Colloquial Russian 2: The Next Step in Language Learning

2 Colloquial Russian The Colloquial 2 Series Series Adviser: Gary King 2 The following languages are available in ...

Author: Svetlana Le Fleming | Susan Kay

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Colloquial Russian

The Colloquial 2 Series Series Adviser: Gary King

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The following languages are available in the Colloquial 2 series: French Italian Russian Spanish

Accompanying cassettes and CDs are available for the above titles. They can be ordered through your bookseller, or send payment with order to Taylor & Francis/ Routledge Ltd, ITPS, Cheriton House, North Way, Andover, Hants SP10 5BE, UK, or to Routledge Inc, 29 West 35th Street, New York NY 10001, USA.

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Colloquial Russian The next step in language learning Svetlana le Fleming and Susan E. Kay

First published 2003 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006.

“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group © 2003 Svetlana le Fleming and Susan E. Kay Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Le Fleming, Svetlana. Colloquial Russian 2: the next step in language learning / Svetlana le Fleming and Susan E. Kay. p. cm. – (The colloquial 2 series) Includes indexes. ISBN 0-415-26116-3 1. Russian language – Conversation and phrase books – English. 2. Russian language – Textbooks for foreign speakers – English. 3. Russian language – Spoken Russian. I. Title: Colloquial Russian two. II. Kay, Susan E., 1947– III. Title. IV. Series. PG2121.L364 2003 491.783′421–dc21 2002152412 ISBN 0-203-38052-5 (Master e-book ISBN)

ISBN 0-203-38670-1 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0–415–26116–3 (book) ISBN 0–415–26117–1 (cassettes) ISBN 0–415–30250–1 (audio CD) ISBN 0–415–26118–X (pack)

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Contents

Acknowledgements How to use this book Unit 1

Rossiq i russkij qzyk

vii viii 1

Russia and the Russian language Unit 2

Transport

39

Transport Unit 3

Turizm

57

Tourism Unit 4

Migraciq

75

Migration Unit 5

Sport

92

Sport Unit 6

Kul;turnaq 'izn; v Rossii

111

Cultural life in Russia Unit 7

Sredstva massovoj informacii (CMI)

128

The mass media Unit 8

Rynok truda

146

The labour market Unit 9

Demografiq

163

Demography Unit 10

Obrazovanie

180

Education Unit 11

Rossijskoe Ob]estvo Russian society

198

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Unit 12

Contents

Zdravooxranenie

216

The health service Unit 13

Vybory v Dumu

234

Elections to the Duma Unit 14

Internet

250

The Internet Grammar reference Key to exercises English–Russian vocabulary Russian–English vocabulary Grammar index Russian index

270 288 308 318 342 344

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Acknowledgements

The Authors and Publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce material in this book: Argumenty i fakty, Delovye lyudi, Itogi, Komsomolskaya Pravda, Literaturnaya gazeta, Moskovskie novosti, Nezavisimaya gazeta, Novoe vremya, Priglashaem na rabotu, Salon krasoty, Stolichnoe obrazovanie, Vash dosug, Versiya, Vremya novostei. Every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge ownership of copyright. The publishers will be glad to hear from any copyright holders whom it has not been possible to contact.

How to use this book

Colloquial Russian 2 is intended for students who, working on their own or with a teacher, have already completed a first-level course in Russian and want to continue their study. The book starts with a revision unit which covers all the basic structures, including cases and aspects, so it is not a problem if you are a bit rusty. The book is thematically based and draws on sources from newspapers and magazines. The aim is to provide interesting information about Russia at the same time as introducing new vocabulary and language points. It addresses some of the particular problems of learning Russian, such as memorising vocabulary, stressing words correctly and choosing the right preposition. Each unit contains a brief section in English on its theme, a dialogue, a text, usually based on a newspaper article, as well as various other written materials encountered in everyday life: advertisements, tables and graphs, questionnaires and forms to complete. The text is also illustrated by photographs. There are a variety of exercises, designed to test comprehension and practise the new language points. In the sections on word building, guidance is given on how to increase your Russian vocabulary. Key new vocabulary is given in each unit and there is a cumulative Russian–English vocabulary, including all key words, at the end of the book. The English–Russian vocabulary contains all the words needed for the English–Russian translation exercises. At the end of the book there is also a key to exercises, quick reference grammatical tables and an index of the language points covered in the course. On the accompanying tapes and CDs you will find not only the dialogues but also comprehension exercises and exercises to practise the new language points in each unit. The exercises on stress are a particular feature. And don’t forget, there’s a website to support the Colloquials course. At you will find extra exercises as well as links to sites that build on the material in the units.

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1 ROSSIQ I RUSSKIJ QZYK

In this unit you will ◗ learn some facts about the history of Russia ◗ revise the basic structures of Russian grammar including cases and aspects

When Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in March 1985 he recognised the need for fundamental economic reform. His policy of perestrojka (economic restructuring) had very little impact, but his other famous introduction, glasnost;, an element of freedom of speech and political freedom, ultimately led to the collapse of the USSR. Reformist politicians were successful in the elections of 1989, revolutions took place in the Soviet Union’s East European satellites during 1989–90, and the republics of the Soviet Union also started to demand independence. The final blow was the unsuccessful coup by conservative elements in August 1991, which eroded Gorbachev’s position and brought Boris Yeltsin, President of Russia, to the fore. The Soviet Union was finally dissolved in December 1991. The collapse of the Soviet Union was also the birth of a new Russia. Since then Russia’s history has not been smooth, characterised by such notable events as Yeltsin’s violent clash with parliament in October 1993, ending in the siege of the Russian ‘White House’, and the financial collapse of September 1998. Despite its problems, Russia is a country with a rich culture, huge resources, both human and physical, and its capital Moscow is now a vibrant and exciting city.

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Russia and the Russian language

Language revision ♦ Rules of spelling These rules apply throughout Russian and impact on all the other language points described below. 1 2 3 4

After After After After

g, k, x, ', h, w, ] replace y by i. ', h, w, ], c replace unstressed o by e. g, k, x, ', h, w, ], c replace q by a. g, k, x, ', h, w, ], c replace [ by u.

Cases Understanding of the case system is fundamental to a grasp of Russian. Cases hardly feature in English: there is only some differentiation in the use of pronouns. Contrast ‘I like her’ with ‘She likes me’. The forms ‘I’ and ‘she’ are used when they are the subject of the verb, or nominative case, and ‘her’ and ‘me’ when they are the object, or accusative case. In Russian, not just pronouns, but nouns and adjectives proclaim their role in the sentence by changing their ending, and the number of cases extends beyond nominative and accusative to six in total. Comprehensive tables of the endings of nouns, adjectives and pronouns are at the back of the book.

The nominative case Uses of the nominative case 1 The nominative is the case of the subject of the verb: Moskva´ procveta´ et. Moscow flourishes. 2 It is also used as the complement of (i.e. following) the nonexistent present tense of the verb ‘to be’ and after \´ to ‘it is’ and vot ‘here is’: Moskva´ – stolića. Moscow is the capital. Vot Moskva´. |to stolića. Here is Moscow. It is the capital.

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

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The nominative may also be found after the past tense of byt;, where the permanence of a state is being emphasized: Pu´wkin byl veli´kij po\´t. Pushkin was a great poet.

Endings in the nominative case Singular nouns Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

cns.

prezide´ nt president

-a

gaze´ ta newspaper

-o

vino´ wine

-j

tramva´ j tram

-q

revol[´ ciq revolution

-e

zda´ nie building

-;

kreml; kremlin

-;

vozmo´'nost; opportunity

-mq

vre´ mq time

Note: There are three genders of nouns in Russian and, in most instances, the gender is indicated by the letter a noun ends with in the nominative singular. When a noun ending in -a or -q clearly refers to someone of male gender, the word is masculine: mu'hińa ‘man’; dq´dq ‘uncle’. In practice, this means that it changes its endings like a feminine noun but adjectives and verbs agreeing with it have masculine endings.

Plural nouns Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Singular Plural

prezide´ nt

prezide´ nty

gaze´ ta

gaze´ ty

vino´

vińa

tramva´ j

tramva´ i

revol[´ ciq

revol[´ cii

zda´ nie

zda´ niq

kreml;

kremli´

vozmo´'nost;

vozmo´'nosti

vre´ mq

vremena´

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Notes: 1 The spelling rule may require a change from -y to -i: kni´ga – kni´ gi ‘books’. 2 Some masculine nouns have a nominative plural in -a´ : be´reg – berega´ ‘banks’; ve´ her – vehera´ ‘evenings’; dom – doma´ ‘houses’; go´rod – goroda´ ‘towns’. 3 Nouns in -anin end in -ane: angliha´ nin – angliha´ ne ‘Englishmen’ but gospodiń – gospoda´ ‘gentlemen’. 4 Other exceptions: uhi´tel; – uhitelq´ ‘teachers’; brat – bra´ t;q ‘brothers’; stul – stu´l;q ‘chairs’; drug – druz;q´ ‘friends’; syn – synov;q´ ‘sons’; de´ revo – dere´ v;q ‘trees’; rebe¨ nok – de´ ti ‘children’; helove´ k – l[´ di ‘people’; mat; – ma´ teri ‘mothers’; doh; – do´heri ‘daughters’. (Note that all forms of mat; and doh;, apart from the nominative and accusative singular, have -er- before the ending). 5 Some nouns, generally of foreign origin, are indeclinable. They never change their endings and do not even have a plural. Adjectives describing them will decline in the usual way, however. Their gender can generally be determined by their ending, as with declinable nouns, but note taksi´ – neuter.

Adjectives There are two basic sets of adjective endings: hard and soft. Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Plural

Hard

intere´ snyj interesting

intere´ snaq

intere´ snoe

intere´ snye

Soft

dre´ vnij ancient

dre´ vnqq

dre´ vnee

dre´ vnie

Notes: 1 Adjectives with stressed endings have the masculine ending -o´j: kruto´j, kruta´ q, krutoé, kruty´ e ‘steep’. 2 Endings may be altered by the spelling rules: ru´sskij, ru´sskaq, ru´sskoe, ru´sskie ‘Russian’; xoro´wij, xoro´waq, xoro´wee, xoro´wie ‘good’; bol;wo´j, bol;wa´ q, bol;woé, bol;wié ‘big’.


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Pronouns Singular

Plural

q

I

my

we

ty

you (singular and familiar)

vy

you (plural and polite)

on

he, it (masculine)

oni´

they (all genders)

ona´

she, it (feminine)

ono´

it (neuter)

kto

who

hto

what

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Plural

moj

my

moq´

moe¨

moi´

tvoj

your (singular and familiar)

tvoq´

tvoe¨

tvoi´

naw

our

na´ wa

na´ we

na´ wi

vaw

your (plural and polite)

va´ wa

va´ we

va´ wi

ves;

all

vsq

vse¨

vse

hej

whose

h;q

h;e¨

h;i

\´ tot

this/these

\´ ta

\´ to

\´ ti

tot

that/those

ta

to

te

Note: The third person forms are indeclinable and remain the same whatever the case gender or number of the noun they describe: ego´ ee¨ ix

his, its (m and n); her, its (f ); their

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Exercise 1 Pick out the nouns, adjectives and pronouns in the nominative case from the following passage. Moskva´ – Moscow Pe´rvoe letopi´snoe upomina´ nie o Moskve´ otno´sitsq k 1147 godu´. Osnova´tel; Moskvy´ byl su´zdal;skij knqz; {rij Vladi´mirovih Dolgoru´kij. |to on vy´ bral me´sto dlq stroi´tel;stva go´roda. Go´rod ros by´ stro i u'e´ v 14-om ve´ke stal ceńtrom ru´sskix zeme´l;. Moskva´ ostava´ las; stolićej vplot; do 1713 go´da kogda´ Pe¨ tr Pe´rvyj perene¨ s stoliću v no´vyj go´rod – Peterbu´rg. To´l;ko v 1918 godu´ u'e´ po´sle Revol[´ cii Moskva´ sno´va sta´ la stolićej, snaha´ la Sove´tskogo So[´ za, a poto´m Rossií.

For information on dates and other uses of ordinal numerals see Unit 4.

Vocabulary ♦ vy´ brat; knqz; (m) letopi´snoe upomina´ nie osnova´ tel; (m) ostava´ t;sq otnosi´t;sq k perenesti´ rasti´ stroi´tel;stvo

to choose prince chronicle reference founder to remain to date from to transfer to grow construction

Exercise 2 Answer the questions in Russian. One word answers will suffice. 1 2 3 4 5

Kako´j go´rod stolića Rossií? Kto osnova´ l Moskvu´? Kako´j go´rod stal stolićej v 1713g? Kto perene¨ s stoliću tuda´ ? Kako´j go´rod stal stolićej v 1918g?


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The Moscow Kremlin

Exercise 3 Put these phrases in the plural. intere´snyj mosko´vskij muze´j; dre´vnij ru´sskij kreml;; stra´ wnoe istori´heskoe soby´ tie; slo´'naq \konomi´heskaq proble´ma; naw znameni´tyj isto´rik.

The accusative case Uses of the accusative case 1 The accusative is the case of the direct object of the verb: {rij Dolgoru´kij osnova´ l Moskvu´. Yuriy Dolgorukiy founded Moscow. 2 It is also used after certain prepositions: v / vo ‘to, into’ (motion), ‘during’ (time); za ‘beyond, behind ‘(motion), for; na ‘to, on to’ (motion), ‘for’ (time); o / ob / obo ‘against’; po ‘up to, each’; pod ‘under’ (motion); pro ‘about’; spustq´ ‘after, later’; he´ rez ‘across, through, in (after a period of time)’.

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More detailed information is given about most of these prepositions in later units: Unit 2 – na; Units 4 and 6 – v; Unit 8 – za; Unit 6 – o / ob / obo, pro; Unit 10 – po. Stoliću perenesli´ v Moskvu´. They moved the capital to Moscow. The accusative is also used without a preposition to denote duration in time or space: My tam 'i´ li vs[ zi´mu. We lived there all winter. Vs[ doro´gu domo´j ona´ molha´ la. She was silent the whole way home.

Endings in the accusative case Singular nouns Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Acc.

Nom.

Acc.

inanimate

as nom.

gaze´ ta

gaze´ tu

animate

as gen. (see below)

revol[´ ciq

revol[´ ci[

vozmo´'nost;

vozmo´'nost;

Acc. all nouns

as nom.

Plural nouns Masculine

Feminine Acc.

Neuter Acc.

inanimate

as nom.

inanimate

as nom.

animate

as gen. (see below)

animate

as gen.

Acc. all nouns

as nom.


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Adjectives and pronouns Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

inanimate as nom.

inanimate as nom.

intere´ snu[

inanimate as nom.

as nom.

as nom.

animate as gen.

animate as gen.

dre´ vn[[

animate as gen.

mo[´ , tvo[´ na´ wu, va´ wu vs[, h;[ \´tu, tu

Singular

Plural

q

menq´

my

nas

ty

tebq´

vy

vas

on / ono´

ego´

oni´

ix

ona´

ee¨

kto

kogo´

hto

hto

Note: Ego´, ee¨ and ix are preceded by n- after a preposition, as they are in all cases other than the nominative: poxo´' na nego´ ‘like him’.

Exercise 4 Put the words in brackets into the accusative case. 1 Q zna´ [ (\´ta moloda´ q ru´sskaq 'eń]ina). 2 My e´dem v (ma´ len;kaq primo´rskaq dere´vnq). 3 Vy xoti´te idti´ na (sovremeńnaq angli´jskaq p;e´sa) i´li (klassi´heskaq ru´sskaq o´pera)? 4 (Vsq nede´lq) my ego´ ne vi´deli. 5 My e´zdili vo (Fra´ nciq) na (me´sqc). 6 My vstre´tili

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The Russian White House, home of the parliament or Duma. Photo: N. Kay

(va´ wa sestra´ ) u vxo´da v (tea´ tr). 7 Leńin perene¨ s (ru´sskaq stolića) v (Moskva´ ). 8 (Kto) vy vi´deli? 9 My o´hen; xorowo´ (on) zna´ em.

The genitive case Uses of the genitive case 1 The genitive is the only case ending which English retains on nouns. It is the -’s ending used to denote possession. Similarly, in Russian, the genitive indicates possession or translates ‘of ’. Pu´tin – prezide´ nt Rossi´ i. Putin is the President of Russia. Rol; prezide´ nta o´hen; slo´'naq. The President’s role (role of the President) is very complex. 2 The genitive is also used after a very large number of prepositions: bez ‘without’; vdol; ‘along’; vne ‘outside’; vnutri´ ‘inside’; vperedi´ ‘in front of, before’; vme´ sto ‘instead of’; vo vre´ mq ‘during’ (named events in history); vo´zle ‘by, near’, vokru´g ‘around’; v tehe´ nie ‘during’ (with words such as nede´ lq ‘week’


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or god ‘year’, indicating periods of time); dlq ‘for (the sake of)’; ‘do ‘up to, until’ (time or place); iz ‘from, out of’; iz-za ‘because of, from behind’; iz-pod ‘from under’; kro´me ‘except’; mi´mo ‘past; napro´tiv ‘opposite’; o´kolo ‘around, near’; ot ‘from’; po´sle ‘after’; pro´tiv ‘against’; ra´ di ‘for the sake of’; s / so ‘from’; sredi´ ‘among; u ‘by, near, chez’: vo vre´ mq perevoro´ta during the coup pro´tiv prezide´ nta against, opposed to the President ra´ di Bo´ga for God’s sake do raspa´ da Sove´ tskogo So[´za until the collapse of the Soviet Union by´ li ta´ nki vokru´g Be´ logo do´ma there were tanks round the White House More detailed information is given about iz-za in Unit 7, about the differences between iz, ot and s in Unit 5 and between s and so in Unit 12. The preposition u + genitive ‘in the possession of’ is used to translate ‘to have’ into Russian: U prezide´ nta byla´ bol;wa´ q vlast;. The President had great power. Note that bol;wa´ q vlast; is the subject of this sentence; literally ‘Great power was in the possession of President’. 3 The genitive singular is used after o´ba / o´be ‘both’ and the numerals dva / dve ‘two’; tri ‘three’; hety´ re ‘four’ and compounds ending in those numerals. The genitive plural is used after all other numerals, except for odiń / odna´ / odno´ / odni´ ‘one’, which is an adjective agreeing with the noun it describes. dva´ dcat; tri hle´ na Du´my twenty three members of the Duma pqtna´ dcat; hle´ nov Du´my fifteen members of the Duma There is much more detailed treatment of cardinal numerals in Unit 9.

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4 The genitive is used after expressions of quantity such as mno´go ‘a lot’; ma´ lo / nemno´go ‘a little, few’; ne´ skol;ko ‘several’, sko´l;ko ‘how many’; bol;winstvo´ ‘the majority’, and on its own as a partitive genitive, to indicate part of a substance or ‘some’: Poli´tika vyzyva´ et ma´ lo intere´ sa v Rossií. Politics arouses little interest in Russia. My vy´ pili vina´ We drank some wine contrast: My vy´ pili vino´ We drank the wine 5 The genitive is found in several negative constructions: after net / ne´ bylo / ne bu´det ‘there is not / was not, will not be’: U Gorbahe¨ va ne´ bylo kompete´ ntnyx sove´ tnikov. Gorbachev did not have competent advisers. V tako´j situa´ cii net drugo´go vy´ xoda. In such a situation there is no other way out. after ne vi´dno / ne sly´ wno / ne zame´ tno ‘cannot be seen / heard / discerned’: Be´ logo do´ma ne vi´dno ots[´da. The White House cannot be seen from here. as the direct object of negative verbs: Gorbahe¨ v ne ime´ l podde´ r'ki sredi´ naro´da. Gorbachev did not have support among the people. However, when the object is more concrete, the accusative is preferred: Q ne vi´'u ego avtomobi´l;. I don’t see his car. There is much more detail about the negative in Unit 13.


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6 The genitive is also used as the direct object of certain verbs: 'ela´ t; (po-) ‘to wish’; dostiga´ t; / dosti´ gnut; ‘to achieve’. Expressions such as shastli´vogo puti´ ‘bon voyage’ are in the genitive because the verb 'ela´ t; is understood. Some other verbs take either the genitive or the accusative: boq´t;sq ‘to fear’; 'dat; ‘to wait for’; iska´ t; / po- ‘to seek, look for’; o'ida´ t; ‘to expect’; prosi´t; (po-) ‘to ask for’; tre´ bovat; (po-) ‘to demand’; xote´ t; (za-) ‘to want’. Generally the genitive is used if the object is abstract and the accusative if it is a concrete object or a person: iska´ t; po´mo]i ‘to seek for help’; iska´ t; dom ‘to look for a house’. There are more examples in Unit 11.

Endings in the genitive case Singular nouns Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Nom.

Gen.

Nom.

Gen.

Nom.

Gen.

prezide´ nt

prezide´ nta

gaze´ ta

gaze´ ty

vino´

vińa

tramva´ j

tramva´ q

revol[´ ciq

revol[´ cii

zda´ nie

zda´ niq

kreml;

kremlq´

vozmo´'nost;

vozmo´'nosti

vre´ mq

vre´ meni

Notes: 1 Never forget the effect the spelling rules have on endings: kni´ga – kni´gi. 2 Remember that the accusative of masculine animate nouns is the same as the genitive: My za sy´ na i pro´tiv otca´. We are for the son and against the father. 3 Some masculine nouns also have alternative genitive endings in -u or -[. They are most commonly found in the sense of ‘some’: Kupi´ ha´ [ ‘Buy some tea’. Note also the expression mno´go naro´du ‘a lot of people’.

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Plural Masculine

Feminine

Nom.

Gen. plural

prezide´ nt

Nom.

Neuter Gen. plural

Nom.

Gen. plural

prezide´ ntov gaze´ ta

gaze´ t

vino´

vin

tramva´ j

tramva´ ev

nede´ lq week

nede´ l;

mo´re sea

more´ j

kreml;

kremle´ j

revol[´ ciq

revol[´ cij

zda´ nie

zda´ nij

vozmo´'nost;

vozmo´'nostej

vre´ mq

vreme¨ n

Notes: 1 Masculine nouns: me´ sqc – me´ sqcev ‘months’ (because of the spelling rule); moskvi´h – moskvihe´ j ‘Muscovites’ (also nouns ending in -', -w and -]); sloj – sloe¨ v ‘layers’ (because of the stressed ending); angliha´ nin – angliha´ n; brat – bra´ t;ev; stul – stu´l;ev; drug – druze´ j; syn – synove´ j; rebe¨ nok – dete´ j; helove´ k – l[de´ j. 2 Feminine nouns: ide´ q – ide´ j ‘ideas’; sem;q´ – seme´ j ‘families’. Sometimes a vowel (-o-, -e- or -e¨ -) is inserted between the last two consonants of nouns ending in -a: stude´ ntka – stude´ ntok ‘female students’; de´ vuwka – de´ vuwek ‘girls’; nouns ending in nq generally do not have a -;: pe´ snq – pe´ sen ‘songs’, but there are exceptions: dere´ vnq – dereve´ n; ‘villages’; ku´xnq – ku´xon; ‘kitchens’. 3 Neuter nouns: de´ revo – dere´ v;ev ‘trees’. Sometimes a vowel is inserted between the last two consonants of nouns ending in -o: okno´ – o´kon ‘windows’; pis;mo´ – pi´ sem ‘letters’; kre´ slo – kre´ sel ‘armchairs’.


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Adjectives and pronouns Masculine and Neuter

Feminine

Neuter

intere´ snogo

intere´ snoj

intere´ snyx

dre´ vnego

dre´ vnej

dre´ vnix

moego´

moe´ j

moi´x

tvoego´

tvoe´ j

tvoi´x

na´ wego

na´wej

na´wix

va´ wego

va´ wej

va´ wix

\´togo

\´toj

\´tix

togo´

toj

tex

vsego´

vsej

vsex

h;ego´

h;ej

h;ix

Notes: 1 Remember that the accusative plural of masculine and feminine animate nouns is the same as the genitive and that adjectives or pronouns agreeing with them will also take endings like the genitive: Q zna´ [ \´tix ru´sskix 'e´ n]in i ix mu'e´ j. I know these Russian women and their husbands. 2 The genitive of personal pronouns and kto is the same as the accusative. The genitive of hto is hego´.

Exercise 5 Put the words in brackets into the genitive. Perevoro´t 19 a´ vgusta 1991 go´da – ne´ skol;ko (zameha´ niq) Pe´rvaq popy´ tka (perevoro´t) v Ro´ssii proizowla´ v a´ vguste 1991 go´da, kogda´ ne´skol;ko (hlen) (by´ vwee Politb[ro´) organizova´ li za´ govor i vy´ stupili pro´tiv (no´vaq demokra´ tiq i Gorbahe¨ v). (Gorbahe¨ v) ne´ bylo v Moskve´ vo vre´mq (za´ govor), i zagovo´r]iki by´ li uve´reny v uspe´xe (svoi´ de´jstviq). Oni´ zna´ li, hto u (Gorbahe¨ v) net (bol;wa´ q

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politi´heskaq vlast;) i (podde´r'ka) (naro´d). Odno´ iz (soby´ tiq), koto´roe stimuli´rovalo popy´ tku (gosuda´ rstvennyj perevoro´t) byla´ nacionaliza´ ciq Rossiéj (ga´ zovaq i neftqna´ q promy´ wlennost;) i povyweńie (vnu´trennie ceńy) na neft;. Odna´ ko popy´ tka (perevoro´t) provali´las;. No´voe pravi´tel;stvo (El;cin i ego´ sora´ tniki) rewi´tel;no potre´bovali (are´st) (organiza´ tory) (puth). Tepe´r; u'e´ ni u (kto) net (somneńiq), hto popy´ tka (perevoro´t) v a´ vguste 1991 go´da – odna´ iz (prihińy) (raspa´ d) (Sove´tskij So[´ z).

Vocabulary ♦ by´ vwij vnu´trennij vy´ stupit; pro´tiv ga´ zovaq i nefqna´ q promy´ wlennost; gosuda´ rstvennyj de´ jstvie za´ govor / zagovo´r]ik

former domestic to act, come out, against gas and oil industry state action plot / plotter


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povywe´ nie podde´ r'ka popy´ tka pravi´tel;stvo prihińa provali´t;sq proizojti´ raspa´ d rewi´tel;no soby´ tie somne´ nie sora´ tnik uve´ reny v uspe´ xe hlen Politb[ro´

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increase support attempt government reason to fail to happen, take place collapse resolutely event doubt comrade-in-arms confident of the success member of the Politburo (political bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party)

Exercise 6 Answer the questions in English. 1 2 3 4 5

Who were the instigators of the coup? Why did they feel that Gorbachev was vulnerable? Which economic policy helped provoke the coup? What was the Yeltsin government’s response to the failed coup? In what significant historical event was the failure of the coup an important factor?

Dative case Uses of the dative case 1 The dative is the case of the indirect object of the verb: Gorbahe¨ v pereda´ l vlast; El;cinu v dekabre´ 1991g. Gorbachev handed over power to Yeltsin in December 1991. 2 The dative is also used after certain verbs that take a direct object in English: ve´ rit; (po-) ‘to believe’; pomoga´ t; / pomo´h; ‘to help’; sle´ dovat; (po) ‘to follow’ (orders etc.); sove´ tovat; (po-) ‘to advise’; ugro'a´ t;, grozi´ t; ‘to threaten’:

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Rossií grozi´ t perevoro´t. A coup threatens Russia. There is further information on verbs with the dative in Unit 5. Note the constructions with uhi´ t; ‘to teach / learn’ and uhi´t;sq ‘to learn’: Q uhu´ ego´ ru´sskomu qzyku´. I teach him Russian. Q uhu´s; ru´sskomu qzyku´. I am learning / studying Russian. But note: Q uhu´ ru´sskij qzy´ k. I am learning Russian. There is more information on verbs of teaching and learning in Unit 10. 3 The dative is used with the prepositions k ‘towards (place), by (time)’ and po ‘according to, along, through, by’: k ve´ heru ‘by evening’; k do´mu ‘towards the house’; po po´hte ‘by post’; po u´lice ‘along the street’. There is more information on the use of po in Unit 10. 4 The dative is used with a large number of impersonal expressions: nam intere´ sno ‘it is interesting for us’; Prezide´ ntu na´ do rewi´t; ‘the President has to decide’. These expressions are dealt with in detail in Unit 12. Note also On nam izve´ sten ‘He is known to us’. 5 Note this use of the dative with the infinitive: Hto mne de´ lat;? What am I to do? 6 The dative may also be combined with certain reflexive verbs: Li´deru prixo´ditsq rewa´ t;. The leader has to decide.


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Emu´ xote´ los; uvi´det; prezide´ nta. He wanted to see the President. These expressions are also covered in Unit 12. Note the construction with the reflexive verb nra´ vit;sq (po-) ‘to like’: Im ne nra´ vilas; poli´tika Gorbahe¨ va. They did not like Gorbachev’s policy – literally Gorbachev’s policy was not pleasing to them. 7 The dative is also used with the short adjective nu´'en / nu'na´ / nu´'no / nu'ny´ to translate ‘to need’: Emu´ nu'na´ byla´ po´mo];. He needed help. There are further examples of this construction in Unit 12.

Endings in the dative case Nouns Masculine

Feminine

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

prezide´ ntu

prezide´ ntam

gaze´ te

gaze´ tam

tramva´ [

tramva´ qm

nede´ le

nede´ lqm

kreml[´

kremlq´m

revol[´ cii

revol[´ ciqm

vozmo´'nosti

vozmo´'nostqm

Neuter Singular

Plural

vinu´

vińam

zda´ ni[

zda´ niqm

vre´ meni

vremena´ m

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Feminine

Plural

intere´ snomu

intere´ snoj

intere´ snym

dre´ vnemu

dre´ vnej

dre´ vnim

moemu´

moe´ j

moi´m

tvoemu´

tvoe´ j

tvoi´m

na´ wemu

na´ wej

na´ wim

va´ wemu

va´ wej

va´ wim

\´tomu

\´toj

\´tim

tomu´

toj

tem

vsemu´

vsej

vsem

h;emu´

h;ej

h;im

Singular

Plural

q

mne

my

nam

ty

tebe´

vy

vam

on / ono´

emu´

oni´

im

ona´

ej

kto

komu´

hto

hemu´

Exercise 7 Put the words in brackets into the dative. Iz zapi´sok 'urnali´ sta Te¨ ploe a´ vgustovskoe u´tro 1991 go´da. My e´dem po (Sado´voe kol;co´) k (Be´lyj dom). My u'e´ sly´ wali iz pereda´ h po (ra´ dio), i po (televi´denie) o popy´ tke perevoro´ta. Esli sudi´t; po (posle´dnie soob]eńiq) po (ra´ dio), (solda´ ty) ni´kto ne prika´ zyval strelq´t; po (tolpa´ ). Vopro´s v tom, pomo´'et li a´ rmiq (puthi´sty) ili


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prisoedińitsq k (demokra´ ty i El;cin), posle´du[t li solda´ ty (prika´ zy) iz Kremlq´? V golove´ prono´sqtsq ra´ znye my´ sli. Pohemu´ \´to proizowlo´? Kto vinova´ t? Neu'e´li, Gorbahe¨ v? (Puthi´sty) ne nra´ vilas; poli´tika Gorbahe¨ va? (Gorbahe¨ v) na´ do by´ lo de´jstvovat; rewi´tel;nee? Sejha´ s (on) nu'na´ podde´r'ka vsex l[de´j. Tepe´r; (vse demokra´ ty i El;cin) ugro'a´ et are´st? Vokru´g Be´logo do´ma – to´lpy naro´da. (My) pohti´ nevozmo´'no projti´ bli´'e k (zda´ nie) Be´logo do´ma, no (my) tak xo´hetsq usly´ wat; El;cina. On stoi´t na ta´ nke i obra]a´ etsq k (naro´d). Vse polny´ \ntuzia´ zma pomo´h; (on i ego´ sora´ tniki). K (obe´d) powe¨ l do'd;, no nikto´ ne xote´l uxodi´t;. (Vse) xote´los; byt; ha´ st;[ isto´rii.

Vocabulary ♦ v golove´ prono´sqtsq my´ sli vinova´ t de´ jstvovat; neu'e´ li obra]a´ t;sq k pereda´ ha po televi´deni[ posle´ dnee soob]e´ nie prika´ z / prika´ zyvat; prisoedini´t;sq k strelq´t; sudi´t; po hast;

thoughts run through (my) mind guilty, to blame to act really? is it possible? to address television broadcast latest report order / to order to join to shoot to judge by part

Exercise 8 Answer the questions in English. 1 2 3 4 5 6

What was the weather like on the nineteenth of August? How had the writer heard about the attempted coup? What reasons for the coup are suggested? Was it clear which side the army was on? Where did the crowds congregate? Who addressed them and from where?

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Instrumental case Uses of the instrumental case 1 The instrumental case is used to translate ‘by’ or ‘with’ referring to the instrument with which an action is performed: pisa´ t; karandawo´m ‘to write with a pencil’; okru'a´ t; tańkami ‘to encircle with tanks’. Note its use after certain verbs indicating movement of parts of the body: maxa´ t; ruko´j ‘to wave (with) one’s hand’; kiva´ t; / kivnu´t; golovo´j ‘to shake one’s head’; po'ima´ t; pleha´mi ‘to shrug one’s shoulders’. There is further information on how the instrumental is used to translate ‘by’ in Unit 10. 2 It is also used after certain prepositions: za me´ 'du nad pe´ red pod s

behind, beyond, for (to fetch) between over in front of, before under (place) with (accompanied by)

There is more information on the uses of za in Unit 8 and on s in Units 5 and 6. 3 The instrumental is frequently used as the complement of byt; ‘to be’ when this verb is in the past or future tense or the infinitive: On xote´ l byt; prezide´ ntom ‘He wanted to be president’. 4 The instrumental case is used after several verbs: zanima´ t;sq / zanq´t;sq interesova´ t;sq (za-) oka´ zyvat;sq / okaza´ t;sq ostava´ t;sq / osta´ t;sq po´l;zovat;sq (vos-) stanovi´t;sq / stat; uvleka´ t;sq / uvle´ h;sq upravlq´t; qvlq´t;sq

to be engaged in, occupied with to be interested in to turn out to be to remain as to use, enjoy to become to be keen on control, manage, govern to seem, be

There is information on these and other verbs with the instrumental in Unit 6.


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5 The instrumental occurs in certain adverbial expressions of time: u´trom in the morning ve´ herom in the evening vesno´j in spring o´sen;[ in autumn ce´ lymi dnq´mi for days on end

dne¨ m in the daytime no´h;[ at night le´ tom in summer zimo´j in winter

and in some expressions of manner: we¨ potom in a whisper

bego´m at a run

Note also the phrases taki´ m o´brazom ‘in that way, thus’; and drugi´mi slova´ mi ‘in other words’. 6 The instrumental is also used in defining dimensions: vysoto´j in height ro´stom tall

dlino´j in length wirino´j in width

reka´ wirino´j v de´ sqt; me´ trov a river ten metres wide

Endings in the instrumental case Nouns Masculine

Feminine

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

prezide´ ntom

prezide´ ntami

gaze´ toj

gaze´ tami

tramva´ em

tramva´ qmi

nede´ lej

nede´ lqmi

roq´lem

roq´lqmi

revol[´ ciej

revol[´ ciqmi

kremle¨ m

kremlq´mi

vozmo´'nost;[

vozmo´'nostqmi

Neuter Singular

Plural

vino´m

vińami

zda´ niem

zda´ niqmi

vre´ menem

vremena´ mi

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Notes: 1 Do not forget the possible impact of the spelling rule: vrah – vraho´m ‘doctor’; tova´ ri] – tova´ ri]em ‘comrade’; gostińica – gostińicej ‘hotel’. 2 If the ending is stressed, -em and -ej are replaced by -e¨ m or -e¨ j: zemlq´ – zemle¨ j ‘earth’. 3 The instrumental of masculine surnames ending in -ov, -e¨ v, -in, -yn is ym: El;cin – El;cinym. Otherwise they decline like nouns. For the complete declension, including feminine and plural surnames, see the tables at the back of the book.


Feminine

Plural

intere´ snym

intere´ snoj

intere´ snymi

dre´ vnim

dre´ vnej

dre´ vnimi

moi´m

moe´ j

moi´mi

tvoi´m

tvoe´ j

tvoi´mi

na´ wim

na´ wej

na´ wimi

va´ wim

va´ wej

va´ wimi

\´tim

\´toj

\´timi

tem

toj

te´ mi

vsem

vsej

vse´ mi

h;im

h;ej

h;i´mi

Singular

Plural

q

mnoj

my

na´ mi

ty

tobo´j

vy

va´ mi

on / ono´

im

oni´

i´mi

ona´

ej

kto

kem

hto

hem


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Exercise 9 Put the words in brackets into the instrumental. (Utro) 20 a´ vgusta situa´ ciq sta´ la bo´lee (qsnaq). V \´tot den; El;cin stal (si´mvol) demokra´ tii: pod (ego´ rukovo´dstvo) ode´r'ana pobe´da nad (kommunisti´heskaq nomenklatu´ra). Gorbahe¨ v bo´l;we ne po´l;zuetsq (populq´rnost;) sredi rossi´jskix demokra´ tov. Nerewi´tel;nost; Gorbahe¨ va qvi´las; (glavnaq prihińa) kri´zisa ego´ poli´tiki. (Tako´j o´braz) El;cin s (ego´ xarizmati´heskij avtorite´t i tve¨ rdaq uve´rennost;) stal (gla´ vnaq politi´heskaq sila´ ) v Rossií.

Vocabulary ♦ nerewi´tel;nost; ode´ r'ana pobe´ da rukovo´dstvo tve¨ rdaq uve´ rennost;

indecision victory was achieved leadership unshakeable confidence

Prepositional case Uses of the prepositional case The prepositional case is used after certain prepositions: v ‘in’ (place); na ‘on, at’ (place); o / ob / obo ‘about, concerning’; pri ‘at the time of, in the presence of, adjoining’. More information about v may be found in Units 4 and 12, about na in Unit 2 and about o / ob / obo in Unit 6.

Endings in the prepositional case Nouns Masculine

Feminine

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

prezide´ nte

prezide´ ntax

gaze´ te

gaze´ tax

tramva´ e

tramva´ qx

nede´ le

nede´ lqx

kremle´

kremlq´x

revol[´ cii

revol[´ ciqx

vozmo´'nosti

vozmo´'nostqx

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Neuter Singular

Plural

vine´

vińax

mo´re

morq´x

zda´ nii

zda´ niqx

vre´ meni

vremena´ x

Note: Certain masculine nouns take the ending -u´ after the prepositions v and na, though not after other prepositions taking the prepositional case. These nouns include: les – v lesu´ ‘in the forest’; be´ reg – na beregu´ ‘on the bank’; pol – na polu´ ‘on the floor’; sad – v sadu´ ‘in the garden’; ugol – v uglu´ ‘in the corner’; god – v pro´wlom godu´ ‘last year’; wkaf – v wkafu´ ‘in the cupboard’; Krym – v Krymu´ ‘in the Crimea’.


Feminine

Plural

intere´ snom

intere´ snoj

intere´ snyx

dre´ vnem

dre´ vnej

dre´ vnix

moe¨ m

moe´ j

moi´x

tvoe¨ m

tvoe´ j

tvoi´x

na´ wem

na´ wej

na´ wix

va´ wem

va´ wej

va´ wix

\´tom

\´toj

\´tix

tom

toj

tex

vse¨ m

vsej

vsex

h;e¨ m

h;ej

h;ix


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Plural

q

mne

my

nas

ty on / ono´

tebe´

vy

vas

ne¨ m

oni´

nix

ona´

nej

kto

kom

hto

he¨ m

Exercise 10 Put the words in brackets into the prepositional case. 1 Be´lyj dom naxo´ditsq v (centr) Moskvy´ na (Krasnopre´snenskaq na´ ber'naq). 2 Vo vre´mq perevoro´ta Gorbahe¨ v byl v (Krym) na (be´reg) mo´rq. 3 V (zda´ nie) Be´logo do´ma zaseda´ et parla´ ment Rossií. 4 Intere´sno sly´ wat; ob (\´ti soby´ tiq) v (va´ wa strana´ ). 5 Milićiq byla´ na (plo´]ad;) o´kolo Be´logo do´ma. 6 O (kto) ide¨ t reh;? O (li´dery) perevoro´ta? Q nihego´ ne zna´ [ o (oni´). 7 El;cin byl v (Be´lyj dom) a organiza´ tory perevoro´ta by´ li v (Kreml;).

Vocabulary ♦ zaseda´ t;

to sit (of parliament)

Exercise 11 Answer the questions in Russian. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Gde Gde Gde Gde Gde Gde Gde

naxo´ditsq Be´lyj dom? byl Gorbahe¨ v vo vre´mq perevoro´ta? naxo´ditsq Krym? zaseda´ et parla´ ment? byla´ milićiq? byl El;cin? by´ li organiza´ tory perevoro´ta?

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Reflexive pronouns In addition to the personal pronouns and possessive pronouns referred to above, there is the reflexive pronoun sebq´ and the reflexive possessive pronoun svoj. Sebq´ means myself, yourself, himself etc. referring back to the subject of the verb. In consequence, it has no nominative. The other forms, common to all genders, singular and plural are: acc. / gen. sebq´; dat. sebe´ ; instr. sobo´j; prep. sebe´ : Ona du´maet to´l;ko o sebe´ . She thinks only of herself. The endings of svoj are the same as those of moj and tvoj. It translates any possessive – ‘my’, ‘your’, ‘his’ etc., provided it refers back to ownership by the subject of the verb. On l[´ bit svo[´ rabo´tu. He loves his work. To use ego´ in this sentence would mean it was someone else’s work. In sentences with a first or second person subject svoj may be used as an alternative to the first or second person possessive: My l[´ bim na´ wu / svo[´ rabo´tu. We love our work.

Sam Sam is the emphatic pronoun ‘self’: Ona´ sama´ sde´ lala. She did it herself. The full declension is in the grammar summary.

Short form adjectives The adjectives referred to earlier are all long or attributive adjectives. There are also short or predicative adjectives. They are used only in the predicate of the sentence, separated from the noun or pronoun they describe by the verb ‘to be’: Kni´ ga byla´ intere´ sna. The book was interesting. To form a short adjective remove the -yj or -ij from the long adjective. This gives you the masculine. For the feminine add -a, for the


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neuter -o, and the plural -y: zdoro´vyj ‘healthy’ – zdoro´v, zdoro´va, zdoro´vo, zdoro´vy. If the masculine form ends in two consonants a vowel is sometimes inserted between them; intere´ snyj – intere´ sen. Some adjectives, including those ending in -skij, have no short form.

Adverbs Adverbs are formed in the same way as neuter short form adjectives. By´ stryj ‘quick’ – by´ stro ‘quickly’: on ide¨ t by´ stro ‘he is walking quickly’.

Verbs Compared with English, Russian has very few tenses: one present, two future and two past. Verbs fall mostly into two conjugations, or patterns of endings: first and second. First conjugation verbs may often be recognised by their infinitive ending in -at; or -qt;: de´ lat; ‘to do, make’; terq´t; ‘to lose’. Second conjugation verbs more often end in -it; or -et;: govori´ t; ‘to speak’; smotre´ t; ‘to look at’. However, there are a small number of second conjugation verbs ending in -at; and -qt; and irregular first conjugation verbs ending in -it;, -et;, -ti. Note that tables of the endings on verbs are given at the back of the book.

Formation of the present tense – first conjugation Regular first conjugation verbs ending in -at; or -qt; – remove the -t; from the infinitive and add: -[, -ew; -et, -em -ete, -[t:

de´ lat; q de´ la[,

my de´ laem

ty de´ laew;,

vy de´ laete

on / ona´ / ono´ de´ laet

oni´ de´ la[t

Remember that, as there is only one present tense in Russian, q de´ la[ may translate as either ‘I do’ or ‘I am doing’, dependent on the context.

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In addition to regular first conjugation verbs there are also verbs which take regular first conjugation endings, but their present tense stem is different from the infinitive stem, so it has to be learnt. Where the present tense stem ends in a vowel, the endings are the same as on de´ lat; and, where it ends in a consonant, the endings are -u, -ew;, -et, -em, -ete, -ut. If the ending is stressed, e is replaced by e¨ : myt; ‘to wash’ q mo´[ ty moéw; on / ona´ / ono´ moét

my moém vy moéte oni´ mo´[t

pisa´ t; ‘to write’ q piwu´ ty pi´ wew; on / ona´ / ono´ pi´wet

my pi´wem vy pi´ wete oni´ pi´wut

idti´ ‘to go’ q idu´ ty ide¨ w; on / ona´ / ono´ ide¨ t

my ide¨ m vy ide¨ te oni´ idu´t

Much more about the stress of present tense of verbs may be found in Unit 10. Verbs with infinitives ending in -avat; drop the syllable -av- in the present tense; verbs ending in -ovat; replace the -ov- by -u- and those ending in -evat; replace the -ev- by -[-: dava´ t; ‘to give’ q da[´ ty dae¨ w; on / ona´ / ono´ dae¨ t

my dae¨ m vy dae¨ te oni´ da[´ t

sove´ tovat; ‘to advise’ q sove´ tu[ ty sove´ tuew; on / ona´ / ono´ sove´ tuet

my sove´ tuem vy sove´ tuete oni sove´ tu[t

voeva´ t; ‘to wage war’ q vo[´ [ ty vo[´ ew; on / ona´ / ono´ vo[´ et

my vo[´ em vy vo[´ ete oni vo[´ [t


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Watch out for the effect of the spelling rules on such verbs: tanceva´ t; ‘to dance’: tancu´[, tancuéw;, tancuét, tancuém, tancuéte, tancu´[t.

Second conjugation Remove the last three letters from the infinitive and add the endings: -[, -iw;, -it, -im, -ite, -qt. Some second conjugation verbs are also affected by the spelling rules: govori´t; ‘to speak’ q govor[´ ty govori´w; on / ona´ / ono´ govori´ t

my govori´m vy govori´ te oni´ govorq´t

der'a´ t; ‘to hold’ q der'u´ ty de´ r'iw; on / ona´ / ono´ de´ r'it

my de´ r'im vy de´ r'ite oni de´ r'at

If the stem of a second conjugation verb ends in the consonants -d, -t, -s, -z, -st, that consonant will change in the first person singular (q form) only. Other forms are regular. If the stem ends in -b, -v, -p, -f, and -m an -l- is inserted between the stem and the ending in the first person singular only: vodi´t; to lead plati´ t; to pay prosi´ t; to ask vozi´ t; to convey sviste´ t; to whistle l[bi´t; to love

q q q q q q

vo'u´ plahu´ prowu´ vo'u´ svi]u´ l[bl[´

ty ty ty ty ty ty

vo´diw; pla´ tiw; pro´siw; vo´ziw; svisti´w; l[´ biw;

Irregular verbs There are a small number of irregular verbs in Russian: moh; ‘to be able’

mogu´ mo´'ew; mo´'et

mo´'em mo´'ete mo´gut

be'a´ t; ‘to run’

begu´ be'i´w; be'i´t

be'i´ m be'i´ te begu´t

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xote´ t; ‘to want’

xohu´ xo´hew; xo´het

xoti´m xoti´te xotq´t

est; ‘to eat’

em ew; est

edi´m edi´te edq´t

Reflexive verbs Add -sq after a consonant or -; and -s; after a vowel: vstreha´ t;sq ‘to meet’

vstreha´ [s; vstreha´ ew;sq vstreha´ etsq

vstreha´ emsq vstreha´ etes; vstreha´ [tsq

There is much more information about reflexive verbs in Unit 4.

The verb ‘to be’ Byt; has no present tense. For alternative ways of translating ‘to be’ see Unit 6.

Use of the present tense In addition to a straight translation for one of the English present tenses, Russian uses the present tense in some additional circumstances. Actions which started in the past and are continuing in the present are conveyed in Russian by the use of the present tense: Q u'e´ hety´ re go´da zanima´ [s; ru´sskim qzyko´m. I have been studying Russian for four years already. In indirect speech or questions Russian uses the tense in which the original statement or question was made. This frequently means that Russian uses the present tense where English uses the past: Q sprosi´ la ego´, zanima´ etsq li on ru´sskim qzyko´m. I asked him whether he was studying Russian. On skaza´ l, hto on zanima´ etsq ru´sskim qzyko´m. He said that he was studying Russian. Verbs of motion have two different present tenses, which have some similarities to the two present tenses in English. This is explained fully in Unit 2.


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Exercise 12 Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the present tense. Sove´tskij So[´ z bo´l;we ne (su]estvova´ t;). By´ vwie respu´bliki tepe´r; (qvlq´t;sq) nezavi´simymi gosuda´ rstvami. Okolo dvadcati´ respu´blik (vxodi´t;) v sosta´ v Rossi´jskoj Federa´ cii. Parla´ ment RF (nazyva´ t;sq) Du´ma. On (sostoq´t;) iz dvux pala´ t. @urnali´sty ha´ sto (pisa´ t;), hto rossiqńe ne (interesova´ t;sq) poli´tikoj. Oni´ bo´l;we ne (doverq´t;) poli´tikam. Q (shita´ t;), hto oni´ pravy´ . A Vy? Kak Vy (du´mat;)? Net, my ne (moh;) soglasi´t;sq! My (podde´r'ivat;) prezideńta i vo vse¨ m (soglawa´ t;sq) s nim!

Aspects There are, in the overwhelming number of cases, two Russian verb infinitives for every English one. For example ‘to do’ may be de´ lat; or sde´ lat;. The first of these is the imperfective infinitive, or infinitive of the imperfective aspect and the second is the perfective infinitive or infinitive of the imperfective aspect. The present tense is formed from the imperfective infinitive. There are both imperfective and perfective past and future tenses formed from the respective infinitives.

Formation of the imperfective future The imperfective future is formed from the future tense of byt; ‘to be’ + the imperfective infinitive: q bu´du de´ lat; ty bu´dew; de´ lat; on / ona´ / ono´ bu´det de´ lat;

my bu´dem de´ lat; vy bu´dete de´ lat; oni´ bu´dut de´ lat;

The formation is exactly the same for the second conjugation and for irregular verbs: q bu´du govori´ t;, etc; q bu´du est;, etc.

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Formation of the perfective future The perfective future is formed in the same way as the present tense, but using the perfective infinitive. Note the irregular perfective dat;: sde´ lat; ‘to do’

sde´ la[ sde´ laew; sde´ laet

sde´ laem sde´ laete sde´ la[t

dat; ‘to give’

dam daw; dast

dadi´m dadi´te dadu´t

Formation of the imperfective and perfective past Both the imperfective and perfective past are formed in the same way, but from their respective infinitives. Where the infinitive of a Russian verb ends in -t; the past tense is generally formed by removing the -t; and replacing it by: -l (masculine singular), -la (feminine singular), -lo (neuter singular), -li (plural all genders): de´ lat; sde´ lat;

– –

de´ lal de´ lala de´ lalo de´ lali sde´ lal sde´ lala sde´ lalo sde´ lali

Note, however, the following exceptions: – Verbs ending in -ere´ t;: umere´ t; ‘to die’ u´mer umerla´

u´merlo

u´merli

– Some verbs ending in -nut; drop the -nut; in the masculine: privy´ knut; ‘to get used to’ privy´ k privy´ kla

privy´ klo

privy´ kli

vozni´ knut; ‘to arise’ vozni´ k vozni´kla

vozni´klo

vozni´kli

kri´knut; ‘to shout’ kri´knul kri´knula

kri´knulo

kri´ knuli

pry´ gnut; ‘to jump’ pry´ gnul pry´ gnula

pry´ gnulo

pry´ gnuli

but note


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– Verbs ending in -st; remove the -st; before adding the past tense endings: past; ‘to fall’ est;

pa´ la e´ la

pal e´ l

pa´ lo e´ lo

pa´ li e´ li

– Verbs ending in -ti: idti´ nesti´ to carry vesti´ to lead rasti´ to grow

we¨ l, wla, wlo, wli ne¨ s, nesla´ , neslo´, nesli´ ve¨ l, vela´ , velo´, veli´ ros, rosla´ , roslo´, rosli´

– Verbs ending in -h;: teh; to flow leh; to lie down moh; dosti´h; to achieve

te¨ k, tekla´ , teklo´, tekli´ le¨ g, legla´ , leglo´, legli´ mog, mogla´ , moglo´, mogli´ dosti´g, dosti´gla, dosti´ glo, dosti´gli

Imperfective and perfective pairs The perfective is often differentiated from the imperfective by the addition of a prefix. Common prefixes include: vy-, za-, na-, o-, ot-, pere-, po-, pod-, pri-, pro-, s-, u-: pit; / vy´ pit; to drink hita´ t; / prohita´ t; to read pisa´ t; / napisa´ t; de´ lat; / sde´ lat; Other pairs are differentiated by a suffix: rewa´ t; / rewi´t; to decide pose]a´ t; / poseti´t; to visit vstava´ t; / vstat; dava´ t; / dat; sobira´ t; / sobra´ t; to collect nadeva´ t; / nade´ t; to put on or by the presence of the infix -yv- or -iv- in the imperfective: podpi´ syvat; / podpisa´ t; ‘to sign’. For more about verbs of this type see Unit 14. Govori´t; has two perfectives: skaza´ t; ‘to say, tell’ and pogovori´ t; ‘to talk, speak’. Some other unusual perfective pairs include: brat; / vzqt; ‘to take’; pokupa´ t; / kupi´t; ‘to buy’; stanovi´t;sq / stat; ‘to become’.

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Difference in usage between the imperfective and perfective aspects Imperfective aspect 1 Unfinished or continuous actions: On ce´ lyj den; smotre´ l televi´zor. He was watching / watched television all day. Za´ vtra q bu´du rabo´tat; v sadu´. Tomorrow I will work in the garden. 2 Habitual or repeated actions: My ha´ sto igra´ li v te´ nnis \´ tim le´ tom. We often played / used to play tennis that summer. Oni´ bu´dut pla´ vat; v mo´re ka´ 'dyj den;. They will be swimming / will swim in the sea every day. 3 Emphasis on the process of the verb: Q l[bl[´ kata´ t;sq na ly´ 'ax. I love skiing. 4 After the verbs nahina´ t; / naha´ t; and stat; ‘to begin’; konha´ t; / końhit; ‘to finish’; prodol'a´ t; ‘to continue’ and some other verbs with similar meanings, the imperfective infinitive is always used: Q to´l;ko hto końhila rabo´tat; nad \´toj kni´goj. I have only just finished working on this book. For other verbs meaning ‘to stop’ see Unit 14.

Perfective aspect 1 Emphasis on completion or result. This may be a single action: On końhil rabo´tu. He finished the work. Vy dol'ny´ prohita´ t; \´ tu kni´gu sego´dnq. You must read (finish reading) that book today. or a series of actions, each one completed before the next one starts: Q vsta´ nu, primu´ duw i ode´ nus;. I will get up, take a shower and get dressed.


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2 Some perfectives with the prefix po- imply that the action is performed for a short time only: My poside´ li v sadu´ i powli´ domo´j. We sat in the garden for a while and went home. For aspects in relation to verbs of motion see Unit 2.

Subjunctive In addition to the five tenses described above Russian also has a subjunctive, formed by using the particle by with the past tense: Q sde´ lala by ‘I would have done it’. Fuller information on the subjunctive is given in Unit 11.

Imperative The third person imperative may be formed from either the imperfective or perfective verb: de´ laj(te), sde´ laj(te) ‘do!’. For fuller information on this imperative see Unit 2. Dava´ j / dava´ jte, imperative of dava´ t;, is used with the first person plural (my form) of the future perfective to form a first person imperative: Dava´ jte sde´ laem ‘Let’s do it’.

Exercise 13 Choose the appropriate verb form from the alternatives in brackets. Raspa´ d SSSR Pe´rvyj konfli´kt v Sove´tskom So[´ ze (sluhi´tsq / sluhi´lsq) e]e¨ v 1986g v Alma Ate´. Zate´m v 1989g (nahina´ lsq / nahalsq´) konfli´kt me´'du Armeńiej i Azerbajd'a´ nom po po´vodu Nago´rnogo Karaba´ xa. A s 1989 konfli´kty sta´ li (voznika´ t; / vozni´knut;) prakti´heski povs[´ du: na Ukraińe i Kavka´ ze, v Molda´ vii i Priba´ ltike. Sove´tskoe rukovo´dstvo snaha´ la ne (ponima´ lo / pońqlo) isto´kov \´tix konfli´ktov. Odna´ ko primeneńie si´ly v Ri´ge i Vi´l;n[se v qnvare´ 1991g uspe´xa ne (prinosi´lo / prineslo´). (Nahina´ lis; / nahali´s;) peregovo´ry o no´vom so[´ znom dogovo´re. Konfederati´vnyj xara´ kter predlo'eńij (vyzyva´ l / vy´ zval) nedovo´l;stvo so storony´ konserva´ torov i (voznika´ la / vozni´kla) ide´q perevoro´ta pro´tiv refo´rm voob]e´. Pobe´da nad puthi´stami (privodi´la / privela´ ) k nekontroli´ruemomu raspa´ du SSSR. V dekabre´ 1991g prezideńty

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Rossií, Ukraińy i Beloru´ssii (podpi´syvali / podpisa´ li) soglaweńie o likvida´ cii SSSR i sozda´ nii Sodru´'estva Nezavi´simyx Gosuda´ rstv.

Vocabulary ♦ voznika´ t; / vozni´knut; dogovo´r isto´k nedovo´l;stvo peregovo´ry po po´vodu povs[´ du podpi´syvat; / podpisa´ t; soglawe´ nie predlo'e´ nie primene´ nie si´ly prinosi´t; / prinesti´ uspe´ x sluhi´t;sq sozda´ nie Sodru´'estvo Nezavi´simyx Gosuda´ rstv

to arise treaty source dissatisfaction negotiations on the subject of everywhere to sign an agreement proposal use of force to bring success to happen creation Commonwealth of Independent States

Exercise 14 Answer the questions in English. 1 2 3 4 5

Where did the first conflict break out in the Soviet Union? What did Armenia and Azerbaidjan fall out about? Where did conflicts break out in 1989? How did the leadership try to subdue the Baltic States in 1991? What was it about the proposals for a new Union treaty which upset the conservative faction in government? 6 Who signed the agreement to abolish the Soviet Union? 7 What was its substance?

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2 TRANSPORT

In this unit you will learn: ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗

about the transport system in Russia to use the imperative how to form the comparative more about the preposition na

Because of Russia’s immense size, rail and air are the most important modes of transport. Travel by rail is still reliable and cheap, as it was in Soviet times. Although more investment is needed for construction and track maintenance, especially in the remote regions where climatic conditions are very difficult, there have been considerable recent improvements. Compared with Soviet times domestic air travel is expensive and the number of internal flights has been reduced. Although dozens of private airlines were set up after the break-up of the Soviet state airline, Aeroflot, they do not offer the same comprehensive service to provincial towns. Road transport is slow as there is no motorway system and roads are not well-maintained outside major cities.

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Transport

Dialogue 1 A conversation between a passenger and a booking clerk at Moscow’s International Airport Sheremet'evo 2 P ASSA@I´ R

K ASSI´ R P ASSA@I´ R K ASSI´ R

P ASSA@I´ R K ASSI´ R P ASSA@I´ R K ASSI´ R

P ASSA@I´ R K ASSI´ R P ASSA@I´ R K ASSI´ R

P ASSA@I´ R K ASSI´ R

Ska'i´te, po'a´ lujsta, zdes; proda[´ tsq bile´ty na samole¨ t? Q to´l;ko hto prilete´l iz Lońdona. Mne nu´'no lete´t; v Irku´tsk. Da, kone´hno. A kako´j kompa´ niej Vy xoti´te lete´t;? U nas sejha´ s mno´go aviakompa´ nij. A kaka´ q kompa´ niq dewe´vle? Dewe´vle lete´t; Transa\´ro, A\roflo´tom nemno´go doro´'e. No vam udo´bnee lete´t; A\roflo´tom. Samole¨ ty A\roflo´ta otpravlq´[tsq s termina´ la Wereme´t;evo odiń, |to nedaleko´ ots[´ da. Xorowo´, polehu´ A\roflo´tom. Kogda´ vyleta´ et samole¨ t? Est; dva re´jsa. Odiń – he´rez 2 hasa´ , a drugo´j – nohno´j rejs. Po'a´ luj, polehu´ pe´rvym re´jsom. A sko´l;ko stoít bile´t? Stoímost; bile´ta tuda´ i obra´ tno vmeste s nalo´gom – 250 do´llarov. |to e´sli Vy leti´te \konomi´heskim kla´ ssom. Kak Vy bu´dete plati´t;? Nali´hnymi i´li kredi´tnoj ka´ rtoj? Kredi´tnoj ka´ rtoj. A kak dobra´ t;sq do Wereme´t;evo odiń? Mo´'no dobra´ t;sq re´jsovym avto´busom i´li marwru´tnym taksi´. Lu´hwe poez'a´ jte marwru´tnym taksi´. Tak bystreé. A gde ostana´ vlivaetsq taksi´? Stoqńka tut rq´dom. Idi´te prq´mo po korido´ru, poverni´te napra´ vo, i prq´mo u vy´ xoda iz a\ropo´rta Vy uvi´dite marwru´tnye taksi´. A q ne opozda´ [ na registra´ ci[? Kone´hno, ne opozda´ ete. He´rez 10 minu´t Vy bu´dete v Wereme´t;evo odiń. To´l;ko prigoto´v;te zara´ nee bile´t, pa´ sport, vse Va´ wi dokumeńty. Ne zabu´d;te baga´ '! I vse¨ bu´det v porq´dke!

Vocabulary ♦ dobra´ t;sq do zara´ nee

to get to in advance

Transport

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marwru´tnoe taksi´ me'dunaro´dnyj nalo´g nohno´j rejs opozda´ t; na (+ acc) otpravlq´t;sq povernu´t; po'a´ luj re´ jsovyj avto´bus stoímost; (f ) stoqńka to´l;ko hto

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minibus international tax night flight to be late for to set off, depart to turn perhaps regular bus cost (taxi) rank, stop just

N.B. bile´ t tuda´ i obra´ tno – return ticket; plati´t; nali´hnymi – to pay cash; vse¨ bu´det v porq´dke – everything will be OK

Exercise 1 Answer the following questions in English. 1 2 3 4 5

What airlines operate within Russia? What are the methods of payment for an air ticket? What does a ticket to Irkutsk cost? How do you get to Sheremet'evo Terminal 1 from Terminal 2? What do you need to check-in?

Language points ♦ Imperatives In the above dialogue there are several examples of the second person imperative: Ska'i´ te po'a´ lujsta Idi´te prq´mo

tell (me ) please go straight on

Imperatives can be formed from either imperfective or perfective verbs. Remove the last two letters from the third person plural (oni´ form) of the present or future perfective to find the stem of the verb. Add -i if the stem ends in a consonant or -j if it ends in a vowel: idti´ – idu´t – id – idi´ ‘go!’; hita´ t; – hita´ [t – hita – hita´ j ‘read!’.

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Transport

Verbs with their stem ending in a single consonant that are stressed on the stem throughout their conjugation take the imperative ending -;: zaby´ t; – zabu´dut – zabud – zabu´d; ‘forget’. For the plural or polite form add -te: idi´te, hita´ jte, zabu´d;te. The reflexive ending is -sq after -j or -; and -s; after -i or -te: odeva´ jsq, odeva´ jtes;; ode´ n;sq, ode´ n;tes; ‘dress’. Verbs ending in -avat; form their imperative irregularly: dava´ t; ´ t – dava´ j(te) ‘give’; vstava´ t; – vsta[´ t – vstava´ j(te) ‘stand’. – da[ Note also est; – ew;(te) ‘eat’ and pit; – pej(te) ‘drink’. Stress is on the same syllable in the imperative as in the first person singular (q form): pisa´ t; – piwu´ – piwi´ (te) ‘write’. The imperative of poe´ xat; is poez'a´ j(te). Generally the imperfective imperative is used to express general injunctions to perform or refrain from actions. It is often found in negative sentences: Ne terq´jte bilet!

Do not lose your ticket!

A perfective imperative relates to one particular occasion: Poverni´ te napra´ vo!

Turn right!

Exercise 2 Put the verb in brackets into the imperative to complete the sentence. Example: (Bro´sit;) mu´sor v korzińu. – Bro´s;te mu´sor v korzińu! 1 (Ostanovi´t;) mawińu. 2 (Zakaza´ t;) gostińicu. 3 (Porekomendova´ t;) xoro´wij bank. 4 (Kupi´t;) aviabile´t. 5 (Zakry´ t;) dver;. 6 (Postroít;) no´vu[ doro´gu. 7 (Poe´xat;) do Peterbu´rga. 8 (Oplati´t;) poe´zdku. 9 (Provodi´t;) passa'i´ra k poézdu. 10 (Prigoto´vit;sq) k pole¨ tu.

Exercise 3 Examine the special offer from Transaero Airline (shown on p. 43). Answer the questions in English. 1 What flights does Transaero have? 2 What planes does the company use?

Transport

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TRANSA|RO aviakompaniq SPECIAL:NOE PREDLO@ENIE: XITROU – MOSKVA ot £199 (+nalog £26.10) Rossijskaq aviakompaniq TRANSA|RO su]estvuet na rynke bolee 8 let i vypolnqet regulqrnye rejsy iz Moskvy (Domodedovo) v Sankt-Peterburg, Vladivostok, Omsk, Noril;sk, Krasnoqrsk, Ekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Orel, Ni'nevartovsk, Almaty, Astanu, Karagandu, Tawkent, Kiev, Odessu, London, Frankfurt, Tel;-Aviv, |jlat (Izrail;), Pafos (Kipr). ●

●

●

●

Rejsy me'du Londonom i Moskvoj vypolnq[tsq na novyx sovremennyx samoletax Boing 737–700. Dlq passa'irov, pribyva[]ix v Moskvu rejsom iz Londona, predostavlqetsq besplatnyj transport ot a\roporta do centra Moskvy. Na bortu samoleta passa'iram predlagaetsq novoe uluhwennoe men[. K uslugam passa'irov biznesklassa – komfortabel;nye biznes-zaly v a\roportax Xitrou i Domodedovo.

XITROU (Terminal-2) – MOSKVA (Domodedovo) e'ednevno Nomer rejsa

Vylet

Prilet

Tip samoleta

UN 344

22.05

05.10

Boing 737–700

MOSKVA (Domodedovo) – XITROU (Terminal-2) e'ednevno Nomer rejsa

Vylet

Prilet

Tip samoleta

UN 344

13.20

14.25

Boing 737–700

Zabronirovat; i priobresti bilety mo'no v ofise v Londone

N.B. su]estvova´ t; – to exist; predlaga´ t;sq – to be offered; predostavlq´t;sq – to be offered; vypolnq´t; rejs – to fly; ulu´hwennoe men[´ – improved menu; e'edne´ vno – daily; zabroni´rovat; – to book; priobresti´ – to acquire

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Transport

From which airports does the company fly? What additional services does the company offer? What is the cost of a flight from London to Moscow? What time does the flight arrive in London?

Text 1 @ele´ znye doro´gi Rossi´ i

@ele´znye doro´gi – nade¨ 'nyj i dewe¨ vyj vid rossi´jskogo tra´ nsporta. V evrope´jskoj ha´ sti Rossií ix struktu´ra napomina´ et giga´ ntskoe koleso´. Ego´ centr – Moskva´ . Ot nee¨ v ra´ znye sto´rony idu´t ra´ diusy – magistra´ li. No hem vosto´hnee, tem magistra´ lej meń;we. Po\´tomu stroi´tel;stvo no´vyx 'ele´znyx doro´g ostae¨ tsq va´ 'noj zada´ hej. No stroít; doro´gi v Rossií s ka´ 'dym go´dom stano´vitsq vse¨ doro´'e i trudneé. Ved; stroi´tel;stvo ide¨ t v bo´lee tq'e¨ lyx klimati´heskix uslo´viqx. Stoímost; materia´ lov, oboru´dovaniq, truda´ rabo´hix tepe´r; vy´ we. No´voe napravleńie v stroi´tel;stve 'ele´znyx doro´g – sozda´ nie vysokoskorostny´ x magistra´ lej, koto´rye u'e´ ime´[tsq vo mno´gix stra´ nax mi´ra. Pe´rvu[ taku´[ doro´gu v Rossií plani´ru[t postroít; me´'du Moskvo´j i Sankt-Peterbu´rgom. Poezda´ smo´gut dvi´gat;sq po nej gora´ zdo bystreé. Odna´ ko \ko´logi vse¨ ha´ ]e

Transport

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pro´tiv stroi´tel;stva taki´x magistra´ lej. Ix argumeńty: v rezul;ta´ te stroi´tel;stva unihto'a´ etsq mno´go zeme´l;, vyruba´ [tsq lesa´ . No s drugo´j storony´ , 'eleznodoro´'nyj tra´ nsport \kologi´heski vse¨ e]e¨ hi´]e drugi´x. On vybra´ syvaet v vo´zdux v 20 raz meń;we vre´dnyx ve]e´stv, hem avtomobi´l;nyj. Sredi´ 'eleznodoro´'nyx magistra´ lej Mosko´vskaq 'ele´znaq doro´ga zanima´ et oso´boe me´sto. Bu´duhi stoli´hnoj magistra´ l;[ ona´ menqétsq bystreé drugi´x. De´vqt; mosko´vskix vokza´ lov – vizi´tnaq ka´ rtohka stolićy. Za posle´dnie go´dy u´roven; obslu´'ivaniq na vokza´ lax stal namno´go vy´ we, uslu´g dlq passa'i´rov sta´ lo bo´l;we. Organizuétsq dvi'eńie skorostny´ x \lektropoezdo´v s bo´lee vyso´kim komfo´rtom. Oni´ sego´dnq kursi´ru[t do Tu´ly, Rqza´ ni, Vladi´mira, Orla´ , Kalu´gi, Qrosla´ vlq. V taki´x poezda´ x v pe´rvom i vtoro´m kla´ sse dvuxme´stnye mq´gkie kre´sla, rabo´taet bufe´t, vi´deo. Ka´ 'dyj vagoń obslu´'ivaetsq provodniko´m. I, kone´hno, sa´ moe gla´ vnoe – sko´rost; \lektri´hki. Vre´mq v puti´ sta´ lo namno´go koro´he. Naprime´r, do Tu´ly oby´ hnaq \lektri´hka ide¨ t 3 hasa´ 44 minu´ty, a na has meń;we – 2 hasa´ 33 minu´ty.

Po materia´ lam Nezavi´simoj gaze´ty, 2000

Vocabulary ♦ bu´duhi ved; (emphatic particle) vizi´tnaq ka´ rtohka vre´ dnoe ve]estvo´ vybra´ syvat; vyruba´ t;sq vysokoskorostna´ q magistra´ l; dvi´gat;sq dvi'e´ nie poezdo´v dvuxme´ stnye kre´ sla 'ele´ znaq doro´ga zemlq´

being you see; after all visiting card harmful substance to emit to be cut down high-speed railway to move rail traffic double seats railway land

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Transport

koleso´ koro´he kursi´rovat; mq´gkij nade¨ 'nyj napomina´ t; napravle´ nie oboru´dovanie obslu´'ivat;sq ostava´ t;sq zada´ hej provodni´k sko´rost; (f ) skorostno´j \lektropoézd sozda´ nie stoímost; (f ) proe´ zda stoli´hnyj stroi´tel;stvo trud rabo´hix unihto'a´ t;sq u´roven; (m) obslu´'ivaniq uslu´ga hi´]e \lektri´hka

wheel shorter to run soft reliable to resemble trend equipment to be served to remain the task train attendant speed express train creation cost of the journey capital construction labour to be destroyed standard of service service cleaner local (electric) train

N.B. s drugo´j storony´ – on the other hand; vse¨ e]e¨ – still; vre´ mq v puti´ – travel time; sa´ moe gla´ vnoe – the most important thing

Exercise 4 Answer the following questions in English. 1 What does the layout of the railways in European Russia resemble? 2 Why is it ever more difficult to build railways in Russia? 3 What is the new trend in railway construction? 4 Where will the first high-speed rail link run? 5 Why are ecologists opposed to the construction of high-speed railways? 6 What type of transport is ecologically cleanest? 7 What changes are taking place in the Moscow rail network?

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Exercise 5 True or false? 1 Lete´t; A\roflo´tom (doro´'e, dewe´vle, udo´bnee)? 2 Samole¨ t v Irku´tsk vyleta´ et iz a\ropo´rta (Wereme´t;evo odiń, Wereme´t;evo dva, Domode´dovo)? 3 Putewe´stvovat; na samole¨ te (doro´'e, dewe´vle, nade¨ 'nee), hem na poézde? 4 Vysokoskorostny´ e magistra´ li u'e ime´[tsq (v Rossií, v za´ padnyx stra´ nax, v Ukraińe)? 5 @eleznodoro´'nyj tra´ nsport (grqzneé, hi´]e, opa´ snee) avtomobi´l;nogo tra´ nsporta? 6 Uroven; obslu´'ivaniq na vokza´ lax stal (lu´hwe, xu´'e, bystreé)? 7 Ka´ 'dyj vagoń obslu´'ivaetsq (provodniko´m, oficia´ ntom, nosi´l;]ikom)?

Language points ♦ Comparatives Long (attributive) comparatives Almost all Russian adjectives can be turned into comparatives by putting the words bo´lee ‘more’ or me´ nee ‘less’ before the long form. Bo´lee and me´ nee never alter, whatever the case or number of the adjective: bo´lee by´ strye poezda´ na me´ nee by´ stryx poezda´ x

faster trains on less fast trains

‘Than’ is translated by hem, preceded by a comma: Lu´hwe e´ zdit; na bo´lee by´ stryx no´vyx poezda´ x, hem na sta´ ryx. It is better to travel on faster new trains than on old. Four adjectives have a one-word declinable comparative, used instead of adjective + bo´lee: bol;wo´j ma´ len;kij

bo´l;wij me´ n;wij

bigger, greater smaller, lesser

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ploxo´j xoro´wij

xu´dwij lu´hwij

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worse better

lu´hwie poezda ‘better trains’; bo´l;wij vy´ bor ‘greater choice’. Four more adjectives have a one-word declinable comparative in addition to the bo´lee form. The form used depends on the context: molodo´j sta´ ryj vyso´kij ni´zkij

bo´lee molodo´j mla´ dwij bo´lee sta´ ryj sta´ rwij bo´lee vyso´kij vy´ swij bo´lee ni´zkij ni´zwij

younger (things) younger, junior (people) older (things) elder, senior (people) higher, taller (literal) higher, superior (figurative) lower (literal) lower, inferior (figurative)

bo´lee sta´ rye poezda´ ‘older trains’; sta´ rwie bra´ t;q ‘elder brothers’; bo´lee vyso´kie go´ry ‘higher mountains’; vy´ swee obrazova´ nie ‘higher education’.

Exercise 6 Put the adjective in brackets into the appropriate form of the long comparative. 1 Turisti´heskoe ageństvo predlaga´ et (intere´snyj) poe´zdki v Rossi´[. 2 @ele´znye doro´gi sta´ li (nade¨ 'nyj) vi´dom tra´ nsporta. 3 Ezdit; na (by´ stryj) skorostny´ x poezda´ x – odno´ udovo´l;stvie. 4 Priq´tno 'it; v (sta´ ryj) go´rode. 5 Dlq poe´zdki v Rossi´[ nu'na´ (bol;wo´j) su´mma deńeg. 6 Bile´ty v tea´ tr proda[´ tsq po (ni´zkij) ceńam. 7 (Vyso´kij) obrazova´ nie ispy´ tyvaet kri´zis. 8 Legko´ rabo´tat; s (ma´ len;kij) hislo´m studeńtov. 9 (Boga´ tye) predpohita´ [t e´zdit; (udo´bnyj) pe´rvym kla´ ssom. 10 U menq´ odiń (molodo´j) brat i dve (sta´ rye) sestry´ .

Short (predicative) comparatives The short comparative is formed by adding -ee (alternative ending -ej) to the stem of the adjective. The ending is the same for all genders and for the plural. It is better to use the short form to translate sentences where the verb ‘to be’ comes between noun / pronoun and the

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comparative. Otherwise, use the long, bo´lee form. The short comparative also renders sentences beginning ‘It is / was / will be . . . er’: No´vye poezda´ bystre´ e New trains are faster. Skorostny´ e poezda´ bu´dut udo´bnee Express trains will be more convenient. Lu´hwe lete´ t; A\roflo´tom It is better to fly by Aeroflot. Contrast: My e´ dem na bo´lee no´vom poézde ‘We are going on a newer train’. Short comparatives of some adjectives end in -e: bli´zkij vyso´kij gro´mkij dewe¨ vyj 'a´ rkij kre´ pkij mq´gkij ploxo´j ra´ nnij sla´ dkij stro´gij u´zkij ha´ styj wiro´kij ma´ len;kij

bli´'e vy´ we gro´mhe dewe´ vle 'a´ rhe kre´ phe mq´ghe xu´'e ra´ n;we sla´ ]e stro´'e u´'e ha´ ]e wi´re me´ n;we

closer higher louder cheaper hotter stronger softer worse earlier sweeter stricter narrower more often wider smaller

boga´ tyj glubo´kij dale¨ kij dorogo´j koro´tkij molodo´j ni´zkij prosto´j re´ dkij sta´ ryj ti´xij xoro´wij hi´styj bol;wo´j

boga´ he glu´b'e da´ l;we doro´'e koro´he molo´'e ni´'e pro´]e re´ 'e sta´ rwe ti´we lu´hwe hi´]e bo´l;we

richer deeper further dearer shorter younger lower simpler rarer older quieter better cleaner bigger

N.B. bo´l;we also means ‘more’ and me´ n;we ‘less’. Po´zdnij has two alternative forms – pozdne´ e / po´z'e ‘later’. Some adjectives do not have a short comparative, e.g. adjectives ending in -skij. When a comparative is required, use the bo´lee form.

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences using a word meaning the opposite of the first comparative.

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1 Q sta´ rwe bra´ ta, brat . . . menq´ na 5 let. 2 Rasstoqńie do Lońdona koro´he, do Moskvy´ . . . 3 Lete´t; samole¨ tom bystreé, e´xat; poézdom . . . 4 V Moskve´ obslu´'ivanie lu´hwe, v provińcii . . . 5 Ru´sskij qzy´ k trudneé, francu´zskij . . . 6 Aviaciońnyj tra´ nsport grqzneé, 'eleznodoro´'nyj . . . 7 Stoímost; proe´zda v pe´rvom kla´ sse vy´ we, vo vtoro´m . . . 8 Ha´ ]e l[´ di smo´trqt vi´deo, . . . xo´dqt v kino´. 9 Ra´ n;we vse e´zdili na poézde, . . . sta´ li leta´ t; na samole¨ te. 10 Sejha´ s bo´l;we smo´trqt televi´zor, . . . slu´wa[t ra´ dio. 11 Exat; na avto´buse dewe´vle, na poézde . . .

After a short comparative, ‘than’ is usually rendered by putting the object of comparison into the genitive: Avto´bus udo´bnee poézda. The bus is more convenient than the train. The genitive cannot be used to translate ‘than’ if the object of comparison is not in the nominative: Bystre´ e e´ xat; na poézde, hem na avto´buse. It is faster to go by train than bus. or not a noun or pronoun: Lu´hwe v Rossi´ i, hem zdes;. It is better in Russia than here. or ‘his’, ‘hers’, ‘its’ or ‘theirs’: Naw tur intere´ snee, hem ix. Our tour is more interesting than theirs.

Exercise 8 Change the adjectives to short comparatives and put the words in brackets into the genitive. 1 Hemoda´ n tq'e¨ lyj (su´mka). 2 Moskva´ sta´ raq (Peterbu´rg). 3 Oteć sta´ ryj (mat;). 4 Sestra´ moloda´ q (brat). 5 Vo´lga wiro´kaq (Te´mza). 6 Me´sqc fevra´ l; koro´tkij (mart). 7 Poézd dewe¨ vyj (samole¨ t). 8 Ozero Bajka´ l glubo´koe (o´zero Ness). 9 Mosko´vskoe metro´ hi´stoe (lońdonskoe metro´).

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Constructions with the comparative Kak mo´'no as . . . as possible Kak mo´'no dewe´ vle as cheap as possible Hem . . . tem the . . . er, the . . . er Hem dewe´ vle, tem lu´hwe the cheaper the better Note: Tem lu´hwe ‘So much the better’. Gora´ zdo / namno´go / kuda´ much . . . er Poézd gora´ zdo / namno´go dewe´ vle samole¨ ta the train is much cheaper than the plane Vse¨ ever . . . er Stroít; doro´gi stano´vitsq vse¨ doro´'e (i doro´'e). Building roads is becoming ever more expensive / more and more expensive. Note also the use of v and na in measuring difference: na has me´ n;we v dva ra´ za bo´l;we

an hour less twice as big

Exercise 9 Use the construction hem . . . tem to form sentences. Example: Prosta´ q zada´ ha – ona´ le¨ gkaq. – Hem pro´]e zada´ ha, tem ona´ le´ ghe. 1 Avto´bus me´dlennyj – on dewe¨ vyj. 2 Sobo´r sta´ ryj – on intere´snyj. 3 Ozero glubo´koe – ono´ opa´ snoe. 4 Helove´k sta´ ryj – on u´mnyj. 5 Doro´ga daleko´ – ee¨ tru´dno stroít;. 6 Vo´zdux hi´styj – \´to xorowo´ dlq zdoro´v;q. 7 Marwru´t prosto´j – on le¨ gkij. 8 Poézd by´ stryj – putewe´stvie koro´tkoe. 9 Kre´slo mq´gkoe – ono´ udo´bnoe. 10 Helove´k boga´ tyj, on – ploxo´j.

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Comparative of adverbs The comparative of the adverb takes the same form as the short comparative of the adjective: Poezda´ xo´dqt bystre´ e. Trains travel more quickly.

Preposition corner ♦ Prepositions are among the most difficult words to translate. A preposition rarely, if ever, has a direct equivalent in another language which covers all its uses. This regular section will help your knowledge of how Russian prepositions are used.

Na + accusative Note the variety of uses of na + accusative and the different ways in which it may be translated into English.

Expressions of place – ‘to, onto’ denoting motion towards Points of the compass: na se´ ver, [g, vosto´k, za´ pad to the north, south, east, west places which, in origin, were not single buildings: na vokza´ l, stadioń, sta´ nci[, po´htu to the (mainline)station, stadium, station, post office Open spaces: na u´licu, plo´wad;, dvor onto the street, square, yard rivers, islands and some mountain ranges: na Vo´lgu, Kipr, Ura´ l, Kavka´ z to the Volga, to Cyprus, to the Urals, to the Caucasus activities or places which denote activity: na konce´ rt, le´ kci[, uro´k, rabo´tu, fakul;te´ t to the concert, lecture, lesson, to work, to the faculty

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Expressions of time na Ro'destvo´ na drugo´j den; tur na 5 dnej

at / for Christmas on the next day 5-day tour

noh; na 20-oe ma´ q night of the 19th to 20th May On poe´ xal tuda´ na dva go´da He has gone there for two years

Other useful expressions using na + accusative bile´ t na poézd vid na re´ ku na vid na dvoi´x spros na poxo´'ij na

train ticket view over the river in appearance for two demand for like

After verbs: vliq´t; na 'a´ lovat;sq / po- na nade´ qt;sq na naznaha´ t; / nazna´ hit; na opa´ zdyvat; / opozda´ t; na otveha´ t; / otve´ tit; na polaga´ t;sq / polo'i´ t;sq na poxodi´t; na soglawa´ t;sq / soglasi´t;sq na tra´ tit; / po- na

to to to to to to to to to to

influence complain hope for, rely on appoint to be late for reply to rely on resemble agree to spend on

Na + prepositional Expressions of place – ‘on, at’ indicating location Used with all the same nouns as na + accusative meaning ‘to’: na se´ vere, [´ ge, vosto´ke, za´ pade in the north, south, east, west na vokza´ le, stadiońe, sta´ ncii, po´hte at the (mainline)station, stadium, station, post office

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na u´lice, plo´wadi, dvore´ on the street (outside), square, in the yard (outside) na Vo´lge, Ki´ pre, Ura´ le, Kavka´ ze on the Volga, in Cyprus, in the Urals, in the Caucasus na konce´ rte, le´ kcii, uro´ke, rabo´te, fakul;te´ te at the concert, lecture, lesson, at work, in the faculty Means of transport: na metro´, na avto´buse, na taksi´, poézde, teploxo´de, velosipe´ de by metro, bus, taxi, train, boat, bicycle na noga´ x na svoe´ j so´vesti

on one’s feet on one’s conscience

Expressions of time na \´ toj, pro´wloj, bu´du]ej nede´ le this, last, next week na dnqx na protq'e´ nii na moe¨ m veku´

the other day over the course of in my lifetime

Note also: na ru´sskom qzyke´ in Russian but perevodi´ t; / perevesti´ na ru´sskij qzy´ k to translate into Russian After verbs: igra´ t; na (musical instruments) gita´ re to play the guitar 'eni´ t;sq na to marry (for a man) nasta´ ivat; / nastoq´t; na to insist on

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ska´ zyvat;sq / skaza´ t;sq na to tell on, have an effect on sosredoto´hivat;sq / sosredoto´hit;sq na to concentrate on

Exercise 10 Put the words in brackets into the appropriate case, accusative or prepositional. 1 My vy´ wli na (u´lica). 2 Ne vse studeńty regulq´rno xo´dqt na (le´kcii). 3 Menq´ ne bu´det na (bu´du]aq nede´lq). 4 My e´dem tuda´ na (poézd). 5 Na (drugo´j den;) powe¨ l do'd;. 6 Xolodneé na (se´ver). 7 Kni´gi na (ru´sskij qzy´ k) ohen; dorogié. 8 On xorowo´ igra´ et na (roq´l;). 9 On pereve¨ l vse p;e´sy Wekspi´ra na (francu´zskij qzy´ k). 10 Moj drug 'eni´lsq na (ru´sskaq). 11 On otve´til na (vse vopro´sy) pra´ vil;no. 12 Ona poxo´dit na (mat;), a on na (oteć). 13 Ne opozda´ j na (poézd)!

Exercise 11 Translate into Russian. 1 You can pay for your ticket either by cash or credit card. I prefer to pay by cash. 2 Help me please to find the taxi rank. I have a lot of luggage. 3 A rail ticket is three times cheaper than an air ticket. 4 The most important thing is speed. Express trains are much faster now, and travel time is shorter. 5 Ecologically rail transport is still cleaner than other kinds of transport. 6 The faster the trains, the better it will be for all travellers. 7 Travelling by a faster and more comfortable train is a pleasure.

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3 TURIZM

In this unit you will learn: ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗

about tourism in Russia how to use verbs of motion about prefixes on verbs of motion how to differentiate between tak'e / to'e words with the root -xod-

In Soviet times the State Tourist company, ‘Intourist’, had a monopoly. Its chief activity was organising travel for foreign tourists within the USSR. Although many tourists travelling to Russia still prefer to go on organised tours, there is now a much greater variety of holidays on offer and much more scope for arranging travel yourself. Travel agencies proliferate on the streets of major Russian towns, offering everything from cruises on the Volga to fishing trips to the Kola peninsula. Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, foreign travel opportunities for Soviet citizens were very limited, generally restricted to countries within the Soviet sphere of influence. Most Russians holidayed in their own country. Trade Unions issued pute¨ vki ‘holiday vouchers’, which entitled their members to holidays in Soviet resorts, such as those on the Black Sea. But now Russians themselves have become enthusiastic travellers, at home and abroad, fuelling the boom in tourism.

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Dialogue 1 A conversation between a traveller and a travel agent P UTEWESTVENNIK Menq´ interesuét poe´zdka po . Hto Vy mo´'ete predlo'i´t;? T URAGENT A sko´l;ko u Vas vre´meni? P UTEWESTVENNIK Vre´meni u menq´ to´l;ko 2 nede´li. TURAGENT V nastoq´]ij momeńt u nas bol;wo´j vy´ bor. Est; avto´busnye, a ta´ k'e teploxo´dnye tu´ry. P UTEWESTVENNIK Mo´'et byt;, lu´hwe poe´xat; na poézde? Q sly´ wal, hto v Rossií est; skorostny´ e poezda´ , bo´lee by´ strye, hem sta´ rye? Oby´ hno po turi´sty e´zdqt na T URAGENT avto´buse i´li na teploxo´de. |to pro´]e, udo´bnee i dewe´vle. Na poézde slo'neé. P UTEWESTVENNIK A sko´l;ko vre´meni zajme¨ t taka´ q poe´zdka? T URAGENT Vse¨ zavi´sit ot togo´, sko´l;ko gorodo´v Vy xoti´te poseti´t;. Vot, naprime´r, est; xoro´wij avto´busnyj tur na vse goroda´ . |to semidne´vnyj tur. Est; teploxo´dnyj tur, to´'e na 7 dnej. K so'aleńi[, ne na vse goroda´ . Vy uvi´dite Uglih, Kostromu´, Qrosla´ vl;. P UTEWESTVENNIK A na kakié tu´ry u Vas est; svobo´dnye mesta´ ? T URAGENT Poka´ est; mesta´ na vse tu´ry. Ka´ 'dyj hetve´rg v 10 haso´v utra´ ide¨ t avto´bus, a ka´ 'du[ pq´tnicu v 5 hasov ve´hera s rehno´go vokza´ la otpravlqétsq teploxo´d. P UTEWESTVENNIK Po'a´ luj, poe´du na teploxo´de. Govorq´t, pejza´ 'i na Vo´lge potrqsa´ []ie, sve´'ij vo´zdux! Mo´'no xorowo´ otdoxnu´t;! T URAGENT Da, v \´to vre´mq go´da putewe´stvovat; na teploxo´de – odno´ udovo´l;stvie! Shastli´vogo puti´! P UTEWESTVENNIK Bol;woé spasi´bo!

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Vocabulary ♦ predlo'i´t; poka´ potrqsa´ []ij semidne´ vnyj tur teploxo´d

to offer for a while stunning, fantastic seven-day tour boat

N.B. – Golden Ring (the route on which many ancient Russian towns are situated); poe´ zdka zajme¨ t – the trip will take; v nastoq´]ij mome´ nt – at the present moment; odno´ udovo´l;stvie – pure pleasure; shastli´vogo puti´! – have a good trip!

Exercise 1 Answer the following questions in English. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

What trip does the traveller want to go on? What does the agent recommend? What is the ‘Golden Ring’? Why is it better to travel round the ‘Golden Ring’ by bus? What tours can the agency offer? How long does a bus tour round the ‘Golden Ring’ take? Why does the traveller decide to go by boat?

Exercise 2 Select holidays which answer the following criteria. 1 2 3 4 5

Must have high quality accommodation. Of award-winning quality. Include a boat trip. Seaside and city combination. Opportunity to see as many of the Golden Ring towns as possible. 6 Includes a visit to an outdoor museum.

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Belye nohi Sankt-Peterburga (3 i 5 dnej: klassiheskie letnie tury, vkl[ha[]ie |rmita', nohnu[ \kskursi[ <Mosty zagovorili>, , Carskoe selo, Pavlovsk i mnogoe drugoe)

Serdce Rusi severnoj (6 dnej: Velikij Ust[gVologda-KirillovFerapontovo, s pose]eniem velikix severnyx monastyrej: KirilloBelozerskogo, Ferapontova, Spas-Priluckogo, a tak'e <muzeq pod otkrytym nebom> znamenitogo Velikogo Ust[ga)

Belye nohi Sankt-Peterburga (3 i 5 dnej) + otdyx na Finskom zalive (7 dnej: pansionaty v kurortnom poselke Repino v 40 km ot S-Peterburga na beregu Baltijskogo morq)

Soloveckie ostrova! (7 dnej: legendarnye Solovki na Belom more po pravu nazyva[t )

Sem; gorodov Zolotogo kol;ca (5 dnej: Sergiev Posad– Aleksandrov–Suzdal;– Vladimir–Gus;-Xrustal;nyj– {r;ev-Pol;skij–Pereslavl;Zalesskij)

Ki'i + Valaam + Solovki! (9 dnej: legendarnaq programma, s 1999 g, vpervye v odnom kombinirovannom ture pose]enie trex 'emhu'in Rossii. Diplom 1 stepeni v konkurse <Marwrut–2000–Rossiq>. 11 \kskursij)

Zolotoe kol;co + otdyx na Volge (11 dnej: Rostov Velikij– Qroslavl;–Kostroma–Ples + otdyx v pansionate passa'i´ry (sobira´ li griby´ , kupa´ lis;, pe´li pe´sni)?

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Language points ♦ Verbs of motion Verbs of motion are essential to any discussion of tourism. The ones we are going to look at first are: e´ zdit; / e´ xat; / poe´ xat; ‘to go (by vehicle), travel, ride’; xodi´t; / idti´ / pojti´ ‘to go (on foot), walk’. Ezdit; / e´ xat; and xodi´t; / idti´ are all imperfective verbs. Ezdit; and xodi´t; are ‘multidirectional’ verbs, used for repeated journeys, particularly round trips, such as to work and back: Udo´bnee e´ zdit; na rabo´tu na poézde. It is more convenient to travel to work (and back) by train. Moj syn xo´dit v wko´lu. My son goes to school (i.e. there and back every day). They are also used for generalisations, where the occasion and direction of the journey is imprecise: Oby´ hno turi´sty e´ zdqt na avto´buse. Usually tourists go by bus. Or simply the direction is non-specific: On ce´ lu[ noh; xodi´l po u´licam. He walked the streets all night. Exat; and i´dti are ‘unidirectional’ verbs, used for single journeys in a particular direction: Sego´dnq q idu´ na rabo´tu pewko´m, a domo´j e´ du na avto´buse. Today I am walking to work but coming home by bus. Even where a journey is repeated, if a single direction is stressed, e´ xat; / idti´ are used: Ka´ 'dyj hetve´ rg v 10 haso´v ide¨ t avto´bus. The bus goes every Thursday at 10. Q vsegda´ e´ du domo´j na taksi´ . I always come home by taxi. Note that xodi´t; / idti´ are used when trains, buses, boats, trains and other forms of public transport are the subject. Ezdit; / e´ xat;

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are used for cars and other smaller vehicles, as well as for the action of passengers on any form of transport. Poe´ xat; / pojti´ are perfective verbs. They convey the idea of setting off on a journey: Q poe´ du v 5 haso´v utra´ . I will go / set off at 5 a.m. Lu´hwe poe´ xat; ra´ no. It is better to go / set off early. They are also used if a completed journey was in one direction only: Poe´ xala tuda´ na teploxo´de. I went there by boat. Where a round trip has been made e´ zdit; / xodi´ t; are used: Q e´ zdila v Rossi´ [ le´ tom. I went to (and returned from) Russia in the summer. Note the use of the perfective past tense in the phrases: q powe¨ l poe´ xali

I’m off let’s go

Figurative use of verbs of motion Where verbs of motion are used figuratively, only one of the imperfectives is ever used: do'd; ide¨ t ‘it is raining’; dela´ idu´t xorowo´ ‘things are going well’; ide¨ t le´ kciq ‘a lecture is taking place’; ide¨ t fil;m ‘a film is on’.

Exercise 5 Use the appropriate form of e´ zdit; / e´ xat; / poe´ xat; or xodi´t; / idti´ / pojti´ to complete the sentence. 1 Poezda´ smo´gut . . . gora´ zdo bystreé po vysokoskorostny´ m magistra´ lqm. 2 Ot Moskvy´ 'ele´znye doro´gi . . . v ra´ znye koncy´ strany´ . 3 Amerika´ nskaq turgru´ppa . . . v Sankt Peterbu´rg. Ona´ bu´det tam tri dnq. 4 Angli´jskaq gru´ppa u'e . . . v Sankt Peterbu´rg. Ona´ vernu´las; v Moskvu´ vhera´ . 5 V koto´rom hasu´ ty . . . za´ vtra u´trom? Q zaka'u´ taksi. 6 V subbo´tu sneg . . . ves; den;.

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Yaroslavl

Words including the root xod The word xod means ‘movement’: na xodu´ ‘on the move’; v xo´de ‘in the course of’. By spotting it as the root of other words you may be able to work out their meaning, or, at least, remember them more easily. Prefixes add to or qualify the meaning of the root. In several of these examples it indicates the direction of the movement:

vxod ‘entrance’; vy´ xod ‘exit’; doxo´d ‘income’; rasxo´dy ‘expenses’; perexo´d ‘crossing’; poxo´d ‘hike’. Suffixes indicate the part of speech: xodi´ t; ‘to go / walk’; vxodno´ j ‘entrance’ (adj.); poxo´dka ‘gait’; xod;ba´ ‘walking’ – 10 minu´t xod;by´ ‘a ten minute walk’; vyxodno´j den; ‘day off ‘; vyxodny´ e dni ‘weekend’. Xod combined with another root paroxo´d ‘steamship’ (par ‘steam’); teploxo´d ‘motor ship’ (teplo´ ‘warm’); pewexo´d(nyj) ‘pedestrian’ (pe´ wij ‘foot’); sudoxo´dnyj ‘navigable’ (su´dno ‘vessel’).

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Exercise 6 Complete the following phrases using an appropriate form of a word with the root xod. . . . v metro´; . . . he´rez u´licu; v . . . peregovo´rov; doro´'nye . . . sli´wkom vyso´kie; . . . zońa; . . . bile´t; tur na . . . ; v . . . dni.

Language points ♦ Prefixed verbs of motion Key verbs in any discussion of travel are: priez'a´ t; / prie´ xat; ‘to arrive’ and uez'a´ t; / ue´ xat; ‘to leave’. The perfective of each pair is a prefixed form of the verb e´ xat; ‘to travel, go by vehicle’, which was discussed earlier in the unit. A whole series of verbs exists to describe travel in different directions, formed by adding prefixes to ez'at; / -exat;. Unlike the unprefixed e´ zdit; / e´ xat; / poe´ xat;, these prefixed verbs of motion only have one imperfective. They are normally followed by a preposition which reinforces the meaning. Note the hard sign -#- between prefixes ending in a consonant and -ez'at; / -exat;. Some common examples: Imperfective

Perfective

Preposition

v#ez'a´ t; to drive in

v#e´ xat;

v + acc

vyez'a´ t; to drive out

vy´ exat;

iz + gen

doez'a´ t; doe´ xat; to drive as far as

do + gen

zaez'a´ t; zae´ xat; to call (on a person) to call (at a place) to call for

k + dat v or na + acc za + instr

ob#ez'a´ t; to drive round

vokru´g + gen or without a preposition

ob#e´ xat;

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ot#ez'a´ t; ot#e´ xat; to drive away from pereez'a´ t; peree´ xat; to cross to move from to move to pod#ez'a´ t; pod#e´ xat; to drive up priez'a´ t; prie´ xat; to arrive, come proez'a´ t; proe´ xat; to drive past to travel a given distance raz#ez'a´ t;sq raz#e´ xat;sq to disperse uez'a´ t; ue´ xat; to leave (a place) to leave (a person)

ot + gen herez + acc or without a preposition iz or s + gen v or na + acc k + dat v or na + acc

mimo + gen without a preposition po + dat

iz or s + gen ot + gen

Examples: Oni´ doe´ dut do Bajka´ la sego´dnq. They will travel as far as Lake Baikal today. My prie´ xali v Moskvu´ po´zdno ve´ herom. We arrived in Moscow late in the evening. All the same prefixes can be added to the stems -xodit; / -jti to create verbs which describe motion on foot in a variety of directions. Note the -o- between prefixes ending in a consonant and -jti: vxodi´t; vojti´ to walk in, enter

v + acc

Exercise 7 Replace verbs of motion describing travel in a vehicle by those describing travel on foot. Example: Ve´ herom my poe´ xali v kino´. – Ve´ herom my powli´ v kino´.

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1 Ka´ 'dyj god ty´ sqhi studeńtov priez'a´ [t v MGU. 2 Vy dol'ny´ vy´ exat; iz do´ma za 2 hasa´ do otxo´da poézda. 3 Poe´dem na konce´rt sego´dnq ve´herom! 4 Mne obqza´ tel;no na´ do zae´xat; v bibliote´ku. 5 Q do´l'en ue´xat; ot vas he´rez has. 6 Ne na´ do zaez'a´ t; za mnoj, q poe´du odna´ . 7 Q zae´xal k dru´gu, no ego´ ne´ bylo do´ma, on u'e´ ue´xal. 8 On pod#e´xal k ka´ sse i zaplati´l za benziń. 9 My doe´xali do le´sa i ostanovi´lis;. 10 Oni´ proe´xali mi´mo i ne zame´tili nas. 11 Kogda´ Vy bu´dete pereez'a´ t; he´rez re´ku, bu´d;te ostoro´'nee. 12 On ne´skol;ko raz ob#e´xal vokru´g do´ma. 13 Moj drug prive¨ z mne slova´ r;.

Other verbs of motion In addition to e´ zdit; / e´ xat; / poe´ xat; and xodi´ t; / idti´ / pojti´ , described above, there are other verbs of motion with two imperfectives. These include: Imperfectives

Perfective

Meaning

nosi´t; / nesti´ vozi´ t; / vezti´ vodi´t; / vesti´ be´ gat; / be'a´ t; leta´ t; / lete´ t; pla´ vat; / plyt; la´ zit; / lezt; po´lzat; / polzti´ brodi´t; / bresti´ taska´ t; / ta]i´ t; gonq´t; / gnat; kata´ t; / kati´ t;

ponesti´ povezti´ povesti´ pobe'a´ t; polete´ t; poply´ t; pole´ zt; popolzti´ pobresti´ pota]i´ t; pogna´ t; pokati´t;

to carry (on foot) to convey, carry (by vehicle) to lead (on foot) to run to fly to swim, sail to climb to crawl to wander to drag to chase, drive to roll

In deciding which verb to chose, follow the guidelines set out for e´ zdit; / e´ xat; / poe´ xat;: My nesli´ naw baga´ ' na ostano´vku avto´busa. We were carrying our luggage to the bus stop. Poveze¨ m komp;[´ ter domo´j na mawińe. We will take the computer home in the car.

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Prefixes may be added to the imperfective verbs above to form new imperfective / perfective pairs which indicate the direction of movement. There are some changes to the stems: -plyva´ t; instead of pla´ vat;; -leza´ t; instead of la´ zit;; -ta´ skivat; instead of taska´ t;; -breda´ t; instead of brodi´ t;; -ka´ tyvat; instead of kata´ t; and a change of stress in -bega´ t; and -polza´ t;. Otherwise the prefix is added straight to the stem, without any addition or alteration: Imperfective

Perfective

Preposition

vvozi´t; to bring in, import

vvezti´

v + acc

vnosi´ t; to carry in vvodi´t; to lead in vbega´ t; to run in vleta´ t; to fly in vleza´ t; to climb in vpolza´ t; to crawl in

vnesti´

v + acc

vvesti´

v + acc

vbe'a´ t;

v + acc

vlete´ t;

v + acc

vlezt;

v + acc

vpolzti´

v + acc

Rejs prileta´ et v Lońdon v 18.00. The flight arrives in London at 18.00. Rossi´q vyvo´zit les na Za´ pad. Russia exports timber to the West. Ma´ l;hiki ube'a´ li ot milicione´ ra. The boys ran away from the policeman.

Exercise 8 Insert prefixed forms of -bega´ t; / -be'a´ t;, -leta´ t; / -lete´ t;. (-bega´ t; / -be'a´ t;) On by´ stro . . . iz ko´mnaty. Kogda´ on . . . na ostano´vku, avto´bus u'e´ uwe¨ l. Ra´ n;we on ka´ 'dyj den; . . . 5 kilome´trov. On . . . do

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universite´ta za 10 minu´t. Po doro´ge na rabo´tu on . . . v bibliote´ku. Q xote´l s nim pogovori´t;, no on u'e´ . . . On . . . ko mne i stal by´ stro govori´t; hto-to. Ne na´ do . . . doro´gu v \´tom me´ste. On . . . v zal soverweńno raste´rqnnyj. (-leta´ t; / -lete´ t;) Po pq´tnicam samole¨ t . . . iz Lońdona v 10 haso´v ve´hera i . . . v Moskvu´ v 5 utra´ . Benziń końhilsq i samole¨ t s trudo´m . . . do a\ropo´rta. On pe´rvyj . . . vokru´g sve´ta. My priwli´ v a\ropo´rt po´zdno, samole¨ t u'e´ . . . Ego´ mehta´ – . . . he´rez Atlanti´heskij okea´ n.

Exercise 9 Choose the correct verb from the brackets and use it with the appropriate preposition. (priply´ t; v, otply´ t; s, doply´ t; do, pereply´ t; he´ rez, uply´ t;, podply´ t; k, proply´ t;) My opozda´ li na 5 minu´t, i teploxo´d u'e´ . . . rehno´go vokza´ la. My . . . Tver; ra´ no u´trom. On s trudo´m . . . be´rega. On pe´rvyj . . . Gol;fstri´m. On . . . ne´skol;ko kilome´trov i vdrug pohu´vstvoval sebq´ plo´xo. Lo´dka me´dlenno . . . be´regu. On . . . daleko´ v mo´re.

Figurative use of verbs of motion Not all verbs of motion are used literally. Note the following examples of figurative usage: provodi´t; / provesti´ vre´ mq vre´ mq proleta´ et vyxodi´ t; / vy´ jti iz kri´zisa sxodi´t; / sojti´ s uma´ prixodi´t; / prijti´ v go´lovu proxodi´ t; / projti´ registra´ ci[ vvodi´ t; / vvesti´ zakoń zavodi´t; / zavesti´ hasy´

to pass time time flies to get out of a crisis to go mad to come to mind to register to introduce a law to wind up a watch

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nanosi´t; / nanesti´ u]e´ rb perevodi´t; / perevesti´ rasxodi´t;sq / razojti´s; razvodi´t;sq / razvesti´ s;

cause damage translate to split up get a divorce

Some verbs have meanings which are not directly related to movement at all: proisxodi´ t; / proizojti´ prixodi´t;sq / prijti´s; naxodi´t;sq

to happen to have to to be situated

Exercise 10 Insert a suitable prefixed verb of motion used figuratively to complete the sentences. 1 Tru´dno bu´det . . . iz \´togo kri´zisa. 2 On tak . . . na svoego´ otca´ . 3 V pro´wlom godu´ parla´ ment . . . no´vyj zakoń. 4 |migra´ ciq speciali´stov . . . Rossií ogro´mnyj u]e´rb. 5 My tak ve´selo proveli´ den;, hto vre´mq by´ stro . . . 6 Moi´ hasy´ ostanovi´lis;. Na´ do ix . . . 7 Kogda´ mu' u´mer, ona´ . . . s uma´ ot go´rq. 8 |tot tur nam o´hen; . . . 9 Naw dom . . . na beregu´ reki´. 10 On . . . vsego´ Di´kkensa na ru´sskij qzy´ k.

Language points ♦ To'e / Tak'e Both to´'e and ta´ k'e mean ‘also’. To´'e is more often used when it repeats an existing circumstance: On usta´ l, i q to´'e. He is tired and so am I. Moj brat vrah. Ego´ 'ena´ to´'e. My brother is a doctor. His wife too. Ta´ k'e should be used in the sense of ‘in addition’, particularly after a, no

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Moj brat biznesme´ n, no on ta´ k'e muzyka´ nt. My brother is a buisnessman but he is also a musician. Est; avto´busnye, a ta´ k'e teploxo´dnye tu´ry. There are bus, and also boat trips. Q izuha´ [ ru´sskij qzy´ k, a ta´ k'e po´l;skij. I am studying Russian and, in addition, Polish. V le´ tnie kani´ kuly my mno´go pla´ vali, a ta´ k'e kata´ lis; na lo´dke. During the summer holiday we swam a lot and also went on a boat. To´'e can usually be replaced by ta´ k'e, but not the other way round. V \´ tom godu´ my e´ dem v Rossi´[. Moq´ sestra´ to´'e (ta´ k'e) e´ det tuda´ . This year we are going to Russia. My sister is also going there.

Exercise 11 Decide whether to use to´'e or ta´ k'e. 1 Moq´ mat; xorowo´ govori´t po-francu´zski, q . . . govor[´ neplo´xo. 2 Ne to´l;ko muze´j, a . . . park by´ li zakry´ ty. 3 My . . . soglasi´lis; s nim. 4 Pohemu´ on . . . ne prixodi´l? 5 My rewi´li, hto fil;m byl ne to´l;ko glu´pyj, no . . . o´hen; stra´ nnyj.

Exercise 12 According to a survey by sociologists, only 2% of Russians can afford a super-expensive holiday, anywhere on the planet. So where do those with hardly any money spend their holidays? This is how 1,600 Russians answered the question.

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ECЬ ПPOBECTИ ГДE BЫ COБИPAET

OTПУCK?

Hа даче 25%

венного мнения изучения общест

сийского центра

Пока не решили –

6%

по дaнным Всерос

Pис. Дм. Полухина.

4% 1% B другом городе, – 4% селе России B CHГ – 2% 45% Oстанемся дома – , Oгдыхать не поедем – 23% нет денег

Hа Черном море – За границей –

Gaze´ta , maj, 2001

Exercise 13 Translate into Russian. 1 Last year I went on a cruise round the world and visited many interesting countries. 2 Our cabin was on the upper deck of the boat, and the view was stunning. 3 You have to arrive at the river station one hour before the boat departs. 4 I think the best way to travel around the Golden Ring is by bus or by boat. You will not see much if you go by train. 5 Everything in Russia interests me, but especially ancient historic towns like Novgorod and Pskov. 6 As the ship was setting sail we all went out on deck.

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4 MIGRACIQ


about migration to and from Russia how to ask questions using li about reflexive verbs how to use ordinal numbers and form dates more about the preposition v

Legal emigration from the Soviet Union was mostly confined to Jews heading for Israel, or Germans from the Volga region going to West Germany. It was considered unthinkable and unpatriotic for Russians to leave their Motherland and it was made very difficult for them to do so. After the collapse of the USSR the situation changed: mass emigration became a threat to the economic well-being of the country as the best qualified and educated left in their thousands. The situation has now stabilised, though many are still leaving in search of a better life and greater opportunities. A far more serious problem nowadays is immigration: Russia is being flooded by refugees. Among them are ethnic minorities trying to escape discrimination or Russians who suddenly find themselves unwelcome and without a job in the new independent republics.

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Dialogue 1 A conversation between a journalist and a sociologist @ URNALI´ ST

S OCIO´ LOG

@ URNALI´ ST S OCIO´ LOG


@ URNALI´ ST

S OCIO´ LOG

20 ma´ q 1991 go´da Rossi´q prinqla´ zakoń o svobo´dnom v#e´zde i vy´ ezde. Mno´gie boq´lis;, hto nahne¨ tsq ma´ ssovaq \migra´ ciq iz SSSR. Opravda´ lis; li \´ti progno´zy? Tepe´r;, kogda´ prowlo´ 10 let, mo´'no skaza´ t;, hto net. Bo´lee ser;e¨ znoj proble´moj sta´ la ne \migra´ ciq, a immigra´ ciq. Ved; prie´xat; v Rossi´[ o´hen; pro´sto. Za´ pad bespokoítsq, hto rossi´jskie granićy o´hen; legko´ perejti´. Oni´ oxranq´[tsq plo´xo. Rossi´q poka´ tranzi´tnaq zońa dlq immigra´ ntov. No q ne du´ma[, hto tak bu´det do´lgo prodol'a´ t;sq. Granićy bu´dut ukreplq´t;sq, i v Rossií bu´det ostava´ t;sq vse¨ bo´l;we immigra´ ntov. A ne lu´hwe li zakry´ t; granićy? Net, \´togo de´lat; nel;zq´! Rost hisla´ immigra´ ntov – \´to bla´ go dlq Rossií. Hislo´ rossiqń umen;wa´ etsq, i e´sli my zakroém granićy, to k seredińe ve´ka naseleńie Rossií re´zko sokrati´tsq. Kto bu´det rabo´tat; u nas? Odna´ nade´'da na immigra´ ci[. Po-moému, bo´l;we vsego´ immigra´ ntov v Rossi´[ bu´det priez'a´ t; iz Kita´ q. U'e´ sejha´ s kita´ jcev v Rossií pohti´ millioń. |kspe´rty shita´ [t, hto k seredińe ve´ka kita´ jcy bu´dut vtory´ m naro´dom po´sle ru´sskix. Ne ka´ 'etsq li Vam \´to opa´ snym? Immigra´ ciq iz Kita´ q – na´ we bu´du]ee. Po\´tomu na´ do du´mat; o tom, kak sotru´dnihat; s immigra´ ntami, kak inkorpori´rovat; ix v na´ we o´b]estvo.

Po materia´ lam 'urna´ la 2001

Vocabulary ♦ bespokoít;sq bla´ go boq´t;sq (+ gen)

to be worried good to be afraid

Migraciq

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granića kita´ ec, Kita´ j nade´ 'da nasele´ nie o´b]estvo opa´ snyj opravda´ t;sq ostava´ t;sq oxranq´t;sq prinq´t; zakoń seredińa ve´ ka sokrati´t;sq sotru´dnihat; s (+ inst) ukreplq´t;sq umen;wa´ t;sq hislo´

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border Chinese, China hope population society dangerous to be justified to remain, stay to be guarded to pass a law the middle of the century to decrease, reduce, be reduced to cooperate with to become stronger to decrease number

N.B. zakoń o svobo´dnom v#e´ zde i vy´ ezde – law on free passage

Exercise 1 Answer the following questions in English. 1 2 3 4

What law was passed on 20th May 1991? What did people fear might be the consequences of that law? Why does Russia need immigration? Which immigrant group will predominate in the future?

Language points ♦ Use of li Note the use of the particle li to frame questions in the dialogue: Opravda´ lis; li \´ti progno´zy? Have these forecasts proved to be correct? The key word, usually the verb, is moved to the beginning of the sentence, followed by li. Contrast the affirmative statement: |ti progno´zy opravda´ lis;. Frequently such questions are asked in the negative: Ne ka´ 'etsq li vam \´to opa´ snym? Doesn’t that seem dangerous to you?

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Contrast: |to ka´ 'etsq opa´ snym. That seems dangerous. The key word in a sentence is not always a verb: Ne lu´hwe li zakry´ t; granićy? Would it not be better to close the borders?

Exercise 2 Convert the following statements into questions using the particle li. 1 Proble´ma \migra´ ntov ne kasa´ etsq Rossií. 2 Q ne du´ma[, hto on prav. 3 L[´ di ne uez'a´ [t po \konomi´heskim moti´vam. 4 Ona ne e´det so mnoj. 5 Su]estvuét proble´ma trudoustro´jstva be´'encev. 6 On rasskaza´ l mne o poe´zdke v Rossi´[. 7 Vse studeńty e´dut v Rossi´[.

Text 1 |migraćiq i´ li immigraćiq? E]e¨ neda´ vno proble´ma \migra´ ntov byla´ proble´moj za´ padnyx stran. Ona´ pohti´ ne kasa´ las; Rossií. No u'e´ so vtoro´j polovińy 1980-x godo´v migra´ ciq me´'du Rossiéj i stra´ nami da´ l;nego zarube´';q usi´livaetsq. Re´zko uveli´hivaetsq vy´ ezd naseleńiq na postoqńnoe me´sto 'i´tel;stva v drugié stra´ ny. Napravleńiq \migra´ cii snaha´ la zavi´seli ot naciona´ l;nosti. Uez'a´ li te, u kogo´ by´ li ro´dstvenniki v SWA, Izra´ ile, Germa´ nii. Pozdneé, v 90-e go´dy poqvi´las; no´vaq tendeńciq: bo´l;we sta´ li uez'a´ t; ru´sskie. Kak pra´ vilo, l[´ di uez'a´ [t po \konomi´heskim moti´vam. Mno´gie u'e´ poluhi´li i´li nade´[tsq najti´ rabo´tu na no´vom me´ste. Bo´l;wu[ hast; \migra´ ntov sostavlq´[t speciali´sty. A sredi´ speciali´stov l[´ di s vy´ swim texni´heskim obrazova´ niem. |ta volnuét stranu´. Ved; taka´ q \migra´ ciq no´sit bezvozvra´ tnyj xara´ kter i nano´sit strane´ ogro´mnyj u]e´rb. Iz-za

Migraciq

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ot#e´zda speciali´stov Rossií vse¨ trudneé stano´vitsq vy´ jti iz \konomi´heskogo kri´zisa. Raspa´ d SSSR vy´ zval drugo´j vid migra´ cii: immigra´ ci[ naseleńiq. Vozni´klo no´voe qvleńie – be´'enstvo. Mno´go be´'encev prie´xalo v Rossi´[ iz by´ vwix respu´blik SSSR. Mno´gie begu´t ot vojny´ i naciona´ l;nyx konfli´ktov. Poqvi´las; proble´ma ix 'il;q´ i trudoustro´jstva. Osnovnu´[ hast; be´'encev (dve tre´ti o´b]ego hisla´ immigra´ ntov) sostavlq´[t ru´sskie. S ka´ 'dym go´dom vse¨ raste¨ t immigra´ ciq inostra´ nnyx gra´ 'dan iz bli´'nego zarube´';q. Oso´benno \´to zame´tno na vosto´hnyx granićax Rossií. Naprime´r, v oblastq´x na granićax s Kazaxsta´ nom by´ stro raste¨ t hislo´ kaza´ xov. A hislo´ kita´ jcev vdol; granićy s Kita´ em na Da´ l;nem Vosto´ke bli´zko k hi´slennosti rossi´jskix gra´ 'dan. V evrope´jskoj ha´ sti strany´ do´lq migra´ ntov poka´ ne tak zame´tna, no ona´ by´ stro uveli´hivaetsq. Na dnqx m\r Moskvy´ zaqvi´l, hto v stoliće 'ivu´t 400 tys. nelega´ l;nyx immigra´ ntov iz da´ l;nego zarube´';q! V osnovno´m, \´to vy´ xodcy iz Kita´ q, V;etna´ ma, Mongo´lii, Afganista´ na, Ira´ ka. Bol;winstvo´ \´tix l[de´j xotq´t ue´xat; na Za´ pad, v evrope´jskie stra´ ny i rassma´ triva[t Moskvu´ to´l;ko kak vre´mennyj . No on ha´ sto prevra]a´ etsq dlq nix v postoqńnyj, tak kak za´ padnye stra´ ny otka´ zyva[tsq prinima´ t; ix i posyla´ [t obra´ tno v Rossi´[.

Po materia´ lam 'urna´ la , 2001

Vocabulary ♦ bezvozvra´ tnyj xara´ kter be´ 'enec, be´ 'enstvo volnova´ t; vre´ mennyj vy´ zvat; vy´ xodec iz (+ gen) do´lq 'il;e¨

of a permanent character refugee, refugee problem to disturb temporary to cause of . . . origin share accommodation

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zavi´set; ot (+ gen) zame´ tnyj zaqvi´t; inostra´ nnyj gra'daniń kaza´ x kasa´ t;sq (+ gen) nade´ qt;sq na (+ acc) o´blast; (f ) o´b]ee hislo´ otka´ zyvat;sq prinima´ t; postoqńnoe me´ sto 'i´tel;stva prevra]a´ t;sq v (+ acc) rassma´ trivat; re´ zko sostavlq´t; trudoustro´jstvo uveli´hivat;sq usi´livat;sq ute´ hka mozgo´v hi´slennost; (f )

to depend on noticeable to declare foreign citizen Kazakh to concern to hope for province, oblast total number to refuse to accept / take permanent residence to turn into to regard as sharply to constitute placement in work to increase to intensify brain drain numbers

N.B. kak pra´ vilo – as a rule; v osnovno´m – mainly; rossiqńin citizen of Russia, referring to any person living in Russia, not necessarily someone of Russian ethnic origin; bli´'nee zarube´ ';e – ‘the near abroad’: former republics of the USSR, now the independent states of Ukraińa, Beloru´ssiq, Molda´ viq, Kazaxsta´ n, Uzbekista´ n, Tad'ikista´ n, Kirgizista´ n, Turkmenista´ n, Gru´ziq, Arme´ niq, Azerbajd'a´ n, La´ tviq, |stońiq, Li´tva; da´ l;nee zarube´ ';e – ‘the far abroad’ all other foreign countries; SNG (Sodru´'estvo Nezavi´simyx Gosuda´ rstv) – CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) consisting of all former republics except the Baltic Republics of Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia

Exercise 3 Answer the following questions in English. 1 When did the problem of migration arise in Russia? 2 Why do the majority of emigrants go to the USA, Israel or Germany? 3 Why is emigration damaging the Russian economy? 4 Who are the Russian refugees referred to in the passage? 5 What is the particular problem of illegal immigration in Russia?

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Exercise 4 True or false? 1 Rossi´jskie granićy (nevozmo´'no, legko´, tru´dno) perejti´? 2 Rossi´q dlq immigra´ ntov (tranzi´tnyj punkt, kone´hnyj punkt, turisti´heskaq strana´ )? 3 Rost hisla´ immigra´ ntov dlq Rossií (be´dstvie, bla´ go, spaseńie)? 4 Naseleńie Rossií (umen;wa´ etsq, uveli´hivaetsq, ne izmenqétsq)? 5 Bol;winstvo´ immigra´ ntov v Rossií iz (bli´'nego zarube´';q, da´ l;nego zarube´';q, za´ padnyx stran)? 6 Bol;winstvo´ rossiqń \migri´ru[t po (naciona´ l;nym, \konomi´heskim, politi´heskim) moti´vam?

Language points ♦ Reflexive verbs Reflexive verbs are easily recognised by -sq which is added after the verb ending. This ending changes to -s; after a vowel, although not after ; or j. In the strictest sense, a verb is only reflexive if the subject of the verb is performing the action of the verb on itself: Mat; odeva´ et rebe¨ nka. The mother dresses the child. Rebe¨ nok odeva´ etsq. The child gets dressed (dresses self). Many intransitive verbs (not taking a direct object) end in -sq in contrast to transitive (taking a direct object) verbs of the same meaning without -sq: Dver; zakry´ las;. The door closed. On zakry´ l dver;. He closed the door. Although in English the transitive and intransitive verbs are often the same, in Russian they are always differentiated, commonly by the

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reflexive ending. There are a large number of examples of reflexive verbs used intransitively in the dialogue and text about migration: Ma´ ssovaq \migra´ ciq nahne¨ tsq. Mass emigration will begin. Situa´ ciq bu´det prodol'a´ t;sq. The situation will continue. Hislo´ umen;wa´ etsq. The number is falling. Contrast the transitive use of these verbs when they are without the reflexive ending: On nahne¨ t rabo´tu. He will begin work. Ne'ela´ tel;no prodol'a´ t; \´ tu situa´ ci[. It is undesirable to continue this situation. ume´ n;wit; hislo´ immigra´ ntov. to reduce the number of immigrants Only the transitive verb may be followed by the infinitive: prodol'a´ t; rabo´tat; nahina´ t; hita´ t;

to continue working to start reading

Other common transitive / intransitive pairs are: konha´ t; / konha´ t;sq prevra]a´ t; / prevra]a´ t;sq rasprostranq´t; / rasprostranq´t;sq sobira´ t; / sobira´ t;sq uveli´ hivat; / uveli´ hivat;sq sokra]a´ t; / sokra]a´ t;sq

to to to to to to

finish turn spread gather increase reduce

Sometimes the transitive and intransitive verbs are differentiated in English as well: povywa´ t; ‘to raise’; povywa´ t;sq ‘to rise’. Intransitive verbs may be used with a passive meaning: Granićy plo´xo oxranq´[tsq. Borders are badly protected.

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Grani´ cy bu´dut ukreplq´t;sq. The borders will be strengthened. Contrast: Rossi´ q plo´xo oxranqét granićy. Russia protects her borders badly. Rossi´ q bu´det ukreplq´t; grani´ cy. Russia will strengthen her borders. The reflexive is an alternative to the third person plural as a way of expressing the passive: Plo´xo oxranq´[t granićy. Borders are badly protected. Bu´dut ukreplq´t; granićy. Borders will be strengthened. Some reflexive verbs indicate reciprocal actions: Oni´ pocelova´ lis;. They kissed (one another). Not all verbs ending in -sq have an obvious reflexive or passive meaning: stanovi´t;sq ‘to become’; stara´ t;sq ‘to try’.

Exercise 5 Select the appropriate verb. 1 Be´'ency (na´ hali / nahali´s;) pribyva´ t; v Rossi´[ v 90-e go´dy. 2 Dver; (otkry´ la / otkry´ las;). 3 Moj progno´z (opravda´ l / opravda´ lsq). 4 Le´kciq (konha´ et / konha´ etsq) v 4 hasa´ . 5 Za posle´dnie dni prezideńt Buw (ulu´hwil / ulu´hwilsq) svoj re´jting. 6 Hislo´ immigra´ ntov vse¨ vre´mq (uveli´hivaet / uveli´hivaetsq). 7 Vlast; prezideńta (ukrepi´la / ukrepi´las;). 8 Pravi´tel;stvo (sokrati´lo / sokrati´los;) rasxo´dy na obrazova´ nie. 9 Uroven; 'i´zni (povy´ sil / povy´ silsq). 10 Disku´ssiq (prodol'a´ et / prodol'a´ etsq). 11 Ka´ 'dyj ve´her studeńty (sobira´ [t / sobira´ [tsq) v klu´be. 12 On (końhil / końhilsq) govori´t;.

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Exercise 6 Read the following report from the ‘Moscow News’, July 2001.

Posle raspada Sovetskogo so[za v Rossi[ iz stran SNG i Baltii pribylo 8 millionov migrantov. Liw; desqtu[ hast; iz nix – 800 tysqh – gosudarstvo kak-to obnade'ilo, prisvoiv status. Za vse gody tol;ko 22 tysqhi <statusnyx> semej poluhili 'il;e i 98 tysqh migrantov poluhili mizernye vozvratnye ssudy. V qnvare 2001 goda v oheredi na 'il;e ostavalis; 69 tysqh semej (iz nix 17 tysqh – slaboza]i]ennye) i 32 tysqhi helovek 'dali ssudy.

N.B. vozvra´ tnaq ssu´da – loan; slaboza]i]e¨ nnyj – vulnerable; kak-to – somehow, somewhat; obnade¨ 'it; – to reassure; prisvoít; status – to confer status

From the information in the report above answer the following questions in English. 1 How many migrants arrived in Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union? 2 What is their situation in Russia? 3 How many families were housed? 4 How many families were given loans? 5 What was the waiting list for housing in January 2001?

Language points ♦ Ordinal numerals Ordinal numerals are adjectives which agree with the noun they describe. Only the last element of a compound ordinal numeral is an adjective and it is the only element which changes its ending. Earlier elements are cardinal numbers: na dva´ dcat; hetve¨ rtom me´ ste ‘ in twenty-fourth place’. All ordinal numerals decline as regular hard adjectives, with the exception of tre´ tij, whose declension is in the grammar summary.

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Dates The following examples show how ordinal numbers are used to express dates in Russian: pe´ rvoe ma´ q pe´ rvogo ma´ q dvuxty´ sqhnyj god v dve ty´ sqhi pe´ rvom godu´ k dve ty´ sqhi hetve¨ rtomu go´du pe´ rvogo ma´ q dvuxty´ sqhnogo go´da zakoń ot dvadca´ togo ma´ q v dvadca´ tom ve´ ke / stole´ tii v devqno´stye go´dy

the 1st of May on the 1st of May the year 2000 in 2001 by 2004 on the 1st of May 2000 law of the 20th May in the twentieth century in the 1990s

It is also possible to use v + prepositional with years in the plural: v devqno´styx goda´ x in the 1990s v seredińe devqno´styx godo´v in the mid-1990s Note this use of godo´v as the genitive plural of god. In other contexts let is always used. Other useful phrases relating to dates: v kako´m godu´? kako´go hisla´ ?

in what year? on what date?

Exercise 7 Answer the following questions. 1 Kakoé sego´dnq hislo´? Sego´dnq (1st May, 7th November, 25th December, 23rd February, 30th October, 4th August)

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2 V kako´m godu´? Revol[´ ciq v Rossií proizowla´ in 1917. Perestro´jka v SSSR nahala´ s; in 1985. SSSR raspa´ lsq in 1991. In 2000 pra´ zdnovali naha´ lo no´vogo tysqhele´tiq. Kto zna´ et, hto sluhi´tsq in 2010. Sta´ lin u´mer in 1953. 3 Kako´go hisla´ i kako´go go´da? Veli´kaq ote´hestvennaq vojna´ nahala´ s; on 22nd June 1941. On 19th of August 1991 v Rossií proizowe¨ l puth. Pu´wkin rodi´lsq on 1st June 1799. Pe´rvyj spu´tnik byl zapu´]en on 12th April 1961.

Exercise 8 The following advertisements all offer help with immigration. List the different countries and services offered.

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N.B. VN@ – vid na 'i´tel;stvo – registration permit; PM@ – postoqńnoe me´ sto 'i´tel;stva – permanent residence; brak – marriage; nedvi´'imost; – property; gra'da´ nstvo – citizenship; propi´ska – registration

Language points ♦ Preposition corner The preposition v Expressions of place We have seen how frequently v + accusative is used after verbs of motion indicating arrival or entry. It translates ‘to, into’ when followed by most countries, towns, geographical regions, buildings, receptacles. v Ame´ riku, Moskvu´, pusty´ n[, wko´lu to America, Moscow, the desert, school v buty´ lku, q´]ik into the bottle, the drawer The exceptions are those nouns normally preceded by na, which were listed in Unit 2.

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V + prepositional is used with the same nouns as take v + accusative, but to indicate ‘in, inside’: v Ame´ rike, Moskve´ , pusty´ ne, wko´le in America, Moscow, the desert, at school v buty´ lke, q´]ike inside a bottle, drawer

Expressions of time V + accusative is also used in many expressions of time: v kako´j den;? on what day? v ponede´ l;nik, vo vto´rnik etc. on Monday, Tuesday etc. v pe´ rvyj den; on the first day (but remember na drugo´j den; ‘the next day’) v pe´ rvyj raz for the first time dva ra´ za v den; twice a day On prohita´ l gaze´ tu v dva´ dcat; minu´t. He read the newspaper in 20 minutes. (Za + accusative may, alternatively, be used in this way to express the time taken to complete an action. It must be used with the noun has to avoid confusion with telling the time: v dva hasa´ ‘at 2 o’clock’; za dva hasa´ ‘in two hours’). v v v v

No´vyj God xoro´wu[ pogo´du sove´ tskie vremena´ starinu´

at in in in

New Year good weather Soviet times olden times

v pe´ rvu[, posle´ dn[[ nede´ l[ in the first, last week (but remember na \´ toj, pro´wloj, bu´du]ej nede´ le) v pe´ rvu[ o´hered; in the first place (but na oheredi ‘in turn’)

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Note also: dlino´j v hety´ re me´ tra wirino´j v pqt; me´ trov v dva ra´ za bo´l;we

four metres long five metres wide twice as big

Verbs followed by v + accusative: brosa´ t; / bro´sit; v to throw at ve´ rit; / po- v to believe in vstupa´ t; / vstupi´t; v pa´ rti[ to join (the party) igra´ t; / sygra´ t; v te´ nnis, futbo´l to play tennis, football postupa´ t; / postupi´t; v universite´ t to enter (university) prevra]a´ t;sq / prevrati´ t;sq v to turn into smotre´ t; / po- v okno´ / ze´ rkalo to look out of the window, in the mirror strelq´t; / vy´ strelit; v stuha´ t; / po- v dver;

to shoot at to knock at the door

V + prepositional is also used in certain expressions of time: v kako´m me´ sqce? in what month? v qnvare´ , fevrale´ etc. in January, February etc. v \´ tom, pro´wlom, bu´du]em godu´ during this, the past, the next year Note that when god is preceded by other adjectives v + accusative is used: v pe´ rvyj / posle´ dnij god ‘in the first / last year’. v \´ tom, dvadca´ tom ve´ ke in this, the 20th century (but note v sre´ dnie veka´ ‘in the middle ages’)

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v pro´wlom, nastoq´]em, bu´du]em in the past, present, future v de´ tstve, mo´lodosti, sta´ rosti in childhood, youth, old age v vo´zraste desqti´ let at the age of ten v naha´ le, v seredińe, v konce´ at the beginning, in the middle, at the end Note also: v xoro´wem nastroe´ nii v pqti´ de´ jstviqx v tom hisle´

in a good mood in five acts including

Verbs followed by v + prepositional: nu'da´ t;sq v obvinq´t; / obvini´t; v owiba´ t;sq / owibi´ t;sq v priznava´ t;sq / prizna´ t;sq v somneva´ t;sq v ube'da´ t;sq / ubedi´t;sq v uha´ stvovat; v

to to to to to to to

need accuse of be mistaken in admit, confess to doubt be convinced of participate in

Exercise 9 Put the words in brackets into the accusative or prepositional, as appropriate. 1 On prie´det v (sreda´ ). 2 V (noq´br;) powe¨ l sneg. 3 V (ploxa´ q pogo´da) ne stoít vyxodi´t;. 4 V (naha´ lo) vojny´ my 'i´li v Moskve´. 5 By´ li li immigra´ nty v Rossií v (devqtna´ dcatyj vek)? 6 V (posle´dnij god) vojny´ my 'i´li v Sara´ tove. 7 V (pro´wlyj god) my peree´xali v Sankt Peterbu´rg. 8 V (pe´rvaq nede´lq) ma´ rta oni ue´xali v Lońdon. 9 Tri ra´ za v (den;). 10 V (sre´dnie veka´ ) ne´ bylo immigra´ ntov. 11 V (dvadca´ tye go´dy) sem;q´ \migri´rovala v Ame´riku.

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Exercise 10 Complete the following sentences by using v or na, as appropriate. 1 Oni´ poe´xali (v / na) vosto´k. 2 Nam nu'na´ ko´mnata (v / na) dvoi´x. 3 (V / Na) pe´rvyj den; poe´zdki ona´ zabole´la. 4 (V / Na) drugo´j den; on pohu´vstvoval sebq´ plo´xo. 5 Oni´ vy´ wli (v / na) u´licu. 6 My zakaza´ li tur (v / na) 10 dnej. 7 My do´lgo 'da´ li (v / na) vokza´ le. 8 On polo'i´l hek (v / na) q´]ik. 9 Oni´ 'ivu´t (v / na) o´strove Ma´ l;ta.

Exercise 11 Decide which case to use, accusative or prepositional. 1 Mno´gie studeńty igra´ [t v (volejbo´l). 2 Sportsmeńy uha´ stvu[t v (sorevnova´ nie). 3 Q postuha´ l v (dver;), no nikto´ ne otve´til. 4 Q somneva´ [s; v (ee¨ i´skrennost;). 5 Moj syn postupi´l v (universite´t). 6 Q bo´l;we ne ve´r[ v (kommuni´zm). 7 My tak nu'da´ emsq v (deń;gi). 8 Ego´ obvini´li v (korru´pciq). 9 Ves; den; ona smo´trit v (ze´rkalo). 10 On vstupi´l v (pa´ rtiq) e]e¨ molody´ m.

Exercise 12 Translate into Russian. 1 The Soviet Union ceased to exist on 25 December 1991. 2 Thousands of refugees from the former republics of the USSR continue to cross the border into Russia. Many are fleeing ethnic conflicts. 3 In the 1990s illegal immigration to Russia, especially from China, increased almost twofold. 4 Emigration does a lot of harm to the Russian economy since it is mostly highly trained specialists who leave the country. 5 How many migrants came to Russia after the collapse of the USSR? 6 Would it not be better to close all Russian borders?

5 SPORT

In this unit you will learn: ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗

how sport has changed in Russia about the sports facilities available how to use kotoryj to introduce clauses about superlatives more about the prepositions s, ot and iz about verbs with the dative about stress on masculine nouns

Sport in the USSR was always very important as its sporting achievements boosted national prestige. Sports facilities were free and those with talent could take up any kind of sport regardless of its cost, if it was approved by the state. Things have changed since then. Russia now follows international trends and has adopted a commercial approach. On the one hand, as in most Western countries, people take up sport to improve their health and appearance, and the number of sports clubs and fitness centres is growing fast. They are quite expensive and not everybody can afford to join them. On the other hand, new extreme and dangerous sports are becoming popular, especially among the young, who seem to like living on the edge and experiencing the surge of adrenaline.

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Dialogue 1 From an interview with the fitness director of the Greenway Club, Leli Savosina @ URNALI´ ST S AVO´ SINA @ URNALI´ ST S AVO´ SINA

@ URNALI´ ST S AVO´ SINA


@ URNALI´ ST

S AVO´ SINA


Sego´dnq vse xotq´t stat; hleńami sporti´vnogo klu´ba. Govorq´t, hto \´to neobxodi´mo dlq zdoro´v;q. Q sove´rwenno sogla´ sna! V na´ wem stre´ssovom o´b]estve sport – \´to spo´sob snqt; stress. Kak 'e mo´'no snqt; stress v Va´ wem ceńtre? Spo´soby ra´ znye. Naprime´r, mo´'no zanima´ t;sq fi´tnesom. U nas v klu´be est; trena'e¨ rnye za´ ly s nove´jwej sporti´vnoj te´xnikoj. Zanq´tiq na trena'e¨ rax o´hen; populq´rny. Est; za´ ly dlq a\ro´biki, za´ ly dlq igry´ v teńnis, skvow. Q sly´ wal, hto u Vas zameha´ tel;nyj basse´jn dlq pla´ vaniq? Da, basse´jn u nas otli´hnyj. My ispo´l;zuem ego´ ne to´l;ko dlq zanq´tij pla´ vaniem. Zdes; provo´dqtsq zanq´tiq po akvaa\ro´bike. A hto takoé akvaa\ro´bika? Akvaa\ro´bika – \´to no´vyj vid sporti´vnyx treniro´vok. Ona´ podxo´dit dlq l[dej l[bo´go vo´zrasta. Pla´ vat; vsegda´ priq´tno, a dvi´gat;sq v vode´ pod mu´zyku voob]e´ o´hen; ve´selo i legko´. Zna´ hit, v Va´ wem klu´be mo´'et zanima´ t;sq spo´rtom l[bo´j helove´k. Ne obqza´ tel;no byt; professiona´ l;nym sportsmeńom. Kone´hno 'e, net. U nas rabo´ta[t o´pytnye instru´ktory, koto´rye razrabo´ta[t dlq vas progra´ mmu zanq´tij. A kak mo´'no stat; hleńom klu´ba? Dlq \´togo lu´hwe vsego´ i dewe´vle vsego´ priobresti´ klu´bnu[ ka´ rtu. Ona´ dae¨ t pra´ vo svobo´dnogo pose]eńiq kla´ ssov a\ro´biki, basse´jna, trena'e¨ rnogo za´ la.

Po materia´ lam 'urna´ la <Saloń krasoty´ >, 2001

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Vocabulary ♦ zanq´tie pla´ vaniem ispo´l;zovat; klu´bnaq ka´ rta obqza´ tel;no o´pytnyj priobresti´ provodi´t; zanq´tiq razrabo´tat; progra´ mmu spo´sob snqt; stress trena'e¨ r

swimming lesson to use membership card necessary, obligatory experienced to acquire to conduct lessons to work out a programme means to relieve stress training equipment

N.B. pra´ vo svobo´dnogo pose]e´ niq – right of free attendance; soverwe´ nno sogla´ sna – fully agree; 'e – (particle) adds emphasis to what is being said – then

Exercise 1 Answer the following questions in English. 1 2 3 4 5 6

What role does sport play in modern society? What activities does the fitness club offer? What is the club’s pool used for? Why is aqua-aerobics suitable for all age groups? What is the role of the club instructors? How do you become a member of the club?

Exercise 2 Look at this advertisement for the Greenway Club and answer the questions in English. 1 2 3 4 5 6

What What What What What What

does the advertisement say about the club pool? types of training are on offer? are the different kinds of aerobics offered? is the Mama + programme? is the Healthy parents programme? discounts does the club offer?

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ГРИНBEЙ KЛУБ ВОДНО-CПОРТИBHЫЙ KOMПЛEKC МИРОBОГО KЛACCA Бассейн олимпийского стандарта (50 м)

Aква-аэробика

• обучение плаванио детей и взрослых • подводное плавание

• силовые уроки в H2O • кик-боксинг в H2O • танцевальные уроки

Tренажерный Зал • индивидуальные и групповые тренировки • тренировочные программы лобой сложности • наличие тренажеров на все группы мышц, изобилие свободного веса

Aэробика • • • • •

силовые уроки, групповые и индивидуальные велоаэробика (сайклинг, спининг) стрейчинг (гибкость и сила, развитие гибкости) NEW Йога (йогафит, Kундалини, хатха) танцевальные уроки (танец «живота», школа «Break dance») • NEW Боевые искусства Tай-бо, Кибо • NEW Пилатес

«Далматин» – детский фитнес центр • TT-(Teen Team) – программа для подростков • «Mама +» – программа для беременных, для мам и их новорожденных детей • «Здоровые родители» – программа для оздоровления пожилых людей • кабинет специалиста по физической реабилитации а также CAУHЫ с оригинальным дизайном

COЛЯРИЙ МАCCAЖ БAР

C 1 ИЮHЯ CKИДKA 30% HA BCE BИДЫ KAPT MOCKBA, 124321, ЛEHИHГРAДCKИЙ ПPOCП., 39, TEЛ.: 967–68–15, 967–68–13, 967–68–12

N.B. silovy´ e uro´ki – weight training lessons; gi´bkost; – flexibility; my´ wca – muscle; ta´ nec ). V , koto´ryj prodol'a´ etsq s apre´lq po oktq´br;, ma´ ssovye <s#e´zdy> proisxo´dqt ka´ 'dye vyxodny´ e. Sobira´ etsq, kak pra´ vilo, do pqti´desqti helove´k, I tuso´vka pomi´mo gońok predstavlqét e]e¨ i intere´snejwee wou, vo vre´mq koto´rogo, ba´ jkery p;[t pi´vo i demonstri´ru[t drug dru´gu nove´jwie velosipe´dnye tr[´ ki. Mno´gie stoli´hnye ba´ jkery ne sleza´ [t s velosipe´dov kru´glyj god. Ne´kotorye utver'da´ [t, hto sa´ myj bol;wo´j kajf dlq velosipedi´sta – lete´t; po kruto´mu ly´ 'nomu sklońu. |kstrema´ l;]iki ve´rqt, hto bu´du]ee spo´rta prinadle'i´t im i nere´dko 'a´ lu[tsq na gorodski´x vlaste´j, koto´rye, po ix mneńi[, ne vosprinima´ [t ix vser;e¨ z. Ba´ jkeram, naprime´r, ne razrewa´ [t ustra´ ivat; sorevnova´ niq v pa´ rkax, shita´ etsq, hto velosipe´dy po´rtqt grunt.

Po materia´ lam gaze´ty , 2000

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Vocabulary ♦ ba´ nkovskij slu´'a]ij volna´ vosprinima´ t; vser;e¨ z gońki (pl) gornoly´ 'nyj sklon go´rnyj velosipe´ d grunt 'a´ lovat;sq na (+ acc) isku´sstvennyj ispy´ tyvat; prito´k adrenalińa kajf kru´glyj god kruto´j sklon ly´ 'a, ly´ 'nik mnogohi´slennyj ob#edinq´t; pere'i´t; pobli´zosti pomi´mo (+ gen) po´rtit; potreblq´t; narko´tiki predstavlq´t; pry´ gat; puga´ t; razvlehe´ nie razrewa´ t; (+ dat) raspolo´'en sleza´ t; s (+ gen) sro´dni (+ dat) s#ezd tr[k tuso´vka ustra´ ivat; sorevnova´ niq utver'da´ t;

bank employee wave to take seriously race ski slope mountain bike soil, ground to complain about artificial to experience an adrenaline surge kicks, high all-year-round steep slope ski, skier numerous to unite to experience nearby apart from to damage to use drugs to represent to jump to frighten entertainment to allow situated to get (climb) down from akin to congress; convention stunt get-together to hold competitions to claim

N.B. na pe´ rvyj vzglqd – at first glance; na sve´ te – in the world; na kra[´ opa´ snosti – on the brink of danger, on the edge; v sezoń – during the high season; shita´ etsq – it is considered

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Exercise 3 Answer the following questions in English. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Why have extreme sports become popular? Is Moscow a suitable venue for extreme sports? What kind of people go mountain biking? When is the ‘high season’ and what takes place? Why do the local authorities not like bikers? What do bikers say in their own defence?

Exercise 4 True or false? 1 Sredi´ ba´ jkerov mno´go (po'ily´ x l[de´j, mo´dnyx rebq´t, podro´stkov)? 2 Na Vorob;e¨ vyx gora´ x est; (gornoly´ 'nyj sklon, bol;woé o´zero, sporti´vnyj klub)? 3 prodol'a´ etsq (s noqbrq´ po mart, s apre´lq po oktq´br;, kru´glyj god)? 4 |kstrema´ l;]iki 'a´ lu[tsq, hto gorodskié vla´ sti (ne prinima´ [t ix vser;e¨ z, udelq´[t im mno´go vnima´ niq, ne puska´ [t ix v pa´ rki)? 5 Akvaa\ro´bika podxo´dit dlq (professiona´ l;nyx sportsmeńov, l[de´j l[bo´go vo´zrasta, molode¨ 'i)?

Language points ♦ Genitive of cardinal numbers There are some examples in the text of numerals in the genitive, either after prepositions or to translate ‘of’: do tridcati´ ty´ sqh helove´ k ‘up to 30 thousand people’; rebq´ta dvadcati´ -tridcati´ let ‘guys of 20 to 30’; do pqti´desqti helove´ k ‘up to fifty people’. Note the change of ending on the numeral and the fact that the noun following is in the genitive plural. Cardinal numerals will be dealt with in greater detail in Unit 9.

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Kotoryj There are a large number of examples in the text, |kstrema´ l;nyj sport, of the way in which koto´ryj is used. Meaning ‘which, that, who / whom’, koto´ryj is a relative pronoun used to introduce adjectival clauses. It declines like a hard adjective. The number and gender of koto´ryj are determined by the noun to which it refers and the case by its role in the adjectival clause: V vyso´kij sezoń, koto´ryj prodol'a´ etsq s apre´ lq . . . In the high season, which lasts from April . . . In this example koto´ryj is masculine singular to agree with sezoń and nominative because it is the subject of prodol'a´ etsq. Net gor, s koto´ryx mo´'no pry´ gat;. There are no mountains from which to jump. Here koto´ryx is feminine plural to agree with go´ry and genitive after s. Note that adjectival clauses are introduced by kto ‘who / whom’ or hto ‘which, that’, not koto´ryj, if they refer back to a pronoun: te, o kom ide¨ t reh; vse¨ , hto zna´ [

those of whom we speak everything that I know

Exercise 5 Insert the relative pronoun koto´ryj in the correct form. 1 V Moskve´ mno´go l[de´j, . . . zanima´ [tsq pla´ vaniem. 2 On 'ive¨ t v ma´ len;kom go´rode, . . . net da´ 'e na ka´ rte. 3 Po´sle ma´ tha my powli´ k druz;q´m, . . . ne´ bylo sego´dnq na stadiońe. 4 Mno´gie tuso´vki, . . . q poseti´la, proisxodi´li na Arba´ te. 5 Vorob;e¨ vy gory, na . . . est; ly´ 'nyj sklon, populq´rny sredi´ ba´ jkerov. 6 V Moskve´ est; mno´go sporti´vnyx klubov, v . . . mo´'no zanima´ t;sq spo´rtom. 7 Sego´dnq na festiva´ le vystupa´ [t sportsmeńy, s . . . my xoti´m poznako´mit;sq. 8 Sport – luhwee sre´dstvo pro´tiv stre´ssa, o . . . mno´go govorq´t v o´b]estve. 9 Grinvej-klub, . . . to´l;ko 3 go´da, o´hen; populq´ren sredi´ molode¨ 'i.

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Language points ♦ Superlatives Extreme sport lends itself to description as the fastest, most dangerous, newest, etc. The most straightforward way of expressing such superlatives in Russian is by putting sa´ myj before the adjective. Sa´ myj, which is a hard adjective, is in exactly the same number, gender and case as the adjective it describes: zanima´ t;sq sa´ mymi opa´ snymi vi´dami spo´rta ‘to engage in the most dangerous sports’. The eight adjectives with one-word comparatives, referred to in unit 2, form their superlatives variously: Comparative

Superlative

bol;wo´j ma´ len;kij ploxo´j

bo´l;wij me´ n;wij xu´dwij

xoro´wij

lu´hwij

vyso´kij

bo´lee vyso´kij vy´ swij bo´lee ni´ zkij ni´ zwij bo´lee molodo´j mla´ dwij

sa´ myj bol;woj sa´ myj ma´ len;kij sa´ myj xu´dwij or xu´dwij sa´ myj lu´hwij or lu´hwij sa´ myj vyso´kij vy´ swij (figurative use) sa´ myj ni´zkij ni´zwij (figurative use) sa´ myj molodo´j (things) sa´ myj mla´ dwij or mla´ dwij (people only) sa´ myj sta´ ryj (things) sa´ myj sta´ rwij or sta´ rwij (people only)

ni´zkij molodo´j sta´ ryj

bo´lee sta´ ryj sta´ rwij

Exercise 6 Put the adjectives in brackets into the superlative in the appropriate case. 1 V klu´be est; zal s (no´vaq) sporti´vnoj te´xnikoj. 2 Tam mo´'no pla´ vat; v (zameha´ tel;nyj) basse´jne. 3 Klub ne to´l;ko prinima´ et (sporti´vnyj) l[de´j. 4 Zanima´ t;sq spo´rtom (xoro´wij) spo´sob snqt; stress. 5 (Bol;wo´j) kajf dlq \kstrema´ l;]ikov 'it; na kra[´ opa´ snosti.

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The dialogue and the text contain examples of an alternative type of superlative: trena'e¨ rnye za´ ly s nove´ jwej sporti´vnoj te´ xnikoj gyms with the latest sports technology predstavlqét intere´ snejwee wou puts on a most interesting show These superlatives are formed by replacing the adjective ending with -ejwij, and decline like xoro´wij: staryj – stare´ jwij. Their meaning is less literally superlative than the variant with samyj, more a way of giving added emphasis. Adjectives with stems ending in g, k, x change those consonants to ', h, w and take the ending -ajwij: veli´kij – veliha´ jwij vyso´kij – vysoha´ jwij glubo´kij – gluboha´ jwij koro´tkij / kra´ tkij – kratha´ jwij le¨ gkij – legha´ jwij stro´gij – stro'a´ jwij ti´xij – tiwa´ jwij wiro´kij – wiroha´ jwij Note also bli´zkij – bli'a´ jwij.

Exercise 7 Rewrite the following phrases using the construction odi´ n / odna´ / odno´ iz followed by the ejwij / ajwij superlative. Example: do´bryj helove´ k – odiń iz dobre´ jwix l[de´ j Sta´ roe zda´ nie; no´vaq texnolo´giq; glubo´koe o´zero; prosto´j vopro´s; wiro´kaq reka´ ; krasi´voe i´mq; va´ 'naq zada´ ha; hi´styj vid tra´ nsporta; ser;e¨ znyj slu´haj; slo´'naq proble´ma; opa´ snaq bole´zn;; veli´kij pisa´ tel;.

Superlative of adverbs and short superlative The superlative of the adverb is formed by adding vsego´ ‘of anything / everything’ or vsex ‘of anyone / everyone / all’ after the comparative: On pry´ gaet vy´ we vsex. He jumps highest (higher than anyone).

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Mne nra´ vitsq \´ta rabo´ta bo´l;we vsego´. I like this work best (better than anything). This same construction may also be used as the superlative of the short form adjective: |ta kni´ ga intere´ snee vsex. This book is the most interesting.

Exercise 8 Examine the advertisement (shown on page 103) for the stuntsmen’s festival and answer the questions in English. 1 2 3 4 5

Where does the stuntmen’s festival take place? Which teams are taking part in the show? Why are Russian stuntmen the strongest in the world? Who will appear as well as the stuntmen? How will the show end?

Language points ♦ Preposition corner S, ot and iz ‘from’ S + genitive In expressions of place s is the opposite of na and means ‘from’. Use it to translate ‘from’ with those categories of nouns which use na to mean ‘to’ or ‘at, on’: s s s s s s s s

se´ vera vokza´ la u´licy Ura´ la konce´ rta rabo´ty poézda velosipe´ da

from from from from from from from off a

the north the station the street the Urals the concert work the train bike

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После своего выступления каскадеры споют вместе со звездами рока.

N.B. kaskade¨ r – stunt man; smerte´ l;no opa´ snyj – deadly dangerous; ste´ pen; ri´ska – level of risk; zaverwa´ t; – to finish; meropriq´tie – event; zvezda´ ro´ka – rock star; ubedi´t;sq – to be convinced

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S is commonly used to translate ‘from, since’ in expressions of time: s s s s

apre´ lq tre¨ x haso´v utra´ le´ ta

since since since since

April 3 o’clock morning summer

S may also translate ‘from’ in the sense of cause: s go´rq so sku´ki

from grief from boredom

However, ot is a safer choice in this type of context, as it is less colloquial: ot ra´ dosti ‘from joy’. Note that nahina´ t; / naha´ t; s + genitive means ‘to begin with’ as well as ‘begin from’: naha´ t; s bu´kvy A naha´ t; s naha´ la

begin with the letter A begin from the beginning

C + genitive combines with storona´ ‘side’ in several expressions: s odno´j storony´ . . . s drugo´j storony´ on one hand . . . on the other hand s moe´ j storony´ on my part s le´ voj storony´ ot + genitive to the left of C is used with sda´ ha ‘change’: sda´ ha s rublq´ change from a rouble C + instrumental means ‘with, together with, accompanied by’: My s mu´'em poe´ xali tuda´ My husband and I went there Ona´ ponima´ et s trudo´m She understands with difficulty haj s moloko´m tea with milk govori´t; s ru´sskim akce´ ntom to speak with a Russian accent

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This use of s should not be confused with the use of the instrumental without a preposition to mean ‘with’ in the sense of ‘by means of’: re´ zat; no'o´m to cut with a knife Note also: S Ro'destvo´m S dne¨ m ro'de´ niq

Merry Christmas Happy Birthday

Ot + genitive In expressions of place ot is used to mean ‘from a person’: Q poluhi´la pis;mo´ ot nego´ I received a letter from him On uwe¨ l ot 'eny´ He left his wife It also means ‘away from’, often after verbs prefixed with ot-: Teploxo´d otply´ l ot pri´ stani The boat moved away from the quay Note some other expressions of place using ot: daleko´ ot go´roda far from the town v desqti´ kilome´ trax ot go´roda ten miles from the town In expressions of time s + genitive . . . do + genitive is used to mean ‘from . . . to . . .’: s pe´ rvogo fevralq´ do pe´ rvogo ma´ rta from 1st February to 1st March s dvux do pqti´ from two o’clock till five o’clock S . . . po . . . + accusative has the slightly different meaning of up to (and including): s pe´ rvogo fevralq´ po pe´ rvoe ma´ rta from 1st February to 1st March inclusive

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Ot . . . do . . . ‘from . . . to’ is used to express distance: rasstoqńie ot Moskvy´ do Peterbu´rga the distance from Moscow to St Petersburg Note some other expressions of time using ot: vre´ mq ot vre´ meni den; oto dnq

from time to time from day to day

In expressions of cause ot means ‘from’ and can refer to both physical and emotional reasons: My umira´ em ot go´loda We are dying from hunger Oni zasmeq´lis; ot ra´ dosti They burst out laughing from joy Note also the following expressions: bez uma´ ot \´ toj de´ vuwki crazy about this girl v vosto´rge ot poda´ rka delighted at the present Note the expression ot i´meni ‘on behalf of ’: ot i´meni otca´ ‘on behalf of my father’. Some verbs followed by ot: zavi´ set; ot za]i]a´ t; / za]iti´t; ot osvobo'da´ t;sq / osvobodi´t;sq ot otka´ zyvat;sq / otkaza´ t;sq ot otliha´ t;sq ot otstava´ t; / otsta´ t; ot

to to to to to to

depend on defend from free oneself from refuse be different from lag behind

Iz + genitive In expressions of place iz is the opposite of v and means ‘from’. Use it to translate ‘from’ with those categories of nouns which use v to mean ‘to’, ‘into’, ‘in’: iz Ame´ riki ‘from America’; iz pusty´ ni ‘from the desert’; iz wko´ly ‘from school’; iz buty´ lki ‘from the bottle’; iz q´]ika ‘from a drawer’.

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Iz may also be used to indicate source or material: uzna´ t; iz gaze´ ty ‘to find out from the newspaper’; sde´ lat; iz sta´ li ‘to make from steel’. It can also be used to indicate cause: iz ne´ navisti ‘out of hatred’; iz blagoda´ rnosti ‘from gratitude’. Note also: izo vsex sil ‘with all one’s might’; odiń iz nix ‘one of them’.

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences by selecting s, ot or iz, as appropriate. 1 My prie´xali (s / ot / iz) [´ ga. 2 Oni ne sleza´ [t (s / ot / iz) velosipe´dov kruglyj god. 3 Stol sde´lan (s / ot / iz) de´reva. 4 De´ti pri´wli (s / ot / iz u´licy). 5 My poluhi´li \´tu informa´ ci[ (s / ot / iz) dire´ktora. 6 To´l;ko odna´ (s / ot / iz) vas sdala´ \kza´ men. 7 (S / Ot / Iz) desq´togo po dvadca´ toe i[´ nq. 8 Ona´ (s / ot / iz) Fra´ ncii. 9 (S / Ot / Iz) kako´j storony´ ? 10 Poézd otxo´dit (s / ot / iz) vokza´ la v 18.00

Verbs with the dative There are some verbs in this unit which are followed by the dative case: ne razrewa´ [t ba´ jkeram they do not permit the bikers Other verbs taking the dative include: ve´ rit; (po-) grozi´ t;, ugro'a´ t; doverq´t; zavi´dovat; mewa´ t; (po) podxodi´ t; / podojti´ pozvolq´t; / pozvoli´ t; pomoga´ t; / pomo´h; prika´ zyvat; / prikaza´ t;

to to to to to to to to to

believe threaten trust envy stop, hinder suit permit help order

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ra´ dovat;sq (ob-) sle´ dovat; (po-) sove´ tovat; (po-) sohu´vstvovat; (po-) udivlq´t;sq / udivi´ t;sq

to to to to to

be pleased follow advise sympathise with be surprised

Idti´ can be used with the dative in the expression: Vam ide¨ t

it suits you

Note how the verb prinadle'a´ t; ‘to belong’ is used: bu´du]ee prinadle'i´t im ‘the future belongs to them’. But when membership of a group or club is referred to, the verb is followed by k + dative: Oni prinadle'a´ t k klu´bu ba´ jkerov ‘They belong to a bikers club’.

Exercise 10 Use the words in brackets in the correct form. 1 Ba´ jkery ne (ve´rit;) (gorodskié vla´ sti), hto go´rnye velosipe´dy po´rtqt grunt. 2 K so'aleńi[, \tot rejs ne (podxodi´t;) (my). 3 |ta wlq´pa o´hen; (idti´) (moj oteć). 4 Vrah (sove´tovat;) (bol;no´j) zanq´t;sq spo´rtom. 5 Ona ne (razrewa´ t;) (svoi´ de´ti) igra´ t; na doro´ge. 6 Kak mo´'no (doverq´t;) (tako´j helove´k)? 7 On (ra´ dovat;sq) (vozmo´'nost;) uha´ stvovat; v sorevnova´ niqx. 8 Q (udivlq´t;sq) (tvoj vy´ bor). 9 On vsegda´ (pomoga´ t;) (mat;). 10 Q tak (sohu´vstvovat;) (be´'ency). 11 Mne ka´ 'etsq, (Rossi´q) ne (grozi´t;) ute´hka mozgo´v. 12 Q (zavi´dovat;) (sovremeńnaq molode¨ ';): bu´du]ee (prinadle'a´ t;) (oni´). 13 My vsegda´ (sle´dovat;) (sove´ty) instru´ktora.

Language points ♦ Stress One of the greatest problems that Russian gives to the foreign speaker is identifying the stressed syllable of each word. There is a considerable difference in the pronunciation of stressed and unstressed vowels. For example, in xorowo´ each ‘o’ is pronounced quite differently. The

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first is ‘e’ as in father, the second is ‘a’ and only the final, stressed ‘o’ is pronounced as an ‘o’. To misplace the stress renders words unintelligible to a Russian listener. The situation is further complicated by the fact that stress on words alters when their case or ending changes. This is the first of a series of guides to common stress patterns on different parts of speech in Russian.

Masculine nouns Fixed stress – stress remains on the same syllable throughout the declension, singular and plural: avto´bus ‘bus’; velosipe´ d ‘bicycle’; universite´ t ‘university’. This groups contains a large number of nouns with three or more syllables, but also some one and two syllable nouns: vid, a´ vtor. Fixed final stress – the stress moves from the final syllable in the nominative singular to the ending in all other cases: stol ‘table’ (gen. sing. stola´ ; nom. pl. stoly´ ; gen. pl. stolo´v); no' ‘knife’; um ‘mind, intelligence’. This group includes several nouns with suffixes i´k, i´ c, o´k, a´ ', a´ r;: gruzovi´ k ‘lorry’; dvore´ c ‘palace’ (dvorca´ , dvorcy´ , dvorco´v); kone´ c ‘end’ (konca´ , koncy´ , konco´v); kuso´k ‘piece’ (kuska´ , kuski´, kusko´v); baga´ ' ‘luggage’; slova´ r; ‘dictionary’. Mobile stress – there are three different patterns of mobile stress on masculine nouns. Type 1 – stress on the stem in the singular and on the ending in the plural: krug ‘circle’ (sing. kru´ga, etc; pl. krugi´, krugo´v, etc.); drug ‘friend’ (dru´ga, druz;q´, druze´ j); most ‘bridge’ (mo´sta, mosty´ , mosto´v). Many masuline nouns with their nominative plural in -a´ follow this pattern: go´rod ‘town’ (go´roda, goroda´ , gorodo´v); a´ dres ‘address’; poézd ‘train’; dom ‘house’. Type 2 – stress on the stem in the singular and nominative plural (and accusative plural if it takes the same form as the nominative), on the ending in all other plurals: volk ‘wolf’ (vo´lka, vo´lki, volko´v); u´xo ‘ear’ (u´xa, u´wi, uwe´ j); zub ‘tooth’ (zu´ba, zu´by, zubo´v). Type 3 – a very small number of masculine nouns have the stress on the ending, except in the nominative plural: kon; ‘steed’ (konq´, końi, kone´ j); gvozd; ‘nail’ (gvozdq´, gvo´zdi, gvozde´ j).

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Exercise 11 Translate into Russian. 1 I was advised by my doctor to take up sport and join a sports club. He says that sport will help me to relieve stress. 2 Can you recommend sports classes that will suit me? 3 When you are young, you are ready to risk everything. You do not think about danger. 4 He became a stuntman when he was twenty, and, even at the age of forty, he still performs the most dangerous stunts. 5 There are no high mountains around Moscow from which one can parachute. 6 The city authorities have a lot of problems with Moscow bikers who damage the soil in city parks.

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6 KUL:TURNAQ @IZN: V ROSSII

In this unit you will learn: ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗

about film and theatre in Russia alternative ways of translating ‘to be’ about verbs with the instrumental how to form and use active participles more about the prepositions o and pro about stress on feminine nouns

Theatre, together with opera, ballet and cinema, has always played a very important role in Russian cultural life. Despite censorship in Soviet times, the standard was high, art subsidies were generous and tickets cheap. With the arrival of the market economy things have changed; theatre and cinema have lost state subsidies and the route to survival has been to produce plays and films that appeal to mass audiences and guarantee a full house. But not every Russian artist was prepared to sacrifice his integrity; some have preferred to leave the commercial theatre and have formed small companies where they are free to experiment. A few, however, like the director of the Maly Theatre in St Petersburg, Lev Dodin, have managed to achieve success in changed circumstances.

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Dialogue 1 The General Director of the Moscow International Non-Competitive Film Festival, MOFEST, B.V. Volodin, answers questions from a journalist. @ URNALI´ ST

V OLO´ DIN

@ URNALI´ ST V OLO´ DIN

@ URNALI´ ST V OLO´ DIN @ URNALI´ ST V OLO´ DIN

@ URNALI´ ST V OLO´ DIN @ URNALI´ ST V OLO´ DIN

Bori´s Vladi´mirovih, ne mno´go li kinofestiva´ lej v na´ wej strane´? U nas u'e´ est; <Me'dunaro´dnyj mosko´vskij>, , i drugié. Vy owiba´ etes;. Fi´l;mov v mi´re vypuska´ etsq ogro´mnoe koli´hestvo. Festiva´ lej to´'e provo´ditsq mno´go – pohti´ 650 v god. I \´to zameha´ tel;no. Zna´ hit, mirovo´j kinomato´graf 'iv i v prekra´ snoj rabo´hej fo´rme. No hem 'e otliha´ etsq Vaw festiva´ l; ot drugi´x festiva´ lej? V osnovno´m, vse \´ti festiva´ li qvlq´[tsq końkursnymi. Ix cel; vy´ qvit; lu´hwie rabo´ty s po´mo];[ '[ri´. @[ri´ oceńivaet fi´l;my. A na nekońkursnyx festiva´ lqx gla´ vnyj oceń]ik – zri´tel;. Kakié 'e fi´l;my Vy sobira´ etes; poka´ zyvat; na festiva´ le? Zada´ ha na´ wego festiva´ lq – pokaza´ t; sa´ mye intere´snye posle´dnie fi´l;my. Hto za kartińy bu´dut poka´ zany? Sa´ mye izve´stnye, u'e poluhi´vwie prizna´ nie u mirovo´go zri´telq. |to ital;qńskij fil;m <Xleb i t[l;pa´ ny>. |to re'isse¨ ra Iwtvana Sa´ bo, fil;m o hetyre¨ x pokoleńiqx evre´jskoj sem;i´ i mno´gie drugié. Vsego´ 'e bu´det poka´ zano o´kolo 100 fi´l;mov iz 20 stran mi´ra. A bu´dut li poka´ zany ote´hestvennye fi´l;my? Da, kone´hno. Vpervy´ e zri´teli uvi´dqt lu´hwie kartińy by´ vwix sove´tskix respu´blik za posle´dnie 50 let. No ceńy-to na bile´ty, nave´rnoe, bu´dut groma´ dnymi? V tom-to i de´lo, hto stoímost; bile´tov bu´det sa´ maq dostu´pnaq. A dlq pensione´rov vsego´ 20 ruble´j, \´to


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pohti´ blagotvori´tel;nye poka´ zy. I v \´tom to´'e otli´hie <MOsko´vskogo FESTa> ot drugi´x festiva´ lej. Po materia´ lam , 2000

Vocabulary ♦ blagotvori´tel;nyj poka´ z vpervy´ e vypuska´ t; vy´ qvit; dostu´pnyj evre´ jskij końkurs mirovo´j zri´tel; otli´hie oce´ nivat;, oce´ n]ik owiba´ t;sq pokole´ nie poluhi´t; prizna´ nie re'isse¨ r

charity show for the first time to release to discover accessible Jewish competition world audience difference to judge (in a competition); judge to be mistaken generation to receive recognition producer

N.B. v tom-to i de´ lo – that’s (just) the point; vsego´ – in all; -to (particle) – adds emphasis to what is being said. Difficult to translate into English. Depending on the context it may mean ‘at least’, ‘precisely’, or ‘just’.

Exercise 1 Answer the following questions in Russian. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Kakié kinofestiva´ li est; v Rossií? Kakova´ ix cel;? V he¨ m otli´hie Mosko´vskogo ? Kakié fi´l;my bu´dut poka´ zyvat; na festiva´ le? Kakié ote´hestvennye fi´l;my mo´'no uvi´det; na festiva´ le? Kakova´ cena´ bile´tov na festiva´ le?

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Exercise 2 Examine the list of the winners of Mosko´vskij me'dunaro´dnyj kinofestiva´ l; and answer the questions in English.

N.B. The original English title of the film Fanatic was The Believer

1 2 3 4 5

What is the top prize in the festival called? Which film won that prize? What did Russia win a prize for? Which other countries were among the prizewinners? What were the other prizewinning categories?


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Text 1 Do´ din i rossi´ jskij tea´tr ПРОФИЛЬ

V rossi´jskom tea´ tre figu´ra gla´ vnogo re'isse¨ ra vsegda´ byla´ vedu´]ej. Vspo´mnim imena´ veli´kix re'isse¨ rov – Stanisla´ vskogo, Mejerxo´l;da. Sredi´ sovremeńnyx rossi´jskix re'isse¨ rov oso´benno vydelqétsq Lev Do´din, gla´ vnyj re'isse¨ r Ma´ logo dramati´heskogo tea´ tra Peterbu´rga. |to odiń iz sa´ myx uspe´wnyx tea´ trov, izve´stnyx ne to´l;ko v Rossií, no i na Za´ pade, tea´ tr, zavoeva´ vwij sa´ mye presti´'nye pre´mii v Evro´pe. Do´din prosla´ vilsq postano´vkoj trilo´gii Abra´ mova , sta´ vwej potrqseńiem dlq Leningra´ da i poluhi´vwej vy´ swu[ Gosuda´ rstvennu[ pre´mi[. Imenno s , sta´ vwix torgo´voj ma´ rkoj MDT, nahali´s; ego´ triumfa´ l;nye zarube´'nye gastro´li. Tea´ tr pobyva´ l v Qpońii, SWA, pohti´ vo vsex evrope´jskix stra´ nax. Vme´ste s kartińoj 'i´zni sove´tskoj voeńnoj i poslevoeńnoj dere´vni Do´din poka´ zyval mi´ru ansa´ mbl; blestq´]ix akte¨ rov i svoe¨ re'isse¨ rskoe masterstvo´. Akte¨ ry qvlq´[tsq gla´ vnoj go´rdost;[ MDT. Tru´ppa Do´dina, sostoq´vwaq bo´l;wej ha´ st;[ iz ego´ uheniko´v (v tru´ppe to´l;ko 50 akte¨ rov) shita´ etsq odno´j iz sa´ myx si´l;nyx v Rossií. Ka´ 'dyj spekta´ kl; Do´din repeti´ruet o´hen; do´lgo. Byva´ et, hto ot pe´rvyx \t[´ dov do prem;e´ry proxo´dit ne´skol;ko let. Kone´hno, Do´din predstavlqét sobo´j unika´ l;noe qvleńie. Emu´ udalo´s; da´ 'e v kri´zisnoj situa´ cii, koto´ru[ pere'iva´ et Rossi´q, soxrani´t; xudo´'estvennost; i individua´ l;nost; svoego´ tea´ tra, izbe'a´ t; ego´ prevra]eńiq v komme´rheskij. Ved; izve´stno, hto v Rossií ide¨ t proce´s prevra]eńiq tea´ trov v komme´rheskie, i mno´gie rossi´jskie tea´ try predpohita´ [t komme´rheskij uspe´x xudo´'estvennomu. V tako´j situa´ cii figu´ra gla´ vnogo re'isse¨ ra vse¨ ha´ ]e otxo´dit na za´ dnij plan i zamenqétsq figu´roj dire´ktora-meńed'era, upravlq´[]ego tea´ trom kak komme´rheskim

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uhre'deńiem. Tea´ try vse¨ bo´l;we 'e´rtvu[t svoe´j xudo´'estvennost;[ i sta´ vqt p;e´sy, garanti´ru[]ie komme´rheskij uspe´x i po´lnye za´ ly. Ne sluha´ jno mno´gie rossi´jskie re'isse¨ ry uxo´dqt iz tea´ tra v ma´ lye za´ ly, sozda[´ t svoi´ ma´ len;kie tea´ try. |to pro´]e i po organiza´ cii, i po repertua´ ru. Tak leghe vy´ 'it;. Taki´x tea´ trovmasterski´x stano´vitsq vse¨ bol;we, oso´benno v Moskve´. Kone´hno, mno´gie iz nix isheza´ [t tak 'e by´ stro, kak poqvlq´[tsq. No ne´kotorye, kak , <Masterska´ q Fomeńko>, po´l;zu[]iesq zaslu´'ennym uspe´xom, u'e´ ime´[t svoego´ zri´telq, cenq´]ego i poluha´ []ego udovo´l;stvie ot spekta´ klq i igry´ akte¨ rov. Kto zna´ et, mo´'et byt;, so vre´menem \´ti ma´ len;kie masterskié prevratq´tsq v tea´ try, podo´bnye tea´ tru Do´dina.


Vocabulary ♦ vedu´]ij voe´ nnyj vspo´mnit; vydelq´t;sq go´rdost; (f ) 'e´ rtvovat; (+ inst) zavoeva´ t; pre´ mi[ zamenq´t; za´ dnij plan zarube´ 'nye gastro´li zaslu´'ennyj izbe'a´ t; (+ gen) i´menno isheza´ t; / ishe´ znut; masterska´ q masterstvo´ podo´bnyj postano´vka potrqse´ nie prevrati´t;sq v (+ acc) prevra]e´ nie

leading wartime to remember to stand out pride to sacrifice to win a prize to replace background foreign tour deserved to avoid namely, actually to disappear workshop, studio skill similar to production sensation to turn into transformation


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prosla´ vit;sq (+ inst) repeti´rovat; rukovodi´t; (+ inst) sovreme´ nnyj sostoq´t; iz (+ gen) soxrani´t; torgo´vaq ma´ rka tru´ppa upravlq´t; (+ inst) uhre'de´ nie xudo´'estvennyj, xudo´'estvennost; ceni´t; \t[´ d qvle´ nie

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to become famous to rehearse to lead modern to consist to preserve trade mark company to manage institution artistic merit, quality to appreciate sketch phenomenon

N.B. emu´ udalo´s; – he succeeded; ne sluha´ jno – not by chance

Exercise 3 Answer the following questions in Russian. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Kto tako´j Lev Do´din? Hem prosla´ vilsq Do´din? O he¨ m teatra´ l;naq trilo´giq ? Pohemu´ Do´din – unika´ l;noe qvleńie v teatra´ l;noj 'i´zni Rossií? Kako´j proce´ss ide¨ t sejha´ s v rossi´jskom tea´ tre? Pohemu´ figu´ra dire´ktora-meńed'era stano´vitsq gla´ vnoj v tea´ tre? Pohemu´ re'isse¨ ry sozda[´ t svoi´ ma´ len;kie tea´ try? Est; li bu´du]ee u taki´x tea´ trov?

Exercise 4 True or false? 1 Końkursnye festiva´ li orienti´ru[tsq na (wiro´ku[ pu´bliku, professiona´ l;nu[ audito´ri[, avtorite´tnoe '[ri´)? 2 Na nekońkursnyx festiva´ lqx fi´l;my oceńiva[t (zri´teli, kinokri´tiki, '[ri´)?

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3 Ma´ lyj tea´ tr Peterbu´rga izve´sten blagodarq´ (re'isse¨ ru Do´dinu, repertua´ ru, akte¨ ram)? 4 Trilo´giq sta´ la (populq´rnoj p;e´soj, torgo´voj ma´ rkoj, skanda´ l;noj p;e´soj) tea´ tra? 5 Do´dina bo´l;we interesuét (komme´rheskij, xudo´'estvennyj, dewe¨ vyj) uspe´x? 6 V Rossi´jskom teatre vse¨ ha´ ]e gla´ vnoj stano´vitsq figu´ra (gla´ vnogo re'isse¨ ra, dire´ktora-meńed'era, akte¨ ra)? 7 Mno´gie re'isse¨ ry sozda[´ t svoi´ tea´ try-masterskié, potomu´ hto xotq´t (rukovodi´t; tea´ trom, byt; nezavi´simymi, vy´ 'it;)?

Language points ♦ The verb ‘to be’ You are, of course, already aware that byt; ‘to be’ has no present tense. However, several other verbs may be used as a susbstitute. These include: qvlq´t;sq / q´vi´t;sq + instrumental to seem, to appear, to be On qvlqétsq dire´ ktorom. He is the director. |to qvlqétsq prihi´ noj ego´ sme´ rti. That was the reason for his death. Uspe´ x qvlqétsq rezul;ta´ tom usi´lij vsex akte¨ rov. The success is the result of all the actors’ efforts. Note also: qvlq´t;sq ce´ l;[ ‘to be the aim of’; qvlq´t;sq sle´ dstviem ‘to be a consequence of’; qvlq´t;sq ha´ st;[ ‘to be a part of’, predstavlq´t; (sobo´j) ‘to represent, to be’. Do´din predstavlqét (sobo´j) unika´ l;noe qvle´ nie Dodin is / represents a unique phenomenon Note also: predstavlq´t; (sobo´j) prime´ r ‘to be an example’; predstavlq´t; (sobo´j) zada´ hu ‘to be / represent a task, problem’, byva´ t; ‘to be, to frequent’. On vsegda´ byva´ et v tea´ tre pe´ red naha´ lom spekta´ klq. He is always in the theatre before the start of the performance. kak \´ to ha´ sto byva´ et as often happens / is often the case


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Exercise 5 Rephrase the sentences by using first the verb qvlq´t;sq + inst and then the verb predstavlq´t; (sobo´j) + acc. 1 Mosko´vskij festiva´ l; – rezul;ta´ t mnogole´tnej rabo´ty. 2 Do´din – unika´ l;noe qvleńie v rossi´jskom tea´ tre. 3 Poka´ z sa´ myx intere´snyx fi´l;mov – zada´ ha festiva´ lq. 4 Vyso´kaq xudo´'estvennost; – otlihi´tel;naq oso´bennost; tea´ tra Do´dina. 5 Znako´mstvo s mirovy´ m kinemato´grafom – cel; festiva´ lq. 6 Rost hisla´ immigra´ ntov – bla´ go dlq Rossií. 7 |kstri´m – stil; 'i´zni molode¨ 'i.

Verbs with the instrumental There are a number of verbs in the text which are followed by the instrumental case. Verbs taking the instrumental include: Verbs indicating control – po´l;zovat;sq (vos-) ‘to use, enjoy’; rukovodi´t; ‘to lead’; upravlq´t; ‘to govern, manage’; torgova´ t; ‘to trade’; vlade´ t; ‘to own’, ‘to have a command of (a language)’; zanima´ t;sq / zanq´t;sq ‘to be engaged in’; zloupotreblq´t; ‘to abuse’; riskova´ t; ‘to risk’. Verbs indicating an attitude – gordi´ t;sq ‘to be proud of’; interesova´ t;sq (za-) ‘to be interested in’; l[bova´ t;sq (po-) ‘to admire’; uvleka´ t;sq / uvle´ h;sq ‘to be keen on’. Verbs indicating state or appearance – kaza´ t;sq ‘to seem’; oka´ zyvat;sq / okaza´ t;sq ‘to turn out to be’; stanovi´t;sq / stat; ‘to become’; shita´ t;sq ‘to be considered’; ostava´ t;sq / osta´ t;sq ‘to remain’. Other examples – 'e´ rtvovat; (po-) ‘to sacrifice’; sla´ vit;sq (pro-) ‘to be famed for’; bole´ t; (za-) ‘to be ill with’.

Exercise 6 Use the words in brackets in the correct form. Posle´dnee vre´mq mno´gie no´vye tea´ try (po´l;zovat;sq) (uspe´x). Vse nade´[tsq, hto Do´din bu´det prodol'a´ t; (rukovodi´t;) (Ma´ lyj tea´ tr). V prowlo´m godu´ Do´din (prosla´ vit;sq) (postano´vka) trilo´gii Abra´ mova. |ta postano´vka poluhi´la vy´ swu[ pre´mi[ i

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(stat;) (potrqseńie) dlq Leningra´ da. Tru´ppa Do´dina (shita´ t;sq) (odna´ ) iz sa´ myx si´l;nyx v Rossií. Do´din ne goto´v ('e´rtvovat;) (svoq´ xudo´'estvennost;). On goto´v (riskova´ t;) (vse¨ ), htoby dobi´t;sq uspe´xa. Ma´ lyj tea´ tr (ostava´ t;sq) (odiń iz sa´ myx uspe´wnyx tea´ trov).

Language points ♦ Participles Participles are verbal adjectives. They are formed from verbs, but have adjectival endings. There are four types of participle in Russian: present active; past active; present passive; past passive. They may all be used to replace adjectival clauses, i.e. clauses introduced by koto´ryj: p;e´ sy, koto´rye garanti´ru[t komme´ rheskij uspe´ x plays which guarantee commercial success p;e´ sy, garanti´ ru[]ie komme´ rheskij uspe´ x plays guaranteeing commercial success Garanti´ ru[]ie is an example of a present active participle. There are numerous examples of both present and past active participles in the text Do´ din i rossi´ jskij tea´tr.

Active participles Present active participles are formed by removing -t from the third person plural (oni´) form of the present tense and replacing it by -]ij: poluha´ t; ‘to receive, get’ – poluha´ [t – poluha´ []ij ‘receiving, getting’. The participle agrees in number, gender and case with the noun it describes and declines like xoro´wij: Est; nema´ lo zri´telej, poluha´ []ix udovo´l;stvie ot ego´ spekta´ klej. There is a sizeable audience, getting pleasure from his shows. (poluha´ []ix is genitive plural to agree with zri´ telej) Participles formed from verbs ending in -sq always end in -sq, regardless of the preceding letter of the ending:


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Taki´ e tea´ try-masterskié, ha´ sto razme]a´ []iesq v by´ vwix kinotea´ trax, o´hen; populq´rny v Moskve´ . Such theatre workshops, often located in former cinemas, are very popular in Moscow.

Exercise 7 Form present active participles from the following verbs. oceńivat;, ponima´ t;, igra´ t;, proisxodi´t;, naxodi´t;sq, vesti´, bleste´t;, uha´ stvovat;, sozdava´ t;, po´l;zovat;sq, prevra]a´ t;sq, isheza´ t;, voznika´ t;, stanovi´t;sq, upravlq´t;.

Although present active participles usually replace koto´ryj + present tense of an active verb, they may substitute for koto´ryj + active past tense, if the action of the verb in the subordinate clause is taking place at the same time as the action of the verb in the main clause: Rasskaza´ li o fi´ l;me, koto´ryj we¨ l v \´to vremq v Moskve´ . They were talking about a film which was showing at the time in Moscow. Rasskaza´ li o fi´ l;me, idu´]em v \´to vre´ mq v Moskve´ . They were talking about a film showing at the time in Moscow.

Exercise 8 Replace the clauses with koto´ryj by a present active participle. 1 Kinofestiva´ l;, koto´ryj proxo´dit v Moskve´, vy´ zval mno´go intere´sa za rube'o´m. 2 Na festiva´ le by´ lo mno´go fi´l;mov, koto´rye po´l;zu[tsq uspe´xom u zri´telej. 3 Sredi´ akte¨ rov, koto´rye snima´ [tsq v fi´l;me, mno´go ru´sskix. 4 V tru´ppe Do´dina, koto´raq sostoi´t iz ego´ uheniko´v, to´l;ko 50 helove´k. 5 Ne mno´go osta´ los; tea´ trov, koto´rye predpohita´ [t xudo´'estvennyj uspe´x komme´rheskomu. 6 Ha´ sto tea´ try, koto´rye razme]a´ [tsq v ma´ len;kix za´ lax, o´hen; intere´snye. 7 Osta´ los; ma´ lo l[de´j, koto´rye e]e¨ po´mnqt sta´ ru[ Moskvu´.

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The past active participle is formed from either the imperfective or perfective past by replacing the -l from the masculine past tense by -vwij: poluha´ t; – poluha´ l – poluha´ vwij; poluhi´ t; – poluhi´l – poluhi´vwij. Where there is no -l in the masculine past tense add -wij to the masculine past tense: ishe´ znut; ‘to disappear’ – ishe´ z – ishe´ zwij. Note: idti´ – we´ dwij; vesti´ – ve´ dwij. Participles from verbs ending in -sq always end in -sq, never -s;.

Exercise 9 Form past active participles from the following verbs. ponq´t;, oceni´t;, sozda´ t;, vy´ 'it;, sygra´ t;, provesti´, najti´, proizojti´, stat;, bleste´t;, posta´ vit;, prevrati´t;sq, vospo´l;zovat;sq, ishe´znut;, vozni´knut;, ostanovi´t;sq

The past active participle declines like xoro´wij and agrees in number, gender and case with the noun it describes. It may be used instead of adjectival (koto´ryj) clauses which contain the imperfective or perfective past of an active verb. The translation into English of both the clause and the participle are frequently the same: Do´din prosla´ vilsq postano´vkoj trilo´gii Abra´ mova , koto´raq poluhi´ la Gosuda´ rstvennu[ pre´ mi[ Do´din prosla´ vilsq postano´vkoj trilo´gii Abra´ mova , poluhi´vwej Gosuda´ rstvennu[ pre´ mi[. Dodin is famous for the production of Abramov’s trilogy Brothers and Sisters, which won a State Prize.

Exercise 10 Replace the koto´ryj clauses by past active participles. 1 Q ne sogla´ sna s kri´tikami, koto´rye oceni´li fil;m kak sla´ byj. 2 My govori´li o fi´l;me, koto´ryj poluhi´l pe´rvyj priz. 3 U aktri´sy, koto´raq igra´ la rol; Anny Kareńinoj, prekra´ snaq vne´wnost;. 4 Fil;m, koto´ryj we¨ l po televi´zoru vhera´ , dovo´l;no sla´ byj. 5 Teatra´ l;naq olimpia´ da, koto´raq prowla´ v Moskve´ v


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i[´ ne, ime´la ogro´mnyj uspe´x. 6 Festiva´ l;, koto´ryj naha´ lsq v i[´ le, zakońhilsq v a´ vguste. 7 Arxitektu´rnyj stil;, koto´ryj pohti´ ishe´z tepe´r;, byl o´hen; populq´ren v naha´ le ve´ka. 8 Mno´go govori´los; o prem;e´re p;e´sy He´xova, koto´raq sostoq´las; na pro´wloj nede´le.

Active participles used as adjectives and nouns Many active participles are used as adjectives: blestq´]ij ‘brilliant’; vedu´]ij ‘leading’; de´ jstvu[]ij ‘acting’; sle´ du[]ij ‘next’; teku´]ij ‘current’; nastoq´]ij ‘present, real’ (never used as a participle); bu´du]ij ‘future’ (also used as present active participle of byt;); by´ vwij ‘former’; rewa´ []ij ‘decisive’; potrqsa´ []ij ‘stunning’. Kurq´]ij is used to mean ‘smoker’: vagoń dlq kurq´]ix ‘carriage for smokers’. Other examples of participles used as nouns include: slu´'a]ij ‘employee’; upravlq´[]ij ‘manager’; vedu´]ij ‘presenter’; bu´du]ee ‘future’; nastoq´]ee ‘present’; uha´ ]ijsq ‘student’; trudq´]ijsq ‘worker’.

Exercise 11 The newspaper Vaw dosu´ g published the following ratings of films recommended for both children and parents. Read it and then answer the questions in English.

NE TOL:KO DETSKOE KINO ocenka otlihno xorowo tak sebe otvratitel;no <MUMIQ VOZVRA}AETSQ> pro hto: prodol'enie fil;ma <MUMIQ>. Syn glavnyx geroev stanovitsq ob#ektom oxoty mumii so vsemi sledu[]imi iz \togo scenami .

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kommentarii: nekotorye iz scen strawnovaty. Vesti na \tot fil;m mo'no tol;ko ne ohen; vpehatlitel;nyx detej. V pol;zu detskoj auditorii govorit i tot fakt, hto odin iz glavnyx persona'ej – mal;hiwka. Tak hto vawemu rebenku budet za kogo pere'ivat;. rekomenduetsq: sil;nym duxom podrostkam. pro hto: fil;m – prodol'enie dobroj komedii 1996 goda . Obstoqtel;stva i dejstvu[]ie lica pohti ne izmenilis;. Zlodejka, po-pre'nemu, Kru\lla de Vil;, i milye pqtnistye sobaki spasa[tsq ot ee vyxodok. kommentarii: pervyj fil;m, konehno 'e, luhwe. Odnako tem, kto l[bit smotret; pro 'ivotnyx, osobenno pro dalmatincev, kartina ponravitsq. rekomenduetsq l[bitelqm 'ivotnyx vsex vozrastov. <WOKOLAD> pro hto: v dvux slovax – krasivaq romantihnaq istoriq. kommentarii: ne sovsem detskij (skoree naoborot), no esli vam ne s kem svoego rebenka ostavit;, – mo'ete pojti na \tot fil;m vse vmeste. Kartina prekrasnaq, k tomu 'e rqd \pizodov vpolne ponqtny i zabavny dlq vawego rebenka. rekomenduetsq dlq semejnogo prosmotra s det;mi l[bogo vozrasta (krome malywej do 4 let). Podrostkam fil;m mo'no smotret; i bez roditelej.

'urna´ l , 2001

N.B. zvezda´ – star; tak sebe´ – so-so; otvrati´tel;no – repulsive; v po´l;zu – in favour; vpehatli´tel;nyj – impressionable; si´l;nyj du´xom – strong in spirit; de´ jstvu[]ee lico´ – character; zlode´ jka – female villain; vy´ xodka – trick; pqtni´staq soba´ ka – spotty dog; 'ivo´tnoe – animal; zaba´ vnyj – amusing; naoboro´t – the other way round


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1 2 3 4 5

Which film received the highest (5-star) rating? Which films are recommended for families? Which film is recommended for animal lovers and why? What is the subject of the film The Mummy Returns? Would The Mummy Returns be a good film for impressionable youngsters? 6 For whom is the film Chocolat recommended?

Preposition corner O + prepositional ‘about, concerning’ du´mat; o sebe´ , o rabo´te; le´ kciq o 'i´ vopisi think about yourself, about work; a lecture about art Note that o sometimes becomes ob, generally before vowels, and obo before some combinations of consonants: ob \´ tom ‘about that’; ob isku´sstve ‘about art’; ob otce´ ‘about father’; obo mne´ ‘about me’; obo vse¨ m ‘about everything.

O + accusative ‘against, on, upon’ opira´ t;sq o ste´ nu; uda´ rit;sq nogo´j o stol; bok o´ bok to lean on the wall; bang one’s leg on the table; side by side Note: ruka´ o´b ruku ‘hand in hand’, a rare example of ob before a consonant.

Pro + accusative ‘about, concerning’ (more colloquial than ‘o’) govori´ t; pro de´ lo Pro hto \´tot fil;m? fil;m pro 'ivo´tnyx

talk about business What is this film about? a film about animals

Exercise 12 Put the words in brackets in the appropriate case. 1 Q govori´la o (syn). 2 Q zna´ [ vse¨ pro (ty). 3 On spotknu´lsq ob (igru´wka). 4 Uheniki´ opira´ [tsq o (stol). 5 Mne nra´ vqtsq fi´l;my pro (l[bo´v;).

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Stress Feminine nouns Fixed stress – stress remains on the same syllable throughout the declension, singular and plural: gostińica, doro´ga, sposo´bnost;. This group contains a large number of nouns with three or more syllables, but also some one syllable nouns: bol; and two syllable nouns ending in unstressed -a or -q: ve´ ra, kni´ga, bu´rq. Mobile stress – there are five types of mobile stress on feminine nouns. Type 1 – stress on the ending in the singular and stem in the plural: vojna´ (gen. sing. vojny´ ; nom. pl. vo´jny; gen. pl. vojn; dat. pl. vo´jnam, etc.); strana´ , glava´ , sestra´ (pl. se¨ stry). Most of these nouns have two syllables, but there are some with three. In this case the stress moves back one syllable in the plural: krasota´ (krasoty´ , kraso´ty, kraso´t, kraso´tam, etc.). Type 2 – stress on the stem in the singular and nominative plural (and accusative plural if it takes the same form as the nominative), on the ending in all other plurals: hast; (ha´ sti, ha´ sti, haste´ j), o´hered;, lo´wad; and many other nouns ending in -;. Type 3 – stress on the ending except in the nominative / accusative plural: guba´ (guby´ , gu´by, gub, guba´ m, etc.); sveha´ , sleza´ (pl. sle¨ zy). Type 4 – stress on the ending except in the accusative singular and the nominative / accusative plural, which are stressed on the first syllable: gora´ (acc. sing. go´ru; gen. sing gory´ ; nom. / acc. pl. go´ry; gen. pl. gor; dat. pl. gora´ m, etc.); doska´ , noga´ , reka´ , ruka´ , sreda´ , stena´ , golova´ , storona´ , boroda´ . Type 5 – stress on the ending in the singular, except for the accusative singular, and on the stem in the plural: voda´ (acc. sing. vo´du; gen. sing. vody´ ; nom. pl. vo´dy; gen. pl. vod; dat. pl. vo´dam, etc.); zima´ , duwa´ , spina´ , cena´ , zemlq´.


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Exercise 13 Translate into Russian. 1 A winner of the Moscow International Film Festival was the American film The Fanatic. 2 The Maly Theatre of St Petersburg is one of the most interesting theatres in Russia; it became famous thanks to the artistic skill of the director Lev Dodin. 3 The majority of the members of the jury judging the films were professional actors. 4 All newspapers wrote about the film which received the top prize at the Film Festival. 5 The actors playing the main parts clearly belonged to the Stanislavsky school. 6 There are a lot of people in Russia who appreciate the art of the theatre. 7 Theatres are becoming more and more commercial in Russia: they only put on plays guaranteeing a full house. 8 A lot of the films taking part in the competition turned out to be foreign. Only one Russian film was among them.

7 SREDSTVA MASSOVOJ INFORMACII (SMI)

In this unit you will learn: ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗

about newspapers and television in Russia how to use hto and kto as relative pronouns about conjunctions in time and causal clauses how to choose between -to and -nibud; how to use drug druga about stress on neuter nouns

During the period of glasnost; Russia enjoyed unprecedented freedom of the press. A large number of new newspapers appeared, censorship ceased and journalists were free to publish what they wanted. New independent publications played an important role in the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since the war in Chechnya, and especially after the election of President Putin, the situation has changed somewhat. The government is less ready to tolerate criticism of its policies. Conscious of the power of the media to influence public opinion, the government is re-exerting its control over press and television. The independent channel NTV, the radio station |xo Moskvy and the newspaper Novaq Gazeta were the first victims. There is now less freedom of expression in Russia than there was at the time of the fall of the Soviet Union.

Sredstva massovoj informacii (smi)

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Dialogue 1 From an interview with a journalist from Argume´ nty i fa´kty A VTOR

@ URNALI´ ST

A VTOR @ URNALI´ ST

A VTOR

@ URNALI´ ST

A VTOR @ URNALI´ ST

Q ha´ sto sly´ wu o tom, hto svobo´da pre´ssy v Rossií v opa´ snosti. Gosuda´ rstvo pyta´ etsq kontroli´rovat; vse sre´dstva ma´ ssovoj informa´ cii. No pre´ssa ne mo´'et byt; po´lnost;[ nezavi´simoj. L[ba´ q gaze´ta ot hego´-to i ot kogo´-to zavi´sit: ot vlade´l;ca gaze´ty, ot ob]e´stvennogo mneńiq, ot situa´ cii na ry´ nke. Sam izda´ tel; vyra'a´ et intere´sy kako´j-to gru´ppy. No v Rossií bol;winstvo´ SMI vse¨ bo´l;we zavi´sqt ot tex, kto dae¨ t im deń;gi? Da, \´to ve´rno. De´lo v tom, hto v Rossií sejha´ s mno´gie gaze´ty izda[´ tsq ne po ry´ nohnym pra´ vilam, a za she¨ t oliga´ rxov, poli´tikov. Me´stnye o´rgany vla´ sti to´'e sode´r'at bol;woé koli´hestvo gaze´t. Su]estvuét mneńie, hto naibo´lee nezavi´simye SMI prinadle'a´ t ha´ stnym lićam, tem, dlq kogo´ mediabi´znes osnovno´j. Naprime´r, ha´ stnyj telekana´ l NTV, 'urna´ l , gaze´ta <Sego´dnq>, radiosta´ nciq . Vse oni´ podve´rglis; kri´tike. Po-moému, ix nezavi´simost; byla´ ill[´ ziej. Ved; vse stat;i´ 'urnali´stov po gla´ vnym vopro´sam 'i´zni, vse vystupleńiq televedu´]ix na NTV vsegda´ otra'a´ li pozići[ vlade´l;ca, stoq´vwego za SMI, A kto stoi´t za Va´ wej gaze´toj? Ona´ to´'e vyra'a´ et h;i-to intere´sy? Na´ wa gaze´ta, vozmo´'no, i est; sa´ maq nezavi´simaq. Za nej stoq´t sa´ mi 'urnali´sty. U nas reda´ kciq rewa´ et to, o he¨ m pisa´ t; i kak pisa´ t;. Ediństvennaq zavi´simost;, koto´ru[ my priznae¨ m, – zavi´simost; ot na´ wix hita´ telej.


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Vocabulary ♦ vlade´ lec vystuple´ nie vyra'a´ t; zavi´sim / ost; (f ), -yj izdava´ t; / izda´ tel; me´ stnye o´rgany vla´ sti opa´ snost; (f ) otra'a´ t; po´lnost;[ nezavi´simyj podve´ rgnut;sq kri´tike priznava´ t; reda´ kciq ry´ nohnoe pra´ vilo svobo´da pre´ ssy soder'a´ t; stat;q´ televedu´]ij ha´ stnyj kana´ l

owner speech to express dependence, dependent to publish / publisher local government danger to reflect fully independent to be subject to criticism to acknowledge editorial office rule of the market freedom of the press to keep article television presenter private channel

N.B. su]estvuét mne´ nie – there is an opinion; de´ lo v tom, hto – the thing is that; za she¨ t – at the expense of

Exercise 1 Answer the following questions in Russian. 1 2 3 4

Pohemu´ svobo´da pre´ssy v Rossií v opa´ snosti? Mo´'et li pre´ssa byt; po´lnost;[ nezavi´simoj? Ot kogo´ oby´ hno zavi´sit pre´ssa? Pra´ vda li, hto v Rossií sejha´ s sli´wkom mno´go gaze´t?

Language points ♦ -to / -nibud; -to and -nibud; can be used after hto, kto and kako´j: hto´-to / hto´-nibud; kto´-to / kto´-nibud; kako´j-to / kako´j-nibud;

something someone some (or other)


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The forms ending in -to are more specific. They relate to things / people the identity of which is uncertain but whose existence is not in doubt: On hto´-to prine¨ s. He has brought something. Kto´-to stuhi´t. Someone is knocking. Kaka´ q-to de´ vuwka vas i´]et. Some girl (or other) is looking for you. There is an example in the dialogue: L[ba´ q gaze´ ta ot hego´-to i kogo´-to zavi´sit. Any newspaper depends on someone and something. Forms in -nibu´d; are vaguer and imply that the existence of the thing / person is in doubt. Hto´-nibud; and kto´-nibud; may also translate ‘anything’ or ‘anyone’: Prine¨ s li on hto´-nibud;? Did he bring anything? Kto´-nibud; xo´het \´to? Does anyone want it? Mo´'et byt;, nam oka´ 'ut kaku´[-nibud; po´mo];. Perhaps they will give us some help. Contrast: kto´-to zvoni´t someone is ringing (existence known) esli kto´-nibud; pozvoni´t if someone rings (existence hypothetical) -to / -nibud; may also be added to some adverbs, to similar effect: gde´ -to / gde´ -nibud; ‘somewhere’ (place); kuda´ -to / kuda´ -nibud; ‘somewhere’ (motion); ka´ k-to / ka´ k-nibud; ‘somehow’; kogda´ -to / kogda´ -nibud; ‘some time (or other)’: On kogda´ -to 'il v Rossi´ i. He lived in Russia at some time or other. Mo´'et byt;, my kogda´ -nibu´d; vstre´ timsq. Perhaps we will meet some time.

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Exercise 2 Select the appropriate word from the brackets and put it into the correct case to complete the sentence. 1 Q (hto´-to, hto´-nibud;) hita´ la ob \´tom. 2 Ty pisa´ l (kto´-to, ktońibud;)? 3 K tebe´ prixodi´la (kako´j-to, kako´j-nibud;) de´vuwka. 4 Daj mne pohita´ t; (hto´-to, hto´-nibud;). 5 On izuha´ et (kako´j-to, kako´j-nibud;) qzy´ k v universite´te. 6 Neu'e´li vy ne mo´'ete nauhi´t; ego (hto´-to, hto´-nibud;)? 7 U vas est; (kako´j-to, kako´jnibud;) gaze´ty? 8 Ne volnu´jtes;, (ka´ k-to, ka´ k-nibud;) my rewi´m \´tu proble´mu. 9 |to sluhi´los; (gde´-to, gde´-nibud;) na Se´vere. 10 On sejha´ s razgova´ rivaet s (kto´-to, kto´-nibud;) po telefońu. 11 Pojde¨ m (kuda´ -to, kuda´ -nibud;) ve´herom. 12 Vas (kto´-to, ktońibud;) spra´ wivaet.

Exercise 3 Look at the result of the poll conducted by Public Opinion Foundation, shown below.

Opros fonda Kak hasto vy smotrite televizor, hitaete gazety, sluwaete radio, htoby uznat; novosti o politiheskoj, \konomiheskoj 'izni strany? Ohen; hasto Neskol;ko raz v nedel[ Voob]e nikogda Zatrudnilis; s otvetom

65% 26% 5% 4%

Poluhaete li Vy pravdivu[, ob#ektivnu[ informaci[ o politiheskoj 'izni strany? Ne poluha[t Poluha[t Zatrudnilis; s otvetom

56% 30% 14%


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Somnevaetes; li Vy v ob#ektivnosti \konomiheskix novostej? Ohen; somneva[tsq Ne somneva[tsq Zatrudnilis; s otvetom

61% 26% 13%

Somnevaetes; li Vy v pravdivom otobra'enii ? Ohen; somneva[tsq Ne somneva[tsq Zatrudnilis; s otvetom

46% 40% 14%

Kak televidenie, radio i pressa vliq[t na vas i vawe nastroenie? Otricatel;no Polo'itel;no Zatrudnilis; s otvetom

49% 32% 19%

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Gaze´ta , 2001

N.B. polo'i´tel;no – positively; otrica´ tel;no – negatively; zatrudni´t;sq s otve´ tom – to find it difficult to answer, do not know; somneva´ t;sq – to doubt

True or false? Bol;winstvo´ rossiqń a) ne interesu´[tsq novostq´mi b) du´ma[t, hto informa´ ciq v SMI neob#ekti´vna c) shita´ [t vliqńie SMI polo'i´tel;nym d) oceńiva[t vliqńie pre´ssy otrica´ tel;no e) somneva´ [tsq v ob#ekti´vnosti pre´ssy.

Text 1 Rossi´jskoe televi´ denie Sredi´ vsex sredstv ma´ ssovoj informa´ cii televi´deni[ prinadle'i´t vedu´]aq rol;. Hislo´ telekana´ lov raste¨ t s ka´ 'dym go´dom. Vse oni stara´ [tsq byt; ne poxo´'imi drug na dru´ga. Odni´ otda[´ t predpohteńie sporti´vnym novostq´m, drugié – muzyka´ l;no-razvleka´ tel;nym, tre´t;i predpohita´ [t nau´hno-

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poznava´ tel;nu[ informa´ ci[. Tepe´r;, e´sli vy xoti´te smotre´t; no´vosti, u vas est; vy´ bor, informaciońnye progra´ mmy <Sego´dnq> po NTV, po ORT, po RTR, vse pyta´ [tsq predsta´ vit; no´vosti pod svoi´m uglo´m i otliha´ [tsq drug ot dru´ga. K tomu´ 'e, u ne´kotoryx vedu´]ix est; svoq´ voskre´snaq a´ vtorskaq analiti´heskaq progra´ mma, iz koto´roj telezri´tel; mo´'et poluhi´t; dopolni´tel;nu[ informa´ ci[ o soby´ tiqx nede´li. Takovy´ progra´ mmy na ORT, na NTV, na RTR. Pe´rvyj kanal ORT i vtoro´j kana´ l RTR – ob]enaciona´ l;nye kana´ ly, i informa´ ciq na nix predstavlqét oficia´ l;nu[ to´hku zreńiq. Meńee oficia´ l;nye kana´ ly – tre´tij kanal TVC, koto´ryj orienti´ruetsq na tex, kogo´ interesuét Moskva´ , kana´ l s progra´ mmami ob isku´sstve. |to kana´ l dlq tex, kto ser;e¨ zno interesuétsq mu´zykoj, literatu´roj, po\´ziej. Vse¨ bolee izve´stnym stano´vitsq kana´ l REN TV, pe´rvym perewe´dwij na cifrovu´[ texnolo´gi[, i populq´rnyj sredi´ tex, komu´ nra´ vqtsq za´ padnye seria´ ly i my´ l;nye o´pery. Oso´boe me´sto do neda´ vnego vre´meni zanima´ l hetve¨ rtyj kana´ l NTV, ediństvennyj ha´ stnyj kana´ l, nezavi´simyj ot vla´ sti. Blagodarq´ vyso´komu professionali´zmu vedu´]ix NTV byl odni´m iz sa´ myx populq´rnyx, oso´benno sredi´ tex, kto xote´l usly´ wat; inu´[, neoficia´ l;nu[ to´hku zreńiq na mno´gie aktua´ l;nye vopro´sy. Satiri´heskaq progra´ mma na \´tom kana´ le , progra´ mma o rossi´jskom parla´ mente, v koto´rom zaseda´ [t ku´kly: rossi´jskie poli´tiki, do six por populq´rna v Rossií. K so'aleńi[, v nastoq´]ee vre´mq kana´ l NTV, kak i drugié kana´ ly, vse¨ bol;we kontroli´ruetsq ob]enaciona´ l;nye gosuda´ rstvom i terqét svo[´ nezavi´simost;. Neda´ vnqq reorganiza´ ciq kana´ la i smeńa ego´ televiziońnoj koma´ ndy govorqt o tom, hto pravi´tel;stvo rewi´lo raspra´ vit;sq s te´mi, kto ne sogla´ sen s ego´ poli´tikoj. Iz-za vmewa´ tel;stva vlaste´j v dela´ televi´deniq ne´kotorye vedu´]ie pokińuli kana´ l NTV i perewli´ na drugié meńee oficia´ l;nye kana´ ly. Voob]e´, no´vaq televiziońnaq koma´ nda NTV kuda´ bo´lee loq´l;na po otnoweńi[ k Kreml[´ i prezideńtu.



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Vocabulary ♦ a´ vtorskaq progra´ mma ve´ sti (pl) vmewa´ tel;stvo voskre´ snaq progra´ mma dopolni´tel;nyj ze´ rkalo isku´sstvo ito´gi (pl) koma´ nda ku´kla muzyka´ l;no-razvleka´ tel;nyj my´ l;naq o´pera nau´hno-poznava´ tel;nyj ob]enaciona´ l;nyj kana´ l otdava´ t; predpohte´ nie pokińut; poxo´'ij na (+ acc) raspra´ vit;sq s (+ inst) sme´ na to´hka zre´ niq cifrovo´j

personal programme news interference Sunday programme additional mirror art summing up, total; results team doll, puppet musical entertainment soap opera popular science national channel to give preference to leave similar to deal with team point of view digital

N.B. predstavlq´t; / predsta´ vit; no´vosti pod svoi´m uglo´m – to present the news from your own viewpoint; k tomu´ 'e – in addition; kuda´ bo´lee loq´l;na – much more loyal; po otnowe´ ni[ k – towards

Exercise 4 Answer the following questions in Russian. 1 Kakié informaciońnye progra´ mmy mo´'no smotre´t; po televi´zoru? 2 Kakié ob]enaciona´ l;nye kana´ ly est; v Rossií? 3 Na kogo´ orienti´ru[tsq kana´ ly TVC, Kul;tu´ra? 4 Hem znameni´t kana´ l REN TV? 5 Hto predstavlq´l sobo´j kana´ l NTV? 6 Hto za progra´ mma ?

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Exercise 5 True or false? 1 L[ba´ q gaze´ta zavi´sit ot (pravi´tel;stva, hita´ telej, vlade´l;ca gaze´ty)? 2 Televi´denie igra´ et (ma´ len;ku[, vedu´]u[, politi´hesku[) rol;? 3 Mneńiq televedu´]ix otra'a´ [t (pozići[ vlade´l;ca, svo[´ pozići[, poli´tiku pravi´tel;stva)? 4 Kana´ l orienti´ruetsq na tex, kto interesuétsq (spo´rtom, isku´sstvom, poli´tikoj)? 5 Kana´ l NTV byl (gosuda´ rstvennym, ha´ stnym, me´stnym) kana´ lom? 6 Progra´ mma – progra´ mma o (rossi´jskoj nau´ke, rossi´jskom parla´ mente, de´tqx)? 7 NTV vse¨ bol;we stano´vitsq (populq´rnym, nezavi´simym, zavi´simym ot pravi´tel;stva)?

Language points ♦ Drug dru´ga Note the examples of drug dru´ga ‘one another’ in the above passage: Vse oni´ stara´ [tsq byt; ne poxo´'imi drug na dru´ga. They all try not to be like one another. Oni´ otliha´ [tsq drug ot dru´ga. They differ from one another. Only the second half declines – like the noun drug ‘friend’: Oni pomoga´ [t drug dru´gu. They help one another. Oni nenavi´dqt drug dru´ga. They hate one another. If the construction involves a preposition, it is inserted between the two nouns as in the examples from the text.


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Exercise 6 Complete the following sentences with an appropriate form of drug dru´ga, adding a preposition if necessary. 1 Oni´ pi´wut pi´s;ma . . . 2 My du´maem . . . 3 Vy razgova´ rivaete . . . 4 Oni´ 'ivu´t daleko´ . . . 5 My poluha´ em po´mo]; . . . 6 Oni´ ne interesu´[tsq . . . 7 Oni l[´ bqt . . .

Hto and kto used as relative pronouns To, hto Clauses which, in English, are linked by the word ‘what’ (or ‘that which’) are linked in Russian by to, hto: Q hita´ [ to´l;ko to, hto menq´ interesuét. I read only what interests me. The case of to is governed by its role in the main clause (in the above example it is accusative, object of the verb hita´ [) and the case of hto by its role in the subordinate clause (nominative, subject of verb interesuét). Note the forms of to and hto in the following examples: Q sly´ wu o tom, hto svobo´da pre´ ssy v opa´ snosti. I hear that the freedom of the press is in danger. Q ne intersu´[s; tem, hto ty pi´wew;. I am not interested in what you write. Vse¨ ne to, hem ka´ 'etsq. All is not what it seems. Sometimes to, hto translates ‘the fact that’ or ‘that’: On gordi´tsq tem, hto ego´ nazna´ hili dire´ ktorom. He is proud (of the fact) that he has been appointed director. It can also translate the English construction preposition + -ing: On końhil tem, hto pokińul kana´ l NTV. He finished by abandoning NTV.

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To, hto figures in the expressions de´ lo v tom, hto ‘the thing / fact is that’, beda´ v tom, hto ‘the trouble is that’ and proble´ ma zakl[ha´ etsq v tom, hto ‘the problem consists in the fact that’: Beda´ v tom, hto u nas ma´ lo de´ neg. The trouble is that we have little money. De´ lo v tom, hto v Rossií sli´wkom mno´go gaze´ t. The thing is that there are too many newspapers in Russia. Proble´ ma zakl[ha´ etsq v tom, hto Rossi´q pere'iva´ et kri´zis. The problem consists in the fact that Russia is undergoing a crisis. Words other than hto may follow the construction v tom: De´ lo v tom, kak dosta´ t; de´ n;gi. The thing is how to get the money. Proble´ ma v tom, kuda´ e´ xat;. The problem is where to go.

Exercise 7 Put to, hto in the correct case. 1 On govori´l o . . . svobo´da pre´ssy v Rossií v opa´ snosti. 2 On vi´dit . . . ne vi´dqt drugié. 3 Q ve´r[ v . . . demokra´ tiq pobedi´t. 4 On zakońhil svoj rasska´ z . . . zada´ l nam ne´skol;ko vopro´sov. 5 Ona´ vsegda´ gordi´las; . . . ona´ ru´sskaq. 6 On ne vinova´ t v . . . 'urna´ l byl zakry´ t. 7 Beda´ v . . . v Rossií sli´wkom mno´go gaze´t. 8 L[´ di somneva´ [tsq v . . . oni´ poluha´ [t ob#ekti´vnu[ informa´ ci[,

Tot, kto / te, kto Tot, kto and te, kto are used to mean ‘the one(s) who’: Tot, kto bo´l;we vsex rabo´taet polu´hit lu´hwu[ oce´ nku. He who / the one who works hardest will receive the best mark. The case of tot / te is decided by their role in the main clause and kto from its role in the subordinate clause:


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Q pomogu´ tem, komu´ tru´dno najti´ pra´ vil;nyj otve´ t. I will help those who have difficulty in finding the right answer. (tem – dative after pomogu´ and komu´ – dative before tru´dno). There are some examples in both the text and the dialogue: |to kana´ l dlq tex, kto interesuétsq mu´zykoj. It is a channel for those who are interested in music. SMI zavi´sqt ot tex, kto dae¨ t im de´ n;gi. The media depend on the ones who give them money. After te, kto either the plural or the singular verb may occur: te, kto rabo´taet zdes;; te, kto rabo´ta[t zdes; those who work here Kto may be detached from tot and used to introduce a separate clause: Kto ne rabo´taet, tot ne est. He who doesn’t work doesn’t eat.

Exercise 8 Put tot, kto and te, kto in the correct case. A 1 On obrati´lsq (to the one who) stoq´la rq´dom. 2 Mne by´ lo 'al; (the one to whom) ona´ napisa´ la pis;mo´. 3 Ona poznako´mila menq´ (with the one who) uhi´lsq s nej. 4 (The one who) govori´t \´to, q´vno glu´pyj helove´k. 5 Lu´hwe otda´ t; kni´gu (to the one who) ona´ nra´ vitsq. B 1 My (with those who) otsta´ ivaet nezavi´simost; pre´ssy. 2 |tot kana´ l (for those who) nra´ vqtsq my´ l;nye o´pery. 3 Pre´ssa vsegda´ zavi´sit (from those who) finansi´ruet ee¨ . 4 Bol;winstvo´ (of those who) vystupa´ l po televi´deni[, by´ li poli´tikami. 5 My posla´ li priglaweńie (to those who) xo´het uha´ stvovat; v progra´ mme. 6 (Among those who) smo´trit kana´ l NTV mno´go studeńtov. 7 (Those who) interesuét isku´sstvo, smo´trqt kana´ l .

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Exercise 9 Study the different points of view regarding the number of channels on TV.

VLADIMIR POZNER, akademik Rossijskoj akademii i televideniq, vedu]ij programmy na ORT <Mirovoj opyt pokazyvaet, hto, kogda v strane dejstvuet bol;we hetyrex ob]enacional;nyx kanalov, \to u'e perebor. Takogo nigde v mire net. A vot setevyx kanalov nu'no stol;ko, skol;ko ix mo'et <s#est;> rynok>.

MIXAIL LEONT:EV,

vedu]ij avtorskoj

programmy na ORT <Stol;ko kanalov, skol;ko my imeem sejhas, nam ne to, htoby nu'no, prosto v nastoq]ij moment strana ne sposobna ix soder'at;>.

OLEG DOBRODEEV,

predsedatel;

Teleradiokomiteta . Xud. Fil;m.

7.30 . Xud. fil;m 9.00 Russkoe loto. 9.40 TV bingo-wou 10.35 Dobroe utro, strana. 11.05 Anwlag. 12.00 Gorodok. 12.30 Bol;waq strana. 13.10 Parlamentskij has 14.00 Vesti. 14.20 Dialogi o 'ivotnyx. 15.20 Vokrug sveta. 16.25 Dva roqlq. 17.20 Sam sebe re'isser. 18.00 Zerkalo. 19.00 . Xud. fil;m. 20.50 . Xud. fil;m. 22.35 . Xud. fil;m. 0.35 Hempionat mira po avtogonkam v klasse formula-1. Gran-pri SanMarino. Peredaha iz Imoly.

8.00, 10.00, 12.00, 16.00 Segodnq. 8.15 . Xud. fil;m. 10.15 . Fil;m Sergeq Kostina iz cikla . 11.40 Professiq – reporter. Vitalij Buzuev. . 12.25 Depressiq. 12.50 . Xud. fil;m. 14.15 . Fil;m Aleksandra Tixomirova. 15.00 Tretij tajm. 16.35 Putewestviq naturalista. 17.10 Bol;wie roditeli. 17.50 . 19.00 Itogi. 20.45 Kukly. 21.00 . 22.20 Sportivnye tancy. Hempionat Evropy sredi professionalov. Bal hempionov. 0.15 Futbol;nyj klub. 0.55 , kogda´ vas rekomendu´[t ro´dstvenniki i´li znako´mye. Do six por \´tot spo´sob predpohita´ et ne meńee 50% rossi´jskix rabotoda´ telej. |to vy´ zvano tem, hto <svoemu´ helove´ku>, rabo´tniku s rekomenda´ ciej doverq´[t bo´l;we. Tak hto e´sli vy i´]ete rabo´tu, soob]i´te ob \´tom sa´ momu wiro´komu kru´gu lic. Po stati´stike, 80% vsex firm i predpriq´tij podbira´ [t sebe´ ka´ dry v ageństvax po trudoustro´jstvu, oso´benno kru´pnyx. Bol;wié ageńtstva mo´gut predlo'i´t; 500–800 vaka´ nsij, togda´ kak me´lkie o´kolo 10. No ageństva, kak pra´ vilo, zanima´ [tsq poískom diplomi´rovannyx speciali´stov ne ni´'e do´l'nosti sekretarq´. I e´sli poísk rabo´ty s po´mo];[ ageńtstv vam ne podxo´dit, nahina´ jte poísk samostoq´tel;no. Kupi´te kak mo´'no bo´l;we gaze´t s ob#qvleńiqmi o rabo´te. V sre´dnem 30% kompa´ nij da[´ t o sebe´ informa´ ci[ v pre´sse. Vse¨ populq´rnee stano´vitsq poísk rabo´ty s po´mo];[ Interne´ta. Neda´ vno Komite´tom truda´ i za´ nqtosti v Moskve´ byl otkry´ t specia´ l;nyj sajt www.labor.ru, i tepe´r; mno´gie po´l;zu[tsq uslu´gami \´togo se´rvera. Preimu´]estva Interne´ta: vse predlo'eńiq o rabo´te zdes; aktua´ l;nye. Na publika´ ci[ v Interne´te uxo´dqt sekuńdy, a hto´by opublikova´ t; ob#qvleńie v gaze´te, tre´bu[tsq dni i nede´li.

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Su]estvuét mneńie, hto na xoro´wie do´l'nosti l[de´j <s u´licy> ne beru´t. No v dlińnom spi´ske profe´ssij est; nema´ lo iskl[heńij, i wa´ nsy byt; prińqtymi na vpolne´ prili´hnu[ rabo´tu <s u´licy> o´hen; znahi´tel;ny. Sego´dnq sa´ mye populq´rnye profe´ssii – meńed'ery po proda´ 'am. Spros na nix vse¨ e]e¨ ne udovletvore¨ n v Rossií: oni nu'ny´ bukva´ l;no ka´ 'doj kompa´ nii, za´ nqtoj proda´ 'ami hego´-libo, a ix beru´t ha´ sto <s u´licy>. Ka´ hestva, koto´rye tre´bu[tsq ot rabo´tnika, ob]i´tel;nost; i nasto´jhivost;, xorowo´ podve´wennyj qzy´ k, zna´ nie o´trasli, v koto´roj tru´ditsq.

Vocabulary ♦ age´ ntstvo po trudoustro´jstvu aktua´ l;nyj bezrabo´tica / bezrabo´tnyj bukva´ l;no ve´ rnyj spo´sob diplomi´rovannyj speciali´st doverq´t; (dat) do´l'nost; (f ) iskl[he´ nie ka´ hestvo krug lic Komite´ t truda´ i za´ nqtosti me´ ned'er po proda´ 'am nasto´jhivost; (f ) ob]i´tel;nost; (f ) ob#qvle´ nie o rabo´te o´trasl; (f ) perexo´d k ry´ nku podbira´ t; ka´ dry preimu´]estvo prili´hnaq rabo´ta rabotoda´ tel; samostoq´tel;no soob]i´t; (v) sre´ dnem

employment agency current unemployment / unemployed literally sure way a qualified specialist to trust post exception quality circle of people Labour and Employment committee sales manager persistence sociability job advertisement branch transition to the market to select personnel advantage decent job employer independently to inform on average

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spi´sok togda´ kak trudi´t;sq udovletvori´t; spros na (+ acc) ustroít;sq na rabo´tu ustro´jstvo na rabo´tu

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list while to work to satisfy demand on to fix oneself up with a job finding work

N.B. po za´ padnym me´ rkam – by Western standards; svoj helove´ k – one of our own people; \´ to vy´ zvano tem – it is because; brat; na rabo´tu <s u´licy> – to employ somebody responding to an advertisement displayed in a public place; <po bla´ tu> – using personal connections; xorowo´ podve´ wennyj qzy´ k – a smooth tongue

Exercise 1 Answer the following questions in Russian. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Kako´j spo´sob poíska rabo´ty naibo´lee rasprostrane¨ n v Rossií? Hto takoé ? Pohemu´ lu´hwe obra]a´ t;sq v poískax rabo´ty v kru´pnye ageństva? Kak vy ponima´ ete poísk rabo´ty <s u´licy>? Kakié profe´ssii oso´benno tre´bu[tsq sejha´ s v Rossií? Kakovy´ preimu´]estva po´l;zovaniq Interne´tom?

Exercise 2 True or false? 1 Ot meńed'era po proda´ 'am tre´buetsq (ob]i´tel;nost;, otve´tstvennost;, umeńie rabo´tat; v koma´ nde)? 2 Ime´t; blat zna´ hit ime´t; (xoro´wie svq´zi, universite´tsku[ ste´pen;, rekomenda´ ci[)? 3 Rossi´jskie rabotoda´ teli predpohita´ [t rabo´tnikov (s ´licy>)? rekomenda´ ciej, s diplo´mom, <s u 4 Sa´ mye populq´rnye profe´ssii v Rossií (vrah, uhi´tel;, meńed'er po proda´ 'am)? 5 Preimu´]estva interne´ta v tom, hto v Interne´te (predlo'eńiq o rabo´te aktua´ l;nye, informa´ ciq intere´snaq, mno´go informa´ cii)?

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Exercise 3 Examine the ratings of the most prestigious professions on the Russian labour market.

Pейтинг престижных профессий (востребованность на рынке труда и величина заработной платы) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Менеджер по продажам, торговый представитель, менеджер по сбыту Cтраховой аreнт Mаркетолог Бухгалтер Mенеджер по рекламе, PR-менеджер Логистик Инженер-технолог, программист, системный администратор рист Kурьер в крупной фирме, официант, бармен Журналист, психолог, социолог

1 What do the five most highly rated professions have in common? 2 Are there any inclusions which would not make the list in the West? 3 Which ‘professions’ that one might expect to find in a similar list in the West are not included?

Language points ♦ Words with the root trud The root trud means ‘labour or (hard) work’ trudi´t;sq, trudovo´j, tru´'enik, tru´'enica, trudq´]ijsq, sotru´dnik, sotru´dnihestvo The suffix, or ending, generally tells you which part of speech a word is: trudi´ t;sq trudovo´ j

verbal suffix adjectival suffix

to labour, work hard working

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A suffix on a noun may also tell you what kind of noun it is. Suffixes nik (m) and nica (f ) generally indicate an occupation or profession of a person or a role fulfilled by an inanimate object: tru´'enik / tru´'enica

hard worker

Note that d has changed to ' in these words. trudq´]ijsq (active participle of trudi´t;sq used as noun)

worker (Soviet officialese – more usual are rabo´hij ‘manual worker’ / rabo´tnik ‘worker, employee’)

Prefixes add to or qualify the meaning of the word. S- / so- / s#- means ‘with, co-’:

sotru´dnik

employee, co-worker, collaborator

-stvo is a suffix indicating an action:

sotru´dnihestvo

co-operation, collaboration

But note the set phrase s trudo´m ‘with difficulty’. Trud may also be combined with other roots: ustroít; ‘to arrange’ – trudoustroít;sq ‘to fix yourself up with work’; trudoustro´jstvo ‘finding work’ sposo´bnyj ‘capable’ – trudosposo´bnyj / trudosposo´bnost; ‘fit / fitness for work’

Exercise 4 Complete the sentence by selecting an appropriate word with the root trud. 1 Ni´zkaq bezrabo´tica, po-pre´'nemu, tipi´hna dlq rossi´jskogo ry´ nka . . . 2 No´vyj . . . kod byl vvede¨ n v pro´wlom godu´. 3 Na´ do mno´go . . . hto´by sdat; \kza´ men xorowo´. 4 Vse . . . tre´bu[t uveliheńiq zarpla´ ty. 5 U nego´ reputa´ ciq nastoq´]ego . . . 6 Sredi´ . . . na´ wej fi´rmy to´l;ko tri 'eń]iny. 7 Fi´rma podpisa´ la dogovo´r o . . . 8 S bol;wi´m . . . ona nawla´ rabo´tu sekreta´ rwi. 9 V Moskve´ sejha´ s mno´go ageństv po . . . 10 Oni´ pomoga´ [t . . . mno´gim bezrabo´tnym.

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Exercise 5 An advertisement in the Russian magazine PRIGLAWAEM NA RABOTU for an interpreter-translator.

Ob#qvlenie o rabote ––––––––––––––– MOSKOVSKAQ FIRMA priglawaet na konkursnoj osnove REFERENTA-PEREVODHIKA ANGLIJSKOGO QZYKA Osnovnye obqzannosti Perevod pis;mennyj i ustnyj Rabota na prezentaciqx, vystavkax, konferenciqx Komandirovki v Evropu Osnovnye trebovaniq k kandidatu 'en]ina v vozraste do 25 let vyswee obrazovanie opyt raboty ne menee 2-x let xorowee znanie delovogo anglijskogo qzyka vladenie komp;[terom na urovne xorowego pol;zovatelq umenie rabotat; v komande xorowie vnewnie dannye propiska v Moskve ili v Moskovskoj oblasti Zarplata po rezul;tatam sobesedovaniq Rez[me prisylat; po faksu 263–29–84

N.B. vne´ wnie da´ nnye – appearance; komandiro´vka – business trip; propi´ska – residence registration; obq´zannost; – duty; vlade´ nie komp;[´ terom – computer literacy; vodi´tel;skie prava´ – driving licence; rez[me´ – C.V.; s otli´hiem – with distinction; po´l;zovatel; PK – computer user; ume´ nie rabo´tat; v koma´ nde – ability to work in a team, sobese´ dovanie – interview; akkura´ tnyj – neat

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Study the advertisement for the job and decide which of the two applicants would be more suitable for the job. Kandidaty 1. PEREVODHIK-REFERENT. Makarov Aleksandr Dmitrievih, 24 goda, vyswee obrazovanie (MGU), diplom s otlihiem, opyt raboty 2 goda v inofirmax <Samsung>, PK – opytnyj pol;zovatel;, anglijskij i francuzskij qzyki – svobodno, nemeckij i ital;qnskij qzyki – hita[ i perevo'u so slovare¨ m, vremennaq propiska v Moskve. Voditel;skie prava, t / f. 219–66–42 (s 20.00 do 22.00). 2. PEREVODHIK-REFERENT, Serova Mariq Sergeevna, 27 let, moskvihka, vyswee obrazovanie (Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj lingvistiheskij universitet), anglijskij, francuzskij qzyki, opyt raboty po special;nosti 3 goda v inofirme , texniheskie perevody. PK – pol;zovatel;, Otvetstvenna, akkuratna, xorowie vnewnie dannye. t / f. 338–04–14 (posle 19.00).

Exercise 6 Complete the application form shown on page 154.

Dialogue 1 Interview D IRE´ KTOR

K ANDIDA´ T D IRE´ KTOR

Zdra´ vstvujte. Sadi´tes;, po'a´ lujsta. Q komme´rheskij dire´ktor fi´rmy Antońov Pe¨ tr Iva´ novih, A \´to naw meńed'er po ka´ dram Sokolo´v Il;q´ Dmi´trievih. Ohen; priq´tno. Sero´va Mari´q Sergeévna. My izuhi´li Va´ we rez[me´ i zaqvleńie na rabo´tu i xote´li by zada´ t; Vam ne´skol;ko vopro´sov. Vy rabo´taete v fi´rme na do´l'nosti perevo´dhika? Pohemu´ Vy xoti´te peremeni´t; rabo´tu? Vas ne ustra´ iva[t uslo´viq?

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ANKETA-REZ{ME F.I.O. ______________________________________________________ @ELAEMAQ DOL@NOST:: _____________________________ Predpolagaemaq zarabotnaq plata (v $): _____________________ Kontaktnyj telefon i vremq svqzi: ________________________ Data i mesto ro'deniq: ___________________ Pol: mu'skoj 'enskij Bli'ajwaq stanciq metro: _________________________________ Semejnoe polo'enie: _______________________________________ Obrazovanie (gody uheby, polnoe nazvanie uhebnogo zavedeniq, special;nost;, kvalifikaciq po diplomu): _________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

Znanie inostrannogo qzyka anglijskij nemeckij francuzskij drugoj ______ Stepen; vladeniq inostrannym qzykom svobodnyj razgovornyj pis;mennyj texniheskij Znanie komp;[tera na urovne:

pol;zovatelq programmista administratora Znanie programm ___________________________________________ Nalihie voditel;skix prav kategorii _________ : ime[ ne ime[ Trudovaq deqtel;nost; (dva poslednix mesta raboty): Data postupleniq i uvol;neniq

Nazvanie Profil; Dol'nost; Prihina organizacii organizacii uvol;neniq

Dopolnitel;nye svedeniq: ______________________________ data zapolneniq ______________ podpis; ___________________

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K ANDIDA´ T

D IRE´ KTOR

K ANDIDA´ T

D IRE´ KTOR



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V fi´rme q rabo´ta[ u'e´ 3 go´da. Za \´ti go´dy q mno´gomu nauhi´las;. No mne xo´hetsq porabo´tat; v kru´pnoj fi´rme. V kru´pnoj fi´rme, kak Va´ wa, po-moému, bo´l;we vozmo´'nostej realizova´ t; sebq´. Nu hto 'e, prihińa uva'i´tel;naq. Rezul;ta´ ty te´stov, sde´lannyx Va´ mi, otli´hnye. Vse delovy´ e pi´s;ma perevedeny´ bez owi´bok, napi´sany na xoro´wem angli´jskom qzyke´. Tak hto preteńzij k Va´ wemu angli´jskomu u nas net. A kak u Vas dela´ s komp;[´ terom? Kopmp;[´ ter – ne proble´ma! Za 3 go´da q osvoíla mno´gie progra´ mmy. Mne prixodi´los; provodi´t; za komp;[´ terom mno´go vre´meni. Nu vot i prekra´ sno! A tepe´r; pride¨ tsq mno´go e´zdit;! Uha´ stie v organiza´ cii vy´ stavok, konfereńcij, prezenta´ cij – hast; Va´ wix obq´zannostej. K tomu´ 'e Vy dol'ny´ bu´dete soprovo'da´ t; menq´ v komandiro´vki. Rabo´ta intere´snaq, no otve´tstvennaq, I mo´'et byt; dovo´l;no stre´ssovoj. Kak Vy du´maete, Vy spra´ vites; s tru´dnostqmi? Nade´[s;, hto spra´ vl[s;. Q l[bl[´ ime´t; de´lo s tru´dnostqmi, tak intere´snej. Nu hto 'e, po-moému, Vy nam podxo´dite. My voz;me¨ m Vas na ispyta´ tel;nyj srok – odiń god. Esli dela´ pojdu´t xorowo´, Vam bu´det predlo´'ena postoqńnaq rabo´ta. Vas \´to ustra´ ivaet? Vy mo´'ete pristupi´t; k rabo´te he´rez me´sqc? Du´ma[, hto mogu´. Togda´ podpi´syvajte kontra´ kt.

Vocabulary ♦ zada´ t; vopro´s zaqvle´ nie na rabo´tu ispyta´ tel;nyj srok me´ ned'er po ka´ dram (po persona´ lu)

to ask a question application for work probation personnel manager

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otve´ tstvennyj osvoít; progra´ mmu peremeni´t; rabo´tu podpi´syvat; kontra´ kt pristupi´t; k rabo´te realizova´ t; sebq´ (svoj potencia´ l) soprovo'da´ t; spra´ vit;sq s tru´dnostqmi uva'i´tel;naq prihińa uha´ stie

responsible to master a programme to change job to sign a contract to start work to realise one’s potential to accompany to cope with difficulties good reason participation

N.B. nu hto 'e (nu vot i) – well, well then; vas \´ to ustra´ ivaet? (vam \´to podxo´dit) – Does that suit you? menq´ ne ustra´ iva[t (mne ne podxo´dqt) uslo´viq – The conditions do not suit me; u nas net prete´ nzij – We have no complaints; pride¨ tsq – (You) will have to; mne prixodi´los; – I had to


Gde rabo´taet kandida´ t v nastoq´]ee vre´mq? Pohemu´ ona xo´het peremeni´t; rabo´tu? Kakovy´ bu´dut obq´zannosti kandida´ ta na no´voj rabo´te? Pohemu´ rabo´ta perevo´dhika shita´ etsq stre´ssovoj?

Language points ♦ Participles Past passive participles are normally formed from the perfective verb. They are the equivalent of English participles ending in -ed (if the verb is regular!). In Russian the ending is -annyj, -ennyj, -e¨ nnyj or -tyj. Only transitive verbs (those which can take a direct object) form past passive participles.

How to form past passive participles Endings in -nnyj 1 Verbs ending in -at;, -qt; replace the -t; by -nnyj: zarabo´tat; – zarabo´tannyj ‘earned’.

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2 Second conjugation verbs ending in -it; or -et; and first conjugation verbs ending in -sti, -zti take -ennyj, or -e¨ nnyj if the ty form of the future perfective is stressed on the ending: rewi´t; – rewi´ w; – rewe¨ nnyj ‘decided’; predlo'i´ t; – predlo´'iw; – predlo´'ennyj ‘offered’; vvezti´ – vveze¨ w; – vveze¨ nnyj ‘imported’. But note: najti – najde¨ w; – na´ jdennyj ‘found’; projti – projde¨ w; – pro´jdennyj. Where there is a consonant change in the q form of the future perfective this will also occur in the past passive participle: priglasi´ t; – priglawu´ – priglasi´w; – priglawe¨ nnyj ‘invited’.

Endings in -tyj A small number of verbs of the first conjugation take the ending -tyj. These include many monosyllabic verbs and their compounds, verbs ending in -ot;, -ut;, -yt; and -eret;: vzqt; – vzq´tyj ‘taken’; prinq´t; – prińqtyj ‘accepted’; zakry´ t; – zakry´ tyj ‘closed’; ubi´ t; – ubi´tyj ‘killed’; zapere´ t; – za´ pertyj ‘locked’ (note the loss of -e- in this kind of verb).

Exercise 8 Form the past passive participle from the following verbs. osnova´ t;, pokaza´ t;, oplati´t;, kupi´t;, oceni´t;, posta´ vit;, ispo´l;zovat;, predlo'i´t;, osu]estvi´t;, perevesti´, priglasi´t;, podpisa´ t;, prigoto´vit;, razvi´t;, prinq´t;, priobresti´, najti´, vvesti´, zaregistri´rovat;, razrewi´t;, otkry´ t;, udovletvori´t;.

How to use past passive participles Participles decline like adjectives and agree in number, gender and case with the noun they describe: Ona´ otkaza´ las; ot me´ sta, predlo´'ennogo ej vhera´ . She rejected the position offered to her yesterday. Oni´ nu'ny´ ka´ 'doj kompa´ nii, za´ nqtoj proda´ 'ami. They are needed by every company engaged in sales.

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Past passive participle and the passive voice A short version of the participle can be used to form the passive. It has only one -n- and endings like a short adjective: Me´ sto by´ lo predlo´'eno ej vhera´ . The position was offered to her yesterday. Ona´ byla´ pri´ nqta na rabo´tu. She was accepted for the job. Kontra´ kt bu´det podpi´san za´ vtra. The contract will be signed tomorrow. Note how the stress moves to the end in participles ending in -e¨ nnyj: Marińa ne bu´det priglawena´ na interv;[´ . Marina will not be invited to the interview. Note also that the instrumental case is used to express the agent by whom or by what an action is performed: P;e´ sa byla´ posta´ vlena ru´sskim re'isse¨ rom. The play was produced by a Russian director. Zemletrqse´ niem by´ lo razru´weno mno´go zda´ nij. Many buildings were destroyed by the earthquake.

Exercise 9 Form the past passive participle of the verb in brackets. Do not forget to use the perfective verb. 1 Fi´rma (zanima´ t; / zanq´t;) izgotovleńiem komp;[´ terov. 2 Predpohteńie by´ lo (otdava´ t; / otda´ t;) speciali´stu s o´pytom. 3 Po´sle interv;[´ ona´ byla´ (priglawa´ t; / priglasi´t;) na rabo´tu. 4 Esli ispyta´ tel;nyj srok bu´det (proxodi´t; / projti´), vam budet (predlaga´ t; / predlo'i´t;) postoqńnaq rabo´ta. 5 Kontra´ kt bu´det (podpi´syvat; / podpisa´ t;) v sre´du. 6 Dlq nego´ specia´ l;no (naxodi´t; / najti´) me´sto v fi´rme. 7 By´ li (pokupa´ t; / kupi´t;) vse gaze´ty i 'urna´ ly na ru´sskom qzyke´. 8 By´ lo (rewa´ t; / rewi´t;) predlo'i´t; emu´ rabo´tu. 9 V xarakteri´stike by´ lo (otmeha´ t; / otme´tit;) ee¨ umenie rabo´tat; v koma´ nde. 10 Bile´ty by´ li (priobreta´ t; / priobresti´) v ka´ sse a\ropo´rta. 11 Na festiva´ le bu´dut (poka´ zyvat; / pokaza´ t;) lu´hwie fi´l;my go´da.

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In some examples participles are used just like adjectives: obrazo´vannaq 'e´ n]ina zaslu´'ennyj arti´ st

educated woman renowned actor

diplomi´rovannyj speciali´st diplomi´rovat;

a qualified specialist to award a diploma

opredele¨ nnyj otve´ t xorowo´ podve´ wennyj qzy´ k

definite answer a smooth tongue

Note in the text: wa´ nsy byt; pri´ nqtymi the chances of being accepted (prinq´t; ‘to accept’ – prińqtyj – past passive participle) Pri´ nqtymi is in the instrumental case after the verb byt; like an adjective, rather than in the short form, which might be expected for a past passive participle. Contrast: Me´ sto mo´'et byt; na´ jdeno a job might be found (najti´ ‘to find’ – na´ jdennyj – past passive participle) Some past passive participles are used as nouns: da´ nnye ‘data’; zakl[he¨ nnyj ‘a prisoner’.

Exercise 10 Change the active sentences into the passive using past passive participles with instrumental case. 1 Universite´t predlo'i´l ej xoro´wu[ rabo´tu. 2 On rewi´l proble´mu s bol;wi´m trudo´m. 3 Nakoneć, dire´ktor podpisa´ l kontra´ kt. 4 My osvoíli mno´gie komp;[´ ternye progra´ mmy. 5 Ona´ perevela´ roma´ n Tolsto´go. 6 Fi´rma otkry´ la specia´ l;nyj sajt. 7 Sotru´dniki rekomendova´ li ee¨ , kak otli´hnogo speciali´sta. 8 Predpriq´tie opublikova´ lo ob#qvleńie v gaze´te. 9 Ona prisla´ la rez[me´ po fa´ ksu. 10 Kri´tiki oceni´li fil;m, kak sla´ byj. 11 Pravi´tel;stvo vvelo´ no´vyj zakoń ob immigra´ cii. 12 Kita´ jskie sportsmeńy zavoeva´ li sa´ mye presti´'nye pri´zy.

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Language points ♦ Preposition corner Za + accusative / instrumental A reminder of some familiar uses of za + instrumental meaning ‘behind’ or ‘beyond’ in relation to place: za za za za za za za´ za

do´mom gora´ mi reko´j voro´tami uglo´m granićej gorodom dve´ r;[

behind the house beyond the mountains over the river outside the gate round the corner abroad (over the border) out of town outside / behind the door

But remember: idti´ / e´ xat; / vy´ jti za´ dom; za´ gory; za´ reku; za voro´ta; za´ ugol; za graniću; za´ gorod; za dve´ r;. Note not only the use of the accusative case after verbs of motion but also that the stress moves to za´ before certain nouns. In the dialogue you will notice the phrase: za komp;[´ terom ‘at the computer’. Note some similar examples: za rule¨ m za obe´ dom za stolo´m

at the wheel at lunch at the table

All the above examples relate to za used as a preposition of place. There are also examples in the dialogue of za + accusative used as a preposition of time, meaning ‘during the course of’: Za \´ ti dva go´da q mno´gomu nauhi´las;. During these two years I learnt a lot. Za tri go´da q osvoíla mno´go progra´ mm. In three years I mastered a lot of programmes. Za is used with do to mean ‘before’: za has do naha´ la interv;[´ . an hour before the start of the interview.

Rynok truda

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Note, however, the following examples of za + instrumental: den; za dne¨ m za iskl[he´ niem

day after day with the exception

Za + accusative may also be used to mean ‘for’ after verbs referring to payment, reward, thanks, criticism: blagodari´ t; (po-) za xvali´ t; (po-) za plati´ t; (za-) za kritikova´ t; za golosova´ t; (pro-) za

to to to to to

thank for praise for pay for criticise for vote for

After nouns and adjectives related to these verbs za + accusative is also used: blagoda´ rnyj / blagoda´ rnost; za grateful / gratitude for pla´ ta za proe´ zd fare Note also za (+ accusative) i pro´tiv ‘for and against’. ‘For’ in the sense of ‘to fetch’ is translated by za + instrumental: posyla´ t; / posla´ t; za vraho´m to send for the doctor zaxodi´t; / zajti´ za dru´gom to call for a friend idti´ / pojti´ za po´mo];[ to go for help Note also: smotre´ t; za det;mi´ to look after children

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Exercise 11 Choose from the two alternatives in brackets (accusative or instrumental). 1 On napisa´ l kni´gu za (god / go´dom). 2 Oni´ 'ivu´t za´ (gorod / gorodom). 3 Ona´ ves; den; provo´dit za (kni´goj, kni´gu). 4 My do´lgo side´li za (rabo´tu / rabo´toj). 5 Le´tom my poe´dem za (graniću / granićej). 6 Za (posle´dnee vre´mq / posle´dnim vre´menem) ona´ mno´go sde´lala. 7 God za (god / go´dom) vse¨ ha´ ]e ide¨ t do'd; v a´ vguste. 8 Spasi´bo za (po´mo]; / po´mo];[).

Exercise 12 Translate into Russian. 1 Using personal connections is still the surest way of finding a job in Russia. 2 Unfortunately the conditions in your firm do not suit me. 3 She always liked working with people. 4 Can you start work in a week’s time? 5 With great difficulty she found a job as interpreter in a small firm. 6 You have to be very sociable and persistent if you want to be a sales manager. 7 Her best quality is her ability to work in a team. 8 My main duty in my new job is translating from English into Russian.

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9 DEMOGRAFIQ


about Russia’s demographic problems how to form and use numerals how to use nu'en meaning ‘to need’ about words with the roots rod, mu', 'en-, mert-, brak

According to demographers the present situation in Russia is catastrophic. The serious economic crisis of the 1990s led to a huge reduction in the birth rate while mortality was on the increase, and not only amongst the elderly. The slow increase in life expectancy which began in the 1960s halted and, for the first time in 1992, the number of deaths exceeded the number of births. According to government forecasts the population of Russia will decrease by a further eight per cent in the next decade. Russia already lags behind developed countries in life expectancy. Population decline presents Russia with a strategic problem. Large areas of the country are already under-populated and, ultimately, there may be too few Russians to retain their existing territory. It is the central regions of Russia which are declining fastest. Of the major cities, only Moscow is expanding, due to immigration. In many other major cities the number of deaths exceeds the number of births by two or three to one. The politically unstable Caucasus region is the only major area of population growth.

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Text 1 Naw mu'hi´ na <sverxsme´rten> Rezul;ta´ tom demografi´heskoj revol[´ cii, proiswe´dwej v 20 stole´tii, by´ lo groma´ dnoe uveliheńie sre´dnej prodol'i´tel;nosti 'i´zni. Vo mno´gix ra´ zvityx stra´ nax ona´ prevy´ sila 75 let, a v ne´kotoryx – 80 let. Do seredińy 60-x godo´v Rossi´q wla o´b]im pute¨ m. V 1964–65 goda´ x sre´dnqq prodol'i´tel;nost; 'i´zni byla´ 69,6 go´da, odna´ ko v 80–90 goda´ x ona´ sta´ la re´zko sni'a´ t;sq i sosta´ vila v 1995 godu´ 65 let, a prodol'i´tel;nost; 'i´zni mu'hiń voob]e´ upa´ la do 58 let. V konce´ stole´tiq situa´ ciq okaza´ las; xu´'e, hem v 60 go´dy. Pohti´ vo vsex stra´ nax 'eń]iny 'ivu´t do´l;we mu'hiń. No nigde´ net tako´go groma´ dnogo razry´ va me´'du ni´mi, kak v Rossií – 12-14 let. |to vdvoé bo´l;we, hem v bol;winstve´ ra´ zvityx stran. Osnovny´ e prihińy vyso´koj sme´rtnosti mu'hiń – kureńie i zloupotrebleńie alkogo´lem. Sogla´ sno stati´stike te, kto mno´go ku´rit, terq´[t 8 let po sravneńi[ s te´mi, kto nikogda´ ne ku´rit. Te, kto p;e¨ t, e]e¨ let 8. Ustano´vleno to´'e, hto povyweńie znahi´tel;no sni'a´ et sme´rtnost;: za´ nqtye obrazova´ niq preimu´]estvenno u´mstvennym trudo´m 'ivu´t do´l;we lic fizi´heskogo truda´ . Si´l;no prodol'i´tel;nost; 'i´zni zavi´sit i ot bra´ hnogo sta´ tusa. @ena´ tye mu'hińy v vo´zraste 50 let, mo´gut e]e¨ pro'i´t; v sre´dnem 23 go´da, razvede¨ nnye mo´gut rasshi´tyvat; to´l;ko na 18 let. Fakti´heski, tut de´jstvuet ce´laq gru´ppa prihiń, meńee obrazo´vannye bo´l;we ku´rqt i p;[t, ha´ ]e zanima´ [tsq fizi´heskim trudo´m, hem bo´lee obrazo´vannye i t.d. K tomu´ 'e, na´ wi mu'hińy vedu´t malopodvi´'nyj o´braz 'i´zni, a potomu´ terq´[t e]e¨ ne´skol;ko let. Kone´hno, demo´grafy davno´ vi´deli, hto Sove´tskij So[z dvi´'etsq k demografi´heskomu kri´zisu. No \´togo ne vi´deli . I odno´j iz prihiń tako´go polo'eńiq byla´ oficia´ l;naq dezinforma´ ciq iz Ceńtra statisti´heskogo upravleńiq, koto´ryj razraba´ tyval demografi´heskie progno´zy. |ti progno´zy by´ li sverxoptimisti´hnymi. K so'aleńi[, oni´ by´ li ne nau´hnymi, a

Demografiq

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politi´heskimi. Tak po´sle pe´repisi 1970 go´da byl sde´lan progno´z do 2000 go´da. Sogla´ sno \´tomu progno´zu ro'da´ emost; v strane´ dol'na´ byla´ povywa´ t;sq. |to ob#qsnq´los; tem, hto v Rossií, koto´raq pribli'a´ etsq k kommuni´zmu, u´roven; 'i´zni postoqńno raste¨ t. Sle´dovatel;no, ro'da´ emost; ne mo´'et umen;wa´ tsq. Odna´ ko prime´rno na 50 milliońov helove´k! Do six por v Rossií net demografi´heskoj poli´tiki, i demografi´heskaq situa´ ciq plo´xo oso´znana o´b]estvom. A ved; raciona´ l;naq strane´ nu'ny´ sro´hnye me´ry, nu'na´ demografi´heskaq poli´tika, i gla´ vnoe napravleńie v nej po´sle povyweńiq ro'da´ emosti dol'no´ byt; sni'eńie mu'sko´j sverxsme´rtnosti.

Po materia´ lam , 2001

Vocabulary ♦ bra´ hnyj sta´ tus 'ena´ tyj zloupotreble´ nie alkogo´lem idti´ o´b]im pute¨ m kure´ nie, kuri´t; malopodvi´'nyj o´braz 'i´zni nau´hnyj osozna´ t; pe´ repis; (f ) prevy´ sit; preimu´]estvenno prime´ rno razvede¨ nnyj razry´ v rasshi´tyvat; na (+ acc) ro'da´ emost; (f ) sle´ dovatel;no sme´ rtnost; (f ) sni'a´ t;sq, sni'e´ nie sre´ dnqq prodol'i´tel;nost; (f ) 'i´zni

marital status married (man) alcohol abuse to follow the general trend smoking, to smoke sedentary way of life scientific to realise census to exceed chiefly approximately divorced gap to count on birthrate consequently mortality to fall; fall average life span

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sro´hnye me´ ry u´mstvennyj trud upa´ st;

urgent measures intellectual work to fall

N.B. po sravne´ ni[ s – in comparison with; i t.d. (i tak da´ lee) – and so on; – mistakes were made at a high level; ustano´vleno – it has been established; Centr statisti´heskogo upravle´ niq – Centre for Statistical Management

Exercise 1 Answer the following questions in Russian. 1 Kakovy´ by´ li rezul;ta´ ty demografi´heskoj revol[´ cii v 20 ve´ke? 2 Kakova´ byla´ sre´dnqq prodol'i´tel;nost; 'i´zni v 60-x goda´ x? 3 Kakova´ ra´ znica me´'du prodol'i´tel;nost;[ 'i´zni mu'hińy i 'eń]iny? 4 Kakié fa´ ktory vliq´[t na prodol'i´tel;nost; 'i´zni? 5 Pohemu´ mu'hińy vedu´t bo´lee malopodvi´'nyj o´braz 'i´zni? 6 Kto razraba´ tyval demografi´heskie progno´zy v SSSR? 7 Kako´v byl progno´z ro´sta naseleńiq v SSSR k 2000 go´du? 8 Nu'na´ li Rossií demografi´heskaq poli´tika? Pohemu´?

Exercise 2 True or false? 1 Osnovny´ e prihińy vyso´koj sme´rtnosti mu'hiń (zloupotrebleńie alkogo´lem, upotrebleńie narko´tikov, tq'e¨ lyj trud)? 2 Ro'da´ emost; zavi´sit ot (\konomi´heskoj situa´ cii, sta´ tusa 'eń]iny v o´b]estve, bra´ hnogo sta´ tusa)? 3 @ivu´t do´lgo te, kto (mno´go ku´rit, mno´go p;e¨ t, zanima´ etsq spo´rtom)? 4 Tipi´hnaq demografi´heskaq poli´tika napra´ vlena na (povyweńie, sni'eńie, soxraneńie) ro'da´ emosti? 5 Sme´rtnost; sni'a´ etsq v rezul;ta´ te (uluhweńiq o´braza 'i´zni, vstupleńiq v brak, poluheńiq obrazova´ niq)? 6 Demografi´heskij kri´zis oznaha´ et (rost naseleńiq, padeńie ro'da´ emosti, sokra]eńie prodol'i´tel;nosti 'i´zni)?

Demografiq

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Language points ♦ Numerals When a written text, such as the one above on demography, contains a lot of numerals it can be an aid to understanding. However, producing correct Russian using numerals poses particular problems. First, there is the question of which case to put the noun into after the numeral. Second, needed particularly when using numerals in spoken Russian, there is the matter of which case the numeral itself goes into.

Cases after cardinal numerals By now you are probably familiar with the following: odiń / odna´ / odno´ ‘one’ is an adjective and agrees in gender with the following noun: odiń stol; odna´ kni´ga; odno´ okno´. There is even a plural for plural only nouns: odni´ no´'nicy. Dva (masc. and neut.) and dve (fem.) ‘two’; tri ‘three’; hety´ re ‘four’ and o´ba (masc. and neut.) and o´be (fem.) ‘both’ are followed by the genitive singular of the noun and genitive plural (masc. and neut.) or nominative plural (fem.) of the adjective: dva bol;wi´x stola´ ; tri intere´ snye kni´gi. Pqt; ‘five’ and above are followed by the genitive plural of both noun and adjective; pqt; bol;wi´x stolo´v. The case following compound numerals is determined by the last element: dva´ dcat; dve intere´ snye kni´gi. However, these rules only apply if the numeral itself is in the nominative case, or the inanimate accusative. Numerals decline if the structure of the sentence requires it, e.g., after prepositions. After a numeral in a case other than the nom. / acc. the noun and adjective will go into the plural of the same case: sem;q´ s pqt;[´ ma´ len;kimi det;mi´ ‘a family with five small children’. Only dva / dve, tri, hety´ re, o´ba / o´be have an animate accusative, and this is not used in compound numerals: q zna´ [ dvux de´ vuwek; q zna´ [ dva´ dcat; dve de´ vuwki. All elements of a compound number decline: s pqti´ desqti pqti´ do westi´desqti hetyre¨ x ‘from fifty-five to sixty-four’; v vo´zraste pqti´desqti vos;mi´ let ‘at the age of fiftyeight’. Numerals used to tell the time similarly decline: v dva hasa´ ‘at two’; s dvux haso´v ‘since / from two o’clock’. The complete declension of cardinal numerals is in the grammar summary.

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Exercise 3 Write out the numerals putting the nouns and adjectives in the correct case. 1 @eń]iny sostavlq´[t 53 (proceńt), a mu'hińy 47 (proceńt) naseleńiq Rossií. 2 V 1992 godu´ sokra]eńie naseleńiq otmeha´ los; na 44 (territo´riq) Rossií, a v 93 godu´ u'e´ v 68 iz 79 (rossi´jskij regioń). 3 V periód s 1897 go´da po 1924 god priro´st naseleńiq sosta´ vil bo´lee 22 (millioń) helove´k. 4 Sem;q´ s 3–5 (rebe¨ nok) bol;wa´ q re´dkost; v Rossií. 5 Bez migra´ cii hi´slennost; naseleńiq Rossií sokrati´las; by do 140 (millioń) helove´k u'e´ k 2000 go´du. 6 Sogla´ sno demo´grafam hi´slennost; naseleńiq Rossií sni´zitsq k 2010 godu´ do 133 (millioń) helove´k. 7 Ne´vskij \kspre´ss sposo´ben razviva´ t; sko´rost; do 200 km. v has. 8 Stoímost; aviabile´ta v Moskvu´ ot 199 (do´llar). 9 Mne o´hen; nra´ vitsq kni´ga .

Collective numerals Collective numerals dvoé ‘two’; troé ‘three’; he´ tvero ‘four’, are followed by the genitive plural. They can conveniently be used with plural only nouns that have no genitive singular: troé haso´v ‘three clocks’; he´ tvero su´tok ‘four days and nights’. Collective numerals cannot be used in compounds, so pa´ ra or wtu´ka is used: dva´ dcat; tri pa´ ry haso´v ‘twenty-three clocks’. Forms also exist for five to ten: pq´tero, we´ stero, se´ mero, vo´s;mero, de´ vqtero, de´ sqtero. Collective numerals are often found with animate masculine nouns, with l[´ di, lico´ and de´ ti: dvoé mu'hiń ‘two men’; troé l[de´ j ‘three people’; pq´tero dete´ j ‘five children’; we´ stero druze´ j ‘six friends’. Note also the expressions: nas by´ lo troé ‘there were three of us’; my / nas dvoé ‘we two’; ko´mnata na dvoi´ x ‘room for two’; na svoi´x dvoi´ x ‘on your own two feet / on foot’.

Demografiq

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Exercise 4 Replace cardinal numerals by collective ones. 1 V sem;e´ (hety´ re rebe¨ nka). 2 My rabo´tali (dva dnq i dve no´hi). 3 Sredi´ nas by´ lo (tri de´vuwki). 4 (Pqt; solda´ t) by´ li po´slany v Hehn[´ . 5 (Sem; sportsmeńov) poluhi´li meda´ li. 6 (West;

studeńtov) zapisa´ lis; na ku´rsy ru´sskogo qzyka´ .

Quantitative nouns These consist of edinića ‘one’; dvo´jka ‘two’; tro´jka ‘three’; hetve¨ rka ‘four’; pqte¨ rka ‘five’; weste¨ rka ‘six’; seme¨ rka ‘seven’; vos;me¨ rka ‘eight; devq´tka ‘nine’; desq´tka ‘ten’. They are used principally for playing cards: desq´tka tref, bu´ben, herve´ j, pik ‘the ten of clubs, diamonds, hearts, spades’ and in the five point Russian marking scale where tro´jka is satisfactory and pqte¨ rka is excellent. Note also how seme¨ rka is used to translate ‘the Seven (advanced industrial nations)’.

Other numerical expressions You may find the following expressions useful: vdvoé / vtroé bo´l;we twice / three times as much v dva / tri / hety´ re ra´ za bo´l;we twice / three / four times as big Contrast the expressions vdvoe¨ m, together’: oni´ 'ivu´t vdvoe¨ m the two of them live together

vtroe¨ m meaning ‘two / three

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Exercise 5 Insert the right word dvoé, vdvoe¨ m, vdvoé. 1 Oni´ poe´xali v Rossi´[ . . . 2 V \´tom godu´ v Rossi´[ prie´xalo . . . bo´l;we be´'encev, hem v prowlo´m godu´ . . . 3 sportsmeńov za´ nqli pe´rvoe me´sto. troé, vtroe¨ m, vtroé 4 . . . druze´j rewi´li poe´xat; na Kavka´ z. 5 Oni vse¨ de´la[t . . . 6 Ee¨ zarpla´ ta . . . bo´l;we, hem ego´.

Indefinite numerals Ne´ skol;ko ‘several’, sko´l;ko ‘how many’ and sto´l;ko ‘how many’ decline like plural adjectives and agree with the nouns they describe: iz ne´ skol;kix da´ nnyx ‘from several statistics’. Mno´go ‘many, much’ and nemno´go ‘not many’ decline in both the singular and the plural; vo mno´gom ‘in many respects’; vo mno´gix mesta´ x ‘in many places’. Ma´ lo ‘few’ does not decline.

Exercise 6 Put mno´go, nemno´go, ne´ skol;ko, sko´l;ko in the right case. 1 Po mneńi[ (ne´skol;ko) demo´grafov Rossií grozi´t demografi´heskaq katastro´fa. 2 Vo (mno´go) ra´ zvityx stra´ nax prodol'i´tel;nost; 'i´zni o´hen; vyso´kaq. 3 Proble´ma byla´ rewena´ v teheńie (ne´skol;ko) dnej. 4 (Ne´skol;ko) se´m;qm my pomogli´ den;ga´ mi i ode´'doj. 5 U (mno´go) be´'encev net da´ 'e ode´'dy. 6 Na konfereńcii q poznako´milas; s (ne´skol;ko) no´vymi ru´sskimi. 7 So (sko´l;ko) studeńtami vy razgova´ rivali? 8 Ego´ i´mq izve´stno (mno´go). 9 U (nemno´go) studeńtov est; takié vozmo´'nosti.

Helove´ k after numerals After ne´ skol;ko, sko´l;ko and sto´l;ko use helove´ k as the genitive plural of helove´ k and after ma´ lo, mno´go, nema´ lo, nemno´go use l[de´ j. Helove´ k is also used after numerals where there is no

Demografiq

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adjective, l[de´ j is more common where there is an adjective: de´ sqt; helove´ k ‘ten people’; de´ sqt; xoro´wix l[de´ j ‘ten good people’.

Exercise 7 Decide when to use helove´ k or l[de´ j. 1 Naseleńie Rossií 140 mln . . . 2 Mno´go . . . pogi´blo vo vre´mq vojny´ . 3 Sko´l;ko . . . u´hitsq v va´ wem universite´te? 4 V na´ wej gru´ppe 12 . . . 5 U ne´kotoryx . . . net da´ 'e sa´ mogo neobxodi´mogo. 6 U ne´skol;kix . . . by´ lo po tri kni´gi. 7 V Moskve´ q vstre´til ne´skol;ko . . . iz Anglii.

Fractions and decimals The feminine form of the ordinal number is used to express a fraction, the words hast; or do´lq being understood: odna´ westa´ q ‘one sixth’; west; desq´tyx ‘six tenths’. Tret; ‘a third’ and he´ tvert; ‘a quarter’ are commonly used instead of the corresponding fractions: dve tre´ ti instead of dve tre´ t;ix ‘two thirds’; tri he´ tverti instead of tri hetve¨ rtyx ‘three quarters’. Decimals are expressed by using the fractions for tenths, hundredths and thousands: odna´ ce´ laq i pqt; desq´tyx ‘1.5’; nol; ce´ lyx i so´rok vo´sem; so´tyx ‘0.48’; west; ce´ lyx i hety´ resta vo´sem;desqt sem; ty´ sqhnyx ‘6.487’. Fractions and decimals are always followed by the genitive singular: 69,6 go´da. Note that Russian uses a comma instead of a decimal point.

Exercise 8 Write down in full the fractions in the first column (from the table on page 172) (Vse¨ nasele´ nie) and answer the questions in Russian. 1 V kako´j strane´ sa´ maq vyso´kaq prodol'i´tel;nost; 'i´zni? 2 Kako´j razry´ v me´'du prodol'i´tel;nost;[ 'i´zni mu'hiń i 'eń]in v Qpońii, v Ita´ lii, Velikobrita´ nii, v Rossií? 3 Gde sa´ myj bol;wo´j razry´ v?

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TABLICA 1 Prodol'itel;nost; 'izni v Rossii v sravnenii s krupnejwimi \konomiheski razvitymi stranami (strany <seme¨ rki>) Strany

Vse¨ naselenie

Mu'hiny

@en]iny

Qponiq

78,8

75,9

81.8

Franciq

76.9

72.8

80.9

SWA

76.5

73.0

80.0

Italiq

76.4

73.2

79,7

Kanada

76,4

73.0

79.8

Velikobritaniq

75.2

72.4

78,0

Germaniq

75.1

71.8

78.3

1989–1990gg.

69.0

64.0

74.0

1993g.

65.1

58.9

71.9

1995

65,0

58,0

72,0

Rossiq

Po dańnym Goskomsta´ ta

N.B. Goskomsta´ t – Gosuda´ rstvennyj komite´ t po stati´stike – State Committee of Statistics

Dialogue 1 A conversation between a sociologist and a demographer S OCIO´ LOG

D EMO´ GRAF

Xorowo´ izve´stno, hto demografi´heskaq situa´ ciq v Rossií o´hen; ser;e¨ znaq. Ro'da´ emost; pa´ daet, naseleńie sokra]a´ etsq. No ved; Rossi´q ne iskl[heńie. To 'e sa´ moe proisxo´dit v drugi´x stra´ nax. Po-moému, \´to xorowo´. Da, kone´hno. L[´ di sta´ li bo´lee otve´tstvennymi i sa´ mi plani´ru[t svo[´ sem;[´ . Molody´ e l[´ di xotq´t

Demografiq

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S OCIO´ LOG

D EMO´ GRAF

S OCIO´ LOG

D EMO´ GRAF

S OCIO´ LOG D EMO´ GRAF

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poluhi´t; obrazova´ nie i stat; samostoq´tel;nymi. K so'aleńi[, v Rossií situa´ ciq druga´ q. V ra´ zvityx stra´ nax sme´rtnost; umen;wa´ etsq, a v Rossií uveli´hivaetsq i u'e´ prevywa´ et ro'da´ emost;. Tako´go ra´ n;we ne´ bylo. Oby´ hno \´to ob#qsnq´[t tq'e¨ lym \konomi´heskim polo'eńiem. No mo´'no li vse¨ ob#qsni´t; to´l;ko \konomi´heskim kri´zisom? Kone´hno, net. Taka´ q situa´ ciq ne to´l;ko sle´dstvie \konomi´heskix fa´ ktorov. Zdes; mno´go drugi´x prihiń. Tut i revol[´ ciq, i gra'da´ nskaq vojna´ , a ta´ k'e sta´ linskie repre´ssii 30-x godo´v. Sogla´ sno demo´grafam to´l;ko v Veli´koj ote´hestvennoj vojne´ Rossi´q poterq´la pohti´ 27 mln. helove´k. No mo´'et byt;, prihińa v tom, hto na´ we o´b]estvo sta´ lo urbanizi´rovannym? Bol;winstvo´ naseleńiq tepe´r; gorodskoé. A v gorodski´x se´m;qx ma´ lo dete´j, dvoé dete´j ne bo´l;we. Urbaniza´ ciq – o´hen; va´ 'naq prihińa. No druga´ q, ne meńee va´ 'naq prihińa – povyweńie ob]e´stvennogo sta´ tusa 'eń]iny. Ved; u 'eń]iny tepe´r; est; vy´ bor. Ona´ sama´ rewa´ et sko´l;ko, kogda´ , s kaki´m interva´ lom i ot kogo´ ro'a´ t;. Zna´ hit, po-va´ wemu, demografi´heskaq situa´ ciq zavi´sit ot mno´gix fa´ ktorov? Nesomneńno. Na´ do uhi´tyvat; vse fa´ ktory, e´sli vy xoti´te ponq´t; demografi´hesku[ situa´ ci[ v Rossií.

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Vocabulary ♦ Veli´kaq Ote´ hestvennaq Vojna´ gra'da´ nskaq vojna´ ob]e´ stvennyj sta´ tus pa´ dat; ro'a´ t; sle´ dstvie uhi´tyvat;

Great Patriotic War (World War 2) civil war social status to fall to give birth consequence to take into consideration

Exercise 9 Answer the following questions in English. 1 What demographic process is taking place throughout the world? 2 What is the demographic situation in Russia? 3 What are the differences and similarities between the demographic situation in Russia and Europe? 4 Why is the number of children per family falling? 5 What explains the overall reduction in the population in the 1930s, 1940s and 1980s? 6 What does the fall in the birth-rate depend on?

TABLICA 2 Ob]ie ko\fficienty ro'daemosti, smertnosti i estestvennogo prirosta v Rossii (na 1000 helovek naseleniq) Gody

1926

1949

1960

1980

1989

1991

1992

1993

Hislo rodivwixsq

44,7

33

23,2

15,9

14,6

12,1

10,7

9,4

Hislo umerwix

21,3

20,6

7,4

10,6

10,6

10,4

12,2

14,4

Estestvennyj prirost

23,4

12,4

15,8

5,3

4

1,7

–1,5

–5

Po da´ nnym Goskomsta´ ta

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Exercise 10 Answer the questions in Russian. 1 V kako´m godu´ nabl[da´ lsq sa´ myj bol;wo´j priro´st naseleńiq v Rossií? 2 Kogda´ priro´st naseleńiq stal otrica´ tel;nym? 3 Kak vy mo´'ete ob#qsni´t; takoé qvleńie?

Language points ♦ Nu´'en Nu´'en (m), nu'na´ (f), nu´'no (n), nu'ny´ (pl.) is a short adjective. Used together with the dative it translates ‘to need’: Nam nu´'no lu´hwee zdravooxrane´ nie. We need a better health service. Klińike nu'ny´ o´pytnye vrahi´. The clinic needs experienced doctors. In the past and future tense the form of the verb byt;; will vary according to the subject: Klińike nu'ny´ bu´dut o´pytnye vrahi´ . The clinic will need experienced doctors. Another way of expressing the same idea is to use the verb to need nu'da´ t;sq v (+ prep). Rossi´ i nu'na´ demografi´heskaq poli´ tika. Rossi´ q nu'da´ etsq v demografi´ heskoj poli´tike. Russia needs a demographic policy.

Exercise 11 Decide who needs what by putting nu´'en in the right form. 1 Mne . . . vre´mq. 2 Emu´ . . . slova´ r;. 3 Nam . . . vi´za. 4 Im . . . 'urna´ ly. 5 Bol;niće . . . no´voe oboru´dovanie. 6 Mne . . . uhe´bnik ru´sskogo qzyka´ . 7 Tea´ tru . . . akte¨ ry. 8 Emu´ ne . . . gaze´ta. 9 Rossií . . . demografi´heskaq poli´tika.

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Now put these sentences first in the past and then in the future tense.

Exercise 12 From 9–16 October 2002 Russia held a national census. Fill in the questionnaire by giving information about yourself in Russian. (See page 177.)

Word building Words with the root rod ‘birth, tribe, nature’ Note that d changes to ' or 'd in some words. Nouns: rod ‘family, tribe, type’; ro´dy ‘childbirth’; naro´d ‘people’; poro´da ‘breed’; ro´dina ‘native land’; rodnq´ ‘relatives’. Note the use of suffixes on the following nouns, indicating a person: rodi´ tel; ‘parent’; ro´dstvennik ‘relative’. Abstract nouns: rodstvo´ ‘relationship’; ro'da´ emost; ‘birthrate’. Action: ro'de´ nie ‘birth’. Adjectives: rodno´j ‘native’; rodovo´j ‘ancestral’. Verbs: rodi´t; ‘to give birth’; rodi´ t;sq ‘to be born’; ro'a´ t; ‘to give birth’. Note the prefixes on the following words, all of which give a clue to their meaning: vozro'de´ nie ‘rebirth, renewal, renaissance’; vozrodi´t; ‘to regenerate’ (voz- / vos- ‘up’); zarodi´t;sq ‘to be conceived’; zaro´dyw ‘embryo’ (za- ‘start of an action’); pererodi´t;sq ‘to be transformed, regenerate’ (pere- ‘trans-, re-’); bezro´dnyj ‘without kin’ (bez- / bes- ‘without’); priro´da ‘nature’ (pri- ‘beside, attached’); uro´d ‘monster’ (u- ‘away’).

Rod combined with other roots odnoro´dnyj ‘homogeneous’; inoro´dnyj ‘foreign (ino´j ‘other’); dvo[´ rodnyj brat ‘first cousin’ (dva ‘two’); detoro´dnyj vo´zrast (de´ ti ‘children’) ‘childbearing age’.

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ПEPEПИ ANKETA Voprosy perepisi dlq vsex gra'dan Rossii

E

2002

НАCEЛ

НИ

PO

AЯ

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Я • BCE

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CCИЙCK

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FIO

Pol

Data ro'deniq

familiq, imq, othestvo

mu'skoj 'enskij

god, mesqc, hislo

hislo ispolnivwixsq let vo vremq perepisi

............ ............ ............

........./......../.........

.................

Mesto ro'deniq

Gra'danstvo

nazvanie derevni, goroda, oblasti, strany ...................................................................... ......................................................................

esli dvojnoe, ukazat; oba ................................ ................................

Nacional;nost; ili \tniheskaq gruppa

Rodnoj qzyk

Semejnoe polo'enie

a tak'e drugie qzyki, kotorymi svobodno vladeete ...................................................................... ......................................................................

sostoite ili sostoqli v brake skol;ko let imeete, ne imeete detej skol;ko

Obrazovanie

@ili]nye usloviq

nahal;noe, srednee, vyswee ...................................................................... zakonhennoe, nezakonhennoe ..................................................................... .....................................................................

qvlqetes; li sobstvennikom (doma, kvartiry, dahi), (esli neskol;kix, ukazat; vse), .............................................................................. ..............................................................................

Uroven; \konomiheskoj aktivnosti

Istohniki sredstv k 'izni

zanqtye, bezrabotnye, studenty, pensionery, vedu]ie domawnee xozqjstvo .....................................................................

........................................ ........................................

rabota, stipendiq, pensiq, posobie, sbere'eniq, doxod ot sdahi v naem imu]estva i t.d. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................

N.B. pol – sex; poso´bie – benefit; isto´hniki sre´ dstv k 'i´zni – sources of income; sbere'e´ niq – savings; sda´ ha v nae¨ m imu´]estva – renting of property

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Some other roots that appear in this unit Words with the root mu' ‘man, male’ Nouns: mu' ‘husband’; mu'hi´ na ‘man’; mu'i´ k ‘peasant’ mu´'estvo ‘courage’. Adjectives: mu'sko´j ‘men’s, male, masculine’; mu´'estvennyj ‘courageous’. Verbs: mu'a´ t; ‘mature’; mu'a´ t;sq ‘take heart’. Combined with za-: ‘acquisition’: za´ mu'em ‘married’ (of a woman); vy´ jti za´ mu' za + acc. ‘to marry’ (of a woman); zamu´'nqq ‘married woman’.

Words with the root 'enNouns: 'ena´ ‘wife’; 'e´ n]ina ‘woman’; 'eni´x ‘bridegroom, fiancé’; 'eni´t;ba ‘marriage’. Adjectives: 'e´ nskij ‘women’s, female’; 'e´ nstvennyj ‘feminine’; 'ena´ tyj ‘married’ (of a man). Verbs: 'eni´t; ‘to marry (off)’; 'eni´t;sq na + prep. ‘to marry’ (of a man), ‘to get married’ (of a couple). Combined with other roots: 'enonenavi´stnik ‘misogynist’ (ne´ navist; – ‘hatred’); 'enopodo´bnyj ‘effeminate’ (podo´bnyj ‘like’).

Words with the root -mert- ‘death’ Nouns: smert; ‘death’; sme´ rtnyj ‘mortal’; sme´ rtnost; ‘mortality’. Adjectives: me¨ rtvyj ‘dead’; smerte´ l;nyj ‘mortal, fatal’. Verbs: umere´ t; ‘to die’.

Words with the root brak ‘marriage’ (note where k changes to h) Nouns: brak ‘marriage, married state’; brakosoheta´ nie ‘marriage service’. Adjective: bra´ hnyj ‘marriage, conjugal’.

Demografiq

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Exercise 13 Choose the right phrase or word to fill the gap in the following sentences. ('eni´t;sq(po-), vy´ jti za´ mu', 'ena´ tyj, zamu´'nqq, brak) 1 V pro´wlom godu´ on . . . na znako´moj studeńtke. 2 Ona´ . . . za no´vogo ru´sskogo. 3 Nakoneć, oni´ rewi´li . . . 4 Govorq´t, hto . . . mu'hińy 'ivu´t do´l;we. 5 U . . . 'eń]in, po-pre´'nemu, ma´ lo vre´meni na o´tdyx. 6 V Rossií sejha´ s o´hen; populq´rny . . . s inostra´ ncami.

Exercise 14 Translate into Russian. 1 The demographic situation in Russia is very serious: the birth rate is in decline and life expectancy is falling. 2 In many European countries the number of women is higher than the number of men. That can be explained by the fact that female life expectancy is several years greater than male. 3 According to the census conducted in the year 2001 the population of Britain constituted 70 million people. 4 In the opinion of demographers a high birthrate is characteristic of developing countries. In developed countries the situation is the opposite. 5 In order to stop the decline in population Russia needs a demographic policy. 6 Smoking and drinking are the main reasons why Russian men have such a low life expectancy. 7 We all should lead a healthy way of life. First of all, we should give up smoking and drinking. 8 I do not believe that married men live longer than divorced men.

10 OBRAZOVANIE


about education in Russia how to form and use the present passive participle more about the preposition po words with the root uh / uk about stress in the present and future of verbs

The Soviet Union rightly prided itself on the quality of its education system. Even now, despite declining investment in education, Russian students continue to demonstrate better mathematical and scientific skills than those in many western countries. Russia still boasts universal basic education and a literate workforce. However, reform is essential if Russian education is to respond to the demands of the market economy. There is a need to move away from a pedagogical approach which emphasises the acquisition of knowledge rather than problem-solving skills. Capital investment, which has been in serious decline since the collapse of the Soviet Union, needs to be increased to repair decrepit buildings and replace outdated equipment. Previously free for all students, about two thirds of students in higher education now pay some contribution to the cost of their education, but this has little impact on the universities’ need for greater funding to improve infrastructure and increase teachers’ lamentably low pay.

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Text 1 Refo´rma obrazovańiq V Rossií prowla´ refo´rma obrazova´ niq. 2 puńkta v nej vy´ zvali mno´go spo´rov. Pe´rvyj – tak nazyva´ emyj edińyj gosuda´ rstvennyj \kza´ men, provodi´myj vzameń vypuskny´ x i vstupi´tel;nyx \kza´ menov. Vse vypuskniki´, ka´ 'dyj v svoe´j wko´le, v odiń i tot 'e den; otveha´ [t na odiń i tot 'e test. Rezul;ta´ ty testi´rovaniq qvlq´[tsq osnova´ niem ne to´l;ko dlq poluheńiq attesta´ ta ob okonha´ nii wko´ly, no i dlq postupleńiq v vuz. Vypuskniki´ sda[´ t dva obqza´ tel;nyx \kza´ mena: matema´ tiku i ru´sskij qzy´ k, ostal;ny´ e tri \kza´ mena sda[´ tsq v zavi´simosti ot specializa´ cii. Vy´ swaq oceńka – 100 ba´ llov. Po \´tim ba´ llam vypuskniki´ prinima´ [tsq v institu´t. Odna´ ko mno´gie obespokoény sami´m fa´ ktom vvedeńiq tako´go \kza´ mena. , utver'da´ [t oni´. <Sli´wkom bol;wa´ q ra´ znica me´'du stoli´hnoj wko´loj i wko´loj gde´-nibud; za Ura´ lom>, govorq´t drugié. K tomu´ 'e edińyj test nesovmesti´m s 'e¨ stkim otbo´rom. A otsu´tstvie otbo´ra neizbe´'no sni'a´ et ka´ hestvo obrazova´ niq. Vtoro´j punkt – pla´ ta za obuheńie. Ka´ 'dyj vypuskni´k, v zavi´simosti ot togo´, sko´l;ko ba´ llov on nabra´ l na te´ste, poluha´ et ot gosuda´ rstva hek. Tre´ti abiturieńtov, koto´rye nabra´ li naivy´ swie ba´ lly, gosuda´ rstvom vyda[´ tsq deń;gi, dosta´ tohnye dlq opla´ ty vsej uhe¨ by v vu´ze. Iny´ mi slova´ mi, oni´ u´hatsq bespla´ tno. Za pro´hix gosuda´ rstvo vno´sit to´l;ko hast; (70–30%). Ostal;noé vno´sitsq iz so´bstvennogo karma´ na. Koro´he, dlq dvux tre´tej rossiqń vy´ swee obrazova´ nie sta´ lo pla´ tnym. Ra´ n;we bespla´ tnoe obrazova´ nie shita´ los; dosti'eńiem v strane´. Ka´ hestvu sove´tskogo obrazova´ niq zavi´dovali. Tepe´r; osnovnoé napravleńie – brat; deń;gi s naseleńiq. Po slova´ m mini´stra obrazova´ niq, . A hto takoé obrazova´ tel;nye uslu´gi? |to – pla´ tnye

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otdeleńiq v universite´tax, na koto´rye tepe´r; nabira´ [tsq daleko´ ne lu´hwie, a te, kto mo´gut plati´t;. |to podgotovi´tel;nye ku´rsy dlq postupa´ []ix v universite´t, to est;, to 'e pla´ tnoe repeti´torstvo, ra´ n;we osu]estvlqémoe prepodava´ telqmi i opla´ hivaemoe rodi´telqmi. To´l;ko tepe´r; gosuda´ rstvo vse uslu´gi bere¨ t na sebq´. Po materia´ lam gaze´ty , 2001

Vocabulary ♦ abiturie´ nt attesta´ t ob okonha´ nii wko´ly ball brat; na sebq´ vzame´ n (+ gen) vneb[d'e´ tnye sre´ dstva vstupi´tel;nyj \kza´ men vuz (vy´ swee uhe´ bnoe zavede´ nie) vydava´ t; vy´ zvat; spor vypuskni´k vypuskno´j \kza´ men edińyj gosuda´ rstvennyj \kza´ men 'e¨ stkij otbo´r zavi´dovat; (+ dat) za she¨ t (+ gen) nabira´ t; / nabra´ t; neizbe´ 'nyj nesovmesti´myj pro´hij obrazova´ tel;naq uslu´ga obqza´ tel;nyj opla´ hivat; osu]estvlq´t; otsu´tstvie oce´ nka podgotovi´tel;nye ku´rsy privlehe´ nie sredstv raswire´ nie repeti´tor

applicant (to university) school leaving certificate mark to take on instead of extra, non-budgetary funding entrance examination higher education institution (HEI) to give (out) to provoke an argument graduate final examination common state examination rigorous selection to envy by means of to collect, gain inevitable incompatible other educational service compulsory to pay to implement absence grade, mark preparatory courses attracting finance broadening tutor

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N.B. tak nazyva´ emyj – so-called; dlq hego´ by to ni´ bylo edińogo – for anything standardised; iny´ mi (drugi´mi) slova´ mi – in other words; iz so´bstvennogo karma´ na – out of one’s own pocket; v zavi´simosti ot (+ gen) – depending on; v pe´ rvu[ o´hered; – in the first place

Exercise 1 Answer the following questions in Russian. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Hto oznaha´ et edińyj gosuda´ rstvennyj \kza´ men? Pohemu´ ego´ vvedeńie bespokoít mno´gix? Kakié \kza´ meny obqza´ tel;ny? Kakié studeńty bu´dut uhi´t;sq bespla´ tno? Kto do´l'en plati´t; za obrazova´ nie? Pohemu´ vvo´ditsq pla´ tnoe obrazova´ nie? Hto oznaha´ et raswireńie obrazova´ tel;nyx uslu´g?

Exercise 2 Study this example from the examination in Russian language. See how well you can do. Use a dictionary, if necessary.

EDINYJ |KZAMEN Test po russkomu qzyku Prohitajte predlo'eniq: A. Ego qzyk udivitelen. B. Q pomn[, hto kogda q v pervyj raz nahal hitat; Hexova, to snahala on pokazalsq mne kakim-to strannym, kak by neskladnym. V. Blagodarq svoej iskrennosti, Hexov sozdal novye, soverwenno novye po-moemu dlq vsego mira formy pisaniq, podobnyx kotorym q ne vstrehal nigde. G. No kak tol;ko q vhitalsq, \tot qzyk zaxvatil menq.

1. V kakom porqdke dol'ny sledovat; \ti predlo'eniq, htoby poluhilsq tekst? 1) A,B,G.V. 2) B,G,A,V. 3) V,B,A,G. 4) G,V,A,B. Uka'ite predlo'enie s punktuacionnoj owibkoj.

2. V kakom slove udarenie na 2-m sloge? 1) Obleghit;. 2) Prinql. 3) Peredannyj. 4) Baluetsq

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Present passive participle As with the participles discussed in earlier units, the present passive participle is a verbal adjective.

How to form present passive participles Add -yj to the first person plural (my form) of the present tense of the verb: poluha´ t; – poluha´ em – poluha´ emyj ‘(being) received’. Nesti´ and vesti´ change the -e¨ - in the first person plural ending to -o- in the participle: nesti´ – nese¨ m – neso´myj ‘carried’. Verbs ending in -avat; take the ending -avaemyj: dava´ t; – dae¨ m – dava´ emyj ‘(being) given’. This participle is generally only formed from transitive verbs (i.e. those taking a direct object). However, there are a small number of verbs which govern the instrumental case which have present passive participles: rukovodi´ t; – rukovodi´myj ‘led, directed’; upravlq´t; – upravlqémyj ‘managed’ ; koma´ ndovat; – koma´ nduemyj ‘commanded’. A considerable number of verbs do not have a present passive participle. These include: –

many monosyllabic verbs, e.g. bit;, brat;, est;, znat;, klast;, lit;, myt;, pet;, pit;; – irregular first conjugation verbs, e.g. pisa´ t;, prq´tat;; – many second conjugation verbs: goto´vit;, der'a´ t;, plati´ t;, smotre´ t;, sta´ vit;, stroít;. The problem of there being no present passive participle can frequently be overcome by forming the participle from a compound of the verb: plati´ t; – opla´ hivat; – opla´ hivaemyj ‘being paid for’.

Exercise 3 Form present passive participles from the following verbs. poluha´ t;, privleka´ t;, sozdava´ t;, l[bi´t;, uva'a´ t;, vnosi´t;, osu]estvlq´t;, opla´ hivat;, vvozi´t;, predlaga´ t;, provodi´t;, izuha´ t;, finansi´rovat;, ispo´l;zovat;

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How to use present passive participles They decline like adjectives and agree in number, gender and case with the noun they describe: Zarpla´ ty, poluha´ emoj rossi´jskim uhi´telem, ha´ sto ne xvata´ et da´ 'e na pi´]u. The wages received by a Russian teacher are often not enough even for food. Several present passive participles are now frequently used as adjectives: l[bi´myj tak nazyva´ emyj uva'a´ emyj

favourite so-called respected, dear

Some adjectives (usually negative) are formed like present passive participles, but from the perfective verb: nesovmesti´myj nepovtori´myj nerazlihi´myj nedopusti´myj nesravni´myj nezavi´ simyj

incompatible unique indistinguishable not permissible incomparable independent (formed from the imperfective)

Edi´ nyj test nesovmesti´m s 'e¨ stkim otbo´rom. A single test is incompatible with rigorous selection. Note the use of the short form. Present passive participles themselves are rarely found in the short form. Some present passive participles are used as nouns: obvinqémyj ‘the defendant’; slaga´ emoe ‘item, component’.

Exercise 4 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the appropriate forms of the present passive participle. 1 V 1985 godu´ nahalsq´ no´vyj periód sove´tskoj isto´rii (nazyva´ t;) perestro´jkoj. 2 Ka´ fedru ru´sskogo qzyka´ , (vozglavlq´t;) izve´stnym lingvi´stom, zna´ [t vo vsej strane´. 3 Pu´wkin (l[bi´t;) l[d;mi´ vsex vo´zrastov, sa´ myj populq´rnyj po\´t v Rossií. 4 Meto´dika

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prepodava´ niq inostra´ nnyx qzyko´v, (ispo´l;zovat;) v \´tom universite´te, sa´ maq sovremeńnaq. 5 Mno´gie tova´ ry, (vvozi´t;) v Rossi´[, oblaga´ [tsq po´wlinoj. 6 V peha´ ti mno´go govori´los; o no´vyx wko´l;nyx progra´ mmax, (finansi´rovat;) gosuda´ rstvom. 7 Su´mmy, (vnosi´t;) rodi´telqmi za obrazova´ nie dete´j, ves;ma´ znahi´tel;ny. 8 Stipeńdii, (poluha´ t;) studeńtami, ne xvata´ et da´ 'e na uhe´bniki. 9 Obqza´ tel;nyx \kza´ menov, (sdava´ t;) studeńtami, vsego´ dva – ru´sskij qzy´ k i matema´ tika.

Passive voice Note that the present passive participle may not be used to form the passive voice. Use either the reflexive verb (see unit 4) or the short form of the past passive participle (see unit 8). Note the use of the instrumental when a reflexive verb is used to convey a passive meaning. It translates ‘by’: Prepodava´ teli pi´wut uhe´ bnik. The lecturers are writing a textbook. Uhe´ bnik pi´wetsq prepodava´ telqmi. The textbook is being written by lecturers.

Exercise 5 Replace the active construction by a passive. Example: V kru´pnyx goroda´ x Rossií stro´qt metro´ – V kru´pnyx goroda´ x Rossií stroítsq metro´. 1 Vhera´ po televi´zoru peredava´ li intere´snye no´vosti. 2 Ru´sskij qzy´ k prepoda[´ t vo mno´gix angli´jskix universite´tax. 3 Lu´hwim studeńtam vyda[´ t stipeńdi[. 4 V Rossií goto´vqt no´vu[ refo´rmu obrazova´ niq. 5 Rodi´teli opla´ hiva[t vy´ swee obrazova´ nie v zavi´simosti ot ix doxo´da. 6 Lu´hwix studeńtov prinima´ [t v institu´t bez \kza´ menov. 7 Dlq stroi´tel;stva no´vyx zda´ nij mosko´vskij m\r priglawa´ et inostra´ nnyx speciali´stov.

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Transitive and intransitive pairs Remember that reflexive verbs are intransitive and cannot be followed by a direct object: Q nahina´ [ rabo´tu v west;. I start work at six. Rabo´ta nahina´ etsq v west;. Work starts at six.

Exercise 6 Decide which verb to use in the following sentences. 1 Situa´ ciq izmeni´la / izmeni´las; v lu´hwu[ sto´ronu. 2 On okońhil / okońhilsq universite´t s otli´hiem. 3 Sre´dnqq zarpla´ ta v strane´ v posle´dnee vre´mq uveli´hila / uveli´hilas;. 4 |konomi´heskoe polo'eńie v Rossií bu´det uluhwa´ t; / uluhwa´ t;sq. 5 Refo´rma obrazova´ niq prodol'a´ et / prodol'a´ etsq vyzyva´ t; mno´go spo´rov. 6 Le´kcii nahina´ [t / nahina´ [tsq v 9 haso´v utra´ . 7 S ka´ 'dym go´dom gosuda´ rstvo sokra]a´ et / sokra]a´ etsq rasxo´dy na obra´ zovanie. 8 Zarpla´ ta uhitele´j vse¨ vremq umen;wa´ et / umen;wa´ etsq. 9 |kza´ meny końhili / końhilis; v i[´ ne. 10 Edińyj \kza´ men sko´ro bu´det provodi´t; / provodi´t;sq po vsej strane´.

Dialogue 1 An interview with the Rector of Moscow State Technical University, I.B. Fyodorov @ URNALI´ ST

R E´ KTOR

V 1995 godu´ Vaw universite´t poluhi´l sta´ tus oso´bo ceńnogo kul;tu´rnogo ob#e´kta Rossi´jskoj Federa´ cii. Hto \´to zna´ hit dlq Vas? |to bol;wa´ q hest; i bol;wa´ q otve´tstvennost;. Iz mosko´vskix vu´zov sta´ tus oso´bo ceńnogo ob#e´kta za

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@ URNALI´ ST

R E´ KTOR

@ URNALI´ ST R E´ KTOR

@ URNALI´ ST R E´ KTOR @ URNALI´ ST R E´ KTOR

zaslu´gi v o´blasti obrazova´ niq poluhi´li to´l;ko dva vu´za – MGU i MGTU im. Ba´ umana. Do´lgoe vre´mq in'ene´rnoe obrazova´ nie shita´ los; nepresti´'nym. No v Va´ wem universite´te vsegda´ by´ li vyso´kie końkursy. |to pra´ vda. K na´ wemu universite´tu vsegda´ byl bol;wo´j intere´s. Vse zna´ [t, hto MGTU – odiń iz lu´hwix vu´zov. My goto´vim in'ene´rov, a ta´ k'e speciali´stov po in'ene´rnomu bi´znesu. Ka´ 'dyj god s[da´ prixo´dqt sa´ mye <prodvińutye> abiturieńty, zna´ []ie o ego´ vyso´kix tre´bovaniqx, o neobxodi´mosti mno´go rabo´tat;. Dlq nix uhe¨ ba zdes; – vozmo´'nost; poluhi´t; otli´hnoe obrazova´ nie, intere´snu[ profe´ssi[. Voob]e´, v posle´dnie go´dy presti´' in'ene´rnogo de´la v Rossií stal rasti´. Su]estvuét mneńie, hto uhi´t;sq v Va´ wem universite´te o´hen; tru´dno. Da, uhi´t;sq nelegko´, no daleko´ ne tak stra´ wno, kak ob \´tom govorq´t. Na´ wa progra´ mma rasshi´tana na helove´ka s oby´ hnymi sposo´bnostqmi. Studeńtu MGTU ne obqza´ tel;no byt; geńiem, xotq´ takié u nas to´'e est;. Ot nego´ tre´buetsq liw; odno´ – pose]a´ t; vse zanq´tiq i vo´-vremq sdava´ t; doma´ wnie zada´ niq. Sko´l;ko let u´hatsq v MGTU? MGTU – ediństvennyj texni´heskij vuz Rossií, gde srok obuheńiq sostavlqét 6 let. Hem, po-Va´ wemu, ob#qsnqétsq Vaw uspe´x? Uspe´x zavi´sit ot tre¨ x slaga´ emyx. Sovremeńnyj uhe´bnyj plan, kvalifika´ ciq prepodava´ telej i stremleńie studeńta k zna´ niqm. Esli odno´ iz nix otsu´tstvuet, ka´ hestvo obrazova´ niq sni'a´ etsq. No v na´ wem universite´te ime´[tsq vse tri slaga´ emyx uspe´xa.

Po materia´ lam 'urna´ la <Stoli´hnoe obrazova´ nie>, 2001

Vocabulary ♦ vo´-vremq zaslu´ga

in time merit, service

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in'ene´ rnoe de´ lo otve´ tstvennost; (f ) otsu´tstvovat; <prodvińutyj> rasshi´tan na (+ acc) slaga´ emoe uspe´ xa srok obuhe´ niq stremle´ nie uhe´ bnyj plan ce´ nnyj ob#ekt hest; (f )

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engineering responsibility to be absent advanced aimed at component of success period of study striving curriculum valued institution honour

Exercise 7 Answer the following questions in Russian. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Za hto dae¨ tsq sta´ tus oso´bo ceńnogo ob#e´kta? Kakié vu´zy poluhi´li tako´j sta´ tus? Kogo´ goto´vit MGTU? Pohemu´ studeńty xotq´t uhi´t;sq v MGTU? Na kogo´ rasshi´tana progra´ mma MGTU? Kako´j srok obuheńiq v MGTU? Hem ob#qsnqétsq uspe´x MGTU?

Exercise 8 True or false? 1 Bo´l;we vsego´ spo´rov v refo´rme obrazova´ niq vyzyva´ et (edińyj gosuda´ rstvennyj \kza´ men, uhe´bnaq progra´ mma, vvedeńie te´stov)? 2 Obqza´ tel;nye \kza´ meny vkl[ha´ [t (matema´ tiku, angli´jskij qzy´ k, geogra´ fi[)? 3 Ra´ n;we vy´ swee obrazova´ nie shita´ los; (bespla´ tnym, pla´ tnym, ka´ hestvennym)? 4 Obrazova´ tel;nye uslu´gi vkl[ha´ [t (podgotovi´tel;nye ku´rsy, uslu´gi repeti´torov, ha´ stnye uro´ki)? 5 MGTU poluhi´l sta´ tus oso´bo ceńnogo ob#e´kta za zaslu´gi v o´blasti (kul;tu´ry, isku´sstva, obrazova´ niq)? 6 MGTU goto´vit (biznesmeńov, uhitele´j, in'ene´rov)? 7 Progra´ mma MGTU rasshi´tana na (geńiev, sposo´bnyx studeńtov, sre´dnix studeńtov)?

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Exercise 9 Study this advertisement for Moscow State Technical University and answer the questions in English.

MOSKOVSKIJ GOSUDARSTVENNYJ TEXNIHESKIJ UNIVERSITET im. N.|. BAUMANA

FAKUL:TETY: Informatika i sistemy upravleniq, In'enernyj biznes i mened'ment, Mawinostroitel;ye texnologii, Robotexnika i kompleksnaq avtomatizaciq, Radio\lektronika i lazernaq texnika, Biomedicinskaq texnika, Special;noe mawinostroenie, |nergetiheskoe mawinostroenie, Optiko-\lektronnoe mawinostroenie, A\rokosmiheskij, Radiotexniheskij, Raketno-kosmiheskoj texniki

Segodnqwnij mir – mir professionalizma, i esli Vy xotite, htoby \to byl mir dlq Vas, my priglawaem Vas na uhebu v MGTU im. N.|. Baumana ⇒ lider rossijskix texniheskix universitetov ⇒ pervoklassnoe obrazovanie v pervoklassnom universitete, kotoromu prisvoen status osobo cennogo kul;turnogo ob#ekta RF ⇒ gotovit in'enerov po vsem osnovnym napravleniqm, a tak'e in'enernomu biznesu i mened'mentu ⇒ imeetsq vozmo'nost; poluheniq vtoroj special;nosti: in'enera-mened'era, in'enera\kologa, referenta-perevodhika, bakalavra po informatike ⇒ sistema obrazovaniq v MGTU – wirokaq \rudiciq pl[s vysokij professionalizm ⇒ dlitel;nost; osnovnogo kursa obuheniq 6 let ⇒ nawi vypuskniki pol;zu[tsq postoqnnym sprosom otehestvennyx i zarube'nyx firm

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1 Name the different faculties of the Moscow State Technical University. 2 How does the University characterise the education it offers? 3 What branches of engineering is it possible to specialise in? 4 What is the educational philosophy of the University? 5 How long do the basic courses last? 6 What are the prospects for graduates?

Language points ♦ Word building Note the following words with the root -uh- / uk-, all of which are related to learning. Nouns: uhe¨ ba ‘studies’; uheni´ k ‘pupil’; uhe´ bnik ‘textbook’; nau´ka ‘science’; uhe¨ nost; ‘learning’; uhi´ tel; ‘teacher’; uhe´ nie ‘studies’; uha´ ]ijsq (participle in origin) ‘student’; uhi´li]e ‘school, college’. Adjectives: uhe¨ nyj ‘learned’ (also used as the noun ‘scientist’); uhe´ bnyj ‘educational’; uhi´tel;skij ‘teachers’; nau´hnyj ‘scientific’. Verbs: uhi´ t; (vy-) (+ acc.) ‘to learn’; uhi´t; (na-) (+ acc., + dat.) ‘to teach’, uhi´t;sq (na-) (+ dat.) ‘to learn’; uhi´t;sq v (+ prep.) ‘to study at’; otuhi´ t;sq ‘to finish studies’; otuhi´t;sq ot (+ gen.)‘to break the habit’.

Exercise 10 Select from the brackets the most appropriate word to complete each sentence. (obuhe´ nie, uhi´ t;sq, nauhi´la, uhe´ bnyx, uhi´l, otuhi´ lsq, u´hatsq, uhe´ bnogo, uhi´ t;, uhitele´ j) 1 Ne vse studeńty v Rossií . . . bespla´ tno. 2 On . . . ot buty´ lki ra´ di zdoro´v;q. 3 Pla´ ta za . . . vyzyva´ et tru´dnosti u tex, u kogo´ net sredstv. 4 Zarpla´ ty . . . o´hen; ni´zkie. 5 Nelegko´ . . . v presti´'nom vu´ze, kak MGTU. 6 @izn; . . . menq´ \´tomu. 7 MGTU odno´ ia sa´ myx lu´hwix vy´ swix . . . zavedeńij v Moskve´. 8 Bez sovremeńnogo . . . pla´ na institu´t ne privleka´ et studeńtov. 9 Mne

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nra´ vitsq . . . angli´jskij qzy´ k. 10 20 let on . . . dete´j ru´sskomu qzyku´.

Preposition corner Po + dative along, through, around po doro´ge, po strane´ , po po´lu, po u´licam along the road, through the country, around the floor, around the streets down vniz po reke´ , po le´ stnice down the river, the staircase by (means of) po po´hte, po telefońu by post, by telephone by, through po pra´ vu, po proisxo'de´ ni[ by right, by origin po glu´posti, po owi´ bke, po ego´ vine´ through stupidity, by mistake, through his fault po priglawe´ ni[, po profe´ ssii by invitation, by profession according to, in, for po moi´m hasa´ m, po moemu´ mne´ ni[ according to my watch, in my opinion po Tolsto´mu, po kako´j prihi´ ne? according to Tolstoy, for what reason? at po kra´ jnej me´ re, po kako´j cene´ ? at least, at what price?

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in, on the subject of uhe´ bnik po geogra´ fii textbook on geography hempioń po te´ nnisu tennis champion speciali´ st po ru´sskomu qzyku´ Russian language specialist at, in, on, for (with the plural of the noun) po utra´ m, po vyxodny´ m dnqm in the mornings, at weekends po pra´ zdnikam, po ponede´ l;nikam on holidays, on Mondays po ce´ lym hasa´ m for hours on end Note also: po a´ dresu po po´vodu sudi´t; po skuha´ t; po toskova´ t; po

concerning, directed towards on the subject of to judge by to miss to long for

Po + accusative up to (place) po po´qs up to the waist up to and including (time) po pe´ rvoe ma´ q up to and including 1st May each with numerals, especially 2, 3, 4 po dva stola´ two tables each

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po + dative is used with nouns My poluhi´li po pis;mu´. We received a letter each. numerals above five take accusative or dative with the noun in the genitive plural: po pqt; / po pqti´ haso´v five hours each

Po + prepositional on, at the time of, after po sme´ rti, po prie´ zde, po vozvra]e´ nii on the death of, on arrival, on return po okonha´ nii ku´rsa, po poluhe´ nii vi´zy on finishing the course, on receipt of visa

Exercise 11 Put the nouns in the appropriate case after po. 1 U'e´ west; haso´v po (moi´ hasy´ ). 2 My plyve¨ m vniz po (reka´ ). 3 Oni´ side´li po (po´qs) v vode´. 4 Ka´ 'dyj poluhi´l po (poda´ rok). 5 Po (poluheńie) pa´ sporta on peree´xal v Ame´riku. 6 Konfereńciq sostoi´tsq s pe´rvogo po (tre´t;e) fevralq´.

Exercise 12 Study the chart (on page 195) showing the growth of higher educational institutions in Russia. What changes have occurred since 1993?

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Kоличество высших учебных заведений 244 193 в Pоссии 157 494

78 548

553

573

578

334

580

государственные

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негосударственные

72 годы 1914 1917 1980/81 По данным Госкомстата

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93/94

94/95 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 Подготовил Сергей MAKCИМОBИЧ

No 16, 2001.

N.B. po da´ nnym Goskomsta´ ta – according to the data of the State Committee of statistics

Language points ♦ Stress Present and future perfective of verbs Fixed stress: where the infinitive is stressed on the stem the present or future perfective is stressed throughout on the same syllable: sta´ vit; – sta´ vl[, sta´ viw;, sta´ vit, sta´ vim, sta´ vite, sta´ vqt e´ xat;

–

e´ du, e´ dew;, e´ det, e´ dem, e´ dete, e´ dut

Generally verbs with monosyllabic infinitives have fixed stress, but this may be on the ending or the stem: byt;

– bu´du, bu´dew;, bu´det, bu´dem, bu´dete, bu´dut

vzqt;

– voz;mu´, vozme¨ w;, voz;me¨ t, voz;me¨ m, voz;me¨ te, voz;mu´t

The exception is moh; – see below. Where the infinitive is stressed on the ending the first person singular will be stressed on the ending. In some verbs the stress then remains throughout on the ending. This includes all regular and some irregular first conjugation verbs:

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hita´ t;

– hita´ [, hita´ ew;, hita´ et, hita´ em, hita´ ete, hita´ [t

idti´

–

idu´, ide¨ w;, ide¨ t, ide¨ m, ide¨ te, idu´t

Mobile stress: generally this conforms to one pattern. Many second conjugation and some irregular first conjugation verbs, stressed on the ending in the infinitive, are stressed on the ending in the first person singular but on the stem for the rest of the conjugation: pisa´ t;

– piwu´, pi´wew;, pi´ wet, pi´wem, pi´ wete, pi´ wut

iska´ t;

– i]u´ , i´ ]ew;, i´]et, i´ ]em, i´]ete, i´ ]ut

prosi´t;

– prowu´, pro´siw;, pro´sit, pro´sim, pro´site, pro´sqt

smotre´ t; – smotr[´ , smo´triw;, smo´trit, smo´trim, smo´trite, smo´trqt Note also: moh;

– mogu´, mo´'ew;, mo´'et, mo´'em, mo´'ete, mo´gut

The verb xote´ t; is an exception to the above patterns: xohu´, xo´hew;, xo´het, xoti´m, xoti´ te, xotq´t Where a perfective verb has the prefix vy- it is always stressed: vy´ pisat; – vy´ piwu, vy´ piwew;, vy´ piwet, vy´ piwem, vy´ piwete, vy´ piwut

Exercise 13 Translate into Russian. 1 The introduction of a nation-wide Common State Examination worries many Russians. In their view the standard of education will inevitably fall. 2 Only those students who gained the highest marks in this exam will receive a grant and thus free education. 3 Russian parents now have a choice of which school to send their children to, of which textbooks to use, of which curriculum to follow.

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4 Not all private schools are better than state schools. But they do have one advantage: the number of children in each class is much smaller. 5 The biggest change in the Russian educational system in the 90s was the appearance and growth of fee-paying private educational institutions. 6 Engineering education is becoming popular again. Competition for places at some technical universities is very high, up to 20 students per place. 7 In my opinion education should be free and accessible to all. I am against private universities and private schools.

11 ROSSIJSKOE OB}ESTVO


about the structure of Russian society how to form and use the subjunctive how to create conditional clauses about stress on the past tense of verbs

One of the big debates about post-Soviet society is whether Russia now has a middle class. Certainly, it does not as yet have a middle class which resembles that of Western society. The collapse of the Soviet Union caused great poverty for many members of society: pensioners, unemployed, those in low-paid state employment, many of them highly qualified and educated. Many of these people now live below the poverty line. But one glance at the streets of Moscow and St Petersburg with their designer shops and expensive restaurants, will tell you that Russia most certainly has a rich elite. There is also a group between the two extremes which can only be thought of as Russia’s emergent middle class: highly qualified specialists in information technology, finance or the law, who can command better than average salaries. This group suffered badly at the time of the economic crisis of 1998, but is fighting its way back.

Rossijskoe obwestvo

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Text 1 Sre´dnij klass Te´rmin sre´dnij klass oby´ hno upotreblq´[t, ime´q v vidu´ ny´ newnij sre´dnij klass v stra´ nax Za´ pada. Isxodq´ iz \´togo, ha´ sto zaqvlq´[t, hto v Rossií net tako´go kla´ ssa. No tak ne byva´ et. Esli v Rossií est; boga´ tye i be´dnye, zna´ hit est; i sre´dnie sloi´. Kone´hno, rossi´jskij sre´dnij klass ne tako´j, kak na Za´ pade, posko´l;ku v Rossií ne taka´ q \kono´mika, ne tako´j u´roven; blagosostoqńiq. Oficia´ l;no pri´znano, hto pri´znaki sre´dnego kla´ ssa – nali´hie so´bstvennosti, doxo´dy, obrazova´ nie, professionali´zm. No e´sli by my prizna´ li so´bstvennost; gla´ vnym pri´znakom, to k sre´dnemu kla´ ssu na´ do by´ lo by otnesti´ pohti´ vsex goro'a´ n, potomu´ hto oni´ privatizi´rovali kvarti´ry, na´ do by´ lo by

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vkl[hi´t; vsex selqń, potomu´ hto oni´ vlade´[t zeme´l;nymi uha´ stkami. Esli by my opredelq´li prinadle´'nost; k sre´dnemu kla´ ssu po doxo´dam, to v sre´dnem kla´ sse okaza´ los; by 30–50% domoxozq´jstv. A e´sli by my klassifici´rovali sre´dnij klass po pri´znaku obrazova´ niq, nam priwlo´s; by otnesti´ k nemu´ 35–55% naseleńiq. No nevozmo´'no otnesti´ k sre´dnemu kla´ ssu vsex, u kogo´ est; vy´ swee obrazova´ nie, posko´l;ku doxo´dy \´tix l[de´j ha´ sto ne dostiga´ [t da´ 'e pro'i´tohnogo mińimuma. Rossi´jskij sre´dnij klass sformirova´ lsq v ba´ nkovskoj sfe´re, v fina´ nsovom i rekla´ mnom se´ktorax, koto´rye si´l;no postrada´ li vo vre´mq kri´zisa 1998 go´da. Kone´hno, e´sli by ne´ bylo kri´zisa, to ne sokrati´los; by re´zko koli´hestvo rabo´hix mest v \´tix se´ktorax, i sre´dnij klass byl by sejha´ s gora´ zdo mnogohi´slennee. V nastoq´]ee vre´mq, sogla´ sno socio´logam, 20–25% rossiqń ime´[t neobxodi´mye pri´znaki no´vogo sre´dnego kla´ ssa. |to l[´ di, koto´rye ne 'dut, kogda´ kto´-to ustroít im xoro´wu[ 'izn;. Taku´[ 'izn; oni´ ustra´ iva[t sebe´ sa´ mi. Oni´ obrazo´vanny, vysoko´ professiona´ l;ny, hto pozvolqét im ime´t; poro´j ne odnu´ rabo´tu, a dve i da´ 'e bo´l;we. Oni´ \konomi´heski samostoq´tel;ny, potomu´ hto blagodarq´ svoi´m doxo´dam oni´ mo´gut ne pro´sto vy'iva´ t;, no regulq´rno de´lat; poku´pki i sbere'eńiq, a to i vkla´ dyvat; deń;gi v ceńnye buma´ gi. Oni´-to i sostavlq´[t qdro´ rossi´jskogo sre´dnego kla´ ssa. No est; e]e¨ 40–45% naseleńiq: potencia´ l;nyx predstavi´telej sre´dnego kla´ ssa. U \´tix l[de´j est; \konomi´heskie i socia´ l;nye pri´znaki sre´dnego kla´ ssa, no \kono´mika ne dae¨ t im gara´ ntij pereme]eńiq v qdro´. Oni´ ime´[t neploxoé obrazova´ nie, no ne mo´gut najti´ dosto´jnu[ rabo´tu s xoro´wim za´ rabotkom. Esli by rossi´jskaq \kono´mika zarabo´tala, u \´tix l[de´j poqvi´las; by vozmo´'nost; uveli´hit; svoi´ doxo´dy, i oni´ mogli´ by perejti´ v sre´dnij klass. No dver; v sre´dnij klass dlq nix poka´ zakry´ ta.


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Vocabulary ♦ blagosostoqńie vkla´ dyvat; v (+ acc) domoxozq´jstvo dosto´jnyj za´ rabotok zeme´ l;nyj uha´ stok nali´hie ny´ newnij otnesti k (+ dat) pereme]e´ nie posko´l;ku poro´j predstavi´tel; pri´znak pro'i´tohnyj mińimum rekla´ mnyj se´ ktor sbere'e´ niq (pl) selqńin ustra´ ivat; ce´ nnye buma´ gi (pl) qdro´

wellbeing, prosperity to invest household worthy, repectable salary, earnings plot of land presence present to relate to moving as at times representative indication living wage advertising sector savings villager to arrange, fix up securities nucleus

N.B. ime´ q v vidu´ – meaning, having in mind; isxodq´ iz \´togo – on this basis

Exercise 1 Answer the following questions in Russian. Pohemu´ rossi´jskij sre´dnij klass ne tako´j, kak na Za´ pade? Kakovy´ tipi´hnye pri´znaki sre´dnego kla´ ssa? Gde sformirova´ lsq rossi´jskij sre´dnij klass? Kako´j proceńt rossiqń ime´[t pri´znaki no´vogo sre´dnego kla´ ssa? Kak mo´'no oxarakterizova´ t; taki´x l[de´j? Kto sostavlqét qdro´ rossi´jskogo sre´dnego kla´ ssa? Hto predstavlq´[t sobo´j potencia´ l;nye predstavi´teli sre´dnego kla´ ssa? 8 Pohemu´ dver; v sre´dnij klass dlq nix zakry´ ta?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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Dialogue 1 Conversation between a journalist and a sociologist @ URNALI´ ST

S OCIO´ LOG


@ URNALI´ ST

S OCIO´ LOG


@ URNALI´ ST

V gaze´tax mno´go pi´wut o rossi´jskix be´dnyx, o herte´ be´dnosti, no ma´ lo pi´wut o boga´ tyx. Kto takié rossi´jskie boga´ tye? Ponq´tie boga´ tstva otnosi´tel;no. Po-nastoq´]emu boga´ tyx l[de´j tru´dno klassifici´rovat;. Po rossi´jskim me´rkam, helove´k shita´ etsq boga´ tym, a po za´ padnym, on edva´ dotq´givaet do sre´dnego kla´ ssa. K tomu´ 'e, est; predstavleńie be´dnyx o boga´ tyx i boga´ tyx o sebe´. Hto 'e na´ do ime´t;, htoby´ tebq´ otnesli´ k boga´ tym? Sogla´ sno socio´logam, rossi´jskie boga´ tye na pe´rvoe me´sto sta´ vqt za´ gorodnyj dom, poto´m ide¨ t presti´'naq kvarti´ra. Da´ l;we – li´hnaq oxrana, presti´'nyj avtomobi´l; i na posle´dnem me´ste – wika´ rnyj vne´wnij vid. No tak oby´ hno be´dnye l[´ di predstavlq´[t sebe´ boga´ tyx, sa´ moe gla´ vnoe – presti´'naq kvarti´ra i doroga´ q mawińa! Da, sa´ mi boga´ tye du´ma[t o sebe´ ina´ he. Dlq nix sa´ mye gla´ vnye pri´znaki boga´ tstva – oxra´ na i svq´zi. Bol;winstvo´ shita´ [t, hto boga´ tyj do´l'en, nepremeńno, ime´t; si´l;nyx pokrovi´telej iz o´rganov gosuda´ rstvennoj vla´ sti. Zna´ hit, vse na´ wi boga´ tye razbogate´li blagodarq´ svoi´m svq´zqm? Bo[´ s;, hto tak. Vo-pe´rvyx, rossi´jskie boga´ tye – \´to te, kto ime´l vlast; i v sove´tskoe vre´mq. |to parti´jnye, komsomo´l;skie rabo´tniki. Vo-vtory´ x, \´to sove´tskix vreme¨ n, te, kto ra´ n;we byl svq´zan s \kono´mikoj. Neu'e´li net l[de´j, koto´rye sta´ li boga´ tymi blagodarq´ svoi´m sposo´bnostqm?

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Kone´hno, est;, no ma´ lo. V Rossií, po mneńi[ socio´logov, proceńtov 5 sredi´ predprinima´ telej mo´'no otnesti´ k \´toj katego´rii.


Vocabulary ♦ dotq´givat; do (+ gen) za´ gorodnyj dom komsomo´l li´hnaq oxra´ na nepreme´ nno o´rgan gosuda´ rstvennoj vla´ sti otnosi´tel;nyj pokrovi´tel; ponq´tie predprinima´ tel; razbogate´ t; svq´zi (pl) teneva´ q \kono´mika herta´ be´ dnosti wika´ rnyj vid

to extend as far as house in the country young communist league personal bodyguard obviously, definitely organ of state power, the authorities relative patron idea, concept entrepreneur to become rich connections shadow economy poverty line smart appearance

N.B. po rossi´jskim / za´ padnym me´ rkam – by Russian / Western standards; vope´ rvyx – firstly; vo-vtory´ x – secondly


O he¨ m pi´wut rossi´jskie gaze´ty? Hto du´ma[t rossi´jskie boga´ tye o sebe´? Kakovo´ predstavleńie be´dnyx o boga´ tstve? Kak razbogate´li rossi´jskie boga´ tye?

Exercise 3 True or false? 1 Pri´znaki sre´dnego kla´ ssa (obrazova´ nie, so´bstvennost;, bol;wié doxo´dy)?

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2 Sre´dnij klass Rossií sformirova´ lsq v (promy´ wlennosti, se´l;skom xozq´jstve, fina´ nsovom se´ktore)? 3 Esli rossi´jskaq \kono´mika zarabo´taet, hislo´ l[de´j sre´dnego kla´ ssa (uveli´hitsq, umeń;witsq, ne izmeńitsq)? 4 Po mneńi[ be´dnyx, atribu´ty rossi´jskogo boga´ tstva (presti´'naq kvarti´ra, doroga´ q mawińa, deń;gi v ba´ nke, wika´ rnyj vid)? 5 Po mneńi[ boga´ tyx, attribu´ty boga´ tstva (pokrovi´teli v o´rganax vla´ sti, svoj dom, nali´hie so´bstvennosti)? 6 Rossi´jskie boga´ tye – \´to (by´ vwie parti´jnye rabo´tniki, l[´ di s vy´ swim obrazova´ niem, by´ vwie spekulqńty)?

Exercise 4 How the Russian rich spend their holidays.

Gaze´ta , 2001

Answer the questions in English. 1 Describe the wedding in Venice the rich aspire to. 2 What kind of fishing and hunting trips are described? 3 Which two trips to mountains are mentioned? N.B. sva´ d;ba – wedding; svq]e´ nnye mesta´ – holy places; ubla'a´ t; to indulge

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Language points ♦ Subjunctive The subjunctive in Russian is formed by putting the particle by with the past tense: on napisa´ l by / pisa´ l by he would have written / he would write It is possible for the by to precede the verb: q by podu´mal I should think The subjunctive can be used to express desirability: mne xote´ los; by I would like / I would have liked vy by mne skaza´ li you should have told me q powe¨ l by I would like to go / I would have gone \´ to by´ lo by otli´hno that would be excellent

Conditional clauses Clauses introduced by e´ sli ‘if’ fall into two types: 1. If the condition is capable of being fulfilled the subjunctive is not used. Where the verb in the main clause is in the future then the verb in the clause introduced by e´ sli will also be in the future, unlike in English, where it would be in the present: My ne pojde¨ m, e´ sli pojde¨ t do'd;. We won’t go if it rains. It is, of course, possible to find tenses other than the future after esli: Esli te´ be ne nra´ vitsq [´ bka, kupi´ no´vu[. If you don’t like the skirt buy a new one.

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2. Where a condition is hypothetical the subjunctive mood is used in both the main clause and in the conditional clause. In this case the conditional clause is introduced by e´ sli by followed by the past tense. Remember that by is used only with the past tense: Esli by ne´ bylo kri´zisa, to ne sokrati´ los; by koli´hestvo rabo´hix mest. If there had been no crisis, then the number of jobs would not have declined. The use of to, ‘then’, to introduce the main clause in this kind of sentence is quite common. It is possible for the main clause to precede the esli clause: Koli´hestvo rabo´hix mest ne sokrati´los; by, e´ sli by ne´ bylo kri´zisa.

Exercise 5 Create single sentences out of two simple sentences using the future tense. Example: U menq´ de´ n;gi. Q e´ du za grani´ cu. – Esli u menq´ bu´dut de´ n;gi, (to) q poe´ du za graniću. Le´to 'a´ rkoe. My 'ive¨ m na da´ he. Q sda[´ matema´ tiku. Q postupa´ [ v texni´heskij universite´t. Rossi´jskie doro´gi uluhwa´ [tsq. V Rossi´[ e´zdit mno´go turi´stov. U nego´ xoro´waq zarpla´ ta. On pokupa´ et kvarti´ru v ceńtre. U menq´ est; she¨ t v ba´ nke. Q vkla´ dyva[ kapita´ l v ceńnye buma´ gi. Ona brosa´ et kuri´t;, Ee¨ zdoro´v;e lu´hwe. Rossi´jskie gaze´ty nezavi´simye. Oni´ publiku´[t vs[ informa´ ci[. 8 Na festiva´ le poka´ zany rossi´jskie fi´l;my. Zri´teli zna´ [t, kak razviva´ etsq kino´ v Rossií. 9 U menq´ est; vre´mq. Q e´du v krui´z po Vo´lge. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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Exercise 6 Replace the future tense in the following sentences with the subjunctive. Example: Esli u menq´ bu´det vre´ mq, (to) q pojdu´ v kino´. – Esli by u menq´ by´ lo vre´ mq, (to) q powe¨ l by (powla´ by) v kino´ . 1 Esli \kono´mika zarabo´taet, to sre´dnij klass obqza´ tel;no uveli´hitsq. 2 Esli on okońhit universite´t, u nego´ bu´det xoro´waq rabo´ta. 3 Esli ne bu´det defo´lta v \´tom godu´, rossi´jskij rubl; sta´ net si´l;nym. 4 Esli ne bu´det provedena´ refo´rma obrazova´ niq, u´roven; obrazova´ niq upade¨ t. 5 Esli bu´det vvedena´ pla´ ta za obrazova´ nie, postrada´ [t mno´gie l[´ di. 6 Esli gosuda´ rstvo xo´het povy´ sit; u´roven; obrazova´ niq, ono´ soxrani´t ha´ stnye wko´ly. 7 Esli \´tot vuz bu´det presti´'nym, v ne¨ m bu´det bol;wo´j końkurs. 8 Esli u studeńta est; stremleńie uhi´t;sq, on zakońhit universite´t s otli´hiem.

Exercise 7 Examine the survey, shown on page 208 conducted by Russia’s Institute of Social and Economic Problems and answer the questions in English. N.B. ota´ plivat; – to heat; vy´ rezka – fillet; nedoeda´ t; – not to have enough food; sla´ dosti – sweet things; ne mo´'et pozvo´lit; – can’t afford; po´xorony – funeral

1 How do English and Russian concepts of poverty differ in respect of food? 2 Contrast English and Russian views on leisure and poverty. 3 How do expectations in regard to purchase of clothing differ between the Russian and the English? 4 What household appliances do each consider necessary? 5 Name two areas of life which Russians refer to but are not mentioned in the English list at all.

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Anglijskaq sem;q shitaet sebq bednoj, esli:

Rossijskaq sem;q shitaet sebq bednoj, esli:

• Ne mo'et otaplivat; 'il;e.

• V sem;e nedoeda[t.

• Net v dome tualeta, duwa. • Net krovati dlq ka'dogo. • Net dvux par obuvi dlq ka'dogo sezona. • Net otdel;noj spal;ni dlq ka'dogo rebenka. • Net kovrov dlq pola. • Net vozmo'nosti prazdnihno organizovat; Ro'destvo. • Net stiral;noj mawiny. • Ne mo'et pokupat; novu[ ode'du dlq vsex hlenov sem;i. • Ne mo'et pokupat; vyrezku, est mqso ili rybu tol;ko herez den;. • Ne mo'et pozvolit; nedel;nyj otdyx vne doma ka'dyj god. • Ne mo'et pozvolit; rasxody, svqzannye s otdyxom ili xobbi. • Ne mo'et kupit; neobxodimyj sportinventar; dlq detej. • Net sada pered domom. Gaze´ta , 2001

• Edqt mqso ili rybu re'e dvux raz v nedel[. • Ne mo'et priobretat; v neobxodimom kolihestve predmety gigieny. • Net deneg dlq obnovleniq i remonta ode'dy, obuvi. • Net i ne mo'et priobresti xolodil;nik, samu[ prostu[ mebel;, da'e herno-belyj televizor. • Net deneg na 'iznenno va'nye lekarstva i medicinskie pribory. • Ne mo'et obra]at;sq k platnym vraham. • Ne mo'et organizovat; poxorony. • Ne mo'et pokupat; frukty, sladosti detqm da'e izredka. • Ne mo'et davat; detqm den;gi na pitanie v wkole, oplahivat; detsad i qsli. • Ne mo'et pokupat; detqm novu[ ode'du i obuv; po mere ix rosta.

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Language points ♦ Hto´by Hto´by is followed either by the infinitive or the past tense. Hto´by may not be followed by any other tense.

Hto´by + infinitive This construction is used to translate ‘in order to, so as to’: Q pozvoni´la, hto´by rasskaza´ t; tebe´ no´vosti. I rang (in order) to tell you the news. ‘In order’ is often omitted in English. In Russian hto´by is sometimes omitted after verbs of motion: Q priwla´ rasskaza´ t; tebe´ no´vosti. I came to tell you the news.

Hto´by + past tense It can be seen from the above example that hto´by can only be used with the infinitive where both clauses have the same subject. Where the subject of each verb is different, hto´by + past tense is used and translates ‘so that, in order that’: Q pozvoni´la, hto´by ty rasskaza´ l mne no´vosti. I rang so that you could tell me the news.

Hto´by + past tense after xote´ t; Note the difference between the two examples: Q xohu´ rabo´tat;. I want to work. Q xohu´, hto´by ty rabo´tal. I want you to work. In the first example the subject of the two verbs is the same and xote´ t; is followed by the infinitive. Where the subject of the verbs is different, as in the second example, xote´ t; is followed by hto´by + past tense. Other verbs expressing desirability are similarly followed by hto´by + past tense when the subject of the two verbs is different. These include: tre´ bovat; / potre´ bovat; ‘demand’; 'dat; ‘to wait for’; predlaga´ t; / predlo'i´t; ‘to suggest’:

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On potre´ boval, hto´by my uwli´. He demanded that we leave. Note the construction after nasta´ ivat; / nastoq´t; ‘to insist’: On nastoq´l na tom, hto´by my uwli´ . He insisted that we leave. After prika´ zyvat; / prikaza´ t; ‘to order’ and sove´ tovat; / posove´ tovat; ‘to advise’ it is possible to use either hto´by + past tense or dative + infinitive: On prikaza´ l, hto´by my uwli´. He ordered that we leave. On prikaza´ l nam ujti´ . He ordered us to leave. Similarly, after prosi´t; / poprosi´t; ‘to ask, request’, either the construction with hto´by or accusative + infinitive may be used: On poprosi´ l, hto´by my uwli´. He asked that we leave. On poprosi´ l nas ujti´. He asked us to leave. N.B.: do not confuse prosi´t; / poprosi´t; with spra´ wivat; / sprosi´t; ‘to ask a question’: On sprosi´l menq´ , zna´ [ li q Petra´ . He asked me if I know Peter.

Exercise 8 Change the sentences using xote´ t;, hto´by. Make the noun in brackets the subject of the second verb. Example: Q xohu´ poe´ xat; v Rossi´[ (moj drug) – Q xohu´, hto´by moj drug poe´ xal v Rossi´[. 1 Q xohu´ kupi´t; mawińu (moj mu'). 2 On xo´het postupi´t; v universite´t (ego´ doh;). 3 Ona xo´het priobresti´ pute¨ vku v dom o´tdyxa (ee¨ rodi´teli). 4 On xo´het prinadle'a´ t; k sre´dnemu kla´ ssu (vse uhitelq´). 5 My xoti´m kupi´t; da´ hu (naw sose´d). 6 Oni´ xotq´t vkla´ dyvat; deń;gi v ceńnye buma´ gi (rabo´hie). 7 On xo´het poluhi´t; xoro´wee obrazova´ nie (vse de´ti).

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Hto´by + past tense after verbs of doubting or fearing and negative verbs of thinking and believing When somneva´ t;sq ‘to doubt’; ne ve´ rit; ‘not to believe’; ne du´mat; ‘not to think’; ne o'ida´ t; ‘not to expect’ refer to the past or present they are followed by hto´by + past tense: Q ne ve´ ril, hto´by on priwe¨ l. I didn’t believe that he would come. For the future use the indicative: Q ne ve´ r[, hto on pride¨ t. I don’t believe he will come. Boq´t;sq ‘to fear’ may be followed by either the indicative or htoby + ne + past tense: Q bo[´ s;, hto on pride¨ t. I’m afraid he will come. Q bo[´ s;, hto´by on ne prixodi´ l. I’m afraid he will not come. Q bo[´ s;, hto on ne pride¨ t. I’m afraid he will not come.

Exercise 9 Put the following sentences into the subjunctive using hto´by + past tense. 1 Q somneva´ [s;, hto \´to pra´ vda. 2 Q ne ve´r[, hto on pride¨ t. 3 Q ne du´ma[, hto ona´ sdast \kza´ men. 4 Q sove´tu[ vam podu´mat; ob \´tom. 5 On pro´sil menq pogovori´t; s nej. 6 On prikaza´ l mne poe´xat; v Lońdon.

Hto´by + past tense after impersonal expressions denoting desirablity and undesirability Expressions such as 'ela´ tel;no ‘it is desirable’; va´ 'no ‘it is important’; lu´hwe ‘it is better’; nevozmo´'no ‘it is impossible’; neveroq´tno ‘it is inconceivable’; ne mo´'et byt; ‘it cannot be’; na´ do,

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nu´'no ‘it is necessary’; gla´ vnoe ‘the main thing is’ are also followed by hto´by + past tense: @ela´ tel;no, hto´by on ne priwe¨ l. It is desirable that he should not come. Neveroq´tno, hto´by on priwe¨ l. It is inconceivable that he should come. Gla´ vnoe, hto´by emu´ nra´ vilas; rabo´ta. The main thing is that he should like the job.

Exercise 10 Complete the sentences using the phrase in brackets with hto´by + past tense. 1 Ohen; va´ 'no (uhi´tel; obrazo´vannyj helove´k). 2 Ohen; va´ 'no (u dete´j ra´ vnye vozmo´'nosti na obrazova´ nie). 3 Ohen; va´ 'no (studeńtam nra´ vitsq uhi´t;sq). 4 Na´ do (blagosostoqńie l[de´j povy´ sitsq). 5 Na´ do (vse l[´ di ime´[t rabo´tu). 6 Na´ do (u l[de´j sbere'eńiq). 7 Na´ do (vse boga´ tye pla´ tqt nalo´gi). 8 Nevozmo´'no (v Rossií net xoro´wix doro´g). 9 Nevozmo´'no (on opozda´ et na poézd. 10 Neveroq´tno (ona´ napi´wet roma´ n). 11 Neveroq´tno (ona´ bro´sit kuri´t;). 12 Ne mo´'et byt; (u nego´ 'ena´ ). 13 Ne mo´'et byt; (u nee¨ net mu´'a).

Whoever, whatever etc. Kto, hto, gde, kuda´ , kak, kako´j combine with by + ni + past tense to translate ‘whoever, whatever, wherever (place), wherever (motion), however, whichever’: Hto by ty ni skaza´ l, q ne soglawu´s;. Whatever you said I wouldn’t agree. Gde by my ni 'i´li, nam vse¨ bo´l;we nra´ vitsq naw rodno´j go´rod. Wherever we have lived we still like our home town best. Such sentences may also be rendered using the appropriate form of the indicative: Hto ty ni ska´ 'ew;, q ne soglawu´s;. Whatever you say I won’t agree.

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Exercise 11 Translate the phrases in brackets into Russian. 1 (Whatever you say), vse¨ ostae¨ tsq pre´'nim. 2 (Wherever they worked), oni´ vsegda´ by´ li sha´ stlivy. 3 (Whenever she thinks about him), ona vsegda´ nahina´ et pla´ kat;. 4 (Wherever my husband goes), on vsegda´ posyla´ et mne otkry´ tki. 5 (However difficult it was), my dol'ny´ na´ jti ego´. 6 (Whenever I saw her), ona´ vsegda byla´ ode´ta po posle´dnej mo´de.

Exercise 12 To which class in your opinion do these people belong? Why?

Gaze´ta maj, 2001

N.B. ottqnu´s; po po´lnoj progra´ mme – I’ll chill out good and proper; skupi´t;sq na (+ acc) – skimp on; ogoro´d – vegetable garden; rvanu´la by k he¨ rtu na kuli´hki – I’d get the hell out of here! Berezo´vskij – Russian tycoon

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Stress Past tense of verbs Fixed stress – the majority of verbs formed from a root verb with two or more syllables have stress fixed in the past tense on the same syllable as the infinitive: pisa´ t; (pisa´ l, pisa´ la, pisa´ lo, pisa´ li); rabo´tat; (rabo´tal, rabo´tala, rabo´talo, rabo´tali). Some monosyllabic verbs have the stress on the stem throughout: pet; (pel, pe´ la, pe´ lo, pe´ li); klast; (klal, kla´ la, kla´ lo, kla´ li); det;, est;, kryt;, myt;, sest;, stat;. Mobile stress on feminine endings – some monosyllabic verbs are stressed on the feminine ending but on the stem in all other forms: pit; (pil, pila´ , pi´lo, pi´ li); brat; (bral, brala´ , bra´ lo, bra´ li); byt;, vzqt;, dat;, 'it;, lit;, spat;. Note also naha´ t; (na´ hal, nahala´ , na´ halo, na´ hali). Stress on the ending – verbs ending in -ti and -h; are stressed throughout on the ending: vesti (ve¨ l, vela´ , velo´, veli´); moh; (mog, mogla´ , moglo´, mogli´), vezti´, nesti´ , teh;. Stressed on the prefix – all perfectives with the prefix vy- are stressed on the prefix: vy´ pit; (vy´ pil, vy´ pila, vy´ pilo, vy´ pili). Prefixed verbs are otherwise generally stressed in the same way as the root verb. But note these exceptions: zaby´ t; (zaby´ l, zaby´ la, zaby´ lo, zaby´ li); zada´ t; (za´ dal, zadala´ , za´ dalo, za´ dali).

Exercise 13 Translate into Russian. 1 Sociologists are still arguing over whether a middle class exists in Russia. 2 There is a big difference between the Russian and British middle classes. 3 If the economic situation gets worse in Russia, many people will lose their jobs. 4 If only people knew how dangerous it is to walk at night. 5 If only I had money I would travel all over the world.

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6 The majority of so-called new Russians became rich thanks to their connections with the Soviet government. 7 I want my son to study at Moscow university; I want him to study English. 8 He asked me to buy a Russian newspaper for him. 9 A Russian family considers itself poor if it cannot afford to buy fruit and sweets for its children.

12 ZDRAVOOXRANENIE


about health care in Russia about a variety of impersonal expressions when to use the buffer vowel -o in prepositions about stress in short form adjectives

The Soviet Union provided universal and free health care for all its citizens. The health service had both its strengths and its weaknesses. There were a very large number of doctors per head of population (43 per 10,000), about three times as many as in Britain. However, doctors were extremely badly paid. This resulted in the profession being female-dominated and in the expectation that patients would reward doctors with ‘gifts’. There were some centres of excellence, but, in general, hospitals were poorly equipped and the primary care delivered by polyclinics was impersonal. The collapse of the Soviet Union and subsequent economic crises had a devastating effect on the health service. However, it also opened the way to a burgeoning private health sector, delivering high quality care. Inevitably, these private clinics are located in major population centres.

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Text 1 Gla´ vnoe – zdoro´v;e helove´ka Ha´ stnye klińiki sta´ li v Rossií absol[´ tnoj neobxodi´most;[. Odno´j iz naibo´lee izve´stnyx i pe´rvyx ha´ stnyx klińik v Rossií qvlqétsq C|LT (Centr \ndoxirurgií i litotripsií). Ego´ genera´ l;nyj dire´ktor profe´ssor Aleksa´ ndr Seme¨ novih Bronwte´jn s momeńta sozda´ niq Ceńtra stara´ etsq osu]estvi´t; svo[´ mehtu´ – dostu´pnost; vysokoprofessiona´ l;nogo medicińskogo obslu´'ivaniq dlq vsex rossi´jskix gra´ 'dan. I shita´ et, hto v ny´ newnej situa´ cii v zdravooxraneńii sre´dstvom dlq dosti'eńiq \´toj ce´li mo´'et byt; to´l;ko sozda´ nie se´ti ha´ stnyx pla´ tnyx klińik. Hto 'e predstavlqét sobo´j ha´ stnaq klińika v Rossií? V Rossií ha´ stnye bol;nićy – bo´l;we, hem komme´rciq. Oni´ – al;ternati´va gosuda´ rstvennoj struktu´re. Pri kri´zisnom sostoqńii zdravooxraneńiq zdes; mo´'no razrewi´t; va´ 'nye dlq zdoro´v;q proble´my, mo´'no po´l;zovat;sq uslu´gami vysokokvalifici´rovannyx vrahe´j. Zdes; ne to´l;ko ispo´l;zu[t lu´hwie dosti'eńiq me'dunaro´dnoj medicińy, no i razraba´ tyva[t so´bstvennye, unika´ l;nye texnolo´gii. Zdes; de´la[t opera´ cii, koto´rye ne de´la[tsq bo´l;we nigde´ v mi´re. I nove´jwie texnolo´gii pozvolq´[t xiru´rgam v bol;winstve´ slu´haev obxodi´t;sq bez no'a´ . Pacieńty provo´dqt v klińike dva-tri dnq. Za iskl[heńiem oso´bo slo´'nyx slu´haev diagno´stika provo´ditsq v teheńie odnogo´ dnq, a ne tre¨ x nede´l;, kak \´to byva´ et vo mno´gix bol;nićax. No uvy´ , cena´ uslu´g al;ternati´vnoj medicińy vysoka´ . Da´ 'e v tom slu´hae, kogda´ ha´ stnye klińiki osu]estvlq´[t gi´bku[ cenovu´[ poli´tiku. Vpro´hem, v klińike de´la[t vse¨ vozmo´'noe, hto´by leheńie ostava´ los; dostu´pnym dlq vsex 'ela´ []ix. Prihe¨ m reh; ide¨ t ne o boga´ tyx l[´ dqx. Zdes; predostavlq´[t l;go´ty vetera´ nam vojny´ , likvida´ toram herno´byl;skoj ava´ rii, voínam-afga´ ncam, mnogode´tnym se´m;qm. Za odnu´ nede´l[ klińiku pose]a´ [t prime´rno 1200 helove´k, v god – 60 ty´ sqh.

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Sejha´ s prakti´heski vse 'a´ lu[tsq na razli´hnogo ro´da proble´my. No Aleksa´ ndr Seme¨ novih uverqét, hto proble´ma to´l;ko odna´ – emu´ 'al; ka´ 'dogo helove´ka, koto´ryj prixo´dit v klińiku, potomu´, hto on do´l'en plati´t;. K so'aleńi[, bez \´togo nevozmo´'no, posko´l;ku zatra´ ty kolossa´ l;ny. Ta 'e areńda pome]eńiq stoít o´hen; do´rogo. Voob]e´, po´mo]; gosuda´ rstva neobxodi´ma bol;nićam, v tom hisle´ i ha´ stnym. Kone´hno, u C|LTa est; spońsory, no se´jhas ix fina´ nsovye vlo'eńiq sokrati´lis;, tak hto klińika sode´r'it sebq´ sama´ . Sego´dnq o´pyt klińiki Bronwte´jna shita´ etsq unika´ l;nym. Ceńtru udalo´s; vy´ 'it; da´ 'e v uslo´viqx o´b]ego kri´zisa v strane´. I potomu´ mno´gie uhre'deńiq ha´ stnoj medicińy orienti´ru[tsq i´menno na o´pyt C|LTa.


Vocabulary ♦ ava´ riq are´ nda vlo'e´ niq (pl) voín-afga´ nec vpro´hem gi´bkij 'a´ lovat;sq na (+ acc) 'al; zatra´ ty (pl) zdravooxrane´ nie lehe´ nie likvida´ tor ava´ rii mehta´ mnogode´ tnaq sem;q´ obstoq´tel;stvo obxodi´t;sq bez no'a´ orienti´rovat;sq na (+ acc) osu]estvlq´t; / osu]estvi´t; po´l;zovat;sq uslu´gami

accident rent investments veteran of the war in Afghanistan but then again flexible to complain about sorry expenses health service, healthcare treatment relief worker dream large family circumstance to do without the knife to be based on to realise; implement to use the services

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predostavlq´t; l;go´ty prihe¨ m set; ha´ stnyx klińik slo´'nyj slu´haj soder'a´ t; sebq´ sre´ dstvo dlq dosti'e´ niq ce´ li uverq´t; uvy´ xiru´rg cenova´ q poli´tika

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to provide benefits moreover network of private clinics complicated case to support itself means to achieve a goal to assure alas surgeon pricing policy

N.B. v tom hisle´ – including

Exercise 1 Answer the questions in Russian. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Hto takoé C|LT? Kto vozglavlqét C|LT? O he¨ m mehta´ et profe´ssor Bronwte´jn? Kakié proble´my mo´'no rewi´t; s po´mo];[ ha´ stnyx klińik? Kakié opera´ cii de´la[t xiru´rgi C|LTa? Komu´ predostavlq´[tsq l;go´ty? Pohemu´ C|LT ne mo´'et sni´zit; ceńy? Kto orienti´ruetsq sejha´ s na o´pyt C|LTa?

Exercise 2 Examine this advertisement for C|LT and answer the questions in English. 1 What specialist surgeons are employed by C|LT? 2 How is it possible for operations to take place without using a scalpel? 3 For what conditions do they offer traditional surgery?

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CENTR |NDOXIRURGII I LITOTRIPSII XIRURGIHESKOE OTDELENIE

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\ndoxirurgiheskie operacii bez razrezov (herez 3-4 prokola s pomo];[ optiheskoj sistemy i special;nyx instrumentov)

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\ndoskopiheskie i tradicionnye (otkrytye) operacii pri ostrom i xroniheskom appendicite

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v C|LTe rabota[t tak'e opytnejwie xirurgi - xirurg \ndrokrinolog (zabolevanie ]itovidnoj 'elezy) - xirurg-proktolog (gemorroj, anal;nye tre]iny, polipy) - nejroxirurg (opuxli spinnogo mozga, gry'i pozvonohnyx diskov) - xirurg-travmotolog (artroskopiq, operativnaq artroskopiq)

Dialogue 1 From an interview with Yurii Leonidovich Shevchenko, Minister of Health K ORRESPONDE´ NT W EVHE´ NKO

Zdravooxraneńie, koto´rym Vy rukovodi´te, pere'iva´ et sejha´ s bol;wié tru´dnosti. Vse o´trasli pere'iva´ [t tru´dnosti v Rossií. No zdravooxraneńie zanima´ et oso´boe me´sto. Ot togo´, v kako´m sostoqńii zdoro´v;e naro´da, zavi´sit polo'eńie gosuda´ rstva. Bez zdoro´v;q ne nu'ny´ ni boga´ tstvo, ni vlast;. Vot pohemu´ zdravooxraneńie qvlqétsq va'ne´jwim priorite´tom.

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K ORRESPONDE´ NT W EVHE´ NKO



K ORRESPONDE´ NT

W EVHE´ NKO

K ORRESPONDE´ NT

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Oby´ hno zdravooxraneńie nazyva´ [t medicińskim obslu´'ivaniem naseleńiq. Da, ego otno´sqt k sfe´re obslu´'ivaniq. A e]e¨ k sfe´re obslu´'ivaniq otno´sqt parikma´ xerskie, restora´ ny, gostińicy. Zdravooxraneńie – ne sfe´ra obslu´'ivaniq, a sfe´ra 'izneobespeheńiq. Esli by k zdravooxraneńi[ otno´silis;, kak k sfe´re 'izneobespeheńiq, v ne¨ m ne slo'i´las; by taka´ q situa´ ciq. Kakova´ 'e situa´ ciq v rossi´jskom zdravooxraneńii? Situa´ ciq o´hen; trevo´'naq. Ob]aq sme´rtnost; v strane´ vyso´kaq. Raste¨ t o´b]aq zaboleva´ emost;. Vnov; poqvi´lis; infe´kcii, kak tuberkule¨ z. Vozni´kli no´vye infe´kcii, kak SPID, xotq´ v Rossi´[ \´ta priwla´ po´z'e, hem v drugié stra´ ny. Peha´ l;naq kartińa. No kak Vy sa´ mi ob#qsnqéte taku´[ situa´ ci[? Mno´goe mo´'no ob#qsni´t; tem, hto v strane´ proizowli´ ogro´mnye izmeneńiq. Mno´gie ne mo´gut prisposo´bit;sq k 'i´zni v no´vyx uslo´viqx. Ots[´ da rost zaboleva´ nij, svq´zannyx so stre´ssom. Mne ka´ 'etsq, pre´ssa i televi´denie otrica´ tel;no vliq´[t na psixi´heskoe sostoqńie o´b]estva. Oni´ da[´ t to´l;ko negati´vnu[ kartińu 'i´zni v Rossií. |to pra´ vda. Vse¨ vre´mq sly´ wiw; po televi´zoru zaqvleńiq o vymira´ nii na´ cii, o kaki´x-to zlode´qx i pro´hix u´'asax. A \´to zastavlqét naro´d 'it; v o'ida´ nii katastro´fy. Sostoqńie stre´ssa ne mo´'et ne skaza´ t;sq na zdoro´v;e. Sejha´ s vse¨ bo´l;we raswirqétsq pla´ tnaq medicińa, oso´benno v kru´pnyx goroda´ x. Kak Vy otno´sites; k \´tomu? Bespla´ tnoj medicińy dol'no´ byt; kak mo´'no bo´l;we. Pla´ tnye medicińskie uslu´gi dol'ny´ razviva´ t;sq. Pust; u helove´ka bu´det vy´ bor, no za dopolni´tel;nye uslu´gi na´ do plati´t;. Voob]e´, na´ do po´mnit;, hto pla´ tnaq medicińskaq po´mo]; ne vsegda´ lu´hwe bespla´ tnoj.


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Vocabulary ♦ vymira´ nie 'izneobespehe´ nie zaboleva´ emost; (f ) / zaboleva´ nie zaqvle´ nie zlode´ j o´trasl; (f ) parikma´ xerskaq prisposo´bit;sq k (+ dat) skaza´ t;sq na (+ acc) slo'i´t;sq sostoqńie SPID trevo´'nyj huma´

dying out, extinction vital necessity incidence of disease / disease statement villain branch hairdresser’s to adjust to to tell on, affect to be formed state AIDS alarming plague

N.B. Kak Vy otno´sites; k \´ tomu? – What do you think about this? Pust; u helove´ ka bu´det vy´ bor – Let people have the choice

Exercise 3 Answer the questions in Russian. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Kto tako´j {rij Leoni´dovih Wevheńko? Pohemu´ zdravooxraneńie zanima´ et oso´boe me´sto? K kako´j sfe´re otno´sit Wevheńko zdravooxraneńie? Kakova´ situa´ ciq v rossi´jskom zdravooxraneńii? Kak Wevheńko ob#qsnqét situa´ ci[? Kak vliq´[t SMI v Rossii na sostoqńie o´b]estva? Hto du´maet Wevheńko o pla´ tnoj i bespla´ tnoj medicińe?

Exercise 4 True or false? 1 Ha´ stnye klińiki v Rossii qvlq´[tsq (bespla´ tnymi, pla´ tnymi, dostu´pnymi dlq vsex)?

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2 L;go´ty v C|LTe predostavlq´[tsq (vsem l[´ dqm, voeńnym, mnogode´tnym se´m;qm)? 3 Zdravooxraneńie na´ do otnosi´t; k sfe´re (obslu´'ivaniq, 'izneobespeheńiq, obrazova´ niq)? 4 Situa´ ci[ v zdravooxraneńii mo´'no ob#qsni´t; (negati´vnym vliqńiem SMI, raspa´ dom SSSR, psixi´heskim sostoqńiem o´b]estva)?

Language points ♦ Impersonal expressions There are a large number of impersonal constructions in Russian which involve the use of the dative and / or the infinitive.

Expressions of possibility Mo´'no / vozmo´'no ‘it is possible’ Mo´'no (vozmo´'no) po´l;zovat;sq uslu´gami vysokokvalifici´rovannyx vrahe´ j. It is possible to utilise the services of highly-qualified doctors. Mo´'no (but not vozmo´'no) may also be used in the sense of ‘it is permitted’: Mo´'no zdes; kuri´t;? May one smoke here?

Nel;zq´ / nevozmo´'no ‘it is impossible’ Nel;zq´ + perfective and nevozmo´'no mean ‘it is impossible’: Nel;zq´ / nevozmo´'no razrewi´t; vse va´ 'nye dlq zdoro´v;q proble´ my. It is impossible to resolve all important health problems. Nel;zq´ + imperfective means ‘it is forbidden, not permitted’: Nel;zq´ povywa´ t; ce´ ny. It is forbidden to raise prices.

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Exercise 5 Decide whether to use mo´'no or nel;zq´: 1 . . . govori´t; gro´mko v bibliote´ke. 2 . . . sozdava´ t; ha´ stnye klińiki. 3 . . . vvodi´t; pla´ tnoe obrazova´ nie. 4 . . . po´l;zovat;sq uslu´gami ha´ stnyx vrahe´j. 5 . . . kuri´t; vo vre´mq pole¨ ta. 6 . . . zakaza´ t; bile´t he´rez interne´t. 7 . . . e´zdit; bez bile´ta.

Expressions of necessity Na´ do / nu´'no ‘it is necessary’ Nam na´ do / nu´'no ulu´hwit; zdravooxrane´ nie. We need to improve healthcare. Note the use of by´ lo / bu´det: Nam na´ do by´ lo / bu´det ulu´hwit; zdravooxrane´ nie. We had to / will have to improve healthcare. In the negative na´ do and nu´'no have differentiated meanings: Ne na´ do otkryva´ t; ha´ stnu[ klińiku. One should not (it is necessary not to) open a private clinic. Ne nu´'no otkryva´ t; ha´ stnu[ kli´ niku. It is not necessary to open a private clinic.

Prixodi´t;sq / prijti´s; ‘to be obliged to, to have to’ The third person singular neuter (ono´ form) is used impersonally with the dative: Dire´ ktoru prixo´ditsq zanima´ t;sq fina´ nsami klińiki. The director has to deal with the finances of the clinic. Im pride¨ tsq najti´ pla´ tnu[ klińiku. They will have to find a fee-paying clinic. Gosuda´ rstvu priwlo´s; otmeni´t; fina´ nsovu[ po´mo]; ha´ stnym klińikam. The government was obliged to abolish help to private clinics.

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Sle´ duet, sle´ dovalo ‘ought to, should, it is fitting’ Similarly, the third person singular neuter (ono´ form) of sle´ dovat; (‘to follow’) is used impersonally with the dative: Vam ne sle´ duet tak govori´ t;. You should not talk like that. |togo sle´ dovalo o'ida´ t;. It was to be expected. Mne sle´ dovalo by sde´ lat; \to neme´ dlenno. I should have done it straight away. In contrast do´l'en ‘must’, obq´zan ‘obliged’ and vy´ nu'den ‘forced’ are not used impersonally, but agree in number and gender with the subject: Ona´ dol'na´ (byla´ / bu´det) rabo´tat; v gosuda´ rstvennoj bol;ni´ ce. She must (had to / will have to) work in a state hospital. Vy dol'ny´ by´ li by nas predupredi´ t;. You ought to have warned us. Oni´ obq´zany vam pomo´h;. They are obliged to help you. Vrah byl vy´ nu'den operi´rovat;. The doctor was forced to operate.

Exercise 6 Replace do´l'en by using the word in brackets in the right form and tense. 1 Q do´l'en e´xat; v Rossi´[ (prixodi´t;sq). 2 Oteć do´l'en byl kupi´t; bile´t na samole¨ t (prijti´s;). 3 Mat; dol'na´ bu´det idti´ pewko´m (prijti´s;). 4 Ty ne dol'na´ vozvra]a´ t;sq po´zdno (sle´dovat;). 5 Vy dol'ny´ sdat; \kza´ men (obq´zan). 6 Profe´ssor do´l'en otkry´ t; ha´ stnu[ klińiku (prixodi´t;sq). 7 On ne do´l'en byl soglawa´ t;sq so mnoj (sle´dovat;). 8 Vrah do´l'en okaza´ t; pe´rvu[ po´mo]; (obq´zan). 9 Vy ne dol'ny´ prixodi´t; s[da´ (sle´dovat;). 10 Ty ne dol'na´ byla´ vstreha´ t; ego´ (sle´dovat;).

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Expressions of success and luck Certain of these expressions also use the third person of verbs impersonally with the dative.

Udava´ t;sq / uda´ t;sq ‘to be successful’ Nam udalo´s; najti´ xoro´wu[ klińiku. We succeeded in finding a good clinic. Nade´ [s;, hto tebe´ uda´ stsq rewi´ t; \´ tu proble´ mu. I hope that you will be successful in resolving this problem. Note that udava´ t;sq / uda´ t;sq can also be used with a third person subject: |ta procedu´ra ne vsegda´ udae¨ tsq emu´. He does not always have success with this procedure. (lit. This procedure is not always successful for him.)

Veze¨ t / povezlo´ ‘in luck, lucky’ The third person singular neuter (ono´ form) of vezti´ / povezti´ is also used with the dative to denote luck: Emu´ povezlo´. He was in luck. Tebe´ veze¨ t v 'i´zni. You are lucky in life.

Exercise 7 Replace the existing verb moh; / smoh; with the verb udava´ t;sq / uda´ t;sq in the appropriate form. Example: Ona´ smogla´ dosta´ t; bile´ t na o´peru. – Ej udalo´s; dosta´ t; bile´ t na o´peru. 1 Q smog kupi´t; ma´ ssu knig. 2 Q du´ma[, hto profe´ssor Brońwtejn smo´'et vy´ 'it; v uslo´viqx kri´zisa. 3 My mo´'em dobe'a´ t; do do´ma. 4 On mo´'et sxodi´t; v magaziń. 5 Vy smogli´ poza´ vtrakat;? 6 Ona´ nikogda´ ne mogla´ pisa´ t; bez owi´bok.

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Expressions denoting feelings You are already familiar with the use of short form neuter adjectives used with the dative to express certain feelings: nam ve´ selo (from vese¨ lyj) ‘we are cheerful’; im xo´lodno (from xolo´dnyj) ‘they are cold; mne sty´ dno (from sty´ dnyj) ‘I am ashamed’; stude´ ntam sku´hno (from sku´hnyj) ‘the students are bored’; emu´ bo´l;no (from bol;no´j ‘sore’) ‘it hurts him’. In addition there are a number of other impersonal predicates similarly used.

@al; / 'a´ lko ‘sorry for’ Emu 'al; bol;ny´ x, de´ vuwku. He is sorry for the patients, the girl. Note the use of the accusative for the person he is sorry for. Mne 'al; smotre´ t; na tebq´. It grieves me to look at you.

Len; ‘too lazy’ Mne len; idti´. I am too lazy / can’t be bothered to go.

Pora´ ‘it is time’ Nam pora´ idti´. It is time for us to go. Note that any of these expressions can be made past or future by using by´ lo / bu´det: emu´ by´ lo bo´l;no ‘it hurt him’; nam bu´det 'al; ‘we will be sorry’. There are also impersonal expressions denoting feelings formed from the third person singular neuter (ono´ form) of verbs.

Nadoe´ st; (perf.) Mne nadoe´ lo rabo´tat;. I’m sick of working.

Ne xvata´ t; / xvati´t; Nam (or u nas) ne xvata´ et vre´ meni. We are short of time. |togo nam e]e¨ ne xvata´ lo! That’s all we needed!

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Nedostava´ t; / nedosta´ t; Emu nedostae¨ t de´ neg. He is short of / lacks money. Note the use of the genitive after ne xvata´ t; and nedostava´ t;. In addition, several reflexive verbs can be used impersonally with the dative: Mne xote´ los; spat;. I wanted to sleep. Nam ka´ 'etsq, hto vse¨ v porq´dke. It seems to us that every thing is in order. Emu osta´ los; to´l;ko soglasi´ t;sq. All that was left to him was to agree. Ej ispo´lnilos; 50 let. She is fifty.

Exercise 8 Use the most appropriate word from those given below to complete the sentences. (osta´ los;, ispo´lnitsq, nadoe´ lo, xo´hetsq, len;, 'al;, pora´ , xvata´ et) 1 Iz-za 'ary´ mne by´ lo . . . rabo´tat;. 2 U'e´ west; haso´v: . . . idti´. 3 Nam . . . to´l;ko otkaza´ t;sq ot \´togo pla´ na. 4 Turi´stam by´ lo . . . be´dnyx krest;qń. 5 Emu´ ne . . . o´pyta dlq tako´j rabo´ty. 6 Vo vto´rnik mne . . . 21 god. 7 Mne o´hen; . . . uvi´det; \´tot fi´l;m. 8 Emu´ . . . rabo´tat; tam i de´lat; sku´hnu[ rabo´tu.

Exercise 9 Study the advertisement for the Marina Mashenskaya dental clinic. 1 Give four reasons for choosing the Marina Mashenskaya clinic. 2 What is the advantage of taking the whole family along to the clinic? 3 What special programmes does the clinic offer?

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4 Which group in society is it targeting? 5 What resistance to dental treatment is the advertisement trying to overcome?

Language points ♦ Ne´ kogo, ne´ hego These expressions meaning respectively ‘there is no one’ and ‘there is nothing’ are used with the infinitive and may also be used with the dative: Ne´ kogo sprosi´t;. There is no one to ask.

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Ne´ hego de´ lat;. There is nothing to do. Emu´ ne´ kogo sprosi´t;. He has no one to ask. Nam ne´ hego de´ lat;. We have nothing to do. Ne´ kogo / ne´ hego decline like kto and hto and their case depends on the verb governing them: Ej ne´ komu pomoga´ t;. She has no one to help. Nam ne´ hem zanima´ t;sq. We have nothing to occupy us. When ne´ kogo / ne´ hego are used with a preposition it comes between ne and the rest of the word: Emu´ ne´ s kem razgova´ rivat;. He has no one to talk to. Im ne´ o hem du´mat;. They have nothing to think about. Note that the form ne´ hto is used with prepositions taking the accusative, otherwise the accusative form is ne´ hego: Nam ne´ na hto smotre´ t;. We have nothing to look at. Nam ne´ hego est;. We have nothing to eat. The word ne´ kto means ‘someone’: Ne´ kto priwe¨ l. Someone has arrived.

Ne´ gde, ne´ kuda, ne´ kogda These adverbs, meaning respectively ‘there is nowhere’ (place); ‘there is nowhere’ (motion); ‘there is no time’, are used in the same way as ne´ kogo / ne´ hego: Nam ne´ gde 'it;. We have nowhere to live.

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Im ne´ kuda idti´. They have nowhere to go. Nam ne´ kogda otdyxa´ t;. We have no time to relax. Note that ne´ kogda also means ‘once upon a time’: On ne´ kogda 'il v Moskve´ . He once lived in Moscow. All the above expressions can be made past or future by using by´ lo or bu´det: Nam ne´ s kem bu´det razgova´ rivat;. We will have no one to talk to. Im ne´ kuda by´ lo idti. They had nowhere to go.

Exercise 10 Choose an appropriate word from the list and then put the sentences in the past and future tense. (ne´ kuda, ne´ hego, ne´ gde, ne´ kogo, ne´ kogda, ne´ hem, ne´ o hem, ne´ na kogo, ne´ s kem, ne´ k komu) 1 Mne . . . xodi´t;. 2 Emu´ . . . 'it;. 3 Ej . . . de´lat;. 4 Ma´ teri . . . smotre´t; televi´zor. 5 Mne . . . govori´t; s tobo´j. 6 Emu´ da´ 'e . . . pojti´ v pivnu´[. 7 Mne . . . priglasi´t; v kino´. 8 Rebe¨ nku . . . est; sup. 9 Mne . . . nade´qt;sq. 10 Ej . . . zajti´ po doro´ge domo´j.

The buffer vowel -o in prepositions You will have noticed that the preposition v changes to vo, k to ko and s to so before some words beginning with more than one consonant. Sometimes this happens when the beginning of the word repeats the same or a similar sound to the preposition: so sredy´ but v sre´ du

since Wednesday on Wednesday

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vo Fra´ ncii but k Fra´ ncii

in France towards France

so stadiońa but k stadiońu

from the stadium towards the stadium

There are some combinations of consonants which result in -o being added to all of these prepositions. These include: vr-, vs-, vt-, dn-, mn- : vo vre´ mq, ko vre´ meni, so vre´ meni, vo vsex, ko vsem, so vse´ mi, vo vtoro´m, ko vtoro´mu, so vtory´ m, vo mno´gix, ko mno´gim, so mno´gix.

Exercise 11 Choose the correct form of the prepositions from the brackets to complete the sentence. 1 On prie´xal (v / vo) vto´rnik. 2 Ona uwla´ (v / vo) sre´du. 3 (S / so) togo´ vre´meni vse¨ izmeni´los;. 4 |to (v / vo) mno´gom zavi´sit ot Vas. 5 Oni´ zajdu´t (k / ko) mne. 6 Ona podowla´ (k / ko) stadiońu.

Stress Short form of adjectives Fixed stress on the stem: krasi´v, krasi´va, krasi´vo, krasi´ vy; intere´ sen, intere´ sna; ser;e¨ zen, ser;e¨ zna. This group includes most adjectives of four or more syllables. There are three main types of mobile stress: –

Stress on the ending in the feminine and otherwise on the stem: gust, gusta´ , gu´sto, gu´sty; dobr, dobra´ ; kre´ pok, krepka´ ; glup, glupa´ ; 'iv, 'iva´ ; cel, cela´ ; mil, mila´ .

–

Stress on the ending in the feminine, neuter and plural: xoro´w, xorowa´ , xorowo´, xorowi´; bo´len, bol;na´ ; le¨ gok, legka´ ; ume¨ n, umna´ .

–

Stress on the end in the feminine and plural and otherwise on the stem: vi´ den, vidna´ , vi´ dno, vidny´ .

Zdravooxranenie

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Exercise 12 Translate into Russian. 1 At present the Russian health system is experiencing many difficulties. There are not enough doctors and nurses and conditions in hospitals are appalling. 2 The cost of treatment in private clinics is very high but I do not think we can do without private medicine in the present situation. 3 State help is essential for all hospitals, both state and private. 4 I think medical treatment should remain accessible to all people. But I do agree that people should have a choice. 5 I am so sorry for old age pensioners in Russia; they worked hard all their lives and now they cannot afford even basic medicines. 6 I think Professor Bronstein succeeded in creating his famous clinic thanks to his enormous energy and practical experience. 7 I am so fed up with everything; I have nothing to do, nowhere to go, nobody to talk to. 8 I hope the Russian government will succeed in getting out of its present crisis.

13 VYBORY V DUMU

In this unit you will learn: ◗ about the Russian electoral and party system ◗ how to form and to use perfective and imperfective gerunds ◗ how to write sentences in the negative

The fall of the Soviet Union also ended the role of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) as the sole political party. However, it would be inaccurate to say that Russia has now moved to a properly functioning multi-party system. With the exception of the successor to the CPSU, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF), other political groups are rather ill-defined movements, with no real party structure, economic programme or ideological position. Alliances between these groups are constantly changing. For example, prior to the elections to the State Duma, (lower house of the Russian parliament) of December 1999, hundreds of small parties formed into 26 alliances. The real surprise of the election was that ‘Unity’, an alliance formed only a short while before the election, should come second to the communists in the popular vote and, because of other support it could call upon in the Duma, become, in effect, the dominant party.

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Text 1 Neo'i´dannaq pobe´da

Parla´ mentskie vy´ bory 19 dekabrq´ 1999 go´da by´ li odni´m iz gla´ vnyx soby´ tij v Rossií na rube'e´ tre´t;ego tysqhele´tiq. Ito´gi vy´ borov vse¨ e]e¨ obsu'da´ [tsq v pre´sse, podverga´ qs; ra´ znym oceńkam i vyzyva´ q spo´ry o bu´du]em rossi´jskoj demokra´ tii. Sa´ mym neo'i´dannym rezul;ta´ tom vy´ borov byla´ pobe´da no´vogo politi´heskogo dvi'eńiq <Ediństvo> (<Medve´dq>). Ono´ okaza´ los; na vtoro´m me´ste po´sle kommuni´stov. Nikto´ nikogda´ ne predpolaga´ l, hto \´ta fra´ kciq s minima´ l;nym re´jtingom, so´brannaq za nede´l[ do registra´ cii, mo´'et pobedi´t;. Ved; v konce´ oktqbrq´ re´jting <Ediństva>, po da´ nnym VCIOM, byl to´l;ko 4%. A hto´by uha´ stvovat; v vy´ borax na´ do preodole´t; 5%nyj bar;e´r. Odna´ ko naha´ v s tako´go ni´zkogo u´rovnq, re´jting

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<Ediństva> postepeńno povywa´ lsq i za me´sqc do golosova´ niq podowe¨ l k 9%, hto by´ lo u'e´ dosta´ tohno, hto´by uha´ stvovat; v izbira´ tel;nyx gońkax. K koncu´ 'e noqbrq´, za 8–9 dnej do golosova´ niq on u'e´ dostiga´ l 18%. Ryvo´k <Medve´dq> byl sde´lan na sa´ mom fińiwe izbira´ tel;noj kampa´ nii i prevzowe¨ l vse o'ida´ niq, dosti´gnuv 23,2% goloso´v, po´dannyx izbira´ telqmi. Za dvi'eńie <Ediństvo> progolosova´ la pohti´ he´tvert; izbira´ telej, priwe´dwix na vy´ bory. Kone´hno, KPRF, po-pre´'nemu, lidi´rovala v vy´ borax, nabra´ v 27,7% goloso´v. I nesmotrq´ na to hto neo'i´dannyj uspex <Ediństva> ser;e¨ zno izmeni´l sootnoweńie sil, pobe´da kommuni´stov, v ce´lom, sostoq´las;. No sensaciońnaq pobe´da <Ediństva>, kaza´ los;, vy´ rosla na pusto´m me´ste. Ved; <Ediństvo>, v otli´hie ot KPRF, ne ime´lo nikako´j opredele¨ nnoj progra´ mmy, nikako´j he¨ tkoj idealogi´heskoj pozićii. U nego´ ne´ bylo ni o´pytnyx li´derov, ni organizaciońnoj struktu´ry. Kone´hno, dlq dosti'eńiq tako´go rezul;ta´ ta byli mobilizo´vany kolossa´ l;nye administrati´vnye, materia´ l;nofina´ nsovye i informaciońnye resu´rsy. No \´to ni v koém slu´hae ne mo´'et ob#qsni´t; rezul;ta´ t tako´go maswta´ ba za stol; koro´tkoe vre´mq. Kakovy´ 'e prihińy tako´go uspe´xa? Po mneńi[ polito´logov, uspe´x <Ediństva> ob#qsnqétsq tem, hto o´b]estvo istoskova´ los; po porq´dku, i obe]a´ niq no´voj pa´ rtii navesti´ porq´dok i pokońhit; s korru´pciej okaza´ lis; sozvu´hny nastroeńi[ rossiqń. A li´der dvi'eńiq, <Medve´d;> Serge´j Wojgu´, koto´ryj ne ime´l nikaki´x politi´heskix zaslu´g, no pro koto´rogo xorowo´ by´ lo izve´stno, hto on helove´k de´la, ne vor i ne mafio´zi, okaza´ lsq taki´m bli´zkim bol;winstvu´ l[de´j. No kone´hno, gla´ vnaq prihińa pobe´dy <Ediństva> – podde´r'ka Pu´tina. Ona´ okaza´ las; dlq blo´ka rewa´ []ej. |to Pu´tin s \kra´ na televi´zora sove´toval izbira´ telqm golosova´ t; za <medve´dej>, hto i pozvo´lilo no´vomu blo´ku dogna´ t; kommuni´stov.

Po materia´ lam , 1999–2001

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Vocabulary ♦ vor go´los / golosova´ nie dogna´ t; izbira´ tel; izbira´ tel;naq kampa´ niq istoskova´ t;sq po porq´dku maswta´ b medve´ d; (m) nabra´ t; golosa´ navesti´ porq´dok obe]a´ nie podverga´ t;sq oce´ nkam prevzojti´ o'ida´ niq predpolaga´ t; preodole´ t; bar;e´ r progolosova´ t; ryvo´k sozvu´hnyj nastroe´ ni[ sootnowe´ nie sil he¨ tkij

thief vote / voting to catch up voter election campaign to pine for, miss order scale bear to pick up, win votes to bring order promise to subject to assessment to exceed expectations to suppose to get through the barrier, over the hurdle to vote spurt in keeping with the mood correlation of forces clear

N.B. na rube'e´ tysqhele´ tiq – on the brink of the millennium; ni v koém slu´hae – on no account; v ce´ lom – on the whole; VCIOM – Vserossi´jskij centr po izuhe´ ni[ ob]e´ stvennogo mne´ niq

Exercise 1 Answer the questions in Russian. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

O kaki´x vy´ borax ide¨ t reh;? Kako´v byl neo'i´dannyj rezul;ta´ t vy´ borov? Hto neobxodi´mo dlq uha´ stiq v vy´ borax? Kako´v byl re´jting <Ediństva> do i po´sle vy´ borov? Sko´l;ko izbira´ telej progolosova´ li za <Ediństvo>? Sko´l;ko goloso´v nabrala´ KPRF? Pohemu´ vse by´ li udivleny´ pobe´de <Ediństva>? Kakovy´ prihińy uspe´xa <Ediństva>? Kto tako´j Serge´j Wojgu´? Kakova´ gla´ vnaq prihińa pobe´dy blo´ka?

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Exercise 2 Examine the results of the poll for the period 29 October – 2 November 1999 a month and a half before the election on 19 December 1999 and then answer the questions in Russian.

Esli by vybory v Gosdumu sostoqlis; v bli'ajwee voskresen;e, za kogo by vy progolosovali? 28% KPRF

4% So[z pravyx sil

14% Otehestvo – Vsq Rossiq 3% @en]iny Rossii

1 2 3 4 5 6

Naw dom – Rossiq

11% Qbloko

2%

4% Edinstvo

3% Protiv vsex

4% Blok @irinovskogo

21% Zatrudnilis; otvetit;

Kako´v byl re´jting KPRF sogla´ sno opro´su? Kako´v byl re´jting <Ediństva> sogla´ sno opro´su? Sko´l;ko goloso´v nabrala´ KPRF v vy´ borax? Sko´l;ko goloso´v nabra´ lo <Ediństvo> v vy´ borax? Hej re´jting povy´ silsq? Hej re´jting poni´zilsq? H;q izbira´ tel;naq kampa´ niq byla´ bo´lee uspe´wnoj?

Dialogue 1 A conversation between a journalist and political commentator @ URNALI´ ST

P OLITO´ LOG

Su´dq po koli´hestvu na´ brannyx goloso´v, sa´ maq populq´rnaq pa´ rtiq v Rossií – pa´ rtiq kommuni´stov. I sa´ maq kru´pnaq fra´ kciq v Du´me kommunisti´heskaq. K so'aleńi[, \´to tak. KPRF – ediństvennaq pa´ rtiq, koto´ru[ mo´'no nazva´ t; pa´ rtiej. U nee¨ est; svoj \lektora´ t. Sredi´ ee¨ \lektora´ ta preoblada´ [t po'ily´ e l[´ di, pensione´ry, vetera´ ny vojny´ , be´dnye sloi´ naseleńiq, koto´rye s nostal;giéj vspomina´ [t pro´wloe. Oni´ e]e¨ ve´rqt, hto pri kommuni´stax by´ lo

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@ URNALI´ ST P OLITO´ LOG

@ URNALI´ ST

P OLITO´ LOG

@ URNALI´ ST

P OLITO´ LOG @ URNALI´ ST

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lu´hwe. KPRF populq´rna v rossi´jskoj provińcii, gde \konomi´heskoe polo'eńie tq'e¨ loe. A kakié drugié pa´ rtii populq´rny v Rossií? Mogut li oni´ konkuri´rovat; s KPRF? Navrq´d li, k nim podxo´dit slo´vo <pa´ rtiq>. |to skoreé predvy´ bornye ob#edineńiq, dvi'eńiq, koto´rym e]e¨ na´ do ofo´rmit;sq v pa´ rti[. Takovy´ dvi'eńie <Ediństvo>, OVR (), SPS (<So[´ z pra´ vyx sil>). Ix struktu´ra o´hen; razmy´ taq. Oni´, kak pra´ vilo, ob#edinq´[t ne´skol;ko fra´ kcij, predstavlq´q sobo´j koalićii. Tem ne meńee dvi'eńie <Ediństvo> oder'a´ lo pobe´du, nabra´ v pohti´ sto´l;ko 'e goloso´v, sko´l;ko nabra´ li kommuni´sty. Kak \to moglo´ proizojti´? Dlq menq´ \´to taka´ q 'e zaga´ dka, kak dlq vsex. Nikto´ ne mog predpolo'i´t;, hto \´ta <pa´ rtiq> mo´'et rasshi´tyvat; na pobe´du. Ved; ona´ ne zaqvi´la ni odno´j kru´pnoj ideí, u nee¨ ne´ bylo nikaki´x progra´ mmnyx prińcipov. I vdrug ona´ okaza´ las; pobedi´telem. Mo´'et byt;, vse¨ de´lo v sre´dstvax massovo´j informa´ cii. Televi´deni[ udalo´s; organizova´ t; informaciońnu[ kampa´ ni[, sozda´ t; ve´rsi[ populq´rnosti blo´ka i podde´r'ki Pu´tina. A \´to privleklo´ izbira´ telej. Kone´hno, televi´denie – ogro´mnaq si´la. I ono´ sygra´ lo svo[´ rol;. S drugo´j storony´ , ni odna´ pa´ rtiq ne smogla´ oder'a´ t; nastoq´]ej pobe´dy v vy´ borax. Ni KPRF, ni <Ediństvo> ne mo´gut byt; pra´ vq]ej pa´ rtiej. Ne udivi´tel;no, hto oni´ i´]ut so[´ znikov, hto´by ob#edini´t;sq? Imenno \´to i proizowlo´. Pu´tin zaqvi´l, hto na´ do umeń;wit; hislo´ pa´ rtij. <Ediństvo> i u'e ob#edini´lis;. Ob#edini´vwis; v edińu[ pa´ rti[. oni´ nade´[tsq stat; pa´ rtiej vla´ sti. Q du´ma[, \´to pe´rvyj wag na puti´ k tre¨ xpartijnoj siste´me. A tre¨ xpartijnaq siste´ma, po-moému, idea´ l ob]e´stvennogo ustro´jstva.


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Vocabulary ♦ zaga´ dka konkuri´rovat; s (+ inst) navrq´d li ob]e´ stvennoe ustro´jstvo ob#edine´ nie / ob#edinq´t; Ote´ hestvo pra´ vq]aq pa´ rtiq predvy´ bornaq kampa´ niq preoblada´ t; privle´ h; razmy´ tyj rasshi´tyvat; na pobe´ du so[´ znik su´dq po (+ dat)

puzzle to compete hardly social structure unification, union / to unite Fatherland ruling party election campaign to predominate, prevail to attract blurred to count on victory ally judging by

N.B. pri kommuni´stax – under the Communists; but pod vla´ st;[ kommuni´stov – under the power of the Communists

Exercise 3 Answer the questions in English. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Which is the most popular party in Russia? Who makes up its electorate? What alliances are there in Russian politics? Why was everyone surprised at the victory of ‘Unity’? What role did the media play in this victory? What was the principal reason for the victory? Is there a ruling party in the Duma? Why did the ‘Unity’ and ‘Fatherland’ movements decide to join forces?

Exercise 4 True or false? 1 V vy´ borax 1999 go´da v Rossií oder'a´ li pobe´du (KPRF, <Ediństvo>, )?

HA

П Ь HOE

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ЧECTBO OTE

ДB ЕНИ

E

MEЖP

ИO

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EГ

Vybory v Dumu

“EДИНCTBO”

BC

Я PОCCИ

BCEPOCCИЙCKAЯ ПAPTИЯ

“EДИНCTBO И OTEЧECTBO”

2 Hto´by uha´ stvovat; v vy´ borax, na´ do preodole´t; (tre¨ x-, pqti-, desqti-) proceńtnyj bar;e´r? 3 <Ediństvo> i ob#edini´lis;, potomu´ hto oni´ xotq´t byt; (pra´ vq]ej, ediństvennoj, demokrati´heskoj) pa´ rtiej? 4 Sredi´ \lektora´ ta KPRF preoblada´ [t (po'ily´ e l[´ di, molode¨ ';, intelligeńciq)? 5 Idea´ l ob]e´stvennogo ustro´jstva (mnogoparti´jnaq, odnoparti´jnaq, tre¨ xparti´jnaq) siste´ma?

Language points ♦ Gerunds Gerunds are verbal adverbs that can be substituted for adverbial clauses beginning with ‘when’, ‘while’, ‘since’, ‘after’, etc. Like some participles, they may be used to translate the English -ing form. Unlike participles, they are indeclinable. Rabo´taq v Moskve´ , q zainteresova´ las; poli´tikoj. Working in Moscow, I became interested in politics. The gerund rabo´taq, ‘working’, substitutes for the adverbial clause kogda´ q rabo´tala ‘when I was working’.

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The imperfective gerund You will also find the imperfective gerund referred to as the present gerund.

How to form the imperfective gerund Take the third person plural (oni´ form) of the present tense and replace the last two letters by -q: rabo´tat; – rabo´ta[t – rabo´taq working govori´t; – govorq´t – govorq´ talking The imperfective gerund of verbs ending in -avat; ends in -avaq: dava´ t; – da[´ t – dava´ q ‘giving’. The imperfective gerund of reflexive verbs ends in -qs;: po´l;zovat;sq – po´l;zu[tsq – po´l;zuqs; ‘using, enjoying’. As a result of the spelling rule the ending is -a after ', h, w, ]: der'a´ t; – de´ r'at – der'a´ ‘holding’. The imperfective gerund of byt; is bu´duhi. The imperfective gerund is generally stressed on the same syllable as the first person singular (q form): du´ma[ – du´maq ‘thinking’. There are, however, exceptions: si'u´ – si´dq ‘thinking’; sto[´ – sto´q ‘standing’; le'u´ – le¨ 'a ‘lying’. A considerable number of common verbs have no imperfective gerund. These include many verbs with monosyllabic infinitives: bit;, brat; (berq´ exists but is rarely used), est;, 'dat;, pet;, pit; and irregular verbs: be'a´ t;, e´ xat;, pisa´ t;, xote´ t;. Where a verb does not have an imperfective gerund, it may be possible to form the gerund from one of its compounds without altering the meaning too much: (pit;) vypiva´ t; – vypiva´ q ‘drinking up’; ('dat;) o'ida´ t; – o'ida´ q ‘waiting for, expecting’.

How to use imperfective gerunds An imperfective gerund is used to express an action performed at the same time and by the same subject as the main verb of the sentence: Razgova´ rivaq s ru´sskimi ka´ 'dyj den;, on mno´go uznae¨ t o 'i´zni v Rossií. Talking to Russians every day he learns a lot about life in Russia. The alternative construction, using an adverbial clause instead of a gerund would read:

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Tak kak on razgova´ rivaet s ru´sskimi ka´ 'dyj den;, on mno´go uznae¨ t o 'i´zni v Rossi´ i. Since he talks to Russians every day, he learns a lot about life in Russia. It would also be possible to express the same idea using two main clauses: On razgova´ rivaet s ru´sskimi ka´ 'dyj den; i mno´go uznae¨ t o 'i´ zni v Rossi´ i. He talks to Russians every day and learns a lot about life in Russia. Provided the action of the gerund takes place at the same time as the action of the main verb, an imperfective gerund may be used in a sentence referring to events in the past and future, as well as the present: Razgova´ rivaq s ru´sskimi ka´ 'dyj den;, on mno´go uznava´ l o 'i´ zni v Rossií. Talking to Russians every day he was learning a lot about life in Russia. Razgova´ rivaq s ru´sskimi ka´ 'dyj den;, on mno´go bu´det uznava´ t; o 'i´ zni v Rossií. Talking to Russians every day he will be learning a lot about life in Russia. There are some further examples in the text Neo'i´ dannaq pobe´ da of imperfective gerunds: Ito´gi vy´ borov obsu'da´ [tsq v pre´ sse, podverga´ qs; ra´ znym oce´ nkam i vyzyva´ q spo´ry. The results of the elections are being discussed in the press, subjected to (subjecting themselves to) varied assessment and giving rise to arguments. The above example shows that a Russian gerund will not always be neatly translated by the English -ing form. Note the use of the negative gerund to translate ‘without . . . ing’: Oni´ sozda´ li pa´ rti[, ne ime´ q nikako´j opredele¨ nnoj progra´ mmy. They created a party without having any set programme. Ona´ vy´ wla iz ko´mnaty, ne govorq´ ni slo´va. She left the room without saying a word.

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Exercise 5 Form the imperfective gerund from the following verbs. vspomina´ t;, rasshi´tyvat;, sozdava´ t;, hu´vstvovat;, blagodari´t;, idti´, prixodi´t;, nesti´, vozvra]a´ t;sq, putewe´stvovat;, oka´ zyvat;sq, l[bova´ t;sq, stanovi´t;sq, golosova´ t;, nabira´ t;, byt;, naxodi´t;sq,

Exercise 6 Replace the adverbial clauses with imperfective gerunds. 1 Kogda´ q naxo'u´s; v Rossií, q vsegda´ putewestvu´[ po . 2 Xotq´ on 'il vs[ 'izn; v Ame´rike, on ostava´ lsq ru´sskim pisa´ telem. 3 Kogda´ oni´ sozdava´ li no´vu[ pa´ rti[, oni´ razrabo´tali no´vu[ progra´ mmu. 4 Kogda´ dire´ktor razgova´ rivaet so studeńtami, on vsegda´ sove´tuet mno´go rabo´tat;. 5 Kogda´ on vozvra]a´ lsq iz Moskvy´ , on vspo´mnil, hto on zaby´ l pa´ sport. 6 Poka´ ona´ slu´waet mu´zyku, ona´ zabyva´ et obo vse¨ m. 7 Tak kak on uhi´lsq i rabo´tal za granićej, on ne znal rossi´jskix proble´m. 8 Tak kak on nenavi´del vojnu´, on otkaza´ lsq uha´ stvovat; v nej. 9 Xotq´ ona´ l[´ bit sla´ dkoe, ona´ p;e¨ t ko´fe bez sa´ xara.

The perfective gerund You will also find the perfective gerund referred to as the past gerund.

How to form the perfective gerund The perfective gerund is formed by replacing the -l from the masculine singular form of the perfective past tense by -v: końhit; – końhil – końhiv ‘having finished’. Reflexive verbs take the ending -vwis;: podve´ rgnut;sq – podve´ rgnulsq – podve´ rgnuvwis; ‘having been subjected to’. Verbs ending in -ti, including prefixed forms of vesti´, vezti´, idti´ and nesti´ have a perfective gerund ending in -q. Form it in the same way as the imperfective gerund, but using a perfective verb: podojti´ – podojdu´t – podojdq´ ‘having approached’; vy´ vezti – vy´ vezut – vy´ vezq ‘having exported’.

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Exercise 7 Form the perfective gerund from the following verbs. sozda´ t;, nabra´ t;, progolosova´ t;, stat;, skaza´ t;, pojti´, prinesti´, ue´xat;, okaza´ t;sq, vernu´t;sq, vvezti´, s#est;, najti´, 'eni´t;sq, nazva´ t;

How to use the perfective gerund A perfective gerund is used to express an action performed by the same subject as the main verb of the sentence prior to the action of the main verb: Vstre´ tivwis; s ru´sskimi, on mno´go uzna´ l o 'i´ zni v Rossi´ i. Having met Russians he had learnt a lot about life in Russia. The alternative construction using an adverbial clause would read: Po´sle togo´ kak (tak kak) on vstre´ tilsq s ru´sskimi, on mno´go uzna´ l o 'i´zni v Rossi´ i. After (because) he had met Russians he knew a lot about life in Russia. Provided the action in the gerund takes place before the action of the main verb, a perfective gerund may be used, whatever the tense of the main verb: Vstre´ tivwis; s ru´sskimi, on mno´go uzna´ et o 'i´ zni v Rossi´ i. Having met Russians he will have learnt a lot about life in Russia. There are some further examples of perfective gerunds in the text Neo'i´ dannaq pobe´ da: Odna´ ko naha´ v s ni´zkogo u´rovnq, re´ jting postepe´ nno povywa´ lsq. However, having started from a low level, the ratings were gradually climbing. KPRF lidi´ rovala v vy´ borax, nabra´ v 27.7% goloso´v. The CPRF was leading in the elections, having picked up 27.7% of the votes.

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Note that for a gerund to be used, it is essential that the subject of the gerund be identical to the subject of the main verb. It is impossible to use a gerund to translate the following sentence into Russian: The CPRF having picked up only 28.7% of the votes, the ‘Unity’ movement came second. Tak kak KPRF nabrala´ to´l;ko 27.7% goloso´v, <Edi´ nstvo> za´ nqlo vtoroé me´ sto.

Exercise 8 Replace the adverbial clauses with perfective gerunds. 1 Esli vy prie´dete v Moskvu´, vy ne uzna´ ete go´roda. 2 Po´sle togo´ kak on vernu´lsq iz poe´zdki po Rossií, xudo´'nik napisa´ l prekra´ snye kartińy. 3 Tak kak on rodi´lsq v Rossií, on xorowo´ znal ru´ssku[ kul;tu´ru. 4 Kogda´ on poznako´milsq s nej, on byl pora'e¨ n ee¨ zna´ niqmi. 5 Po´sle togo´ kak ona´ vy´ wla za´ mu' za nego´, ona bro´sila svo[´ rabo´tu. 6 To´l;ko kogda´ vy prohita´ ete tekst, vy smo´'ete otve´tit; na vopro´sy. 7 Esli ty sdaw; \kza´ meny, ty postu´piw; v universite´t. 8 Tak kak oni´ otkaza´ lis; uha´ stvovat; v sorevnova´ niqx, oni´ by´ li vy´ nu'deny ue´xat; domo´j. 9 Tak kak ona´ pohu´vstvovala sebq´ plo´xo, ona´ legla´ na krova´ t;.

Exercise 9 Replace the underlined verbs with suitable gerunds (imperfective or perfective). 1 Vy´ bory obsu'da´ [tsq v pre´sse i podverga´[tsq ra´ znym oceńkam. 2 <Ediństvo> pobedi´lo i okaza´los; na vtoro´m me´ste. 3 Re´jting <Ediństva> povywa´ lsq i podowe¨ l za me´sqc do golosova´ niq k 9%. 4 Izbira´ teli priwli´ na vy´ bory i progolosova´ li za no´vu[ pa´ rti[. 5 <Ediństvo> ne ime´ et opredele¨ nnoj progra´ mmy i ne mo´'et byt; pra´ vq´]ej pa´ rtiej. 6 Ona´ provo´dit vse kani´kuly na plq´'e i nihego´ ne de´ laet. 7 On prohita´l pis;mo´ i zasmeq´lsq. 8 On ne skaza´l ni slo´va i vy´ wel iz ko´mnaty. 9 Fra´ kcii ob#edini´lis; i pobedi´li na vy´ borax. 10 Pa´ rtiq oder'a´la pobe´du i sta´ la provodi´t; no´vu[ poli´tiku. 11 Mno´gie dvi'eńiq sejha´ s ob#edinq´[tsq i nade´ [tsq sozda´ t; si´l;nu[ pa´ rti[. 12 Turi´sty ply´ li na teploxo´de i l[bova´ lis; krasi´voj priro´doj. 13 Nabo´kov byl ru´sskim po ro'deńi[ i nikogda´ ne zabyva´ l Rossi´[. 14 On hita´l kni´gi o l[bvi´ i vspomina´ l svo[´ mo´lodost;.

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Gerunds as prepositions Some gerunds are used as prepositions. These include su´dq po + dative ‘judging by’ (note the different stress on the gerund – sudq´); blagodarq´ + dative ‘thanks to’ (note blagodarq´ + accusative – gerund ‘thanking’); nesmotrq´ na + accusative ‘despite’; iskl[ha´ q + accusative ‘including’; ne iskl[ha´ q + genitive ‘excluding’; ne shita´ q + genitive ‘not counting’; shita´ q s / ot + genitive ‘starting with’: Su´dq po koli´hestvu goloso´v sa´ maq populq´rnaq pa´ rtiq – pa´ rtiq kommuni´stov. Judging by the number of votes the most popular party is the Communist Party. Blagodarq´ podde´ r'ke Pu´tina <Edi´ nstvo> pobedi´lo. Thanks to Putin’s support, ‘Unity’ won.

Exercise 10 Examine the composition of the third State Duma as a result of elections on 19 December 1999 and answer the questions in Russian. Дума 1999 года 29 76 CПC Eдинство 22

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ЯБЛОКО

KПРФ

ов

ск ог о

OBP

ок

Ж ир

ин

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Независимые кандидаты

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17 105 KPRF Kommunistiheskaq partiq Rossijskoj Federacii OVR Otehestvo - Vsq Rossiq SPS So[z pravyx sil

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U kogo´ sa´ moe bol;woé koli´hestvo mest v Du´me? Kto zanima´ et vtoroé me´sto? Kto zanima´ et posle´dnee me´sto? Sko´l;ko mest v Du´me u <Ediństva>, , <So[´ za pra´ vyx sil>? 5 Sko´l;ko mest budet u <Ediństva>, e´sli ono´ ob#edini´tsq s ?

1 2 3 4

The negative Examine the following sentence taken from the text Neo'i´ dannaq pobe´ da: Nikto´ nikogda´ ne predpolaga´ l, hto \´ta fra´ kciq mo´'et pobedi´t;. No one ever imagined that this faction could win. What the sentence literally says in Russian is: No one never did not imagine . . . In a Russian negative sentence not only is the verb negated by the presence of ne, but all words such as anyone, anything, ever, anywhere, any, either . . . or are translated as nikto´ ‘no one’, nihto´ ‘nothing’, nikogda´ ‘never’ nigde´ / nikuda´ ‘nowhere’, nikako´j ‘no / not any’, ni . . . ni ‘neither . . . nor’. Look at these other examples from the same text: <Edi´ nstvo> ne ime´ et nikako´j opredele¨ nnoj progra´ mmy. ‘Unity’ has no set programme. Note the use of the genitive after the negative verb. U nego´ net ni o´pytnyx li´ derov, ni organizaciońnoj struktu´ry. It has neither experienced leaders nor an organisational structure. The genitive also follows net meaning ‘there is not’. When nikto´, nihto´ and nikako´j are used with a preposition the preposition comes between the first syllable and the rest of the word: Q ni o kom ne du´ma[. I am not thinking about anyone.

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Exercise 11 Answer these questions in the negative. 1 Gde vy by´ li vhera´ ? 2 Ty kuda´ -nibud; xodi´l ve´herom? 3 Za kogo´ vy golosova´ li na vy´ borax? 4 Hto vy de´lali u´trom? 5 U <Ediństva> est; kaka´ q-nibud; progra´ mma? 6 U tebq´ est; brat, sestra´ ? 7 Vy kogda´ -nibud; he´m-nibud; i´li ke´m-nibud; uvleka´ lis;? 8 O he¨ m vy du´maete? 9 K kako´j pa´ rtii vy prinadle'i´te? 10 S kem vy xodi´li v kino´? 11 Hemu´ ona udivlqétsq? 12 Na kom on 'eni´lsq?

Exercise 12 Translate into Russian. 1 You cannot have a democratic society under a one-party system. Fortunately this system belongs to the past. 2 The new movement ‘Unity’ would like to be the ruling party in Russia, but it is unlikely to achieve this goal without allies. 3 Having won a quarter of the votes in the parliamentary election, the Communist Party began to work out a new programme of action. 4 Despite the fact that ‘Unity’ enjoyed enormous success during the election, the Communist Party still came first. 5 Unfortunately ‘Unity’ does not have any economic programme. 6 The success of ‘Unity’ is explained by the fact that President Putin gave his support to the movement. He actually advised the electorate to vote for them. 7 Being the only party with its own electorate, the Communist Party hopes to widen its influence. 8 The mass media played a decisive role in the last election. Television succeeded in creating the myth of the popularity of the ‘Unity’ movement and many people believed it. 9 Judging by the methods used during the election campaign, Russia is still a long way from democracy.

14 INTERNET


about the internet in Russia some more information on word building verbs with prefixes how to differentiate between certain verbs

The Russian language net, popularly called Runet because its addresses typically end ‘.ru’, underwent massive expansion in 2000. Only in the following year did legislation giving protection for intellectual property rights and providing the framework for e-commerce catch up with this boom. The web also occupies a role in the political life of Russia. Vladimir Putin had a sophisticated campaign website during his presidential campaign. Sites were also used in the Duma elections to wage negative campaigns against rivals, notably ex-Prime Minister Primakov and Moscow Mayor Luzhkov. The Russian Government has a regularly updated official web page at www.pravitelstvo.gov.ru. There are also a number of news sites including: strana.ru; vesti.ru; smi.ru; gazeta.ru and lenta.ru.

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Text 1 Rossi´jskomu Interne´tu (Rune´tu) 10 let V Rossií sego´dnq bo´lee 4 mln. akti´vnyx po´l;zovatelej Interne´ta, to est; tex, kto <xo´dit> v Set; postoqńno. Mosko´vskie po´l;zovateli sostavlq´[t pq´tu[ hast; (o´kolo 0,9 milliońa). Po da´ nnym G\lla´ pa, Interne´tom v Moskve´ e'eme´sqhno po´l;zu[tsq 935 ty´ sqh helove´k. Vsemi´rnaq Pautińa oso´benno populq´rna sredi´ molode¨ 'i. Sa´ moj znahi´tel;noj qvlqétsq audito´riq v vo´zraste ot 25 do 34 let (25%). Raste¨ t i hislo´ interne´thikov sta´ rwe 55 let: za posle´dnie dva go´da ono´ udvoílos;. @i´teli Interne´ta – \´to peredova´ q hast; no´vogo sre´dnego kla´ ssa. Bol;winstvo´ osva´ ivaet no´vyj o´braz 'i´zni za she¨ t rabotoda´ telq: bo´l;we polovińy vsex po´l;zovatelej <xo´dqt> v Interne´t, ne vyxodq´ iz o´fisa. Da´ 'e e´sli po´l;zovatel; trudogo´lik, u nego´ vse¨ ravno´ na rabo´te oka´ zyvaetsq mno´go pa´ uz, koto´rye zapolnq´[tsq Interne´tom. Za doma´ wnij Interne´t na´ do iz svoego´ karma´ na plati´t;, a na rabo´te pla´ tit konto´ra. No hislo´ doma´ wnix po´l;zovatelej to´'e raste¨ t. Po da´ nnym monitoring.ru, 24 proceńta naseleńiq Rossií naxo´dqtsq v zońe vliqńiq Interne´ta. Naibo´lee akti´vno po´l;zu[tsq Interne´tom te, kto rabo´taet v sre´dstvax ma´ ssovoj informa´ cii, rekla´ me, bi´znese i fina´ nsovom se´ktore. Sa´ mye populq´rnye razde´ly – sre´dstva ma´ ssovoj informa´ cii i razvleheńiq. V rabo´hie dni poseti´telej virtua´ l;nyx gaze´t i novostny´ x lent vsegda´ bo´l;we, liw; v uik-eńd intere´s k SMI pa´ daet, a k razvleheńiqm, naoboro´t, vozrasta´ et. Po´l;zovatelej Interne´ta oso´benno interesuét sve´'aq politi´heskaq i socia´ l;naq informa´ ciq. Im bo´l;we ne nu'na´ gaze´ta, koto´raq sortiruét no´vosti. Oni´ poluhi´li do´stup k novostny´ m leńtam, i sa´ mi mo´gut proizvodi´t; otbo´r. Vozmo´'nosti dlq pre´ssy v Seti´ poi´stine bezgrani´hny. E'edne´vnaq pose]a´ emost; ne´kotoryx Interne´t-SMI prevywa´ et tira'i´ ob]enaciona´ l;nyx gaze´t. To´l;ko za posle´dnij me´sqc novostno´j sajt www.lenta.ru poseti´li

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bo´lee 1 milliońa helove´k. |to sopostavi´mo s e'edne´vnym tira'o´m bo´lee 300 ty´ sqh \kzemplq´rov. Sre´dnij doxo´d rossi´jskogo po´l;zovatelq sostavlqét 200 do´llarov na hleńa sem;i´, he´tvert; ot o´b]ego koli´hestva potrebi´telej interne´t-informa´ cii sostavlq´[t studeńty. Oni´ provo´dqt v Seti´ dovo´l;no mno´go vremeni – 337 minu´t e'enede´l;no, pose]a´ q, gla´ vnym o´brazom, razvleka´ tel;nye sa´ jty (anekdo´ty, mu´zyka, ha´ ty, i´gry). Setevo´j bi´znes – sa´ myj progressi´ru[]ij v strane´. On sozdae¨ t vse¨ bo´l;wee koli´hestvo rabo´hix mest. Interne´t-torgo´vlq raste¨ t. Razviva´ etsq no´vyj vid proda´ ' – he´rez Interne´t. V Set; prixo´dqt vse¨ no´vye i no´vye l[´ di, no´vye kompa´ nii. Mnogomilliońnye sde´lki i investićii, sde´lannye he´rez Interne´t, u'e´ nikogo´ ne udivlq´[t.


Vocabulary ♦ bezgrani´hnyj Vsemi´rnaq Pautińa do´stup znahi´tel;nyj zońa vliqńiq konto´ra novostna´ q le´ nta / novostno´j sajt osva´ ivat; peredovo´j poi´stine po´l;zovatel; Interne´ ta potrebi´tel; proizvodi´t; otbo´r razvleka´ tel;nyj sajt sde´ lka Set; (f ) sopostavi´myj tira´ '

limitless world-wide-web, www access significant sphere of influence office news site to master progressive indeed Internet-user consumer to make a selection entertainment site deal Network comparable circulation

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workaholic to double copy

N.B. vse¨ ravno´ – all the same; naoboro´t – the other way round; po da´ nnym G\lla´ pa – according to Gallup agency data

Exercise 1 Answer the questions in Russian. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Hto takoé akti´vnyj po´l;zovatel; Interne´ta? Kak <xo´dqt> v Interne´t bol;winstvo´ po´l;zovatelej? Kakié razde´ly oso´benno populq´rny v Interne´te? Kakovy´ preimu´]estva po´l;zovaniq novostny´ mi sa´ jtami? Kako´v sre´dnij doxo´d rossi´jskogo po´l;zovatelq? Kakié sa´ jty pose]a´ [t studeńty bo´l;we vsego´?

Dialogue 1 A conversation between a journalist and a sociologist @ URNALI´ ST

S OCIO´ LOG

@ URNALI´ ST

S OCIO´ LOG

@ URNALI´ ST

Vse¨ ha]e v pre´sse poqvlq´[tsq soob]eńiq ne to´l;ko o po´l;ze, no i o vrede´ komp;[´ terov. Ne lu´hwe li nam voob]e´ otkaza´ t;sq ot komp;[´ terov i zaby´ t; pro Interne´t? No \´to nevozmo´'no. Komp;[´ ter stal ha´ st;[ na´ wej 'i´zni. Esli sejha´ s u vsex po´l;zovatelej otobra´ t; komp;[´ ter, to oni´ osta´ nutsq . Ne´kotorye utver'da´ [t, hto l[´ di, rabo´ta[]ie s komp;[´ terom bo´l;we podve´r'eny stre´ssam, hem l[´ di, ne rabo´ta[]ie s komp;[´ terom. Po-moému, stre´ssam podve´r'eny vse. I utver'da´ t;, hto v \´tom vinova´ ty komp;[´ tery, nel;zq´. L[´ di vse ra´ znye. V konce´ konco´v, stress mo´'et vozni´knut; i iz-za oby´ hnogo pereutomleńiq. V posle´dnee vre´mq stalo <mo´dnym> no´voe zaboleva´ nie – Interne´t-zavi´simost;. Q ime´[ v vidu´

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@ URNALI´ ST

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patologi´heskoe vleheńie k prebyva´ ni[ v Seti´. Ne ka´ 'etsq li Vam, hto \´to prihinqét u]e´rb zdoro´v;[ kak fizi´heskomu, tak i psixi´heskomu. Da, interne´t mo´'et zatqnu´t; v svoi´ se´ti. |to kak narko´tik: hem bo´l;we upotreblqéw;, tem sil;neé xo´hetsq. I mo´'no li vy´ lehit;sq ot tako´go ? Kone´hno, I kuda´ le´ghe, hem ot narkoma´ nii. Ot Internet-zavi´simosti mo´'no vy´ lehit;sq samomu´, bez po´mo]i vrahe´j. Ved; kro´me Interne´ta su]estvuét ma´ ssa drugi´x zanq´tij: l[bi´maq rabo´ta, l[bi´myj helove´k, a ta´ k'e tea´ try, kino´, konce´rty. Pro´sto, vo vse¨ m na´ do znat; me´ru i vre´mq ot vre´meni perekl[ha´ t;sq na drugié ve´]i. No mne ka´ 'etsq, hto u nas v strane´ u'e´ su]estvuét informaciońnaq ugro´za. I my dol'ny´ ograni´hit; do´stup k ne´kotorym sa´ jtam. Zdes; q s Va´ mi sogla´ sen. Nam nu´'en zakoń, nu'ny´ me´ry za]i´ty. Na´ do kontroli´rovat; socia´ l;no opa´ snye sa´ jty, te koto´rye propagandi´ru[t narko´tiki, nasi´lie, terrori´zm.


Vocabulary ♦ vlehe´ nie vred vy´ lehit;sq ot (+ gen) zatqnu´t; v set; znat; me´ ru Interne´ t-zavi´simost; me´ ry za]i´ty nasi´lie ograni´hit; otobra´ t; perekl[ha´ t;sq na (+ acc) pereutomle´ nie podve´ r'ennyj stre´ ssu poi´stine

attraction harm to be cured of to draw into, trap in the net to know one’s limit Internet dependence protection measures violence to restrict to take away to switch to exhaustion, overwork subject to stress indeed

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po´l;za prebyva´ nie privleka´ tel;nyj prihinq´t; u]erb (+ dat) socia´ l;no-opa´ snyj sajt ugro´za

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use, benefit stay attractive to cause damage socially dangerous site threat

Exercise 2 Answer the questions in Russian. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Mo´'no li otkaza´ t;sq ot komp;[´ terov? Pra´ vda li, hto komp;[´ ter poo]rqét stress? Kak voznika´ et stress? Hto takoé Interne´t-zavi´simost;? Kak mo´'no vy´ lehit;sq ot Interne´t-zavi´simosti? K kaki´m sa´ jtam na´ do ograni´hit; do´stup?

Exercise 3 True or false? 1 Sa´ mye akti´vnye po´l;zovateli Interne´ta (po'ily´ e l[´ di, wko´l;niki, molody´ e l[´ di)? 2 Bol;winstvo´ po´l;zovatelej <xo´dit> v Set; (u sebq´ do´ma, na rabo´te, v Interne´t-kafe´)? 3 Sa´ mye populq´rnye sa´ jty (razvleheńiq, SMI, ha´ ty, antikvaria´ t)? 4 Studeńty bo´l;we pose]a´ [t (novostny´ e sa´ jty, bi´znes-sa´ jty, razvleka´ tel;nye sa´ jty)? 5 L[´ di, rabo´ta[]ie s komp;[´ terom, (nikogda´ ne bole´[t, mno´go usta[´ t, podve´r'eny stre´ssu)? 6 Interne´t-zavi´simost; (psixi´heskoe zaboleva´ nie, bole´zn; se´rdca, vleheńie k prebyva´ ni[ v Seti´)? 7 Hto´by vy´ lehit;sq ot Interne´t-zavi´simosti na´ do (perekl[hi´t;sq na drugié zanq´tiq, vl[bi´t;sq, uvle´h;sq tea´ trom)? 8 Sa´ mye opa´ snye sa´ jty – te, koto´rye propagandi´ru[t (seks, kureńie, terrori´zm)?

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Exercise 4 Study the results of a poll conducted in Russia (shown opposite page) and answer the questions in English. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

What was considered the third most dangerous kind of site? What was considered next most dangerous after terrorist sites? Why should some sites dealing with Russian history be controlled? What kinds of intolerance might be propagated on web sites according to this list? How might NATO figure in web sites? What is the principal indication of Internet dependence? What was considered a rather more significant indication than a tendency to stress and depression? What was the least significant indication of Internet dependence?

Language points ♦ Word building In previous units we have looked at common roots which connect words with similar meanings and at how these roots combine with prefixes to add to or qualify the meaning and suffixes which determine the part of speech. Many people learning Russian have difficulty in memorising vocabulary. It is often worthwhile breaking down a Russian word into its constituent parts as a way of making it more memorable or helping to decipher its meaning. The aim of this section is to give you some more tips about the way Russian words are put together to help you to continue to build your vocabulary.

Alternation of consonants Sometimes it may be more difficult to recognise a familiar root in a word because the consonant is different. There are some common alternations of consonants in Russian: d / ' / 'd: vodi´t; ‘to lead’; vo'a´ k ‘leader’; vo'd; ‘leader’ t / h: doby´ t; ‘to obtain’; doby´ ha ‘booty, extraction’ t / ]: pita´ t; ‘feed’; pi´]a ‘food’

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I (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Propagandiru[]ie narkotiki. Propagandiru[]ie nasilie i \kstremizm. Posvq]ennye texnologii izgotovleniq oru'iq. Prestupnyx i terroristiheskix organizacij. Totalitarnyx sekt. Pornografiheskie.

II (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Reklama antiob]estvennyx sajtov. Iska'a[]ie istori[ Rossii. Manipuliru[]ie lihnost;[, naruwa[]ie ee nravstvennye osnovy. Propagandiru[]ie bombe'ki stranami NATO gosudarstv. Soder'a]ie dokumental;nye kadry smertej. Propagandiru[]ie vra'du, nenavist;, nacional;nu[ i klassovu[ neterpimost;.

III (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

ot real;noj 'izni, v virtual;nyj mir. Formirovanie potrebnosti xaraktera. Poterq radosti ot 'ivogo ob]eniq. Uvelihenie sklonnosti (do boleznennosti) k komp;[ternym igram. Povywennaq sklonnost; k stressovym i depressivnym sostoqniqm. O]u]enie trudnostej v izlo'enii myslej na bumage ili v razgovore.

Gaze´ta <Mosko´vskie no´vosti>, 2001

N.B. iska'a´t; – to distort; naruwa´t; – violate; bombe¨ 'ka – bombing; nepoko´rnyj – unruly; neterpi´most; – intolerance; potre´bnost; – need; 'ivoé ob]eńie – live contact; izlo'eńie my´ slej – setting out thoughts; sklońnost; – tendency to

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s / w: z / ': st / ]: c / h: k / h: x / w: g / ':

vyso´kij ‘high’; vy´ we ‘higher’ francu´z ‘Frenchman’; francu´'enka ‘Frenchwoman’ gusto´j ‘thick’; gu´]e ‘thicker’ granića ‘border’ (noun); grani´hit; ‘border’ (verb) reka´ ‘river’ (noun); rehno´j ‘river’ (adjective) mu´xa ‘fly’ (noun); muwińyj ‘fly’ (adjective) [g ‘south’ (noun); [´ 'nyj ‘south’ (adjective)

Noun suffixes The suffixes which identify adjectives and verbs are easily recognisable. There are a whole variety of suffixes which indicate different kinds of nouns.

Profession, occupation -tel;, -ik, -nik, -nica (f ), -ak, -qk, -ar;, -arwa (f ), -qr, -hik, -hica (f ), -]ik, -]ica (f ), -ec, -tor pisa´ tel; / pisa´ tel;nica isto´rik bezde´ l;nik uhi´tel;nica ryba´ k morq´k bibliote´ kar; sekreta´ rwa stolq´r perevo´dhik / perevo´dhica gardero´b]ik / gardero´b]ica prodave´ c / prodav]i´ ca reda´ ktor a´ vtor

writer historian idler woman teacher fisherman sailor librarian secretary joiner interpreter, translator cloakroom attendant sales assistant editor author

Nationality, religion, citizenship -anin, -anka (f ), -qnin, -qnka (f ), -ec, -ka (f ), -ih, -ihka (f ) angliha´ nin angliha´ nka xristia´ nin / xristia´ nka krest;qńin / krest;qńka amerika´ nec / amerika´ nka moskvi´h / moskvi´hka

Englishman Englishwoman Christian peasant American Muscovite

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Actions -anie, -enie, -;ba, -nq, -ka pisa´ nie povywe´ nie xod;ba´ begotnq´

writing increase walking running

Qualities -ost;, -est;, -ota, -stvo mo´lodost; sve´ 'est; temnota´ mu´'estvo bessty´ dstvo

youth freshness darkness bravery shamelessness

Note that a large range of abstract nouns, not just denoting qualities, end in -stvo: ote´ hestvo isku´sstvo mno´'estvo

fatherland art multitude

Diminutives -ik, -ok, -e¨ k, -hik -ka, -ohka, -uwka do´mik gorodo´k ogone¨ k staka´ nhik re´ hka de´ vohka derevu´wka

little house small town small light little glass little river little girl small village

Small animals -e¨ nok, -onok kote¨ nok medve'ońok rebe¨ nok

kitten bear cub child

Note their plurals: kotq´ta, medve'a´ ta, deti / rebqta (more commonly used in the sense of ‘lads, guys’).

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Exercise 5 What do you call a man who . . . Example: uhi´ t; ru´sskomu qzyku´ – uhi´tel; ru´sskogo qzyka´ pokupa´ t; televi´zory, prodava´ t; komp;[´ tery, perevodi´t; s inostra´ nnogo qzyka´ , rukovodi´t; zavo´dom, po´l;zovat;sq komp;[´ terom, 'it; v Moskve´, redakti´rovat; gaze´tu, izdava´ t; 'urna´ l, rabo´tat; na zavo´de, prepodava´ t; angli´jskij qzy´ k.

Exercise 6 Choose between the two words (note -ost; generally denotes the state and -enie the action). Example: prestu´pnost; ‘crime, criminality’ prestuple´ nie ‘crime, criminal offence’ 1 (prestuple´ nie i´li prestu´pnost;) Koli´hestvo . . . raste¨ t s ka´ 'dym godom. Kak mo´'no pokońhit; s . . . v sovremeńnom o´b]estve? 2 (zaboleva´ nie i´ li zaboleva´ emost;) Po mneńi[ mini´stra zdravooxraneńiq, o´b]aq . . . v Rossií, po-pre´'nemu, vyso´kaq. Poqvi´los; no´voe . . . Internet-zavi´simost;. 3 (pereutomle´ nie i´ li pereutomlqémost;) Po-moému, u tebq´ tipi´hnoe . . . tebe´ na´ do otdoxnu´t;. Po-mneńi[ vrahe´j, . . . sredi´ dete´j raste¨ t. 4 (pose]e´ nie i´li pose]a´ emost;) V posle´dnee vre´mq re´zko vozrosla´ . . . Interne´t SMI. . . . tea´ trov pomo´'et ulu´hwit; vaw ru´sskij qzy´ k. 5 (razdra'e´ nie i´ li razdra'i´tel;nost;) Mne ponq´tno tvoe¨ . . . : ved; on opq´t; opozda´ l. Po-moému, on bo´len, ego´ . . . u'e´ prevosxo´dit vse granićy.

Verbs with prefixes Prefixes are often added to imperfective verbs to make them perfective: pisa´ t; (imperfective) / napisa´ t; (perfective). Other prefixes can

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be added which, as well as making verbs perfective, modify their meaning: v- ‘in’ vpisa´ t;

to insert, include

The imperfective is formed by inserting -yv-: vpi´ syvat;sq / vpisa´ t;sq

to fit in well

vy- ‘out of’ vypi´ syvat; / vy´ pisat;

to copy out, extract, prescribe

do- ‘finish’ dopi´syvat; / dopisa´ t;

to finish (writing)

za- ‘for, begin’ zapi´syvat; / zapisa´ t;

to note

nad- ‘over, above, super-’ nadpi´syvat; / nadpisa´ t;

to superscribe, inscribe

o- ‘about, around’ opi´ syvat; / opisa´ t;

to describe (write about)

pere- ‘re-, over, across’ perepi´ syvat; / perepisa´ t; perepi´ syvat;sq

to rewrite to correspond

pri- near pripi´syvat; / pripisa´ t;

to add

pod- ‘under, sub-’ podpi´syvat; / podpisa´ t; podpi´syvat;sq / podpisa´ t;sq na

to sign (write under) to subscribe to (newspapers)

In the verb rabo´tat; the ‘o’ changes to an ‘a’ when -yv- is inserted: zaraba´ tyvat; / zarabo´tat; pereraba´ tyvat; / pererabo´tat;

to earn to process, rework

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Second conjugation verbs add -iv- rather than -yv-: do- ‘finish, complete’ dostra´ ivat; / dostroít; perestra´ ivat; / perestroít;

to finish building to rebuild

pri- ‘near, adjoining’ pristra´ ivat; / pristroít;

to build onto

u- ‘impart a quality, away’ ustra´ ivat; / ustroít;

to organise, arrange (impart stroj ‘system, structure’)

Exercise 7 See if you can figure out the meaning of these verbs. perede´lyvat; / perede´lat;; nadstra´ ivat; / nadstroít;; dopi´syvat; / dopisa´ t;; osma´ trivat; / osmotre´t;; predvi´det; (perfective only); peredu´myvat; / peredu´mat;; vydu´myvat; / vy´ dumat;; predska´ zyvat; / predskaza´ t;; nadsma´ trivat; (imperfective only); dohi´tyvat; / dohita´ t;.

Exercise 8 Examine some Russian web-sites (see some examples, shown opposite page). Molode¨ 'nyj porta´ l OM.Ru 1 2 3 4

What What What What

is the site devoted to? is the significance of its name? are the interactive features of the site? additional services does this site provide?

Informaciońno-spra´ vohnyj centr 1 Give three kinds of information supplied by the site. 2 Give three advantages of the way the site operates.

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Porta´ l Moda.Ru & Fashion.Ru 1 2 3 4

How often is the site updated? Who can post information on the site? What level of expertise does it need to access the site? What additional service does the site provide?

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Language points ♦ Some commonly confused verbs ‘To use’ ispo´l;zovat; (impf., only) (+ acc.) is a good general verb meaning ‘to use’: Nado ispo´l;zovat; vse sre´ dstva v bor;be´ pro´tiv terrori´ zma. It is necessary to use all means in the struggle against terrorism. Na´ wa kli´ nika ispo´l;zuet lu´hwie dosti'e´ niq medici´ ny. Our clinic uses the best medical advances. On vse¨ vre´ mq ispo´l;zuet menq´ v svoi´x ce´ lqx. He always uses me for his own ends. po´l;zovat;sq / vospo´l;zovat;sq (+ inst.) means ‘to make use of’ as well as ‘to enjoy’ and ‘take advantage of’ and is commonly used with the nouns in the examples below: Q vsegda´ po´l;zu[s; slovare¨ m. I always use (make use of ) a dictionary. Q du´ma[, vam na´ do vospo´l;zovat;sq uslu´gami age´ ntstva. I think that you should use / make use of the services of an agency. On po´l;zuetsq bol;wi´m avtorite´ tom sredi´ svoi´ x kolleg. He enjoys great authority among his colleagues. Note also: po´ l;zovat;sq uspe´ xom ‘to enjoy success’: Po´ l;zuqs; slu´haem, q xote´ l by vy´ razit; svo[´ blagoda´ rnost;. Taking advantage of the occasion, I should like to express my gratitude. Note also: po´ l;zovat;sq vozmo´'nost;[ ‘to take advantage of the opportunity’. Upotreblq´t; / upotrebi´ t; (+ acc) translates ‘to use’ in certain specific contexts: Mno´gie molody´ e l[´ di upotreblq´[t narko´tiki. Many young people use drugs.

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Lu´hwe ne upotreblq´t; \´ to slo´vo, ono´ pohti ne upotreblqétsq v ru´sskom qzyke´ . It is better not to use that word; it is almost never used in Russian. Primenq´t; / primeni´t; (+ acc.) means ‘to apply, employ, use’: V pe´ rvyj raz my primeni´ li \´tu texnolo´gi[ 10 let naza´ d. We first employed / used this technology 10 years ago. Me´ tod, primene¨ nnyj in'ene´ rami pri stroi´tel;stve mosta´ , ves;ma´ \ffekti´ vnyj. The method employed / used by engineers in the construction of the bridge is highly effective. Po-moému, pravi´tel;stvo dol'no´ primenq´t; sa´ nkcii. In my opinion the government should apply sanctions.

Exercise 9 Choose the appropriate verb from those in brackets. (po´l;zovalas;, upotreblqét, po´l;zovat;sq, upotreblq´t;, vospo´l;zovalis;, po´l;zu[tsq)

primenq´t;,

1 Ona´ ha´ sto . . . \´tu fra´ zu, k so'aleńi[, ha´ sto ne k me´stu. 2 Pomoému, my dol'ny´ . . . k prestu´pnikam bolee stro´gie me´ry. 3 On ne razrewa´ et ej . . . ego´ komp;[´ terom, u nee¨ est; svoj. 4 My . . . vozmo´'nost;[ i polete´li A\roflo´tom. 5 Bol;winstvo´ studeńtov . . . Interne´tom. 6 Vse zna´ [t, hto . . . narko´tiki – vre´dno dlq zdoro´v;q. 7 V mo´lodosti ona´ . . . ogro´mnym uspe´xom u mu'hiń.

‘To stop’ Ostana´ vlivat; / ostanovi´t; is the transitive verb ‘to stop, halt’: Iz-za ava´ rii na 'ele´ znoj doro´ge priwlo´s; ostanovi´t; poézd. Because of an accident on the railway line they had to stop the train. Ostanovi´te ego´, po'a´ lujsta, on zaby´ l svoj pa´ sport. Stop him, please, he has forgotten his passport.

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Ostana´ vlivat;sq / ostanovi´t;sq is the intransitive partner of ostana´ vlivat;: Taksi´ ostanovi´ los; u do´ma s kolońnami. The taxi stopped by the house with the columns. My ostanovi´lis; v gosti´ nice. We stopped in a hotel. Perestava´ t; / peresta´ t; means ‘to cease / stop’ doing something and is generally followed by an infinitive: Ona´ peresta´ la pisa´ t; roma´ ny. She stopped writing novels. Peresta´ n; razgova´ rivat;! Stop talking! Do'd; peresta´ l. The rain has stopped. Prekra]a´ t; / prekrati´t; means ‘to terminate / stop’: Obe sto´rony rewi´ li prekrati´ t; peregovo´ry. Both sides decided to stop the talks. Oni´ prekrati´li svo[´ perepi´sku (perepi´syvat;sq). They stopped writing to each other. Mewa´ t; / pomewa´ t; is ‘to stop’ in the sense of ‘to hinder’: Ty mewa´ ew; mne spat;. You are stopping me from sleeping. Brosa´ t; / bro´sit; means ‘to stop’ in the sense of ‘to give up’: On bro´sil kuri´ t; i pit;. He gave up smoking and drinking.

Exercise 10 Choose the appropriate verb from the brackets. (peresta´ new;, ostanovi´ las;, prekrati´ , ostana´ vliva[s;, peresta´ l, ostanovi´lsq, bro´sil, mewa´ et) 1 Kogda´ ty . . . vme´wivat;sq v moi´ dela´ ? 2 . . . , po'a´ lujsta, \´ti glu´posti! 3 Tramva´ j . . . na perekre¨ stke. 4 Nakoneć-to, sneg . . . ,

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i my smogli´ e´xat; da´ l;we. 5 Iz-za bole´zni dire´ktora rabo´ta . . . 6 Q vsegda´ . . . v \´toj gostińice. 7 On . . . mne smotre´t; televi´zor. 8 Q tak ra´ da, hto on . . . pit;.

Similar-sounding verbs Sostavlq´t; / sosta´ vit; ‘to compile, draw up’: Ce´ lyj god ona sostavlq´la bibliogra´ fi[ proizvede´ nij Di´kkensa. All year long she was compiling a bibliography of works by Dickens. Na´ do sosta´ vit; spi´sok vsex prisu´tstvu[]ix. It is necessary to draw up a list of all those present. Sostavlq´t; / sosta´ vit; also means ‘to constitute, make up’: He´ tvert; po´l;zovatelej Interne´ tom sostavlq[t stude´ nty. Students make up a quarter of Internet users. Sogla´ sno demo´grafam nasele´ nie mi´ra sko´ro sosta´ vit 10 millia´ rdov helove´ k. According to demographers the population of the world will soon constitute a billion people. Note also sostavlq´t; kompa´ ni[ komu´-nibud; ‘to keep someone company’. Sostoq´t; iz (+ gen.) ‘to consist of, comprise’: Fil;m sostoi´t iz dvux se´ rij. The film consists of two parts. Audito´riq sostoq´la v osnovno´m iz stude´ ntov. The audience consisted basically of students. Sostoq´t; v (+ prep.) ‘to be, to be a member of’: Proble´ ma sostoi´ t v tom, hto v Rossií do six por net zakońa ob \migra´ cii. The problem is that up till now there was no law on emigration in Russia. V mo´lodosti on sostoq´l v Kompa´ rtii. In his youth he was a member of the Communist Party.

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Sostoq´t; v bra´ ke ‘to be married’: To´l;ko 5% stude´ ntov sostoq´li v bra´ ke. Only 5% of the students were married. Sostoq´t; (+ instr.) or na do´l'nosti (+ gen.) ‘employed as’: Pohti´ 10 let on sostoq´l na do´l'nosti dire´ ktora (sostoq´l dire´ ktorom) zavo´da. For almost 10 years he was a director of the factory. Sostoq´t;sq means ‘to take place’: Konfere´ nciq sostoq´las; v konce´ ma´ rta. The conference took place at the end of March. Prem;e´ ra fi´l;ma sostoi´tsq v no´vom kinote´ atre. The premiere of the film will take place in the new cinema.

Exercise 11 Decide which verb to use. 1 @eń]iny . . . 53 proceńta naseleńiq Rossií. 2 Proble´ma . . . v tom, hto ni´kto ne xo´het prinq´t; reweńie. 3 Slova´ r;, koto´ryj on . . . 7 let naza´ d, vse¨ e]e¨ populq´ren. 4 Na´ wa kvarti´ra . . . iz 3 ko´mnat. 5 Vs[ 'izn; on . . . sekretare¨ m pri re´ktore universite´ta. 6 V bu´du]em godu´ v Mo´skve . . . teatra´ l;naq Olimpia´ da.

Exercise 12 Translate into Russian. 1 The number of Internet-users is increasing all the time. Ecommerce is the fastest developing sector of the Russian economy. 2 Most people in a recent poll felt that there should be control over socially dangerous sites. 3 In Russia, even in Moscow, use of the Internet lags behind that of Western countries. Nonetheless, the problem of Internet addiction already exists. 4 The Internet is still very expensive for many Russians; you have to pay 50 dollars a month for unlimited access.

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5 A businessman friend of mine uses the Internet daily in his work. He says that he cannot survive without it. 6 Working at my computer I often get so carried away that I forget about everything, even about food. 7 There is a lot of varied information on the Net, but I am mostly interested in the mass media. 8 During the next election it will probably be possible to vote through the Internet. 9 I never thought that I would become an Internet addict but I automatically switch the computer on as soon as I come home. 10 The most popular web-sites with students are entertainment and games.

Grammar reference

Nouns Masculine sing.

pl.

sing.

pl.

sing.

pl.

nom.

stol

stoly´

tramva´ j

tramva´ i

roq´l;

roq´li

acc.

stol

stoly´

tramva´ j

tramva´ i

roq´l;

roq´li

gen.

stola´

stolo´v

tramva´ q

tramva´ ev

roq´lq

roq´lej

dat.

stolu´

stola´ m

tramva´ [

tramva´ qm

roq´l[

roq´lqm

instr.

stolo´m

stola´ mi

tramva´ em

tramva´ qmi

roq´lem

roq´lqmi

prep.

stole´

stola´ x

tramva´ e

tramva´ qx

roq´le

roq´lqx

Feminine pl.

sing.

pl.

sing.

pl.

sing.

pl.

nom. ry´ ba

sing.

ry´ by

vo´lq

vo´li

pa´ rtiq

pa´ rtii

ro´l;

ro´li

acc. ry´ bu

ry´ by

vo´l[

vo´li

pa´ rti[

pa´ rtii

ro´l;

ro´li

gen. ry´ by

ry´ b

vo´li

vo´l;

pa´ rtii

pa´ rtij

ro´li

role´j

ry´ bam

vo´le

vo´lqm

pa´ rtii

pa´ rtiqm

ro´li

rolq´m

pa´ rtiqmi

ro´l;[ rolq´mi

pa´ rtiqx

ro´li

dat.

ry´ be

instr. ry´ boj ry´ bami vo´lej prep. ry´ be

ry´ bax

vo´le

vo´lqmi pa´ rtiej vo´lqx

pa´ rtii

rolq´x

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Neuter sing.

pl.

sing.

pl.

sing.

pl.

sing.

pl.

nom. vino´

vińa

mo´re

morq´

zda´ nie

zda´ niq

i´mq

imena´

acc. vino´

vińa

mo´re

morq´

zda´ nie

zda´ niq

i´mq

imena´

gen. vina´

vin

mo´rq

more´j zda´ niq

zda´ nij

i´meni

ime¨ n

vińam

mo´r[

morq´m zda´ ni[

zda´ niqm

i´meni

imena´ m

instr. vino´m

vińami mo´rem

morq´mi zda´ niem

zda´ niqmi

i´menem imena´ mi

prep. vine´

vińax

morq´x zda´ nii

zda´ niqx

i´meni

dat.

vinu´

mo´re

imena´ x

Notes 1

2

3

4

5

6 7 8

The accusative singular of masculine animate nouns and the accusative plural of both masculine and feminine animate nouns is the same as the genitive. Some nouns have the fleeting vowel o or e in the nominative which disappears when an ending is added: rebe¨ nok – rebe¨ nka; kone´ c – konca´ . Some nouns ending in -a, -o, -q have a fill vowel -o- or -einserted in the genitive plural: stude´ ntka – stude´ ntok; okno´ – o´kon; derevnq – dereve´ n;. Spelling rules affect several endings: ● the genitive singular of some feminine nouns: kni ´ ga – kni´gi; ● the instrumental singular of some masculine and feminine nouns: math – ma´ them; gostińica – gostińicej; ● the nominative / accusative plural of masculine and feminine nouns: qzy´ k – qzyki´; kni´ga – kni´ gi; ● the genitive plural of some masculine nouns: me´ sqc – me´ sqcev. Stressed e becomes e¨ in: ● the instrumental singular of some nouns: rubl; – ruble¨ m; ¨ v. ● the genitive plural of some nouns: sloj – sloe Some masculine nouns take the prepositional ending -u´ after v and na: v sadu´. Some masculine nouns have an irregular nominative (accusative) plural in -a´ or -q´: dom – doma´ ; uhitel; – uhitelq´. Some masculine and neuter nouns have an irregular nominative (accusative) plural in -;q: stul – stu´l;q; drug – druz;q´;

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de´ revo – dere´ v;q. The genitive (accusative) plural of these nouns ends in -ej where it is stressed and -;ev where unstressed: stu´l;ev, druze´ j, dere´ v;ev. 9 The genitive plural of nouns ending in -', -h, -w, -] ends in -ej: moskvi´ h – moskvihe´ j. 10 The instrumental plural of some nouns ends in -;mi: de´ ti – det;mi´; l[´ di – l[d;mi´ . In all the following tables where a second alternative form is given for the accusative this is for use with animate nouns.

Adjectives Hard masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

nom.

intere´snyj

intere´snaq

intere´snoe

intere´snye

acc.

intere´snyj / ogo

intere´snu[

intere´snoe

intere´snye / yx

gen.

intere´snogo

intere´snoj

intere´snogo

intere´snyx

dat.

intere´snomu

intere´snoj

intere´snomu

intere´snym

instr.

intere´snym

intere´snoj

intere´snym

intere´snymi

prep.

intere´snom

intere´snoj

intere´snom

intere´snyx

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

nom.

kruto´j

kruta´ q

krutoé

kruty´ e

acc.

kruto´j / o´go

krutu´[

krutoé

kruty´ e / y´ x

gen.

kruto´go

kruto´j

kruto´go

kruty´ x

dat.

kruto´mu

kruto´j

kruto´mu

kruty´ m

instr.

kruty´ m

kruto´j

kruty´ m

kruty´ mi

prep.

kruto´m

kruto´j

kruto´m

kruty´ x

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Soft masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

nom.

dre´vnij

dre´vnqq

dre´vnee

dre´vnie

acc.

dre´vnij / ego

dre´vn[[

dre´vnee

dre´vnie / ix

gen.

dre´vnego

dre´vnej

dre´vnego

dre´vnix

dat.

dre´vnemu

dre´vnej

dre´vnemu

dre´vnim

instr.

dre´vnim

dre´vnej

dre´vnim

dre´vnimi

prep.

dre´vnem

dre´vnej

dre´vnem

dre´vnix

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

nom.

tre´tij

tre´t;q

tre´t;e

tre´t;i

acc.

tre´tij / ;ego

tre´t;[

tre´t;e

tre´t;i / ;ix

gen.

tre´t;ego

tre´t;ej

tre´t;ego

tre´t;ix

dat.

tre´t;emu

tre´t;ej

tre´t;emu

tre´t;im

instr.

tre´t;im

tre´t;ej

tre´t;im

tre´t;imi

prep.

tre´t;em

tre´t;ej

tre´t;em

tre´t;ix

feminine

neuter

plural

Mixed (affected by the spelling rules) masculine nom.

ru´sskij

ru´sskaq

ru´sskoe

ru´sskie

acc.

ru´sskij / ogo

ru´ssku[

ru´sskoe

ru´sskie / ix

gen.

ru´sskogo

ru´sskoj

ru´sskogo

ru´sskix

dat.

ru´sskomu

ru´sskoj

ru´sskomu

ru´sskim

instr.

ru´sskim

ru´sskoj

ru´sskim

ru´sskimi

prep.

ru´sskom

ru´sskoj

ru´sskom

ru´sskix

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Grammar reference

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

nom.

kako´j

kaka´ q

kakoé

kakié

acc.

kako´j / o´go

kaku´[

kakoé

kakié / i´x

gen.

kako´go

kako´j

kako´go

kaki´x

dat.

kako´mu

kako´j

kako´mu

kaki´m

instr.

kaki´m

kako´j

kaki´m

kaki´mi

prep.

kako´m

kako´j

kako´m

kaki´x

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

nom.

bol;wo´j

bol;wa´ q

bol;woé

bol;wié

acc.

bol;wo´j / o´go

bol;wu´[

bol;woé

bol;wié / i´x

gen.

bol;wo´go

bol;wo´j

bol;wo´go

bol;wi´x

dat.

bol;wo´mu

bol;wo´j

bol;wo´mu

bol;wi´m

instr.

bol;wi´m

bol;wo´j

bol;wi´m

bol;wi´mi

prep.

bol;wo´m

bol;wo´j

bol;wo´m

bol;wi´x

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

nom.

xoro´wij

xoro´waq

xoro´wee

xoro´wie

acc.

xoro´wij / ego

xoro´wu[

xoro´wee

xoro´wie / ix

gen.

xoro´wego

xoro´wej

xoro´wego

xoro´wix

dat.

xoro´wemu

xoro´wej

xoro´wemu

xoro´wim

instr.

xoro´wim

xoro´wej

xoro´wim

xoro´wimi

prep.

xoro´wem

xoro´wej

xoro´wem

xoro´wix

Grammar reference

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

Possessives masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

nom.

moj

moq´

moe¨

moi´

acc.

moj / moego´

mo[´

moe¨

moi´ / moi´x

gen.

moego´

moe´j

moego´

moi´x

da.

moemu´

moe´j

moemu´

moi´m

instr.

moi´m

moe´j

moi´m

moi´mi

prep.

moe¨ m

moe´j

moe¨ m

moi´x

Note: tvoj and svoj also decline like moj

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

nom.

naw

na´ wa

na´ we

na´ wi

acc.

naw / na´ wego

na´ wu

na´ we

na´ wi / na´ wix

gen.

na´ wego

na´ wej

na´ wego

na´ wix

dat.

na´ wemu

na´ wej

na´ wemu

na´ wim

instr.

na´ wim

na´ wej

na´ wim

na´ wimi

prep.

na´ wem

na´ wej

na´ wem

na´ wix

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

nom.

hej

h;q

h;e¨

h;i

acc.

hej / h;ego´

h;[

h;e¨

h;i / h;ix

gen.

h;ego´

h;ej

h;ego´

h;ix

dat.

h;emu´

h;ej

h;emu´

h;im

instr.

h;im

h;ej

h;im

h;i´mi

prep.

h;e¨ m

h;ej

h;e¨ m

h;ix

Note: vaw also declines like naw.

Hej

275

276

|

Grammar reference

Demonstratives masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

nom.

\´tot

\´ta

\´to

\´ti

acc.

\´tot / \´togo

\´tu

\´to

\´ti / \´tix

gen.

\´togo

\´toj

\´togo

\´tix

dat.

\´tomu

\´toj

\´tomu

\´tim

instr.

\´tim

\´toj

\´tim

\´timi

prep.

\´tom

\´toj

\´tom

\´tix

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

nom.

tot

ta

to

te

acc.

tot / togo´

tu

to

te / tex

gen.

togo´

toj

togo´

tex

dat.

tomu´

toj

tomu´

tem

instr.

tem

toj

tem

te´mi

prep.

tom

toj

tom

tex

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural vse

Ves;

nom.

ves;

vsq

vse¨

acc.

ves; / vsego´

vs[

vse¨

vse / vsex

gen.

vsego´

vsej

vsego´

vsex

dat.

vsemu´

vsej

vsemu´

vsem

instr.

vsem

vsej

vsem

vsemi

prep.

vse¨ m

vsej

vse¨ m

vsex

Grammar reference

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

Sam masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

nom.

sam

sama´

samo´

sa´ mi

acc.

sam / samogo´

samu´

samo´

sa´ mi / sami´x

gen.

samogo´

samo´j

samogo´

sami´x

dat.

samomu´

samo´j

samomu´

sami´m

instr.

sami´m

samo´j

sami´m

sami´mi

prep.

samo´m

samo´j

samo´m

sami´x

Personal pronouns nom.

q

ty

on / ono´

ona´

my

vy

oni´

acc.

menq´

tebq´

ego´

ee¨

nas

vas

ix

gen.

menq´

tebq´

ego´

ee¨

nas

vas

ix

dat.

mne

tebe´

emu´

ej

nam

vam

im

instr.

mnoj / mno´[

tobo´j / tobo´[

im

ej / e´[

na´ mi

va´ mi

i´mi

prep.

mne

tebe´

ne¨ m

nej

nas

vas

nix

Note: Sebq´ declines like tebq´ from the accusative onwards.

Interrogative pronouns nom.

kto

hto

acc.

kogo´

hto

gen.

kogo´

hego´

dat.

komu´

hemu´

instr.

kem

hem

prep.

kom

he¨ m

277

278

|

Grammar reference

Surnames masculine

feminine

plural

nom.

Pu´tin

Pu´tina

Pu´tiny

acc.

Pu´tina

Pu´tinu

Pu´tinyx

gen.

Pu´tina

Pu´tinoj

Pu´tinyx

dat.

Pu´tinu

Pu´tinoj

Pu´tinym

instr.

Pu´tinym

Pu´tinoj

Pu´tinymi

prep.

Pu´tine

Pu´tinoj

Pu´tinyx

Note: Surnames ending in -ev, -in, -yn follow this pattern. Surnames which have adjective endings, e.g. Dostoe´ vskij, decline like adjectives.

Cardinal numerals masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

nom.

odiń

odna´

odno´

odni´

acc.

odiń / odnogo´

odnu´

odno´

odni´ / odni´x

gen.

odnogo´

odno´j

odnogo´

odni´x

dat.

odnomu´

odno´j

odnomu´

odni´m

instr.

odni´m

odno´j

odni´m

odni´mi

prep.

odno´m

odno´j

odno´m

odni´x

m/n

f

m/f/n m/f/n

m/f/n

m/f/n

m/f/n

nom.

dva

dve

tri

hetyre

pqt;

so´rok

pqt;desq´t

acc.

dva / dvux

dve / dvux

tri / tre¨ x

hetyre / hetyre¨ x

pqt;

so´rok

pqt;desq´t

gen.

dvux

tre¨ x

hetyre¨ x

pqti´

soroka´

pqti´desqti

dat.

dvum

tre¨ m

hetyre¨ m

pqti´

soroka´

pqti´desqti

instr.

dvumq´

tre´mq

hetyr;mq´

pqt;[´

soroka´

pqt;[´ desqt;[

prep.

dvux

tre¨ x

hetyre¨ x

pqti´

soroka´

pqti´desqti

Grammar reference

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

279

Notes 1 Numbers from west; to de´ sqt;, dva´ dcat; and tri´dcat; decline like pqt;, with the stress on the endings. Odińnadcat; – devqtna´ dcat; take the same endings, but are stressed on the stem. 2 Sto declines like so´rok, with the stress on the endings and devqno´sto takes the same endings, but with the stress on the stem. 3 west;desq´t – vo´sem;desqt decline like pqt;desq´t.

m/f/n

m/f/n

m/f/n

m/f/n

nom.

dve´sti

tri´sta

hety´ resta

pqt;so´t

acc.

dve´sti

tri´sta

hety´ resta

pqt;so´t

gen.

dvuxso´t

tre¨ xso´t

hetyre¨ xso´t

pqtiso´t

dat.

dvumsta´ m

tre¨ msta´ m

hetyre¨ msta´ m

pqtista´ m

instr.

dvumqsta´ mi

tremqsta´ mi

hetyr;rmqsta´ mi

pqtista´ mi

prep.

dvuxsta´ x

tre¨ xsta´ x

hetyre¨ xsta´ x

pqtista´ x

Notes 1 West;so´t, sem;so´t, vosem;so´t, devqt;so´t decline like pqt;so´t. 2 Ty´ sqha declines like a feminine noun, but has an alternative instrumental ty´ sqh;[.

280

|

Grammar reference

Verbs First conjugation regular verbs Imperfective

Perfective

Infinitive

de´lat; ‘to do, make’

sde´lat; ‘to do, make’

Present

q de´la[ ty de´laew; on / ona´ / ono´ de´laet my de´laem vy de´laete oni´ de´la[t

Future

Past

Subjunctive

q bu´du de´lat;

q sde´la[

ty bu´dew; de´lat;

ty sde´laew;

on / ona´ / ono´ bu´det de´lat;

on / ona´ / ono´ sde´laet

my bu´dem de´lat;

my sde´laem

vy bu´dete de´lat;

vy sde´laete

oni´ bu´dut de´lat;

oni´ sde´la[t

q de´lal / de´lala

q sde´lal / sde´lala

ty de´lal / de´lala

ty sde´lal / sde´lala

on de´lal

on sde´lal

ona´ de´lala

ona´ sde´lala

ono´ de´lalo

ono´ sde´lalo

my de´lali

my sde´lali

vy de´lali

vy sde´lali

oni´ de´lali

oni´ sde´lali

q de´lal by / de´lala by

q sde´lal by / sde´lala by

ty de´lal by / de´lala by

ty sde´lal by / sde´lala by

on de´lal by

on sde´lal by

ona´ de´lala by

ona´ sde´lala by

ono´ de´lalo by

ono´ sde´lalo by

my de´lali by

my sde´lali by

vy de´lali by

vy sde´lali by

oni´ de´lali by

oni´ sde´lali by

Grammar reference

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

Imperative

de´laj / de´lajte

sde´laj / sde´lajte

Gerund

de´laq

sde´lav

|

Participles: pres. act.

de´la[]ij / aq / ee / ie

past act.

de´lavwij / aq / ee / ie

pres. pass.

de´laemyj / aq / oe / ye

sde´lavwij / aq / ee / ie sde´lannyj / aq / oe / ye

past pass.

First conjugation – verbs with an irregular stem ending in a vowel Imperfective

Perfective

Infinitive

myt; ‘to wash’

vy´ myt; ‘to wash’ (also pomy´ t;)

Present

q mo´[ ty moéw; on / ona´ / ono´ moét my moém vy moéte oni´ mo´[t q bu´du myt;

q vy´ mo[

ty bu´dew; myt;

ty vy´ moew;

on / ona´ / ono´ bu´det myt;

on / ona´ / ono´ vy´ moet

my bu´dem myt;

my vy´ moem

vy bu´dete myt;

vy vy´ moete

oni´ bu´dut myt;

oni´ vy´ mo[t

Past

myl, my´ la, my´ lo, my´ li

vy´ myl, vy´ myla, vy´ mylo, vy´ myli

Subjunctive

myl by, my´ la by, my´ lo by, my´ li by

vy´ myl by, vy´ myla by, vy´ mylo by, vy´ myli by

Imperative

moj / mo´jte

vy´ moj / vy´ mojte

Future

Gerund

vy´ myv

281

282

|

Grammar reference

Participles: pres.act.

mo´[]ij / aq / ee / ie

past act.

my´ vwij / aq / ee / ie

vy´ myvwij / aq / ee / ie vy´ mytyj / aq / oe / ye

past pass.

Note: Where the ending is stressed on irregular 1st conjugation verbs of this type -e- will change to -e¨ . See dava´ t; below.

First conjugation – verbs with an irregular stem ending in a consonant

Infinitive Present

Imperfective

Perfective

pisa´ t; ‘to write’

napisa´ t; ‘to write’

q piwu´ ty pi´wew; on / ona´ / ono´ pi´wet my pi´wem vy pi´wete oni´ pi´wut q bu´du pisa´ t;

q napiwu´

ty bu´dew; pisa´ t;

ty napi´wew;

on / ona´ / ono´ bu´det pisa´ t;

on / ona´ / ono´ napi´wet

my bu´dem pisa´ t;

my napi´wem

vy bu´dete pisa´ t;

vy napi´wete

oni´ bu´dut pisa´ t;

oni napi´wut

Past

pisa´ l, pisa´ la, pisa´ lo, pisa´ li

napisa´ l, napisa´ la, napisa´ lo, napisa´ li

Subjunctive

pisa´ l by, pisa´ la by, pisa´ lo by, pisa´ li by

napisa´ l by, napisa´ la by, napisa´ lo by, napisa´ li by

Imperative

piwi´ / piwi´te

napiwi´ / napiwi´te

Future

napisa´ v

Gerund Participles: pres. act.

pi´wu]ij / aq / ee / ie

past act.

pisa´ vwij / aq / ee / ie

past pass.

napisa´ vwij / aq / ee / ie napi´sannyj / aq / oe / yj

Note: Where the ending is stressed on irregular 1st conjugation verbs of this type -e- will change to -e¨ .

Grammar reference

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

283

Second conjugation Imperfective

Perfective

Infinitive

smotre´t; ‘to watch, look at’

posmotre´t; ‘to watch, look at’

Present

q smotr[´ ty smo´triw; on / ona´ / ono´ smo´trit my smo´trim vy smo´trite oni´ smo´trqt q bu´du smotre´t;

q posmotr[´

ty bu´dew; smotre´t;

ty posmo´triw;

on / ona´ / ono´ bu´det smotre´t;

on / ona´ / ono´ posmo´trit

my bu´dem smotre´t;

my posmo´trim

vy bu´dete smotre´t;

vy posmo´trite

oni´ bu´dut smotre´t;

oni´ posmo´trqt

Past

smotre´l, smotre´la, smotre´lo, smotre´li

posmotre´l, posmotre´la. posmotre´lo, posmotre´li

Subjunctive

smotre´l by, smotre´la by, smotre´lo by, smotre´li by

posmotre´l by, posmotre´la by, posmotre´lo by, posmotre´li by

Imperative

smotri´ / smotri´te

posmotri´ / posmotri´te

Gerund

smotrq´

posmotre´v

Future


smotrq´]ij / aq / ee / ie

past act.

smotre´vwij / aq / ee / ie

posmotre´vwij / aq / ee / ie

Notes 1 Some second conjugation verbs are also affected by the spelling rules: der'a´ t; – der'u´ , de´ r'iw; . . . de´ r'at. 2 If the stem of a second conjugation verb ends in the consonants -d, -t, -s, -z, -st that consonant will change in the first person singular (q form) only. Other forms are regular: vodi´t; – vo'u´ , vo´diw;; plati´t; – plahu´, pla´ tiw;; prosi´t; – prowu´,

284

|

Grammar reference

pro´siw;; vozi´t; – vo'u´ , vo´ziw;; sviste´ t; ‘to whistle’ – svi]u´ , svisti´ w;. If the stem ends in -b, -v, -p, -f and -m, an -l- is inserted between the stem and ending in the first person singular only: l[bi´t; – l[bl[´ , l[´ biw;; sta´ vit; – sta´ vl[, sta´ viw;.

Reflexive verbs

Infinitive Present

Imperfective – regular 1st conjugation with stem ending in a consonant

Perfective – irregular

odeva´ t;sq ‘to dress oneself’

ode´t;sq ‘to dress oneself’

q odeva´ [s; ty odeva´ ewsq on / ona´ / ono´ odeva´ etsq my odeva´ emsq vy odeva´ etes; oni´ odeva´ [tsq

Future

q bu´du odeva´ t;sq

q odeńus;

ty bu´dew; odeva´ t;sq

ty odeńew;sq

on / ona´ / ono´ bu´det odeva´ t;sq

on / ona´ / ono´ odeńetsq

my bu´dem odeva´ t;sq

my odeńemsq

vy bu´dete odeva´ t;sq

vy odeńetes;

oni´ bu´dut odeva´ t;sq

oni´ odeńutsq

Past

odeva´ lsq, odeva´ las;, odeva´ los;, odeva´ lis;

ode´lsq, ode´las;, ode´los;, ode´lis;

Subjunctive

odeva´ lsq by, odeva´ las; by, odeva´ los; by, odeva´ lis; by

ode´lsq by, ode´las; by, ode´los; by, ode´lis; by

Imperative

odeva´ jsq / odeva´ jtes;

odeń;sq / odeń;tes;

Gerund

odeva´ qs;

ode´vwis;


odeva´ []ijsq / aqsq / eesq / iesq

past act.

odeva´ vwijsq / aqsq / eesq / iesq

ode´vwijsq / aqsq / eesq / iesq

Grammar reference

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

Irregular verbs Imperfective – irregular 1st conjugation with stem ending in a vowel

Perfective – irregular

Infinitive

dava´ t; ‘to give’

dat; ‘to give’

Present

q da[´ ty dae¨ w; on / ona´ / ono´ dae¨ t my dae¨ m vy dae¨ te oni´ da[´ t

Future

q bu´du dava´ t;

q dam

ty bu´dew; dava´ t;

ty daw;

on / ona´ / ono´ bu´det dava´ t;

on / ona´ / ono´ dast

my bu´dem dava´ t;

my dadi´m

vy bu´dete dava´ t;

vy dadi´te

oni´ bu´dut dava´ t;

oni´ dadu´t

Past

dava´ l, dava´ la, dava´ lo, dava´ li

dal, dala´ , da´ lo, da´ li

Subjunctive

dava´ l by, dava´ la by, dava´ lo by, dava´ li by

dal by, dala´ by, da´ lo by, da´ li by

Imperative

dava´ j / dava´ jte

daj / da´ jte

Gerund

dava´ q

dav


da[´ ]ij / aq / ee / ie

past act.

dava´ vwij / aq / ee / ie

pres. pass.

dava´ emyj / aq / oe / ye

past pass.

da´ vwij / aq / ee / ie da´ nnyj / aq / oe / ye

285

286

|

Grammar reference

Imperfective

Perfective

Infinitive

est; ‘to eat’

s#est; ‘to eat’

Present

q em ty ew; on / ona´ / ono´ est my edi´m vy edi´te oni´ edq´t

Future

q bu´du est;

q s#em

ty bu´dew; est;

ty s#ew;

on / ona´ / ono´ bu´det est;

on / ona´ / ono´ s#est

my bu´dem est;

my s#edi´m

vy bu´dete est;

vy s#edi´te

oni´ bu´dut est;

oni´ s#edq´t

Past

el, e´la, e´lo, e´li

s#el, s#e´la, s#e´lo, s#e´li

Subjunctive

el by, e´la by, e´lo by, e´li by

s#el by, s#e´la by, s#e´lo by, s#e´li by

Imperative

ew; / e´w;te

s#ew; / s#e´w;te

Gerund

s#ev

Participles: pres. act. past act. past pass.

e´vwij / aq / ee / ie

s#e´vwij / aq / ee / ie s#e´dennyj / aq / oe / ye

Grammar reference

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

287

Imperfective – perfective (s-)

Imperfective – perfective (po-)

Imperfective – perfective (za-)

Infinitive

moh; ‘to be able’

be'a´ t; ‘to run’

xote´t; ‘to wish, to want’

Present

q mogu´

q begu´

q xohu´

ty mo´'ew;

ty be'i´w;

ty xo´hew;

on / ona´ / ono´ mo´'et

on / ona´ / ono´ be'i´t

on / ona´ / ono´ xo´het

my mo´'em

my be'i´m

my xoti´m

vy mo´'ete

vy be'i´te

vy xoti´te

oni´ mo´gut

oni´ begu´t

oni´ xotq´t

q bu´du moh;

q bu´du be'a´ t;

q bu´du xote´t;

ty bu´dew; moh;

ty bu´dew; be'at;

ty bu´dew; xote´t;

on / ona´ / ono´ bu´det moh;

on / ona´ / ono´ bu´det be'a´ t;

on / ona´ / ono´ bu´det xote´t;

my bu´dem moh;

my bu´dem be'a´ t;

my bu´dem xote´t;

vy bu´dete moh;

vy bu´dete be'a´ t;

vy bu´dete xote´t;

oni´ bu´dut moh;

oni´ bu´dut be'a´ t;

oni´ bu´dut xote´t;

mog, mogla´ , moglo´, mogli´

be'a´ l, be'a´ la, be'a´ lo, be'a´ li

xote´l, xote´la, xote´lo, xote´li

Subjunctive mog by, mogla´ by, moglo´ by, mogli´ by

be'a´ l by, be'a´ la by, be'a´ lo by, be'a´ li by

xote´l by, xote´la by, xote´lo by, xote´li by

Imperative

begi´ / begi´te

(xoti´ – colloquial)

Future

Past


mogu´]ij / aq / ee / ie

begu´]ij / aq / ee / ie

past act.

mo´gwij / aq / ee / ie

be'a´ vwij / aq / ee / ie

xote´vwij / aq / ee / ie

Key to exercises

Unit 1 Exercise 1 Pervoe letopisnoe upominanie o Moskve otnositsq k 1147 godu. Osnovatel; Moskvy byl suzdal;skij knqz; {rij Vladimirovih Dolgorukij. |to on vybral mesto dlq stroitel;stva goroda. Gorod ros bystro, i u'e v 14-om veke stal centrom russkix zemel;. Moskva ostavalas; stolicej vplot; do 1713 goda kogda Pe¨ tr Pervyj perene¨ s stolicu v novyj gorod – Peterburg. Tol;ko v 1918 godu u'e posle Revol[cii Moskva snova stala stolicej, snahala Sovetskogo So[za, a potom Rossii.

Exercise 3 Interesnye moskovskie muzei; drevnie russkie kremli; strawnye istoriheskie sobytiq; slo'nye \konomiheskie problemy; nawi znamenitye istoriki.

Exercise 4 1 3 5 9

\tu molodu[ russku[ 'en]inu 2 malen;ku[ primorsku[ derevn[ sovremennu[ anglijsku[ p;esu, klassihesku[ russku[ operu 4 vs[ nedel[ Franci[, mesqc 6 vawu sestru, teatr 7 russku[ stolicu, Moskvu 8 kogo ego.

Exercise 5 Zamehanij, perevorota, hlenov, byvwego Politb[ro, novoj demokratii i Gorbahe¨ va, Gorbahe¨ va, zagovora, svoix dejstvij, Gorbahe¨ va, bol;woj politiheskoj vlasti, podder'ki naroda, sobytij, gosudarstvennogo perevorota, gazovoj i neftqnoj promywlennosti, vnutrennix cen, perevorota, El;cina i ego

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soratnikov, aresta organizatorov putha, kogo, somnenij, perevorota, prihin raspada Sovetskogo So[za.

Exercise 7 Sadovomu kol;cu, Belomu domu, radio, televideni[, poslednim soob]eniqm, radio, soldatam, tolpe, puthistam, demokratam i El;cinu, prikazam, puthistam, Gorbahevu, emu, vsem demokratam i El;cinu, nam, zdani[, nam, narodu, emu i ego soratnikam, obedu, vsem.

Exercise 9 Utrom, qsnoj, simvolom, ego rukovodstvom, kommunistiheskoj nomenklaturoj, glavnoj prihinoj, takim obrazom, ego xarizmatiheskim avtoritetom i tve¨ rdoj uverennost;[, glavnoj politiheskoj siloj.

Exercise 10 1 centre, Krasnopresnenskoj nabere'noj 2 Krymu, beregu 3 zdanii 4 \tix sobytiqx, vawej strane 5 plo]adi 6 kom, liderax, nix 7 Belom dome, Kremle.

Exercise 12 Su]estvuet, qvlq[tsq, vxodqt, nazyvaetsq, sostoit, piwut, interesu[tsq, doverq[t shita[, dumaete, mo'em, podder'ivaem, soglawaemsq.

Exercise 13 Sluhilsq, nahalsq, voznikat;, ponimalo, prineslo, nahalis;, vyzval, voznikla, privela, podpisali.

Unit 2 Exercise 2 1 ostanovite 2 zaka'ite 3 porekomendujte 4 kupite 5 zakrojte 6 postrojte 7 poez'ajte 8 oplatite 9 provodite 10 prigotov;tes;.

Exercise 6 1 bolee interesnye 2 bolee nade¨ 'nym 3 na bolee bystryx, v bolee starom 4 bo´l;waq 5 po bolee nizkim 6 vyswee 7 s men;wim 8 bolee bogatye 9 bolee udobnym 10 mladwij, starwie.

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Exercise 7 1 molo'e 2 dlinnee 3 medlennee 4 xu'e 5 leghe 6 hi]e 7 ni'e 8 re'e 9 pozdnee (poz'e) 10 men;we 11 doro'e.

Exercise 8 1 tq'elee sumki 2 staree Peterburga 3 starwe materi 4 molo'e brata 5 wire Temzy 6 korohe marta 7 dewevle samole¨ ta 8 glub'e ozera Ness 9 hi]e londonskogo metro.

Exercise 9 1 Hem medlennee avtobus, tem on dewevle. 2 Hem staree sobor, tem on interesnee. 3 Hem glub'e ozero, tem ono opasnee. 4 Hem starwe helovek, tem on umnee. 5 Hem dal;we doroga, tem trudnee ee¨ stroit;. 6 Hem hi]e vozdux, tem luhwe dlq zdorov;q. 7 Hem pro]e marwrut, tem on leghe. 8 Hem bystree poezd, tem korohe putewestvie. 9 Hem mqghe kreslo, tem ono udobnee. 10 Hem bogahe helovek, tem on xu'e.

Exercise 10 1 na ulicu 2 na lekcii 3 na budu]ej nedele 4 na poezde 5 na drugoj den; 6 na severe 7 na russkom qzyke 8 na roqle 9 na francuzskij qzyk 10 na russkoj 11 na vse voprosy 12 na mat;, na otca 13 na poezd.

Exercise 11 1 Vy mo'ete platit; za bilet nalihnymi ili kreditnoj kartoj. Q predpohita[ platit; nalihnymi. 2 Pomogite mne, po'alujsta, najti stoqnku taksi. U menq mnogo baga'a. 3 Bilet na poezd v tri raza dewevle bileta na samole¨ t (hem bilet na samole¨ t). 4 Samoe glavnoe – skorost;. Skorostnye poezda gorazdo (namnogo) bystree teper;, i vremq v puti korohe. 5 |kologiheski 'eleznodoro'nyj transport vse¨ e]e¨ hi]e drugix vidov transporta (hem drugie vidy transporta). 6 Hem bystree poezda, tem luhwe budet dlq vsex passa'irov (putewestvennikov). 7 Ezdit; (putewestvovat;) na bolee bystrom i bolee udobnom poezde – udovol;stvie.

Unit 3 Exercise 5 1 xodit; 2 idut 3 edet / poexala 4 ezdila 5 edew; 6 we¨ l.

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Exercise 6 Vxod v metro; perexod herez ulicu; v xode peregovorov; doro'nye rasxody; pewexodnaq zona; vxodnoj bilet; tur na teploxode; v vyxodnye dni.

Exercise 7 1 prixodqt v MGU 2 vyjti iz doma 3 pojde¨ m na koncert 4 zajti v biblioteku 5 ujti ot Vas 6 zaxodit; za mnoj, q pojdu odna 7 zawe¨ l k drugu, on u'e uwe¨ l 8 podowe¨ l k kasse 9 dowli do lesa 10 prowli mimo 11 perexodit; herez reku 12 obowe¨ l vokrug doma 13 prine¨ s mne slovar;.

Exercise 8 a Vybe'al iz komnaty, pribe'al na ostanovku, probegal, dobe'al do universiteta, zabe'al v biblioteku, u'e ube'al, pribe'al ko mne, perebegat; dorogu, vbe'al v zal. b Vyletaet iz Londona i priletaet v Moskvu, doletel do a\roporta, obletel vokrug sveta, u'e uletel, pereletet; herez Atlantiheskij okean.

Exercise 9 Otplyl s rehnogo vokzala, priplyli v Tver;, doplyl do berega, pereplyl Gol;fstrim, proplyl neskol;ko kilometrov, podplyla k beregu, uplyl daleko v more.

Exercise 10 1 vyjti iz \togo krizisa 2 poxodit na svoego otca 3 vve¨ l novyj zakon 4 nanesla Rossii 5 bystro proletelo 6 nado ix zavesti 7 sowla s uma ot gorq 8 ohen; podxodit 9 naxoditsq na beregu 10 pereve¨ l vsego Dikkensa.

Exercise 11 1 q to'e govor[ 2 a tak'e park 3 to'e soglasilis; 4 to'e ne prixodil 5 a tak'e ohen; strannyj.

Exercise 13 1 V prowlom godu q (poexala) ezdila v kruiz vokrug sveta (v krugosvetnoe putewestvie) i posetila mnogo interesnyx stran (mnogie interesnye strany). 2 Nawa ka[ta naxodilas; (razme]alas;) na verxnej palube, vid byl potrqsa[]ij. 3 Vy dol'ny prijti (pribyt;) na rehnoj vokzal za has do otplytiq teploxoda. 4 Po-moemu, luhwe vsego putewestvovat; po Zolotomu kol;cu na avtobuse ili na teploxode. Vy ne uvidite mnogo, esli vy poedete

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na poezde. 5 Vse¨ v Rossii interesuet menq, no osobenno drevnie istoriheskie goroda, kak Novgorod i Pskov. 6 Kak tol;ko teploxod nahal otplyvat;, my vse vywli na palubu.

Unit 4 Exercise 2 1 Ne kasaetsq li problema \migrantov Rossii? 2 Ne dumaete li Vy, hto on prav? 3 Ne uez'a[t li l[di po \konomiheskim motivam? 4 Ne edet li ona s Vami? 5 Su]estvuet li problema trudoustrojstva be'encev? 6 Rasskazal li on Vam o svoej poezdke v Rossi[? 7 Vse li studenty edut v Rossi[?

Exercise 5 1 nahali 2 otkrylas; 3 opravdalsq 4 konhaetsq 5 uluhwil 6 uvelihivaetsq 7 ukrepilas; 8 sokratilo 9 povysilsq 10 prodol'aetsq 11 sobira[tsq 12 konhil.

Exercise 7 1 Segodnq pervoe maq, sed;moe noqbrq, dvadcat; pqtoe dekabrq, dvadcat; tret;e fevralq, tridcatoe oktqbrq, hetve¨ rtoe avgusta. 2 proizowla v tysqha devqt;sot semnadcatom godu, nahalas; v tysqha devqt;sot vosem;desqt pqtom godu, raspalsq v tysqha devqtsot devqnosto pervom godu, v dvuxtysqhnom godu prazdnovali, sluhitsq v dve tysqhi desqtom godu, umer v tysqha devqt;sot pqt;desqt tret;em godu. 3 Velikaq otehestvennaq vojna nahalas; dvadcat; vtorogo i[nq tysqha devqt;sot sorok pervogo goda, Devqtnadcatogo avgusta tysqha devqt;sot devqnosto pervogo goda v Rossii proizowe¨ l puth. Puwkin rodilsq pervogo i[nq tysqha sem;sot devqnosto devqtogo goda. Pervyj sputnik byl zapu]en dvenadcatogo aprelq tysqha devqt;sot west;desqt pervogo goda.

Exercise 9 1 v sredu 2 v noqbre 3 v ploxu[ pogodu 4 v nahale vojny 5 v devqtnadcatom veke 6 v poslednij god vojny 7 v prowlom godu 8 v pervu[ nedel[ marta 9 v den; 10 v srednie veka 11 v dvadcatyx godax.

Exercise 10 1 na vostok 2 na dvoix 3 v pervyj den; poezdki 4 na drugoj den; 5 na ulicu 6 na 10 dnej 7 na vokzale 8 v q]ik 9 na ostrove Mal;ta.

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Exercise 11 1 igra[t v volejbol 2 uhastvu[t v sorevnovanii 3 postuhal v dver; 4 somneva[s; v ee¨ iskrennosti 5 postupil v universitet 6 ne ver[ v kommunizm 7 nu'daemsq v den;gax 8 obvinili v korrupcii 9 smotrit v zerkalo 10 vstupil v parti[.

Exercise 12 1 Sovetskij So[z perestal su]estvovat; dvadcat; pqtogo dekabrq tysqha devqt;sot devqnosto pervogo goda. 2 Tysqhi be'encev iz byvwix respublik SSSR prodol'a[t perexodit; (herez) rossijskie granicy. Mnogie begut ot nacional;nyx konfliktov. 3 V devqnostyx godax (v devqnostye gody) nelegal;naq immigraciq v Rossi[, osobenno iz Kitaq, uvelihilas; pohti v dva raza (vdvoe). 4 |migraciq nanosit ogromnyj u]erb rossijskoj \konomike, tak kak iz strany uez'a[t, v osnovnom, vysokokvalificirovannye specialisty. 5 Skol;ko migrantov priexalo v Rossi[ posle raspada SSSR? 6 Ne luhwe li zakryt; vse rossijskie granicy?

Unit 5 Exercise 5 1 kotorye 2 kotorogo 3 kotoryx 4 kotorye 5 na kotoryx 6 v kotoryx 7 s kotorymi 8 o kotorom 9 kotoromu.

Exercise 6 1 s samoj novoj sportivnoj texnikoj 2 v samom zamehatel;nom bassejne 3 samyx sportivnyx l[dej 4 samyj luhwij sposob snqt; stress 5 samyj bol;woj kajf.

Exercise 7 Odno iz starejwix zdanij; odna iz novejwix texnologij; odno iz glubohajwix oze¨ r; odin iz prostejwix voprosov; odna iz wirohajwix rek; odno iz krasivejwix ime¨ n; odna iz va'nejwix zadah; odin iz histejwix vidov transporta; odin iz ser;e¨ znejwix sluhaev; odna iz slo'nejwix problem; odna iz opasnejwix boleznej; odin iz velihajwix pisatelej.

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Exercise 9 1 s [ga 2 s velosipedov 3 iz dereva 4 s ulicy 5 ot direktora 6 odna iz vas 7 s desqtogo po dvadcatoe 8 iz Francii 9 s kakoj storony 10 s vokzala.

Exercise 10 1 ne verqt gorodskim vlastqm 2 rejs ne podxodit nam 3 ohen; ide¨ t moemu otcu 4 sovetuet bol;nomu 5 ne razrewaet svoim detqm 6 doverqt; takomu heloveku 7 raduetsq vozmo'nosti 8 udivlq[s; tvoemu vyboru 9 pomogaet materi 10 sohuvstvu[ be'encam 11 Rossii ne grozit 12 q zavidu[ sovremennoj molode¨ 'i: budu]ee prinadle'it im 13 vsegda sleduem sovetam instruktora.

Exercise 11 1 Moj vrah posovetoval mne zanqt;sq sportom i vstupit; v sportivnyj klub. On govorit, hto \to pomo'et mne snqt; stress. 2 Vy mo'ete porekomendovat; mne sportivnye klassy, kotorye podxodqt mne (dlq menq). 3 Kogda vy molody, vy gotovy idti na risk (riskovat; vsem). Vy ne dumaete ob opasnosti. 4 On stal kaskade¨ rom, kogda emu bylo 20 let, i da'e v vozraste 40 let on vse¨ e]e¨ vypolnqet opasnejwie tr[ki. 5 Vokrug Moskvy net vysokix gor, s kotoryx mo'no prygat; s paraw[tom. 6 U gorodskix vlastej mnogo problem s moskovskimi bajkerami, kotorye portqt grunt v gorodskix parkax.

Unit 6 Exercise 5 1 qvlqetsq rezul;tatom (predstavlqet rezul;tat) 2 qvlqetsq unikal;nym qvleniem (predstavlqet unikal;noe qvlenie) 3 qvlqetsq zadahej festivalq (predstavlqet zadahu festivalq) 4 qvlqetsq otlihitel;noj osobennost;[ (predstavlqet otlihitel;nu[ osobennost;) 5 qvlqetsq cel;[ festivalq (predstavlqet cel; festivalq) 6 qvlqetsq blagom dlq Rossii (predstavlqet blago dlq Rossii) 7 qvlqetsq stilem 'izni (predstavlqet stil; 'izni).

Exercise 6 Pol;zu[tsq uspexom, prodol'at; rukovodit; Malym teatrom, proslavilsq postanovkoj, stala potrqseniem, shitaetsq odnoj iz samyx sil;nyx v Rossii, 'ertvovat; svoej xudo'estvennost;[, riskovat; vsem, ostaetsq odnim iz samyx uspewnyx teatrov.

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Exercise 7 Oceniva[]ij, ponima[]ij, igra[]ij, proisxodq]ij, naxodq]ijsq, vedu]ij, blestq]ij, uhastvu[]ij, sozda[]ij, pol;zu[]ijsq, prevra]a[]ijsq, isheza[]ij, voznika[]ij, stanovq]ijsq, upravlq[]ij,

Exercise 8 1 kinofestival;, proxodq]ij v Moskve 2 mnogo fil;mov, pol;zu[]ixsq uspexom 3 sredi akte¨ rov, snima[]ixsq v fil;me 4 v truppe Dodina, sostoq]e j iz ego uhenikov 5 predpohita[]ix xudo'estvennyj uspex 6 teatry, razme]a[]iesq v malen;kix zalax 7 malo l[dej, pomnq]ix staru[ Moskvu.

Exercise 9 Ponqvwij, ocenivwij, sozdavwij, vy'ivwij, sygravwij, provedwij, nawedwij, proiswedwij, stavwij, blestevwij, postavivwij, prevrativwijsq, vospol;zovavwijsq, ishezwij, voznikwij, ostanovivwijsq.

Exercise 10 1 s kritikami, ocenivwimi fil;m 2 o fil;me, poluhivwem pervyj priz 3 u aktrisy, igravwej rol; Anny Kareninoj 4 fil;m, wedwij po televizoru 5 teatral;naq olimpiada, prowedwaq v Moskve; 6 festival;, nahavwijsq v i[le 7 arxitekturnyj stil;, ishezwij teper; 8 o prem;ere p;esy Hexova, sostoqvwejsq na prowloj nedele.

Exercise 12 1 o syne 2 pro tebq 3 ob igruwku 4 o stol 5 pro l[bov;.

Exercise 13 1 Pobeditelem Moskovskogo me'dunarodnogo kinofestivalq byl amerikanskij fil;m . 2 Malyj teatr v Sankt-Peterburge qvlqetsq odnim iz samyx interesnyx teatrov v Rossii, stavwim znamenitym (on stal znamenitym) blagodarq xudo'estvennomu masterstvu re'isse¨ ra L;va Dodina. 3 Bol;winstvo hlenov '[ri, oceniva[]ix fil;my, byli professional;nye akte¨ ry (professional;nymi akte¨ rami). 4 Vse gazety pisali o fil;me, poluhivwem vyswij priz na kinofestivale. 5 Akte¨ ry, igravwie (igra[]ie) glavnye roli, qvno, prinadle'ali k wkole Stanislavskogo. 6 V Rossii mnogo l[dej, cenq]ix teatral;noe iskusstvo (iskusstvo teatra). 7 Rossijskie teatry stanovqtsq vse¨ bolee kommerheskimi: stavqtsq (oni stavqt) tol;ko p;esy, garantiru[]ie polnyj zal. 8 Mnogie fil;my, uhastvu[]ie v konkurse, okazalis; inostrannymi. Sredi nix byl tol;ko odin rossijskij fil;m.

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Unit 7 Exercise 2 1 hto-to hitala 2 pisal komu-nibud; 3 kakaq-to devuwka 4 pohitat; hto-nibud; 5 kakoj-to qzyk 6 nauhit; ego hemu-nibud; 7 kakie-nibud; gazety 8 kak-nibud; my rewim 9 gde-to na Severe 10 s kem-to po telefonu 11 pojde¨ m kuda-nibud; 12 kto-to sprawivaet.

Exercise 6 1 drug drugu 2 drug o druge 3 drug s drugom 4 daleko drug ot druga 5 pomo]; drug ot druga 6 drug drugom 7 drug druga.

Exercise 7 1 govoril o tom, hto 2 vidit to, hego 3 ver[ v to, hto 4 zakonhil rasskaz tem, hto 5 gordilas; tem, hto 6 ne vinovat v tom, hto 7 beda v tom, hto 8 somneva[tsq v tom, hto.

Exercise 8 A 1 obratilsq k toj, kto 2 'al; togo, komu 3 poznakomila s tem, kto 4 tot, kto govorit 5 otdat; knigu tomu, komu. B 1 my s temi, kto 2 kanal dlq tex, komu 3 zavisit ot tex, kto 4 bol;winstvo tex, kto 5 priglawenie tem, kto 6 sredi tex, kto smotrit 7 te, kogo interesuet.

Exercise 10 1 posle koncerta 2 posle togo kak ona okonhila kurs 3 posle togo kak my poluhili novosti 4 posle obeda.

Exercise 11 A 1 Iz-za tq'e¨ logo \konomiheskogo polo'eniq 2 blagodarq professional;nomu masterstvu vedu]ix 3 iz-za nedostatka deneg 4 blagodarq xorowemu nastroeni[, 5 iz-za cenzury 6 iz-za ploxoj pogody. B 1 Iz-za togo, hto v strane tq'e¨ loe \konomiheskoe polo'enie 2 blagodarq tomu, hto u vedu]ix professional;noe masterstvo 3 iz-za togo, hto v strane nedostatok deneg 4 blagodarq tomu, hto u nego bylo xorowee nastroenie 5 iz-za togo, hto na televidenii teper; cenzura 6 iz-za togo, hto byla ploxaq pogoda.

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Exercise 13 1 Q ne duma[, hto pressa mo'et byt; polnost;[ nezavisimoj: politika gazety zavisit ot togo, kto vladelec gazety (zavisit ot vladel;ca gazety). 2 Bol;winstvo l[dej interesu[tsq novostqmi i smotrqt televizor, htoby uznat; o politiheskoj i \konomiheskoj 'izni strany. 3 Mnogie l[di somneva[tsq v tom, hto oni poluha[t tohnu[ informaci[ iz gazet. 4 Moq mat; vsegda govorit, hto televizor ploxo vliqet na ee¨ nastroenie. 5 Na rossijskom televidenii mnogo programm, no moq l[bimaq programma , satira na rossijskix politikov. 6 Nekotorye rossiqne govorqt, hto oni smotrqt myl;nye opery, htoby zabyt; o real;noj 'izni v Rossii. 7 Blagodarq professional;nomu masterstvu vedu]ix kanal stal ohen; populqrnym sredi tex, kogo interesuet iskusstvo (kto interesuetsq iskusstvom). 8 Britanskoe i rossijskoe televidenie otliha[tsq drug ot druga v tom, kak oni predstavlq[t novosti.

Unit 8 Exercise 4 1 dlq rossijskogo rynka truda 2 novyj trudovoj kod 3 nado mnogo trudit;sq 4 vse trudq]iesq 5 reputaciq nastoq]ego tru'enika 6 sredi sotrudnikov 7 dogovor o sotrudnihestve 8 s bol;wim trudom 9 mnogo agenstv po trudoustrojstvu 10 pomoga[t trudoustroit;sq.

Exercise 8 Osnovannyj, pokazannyj, oplahennyj, kuplennyj, ocene¨ nnyj, postavlennyj, ispol;zovannyj, predlo'ennyj, osu]estvle¨ nnyj, perevede¨ nnyj, priglawe¨ nnyj, podpisannyj, prigotovlennyj, razvityj, prinqtyj, priobrete¨ nnyj, najdennyj, vvede¨ nnyj, zaregistrirovannyj, razrewe¨ nnyj, otkrytyj, udovletvore¨ nnyj.

Exercise 9 1 firma zanqta 2 bylo otdano 3 byla priglawena 4 budet projden; budet predlo'ena 5 budet podpisan 6 najdeno mesto 7 byli kupleny vse gazety 8 bylo reweno 9 bylo otmeheno 10 byli priobreteny 11 budut pokazany.

Exercise 10 1 Universitetom ej (byla) predlo'ena xorowaq rabota. 2 Problema (byla) rewena im s bol;wim trudom. 3 Nakonec, direktorom (byl) podpisan kontrakt. 4 Nami (byli) osvoeny mnogie komp;[ternye programmy. 5 E[ (byl) perevede¨ n

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roman Tolstogo. 6 Special;nyj sajt (byl) otkryt firmoj. 7 Ona (byla) rekomendovana sotrudnikami, kak otlihnyj specialist. 8 Predpriqtiem (bylo) opublikovano ob#qvlenie v gazete. 9 Rez[me (bylo) prislano e[ po faksu. 10 Fil;m (byl) ocene¨ n kritikami kak slabyj. 11 Pravitel;stvom (byl) vvede¨ n novyj zakon ob immigracii. 12 Samye presti'nye prizy (byli) zavoe¨ vany kitajskimi sportsmenami.

Exercise 11 1 za god 2 za gorodom 3 za knigoj 4 za rabotoj 5 za granicu 6 za poslednee vremq 7 god za godom 8 za pomo];.

Exercise 12 1 Ustrojstvo <po blatu> – vse¨ e]e¨ samyj vernyj sposob ustroit;sq na rabotu v Rossii. 2 K so'aleni[, usloviq v Vawej firme ne podxodqt mne (ne ustraiva[t menq). 3 Ej vsegda nravilos; rabotat; s l[d;mi. 4 Vy mo'ete pristupit; k rabote herez nedel[? 5 S bol;wim trudom ona nawla rabotu perevodhika v malen;koj firme. 6 Vy dol'ny byt; ob]itel;nym i nastojhivym, esli Vy xotite byt; mened'erom po proda'am. 7 Ee¨ luhwee kahestvo – umenie rabotat; v komande. 8 Moq osnovnaq obqzannost; na novoj rabote – perevod s anglijskogo na russkij qzyk.

Unit 9 Exercise 3 1 pqt;desqt tri procenta, a mu'hiny sorok sem; procentov 2 v tysqha devqtsot devqnosto vtorom godu otmehalos; na soroka hetyre¨ x territoriqx Rossii a v devqnosto tret;em godu u'e v westidesqti vos;mi iz semidesqti devqti rossijskix regionov 3 v period s tysqha vosem;sot devqnosto sed;mogo goda po tysqha devqt;sot dvadcat; hetve¨ rtyj god 4 bolee dvadcati dvux millionov helovek 5 sem;q s tremq-pqt;[ det;mi sokratilas 6 by do sta soroka millionov helovek u'e k dvuxtysqhnomu godu 7 snizitsq k dve tysqhi desqtomu godu do sta tridcati tre¨ x millionov helovek 8 skorost; do dvuxsot kilometrov v has 9 ot sta devqnosta devqti dollarov 10 ot dvux do pqti.

Exercise 4 1 hetvero detej 2 dvoe sutok 3 troe devuwek 4 pqtero soldat 5 semero sportsmenov 6 westero studentov.

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Exercise 5 1 poexali v Rossi[ vdvoe¨ m 2 priexalo vdvoe bol;we be'encev 3 dvoe sportsmenov 4 troe druzej 5 vse¨ dela[t vtroe¨ m 6 zarplata vtroe bol;we, hem ego.

Exercise 6 1 po mneni[ neskol;kix demografov 2 vo mnogix razvityx stranax 3 v tehenie neskol;kix dnej 4 neskol;kim se´m;qm 5 u mnogix be'encev 6 s neskol;kimi novymi russkimi 7 so skol;kimi studentami 8 izvestno mnogim 9 u nemnogix studentov.

Exercise 7 1 140 millionov helovek 2 mnogo l[dej 3 skol;ko helovek uhitsq 4 12 helovek 5 u nekotoryx l[dej 6 u neskol;kix helovek 7 neskol;ko helovek.

Exercise 8 Sem;desqt vosem; i vosem; desqtyx, sem;desqt west; i devqt; desqtyx, sem;desqt west; i pqt; desqtyx, sem;desqt west; i hetyre desqtyx, sem;desqt west; i hetyre desqtyx, sem;desqt pqt; i dve desqtyx, sem;desqt pqt; i odna desqtaq, west;desqt devqt;, west;desqt pqt; i odna desqtaq, west;desqt pqt;.

Exercise 11 1 nu'no (bylo, budet) vremq 2 nu'en (byl, budet) slovar; 3 nu'na (byla, budet) viza 4 nu'ny (byli, budut) 'urnaly 5 nu'no (bylo, budet) novoe oborudovanie 6 nu'en (byl, budet) uhebnik russkogo qzyka 7 nu'ny (byli, budut) akte¨ ry 8 ne nu'na (byla, budet) gazeta 9 nu'na (byla, budet) demografiheskaq politika.

Exercise 13 1 on 'enilsq 2 ona vywla zamu' 3 oni rewili po'enit;sq 4 'enatye mu'hiny 5 u zamu'nix 'en]in 6 braki s inostrancami.

Exercise 14 1 Demografiheskq situaciq v Rossii ohen; ser;e¨ znaq: ro'daemost; umen;waetsq i prodol'itel;nost; 'izni padaet. 2 Vo mnogix evropejskix stranax hislo 'en]in vywe, hem mu'hin. |to mo'no ob#qsnit; tem, hto prodol'itel;nost; 'izni sredi 'en]in na neskol;ko let vywe, hem sredi

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mu'hin. 3 Soglasno perepisi, provede¨ nnoj v 2001 godu, naselenie Velikobritanii sostavlqlo 70 mln. helovek. 4 Po mneni[ demografov, vysokaq ro'daemost; xarakterna dlq razviva[]ixsq stran. V razvityx stranax – protivopolo'naq situaciq. 5 Htoby ostanovit; sokra]enie naseleniq, Rossii nu'na demografiheskaq politika (Rossiq nu'daetsq v demografiheskoj politike). 6 Kurenie i zloupotreblenie alkogolem – glavnye prihiny nizkoj prodol'itel;nosti 'izni sredi mu'hin v Rossii (glavnye prihiny togo, pohemu v Rossii takaq nizkaq prodol'itel;nost; 'izni sredi mu'hin). 7 My vse dol'ny vesti zdorovyj obraz 'izni. Pre'de vsego, my dol'ny brosit; kurit; i pit;. 8 Q ne ver[, hto 'enatye mu'hiny 'ivut dol;we, hem razvede¨ nnye.

Unit 10 Exercise 2 1 BGAV, V 2 obleghit;.

Exercise 3 Poluhaemyj, privlekaemyj, sozdavaemyj, l[bimyj, uva'aemyj, vnosimyj, osu]estvlqemyj, oplahivaemyj, vvozimyj, predlagaemyj, provodimyj, izuhaemyj, finansiruemyj, ispol;zuemyj.

Exercise 4 1 nazyvaemyj perestrojkoj 2 vozglavlqemu[ izvestnym lingvistom 3 l[bimyj l[d;mi 4 ispol;zuemaq v \tom universitete 5 vvozimye v Rossi[ 6 finansiruemyx gosudarstvom 7 vnosimye roditelqmi 8 poluhaemoj studentami 9 sdavaemyx studentami.

Exercise 5 1 peredavalis; interesnye novosti 2 russkij qzyk prepodae¨ tsq 3 vydae¨ tsq stipendiq 4 gotovitsq novaq reforma 5 vyswee obrazovanie oplahivaetsq roditelqmi 6 luhwie studenty prinima[tsq v institut 7 m\rom priglawa[tsq inostrannye specialisty.

Exercise 6 1 izmenilas; 2 okonhil 3 uvelihilas; 4 budet uluhwat;sq 5 prodol'aet 6 nahina[tsq 7 sokra]aet 8 umen;waetsq 9 konhilis; 10 budet provodit;sq.

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Exercise 10 1 uhatsq besplatno 2 otuhilsq ot butylki 3 plata za obuhenie 4 zarplaty uhitelej 5 uhit;sq v presti'nom vuze 6 nauhila menq 7 luhwix vyswix uhebnyx zavedenij 8 sovremennogo uhebnogo plana 9 uhit; anglijskij qzyk 10 uhil detej russkomu qzyku.

Exercise 11 1 po moim hasam 2 vniz po reke 3 po poqs v vode 4 po podarku 5 po poluhenii pasporta 6 po tret;e fevralq.

Exercise 13 1 Vvedenie edinogo gosudarstvennogo \kzamena bespokoit mnogix rossiqn. Po ix mneni[, uroven; obrazovaniq, neizbe'no, snizitsq (upade¨ t). 2 Tol;ko te studenty, kotorye nabrali (tol;ko studenty, nabravwie) naivyswie bally poluha[t stipendi[ i takim obrazom, besplatnoe obrazovanie. 3 U roditelej v Rossii teper; est; vybor, v kakie wkoly otpravlqt; svoix detej, kakimi uhebnikami pol;zovat;sq, kakoj uhebnoj programme sledovat;. 4 Ne vse hastnye wkoly luhwe, hem gosudarstvennye (luhwe gosudarstvennyx). No u nix est; odno preimu]estvo: hislo detej v ka'dom klasse namnogo (gorazdo) men;we. 5 Samoe bol;woe izmenenie v sisteme obrazovaniq Rossii v devqnostyx godax (v devqnostye gody) bylo poqvlenie i rost platnyx hastnyx uhebnyx zavedenij. 6 In'enernoe obrazovanie stanovitsq snova populqrnym. Konkurs v nekotoryx texniheskix universitetax ohen; vysokij: do dvadcati studentov na mesto. 7 Po-moemu, obrazovanie dol'no byt; besplatnym i dostupnym vsem. Q protiv hastnyx universitetov i hastnyx wkol.

Unit 11 Exercise 5 1 Esli leto budet 'arkoe, (to) my budem 'it; na dahe. 2 Esli q sdam matematiku, q postupl[ v texniheskij universitet. 3 Esli rossijskie dorogi uluhwatsq, (to) v Rossi[ budet ezdit; mnogo turistov. 4 Esli u nego budet xorowaq zarplata, (to) on kupit kvartiru v centre. 5 Esli u menq budet she¨ t v banke, (to) q vlo'u kapital v cennye bumagi. 6 Esli ona brosit kurit;, (to) ee¨ zdorov;e stanet (budet) luhwe. 7 Esli rossijskie gazety budut nezavisimymi, (to) oni opubliku[t vs[ informaci[. 8 Esli na festivale budut pokazany rossijskie fil;my, (to) zriteli uzna[t, kak razvivaetsq kino v Rossii. 9 Esli u menq budet vremq, (to) q poedu v kruiz po Volge.

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Exercise 6 1 Esli by \konomika zarabotala, (to) srednij klass obqzatel;no by uvelihilsq. 2 Esli by on okonhil universitet, (to) u nego byla by xorowaq rabota. 3 Esli by ne bylo defolta v \tom godu, (to) rossijskij rubl; stal by sil;nym. 4 Esli by ne byla provedena reforma obrazovaniq, (to) uroven; obrazovaniq upal by. 5 Esli by byla vvedena plata za obrazovanie, (to) postradali by mnogie l[di. 6 Esli by gosudarstvo xotelo povysit; uroven; obrazovaniq, (to) ono soxranilo by hastnye wkoly. 7 Esli by \tot vuz byl presti'nym, to v ne¨ m byl by bol;woj konkurs. 8 Esli by u studenta bylo stremlenie uhit;sq, (to) on zakonhil by universitet s otlihiem.

Exercise 8 1 htoby moj mu' kupil mawinu 2 htoby ego doh; postupila v universitet 3 htoby ee¨ roditeli priobreli pute¨ vku 4 htoby vse uhitelq prinadle'ali k srednemu klassu 5 htoby naw sosed kupil dahu 6 htoby rabohie vkladyvali den;gi v cennye bumagi 7 htoby vse deti poluhili xorowee obrazovanie.

Exercise 9 1 Q somneva[s;, htoby \to byla pravda. 2 Q ne ver[, htoby on priwe¨ l. 3 Q ne duma[, htoby ona sdala \kzamen. 4 Q sovetu[, htoby Vy podumali ob \tom. 5 On prosil, htoby q pogovoril(a) s nej. 6 On prikazal, htoby q poexal(a) v London.

Exercise 10 1 htoby uhitel; byl obrazovannyj helovek 2 htoby u detej byli ravnye vozmo'nosti 3 htoby studentam nravilos; uhit;sq 4 htoby blagosostoqnie l[dej povysilos; 5 htoby vse l[di imeli rabotu 6 htoby u l[dej byli sbere'eniq 7 htoby vse bogatye platili nalogi 8 htoby v Rossii ne bylo xorowix dorog 9 htoby on opozdal na poezd 10 htoby ona napisala roman 11 htoby ona brosila kurit; 12 htoby u nego byla 'ena 13 htoby u nee¨ ne bylo mu'a.

Exercise 11 1 hto by ty ni govoril 2 gde by oni ni rabotali 3 kogda by ona ni dumala o ne¨ m 4 kuda by moj mu' ni ezdil 5 kak by trudno \to ni bylo 6 kogda by q ni videl ee¨ .

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Exercise 13 1 Sociologi vse¨ e]e¨ sporqt o tom, su]estvuet li srednij klass v Rossii. 2 Su]estvuet bol;waq raznica me'du rossijskim i britanskim srednim klassom. 3 Esli \konomiheskaq situaciq v Rossii uxudwitsq (stanet xu'e), (to) mnogie l[di poterq[t rabotu. 4 Esli by tol;ko l[di znali, kak opasno xodit; noh;[. 5 Esli by tol;ko u menq byli den;gi,(to) q by putewestvovala po vsemu miru (vokrug sveta). 6 Bol;winstvo tak nazyvaemyx novyx russkix razbogateli blagodarq svoim svqzqm s sovetskim pravitel;stvom. 7 Q xohu, htoby moj syn uhilsq v Moskovskom universitete; q xohu, htoby on izuhal anglijskij qzyk. 8 On poprosil menq kupit; russku[ gazetu dlq nego (poprosil, htoby q kupila russku[ gazetu dlq nego). 9 Rossijskaq sem;q shitaet sebq bednoj, esli ona ne mo'et pozvolit; sebe pokupat; frukty i sladosti dlq detej.

Unit 12 Exercise 5 1 nel;zq govorit; 2 mo'no sozdavat; 3 mo'no vvodit; 4 mo'no pol;zovat;sq 5 nel;zq kurit; 6 mo'no zakazat; 7 nel;zq ezdit; bez bileta.

Exercise 6 1 Mne prixoditsq exat; v Rossi[. 2 Emu priwlos; kupit; bilet na samole¨ t. 3 Materi pride¨ tsq idti pewkom. 4 Tebe ne sleduet vozvra]at;sq pozdno. 5 Vy obqzany sdat; \kzamen. 6 Professoru prixoditsq otkryt; hastnu[ kliniku. 7 Emu ne sledovalo soglawat;sq so mnoj. 8 Vrah obqzan okazat; pervu[ pomo];. 9 Vam ne sleduet prixodit; s[da. 10 Tebe ne sledovalo vstrehat; ego.

Exercise 7 1 mne udalos; kupit; 2 professoru Bronwtejnu udastsq vy'it; 3 nam udae¨ tsq dobe'at; 4 emu udae¨ tsq sxodit; v magazin 5 vam udalos; pozavtrakat; 6 ej nikogda ne udavalos; pisat; bez owibok.

Exercise 8 1 Iz-za 'ary mne bylo len; rabotat;. 2 U'e west; hasov: pora idti. 3 Nam ostalos; tol;ko otkazat;sq ot \togo plana. 4 Turistam bylo 'al; bednyx krest;qn. 5 Emu ne xvataet opyta dlq takoj raboty. 6 Vo vtornik mne ispolnitsq 21 god. 7 Mne ohen; xohetsq uvidet; \tot fil;m. 8 Emu nadoelo rabotat; tam i de´lat; sku´hnu[ rabo´tu.

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Exercise 10 1 Mne nekuda xodit;. 2 Emu negde 'it;. 3 Ej nehego delat;. 4 Materi nekogda smotret; televizor. 5 Mne ne o hem govorit; s toboj. 6 Emu da'e ne s kem pojti v pivnu[. 7 Mne nekogo priglasit; v kino. 8 Rebe¨ nku nehem est; sup. 9 Mne ne na kogo nadeqt;sq. 10 Ej ne k komu zajti po doroge domo´j.

Exercise 11 1 vo vtornik 2 v sredu 3 s togo vremeni 4 vo mnogom 5 ko mne 6 k stadionu.

Exercise 12 1 V nastoq]ee vremq sistema zdravooxraneniq v Rossii pere'ivaet (ispytyvaet) bol;wie trudnosti: ne xvataet vrahej i medseste¨ r, i usloviq v bol;nicax u'asnye. 2 Stoimost; leheniq v hastnyx klinikax ohen; vysokaq, no q ne duma[, hto my mo'em obojtis; bez hastnoj mediciny v nynewnej situacii. 3 Pomo]; gosudarstva nu'na (neobxodima) vsem bol;nicam, kak gosudarstvennym, tak i hastnym. 4 Q shita[, hto medicinskoe obslu'ivanie dol'no ostavat;sq dostupnym dlq vsex l[dej. No q soglasen (soglasna), hto u l[dej dol'en byt; vybor. 5 Mne tak 'al; staryx pensionerov v Rossii: oni mnogo rabotali vs[ svo[ 'izn;, a teper; ne v sostoqnii priobresti da'e lekarstva. 6 Q duma[, hto professoru Bronwtejnu udalos; sozdat; svo[ znamenitu[ kliniku blagodarq ogromnoj \nergii i praktiheskomu opytu. 7 Mne vse¨ nadoelo: mne nehego delat;, nekuda idti, ne s kem govorit;. 8 Q nade[s;, hto rossijskomu pravitel;stvu udastsq vyjti iz nastoq]ego krizisa.

Unit 13 Exercise 5 Vspominaq, rasshityvaq, sozdavaq, huvstvuq, blagodarq, idq, prixodq, nesq, vozvra]aqs;, putewestvuq, okazyvaqs;, l[buqs;, stanovqs;, golosuq, nabiraq, buduhi, naxodqs;.

Exercise 6 1 naxodqs; v Rossii 2 'ivq vs[ 'izn; v Amerike 3 sozdavaq novu[ parti[ 4 razgovarivaq so studentami 5 vozvra]aqs; iz Moskvy 6 sluwaq muzyku 7 uhas; i rabotaq za granicej 8 nenavidq vojnu 9 l[bq sladkoe.

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Exercise 7 Sozdav, nabrav, progolosovav, stav, skazav, pojdq, prinesq, uexav, okazavwis;, vernuvwis;, vvezq, s#ev, najdq, 'enivwis;, nazvav.

Exercise 8 1 priexav v Moskvu 2 vernuvwis; iz poezdki 3 rodivwis; v Rossii 4 poznakomivwis; s nej 5 vyjdq zamu' 6 prohitav tekst 7 sdav \kzamen 8 otkazavwis; uhastvovat; 9 pohuvstvovav sebq ploxo.

Exercise 9 1 podvergaqs; raznym ocenkam 2 okazavwis; na vtorom meste 3 podojdq za mesqc do golosovaniq 4 pridq na vybory 5 ne imeq opredele¨ nnoj programmy 6 nihego ne delaq 7 prohitav pis;mo 8 ob#edinivwis; 9 frakcii pobedili 10 oder'av pobedu 11 nadeqs; sozdat; sil;nu[ parti[ 12 plyvq na teploxode 13 buduhi russkim po ro'deni[ 14 hitaq knigi o l[bvi.

Exercise 11 1 Q nigde ne byl(a) vhera. 2 Q nikuda ne xodil(a) veherom. 3 Q ni za kogo ne golosoval(a) na vyborax. 4 Q nihego ne delal(a) utrom. 5 U <Edinstva> net nikakoj programmy. 6 U menq net ni brata, ni sestry. 7 Q nikogda, nihem i nikem ne uvlekalsq (uvlekalas;). 8 Q ni o he¨ m ne duma[. 9 Q ne prinadle'u ni k kakoj partii. 10 Q ni s kem ne xodil(a) v kino. 11 Ona nihemu ne udivlqetsq. 12 On ni na kom ne 'enilsq.

Exercise 12 1 Nel;zq imet; demokratiheskoe ob]estvo pri odnopartijnoj sisteme. K shast;[ \ta sistema prinadle'it prowlomu. 2 Novoe dvi'enie <Edinstvo> xotelo by byt; pravq]ej partiej v Rossii, no navrqd li emu udastsq dostignut; (dostih;) \toj celi bez so[znikov. 3 Zavoevav hetvert; golosov na vyborax v Dumu, Kommunistiheskaq partiq nahala razrabatyvat; novu[ programmu dejstvij. 4 Nesmotrq na to, hto <Edinstvo>. pol;zovalos; ogromnym uspexom vo vremq vyborov, Kommunistiheskaq partiq vse¨ -taki zanqla pervoe mesto. 5 K so'aleni[, u <Edinstva> net nikakoj \konomiheskoj programmy. 6 Uspex <Edinstva> ob#qsnqetsq podder'koj prezidenta Putina (tem, hto prezident Putin podder'al dvi'enie / okazal podder'ku dvi'eni[). On v (na) samom dele sovetoval \lektoratu golosovat; za nix. 7 Buduhi edinstvennoj partiej so svoim \lektoratom, Kommunistiheskaq partiq nadeetsq raswirit; svoe¨ vliqnie. 8 Sredstva massovoj informacii igrali rewa[]u[ rol; na (v) poslednix vyborax. Televideni[ udalos; sozdat;

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mif populqrnosti dvi'eniq <Edinstvo>, i mnogie poverili v \to (\tomu). 9 Sudq po metodam, ispol;zovannym vo vremq izbiratel;noj (predvybornoj) kompanii, Rossii e]e¨ daleko ot demokratii.

Unit 14 Exercise 5 Pokupatel; televizorov, prodavec komp;[terov, perevodhik s inostrannogo qzyka, rukovoditel; zavoda, pol;zovatel; komp;[tera, 'itel; Moskvy (moskvih), redaktor gazety, izdatel; 'urnala, rabohij zavoda, prepodavatel; anglijskogo qzyka.

Exercise 6 1 Kolihestvo prestuplenij, pokonhit; s prestupnost;[. 2 Ob]aq zabolevaemost;, novoe zabolevanie Internet-zavisimost;. 3 Tipihnoe pereutomlenie, pereutomlqemost; sredi detej. 4 Pose]aemost; Internet SMI, pose]enie teatrov. 5 Tvoe¨ razdra'enie, ego razdra'itel;nost;.

Exercise 9 1 Upotreblqet \tu frazu 2 primenqt; k prestupnikam bolee strogie mery 3 pol;zovat;sq ego komp;[terom 4 vospol;zovalis; vozmo'nost;[ 5 pol;zuetsq Internetom 6 upotreblqt; narkotiki 7 pol;zovalas; ogromnym uspexom.

Exercise 10 1 perestanew; vmewivat;sq v moi dela 2 prekrati, po'alujsta 3 tramvaj ostanovilsq 4 sneg perestal 5 rabota ostanovilas; 6 ostanavliva[s; v \toj gostinice 7 mewaet mne smotret; televizor 8 on brosil pit;.

Exercise 11 1 sostavlq[t 53% 2 problema sostoit v tom 3 sostavil 7 let nazad 4 sostoit iz 3 komnat 5 sostoql sekretare¨ m 6 sostoitsq teatral;naq Olimpiada.

Exercise 12 1 Hislo pol;zovatelej Interneta vse¨ vremq uvelihivaetsq (raste¨ t). Internettorgovlq – samyj razviva[]ijsq (progressiru[]ij) sektor rossijskoj \konomiki. 2 Bol;winstvo l[dej v nedavnem oprose duma[t, hto sleduet kontrolirovat; social;no-opasnye sajty. 3 V Rossii, da'e v Moskve pol;zovanie Internetom otstae¨ t ot zapadnyx stran. Tem ne menee problema

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Internet-zavisimosti u'e su]estvuet. 4 Internet vse¨ e]e¨ sliwkom dorogoj dlq mnogix rossiqn: nado platit; 50 dollarov v mesqc za bezlimitnyj (bezgranihnyj) dostup v Set;. 5 Moj drug- biznesmen pol;zuetsq Internetom e'ednevno (ka'dyj den;) v svoej rabote. On govorit, hto on ne vy'ivet bez nego. 6 Rabotaq za komp;[terom, q hasto tak uvleka[s;, hto zabyva[ obo vse¨ m, da'e o ede. 7 V Seti mnogo raznoj informacii, no menq bol;we vsego interesu[t sredstva massovoj informacii. 8 V sledu[]ie vybory, veroqtno, budet vozmo'no golosovat; herez Internet. 9 Q nikogda ne dumal(a), hto q stanu Internet-addiktom, No q avtomatiheski vkl[ha[ komp;[ter, kak tol;ko q prixo'u domoj. 10 Samye populqrnye web-sajty sredi studentov – razvleheniq i igry.

English–Russian vocabulary

The English–Russian vocabulary includes the words required for the English–Russian translations. ability access accessible to according to action actually accurate achieve a goal addict addiction advantage advise afford after again against age, at the ~ agree with air ticket all ally almost always among appearance appalling appreciate argue arrive around art artistic

ume´ nie, sposo´bnost; (f ) do´stup dostu´pnyj (+ dat) sogla´ sno (+ dat) de´ jstvie na sa´ mom de´ le to´hnyj dostiga´ t; / dosti´gnut; ce´ li addi´kt, poklońnik addi´kciq preimu´]estvo sove´ tovat; (po-) pozvolq´t; / pozvoli´t; sebe´ po´sle (+ gen) sno´va pro´tiv (+ gen) vo´zrast, v vo´zraste (+ gen) sogla´ snyj s (+ inst) bile´ t na samole¨ t vse so[´ znik pohti´ vsegda´ sredi´ (+ gen) poqvle´ nie u'a´ snyj ceni´t; spo´rit; pribyva´ t; / priby´ t;, prixodi´t; / prijti´ vokru´g (+ gen) isku´sstvo xudo´'estvennyj


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ask ~ a question as soon as authorities automatically

prosi´t; / po- (+ inf) or (+ gen) spra´ wivat; / sprosi´t; kak to´l;ko vla´ sti (pl) avtomati´heski

begin basic become being believe belong (to) better best way biker birth rate boat border buy

nahina´ t; / naha´ t; prosto´j stanovi´t;sq / stat; (+ inst) bu´duhi (+ inst) ve´ rit; prinadle'a´ t; (+ dat), k (+ dat) lu´hwe lu´hwij spo´sob ba´ jker ro'da´ emost; (f ) teploxo´d granića pokupa´ t; / kupi´t;

cabin carried away (get) cash cease census change channel characteristic cheap, ~er children choice city class clean, ~er clearly clinic close collapse come first comfortable commercial Common State Examination

ka[´ ta uvleka´ t;sq / uvle´ h;sq (+ inst) nali´hnye perestava´ t; / peresta´ t; pe´ repis; (f ) izmene´ nie kana´ l xarakte´ rnyj dewe¨ vyj, dewe´ vle de´ ti vy´ bor go´rod, gorodsko´j klass hi´styj, hi´]e q´vno klińika zakryva´ t; / zakry´ t; raspa´ d zanq´t; pe´ rvoe me´ sto udo´bnyj komme´ rheskij edińyj gosuda´ rstvennyj \kza´ men

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common way competition completely condition conduct connections consider consist of constitute continue control create credit card crisis cross cruise cost country curriculum

ve´ rnyj spo´sob końkurs, sorevnova´ nie (sport) po´lnost;[ uslo´vie provodi´t; / provesti´ svq´zi shita´ t; sostoq´t; iz (+ gen) sostavlq´t; / sosta´ vit; prodol'a´ t;, prodol'a´ t;sq kontro´l; (m); kontroli´rovat; sozdava´ t; / sozda´ t; kredi´tnaq ka´ rta kri´zis perexodi´t; / perejti´ (he´ rez + acc) krui´z stoímost; (f ) strana´ progra´ mma

daily damage danger dangerous deck decisive decline

e'edne´ vno po´rtit; (is-) opa´ snost; (f ) opa´ snyj pa´ luba rewa´ []ij umen;wa´ t;sq / ume´ n;wit;sq, umen;we´ nie sokra]a´ t; / sokrati´t;, sokra]e´ nie demokra´ tiq demo´graf otpravlq´t;sq / otpra´ vit;sq otplyva´ t; / otply´ t; (boat) otpravle´ nie, otply´ tie zavi´set; ot (+ gen) nesmotrq´ na to, hto ra´ zvitaq, razviva´ []aqsq strana´ otliha´ t;sq ot (+ gen) ra´ znica tru´dn / yj, -ost; (f ), s trudo´m re'isse¨ r (theatre) razvede¨ nnyj obxodi´t;sq / obojti´s; bez (+ gen)

democracy demographer depart departure depend on despite the fact developed, ~ing country differ difference difficult, ~y; with ~ director divorced do without


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doubt duty

somneva´ t;sq v (+ prep) obq´zannost; (f )

each ecologically economy education educational institution energy engineering ~ education enjoy success enough (not) ~ entertainment election election campaign electorate enormous especially essential ethnic conflict European everything exist experience; to ~ explain express train

ka´ 'dyj \kologi´heski \kono´mika obrazova´ nie uhe´ bnoe zavede´ nie \ne´ rgiq in'ene´ rnoe de´ lo in'ene´ rnoe obrazova´ nie po´l;zovat;sq uspe´ xom dosta´ tohno ne xvata´ t; (+ gen) razvlehe´ nie vy´ bory (pl) predvy´ bornaq kampa´ niq \lektora´ t ogro´mnyj oso´benno neobxodi´myj \tni´heskij (naciona´ l;nyj) konfli´kt evrope´ jskij vse¨ su]estvova´ t; o´pyt, pere'iva´ t; / pere'i´t; ob#qsnq´t; / ob#qsni´t; skorostno´j poézd

fall family famous fast fed up feel fee-paying female film festival find ~ a job find out first of all

pa´ dat; / upa´ st; sem;q´ znameni´tyj by´ stryj nadoe´ lo (+ dat) hu´vstvovat; pla´ tnyj 'e´ n]ina, 'e´ nskij kinofestiva´ l; (m) naxodi´t; / najti´ ustra´ ivat;sq / ustroít;sq na rabo´tu uznava´ t; / uzna´ t; pre´ 'de vsego´

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flee follow food for foreign forget former fortunately free ~ education full house

ubega´ t; / ube'a´ t; ot (+ gen) sle´ dovat; (+ dat) eda´ dlq (+ gen), za (+ acc) inostra´ nnyj zabyva´ t; / zaby´ t; by´ vwij k sha´ st;[ svobo´dnyj bespla´ tnoe obrazova´ nie po´lnyj zal

gain marks game get get out give up go Golden Ring goal government grant growth guarantee

nabira´ t; / nabra´ t; ba´ lly igra´ poluha´ t; / poluhi´t; vyxodi´t; / vy´ jti iz (+ gen) brosa´ t; / bro´sit; xodi´t;, idti´; e´ zdit;, e´ xat; Zolotoé kol;co´ cel; (f ) pravi´tel;stvo stipe´ ndiq rost garanti´rovat;

harm, do ~ health system healthy help higher education highest highly trained hope hospital

vred, nanosi´t; / nanesti´ vred (+ dat) zdravooxrane´ nie zdoro´vyj pomoga´ t; / pomo´h;, po´mo]; vy´ swee obrazova´ nie vy´ swij vysokokvalifici´rovannyj nade´ qt;sq na (+ acc) bol;nića

illegal important the most ~ increase independent inevitably influence

nelega´ l;nyj va´ 'nyj, gla´ vnyj sa´ moe gla´ vnoe uveli´hivat;sq / uveli´hit;sq nezavi´simyj neizbe´ 'no vliq´t; na (+ acc); vliqńie


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information interest, be ~ed international Internet-user interpreter introduction

informa´ ciq interesova´ t;, interesova´ t;sq (+ inst) me'dunaro´dnyj po´l;zovatel; Interne´ ta perevo´dhik vvede´ nie

join a club judge (a film) judging by jury

stat; hle´ nom klu´ba, vstupi´t; v klu´b oce´ nivat; / oceni´t; (fil;m) su´dq po (+ dat) '[ri´ (n)

kind

vid, rod

lag behind last last year lead a way of life leave life life expectancy like long, ~er long way lose job low lucky luggage

otstava´ t; / otsta´ t; ot (+ gen) posle´ dnij v pro´wlom godu´ vesti´ o´braz 'i´zni pokida´ t; / pokińut;, uez'a´ t; / ue´ xat; iz (+ gen) 'izn; (f ) prodol'i´tel;nost; 'i´zni nra´ vit;sq (+ dat) do´lgo, do´l;we daleko´ terq´t; (po-) rabo´tu ni´zkij veze¨ t, povezlo´ (+ dat) baga´ '

magnificent main part majority man married mass media medical treatment medicine member middle class migrant money

zameha´ tel;nyj, potrqsa´ []ij gla´ vnaq rol; bol;winstvo´ mu'hińa 'ena´ tyj sre´ dstva ma´ ssovoj informa´ cii medicińskoe obslu´'ivanie medicińa, leka´ rstvo hlen sre´ dnij klass migra´ nt de´ n;gi (pl)

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monthly mood mostly mountain movement much (+ comparative) myth

e'eme´ sqhno nastroe´ nie bo´l;we vsego´ gora´ dvi'e´ nie mno´go namno´go, gora´ zdo mif

need Net news night, at ~ nonetheless number nurse

nu´'en, nu'na´ , (etc. + dat) nu'da´ t;sq v (+ prep) Set; (f ) no´vosti (pl) noh; (f ), no´h;[ tem ne me´ nee hislo´ medsestra´

old one-party only (the) opinion, in the ~ opposite order (in) own owner

sta´ ryj, dre´ vnij odnoparti´jnyj ediństvennyj mne´ nie, po -[ protivopolo´'nyj hto´by svoj, so´bstvennyj vlade´ lec

parachute jump parents parliamentary election past pay for pensioner people perform stunts persistent personal connections place pleasure policy politician poll

pry´ gat; / pry´ gnut; s paraw[´ tom rodi´teli vy´ bory v Du´mu pro´wloe plati´t; (za-) za (+ acc) pensione´ r l[´ di vypolnq´t; tr[´ ki nasto´jhivyj me´ sto udovo´l;stvie poli´tika poli´tik opro´s


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poor possible practical prefer present, at ~ presenter present the news private probably professional puppet put on (play)

be´ dnyj vozmo´'no prakti´heskij predpohita´ t; / predpohe´ st; nastoq´]ij, v nastoq´]ee vre´ mq vedu´]ij predstavlq´t; no´vosti ha´ stnyj veroq´tno professiona´ l;nyj ku´kla sta´ vit; (po-) p;e´ su

quality quarter

ka´ hestvo he´ tvert; (f )

rail ready reality reason receive recent recommend refugee relieve stress remain rich, become ~ risk river station round the world ruling party Russian man, woman

'eleznodoro´'nyj goto´vyj rea´ l;nost; (f ) prihińa poluha´ t; / poluhi´t; neda´ vnij rekomendova´ t; (po-) be´ 'enec snima´ t; / snqt; stress ostava´ t;sq / osta´ t;sq (+ inst) boga´ tyj, razbogate´ t; riskova´ t; (+ inst) rehno´j vokza´ l vokru´g sve´ ta pra´ vq]aq pa´ rtiq rossiqń / in, -ka

sales manager satire on send serious set sail several short, ~er site situation

me´ ned'er po proda´ 'am sati´ra (+ acc) otpravlq´t; / otpra´ vit;, posyla´ t; / posla´ t; ser;e¨ znyj naha´ t; otplyva´ t; ne´ skol;ko koro´tkij, koro´he sajt situa´ ciq, polo'e´ nie

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skill smok / e, ~ing soap opera sociable socially dangerous society so-called sociologist soil sorry speed standard start ~ work state still stop study (at) ~ a subject stunt stuntman succeed success suit support give ~ sure way survive sweets switch on

masterstvo´ kuri´t;, kure´ nie my´ l;naq o´pera ob]i´tel;nyj socia´ l;no-opa´ snyj o´b]estvo tak nazyva´ emyj socio´log grunt, po´hva 'al; (+ dat) sko´rost; (f ) u´roven; (m) nahina´ t; / naha´ t; pristupi´t; k rabo´te gosuda´ rstvo, gosuda´ rstvennyj (vse¨ ) e]e¨ ostana´ vlivat; / ostanovi´t; (+ acc) uhi´t;sq v (+ prep) izuha´ t; (+ acc) tr[k kaskade¨ r udava´ t;sq / uda´ t;sq (+ dat) uspe´ x podxodi´t; / podojti´ (+ dat), dlq (+ gen) podde´ r'ivat; / podder'a´ t;, podde´ r'ka oka´ zyvat; / okaza´ t; podde´ r'ku ve´ rnyj spo´sob vy´ 'it; sla´ dosti (pl) vkl[ha´ t; / vkl[hi´t;

take part take up sport taxi rank team television textbook than thanks to thousand thus time

uha´ stvovat; zanq´t;sq spo´rtom stoqńka taksi´ koma´ nda televi´denie uhe´ bnik hem blagodarq´ (+ dat) ty´ sqha taki´m o´brazom vre´ mq (neut)


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three ~s top prize train ticket translate from / into translation travel around travel time traveller treatment turn out twofold

tri ra´ za vy´ swij priz bile´ t na poézd perevodi´t; / perevesti´ s (+ gen), na (+ acc) perevo´d putewe´ stvovat; vokru´g (+ gen), po (+ dat) vre´ mq v puti´ putewe´ stvennik lehe´ nie oka´ zyvat;sq / okaza´ t;sq (+ inst) v dva ra´ za

under unfortunately unlikely unlimited upper up to use use of the Internet

pri (+ prep) k so'ale´ ni[ navrq´d li bezlimi´tnyj ve´ rxnij vplot; do (+ gen) ispo´l;zovat; (+ acc), po´l;zovat;sq (+ inst) po´l;zovanie Interne´ tom

varied view visit vote

ra´ znyj vid pose]a´ t; / poseti´t; go´los, golosova´ t; za (+ acc)

way of life web-site widen win votes winner without woman work at work out world, all over the ~, round the ~ worry worsen, get worse

o´braz 'i´zni web-sajt raswirq´t; / raswi´rit; zavoeva´ t; (nabra´ t;) golosa´ pobedi´tel; bez (+ gen) 'e´ n]ina rabo´tat; za (+ inst) razraba´ tyvat; / razrabo´tat; mir, svet; po vsemu´ mi´ru / vokru´g sve´ ta bespokoít; (o-) uxudwa´ t;sq / uxu´dwit;sq

yesterday yet, not ~ young

vhera´ e]e¨ , e]e¨ ne molodo´j

Russian–English vocabulary

The Russian–English vocabulary includes all the key words found in the book, including those from the texts, dialogues and exercises, but not every word from the examples of realia. abiturie´ nt ava´ riq aktua´ l;nyj anke´ ta are´ nda attesta´ t ob okonha´ nii wko´ly audito´riq

applicant (to university) accident topical questionnaire, form rent school-leaving certificate audience

ball ba´ lovat;sq be´ dnost; (f ), be´ dnyj be´ dstvie be´ 'en / ec, ~stvo bezvozvra´ tnyj bezgrani´hnyj bezrabo´t / ica, ~nyj bespla´ tnyj bespokoít; / obla´ go blagosostoqńie blagotvori´tel;nyj blat blestq´]ij bli´'nee zarube´ ';e bli´zkij bogate´ t; / razboga´ t / stvo, ~yj bole´ zn; (f ) bole´ t; / za- (+ inst) bombe¨ 'ka boq´t;sq (+ gen)

mark to fool around poverty; poor disaster refugee; refugee problem permanent limitless unemployment; unemployed free to worry good, benefit wellbeing, prosperity charity, charitable personal connections brilliant near abroad near to get rich wealth; rich illness to be ill (with) bombing to be afraid


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brak brat; / vzqt; na sebq broni´rovat; / zabrosa´ t; / bro´sit; bu´duhi (+ inst) bu´du]ee bukva´ l;no byva´ t; by´ vwij

marriage to take on to book to throw; stop being the future literally to happen former

vvede´ nie vdrug vedu´]ij ved; vek veli´kij ve´ rit; / po- (+ dat); v (+ acc) ve´ rno ve´ rnyj spo´sob ves;ma´ ve]a´ nie vzame´ n (+ gen) vid vinova´ tyj v (+ prep) vkla´ dyvat; / vlo'i´t;; vlo'e´ nie vkl[ha´ t; / vkl[hi´t; vlade´ lec vlade´ t; (+ inst) vla´ sti (pl); vlast; (f ) vlehe´ nie vliqńie vliq´t; / po- na (+ acc) vmewa´ tel;stvo vne´ wnie da´ nnye, vne´ wnost; (f ) vnov; vnosi´t; / vnesti´ vnu´trennij rejs vo´-vremq vodi´tel;skie prava´ voe´ nnyj vozvra]a´ t;sq / vernu´t;sq vozglavlq´t; / vozgla´ vit;

introduction suddenly leading; presenter you see, after all century great to believe true sure way quite broadcasting instead view, appearance; type guilty of to invest; investment to include owner to own authorities; power attraction influence to influence interference appearance again to put in; bring in domestic flight in time driving licence wartime; serviceman to come back, return to head

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vo´zdux vozmo´'nost; (f ) voznika´ t; / vozni´knut; vozrasta´ t; / vozrasti´ vojna´ volna´ volnova´ t; voob]e´ vo-pe´ rvyx vor voskre´ snyj vosprinima´ t; / vosprinq´t; vser;e¨ z vosto´rg vosto´hnyj vpervy´ e vpolne´ vpro´hem vred vre´ mennyj vre´ mq (neut) vsego´ vsemi´rnyj vse¨ ravno´ vspomina´ t; / vspo´mnit; vstupi´tel;nyj \kza´ men vuz (vy´ swee uhe´ bnoe zavede´ nie) vybira´ t; / vy´ brat; vy´ bor; vy´ bory (pl) vybra´ syvat; / vy´ brosit; vydelq´t;sq / vy´ delit;sq vy´ ezd vy'iva´ t; / vy´ 'it; vyzyva´ t; / vy´ zvat; vyi´gryvat; / vy´ igrat; vyle´ hivat; / vy´ lehit; vy´ nu'dennyj vy´ let vyleta´ t; / vy´ letet; vymira´ nie vypolnq´t; / vy´ polnit; vypuska´ t; / vy´ pustit; vypuskni´k

air possibility; opportunity to arise to grow war wave to worry on the whole, in general firstly thief Sunday to take seriously delight Eastern for the first time fully, quite however, though harm temporary time in all world wide all the same to remember entrance examination institution of higher education to choose, select, elect choice; election to emit to stand out departure to survive to provoke, cause to win to cure forced departure by air to fly out dying out, extinction to carry out, fulfil to release; produce graduate


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vypuskno´j \kza´ men vyra'a´ t; / vy´ razit; vyruba´ t; / vy´ rubit; vy´ stuplenie vy´ swij; vy´ swee obrazova´ nie vy´ xod vy´ xodec iz (+ gen) vyxodi´t; / vy´ jti za´ mu' za (+ acc) vyxodny´ e dni vyqvlq´t; / vy´ qvit; v#ezd

final examination to express to cut down speech, performance highest; higher education way out, exit of . . . origin to marry (for a woman) weekend to reveal entry

gastro´li (pl) ge´ nij gi´bkij gla´ vnoe gla´ vn / yj, -ym o´brazom go´los; golosova´ nie golosova´ t; / progońki (pl) gora´ gora´ zdo gord / i´t;sq (+ inst); go´rdost; (f ) gornoly´ 'nyj sklon gosteprii´mnyj gosuda´ rstv / ennyj; ~o gra'dan / iń, -ka gra'da´ nstvo gra'da´ nskij granića groma´ dnyj grozi´t; (+ dat) grq´znyj

tour genius flexible the main thing main; chiefly voice; vote; voting to vote race mountain much to be proud of; pride ski slope hospitable state citizen citizenship civil border huge to threaten dirty

davno´ da´ l;we da´ nnye (pl) dvi´gat;sq / dvińut;sq dvi'e´ nie dvuxme´ stnyj de´ jstvovat; de´ jstvu[]ee lico´

long time ago further data to move movement, traffic double; two-seater to operate character (in film, play)

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detsa´ d dewe¨ vyj, dewe´ vle dobira´ t;sq / dobra´ t;sq do (+ gen) doverq´t; / dove´ rit; (+ dat) dogonq´t; / dogna´ t; do´l'nost; (f ) do´lq doma´ wnee zada´ nie domoxozq´jka domoxozq´jstvo dopolni´tel;nyj dostiga´ t; / dosti´gnut; (+ gen) dosti'e´ nie dosto´jnyj do´stup dostu´pn / ost;; ~yj dotq´givat; / dotqnu´t; do (+ gen) doxo´d dre´ vnij dru´'nyj

kindergarten cheap; cheaper to get to to trust to catch up post share homework housewife household additional to achieve achievement worthy, respectable access accessibility; accessible to extend as far as income ancient friendly

evre´ jskij edińyj ediństvo ediństvennyj e'edne´ vn / o, ~yj e'eme´ sqhn / o, ~yj este´ stvennyj

Jewish single, unified unity (the) only daily monthly natural

'a´ lovat;sq / po- na (+ acc) 'al; 'dat; / podo'e 'ela´ t; / po'ele´ znaq doro´ga; 'eleznodoro´'nyj 'ena´ tyj 'eni´t;sq na (+ prep) 'e´ rtvovat; / po- (+ inst) 'e¨ stkij 'ivo´j 'ivopi´snyj 'ivo´tnoe

to complain of sorry to wait (emphatic particle) exactly to wish railway married to marry (of man) to sacrifice vigorous alive picturesque animal


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'izneobespehe´ nie 'il;e¨ 'i´tel;stvo

vital necessity accommodation, housing residence

zaboleva´ emost; (f ) zaboleva´ nie zabyva´ t; / zaby´ t; zavi´dovat; / po- (+ dat) zavi´set; ot (+ gen) zavi´sim / ost; (f ), ~yj zavoe¨ vyvat; / zavoeva´ t; pre´ mi[ zaga´ dka zagora´ t; / zagore´ t; za´ gorodnyj dom zadava´ t; / zada´ t; vopro´s zada´ ha za´ dnij plan zaka´ zyvat; / zakaza´ t; zakoń zakusi´t; zamenq´t; / zameni´t; zame´ tnyj za´ mu'em, zamu´'nqq zanima´ t;sq / zanq´t;sq(+ inst) zanq´tie za´ nqt / yj; za´ nqtost; (f ) zapolnq´t; / zapo´lnit; za´ rabotok zara´ nee zarpla´ ta zarube´ 'nyj zaseda´ t; zaslu´ga zaslu´'ennyj uspe´ x zastavlq´t; / zasta´ vit; zatra´ ty (pl) zatq´givat; / zatqnu´t; v (+ acc) zaxvati´t; za]i´ta zaqvle´ nie; ~ na rabo´tu zaqvlq´t; / zaqvi´t; zdravooxrane´ nie

incidence of disease disease to forget to envy to depend on dependence, dependent to win a prize puzzle to sunbathe country house to ask a question task background to order law to have a bite to replace noticeable married (for a woman) to be engaged in, study occupation; lesson occupied, employed; employment to fill salary, earnings in advance wage foreign to sit, confer merit, service deserved success to make somebody do something expenses to draw, trap into to captivate protection statement; job application to declare health system

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zeme´ l;nyj uha´ stok zemlq´ ze´ rkalo zlode´ j, ~ka zloupotreble´ nie znako´mit;sq / po- s (+ inst) znako´myj znameni´tyj znahi´tel;nyj zna´ hit; zri´tel;

plot of land land mirror villain abuse to acquaint oneself with familiar; acquaintance famous significant to mean (member of) the audience

izbega´ t; / izbe'a´ t; (+ gen) izbira´ tel;; ~naq kampa´ niq izdava´ t; / izda´ t;; izda´ tel; iz-za (+ gen) i´menno ime´ t; v vidu´ ime´ t;sq inostra´ n / ec, ~nyj iska'a´ t; / iskazi´t; iska´ t; iskl[he´ nie i´skrennost; (f ) isku´sstvennyj isku´sstvo ispo´l;zova / nie; ~t; ispyta´ tel;nyj srok ispy´ tyvat; / ispyta´ t; istoskova´ t;sq po (+ dat) isxodq´ iz (+ gen) isheza´ t; / ishe´ znut; ito´gi (pl)

to avoid voter; election campaign to publish; publisher because of namely, actually to mean to be available foreigner; foreign to distort to look for exception sincerity artificial art use; to use probation to experience; test to pine away, miss on the basis of to disappear summing up, total; results

kadr ka´ dry (pl) kaza´ x kajf kardina´ l;nyj karma´ n kasa´ t;sq (+ gen) kaskade¨ r

shot (film) personnel Kazakh kicks, high cardinal pocket to concern stuntman


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ka´ hestvennyj ka´ hestvo ka[´ ta kita´ ec; Kita´ j kla´ ssnyj kl[h kove¨ r koleso´ koli´hestvo kone´ c konto´ra koro´he koma´ nda kone´ hnyj konkuri´rovat; s (+ inst) końkurs korzińa kre´ pkij kre´ slo kro´me (+ gen) krug kru´glyj, ~ god kruto´j ku´kla kupa´ t;sq / iskure´ nie; kuri´t; kuro´rt kursi´rovat;

high-quality quality cabin Chinese man; China great key carpet wheel quantity end office shorter team final to compete competition basket strong armchair except, besides circle round; all the year round steep; cool doll, puppet to bathe smoking; to smoke spa to run

leka´ rstvo leta´ t;; lete´ t; lehe´ nie lehi´t; / vy´ li´hnyj lico´ l;go´ta ly´ 'nik l[bo´j malopodvi´'nyj masterska´ q masterstvo´ maswta´ b

medicine to fly treatment to treat personal face; person benefit skier any sedentary workshop skill scale

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medve´ d; (m) me'dunaro´dnyj menq´t;sq / pome´ ra; po me´ re (+ gen) me´ ry za]i´ty me´ rka (po za´ padnym me´ rkam) me´ stnyj mehta´ mi´lyj mir mirovo´j mne´ nie mnogode´ tnaq sem;q´ mnogohi´slennyj mo´dnyj mul;tfi´l;m mu´sor my´ l;naq o´pera mq´gkij

bear international to change measure; with protection measures by Western standards local dream nice world; peace world opinion large family numerous fashionable cartoon rubbish soap opera soft

na´ bere'naq nabira´ t; / nabra´ t; ba´ lly, golosa´ nabl[da´ t; navodi´t; / navesti´ porq´dok navrq´d li nade´ 'da nade¨ 'nyj nade´ qt;sq na (+ acc) nali´hie nali´hnye (pl) nalo´g nanosi´t; / nanesti´ u]e´ rb (+ dat) naoboro´t napomina´ t; / napo´mnit; napravle´ nie nasele´ nie nasi´lie nasto´jhivost; (f ) nastoq´]ee; nastoq´]ij nastroe´ nie nau´ka; nau´hnyj nau´hno-poznava´ tel;nyj

embankment to collect, gain marks; win votes to observe to bring order unlikely hope reliable to hope presence cash tax to cause damage on the contrary to remind direction population violence persistence the present; real, present mood science; scientific popular science


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neda´ vnij, neda´ vno nedosta´ tok nezavi´simyj neizbe´ 'nyj nenavi´det; ne´ navist; (f ) neobxodi´m / ost; (f ); ~yj neo'i´dannyj nepoko´rnyj nepreme´ nno nere´ dko nesovmesti´myj neskla´ dnyj (qzy´ k) nesomne´ nno neu'e´ li ni´zkij no' nos (teploxo´da) nosi´l;]ik ny´ newnij

recent; recently shortage independent inevitable to hate hatred necessity; essential, necessary unexpected unruly obviously, definitely often incompatible disjointed (language) without a doubt really? is it possible? low knife bow (of a ship) porter present

obe]a´ nie; obe]a´ t; / poo´blast; (f ) oblegha´ t; / oble´ ghit; oboru´dovanie o´braz 'i´zni obrazova´ tel;naq uslu´ga obra]a´ t;sq / obrati´t;sq v (+ acc) obslu´'ivanie obslu´'ivat; / obslu'i´t; obstoq´tel;stvo obuhe´ nie obxodi´t;sq / obojti´s; bez (+ gen) o´b]ee hislo´ ob]enaciona´ l;nyj ob]e´ nie ob]e´ stvennyj ob]e´ stvennoe ustro´jstvo o´b]estvo o´b]ij ob]i´tel;nost; (f ) ob#edine´ nie

promise; to promise region, area; field to make easier equipment way of life education service to turn to service to serve circumstance training to do without total number national communication public, social social structure society general, common sociability association, union

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ob#edinq´t;sq / ob#edini´t;sq ob#ekti´vnyj ob#qvle´ nie ob#qsnq´t; / ob#qsni´t; oby´ hno, oby´ hnyj obq´zannost; (f ) (ne)obqza´ tel;no obqza´ tel;nyj ograni´hivat; / ograni´hit; ode´ r'ivat; / oder'a´ t; pobe´ du odna´ ko o'ida´ nie o´zero oka´ zyvat;sq / okaza´ t;sq (+ inst) opa´ zdyvat; / opozda´ t; na (+ acc) opa´ sn / ost; (f ); ~yj opla´ hivat; / oplati´t; opra´ vdyvat;sq / opravda´ t;sq opredele¨ nnyj opredelq´t; / opredeli´t; opro´s opubliko´vyvat; / opublikova´ t; o´pyt, ~nyj orienti´rovat;sq na (+ acc) oru´'ie osva´ ivat; / osvoít; osnova´ nie (v) osnovno´m oso´bennost; (f ) oso´byj osoznava´ t; / osozna´ t; ostava´ t;sq / osta´ t;sq (+ inst) ostal;no´j osu]estvlq´t; / osu]estvi´t; osu]estvlq´t;sq / osu]estvi´t;sq otbira´ t; / otobra´ t; otbo´r otve´ tstvenn / ost; (f ); ~yj otdava´ t; / otda´ t; otdele´ nie ote´ hestvennyj; Veli´kaq ~aq vojna´

to unite objective announcement, advertisement to explain usually; usual, normal duty (not) necessarily compulsory to restrict to score a victory however expectation lake to turn out to be to be late for danger; dangerous to pay (for) to be justified definite, certain to define survey, poll to publish experience; experienced to be oriented towards weapon to learn, master foundation; reason mainly peculiarity special, particular to realise to remain, stay the rest to implement to come true to take away; select selection responsibility; responsible to give department domestic; national, Great patriotic war (Second World War)


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Ote´ hestvo otka´ zyvat;sq / otkaza´ t;sq ot (+ gen) otliha´ t;sq ot (+ gen) otliha´ t;sq / otlihi´t;sq (+ inst) otli´hie, s ~m otlihi´tel;nyj otnosi´tel;nyj otnosi´t; / otnesti´ k (+ dat) otnosi´t;sq / otnesti´s; k (+ dat) otply´ tie otpravlq´t;sq / otpra´ vit;sq otra'a´ t; / otrazi´t; o´trasl; (f ) otrica´ tel;nyj otsta´ ivat; / otstoq´t; otsu´tstv / ie; -ovat; otha´ livat; / otha´ lit; ot#e´ zd oficia´ nt oce´ nivat; / oceni´t; oce´ nka oce´ n]ik o´hered; (f ) v pe´ rvu[ ~ oxo´ta oxra´ na oxranq´t;sq owiba´ t;sq / owibi´t;sq owi´bka

fatherland to refuse to differ to be distinguished by difference; with distinction distinguishing relative to relate to treat, regard departure (by boat) to set off, depart to reflect branch negative to defend absence; to be absent to set sail departure waiter to assess; judge (in competition) assessment; mark, grade judge turn; in the first instance hunt guard, bodyguard to be guarded to be mistaken mistake

pa´ dat; / upa´ st; pade´ nie pa´ luba pa´ mqtnik parikma´ xerskaq pautińa pejza´ ' perevo´d perevodi´t; / perevesti´ na (+ acc) perevo´dhik peregovo´ry (f ) peredovo´j pere'iva´ t; / pere'i´t;

to fall fall deck monument hairdresser’s web landscape translation to translate, interpret into translator, interpreter talks progressive to experience

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pere'iva´ t; za (+ acc) perekl[ha´ t;sq / perekl[hi´t;sq na (+ acc) peremeni´t; pereme]e´ nie pe´ repis; (f ) peresa´ dka pereutomle´ nie perexo´d k ry´ nku perexodi´t; / perejti´ pe´ snq pet; / speha´ l;nyj pewexo´dnaq \ksku´rsiq plani´rovat; pla´ tnyj pobe´ da pobedi´tel; pobe'da´ t; / pobedi´t; pobli´zosti povora´ hivat; / povernu´t; povywa´ t;(sq) / povy´ sit;(sq) povywe´ nie pogiba´ t; / pogi´bnut; podbira´ t; / podobra´ t; podverga´ t;sq / podve´ rgnut;sq (+ dat) podve´ r'ennyj stre´ ssu podgotovi´tel;nyj podde´ r'ivat; / podder'a´ t; podde´ r'ka podo´bnyj (+ dat) podpi´syvat; / podpisa´ t; podro´stok podxodi´t; / podojti´ (+ dat); k (+ dat) podxodq´]ij poe´ zdka po'a´ luj po'ilo´j pozvolq´t; / pozvo´lit; (+ dat) pozdne´ e, po´z'e poísk poi´stine

to worry about to switch over to to change moving census change (train) exhaustion, overwork transition to the market to move, cross song to sing sad excursion on foot to plan fee-paying, private victory winner to win nearby to turn to increase increase, rise to perish to select to be subjected to subjected to stress preparatory to support support similar to to sign teenager to suit; approach suitable trip perhaps elderly to allow later search indeed


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poka´ poka´ z pokida´ t; / pokińut; pokole´ nie pokrovi´tel; po´lnost;[ polovińa polo'e´ nie polo'i´tel;nyj po´l;za po´l;zovatel; po´l;zovat;sq, vos- (+ inst) pome]e´ nie pomi´mo (+ gen) ponq´tie poo]rq´t; / poo]ri´t; po-pre´ 'nemu pora'a´ t; / porazi´t; po´rtit; / isporo´j pose¨ lok pose]e´ nie posko´l;ku postano´vka postepe´ nno potomu´ poso´bie postoqńnyj postupa´ t; / postupi´t; v (+ acc) postuple´ nie pote´ rq potrebi´tel; potre´ bnost; (f ) potrqsa´ []ij potrqse´ nie poxodi´t; na (+ acc) poxo´'ij na (+ acc) poqvlq´t;sq / poqvi´t;sq pra´ vilo pravi´tel;stvo pra´ vo pra´ vil;no

for a while showing to leave generation patron fully half situation positive use, benefit user to use premises besides idea, concept to encourage as before to astonish to ruin at times village visit as production gradually therefore benefit permanent to enter entrance loss consumer demand; need amazing, stunning sensation to look like similar to, like to appear rule government right correct

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pra´ vq]aq pa´ rtiq pra´ zdnovat; / otprebyva´ nie predpriq´tie pre´ 'nij prevosxodi´t; / prevzojti´ prevra]a´ t;sq / prevrati´t;sq v (+ acc) prevra]e´ nie prevywa´ t; / prevy´ sit; predvy´ bornaq kampa´ niq predlaga´ t; / predlo'i´t; predlo'e´ nie predme´ t preoblada´ t; preodoleva´ t; / preodole´ t; predostavlq´t; / predosta´ vit; predpolaga´ t; / predpolo'i´t; predpohita´ t; / predpohe´ st; predpohte´ nie predprinima´ tel; predstavi´tel; predstavlq´t; / predsta´ vit; preimu´]estvenno preimu´]estvo prekra]a´ t; / prekrati´t; prestuple´ nie prestu´pn / ost;, ~yj prete´ nziq pribli'a´ t;sq / priblizi´t;sq k (+ dat) pribyva´ t; / priby´ t; prive´ tlivyj privleka´ tel;nyj privleka´ t; / privle´ h; privlehe´ nie privodi´t; / privesti´ k (+ dat) priznava´ t; / prizna´ t; pri´znak prizna´ nie prikl[he´ nie prile¨ t prili´hnyj prime´ r

ruling party to celebrate stay enterprise former to exceed turn into transformation to exceed election campaign to offer, suggest offer, suggestion; sentence subject to predominate, prevail to overcome to offer to suppose to prefer preference entrepreneur representative to represent; present chiefly advantage to stop crime rate of crime; criminal complaint to approach to arrive friendly attractive to attract attraction lead to to acknowledge indication recognition adventure arrival (by plane) decent example


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prime´ rno prinadle´ 'nost; (f ) prinadle'a´ t; (+ dat); k (+ dat) prinima´ t; / prinq´t; zakoń priobreta´ t; / priobresti´ priorite´ t priro´da priro´st prisva´ ivat; / prisvoít; prisposo´bit;sq k (+ dat) pristupa´ t; / pristupi´t; k rabo´te prito´k prixodi´t;sq / prijti´s; priha´ livat; / priha´ lit; prihe¨ m prihińa prihinq´t; / prihini´t; provodni´k proda´ 'a prodvińutyj prodol'a´ t;(sq) / prodo´l'it;(sq) prodol'i´tel;nost; (f ) 'i´zni proe´ zd pro'i´tohnyj mińimum proizvodi´t; / proizvesti´ proisxodi´t; / proizojti´ promy´ wlennost; (f ) propagandi´rovat; propi´ska pro´tiv (+ gen) protivopolo´'nyj proxodi´t; / projti´ pro´hij pro´wloe pro´]e pry´ gat; / pry´ gnut; puga´ t; / ispuska´ t; / pusti´t; pusto´j pust; pute¨ vka putewe´ stvie

approximately belonging, membership to belong to pass a law to acquire priority nature, countryside growth to confer to adjust to to start work surge to have to to moor moreover reason to cause train attendant sale advanced to continue life span journey living wage to produce to happen, take place industry to popularise registration against opposite to go through other the past simpler to jump to frighten to let in empty let; so be it holiday voucher trip

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putewe´ stvennik putewe´ stvovat; put; (m) pyta´ t;sq / po-

traveller to travel way to try

rabotoda´ tel; rabo´hij ra´ dius razvede¨ nnyj razviva´ t; / razvi´t; ra´ zvityj razvleka´ tel;nyj, razvlehe´ nie razde´ l razme]a´ t;sq / razmesti´t;sq ra´ znica ra´ znyj razraba´ tyvat; / razrabo´tat; razre´ z razry´ v raspa´ d raspada´ t;sq / raspa´ st;sq raspravlq´t;sq / raspra´ vit;sq s (+ inst) rasprostrane¨ nnyj rassma´ trivat; / rassmotre´ t; rasstoqńie rasshi´tyvat; / rasshita´ t; na (+ acc) raste´ rqnnyj rasti´ / vyrasxo´dy (pl) raswire´ nie raswirq´t;sq / raswiri´t;sq reali´zovat; sebq´ rebq´ta registri´rovat; / zareda´ ktor reda´ kciq re´ dko re'isse¨ r re´ zko rejs rekla´ ma rekla´ mnyj se´ ktor

employer worker radius divorced to develop developed entertainment section to be accommodated difference different to work out cut gap collapse to collapse to deal with spread to examine; consider, regard as distance to count on; aim at confused to grow expenditure widening to widen to realise, fulfil oneself guys to register editor editorial office rarely producer sharply flight; voyage advertising; advertisement advertising sector


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rekomendova´ t; / porepeti´rovat; repeti´tor repre´ ssiq rehno´j vokza´ l rewa´ t; / rewi´t; rewa´ t;sq / rewi´t;sq rewa´ []ij ro´dstvennik ro'a´ t; / rodi´t; ro'da´ emost; (f ) ro'da´ t;sq / rodi´t;sq ro'de´ nie rossiqń / in, -ka rost rube´ ' ruka´ rukovodi´ / tel;, ~t; (+ inst) ryvo´k ry´ nok, ry´ nohnyj

to recommend to rehearse coach repression river station to decide to make up one’s mind decisive relative to give birth birth rate to be born birth citizen of Russia growth border arm leader; to lead spurt market

samostoq´tel;nyj sbere'e´ niq (pl) sve´ 'ij svet, vokru´g sve´ ta svobo´d / a, -nyj svq´zi (pl) svq´zyvat; / svqza´ t; sde´ lka sego´dnqwnij selqń / in, -ka se´ l;skoe xozq´jstvo se´ rdce seredińa set;, Set; (f ) si´la ska´ zyvat;sq / skaza´ t;sq na (+ acc) sklońnost; (f ) skorost / no´j, ~; (f ) sku´hnyj sla´ vit;sq / proslaga´ emoe

independent savings fresh light; world, round the world freedom; free connections to connect, link deal today’s; present-day villager agriculture heart middle network force to tell on, affect disposition speed boring to become famous component

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sle´ dovatel;no sle´ dovat;, po- (+ dat) sle´ dstvie sle´ du[]ij sleza´ t; / slezt; s (+ gen) slog slo'i´t;sq sloj slu´haj sme´ na sme´ rtn / ost; (f ); ~yj smert; (f ) smysl sni'a´ t;sq / sni´zit;sq sni'e´ nie snima´ t; / snqt; stress sobese´ dovanie sobira´ t; / sobra´ t; so´bstvennik so´bstvennost; (f ) so´bstvennyj soby´ tie soverwa´ t; / soverwi´t; rejs soverwe´ nno sovreme´ nnyj sogla´ sno (+ dat) sogla´ snyj s (+ inst) soder'a´ t; sebq´ so'ale´ nie, k ~[ sozvu´hnyj (+ dat) sozdava´ t; / sozda´ t; sozda´ nie sokra]a´ t;(sq) / sokrati´t;(sq) sokra]e´ nie somneva´ t;sq v (+ prep) soob]a´ t; / soob]i´t; sootnowe´ nie sil sopostavi´myj s (+ inst) soprovo'da´ t; / soprovodi´t; sorevnova´ nie sortirova´ t; sostavlq´t; / sosta´ vit;

consequently to follow consequence following to get (climb) down syllable to be formed layer case change mortality rate; mortal death sense to fall fall, reduction to remove stress interview to gather owner, proprietor property own event to fly (of plane), sail (boat) absolutely modern according to agree with to keep oneself regret; unfortunately in keeping with to create creation to reduce; be reduced reduction to doubt in to inform correlation of forces comparable to accompany competition (sport) to sort to constitute


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sostoqńie sostoq´t; iz (+ gen) sostoq´t; v (+ prep) ~ v bra´ ke sostoq´t;sq sotru´dnik sotru´dnihat; soxranq´t; / soxrani´t; sohu´vstvovat; (+ dat) so[´ znik spase´ nie spasa´ t;sq / spasti´s; SPID spi´sok spor spo´sob sposo´bnost; (f ) spravlq´t;sq / spra´ vit;sq s (+ inst) spros na (+ acc) sravne´ nie sredi´ (+ gen) sre´ dnij, (v) sre´ dnem sre´ dstva massovo´j informa´ cii sre´ dstvo sro´dni (+ dat) srok sro´hnyj stanovi´t;sq / stat; (+ inst) stara´ t;sq / postat;q´ ste´ pen; (f ) stira´ l;naq mawińa stil; (f ) 'i´zni stoímost; (f ) stole´ tie stoli´hnyj, stolića strada´ t; / postra´ wnyj stroi´tel;stvo stremle´ nie k (+ dat) stol; sto´l;ko stoqńka

state to consist of to be; to be married to take place employee to cooperate to preserve to sympathise ally salvation to escape AIDS list argument way ability to cope with demand for comparison among average, (on) ~ mass media means akin to period, time urgent to become to try article degree washing machine life style cost century capital to suffer frightening building striving for so so much, so many rank (taxi), stand

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su´mka su´wa su]estvova´ t; / prosxo´dstvo she¨ t za she¨ t (+ gen) s#ezd

bag land to exist affinity account at the expense of, by means of congress

televedu´]ij teneva´ q \kono´mika teploxo´d terq´t; / potesti´rovanie tira´ ' (v) tehe´ nie (+ gen) -to to est; to´l;ko hto torgo´vaq ma´ rka to´hka; ~ zre´ niq trebova´ nie trevo´'nyj tret; (f ) trena'e¨ r treniro´vka trud, s ~om trudi´t;sq trudogo´lik trudoustro´jstvo tru´ppa tr[k tuberkule¨ z tur tuso´vka tysqhele´ tie tq'e¨ lyj

television presenter shadow economy boat to loose testing circulation during emphatic particle that is just trade mark point; point of view demand alarming third training equipment training labour; with difficulty to work workaholic placement in work company (theatre) stunt tubercolosis tour get-together millennium hard

ube'da´ t;sq / ubedi´t;sq v (+ prep) uva'i´tel;naq prihińa uvelihe´ nie uveli´hivat;(sq) / uveli´hit;(sq) uverq´t; / uve´ rit; uvleka´ t;sq / uvle´ h;sq (+ inst)

to be convinced of good reason increase to increase to assure to be carried away with


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uvol;ne´ nie uvy´ ugro´za udava´ t;sq / uda´ t;sq (+ dat) udva´ ivat; / udvoít; udare´ nie udelq´t; / udeli´t; vnima´ nie (+ dat) udivlq´t; / udivi´t; udovletvorq´t; / udovletvori´t; udovo´l;stvie u´'as, u'a´ snyj ukreplq´t;(sq) / ukrepi´t;(sq) uluhwa´ t;(sq) / ulu´hwit;(sq) ume´ nie umen;wa´ t; / ume´ n;wit; umira´ t; / umere´ t; u´mstvennyj unihto'a´ t; / unihto´'it; upravle´ nie upravlq´t; (+ inst) urbanizi´rovannyj urbaniza´ ciq u´roven; (m); ~ 'izni usi´livat;sq / usili´t;sq uskorq´t; / usko´rit; uslo´vie uslu´ga uspeva´ t; / uspe´ t; na (+ acc) uspe´ x, uspe´ wnyj ustana´ vlivat; / ustanovi´t; ustra´ ivat; / ustroít; ustra´ ivat;sq / ustroít;sq na rabo´tu ustro´jstvo na rabo´tu utver'da´ t; ute´ hka mozgo´v uha´ stie uha´ stok uhe¨ ba uhe´ bnyj plan uhi´tyvat; / uhe´ st; uhre'de´ nie u]e´ rb

dismissed, resignation alas threat to succeed to double stress to give attention to to surprise to satisfy pleasure horror; horrible to strengthen to improve ability, skill to decrease to die mental to destroy management to govern, manage urbanised urbanisation level; standard of living to get stronger to speed up condition service to manage, be in time success; successful to establish to arrange, hold to get a job finding work to maintain brain drain participation plot studies curriculum to take into consideration institution damage

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xiru´rg xudo´'nik xudo´'estvennyj

surgeon artist artistic

cel; (f ) ce´ lyj; v ~om cena´ ceni´t; ce´ nnye buma´ gi (pl) ce´ nnyj cenova´ q poli´tika ci´fra cifrova´ q texnolo´giq

aim, goal whole; as a whole price to value securities valuable pricing policy number digital technology

ha´ stnoe lico´ ha´ stnyj hast; (f ) hemoda´ n herta´ be´ dnosti hest; (f ) he´ tvert; (f ) he¨ tkij hi´slennost; (f ) hislo´ hi´styj hi´]e hlen hu´vstvovat; / pohuma´

private individual private part suitcase poverty line honour quarter clear numbers number, date clean cleaner member to feel plague

wans wawly´ k wika´ rnyj vid

chance kebab smart appearance

\kzemplq´r \kra´ n \kskursovo´d \lektora´ t \lektri´hka \t[´ d

copy screen guide electorate electric train sketch

[g [´ 'nyj [´ nowa

south southern youth


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qvle´ nie qvlq´t;sq / qvi´t;sq (+ inst) q´vnyj qdro´ q´sli (pl) q´snyj q´]ik

phenomenon to be; appear obvious nuclear crèche clear box, drawer

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Grammar index

accusative case 7–10, 270–9; prepositions with 8, 53–4, 87–90, 160–1, 193 adjectives: long 4, 9, 15, 20, 24, 26; short 28–9; stress 232; comparative 47–52; superlative 100–2 adjectival clauses 99 adverbs 29; comparative 53; superlative 100–2 aspects 33–7 cases 2 clauses: adjectival 99; adverbial 141–3; conditional 205–6; noun 136–8 comparative: adjectives 47–52; adverbs 53 conjugation: first 29–31; second 31–2 conjunctions 141–2 conditional 205–6 dates 85 dative case 17–20, 270–9; impersonal expressions with 223–5; prepositions with 18, 192–3; verbs with 19, 107–8 decimals 171 fractions 171 future tense: imperfective 33; perfective 34 gender: of nouns 3; of pronouns 5 genitive case: partitive 10–15, 270–9; prepositions with 10–11, 107–110; verbs with 13

gerunds 241; imperfective 241–3, 281–5; perfective 244–6, 281–6 imperative 37, 41–2, 280–7; with davajte 37 imperfective aspect 33–7; imperfective future 33, 280–7; imperfective gerund 242–3, 281–5; imperfective past 34–5, 280–7; impersonal expressions 223–8 indeclinable nouns 4 indirect speech 32 instrumental case 22–4, 270–9; prepositions with 22, 104–5, 160–1; verbs with 22, 119; with the passive 164, 194 interrogative sentences 79–80 irregular verbs 31–2 names 24 negatives 229–31, 248 nominative case 2–5 nouns 3–4, 8–14, 19, 23, 270–2; gender 3; indeclinable 4; stress 108–9, 126, 143, 145; suffixes on 258–9 numerals: cardinal 98, 167, 278–9; collective 168; fractions and decimals 171; indefinite 170; ordinal 84 partitive genitive 12 participles: past active 120–2, 123, 281–7; past passive 156–9, 281–2, 285–6; present active 120–2, 123, 281–7; present passive 184–5, 281, 285

Grammar index

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past tense: imperfective 34–5, 280–7 perfective aspect 33–7; perfective future 34, 280–7; perfective gerund 244–6, 281–6; perfective past 34–5, 280–7 plural: adjectives 4, 9, 15, 20, 24, 26, 271–2; nouns 3–4, 8, 14, 19, 23, 272–4; pronouns 5, 9, 15, 20, 24, 26–7 prefixed verbs 260–2; of motion 67–8 prepositions 7–8, 10–11, 18, 22, 25, 53–6, 87–90, 102, 104–7, 160–1, 192–4; buffer vowel in 231–2 prepositional case 25–7, 54–6, 270–9; prepositions with 25, 54–6, 87–90, 194 present tense 29–32 pronouns: demonstrative 5, 9, 15, 20, 24, 26–7, 276; interrogative 5, 9, 15, 20, 24, 27, 277; personal 5, 9, 15, 20, 24, 26–7, 277; possessive 5, 9, 15, 20, 24, 26–7; reflexive 28; relative 99, 137–8

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343

questions with li 77–8 reflexive verbs 81–3 short adjectives 28–9; stress 232 spelling rules 2 stress 112–13, 130, 148, 150, 204–5, 223–4, 241–2 subjunctive mood 37, 205–6, 280–7 superlative: of adjectives 100–2; of adverbs 100–2 verbs: future tense 33–4, 280–7; irregular 31–4, 285–7; of motion 67–72; passive voice 157–9, 186; past tense 34–5, 280–7; present tense 29–2, 280–7; prefixes on 67–8, 260–2; reflexive 81–3, 284; stress 195–6, 214; transitive and intransitive 187; to be 118; to stop 265–6; to use 264–5 word building 67, 155–6, 183, 185–6, 200, 266, 268–9

Russian index

brak 178 brosat; 266 byvat; 118 byt; 22, 118 v/vo 87–90, 231–2 veze¨ t/povezlo 226 ves; 5, 9, 15, 20, 24, 26, 276 dol'en 225 'al; 227 drug druga 136 'en- 178 za 160–1 iz 106–7 ispol;zovat; 264 k/ko 231–2 kotoryj 99 kto by ni/hto by ni 209–12 len; 227 kto as a relative pronoun 137–8 li 77–8 mert- 178 mo'no/vozmo'no 223 mu' 178 mewat; (po) 266 nado 224 nadoest; 227 ne xvatat; 227 nedostavat; 228 nel;zq 223 nekogo/nehego 229–30 nu'en 175 nu'no 224 -nibud; and -to 130–1 o/ob/obo 125

ostanavlivat;(sq)/ostanovit;(sq) 266 ot 105–6 perestavat;/perestat; 266 po 192–4 pol;zovat;sq/vospol;zovat;sq 264 pora 227 predstavlqt; (soboj) 118 prekra]at;/prekratit; 266 primenqt;/primenit; 265 prixodit;sq 224 pro 125 rod 176 s/so 102–5, 231–2 sam 28, 277 svoj 28, 275 sebq 28, 277 sleduet 227 sostavlqt;/sostavit; 267 sostoqt;(sq) 267–8 tak'e 72–3 -to and -nibud; 130–1 to'e 72–3 tot 5, 9, 15, 20, 24, 26, 276 trud 150–1 udavat;sq 226 upotreblqt;/upotrebit; 264–5 -uh-/uk- 191 xod 66 hej 5, 9, 15, 20, 24, 26, 275 hto as a relative pronoun 137–8 htoby 209–12 \tot 5, 9, 15, 20, 24, 26, 276 qvlqt;sq/qvit;sq 118

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