DELEUZE AND THE POLITI CA L
--..ru..
'An """".;bution to D,k ,.. lNdies .od • poIinc..1 pIWooopIoy.'
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'Mooltiplicioy. bN:u, .... """'pt, "pt_" the """",.1 t=nI of Gi .... D,k 'v', thiDkin& on the poIitial . r< oddly diooonant ..ido traditioooal poIirial ~ "",,"bo.Iary. &0 . "",_Iy....ork of .",I,.... . od <XMOf'IUic"io.~ P.. I r.tton b. 's!l the pp.. DtltKu #MIl tl>tc I'oI;t;uI po ".. . .,.;0. ~b.";o,, to ,he /icId of D,k ,.. 1tUIooisarion
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am ",ltdul to the Nito .. of ,hi, om ... Simon CrilChky and Keith "n.dl Peanon, and '" tho rwo Routled&< edi.ron with whom I h.~ wori<ed in tM ""'..... of ,h" pic;":!; Adrian DrUcoU and TOllY Bruce, for support and patin'a. T am esp«ialiy indebted to Keith Anodl r tarwn and 10 m. two rea"",, to whom Roudrd"" .nil the .... nU!Clipl for their generous .00 helpful edit"",,1 comrnrn ... I am _bo IV'-,. lul to. numbtr of people: who ..ad draft ven.ion. of all or pan of Ihis book u,d made helpful suggestions, Du"""n Iy~ Soul Ncwm:in, Kara Shaw and Charles sayole. I would also like to thank Melissa McMahon for n.... work both "" rae.rch ... isfanl and as Deleu.., scholar, Carl Po ....... kw h .. helpful guidOn« with rqard 10 lie'll"'" and Pem- Cool< for prq>arinS the index. Many orhns ","YO helped me to undemand the work of o.leuu and G~nari, through d>ti. publicotion< and in ~ pt'''"la tions .nd di"", ..;on, oyor lhe I.., deo:.de, induding Ronald ~, &uc. B..,""" Roo; 8nidon:~ Constantin Boundu, Philip Co<xkhild, Mid>ul Hardt, Eug_ Holla nd, lItian Manumi, Gugg l.ombtn, Dororhea Olkowski,
mn.
jean-Clrt Marrin, Todd May. ALon Schrifr. Daniel Smith an.d Cha rles Soule. Constantin Boond.. hal played. very .pnGtPt of dlfft •• "", (Ddeuu 1956, 1983, 1994) WOK an important contribution to !b.r . ub. sequrn. de""lopmm. of unorthodox 'philosophies of diffe..."",' by a number of Frend! philosophers. His accoun. of Nicrnchc •• a syu.maric minker who priV;qN diffcu"", ""., identity is cred;ted wilh havins launcMd !b.r mm ...... $nI Itt Ni=sdte among Ieft·wins French dUnk.rs duriflll !b.r Ia", 1960s and 1970ch mx:L.a. strib foret, and si8nm' in tho: Gulf W..! This publit infellectual activiry did no!: distinguish DoI.--.., from a • .,icfy of other neMarxist, .,.;.,..,ti..ou.., aaarchiR or Ieft·wing liber.1 in the: th ... Pdt of Ih. ",Iarion btnveott EMory and pr~ deocribed a~, De-Jcu.,.e does '""" hesita .... 0 deocriM ... "rj·Ot'dipou .. 'from htginni,,& to ond I booIr. of poIitic.a1 philosophy' ( o.l~ I')9Sb: 1701. Thi, hook u~plifia his view, whirooghtlIoOIoriel"y (0 me ~ulho .. as founders of me current of poa·I968 Iofrist thousbt known ~. '!he philo$ophy of dcs.irc'. It w.o. widely read in .... belitl that . uch p'"ioods 01 revolutionary ft:nnml UW .he: ~ 01 uf\;\dulteraled desire .nd a will t o cha~ whicb WI. I . quiddy suWrnotd by t:hc: nlabli>hed orpnisations of political opposition (ouch as thoo communist porry and tr.tde un ...... ) .. i. was by thoo forus of order, DcIouze and Guaturi ohored many of t:hc: poIinc:..1 and lheornioo;al oriorntaliom common 10 me poo,_1968 libertariao Idt. "Thrs< included a ronccm fQ< thoo poI.irical .ffecti";ry of dcoir. and thoo UllConSC;o.,. in . ...· "'""" which "",,y a PO" in nacropoIiDaI mov"""", ... a oonctm lor thoo ..u.:ropoIitic:s 01_..1 Ii"', and. , ...""'''' for thoo poI.i~ of !angual'" and lignification. Whik they wer. ""itber ..."ioricia,.. nor theorist> of 'dio 171). 10 rflUm, Negri lindo in A T"/>ofntradicrions than by its linn of Righ, or dcttrriloria· l.... ion. n..,. reject any int.mal Of . .oIutioni .. account of ,be originl of the s...« in favour of I ....,..Niewchean .iew ",",,<w political dotmand ... poo 'M qualitati.e or mlmral dimemions of ..:>cial Iift-. Man: gmonlly, ri>ty contra" the dynamiom of such forms oflOCill nomadism wi,h ,he ........ tially p.o.rasiric and rrd>ivt' COt""'prion of power and • belief in m. ....n'i.Uy bmipl and coopenti •• cha,...,.,... of hu .... n ""lUre. M he poin.. out, their ....-.ion of poststn.K"fUra~ .. poIiriat remain. o racticaJ tather than a sua. style of political tt.ought, di,,:~:ted at par· ticular or local forms of reyolurionary-h«orninjj un- .hon wholesale lOCill chang< and ex<md in A n..........J PIDu..". 1\ 98n Iwf<w applying it to .... natll.., of t~t in Wh~t J. PhiloMJphyf 11994). Tlw COtIOOpI' of ........... ilori.lisarion impliro a contTUI between •..."h' and 'ttrriIory' (tnu .nd rnritoirr) understood .. the two fundammtal di ....... ion. of ""tllre. Terrirory is in II>< first instance !nri1,,".~0«l ~, but it prod""", ;IS own """''''*''u of dn.mtorialisation, while conw:ndy me ..."h giv .. ri .. to pr ........ of ........ riroriaH... tion and me consti.u.ion of new Mri.ories. Scable identities or tcnirories • .., .h... f<w secondary fonn..tionl upon me I'ftbile .atth. Drleutt and Guatla,; .x..crilw a world in which me overriding tendency i. d.m:rritoria liution. II T'boouD..J PID,,,, ... is no< poIiric:a1 p/lilosopby in me ....... ,hat ;t provides tools for the j\Uri6cotion 0< critiqU( of political institllriom and "'" .. ROIMr. it is a poIitial 0t of multiplicity which wu a constan' wncem of Deleuu', tarlin studies in the hi.....,. of phiLosophy. Cbapcc. 2 argues thaI thi, cone.IX of muJriplicil)' proyK\eo the basis for his disl;incri~ conn;· bution ro ,I>< phiLosophy of diffe.ence, namely a < way. in which DeLruu 011< conjunction ·.00' o~ ,I>< 'to boo'. By ,hi. mean .. I>< JOUgh, to corry "'" a partial o'm'tUmin& of the phiJooophlcal tradition .nd '0 frtt the conDrion of philosophy ""Ilined by DtItu.., and Guanan in What Is PbiJosopltyl (199-4). At lin< ~, rMr definition of philooopby .. the cm.rion of roncq>n io _Irove"';"l: palitioc:o] philosophy ptOYOO many . ""mplts of cone.pUtal in.tntion, /rom PlaID" R.,...bl~ 10 modtm
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DELEUZE ... ,."D TlU 'OLITICAL
......... pt. of civil, librral and tophaJ ron· ctpts, ",bIts.he Wittgen.tc:inian notion of 'open a>nc:tpts' which wa. one. used 10 eYcr alU,,,,,d boca...., in roJity thinp are ne:ya simply ,ruuntiatioru of • uniform COOUpL In hio discussKm of concq>I-fomu.tion in 'On rruth .nd lic:s in on ..,..,.,.· """,,1 sen..' (1919), NiHzsche cornrnc:n .. ma • purfc seMo
• word ba:ornu a concepr in so lar ., i. simuJonc:ousJy bas to fit countless """"' or lao Jimila. ci. red with the Iraditional """""PC o f conccpn. [n Wb.ot I. Philosopbyl (1994) Ddeuu and Guattari aloo define: roncepts a. open--mn 01 this goal. It does more .han ojlllply.-..:ord tho ""'''''Kn' I" which conc&1t< and ,""tile ro ia nonnal optW"": 'tho: in&1ion 01 tho UH'"PC 01 nror in pAil........, ohoon tho penismoa: 01 tho Oup.ric imap' 01 "-cI"'{Ddouz,r 190: 10.1). 11oouch< Ioas manr misad.t"(~ra, Otle .... poinrs out, induodinl tilt cffew oImadnao and mal-
. d "t , )'fl tho .......... imop: mods ro ~...., ID tt..oe ro tho . . . fomo 01 nror ~"d.... ood as misotco""irion Of {oi!urt 01 tho will He .rpes that tho ....Iysis of ~I should imtUd ...ko ...;,.",,01, tho faa of orupidirr: ....Iil. !ruth Of fal.iIy, ""p;dity UA ,d in nuonr 100"" and dqr..... W!orras w dogu .. tic ;nuoge supp<M1l w rio:w lhal IhouaJi. needs I onnhod, an a~ which enables tho think.,. 10 ward off .,....,.. (Otkutt 1983: 103), Dokutt defend •• _oct",iuro 01 though. as an in. olun •• .,. .cri...,. which is alw.y. tho tlka of ou!Side foo,ts .nd .k.. O(nta: ' """""hin@:in the"""""ft>rttt""rothink' (lkk," 1"4: 139). from mil penpecriY't, Iht1"t is no plag: for ,he ide. ,loa • •hough. mull be wodtr tho comrol 01. BOO0r03 tho fa",lties "'hich i, rypio.Uy grounded in the .... iry 01 .he th",ki"l subjra: 'For Kl nt I I for Dnaona, iI iii tho ide",ily 01 tho Self in .... "I think" wh ich sroonds 1100 harmony of.U .... foatlritt .rod dorir ." .. " .. '" on the form of • IIIppliltd S;ome objea' (DtI..... 199"""'''( pcublt"... DeIni ... •• _ ...",io. 01 fi'af\K:ft\dcnuJ pn>blc ..., iI ..,.,.\died upon Ka ...•• "a:riono fa patticula< ",01' to. and • on..OKa il "tll......,.. of W «< of in dw: ddit samt timt as il is craIN' (~.nd Guanari 19904: 21). Odell... nd CuOlU.ri arpr for a twofold ....... ntic difference ~ scientific functions .nd philosophical wuements, mc:ompassi", ..... only 1M "'IU~ of rbrir <espoa; ... obj«u bu,.1so rbri. rel..ion '0 thooe ~i441S: .ciemific funrnons to bodio,o and st .... f affain while philosophical n:pn'5S pur ..... ..,rs. This implies ,hal philosophy does ..... PfO' ri«'pI of philosophy as 1M c..aoo.. of COf.... pn.. In IMit 0'fIIn ,........, 1M O< ,he evolution of its forms of tcnnnmi.c, ooci:ol and poIilical regulation a. an '",manen. ulomalic .,..em. Dclcuze', ' POfuaipt on con,rol oocieries' (!995b: 1n-l2) ...... fO .upplometll I'oucauli'. anaIy'" of diociplinary by dr6ni"ll new """,hani ..... of rontrol which, iI is su""",..!, n..ve largely displaced ,he ,o:hniqua of power described by Foucault. eom ......Ulon such as Negri .... in sucb ov.rtly nnpi, icphy oppea .. in tht pennru. of the rnim. who isolares tIY "".... by ~ ~ 'Philooophy" oole aim i. to becomr wonhy of the tval', and ;1 i. (>I""isely the <X>nCepWal penona who counl......tfcctuateo ,lit C\lenr' (Deleo", and Guanari 19904: 160). In thto
~ ,he c~ of identity, ~"It""sa. tM One, en:. Rother, he w .. COIM. O><J with the question of how identify is comTKuted and what forms ic tak ... Thc real q''""''on is no!: whelM, or nor d>ere is omify bu, wha. form this takes: 'wha, is tilt form of unification!' (Menp 1994: 11-1l). In particular, 1M probltm fO ",Meb he mum. o>'tt and <Wtt apin is the problem of how ro co~ of • form 01 idtntity or unity whidl is no( idenricalto itself. In chis conlnl he insists on lhe importan« of me COI"ICtpI of multiplicity, on condinoo ""', this is undt,..ood "s .... bsu.nti.., and independendy of any ...larion to idmtity:
It was created I.,",;KIJ in order to neape m. .I...net oppo&ition be, . .... 1M mukiplc and m. ont, ro...",p" dialo:ntriburion 10 lhe: I'l>iIooophy of differena: lin in hi. elaboration 01 a philooophgi .heory of mulriplicities.. This conctpr pmyida • kry 10 the: WUcbon. N~he ",bsritutrs thc: practiaJ.kmm. of di/f1:Tt!1IU, rho olIjooc. of . ffirm:otion and .njoym..,,' (Deleuu: 1983: 9). In this account, NietDche'. rheory in .1) e•• nts a wiU ... pow..- is oper •• ing is baoed upon • COfKt)A 01 force, WMre forca are defined by rheir difk",,,,,,, from ocher forca., both in quantify and in qualify: 'We must remembtr thai .....,. for.., has an css.ential .. I.tion 10 fon:u, thai lhe I:' SF""", of force is in quanti .. ti"" diffe......,. from orher forca and lhi. ,hi, differ· e""" is ...,prns..J a> ,he Iortt'. q""lity' (O prod""".hr app.. r~ of af/it"",tion' (o.lou.. 1.983: 121 ). w. wm see in Oapler 3 how the di..-inction between ....ift and ~.'ift /or", poinllin an .,h;..1 hierarchy amon8 the kind. of inlttlcrion pmsible boN'"'' bodies of dirkl .. " PO " "s and c.apacirir:o and bow. according to 0.1eu.., Tbis hierarchy is OXpl'" .d in Niewcht'. con,c.p" of ... mal r.lhnruotical "QU2lity . nod Iht,mod)1l.mic "Quilibrium. To the extenl rhal il denies diff~ in t!>esc wa~ Niettoche """siders ocirnS, but, "" lbo """I1a'1, lhe: fact of ,erumi"B /or tho. whid. diffrn. (o.leuu 19B: 481 no!:
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DELEUZ~
AND THE POLlTrC/lL
from •••olvin, difft, (J>I;X by tncin& it back 10 • kounda lion, bttrayo Ind rl"o ' ooe if' (D,Ie"" ]!194: 51), limiuorion d ... oor .... 01 ~ ........ dillfllO Dd.rur.o,I:ooa_ impIio:I " ....-arm 01 diff".oas, • pll1t1lIism 01 flu, or unumed diHn appear a. othe ....... n ,hey ore. PI ••onism .. ~ .. a I>'.f of {he world, albeil in lhe meaKA' 1"OsoUr= of !he theory of Forms, and means ro o' ..... um tbal aprion. To the ohat "mulacra a", d,d;otd in 1 .ery ide. of a model or priyjlogtd pld R."mIiotJ, o.:kuu..n. •• c.oncq>t of po .. dilf,rrntt or dif(.,r""'" 'in irsdf' oha. would "'" he ... bjeby (l981~ ~ " ...... thar rt"pOtirion must n
DELEUZE AND TilE POLITICAL
By """traSl, the othertypc of m~lriplicity ' .. ppean in pun: duration: It is ~n internal mulriplicity of ,''O'''''ion, of fusion, of otpniution, of hekrogene;ty. of qUlliuri"" discrimination., or of di!fnnou ill 'md; it is. vir,..,/ Q"J o:lftli_ multiplicity that can"'" be red...:cd ro numbers' (Deletw: 1988a: lS). Thcoc qualitati •• or """·nu"",,ical mul!il'licities change in kind a. they di.ide. Bergson dra ..... nmpleo of ouch multiplicities from The dom.in of c.onKiow.neso.. a complex multiplicity ouch a. a f..,ling may contain .. numbe, of .1.",• .11. imperfecdy pen:ei.ed, but once these dtmm...... disrinctly pen:eivtd by cotUcioo.s ....... ,he /ttling ide .....bly dun"" in "'"'un as a ........11. Dekuu pain .. u :amplrs from othrr domain. such .. ;ntetuitioo of sound or temperature, or the ",,,,,"",,,,," of bona which an be dividrd inro several qua~taooly distinct gaits: walk, trodtuu' and Guanari 1987: 48J). 11k problem of distinguishing bHweea types of multiplicity or;pnated with Rtimoru> .nd is taken up in diffnn\! ways by H........ I, Mcinon& .nd R.....U. ~ rraouf<mrd the probIem.a his own.-nd. in arguing tho., qu.olitari"" multiplicity is du. ....din in the IUsrory of philosophy in.oI •• recurr.rn off,,", ttl ducidut' a .,.;,;on of a WOIId in .. hich all thi,,&, .... the npraoion of .inual mult' plicitics. His doscriptions of a Platonic world of slmullKfll, Nictuche'. wiU 10 pow.r and Bergson'. .... lm of qualitari ... mulriplicitin of du .... rion ate all examples of this metaphym of ";nu.l multiplicirin. £y~ in Wbat Is Pbilooopltyf ( 1~~4), the pur. . . . n.. ttl .... hich philosophic.ol con this process 01 d;~ difttrir« b, ref.rm« to the Io",s of wmmunication which take place bch..." diffe«n. phyU:al, ~,,&uiSlic, !brehic or O!he-r di!fnS will vary from ca .. 10 ur ... sinot it wil! he drfined by the particular diffe, ..."" be,.ce" (I", ty>t ...., inY'DIvt:
SIr""''''',
DEUUU AND THE POLITICAL rnln~
in all its fo""". May reminds us tha, in Wm.,I. Philomplry? 09'94) trans<endena: il identified as foremou amions thaI incvilably arise from 1M pia"" ol irnma""",,% on which a gioen philooop/l~ is laid OIl. IDclnlze and Guanari 19"94: 4',. Se
Freedom and the probkm of IA>Ci t,W"" ,,"parity lie. in the mmtitution of new problem;. Uke !(an,', tnnocmdental IdH.s, rho prob/em< tho. ddi"", rhout,h. arc: nev .. rompletcly aIuciao. Dcleuze'. Id.eort:ric:al or conceptual soIUtiOllS: an organism 'is noclting if no( the soIu· tion ro a problem, as are ...:It of i.. difktencia<ed organs, oudt •• lhe eye' (Dele ..... 1 "4: 2ln.ln "'"'" of Dckuze', differential ontokosY, evuything
D1FFHENCE ... ND MUlTlPUC ITY
Ih.1 ,""ius incarnates 0 problem 0/ """'" kind, and ~ will ~ at many kinds of probInn .. Ihtrt a~ diuincT species of man .. Ind rhou&Ju, indudi", p/I~l, b;ologic:o\ and poychic: probItm .. langLUgtl ar>d oocitties a~ sol~riono 10 paniculu species of ~. Lantl""~ in ~ ... l may ~ I"t&"rdtd as a solution 101M probItm of how 10 communicate an infinitt v• ....,. of .. manlie contenU using. m.tivdy oman number of signifying clcmmts. T"b.t Idea of language as such, Of tht cronsctMmr::a1 Probltm of La~g., will tht ... fure ~ • vjnwJ WUrOduaion of tht .pccic:s in tht fottn in which this ...... for human brinp, na",tty tht constitulion of a !TIOdt of production of ,......... ry mea ... of .uhoistro«. Marx .t.owed soci.l in lhe finol inounce. a ..... ns of ",lvintl tltis poob!e .... T"b.t Idea or IUnKrr!_ dmr::al Problem of _itt) as ouch willlf.",dVi. ~ a yirtu.l!e\" of indet .. minare ... lations btfw.. n ....... ns of production, dirm Ind indirm prodUCffl, and con.UlTltI"S, whik paniallar Ideas of ...... iti T wit! inmly" an acIU.1 "" of dn.rminare _i,1 ~J.liom. "T"M$o rcl.rioom, in lum, wilt determine lhe ',ynlhcric Ind probln-n.atisi"8 fidd' (DtltuU 19~: 186) ... which Ih.1 sccicty', .."""",ie, j...ndical and political .rnngerncnts constitute solurion .. T"b.t crucial .....,.,15 whieh mark 1M history of I _ictr will "pos.." tht '''''''gina of acrual ",lunon. 10 in economic or /n ... (19B7I. One such thcrne ~ in oonnterion wtth tht conc:t"ption of particular fu..... of sccicty as ",1ution; to ,ho problem of oociery " such. Dtlcwc', ton<epriun of ...... icl , implies thaI, whilt ..... specific poIicic:ol p",blcllb thai confronl a giYUt ...... icl) .'" tht .xpo ion Vi incarnlrion of tht id..al ... lanon. whieh ddine. givrn Idea of ...... icly, thtsc do nt'....mal mum and "'" manne. ;n which this doctrine privikga the hi&hcr fonns of nist.nee, who ... thno ar. undor· W>. multipliciria. On fly one hand., multipli a' lhe mode,n 'Y""'" of pen.1 impriSOllment. or 1M complex ..... ngements of discourse and ptoctic.. which define rnoneepI\Ial """neo;tion bnwnn .bso/u.. doet.,ritoriali .. tion:tnd qu.ali_ tariv~ ........ blagcs, Deleuu and Gu.a""ri . " " ,he ""1010«;",11 Primann, iu" as dill" ..,"" inevilably presuppose and an inhabited by idtntiries." From a political poin' of view, arguments thlt appeal to the val"" 01 differeD« ""'" tha, 01 i rreated particular diffen.no:es, such a. kit .nd raa:. a•• "bordioot. to one ""'''nl difference or oocial contradit:rion. Delc:u..•• pl!i""",,,*y of difkren: .re only two &""'P5 and ... P1 ..... 11..11 ,here is. ocandord or idcallypt 01 ontmbe< of dot LafFf coIleo;tioity: rhe .... jority ;1 dr~Mdard is rhe ...... SC adulr . .. hil(o ..... rol........ I. Eu ........ "·m.o.~k;"" I ,,"ndard Ia,,· suaSt ••• 1\ is 0170;0.., W , ' II'IIIn' holds the "",jority, n'rtI if he is leN numc.WI wa mot.eo~r, me,. SO Iunhtr and irmod_ • rloinI ....... in addition ro rio.. ""Or ma;oriry-
buor,,,,
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DH EIJZE AND
Tin
POLITICAL
mi...".ity, namely betar !be force of !be """- of power deploy~ through0111 tM ItxlS of Dd ..".." Foucault and Ddouu and G.tanlri, bu, also a numhe, of dif/e",1CU bet>o"'h tMm. Tho: most impooUn, of .hese dirk","". h... 10 do with me uplicicl, IIOI1TIati . .. ch.racIt1" 01 Dtleuu'. "pprooch to power. W.. will tak.. up this is.we, and ,he ..... I... ti .... chi....,. ... of the social mw.-, ~Ioptd with Guattari, in me third ...,..ion of this
""leu..,',
"""".
.,
DELUIZE AND TH.!: POLITICAL
rIwc lil"lf f(I poopost an inm'prctarion of human bdoo· >"iou. ill ~ ...... of powe •. l iobbcs .nd Spinoza ."iOIIC OIbm pi~ him in ct.........our. Bu. Niratcht' • .....x...andi", aI "".~ difkn from potu.... cbtOld in k ..ul ~ rcspocG. FirR, 1M: ..mues any ponpcain "",.. &. ;" rIwc rnan .... of Hobbes 00" s,.;.-.. II is """ energy upended in 00"00 '0 n:acb a pIlrticula. pi or cndlll'~, bon simply .IM: expcndiru ", of ~rgy illdf. T10e pow .. of a body is upo-eued wto.en i. am wflh . 1I of,'" force or .... 'If wid! which i, ill"ndolWd. In pIlragoph Il al8qond Good 4..d £viI (1973),'" . ...... k. , .... , ~ lhoul.t t..wa •• of suptrfl_, ,.leoIot!;ical po i".. ipks such as tIM: drin '0 scl'-preocrv.,ion. Hio own principle. more gmtraI. ........"pIl.. ini!hl' drive 10 ..If·p, · rvarion bu, .100 cbc drive f(I Jdf~ or kl/.......,rconU"I' A livu., ,hi", """ I dtgt .. of wbtlety oh;io, in ollis rupca man is now • maid> fur thr ....,.. delia •• aoId·""II""". 10 ko. becomo his JtIOnSCSI~: the mnnl dilCOYCtt< " ' $ ..ion thai powe, i, """";'lJy ttt.lion.1 is .... in itself In q ...1 inti&h', C. 8. Macphenon d ..... ttention 10 'M faa mal Hobbn dtfi.... men', ...",...1 po .......... in ~nn. of any .btoIun !nd of bodily endowments bu. in mmoo of the '''''';~' ol .hoot foculi;'" (Mac:phmon 1%8: 34 ). In "d,e, WO"Idoi. tho
.,.:Ie< ....
OF-LEUZE AND THE
tOLl TI CA~
power of I bod, dtp.."", UP'>" its .tiffeu " from (JIlin bodies Ind 1ft ino!" ichoaJ iR ~, is more po" UfullO de&- .,,", his or lin capaciria uu.d Ihooc of od",,", Ira po .... fuI 10 de&- thaI Ihty I ... t .. ,, 70). Among 1M many ways in which we CIIn ad" upon 1M action< of othuo, only oome w;1I hav. 1M effect of limiting or diminishing thrir Cllpacirin for action. Conversely, !here: .... many waY' in which _ can an w ... hancr Of assiot othen in the exm;i ... of their powers.. Foucaul. don nor offer any accounl of ouch ways of Mins Of oaing ouwdt the ...lations of so •• rttlT>etI. and domination. His studies of po . '" t ... dtd w focus on tho.., rdatively fix..! Of congealed ... lations of force which .... bIe some w &ovem the """"lOCI of oeMrs. Ne... 'IM..... the .......... 1" of po ...... as dw: effect of diff£"rmtiol force rdotions .""-tW 'wpology' of ...... 1 power ... lotions founded on .n imm.anmt 6e1d of power 'wilhout tr.nocendenl unification', wilhout ttt"ralisarioo on rbe 6gu'" of tbe Sc..., or t .... );..tion in ... Iation w ,be 'r... m of 'rides IlII iUUneql6on of po ..... to the ..,oal firld. f.ct thaI prison. bta.",.. the jK<dolhin:u lI form of pwlishmenl in lhe nrly ni,,,,, ... ,,h "",ruT)' "p' ..""ted I conye .... R""'" of twO quite di.parate fDfU"-liductiy< Qp;>e:irin with the rt:ir.lotu'n by $tep with !hoM: of di.scip~nt. Control involv, 179 )
opera'"
Tbc d;gital ia"3uago: of """,,01 by mcam of codes roth .. than idmrifyin8 .<snafU...... pa .. words rathor thon ordorword •. JU$I ao dilci-plinary ,.dUliques ""'eloped alonpjdo indumial capitalism, SO the mrchan~ of control ror ..... pond 10 m.. fJ"I.mformarion of aprtali .... into a ."... m domjn.attd by mr.. production. ""'rk.ring .nd financial
o.ku.., and Gua,uri', _ial 'artOj!:taphy' rak .. as its primary tuk ,be ""'ppins of !he .bsos!ile ex .."",l world; il needs physinlngicaUy speaking, tlIemal mmuli in onkr to ad utilitarian a«ornmodarion •. , , express all ~ power of inferior and domin .. ted forces· (o.Ieuu 1983: 4 1). By COfllrast, .cti•• for= a ... Ih.,... approprialive, dominanl or .uplially uanalive: ·Ihe power of transfonnarion, ~ o;.,.,ylian power, is the primary definition of activity' (Deleuu ] 983: 42). Deleuu dacribos ,he diffClence berwcm a.ctive and reactive forces as a difft.rcnu betwcoo IW'O q"'~Da of fora:, whe .. lbe q""~Da aNT. . pond
'0
'"
POIl7ER
t". d;ffi'I£'I« in quantity. In ~ffKt,'ince forces niot ""Iy in marion to forces, quamitati.-e difkrmce is the (Sst,...,. of foru U "",h (the ... .... "" ~ua! M_ in nl"''''). But mis ..... ntitl!iv~ difftltll« in tum si"t...... t" a -r -r qu.li,;"" pa"kul."y ftuen, ooeo, ....... mote subtle than those of foru·lo.-r.uu: 1983: H). "f"Mst qualities art: the .f6nnari... and neprive
om..r
s....m
rorrcs
ba::"""
,ha,
.ha,
''''''''''1
"
OELEUU AND TH! ' OLITICAL
of .t.. wi!! '" power . .If. AItbou&h ~ dif{uence in mode of ~n.o.. be,"a" IoCtiw and rumw forcea mlY 'ppea' '0 follow from the e·. genealopcol iIl"'po ..., ion. Inrnpr.... rion in.-o/Y .. ckterminin& lhe ...... and .al", 01 a ,hi"" wlottt ilt ........ is cktwni/llOd bJ ,t.. quality of force which is f' -..1 while its .al", is drwmirwc! by the q ... lity of ~ will fO pOWff. n..... is u affinity or complicity be..... " .ffirmation .nd activ. force, and be ....." ntp,in .nd react;w foru, bul ntIItr I confusion of If-..... TWo lewis.. This impliel thai forcQ may in fxt jIOI$CS$ the . ,1", of ""PhW will.., pow ....... what a""""nn to 't.. .. me ,hi... ,hal forceo 01 nihil""". Iiff.,-denrin/j forceo, may ba:ome acei.e. Conw..... ly, fora. of .ffu· marion may then>od_ beco",e "",ai¥lity' thaI he: 'lion of particular phcor"",,,,na i. 00 simplt ","n.r. Tho inlemal complexity Ih .. II intmduced by the 1"'I";l.;lil)' rita, actift MCd may reach ••• • nd acqUlrf: an affinity with !hi: nogari~ ........ than the affirmatift qw.lil)' of ,lit will m po...-er, or the possibility ,hal tucrift foras may bn>idt .. d in the COO>Ltx. of Ninuche', philooophy .. a wIK>k. W. cannot only oonsidrr the wiU to ......... 'in itself or abstractly, as l1>O'I't!y....oo....e.l with tw" oppooI;Lt qualitits, affi:mo.· tion and ""8"tion' IDtItu .. 1983: 8&). W. mu .. alto "fer 10 lhe 'ttll' "f mmal mum. UIti ..... Ltly, DtlOk purposc of Deleuu and Gu.m ari', though.' lGood
"
DUllU, BECOMING AND ¥RUDOW ~iv~ is
,he basis for their ..... I)'1is of mrifOl'iol, despotic .nd capitalilt forms of $IX;,,1 "'Pui.. tion in femIS of 1M dilft .. ", abam< way that, in a m""",1 woriindividual Ievd, and impl ....... " an ;mmt11 ~ .. Q)dV.-.getI, ~, W~ "",ed.""'"
,ka, "",",,-', CQlttXpt of power toOk in,o atXO'IIn, ......
only ,~a .....' 01. body .o.~ ochet bod .... bu, aloo on. capacity to ho .ffK,od. .... "U 'f duot ,hou is. Spinoli.. ino.pi.arion :0 Nieuxlft·, .t"", in ... far .. will ,0 powtr if mani,", boIh I f ""pacity ,o.ffta .nd "".,..city :0 be affected: 'the will to powe' is no( I b.r-in& no( I J:,comm;tt&, but. ",w.o.' (NimId>c 1968: ""ra, US). Whdhe:r or "'" on. ~La;m of in,pi .. lion iI hisloriaUy wi,h rcprd ,0 Niftucht, it is atOll"" .hil .ff:ctiv: dimmliott oI..he ...:rei., of pow., cln ,race thoe OIl"
.cat"",
,ha, .....
Ii .... of ........ of indis«rnibility ho, ,,"n tho! Ddllin,g oak. In odIer word... bod! Dr!.niu'l Wi ....pt of dosirc aOO his UH .... p' 01 power inYOlv: an inner I" i...,;"k of inat-a • . From poin, 01 yiew 01 the: affecriw dimen-....., of _ , this principle 01 ;RcrU .. implia ...... I body will be :norc po", .. ful .he ItIt)ft WI,.. in which ic be .fluted, 1001 I""'lcr it:I ra/IIC aOO tIqm: of tenoiti-rity 10 kindo of incmsi~ lUlU. A body will incra .. in _ :0 the .... ~ ...... , iQ; .,. p" 'i.. '" .fItct ~nd b: f W" _.x.-.Iopod and diff", ...ri...,d (Ddt q - 1983: U ). .,..'" _ ,.", "" Spinou in ""t!ins """h ""FE ',ia to be afr..:ted the 'a/fUu' of a bod,. Scricdr tpfakina, I..... corrospond 10 dw: uanoirion of thoe . If«ted body from on. "II' 10 ......t.... SpiN'Oa diatin"Nba hoi "U" transitions in~ inaux in. body's po.'" 01 ...... and ....... dul
on.
on.
.""",ocI
.ha,
DESlkI. nCOMlNG AND F1lEEDOM
fo",.,.
in.oIve a decrease: tM giv. rise to joy while tM Lan .. giv. rise to ..d _ (o.ltuu 19811c: 49-50).' NinuO"" aerionl. T ,he oxtcnl that these actionl are ",oinTlful, tho fulinl of pow.:r will be enhanced: to lhe oxtenl th;.1 thoy fai~ tho feding of pow .. will be dotpktcd. In tum, these affecti~ starn wltl.:h ampany :actiom will tact upon tho 08""1" ca ..... ity to act. In ocher words. tbtre is a fet.d. bod loop berweeo the lOW. .. Of ochnw~ f anompa ro act and the: .~t'. ""pocity to an. TIti, is why the !Hli", of POOit. h. I:«ome the ·,uo.'gc:st propom.ity. of hwnan beings and why Nim:.:ho thaI the "","no for prod""ins it retrace the hilt...,. of our .....Itu....• Tho aomponent of the o.louzian _ .... pc of desire which ... 'u ..... ds 10 Spinar.a·, afftct or Nif:a.do.o·, fedinl of pow.:r il the "''''"'PC of ;"tcnsity. o.ltuu and GualUn ,I 'ibt: the final pha", of tho producrin pt'O
. Uou. oH from aU but certain YJI'l'Cilied relations '0 oumdt, alMl on the odoer. more fluid .nd open-ended '7mnbbgeo in whid! new oonnecti0n5 an.d new foo"b of relalion 10 the outside a.e . 1.... )'> posaible, ...en.1 the "sic of rnnslotminSIM ITICmblage inro lOme other kind 01 body. "They anach .yoo ...... ri< """,,,po ... 1 and nhical priori,.,. ro the lall'" kind o f .... mblaF whi in whicll. body an act Upot! otht ... and rho waY' in whicll it an bo acted uPD'" '10 j~, provoke or producr .. . constitute acti ••• ffecu, whilo 10 bo inciled.. .... provoked. to be inducrd.o prod,,", 10 ha .... Muodul .. effca, «>nonlute ...rtive afkct.' (Doleuu 1988b, 1 1). Defining bodies in Imns of the affuu of whiCI in orde, to p.o... be)oond I given ""'te 01 life or bein&He is a""","l""s no! j.... ;" being an excepl:ion bUT in marl«tive capacities '" men .nd W hd Of he, fundamm ..! v.l ..... bul . Iso rho apacify critically to evaJu.~.nd n'y~ those ....1__ L.ibtta!i.m, it is now argued, gu.ran ..... not only the iooividua\'. righl .0
.
DUIIlE, IICOlollNG AND HEEDOM ct . . .
,..
I
.
0.... conctptiont of ~ Rood ..... y and om.. do cha~ O'm' time, u.... Uy """,Iy bullIOIJ"offi..... roilier luddenly. When I~ c.... "3" .'" ludden, ..., are likc-ly '0 oay ,hal we .'" no \oogff me u.". P"'iOi~ We know ",hal !his ...... n.o: "'" ",ft, 10 • profound Ind pctYl,i ...hift, or KYnUI, in "". ~ ... I tnds.nd commmn........ {R......1s ! " l: III In CONn$< '" ~ modirionoJ 'CWNX!,," of ntpme al>. identities can be opeci6ed in !Cfm. of OSiri"" fn..rdom. By con..... II. Fiagerold', uporimct of .he ' ..Itan break' is pn:ciody wh.:o. ;ntttnn OdeuU' .nd c .... n.ori. Such I bcnk amounts.o a mlimihution of dnirc .""h thaI 'when oomnhing oocutS, tho ..1f Ihal awaited it is already dead, 0( tht ""'" thai WQUId aWlil il h.. noI ycy osublish .he dcdaction, consIilUlC • minimal orodt or inheri,ed aocumllLarioo of gC>do, .. _ 0 .. 1M dctachmenll such as thoK that oocur in ,he cooICx. of marriage: ·A flaw is coded insofar ao dttachnx-n.. from chain an
.ha,
m.
mat
m.
m.
ma,
SOCIAL MACHINES ANO T HE STATE
filiation. The despotic machiM .ubstitufeS ltierarchbl aa.,. Of da~ for m. 1a......1 allianca oIlhe terrilorial mJoChine .ad introoutet a new form of filiation which COfttItCU the ~ ' 'Pk throu&h the despoI: d irtttly II> me drily; 'new .1Ii1UlCe .ad direct filiation are tpC
DELEUZE AND TNE POLITICAL
tn.tription is overlaid Upon the IOlnu of primi,;ve inoaiptioo, forcin5 them into aliptmmt with the MW alliance of dcsp< and people and the dlr«t ~Iiation of despOlogicaI dunge 10 apiTaI', upan.dt.:l r'f'(lrodUrouinn" a ........." 1 for in. asmu.. SilK>:' it worb by me"1lI of an uiomario: intrin.ic I toeill pr.. ' .. of production, circul. tion and consumption, it is . profoundly cynical machine: 'm. capi,a~ .. is ...... ",Iy SIrilting" poot' when be bemoalll d.. fact rhal nowaday. no one bdicv.. in anything any"""",' lDckuu and Guana,; 19n : u()). Dclaiu and Gu,..uri apeook of die capiulis! axiomatic; in both a I ..... icted . nd primarily economic ....... , and al", in a brooder ...... who", this ",it .. '" " social madtin. th:a, ino:ludeo • juridical and a political •• wdl •• a '~noamsm or ... 01 rnechanioms for the mainlona~ of a m.tively subl. amillblage of social factors required 10 .. .. '.in .... extr....-tion of I\ow "''Plu.. CapiuliJrn as an economic syst.m fat" .. an axiornario: bu. '" do... ""pi ... list oociety:
m.
m.
m.
"
OEHUlf "NO THE POLITICAL
l1w: ~ axiomatic is thaI of 1M socill machiM ibtlf, which tok .. the place of cbe old codinp and oopnira all the dtoodcd ~ iDcludin« cbe Bows of rcienlifionaldl. As Man< and Engolo poinled out in 7H Co 'b.ao>tisl ~tsIO, apitaliom chrea •• ns ro . ....." away aU the yal .... of ciYilised social nisf."", and repbce tbr:m wid!
SOCIAlI.IACH!NES AND THE STAT!
.bltutl.l.... of decodilli and tMi, commitmmt 10 'coding lhe fl.o ... and I'Yt'II ovm:oding mem ralher lhan .llowing anythir18 .0 OSCIpt coding' (DcltllU.nd Guattari 1977, 153 ). The Qviliwd CapitaliM Maine thus Munts me earlie. Io.m< of _ .. I codi6cotion IlO'l al lhe ine>itabk end· poin, of a single p.oca.o of ded body "'PM' (Ddoeuu and Guana'; 1977: 246). H",,'cver, IUR .. ochiwpb.mi. is an u......u.i""bIr and unlivabl. modr of pdt.:I flow. of capital and Labour conYftKt.nd ,,",,0 '0 .... nslonn ~o lOt;',.,.,
"i.
rep'"
u...
"
DEUUl~
AND
TH~
POlITICAL
[the SI.lIe] an no long .. be con""" ro o.< >ta ........ ritori._ Ii,.,. th,- flows JO a. 10 prevent them breaking Loose al lhe edges of ,he "",i.1 axiomarie (Dele .. u and Gua .... .; 1977: HK), !u . .....11, l)dn,u and G ... ltari argue, modem apitalisl" JOcieIics are caught betwun lhe ..... 0 poIt:o of an ... uto,", fu,urism and an arch:oisrn, berwcm a deteooIu'e threshold and "the Ursraa. rba, they would like ro ..... oci ... '. a. an 0'''coding Ind metritoriolizin& unity' (DcIcuu and G ... uari 19n: 260). TI>csc negative and pooitive functions of the modem "'I~ .eH.:ct ~ dual cl>arocter eX "'" capitalist 10 Hptets of m. .."", aswmbl,,.., sinu it is by .... aM of caprulT duo, ..... ....tt .... bI.i.hn • mil .... 01 in' ... ioriTy. H;"orical1y, m. moot im"""an' .....,han ...... of cape"'" h... been ,t.ks ........ to ]>OIil In ....,juli"" of ,he sta" .. hilo still rnain'aining m.lheP • • in ........ in funda ...... tal""p«ts, IholT has only C>'n bem I 'insl. form of stale. I, is wilh rcspecI 10 lhe abstract machi"" or start-form Ihat they deny all ....,jurioo • .,. lheses con«"fIling the origin of rho """, in.isring in .... d duol it 'was nof fot .. itJ in prog""";ye stages; il appears fully armed, I rnaSl.r strok •• u c.. tN ,II ., 011«; .... primordial ...,.".1 model of ..".,.".hing tM St::ttt ...anll.o be and &.;~. [Dtlruze and Guonari 1977: 2171. Ddeuze and Gu .... ri·, uniVC1S:l1 hiny forms of Shu: corresponding rhis type, including fer>dal .ymms., monarchies and citr-sral< •. n..y form the immodiaro hisro,ical pr«\Il"IOI" ro rho: modern nalion-star .. which appear ;n the con.oxt of.he: '''"''II''''''~ of ergen<e
m.
a.
from
m.y
m.
m.
cor,..
m.
'0
m.
'0
"'"
mc,u
MACtu t.JfS AND
TH~
STATE
of mc,d,ants and hankins. T'he SDltClIh manual of th.t Chinese Qin dynuty deocribed theR Rows *".,"ulni by th.t operalions of th.t body pol;,;,; as 'lice of the cmpIre',' Freed .lay.... 0< ~ "",", aUy the Ionns of oocial 'outsider', were aroothef delt"itoo i~l~ Bow which, in rum, ft.d inro!be .xiso:iI1« flows of metallurgy, lrade and romme""" .... ha, mallU"gy whid.:o ......taUy active .nd relarion.~ .ppearing in !he uu"ftl\IDOnl is a /orm of action upon individual or...cial
'Ito.otaSptn.pe ~ of this aocoon. of ap;.alism, 'd.e.."iloriaUza.ion i00irenic' libido from ~ tion 10 ann«! conllict. h should no! be confu.ed with ...... , is commonly understood by'the wa,·machint'.' The: realobiea of Ddcuu and Guanati', _r·"",~hint =ncept is not war but the condilions of e,utivt "'~tation and cl!ang•. Consider the bnb berw..,n !he war·machine and lina of flight or drtmitorialisarion. Delcuu and Cuattari argue tballhc .l'ftcru:Ition of SlId> lints aooyo requires the inlp(ao" •...,
'wiared' • ..., !2h:a frOl!l ....
P..... Boulo • U$t$ !hem to diifuu.n.1r """ kmdt of ..........1 (Odru>r and Guattori 1987: 417). la .he final plalr.l>, ' 1440: .... 11.1000II. and .... ..,.uted', Odtmr Ind GUlmori ".... idt • number 01 examples of this opposition drawn from fields II dion. uln Ib,to." ph)'lies, ma ........ Dca.nd ",.tile .... n.,... ~. In, .'",aiuollrl'mS, the di/fc:.mcc may K up' Ed in terms of an i,,,.,,io.. in .... rdlotionWp bt •• un poiou aDd. lin. .ynlhr:tic ... lation of ar·machine to.he flow of pun: ..... bK"""", aoo.i$. Ru. lilt fact tha. lhe wu·mac:hine i. defint0 oonccpc of ,he war-machine in ,be tradiOOnaI "'nse of a .... ics of faTurn or marks thaT will dt:u:rmin< ,..... " ry and suffici .." conditions for oomething fallint!: undtd by lheir .d.riooo 10 the outside and ,hoi. conapl is deli ..... ted by "acing a ~ne of ron.inuous ~l.a.ia tion in roIation 10 .1emon1S and ~ -•• u:mal'.o . """"blaga of lhe war·machi ... rypOI",tial variability inhtttn, in all ronctp1S. For lhese ... oons, Ddeuu and GUllan define ,he characmis.oics of lho ....... r-madline by II) tht condiriooo o f nomadic .xisunce. Howev", the q .... tion is: ' what in nomad Me ;. a principle and whal is only a consequena?' (Dcleuu and Gu.nari 1987: 380). In dftcl, m. .. Iarion '" smooch spaa: is the princ: land] won: thoon-l a, "sar,lgn", and denied any relarion with tho wbnu..: on tho ground. Ihal li>ty had 001' appropriatcty' (o.lcuu and Guo""ri ]987, 3601 points to rho ;"rima'e ~ berwccn ... vereip1ty and me stralification of gIob.11 policical ."""" in • .,....... of .. rritorial w. ..... Nichol .. Onuf . uger15 thaI the modem concepe 01 sovaeignty has thr« oonsritu"''' ~1t.I"'\'" namdy unchaUcngm rule OYCl a girtn lerritory, majesty and 'agency' ..,bere this ,""0$ rho tJtCtC"is< of govtmancc a givm .... ntOl")' and pe
'0.
tn.
n.. """,," ....
DElElJU AN D THE 'O l1T1CAl Itpl lO~ ~od tJy
monopoly is tJy ..... rtion of .ov...ignty ov..- tJy
rmitories in ql>eOtion. The fundammul juri.pn>dmtill probIrm of roJooi .. tion is themore the mann..- in which tJy territorill domoins of 1M prior inhabitants bocome .ranofo.......:l il\OO a urumm. 'p;lCC of landed property. l1tis poin<s to.N: fundamr:n ...l pt..~ by t..w in .N: capNrt ol indigo""", pooplr:s and thei. terri.ories: 'law, rtgIrdttely d.,-i"od from the Crown. The Crown is .M ultimo", .uthority with .eprd 10 o ........... ip of land in ."" rCt.
'""ttl....
me
'"
NOMADS.
CA 'TUJ.~
Aboriginal
AND COLON ISATION 01"
native title
Difftltm forms of Icpl Clp!1ItC rnultcd from tho ..... nnor in which., and tho dr:gr« to which, iodigcnouo cusromary taw and ""'I>onri«ina! peoplts. H~, if WI. a UIIIiI'q""""" of the fnodol dnctri"" of land ...."'" tha., alonz with iO .... i"'ty, the Crown IiCquifed ,,,,, unde.lyins or ~ical title to .11 land in tho colony. Th .. underlying litle is tho basis of the Crown'1 piI'WCf !D gr.nt .,.. to .xtinguish pm"" .. , in land. Where ."" Crown c~ not to .~.rrist this P a .. Ihemso:l-. by Ot!twr·. accounl, ,Ire UpfOSinn ofa po"" ri a .. only :lCfIlalisW in specitic CO of the Tin.,.. Prior fO ,he .. vival 01 .boriginallille ju~ in Canada, lhe na'UK and ocopo of the legal ris/lt in q""stioo' ...... u....,ruin. The 1817 co.. of Sl (AtheriM', M;//j"g aJtJ L>tJ,,/H. Qnnp.o.., defined it os ......... '1'.. _,.1 and ... uf1uctu.ary Ikpmdoon. on lhe 800d will of .... lOYereign'. In addition., rI.. appJ;c. abili.,. of Ihis legal fish. 10 a~nal poopIet Ided fO boo j~ in the 1",,1 of ninotn!>.h-century coIon .. 1 a .. umprions aboul ..lariv< bd. of civilis:ttion and thtir imrJicarions fO< uisI~ of legally mfoKeabie rishu. An ;nll....,rial stalC1llm. of Ihis 'N,b.rian principle' was oflored by tt.. Privy Council in 1~19 in .... form of lhe opinion Iha.
u..
.ish"
u..
Some friba ... 50 low in lhe IClIo of social organis:ltion .hattheir U$lg.. and C(IttC in .... bitants wr .. boo,ba.ilI ... without settled law h.d long born :>Of I.. alpOCU of too.. aborisinal ~ """""'" and tradition. which a .. intqnllo disfinctive abori&inal cultllml ... Howntt. ma, "'''''' of ..... is ...bjecr 10 limitation that thry mu.. no! be irn:wncil· able with tho natltt~ of .he attachmenl 10 tho land which forms 1M 1>0.;. of tho parricular group', aboriginal title. IDelpmuukw I99B: U)
me
Althoup. ]>IOftoCtcd by St.:tion lS (I) of lho Canadian Coru.titution A", of ]982. aboriginal tid. may mU be by me legislatu.. Kting in tho broad...- naoo...l inrttal. Even thou,h;1 is no longer drptO"ldmf Oft good will olllt.o .....reign, aborigi .... l or native .id" remains IoUbjca 10 • numb.-r of condilions whi1 ..... pc»libiliry mOl I rnoce fundlorromul,."....... i.tion of tht poIirial rd:ationohip betwun indi&<noo' pcoplto and ..... OUt. may yet take pbce. H .. 1fJUml!xpteory of q.... lit.ativ. multiplicities derivod from Jltrgsoo and the IUUCtUU of lmm..:onr:n ••valuation derivod frnm N~'. ~Iogy of moraUry. YII"'Uy, "'. ~rguod du. $OnY aSf>fCU of o.~'1 ."rlit:< _iri"8$ . urriaod con';" .ahle inH~ 011 pot;,;.,.1 rhoogh, in 'heir own riVI, nolabiy ~ metaphyoia. of difftmlpnr' w:a. """ fO""Mntly bod! tile riSh .. 01 indigenou< pwples.OO the c".",jrution.1 form of tIIost ".t.... It wn """ tho Ii", of this diocu<Sion to in,ok< tIM: aborigi",,1 peopln of tho new world ••• xemplary Deleuzian nomads. k ather, tho aim _s to dert>OMl .... '" the complexity of tl~r cor.... pc of nomadism by showing ..... t it h.. no ncas.....,. connection with actual nomads, ju" I. ,lie """""PC of .......""""""", machi...,. has no novP'",." ronncaion with W.r. At tM ....... timr, _ ooughp to omphu;" tho lbotnct chlracttr of tho "''''''piS of ....""'re, mmnoorphosio. InaCh~ and .. p....,. h . pau by showing how p~ could ho broup,h, po bar on the phenol'",""" 01 coIoniu.tion. It is prdN machinio: onlology .nd • nonnalive framewo.k within whio:h to des
"""'II'"
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