x 31 cm. Plain.

Prov. Kefar Sha'ul, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Bibl. Kloner and Eisenberg 1992:52', No. 2.

650


[77.523] 49(51) x-26(28) x 32 + 10 cm. Plain. Roughly dressed. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem.

653

Descr.

Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice on all

sides. Low feet. Lid Gabled. Fingergrips. Bibl. Reich and Geva 1982:56, No. 7. Comm. See Comm. 642: 1.

Pl. 93 651 [77.526] 59 x 29.5 x 36 cm. Plain. Prov. Kefar Sha'ul, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. B Irregular hole, right-of-centre; repaired in antiquity by insertion of a piece of similar stone. Low feet. Lid Flat, sliding. Inscr. A. F Large. Right-of-centre:

215

Pl. 94 [77.528] 68(71) X 28 x 39.5 + 19 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Kefar Sha'ul, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Inner ledge on two sides.

Cornice; zigzag border at base, F; protruding on L and R. Low feet. Ornam. F Doubled bead-and-reel frame, unfinished in upper right-hand corner and absent at base; complemented at top by cornice. Inside frame, two large rosettes composed of interlaced six-petalled rosettes, each inside a line circle. Lid Gabled. F Three metopes in line frames; central metope in zigzag frame. Each outer metope contains a six-petalled rosette inside a line circle; segments link petal-tips. Central metope contains a sixteen-petalled rosette inside a line circle. Fingergrips. Bibl. Kloner and Eisenberg 1992:52'-54', No. 3. Comm. 1. See Comm. 651:1. 2. The frame and cornice are slightly reminiscent of an entablature on antae.

654

Pl. 94 [77.529] 62.5(67.5) x 28(31) x 37.5 + 17 cm. Relief carved and incised. Pron. Kefar Sha'ul, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Inner ledge on four sides.

pnv Shimon B. R Large:

ytvinv Shim'on Bibl. Kloner and Eisenberg 1992:52', No. 1. Comm. 1. Six ossuaries (Nos. 651-656) were discovered by E. Eisenberg in a single-chambered loculi tomb in 1977. X

Moulded cornice on all sides. Ornam. F Three circles; in left-hand circle, incomplete guidelines for six-petalled rosette. L Relief-carved ring. Lid Gabled. Fingergrips. Bibl. Kloner and Eisenberg 1992:54', No. 4. Comm. 1. See Comm. 651:1. 2. The ring on L may be an unfinished knocker or handle ring (cf. Intro. §11T; Nos. 569 and 596).

216

Catalogue

655

660

[77.530] 71 x 28.5 x 35 cm. Plain. Prov. Kefar Sha'ul, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Kloner and Eisenberg 1992:54', No. 5. Comm. See Comm. 651:1.

[77.536] 54 x 25.5 x 28 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Kloner 1980a:168-171. Comm. See Comm. 657.

656

661

[77.531] 57 x 34 x 36 cm. Plain. Prov. Kefar Sha'ul, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Kloner and Eisenberg 1992:54', No. 6. Comm. See Comm. 651:1.

[77.537] 69 x 27 x 30 cm. Plain.

Prov.

Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Kloner 1980a:168-171. Comm. See Comm. 657.

657

662

[77.533] 47 x 24.5 x 29 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Kloner 1980a:168-171.

[77.538] 70 x 27 x 32 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Kloner 1980a:168-171. Comm. See Comm. 657.

Comm. The Department retained eight ossuaries (Nos. 657-664) recovered from a single-chambered, loculi tomb excavated in the Botanical Gardens in 1977; a plain, medium-sized ossuary with a flat, sliding lid was also found. Thanks are. due to A. Kloner, the excavator, for granting permission to publish these ossuaries.

663

Pl. 94

[77.539] 65(68) x 32(35) x 42 + 18 cm. Incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Cornice on all

sides. Hole in base of F, near centre.

Ornam. F and B In horizontal row, three six658 [77.534] 42.5 x 22 x 26 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Kloner 1980a:168-171. Comm. See Comm. 657.

659 [77.535] 51 x 21 x 26 cm. Plain. Prov: Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Kloner 1980a:168-171. Comm. See Comm. 657.

petalled rosettes, each inside a line circle; rosettes arranged at a slight angle descending toward right. L and R Similar to F and B, encircled rosette. Lid Gabled, sliding. F and B Similar to chest, in horizontal row, three encircled rosettes. Left gable: Similar to chest, one encircled rosette. Bibl. Kloner 1980a:168-171. Comm. 1. See Comm. 657. 2. Though the hole appears to be accidental, its straight edges may be preparations for repair in ancient times. Cf. Index of Subjects, s.v. Repairs, ancient.

Catalogue 664

cm. Hard limestone. Comb dressed. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Damaged; near base of F, two holes formed from the outside. Lid Gabled, base broadened into cornice (78.5 x

[77.540] 77 x 32.5 x 40.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Kloner 1980a:168-171. Comm. See Comm. 657.

41,.E cm).

Bibl. HA 57-58, 1976:32. Comm.

665

Pl. 94 [77.541] 66.5 x 27 x 36 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Kefar Dani'el (vicinity of Ramle). Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Red wash, absent on B. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; `triglyph' replaced by `lattice' pattern. In each metope, a sixpetalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and link circles to corners, top and base of metopes. B `Lattice' pattern in red wash. Lid Flat. `Lattice' pattern in red wash.

Comm. Chance find.

666 [77.542] 165 x 46.5 x 47 + 21 cm. Thickness of walls: 5 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem.

Lid Gabled. Inner ledge on four sides protrudes downward and securely fits rim of chest. Marks On base of one gable and edge of corresponding narrow side of chest: V Bibl. HA 57-58, 1976:32.

n

Comm.

217

1. See Comm. 623: 1.

2. The width and depth of Nos. 666 and 668 are very similar to those of No. 490 and thus they may also have been used as sarcophagi. All other sarcophagi display similar characteristics, leading Vincent and Steve (1954:345) to conclude that such receptacles contained single corpses, either mummified or, in this region, tightly bound by a sheet. It is likely that some of the sarcophagi were subsequently used as ossuaries, in which case the bones of close relatives would have been added to the remains of the primaryburial (see Sem. 13:8). For a probable example of this practice, see No. 490 and Comm. 490:6.

667 [77.543] 72 x 36 x 35 + 15 cm. Thickness of walls: 5

1. See Comm. 623: 1.

2. The holes may be from a robbery attempt; for other explanations of holes, see Comm. 85:3 and Index of Subjects, s.v. Holes.

668

P1. 95

[77.544] 184.5(188) x 48.5(54) x 55 + 28 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Cornice on all sides; decorated with leaf-

and-dart frieze. L Two small, rectangular holes cut at centre, near base. Ornam. F, B, L and R Ashlar-wall pattern in irregular header-and-stretcher arrangement. Pattern of central row of each side interrupted by horizontal band containing: F Sixteen rosettes, each inside a line circle; from left to right, their petals number: eight, six, whirl, eight, six, eight (six times), six, eight, multi-, six and eight. B Similar to F, sixteen encircled rosettes; from left to right, their petals number: eight, six, multi-, six, eight, eight, six, eight, eight, six, eight, eight, six, multi-, six and eight. L Similar to F, three encircled rosettes; from left to right, their petals number: eight, six and eight. Two upright branches flank central rosette. R Similar to L, flanking branches omitted. Petals of all eight-petalled rosettes shaped as ivy leaves. Lid Gabled. Base broadened into small cornice with leaf-and-dart frieze on F and B. F and B Above frieze, ashlar-pattern similar to chest with horizontal row of eight superimposed eight-petalled rosettes similar to those on chest; each rosette inside a line circle. In upper left-hand corner, F; a shallow, semicircular depression, bordered by a line; its radius equals that of the rosettes. Very large fingergrips (right one cracked). Bibl. HA 57-58, 1976:32. Comm.

1. See Comm. 623: 1.

2. For the holes in L, see Comm. 85:3. 3. For the workmanship and ornamentation, cf. Comm. 490:6. 4. This receptacle could have served as either a sarcophagus or an ossuary, or in both capacities; cf. Comms. 490:6 and 666:2.

Catalogue

218

669 [78.517] 81 x 35 x 28 cm. Roughly dressed. Prov. H. Yavnit (vicinity of Safed). Lid Flat.

mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals. Comm. 1. See Comm. 671. 2. For the palm-tree motif, see Comm. 177:2.

Comm. One of two ossuaries (Nos. 669-670) recovered from a single-chambered loculi tomb on Har Kena'an, partially cleared at the end of 1978.

674

670

[78.522] 56.5 X 23 x 25.5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Kh. Marmita (vicinity of Bet Shemesh). Descr. Low feet.

Pl. 95

Pl. 96

Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frames. `Triglyphs' replaced by trunkless palm-tree motifs;

[78.518] 62 x 23.5 x 28.5 cm. Roughly dressed. Prov. H. Yavnit (vicinity of Safed). Descr. Cracked. Inner ledge on four sides.

Lid Flat, cut-to-measure on all sides (though not securely fitting inner ledge). On edge of each narrow side, two fingergrips. Comm.

Pl. 96

See Comm. 669.

671 P1. 96 [78.519] 35 x 20 x 20 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Kh. Marmita (vicinity of Bet Shemesh). Descr. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F In zigzag frame, two six-petalled rosettes, each inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals. Lid Slightly vaulted. Broken. Fingergrips. Comm. Five ossuaries and a lid (Nos. 671-676), reportedly removed from the same tomb, were, confiscated from clandestine excavators in 1978.

zigzag semi-circles indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals. Comm. 1. See Comm. 671. 2. For the palm-tree motif, see Comm. 177:2.

675

Pl. 97

[78.523] 59 x 23 x 28 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Kh. Marmita (vicinity of Bet Shemesh). Descr. Worn. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Three metopes in doubled zigzag frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; a line bisects length of each petal. L Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame. R Criss-crossed double-lines form checkerboard pattern. 1. See Comm. 671. 2. For the checkerboard pattern, see Index of Motifs, Comm. S.V.

672

Pl. 96

676

Pl. 97 [78.525] 55 x 31 x 16 cm. Hard limestone. Carved.

[78.520] 62 x 24.5 x 31.5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Kh. Marmita (vicinity of Bet Shemesh). Descr. Damaged. Low feet.

Prov. U. Marmita (vicinity of Bet Shemesh).

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. `Triglyph' replaced by palm tree; zigzag semi-circles indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots; vertical zigzags represent trunk. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and link circles to corners of metopes. Comm. See Comm. 671.

673

Pl. 96

[78-521155 x 25 x 30 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Kh. Marmita (vicinity of Bet Shemesh). Descr.. Worn. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frames with frieze of interlaced semi-circles at top and base. `Triglyphs' replaced by trunkless palm-tree motifs; zigzag semi-circles indicate ascending branches,

Lid only. Lid Gabled. One narrow side with carved, bare Descr.

gable. Comm.

See Comm. 671.

677 [79.507] 54 x 25 x 30 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

Bibl. HA 69-71, 1979:57. Comm. From a single-chambered loculi tomb cleared in 1979. Thanks are due to A. Kloner, the excavator, for granting permission to publish this ossuary.

Catalogue

Lid Gabled, with corner acroteria, some broken off. Bibl. Gophna and Sussman 1974: Fig. 2:2-2. Comm. 1. One of nineteen ossuaries discovered in a double-chambered tomb and now on display at the Joe Alon Centre, Kibbutz Lahav. 2. The ossuaries (with thick walls and a lid)

678 [79.510] 70 x 34 x 28 cm. Plain. Prov. Vicinity of Kibbutz Lahav.

Mark B Large. Centre:

Yehuda, son of Yeshua'

Bibl. HA 76, 1981:24-25. 1. See Comm. 701:1.

Comm.

2. nn>: For the name, see Comm. 24:3. 3. 'w": For the name, see Comm. 9:1. For the ossuary which probably contained the remains of this person, see Comm. 704:2.

703 [80.502] 55 x 28 x 34 cm. Plain. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Low feet. Lid Flat. Broken. Inscr. A. Narrow side. Top, slightly right-of-centre:

711

,

11

0

n

9vtm -ia vtv; Yeshua'(?), son of Yehosef

Bibl. HA 76, 1981:24-25. Comm. 1. See Comm. 701:1. 2. The first name, preceded by a large cross-mark, is difficult to read, as the incisions are clumsily carved and badly scratched. There seems to be a vertical stroke representing a yod, followed by a shin; the vav merges with the right stroke of the àyin. The reading viv' is corroborated by the inscription on No. 702 referring to Yeshua', the father of Yehuda. For the name, see Comm. 9:1. 3. cvn>: For the name, see Comm. 9:2.

705 [80.504] 54.5 x 26 x 34.5 cm. Plain.

East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Low feet. Lid Flat. Inscr. F Upper half, left-of-centre: Prov.

mnn Matya B. Interior; right of long side, under rim. At right angle to rim:

0

Bibl. HA 76, 1981:24-25. 1. See Comm. 701:1. 2. mnn: A contraction of trnnnn, see Comm. 42:3. 3. The letters inside the ossuary may spell nt'Uin 'Mat(y)a', though the yod, if incised, has worn away. For vertical and inverted inscriptions, see Comm. 390:4. Comm.

704 [80.503] 65 x 26 x 30 cm. Plain. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem.

nvv, Yose Bibl. IIA 76, 1981:24-25. Comm. 1. See Comm. 701:1.

2. nvr: The equivalent of mr 'I(aa contraction of Ovtn) (cf. Comm. 56:2). The similarity of this ossuary and its inscription with that of Marya on No. 706, both from the same tomb, may indicate that these are the ossuaries of the parents of Yeshua' (No. 704) and the grandparents of Yehuda (No. 702).

706 [80.505] 52 x 27 x 33 cm. Plain. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Very irregular height. Low feet. Lid Flat.

Catalogue

224

Ornam. F Two metopes in a zigzag frame, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag

Inscr. F Upper half, centre:

Al 9 r-

circle. Zigzags overlay petals and link circles to corners of metopes. Lid Flat. Comm. Locally purchased.

Marya

Bibl. HA 76, 1981:24-25. Comm. 1. See Comm. 701:1. 2. rr in: For the name, see Comm. 152:2.

Pl. 101

707 [80.506] 67 x 31.5 x 38.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; `triglyph' containing palm-trunk motif. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; between petals and in corners of metopes, small discs. Lid Flat. Fragmentary. Bibl. HA 76, 1981:24-25. Comm.

See Comm. 701:1.

Pl. 101

708 [80.507] 51 x 27 x 31.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; in each, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Bibl. HA 76, 1981:24-25. Comm.

See Comm. 701:1.

Pl. 101

709 [80.508] 61 x 26.5 x 31.5 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in a zigzag frames, doubled at top; broadened 'triglyph' containing large, incised 'lattice' pattern with zigzag border at top and sides. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line and zigzag circles. Lid Flat. Broken. Bibl. HA 76, 1981:24-25. Comm.

See Comm. 701:1.

710 [80.510] 38 x 18 x 25 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Low feet.

P1. 101

711 [80.511] 68 x 26.5 x 32 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Unknown Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

P1. 102

Ornam. F Fluted frame containing metope frame. In centre, a tomb facade with a three-columned porch supporting a frieze of narrow metopes. Above frieze, a gable with a square central acroterium; antae extended upward indicate corner acroteria. Porch motif flanked by six-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles. Lid Flat. Comm. 1. Purchased locally. 2. The compressed metopes on the porch are very similar to those on No. 90 (on which the frieze has true metopes); at times the metopes were replaced by a hastily sketched zigzag (cf. Nos. 773 and 891); see also Intro. §11A and Figs. 14-15.

Pl. 102 712 [80.512] 51 x 23.5 x 26.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Damaged and encrusted; partially reconstructed. Traces of yellow wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F In doubled zigzag frame, two sixpetalled rosettes inside concentric line circles. Lid Flat. Comm. 1. Twenty-four ossuaries (Nos. 712-735) were recovered from a single-chambered loculi tomb in 1980. Thanks are due to A. Kloner, the excavator, for granting permission to publish these ossuaries.

2. For the zigzag frame, see Comm. 47:2.

713

Pl. 102

[80.513] 43 x 20 x 23.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken, reconstructed and partially restored. Traces of yellow wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; in each, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle.

Mark R Large. Top:

Catalogue Comm.

1. See Comm. 712: 1.

2. The mark may be a monogram, probably in Greek characters; a possible reading is 011E, for the name 'Do 'Hosea' which occurs as vvn (see

225

and incised the name from that angle; for another inverted inscription, see Comm. 694:3.

717

Comm. 38:2).

Pl. 102 [80.517] 67 x 26.5 x 32.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Unfinished. Inner ledge on two sides. Red wash. Low feet.

W

714 [80.514] 69.5 x 29.5 x 39.5 cm. Plain. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken. Inner ledge on three sides.

Ornam. F Two metopes in line frames at base

Lid Flat, sliding. Fragmentary. Comm. See Comm. 712:1.

Pl. 102 [80.515] 53.5 x 24.5 x 32.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Yellow wash. Low

715

and sides; doubled zigzag frame (or frieze) at top. Broadened `triglyph' containing a plant with eleven stalks ending in lanceolate leaves. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles, unfinished on right. Lid Flat. Resting on the rim.

Inscr. L Large. Slightly right-of-centre:

feet.

Ornam. F Fluted frame containing metope frame. In centre, a two-columned porch flanked by sixpetalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles. Lid Flat. Comm. See Comm. 712:1.

716

Pl. 102

[80.516] 75.5 x 28 x 34.5 cm. Plain. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Lid Flat, sliding. Mark On top of insertion edge of lid: Inscr. Inverted, under rim of narrow side, corresponding with mark:

'Av/TLyo'/va Antigona Comm. 1. See Comm. 712: 1.

2. 'Av nyova: The masculine form of this name, Antigonus, is a frequent Jewish name in this period; it was borne by members of the Hasmonean house and by sages (e.g. k. Antigonus of Sokho)..This seems to be the first local occurrence of the feminine form which, however, is attested in a non-Jewish context in first-century BCE Egypt (cf. Preisigke 1915: No. 3735d).

718 5viv Sha'ul 1. See Comm. 712: 1. 2. 5trtw: For the name, see Comm. 122:2 and Index Comm.

of Inscriptions, s.v. This probably refers to the Sha'ul, the father of Yehosef (see No. 730). 3. The inscription may have been executed by the person who placed the bones in the chest and sealed the lid; presumably he stood above the ossuary

Pl. 102

[80.518] 64.5 x 26.5 x 33 cm. Chip carved. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Yellow wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames at top and sides; line frame at base. Broadened `triglyph' bordered by vertical lines and containing a seventeen-leaved branch. In each metope, a sixpetalled rosette inside concentric line circles.

Catalogue

226

Lid Flat. Broken. Rests on the rim.

721

Incr. L Top, right-of-centre:

[80.521] 62 x 25 x 33.5 cm. Plain. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Lid Flat, sliding. Fingergrip on top of outer edge. Comm.

See Comm. 712:1.

722

/Yehoqim Comm. 1. See Comm. 712:1. 2. The first line of the inscription appears to be an unsuccessful attempt to write the word that occurs in the second line; presumably the two lines were written by different hands. o>prn is probably a contraction of o'p>irn 'Yehoyagim', also contracted as o'pr (I Chron. 4:22) and opr, on a First Temple period seal (Diringer 1934:197, No. 38). The present form is nearest to opts,, found on two seals of that period (Avigad 1975:69, Nos. 12-13), and indicates that the name was pronounced 'Yehoqim' rather than 'Yehoqam'. It is identical with the Second Temple period name o'p' 'IaxtjioS, the name of the Hellenized high priest Alkimus (162-160 BCE) - mna vim o'p' in the Jewish sources (e.g. Gen. R. 65:22; see also Schalit 1971). The father of Philip, a military commander under King Agrippa II (Josephus BJ 2:421), also bore this name, with the variant.'Iwaxi4.oc (cf. Schalit 1967, s.v. 'I0'CxLµo4)

- even nearer to Yehoyaqim or Yehoaqim. The earliest of several sages bearing this name was -rrn w''t o>p> 'i 'R. Yaqim of Haddar', a Tannaite of the early-second century CE (M. Eduy. 7:5). For this form of contraction, cf. Comm. 218:6.

[80.522] 38.5 x 12.5 x 27.5 cm. Plain. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Comm. See Comm. 712:1.

723

Pl. 103

[80.523] 60 x 33 x 33 + 12 cm. Chip carved. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Deser. Inner ledge on two sides. Yellow wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. Broadened `triglyph' bordered by metopes at sides and containing a stylized lily with four leaves issuing from stem. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; edges between petal-tips are scalloped to resemble lilies. Lid Gabled, cut-to-measure. Comm. 1. See Comm. 712: 1. 2. The scallops were apparently executed to

complement the lily motif in the `triglyph'. This does not seem to be the case in other instances of scallops; for a less stylized example, see No. 375.

724 [80.524] 72 x 29 x 34 cm. Plain. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Corners of rim

[80.519] 47.5 x 23.5 x 28.5 cm. Plain. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

corresponding to insertion edge of lid are broken (perhaps in antiquity). Lid Flat, sliding. Small upright ridge across outer edge, serving as handle.

Lid Flat, sliding. Mark On top of insertion edge of lid:

2. For the ridge handle, see Comm. 395:3.

719

Comm.

1. See Comm. 712: 1.

725 Comm.

See Comm. 712:1.

720 [80.520] 60.5 x 24.5 x 31.5 cm. Plain. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Lid Flat,.sliding. Comm.

See Comm. 712:1.

[80.525] 48 x 21 x 25.5 cm. Plain. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

Mark On lid, incised along length, directed toward insertion edge. Large:

Catalogue Inscr.

227

Lid Gabled, sliding. F and B Zigzag border at top and base; in centre, large descending semi-circle flanked by six-petalled rosettes, each inside a zigzag

F Large. Centre:

circle.

Mark On gable of insertion edge: Comm. See Comm. 712:1. 730

xvD* Alexa Comm.

1. See Comm. 712: 1.

2. xvD5x: For the name, see Comm. 18:2. It might, however, represent the female name as on No. 868. 3. The mark seems to be a direction mark for the positioning of the lid, as perhaps on No. 494. It is somewhat similar in form to the mark on No. 698, which is utilitarian and technical in character. Pl. 103

726 [80.526] 68 x 27.5 x 32.5 cm. Plain. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Lid Flat, sliding. Slightly overhanging. Fingergrip on top of outer edge. Mark On narrow side, under fingergrip: Comm.

1. See Comm. 712: 1.

2. The mark might be the initials of a name. Furthermore, it may have served as a direction mark for positioning the lid.

Pls. 103, 104 [80.530] 61.5(65) x 29(32) x 39.5 + 13 cm. Chip carved. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides.. Moulded cornice

on all sides; frieze decorated with 'running-dog' motif atop unfinished lozenge motif. Ornam. F, B, L and R Ashlar-wall pattern in irregular header-and-stretcher arrangement. Lid Gabled. F and B -Inside zigzag frame, ashlarwall pattern similar to chest with two superimposed twenty-petalled rosettes near narrow edges; each rosette inside a line circle. Left gable: Line frame containing rooted lily. Right gable: Line frame containing column-shaped nefesh with pairs of spirals flanking base of triangular (pyramidal or conical?) apex; inside apex, nefesh formed by a small square surmounted by a triangle (see below, Marks). Marks On right gable, inside apex of nefesh:

Pl. 103

727

[80.527] 59 x 28.5 x 34 cm. Plain. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Chip-carved slit, lengthwise above insertion edge. Comm. 1. See Comm. 712: 1.

7S

On R of chest, in upper, right-hand corner; pointing toward gable and inscription:

2. The slit carved on the lid may have been intended as a fingergrip or as a direction mark for the positioning of the lid, or for both purposes.

Inscr. Cornice, R side, centre, under gable:

728

4 [nv]n 1'vn 2 [van !nxw -

[80.528] 59 x 26.5 x 33 cm. Plain. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Comm.

Lid Flat, sliding. Fingergrip on top of outer edge. Comm.

See Comm. 712:1.

Pl. 103 [80.529] 85(87) x 31.5(34.5) x 43 + 12.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem.

729

Inner ledge on three sides. Cornice on all sides with zigzag frieze near lower edge. Descr.

,oo

11M %)6-\

vll

'vn' Yehosef, son of Sha'ul drachma 2, obols, obol 4 1. See Comm. 712: 1.

2. For the lily or trefoil within the left gable, cf. other ornaments contained in tympana, e.g. No. 14:Lid, left and right gables. 3. Though the nefesh almost certainly represents a column-formed monument, its form is curious; cf. Ills. 18-20; see also Comm. 122:4 and Hachlili 1981: Fig. 1. The object inside the apex is probably a nefesh (cf. No. 555:F and Comm. 555:2); for attempts to show perspective, see Intro. §1lD and Fig. 21. It is less likely that the device represents an

Catalogue

228

additional ornament on the apex of the monument. 4. The form of the small mark on R echoes the apex of the monument. It is probably a direction mark for positioning the lid. 5. yircv iz cvn>: The names `Yehosef' and `Sha'ul' are frequent, though the former occurs more often in the plene spelling of ivm (see Comm. 9:3 and Index of Inscriptions, s.v.); 1vn' is a contraction similar to a pn> (see Comm. 718:2), also from this tomb-group. An ossuary from a Jerusalem tomb, presumably belonging to Syrian Jews, was apparently also signed by the artisan (Avni, Greenhut and Ilan 1992:104). 6. The letters and signs following the names apparently incised by the same hand - should be interpreted as a price tag. For this view, cf. Naveh's identification of similar signs on No. 696:Lid. Cf. also the Bethphage list where the same sign denoting 4 obols (three uprights with a fourth line joined at an angle to the base of the third one) occurs twice (Milik 1971:77-78, Cols. 1:2, 11:27). The word I,vn òbols' is redundant since the symbol for this denomination, a cursive mem, precedes the numerals. Most likely, the price refers to the sum paid to the artisan; thus, this is one of two identifiable price-tags that have survived on ossuaries (for the other, see Comm. 696:2). The name preceding the price is probably the artisan's rather than the deceased's and may thus be the only surviving occurrence of an artisan's signature on an ossuary (see, however, Comm. 5, above). See also, Intro. §5J.

Pl. 104 731 [80.531] 76 x 30 x 38 + 12 cm. Chip carved. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Gabled, sliding. F and B Zigzag border at top and base.

Mark On insertion edge of lid: Comm.

Lid Gabled, cut-to-measure. Broken. Comm.

1. See Comm. 712: 1.

2. Though the ornamentation scheme resembles a metope arrangement, the two small uprights suggest that the columned porch motif is dominant (cf. Comm. 147:2).

Pl. 104 733 [80.533] 81.5 x 35 x 39.5 cm. Chip carved. Thickness of walls: 6 cm. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Battered. Inner ledge on four sides. Slightly protruding cornice with fluted frieze on all sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F and B Zigzag frame containing two sixpetalled rosettes, each inside a zigzag circle. L and R Similar to F and B, encircled rosette inside circle and frame. Comm. See Comm. 712:1.

734 [80.534] 75 x 30 x 36 cm. Plain. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.


Pl. 105 [80.535] 74.5 x 35 x 37 cm. Chip carved. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Broken, reconstructed and partially restored.

735

Ornam. F In doubled zigzag frame, metope containing horizontally interlaced six-petalled rosettes, segments linking tips; horizontal petals replaced by large discs. Between vertical petals, small discs, each surrounded by three tiny drilled dots. Similar discs in outer corners of metope. Comm. 1. See Comm. 712: 1. 2. For the ornamentation scheme, see Comm. 47:2.

See Comm. 712:1. Pl. 105 [80.544] 106 x 45.5 x 47.5 + 23.5 cm. Thickness of walls: 7.3 cm. Hard limestone. Relief carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Fragmentary; partially reconstructed.

736

732

Pl. 104

[80.532] 61 X 27.5 x 34 + 12 cm. Chip carved. Prov. East Talpiyot, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Red wash.

Ornam. F Three-columned porch on stylobate supports a frieze delimited by two uprights; all elements are plain with zigzag borders. Central column flanked by six-petalled rosettes inside a zigzag circle.

Ornam. F and B Sunken panel in profiled frame containing two knocker or handle rings on a slightly raised disc. L In framed panel similar to F and B, a twelve-petalled rosette. R In framed panel similar to F and B, a sixteen-petalled rosette with an

Catalogue eight-petalled rosette in centre. Lid Vaulted, base broadened into moulded cornice (107 x 46.5 cm). F and B Similar to F and B of chest, frame containing rings around discs. L and R Frames similar to F and B of chest. Comm. 1. The ossuary was discovered in an arcosolium within a small chamber; a singlechambered loculi tomb facing this chamber perhaps formed a part of it. The site was uncovered and damaged in November 1980 during road construction. Thanks are due to 0. Hess, the excavator, for granting permission to publish this ossuary.

2. For the ring motif, see Intro. §11T.

Pl. 105 [81.501] 54 x 23 x 29 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Ramot, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet, slightly damaged.

737

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames; in each, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric zigzag circles. Lid Flat.

Marks On left edge of lid and corresponding side of chest, under rim:

yY

Comm. 1. Four ossuaries (Nos. 737-740) were recovered from a single-chambered loculi tomb in 1981. Thanks are due to A. Kloner, the excavator, for granting permission to publish these ossuaries. 2. For the direction marks, àyin-àyin, see Comm. 821:2.

738 [81.502] 58 x 24 x 29.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Ramot, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, overhanging.

Mark On one narrow side of lid: 1. See Comm. 737:1. 2. The lid, which rests on the inner ledge, probably was not intended for this ossuary. Comm.

739 [81.503] 72 x 29.5 x 35 cm. Plain. Prov. Ramot, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Comm. See Comm. 737:1.

229

740 [81.504] 55.5 x 26 x 28.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Ramot, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

Marks On top of insertion edge of lid and corresponding rim of chest: Comm. See Comm. 737:1.

Pl. 106 741 [81.505] 42.5 x 21 x 25 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. of Offence (near former Government House), Jerusalem. Descr. Yellow wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. `Triglyph' replaced by palm-tree with central branch; roots indicated by three branches inside a zigzag semi-circle. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Comm. 1. Chance find.

2. The palm tree is composed of a branch similar to No. 485; see also Comm. 146:2. The roots are similar to No. 82.

742

Pl. 106; Fig. 96 [81.513] 71 x 30 x 36 + 14 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Entablature resting on two bare, very narrow antae bears frieze consisting of egg-andtongue pattern flanking two straight, juxtaposed branches; groups of leaves alternating with tiny fruit-clusters issue from branches. At centre of frieze, a large fig leaf above a cluster of figs. Beneath frieze, two large, sixteen-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles and containing a central eight-petalled rosette, its petals shaped as ivy leaves, pointing inward. Lid Gabled, cut-to-measure. Bibl. HA 78-79, 1982:70 (= ESI 1, 1982:56). Comm. 1. Nine ossuaries (Nos. 742-750) were recovered from two neighbouring single- and double-chambered loculi tombs in 1982; the tombs are in the Hebrew University campus. Thanks are due to A. Kloner, the excavator, for granting permission to publish these ossuaries. 2. The form of this garland may be compared to the frieze on the `Tomb of the Kings', Jerusalem (Ill. 32); however, the remarkable fig leaf and fruits in the centre are unique. This ornament (and perhaps a fig-tree depicted on the lid of an ossuary, see Intro.

Catalogue

230

Fig. 111) may be a family-emblem, perhaps even indicative of a name derived from n r `fig' (see Comm. 53:2 and Nos. 405-406). Such emblems should then be considered armes parlantes, perhaps similar to the stag depicted inside Jason's Tomb (Rahmani 1967b:97) and to earlier, local examples (see Avigad 1966:50-53; 1981:305; 1982:60). See also Intro. §7B, Comm. 348:3 and Index of Subjects, s.v. Marks, family or professional(?).

Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame, unfinished at base. `Triglyph' replaced by fluted column set on three steps; echinus of Ionic capital has meander with volutes attached to sides, beneath which are tiny spirals. In each metope, a sixteen-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Lid Flat, slightly overhanging. Descr.

Mark On top of one narrow edge: Bibl. HA 78-79, 1982:70 (= ESI 1, 1982:56).

743

Comm.

[81.514] 70 x 28 x 36 + 11 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Lid Gabled. Broken. Fingergrips.

2. The spirals replace the palmettes which usually occur on these capitals and representations of them (see Comm. 262:4); for the column and its capital,

Bibl. HA 78-79, 1982:70 (= ESI 1, 1982:56). Comm. See Comm. 742:1.

3. The lid does not rest on the inner ledge and probably was not intended for this ossuary.

744

P1. 106 747 [81.518] 57 x 27.5 x 34 + 13 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Low feet.

cf. Intro. §11G.

[81.515] 64 x 25.5 x 30 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

Lid Gabled. Fingergrips. Marks On F of lid and corresponding side of chest:

Marks On top of insertion edge of lid and

4-

corresponding rim of chest:

Bibl. HA 78-79, 1982:70 (= ESI 1, 1982:56).

Bibl. HA 78-79, 1982:70 (= ESI 1, 1982:56). Comm. See Comm. 742:1.

Comm.

Pl. 106

745 [81.516] 69 x 28.5 x 34 + 14 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. wash.

Unfinished. Inner ledge on two sides. Red

Ornam. F Two metopes in bead-and-reel frames; `triglyph' replaced by two-leaved door(?) motif. In each metope, an eight-petalled rosette inside concentric zigzag circles; inner circle of left-hand metope unfinished. The petals of rosettes shaped as ivy leaves, pointing inward. Lid' Gabled, cut-to-measure. Small fingergrips. Mark Surrounding one fingergrip: Bibl. HA 78-79, 1982:70 (= ESI 1, 1982:56). Comm. See Comm. 742:1.

[81.517] 77 x 27.5 x 37.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem.

Pl. 106

See Comm. 742:1.

748 [81.519] 62 x 28.5 x 35.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides.

Lid Flat, sliding. Mark On top of insertion edge: Bibl. HA 78-79, 1982:70 (= ESI 1, 1982:56). Comm.

See Comm. 742:1.

749

Pl. 107

[81.520] 73 x 28 x 35.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem.

Unfinished. Inner ledge on three sides. Ornam. F In zigzag frame, three asymmetrically aligned six-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles. On unfinished right-hand rosette, small triangular nicks flank petal-tips; between two of the petals, an ivy-leaf pointing inward. B, L and R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame. Lid Flat, sliding. Descr.

746

1. See Comm. 742: 1.

Catalogue Marks On top of insertion edge of lid and corresponding rim (L) of chest:

o, p

however, occur on an ossuary from 'Dominus Flevit' (Bagatti and Milik 1958:99, No. 41); in the phrase pnnm rcax oft *,art (Macalister 1908; Steinsalz 1963);

IZZ)

Bibl. HA 78-79, 1982:70 (=ESI 1, 1982:56). Comm.

231

and, later, at Bet She'arim (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: Nos. 60, 61, 110).

1. See Comm. 742: 1.

2. The rim is damaged where a second mark may have been carved. What survives of the mark on the chest resembles the one on the lid and thus precludes the possibility that the marks have a symbolic meaning.

4. EL u viS&)S: The initial sigma is similar to that in the first name. Due to its similarity to Simon, this form of the name was fairly common among Jews of this period (cf. Avi-Yonah 1966:263-264). It should be preferred to Vitto's original suggestion of 'IcOv1s7)S.

750 [81.521] 51 x 23.5 x 30 cm. Plain.

752

Mt. Scopus, eastern slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. HA 78-79, 1982:70 (= ESI 1, 1982:56). Comm. See Comm. 742:1.

[81.603] 59 x 35 x 35 + 10 cm. Finely incised. Prov. H. Zed (vicinity of Givàt Yesha'yahu) Descr. Damaged. Low feet, diagonally cut.

Prov.

751 [81.525] 26 + x - x 16 + cm. Finely incised. Prov. Sanhedriya, Jerusalem. Descr. Fragment of upper left corner, partially reconstructed. Inner ledge. Red wash.

Ornam. F Remnants of zigzag frame. Inscr. L Top; in charcoal, partially worn off:

Pl. 107

Ornam. F Two asymmetrically aligned, faintly incised six-petalled rosettes, each inside a line circle. Lid Flat. Vestiges of acroteria in the corners. Comm. 1. A survey find discovered near a tomb cave in 1981. Thanks are due to A. Kloner, the excavator, for granting permission to publish this ossuary.

2. For the type and date of this ossuary, with its feet and thick walls, see Comms. 681:2-3. The protuberances on the lid seem to represent the final stage in the degeneration of corner acroteria (for an earlier stage, see, e.g., Nos. 683-686; see also No. 553).

753

0 'Ir)aoyc Simonides

Jesus, father of

Bibl. HA 45, 1973:24. Comm. 1. This and several other ossuary fragments were discovered in a group of singlechambered loculi tombs in 1972; all the tombs were open and looted, presumably in antiquity. Thanks are due to F. Vitto, the excavator, for granting permission to publish this fragment. 2. 'li)aouc: For this name, see Comm. 9:1 and Index of Inscriptions, s.v. 3. Hccri p: This part of the inscription is badly damaged, but no other reading seems plausible. Though `mother of ...' (cf. Comm. 98:5) occasionally occurs, it r p seems to occur once (see Comm. 567:2), possibly as part of a name rather than in the phrase `father of...'. Similar examples,

P1. 107

[82.500] 90 x 44 x 44 + 22 cm. Thickness of walls: 7 cm. Plain. Roughly comb dressed. Prov. Qiryat Shemu'el, Tiberias. Lid Vaulted.

Bibl. HA 59-60, 1976:17. Comm. This ossuary was was recovered from a double-chambered, ashlar-built mausoleum in 1976; the tomb was dated to the end of the first century CE. Thanks are due to F. Vitto, the excavator, for granting permission to publish this ossuary.

P1.107 754 [82.501] 52 x 31 x - cm. Rough clay; cream surface, black core, straw temper. Prov. Nazareth. Descr. Fragmentary; the base and small sections of the side of the chest were reconstructed. Lid Flat. Fragmentary, 25 cm wide. Remnants of rectangle formed by relief ribs in centre.

Catalogue

232

Bibl. Feig 1990:72-73, Fig. 7. Comm. 1. Few of the many fragments (mainly

of clay ossuary lids) could even be partially reconstructed (Nos. 754-756). All are dated to the second to third centuries CE and come from a tomb-group which also yielded fragments of plain limestone ossuaries. 2. The narrowness of the lid, as compared to the chest's base, indicates that it was originally supported by an inner ledge on four sides; for this, as well as for the chest's base and bulging corners, cf. Nos. 187, 471 and 866. For the moulded central rectangle on the lid, see Nos. 755 and 866. Cf. also Intro. §51.

3. Fragments of soft limestone ossuaries were found on the surface at Nazareth (Bagatti 1969:247), but the available details are insufficient for determining whether they came from a local tomb or from a local collection. Pl. 108 [82.502] 35 + x 25 + cm. Rough, dark-brown clay; black core, straw temper. Prov. Nazareth. Descr. Lid only.

755

Lid Flat. Fragmentary. Strap handle with central ridge, inside a moulded rectangular frame. Bibl. Feig 1990:72-73, Fig. 8, right. Comm.

1. See Comm. 754: 1.

2. For the form of this lid, see Comm. 754:2.

roots. Small discs between trunks. B 'Lattice'patterned frames containing three metopes. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; segments link petal-tips. Horizontal zigzag above and below each rosette. L Checkerboard pattern, executed in zigzag lines. R Similar to B, encircled rosette inside frame. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Comm. 1. Chance find. 2. For a similar style of palm tree, cf. Intro. §11Va and No. 852:F, central metope. Pl. 108 [ASOJS 3433] 53.5 x 31.5 x 32 + 15 cm. Incised and

758

painted. Prov. Kh. Qusatin (Hebron Hills). Descr. Plain; broken and reconstructed. Low feet, mostly worn off. Lid Gabled, overhanging (56 cm). F In red wash, four finely incised circles linked by broad lines. Comm. 1. A chance find, probably together with No. 759.

2. The ornamentation on the lid may represent a very stylized branch of a pomegranate tree; cf. a late Second Temple period mosaic (Avigad 1983: Fig. 109). Painting in wash is rare; see Comm. 464:2. Pl. 108 [ASOJS 3436] 55 x 34 x 17.5 cm. Deeply incised. Prov. Kh. Qusatin (Hebron Hills). Descr. Lid only.

759

PL. 108 [82.525] 25 + x 29.5 cm. Rough, dark-brown clay, black core, straw temper. Prov. Nazareth.

Lid Vaulted. F Single `lattice' pattern with concentric triangles; small holes drilled in centres of the upper and side series of triangles. Fingergrips.

Lid Fragment; mainly of edges, along two of which appear a pair of moulded ribs, slightly

2. For the `lattice' pattern, cf. No. 523.

recessed from edges. Bibl. Feig 1990:72-73, Fig. 8, left. Comm. 1. See Comm. 754: 1.

760

756

2. The ribs seem to run parallel to the long edges of the lid, imitating a roof-tile. See also Intro. §51. Pl. 108 [ASOJS 2822] 56.5 x 24 x 29 + 4 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jericho (vicinity of Tell es-Sultan). Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

757

Ornam. F Broad 'lattice'-patterned frame, doubled at top and base. Frame contains six palm trees, their descending branches indicated by semi-circles with central branches ascending from their apexes in straight lines; lines descending from trunk indicate

Comm.

1. See Comm. 758: 1.

Pl. 108

[ASOJS 4490] 39.5 x 19.5 x 7.5 cm. Incised. Prov. Ài (et-Tell). Descr. Lid only. Broken and reconstructed.

Lid Vaulted. Ashlar pattern on vault. Bibl. Unpublished, but see Callaway 1969:4-5. Comm. This ossuary was recovered from a tomb reused in the Byzantine period, but dated by glass finds to the first century CE. The excavator, in the records for this tomb, reports a second ossuary with its F decorated (according to the accompanying drawing) by three incised six-petalled rosettes in metopes and `triglyphs' replaced by palm trees.

Catalogue Pl. 109 761 [ASOJS 7984] 60 x 30 x 34 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Abu Dis, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Front edges carved away. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in line frames; broadened `triglyph' contains a multi-leaved branch. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Comm. 1. The Department retained one of three ossuaries recovered from a single-chambered loculi

tomb, partially cleared. Thanks are due to E. Damati, the excavator, for granting permission to publish this ossuary. 2. The carving of the front corners of the chest is unusual.

762

Pl. 109 [ASOJS Jer 119/1] 70 x 29 x 32.5 + 4.5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jericho.

Very worn; broken and partially reconstructed. Low feet. Descr.

Ornam. F Three metopes in line frames; `triglyphs' replaced by trunkless palm-tree motifs; semi-circles indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and components of trees. In upper, outer corners, zigzag quarter-circles. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Bibl. Hachlili 1978; 1980. Comm. 1. Seven ossuaries (Nos. 762-768) were recovered from a single-chambered loculi tomb in 1975-1976. Thanks are due to R. Hachlili, the excavator, for granting permission to publish these ossuaries as well as Nos. 769-804. 2. For the palm-tree motif, see Comm. 177:2. Pl. 109 763 [ASOJS Jer 119/2156 x 25 x 31 cm. Incised. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Low feet. Ornam. F Line frame containing two six-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric lines circles. L and R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame. Lid Flat. Bibl. Hachlili 1978; 1980. Comm. See Comm. 762:1.

Pl. 109 [ASOJS Jer 119/3162 x 31 x 29 + 8 cm. Incised and

764

painted in wash. Prov. Jericho.

Descr. feet.

233

Very worn; broken and reconstructed. Low

Ornam. F Incised line frame containing faint traces of a pattern painted in red wash: two sixpetalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles; palm branch to left of left-hand rosette and between the rosettes. Lid Vaulted. Base of F and B broadened into moulded cornice (its measurements equal those of chest's rim). Horizontal lines painted in red above cornice. Fingergrips. Bibl. Hachlili 1978; 1980. Comm. 1. See Comm. 762: 1. 2. Apart from simple `lattice' patterns, ornamentation schemes executed in a wash are rare, though cf. Comm. 464:2. Pl. 109 765 [ASOJS Jer 119/4] 44 x 24 x 28 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Fragmentary; partially reconstructed and restored. Inner ledge on three sides. Ornam. F Two six-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles; between rosettes, a vertical panel bordered on sides by doubled lines. Bibl. Hachlili 1978; 1980. Comm. 1. See Comm. 762: 1.

2. For the central panel, see Comm. 274:2; see also Comms. 767:2 and 790:2.

766

P1. 109

[ASOJS Jer 119/5] 57 X 23 x 29 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Damaged and worn; reconstructed and partially restored. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; `triglyph' replaced by trunkless palm-tree motif; zigzag semicircle indicating ascending branches, mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; zigzags overlay petals. Zigzag quarter-circles in outer corners. Bibl. Hachlili 1978; 1980. Comm. 1. See Comm. 762: 1. 2. For the palm-tree motif, see Comm. 177:2.

767 Pl. 109 [ASOJS Jer 119/6] 51 x 20 x 29 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jericho. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames at top and base with palm-trunk frames at sides; `triglyph' broadened and bare. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Lid Flat. Fragmentary, mostly restored.

234

Catalogue

Bibl. Hachlili 1978; 1980. Comm. 1. See Comm. 762: 1.

2. The ornamentation scheme resembles those on Jerusalem ossuaries, but is rare at Jericho; a Jerusalem manufacture is likely for this ossuary as well as for Nos. 765, 773, 800, 802, 804 and, possibly, Nos. 779 and 790 (Nos. 797-799, 801 and 803 are similar but seem to have been locally produced). Significantly, of the Jericho ossuaries, only Nos. 765, 768, 773 and 790 have the inner ledges for sliding lids that occur so frequently on Jerusalem ossuaries. For Jerusalem as the origin of the owners of these tombs, see also Comms. 775:2, 778:2 and No. 777.

768

Pl. 110

[ASOJS Jer 119/7] 59 x 24.5 x 23.5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Clumsy and carelessly executed ornamentation. Inner ledge on four sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Zigzag frame containing three sixpetalled rosettes, each inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and irregularly link outer circles to some corners of frame. Bibl. Hachlili 1978; 1980. Comm. See Comms. 762:1-2.

Pl. 110 769 [ASOJS Jer 119/8] 53.5 x 26 x 28 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Fragmentary; partially restored. Battered. Traces of red wash. Low feet. Ornam. Two metopes in zigzag frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals. Bibl. Hachlili 1978; 1980. Comm. Nos. 769-774 were recovered from a singlechambered loculi tomb in 1975-1976; fragments of about three ossuaries (Exc. Nos. 119/14-16) have not been catalogued here.

represent trunks; zigzag semi-circles containing zigzag lines indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and link circles to top and base of frame. Zigzag quarter-circle(s) in upper, outer corner(s). Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Bibl. Hachlili 1978; 1980. Comm. 1. See Comm. 769. 2. The original length was approximately 60 cm.

Pl. 110 771 [ASOJS Jer 119/10] 61 x 20 x 28 + 4 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jericho. Descr. F Flaw in lower-left corner; repaired in antiquity by insertion of a piece of similar stone. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; broadened frame at left contains `lattice' pattern. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and link circles to corners of metopes. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Bibl. Hachlili 1978; 1980. Comm. 1. See Comm. 769.

2. The hole was apparently repaired after the ornamentation had been completed. The negligence of the repair is similar to that on No. 651. For a more skillfully executed repair, see No. 826. Cf. also Intro. §5E and Index of Subjects, s.v. Repairs, ancient.

Pl. 110 772 [ASOJS Jer 119/11] 36 x 18 x 19 cm. Finely, freehand incised. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Traces of red wash. Low feet. Ornam. F, L and R Vertical zigzags across entire face, crossed at top and base by three zigzag horizontals. Lid Flat. Fingergrips.

Pl. 110 [ASOJS Jer 119/9] 44 + x 26 x 30 + 4 cm. Finely incised. Prov; Jericho. Descr. Fragmentary and mostly restored. Red wash. Low feet.

Bibl. Hachlili 1978; 1980. Comm. 1. See Comm. 769.

Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frames. `Triglyph' replaced by palm-tree motifs; zigzag lines

Pl. 110; Fig. 15 773 [ASOJS Jer 119/12] 62 + x 21 x 25 cm. Chip carved.

770

2. For this simple pattern incised in freehand, see Nos. 55 and 627.

Catalogue Prov.

Jericho. Fragmentary; partially reconstructed and mostly restored. Inner ledge. Descr.

Ornam. F Metope frame containing fluted frame. In centre, tomb facade consisting of a three-columned porch surmounted by zigzag frieze. Above frieze, a gable with square central acroterium; the antae are extended upwards to indicate side acroteria. Six-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles, flank facade; segments link petal-tips. Between petals, small drilled dots. R Six(?)-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles.

Inscr. R Upper-right corner, very faint:

235

containing a six(?)-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals. L and R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame; zigzags link circle to corners of frame. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Bibl. Hachlili 1978; 1980. Comm. 1. Nos. 775-778 were recovered from a single-chambered loculi tomb in 1975-1976; fragments of about two ossuaries (Exc. Nos. 119/21-22) have not been catalogued here. 2. The inscriptions on No. 777 and on a bowl found in this tomb (see Comm. 778:3) confirm that the family interred in this tomb originated in Jerusalem where at least some of the Jericho ossuaries were manufactured (see also Comm. 767:2).

776

P1. 111

1] m-in, - /1vn' Yehosef, son of Yitro(?) [and(?) Bibl. Hachlili 1978; 1980. Comm. 1. See Comm. 769.

[ASOJS Jer 119/18] 57 x 23 x 26 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

2. 'm-r: For the name, see Comm. 9:3. 3. win): In this reading, the resh and the aleph are regarded as a ligature; for the name itself, see Comm. 57:2. Another name seems to have followed, but only part of a letter, perhaps a vav, survives. 4. The ornamentation is paralleled on Jerusalem

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag

ossuaries; as on No. 891, the zigzag frieze under the gable replaces the usual metope frieze (for which, cf. Nos. 90 and, less skillfully executed, 711). See also Comm. 767:2.

2. In Pl. 111, the bones are shown as they were found in the chest.

circle; zigzags overlay petals. Lid Flat. Broken. Bibl. Hachlili 1978; 1980. Comm. 1. See Comm. 775: 1.

777

Pl. 111

[ASOJS Jer 119/19] 55 x 25.5 x 31.5 cm. Chip Pl. 111 [ASOJS Jer 119/13] 28 + x 24 x 27 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Fragmentary; partially reconstructed. Red wash. Low feet.

774

Ornam. F Metope(s) in zigzag frame, containing six-petalled rosette(s) inside zigzag circle(s); zigzags overlay petals and traverse corners. Bibl. Hachlili 1978; 1980. Comm. See Comm. 769.

carved.

Jericho. Descr. Unfinished. Broken and battered; reconstructed and slightly restored. Low feet, some damaged. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; two petals of each rosette were unfinished. Lid Flat. Fragment. Prov.

Mark R Large. Top: Inscr. L Top. Worn:

A?JML

Pl. 111 775 [ASOJS Jer 119/17] 38 x 18 x 21 + 3 cm. Finely

incised. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Fragmentary; greatly restored.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame, each

v;r o5v i-wjn wu5o Pelatya, from Jerusalem

Catalogue

236 Bibl. Hachlili 1978: Inscr. 2. Comm. 1. See Comm. 775: 1.

2. rcmo5o: In addition to Hachlili's discussion and quoted sources, the name occurs in Rabbinic sources as that of R. Paltiya (or Pelatya) of Naveh, a third century CE Palestinian sage (cf. Eccles. R. to 1:4). 3. In: For its position before a place name, cf. Comms. 290:5 and 293:4. 4. For the Jerusalem origin of members of this family, see Comm. 775:2.

Pl. 112 778 [ASOJS Jer 119/20] 54 x 23 x 27 + 3 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Broken and badly battered; reconstructed and slightly restored. Low feet, some damaged.

Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frames. 'Triglyphs' replaced by trunkless palm-tree motifs consisting of zigzag semi-circles at top and base. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette of different size inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and link outer circles to corners of frame. B Five metopes inside zigzag frames. L and R Similar to F, encircled six-petalled rosette inside frame; circle linked to base of frame by zigzag semi-circle. Lid Vaulted. Zigzag frame with zigzag line along length of apex. Inscr. F Top, left-of-centre. Superimposed on ornamentation:

PA

AA P\

1.u, vOS L MA of Simon, aged 41 Bibl. Hachlili 1978:Inscr. 3. Comm. 1. See Comm. 775: 1.

2. L: For this sign, indicating age, cf. Intro. §6Ff and Comm. 100:4. 3. A pottery bowl inscribed with 'Yishma'el, son of Shim'on, son of Palta, (from) Jerusalem' was found near this ossuary (Hachlili 1978:Inscr. la-b); cf. Intro. §6Ff. 4. For the palm-tree motif, see Comm. 177:2.

Pl. 112 [ASOJS Jer 119/23] At base: 65 x 28 x 34 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Fragmentary; partially restored. Groove on 779

rim, F and B. Traces of red wash. Ornam. F Two metopes in palm-trunk frames with

inner border of small tendrils. In each metope, a 'running-dog' frame containing a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; segments link petaltips. Incised palm trees flank each rosette, their tops inclined toward smaller palm tree sprouting from apex of circle; between feet of each pair of trees, three similar, smaller trees. L Inside broad ring with line-border, a six-petalled rosette. Bibl. Hachlili 1978; 1980. Comm. 1. Nos. 779-781 were recovered from a

single-chambered loculi tomb in 1975-1976; one very fragmentary specimen (Exc. No. 119/26) has not been catologued here. 2. Certain elements of the decoration (e.g. the rosettes) occur frequently on Jerusalem ossuaries; see Comm. 767:2.

780 [ASOJS Jer 119/24] 55 x 24 x 30 cm. Plain. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Damaged; reconstructed and restored. Low feet.

Bibl. Hachlili 1978; 1980. Comm. See Comm. 779:1.

781 [ASOJS Jer 119/25] 60 x 26 x 30 + 5 cm. Plain. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Fragmentary; partially restored. Low feet. Lid Vaulted. Fragmentary. Bibl. Hachlili 1978; 1980. Comm. See Comm. 779:1.

Pl. 112 [ASOJS Jer 135/H I] 67 x 25.5 x 27 + 4 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Low feet.

782

Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and link circles to frames of metopes. L and R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame. Horizontal zigzag lines between circle and top and base of frame. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Inscr. F Top, above frame of right metope:

AoY MapLc.n yu(v') 'Io68ou Mariame, wife of Juda

Catalogue Bibl. Hachlili 1979a: 34-35, No. I; Hachlili and Smith 1979; Hachlili and Killebrew 1983c. Comm. 1. R. Hachlili reported on 22 ossuaries (Nos. 782-803) recovered from a double-chambered

loculi tomb in 1979; No. 804 also belongs to this group. The tomb was part of the necropolis of Jericho in the Second Temple period and its walls were decorated with a fresco bearing a vine-trellis. 2. For evidence that some of the ossuaries in this group were manufactured in Jerusalem, see Comm. 767:2. Although the majority of these ossuaries are of a less elaborate and well-executed variety, this implies neither that they were locally manufactured (though this is likely) nor that the family was poor (cf. Intro. §5J). 3. See Hachlili for an extensive discussion of the inscriptions on these ossuaries, including the names.

Pl. 113 783 [ASOJS Jer 135/H II] 51 x 19.5 x 24 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jericho.

Corresponding pairs of holes drilled through edges of lid and rim of chest, twice through F and B, once through L and R; finely incised, short guidelines from the lid to rim of chest indicate location for their drilling. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals. L and R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame. Lid Flat. (For holes, see above, Descr.) Descr.

Inscr.

A. B, centre:

31,,51-itv5rc p -min) Yeho'ezer, son of El'azar, Goliath B. Lid, lengthwise:

I

11V Irp

n', Yeho'ezer, son of E1'azar, Goliath Bibl. Hachlili 1979a:34-35, No. II; Hachlili and Smith 1979; Hachlili and Killebrew 1983c. Comm. 1. See Comm. 782: 1. 2. The holes, clearly not intended for draining body fluids (see Intro. §5H) or as symbolic openings (see Comm. 85:3), were perhaps intended to facilitate closure with, e.g., iron rivets (see Comm. 70:4 and No. 196). An ossuary from Jerusalem has such holes, unfinished and unused, as well as an incised 1*,5i -tv5m p -

guideline running from the lid to the chest near

237

a hole with a rivet (see Comm. 77:3). No signs of rivets were found here (cf. Nos. 796 and 803), but it is possible that the sealing was effected with rope that has since disintegrated or that the holes were never used; for sealing coffins with rope, see G. Hadas (forthcoming). 3. - nn': For this name spelt with ligatures (as in Inscr. A), see Comm. 799:7. 4. rr5i: The name `Goliath' was borne by two men in this family, one mentioned here and the other on Nos. 799-801. This nickname must originally have referred to the exceptional height of the men in this family (Hachlili 1979a:52; Hachlili and Smith 1979:67). Despite its negative connotations among Jews, the nickname may have become a family name (though Naveh 1990:118, n. 23 raised doubts); for further examples of this type of nickname, including those with uncomplimentary connotations, cf. Goitein 1970. One might compare lt5p, a family name in a group of Jewish ossuaries from Jerusalem (cf. Grimme 1912:533) and which occurs frequently in Greece and Egypt (see Preisigke, s.v.); the word means `beautiful' in Greek (parallel to ni'ow, cf. Comm. 35:2), but in Hebrew has the negative connotations of `shame', `disgrace' and `prostitution'. See see Index of Subjects, s.v. Inscriptions, contents: Family names.

784

Pl. 113 [ASOJS Jer 135/H III] 55.5 x 22 x 25 + 5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Red wash, F only. Low feet. Ornam. F Zigzag frame containing three sixpetalled rosettes, each inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and link circles to frame. B `Lattice' pattern repeated twice in red wash. L and R `Lattice' pattern in red wash. Lid Vaulted. Fragmentary. Fingergrip(s). Bibl. Hachlili 1979a:34-35, No. III; Hachlili and Smith 1979; Hachlili and Killebrew 1983c. Comm. See Comm. 782:1.

785

Pl. 113

[ASOJS Jer 135/H IV] 78 x 27.5 x 33.5 + 6 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Low feet.

Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; segments link petal-tips. The rosettes are

238

Catalogue Lid Across underside, in charcoal:

asymmetrically aligned and there is additional ornamentation in each metope: in three corners of left-hand metope, parts of six-petalled rosettes; in remaining corner, irregular zigzag lines; in central metope, incised zigzag line above and below rosette; in right-hand metope, two zigzag lines below rosette. A frieze of interlaced semi-circles overlays base of frame. R Inside a zigzag frame, four squares formed by zigzags. Each square contains a six-petalled rosette inside a line circle. Lid Vaulted. Fragmentary. Fingergrip(s). Bibl. Hachlili 1979a:34-35, No. IV; Hachlili and Smith 1979; Hachlili and Killebrew 1983c. Comm. 1. See Comm. 782: 1. 2. The ornamentation on R seems to be derived from the metope motif, doubled here, rather than from the loculi motif (for which, cf. Comms. 19:2 and 269:2).

Inscr.

786

the tomb cave and the deceased. Abecedaries also occur at the Bet She'arim necropolis: a seven-letter Greek abecedary (Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 73), from alpha to iota, the latter separated from the rest (is the phi in the present example a mistake for iota?) and two complete instances in Jewish script (B. Mazar 1957:163). If Hachlili's suggestion is accepted, this is the earliest locally-recorded instance in a Jewish tomb. See also Intro. §6Fk.

Pl. 114 [ASOJS Jer 135/H V] 56 x 24.5 x 29 + 4 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Red wash, F and B. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. `Triglyph' replaced by palm tree; zigzag semi-circles and triangles indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals, fill spaces in between, and link circles to outer corners of metopes. B `Lattice' pattern repeated twice in red wash. R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame; zigzags overlay petals and link circle to corners of frame. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Bibl. Hachlili 1979a:34-35, No. V; Hachlili and Smith 1979; Hachlili and Killebrew 1983c. Comm. See Comm. 782:1.

Pl. 114 787 [ASOJS Jer 135/H VI] 57 x 25 x 26 + 3 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frames. `Triglyphs' transformed into palm trees; concentric line semi-circles indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips.

k

ABI'0/EZ/HO/ /(D Bibl. Hachlili 1979a:34-35, No. VI. Comm. 1. See Comm. 782: 1.

2. The lid stood on its narrow edge inside the tomb with the inscription facing the entrance. Hachlili quoted several similar abecedaries (even though in our case the theta is uncertain and the phi remains unexplained) and suggested that the lid was positioned and inscribed to magically protect

Pl. 114 788 [ASOJS Jer 135/H VII] 57 x 22 x 29 + 3 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Badly worn. Traces of red wash. Low feet. Ornam. Three metopes in 'lattice'-patterned frames

with zigzag borders. In each metope, a fourteenpetalled rosette inside concentric line circles. L and R Zigzag frame containing a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Bibl. Hachlili 1979a:34-35, No. VII; Hachlili and Smith 1979; Hachlili and Killebrew 1983c. Comm. See Comm. 782:1.

789

Pl. 114, 115 [ASOJS Jer 135/H VIII] 59 x 25 x 30.5 + 1 + 9 cm.

Chip carved and incised. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Unfinished. Badly worn. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled frames,

Catalogue notched to indicate zigzags. In each metope, a faintly incised six-petalled rosette inside a similarly notched circle. L Faintly incised six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. R Unfinished sixpetalled rosette inside concentric line circles; one petal chip-carved.

Lid Thin, flat lid beneath a vaulted lid. Mark On R of vaulted lid: Inscr. A. B Near top, far right. In ink:

ee

TTEA8EPOYBACIJ1 C.HC

AFIJ j

IC cofoc

6eoH,rov arscAeu-/0epou (iaaiAfa"S-/'Ayptnneiv-% - aop6S ossuary of Theodotos, Queen Agrippina's freedman B. B Upper-left corner, under rim. Very small, in ink:

96000

,:.e"F?orht

C;h- ,r

OeoBc rou ancXeu-/OEpou PaaiAiQcn

of Theodotos, Queen Agrippina's freedman Bibl. Hachlili 1979a:33-34, No. VIII; Hachlili and Smith 1979; Hachlili and Killebrew 1983c:53. Comm. 1. See Comm. 782: 1.

2. The double lid is unique and perhaps was intended as symbolic protection of the remains of the deceased (cf. Intro. §§6Fj and 7C and Index of Subjects, s.v.).

3. Hachlili concluded that the inscription refers to Queen Agrippina the Younger (15-59 CE) whose freedman, Theodotos, probably lived for some time in Rome and was interred at Jericho, most likely in his family tomb. For further instances of the local interment of Jews presumably from Rome, cf. Comms. 202:3 and 497:2, as well as Comm. 209:6. For another Theodotos, perhaps the offspring of a freedman, cf. the dedicatory inscription from the Ophel Synagogue, Jerusalem (Vincent 1921). See also mention of a freedwoman of a later period, Avigad 1976a: 118-119.

4. The mark, a theta, seems to be the initial of a name and indicates that the lid belonged to the ossuary of Theodotos. 5. For inscriptions penned in ink, see Comm. 477:5. L. Di Segni remarks that marks found here at the end of lines usually occur between words to

239

give a monumental, elegant look to inscriptions. The inscriptions on this ossuary were executed with exceptional care, all the more noteworthy as both occur on the edges of the ossuary's back. 6. Noteworthy is the poorly-executed attempt at chip carving which was probably made by a local artisan.

790 [ASOJS Jer 135/H IX] 44.5 x 20.5 x 24.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. Hachlili 1979a:34-35, No. IX; Hachlili and Smith 1979; Hachlili and Killebrew 1983c. Comm. 1. See Comm. 782: 1. 2. This plain ossuary with 'a sliding lid differs greatly from the other ossuaries found in this tomb. For Jerusalem as the probable origin of some ossuaries found at Jericho, see Comm. 767:2.

791 Pl. 115 [ASOJS Jer 135/H X] 68 x 27 x 30 + 5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Three metopes in doubled zigzag frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and link circles to corners of metopes. The outer rosettes are smaller than the central one and the space below them contains additional zigzag horizontals. L and R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame; zigzags overlay petals, fill spaces between petals, and link circle to corners. Zigzag horizontal below rosette.

Lid Vaulted, overhanging (73 cm). Broken. Fingergrips. Bibl. Hachlili 1979a:34-35, No. X; Hachlili and Smith 1979; Hachlili and Killebrew 1983c. Comm. See Comm. 782:1.

792

Pl. 115 [ASOJS Jer 135/H XI] 62 x 25 x 25 + 4.5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Red wash, F only-Low feet. Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frames; `triglyphs' transformed into palm trees; zigzag lines

Catalogue

240

indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots; similarly incised lines in outer corners of frame. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; straight line along each petal. B `Lattice' pattern repeated twice in red wash. L and R Similar to B, `lattice' pattern not repeated. Lid Vaulted. Marks On one edge of lid and corresponding side (R) of chest: Bibl. Hachlili 1979a:34-35, No. XI; Hachlili and Smith 1979; Hachlili and Killebrew 1983c. Comm. See Comm. 782:1.

P1. 116 793 [ASOJS Jer 135/H XII] 54 x 22 x 25 + 4 cm. Finely

incised. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Unfinished. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzag lines overlay petals and fill some spaces between petals of central and right-hand rosettes. Zigzags link circles to corners of metopes. L and R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Inscr. A. F Across top, from right corner of central metope to left corner of right metope:

1vize0 C

and 'IwagapoS). All represent - mr (for which, see Comm. 15:2) a contraction of _11Y111) (see Comm. 151:2 and Index of Inscriptions,

s.v.). -min) is not recorded in Talmudic literature and -im, seems to appear only once: Jo'ezer of the Bira (presumably a Temple dignitary), who is reported to have encountered R. Gamliel the Elder at the (Temple's) Eastern Gate (M. Or. 2:12). Aoc: In addition to the parallels discussed 3. 'Ia. by Hachlili (1979a:48-49), the name occurs in Egypt in the second to first centuries BCE (CPJ 13:20, 120:1 and 452, the latter two referring to a priest). For other examples on ossuaries, see Bagatti and Milik 1958:76, No. 4, from 'Dominus Flevit', and on an unpublished ossuary at the Museum of the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Jerusalem. The name also occurs in Greek in the Dead Sea documents (Benoit et al. 1961: Nos. 89:21, 120:2) and is common in the priestly and rabbinic families of Jerusalem, e.g. Ishma'el b. Phiabi; as the name of two first century BCE high priests and of Ishmael b. Elisha (see Josephus AJ 3:320, 18:34, 20:179, 194-5).

Pl. 116 [ASOJS Jer 135/H XIII] 58.5 x 27 x 31 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

794

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. 'Triglyph' replaced by palm tree; zigzag semi-circles indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and link circles to corners of metopes. L Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame. R 'Lattice' pattern in red wash.

'Io Joezer B. B Middle, slightly right-of-centre:

Lid

'Io poc/'Ia%Loc#ou Joezer, son of Ismael C. Lid Underside, lengthwise: I

V:

(

l(

Inscr.

Flat. Broken.

A. F On left edge, incised vertically:

A M av cb i oq Manahem

Joezer, son of Ismael 'IwgpoS Bibl. Hachlili 1979a:34-35, No. XII; Hachlili and Smith 1979; Hachlili and Killebrew 1983c. Comm. 1. See Comm. 782: 1. 2. 'Iw.ii poS: Spelt thus throughout this ossuary group (Nos. 782-804), with the exception of the

variant 'IogpoS on Nos. 799:Inscr. C and 801:Inscr. C. These spellings differ considerably from those in and Josephus the Septuagint and

Simon Bibl. Hachlili 1979a:34-35, No. XIII; Hachlili and Smith 1979; Hachlili and Killebrew 1983c. Comm. 1. See Comm. 782: 1.

2. Mava-Iµoc: In addition to the parallels quoted by Hachlili, the name occurs on another ossuary

Catalogue (Clermont-Ganneau 1899:442). See also Josephus AJ 15:373-378; BJ 2:443ff; the Dead Sea documents (Benoit et al. 1961: Index, s.v.) and Talmudic literature as early as a sage contemporaneous with Hillel the Elder (M. Hag. 2:2); see also Josephus AJ 15:373-378; BJ 2:443ff. 3. EfiLwv: For the name, cf. Comm. 332:2. The remains of a male were found in this ossuary, possibly indicating that the name was erroneously incised here instead of on No. 795 or that it is part of a double name (see Index of Subjects, s.v.).

241

of F and B, once through L and R. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames with row of ashlar- (or metope-?) patterned frieze above base; broadened zigzag, `triglyph' contains panelled, two-leaved door(?). In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a broad ring, bordered by concentric line circles; segments link petals. L Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame; its petals not linked. Lid Vaulted. (For holes, see above, Descr.) Fingergrips. Inscr. A. F Centre:

Pl. 116 795 [ASOJS Jer 135/H XIV] 58 x 24 x 26 + 7 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and link circles to metope corners. L and R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame. Lid Vaulted. Fragmentary. Fingergrip(s). Inscr. A. F Left metope. Incised vertically, over ornament; read from bottom:

c Ei[twv Simon B. R Top. Incised over ornament:

C Simon Bibl. Hachlili 1979a:34-35, No. XIV: Hachlili and Smith 1979; Hachlili and Killebrew 1983c. Comm. 1. See Comm. 782: 1.

2. Eiwv: For the name, cf. Comms. 332:3 and 794:3.

Pl. 116 [ASOJS Jer 135/H XV] 55 x 24 x 25 + 4 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jericho.

796

Pairs of holes drilled through edges of lid and corresponding rim of chest: once through centre Descr.

) pon'w 5xm n-n nrin Marya, daughter of Neta'el, Shlamzin (Shlomshn?) B. B Under rim, right: 01mo

r7

rZ

yy W P%

1

p

1

(?)wn5vi) psn5v na 5Kr mi in-in Marya, daughter of Neta'el, daughter of Shlamzin (Shlomshn?) C. L Top, partially covered by incrustation:

)d

1 ma n>7n Marya, daughter of [ Bibl. Hachlili 1979a:34-35, No. XV; Hachlili and Smith 1979; Hachlili and Killebrew 1983c. Comm. 1. See Comm. 782: 1. 2. For the holes, see Comm. 783:2.

3. nn : For the name; see Comm. 152:2 and Index of Inscriptions, s.v. 4. The incrustation over Inscr. C interfereswith the reading of its second half, though its contents can be inferred from Inscrs. A and B. 5. min: Hachlili regarded this as a diminutive of ms, though it occurs nowhere else; as mz appears twice on this ossuary, it is more likely that the yod was erroneously written. 6. 5xnx This is probably a contraction of 5ram, a common name in Biblical literature which has also been documented in the first century BCE (Dorotheus, son of Nethanel, see Josephus, AJ 120:14). For this method of contraction, cf. Comms. 218:6 and 718:2. 7. lvm5w: Hachlili suggested that this is a contraction of limn5vv (see No. 801: Inscr. B) and thus represents a local pronunciation of 1r!o5,v (see Comm. 26:2). Notwithstanding the reading of No.

Catalogue

242

801:Inscr. B, the difference between the two shins of this name led Naveh to suggest that the penultimate letter of Inscrs. A-B was a ligature of sadeh and yod and not a shin; the reading would then be psn* (see Comm. 71:3). 8. Hachlili's suggestion that Marya was the daughter of Neta'el and granddaughter of Shlomzin poses difficulties. Normally, if the last name in the inscription was that of Neta'el's parent, it would have been preceded at least by 7z `son' and would be the name of Marya's grandfather rather than grandmother; for names arranged in this order, see, e.g., No. 290 'Marta, daughter of Yehosef, son of Ya'aqov' Though mistakes do occur in writing 'son' and `daughter' (see Comm. 256:4), this would nonetheless be the only example of the deceased father being identified by his metronymic. Instances of matrilineal descent are, however, known from Talmudic writings, e.g. or1n mnx 13 5mw xz' (TB Ket. 87a, 88b, referring to a mid-second century CE Tannaite; see also xmn 73 MIN in fourth century CE Babylonia, TB Yoma 84a). According to Hachlili's supposition (1979a:58), Shlamzin was the matriarch of the family and is possibly mentioned here as the grandmother of Marya; the reading 'Marya, daughter of Neta'el, daughter of Shlamzin' seems preferable.

Pl. 117 797 [ASOJS Jer 135/H XVI] 37.5 x 19.5 x 21.5 + 3 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Red wash. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames indicated by notches. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a similarly notched circle, its petals clumsily carved. R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame.

Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Inscr. A. R Inside circle, between two upper petals:

m)7cm the Ezobite

arY

B. L Top, right-of-centre:

*.)o 4 t-** I I Y -0 x'zcx -suvn' Yeho'ezer the Ezobite C. L Middle, centre:

*2J''

1

D-E. Lid Both edges, faint, as seen from R and L, respectively:

uvirn Yeho'ezer the Ezobite x)mx -ayim Yeho'ezer the Ezobite Bibl. Hachlili 1979a:34-35, No. XVI; Hachlili and Smith 1979; Hachlili and Killebrew 1983c; Puech 1983:508-511, No. 13. Comm. 1. See Comm. 782: 1.

2. icvn': This is the plene spelling of the name; see No. 151 and Index of Inscriptions, s.v. 3. x>:itx: This reading, `the Ezobite', is preferable to Hachlili's reading of x'apm here and on No. 803; apart from being an incorrect spelling of the name 'Aqavya, with an initial aleph (for this name and its correct spelling, see Comm. 838:3), the second letter is a zayin, not a qof, as noted be Puech and Naveh. Both here and on No. 803, the birthplace of the deceased infants is thus indicated as Bet Ezob, located in eastern Transjordan. According to Josephus (BJ 6:201), the village Bethezuba, `The House of Hyssop', was inhabited in this period by Jews, some of whom were wealthy. The infant in No. 803 is nicknamed `cinnamon' to distinguish him from the infant interred in this ossuary; the place-name distinguishes them both from the other Yeho'ezers of this family. For similar abbreviations of place-names, cf. Zanitha (Tos. Shev. 4: 10 [Zuck. 66:7]) for Bet Zanitha (TJ Shev. 36d) and Qarya (Tos. Sheb. 4:9 [Zuck. 66:4]) for Bet Qarya (TJ Dem. 22d); for place-names supplementing personal

names, cf. Nos. 99, 139 and 257 and, e.g., yr 'i wnwo 'R. Yose the Ma'onite' (i.e. of Bet Ma'on in TJ Sanh. 20d). Puech's association of mnim with Ezbai (I Chron. 11:37) is untenable as that name is clearly a corruption of Arbi, cf. the parallel 'zimn `the Arbite' (I Sam. 23:35). Cf. Noth 1928:235, No. 70 and B. Mazar 1964:260, n. 37, identifying the place with Arab in the Hebron district. Puech also suggested that the word refers to the plant `hyssop' (parallel to `cinnamon' on No. 803) as an indicator of the `dry herbs' mentioned in Sem. 12:9; it is unlikely that 'hyssop' would be mentioned with and without the name of the deceased on both ossuaries whereas `cinnamon' occurs on only one. There is no reason to indicate the names of herbs upon an ossuary and their indication here would be a singular occurrence.

Catalogue

243

(see Intro. §6C).

Bibl. Hachlili 1979a:34-35, No. XVIII; Hachlili and Smith 1979; Hachlili and Killebrew 1983c. Comm. 1. See Comm. 782: 1.

Pl. 117 [ASOJS Jer 135/H XVII] 56.5 x 25.5 x 29.5 + 6 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Red wash. Low feet.

2. The ornamentation on this ossuary is almost identical to that on No. 842. For similar representations of palm trees see Fig. 113 and Nos. 442 (with date clusters) and 852; these ultimately derive from more naturalistic representations, as found in southeastern Jerusalem (see Milik 1956-57:Fig. 22, top-left); see also Intro. §IlVa and

The repetition of the inscription may express sorrow

798

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. `Triglyph' transformed into palm tree; zigzag lines indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric zigzag circles; zigzags overlay petals and link circles to outer corners of metopes. L and R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame. Lid Vaulted. Fragmentary. Fingergrips. Bibl. Hachlili 1979a:34-35, No. XVII; Hachlili and Smith 1979; Hachlili and Killebrew 1983c. Comm. See Comm. 782:1.

Pl. 117 [ASOJS Jer 135/H XVIII] 63 x 24 x 30 + 7.5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jericho.

799

Descr.

Fig. 111.

3. For the hole, cf. Comm. 85:3. 4. The position of the inscriptions is identical to No. 801.

For this name, see Comm.

5.

793:2.

6. Pom&O: This is the form in the Septuagint, while Josephus inflected it as Foata0oS. For the name, here in the genitive, see Comm. 783:4. 7. 7tvn>: Here the heh and vav, and the 'ayin and zayin were inscribed as ligatures, similarly to Nos. 783:Inscr. B and 801:Inscr. B. The same is true of i:i, spelt with the bet and resh in ligature. 8. For a son bearing his father's name, see Comm. 73:3.

Red wash. Low feet. Hole bored in B, above

left foot.

800

Ornam. F Two metopes in line frames. `Triglyph' transformed into palm tree; its ascending branches

[ASOJS Jer 135/H XIX] 68.5 x 28 x 35 cm. Chip

indicated by curved lines above straight, descending branches (fruit twigs?); roots indicated by straight lines set at an angle to trunk. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. L and R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Inscr. A. R Top, between frame and circle:

IW EZPOC'b t'CZPOY.116

Pl. 117

carved. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Damaged; badly worn and disintegrating.

Partially reconstructed. Low feet. Ornam. F In zigzag frame, two whirl rosettes, each inside a line circle and with a plain disc in centre. Lid Flat. Fragment only. Inscr. F Top, beneath frame, between circles:

ro1,\IAeoY'a V4:N

'I o you roai«0ou Joezer, son of Joezer, of Goliath B. R Base, between circle and frarie, right-of-centre:

11y

Jc

XT

-cvim -13 - nn' Yeho'ezer, son of Yeho'ezer;

Goliath C. Lid F, lengthwise:

pc71l, i,: c7;qr F tNNHT roa6a0ou Joezer, son of Joezer, of

Goliath

G

7

1-7

EM?,'[ q yuvvJ utoS

r'

'oc ..rloC

roai40ou/xat 'Ia[Lar)aoS

ut6S Salome, wife of Joezer, of Goliath's, and Ismael (her) son and Joezer (her) son Bibl. Hachlili 1979a:34-35, No. XIX; Hachlili and Smith 1979; Hachlili and Killebrew 1983c. Comm. 1. See Comm. 782: 1. 2. Eaau'[,rJ: For the Hebrew form of the name, cf. Comm. 13:2 and No. 23: Inscr. A. 3. ' I i p oc: For the name, cf. Comm. 793:2.

4. 'Iaµar]aoq: For the name, cf. Comm. 793:3.

Catalogue

244

5. vi6q: In this case, the word means `her son'; for similar inscriptions mentioning a parent and child, see Comm. 73:3 and Nos. 396 and 490:Inscr. C. 6. roaca0: For the name, cf. Comms. 783:4 and 799:6.

7. For Jerusalem as the probable origin of this ossuary, see Comm. 767:2.

a ligature. For the name, see Comms. 783:4 and 799:6.

6. 'i nn-or As Naveh noted, the first heh replaces an aleph; thus the words should be read as rr nmx, literally `his mother of', analogous to the Hebrew 5v> u on No. 370:Inscr. A (cf. Naveh 1979:18, n.6). For the replacement of aleph with heh, see Comm. 17:2.

7. The position of the inscriptions is identical to Pl. 118 801 [ASOJS Jer 135/H XXI 57 x 24.5 x 28.5 + 5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Red wash. Low feet.

No. 799.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. L and R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside

carved. Prov. Jericho. Descr. Slightly damaged. Inner ledge on three

frame.

sides. Low feet.

Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Inscr. A. R Top, between frame and circle:

Ornam. F Three-columned (fluted?) porch with leaf (and dart?) frieze. Each intercolumnar space contains a branch-formed whirl rosette inside a line circle; in centre, a six-petalled rosette. Two pairs of juxtaposed semi-circles link right-hand circle to

C('n/CtoyCMHT?OCit,JE po'n

lAeoY

I oxtieou of Selamsio, Eeaat,aioGS nyrp64 mother of Yoezer, of Goliath B. R Base, between circle and frame, right-of-centre:

n'5) 7tvm ,r nnn jrvn5w Shlamshion, (his) mother of Yeho'ezer, of Goliath C. Lid F, lengthwise:

802

lower corners of frame.

Lid Flat, sliding. Fragmentary. Inscr. A. F Upper-left corner of left-hand panel:

-tv5rena -min) Yeho'ezer, son of E1'azar B. R Under rim:

NTHJTO( 1\ZT rV\\1\B EeAaµatouc .o rpe 'Ioe you FoXi&Oou of Selamsio, mother of Yoezer, of Goliath Bibl. Hachlili 1979a:34-35, No. XX; Hachlili and Smith 1979; Hachlili and Killebrew 1983c. Comm. 1. See Comm. 782: 1. 2. Ee? iatoGS: The genitive form of Eeaaµacw, (cf. similar to EaAaIAc tout from Clermont-Ganneau 1899:388). It is a variant of the name lrin5v (see Comm. 26:2). 3. Here in the genitive; for instances of women designated by their son's name, cf. Comm. 98:5. 4. 'I o For the Greek form of the name, see Comm. 793:2; for -min, see Nos. 783: Inscr. B and 799: Inscr. B (written with similar ligatures) and Nos. 151, 783:Inscr. A and 797:Inscrs. B-E (written without ligatures). 5. FoML&6/m5a: The gimmel and lamed are in

P1. 118

[ASOJS Jer 135/H XXI] 65 x 30 x 37 cm. Chip

oc 'Eaeo%gapoS Eleazar

Hachlili 1979a:34-35, Nos. XXI; Hachlili and Smith 1979; Hachlili and Killebrew 1983c. Comm. 1. See Comm. 782: 1. 2. The presence of the single patronymic Èleazar' in Greek might suggest that the ossuary also contained the bones of Yeho'ezer's father. However, only the remains a 25-35 year-old male were found in this ossuary (Hachlili and Smith 1979:68). 3. For the porch motif, cf. No. 474. For the rosettes, cf. Nos. 148 and 204.

Bibl.

P1. 118 803 [ASOJS Jer 135/H XXII] 32.5 x 16.5 x 19.5 + 5 cm.

Incised. Prov. Jericho.

Catalogue Pair of holes drilled through F, B, L and R edges of lid and corresponding rim of chest; guidelines (see below, Marks) indicate location for drilling. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in line frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. L and R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame. Lid Vaulted. (For holes, see above, Descr.) Marks Incised near drill-holes in F, B, L and R edges of lid and corresponding rim of chest: Descr.

i °,

f+

245

a nun. The third letter is identical to the mem of psn5vi in No. 796:Inscrs. A-B and the fifth letter is identical to the mem of rnin in No. 796:Inscr. B. The word seems to be 'cinnamon' used as a term of endearment or a nickname in status emphaticus. It is derived from the Hebrew-Aramaic word line influenced by the Greek xcvva4.wµov and its variants, including xiva[.ov (cf. Liddell, Scott and Jones, s.v.); for this spice, see Ex. 30:23; Cant. 4:14; Prov. 7:17 and Gartner 1975. The name is paralleled on an ossuary by xnt5z (see Comm. 461:3). Cinnamon and balsam are mentioned together as plants of paradise (cf. Lev. R. 31:10). For names similarly derived from plants, see Comm. 114:2.

Inscr. A. B Top, off-centre:

p&-rr

It seems likely that the nickname distinguished this infant Yeho'ezer from his namesake born to this family at Bet Ezob (cf. Comm. 797:3). Similar terms of endearment or nicknames apparently distinguished between family members bearing the same name on, e.g., Nos. 32 and 35 and Nos. 113;_ and 114.

x'ztrvxntnn x-)stx -twin' Yeho'ezer the Ezobite, the cinnamon/the Ezobite B. Lid Off-centre, lengthwise, as read from F:

6. This burial constitutes proof that an infant as young as five or six months could be provided its own ossuary, in accordance with rulings in Sem. 3:2.

804

Pl. 118 [ASOJS Jer 135/H XXIII] 42.5 x 23.5 x 26 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jericho.

Fragmentary; partially reconstructed and largely restored. Low feet, mostly broken off. Descr.

x'3tx/x)1tc the Ezobite/the Ezobite

Hachlili 1979a:34-35, No. XXII; Hachlili and Smith 1979; Hachlili and Killebrew 1983c. Bibl.

Comm.

1. See Comm. 782: 1.

2. For the holes, their disposition and the marks, cf. Intro. §5H and Comm. 783:2. For another ossuary with marks on all sides, see No. 868. 3. The ornamentation of this ossuary is very similar to that of No. 799, though here the 'triglyph' was not transformed into a palm tree. 4. wivx - twin': For these names, and their repetition, cf. Comms. 797:2-3. 5. xmmp: In suggesting the reading xvivop, Hachlili postulated that it was a term for òssuary'; this, however, is untenable. The word in Greek) never had funerary xvop (xc4 connotations; the Latin word capsa and its diminutive capsella in the sense of reliquary are a later, Christian use of the root. Moreover, the second letter of the word, which cannot be a peh, is clearly

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; 'triglyph' replaced by lily with leaved base(?). In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. 1 Small incised circle or disc. Lid Flat; overhanging (49 cm). Comm. 1. See Comm. 782:1, though these fragments come from the debris in the tomb's courtyard. 2. This ossuary, reconstructed after Hachlili's publications appeared, is not mentioned in them. 3. The style and workmanship of this ossuary resemble those from Jerusalem, where it may have originated; see Comm. 767:2.

4. The dimensions of the lid indicate that it probably was not intended for this ossuary. 5. For a similar, undamaged, lily motif, see Nos. 163 and 375.

Catalogue

246

Pl. 118 [IM 69.11.680] 55 x 26 x 29 cm. Clay, red-brown, black core; straw temper; poorly fired. Prov. Hebron Hills(?). 805

Slightly tub-shaped; turned-in rim, slightly protruding on all sides. Surface somewhat Descr.

smoothed. Comm. 1. Nos. 805-806, purchased together and

presumably from the same tomb, are similar to Nos. 339-340 which reached the market at the same time; they may have originated in the same vicinity, if not from the same tomb. 2. For clay ossuaries, see Intro. §5I. These ossuaries should tentatively be dated to the late-second to early-third centuries CE; see also Comm. 187: 1.

806

Pl. 119 [IM 69.11.690] 54 x 26 x 28 cm. Clay, red-brown, black core; straw temper; poorly fired. Prov. Hebron Hills(?).

Slightly tub-shaped; turned-in rim slightly protruding on all sides. Surface somewhat smoothed.

Descr.

Comm.

See Comms. 805:1-2.

807 [IM 69.20.679] 88 x 28.5 x 34 cm. Plain. Prov. Unknown. Descr. One hole bored in base. Comm. 1. See Comm. 129: 1.

Ornam. F Entablature of broad, doubled zigzag frieze resting on antae overlaid with doubled palmtrunk motif and bead-and-reel stylobate below. In center, column overlaid with fourteen-leaved branch resting on fluted base; column carries a rectangular capital formed of two central flutes between two four-petalled rosettes, each inside a rectangular frame. Flanking column, two twelvepetalled rosettes, each inside concentric palm-trunk and line circles; lily(?) pattern between petals. Small discs in outer corners. Bibl. Maisler 1938:779, Fig. 8; Goodenough 1953:122, Fig. 168. Comm. 1. See Comm. 129:1. The ossuary was discovered prior to World War I; no additional details are available. 2. For the holes, see Comm. 807:2. 3. The ornamentation scheme seems to combine the monostyle in antis motif with the usual metope scheme (here, as in No. 262, the discs of this scheme survive in the outer corners; see Comm. 262:3). 4. For the treatment of the spaces between the petals, see Nos. 94, 106 and 112. 5. A spurious ìnscription' on R is probably recent.

Pl. 119

[IM 69.20.682] 70 x 27 x 69 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Unknown.

Descr. Two rows of three holes drilled halfway up B. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames. Broadened `triglyph' contains plant with nineteen branches tipped with lanceolate leaves; two spiralshaped tendrils near its root. In each metope, a fourteen-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; disc in centre of each rosette. 1. See Comm. 129: 1. 2. For the holes, see Comm. 807:2. 3. For the central plant motif, cf. Nos. 335 and 513. Comm.

Pl. 119

[IM 69.20.680] 65 x 29 x 43 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F and B Two asymmetrically aligned sixpetalled rosettes, each inside a line circle. R and L Similar to F and B, encircled rosette. Comm.

Pl. 119

[IM 69.20.681] 65 x 26 x 30 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Three holes bored in base. Low feet.

810

2. Though similar holes were bored into ossuaries discovered in ancient tombs (Comm. 85:3), nothing conclusive can be said about the holes in Nos. 807, 809 and 812, nor about some four plain ossuaries, some with similar holes bored into the sides of the chests (the latter are not included in this catalogue). These ossuaries stood uncovered for many years in the open courtyard of the Bezalel National Art Museum, Jerusalem; at least some of the holes may have been drilled at that time to prevent the accumulation of water.

808

809

See Comm. 129:1.

P1. 119 811 [IM 69.20.683] 48 x 22 x 26 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Damaged. Red wash. Low feet. F, L and R Drilled holes (not penetrating walls) inside frame.

Catalogue Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; segments link petal-tips. L Line frame containing `lattice' motif. R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame. Bibl. Maisler 1931b. Comm. 1. See Comm. 809: 1. 2. Maisler (B. Mazar) believed that the fragmentary

lid of No. 856 belonged to this ossuary; though it is too narrow to have originally been intended for this chest, the two items seem to have come from the same tomb. 3. For the holes, see Comm. 807:2.

247

sides of body extended above base of pyramid. Reticulate pattern covers entire nefesh. Lid Gabled. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; in each, a palm tree with descending line branches; small semi-circles indicate roots. Side frames and `triglyph' are extended from F of chest. Fingergrips. Comm. 1. See Comm. 813. 2. The style and execution of the nefesh indicate the suggested provenance. For representations of nefashot, cf. Intro. §11F, Comms. 199:3-4 and Index of Motifs, s.v. Nefesh (tomb monument).

815

Pl. 120; Figs. 41, 127 [IM 70.7.351] 65 X 23.5 x 43 + 9 cm. Finely incised,

Pl. 119 [IM 69.20.692] 64.5 x 27.5 x 32 cm. Plain. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Two holes bored halfway up F. Comm. 1. See Comm. 129: 1. 2. For the holes, see Comm. 807:2.

812

Pl. 120 [IM 69.55.687] 62 x 26 x 35 + 8 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Red wash. Low feet.

813

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames at top and sides, 'lattice' frieze bordered by zigzags at base. 'Triglyph' replaced by panelled-door motif(?) executed in zigzags. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and traverse upper, inner corners. Lid Gabled. Fingergrips. Comm. Nos. 813-862 and 867 were acquired by the Israel Museum after 1967, usually from local dealers. Nothing definite can be ascertained about their provenances, though on the basis of stylistic features and workmanship, provenances have occasionally been suggested.

partially in freehand. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Damaged. Red wash, absent on B. Low feet; rear feet, shorter than those in front, cause a tilt. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. `Triglyph' transformed into five-branched menorah executed in zigzag lines with tripodal base. In left-hand metope, two-handled amphora, its body and neck overlaid with vertical zigzags, its foot indicated by four zigzag lines. In right-hand metope, amphora, its body formed by six-petalled rosette inside concentric zigzag circles; zigzag lines indicate neck and four zigzag lines indicate foot. B In red wash, a single, large `lattice' pattern. L and R Inside zigzag frame, amphora body and feet similar to F, left-hand metope; trumpet-formed neck. Lid Vaulted. On top, zigzag 'lattice' pattern on front edge, palm-tree(?) motif on back edge. Bibl. Rahmani 1980b. Comm. 1. See Comm. 813. 2. For the menorah motif, cf. No. 829; see also Intro. §11Wc.

3. For representations of amphorae, see Intro. §11H; for further abstractions of this motif, cf. Comms. 826:3, 832:2 and'834:2.

816 Pl. 120 814 [IM 69.55.688] 59 x 28 x 34 + 9 cm. Finely incised, partially in freehand. Prov. Hebron Hills or western foothills(?). Descr. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, each containing a four-petalled rosette inside a broad, plain circle between concentric zigzag circles. L and R Zigzag frame containing nefesh with rectangular body and zigzag frieze surmounted by a pyramid;

Pl. 121 [IM 74.36.34] 81(84) x 36(38) x 45 + 17 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Cornice on all

sides, profiled along F. Low feet. Ornam. F Zigzag frames at sides and base; at top, broad frieze containing vine scroll; tendrils and alternating grape clusters and vine leaves issue from scroll; large palmette in centre. Inside frame, three metopes; 'triglyphs' replaced by long-stemmed

Catalogue

248

lilies. In each outer metope, a sixteen-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; petals shaped as ivy leaves pointing inward. In central metope, a twelvepetalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; rounded leaves between petals. Lotuses in outer corners of frame. Lid Vaulted. Large fingergrips, each decorated with a palmette, slightly reminiscent of a conch. Comm. 1. See Comm. 129: 1. 2. For such a broad ornamental frieze, see No. 643. For the representation of the vine scroll, see Comm. 600:2; for a more elaborate version, see No. 893.

Broken and reconstructed. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames; in each, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Lid Flat. Broken. Comm. 1. Cf. Comm. 813. 2. Nos. 818-824 were acquired together and probably came from the same tomb. Descr.

819

P1.122 [IM 74.36.37] 53 x 23.5 x 30 + 16 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr.

Broken and reconstructed. Inner ledge on

two sides.

817

Pl. 121; Fig. 125 [IM 74.36.35] 33.5 x 17.5 x 19.5 cm. Chip carved; lid incised in freehand. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Traces of yellow wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, each containing a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle.

Lid Flat, sliding; cracked. On top, long-stemmed lily with leaved base; its chalice directed toward insertion edge.

Lid Gabled. Ornam. F and B In zigzag frame, two six-petalled rosettes, each inside a zigzag circle. L and R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame. Comm. See Comms. 813 and 818:2.

820

Pl. 122

[IM 74.36.38] 36.5 x 20 x 22 cm. Incised. Prov. Jerusalem(?). Descr.

Broken and reconstructed. Inner ledge on

three sides.

Ornam. F Two six-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles, flank a vertical panel bordered on sides by triple lines. Lid Flat, sliding. Inscr. B Upper-centre:

.

Marks On insertion edge and corresponding rim of chest, nearby: Comm.

1. See Comm. 813. 2. The provenance is suggested on the basis of the ornamentation.

3. Ornaments incised in freehand on lids are rare, though cf. the incised trees on Nos. 180 and 856. For other `naturalistic' representations of lilies incised in freehand, see Sukenik 1925:76, No. 1, Fig. 22 ( Goodenough 1953: Fig. 175). Cf. also Intro. §llVb and Nos. 57:F and 411.

818

Pl. 121 [IM 73.36.36] 43 x 22.5 x 27.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?).

5trty ') jwnwt v'in Maris and Shim'on, sons of Sha'ul Comm. 1. See Comms. 813 and 818:2. 2. For the central panel, see Comm 274:2. also spelt Mapeq, see 3. v'in: For the name

Comm. 413:2. It probably also appears in this tomb group as the name of the father of Àwira (see No. 822).

4. For brothers buried together, cf. Nos. 75 and 76, and Comm. 560:6.

821 [IM 74.36.39] 52 x 27 x 32 + 9 cm. Plain. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Pl. 122

Catalogue Lid Vaulted. Fingergrip on L edge. Marks On R edge of lid and corresponding side of chest, under rim:

J

J Inscr. F Top, right-of-centre; under rim:

249 Pl. 122

822

[IM 74.36.41] 56 x 26.5 x 34 + 10 cm. Plain. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet. Lid Vaulted. Inscr. F Top, right-of-centre:

n CYX TT:A 1 D

AYM 5)Yn/nnx o'7n Maryam, wife of `the calf' ('the paunchy'?) Comm. 1. See Comms. 813 and 818:2. 2. The direction marks, when read vertically from the left, are a pair of Greek gammas; two other ossuaries in this group are similarly marked with the letters beta (No. 823) and alpha (No. 824). Pairs of Greek letters occur on Nos. 312 and 324 (from the same tomb), 168 and 457; pairs of Jewish letters are more frequently used in this manner (see Index of Subjects, s.v. Marks, direction: pairs of letters [Jewish]). 3. o>vn: For the name, see Comm. 31:2. 4. 5avn: The name 5av, in status emphaticus, occurs in contemporaneous Semitic inscriptions as well as in Greek transliterations (e.g. Stark 1971, s.v. `GYLW); cf. also my (Comm. 54:2). In the Bible, it occurs only in the feminine form n' (II Sam. 3:5; I Chron. 3:3), parallel to the Moabite masculine name jt5av (Judg. 3:14) and '5av on a pre-exilic Samarian ostracon (Noth 1928:150). It reappears in third to fourth century CE Talmudic literature as the name of the Palestinian sage R. Hanina b. Àgil (5-, v in TB BK 54b) or b. Àgol (5t)v in TJ Yev. 7c). Its Greek parallel, MoaxoS, is a common name (see Pape and Benseler, s.v. and Preisigke, s.v.). To indicate the origin of the husband as Ègla (cf. Polotsky 1962:260), this word would require the suffix >x or '. In the unlikely event that this is a derogatory nickname similar to those encountered

vr)n -13 rt-1'w 'Awira ('one-eyed'), son of Maris Comm. 1. See Comms. 813 and 818:2.

2. xvw: The penultimate letter is probably a resh as it is very similar to the resh in the word -13. The name occurs in Talmudic literature from the earlyfourth century CE as that of sages, both Palestinian and Babylonian (TB BB 131b; TB Hul. 51a; cf. EJ, s.v. Avira). It probably is a nickname, `the one eyed', as in Gen. R. 30:9 (see for this Lieberman 1942:157); for such nicknames, see Comm. 62:2; for `nameless people', see Naveh 1990.

3. For the final word, the reading o'in (with a final mem) cannot be excluded since metronymics do occur in this period (see Comm. 796:8). However, the final mem on No. 821 has a small vertical stroke on its upper line which is absent on the ultimate letter here as well as on the samekh of the first name of No. 820; the reading v'in is thus preferable, and probably refers to the Maris mentioned on No. 820 (see Comm. 820:3).

4. The lid was probably not intended for this ossuary.

823 [IM 74.36.42] 54 x 23 x 34 cm. Plain. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

Marks On top of insertion edge of lid and

corresponding rim of chest: j

in Talmudic literature (e.g. p ,aspn la ,in 7a nnpn; cf. Krauss 1911:16), it is perhaps derived from 5tav `round', implying `paunchy' (cf. 5n5:) `small and fat' and the Arabic Kulkulun in Noth 1928:226) or, more likely, from 5avn `the calf', which occurs later in the Cairo Geniza (see Goitein 1970:524). The present example may have been influenced by the Palmyrene name (Stark 1971, s.v. `GYLW). For parallels, see, from the early-second century CE,

xnim p pmr '7 `R. Yohanan, son of the cow' (TJ Ta'an. 68d) and mtnv -iz lwnvw `Shimòn, son of the rabbit' on a Jerusalem ossuary (Avigad 1967a: 131). For such `nameless people', see Naveh 1990.

Pl. 123

m 1. See Comms. 813 and 818:2. 2. For the marks, beta-beta, cf. Comm. 821:2; the additional direction mark on the lid is noteworthy Comm.

(cf. No. 824).

824 [IM 74.36.43] 59 x 25 x 34 cm. Plain. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

Pl. 123

250

Catalogue

Marks On top of insertion edge of lid and corresponding rim of chest:

1. See Comms. 813 and 818:2. 2. For the direction marks, alpha-alpha, cf. Comm. 821:2; as on No. 823, note the additional, direction mark on the lid. Comm.

Pl. 123 [IM 75.46.162] 64 x 29 x 32 + 9 cm. Finely incised, mostly in freehand. Prov. Hebron Hills(?). Descr. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

825

Ornam. F In zigzag frames, two metopes, each containing two domed tombs upon a zigzag baseline; palm trees - some with ascending and some with descending line branches - flank each tomb. L and R In zigzag frame, palm trees with ascending branches flank nefesh formed of a squat, rectangle surmounted by a tall pyramid; reticulate pattern overlays nefesh.

Lid Gabled. Fingergrips. F Two metopes in zigzag frame, each containing a clumsily executed nefesh represented by a pyramid overlaid by a reticulate pattern; palm trees flank each nefesh. B `Lattice' pattern in red wash. 1. See Comm. 813. 2. For the execution, date and provenance of such representations of nefashot, cf. Comms. 199:3-4. See also Index of Motifs, s.v. 3. For domed tombs, see Comm. 465:2. Comm.

zigzags form petals, link outer circle to sides of frame and form a semicircle at base. Lid Vaulted. On top, `lattice' pattern in two rows. Fingergrips. Comm. 1. See Comm. 813. 2. In contrast to No. 771, this repair was carefully executed at an early stage in the production of the ossuary. For ancient repairs, cf. Intro. §5E, No. 891:L and Index of Subjects, s.v. 3. The ornament in the centre, F, is a blend of elements drawn from representations of amphorae and palm trees. Though no longer resembling amphorae, this and the composite ornaments on the L and R derive from them; cf. No. 815:F, right metope for an earlier stage in the evolution of this motif. See also Comm. 834:2.

Pl. 124 827 [IM 75.46.164] 40 x 21.5 x 31.5 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F In metope frame, two-columned porch overlaid by zigzags. Flanking porch, two six-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles. Lid Gabled. Comm. 1. See Comm. 813. 2. The ornamentation scheme seems to be a vestige of a columned porch motif, like, e.g., No. 107, flanked by rosettes and, similar to No. 113, inside fluted and metope frames. 3. The lid was probably intended for another ossuary.

828

Pl. 124

Pl. 123 [IM 75.46.163] 61 x 24 x 36 + 6.5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Unfinished. F Ancient repair, lower-centre;

[IM 75.46.165] 42 x 25 x 31.5 cm. Incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Inner ledge on three sides. Low feet.

a carefully-cut stone panel was inserted prior to the application of the wash and incision of ornamentation. Red wash. Low feet, left foot of F damaged. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. `Triglyph' replaced by amphora motif executed in zigzag lines and stylized beyond recognition; an upturned semi-circle replaces its lid. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric zigzag circles; zigzags overlay some petals of right-hand rosette. Zigzag lines added around outer circles. L and R Similar to F, four-petalled rosette inside frame;

concentric line circles; between rosettes, a vertical panel bordered on sides by three lines. Comm. 1. See Comm. 813. 2. For the central panel, see Comm. 274:2.

826

Ornam. F Two six-petalled rosettes inside

829

Pl. 124; Fig. 128 [IM 76.2] 62.5 x 27.5 x 32.5 + 8 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Unknown.

Descr. Low feet. Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frames. Each outer metope contains: on top, concentric semi-

Catalogue circles partially covered by unfinished and carelessly executed zigzags; in centre, line quarter-circles above a horizontal zigzag line; at base, a `lattice' pattern. In central metope, large six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and link circle to corners of metope. Quarter-circles are randomly incised around circle. B `Lattice' pattern in red wash, repeated twice. L `Lattice' pattern in red wash. R 'Lattice'-pattern frame (broader at top) with zigzag border. Frame contains a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals. Central `lattice' on top of frame contains a small cruciform zigzag corresponding to menorah on lid. Lid Vaulted. On top, lengthwise, zigzags incised in freehand; five-branched menorah with a straight stem,- its branches inclined toward R; additional branches issue from second and fourth branches. To the right of stem, two small, tangent line circles; remnants of a small double circle below and slightly to the right of stem. Fingergrips. Inscr. A. F Above frame of left and central metopes:

A NAN CAL 4KANAI'JN 'AvocviaS x(ocd) 'Avavaq Ananias a(nd) Ananas

B. F Flanking upper-central petal of rosette:

AN A

'Avoc Ana

251

Lifshitz 1961a:57; it occurs in Jewish script on an ossuary as lin (see Comm. 76:3). 5. 'Avoc: This seems to be an unfinished inscription of one of the names in Inscr. A, begun and abandoned in favour of the place above. It might, however, be an additional, abbreviated form of the name Ananias, similar to that on a tombstone in the Jewish catacomb at Venosa (Frey 1936:575). For instances of the plene and contracted forms of a name occurring on the same ossuary, see Comm. 9:2.

830

Pl. 124 [IM 77.5.870] 68 x 26 x 36 + 17 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Zigzag frame containing three asymmetrically aligned seven-petalled rosettes; the seventh petal is misdrawn on all three. Each rosette is inside a broad zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and irregularly link circle to frame. L Checkerboard pattern formed of broad zigzag lines. Lid Vaulted, slightly profiled at base. One end broken and missing at top. Fingergrips (base of left fingergrip has large scratches, perhaps mark). Comm. 1. See Comm. 813. 2. The lid probably belongs to No. 831, which bears a large, somewhat similar mark on its R. 3. For the checkerboard pattern, cf. Nos. 38 and 833.

Bibl. Rahmani 1980b. Comm. 1. See Comm. 813.

2. The menorah is very clearly depicted here; for representations of menorot, see Intro. §1lWc and No. 815. The small circles, not connected to the menorah motif, seem to be artisan's sketches executed with a compass (cf. Nos. 377, 446 and 588). 3. The small zigzag cross on R is probably a direction mark indicating that the top of the menorah should be aligned toward it. 4. 'AvaviaS/'Avavac: Both names occur frequently in Josephus. 'Avavoc was a high priest of the first century CE whose son was Àvavioc (cf. Josephus, AJ 20:131; BJ 2:243), a name occurring as h" 33n on a jar from Masada which also refers to the son of a high priest (Yadin and Naveh 1989: No. 461). The name 'Ananias' is known from Biblical and Apocryphal sources and occurs in; second century BCE Jewish documents from Egypt (CPJ I, 6:17;

831 Pl. 124 [IM 77.5.871] 65 x 29 x 36 + 7 cm. Relief carved and finely incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Carelessly carved. Low feet. Ornam. F and B Large rectangle in relief, probably representing a single ashlar. In centre, a large incised ring (wreath?) overlaid by a finely-incised `lattice' pattern. L and R Similar to F and B, rectangle in relief.

Lid Vaulted. Mark R Large: Comm.

1. See Comm. 813.

2. This lid was probably intended for another ossuary; the lid on No. 830 may have belonged to this ossuary (see Comm. 830:2).

35:13). On ossuaries, see n1 ,33n (Comm. 67:2) and mn)n (Comm. 257:4) in Jewish script; see also

832

Index of Inscriptions, s.v.; Schwabe and Lifshitz 1974: No. 69 and Alt 1922-23. For Ananas, see

[IM 77.5.872] 65 x 26 x 34 cm. Incised. Prov. Unknown.

Pl. 125

Catalogue

252

Badly worn and damaged. Traces of red wash. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; `triglyph' replaced by amphora motif stylized beyond recognition and combined with a palm-tree motif; executed in zigzag lines. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric zigzag circles; zigzags overlay petals and were added above and below circles. L and R In zigzag frame, a stylized amphora with a trumpet-shaped neck; carelessly executed zigzags overlay body and base of amphora. Comm. 1. See Comm. 813. 2. The ornamentation of L and R is still recognizable as an amphora; cf. No. 815:L and R. For other abstractions of amphorae similar to that on F, see No. 815:F, right metope; No. 826:F; and No. 834. For the combination of the palm-tree and amphora motifs, see No. 826: F. Descr.

833

Pl. 125

[IM 77.5.873] 63 x 26 x 32 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Unknown.

Worn; broken. Traces of red wash, absent on B. Low feet. Ornam. F Broad zigzag lines form checkerboard pattern. B `Lattice' pattern in red wash, repeated twice. L and R Similar to F. Comm. 1. See Comm. 813. 2. For the checkerboard pattern, cf. Nos. 38 and Descr.

830: L.

835

Pl. 125

[IM 77.5.875] 64 x - x 31 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Badly worn; fragmentary: B and part of L and R missing. Low feet.

Ornam. F In zigzag frame, zigzag-bordered triangles overlaid by zigzags; the bases of unequal lengths. Comm. 1. As No. 813.

2. The unusual motif on F (cf. Comm. 135:5) may ultimately derive from a pyramid-capped nefesh.

836

Pl. 126

[IM 77.6.876] 62 x 25 x 30 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Worn and damaged. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, doubled at base. `Triglyph' replaced by panelled-door(?) motif. In each metope, a six-pedalled rosette inside concentric zigzag circles; zigzags overlay petals and traverse inner corners of metopes. R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame. Lid Flat. Comm. 1. See Comm. 813.

837

Pl. 126

[IM 77.6.877] 64 x 29 x 23 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Hebron Hills(?).

Unfinished. Worn. Red wash, absent on B. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames with a frieze at top consisting of two metopes, each containing two semi-circles. Each large metope contains a whirl rosette, inside a zigzag circle; petals unfinished. Between each circle and outer side of frame, a palm tree with descending branches. B 'Lattice' pattern in red wash, repeated twice. L and R Zigzag frame with frieze at top containing a zigzag semi-circle. Below frieze, a pyramid-capped nefesh with rectangular body; reticulate pattern Descr.

834

Pl. 125 [IM 77.5.874] 63 x 26 x 34 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Worn; broken. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; `triglyph' replaced by panelled-door motif. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric zigzag circles; zigzags overlay petals and link circles to outer corners and lower, inner corners of metopes. Zigzag quarter-circles link central motif to top of frame. L and R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame; rosette is near base and thus upper and lower zigzags linking circles to frame are of unequal length. Comm. 1. See Comm. 813.

2. The motif on L and R is reminiscent of stylized representations of amphorae combined with an encircled rosette; see, e.g., No. 815:F, right metope and Comms. 826:3 and 832:2.

overlays nefesh. Comm. 1. See Comm. 813.

2. For the execution of the ornamentation, the date of this ossuary as well as the geographical origin of this nefesh motif, see Comms. 199:3-4; see also Index of Motifs, s.v. 3. The large semi-circles on L and R may have been intended to represent domed tombs; cf. Comm. 465:2.

Catalogue

253

838

3.

[IM 77.6.879] 82 x 28.5 x 39 + 7.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Short inner ledge on all corners. Lid Vaulted, cut-to-measure. Inscr. A. Narrow side; under rim, right-of-centre:

dealer?).

It cannot be determined whether the heavy, vaulted lid originally belonged to this ossuary; it is more likely that it was recently added (by the

840

r7

rZ,::WJ

n'apv 'Aqavya B. Lid Above Inscr. A; inside, right-of-arch:

nib r .-Lj mspv 'Aqavya Comm. 1. See Comm. 813.

2. The name was apparently carved on both the lid and the chest to indicate the correct positioning of the lid. 3. n'spv: In the Jewish cemetery of the third and second centuries BCE at Alexandria, the name occurs as that of 'rvr5? 7z n'apv (see ClermontGanneau 1924:61-65), practically identical to the Biblical name of '31vi'5rt (o) ztpv (I Chron. 3:24; cf. also Liver 1971:col. 1343). For :tpv, probably a contraction of n'spv' or a similar name, cf. the form npy in Comm. 104:2 and Nos. 396 and 678; the variant nwz>pvl, occurring on an ossuary from the vicinity of Jerusalem, is presumably the fullest form of the name (cf. Abel 1913:268). See also R. 'Aqavya b. Mehalalel, living in Jerusalem before the destruction of the Second Temple (cf. M. Eduy. 5:6-7; M. Avot 3:1). On a jar from Masada (Yadin and Naveh 1989: No. 461), the name of a high priest's son is spelt mnipv.

Pl. 126 [IM 77.6.880] 69.5 x 28 x 34 + 17 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Jerusalem(?).

839

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frame, absent at base. `Triglyph' replaced by vestige of palm-tree motif, consisting of three elongated leaves representing the trunk and ascending branches. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle.

Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Comm.

1. See Comm. 813.

2. Neither the metope arrangement nor the palmtree motif (perhaps derived from the form found on No. 82) are easily recognizable; for parallel cases, see Nos. 49, 315 and 387.

Pl. 126

[IM 77.6.881] 59 x 36 x 36 + 18.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Damaged. Low feet. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips.

Mark Continuous straight line incised from the apex of one narrow side of lid to below the middle of corresponding side of the chest. (See below, Inscr.) Inscr. Narrow side, at top-centre. Divided by Mark:

t11 I vnv-r Dostas Comm. 1. See Comm. 813. 2. vnv-r: A contraction of vnvt-T from 'Dositheos' (cf. Comm. 70:3 and Index of Inscriptions, s.v.), see

Awat'OEoC (No. 100).

3. For marks that extend from the lid to the chest, see Comm. 206:2.

841 Pls.- 126, 127 [IM 77.6.883] 62 x 30 x 38 + 19 cm. Relief carved. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Damaged at R lower corner and B centre, rim.

Ornam. F Two metopes. L Two narrow metopes. Lid Gabled. F Two metopes, similar in execution and width, though not height, to F of chest. B Inside line frame, a tabula ansata with central subdivision of two vertical bars. Marks Carved in sunken relief and inside circle: On right gable and corresponding side of chest, slightly right-of-centre, under rim: Comm. 1. See Comm. 813. 2. The metope arrangement is clearly executed on the F of the chest, but on L it is narrowed and carelessly executed. The B of the lid seems to show a

Catalogue

254

peculiar combination of a metope arrangement and a tabula ansata, whose original function must have been misunderstood by the artisan. 3. The location of the cross-marks, one over the other, when correctly used to position the lid on the rim of the chest, assures a fairly secure fit; they are thus utilitarian direction marks of no symbolic value; see Intro. §7A. For such carefully executed direction marks, cf. No. 234.

Ornam. F Line frame containing ashlar pattern; two large, six-petalled rosettes, each inside a zigzag circle, superimposed on upper half. L and R Line frame containing a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle.

Lid Gabled. F Near both narrow edges, a sixpetalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Comm. See Comm. 813.

845 842

Pl. 127

[IM 77.6.885] 57 x 26 x 30 cm. Incised. Prov. Jericho(?). Descr. Broken and reconstructed. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Pl. 127

[IM 77.6.897] 55 x 23 x 28 cm. Plain. Prov. Unknown.

Descr. Low feet. Lid Flat, profiled. Ridge handle, lengthwise in centre.

Ornam. F Two metopes in line frames. `Triglyph' transformed into palm tree, its ascending branches

Marks On lid, in front of handle and

indicated by curved lines above descending branches (fruit twigs?) indicated by straight lines; roots mirror descending branches. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. L and R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame. Comm. 1. See Comm. 813. 2. The provenance is suggested on the basis of the ornamentation scheme and its resemblance to No. 799 (see Comm. 799:2).

centre:

843

Pl. 127 [IM 77.6.886] 47 x 21 x 29.5 + 10 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Badly worn. Low feet.

Ornam. F In zigzag frames, two six-petalled rosettes, each inside a zigzag circle; the right-hand rosette is smaller and misdrawn. Comm. See Comm. 813.

Ornam. F Above zigag frame, frieze of three zigzag semi-circles with zigzag border. Frame contains three six-petalled rosettes, each inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals. L and R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame; frieze containing

847

corresponding long side of chest, slightly left-of-

Comm. 1. See Comm. 813. 2. For this style of handle, see Comm. 187:2.

846

Pl. 127

[IM 77.6.905] 54 x 25 x 31 cm. Incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Damaged. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Lid Vaulted, with vestigial central ridge. Broken. Fingergrips.

Pl. 128 [IM 77.6.910] 61(63) x 28(30) x 38 + 14.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Cornice bordered by lines on all sides. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Comm.

1. See Comm. 813. 2. The semi-circles of the friezes are reminiscent of domed tombs, cf. Comm. 465:2. 3. The peculiar form of the lid resembles Nos. 25, 55bis and 124; see also Intro. §3.

Ornam. F and B Zigzag frame containing two

Pl. 127 [IM 77.6.893] 54 x 27.5 x 34 + 14 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

848

semi-circle.

844

six-petalled rosettes, each inside a zigzag circle.

L and R Similar to F and B, frame containing a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Comm.

See Comm. 813.

Pl. 128 [IM 77.6.911] 55.5 x 25 x 29.5 cm. Chip carved and incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Unfinished. Yellow wash.

Catalogue Ornam. F Two metopes inside zigzag frame at top, palm-trunk frame at sides; frame absent at base. `Triglyph' replaced by palm tree; straight and curved zigzags carelessly executed in freehand indicate ascending branches. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside line and zigzag circles. Comm. 1. See Comm. 813.

255

semi-circles containing zigzag lines indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags link petal-tips, overlay petals and link circles to frame. In outer corners, line quarter-circles. Comm. See Comm. 813.

2. For an almost identical representation of a palm

852

tree, see No. 867; see also Intro. § 11 Va.

849

Pl. 128 [IM 77.6.912] 63.5 x 24.5 x 30 + 7 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Red wash, F and

L. Low feet. Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frames; `triglyphs' transformed into palm trees; doubled zigzag semi-circles indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; segments link petaltips; interstices between petals scraped clean of wash. B `Lattice' pattern in red wash. L In zigzag frame, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals. R Similar to B. Lid Vaulted. F and B Frieze of interlaced semicircles with zigzag border. On apex, `lattice' pattern with zigzag border. Fingergrips. 1. See Comm. 813. 2. For the scraping off of the wash, cf. Nos. 317 and Comm. 449.

850

Pl. 129 [IM 77.6.920] 59 x 24.5 x 27.5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Jericho(?). Descr. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Three metopes in broad 'lattice'patterned frame at top and sides with zigzag border; at base, frieze of interlaced half-rosettes, bordered below-by zigzag. In each outer metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; petal-tips linked by segments, some of which are absent or misdrawn. In narrower central metope, a palm tree, its descending branches indicated by semicircle above straight lines (fruit twigs?); additional lines sprouting from apex of semi-circle indicate ascending branches, mirrored by roots. L Similar to F, encircled rosette inside zigzag frame; lines link outer circle to three corners of frame. R Similar to F, frame containing encircled rosette with additional zigzag, outer circle; zigzags link circle to corners of frame. Comm.

1. See Comm. 813. 2. For the central palm tree, see Nos. 442, 799 and 842. This ossuary is almost identical to No. 757:F, indicating the suggested provenance.

Pl. 128

[IM 77.6.913] 50 x 23 x 25 cm. Incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Unfinished. Broken; partially reconstructed.

Inner ledge on three sides. Ornam. F Two metopes in line frames; `triglyph' broadened and bare. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles; right rosette misdrawn and unfinished. R Over most of surface, interlaced six-petalled rosettes; each rosette inside a line circle. Comm. See Comm. 813.

Pl. 129 851 [IM 77.6.914] 66 x 28 x 29 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frames. `Triglyphs' transformed into palm trees; zigzag

853

P1. 129

[IM 77.6.923] 47 x 22 x 19 cm. Clay, red-brown, black core; straw temper; poorly fired. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Tub-shaped body. Lid Flat, oval. Fractured. Break on top may indicate a handle. Comm. 1. See Comm.813. 2. This and No. 374 (made from soft limestone) are the only tub-shaped ossuaries, though clay ossuaries with rounded edges are reminiscent of this form.

854

Pl. 129

[IM 77.6.925] 62 x 27 X 29.5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Badly worn. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Three metopes in line frames with a frieze of interlaced semi-circles at top. `Triglyphs'

Catalogue

256

transformed into palm trees with zigzag trunks; descending branches indicated by circle-segments and `roots' indicated by similar, upturned(!) segments. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals. Comm. 1. See Comm. 813. 2. For the stylization of the palm-tree motif, cf. an earlier stage in its degeneration on Nos. 674 and 855. Ultimately the motif derives from the stylized representations on, e.g., No. 82. See also Intro. §llVa.

855

Pl. 129

[IM 77.6.926] 60 x 26 x 27.5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Unknown. Descr. Red wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame. `Triglyph' replaced by palm tree; zigzag semi-circle indicates ascending branches, mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and link circles to outer corners of metopes and to all elements of tree. Lid Flat. Broken. Comm.

1. See Comm. 813.

2. The lid was probably not intended for this ossuary.

856 [IM 77.6.938] 42 + x 24 x 15.5 cm. Finely incised in freehand. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Descr. Lid only. Badly worn.

Lid Gabled. Fragmentary. F In centre, palm tree with ascending branches incised in freehand:

Bibl. Maisler 1931b. See also Rahmani 1967a:P1. 38:4. Comm. 1. See Comm. 809: 1.

2. As Maisler (1931b) suggested, the lid was probably not intended for ossuary No. 811 (with which it was found); its base is too broad to rest on the rim of that ossuary; furthermore, it is of different workmanship and much more worn than the chest (although its break seems recent). Maisler

also recorded the inscription 'ow ru'=5v incised to the right of the tree; this inscription has since been worn away, but may have been identical with the one which survives. 3. The inscription is badly worn; for another encircled inscription, see No. 140. 4. 1>sn5v: For the name, see Comm. 71:3. 5. >nv: For the name, cf. I Chron. 2:28, 44, 4:17. In Talmudic literature it is spelt ninv and mn>v (for which, see Comm. 570:3). 6. For a similar tree incised in freehand on a lid, see No. 181.

857

Pl. 129 [IM 77.6.951] 62.5 x 49 x 45 cm. Thickness of walls: 7

cm. Limestone, roughly dressed. Plain. Prov. Hebron Hills or western foothills(?). Comm. 1. See Comm. 813. 2. Nos. 857-862, are comparable to the ossuaries from H. Tilla (Nos. 681, 683-690); for their origin and date, see Comm. 681:2.

858

Pl. 129 [IM 77.6.952] 67.5 x 45.5 x 44 + 17 cm. Thickness of

walls: 7 cm. Limestone; roughly dressed. Plain. Prov. Hebron Hills or western foothills(?). Descr. Low feet. Lid Carelessly gabled. Vestiges of acroteria in corners. Comm.

1. See Comms. 813 and 857:2. 2. This plain ossuary is nearest in form to No. 681.

859

Inscr.

B Left-of-centre, inside circle:

Pl. 130 [IM 77.6.953] 67 x 46 x 43 + 19 cm. Thickness of

walls: 7 cm. Limestone, roughly dressed. Plain. Prov. Hebron Hills or western foothills(?). Descr. Vestiges of low feet. Lid Gabled. Bulky corner acroteria. Comm. See Comms. 813 and 857:2. 'ov mcl'Nn5[vj Shlomzin, daughter of Shammai

Catalogue 860

257

Pl. 130 [IM 77.6.957] 80 x 46.5 x 36 + 15 cm. Thickness of walls: 7 cm. Limestone, roughly dressed. Plain. Prov. Hebron Hills or western foothills(?). Descr. Interior of chest divided by 3 cm thick wall

L and R Similar to B, not repeated. Comm. Chance find.

into two compartments, one 40 cm and the other 23 cm long. Lid Gabled. Bulky corner acroteria. Comm. 1. See Comm. 813 and 857:2. 2. The inner division of the chest is unique and was perhaps made to prevent the intermingling of remains (cf. Sem. 12:8) of persons not closely related (Sem. 13:8), in accord with rules formulated in the second century CE. For first to second century CE household chests, similarly subdivided, see Vaulina and W4scowicz 1974:137-139, Nos. 59-60, Figs.

[83.566] 62 x 26 x 20 cm. Clay, reddish brown; straw temper; poorly fired. Partially smoothed. Prov. Kafr Sajur. Descr. Reconstructed from many fragments, partially restored. Inner ledge on four sides. Slightly rounded edges.

80-81.

publish it. 2. The excavator dated this tomb to the second to third (or even fourth) centuries CE; the form and execution of this ossuary, indicates that it was made in the second century. See also Intro. §§5I and 9, Group C2a.

Pl. 130 861 [IM 77.6.958] 73.5 x 48 x 29 cm. Thickness of walls: 8 cm. Limestone, roughly dressed. Plain. Prov. Hebron Hills or western foothills(?). Descr. Groove under rim on all sides. Lid Flat. Central ridge (protruding 15.5 cm) and bulky corner acroteria. Comm. 1. See Comm. 813 and 857:2. 2. For this form of lid, see Comm. 683:2.

864

P1. 130

Bibl. HA 77, 1981:6; Braun, Dauphine and Hadas (forthcoming). Comm. 1. This ossuary was discovered in a singlechambered loculi tomb in 1980; thanks are due to E. Braun, the excavator, for granting permission to

865

Pl. 131 [83.568] 68 x 52 x 36.5 + 21 cm. Limestone; roughly dressed. Plain. Prov. H. Rimmon, vicinity of Kibbutz Lahav. Descr. Worn.

Lid Truncated gable. Pl. 130 862 [IM 77.6.959] 67 x 47 x 38 + 15 cm. Thickness of walls: 8.5 cm. Limestone, roughly dressed. Plain. Prov. Hebron Hills or western foothills(?). Descr. Vestiges of low feet. Lid Gabled. Degenerated corner acroteria, flat against gable. Comm. 1. See Comm. 857.

Inscr. Lid, F Left-of-centre. Effaced, the last letter mostly chipped off:

2. For parallel cases of degeneration of the corner acroteria on carelessly made, flat lids, see Comm. 683:2 and Nos. 686 and 752.

are due to D. Alon, the excavator, for granting permission to publish it. 2. For the site, see Abel 1938a:318, s.v. Èn Rimmon. The site was inhabited from the second century BCE to the seventh century CE. During the excavations, a third century CE synagogue was also uncovered; see Kloner 1980c and 1981a. For similar ossuaries from the early-third century CE, see Comm. 681:2. 3. apv': For the identical spelling, see Comm. 290:4; for the plene spelling, atjv>, see Comm. 104:2 and No. 678 (also from this region). 4. 'ai'a: This is the first occurrence on an ossuary of the honorific title Birebbi `Great one' (lit. `son

863

Pl. 130

[83.560] 66 x 26 x 30.5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. H. Qimha (western foothills). Descr. Damaged. Red wash.

Ornam. Two metopes in zigzag frames; `triglyph' replaced by panelled-door(?) motif. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and link circles to corners of metopes. B `Lattice' pattern in red wash, repeated twice.

X11+n Zp y' >In>a apv' Yaàgov Birebbi Comm. 1. This ossuary was discovered in a singlechambered loculi tomb excavated in 1983; thanks

258

Catalogue

of the great'), granted to eminent scholars in the early-third century CE Talmudic sources. The title also occurs on second and third century CE tombstones in the Jewish cemeteries at Jaffa (see Frey 1952:892, 893, 951) and Bet She'arim; later it occurs on the the mosaic floors of synagogues

Prov.

(Avi-Yonah 1934:129; Naveh 1978: Nos. 43, 75). For the word, see E.S. Rosenthal 1969-1974:348-349, n. Various 49; see also Jastrow 1926, s.v. a-na pronunciations have been suggested: 'Biribbi',

Unknown Descr. Traces of yellow wash. Low feet. Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames; `triglyph' replaced by palm tree, its ascending branches indicated by lines incised in freehand (curved on the left side of trunk, straight on the right); roots indicated by two lines descending from foot of trunk. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Lid Flat. Broken.

'Baribbi', 'Beribbi' and 'Berabbi'. The spelling on

Comm.

this ossuary is apparently based on B7jpe(3L (Frey 1952:951; the etha represented by yod), though

2. The style of ornamentation is very similar to No.

Frey (1952:893) also lists' '-i 'Biribbi'. One must conclude that there was no consistent pronunciation of the word.

866

Pl. 131 [83.567] 58 x 34 x 26 cm. Plain. Clay, reddish-brown; black core, straw temper. Prov. Kefar Hittin.

1. 'See Comm. 813.

848.

868

Pl. 131

[83.570] 65 x 27 x 32.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Jerusalem. Descr. Damaged. Low feet. Lid Flat, overhanging (69 cm).

Marks On centre of all edges of lid and corresponding sides of chest:

'"

Inscr. F Right-of-centre, superimposed on mark:

Cracked and reconstructed. Inner ledge on four sides. Slightly protruding ridges along all edges. Base and underside of lid show signs of grit, indicating that the ossuary was dried on the ground before firing. Lid Shaped as roof-tile; in centre, strap-handle flanked by T-shaped ridges. Imprints of sheep or goat hooves on surface. Comm. 1. The ossuary was discovered in a singlechambered loculi tomb cleared in 1982. Thanks are due to G. Foerster, the excavator, for granting permission to publish this ossuary. 2. One loculus contained a small glass bottle dated to the first to second centuries CE. 3. The ossuary is nearest in type and execution to No. 471, which comes from a late-first to early-second century CE tomb at Qiryat Tiv'on (see Comms. 422:1-2). See also Intro. §§5I and 9, Group B5b. Descr.

867

Pl. 131 [IM 83.38.33] 60.5 x 26 x 32 cm. Chip carved and incised.

of Mapa 7Trlp/'Iou8aS Eiµwv uloS Alexa Mara, mother of Judas Simon, her son Comm. 1. Chance find. 2. For another ossuary with corresponding marks on all sides of the lid and chest, see No. 803. Here they are perhaps direction marks for the positioning of the lid, which was not originally intended

for this ossuary; the marks could, however, have been symbolic 'seals' to protect the remains of the deceased (see Intro. §7C and Index of Subjects, s.v.). This name, here in the genitive, is 3. otherwise unrecorded as a female name (with the possible exception of No. 725). It seems to be distinct from a contracted form of the masculine name 'AAr &a (a contraction of 'AXeEav8po;), even though the latter's Jewish transliteration as xv:)* or rtw75rt (see Nos. 18 and 87) sounds similar to the feminine name discussed here.

4. Mapa: A contracted form of Map0a, cf. Comm. 468:2. It also occurs as the second name of a

Catalogue

259

cf. Comm. 701:3. woman called 5. For double names, see Index of Subjects, s.v. 6. M*r p: For other cases of the deceased designated as a mother, see Comm. 98:5.

Ornam. F Line frame containing three trunks surmounted by leaves; four on the left-hand trunk, two on the central trunk and two (four?) on the right-hand trunk. This pattern forms two complete

7. Io68o S: The correct inflection is 'Io68ou - as on No. 137; for similar errors, see Intro. §6A. For the

archways flanked by semi-arches. Lid Flat. Fragmentary. Inscr. F Inside centre of right archway: 'M-j t111) ,

name, see Comm. 24:3. 8. Ei uov: This is a common name, see Index of Inscriptions, s.v. Here it refers to Alexa Mara's infant, whose remains.seem to have been interred with those of his mother.

` r1

Tl

rn TU t-1 11-1 1

9. Tio& a&r: For another instance of an infant son interred with his mother, see No. 73. For a similarly worded example, see Bagatti and Milik 1958:88, No. 18.

869

Pl. 132

[84.501] 51 x 25 x 27 cm. Prov. Beit Nattif. Descr. Damaged. Low feet.

dealer.

Ornam. F Fluted frame containing metope frame. In centre, two-columned porch flanked by two sixpetalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles. Comm. 1. This ossuary was recovered from a looted tomb in January 1984. The tomb also contained potsherds dating to the late Second Temple period and fragments of ossuaries finely incised with the usual rosette and metope motifs. Thanks are due to S. Gudovitch, the excavator for granting permission to publish this ossuary. 2. Like its many parallels (e.g. Nos. 312, 318, 324 and 715), this ossuary was probably produced in a Jerusalem workshop.

870

lnDn vi5on 7/)mn) mi mmm/f3mm 5-nn Yehohana/Yehohana daughter of Yehohanan/son of Thophlos, the high priest Bibl. Barag and Flusser 1986. Comm. 1. Purchased in Jerusalem via a Jaffa

Pl. 132

[84.502] 64.5 x 24.5 x 30 cm. Prov. Valley of the Cross, Jerusalem. Descr. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames at top and sides; broadened `triglyph' containing seventeenleaved upright branch flanked by palm-trunk uprights. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside palm-trunk circles. Lid Flat. Comm. Chance find.

Pl. 132 871 [84.503] 49.5 x 21 x 25.5 cm. Prov. Hizmeh(?). Descr. Damaged. Inner ledge on two sides.

2. The proposed provenance is based on hearsay; for Jewish tombs at this site, cf. Avigad 1967a: 138. See also Gibson 1983. 3. mmin>: Here it is a female name, as is probably the case in No. 31. 4. Umnn: A common name in this period, see Index of Inscriptions, s.v. 5. vt on: A contraction of m5-,otran Oeopiao; 'Theophilos'; the present form was probably pronounced Thophlos, similar to vt-rn `Thodos' (see Comm. 145:2) and vrntn `Thodros' from vrnviran (cf., e.g., M. Bek. 4:4; see also Tos. Oho. 4:2 [Zuck. 600:29]; TJ MK 81d). It is possible that Yehohana was the granddaughter of the high priest Theophilos (ca. 37-41 CE; see Josephus AJ 18:123, 19:297). The feminine form of this name, ,5!n Oe[o]cpta, was also found on an ossuary (see Sukenik 1932a:25-26). For reference to the office of priest on ossuaries, cf. the daughter of a priest, again inn (Clermont-Ganneau 1899:386; see also Ilan 1991/92:157-159); cf. also rnn3 (Abel 1913:268, No. 1); a 1nD of the Bene Yakhin family (Bagatti and Milik 1958:90, No. 22); and to-i rum on a jar at Masada (Yadin and Naveh 1989:No. 461). For mention of grandparents, see Comm. 57:3. 6. For the arches and half arches, see also Comm. 437:2. A 'reading-in' (see Comm. 146:3) perhaps occurred by which the arches were transformed into tree-like forms by the addition of leaves (which differ on each `trunk').

Catalogue

260

Pl. 132 872 [84.2038] - x - x 27 cm. Chip carved. Prov. H. Qasra. Desc. Fragment of F. Ornam. F In zigzag frame, a six-petalled rosette

inside a zigzag circle. Bibl. Kloner 1990:131.

Comm. Kloner dated this ossuary to the first to second centuries CE on the basis of pottery and lamps. The tomb was reused as a Christian chapel from the sixth to ninth centuries.

873 [86.335] 70 x 50 x 27 cm. Hard limestone. Plain. Prov. Ya'ad (Galilee). Lid Flat, heavy. Bibl. HA 87, 1985:15 (= ESI 4, 1985:115-116 [Ya'ad]).

Comm. From a tomb looted in antiquity and cleared in 1985. The tomb also contained three clay coffins of a type used during the second to fourth centuries CE (see Avigad 1976b: 183; for a clay ossuary of this period, see No. 187); this ossuary probably dates from the second to third century CE. Thanks are due to N. Feig, the excavator, for granting permission to publish this ossuary.

874

Pl. 132

[88.219] 52.5 x 27 x 24 + 4 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Yavne-Yam. Desc. Broken; reconstructed and restored.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frame. `Triglyph' transformed into palm tree; zigzag semi-circle indicates ascending branches, mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and trunk of tree.

Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Comm. 1. The Department retained three ossuaries (Nos. 874-876) from excavations carried out by Y. Kaplan in 1968. 2. For similar ossuaries from the same region and dated to ca. 70 CE, see Comm. 201.

875

Pl. 132

semi-circles indicate ascending branches mirrored by roots. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle; zigzags overlay petals and trunk of tree and link outer rosettes to corners of frame. L and R Similar to F, encircled rosette inside frame. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Comm. See Comm. 874:1.

876

Pl. 132

[88.221] 68 x 26.5 x 38 + 3 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Yavne-Yam. Desc. Broken; reconstructed and restored. Red wash.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames, 'lattice'patterned frieze at top. `Triglyph' replaced by panelled-door(?) motif, executed in zigzags. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a petal circle; zigzags overlay petals and link circles to corners of metopes. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Comm. See Comm. 874:1.

877

Pl. 133

[89-2811] 41 x 20.5 x 24 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Desc. Damaged. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames doubled at top and sides. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle. Lid Flat, slightly convex. Bibl. V. Sussman 1992a: No. 12; 1992b. Comm. 18 ossuaries (Nos. 877-894) were discovered by V. Sussman in a tomb in 1989.

878 [89.2812] 43 x 21.5 x 24 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Desc. Inner ledge on two sides.

Lid Flat, sliding. Broken in two. Inscr. Lid In Greek, lengthwise in centre, crossing break. Bibl. V. Sussman 1992a:No. 6; 1992b. Comm. 1. See Comm.. 877.

2. The badly worn inscription on the lid is too faint for either copying or reading.

[88.220] 56 x 24 x 30 + 5 cm. Finely incised. Prov. Yavne-Yam. Desc. Worn. Low feet.

879

Ornam. F Three metopes in zigzag frame. `Triglyphs' transformed into palm trees; zigzag

[89.2813] 48 x 26.5 x 34 cm. Incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem.

Pl. 133

Catalogue Desc.

261

Lid Flat. Damaged.

Inner ledge on three sides.

Ornam. L Line circle. R Whirl rosette inside line

Bibl.

circle.


V. Sussman 1992a:No. 9; 1992b.

Lid Flat, sliding. Broken. Fingergrip on insertion edge. Bibl. V. Sussman 1992a:No. 15; 1992b. Comm. See Comm. 877.

883

880

[89.2817] 70.5 x 33 X 41.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Desc. Yellow wash. Low feet.

Pl. 133

[89.2814] 53 x 26 x 32 + 10 cm. Incised. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem.

Cornice under rim. Traces of red wash. Low feet. Ornam. F Two six-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles; between rosettes, vertical panel bordered at sides by three lines. Lid Gabled. Fingergrips. Desc.

Bibl. V. Sussman 1992a: No. 14; 1992b. Comm. 1. See Comm. 877.

2. For the central panel, see Comm. 274:2.

881

Pl. 133

[89.2815] 66 x 26.5 x 32 + 22 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Desc. Traces of yellow wash. Low feet.

Ornam. F Branch frame at top and sides, zigzag frame at base. In centre, palm branch issuing from apex of stepped gable or pyramid top of nefesh. Flanking central motif, whirl rosettes with a central disc, each inside a zigzag circle. Yellow wash highlights details (e.g. steps). Lid Flat. Broken. Bibl. V. Sussman 1992a: No. 2; 1992b. Comm. 1. See Comm. 877. 2. The central ornament is a hybrid of the amphora-on-gable motif (e.g. No. 325) and a single-branch palm tree flanked by rosettes (e.g. No. 367); for further examples, see Intro. §§11H and 11 Va. For the frame, see Comm. 205:2.

884

Ornam. F Two metopes in zigzag frames. `Triglyph' replaced by two triple-zigzag uprights. Between uprights, triple-zigzag upright flanked by doubled palm-trunk motif. Above central upright, whirl rosette encircling four-petalled rosette; above rosette, an asymmetrical branch, its leaves extending toward left. In left metope, an irregularly-drawn eight-petalled rosette; in right metope, similarly drawn nine-petalled rosette; petals shaped as ivy leaves, pointing inward. Lid Gabled. Slightly overhanging.

Pl. 133

Pl. 133

[89.2818] 58 x 21.5 x 29.5 + 9 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Desc. Inner ledge on two sides. Low feet.

Ornam. F Zigzag frame ai top and sides; metope frame at base contains two metopes; broadened `triglyph' consists of two vertical rows of interlaced semi-circles flanked by tripled zigzag uprights. In each metope, six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles.

Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips. Mark On L of lid and corresponding rim of chest:

Bibl. V. Sussman 1992a:No. 10; 1992b. Comm. 1. See Comm. 877.

2. The asymmetrical central motif is unique, though somewhat similar to a column motif in which the capital has been replaced by a rosette (cf. No. 44).


2. The ornamentation scheme seems to combine the usual metope scheme with the columned-porch motif. For a similar hybrid ornamentation scheme, see No. 453.

882

Pl. 133

[89.2816] 52 x 26.5 x 33.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Desc. Red wash. Low feet.

885

Pl. 134

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames, each containing a twelve-petalled rosette inside a

[89.2819] 53 x 24.5 x 34.5 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Desc. Traces of red wash. Low feet.

zigzag circle. Small discs in corners of metopes.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames;

Catalogue

262

`triglyph' contains doubled palm-trunk motif. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside a zigzag circle.

Lid Flat. Bibl. V. Sussman 1992a:No. 11; 1992b. Comm.

890

Pl. 134

[89.2824] 53.5 x 26 x 32. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Desc. Badly damaged and battered. Low feet.

Ornam. F Two metopes in doubled zigzag frames; `triglyph' containing palm-trunk motif. In each metope, a twelve-petalled rosette inside a zigzag

See Comm. 877.

circle. Bibl. V. Sussman 1992a:No. 13; 1992b. Comm. See Comm. 877.

886 [89.2820] 48 x 25.5 x 30 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Desc. Damaged. Inner ledge on three sides.

Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. V. Sussman 1992a: No. 16; 1992b. Comm. See Comm. 877.

[89.2821] 47.5 x 22.5 x 27 cm. Plain.

Pl. 134 891 [89.2825] 72 x 28.5 x 35 + 10 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Desc. Inner ledge on four sides. Profiled cornice. L Hole, right-of-centre, near base; repaired in antiquity by insertion of piece of similar stone. Low

Prov.

Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Desc. Worn. Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding.

feet.

Mark On top of lid, near insertion edge:

surmounted by zizgag frieze. Above frieze, gable with square central acroterium. Under frieze, a panelled, two-leaved door. The antae extend upward, indicating side acroteria. Flanking facade, six-petalled rosettes, each inside concentric line circles; segments link petal-tips. Between petals and

887

Ornam. F Metope frame containing fluted frame. In centre, tomb facade with monostyle in antis

Bibl. V. Sussman 1992a:No. 7; 1992b. Comm. See Comm. 877.

888

Pl. 134

[89.2822] 58.5 x 26 x 32 cm. Chip carved. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Desc. Inner ledge on two sides. Red-brown wash.

in centre of each rosette - small, drilled dots, filled with a black colouring. Lid Vaulted. Fingergrips.

Ornam. F Two metopes inside frames formed by 'running.dog' motif bordered by doubled lines; `triglyph' broadened and bare. In each metope, a six-petalled rosette inside concentric line circles. Lid Slightly vaulted.



also 122.

2. For the 'running-dog' motif, see Comm. 107:3.

2. For similar representations of the monostyle in antis, see Intro. §Uc and No. 46. For zigzags replacing the metopes on the frieze, see Nos. 773; see 3. For ancient repairs, see Nos. 607, 771; Comm. 826:2 and Index of Subjects, s.v.

889 [89.28263 x 31 x 39 + 6.5 cm. Hard limestone. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Desc. Fragmentary. Thick-walled. Inner ledge on

892

four sides. Lid Solid vault. Broken. Inner ledge cut-tomeasure and resting on rim of chest. Bibl. V. Sussman 1992a:No. 4; 1992b. Comm. 1. See Comm. 877.

Bibl. V. Sussman 1992a:No. 18; 1992b. Comm. See Comm. 877.

2. The ledge carved into the lid indicates that the inner ledge of the chest was not utilized.

[89.2826] 69 x 26.5 x 32 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Desc. Inner ledge on three sides.

Lid Flat, sliding.

893

Pls. 134, 135 [89.2827] 85 x 39.5 x 45 + 23 cm. Hard limestone. Relief carved.

Catalogue Prov. Desc.

Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem. Damaged.

Ornam. F Sunken panel in profiled frame containing composite central motif, perhaps an acanthus or olive branches with their fruits; motif flanked by two grape clusters, each consisting of a large cluster flanked by two smaller clusters. Small rosettes of five to six petals (some resembling the grapes) are suspended from smaller clusters. Berries of left-hand cluster are round, those of right-hand cluster are elongated. Both clusters are suspended from bars attached to sides of frame; tendrils between bars and clusters. B Raised, rectangular panel representing single ashlar. L Sunken panel in profiled frame containing wreath composed of leafs and berries and tied below by ribbon with flattish loops; tips of ribbon end inside wreath, their tips pointing toward elongated central leaf. R Sunken panel in profiled frame containing a six-petalled rosette inside an egg-and-tongue circle with a four-petalled bud in centre; ivy leaves between petals pointing inward. Lid Gabled. F In profiled, sunken frame, shallow relief of central bunch of five vine leaves; tendrils extend toward both sides, each carrying two additional leaves and a grape cluster; toward corners of panel, tendrils resolve into stylized lilies with small, five-petalled rosettes between each pair. Right gable: In profiled, sunken frame, six-petalled rosette. Inscr. F Carefully centred above panel:

+0ontl»Jt11fl-9 D ) fll ,Evn n>>m -i:i wvn' Yehosef, son of Hananya, the scribe Bibl. V. Sussman 1992a:No. 1; 1992b. Comm. 1. See Comm. 877. 2. For the central motif on F, see Avigad 1967a: P1. 21.2 and Bagatti and Milik 1958 : Pl. 14:28.; cf. No. 14: Lid, right gable. Vine leaves and grape clusters are rarely depicted on ossuaries (though cf. Nos. 600 and 816) and never as elaborately as here. In style and execution, these grapes resemble those on local tomb facades (see Ills. 28 and 32) and sarcophagi (see Avigad 1971: Pls. 38A, 39B). For the lid, see Bagatti and Milik 1958:Pl. 16:35. 3. For the single-ashlar motif on B, see also Index of Motifs, s.v. and Nos. 14 and 294.

4. The nearest parallel to the wreath on L is on a large ossuary (see Bagatti and Milik 1958: Pl. 14:30); for the rosette on Lid, right gable, see Bagatti and Milik 1958 : Pl. 14:28, right.

263

5. For the names, see Index of Inscriptions, s.v. 6. The final resh of the last word is doubtful due to a small hole or fault in the stone. The peh, however, is identical to the peh at the end of the first name and the samekh is also certain; thus, there is no reason to doubt a reading of ha-sopher `the scribe'; for other occurrences of this word on ossuaries, see Clermont-Ganneau 1899:392-394 and Sukenik 1930b: 140-141, n. 6 (where the son is identified as the scribe; this may be the case here as well, and thus Yehosef not Hananya, may have been the scribe). See also a sherd of doubtful authenticity from Masada (Yadin and Naveh 1989: No. 667). 6. Two small guidelines, one between the yod and the heh of the first name and the second immediately to the left of the last word indicate that unusual care was taken to centre the inscription in relation to the ornamentation on the chest and the lid; for this, see Intro. §6B; cf. Nos. 67, 270, 282 and 800.

894 [89.2828] 68.5 x 27.5 x 34.5 cm. Plain. Prov. Mt. Scopus, western slope, Jerusalem.

Inner ledge on three sides. Lid Flat, sliding. Bibl. V. Sussman 1992a:No. 17; 1992b. Desc.

Comm.

See Comm. 877.

895

Pl. 135 [87.499] 55 x 32 x 26 cm. Clay, reddish brown, black core; straw temper; poorly fired. Prov. H. Òfrat (Kh. et-Taiyiba). Descr. Inner ledge on four sides. Edges reinforced,

rim.slightly protruding. Lid Roof-tile shaped. Broken and reconstructed. In centre, lengthwise strap handle flanked by T-shaped ridges. Bibl. Peleg 1990:93, 98, Fig. 8. Comm. 1. This ossuary was recovered from a single-chambered loculi tomb excavated between

1965 and 1967; the tomb had been looted in antiquity. 2. For the type and date of this ossuary, see Nos. 471, 754-756, 864 and 866.

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INDICES

Reference to the Introduction is by section and subsection (§); to notes, by their numbers within

Index of Passages: For editions used and modes of

sections or appendices. The remaining entries are to figures (Figs.) in the Introduction, to item numbers (Nos.) and to comments (Comms.) in the Catalogue.

Index of Localities: Only the catalogued ossuaries and

Index of Subjects: Only the predominant technique of decoration of an ossuary has been entered. Reference to feet and the location of inscriptions (but for those on the rim or inside of a chest) has been omitted. For the term `Jewish Script', see Intro. §6, n. 6; for `nameless people', see Naveh 1990. Nicknames, surnames, professions and titles are entered in translation under

Table of Tomb Groups (TTG): This includes

the heading Ìnscriptions, contents', together with

citation, see the List of Abbreviations.

fragments are listed; those forming part of a tomb group are listed in the Table of Tomb Groups.

only ossuaries of known origin, found in a single tomb. From left to right, the columns refer to the

location of the finds; the item-number of finds included in the present catalogue; the number of ossuaries (excluding fragments) found in the tomb; the number of inscriptions found in the tomb group (according to script: G = Greek; J = Jewish; L = Latin;

details of the inscriptions.

P = Palmyrene; JG = Jewish and Greek on the same

Index of Motifs: Entries are according to the terminology detailed in Intro. §11. Reference to

ossuary); the name of the excavator, if available ('IAA'

zigzags, simple lines and circles has been omitted.

predecessors, the Israel Department of Antiquities and the Mandate's Department of Antiquities in Palestine).

Index of Inscriptions: A question mark following an entry signifies doubts as to the reading. Pairs of letters used as marks are to be found under `Marks, direction' in the Index of Subjects.

refers to the Israel Antiquities Authority and its

I. INDEX OF SUBJECTS Acroterium see Lids, flat w/corner acroteria; Lids, gabled w/corner and front acroteria; see also Index of Motifs Animal bones in ossuaries Armes parlantes

Comms. 200:4, 228:3, 486:3

Intro. §7B; Fig. 96; No. 742(?)

Artisans, artisanship Intro. §§5, 6171: list of signature of Intro. §5J; No. 730

Intro. §5B;

App. Bb

Ash urns, ash caskets

Astodans see Ossilegium, Iranian and Central Asian App. A

Atonement of sins

Carving, technique of see Ornamentation Charon's obol see Coins Chest, form of

Intro. §3; Figs. 1-7

Cinerary caskets and urns

Intro. §3; App. Bb

Clay, chests and/or lids

Intro. §§2B, 51, 9 (Groups B-C); Nos. 39, 40, 187, 339, 340, 471, 754, 756, 805, 806, 853, 864, 866, 895

Coffins, wooden

Coins

No. 398

Handles, ridge see Lids, flat...handles; Lids, flat, sliding... handles Handles, strap see Lids, flat.. .clay Holes Intro. §5H: in or near base Nos. 85, 135, 138, 164, 304, 367, 452, 460, 470, 497, 644, 667, 668, 807, 809; corresponding pairs, through rim and lid Nos. 70, 77, 196, 783, 796, 802; through sides of chest Nos. 470, 810, 812

Human form Intro. §1lWb: abstraction of replacement of Nos. 175, 209, 482

Intro. §2C, n.21

Baskets

Handles, chest

Intro. §§2C, 3

Inscriptions Contents Intro. 6F; see also Index of Inscriptions Abecedary Intro. §6Fk; No. 787 Abbreviations and conventional symbols see Index of Inscriptions A3, C3 Age of deceased

Intro. §5Ff; Nos. 100, 778

Agrippina (Minor)

No. 789

Burying of relative 573; Comm. 139:5

Intro. §6Fb; Nos. 12, 370, 390(?),

Consolations

App. B, n. 47

Intro. §6Fh

Crests see Marks, family or professsional(?)

Davidic dynasty

Cross see Marks, cross

Endearmant, names of see Lallnamen

Crucifixion

Epigrams

'Darom' Dating

No. 218

Intro. §§9 (Group B), 11, nn. 20, 43, 107

Decapitation

No. 430

Intro. §6Fh; No. 455

Exclamations

Intro. §6Fh; Nos. 3, 66(?),

217(?), 226(?), 286(?), 390(?), 455, 682(?), 694(?); of

sorrow

Intro. §9

No. 555(?);

Intro. §6Fi

Exhortations see Protection of remains (verbal)

No. 697

Diaspora as origin of deceased

Intro. §6Fe; App. A; Nos.

Family names

99, 202, 209, 254, 290(?), 404, 445(?), 497, 555(?), 579, 789

Intro. §6Fa; Nos. 41, 151, 430, 783(?), 799(?), 800(?), 801(?); Comm 498:3

Dimensions

Hypocoristicon see Nicknames, pet names, surnames

Intro. §4; Cat., passim

Emblems see Marks, family or professional(?) Essenes

App. A

'Eternal house'

Intro. §111

Magic

Family relationship Intro §6Fb; see also Inscriptions, contents: Personal names; Inscriptions, contents: Nameless people; Index of Inscriptions (pertinent words) Cat., Passim

Fingergrips

Intro. §3; Cat., passim

Geographical distribution Locations; TTG

Intro §9; see also Index of

Intro. §6Fa; Nos. 289, 291, 319, 322, 582,

726, 789

Lallnamen

Family see Inscriptions, contents: Family names; Marks, family or professional(?)

Feet

Initials(?)

Nos. 1, 21(?), 51, 139, 256, 257, 344

Intro. §5Fk; No. 787

Monetary symbols

Monograms

Intro. §5F1; Nos. 696, 730

Intro. §6Fa; Nos. 42, 44, 555(?), 642, 713

Nameless people Female 'mother' Nos. 21, 573; Comm. 135:3; 'mother of...' (personal, male) No. 370; 'wife of...' (personal, male) Nos. 74, 150

Male 'brothers' No. 135; 'father' No. 344(?); W/nameless male (brothers) Nos. 75, 76; 'brothers' No. 135; W/nickname Nos. 44, 62, 117, 198, 257, 461, 821; W/patronymic No. 571

Index of Subjects Names Intro. 6Fa-c; see also Personal names Double (signum) Nos. 31, 95, 477, 552, 568(?), 576(?), 579(?), 701, 794(?), 868

Frequency of

Intro. §6F

Initials(?) see Index of Inscriptions C5

Latin

Nos. 142, 259, 348, 404, 421, 498, 565(?), 568

Nicknames, pet names, surnames aloe No. 114; amputated(?) No. 62; balsam No. 461; beautiful(?) No. 35; beetle-browed(?) No. 288; Bethsha'anite (=Scythopolitan) No. 139; calf(?) No. 821; captive No. 80; cinnamon No. 803; curly Comm. 552:3; dour No. 44; downtreader(?) No. 266; Ezobite Nos. 797, 801; fat(?) Comm. 579:6; Goliath Nos. 783, 799-801; grasshopper No. 498; kneading trough(?) No. 610; little Nos. 421, 552; mute No. 117; nazirite Intro. §6Fc; oil-cake No. 198; one-eyed No. 822; one-handed No. 62; pot(?) No. 222; proselyte Intro. §6Fc; Ptolemaian No. 99; round(?) No. 821; saffron Comm. 803:5; Scythopolitan see Bethsha'anite; Sokhite No. 257; thyme Comm. 803:5; see also Family names Numerals Intro. §§6Ff, 6Fk; Greek Jewish Nos. 696, 730

Nos. 100, 778;

Occupations see Professions

Origin, mention of

Intro. §6Fe; Nos. 99, 139, 257, 290, 293, 404, 777, 797, 803

Ossuary, terms for

Intro. §§1, 6Fg; Nos. 85, 118,

125, 226, 461, 502, 560, 573, 789

Patronymic see Nameless people, male w/patronymic; Personal names, female,w/patronymic; Personal names, male w/patronymic 'Peace' see Exclamations Personal names Intro. §§6Fa-6Fc Contractions Nos. 9, 13, 15, 18, 23, 24,

27,

31, 42,

66(?), 70, 73, 77, 121, 132, 200, 218, 226, 232, 233(?), 236(?), 258, 270, 282, 286, 287, 293(?), 330, 370, 383, 396, 413(?), 430(?), 444, 468, 477, 552, 559-561, 570,

283 W/personal, male (sons ?)

Nos. 56, 425

Male Nos. 1, 11, 20, 22, 32, 50, 54, 61, 63, 68, 72, 77, 82, 83, 88, 89, 97, 101, 104, 107, 110, 122, 137, 142, 179, 191, 202(?), 227, 228, 348, 370, 380, 383, 390, 403, 406, 411, 413, 444, 465, 475, 483, 497, 584, 592, 643, 648, 651, 678, 703, 705, 716, 718, 725(?), 794, 795, 838, 840; 'and wife' (nameless) No. 150; 'father

of...' (personal, male)

No. 751; 'our father'

Nos.

12, 70, 561

W/age

No. 778

W/exclamation

Nos. 3, 694(?)

W/family name

Nos. 41

W/nickname see Nicknames, pet names, surnames

W/origin see Origin, mention of W/patronymic

Nos. 9, 15-18, 38, 53, 61, 86, 100, 113, 117, 121, 132, 145, 218, 232, 288, 349, 435, 456, 464, 488, 573, 579(?), 603, 610, 702, 730, 773, 793, 802, 822; and age No. 100; and family name No. 151; and grandparental Nos. 57, 520; and grandparental; title No. 327;

and origin Nos. 293, 404; and patronymic, identical Nos. 73, 490; and personal, female (wife?) No. 579; and profession No. 893; and title, honourific No. 560; and title of office No. 382; 'brother of...' (personal, male)

No. 570

W/personal, female (wife?)

No. 455; (wife)

and personal male, 'his son' No. 490; and origin No. 139; and personal, male (infant?)

No. 354

W/personal male (=brothers); patronymic No. 820; ('brothers'); patronymic; honourific title No. 560; ('his son') Nos. 12(?), 396; ('sons of'); personal, female ('wife of') No. 800; unknown relationship Nos. 82, 89, 430, 568, 575, 829 W/profession see Profession

572, 573, 576, 582(?), 648, 651, 682(?), 694(?), 700, 701, 703, 705, 718, 725, 730, 796, 829(?), 840, 868

W/social status see Titles, honourific, social or of

Diminutives see Contractions

W/title, honourific see Titles, honourific, social or

Female Nos. 5, 23, 45, 51, 55, 64, 103, 108, 141, 220, 243, 266, 333, 414, 461, 468, 469, 478, 579(?), 700(?), 706, 717, 725(?); double, 'mother of...' (personal, male); 'her son' No. 868; 'mother of...' (personal, male) Nos. 98, 801; '(our) mother' Nos. 71, 351; 'wife of...' Nos. 13, 24, 73, 233, 559, 582, 782, 821; and personal, male (sons) No. 800; and 'son' No. 73 W/exclamation No. 226(?)

W/nickname W/patronymic

Nos. 498, 552

Nos. 26, 27, 67, 84, 86, 152, 226, 287(?), 342, 405, 502, 572, 856; 'mother of...' No. 257; 'wife of...' Nos. 236, 256; and grandparental Nos. 198, 796(?), 871; and wife of...; origin No. 290; and metronymic No. 796(?); and origin No. 99

office

of office

Pet names see Nicknames, pet names, surnames 'Pricetag'

Intro. §§5B, 5J, 6171; Nos. 696, 730

Professions Intro. §6Fd: builder No. 200; cheesemaker(?) Intro. §6Fd; physician(?) No. 80; potter No. 222; priest Comm. 871:5; scribe No. 893; smith(?) Intro. §6Fd; teacher Intro. §6Fd

Protection of remains (verbal) Intro. §6Fj; Nos. 70, 142, 259, 559, 610(?), 787; see also Protection of remains, magical, physical, symbolic Protopolites see Titles, honorific, social or of office Repetition on same ossuary Intro. §6C: (Hebrew - Aramaic) No. 24; in different scripts (Jewish

- Greek)

Nos. 23, 35, 84( + 86), 88, 108(?), 122, 139, 232, 282, 559, 560, 648, 799, 801, 802; more than twice

Index of Subjects

284 (Greek script): (3 X )

Nos. 50, 99, 100, 239, 475, 793;

(4 x)

No. 108; (6 x) No. 102; (7 x) Nos. 236, 383; (Jewish script): (3 x) Nos. 107, 603, 796, 803; (5 x) No. 797; (6 x) No. 217;

Jars, burial, clay

Intro. §5I

Jews Asia Minor 290(?); Cyrenian

Signum see Names, double

No. 209(?); Babylonian No. Nos. 99-101; Palmyrene Nos. 254, 445(?), 555(?), 579; Roman Nos. 202, 209, 497, 789; Syrian App. B, n. 57; Nos. 445(?), 555(?); Comm. 730:5

Surnames see Nicknames, pet names, surnames

Judaeo-Christians

Titles, honorific, social or of office Intro. §6Fc: Elder No. 12; 'Citizen's head' (Protopolites) No. 282; Freedman No. 789; 'Great one' (Birebbi) No. 865; High Priest No. 871; Lord (Master) Nos. 8, 327, 560 Location of Intro. §6B: inside circle Nos. 140, 856; inside chest Nos. 236, 390, 703; under rim Nos. 430, 486, 478, 568, 572, 603; underside of lid Nos. 50, 108, 282, 560, 793

Position of

Intro. §6B; inverted Nos. 236, 322, 390, 694, 716; retrograde No. 54(?); Comm. 370:2; slanting Nos. 98, 266, 322, 603; straight Cat., passim; vertical Nos. 24, 62, 63, 232, 233, 236, 349, 354, 444, 573, 703, 794, 795

Scripts

Intro. §6D

Greek Nos. 1, 5, 11, 32, 45, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56, 64, 85, 89, 95, 97-99, 100, 101, 102, 113, 114, 135, 137, 141, 142, 145, 179, 233, 236, 239, 254, 259, 287, 289, 310, 319, 322, 330, 332, 333, 348, 349, 383, 404-406, 413, 425, 444, 475, 478, 490, 498, 552, 565, 567, 568, 576, 643, 701, 717, 751, 778, 782, 787, 789, 793-795, 800, 829, 868; and Jewish Nos. 23, 35, 84( + 86), 88, 108, 122, 139, 232, 282, 559, 560, 648, 799, 801, 802

Jewish

Nos. 3, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15-18, 20-22, 24, 26,

27, 31, 38, 41, 42, 44, 54, 57, 61-63, 66-68, 70-77, 80, 82, 83, 87, 104, 107, 110, 117, 118, 121, 125, 132, 140, 150-152, 191, 192, 198, 200, 217, 218, 220, 222, 226-228, 243, 256-258, 266, 270, 286, 288, 290, 293, 327, 342, 344, 351, 354, 370, 380, 390, 396, 403, 411, 414, 421, 428, 430, 435, 455, 456, 461, 464, 465, 468, 469, 477, 483, 488, 501, 502, 520, 557, 561, 570-573, 582, 584, 592, 603, 610, 651, 678, 682, 694, 696, 700, 702-706, 716, 718, 725, 730, 773, 777, 783, 796, 797, 803, 820-822, 838, 840, 856, 865, 871, 893; see also

Greek and Jewish

Latin

Nos. 202, 497

Palaeo-Hebrew Palmyrene

Intro. §6B and n. 10

No. 579

Technique

Intro. §6A: charcoal Nos. 35, 113, 118, 390, 560, 643, 787; incised Cat., passim; incised and picked out in red Nos. 32, 396, 403, 483; ink Nos. 477, 559(?), 789; paint(?) Nos. 95, 102, 464, 559; relief carved No. 282; see also Ormanentation, details picked out in red or black

Transliterations Intro. §6E; Greek into Jewish script No. 80; Hebrew into Greek Nos. 552, 559 Undeciphered

Unfinished

Nos. 83, 89, 118, 130

No. 694

'Jargon', Greek-Hebrew

Intro. §6E, n. 16; Nos. 552, 559

Intro. §IOCa

Ka'akule see Limestone, soft Lead

Intro. §2, n. 16

Lids

Intro. §3; Figs. 2-7

Double

No. 789

Fingergrips on Flat

Cat., passim

Fig. 3; Nos. 3, 4, 10, 15, 17, 23, 32, 36, 44-47,

52-55, 57-59, 61, 63, 64, 68, 73, 78-80, 89, 90, 106, 108, 112, 113, 118, 119, 128, 149, 158, 165, 167, 175, 178, 180, 188, 198, 200, 201, 218, 220, 232, 233, 241, 257, 265, 278, 280, 289, 290, 296, 299, 300, 316-320, 329, 334, 335, 350, 351, 360, 366, 372, 375, 377, 379, 380, 383, 385-387, 391, 405, 423, 424, 427, 428, 443, 446, 449, 451, 460, 469, 485, 497, 498, 521, 538, 540, 545, 548, 555, 570, 571, 573, 576, 588, 593, 608, 609, 620, 622, 627, 665, 669, 692, 694, 703-707, 709-712, 715, 717, 718, 737, 738, 746, 763, 767, 772, 776, 777, 783, 788, 789, 794, 800, 818, 836, 855, 867, 868, 870, 871, 873, 877, 882, 883, 885, 888; W/corner

acroteria No. 752; W/corner acroteria and central ridge Nos. 553, 683-686 Clay Intro. §51: w/strap handles on top Nos. 39, 471, 755, 866, 895; oval No. 853; tile or tileformed Nos. 40, 182, 187, 339, 340, 754, 756 Cut-to-measure

Nos. 66, 90, 114, 185, 270, 322, 378, 430, 448, 453, 454, 647, 670

Ridge handle in center

Nos. 187, 845

Sliding

Fig. 2; Nos. 7, 19, 21, 42, 43, 50, 51, 67, 70, 72, 75, 77, 94-99, 103, 107, 109, 110, 144, 145, 150, 156, 160, 166, 168, 174, 179, 189, 193, 195, 196, 200, 206, 210, 212, 215, 217, 223-225, 228, 235, 276, 277, 279, 287, 288, 295, 298, 312, 314, 324, 330, 352, 354, 364, 403, 412-417, 420-422, 425, 426, 429, 431, 433-438, 444, 456, 459, 466-468, 470, 508, 509, 514, 529, 530, 532, 534, 536, 537, 539, 541-544, 546, 549, 551, 554, 560-564, 577, 581, 585, 586, 590, 592, 598, 602, 606, 636, 645, 646, 649, 651, 655-662, 664, 677, 691, 696,

697, 714, 716, 719-722, 725-728, 744,748-750,790, 802, 817, 820, 823, 824, 878, 879, 886, 887, 892, 894; W/ridge handle at edge Nos.395, 613, 724

Gabled

Fig. 4; Nos. 13, 14, 26, 29, 30, 37, 38, 60, 91, 102, 104, 115, 127, 135, 139, 151, 161, 162, 164, 169-171, 190, 191, 207, 208, 211, 222, 240, 243, 274, 282-284, 291, 294, 304, 326, 328, 331-333, 346, 361, 363, 368, 370, 373, 382, 389, 393, 396-398, 401, 402, 407, 408, 410, 419, 439, 455, 465, 473, 475, 476, 490, 503, 506, 552, 568, 579, 580, 587, 594, 597, 600, 603, 604, 610, 611, 614, 616, 621, 625, 626, 631, 642, 643, 648, 650, 653, 654, 666-668, 676, 693, 701, 730, 743, 747, 758, 813, 814, 819, 825, 841,

844, 856, 865, 880, 881, 893; W/central ridge

Nos. 25,

Index of Subjects 124 (see also Lids, vaulted, w/central ridge); W/corner acroteria Fig. 7; Nos. 681, 858-861; W/corner and front acroteria Nos. 689, 690 Cut-to-measure Fig. 6b; Nos. 74, 122, 136, 147, 184, 226, 227, 229, 230, 273, 342, 344, 384, 390, 432, 458, 461, 491, 599, 723, 732, 742, 745, 847

Nos. 20, 28, 172, 311, 394, 418, 457, 487, 512, 625, 663, 695, 729, 731, 739, 740; cut-to-measure No.

Sliding 221

Fig. 5; Nos. 12, 18, 22, 27, 31, 33, 35, 48, 69,

Vaulted

71, 81-83, 88, 92, 93, 111, 117, 121, 123, 132, 148, 153, 154, 163, 177, 181, 183, 186, 197, 203, 204, 216, 219, 234, 250, 292, 293, 297, 303, 308, 310, 313, 315, 338, 343, 345, 347, 349, 355, 356, 358, 359, 365, 367, 393, 399, 400, 404, 441, 450, 452, 463, 482, 488, 517, 520, 533, 557, 566, 569, 572, 574, 582, 583, 607, 615, 619, 623, 629, 633-635, 671, 680, 699, 736, 753, 757, 759, 760, 762, 764, 770, 771, 775, 778, 781, 782, 784-787, 789, 791-793, 795-799, 801, 803, 804, 815, 816, 821, 822, 826, 829-831, 836, 839, 840, 849,

874-876, 884, 891; W/central ridge Nos. 55bis, 843;

see

also Lids, gabled, w/central ridge Cut-to-measure Nos. 65, 76, 159, 209, 336, 337, 409, 535, 838, 889

Sliding

Nos. 62, 376, 556, 698

Intro. §§2A, 5A; Nos. 12-14, 60, 121, 153, 154, 158, 281, 282, 294, 308, 392, 393, 401, 402, 408, 482, 587, 596, 597, 604, 667, 676, 736, 889, 893

Limestone, hard

Intro. §§2A, 5B-C; Cat., passim

Limestone, soft

Magic see Inscriptions, contents; Magic

Intro. §5J

Marketing

Intro. §7: cross

Marks

Intro. §7A; Nos. 114, 568, 747,

829, 841

Direction Intro. §7A; Figs. 9-12; Cat, passim; pairs of letters (Greek) Fig. 11; Nos. 168, 312, 324, 337(?) 457, 821, 823, 824; (Jewish) Nos. 33, 36, 44, 78, 110, 174, 270(?), 276, 390, 410, 430, 475, 599, 616, 642, 737

Family or professional(?)" Intro. §7B; Nos. 3, 41, 151, 231, 348, 410, 411, 430, 431, 742, 815, 829; Comm. 430:5 Protective

Intro. §7C; No. 403

Material see Clay; Lead; Limestone; Wood; see also Baskets Mats see Baskets

Meleke see Limestone, hard Menorah see Index of Motifs Motifs see Index of Motifs

Nabataean contacts Intro. §§9B, IIA, 11F, IIWd; Comms. 251:2, 445:3, 482:2, 490:2 Nails

Intro §2C

285

Ornamentation Intro. §5A-5G Additional, in wash Intro. §5D; see Index of Motifs, 'Lattice'-pattern, red wash Bichrome see Scratched into wash

Chip carved

Intro. §5B; Nos. 1-3, 5, 6, 15-19, 22, 24,

25, 27, 31, 32, 34-37, 41-48, 49, 52, 56-59, 61, 63-69, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 83, 88-90, 94, 105-110, 112, 113, 115, 118-120, 122, 125, 129, 131, 133-136, 138, 139, 142, 146-148, 155, 161-165, 167, 169, 170, 175, 176, 180, 181-185, 191, 193, 195, 197, 198, 200, 202-207, 210, 213, 214, 216, 219-220, 222, 224-226, 228, 231, 235, 237-239, 241-250, 252-255, 260-265, 267-271, 275, 289, 291, 295-300, 302, 305-307, 309, 312-318, 320, 321, 323-325, 328-330, 334, 335, 337, 341, 345-347, 350, 353-355, 357-360, 362, 365, 367-371,375-379,381-385,387, 389-391, 394, 399, 404-407, 409-411, 418, 419, 427-432, 440, 441, 446, 448, 449, 451, 453-455, 457, 460, 461, 463, 469, 474, 478, 479, 483, 487, 489, 490, 492, 499, 500, 528, 558, 561, 565-567, 576, 582-584, 589, 591, 593, 594, 599, 600, 602, 603, 607, 611, 617-620, 622-624, 626, 630, 632, 639, 642, 643, 653, 668, 692, 694, 699, 701, 702, 707-709, 711-713, 715, 717, 718, 723, 729-733, 735, 737, 741, 742, 745, 746, 749, 761, 765, 767, 773, 777, 779, 789, 797, 800-802, 804, 808-810, 816-819, 839, 847, 848, 867, 869, 870, 872, 877, 881-885, 888, 890, 891

Copying

Intro. §5C

Details picked out in red or black Nos. 106, 185, 352, 358, 397, 461, 561, 891; see also Inscriptions, technique; Incised and picked out in red Finely incised

Intro. §5C; Nos. 10, 38, 53, 55, 55bis, 81,

91-93, 111, 124, 128, 132, 149, 159, 177, 178, 186, 188, 189, 201, 208, 232, 233, 266, 278, 280, 292, 301, 303, 331-333, 361, 396, 442, 450, 452, 462, 465, 473, 497, 522, 524, 552, 557, 570-573, 595, 608-610, 612, 627, 628, 631, 634, 665, 671-675, 680, 710, 752, 757, 762, 766-772, 774-776, 778, 782-788, 791-796, 798, 813-815, 825, 826, 829-837, 843, 849, 851, 852, 854-856, 863, 874-876

Finish

Intro. §5F; see also Ornamentation, unfinished

Freehand incised (wholly or partially)

Intro. 5C; Nos. 19, 43, 47, 57, 69, 136, 181, 199, 203, 231, 235, 239, 299, 304, 305, 334, 337, 348, 377, 383, 403, 411, 441, 463, 501, 513, 517, 555, 627, 693, 772, 814, 817, 825, 829, 848, 856, 867

Incised

Intro. §5C ; Nos. 4, 54, 62, 79, 123, 127, 176,

217, 234, 236, 272, 274, 285, 290, 293, 352, 397, 417, 420, 437, 443, 456, 459, 476, 480, 481, 494, 496, 502, 521-524, 560, 575, 578-580, 625, 633, 635, 663, 693, 695, 758, 760, 763, 799, 803, 811, 820, 827, 828, 830, 842, 844, 846, 850, 871, 879, 880

Horror vacui

Intro. §5C

Interpretation of

Intro. §10C

Nari see Limestone, Soft

Perspective, primitive

Nazir see Inscriptions, contents; Nicknames, pet names, surnames

Painted

Nicanor

Intro. §6Fc

Intro. §§11D, 11F; Figs. 21, 101, 102; Nos. 185, 241, 384, 555, 730 wash

Intro. §5D: polychrome No. 209; in red Nos. 464, 758, 764; see also Scratched into wash

Index of Subjects

286 Polychrome see Painted

Plain, chest and lid

Cat., passim

Relief carved Intro. §5A; Nos. 12-14, 60, 121, 153, 154, 160, 251, 282, 294, 308, 326, 366, 388, 392, 393, 408, 445, 482, 569, 587, 596, 597, 601, 604, 654, 676, 679, 681, 736, 831, 841, 893; Comm 350:3

Scratched into wash Sketches, incised

Unfinished motifs

Intro. §5D; Nos. 317, 449, 849

Intro. §5F; Nos. 377, 446, 588 Intro. §5F; Nos. 10, 94, 106, 112,

115(?), 125, 129, 164, 169, 184, 210(?), 214, 225, 238, 247, 272, 292, 334, 335, 346, 362, 382, 384, 388, 392, 411, 417, 448, 449, 455, 459, 474, 482, 593, 717, 730, 749, 777, 789, 793, 802, 848, 870

Ossilegium Iranian and Central Asian App. Ba; Jewish Intro. §§1, 2C, 4, 5J, 6Fj, 8, 9, 10C; Apps. A-C; in Diaspora Intro. §9 (Group C); in North Africa Intro. §9 (Group C); in Turkmenistan App. Ba Ossuary child's Intro. §4; Nos. 3, 49, 81, 103, 173, 202, 206, 414, 416, 417, 452, 495, 496, 507, 526, 527, 563, 609, 677, 772, 774, 797, 817, 820; infant's Intro. §4; No. 803; Jewish, reuse of Intro. §7C; App. C

Protection of remains magical Intro. §6Fk; No. 787; physical Intro. §5H; Nos. 70, 77, 196, 783, 796, 803; symbolic Intro. §6C; Nos, 403, 789, 868(?); see also Inscriptions, contents: Protection of remains (verbal)

'Reading-in'

Intro. §11, n. 143; Nos. 146, 269, 871

Reinterment of Jews from Diaspora Reliquaries

Intro. §9C; App. C

Repairs, ancient

Intro. §5E; Nos. 121, 132, 241, 651, 771,

826, 891

Resurrection

Intro. §IOCa; App. A

Rivet affixing lid

Intro. §5H; Nos. 70, 77, 196

Rope sealing ossuary(?) Comm. 783:2 Sadducees

Intro. §5H; Nos. 77, 796, 803;

App. A

Sarcophagi(?)

Nos. 490, 666, 668

Sketches see Ornamentation, sketches incised

Subdivision, inner, of chest

Tomb, family

No. 860

App. A

Tomb robberies, indication of(?) Pagan representations

Intro. §1lWd; Figs. 129-130; Nos.

234(?), 251, 463, 635(?)

Intro. §2C; App. A

Intro. §5H; Nos. 365,

367

Tub-shaped chest

Nos. 158, 339, 340, 374, 853

Painting see Ornamentation, painted Perforation see Holes Pharisees

App. A

Uzziah

Intro. §6Fj

Wages

Intro. §§5B, 5J, 6F1; see also Inscriptions, contents: Price tags

Pottery see Clay

Profession see Inscriptions, contents: Profession; Marks, family or professional(?)

Wash, red or yellow Cat., passim; see also Ornamentation, painted; Ornamentation, scratched into wash; Index of Motifs: 'Lattice' pattern, red wash

Proselyte see Inscriptions, contents; Nicknames, pet names, surnames

Wood

Intro §2C.

II. INDEX OF MOTIFS Contained in broadened 'triglyph'

Nos. 44, 69, 110

Abacus

Intro. §11P; Fig. 93; No. 893(?)

Acanthus

Intro. §11A; Figs. 14-16, 110; Nos. 46, 90,

Acroterium

175, 185, 282, 346, 482, 711, 773, 891

Altar

Intro. §llWd(1); Fig. 129; No. 463 Intro. §11H; Figs. 13, 16, 36-41; Nos. 120, 122,

Amphora

175, 183, 213, 231, 325, 378, 399(?), 437(?), 599, 632, 815, 826(?), 832, 834(?)

Ampulla

Intro. §11F; Fig. 26; No. 231(?)

Angle ornament

Intro. §11K; Figs. 64-67; Nos. 43, 59, 69,

Antae Intro. §§11A, 11C; Figs. 14-15, 102; Nos. 46, 90, 164, 185, 262, 384, 711, 773, 891; see also Entablature on

antae; Monostyle in antis Intro. §115; see also 'Lotus'; Palmette

Apex (of gable or nefesh), detached

Fig. 36; Nos. 325, 883

Arch Intro. §§l1D, 11Ub-c; Figs. 21-23, 102, 108-110; Nos. 160, 185, 191, 241, 269, 299, 354, 384, 437, 468, 482, 635, 679, 693, 871; see also Domed tomb(?)

Arcosolium

Intro. §llUc; Figs. 109, 110; Nos. 160, 185,

Ashlar Frieze

Intro. §111 Nos. 490, 796(?)

Pyramid

Fig. 26; No. 231

Single(?) Nos. 54, 62, 172, 200, 225, 253, 260, 368, 407; Nos. 14, 121, 294, 408, 463, 597(?), 831, relief carved 893

Figs. 31, 34; Nos. 110, 262, 334

Walls Fig. 42; Nos. 34, 164, 184, 217, 353, 384, 407, 420, 442, 455, 478, 481, 487, 668, 730, 760, 844; see also Headers-and-stretchers Balance

Intro. §7B; No. 3(?)

Base, stepped see Steps Bead-and-reel Figs. 49, 50; Nos. 1, 243(?), 282, 302, 308, 313, 315, 341, 350, 461, 469, 489, 499, 653, 745, 809 Beads

Horizontal

No. 231

Olive see Olives, olive-branch

Nos. 60, 399

Booth near tomb

Intro. §11F; No. 555(?)

Branch Intro. §110; Figs. 86-88; see also Plant Above altar Fig. 129; No. 463 Asymmetrical

No. 881

Nos. 347, 350

Pomegranate see Pomegranate (single, branch or tree)

Triangular base of

Fig. 87; Nos. 255, 404, 619

Nos. 115, 133, 162, 282, 382, 565

Candelabrum see Menorah

Capital Intro. §llB, 11G Corinthian Fig. 33; Nos. 191, 341, 384(?) Cube

Fig. 18; Nos. 442, 456, 476, 802; see also

Capital, rectangular Doric

Figs. 102, 109; Nos. 160(?), 185, 241

Ionic

Figs. 17, 31-32; Nos. 59, 67(?), 69, 78, 262, 334, 517, 642, 746

Lily-formed

191, 693

Steps

Fig. 55; Nos. 44, 368

Vertical

334, 460, 599, 642

Anthemion

Half-

Overlaying rosette's petals

No. 209(?)

Anchor

Nos. 162, 565(?), 630(?),

Frame or frieze Nos. 49, 148, 163, 169, 205, 213, 275, 313, 316, 323, 325, 603, 742, 883

No. 41; see also Altar, tomb

Altar, tomb

Covering antae or column 643, 809

Intro. §11F; No. 555

Aedicula

Figs. 86, 91; Nos. 6, 18, 35, 66, 255, 265, 313, 316, 337, 347, 355, 377, 404, 406, 428, 451, 501, 583, 618, 619, 694, 718, 761, 870

No. 600

Rectangular, rosette-covered cube

No. 809; see also Capital,

Checkerboard pattern Intro. §1lVa; Nos. 38, 76, 79, 176, 220, 442, 449, 675, 757, 830, 833; see also Reticulate pattern Circle passim Semi-, frame or frieze Nos. 10, 55bis, 290, 442; 522, 837, 843; interlaced, frame or frieze Figs. 53, 54; Nos. 2, 91, 111, 295, 345, 396, 673, 680, 785, 849, 854, 884

Semi- or segment of

Fig. 71; Nos. 124, 170, 222, 453, 454, 465, 487, 599, 631, 729, 826, 829, 837, 843, 851

Column Intro. §§11B, I1G; see also Arch; Arcosolium; Capital; Nefesh (tomb monument), column-formed; Monostyle; Porch, columned Base of, profiled Figs. 17, 102, 110; Nos. 185, 191, 241, 341

Shaft, fluted

Figs. 17, 31-34; Nos. 41, 42, 44, 59, 69, 78, 110, 122, 191, 262, 334, 341, 517, 600, 642, 746, 802(?); upper part fluted Fig. 102; Nos. 185, 241 Single Fig. 31-34; Nos. 44, 48(?), 59, 69, 78, 110, 262, 334, 517, 600, 642, 746, 809 Conch

Fig. 34; Nos. 110, 816(?)

Index of Motifs

288

Cone-cap on nefesh see Nefesh (tomb monument), columnformed Intro. §11J; Figs.43-55; Nos. 1, 12-14, 22, 26, 29, 34, 37, 39, 48, 49, 52, 60, 69, 71, 74, 104, 121, 122, 125, 127, 133, 134, 153, 154, 160, 162, 164, 171, 194, 222, 226, 229, 230, 240, 250, 257, 270, 310, 328, 336, 338, 342, 344, 346, 353, 363, 368, 384, 389-394, 397, 399,-401, 402, 407, 440, 455, 458, 482, 488, 490, 491, 506, 516, 568, 580, 593, 594, 597, 599, 600, 604, 616, 621, 626, 629, 642, 643, 650, 653, 654, 663, 668, 693, 729, 730, 733, 736, 816, 847, 880, 891

Cornice

Courtyard, courtyard wall and gateway, tombs Dart shapes

Frieze

680, 681, 711, 730, 732, 733, 742, 773, 796, 802, 809, 813, 814, 816, 837, 843, 849, 852, 854, 876, 891

Gable see also Facade, tomb, gabled Containing decoration Figs. 13, 100; Nos. 14, 122, 175, 282, 294, 482, 597, 730

Fig. 21; No. 384; see also Gate

'Syrian'

Intro. §llVa; Figs. 112, 113, 115,

Intro. §11K; Figs. 38, 68-70, 100,

107;

Nos. 13, 14,

16, 18, 31, 36, 44, 47, 48, 60, 65, 78, 88, 91, 92, 106, 108, 111, 118, 120, 131, 138, 155, 165, 170, 176, 182, 198, 207, 219, 220, 236-238, 243, 244, 248, 262, 265, 269, 271, 297, 305, 308, 309, 313, 315, 316, 325, 328, 345, 355, 357, 359, 365, 366, 378, 388, 392, 394(?), 399, 406, 408, 428, 431, 440, 443, 445, 451, 454, 474, 476, 482, 483, 489, 516, 566, 569, 587, 597, 599, 603, 619, 620, 623, 626, 628, 632, 701, 707, 735, 736, 757, 800, 804, 809, 810, 882, 883

Distyle, distyle in antis see Porch, columned

Domed tomb(?)

Fig. 100; Nos. 366, 482

Doors, doorways(?) Intro. §11T; Figs. 100-104; Nos. 482, 524(?), 745(?), 796(?), 863, 876; panelled Intro. §11T; Fig. 100-104; Nos. 46, 56, 185, 241, 309, 366, 469, 482, 489(?), 569, 623(?), 813(?), 834, 836, 876, 891

Dots drilled within or around rosettes

Nos. 44, 46, 47, 64, 185, 210, 345 354, 365, 499, 695, 735, 773, 891

Gable pattern

Figs. 31-32; Nos. 78, 262, 334, 517, 746

Egg-and-tongue

Nos. 742, 893; see also Leaf-and-dart

Entablature on antae

Nos. 135, 835

'Gammadiae', `gams' see Angle ornament

Garland

Intro. §11Wa; Fig. 38; Nos. 209, 378

Gate and gateway, tombs

Intro. §11D; Figs. 21-23, 102;

Nos. 185(?), 241, 299, 384, 469, 635(?), 679(?)

Grape cluster Intro. §I IQ; Nos. 135(?), 600, 816, 893; see also Vine, vine leaves and tendrils Headers-and-stretchers Intro. §11I; Fig. 42; Nos. 353, 455, 478, 668, 730; see also Ashlar walls.

Human form, abstraction of(?)

Intro. §1lWb; Fig. 16;

Nos. 175, 209, 482, 555

Intercolumnar decoration

Intro. §11A; Fig. 16; Nos. 175,

482

Ivy leaf Figs. 64-65, 73, 110; Nos. 2, 37, 43, 45, 59, 69, 148, 164, 184, 191, 193, 198, 206, 262, 294, 315, 334, 371, 384, 427, 478, 482, 490, 513, 517, 599, 603, 642, 643, 668, 742, 745, 749, 816, 881, 893

Juglet, piriform Kline

Echinus

No. 482

No. 555

Intro. §11F; Nos. 465, 631, 825, 837, 843

Door frame, moulded

Fig. 36; Nos. 325, 883

Stepped(?)

116; Nos. 132(?), 226, 307, 442, 799(?), 842(?), 852(?)

Dome, onion-shaped

Intro. §§I IA, 1IC, IIJ; Nos. 2, 41, 42, 46, 90, 122,

199, 222, 231, 262, 341, 345, 354, 368, 382, 384, 396, 399, 441, 461, 474, 487, 490, 522, 524, 599, 603, 643, 668, 673,

Fig. 16; Nos. 175, 209, 599

Date clusters and twigs Discs

370, 378, 381, 382(?), 440, 490, 599, 614, 711, 715, 733, 773, 809, 869, 891

Fig. 129; No. 463

Fig. 109; No. 160

Knobs

Nos. 13, 294, 569, 587, 601; cone-shaped

No. 463

Knocker ring see Ring, knocker or handle

Intro. §11C; Nos. 37(?), 354, 456,

653(?), 742

`Lattice' pattern

Entrance, tomb see Door frame, moulded; Doors, doorways(?); Facade, tomb Facade, tomb Intro. §1IA; Fig. 13; Nos. 122, 164, 346(?), 445, 482; gabled Intro. §11A; Figs. 13-16, 21; Nos. 46, 90, 122, 175, 384, 482, 711, 773, 891; see also Door frame; Doors, doorways(?)

339, 352, 354, 397, 432, 442, 452, 462, 478, 480, 494, 502, 523(?), 555(?), 608, 634, 635, 642, 665, 695, 759, 770, 811, 815, 826, 849, 876; as 'triglyph' Nos. 53, 91, 709, 771; as frame or frieze Nos. 93,149, 177, 450, 570, 757, 788, 792, 813, 829, 852, 876; in red wash Intro. §5D; Nos. 53, 91, 93, 111, 177, 178, 292, 332, 333, 361, 450, 452, 579, 608-610, 634, 665, 784, 786, 792, 815, 825, 829, 833, 837, 849, 863

Fig leaf and figs

Leaf pattern Fig. 42; Nos. 353, 455; see also Leaf-and-dart

Fig tree Fish

Intro. §11R; Fig. 96; No. 742

Intro. § 11 R; Fig. 95

Intro. §7B; No. 348

Fleur-de-lis see Lily

Floral frame (broad)

Fluting

No. 371

Figs. 16, 48, 51, 52; Nos. 37, 42, 46, 58, 90, 113, 175, 185, 222, 228, 241, 250, 254, 263, 312, 318, 324, 329,

Intro. §IIE; Figs. 24-25; Nos. 164, 290,

Leaf-and-dart Fig. 47; Nos. 34, 346, 643, 668, 802(?); see also Egg-and-tongue

Libation

Intro. §11Wd(l); Fig. 129; No. 463

Lily (fleur-de-lis)

Intro. §llVb; Figs. 82, 110, 124,

126; Nos. 13, 57, 69(?), 94(?), 106(?), 112(?), 129, 161, 191, 209(?), 298, 299, 308, 341, 350, 371, 410, 411, 431, 482(?), 484(?), 584(?), 587, 599(?), 600, 642, 730(?), 809(?); W/leaved

Index of Motifs Fig. 125; Nos. 163, 195, 282(?), 375, 723, 804, 816,

base

Living form see Human form, abstraction of Intro. §7C; No. 403

Loculi

497, 502, 573, 575, 579, 595, 612, 798, 799, 842

Intro. §IIUb; Fig. 108; Nos. 19, 269, 346(?),

437(?), 635(?), 679, 871

`Lotus'

Monostyle in antis(?)

Intro. §11S; Figs. 97a, 99; Nos. 136, 191, 341, 371,

584(?), 643, 695, 816 Lyre(?)

Meander

778, 786, 794, 804, 809, 813, 826, 832, 836, 839, 848, 855,

863, 867, 874, 876, 881, 883; 'triglyph' transformed into columned porch No. 67; 'triglyph' transformed into menorah No. 815; 'triglyph' transformed into palm tree Nos. 81, 119, 127, 132, 226, 292, 295, 430, 443,

817

Lock

289

Intro. §11B; Nos. 42, 46, 262, 630,

809, 891

Monument, tomb see Nefesh (tomb monument)

No. 555

Moon sickle see Sun and moon

Fig. 32; Nos. 78, 334, 517, 746

Nefesh (tomb monument)

Intro. §11F

Menorah Intro. §llWc; Figs. 127, 128; Nos. 815, 829

Base of see Steps

Metope corner see Angle ornament

Column-formed, detached

Figs. 13, 28, 29; Nos. 122,

231, 486(?), 599, 601, 730:Lid

Metopes Intro. §§11K, 11N Five No. 139:Lid, 163, 778

Rectangular, pyramid-capped

Four Nos. 135:Lid, 693:Lid, 699:Lid; 'triglyphs' replaced by independent motif No. 396; triglyphs' transformed into palm trees No. 522 Frames, friezes (Fig. 63) and circles (Figs. 14-16, 20, 31,

Figs. 26, 27; Nos. 199, 231, 465, 473, 730:Lid(?), 814, 825, 837; domecapped Nos. 555(?), 631

'Net-like' pattern pattern

Nos. 304, 361, 386; see also Reticulate

34, 107, 110); Nos. 56, 58, 90, 107, 110, 113, 175, 185, 191, 228, 241, 250, 254, 262, 263, 309, 312, 318, 324, 329, 330, 345(7), 381, 384, 441, 453, 464, 517, 524, 589, 611, 681, 711, 715, 723, 773, 827, 869, 876, 891

Niche, arched

Nos. 445(?), 482

Niche, gabled

No. 482

Olives, olive-branch

Intro. §11R; Nos. 13, 14, 893(?)

Three

Nos. 1, 10, 124, 161:Lid, 162:Lid, 163:Lid, 197, 333, 343:Lid, 369, 371(?), 382(?), 397, 399, 452, 557, 578, 653:Lid, 675, 693, 757, 782, 785, 788, 791, 793,

Outer court and gate gateway, tombs

Intro. §l1D; see also Gate and

829, 852; 'triglyphs' broadened, containing additional motif Nos. 53, 91; 'triglyphs' replaced by independent motif Nos. 15, 92, 111, 148, 427, 599:Lid, 673, 674, 762, 766, 778, 786, 816, 874; 'triglyphs' transformed into palm trees Nos. 55bis, 149, 188, 361, 442, 450, 552,

Palm branches

643:Lid, 770, 787, 792, 842, 849, 851, 854, 875

Palm trees Intro. §1lVa; Figs. 111-121; see also Elements of; Metopes... ('triglyph' transformed into); Date clusters and twigs; Trees(?) Fruits of see Date clusters and twigs

Two

Figs. 56, 60, 62; Nos. 3, 16, 19, 22, 32, 43, 61, 62,

80, 89, 109, 118, 125, 134, 136, 165, 193, 198, 199, 201, 203, 207, 224, 238, 264, 275, 285, 289, 293, 297, 302, 303, 314, 320, 321, 357, 358, 379, 383, 385, 391, 405, 409, 419, 446, 465, 473:Lid, 483, 515, 516, 518, 520, 525, 558, 561, 589(?), 593, 603, 607, 620, 622, 625, 628, 631, 680, 692, 695, 702, 707, 708, 710, 713, 737, 769, 771, 775-777, 779, 783, 789, 795, 797, 801, 803, 811, 814, 817, 818, 825, 837,

841, 877, 882, 890; 'triglyph' broadened and bare

Nos.

9, 24, 25, 64, 214, 237, 244, 249, 261, 270, 390, 429, 500,

576, 591, 624, 767, 850, 877, 882, 885, 888, 890; 'triglyph' broadened and containing additional motif Nos. 2, 6, 18, 27, 35, 36, 45, 53, 63, 66, 88,.108, 131, 135, 138, 139, 155, 167, 170, 181, 182, 231, 235, 239, 242, 243, 245, 246, 248, 252, 255, 265, 296, 299, 300, 305, 313, 316, 328, 335, 337, 347, 350, 354, 360, 370, 377, 404, 406, 428, 440, 441, 451, 453, 454, 479, 489, 501, 513, 582-584, 602, 618, 619, 623, 694, 701, 709, 717, 718, 723, 761, 796, 810, 870, 884;

'triglyph' replaced by independent motif

Nos. 31, 32,

44, 49, 56, 57, 59, 68, 69, 76, 78, 82, 83, 105, 106, 110, 112, 115, 120, 129, 142, 146, 159, 161, 177, 178, 183, 186, 195, 216, 219, 232, 233, 262, 266, 268, 271, 278, 280, 301, 306, 307, 315, 317, 331, 332, 334, 359, 365, 367, 375, 378, 387, 410, 411, 431, 449, 484-486, 517, 524, 569(?), 571, 572, 599, 608-610, 632, 642, 665, 672, 741, 745, 746, 766,

Fig. 109; Nos. 4, 210, 494, 695, 764

Palmette

Intro. §11S; Figs. 35, 97b, 98; Nos. 19(?), 60, 136, 204, 262, 282, 308, 334, 371, 816

Palmette, 'caduceus-like'

Nos. 282, 308, 482

Branches of, ascending

Figs. 115-117; Nos. 15, 55bis, 69, 81, 82, 119, 132, 149, 160(?), 161, 188, 199, 210(?), 232, 233, 266, 271, 278, 280, 292, 307, 331, 332, 361, 430, 443, 450, 457, 464(?), 473, 484, 486, 497, 522, 552, 573, 575, 579, 595, 599, 609, 610, 642, 643, 673, 762, 766, 770, 778, 786, 787, 792, 794, 798, 825, 842, 848, 849, 851, 855, 867, 874, 875; ascending and descending Nos. 473:Lid, 757, 779, 799, 825, 842, 852; ascending and spreading Figs. 111, 112; Nos. 83, 105, 127, 226, 323, 359, 502; ascending, spreading and descending Nos. 234; descending Figs. 113, 114; Nos. 295, 442, 456, 612, 814, 837, 854

Elements of

Nos. 49, 92, 159, 177(?), 186(?), 301, 315, 387, 396, 571, 673, 674, 762, 766, 778, 826, 834(?), 839(7), 883

Foot of, flanked by shoots Nos. 161, 295; odd shapes Nos. 428, 486; vertical delimination of

Figs. 120, 121; Nos. 83, 105, 146, 216, 306, 317, 323, 367, 485;

see also Roots, indication of; Sword

Index of Motifs

290 Roots, indication of

Figs. 111, 118-120; Nos. 15,

55bis, 81-83, 105, 132, 188, 216, 232, 233, 266, 271, 278, 280, 292, 331, 332, 359, 361, 367, 430, 443, 450, 457, 484, 485, 497, 522, 552, 571(?), 573, 579, 595, 609, 610, 612, 617, 672-674, 741, 757, 762, 766, 770, 778, 786, 787, 792, 794, 798, 814, 842, 849, 851, 852, 854, 855, 867, 874, 875;

see also Foot of, vertical delimitation of Single, central branch of

Figs. 120-121; Nos. 146, 216,

306, 317, 367, 485, 741, 883

Trunkless see Palm trees, elements of

Palm trunk

Figs. 107, 122, 123; Nos. 15, 88, 106, 112(?), 115, 131, 139, 155, 181, 183, 198, 242, 246, 248, 262, 291, 300, 334, 355, 360, 365, 378, 404, 406, 446, 454, 461, 479, 484, 558, 566, 582, 602, 603, 617, 622, 707, 730, 767, 779, 809, 848, 870, 881, 885, 890; see also Reticulate pattern

Panels, ornamental Intro. §llUa; Fig. 107; No. 371; sunken Nos. 12, 13, 60, 153, 326(?); and in profiled frame

Nos. 60, 154, 308, 388, 393, 569, 587, 601, 604, 736,

893

Plant Intro. §110; Figs. 89, 90; in broadened 'triglyph' Figs. 88-90; Nos. 2, 27, 36, 45, 135, 245, 252, 296, 335, 513, 717, 810; replacing 'triglyph' Fig. 92; Nos. 31, 148, 268, 427; triangular base Fig. 88; Nos. 27, 135, 245, 252, 255; see also Acanthus; Branch; Lily (fleur-de-lis); 'Lotus'; Palm trees

Pomegranate (single, branch or tree)

Intro. §11R; Fig. 94;

Nos. 60, 181, 209, 308, 758(?)

Porch, columned

Intro. §11B; Figs. 17-20; Nos. 2(?), 41,

42, 58, 67(?), 74(?), 90, 107(?), 113, 147, 162(?), 164, 175, 228, 236, 250, 254, 263, 312, 318, 324, 329, 330(?), 341, 345(?), 381, 382(?), 389(?), 432(?), 442, 461(?), 474, 476, 516(?),

611, 635(?), 643, 711, 715, 732, 773, 802, 827, 869; see also

Column; Facade, gabled; Monostyle in antis.

Profiled frame see Panels, sunken and in profiled frame Reticulate pattern

Intro. §11Va; Figs. 27, 30; Nos 17, 199, 341, 362, 465, 473, 555, 631, 814, 825, 837; see also

Checkerboard pattern; 'Net-like' pattern; Palm trunk

Misdrawn and undefinable Nine-petalled

Parts of

Nos. 202, 446:Lid

Fig. 61; No. 881

Nos. 138, 167, 378, 785

Seven-petalled Fig. 184; Nos. 237, 238, 369, 454, 681, 830; segments linking tips No. 630 Seventeen-petalled

Six-petalled

No. 490

Figs. 60, 72; Nos. 4-6, 9, 10, 13, 15, 19,

24, 25, 27, 37, 45, 46, 52, 53, 55bis-57, 59, 62-64, 67, 76, 78, 80-83, 90-93, 106-108, 110, 111, 113, 115, 122-125, 127-129, 131, 132, 135, 138, 142, 149, 155, 159, 161-163, 167, 170, 177, 178, 183, 184, 186, 188, 201-203, 206, 207, 210, 214, 216, 219, 222, 224-226, 228, 232, 233, 235, 236, 239, 241-243, 245, 247, 249, 250, 252, 254, 255, 260, 261, 263, 264, 266-270, 274, 275, 278, 280, 285, 289, 292, 293, 295, 296, 299-301, 303, 305, 306, 309, 311, 312, 314, 317, 318, 320, 321, 324, 329-335, 337, 346, 353, 360, 361, 367, 369-371, 376, 377, 381, 383, 384, 389-391, 396, 397, 404, 407, 410, 411, 418, 419, 427, 429-432, 437, 441-443, 446, 450, 451, 453, 456, 457, 459, 463-465(?), 482-487, 492, 496, 497, 499, 500, 502, 515, 517, 520, 521, 524, 525, 552, 557, 558, 561, 567, 570-573, 575, 576, 578, 579, 593-595, 599, 607-612, 617-619, 624-626, 628, 631, 633, 639, 642, 643, 654, 663, 665, 668, 671-675, 680, 681, 693-695, 699, 701, 702, 707-713, 715, 717, 718, 729, 732, 733, 737, 741, 749, 752, 762-771, 774-779, 782-789, 791-799, 801-804, 808, 813, 815, 817-820, 826-829, 832, 834, 836, 842-844, 846-850, 854, 855, 863, 867, 869, 870, 872, 874-877,

880, 884, 888, 893; horizontally interlaced, segments linking tips Nos. 566, 735; interlaced on rectangular surface No. 850; interlaced within rectangular frame, segments linking tips Fig. 75; Nos. 328, 350; multiple and interlaced within circle Fig. 74; Nos. 44, 105, 124, 197, 406, 653; segments linking tips Fig. 76; Nos. 1, 15, 35, 69, 147, 159, 162, 180, 185, 193, 197, 199, 206, 224, 231, 248, 271, 299, 315, 341, 345, 346, 354, 358, 375, 382, 409, 417, 448, 460, 461, 469, 474, 522, 579, 591, 593, 633, 653:Lid, 692, 701, 757, 773, 779, 785, 796, 811, 849, 851, 852, 891; two superimposed, of different radii Fig. 79; Nos. 35, 42, 120

65, 289, 309(?), 409, 445(?), 490, 569(?), 596(?), 654(?), 736,

Sixteen-petalled Fig. 81; Nos. 13, 34, 148, 197, 399, 490, 569, 589, 600, 603, 653:Lid, 736, 742, 746, 816

796(?)

Ten-petalled

Ring, knocker or handle

Rhomb

Intro. §11T; Figs. 104-106; Nos.

Fig. 107; Nos. 121, 206:Lid, 328

Rosette Intro. §11L Eight-petalled Nos. 12, 18, 31, 60, 112, 134, 148, 153, 164, 193, 239, 269, 341, 350, 407, 478, 482, 490, 525, 604, 606(?), 668, 736, 742, 745, 881; irregularly formed Fig. 83; Nos. 109, 207, 231(?), 407; in rectangular frame Fig. 82; Nos. 163, 347

Eighteen-petalled

Nos. 61, 160, 197, 323, 359

Four-petalled Fig. 80; Nos. 13, 133, 298, 377, 809, 814, 826, 881; segments linking tips No. 199 Fourteen-petalled

Nos. 139, 165, 265, 357, 379, 385,

620, 788, 810

Five-petalled

Fifteen-petalled

No. 893 No. 490

Nos. 294, 377, 583

Three-petalled Fig. 77; Nos. 19, 65, 74, 282, 456; horizontally interlaced No. 47; segments linking tips Fig. 106; Nos. 65, 297, 474 Twelve-petalled Fig. 78; Nos. 1-3, 32, 36, 37, 43, 60, 66, 68, 88, 89, 94, 118, 146, 159, 160, 181, 182, 198, 206, 213, 246, 262, 291, 294, 302, 307, 313, 378, 387, 405, 417, 427, 428, 449, 479, 489, 501, 502, 513, 518, 582, 584, 601, 602, 622, 623, 643, 723, 736, 761, 778, 809, 816, 839, 882, 885, 890; segments linking tips No. 417; three

superimposed No. 325; see also Six-petalled, two superimposed, of different radii Twenty-petalled

Nos. 119, 730

Twenty-four-petalled Nos. 34, 455; two superimposed Nos. 31, 205; three superimposed 365

No.

Index of Motifs Twenty-one-petalled

Nos. 16, 22

Figs. 85, 107; Nos. 44, 49, 133, 136, 161, 164, 193, 195, 204, 207, 244, 247, 316, 355, 371, 440, 516, 626, 630, 632, 668, 800, 837, 879-883; different rosette in center of Nos. 15, 18, 112, 148, 214, 271, 802, 881; in center of different rosette No. 198; irregular No. 37; section of No. 167

Whirl

Nos. 69, 107, 309, 330, 389, 410, 432, 469, 560, 599, 642, 730, 779, 888

'Running dog' ('Vitruvian scroll')

Sword

291

Intro. §llVa; No. 146

Tabula ansata No. 841

Tendrils Nos. 36, 47, 203, 371, 501, 566, 600, 779, 810, 816, 893 see also Vine, vine leaves and tendrils

Tomb passim Tomb monument see Nefesh (tomb monument) Tomb tower(?)

Nos. 437, 871; see also Palm trees

'Trees'(?) Scales see Balance Scroll

Intro. §11F; Nos. 65, 445

'Triglyph'

Intro. §11K; Figs. 60-62; see Metopes, passim

Nos. 60, 482

Scroll running Nos. 235, 239, 305, 371, 587, 599, 643; see also Vine scroll; 'Running dog'

Vine, vine leaves and tendrils Intro. §11Q Nos. 14, 135(?), 600, 816, 893; see also Grape cluster

Shoshan see Lily

Vine scroll

Slippers(?)

No. 209

Spirals (volutes) Figs. 26, 28-29; Nos. 69, 78, 191, 231, 334, 359, 517, 599, 601, 642, 746 Star

No. 234(?); see also Sun and moon

Steps Intro. §11F-G; Figs. 26, 31-34, 126; Nos. 44, 59, 69, 78, 110, 231, 262, 334, 411, 431, 445, 517, 642, 746

Nos. 135(?), 600, 816; see also Scroll

'%itruvian scroll' see 'Running dog' Volutes see Spirals Windows, slit(?)

No. 445

Walls see Ashlar, walls; Headers-and-stretchers Wreath

Intro. §I IM; Fig. 129(?); Nos. 14, 60, 206, 208,

282, 308, 463(?), 464(?), 596(?), 631, 893

Strigili(?)

No. 209

Stylobate Intro. §11B; Fig. 17; Nos. 42, 67(?), 147, 164, 191, 262, 345, 382(?), 384(?), 445, 476, 482, 635(?), 731, 809;

Zigzag frame and patterns Intro. §§11A, 11J; Figs. 13, 15, 19, 22, 23, 35, 41, 56-60; passim; irregular Nos. 55, 627,

see also Porch, columned

772

Sun

No. 635(?); see also Sun and moon

Sun and moon Sun

Intro. §1lWd(2); No. 251; see also Star;

III. INDEX OF INSCRIPTIONS (Numbers refer to items in the catalogue) 282; see also At68oroq

A. JEWISH SCRIPT

vtu11

1. Names and Nicknames

vnv11

N2N

see also OwaiOcoS,

344(?) 411

D15V' 1N

1911

648; see also AeupeoS

11101

403;

54

(?)Y)M

N1N, mrm see vrm ws1N mnN

70, 77, 121, 258, vnm 840;

Owaw,

see also

D0'C(1wv

vnvl see vnv11

797, 803

)Mn

396; 'mnN 584(?)

see NnN

>mnm

vrN (mrm=mlm)

110

288; 1%Y'5 27; see

11Y>5N

also Acd

poc

18, 725; =5N 87(?); see also nv55m 'A;ke ;aq(?)

139; see

omn

62

Yv. n

38

nnrn

also ExuOonoae,-rr)S

191

1ty5n see 1tY5N Sx)n

821

Nv75rt see Nv55m n'1M

NOSH

117

1cY5N

20, 74, 342, 455, 456, 483, 592, 783, 802;

1t$5N >n 75; -nv5n 13, 17; see

also

'n

456

54(?), 603 557

1110 (?)110)

87(?)

nWYSm

nun (=nvn)

Nom see nnm

n)N

257; NMN 21(?); see also 'A[.ia

V 13H

582

vorm 86; see also 'Airpia 'nwm

520

V1unN

86; see

also 'AOjva(yo'paS)

380; n>pn> 232;

5'ptn (=SNptn')

218

)m see n>m

n»n

87; 'm 132

pm 570; see also 'AvivaS pn 430; pn ')1 76; see also Avdvcx c

111 '3 see 111

n>>m

mnt5-1

also pn; 'AvaviaS

461

11Y5m )xi see 1ty5m

trn

572

V1' see n11m

pn 510 see pn

110' see n1n>

m'Ttm 11 see nun' see

67, 132, 354, 390, 469, 488, 694, 893; N'33n 257; see

Wr (=31)11n')

327

Din) 11

see also

m'nn see mom

41

)1V11

mptn

8(?)

N11n> see n11rn

Dlm

n11m

')V2 see nv an

24, 35, 57, 117, 327(?), 354(?) 370, 435, 702;

m11n> 12 464; Ir 370; 11m 293, 327(?), 561; 111n' 477; see

also 'IoJB v>ma

412; see also

W11n> see

wn see Du n W5a

N1'1)

1-nn) see n-rin,

783, 799, 801; 44

111 (11r])

Wr

see also roatao

mnln> see prnn'

mmr see pnn' 430

pn n>

57, 198, 218, 435, 871; mnln> 270, 871; nmr 270;

Index of Inscriptions

293

nm> 31; see also 'Iwav))S; IOHANA (Latin)

wrin see n>nnn

'min',

n'nnn 42, 72; n'n» 42, 73, 559, 703; see also MaAia

68, 107, 222;'nnn' 232; see also 'IwviOr)S

l'vtn> see ivtrn 2"f)

ivlrn

572

9, 12, 15, 16, 83, 256, 290, 327, 603, 704, 773, 893;

Imin+ 22(?); Jvm 730; nvv, 705; Ivr 573; see also 'Iwae itynm

aim, oin) -n 421

151, 783, 797, 801, 802, 803; 1tyr 15; see also

5Nm (=5N)313) 63;

see also

tw>,

IlaouS

(?)x>>1v

see vmtm

257

(?WY

718

54

nvt'see'vtm; 'Iwae

5w see 5 In

q vi-, see

(?)N1',WY

*itvr see ftvtn'

N-ty

twin'

n'nvy

8(?)

822

88; see also 82 151

!7xpvn*p see 51-pin

55Y

nm' see pnln>

n)37Y

vpm see rnptn

(?)N1'1Y

>))

rnwy

570

Ufl)'

573

j1v+

2pY'

61

838 822

477

290, 865; 3173' 104, 396, 678

777; see also Comm. 778:3

N'%

31pp see 3Pv'

vfl3 see vru'!)

n3w' see mww"

V'

139, 256; see also H ani xS

IV') see Y1w

Yw

796

'mv see 1vow

'vm see gv1n'

mpw

571

9, 121, 140, 702, 704(?); 1w> 9; see

also

YW1m;

'Ii)aouS

nr-n

222

Nntn)7

n3ww) (=?n3w')

3

803

vt1)P

282; V 1)7 465; see also Kuvwp6q

v1)7 see v11)7

1%Y*,5 see 1tv+5x; see also

nw153

v5)a

610(?)

n'1P

414, 428

7)2-1

198

51Nw

122, 226, 227, 228, 716, 730, 820;

03w

see also EiouAoq

293

see 'nw

82(?)

nwn see nw15n

n>)3w

Pilo see xmn

045w

217(?), 286(?) 430(?)

n'ln

o15w

13, 23, 24, 226, 286(?) 582, 682(?), 694(?); 115w 27;

152,706,796; see also o'io; Mapta, Maptiµ see nv'n>

nmN>7n see o>ln

orin

31, 243, 351, 502, 559, 821; nmx'7n 108(?); see also

rn"In; Maptdµv MAPION (Latin) vein Nmn

820, 822; see also M4pE4 67, 220, 256, 354, 468; n10 648, nmM 290; see also

Mipa, MipOa nn-1n see "'in

288

05w 66(?), 73, 430(?), 700;

see also 'rvn5w; EaawpLr),

EEaa(FL)aiwv

p 5w see oft; see also MAW'va

o5w see oft; see also EaWµr) 26, 71; pNn5w 71, 342, 796, 856; 'rwn5w 801, Iw65w 796(?); see also EAuiµr), EEaa(µ)aiwv )1+yn5w

jrwn5w see jrsn5w 'wn5w see jvsn5w


294 pnw see 'iYnw

'31'3

'Y1nW see j1YnV

p

'7 V (=)rtnw)

also 13; vtoS

856; >nwv 570

12, 16, 18, 26, 41, 61, 150, 151, 428, 488, 501,

IW3W

865

17, 117, 151, 198, 218, 290, 488, 783; ))3 75, 76, 820; see

200 n33, tf3

N33

502, 520, 651, 820; JIM 200; JIM 651; SAM 38; see also

13

Eiµwv

282, 288, 293, 327, 435, 456, 464, 501, 520, 557, 570, 571,

M1mW

35; n1'9W 198, 455

n1P9W

NIVOW

vt59n

573, 603, 610, 694, 702, 704, 730, 773, 799, 802, 822, 871,

893; n13 12, 73, 396; n131 73; see also p; ut6q 26, 67, 152, 226, 256, 257, 502, 796, 871; b3113 226;

3113

17,61

nW

9, 15, 16, 18, 38, 57, 61, 87, 121, 132, 192, 232, 256(?),

see also n3; OuyaTip 27, 86, 198, 290, 342, 572, 796, 856;

113

871

see also

31i3;

Ouydr p

2. Geography and Ethnics 31t?( n>3 see ra3trt

'

1MW m3 see ))Wan

115rt n3 (=It'N m3)

293

r see )a

'T

226, 257, 801; 1 570, see also ON

5011 (=53>n)

290(?)

>>n

5V11 see In:)

-1153n 226

51)n In7n see In3 o5W1T,

777

"I nnn see ON, >1 nnrt

t:)lv see ra31v

n5n

3. Numerals and Abbreviations

Inn

696

226, 461; rtn5n 502;

see also oaropayoS, aop6

57)n 'n3n 871

rc5

rt51...rt5 455; nn=5 M51 70; n5Yn5 WIN 53v rt5 455

'n

290, 777; I'M 293

730 696

(nY)n

696, 730; 1'

nSYn

n5Yn5 455

nn9n

nn=5 70

730

730

(r rv)n

696, 730

(yn)"i

696, 730

16

4. Words and Special Phrases art M3

IM 561; nmrc 12, 70; see also rat; Trwr1 P 70, 344(?); see also aN; 7CaTV

nre

nnnrt 570; see also aaeatp6S

ON

MON 573; '1 nnac (=5W nnrt) 257; 5W lnrc 370;

rnnrt 71; )1 nnn (=5W nnN) 801; see also xnrt; Nc*rlp xnre

21(?), 71, 351; see also oN; L "rV

MM (=W)rrt=W13M)

nnw

455

see rcmrc

nvx MM 13, 24, 559; see also Nmx; yuv7' H MN

nn)rt 74, 582; nnrc 73, 256, 290, 821; nnN1 150; see

also nWN; yuv4J

8(?), 560; MM 327; >'n 569; see also xupLoS

n3W3

n3W)n 80

MID

12

55v

455

78

(?-))VV

91VY

390

0'1930)

n1a3

o'-U1 (=0'1n(Y) M) 282; see also

7tpwT07COXkT7]S

13p

560, 573; re-13'p 125; see

1Yp

n1?p 222

malp >3 (=m3)

19vn 893

19V (191V)

see 13p

see 411

see (n)1w a

11933 (=191)3)

610

(Y3)1

o'1nW1

696, 730

see o'-n(Y)

also

To7LOS

Index of Inscriptions inv 5W

295

'Eax(aS see 'EZ;extaq

m3W 226

Euxapnia see 'Ixapnia

370, 430

015W

217, 226, 286(?), 682(?), 694(?); 05V 3, 66(?)

u9,n

80(?)

Oa88aioq OaX(apxoc OatLa

B. PALMYRENE SCRIPT - NAMES

M11

100

254

Oe'vaS (= nnrtn)

579

al3an (??Oarn) (?)rcons

145

405, 406; Oe'vvaS 53

see Oe'vaS

Oe68oioq

579

789

579

'Iaiepe (='Iaetpr)S) 560 see'h(ao5S I)ao6S 56, 113, 114, 751;

C. GREEK SCRIPT

1. Names and Nicknames

yWln', y1W>

'Aypurnetva (='Aypinntva)

'I6apoc

'A61]va(y6pac)

84; see also W7a)nae

'A?

868

'Aaw6

'Avti,.y6va 'Ancp(a

'IoJ 'IotXia xa

829; see also pm 475; see also pan

717

'ApptaTro(io(u)Xa

Aaou(3oS, AaouS

498

'Ipiye'VaLa see E yL1 vaua

50, 89; see also IOHANA (Latin), pnln'

poq

'Iwva see 'Iwv&Or)S

404

'Iwva617S (='I ov&OaS, 'Io 'Iwva 233; see also innrn

383

404

'Iwai

roaias

799, 800, 801;

Aaptiwv

98; see also y11Yf

Karrava (=nxp) m5a

Awa(6e oS

100; see also vuvt't

Ma6(a MaLa

236

552

see also wiey 490

802; see also -110rt

'Ep orapeev see'Epwzapiov 5; 'EpwrapeLv 55

349

poc)

576; see also fty>5K

559, 560; see also n'nnn 425

MavaJNLO4

232; 'EaxtaS 330; see also rnptn

see also lvtn>

282; see also u'n p

(=Ac.

282; see also v1uv1

232, 287;

Kaw&LoS see 'IxXw Kuvwp6S

Ac68o-roc

'Epw'rapLov

56;

Kaeuna-rpoS (=K),e6na-rpo4)

see also

E'upiye'veia (='Ipayivaua)

Oav)

444; 'Ioae 576;

648; see also ,o,,

88;

799, 801; see

793, 799, 800, 801;

also 71y1n>

raio4 404; see also vi)) ratwv 239; see also Vba

Aeupeoq

also non'

793, 800

'Ic

95

'Aprellev (='ApTEEIwv)

Awaw

32, 35, 113, 137, 145, 568, 782, 868; see

'Iwav17S

84; see also vomre

Bepvtxeoc

567

829; see also rn))r

'AvtvaS, 'Avety cq

348

'Ioac see'Iwa

'Ava see 'AvavtaS

'AvavtaS, 'Ava

478

see 'IwgpoS IOP (?)

51; see also NON

'AvavaS

'Ixapnca (=Euxapnia) 'Iaw8iS (=K),68&oS)

114

see also

643

179; see also mm*

'AXEEav&poq

'Aµ(a

789

89;

794

Mapa see Map6a MapEq

413; see also v'1n

Map6a Mapta

45, 287; Mapa 701, 868; see also ren-in

MapLap,

405; see also Mapiat, 64 (also

Mapata1ij 552;


296 Mapi o 23(?), 108, 233, 333, 782;

Mapia[Lr)vr) 701; Mapwipv77 108; Mapteaµr) 559;

see also Mapta; MARION (Latin); min, w -w Mapxaeoq, Mapxeoc (=MapxLoS) 568 Mvaaw 101 [N]Lyep(?)

'OGLe(?) (_ 'Sage)

713;

see also ywm

139; IIa7roc 1; see also o'm

II a7roC, see H am' X4 56

H O7tAX6

Hpwr&S

K (=20)

99

778

782

'H (xat) 701 K(at) 829

4. Words and Special Phrases ABr0EZH0/(D (Abecedary) 787

see 1. (above): 'AXw6

avr (a)xtve'w

142

EapaOeor,

100

MA (=41)

D,671

'Poucpo4

100, 778

135; &BaXpou' 560; see also nx a8e)p6 a ipeiv a paa 259

11, 236

H uXeµaix7

L (=ITou4); here eTwv

ru(vrJ)

565

IIa7rta4

3. Numerals, Conventional Symbols and Abbreviations

avTixcvr)a(XS) 559

a7reXeuOeptwr

310; EapwrtS 98

aura 559; ai- - 868; auTou 559

auTOS

EapaTt; see Eapo&'04 EaXwµr) see EeXa(µ)atwv

789

paaLXtaaa

paaiXtaa-jS 789

EaXwjLLX see EeXa(µ)atwv yuv7'

EaAwva see EeXa(t.)atwv

782;

see also

Mn>14, nwX

122, 349; E auX 425; see also 51rew

E a ouX oS

Eapa

233, 236, 559, 800;

Eau), see EaouAoS

EeXa(µ)atwv

236; see also n3, ms

6uydTr)p

99; EOppa 95

287; EaAL 23, 800; EaXwva 552;

EaAwtuX(1) 139; EeAatLaiw 801; see also )rsn5w, 015w

xai

139, 490, 560, 800; x(at) 829

xt pL04/xupoS

xupe 560; see also 1n

D4ov

see Etp,wv

L r veXTEOV

Z4 wv

99, 332, 560, 778, 794, 795, 868; Etµov 332;

LjUtq

Iq8eva 259

p]T7p

98, 868;

Eip.wvt87)4 751;

see also 'wow

(leTEVEvx7) 142

.

rp64 801; see also cm, *

ELtLwvt8r)S see Etµwv

Eoppa see Eapa

259

ExuOo7roXeiTai 139; see also >>wzn

Exu6o7roXetT-qS

opxoq

opx(ov) 142; see also

Oq 8(e) a"v

Tei .eLalwv

236

Tepriav(OS?)

259

ToXXa(S) (?)

141

498

TpwE0CXXtS

OaTopayoq

I LXtaxoq 'S2pr)a

490 97

102

85; see also Xop6S, n5n

oupouv (=inw) 7raTaaaw 7rwr"p

(t)aaar)XoS

142

559

7raral;e auTou oupouv 559 567 (?); 751; see also m 3m, zre

7rpwT07roXL-r%

7r pwTO7roXe'LrY)4, 282 see

also o'7n(v)vn aop6S

789; see also oaTocpaiyoc; n5n

'Qoa e(?) see 'Oaee(?) T]ov

2. Geography and Ethnics Bepevtxr) see Bepvixeo4 IITOXeµaiS see IITUXepcixY) ExuO0'TroXL4 see Exu6onoXetT7)S

TO7ro4

142

Tou7ro4 560; see also 119

TY'E (=TouS) 6LOS

560

800, 868; 6eou 490; 6ou 560; see also p, 1z

Index of Inscriptions 5. Enigmatic (Initials or Monograms?)

V 726

0

X'F/AB (?)

789

OH

322

289

IDKX

319 582

OEIE (?)

0

297

291

713

D. LATIN SCRIPT - NAMES IOHANA 202; see also 'Iwavr]S; Untm MAPION 497; see also MapiatL; o'7n

IV. INDEX OF PASSAGES

A. BIBLE Genesis 50:26 (LXX)

Intro. §1, n. 3

Exodus

21:3-4 30:23

Comm. 610:4 Comm. 803:5

Numbers 13:23

Deuteronomy 4:19 8:8

26:14

28:28 (LXX)

Judges 63:14

Intro. §11, n. 97

Intro. §llWd(2) Intro. §11, n. 97 Intro. §11, n. 159 Comm. 559:7

Comm. 390:3 Comm. 236:6

Ecclesiastes

10:19

Comm. 803:5

2:18

2:45-46 8:3

II Kings 22:12

Comm. 570:4

3:29 6:18

11:12 13:5

13:16

I Chronicles 2:28, 44 3:3

Isaiah

3:21-22

26:19

Comm. 293:3 App. A, n. 6

38:11,18

Intro. §111

4:17

51:13 (LXX)

Comm. 259:4

5:13

14:29

3:24

6:31

Jonah 2:8

Comm . 390:3

Zechariah 12:4 (LXX)

Comm. 559:7

Psalms 61:3 102:1

107:5

13:24

29:15

17:13-16

30:5 30:23

Comm. 388:2 Comm. 288:3 Comm. 288:3 Comm. 498:3 Comm. 582:3 Comm. 388:2 Comm. 348.3 Comm. 856:5 Comm. 821:4 Comm. 288:3 Comm. 838:2 Comms. 3:3, 856:3 Comm. 567:2 Comm. 582:3 Comm. 8:2 Comm. 288:3 Comm. 8:2 Comm. 288:3

B. APOCRYPHA Tobit

Comm. 803:5 Comm. 293:3 Comm. 293:3

4:17

Intro. §111 Intro. §11I

I Maccabees

Comm. 610:4 Intro. §11I

13:27-29

Job 10:21-22

31:15

3:6

Proverbs

7:17

16:38 24:11 26:11

Comm. 390:3 Comm. 390:3 Comm. 390:3

Comm. 567:2 Comm. 498:3 Comm. 288:3 Comm. 570:4

Nehemiah

7:48

5:9

App. A

Ezra

3:11

Comm. 797:3

App. B Intro. §11I

Daniel

10:15

Comm. 803:5 Comm. 403:3 Comm. 403:3

4:2

Lamentations 2:11-12 4:12 (LXX)

12:2

II Samuel 3:5

Comm. 803:5

12:5

I Samuel 23:35

Canticles 4:14

12:3

Intro. §11, n. 52 Intro. §11, n. 159 Comm. 80:3

Ecclesiasticus (Wisdom of Ben Sira) 17:30 App. B 13:15

Intro. §11Va Intro. §11, n. 26

Index of Passages Sanhedrin

II Maccabees

7 12:38-45 14:46

App. A App. A App. A

27:16

Comm. 145:2 Comm. 259:4 Intro. §6, n. 39

Mark 3:18 13:15 14:36

Comm. 145:2 Comm. 259:4 Intro. §11, n. 95 .

Luke 1:59 8:3 17:31

24:10

App. A App. A

Èduyyot 2:10

A pp. A

7:5

Comm. 838:2 Comm. 718:2

Àvodah Zarah 3:3

Intro. §llWd(2)

5 : 6-7

Matthew 24:17

10:1

6:5-6

C. NEW TESTAMENT 10:3

299

Comm. 73:3 Comm. 31:3 Comm. 259:4 Comm. 31:3

John 5:28-29

App. A, n. 7

12:13

Intro. §llVa

19:41

Intro. §I1V

Avot 3:1

4:4 5:20

Comm. 838:2 Comm. 110:2 Comm. 254:2

Menahot 4:3 7:1-2 8:6

Comm. 421:3 Comm. 198:4 Intro. §9, n. 20

Bekhorot

4:4

Comms. 80:3, 871:5

Kelim 12:8 13:4 29:5

Intro. §5B Intro. §5B Intro. §5B

Oholot

Acts 24:15

App. A, n. 7

Revelation 14:10

Intro. §11, n. 95

8:2

Intro. §11F; Comm 555:2 Intro. §11V

Tohorot 3:7

Intro. §11V

7:1

Niddah

7:5

D. MISHNA Òrlah 2:12

Comm. 793:2

Bikkurim 1:3

Intro. §llVa

Shabbat 12:3

16:4

Intro. §§6Fa, 7, n. 1; Comm. 9:2 Comm. 390:3

Yoma 6:4

Comm. 236:6

Rosh Ha-Shanah

Intro. §11V

E. TOSEFTA Shevi'it 4:9 (Zuck. 66:4). 4: 10 (Zuck. 66:7)

Comm. 797:3 Comm. 797:3

Shabbat 8:2 (Zuck. 119:20)

Comm. 293:3

Eruvin 6:4 (Zuck. 144:21-22) 6:5 (Zuck. 144:25)

Intro. §11 , n. 25 Intro. §11F

1:7

Comm. 80:3

Yoma 1:4 (Zuck. 180:40)

Comm. 117:2

Ta'anit 4:2

Comm. 430:4

Bava Batra 98:1 (Zuck. 410:17)

Comm. 571:2

Hagigah 2:2

Comm. 794 : 2

Yevamot 8:4

Ketubbot 10:5 13:1-2 13:3

Nazir 5:4 7:3

Comm. 61 0 : 3

Comm. 421:3 Comm. 76:3 Comm. 35:2 Comm. 571:2 Intro. §11V

Sanhedrin

9:8-9 (Zuck. 429:25-29) App. A Bekhorot

5:3 (Zuck. 539:32)

Comm. 288:3

Oholot 4:2 (Zuck. 600:29)

Comm. 871:5

Parah 7:4 (Zuck. 636:29)

Comm. 404:4

Niddah

6:16 (Zuck. 648:18)

Intro. §11V

Index of Passages

300

Gittin

F. SEMAHOT 1:5

2:9 3:2 8:2

8:2-6 9:23

Intro. §1, n. 4 App. A, n. 13 Intro. §1, n. 4; Comm. 803:5 Intro. §1, n. 85 Intro. §§5, n. 30, IOCb Intro. §§1, n. 4, 5F and n. 31, 10Cb

12:8

Intro . §§2C, 6Fj; App . A; Comm .

43b 49b

Comm. 404:2 Comm. 610:3

Kiddushin 63d

Comm. 603:2

Sanhedrin 20d

Comm. 797:3

Niddah 49d

Comm. 191:4

860:2 12:9

Intro. § 11 Wd(1); App. A and n. 12; Comms . 390:3 , 797:3

12:10 13:8

13:9

Comm. 555:3 Intro. §§6Fj, 8; App. A; Comms. 490:6,666:2,860:2 Intro. §1 , n. 4

H. BABYLONIAN TALMUD Berakhot 17a

Shabbat 16b

G. JERUSALEM TALMUD 13a

Comm. 35:2 Comm. 198:4

22d

Intro. §9C Comm. 797:3

Shevi'it 36d 38a

Comm. 797:3 Comm. 87:5

Kil'ayim 32b

Intro. §5, n. 17; Comm. 85:3 Comm. 579:3

Èruvin

21c

Intro. 6Fh

Intro. §IIWd(1)

Bezah 6a

Intro. §11, n. 85

Rosh Ha-Shanah 17a

App. A

24a

Intro. §llWc

7a

Intro. §9, t

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