Cliffnotes on The Vicar of Wakefield

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CliffsNotes on GOLDSMITH'S

Cliffs Notes

THE VICAR OF WAKEFIELD

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GOLDSMITH'S THE VICAR OF WAKEFIELD Notes including • • • • •

List of Characters Critical Commentaries Character Analyses Critical Essays Essay Topics and Review Questions

by James L. Roberts University of Nebraska

LINCOLN, NEBRASKA 68501 1-800-228-4078 www.CLIFFS.com ISBN 0-8220-7288-2 © Copyright 1959 by Cliffs Notes, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Cliffs Notes on The Vicar of Wakefield © 1959

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LIST OF CHARACTERS The Vicar Charles Primrose The Reverend Doctor, who is telling his own story throughout the book.

Deborah Primrose The Vicar's wife, chosen for qualities that would wear well. A good-natured, industrious woman.

George The eldest child, named after a rich uncle.

Olivia The second child and the elder of the two daughters.

Sophia The third child and the younger of the two daughters.

Moses The fourth child and second son.

Dick and Bill The two youngest children, two sons born in rapid succession after an interval of twelve years from Moses.

Miss Arabella Wilmot The object of George Primrose's affection; the daughter of a wealthy neighboring clergyman; young, healthy, innocent; possessed of great and sensitive beauty.

Mr. Wilmot Arabella's father; seventy-two years old; courting a fourth wife; prudent in money matters.

Mr. Burchell The name used by Sir William Thornhill when he wishes to travel about incognito; about 30 years old; thoughtful lines on his face.

Squire Thornhill We learn much that is uncomplimentary before we actually meet him; nephew of Sir William Thornhill, upon whose generosity he is dependent. He makes his first personal appearance in Chapter V.

Farmer Flamborough A talkative neighbor.

The Misses Flamborough His two rosy daughters.


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Mr. Jenkinson The sharper who cheats Moses, Mr. Flamborough, and the Vicar.

Farmer Williams Suitor for the hand of Olivia.

Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Wealthy aunt and uncle of Arabella Wilmot.

Timothy Baxter The Squire's henchman in crime.

CRITICAL COMMENTARIES CHAPTER I THE DESCRIPTION OF THE FAMILY OF WAKEFIELD, IN WHICH A KINDRED LIKENESS PREVAILS, AS WELL OF MIND AS OF PERSONS A firm believer in matrimony, the Rev. Dr. Charles Primrose took unto himself a wife in the second year of his ministry. He picked Deborah Primrose for her qualities of character and they dwelt in a fondness for each other which increased as they grew old. Fortune was kind to them, and their home was ever open to the traveler or the poor dependent. Their greatest pleasure was their children: George, the eldest son, about twenty years old; Olivia, about eighteen, the elder daughter; Sophia, seventeen, the younger girl; and Moses about sixteen, the fourth child and second son. All came in fairly rapid succession. Then after a period of twelve years came another son, Dick, followed in close sequence by the youngest child, another boy, Bill, ages at the time of the story approximately four years and three years, respectively. Olivia had the striking beauty of a Hebe (the Greek goddess of youth), wished for many lovers, was often affected from too great a desire to please, and was vivacious. Sophia's beauty was less striking but more impressive, soft, modest, and alluring. Sophia desired but one lover, was self-effacing for fear of offending, and was sensible and serious. George was educated at Oxford, the Vicar intending him for one of the learned professions. Moses, intended for business, received a sort of miscellaneous education at home. All had these characteristics in common--equal generosity, credulity, simplicity, and inoffensiveness. PURPOSE • It introduces the Wakefield family, the chief protagonists of the events to follow. •

It gives the reader an insight into the characters of the individuals of the family. In revealing the character of Olivia, Goldsmith prepares us for her future behavior in the story. We are also prepared for Sophia's constancy in her love for "Mr. Burchell."

•

It gives a benign picture of rural England.


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www.cliffs.com •

It reveals much of the character of the Vicar. We see him as a kindly, devout, charitable man, simple in his affluence and devoted to his loving and beloved family. In the character of Dr. Primrose, we have a composite picture of Goldsmith's father, the Rev. Charles Goldsmith, and of Goldsmith himself, whose soft heart, humor, and mellow wisdom are mirrored in the Vicar.

•

In the characters of George and Moses, we find a considerable degree of self-portraiture.

PLOT Since the first chapter is, in Goldsmith's own words, given over to describing the family, we do not have the plot appearing. However, we are prepared for the events to follow by our first insight into the characters of the Primrose family. Throughout the story, they are consistent in their guilelessness and forbearance. Many of the events in the story rise out of their characters, and their reactions can be anticipated. For instance, we find it in perfect keeping with our conception of his character to have the Vicar bearing all his burdens with fortitude and cheerfulness reminiscent of the biblical Job. CHARACTERS In this novel, there cannot, strictly speaking, be said to be any character development. It is generally revelation rather than character development. The qualities of character given the Vicar's wife in Chapter I are almost without exception those same qualities which are revealed in all her actions throughout the book. Hence, at the end of each future chapter, we shall look for the revelation of those qualities of character which we know the Primrose family possesses. GLOSSARY Vicar a clergyman who holds a church for another; in this novel, it is a clergyman who receives a definite salary, instead of receiving the tithes collected from the parish. taken orders

became a clergyman.

notable

industrious, capable.

moral

usual, customary.

affinity

attraction, kinship.

the herald's office

the College of Heralds, wherein is recorded information regarding families of noble birth.

a mutilated curtsey

a mere nod.

Henry the second's

eleventh-century emperor and German king.

Hebe

Greek goddess of youth, beauty, and spring.

CHAPTER II FAMILY MISFORTUNES Mrs. Primrose looked after all financial matters of the family and the Vicar supervised its spiritual affairs. Being independently wealthy, the Vicar was able to donate his salary to charity. He refused to delegate his work to an assistant and carried on his duties so well advocating matrimony and temperance that in a


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www.cliffs.com few years it was said there were three strange wants at Wakefield: a parson wanting pride, young men wanting wives, and alehouses wanting customers. The Vicar's interest in the subject of matrimony about which he preached and wrote made him, along with Whiston, a strict monogamist--a circumstance which had considerable influence upon the fortunes of his son George. George, upon graduation, had fixed his affections upon Arabella Wilmot, the beautiful daughter of a neighboring wealthy clergyman. The marriage was found acceptable to both families since the Vicar could settle a handsome sum on his son, and the period of courtship and later preparations for the wedding passed in idyllic happiness. Some short time before the wedding, the Vicar, having written what he considered a masterpiece on the subject of monogamy, showed the work to Mr. Wilmot. Too late the Vicar discovered that Mr. Wilmot was in the process of courting a fourth wife (the first three having deceased). The controversy which followed reached its greatest heat when the Vicar was called aside by a relative and informed that his fortune was lost--the London merchant with whom it had been lodged having absconded. The relative urged the Vicar to soften the sharpness of the discussion until after the marriage, when Arabella's fortune would be safely bound over to the young couple. The Vicar scorned such counsel and in his efforts to be completely honest even went further in his contentions against Mr. Wilmot. Mr. Wilmot had been somewhat inclined to call off the marriage before, but now, with the news of the misfortune, he quickly determined to end the match. Somewhat ruefully the Vicar remarks that Mr. Wilmot possessed prudence (caution amounting to stinginess), too often the only virtue left us at the age of seventy-two. PURPOSE • It introduces further important, if somewhat secondary, characters--Mr. Wilmot and his daughter, Arabella Wilmot. •

It introduces the first elements of plot: the family misfortune and the Arabella-George love story.

•

Once more a genial picture of English country life is painted. This will serve as contrast with the lives led by the Primrose family when they are poor.

PLOT There are five parts or stories in the plot of this novel. The first two of these are introduced in Chapter II. They are the story of the family misfortunes and the story of the love affair between George and Arabella. The third and fourth elements or parts of the plot concern themselves with the love affairs of Olivia and Sophia. The fifth element deals with the regeneration of the character of Ephraim Jenkinson under the influence of the Vicar. We find in Chapter II that the Vicar's fortune has been lost through no fault of his. This, combined with some bad feeling generated over the "Whiston Controversy," induced Mr. Wilmot to cancel the proposed marriage between George and Arabella. It suits Goldsmith's purpose in later plot development to have Arabella strangely quiescent towards developments she could not possibly have faced with any equanimity. Perhaps, too, filial obedience may have been one of her qualities.


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www.cliffs.com CHARACTERS The Vicar Consistent in his character. In Chapter I, we find him a firm believer in the institution of matrimony. In Chapter II, he carries forward honestly, in conviction of his principles. He appears, also in Chapter II, as a sincere preacher and a generous and charitable man. He had been unaffected in his affluence; now he is dignified and uncomplaining in his poverty. The Primrose Women Exhibit a little vanity--a trait which they show recurrently, perhaps owing to the influence of Mrs. Primrose. George Primrose Is kept somewhat nebulous. He is just the intended groom. He takes no definite action when he hears the news of the family misfortune, nor does he do anything when his marriage is called off. Arabella Wilmot In addition to the large fortune which was to be bestowed upon her at her marriage, she possesses a wholesome and charming beauty. She reciprocates George's love for her but seems to accept, without apparent demur, her father's cancellation of their match. Perhaps the habit of obedience to paternal authority was too strong to be broken at that time. Some of her later behavior can also be ascribed to the habit of obedience to her father. We find, later in the novel, that her affection for George did not become diminished. She possesses the quality of constancy, therefore. Mr. Wilmot Arabella's father, seventy-two years old. Also a firm believer in the institution of matrimony but, unlike the Vicar, not adverse to marrying again after losing his current spouse. He appears to be sharp tempered and somewhat hard-headed in money matters. He is courting his fourth wife. GLOSSARY temporalities church revenues. Whiston

clergyman and mathematician, professor at Cambridge, named for his published unorthodox views.

curate clergyman's assistant. quatre; deuce, ace

four; two and ace. Needing a four to win, he could turn up only three.

heterodox

unorthodox.

dissembling

hiding the facts.

CHAPTER III A MIGRATION A letter of confirmation of their loss deprived the family of their last hope. Dismay overcame all except the Vicar, who, concerned that his family must now adapt themselves, without previous training, to a humbler station in life, accepted a post as curate in a distant neighborhood at the humble wage of fifteen pounds a year. This was to be supplemented by working a little farm.


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www.cliffs.com Faced with the realization that his fortune of 14,000 pounds had dwindled to a mere 400, the Vicar sought to give consolation and advice to his family. The eldest son, George, he sent to the city to earn his fortune, confident that the boy's integrity and honor would carry him through circumstances for which he had no real training or preparation. Shortly after George's departure, the family, too, left the scene of its former affluence, followed for some distance in sorrow by the poor parishioners whose gratitude they had earned and won. On the first night of their journey, they took refuge in a humble inn, where they learned much about Squire Thornhill, their landlord-to-be. This young gentleman was described to them as a seeker of worldly pleasures, somewhat of a libertine, who had been successful with, and faithless to, nearly every farmer's daughter within an area of ten miles around. This news displeased the Vicar, but his wife and daughters brightened at the prospect of what they confidently expected would be their victory. While at the inn, the Vicar befriended and loaned money to a young Mr. Burchell, whose own generosity earlier in the day had brought about his present financial embarrassment. Since they both were journeying in the same direction, it was decided that they should travel together the next day. On the journey the following morning, the Vicar found Mr. Burchell an interesting and informative companion. He seemed particularly familiar with Squire Thornhill, who enjoyed a large fortune though entirely dependent on the will of his uncle Sir William Thornhill. The Vicar knew Sir William well and favorably for his reputation for philanthropy. As Mr. Burchell went on in his discourse, he revealed an unusually intimate knowledge of Sir William Thornhill and once went so far as to say "I" when telling of Sir William's experiences. Sir William Thornhill, it appeared, had brought himself close to financial ruin by overgenerous and misguided charity. But with his loss and disillusionment came realization of the meaning of true charity. He recouped his fortunes while away on the continent and since his return to England had found pleasure in rational generosity and in a whimsical eccentricity. The discourse of the two men was broken in upon by the cries of the family, which had gone some distance ahead. To the helpless horror of the Vicar, he saw his daughter Sophia struggling in the torrent into which she had been swept. She would certainly have drowned if Mr. Burchell had not succeeded, with much difficulty, in saving her. Sophia's gratitude, though expressed more by look than by word, appeared a little more than gratitude. The family's thanks were warmly expressed. Their ways parted and Mrs. Primrose remarked that Mr. Burchell would have made an admirable match for Sophia had his breeding and family been sufficiently high. Dr. Primrose smiled tolerantly at her tone since she seemed to have temporarily forgotten their fallen fortunes. PURPOSE • It introduces two very important characters in the plot of the story. Mr. Burchell is an interesting and somewhat mysterious young man. We suspect him of being Sir William Thornhill, following an eccentric whim. The second character is introduced by hearsay. Squire Thornhill does not appear in person, but we get to know of him as a very successful and unprincipled "wolf." •

It introduces a potentially romantic element in the rescue of Sophia by Mr. Burchell.

•

It shows Dr. Primrose's fondness for profound discourse.


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www.cliffs.com PLOT The third element in the novel's plot--the love affair of Sophia and Mr. Burchell--is here introduced. The story is made more intriguing by the thin disguise of Mr. Burchell. Because we can see through this disguise, Mr. Burchell's final revelation of his true identity comes as a gratifying pleasure rather than as a surprise. The fourth element of the plot is also, indirectly, introduced--Olivia's unhappy affair. Squire Thornhill's smooth behavior does not reflect adversely upon his character. It is only through the information of those who have known him for a long time that the reader is prepared to expect his dastardly behavior. Some of the humorous incidents arising later as a result of Mrs. Primrose's lapses are also anticipated when we see how readily that lady reassumes airs which do not belong in her new humble station. CHARACTERS The Vicar Shows his love of profound discourse in his discussions with Mr. Burchell. We find in this chapter some of the first instances of his epigrammatic wisdom--for example, "premature consolation is but the remembrancer of sorrow"--and of the unaffected wisdom of the sermons which he frequently feels called upon to deliver. He is consistent when he is so readily charitable towards Mr. Burchell. The Vicar, however, reveals himself as a poor judge of men's character when he fails to see through Mr. Burchell's thin disguise. The Primrose Women Reveal a vanity in their anticipation of victory over Squire Thornhill and in Mrs. Primrose's remark at the end of the chapter concerning Mr. Burchell. Mr. Burchell Character is revealed to us by himself and by the Vicar. The Vicar tells us that Mr. Burohell is about thirty years old, well formed in person, and with a thoughtful face. His conversation is interesting and learned. He is generous--to his own embarrassment. He shows resourcefulness, courage, strength, and presence of mind in his rescue of Sophia. Mr. Burchell himself reveals the character of his alter ego Sir William Thornhill. Sir William had learned wisdom through hard experience and now was a strong character though somewhat whimsically eccentric. He was still generous to strangers as well as to his own nephew. He seems strangely unaware of the unpleasant rumors about his nephew. Squire Thornhill We hear of his reputation, of his unprincipled behavior toward, and his success with, the young ladies of the district. GLOSSARY Cure a position as curate. of fifteen pounds Hooker

a parish yielding an income of fifteen pounds.

famous English clergyman in 1600.

Bishop Jewel bishop of Salisbury in 1571. beadle

constable of a parish; granted some powers in punishing minor offenses.

laced

trimmed with lace.


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sensible

sensitive.

humorist

one who has strongly marked peculiarities of character or disposition.

CHAPTER IV A PROOF THAT EVEN THE HUMBLEST FORTUNE MAY GRANT HAPPINESS The location of the Vicar's new post was a neighborhood inhabited by simple, honest, frugal husbandmen. Goldsmith, as he describes them--"remote from the polite, they still retained the primeval simplicity of manners"--reminds us very strongly of his Romantic contemporary Gray: "Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife, / Their sober wishes never learn'd to stray." The Vicar and his family received a warm welcome from these humble folk. Dr. Primrose and his family also found their twenty excellent acres of land and their neat little thatched cottage satisfying and adequate, and very soon entered upon a life of busy industry and humble pleasures. However, on Sundays, an irrepressible taste for finery broke out amongst the ladies. On their first Sunday particularly, the ladies decked themselves out in all their formal splendor. But when the Vicar pointed out that their over-fancy finery was not neatness but frippery and that such a show would antagonize every farmer's wife in the congregation, they all meekly retired and changed to simpler garb. The next day, the girls voluntarily cut up their dress trains into Sunday waistcoats for the two little ones. PURPOSE •

Describes the new home and life of the Primrose family.

•

Describes a humbler rural life in England. The description, as in former chapters, is somewhat idealized--seen through the sentimental retrospect of the author. Goldsmith reveals this same sentimentality in his poem "The Deserted Village."

•

Gives the Vicar (or Goldsmith) an opportunity to preach and moralize upon city life, over-ornateness of women's dress, and upon the pleasures of the simple rural life.

•

Introduces Farmer Flamborough, their talkative neighbor--a secondary character in the story.

PLOT This chapter marks a lull in plot development. The Primrose family have descended to a humbler station in life but neither they nor the reader find the hardships too heavy to bear. CHARACTERS The Vicar The Vicar exhibits here his fondness for preaching and moralizing. Neither he nor his family complain of their new way of life, but accept it cheerfully and industriously. He had been unaffected in his wealth; in his poverty, he was dignified and uncomplaining. The Primrose Women The women still show traces of that vanity which is going to cost them so dearly.


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www.cliffs.com Flamborough Neighbor Flamborough is described as talkative. GLOSSARY Shrovetide

day before Lent, marked by confession followed by a feast of pancakes after confession.

Michaelmas-eve

the evening before Michaelmas Day, September 29, the feast day of St. Michael.

pipe and tabor

fife and drum.

coppers

copper cooking vessels.

sumptuary edicts

rules regulating food and household expenditures.

bugles tube-shaped glass beads, sewn on as ornaments on dresses. catgut a sort of linen or canvas upon which embroidery was worked. paduasoy

a kind of silk originating in Padua, Italy.

pomatum

perfumed ointment.

their faces patched to taste

small bits of black material pasted to their faces to accentuate the fineness of their complexions.

pinkings

scalloped or cut edge of material into wavy lines.

shredding

trimming.

CHAPTER V THE SQUIRE INTRODUCED The family had formed the habit of repairing to a nearby hedge seat at the end of the day's labors or on the occasional holidays. Here they would spend the time simply but pleasantly. Early in the autumn, on a holiday, the family were seated in their bower when they were disturbed by a fleeing stag closely pursued by hounds and hunters. One of the hunters, seeing them, left off the pursuit and approached them with a careless superior air. With considerable presumption he was about to kiss the young ladies by way of salute but their looks stopped him. When he introduced himself as Squire Thornhill, his salute was not a second time rebuffed--a tribute to fortune and fine clothes. The young Squire requested and received a musical selection, after which he took up the guitar himself and played for them. The young ladies and the mother received his efforts warmly; the Vicar privately considered it indifferent. The Vicar disapproved of the rapid advance of the new acquaintanceship, but the rest of the family, including even the little ones, accepted the Squire enthusiastically. After some considerable time, the young man took his leave, requesting permission to return again. When he had gone, Mrs. Primrose exulted over the events of the day, seeing a possible match with the Squire a chance to recoup the family station in society. Olivia said that the young man had left her unimpressed; Sophia praised his facility of opinion. From this the father gathered, wisely, that Olivia


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www.cliffs.com secretly admired and Sophia internally despised the Squire. The Vicar warned against the suddenness and the inequality of this friendship with the Squire, but his words of warning were nullified by a gracious gift of venison sent them with the Squire's compliments. Seeing the uselessness of continuing, the Vicar kept quiet, satisfied with having pointed out the danger. That virtue which requires to be ever guarded is scarce worth the sentinel. PURPOSE • We finally meet young Squire Thornhill in person. •

Olivia is impressed by the Squire's charm, and this prepares the way for the fourth component part of the plot--their love affair.

•

Further description of idyllic country life.

•

Reveals the strong bonds of affection in the Primrose family.

•

Shows once more the vanity of the Primrose women.

PLOT We pick up the fourth thread in the plot. Young Mr. Thornhill is introduced. He meets Olivia and impresses her favorably. We are thus prepared for the story of their love affair. CHARACTERS The Vicar Wise in warning against disproportioned and hasty friendship. The Primrose Women Particularly Mrs. Primrose allows her vanity to impair her judgment. She aids and abets every effort to further Olivia's chances with the Squire. Sophia, alone of the women, distrusts and dislikes him. Mr. Thornhill More genteel in appearance than the other hunters; presumptuous and superior in his bearing; pleasant and engaging in his conversation; shows no disposition toward serious or profound discussion--his disregard of Moses' attempts to engage him. GLOSSARY centaury

European annual plant with small reddish flowers.

vacant hilarity carefree mirth. salute

greet with a kiss.

CHAPTER VI THE HAPPINESS OF A COUNTRY FIRESIDE Just as the Vicar is regretting that there was no visitor to share their feast of venison, his wife announced the arrival of Mr. Burchell. The Vicar denied his wife's statement that Mr. Burchell had beaten him in argument and advised her to stick to her culinary efforts and to leave argument to him. Mr. Burchell's entry broke into this bit of domestic humor. He was warmly welcomed by all the members of the family.


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www.cliffs.com Mr. Burchell was well known in the neighborhood as one who had spent his youth foolishly--though he was not yet thirty years old. He was very popular with the children to whom he told stories and gave little gifts. He visited the neighborhood once a year and lived upon the neighbors' hospitality. The evening went pleasantly until time came for retiring. The two youngest offered the visitor their bed and were commended by the Vicar for their Christian hospitality. The following day, Mr. Burchell voluntarily joined the family in the hayfield, where he proved especially assiduous in helping Sophia with her part of the work. This did not escape the Vicar's notice, nor did he fail to note the warmth of her defense, later in the evening, of Mr. Burchell, whom the Vicar had deliberately criticized with unusual severity for his youthful follies. He was disturbed, too, by Sophia's blush at Moses' remark on the liveliness of Mr. Burchell's conversation with her during the day's work, but he trusted to his daughter's good sense to avoid her becoming involved with a man of broken fortune. Mr. Burchell, by the way, had left at the end of the day's work to carry a gift to a neighbor's child. As Mrs. Primrose busied herself with preparations for next day's visit of Squire Thornhill, Moses read, the Vicar taught the little ones, and the two girls were deep in the concocting of a wash for the face. Convinced that all washes ruined rather than mended complexion, the Vicar managed to upset the concoction into the fire, making it appear an accident--and it was too late to begin another. PURPOSE • Carries forward the story of Sophia's love affair. •

Introduces some gentle humor--in the Vicar's denial of defeat in argument with Mr. Burchell and in the genially sly way he upset the face wash his daughters were brewing.

•

We become accustomed to the presence of Mr. Burchell in the district.

•

Throws new light on Mr. Burchell's character.

PLOT The third thread of the plot appears in this chapter. It is becoming clear that Sophia has more than casual interest in Mr. Burchell, and his assiduity in helping her betokens a kindred interest in her. The ladies make desperate preparation for the Squire's visit. Their vanity is beclouding the clearness of their judgment. The Squire is being welcomed and is thus able to carry on his pursuit of Olivia. CHARACTERS The Vicar More observant than his wife of the Sophia-Burchell affair. Hospitable to Mr. Burchell and generous in his praise of the children's hospitality. Good-naturedly tolerant of his women folk's carryings-on and mischievously humorous in his upsetting their face wash. Not so keen an observer of people's characters since he still does not discover Mr. Burchell's disguise. Mr. Burchell Had wasted his fortune in youthful indiscretions and was not yet thirty years old--two points of similarity with Sir William Thornhill. Was fond of children and popular with them. Not averse to helping in the farm labors.


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Moses Seems to resemble his father in the philosophical trend of his discourse. Somewhat ponderous for one as young as he. Sophia Able to judge the excellent qualities of Mr. Burchell. Fair in her defense against the Vicar's deliberately exaggerated attack upon Mr. Burchell's former way of life. GLOSSARY officiously

kindly, politely. noted for patience with which she endured severe hardships. Her story has been told by Chaucer, Boccaccio, and in a ballad.

Patient Grissel

Catskin

Cinderella--dressed in cat-skins.

Fair Rosamond's Bower

labyrinth in which was hidden the sweetheart (Rosamond) of Henry II to conceal her from Queen Eleanor. A ballad.

Swath

row of hay left in field to dry.

bagnio

house of ill-fame.

pander

keeper of this house.

Marsayas

mythical Phrygian peasant who challenged Apollo to a musical contest and came so close to winning that Apollo skinned him alive in resentment of his presumption.

lightsome

cheerful, bright.

pasty

meat pie.

CHAPTER VII A TOWN WIT DESCRIBED The day of the Squire's visit arrived. All household resources had been exhausted, and the ladies had put on their gayest plumage for the occasion. Mr. Thornhill arrived attended by his chaplain and a hanger-on of his household. He was prepared to send his servants on to an inn, but in an excess of zeal Mrs. Primrose insisted on their staying--and the family was pinched for three weeks after. Mr. Burchell had mentioned that Mr. Thornhill was making proposals of marriage to George's former own Miss Wilmot, and this cast a pall on the festivities which lifted only when Mr. Thornhill disavowed any intions toward Miss Wilmot and actually called her ugly. During the dinner, Moses challenged Mr. Thornhill's criticism of the church but was put to ignominious rout by some high-sounding eighteenth-century double talk which the young Squire had evidently picked up in the city. The Vicar could see through the young man's basic ignorance, but Olivia was much impressed. His fine appearance and facile conversation completely won her over.


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www.cliffs.com It was clearly apparent that Olivia was the attraction that brought the young man to the house, and upon his departure, Mrs. Primrose openly gloated at what she considered a victory for her campaign to win the Squire for a son-in-law. The Vicar could spot Mr. Thornhill for what he was--faithless and, worse yet, a freethinker. But even on the basis of a freethinker, the women were willing to accept him since women had been known to reform their husbands before this. Moreover, Olivia informed him, she had read widely on controversy and was therefore well qualified to make converts, to which the Vicar laughingly replied, "Very well, go help your mother to make the gooseberry pie." PURPOSE • To bring along the development of Olivia's love affair. •

To reveal the Vicar's distrust of Mr. Thornhill and thus prepare us for the later developments in the story.

•

To satirize some of the high-sounding but meaningless arguments which the author heard in his voyages on the continent, and perhaps, too, to satirize some of the arguments which frequently were turned upon the author by members of the Literary Club to rout him, much as poor Moses was routed by the Squire.

PLOT The story of Olivia's love affair is brought along. We know that Olivia is much taken with the Squire and not averse to hearing their names coupled. We know, too, of the Vicar's well-reasoned distrust of the young man. From these two factors, we can anticipate the unhappy developments to come. At any rate, we are not unprepared for them. CHARACTERS Squire Thornhill Handsome appearance; facile conversationalist; basically ignorant and shallow in his thinking; a freethinker--a fact which later may have induced Olivia to marry him, a wedding ceremony performed by a papish priest. The Vicar Clear-sighted enough to see through the character of Squire Thornhill. The Primrose Women Too excited at the prospect of snaring the Squire to pay heed to the repeated warnings of the Vicar. Olivia Unworldly; without guile herself she was led to judge others by their appearance--so reliable a guide in her case, but completely unreliable in the Squire's case. GLOSSARY to make an appearance

to make a good showing.

feeder either a servant supervising animals, or one who is supported or fed by a nobleman and is therefore a parasite. St. Dunstan's church in London, famous for its clock in which the figure of two giants struck the quarter hours. Cliffs Notes on The Vicar of Wakefield © 1959

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lawn

fine linen.

smoked

held up to ridicule.

analogically

by means of analogy.

dialogically

in the manner of a dialogue--meaningless as used here by the Squire.

concatenation linked. reciprocal duplicate ratio

could have meaning but here used by the Squire to confuse Moses.

predicable

that which can be predicated.

Aristotle

great Greek philosopher and scientist.

expatiate

talk freely and at length.

freethinker

unbeliever.

Thwackum and Square

Religious Courtship

two characters in Fielding's Tom Jones. They delight in getting into arguments with each other.

written by Defoe, author of Robinson Crusoe; dealt with desirability of marrying religious husbands or wives only.

CHAPTER VIII AN AMOUR WHICH PROMISES LITTLE GOOD The next morning, Mr. Burchell again visited, and although somewhat disquieted by the frequency of his visits, the Vicar was nevertheless pleased to see the young man for whom he had some fondness. Not only did Mr. Burchell assist greatly in the work, but also lightened the work of others by his wit and humor. The only thing that displeased the Vicar was the attachment Mr. Burchell seemed to have formed for Sophia. As the family dined, picnic style, Sophia and Moses entered upon a discussion of the relative merits of Gay's and Ovid's story of Acis and Galatea. Mr. Burchell disclosed a considerable knowledge of both and read a ballad which he said did not reveal the weaknesses of either poet. The ballad was a sentimental love tale of the heiress Angelina who had loved poor Edward but had been cruel to him. Edward wandered off and was said to have died. Angelina, disguised as a man, wandered through the world hoping to pine away and die as had Edward. She (he) is encountered by a kindly hermit who offers her shelter and listens to her story. The hermit turns out to be Edward and the two lovers are happily reunited. The tranquility of the scene was shattered by a gun shot nearby. Sophia, frightened by the loud report, had thrown herself into Mr. Burchell's arms for protection. The hunter turned out to be Mr. Thornhill's chaplain, who had come to announce that the Squire was holding a ball by moonlight on the grassy plot where he had first met them. As a reward for his service as messenger, the chaplain claimed Miss Sophia's hand as a partner at the ball. Far from being overjoyed at the prospect of so desirable a partner, Sophia replied that she was in honor bound to be Mr. Burchell's partner should he desire it. Mr. Burchell


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www.cliffs.com thanked her for her kind offer but found himself unable to attend the ball owing to a previous invitation. The Vicar found his refusal strange, just as he found Sophia's preference for a man of broken fortunes when she could have had as her partner a man whose expectations were much greater. But he concluded that frequently ladies are the truest judges of men. PURPOSE • It enables Goldsmith to express some of his views on literature through the medium of Mr. Burchell. •

It enables the author to interject the ballad of Edward and Angelina.

•

The love affair between Mr. Burchell and Sophia continues.

•

Mr. Burchell's character is further revealed as fine and engaging. His wit, humor, and wisdom serve as a contrast to the shallowness of Mr. Thornhill.

•

The ball is later revealed as part of the Squire's nefarious plan to gain his ends with Olivia.

PLOT Mr. Burchell makes progress in winning further favor with Sophia. The ball is later shown to be part of Squire Thornhill's plot to win Olivia. Along with the Vicar, we find Mr. Burchell's reluctance to attend the ball strange. The reason for this is later explained when we realize that Mr. Burchell did not wish his true identity to be discovered. CHARACTERS The Vicar Can see clearly the sterling qualities of Mr. Burchell. Mr. Burchell Reveals himself as witty and humorous. He also reveals a wide knowledge of literature. GLOSSARY discovered Mr. Gay

Acis

English poet, composer of "Begger's Opera"; also wrote the words for Handel's opera "Acis and Galatea."

mythical youth of great beauty, slain by Polyphemus, his unsuccessful rival for Galatea.

Galatea Ovid

revealed.

a sea-nymph, notorious for her coquetry--not the Galatea of Pygmalion.

Latin poet (43 B.C.-18 A.D.).

faithless phantom epithet

Willo' the Wisp.

an adjective expressing quality.


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CHAPTER IX TWO LADIES OF GREAT DISTINCTION INTRODUCED The arrival of Mr. Thornhill and his party followed shortly after the chaplain's announcement of the ball. Throughout the evening there occurred several disquieting incidents, perceived and understood by the Vicar but not by his foolishly ambitious wife or unworldly daughters. For one thing, the two richly dressed young ladies, the Squire's guests, gave evidence of some vulgarity in their talk and behavior. For another, the Squire very boldly, if somewhat obliquely, made what could be construed as dishonorable suggestions of intentions toward Olivia. And for a third, the efforts made by the Squire and the fashionable ladies to have Olivia and Sophia accompany them home could very easily have led to unpleasant consequences. The Vicar and his family soon joined the Squire's group and after the introductions the dance was quickly formed and their numbers complemented with the addition of Farmer Flamborough's two rosy daughters. Olivia and Mr. Thornhill led the dance, and Olivia's gracefulness far surpassed that of the other ladies. The fashionable ladies "swam, sprawled, languished, and frisked," and finally called a halt to the dancing, one of them commenting vulgarly that she was "all of a muck of sweat." During the supper which followed, the fashionable ladies held the center of the stage with their talk of high society in the city. With kindly condescension they observed that a little polishing in the city would improve the Primrose girls--a sentiment which Mrs. Primrose heartily endorsed. The Vicar remarked, with reason, that the girls already had breeding above their financial station and that more refinement would serve to make them unhappy and give them a taste for pleasures they had no right to possess, to which the Squire responded that to give Olivia the pleasure she deserved, he would devote the half of his fortune--and throw himself in as a reward. The Vicar was wise enough to see that no offer of marriage was included and hastened to warn the young man off sternly. Since honor was their only possession, it was a treasure of which they would be particularly careful, warned the Vicar. Somewhat surprised that the Vicar had understood his meaning too well, the Squire hastened to disavow any unworthy intentions and this virtuous strain was continued by the two fashionable ladies who turned the talk to a discussion of virtue. The Vicar, his wife, and the Squire's chaplain joined in the discussion, and the Squire, apparently repented for his former excesses, went so far as to ask the Vicar to give prayers. When the party finally ended, the two ladies expressed a desire that the Primrose girls, to whom they seemed to have become fondly attached, might accompany them home. The Squire seconded the proposal, foolish Mrs. Primrose approved of the idea, but the Vicar, seeing the danger, gave a peremptory refusal, for which he suffered the displeasure of the female Primroses all the next day. PURPOSE • It gives Goldsmith an opportunity to satirize certain aspects of city society. •

Squire Thornhill's intentions are revealed as not entirely honorable, and the Vicar's distrust of his character is justified.

•

It reveals another aspect of contemporary English life.

PLOT Squire Thornhill's efforts to gain Olivia as another victim take a new turn. As we will see in Chapter XI, an effort is going to be made to get Olivia and Sophia away from their home to the city. All this is part of the Squire's plotting.


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www.cliffs.com CHARACTERS The Vicar Since the Vicar seems to have taken the proper measure of the Squire's character, we are not surprised that he sees that young man's meaning much more clearly than he was expected to. The Vicar possesses sufficient wisdom to understand the ways of the world. The Squire Shows a brash boldness in suggesting that the men should sit on the ladies' laps when it was discovered that there were not enough chairs to go round, and when he vowed that for Olivia's pleasure, he would sacrifice half his estate--and throw himself in with the bargain as his only reward. His seeming repentance at the chapter's end is shown as mockery when he asks for prayers which, as an avowed freethinker, can have no significance for him. The baseness of his character is shown by the elaborateness of the plan he makes only for the purpose of ruining Olivia. The Fashionable Ladies Lady Blarney and Miss Carolina Wilelmina Amelia Skeggs show traces of unladylike vulgarity. We are not surprised to learn later that they are creatures of the demi-monde. Their performance as ladies of refinement is not unintelligent, but they are very easily recognized by Mr. Burchell. The Primrose Women Are unworldly and cannot recognize evil in others since they do not possess it in themselves. Mrs. Primrose should be wiser, but her anxiety to forward the fortunes of her daughters blinds whatever judgment she possessed. It is their vanity that makes them ambitious and leads them into errors which the Vicar's calm wisdom could have avoided for them. GLOSSARY the living jingo musical glasses

cant

a coarse expression equivalent to the French "par Dieu." glass tumblers off musical notes when rubbed or struck; by a mechanical application of this principle, Benjamin Franklin invented the harmonica.

affected speech.

coup de main sudden vigorous attack.

CHAPTER X THE MISERIES OF THE POOR WHEN THEY ATTEMPT TO APPEAR ABOVE THEIR CIRCUMSTANCES The events in this chapter are related by the Vicar with straight-faced humor but with a definite twinkle in his eyes. Goldsmith should have striven a little harder to bring out the really uproarious humor of the horse-riding incident, but instead he describes it in a lucid straightforward style that takes time to register. The distinctions paid them by their betters completely turned the heads of the Primrose women. They became affected, discarded the Misses Flamborough as beneath them, and spent much time beautifying themselves and echoing the high-society talk of the two town ladies. This phase might have passed had not a passing gypsy fortuneteller foretold that Olivia would marry a squire within a year and that Sophia


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www.cliffs.com would shortly thereafter marry a lord. Just in passing, we might note the surprising accuracy of those prophecies. The women immediately began to anticipate in their present behavior their future grandeur. Omens and dreams were all fortunate, and Olivia was persuaded by all these things, and by the parish rumor that the Squire loved her, to actually fall in love with him. Since the town ladies expressed the wish to see them at church the following Sunday, the ladies proceeded to scheme how they might make a best appearance. Mrs. Primrose was elected to approach the Vicar, who, realizing her purpose, deliberately feigned not to and led the conversation in the direction opposite that which his wife desired. However, they won consent, over his protests, to come to church next day mounted on the two family horses, one of which was walleyed and the other without a tail. On Sunday, service time arrived and still no family, so, after some delay the Vicar carried on with the service. When the service had ended and the family still had not arrived, the Vicar, worried now, set out in search of them. He found them unharmed but considerably ruffled and somewhat deflated. All the actors in their pageant of splendor had not been consulted, and those two very important figures--the horses--had proved stubborn, recalcitrant, and, in brief, uncooperative. The Vicar was sympathetic--but not sorry. PURPOSE • It enables the author to teach a simple moral that pride goeth before a fall. •

It presents an interlude of humor preceding, and contrasting with, the more tragic events to follow.

•

It offers further opportunity to show the Vicar's wisdom and the vanity of the women.

PLOT There is no plot development in this chapter. The extreme ambition of the women leads them forward to where their vanity makes them easy victims of those who are planning to do them harm. CHARACTERS The Vicar shows his good sense, his wife her foolishness, the girls their vanity and unworldliness. GLOSSARY flourishing upon catgut

embroidering showily upon linen.

Sibyl

a priestess of Apollo able to prophesy; here, a fortuneteller.

Nabob

a person acquiring a great fortune in India.

scrubs

insignificant persons.

blowzed

flushed, red in the face.

smock race

race in which the prize is a smock of fine material.

pillion

a saddle with place for a woman to ride behind another rider.


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CHAPTER XI THE FAMILY STILL RESOLVES TO HOLD UP THEIR HEADS Invited by the Flamboroughs to help celebrate Michaelmas-eve, and somewhat humbled by their yesterday's experience, the Primrose family repaired to their neighbor's. There they feasted and participated in such games as blind man's buff, hot-cockles where the victim has to guess who struck him while his face was hidden, and hunt the slipper wherein the victim in the center is thumped with the heel of the slipper whenever her back is turned. In the midst of the last game when Olivia was in the center, all blowzed and "bawling for fairplay, with a voice that might deafen a balladsinger," who should enter upon them but the two grand ladies from town. The mortification of it! The two ladies were very solicitous over the family's mishap of the day before which Olivia glossed over with "We were thrown from our horses." In very short time, the conversation once more veered toward city high life, and the Vicar treats us with a sample of the high-sounding but vapid and meaningless talk that was supposed to be typical of the conversations of lords and ladies. Mr. Burchell, who was also present, could not restrain himself from frequently muttering "Fudge" during their conversation. During this conversation, it further developed that both ladies were in need of readers, companions, or ladies-in-waiting--positions for which the two Misses Primrose were eminently suited. This Mrs. Primrose did not hesitate to point out, and indeed the generous salary promised and the prospect of advantage for Olivia's chances with the Squire made even the Vicar acquiesce to this application. The two fine ladies expressed themselves as delighted, but purely for the sake of form, were going to get character recommendations--Squire Thornhill's would be sufficient. PURPOSE • It carries forward Squire Thornhill's dishonest plot. •

It satirizes so-called "high society."

•

It gives still another picture of life in rural England.

PLOT As a result of events in this chapter, the plot becomes complicated. Mr. Burchell, who is not fooled by the so-called fine ladies, sees through their plot, and it is his letter to them that prevents the scheme from being carried out. His letter is discovered and misconstrued by the Primroses, and he is blamed by them as the one responsible for the loss of the grand opportunity the ladies had held out. Mr. Burchell becomes the victim of the only occasion when the Vicar is unjust--albeit unintentionally. The offer of the positions is just a part of the Squire's plan to get the young ladies away from their home and parental protection. CHARACTERS The shallowness and counterfeit qualities of the two fine ladies--Lady Blarney and Miss Skeggs--are revealed in their attempt at high-society conversation. GLOSSARY lamb's wool hot cockles

a drink made of hot ale, sugar, nutmeg, and the pulp of roasted apples. variation of blind man's buff; blindfold player has to guess who struck him--usually from behind.


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www.cliffs.com prolocutor rout

spokesman.

a crowd.

Hanover Square

in fashionable London.

pink

to ornament linen by means of scallops.

point

to make lace.

fudge rubbish, nonsense. small-clothes knee breeches. cut paper

cutting silhouettes out of paper--a fashionable accomplishment of the time.

CHAPTER XII FORTUNE SEEMS RESOLVED TO HUMBLE THE FAMILY OF WAKEFIELD This chapter is one of the classic examples of humor in English literature. Treated in the modern manner by one of our writers, the humor in this section could have been made more hilarious, but it is doubtful that it would retain its quality as long. Here again, as in previous instances, Goldsmith gains by underemphasis. The family returned home that night elated at the prospects which opened before them--of possible conquests in the city. The Vicar alone expressed prudent doubts, having instinctive misgivings. Since there was good prospect of their fortunes rising in the world, the women decided that a proper riding horse was needed to give added dignity to their appearance. Accordingly, the Vicar's protests were finally overcome and Moses was sent to the fair to sell the colt (without the tail). Moses departed mounted on the colt and all decked out, with his sisters' assistance, in his finest array. He made a notable figure. It was a day of events. Messengers followed bringing good tidings from the Squire and from the ladies, and the desired positions seemed assured. Mr. Burchell arrived bringing little gifts from the fair. He was informed of the progress made and asked for his advice. When he advised great care and seemed to be against accepting the positions with the two fine ladies, Mrs. Primrose sharply berated him. At this stage, Moses' arrival prevented a quarrel. He had sold the colt at a good price but had reinvested the money in a gross of green spectacles, with silver rims and leather cases. But his hope for reaping a rich profit from the silver rims was shattered when the Vicar discovered that the rims were copper silvered over. Since sending Moses was chiefly Mrs. Primrose's idea, hers was the greatest chagrin and anger. Poor Moses had been easily spotted by some sharpers who had gulled him as well as Farmer Flamborough into buying worthless glasses--a gross each. PURPOSE • The episode of this chapter contributes very little to plot development. It is brought in deliberately for its value as humor. PLOT The family seems to be beset by sharpers. The Squire and the two ladies are also playing shrewdly to deceive the Primrose family.


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Mr. Burchell meets with sharp disfavor from Mrs. Primrose for his disapproval of the opportunity of positions offered by the fine ladies. That disapproval is more emphatic on a second occasion soon to take place. CHARACTERS The Vicar Alone of the Primrose family is not completely swept away by his daughters' prospects of employment with the town ladies. Mrs. Primrose Eagerness and ambition for her daughters lead her into a series of errors. Her judgment is unreliable because reality is blotted out by wishful thinking. Mr. Burchell Wise in the ways of the world, sees through the fine ladies' scheme and disapproves of their offer. Moses Successful enough when buying, selling, and haggling with honest people but no match for the sharpers-honest but unworldly. GLOSSARY deal any soft wood used in making of furniture. thunder-and-lightning

heavy cloth of dark and light spots.

sell his hen of a rainy day

proverb indicating caution and prudence.

shagreen

granulated leather, rough, untanned and usually dyed green.

murrain

plague.

CHAPTER XIII MR. BURCHELL IS FOUND TO BE AN ENEMY FOR HE HAS THE CONFIDENCE TO GIVE DISAGREEABLE ADVICE The Vicar lost no opportunity to point out the moral to be learned from the failure of each attempt they had made to rise above their station. Unequal combinations--such as between rich and poor--are always disadvantageous to the weaker side he contended, and this was aptly illustrated by a fable narrated by little Dick. The occasion was marred by the recurrence of the dispute between Mr. Burchell and Mrs. Primrose. The latter sought refuge from defeat in hinting in anger that Mr. Burchell's opposition stemmed from his own interest in Sophia. Without losing his composure, Mr. Burchell took his leave, nor could Sophia's looks prevent his going. The Vicar censured his wife for her anger and inhospitableness but was nevertheless somewhat relieved that Mr. Burchell had left since he had feared his interest in Sophia. Moreover, since Mr. Burchell's conversation with Sophia had been modest, sensible, and pleasing but not of love, the Vicar felt that Sophia could make a much better choice in town in the employ of the fine ladies.


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Sophia did not disclose her own views. The family's breach of hospitality disturbed the Vicar's conscience, but he soon argued himself back into equanimity. PURPOSE • The course of true love does not flow smoothly. Sophia's love story runs into obstacles in the quarrel and break between Mr. Burchell and Mrs. Primrose. Interest is added. •

The author is able to include the interesting fable of the Giant and the Dwarf.

PLOT Complications set in in the love story of Sophia and Mr. Burchell. The family seems set on going ahead with its plans to accept the position with the fine ladies. CHARACTERS Mrs. Primrose Is depicted somewhat unsympathetically. For the second time she loses her temper with Mr. Burchell and this time goes as far as ordering him out of the house. Mr. Burchell Uses reason where Mrs. Primrose uses anger. At no time does he lose his composure--showing a welltrained mind and a controlled character. The Vicar calls him a most finished gentleman. The Vicar Takes a neutral attitude. He is honest enough to admit that he is fooling his conscience over his breach of hospitality with Mr. Burchell. GLOSSARY Saracens

Arabs, enemies of the Crusaders.

Satyrs

half man, half goat.

moralize this fable

draw a moral from the fable.

neuter

neutral.

economist

manager.

specious

false.

the common cant

the usual insincere and hypocritical talk.

CHAPTER XIV FRESH MORTIFICATIONS The journey of the young ladies was finally decided upon, Mr. Thornhill himself having kindly volunteered to look in on the girls frequently and to write home of their progress. But funds were needed to deck them out suitably, and it was decided to sell their remaining horse--this time the Vicar doing the negotiating.


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Prospective buyers finding little merit in the animal, the Vicar became quite disheartened and accepted with alacrity a fellow cleric's invitation to partake of some refreshment. They were ushered to a little back room where the only other occupant was a venerable-looking old gentleman. The Vicar's friend left him briefly, and the venerable gentleman, hearing the name of Dr. Primrose mentioned, asked the Vicar if he were the famous monogamist. The two struck up a warm friendship, and what the old gentleman lacked in learning he certainly made up in devoutness. He did, however, appear to be unusually well informed on cosmogony. It seemed a happy coincidence that the venerable gentleman should be looking for a horse. A deal was concluded and a £30 note tendered in payment. Since the Vicar had no change and no one at the fair could change the bill, the venerable gentleman gave the Vicar a sight-draft on Solomon Flamborough, the Vicar's good neighbor. The two parted mutually satisfied. Upon further thought, the Vicar saw the error of accepting a draft from a stranger and sought for the venerable gentleman, who had disappeared. He hastened towards Farmer Flamborough, where he learned that the venerable gentleman was the same Mr. Jenkinson who had duped Moses and Mr. Flamborough into buying the worthless spectacles. The draft was equally worthless, and the Vicar was now the second in his family to be duped by the same sharper. Fearing the wrath to come, the Vicar reluctantly returned home. Here he found the women in tears of deepest woe. Some unknown malicious person had given slanderous reports about the family to the fine ladies, and they had returned to London without the girls. The Vicar's loss was small and easy to bear in comparison with the other. Mr. Thornhill continued to assure the family of his friendship and interest. But who was the base slanderer of so harmless, humble, and inoffensive a family? PURPOSE • Creates humor--the learned statements of the venerable gentleman have a phony quality; the Vicar's attempts at business are humorously described. •

Creates suspense and interest in the latest development. Who was the base slanderer?

•

Depicts a downward trend in the family fortunes.

•

Introduces Mr. Jenkinson, who will be important later.

PLOT The way is prepared for the final break with Mr. Burchell. Squire Thornhill's plot to win the girls away from home is defeated. Mr. Jenkinson is introduced. We shall meet him later when he will play a very important role in the fortunes of the Primrose family. CHARACTERS The Vicar Although possessing considerable wisdom, he is not a good businessman. He is also not a good judge of character, being fooled by Mr. Jenkinson. Completely honest himself, he was not accustomed to expecting anything but honesty from others.


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Squire Thornhill Takes advantage of the defeat of his plan to appear as the trustworthy friend of the family. GLOSSARY chapman

a peddler.

spavin

disease affecting the lower leg of a horse.

wind-gall

swelling near bottom of a horse's leg.

monogamist

one advocating that a person should marry only once.

deuterogamy state of being married more than one time. cosmogony

doctrine of the creation of the world.

St. Gregory

Gregory I, Pope from 590 to 604.

Sanconiathon obscure Phoenician writer, predating Trojan War. Manetho

250 B.C., obscure Egyptian historian and priest.

Berosus

Babylonian historian and priest; third century B.C.

Ocellus Lucanus

fifth century B.C.; a philosopher.

Anarchon . . . pan

Greek, meaning everything is without beginning and without end.

ek . . . kubernet es

we learn to rule from books.

touchstone

a test.

CHAPTER XV MR. BURCHELL'S VILLAINY DETECTED Much time was spent by the family in fruitless effort to discover who their detractor had been, and suspicion had been cast upon all the good people of the neighborhood. A letter case belonging to Mr. Burchell was found by one of the little boys, and it contained a sealed note superscribed "the copy of a letter to be sent to the ladies at Thornhill Castle." Definite suspicion immediately fell upon Mr. Burchell, and it was only Sophia's insistence that it be read to clear Mr. Burchell that brought the family to break the seal and read the letter. The Vicar admitted that the letter could be interpreted to apply to its receivers, but since it had brought disaster to the Primroses' hopes, it was immediately interpreted as applying to them. In part the letter read: . . . as I would neither have simplicity imposed upon, nor virtue contaminated, I must offer it as my opinion, that the impropriety of such a step will be attended with dangerous consequences. . . . Take, therefore, the admonition of a friend and seriously reflect on the


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www.cliffs.com consequences of introducing infamy and vice into retreats where peace and innocence have hitherto resided. Mr. Burchell happened to arrive at this unfortunate time, and the family decided to be especially kind to him and then to face him with evidence of his infamy. Mrs. Primrose's efforts in this direction were going badly so the Vicar stepped in and confronted Mr. Burchell with the letter. Far from being taken aback, the young man questioned their right to unseal the letter. Upon this the whole wrath of the Vicar descended upon him, and he was ordered from the house. Mr. Burchell took his leave with the utmost composure. Mrs. Primrose was astonished at his complete lack of shame, and the Vicar remarked that according to the old allegory, Guilt and Shame no longer travel together. PURPOSE • To throw doubt on Mr. Burchell's character and thus add interest and suspense to the story. PLOT Mr. Burchell, since he will not be needed again for some time, is conveniently disposed of by having him expelled from the Primrose household and family association. The disclosing to the Squire and the fine town ladies that their purpose was discovered was sufficient to frighten them away from pursuing it further. The Squire will now have to make new plans to carry out his unworthy scheme. It is a rather forced coincidence that brings the finding of Mr. Burchell's letter, but it is necessary for plot development. CHARACTERS The Vicar This is the first time that the Vicar shows anger. If his suspicions were correct, he had ample motivation. Mr. Burchell Although he is placed in an awkward situation, he bears himself with dignity. GLOSSARY conceit Flemish school

idea or thought. noted for its naturalism in painting technique used by painters of Flanders.

Roman pencil Italian painting in which imagined details are introduced. debilitate

weaken.

allegory

symbolical story in which abstract ideas are personified.


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CHAPTER XVI THE FAMILY USE ART, WHICH IS OPPOSED WITH STILL GREATER Mr. Thornhill now proceeded to come more often than before and spent long hours in the company of the rest of the family while Moses and the Vicar worked. He brought news of the latest plays, told the latest jests, taught the girls card games, and set the little fellows to boxing each other. Mr. Burchell was definitely a better influence. But the Squire's increased attentiveness, which always stopped short of proposed marriage, made the family all the more eager to win him. Mrs. Primrose employed all sorts of obvious tricks (she thought them guileful) to entrap the Squire, but he was always wily enough to elude them. The Flamboroughs had their portraits drawn by an itinerant artist, each with an orange. Not to be outdone, the Vicar's family--over his vigorous protests--decided also to be painted, but with more imagination and taste than the Flamboroughs. Accordingly the family group was painted with classical mythology as a central motif. Mrs. Primrose was to be Venus, the little boys cupids, gentle Olivia was depicted as a warlike Amazon, Sophia was a shepherdess with as many sheep as the painter could include. Nonclassical notes were sounded by the Vicar, who in his cap and gown was handing his book on monogamy to Venus, and by Moses, who was given a hat and a white feather. Family hopes soared high when the Squire insisted on being included as Alexander the Great lying at the feet of Olivia the Amazon. The portrait was an artistic success with plenty of diamonds for Venus, sheep for Sophia, and color for all. But in their zeal they had forgotten size, and the portrait stood against the kitchen wall--too large to be hung anywhere. But the family's chagrin was mollified by the general envy excited by the presence of the Squire in the family group. A family plan was made to get the Squire to acknowledge his intentions. It had too much cunning to please the Vicar and won his consent only when Olivia promised that she would honestly accept the man (Farmer Williams) who was to be set up as the Squire's rival for Olivia's hand. Mrs. Primrose, it was planned, was to ask the Squire's advice concerning a husband for Olivia. When he was asked, the young Squire protested that no man could possibly be good enough for so lovely a creature--he could never approve of such injustice, he had his reasons. When pressed for those reasons, the youth replied that they were buried too deep in his heart to be disclosed. The family later in consultation could not decide the meaning of his statements. Olivia thought they meant love, but to the Vicar they had too much of love and not enough of marriage. Accordingly they decided to go ahead with the scheme of Farmer Williams. PURPOSE • To create humor. The episode of the family portrait serves only incidentally for plot and is introduced chiefly for the rich humor it possesses. This scene vies with the episode of Moses at the fair as the funniest in this book and amongst the most humorous in all good English literature. •

The family efforts to snare the Squire and his equally clever counter-maneuvers also add humor to the story.

PLOT Farmer Williams' introduction is expedient to help the plot. He is very obviously dragged in, and explained, as an afterthought.


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www.cliffs.com The Squire will have to act fast if his plans are not to fail. The family is definitely going ahead with the Farmer Williams scheme. The story of Olivia's elopement may be said to begin with this chapter. GLOSSARY piquet

a card game played by two persons.

well-knit

well blended.

limner

artist.

stomacher

article of dress worn over the breast.

Amazon

mythical female warrior.

green joseph

green riding overcoat with a cape on it.

encomiums

praises.

facetious

joking.

want for parts lack good qualities.

CHAPTER XVII THE DIFFICULTY OF RESISTING THE POWER OF LONG AND PLEASING TEMPTATION Farmer Williams very enthusiastically returned as Olivia's wooer, and the young lady did her best to play him off against the Squire. Although he appeared visibly perturbed, the Squire did nothing to cure a situation which required but the confession of his honest intentions to remedy. After each visit, Olivia gave way to her grief. However, in all fairness to Mr. Williams it was decided to give the Squire one month more to declare himself, after which Olivia promised to marry his rival. Even with this added pressure, Mr. Thornhill still made no move to propose marriage and Olivia suffered, and then lapsed into a thoughtful quiet which the Vicar interpreted as resignation--and was glad. Four days before the wedding, the Vicar, happiest when in the midst of his family, was being entertained around the fireplace. Olivia and little Dick had gone for a stroll, but the others were carrying on in song and story. Bill, the youngest, sang a song taught him by Mr. Williams, "An Elegy on the Death of a Mad Dog." At the conclusion of this song, the Vicar was expatiating to his wife on the happiness of their family life when Dick rushed in to bring the crushing news that Olivia had eloped. Two men had come in a post-chaise, one of them kissed her and said he would die for her, and she had shed many tears but had gone off with him. In the first transports of his grief, the Vicar gave way to anger, cursing the villain and calling for his pistols that he might get this revenge. Moses and his wife returned him to some degree of calmness. His wife completely disowned the ungrateful girl for shaming them thus, but the Vicar forgave her in his heart and set out armed with Bible and staff to bring back Olivia from a life of continuance of iniquity. PURPOSE • Brings out the tragedy of Olivia's elopement and begins the story of the family's misfortunes.


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PLOT The story of Olivia's unhappy affair is now under way. The attendant misfortunes that befall the Vicar and his family also begin with Olivia's elopement. CHARACTERS The Vicar We have seen before this that the Vicar is a very strong family man. His chief concern is for Olivia's happiness, and it pleased him that she should marry the dependable, even if less romantic, Farmer Williams, rather than the Squire. He is never happier than when in the midst of his family, and with his beloved brood around him misfortunes become tolerable. Nearly all of the happiest scenes in the book are family scenes. After his first outbreak of anger, we find him bearing his misfortune with patience and fortitude. He has the inner strength to stand up against every blow of fate, uncomplainingly, with the great patience of Job. GLOSSARY insensibility

unconcern.

ostentation

exaggerated show.

Death and the Lady

dialogue in which the Lady asks to be spared and is refused by Death.

elegy

usually a poem expressing sorrow and lamentation; here, used satirically.

ode

lyric poetry with a lofty theme.

fairings

inexpensive gifts bought at a fair.

Islington

at that time a suburb of London, now a borough in the north of London.

Ranelagh

very popular place of public amusement, highly fashionable, from which fashionable poetry might be expected to come.

Fontarabia

a town in Spain.

CHAPTER XVIII THE PURSUIT OF A FATHER TO RECLAIM A LOST CHILD TO VIRTUE Young Dick had not been able to recognize the man with whom Olivia had left, but the Vicar's suspicion fell upon the Squire, whose reputation such an exploit fitted. But at Thornhill Castle the Squire was surprised and protested his innocence. Moreover, on the Vicar's way both to and from the scoundrel Squire's house, witnesses diverted suspicion upon Mr. Burchell and directed the Vicar's footsteps in a bootless search towards Wells some thirty miles off. Arriving there on foot, the Vicar was again duped into walking a further thirty miles away. Finally, realizing the uselessness of his search, the Vicar decided to return home, but at a little wayside inn he was overcome by fatigue and a fever, from which it took him some three weeks to recover. Finally he set out once more for home, traveling short distances each day since his physical condition was still weak.


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Enroute he overtook the cart of a company of strolling, or traveling actors. It was driven by one of the actors, and the two entered into a discussion of the contemporary theater. In very short time, they reached a village where they were the center of a considerable amount of curiosity. To escape this, the Vicar repaired to the nearest alehouse, where he made the acquaintance of a very well-dressed gentleman who invited him and the actor to his house for supper. After some persuasion, they accepted. PURPOSE • To enable Goldsmith to express his views on the drama and theater of his day. •

To enable the Vicar to moralize.

•

To enable Goldsmith to mention, with gratitude, Mr. John Newberry, "the philanthropic bookseller in St. Paul's Churchyard."

PLOT Not much development of the plot takes place in this chapter. There is a passage of time; the Vicar is returning to his home; and his encounter with the well-dressed gentleman at the inn leads to his meeting with Miss Arabella Wilmot. This in turn leads to further complications of plot involving Mr. Thornhill, Arabella, and George Primrose. CHARACTERS The Vicar Shows a philosophical ability which enables him to reconcile himself to the unhappiness of his situation. He shows, too, another important phase of his character: his love of discussion and argument. With the strolling player he holds forth on drama, and with the gentleman at the inn he discusses politics. His wisdom and philosophy help to reconcile him to the situation. GLOSSARY The Wells

fashionable watering-place or health resort.

the philanthropic bookseller

famous newspaper publisher and publisher of books for children, John Newberry, whose business was near St. Paul's Cathedral in London.

Thomas Trip famous character in Newberry's books. Deuterogamists wife dies.

those holding belief that it is permissible for clergymen to remarry if their first

Dryden, Otway, Rowe, Congreve, Farquhar popular noted dramatists in the period 1600-1750. Comparison here shows them inferior to Shakespeare.


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CHAPTER XIX A PERSON DISCONTENTED WITH THE GOVERNMENT AND FEARING THE LOSS OF LIBERTIES, DESCRIBED The two guests were led by the fine gentleman to a magnificent house a short distance from the village. There they were served an elegant supper and the sprightly conversation soon turned again to politics. The host expressed the view that the greatest liberty lay in curbing and controlling the power of the king, which could be done by delegating some of the power to the king's advisors. The Vicar opposed this view. The advisors, he said, would be the wealthy class who would be concerned for their own power and welfare above that of the country. The rabble, or the poor, would, through selfinterest, follow the rich. But the great middle class, in whom are found all the arts, wisdom, and virtues of society, are the true preservers of freedom. And since the king controls the power of the rich so that they cannot crush the middle class, the king, therefore, must be kept as powerful as possible. The warmth with which the Vicar expressed his views was met by the heat of his host's anger at such views, and the two guests were ordered from the house. But at this moment a knock heralding some new arrivals revealed that their host was really the butler, and the real master and mistress of the house entered to join in the universal surprise and embarrassment. From this situation the Vicar was rescued by the unexpected entrance of Miss Arabella Wilmot. She was overjoyed to meet him and introduced him to her uncle and aunt, the owners of the mansion. Mr. and Mrs. Arnold were prevailed upon to forgive the butler, and they in turn, with Miss Wilmot, prevailed upon the Vicar to accept their hospitality for a few days. Arabella asked with interest of the welfare of the family and showed special interest in news of George. Faithful in her love to him, she had refused several offers of marriage. The Vicar told her that he had received no news from George in three years--an anachronism on the part of the author. The actor whom the Vicar had met appeared with some tickets for his company's performance and announced the debut of a very promising young actor. The Arnolds and their guests attended the show and were given the seats of honor at the front of the theater. The young actor making his debut finally appeared on the stage but spying Arabella and the Vicar was stricken dumb and finally burst into tears and ran from the stage. It was George Primrose. Arabella and the Vicar were very upset and withdrew at once. When Mr. Arnold learned of the actor's identity, he dispatched a coach for him, and George, the Vicar, and Arabella were joyously reunited. Arabella, reacting to a mixture of emotions, was alternately reserved and giddy, but very happy. PURPOSE • To enable the author to express some views on politics. PLOT For the moment, we forget Olivia's unhappiness and the Vicar's unsuccessful search for her. The reuniting of George and Arabella and her love for him pose a difficulty which Squire Thornhill is going to have to overcome in order to win Arabella for himself. But for one so deceitful and contriving as the Squire, this presents little difficulty. CHARACTERS The Vicar The Vicar again shows his love of discussion and argument. He readily forgives his son George despite the latter's neglect in not writing once in three years, for his paternal love is much stronger than any resentment.


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www.cliffs.com Arabella Wilmot Arabella Wilmot possesses the quality of constancy. She has been faithful to her love for George and has refused several offers of marriage. GLOSSARY Monitor

Whig newspaper.

Auditor

Tory newspaper; the other papers mentioned vary in their political allegiance.

another-guess different. Levellers

a religious political party at the time of the Commonwealth; advocated abolition of rank and had strong leanings toward a theoretical communism.

Cartesian system

theory of the universe held by French philosopher Descartes (1596-1650) in which each member whirls in his own orbit with its satellites.

wooden shoes slang term for Frenchmen or foreigners generally. The Fair Penitent

a tragedy in blank verse by Micholas Rowe, popular on the stage in Goldsmith's time.

CHAPTER XX GEORGE'S STORY--THE HISTORY OF A PHILOSOPHIC VAGABOND Urged by Mrs. Arnold to tell of his adventures, George complied with alacrity. His story in brief is as follows. He left home optimistic and cheerful, was dissuaded by his cousin in London from becoming an usher at an academy, and wrote a book which was unread. He turned down a proposal by a pseudo-poet to try to raise money dedicating poetry to the rich; he tried to write for a living but failed because he produced quality instead of quantity. George then became half-friend, half-servant of a former university classmate, Ned Thornhill, and did many menial tasks with increasing reluctance--ending with a duel he fought for Thornhill, the Squire Thornhill we know. He was referred to the Squire's uncle Sir William Thornhill and rightly rebuked by the latter for aiding in his nephew's vices. A second letter of reference to a great nobleman received only neglect. The son next sought service in the American colonies; he shipped to Holland to teach English but forgot until too late that he was required to know Dutch. He tried to get a position teaching Greek at the University of Louvain, but the principal there had done very well by himself without Greek and saw no need for it. He traveled through Flanders and France singing and playing for his food and lodging; he received a cold welcome in Paris. Then he met his London cousin there and joined him in the role of connoisseur of art treasures to be bought for wealthy patrons. He then received a post as traveling companion to a miserly young heir who left him stranded in Leghorn, Italy. Since the natives were much more musical than he, he had to earn his way home in debating theses at the foreign universities.


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www.cliffs.com George had returned to England expecting to visit his home and then to enlist in an army bound for the colonies. On his way homeward, he had joined a theatrical group and had been discovered on the occasion of his first performance. Conclusions derived from all these experiences are that traveling after fortune is not the way to secure it; monarchy is the best government for the poor, and commonwealths for the rich; riches are mistaken for freedom; every man at heart is a tyrant. PURPOSE • The author recounts much of his own experience in the account of George's adventures. He also takes the opportunity to make critical and satirical comment upon institutions and customs in England and on the continent. PLOT No plot development in this chapter. CHARACTERS George George is one of the author's autobiographical characters. George exhibits a versatility of ability-academic, literary, musical, dialectic, and dramatic. But he does not seem to have the strength of character needed to succeed in any field. Although he comes into contact with evil, dissipation, and dishonesty, he emerges with his integrity untarnished. GLOSSARY sardonic

derisive.

anodyne necklace Newgate

one that frees from pain--the hangman's noose.

notorious prison in London. to grind knives.

to turn a cutler's wheel Grub Street

once a favorite residence of poor authors and journalists.

antiqua mater mother of long standing; refers to the age of Grub Street. paradox

a seeming self-contradiction.

Propertuis

Roman poet 50 B.C.

Creolian

a Creole; one born in the West Indies of European parents.

Eastern tales

English imitations of the Arabian Nights.

Philantos . . . Philanthropos

St. James' Park

Goldsmith satirizes writers of the time. They mean respectively: lover of oneself, of truth, of freedom, of humanity.

a park in London.


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www.cliffs.com tattering a kip slang for raiding or wrecking a house of ill-repute. a taste for pimping and pedigree

desire to serve the lusts of others, and being servile to nobility.

Synod here, supreme council of bishops and clergy of Pennsylvania. Chickasaw Indians

Native Americans living in Alabama.

Aesop Greek writer and collector of fables. Louvain

a Belgian city.

disideratum

something lacking or desired.

venal

mercenary.

intaglio

gem with a figure cut into it.

cognoscento

one who knows; an expert.

Pietro Perugino

(1446-1524) Italian painter and Raphael's teacher; one of the first to paint in oil.

CHAPTER XXI FURTHER KINDNESS AND FRIENDSHIP FROM SQUIRE THORNHILL As George was finishing his story, the arrival of Squire Thornhill was announced. Mr. Thornhill, who was there to court Miss Wilmot, seemed taken aback to find the Vicar and George, but he covered his feelings with a cloak of candor and the occasion came off pleasantly enough. In private conversation with the Vicar later, he had the gall to ask after Olivia and to commend the Squire's not telling Arabella or George, adding piously that Miss Livy might not be so guilty as they all imagined. Miss Wilmot's favor obviously leaned toward George, and it was therefore surprising that the Squire, instead of showing resentment, showed a friendship which increased with the increased tenderness shown George by Arabella. His friendship showed in a practical way when he informed the Vicar that he had obtained an ensign's commission for George in one of the regiments that was going to the West Indies. The two unsuspecting Primroses were grateful, and the Vicar gave his bond for the £100, paid by the Squire, needed to obtain the commission which ordinarily would have cost them £300. Since the Squire urged haste, George left father and sweetheart the next day. The Vicar left soon after and on his way homeward stopped off at an inn where he heard from the landlord further stories of Squire Thornhill's debauchery. The sudden sharp sound of the landlady's voice, reviling and evicting a penniless tenant, attracted their attention, and the Vicar discovered that the penniless tenant was his own daughter Olivia. A tender reunion followed in which the Vicar assured the poor girl of his complete forgiveness.


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www.cliffs.com When later he blamed Mr. Burchell for her seduction, he was astounded to hear that it was Thornhill who was the guilty one. The young man's duplicity and deep-dyed villainy now stood completely revealed. His plan to lure the girls to London with the aid of the fine ladies who were really abandoned women of the town was frustrated by Mr. Burchell's letter, for which he had received the unearned wrath of the family. Olivia further disclosed that she had undergone a form of marriage performed by a popish priest but that the Squire had been married already by the same priest to six or eight wives more. Her love for the Squire had prompted her to trust in him, but when finally he offered her to a young baronet of his acquaintance, she left him and fled as far as she could from him. She had reached the inn penniless, and there her father had found her. It was decided that next day Olivia should be taken home, and the Vicar assured her that her mother would eventually forgive and forget. PURPOSE • Reveals the depths of Mr. Thornhill's baseness and villainy. •

Shows that the poor had no recourse in law against the rich, whose wealth gave them apparent impunity.

•

Reveals general helplessness of women in English society of that day.

PLOT Evil seems to be triumphing. The lecherous Mr. Thornhill has been succeeding in getting his rival for Miss Wilmot out of the way--in guise of a benefactor. His evil in ruining so many women is also disclosed, and he appears to be beyond punishment. Olivia is returned to her family and will bring with her increasing woes and disaster. CHARACTERS The Squire The Squire shows himself as a treacherous schemer, as faithless in love, as contemptuous of religion, and as completely without any moral integrity in his treatment of Olivia and his other victims. Olivia Olivia reveals that she loved the Squire truly. She is too fine to descend to the immoral depths desired of her by the Squire and finally has the courage and indignation to leave him. The Vicar The Vicar is too honest to doubt the motives of Squire Thornhill in helping his son George. He is sociable in his association with the landlord of the inn. Shows sorrow rather than resentment at the discovery of the Squire's wickedness. He has learned to bear his burdens with patience. GLOSSARY ensign a second lieutenant. Lord Falkland a Royalist leader who died in the service of Charles I at the battle of Newberry, 1643. the cross of her money sussarara

the modern-day phrase "the color of her money."

a blow or a scolding.


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popish priest

Catholic priests at that time were not permitted by law to perform legal marriage ceremonies.

CHAPTER XXII LOVE EASILY PARDONS OFFENCES The next morning, the two set out together on their homeward journey, the Vicar offering Olivia consolation and comfort. It was decided to let Olivia wait at an inn a short distance from home while the Vicar went on alone to prepare the family for her arrival. As the Vicar came closer to his home in the dark, his heart was filled with rapturous expectation of reunion with his loved ones. As he approached his house, he was horrified to see it burst out in a blaze of fire. He uttered a cry and fell insensible. His cry awakened Moses, who in turn awakened Sophia and Mrs. Primrose, and they escaped to safety. When returned to consciousness, the Vicar noticed the absence of his two little ones and though the thatched roof was falling in he rushed into the flames and reached his children just as their bed became ignited. Clasping them to him, he rushed out again and reached safety just as the whole roof finally collapsed. In their transports of joy and relief, the family felt no sense of loss. The children were safe; their greatest treasure had been saved. But all the other possessions were lost, and, in addition, the Vicar was severely burned on the arm to the shoulder. The neighbors contributed what they could and one of the small farm buildings was turned into a temporary shelter. In face of recent calamity, it was easy to introduce the news of Olivia's return. Moses and Sophia were dispatched for her, and when the unfortunate girl entered, she was met with harsh reproach from her mother. The Vicar, however, stepped in and with severity urged that there be no more reproaches but that they live harmoniously together in forgiveness and mutual protection from the censure of the world. PLOT The story of the family's misfortunes gets under way in this chapter. The burns received in the fire add a physical burden and a further test of the Vicar's fortitude. CHARACTERS The Vicar Shows physical courage in saving his sons. Is wise and philosophic in trying to find consolation for Olivia. Is the tender and affectionate parent and husband. Mrs. Primrose Mrs. Primrose is not so ready to forgive her daughter, but her sharpness rises out of her own pain and disappointment. Her love for Olivia still continues, and she will eventually forgive her completely.

CHAPTER XXIII HAPPINESS EVEN IN MISFORTUNE. NONE BUT THE GUILTY CAN BE LONG AND COMPLETELY MISERABLE Their new abode soon began to take on the appearance of some comfort. The neighbors were kindly and helpful, bringing assistance and planning the rebuilding of the home.


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www.cliffs.com Farmer Williams would have renewed his suit with Olivia but received permanent discouragement from her. Sorrow and anxiety began to undermine her health, and her penitence was accompanied by an envy. Recognizing this, the Vicar was particularly tender with her and strove in a thousand ways to lessen her care. God works in many different ways to bring happiness he told her, and illustrated the truth of this with the story of Matilda. Matilda was a widow and a mother at the age of fifteen. Her infant, leaping from her arms, fell into the river and disappeared. Seeking to save him, she too leaped and barely escaped drowning. Captured by some French soldiers, she escaped death through the intercession of a young officer whom she later married. Some years later, her city was captured and its citizens, her husband--the leader--amongst them, condemned to death. Before her husband's execution, she came to take farewell and was recognized by the leader of the enemy as his mother--the young general was her son whom she thought lost. But this story did not cheer her, and her despondency was deepened by the news that Squire Thornhill was soon to be married to Miss Wilmot. The Vicar resolved to defeat the Squire's purpose and sent a note to Miss Wilmot recounting the Squire's villainies toward his family. Moses returned, having left the note for Miss Wilmot, and brought reports of the grand entertainments in honor of the forthcoming marriage. People were speaking high praises especially for the Squire's uncle, Sir William Thornhill. The Vicar, moralizing, said he would not for many worlds exchange his present hovel and misfortune for Mr. Thornhill's apparent felicity. Olivia, overcome, soon revived and although appearing calm was really the victim of an apathy brought on by overwrought nerves. But the gloom of the moment gave way once more to a degree of happiness with the arrival of a supply of provisions sent by kind parishioners. PURPOSE • Shows the philosophical resignation with which the Vicar is able to accept his troubles. He has lost all his worldly possessions and in addition has received severe burns, but it is still he who cheers the whole family. He forgets his own physical pain in his effort to bring Olivia back to some degree of serenity. PLOT The Vicar's letter to Miss Wilmot is going to wreck the Squire's plan to marry her. This will bring the Squire's wrath upon the Vicar and his family, and will be responsible for the long train of misfortunes which are going to follow. CHARACTERS The Vicar The Vicar finds consolation in his wisdom and philosophy. He has the strength of character to bear his own troubles and to try at the same time to cheer the rest of the family. He is able to disregard physical pain in his efforts to bring ease of mind to Olivia. His moral integrity makes him warn Miss Wilmot of the Squire's true character and makes him refuse to absolve the Squire even though it means the debtor's prison for himself and ruin for his family. Olivia Olivia is suffering the pangs of conscience and therefore is hypersensitive to favors or love shown the other children. Has found no consolation or comfort, and is further upset by news of the Squire's forthcoming marriage with Miss Wilmot. She is overcome by an apathy brought on by an over-wrought resentment.


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www.cliffs.com GLOSSARY Volturna

Italian river, empties into the Mediterranean about twenty miles northwest of Naples.

CHAPTER XXIV FRESH CALAMITIES Taking advantage of an unusually warm day, the family picnicked on the honeysuckle bank. Their pleasure was interrupted by the arrival of Squire Thornhill. In face of the Vicar's stern and uncompromising rebuke, the Squire at first pretended innocence, then offered assistance. But a new degrading proposal so aroused the Vicar's anger that the Squire finally resorted to threatening prosecution on the grounds of the annual rent and the £100 bond which the Vicar had given to purchase his son's commission. The Vicar, not intimidated, responded to this threat that he would never recognize the Squire's marriage to anyone else, that he spurned both his friendship and his enmity, and that he had nothing but contempt for the baseness of the Squire's character. At this the Squire threatened once more and departed. The very next morning, the steward came for the rent, which, of course, the Vicar was unable to pay. The steward therefore drove off and sold his cattle at half their worth. The prospect of debtor's prison now threatened and the family implored him to give in to the Squire, but the Vicar was adamant. Any sacrifice of principle which might avoid physical imprisonment would bring with it the more galling bonds of mental confinement and torture. The following morning, two officers of justice appeared with a warrant for his arrest. Although his physical plight was bad--cold weather, age, the severe burn, inadequate clothes--the Vicar nevertheless urged the family to prepare in all haste to leave for the county jail some eleven miles distant. Olivia swooned and required the attention of Mrs. Primrose so that the whole work fell to Sophia. However, in an hour the work was completed, and the family was prepared to leave. PURPOSE • The melodramatic pathos of this chapter arouses the deeper sympathy of the reader. •

Our admiration for the Vicar's character increases and our contempt grows for this further evidence of the baseness of the Squire's character.

PLOT The center of the stage is now taken by the story of the Vicar's misfortunes and his fortitude and cheerfulness in facing them. His patience reminds us of Job. Although things are going so badly for the Vicar, he still has an advantage inasmuch as the Squire will need his clearance before the marriage to Miss Wilmot will be able to proceed. On that account the Vicar can expect further pressure and persecution from Squire Thornhill. CHARACTERS The Vicar Possesses of moral rectitude. He is Christian enough to forgive the Squire, but his moral honesty prevents him from condoning the young man's actions. Nor will he deviate from this path of honesty with his principles even though it means imprisonment and even death. Harder still for him to bear is the knowledge of the hardships his loved ones will have to bear.


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www.cliffs.com Mr. Thornhill The reader is not surprised at the actions of the Squire. We already know his conscienceless debauchery, and we know that his wealth and position give him a certain impunity. But this effrontery with which he faces the Vicar is somewhat amazing and shows a viciousness of character in his prosecution of the Vicar and his family. He may be driven to desperate action by the Vicar's letter which prevents his marriage to Arabella Wilmot--a thing which the Squire evidently very much wants. GLOSSARY perquisite

payment.

coiner

counterfeiter.

terrors of prison

gaol

indiscriminate mixing of depraved criminals and minor offenders: prisoners compelled to feed and clothe themselves while in prison, thus making process of freeing oneself from debt almost impossible.

jail or prison.

CHAPTER XXV NO SITUATION, HOWEVER WRETCHED, IS WITHOUT SOME COMFORT ATTENDING IT As they walked slowly toward their destination, they were overtaken by some fifty of the Vicar's poorest parishioners, who had come to rescue him. Had the Vicar not interceded, some violence would have been done upon the officers. As it was, they hearkened to the Vicar's admonition to abide by the teachings he had so often preached and dispersed peacefully with his blessing. Arriving at the village in which the jail was contained, the Vicar saw his family comfortably disposed in an inn, although Olivia was ill, and, having supped, proceeded towards the prison. Each new arrival was required by his fellow inmates to provide the wherewithal to purchase entertainment. The Vicar complied, liquor was sent for, and the prison was soon filled with riot, laughter, and profanity. As he was sitting in a corner in the gloom of the jail, he was approached by a fellow inmate who offered to share his bed clothes with the Vicar, who had not known that he must supply his own bed. The Vicar thanked his benefactor in the words of a scholar and the benefactor in turn launched into a discourse of cosmogony. With this the Vicar recognized him to be that same Mr. Jenkinson who had duped him out of his horse. In appreciation for his unsolicited kindness, the Vicar promised to suppress his own evidence against Jenkinson and to try to soften or remove Farmer Flamborough's evidence as well. At the inn, Mr. Jenkinson had appeared old, but it had been a disguise as he really was a young man who had learned too late to regret his life of crime. When the time for retiring came, the Vicar was led down a long narrow passage into a paved room where his bundle of straw was deposited. After his meditations and prayers, the Vicar lay down and slept soundly till morning. PURPOSE • Gives a true unbiased description of the prison system of England. In the reforms brought about by the Vicar, Goldsmith was far in advance of his day in his description of prison reform. CHARACTERS The Vicar


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www.cliffs.com The Vicar stops his parishioners from saving him because it is unlawful. He is a law-abiding man of high principles. His readiness to enter into discussion with the fellow prisoner who approached him is typical of him, as is his resolve, this time unsuccessful, to be cheerful in adversity. Mr. Jenkinson Mr. Jenkinson turns out to be a young man who had trained himself to act any age from seventeen to seventy. He shows fineness in his character by his courtesy to the Vicar and his unsolicited offering of half of his bed clothes. He expresses a sincere penitence for his former life of crime and promises repayment for the Vicar's promise to suppress his own evidence and to modify Mr. Flamborough's. He has the qualities of leadership as he tells the Vicar that he has some influence amongst the inmates of the prison. And he must have a sharp mind to have been successful at living by his wits. He possesses some learning as well, although it is not very profound. GLOSSARY Ton kosnion . . .

away with the world, if you will grant the comrade. Jenkinson repeats himself as in Chapter XIV.

CHAPTER XXVI A REFORMATION IN THE GAOL The next morning, the family was reunited with the exception of Olivia, upon whose fever the events of the day before had reacted unfavorably. A room was found for the ladies near the prison, and Moses and the little ones were permitted to stay with the Vicar. It fell upon Moses to work at day labor to support the family, while Sophia was delegated to look after Olivia, and the Vicar was cared for by his wife. The lewdness and brutality he found in the common prison, where felon and debtor mixed indiscriminately, impressed upon the Vicar the need to reform them. He informed Mr. Jenkinson of his plan, and he in turn informed the prisoners. Although greeted at first with lewd whispers, burlesqued contrition, winking, and coughing, the Vicar persisted and soon his message was listened to. Beginning in a jocular vein, he suggested that since association with the devil in this world had brought them but ruin and imprisonment, and since the devil promised even worse in the world to come, it seemed to him poor wisdom to continue on with this unprofitable association. Moreover, since they had nothing to lose, they might stand to gain something by forming an alliance with a power that at least held out promises of something better in the world to come. Some of the inmates came to him after his sermon to thank him, and with this the Vicar was encouraged to try to continue on with his sermons. Mr. Jenkinson, who had become quite a friend, joined the family at its meal and was struck with the beauty of Sophia. He recognized and apologized to Moses to whom he had sold the worthless spectacles, and he told them that force of circumstances had driven him into the unhappy and uncomfortable calling of a sharper. He had been precocious and bright from early childhood and at twenty, although honest, had achieved a reputation for such cunning that few would trust him. He was driven, therefore, to living by his wits. Asking for, and hearing, Dr. Primrose's story in return, it occurred to him that he might do something to help their cause. And with that he left. PLOT We continue on with the story of the Vicar's misfortunes.


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www.cliffs.com Mr. Jenkinson's assured friendship is also going to have vital importance at a later time. CHARACTERS The Vicar Sees the need for attempted reform. Always a believer in the value of preaching when the need arose, he saw in the prison a great need for someone to bring the teachings of truth and religion. He has a simple dignity which wins the hearing and confidence of the prison inmates, and he has the perseverance which enables him to continue in face of their ribaldry and jeers. Mr. Jenkinson As we learn more of his character, we see that he can still be reclaimed to a life of virtue. The life of crime was to a certain extent forced upon him; it was not of his own choosing. He has befriended the Primroses. Moreover, he sees clearly the folly of his ways, which have led him to poverty and prison when his honest victim Flamborough was free and wealthy. GLOSSARY insensibility

lack of sympathy, indifference.

amendment

atonement.

CHAPTER XXVII MORE ON THE SUBJECT OF REFORM IN PRISON The next day, the Vicar decided to go on with his work of reform over the protests of his family since all his effort would be richly rewarded if he could win one human soul to salvation. Accordingly, he persisted in face of mockery and rough practical joking, until in less than six days some were penitent, and all attentive. Not content with this, the Vicar went further and organized them into a productive society so that, through the manufacture of pegs for tobacconists and shoemakers, each could earn a sum large enough to support himself. In less than a fortnight, he had organized them into something social and humane. The Vicar then goes on to preach the need for penal reform. It would be highly desirable that the laws tend more toward reformation then to severity. He criticizes the imposition of capital punishment for minor offenses. Since there is no distinction in punishment between murder and minor theft, there would be no distinction in crimes in the minds of the people and therefore no distinction in morality. It would be better, too, if laws sought to salvage human worth rather than destroy it by a system of laws which, because it places property so highly, must be the laws of the rich against the poor. At any rate, either the people of England were unusually wicked or else the laws were ineffective since England had more convicts in a year than half of the rest of Europe combined. GLOSSARY obscene

foul, filthy.

tobacco-stoppers paled up

used to press down tobacco in pipes.

behind the fence; fenced in.


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CHAPTER XXVIII HAPPINESS AND MISERY It was two weeks before Olivia finally came to visit him, and the Vicar was shocked to see how she had wasted away. She proved inconsolable and waited for death to free her from a world that had brought her and her family so much grief. When she left, Jenkinson urged the Vicar to make submission to the Squire and thus relieve the distress of others of his family. When the Vicar persisted in his refusal to recognize any other marriage of the Squire since it would mean labeling his own daughter with shame, Jenkinson then suggested that the Vicar write a letter with all details to the Squire's uncle, Sir William Thornhill, who had a reputation for justice. This the Vicar did. Reports came that Olivia was failing fast, and the Vicar suffered indescribable pangs that he could not be near her to comfort her and to give her spiritual absolution. Finally the report came of her death. The pain of his burn increasing, his health failing rapidly, and his heart broken with woe, the Vicar now turned his thoughts toward dying. Jenkinson got him to consent to a letter freeing the Squire, hoping in this way to obtain freedom for the Vicar and some degree of relief for the family. Moses, dispatched with the letter, returned to report that the letter had been spurned because of the letter written to Sir William Thornhill, which, said the Squire, had met with the contempt it deserved. At this low point in their fortunes, his wife rushed in to report that Sophia had been carried off by ruffians. Now the sum of his miseries seemed complete, although a letter of good news from George did somewhat alleviate the sorrows of the aging parents. Mrs. Primrose confessed that she had written George of their wrongs at the hands of Squire Thornhill and had urged him to return to revenge the family's wrongs. But the letter received seemed to indicate that her letter had, happily, gone astray. Their relief was short-lived, for at that moment in the midst of a clamor their son, George, all bloody and wounded, was brought in chains to be a prisoner. He had challenged Mr. Thornhill, who had cowardly sent four retainers to meet him. One had been badly wounded, but the others had brought George into prison, where he now faced death by execution. At this the heart of the poor man could stand no more, and he raised his voice in imprecation to curse the author of all their misfortunes. He was prevented from carrying on in a way which would later have shamed him by George's asking instead for comfort and fortitude to guide him to his death. Recalled thus to his senses and to his duty, the old man, feeling that they should both prepare for death, asked and was permitted to address the prisoners once more. PURPOSE • The story, although melodramatic, still contains considerable power of pathos which enlists the strong sympathy of the reader. Of lesser importance, we learn that George still loves Arabella Wilmot. PLOT Job is suffering his greatest misfortunes. The Vicar, like that Biblical character, bears his burdens with almost superhuman courage and fortitude. But his troubles come in such rapid succession that his heart comes close to bursting with grief. And just as it is always darkest before the dawn, we may now expect relief from this multitude of sorrows.


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www.cliffs.com CHARACTERS The Vicar Only once does he give way to rage, and then in his wrath he looms huge with the stature of a prophet. But for the rest of the time he is a marvel of patience, forbearance, forgiveness, and fortitude in the face of his multitude of trials. The Squire Vindictive and unforgiving. It seems as though he will be able to carry through his plans to marry Arabella and that he will go completely unpunished. GLOSSARY incumbent

required by duty.

postillion

driver of a carriage, seated on the left-front horse.

arrant

out-and-out.

arrogate

to take upon oneself without right.

CHAPTER XXIX THE DEALINGS OF PROVIDENCE. THE REWARDS OF HEAVEN. THE VICAR'S SERMON Providence has decreed that on this earth a person cannot be perfectly happy, but the person can be completely miserable. Philosophy, because it contradicts itself, is inadequate to offer us consolation, but religion offers to humanity the consolation of reward in heaven. Man is placed in this world to prepare himself for the next, where the righteous are rewarded, and the wicked can expect the vengeance of heaven. But has Providence been unfair? Has she not favored the wealthy who can have happiness in both worlds? The answer to this is that Providence has equalized in two ways the lot of the rich and of the poor. Since they have had nothing but misery in this world, the poor have two advantages over the rich; first, they are less reluctant to leave this world, and second, their pleasure in the next world is greater in contrast with their misery in this--and this added pleasure continues for eternity. And as he looks around at the misery of the prison, the Vicar realizes that to them the rewards of heaven will be the greatest when they escape from the persecutions of the world to a heaven of unending bliss. PURPOSE • With this sermon, the fortunes of the Primrose family have reached their lowest ebb. From now on the tide will turn, and their fortunes will rise. GLOSSARY the poor man in the parable temporal

see Luke 16:25.

of this world, as opposed to spiritual.


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CHAPTER XXX HAPPIER PROSPECTS BEGIN TO APPEAR With the sermon concluded and the prisoners removed, the jailer, one of the most humane of his profession, removed George to a stronger cell but promised to allow him to visit the Vicar every morning. Jenkinson entered bringing good news of Sophia, and Moses followed after, announcing the arrival of Sophia in the company of Mr. Burchell, who had rescued her from her abductors. The Vicar begged his forgiveness for the unjust usage Mr. Burchell had received from the Primrose family, to which Mr. Burchell replied that even at the time he had realized their mistake but was not able at the time to explain the situation, and that at no time had he resented their treatment. Sophia then went on to describe what had happened from the time of abduction to the time she had been able to attract Mr. Burchell's attention, and gave in detail the account of Mr. Burchell's brave rescue. In gratitude, the Vicar offered her deliverer Sophia's hand and was puzzled by Mr. Burchell's silence and apparent refusal. Instead, the young man ordered food and refreshments in haste from the nearest inn, and the Vicar was surprised at the jailer's eagerness to please him. The arrival of the food brought some cheer, but the memory of George's plight made it impossible for the Vicar to continue without relating his misfortunes to Sophia and her escort. Upon the Vicar's request, George was permitted to join them, and Mr. Jenkinson was also invited. As soon as George entered, he regarded Mr. Burchell with a look of astonishment and reverence, and seemed reluctant to approach him and thank him for Sophia's rescue. Realizing that he was now recognized, the young man assumed his proper air of grandness and authority, and was just beginning to censure George when he was interrupted by the announcement that a fine young gentleman was awaiting audience with him. Sending back a message to wait, Mr. Burchell again turned to George and in harsh terms condemned him for the violence which had brought him to prison. Shown Mrs. Primrose's letter, Mr. Burchell was partly mollified, and taking George by the hand told him of the happiness he had found in the Vicar's humble home and amid the loving family. And then he finally revealed himself in his true identity of Sir William Thornhill--rich and powerful in his country's counsels. Poor Mrs. Primrose, remembering her former sharpness, humbly asked and was granted pardon from Sir William, whose only anger at the moment was toward the ruffian who had seized Sophia. Enough of his appearance was described to enable Mr. Jenkinson to recognize her abductor as Timothy Baxter and to go with two officers to bring him to the prison. The little ones, Bill and Dick, now entered and welcomed Sir William--who was still Mr. Burchell to them--warmly and familiarly, and the young man showed his true simplicity in his reception of their welcome--giving them each a gingerbread. The family now returned to the business of eating, but the Vicar's burns being especially painful. Sir William, who had studied medicine, prescribed and applied an ointment which brought immediate relief. Upon conclusion of the meal, young Squire Thornhill was summoned. PURPOSE • We are reaching the denouement. Just at a time when it seemed impossible for the Vicar--and the reader--to suffer more, relief began to come. Having identified ourselves so closely with the Vicar in his trials, we now share with him the gradual relief from his ills and its attendant joy.


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www.cliffs.com PLOT The fortune of the Vicar and his family is definitely on the rise now that they have so powerful a friend as Sir William. Sophia's love affair with Mr. Burchell suffers a seemingly irreparable setback with the disclosure of his identity as the noble Sir William. We are approaching the part of our story where the five parts of the plot are joined for the first time. CHARACTERS Sophia Had shown considerable spirit in the way she had fought her abductors and had called for help. Mr. Burchell (or Sir William Thornhill) Had shown considerable agility in overtaking the carriage, and bravery and strength in the way he overcame the abductors. When his true identity is revealed, he behaves with a dignity suitable to his exalted position, but he does not act condescendingly to any of the Primroses--not even to Mrs. Primrose. He is justly angry with George, whose violence he considers unlawful, but is ready to forgive when he learns of extenuating circumstances. He returns to his true simplicity with the two little ones. We are puzzled by his reluctance to accept Sophia, whom we know he loves. He has knowledge of medicine (an autobiographic touch by the author). The Vicar Is suitably humble in his apologies to Mr. Burchell. He is honest in offering him Sophia's hand and bears no resentment at the apparent refusal. GLOSSARY cordials

liqueurs.

dissemble

hide one's true feelings.

palliation

by way of excuse.

CHAPTER XXXI THE TRIUMPH OF VIRTUE. FORMER BENEVOLENCES REPAID WITH UNEXPECTED INTEREST Mr. Thornhill's assurance upon his entrance was only slightly set back by his uncle's cold accusation of the list of his crimes. The Squire skillfully defended himself. His behavior toward George he described as now cowardly but lawful--as his uncle had taught him. He had appeared with Olivia at some places of public amusement and had been accused of debauching her. When he had gone to her father willing to clear the thing to his satisfaction, he had been met with insult and abuse. As far as the Vicar's imprisonment, that was the responsibility of his steward and his attorney, who look after his financial affairs and whose behavior was certainly legal. Moreover, said the Squire, he was willing to prove everything upon the witness of a couple of his servants. The Vicar, seeing the uselessness of denying what the Squire had said since he had no witnesses to corroborate him, and since Olivia was presumably dead, kept quiet. Encouraged by this, the Squire went on in righteous indignation, condemning the Vicar's attempt to discredit him with Sir William. And since George was actually threatening to take his life and had wounded his man, the Squire, showing the challenge, declared he was determined to make the law carry on its full justice against George. Mrs. Primrose warmly denied George's guilt, but Sir William acknowledged his helplessness in the situation. At this time, Jenkinson and two officers returned with Timothy Baxter. When the Squire saw


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www.cliffs.com Jenkinson and Baxter, he would have slunk out if not prevented by the former. Baxter had confessed all. It was he who was supposed to have been so seriously wounded by George, and it was he who had abducted Sophia--in both instances acting upon the Squire's instructions. The Squire, it was planned, would appear to save Sophia and thus win his way into her affections so that he might treat her as he had treated Olivia. Mr. Thornhill now submitted that witness from two such discredited creatures should have little worth, and that his servants should be questioned. The Squire's butler, seeing his master's power was gone, now confessed all the Squire's debaucheries. He told of women being brought and false wedding ceremonies being gone through, and he recognized Jenkinson as the one whose function it had been to procure the false priest. With the continued accumulation of evidence of the Squire's villainy, Sir William now took personal responsibility and had George, who was in his cell, released from his imprisonment. Miss Arabella Wilmot now made her appearance. She had been on her way to her uncle's estate where she was to marry the Squire when she saw one of the little Primrose's playing in the street and had followed him to prison over her father's protests. At first she mistook the reason for the Squire's presence there presuming that, like his uncle, he liked to do good in secret and had come here to help their mutual friend-and her former teacher--the Vicar. She was quickly informed of the true state of affairs and was congratulated on her narrow escape, and then she revealed that the Squire had told her that George had been married and had gone off to America. Mrs. Primrose added her information to show the Squire in his proper light. George now appeared, freed and restored in his regimentals, making an extremely handsome appearance. The two lovers were overjoyed to see each other again and restored their vows of constancy. Mr. Wilmot was sent for to obtain his consent to their marriage. The Squire now turned upon them. He was no longer dependent upon his uncle since Miss Wilmot's fortune had been made over to him, and he intended to claim it with or without the girl. George once more renewed his vows to Arabella, pleased that now she could see that it was she, and not her fortune, that had attracted him. The news of the Squire's intention came as a blow to Mr. Wilmot, who now suffered just punishment for his too great love of wealth. However, he had no objection to the match with George, and Sir William promised George rapid promotion in the army. But even his short triumph was to be denied the Squire because Jenkinson now came forward with the news that the Squire was already legally married and thus had no right to Miss Wilmot's fortune. Upon that he left and shortly returned with Olivia--alive--and with the license that had legally married the Squire to Olivia. He had hoped to blackmail the Squire with the license at a later time. So Olivia was now in the eyes of society an honorable woman and no longer an outcast. With the lifting of shame, she visibly brightened and seemed to grow better. Reproached for bringing the Vicar so much anguish by telling him of Olivia's death, Jenkinson replied it was done so that the Vicar would release the Squire and thus perhaps obtain his own liberty. He was gladly forgiven. The Squire, seeing his ruin, now begged mercy. Sir William was going to spurn him completely but at the Vicar's intercession granted the Squire one servant and a bare subsistence, making him dependent upon Olivia, who was given one-third of the fortune formerly the Squire's. The Squire now left. Turning toward Sophia, who was unhappy because of the great gap in rank between her erstwhile Burchell and herself, Sir William with mock gravity offered to settle £500 upon Jenkinson if Sophia would marry that worthy. Sophia refused with considerable spirit, and Sir William now openly


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www.cliffs.com declared his love to her. She had loved him for himself and not for his money, and therefore he was sure her love was true. Jenkinson was rewarded with the £500. Prisoners and village folk also shared the kindness and happiness of Sir William Thornhill. The group left the prison and made their way to the inn, where the occasion was celebrated with festivities. Early in the evening, however, the Vicar excused himself, went to his room, and, giving thanks to his Maker, slept soundly the sleep of the just. PURPOSE • Brings our story to a happy conclusion, and points the moral that crime does not pay and that virtue will inevitably and eventually be rewarded. PLOT The various stories that go to make up the plot are united in this chapter. The three love stories have happy endings, even with the defeat of the villainous Squire, whose punishment could have been much worse. Jenkinson does enough good at the right time to more than compensate for his former villainy, which was never quite as vicious as the Squire's. We feel that he is a reformed character. And finally, the story of the Vicar's misfortunes ends in his just triumph and merited happiness. There remains but one thing to complete our story--the marriages. CHARACTERS Sir William Noble and dignified. Just in his treatment of his nephew, giving him every opportunity to defend himself. Stern towards wrongdoers, but easily mollified by the Vicar's intercession on behalf of the Squire. Kind and generous, pleased at having everybody share his happiness. The Squire Shows himself as base, cowardly, crafty, and vicious. Vindictive in his determination to prosecute George. Deceitful in his clever defense of himself. Unprincipled in his determination to seize Arabella Wilmot's fortune. Cringing in his begging for forgiveness, and servile in his attempt to thank Sir William. The Vicar Forgiving in his intercession to soften the Squire's punishment. The loving father in his joy to see his beloved daughter Olivia alive when he had thought her dead. Sophia Shows some spirit in the tone of her refusal of Jenkinson. In Chapter I, the Vicar told us she desired but one lover, and she was true to her love. A fine catch for even Sir William Thornhill. GLOSSARY equitable

just, fair.

Tyburn

principal place in London where criminals were hanged.

fortuitous

completely by chance.

expatiate

develop.

valet de chambre decorums

valet of the chamber.

proper behavior.


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stiver Dutch coins of low value. the cloth

symbolic of the clergy.

and shook their chains

a quotation from a play by Congreve.

CHAPTER XXXII THE CONCLUSION The next morning, George brought the news that the absconding merchant had been caught and that a considerable portion of the Vicar's wealth was now restored. Both George and Sir William were of the opinion that the Vicar should be released of the bond he had made to give George £6,000 upon his marriage to Arabella. Sir William now asked the Vicar to officiate at the wedding since licenses for which had arrived. The whole company was possessed of an irrepressible merriment and could not sober itself to the solemnity of such an occasion even after two homilies and a thesis read by the Vicar. At the church, a new dilemma arose as to which couple was to be married first, but when the Vicar threatened to close the book, the dilemma quickly dissolved itself and the two couples were quickly married, Sir William and Sophia being the first. The Flamboroughs were invited to join the festivities, and it appeared that the two rosy daughters would eventually make a match of it with Jenkinson and Moses. The problem of who should sit at the head of the table was solved by everyone sitting next to their partner, although Mrs. Primrose thought she should have had the seat of honor. It might be observed that the former Squire seemed to show some signs of improvement of character, and Olivia confessed privately to her father that if he reformed she would be willing to forgive him and take him back. But, returning to the wedding supper, the highest spirits prevailed. As soon as dinner was over, the Vicar brought the family to assemble around the fireplace. His little ones sat upon each knee, the rest of the company by their partners. His pleasures upon this earth were complete. It now remained only that his gratitude for his good fortune should equal, or exceed, his fortitude in adversity. GLOSSARY affluence

wealth.

homilies

sermons.

CHARACTER ANALYSIS THE VICAR--DR. CHARLES PRIMROSE Right from the very first of the book, we find the Vicar interested in the subject of matrimony. We find that this interest first of all gained him a suitable wife and a family of six children. In addition, his writings on monogamy gained him a small degree of fame but also brought him trouble, as when he engaged in controversy with Mr. Wilmot and when the sharper Jenkinson threw him off guard by praising his writings.


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www.cliffs.com The Vicar is above all a family man. His chief concern is the material and spiritual welfare of his family. He is never happier than when in their midst. Even in his greatest travail, he forgets all his cares and is happy with them around him. He is a learned man, given to epigram; he is ready and fluent in discussion. Occasionally he becomes pedantic and bombastic; at his best he is compact and sententious. He is always eager to enter into discussion and also does much preaching whenever he feels there is a need for it. His character is honest, honorable, and law-abiding. He refuses to compromise his principles even at considerable loss to himself. He constantly seeks to repress evidences of pride or vanity among his womenfolk. He is loyal to established institutions and a true subject to the king. He chides his parishioners who would rescue him by force from the officers of the law. He is devoted to his religion, which he serves faithfully and from which he has derived a wholesome philosophy. At Wakefield, we find that he does without a curate so that he might minister to his flock himself. This he does with great effectiveness. He gives his income at Wakefield to charity, and he is ever charitable and hospitable both when rich and poor. He is ready to forgive his enemies and offer consolation to their victims, but he gives way in two instances to impassioned anger. In both cases, he is suitably penitent afterward. His religion gives him a philosophy that enables him to meet even the greatest of his troubles with fortitude, and at times with patient resignation. Nor does he forget his religion at times of his greatest happiness, when he humbly kneels and gives thanks to his Maker. In his greatest trouble, his first thoughts are always for others and not for himself. He has a shrewd knowledge of human nature but is a poor business man and an erratic judge of character. He does not misjudge Squire Thornhill, but he is wrong on Mr. Burchell and is completely taken by Mr. Jenkinson. But, at the same time, he is very practical in his reforms within the prison. The Vicar's character has considerable authority since Goldsmith was the son, nephew, and brother of clergymen. Moreover, much of the benevolence of the Vicar is a reflection of the kindly disposition of Goldsmith himself. OUTLINE OF VICAR'S CHARACTER Interest in matrimony. • Marries early himself and has large family. • Carries conviction of monogamy so far as to deny more than one marriage to even widowers and widows. • Controversy with Mr. Wilmot helped to break the match between his son George and Arabella Wilmot. • His slight vanity over his writings on theme of monogamy made him an easy victim to Jenkinson, who praised his writing. A Family Man • Concerned for their physical and spiritual welfare. • Concerned with their character: confident that George will always maintain his integrity; Olivia's fine sense of honesty deepens her feeling of guilt and shame and makes it difficult for her to forgive herself; and constantly restrains the vanity of his wife and daughters--impishly upsets one of their washes.


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All the happiest occasions in the book are during the family gatherings: family occasions marked with games, songs, dances, recitations; on the grassy plot in front of their home at Kirby Moorside on Squire Thornhill's property; at the end, the happiest time of the whole book, the wedding feast ends with a family gathering around the fireplace, his little ones on his knees, his beloved family around him; and in prison, the discomforts of his lot are lessened when he is surrounded even by the remnants of his family.

Religious • Preaches and moralizes at every opportunity. • At Wakefield, it was said that the three needs were a minister with false pride, a young bachelor who required a wife, and taverns which required patrons. Knew all his parishioners. • Charitable: gives his salary at Wakefield to charity and offers Mr. Burchell money at their first meeting. • Hospitable: never turned anyone away from their door--in affluence or in poverty. • Parishioners at both places show loyalty and affection to him. Reproved their efforts to save him from the officers by force. • In prison, feels it is his mission to try to save inmates. Undergoes ridicule and opposition before he finally succeeds with them. • Forgives his enemies for their sins against him--for example, the Squire and Jenkinson. Philosophic • His philosophy arises out of his religion. • Gives him comfort at all times. • Is able to bear all his misfortunes with patience and fortitude because of the consoling power of his religion. • Never lets the minor setbacks upset him or cause him to be bitter--for example, the picture is too large; Moses and he himself are cheated by Jenkinson. • Feels all losses sharply at first but usually for a short time and then his interest in life and people around him distract his mind and take the edge off his grief--for example, searching for Olivia and is distracted by the traveling actors and Mr. Arnold's butler, and the "death" of Olivia is softened by his interest in reforming prison conditions. • Turns to his religion even in times of happiness and thanks God for kindness. • Is concerned at the end that his gratitude in affluence should equal his fortitude in adversity. Honorable • Will not ease the severity of his stand towards Mr. Wilmot even after the news of the loss of his own fortune. • Loyal to church. • Defends monarchy. • Refuses to let parishioners save him by force. Impractical • A mixture--practical in some things. • A poor business man. • Efficient in organizing the prisoners. • Judges character of Squire Thornhill accurately, yet is completely fooled by the Squire and sent on a wild-goose chase after Olivia. • Does not see through Mr. Burchell's thin disguise and misjudges his motives in the letter to the fine ladies.


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Is completely duped by Mr. Jenkinson.

Learned • His speech is full of wise, compact sayings, called epigrams. They abound in each chapter. • He is all the time moralizing. Very frequently he illustrates his moral by anecdote or story. • His willingness to engage in discussion at all times may lead us to accuse him of pedantry, a desire to show off learning--for example, Whistonian controversy with Mr. Wilmot; all his discussions with Mr. Burchell; lectures on modesty and vanity to his wife and daughters; discussion on dramatics with traveling actor; learned discussion with Mr. Jenkinson; and the argument with Mr. Arnold's butler over government wherein he defended monarchy. • His zeal in discussion brought a degree of misfortune to George. • His sentence structure is balanced, and his thought is usually well-organized and compact. Sense of Humor • Describes the various humorous incidents in the book with a straight face but with a twinkle in his eye. • His humor is always good-natured. • May draw the moral of some of the humiliations suffered by his womenfolk in their efforts at vanity but is never malicious in enjoying the humor of the situation. • Is occasionally mildly sarcastic in his attacks upon their vain and silly plans. Courageous • Shown particularly in his rescue of his two little ones from the burning cottage. • Is fearless in his denunciation of the Squire for his lechery.

THE VICAR'S WIFE--DEBORAH PRIMROSE • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • •

Possessed "qualities as would wear well." Good-natured, industrious. Good family. Adequate education. Excelled in culinary arts. Prided herself on being an excellent manager in housekeeping--not always proven. Devoted to her husband. A good choice of wife for the Vicar--hospitable and charitable, amenable to her husband's guidance. Her character lacked stability--given to vanity and over-proud of her children. Encouraged her daughters' vanity. Responsible for starting most of the ill-fated ventures of appearing in style. Over-ambitious for her daughters, which led to most of the misfortunes: her ambition to capture the Squire for Olivia led to Olivia's falling victim to the Squire's wiles; silly efforts to snare Squire--she thought she was being subtle in having Olivia measure her height with the Squire and in praising Olivia's cooking. Responsible for many of the Vicar's errors in judgment by persuading him to her way of thinking in their intimate talks. Uncomplaining in hardships. Devoted to her children and to her husband in his imprisonment. Abets Jenkinson in deluding the Vicar that Olivia was dead. Rather sharp-tongued with Mr. Burchell at times, but always bested by him in an exchange of wits. Regrets sharpness when she discovers that Mr. Burchell is really Sir William Thornhill.


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Foolish judgment in urging George to avenge family upon Squire brought George to edge of death. Retains some vestige of vanity at end when her pride is hurt because she was not placed at head of table during the wedding supper.

GEORGE PRIMROSE The Vicar's eldest son, about twenty years old. • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • •

Well-formed and healthy, hardy, and active. Educated at Oxford; intended for one of the learned professions, but no practical training to go out and make a living. With the rest of the children, George is "generous, credulous, simple and inoffensive." Leaves for London to make his fortune and to help the family fortune--the Vicar is confident that he has sufficient moral integrity to remain good. His character not strong; he is easily persuaded. Obedient to his father. Strong: wins duel he fights for Squire Thornhill. Brave: comes rushing home to avenge family on the Squire. Is fearless in face of death in prison. Seems to accept calmly the breaking-off of his marriage with Arabella--at no time is he strong in his wooing. His career, in many respects, parallels that of Goldsmith. George was going to try tutoring but was easily dissuaded by his cousin; tried hack-writing in "Grub Street"; accepted a near-menial job with Squire Thornhill in London and seemed to accept and share without too much demur many of the Squire's less pleasant activities; almost went to America; was easily persuaded to travel to Holland to teach them English, and in Holland was persuaded to go to Flanders to teach Greek; joined his cousin and posed as an expert on art treasures; became a traveling tutor; returned to London and on his way homeward joined a group of traveling actors. Once back in the company of Arabella, he assumes no initiative although she shows she loves him. Accepts with inconsiderate alacrity a chance to join a regiment bound for the West Indies. In the army, he makes a military and social success, but he remains true to his memory of Arabella, and had vowed to end life a bachelor. In response to his mother's letter, he rushes back and rashly challenges the Squire. Helps to calm the Vicar's transport of grief and anger and recalls him to suitable calm. Is saved by Sir William Thornhill and happily united with his loving Arabella.

OLIVIA PRIMROSE The Vicar's older daughter, who is about eighteen or nineteen years of age. Somewhat of a contrast to her sister Sophia. • • • • • • •

A luxuriant beauty with which painters generally draw Hebe (the Greek goddess of youth)--frank, lively, attracting attention, extremely graceful. Wished for many lovers--a bit of a flirt. Put on airs in her desire to please. "Generous, credulous, simple, and inoffensive." Shares her mother's vanities and silly affections--believes in fortune-telling and in significance of dreams, face washes. Secretive: allowed the Squire to address her without telling her parents and also allowed him to persuade her to elope. Is genuinely in love with the Squire--good reason for her submission to him and for much of her genuine suffering.


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Generally speaking, is depicted shadowy and somewhat unreal. Her sensitiveness makes her feel her guilt exaggeratedly, and she is so conscience-stricken as to be inconsolable. When she learns that she is an "honest woman," she perks up perceptibly. Shows signs of relenting and accepting the Squire--if he reforms sufficiently.

SOPHIA PRIMROSE Seventeen or eighteen years of age; the younger daughter. • • • • • • • • • •

Not so striking in beauty as Olivia, but more impressive. Soft, modest, alluring. Desired but one lover--attracted many but wanted only Burchell. Self-effacing for fear of offending, sensible and serious, musical, unworldly. "Generous, credulous, simple, and inoffensive." Gives the impression of having the sturdiest and most sensible character in the family. Judges the true merit of Mr. Burchell. Goes along with the general feminine affections of the family--fortuneteller, dreams, face washes--but her mother and sister are the leaders in this. Shows considerable spirit and courage when she is kidnapped by Timothy Baxter, who found her extremely hard to handle. She fought and shouted for help, thus attracting the attention of Mr. Burchell, who came to the rescue. Also shows considerable spirit in refusing to accept Jenkinson. She was in love with Mr. Burchell, and even when he turned out to be Sir William Thornhill and seemed beyond her socially, she still would have no other. Responsible and reliable: prepared the family to leave for prison and was given charge of looking after Olivia, both difficult tasks.

MOSES PRIMROSE Vicar's fourth child and second son. Autobiographical of Goldsmith, who remembers himself as the dunce of the family. • • • • • • • • •

Given a miscellaneous education at home. Intended by the Vicar for business, but although he is a successful "higgler" according to his mother, he does not do too well at the fair. Unworldly. Seemed to have received a good education since he knew the classics well and frequently quoted them. Much like his father in his love of discussion and argument. A mixture of youthfulness and maturity. Easily taken in by the sharper at the fair, who later confesses that it was clothes and hairdo rather than Moses' face which made him appear an easy mark. Is easily routed by the fast double talk of Squire Thornhill but bears no resentment. Becomes the family bread winner when the Vicar is imprisoned. Is considered old enough to be smitten with the younger Miss Flamborough and will be assured of the Vicar's consent when the time comes.


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MR. NED THORNHILL--THE SQUIRE The villain of the story. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Landlord of the Vicar's parish and nephew and heir of Sir William Thornhill, dependent upon his uncle's good will for his wealth. We hear of his reputation as an unprincipled "lady-killer" before we meet him. His manner is slightly contemptuous, familiar, and smooth. But he can be courteous and charming. Handsome and attractive. His conversation is fluent and interesting but superficial and with no great merit. He is educated, a classmate of George at Oxford. His chief interests are to find pleasure and the pursuit of women. He is completely unscrupulous in his efforts to add Olivia to his list of victims--he imports the "fine ladies" to get both Primrose girls to the city. He is completely without conscience--feels no compunctions about the sorrows he has brought to the Vicar's family. Is also an avowed apostate. He has the gall and temerity to try to face down the Vicar, trying to bribe him. His home is a center of lechery and debauchery, and his servants his compliant accomplices. His city life is just as loose and dissolute as his life in the country. When he is confronted in the prison, he proves a smooth and clever liar. Since he fears George as a rival for Arabella Wilmot, he is vindictive and revengeful. Cowardly: George fought his duel in the city, and he refuses to accept George's challenge, sending three or four of his henchmen instead. Boldly tries to outface his accusers. Shows himself unprincipled in declaring that he is going to demand Arabella's fortune, which has been signed over to him. When finally defeated, he becomes cringing and fawning. Our latest information about him is that his way of living has become quiet and harmless.

MR. BURCHELL/SIR WILLIAM THORNHILL As Mr. Burchell: He exhibits in a modest guise the same sterling qualities of character which he possesses in his more lofty position as Sir William. A contrast to his wicked nephew. • • • • • • • • • •

Well formed in person and with a thoughtful face. About thirty years of age. Interesting and learned conversationalist. Generous: gave all his money to an old soldier. Resourceful, brave, strong, quick presence of mind in saving Sophia from drowning and later in rescuing her from her abductors. Friendly, unassuming, helpful with the work of the farm. Kind: an especial favorite with children, whom he loved. Dignified: At no time does he lose his composure in his verbal encounters with Mrs. Primrose, whom he always bests in these encounters. Sprightly, but honorable in his private talks with Sophia, of whom he is genuinely fond; discerns her fine character. Has a reputation in the neighborhood as a somewhat eccentric young man of fallen fortunes who visits every year and lives upon the hospitality of the good people of the district. Is not deceived by the "fine ladies"--discerns character.


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www.cliffs.com As Sir William Thornhill: • Mr. Burchell tells us that Sir William had learned wisdom through hard experience. • Now a strong character though somewhat eccentric. • Had lost much of his wealth in indiscriminate charity but now was wisely generous to strangers as well as to his nephew. • We learn from George, later, that Sir William had been just but stern with him for aiding in his nephew's misdemeanors. He was especially severe because George had fought a duel--evidently an outlawed custom. • From the Vicar we learn that Sir William has a national reputation for his benevolence and that his judgment is heard with respect in the highest government circles and councils. • At the end of the story, when Mr. Burchell's true identity is revealed, Sir William assumes his proper dignity and becomes the chief benefactor of the story. • He saves the family from prison, gives generous reward to Mr. Jenkinson, is very charitable toward the prisoners, and sets George's romance straight. • With his nephew he is absolutely fair, giving him every opportunity to defend himself against the charges made against him. • He is stern with George for his violent and lawless behavior--although he is also somewhat contemptuous of the Squire's cowardice in the affair. • With Sophia he is whimsical right to the end, offering her the hand of Mr. Jenkinson and upon her refusal taking her for himself. As Mr. Burchell, he had sought someone who would love him for himself.

ARABELLA WILMOT • • • • • • • • • •

Daughter of a neighboring wealthy clergyman and an heiress. Possessed a wholesome and charming beauty. Reciprocates George's love. Seems to accept rather quietly her father's cancellation of their intended marriage. True to her love for George, she turns down several advantageous offers of marriage. When she meets George again at the home of her uncle, Mr. Arnold, she shows by her actions and later behavior that she still loves George. Squire Thornhill lies to her and tells her that George has married and left for the colonies. She therefore accepts the Squire's proposal of marriage. She is very fond of the Vicar, whose pupil she seems to have been at one time. Recognizing one of the young Primroses, she quickly comes to the prison to offer aid. When it appears that her fortune is going to fall to the Squire, she and George finally reveal their true love for each other and are happily married.

EPHRAIM JENKINSON • • • • • • •

We learn later that he was the sharper at the fair who cheated Moses and Farmer Flamborough. He also successfully fooled the Vicar. Skilled at disguises: Although a young man, he appears old at the inn. Clever: appears learned, knows a little Greek, an authority on cosmogony. Sharp in spotting the people whom he can dupe. Accomplice of the Squire's for whom he used to get a false priest to perform false marriage ceremonies. Fooled the Squire and got him legally married to Olivia--was going to use this as blackmail later.


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www.cliffs.com • • • • • •

In prison, he befriends and respects the Vicar. We find from his account of his life story that he was forced into crime. Is penitent and reforms from his life of crime. Recognizes and helps capture Timothy Baxter, who confesses the Squire's plot to try to win Sophia. Foils Squire's attempt to seize Arabella's fortune by disclosing his real marriage to Olivia. Is rewarded handsomely by Sir William and appears smitten by the older of Farmer Flamborough's rosy daughters.

CRITICAL ESSAYS STRUCTURE AND PLOT Weaknesses as a Novel Read as a story, uncritically, the book makes interesting and satisfying reading, but as a novel, it possesses many weaknesses. There are too many digressions from the main thread of the story, and these digressions add little or nothing to plot development. They all are, however, interesting and some of them extremely amusing--for example, Jenkinson's duping Moses and the Vicar, the family portrait, the insertion of poems, and fables, the incident with Mr. Arnold's butler which enables the Vicar to discourse on government, the Vicar's sermons and moralizing discussions, the whole section on prison reform. There is too much coincidence, contrived situations and the intervention of fate: Mr. Burchell's disguise, his appearance on the scene to save Sophia, Sophia's abduction. Miss Wilmot's appearance in the prison, Jenkinson's and the prisoner's reforms, Olivia's death, the too-sudden rise of the Vicar's fortunes from their lowest ebb--these are some of the improbabilities of the story. Organization of the Story 1. Life at Wakefield, Chapter I and II. 2. On the way to the new parish, Chapter III. 3. In the new parish, Chapter IV. 4. Olivia's and Sophia's suitors, Chapter V to VIII. 5. The two "ladies of distinction from town," Chapters IX-XI. 6. Business ventures by Moses and the Vicar, and Mr. Burchell's disgrace, Chapters XII-XV. 7. Circumstances surrounding Olivia's elopement, Chapters XVI-XVI I. 8. The Vicar's search and reunion with George, Chapters XVIII-XIX. 9. The story told by George--his adventures, Chapter XX. 10. Squire Thornhill's "favor" and the finding of Olivia, Chapter XXI-XXIII. 11. In prison; the train of misfortunes, Chapters XXI V-XXIX (the climax of the story). 12. Fortune turns; sudden rise from lowest ebb of fortune, Chapter XXIX to the end. Component Parts of Plot of Story There are five parts or stories to the plot of this novel. Most important of the five, and forming the setting against which the others take place, is the story of the family fortunes. The second part is the story of the love affair between George and Arabella. The third and fourth elements, or parts, concern themselves with the love affairs of Olivia and Sophia. The fifth part deals with the reform of the character of Ephraim Jenkinson under the influence of the Vicar. Olivia's unhappy story becomes so closely intertwined with the story of the family misfortunes as to make it difficult to separate the two. The five parts come together near the end of the book with the arrival of Arabella Wilmot at the prison.


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List of Misfortunes in Order of Appearance 1. Loss of family fortune. 2. Breaking off of George's marriage with Arabella Wilmot. 3. Life at the new parish with its attendant decline in social position and with its few happinesses and occasional humiliations, such as the loss of the horses, the family portrait, the unfortunate ride to the church. 4. Olivia's elopement. 5. The Vicar's illness, the destruction of their home, the Vicar's burns. 6. Imprisonment for debt. The Squire's cruelty. 7. Olivia's "death," George's imprisonment on a capital charge, Sophia's abduction. List of Events Leading to Relief of Misfortunes Mr. Burchell arrives, having saved Sophia, who accompanies him. He is revealed as the wealthy and influential Sir William Thornhill. Jenkinson is dispatched to capture Timothy Baxter. The Squire arrives and defends himself ably, but his defense collapses with the return of Jenkinson with Baxter, who abducted Sophia and was also the supposed victim of George's attack. George is freed of the charge against him. Arabella arrives at the prison, learns of the Squire's lies and treachery, and is united with George once more. Mr. Wilmot is brought and gives his blessing. Jenkinson produces Olivia and her wedding license showing her legal marriage with the Squire. The Squire's punishment softened by the Vicar's intervention, Olivia is given control of one third of the fortune formerly intended for the Squire. Jenkinson is rewarded with £500 by Sir William, who in a teasing way suggested that Sophia marry Jenkinson. Upon her refusal, he offers her himself and is, of course, accepted. The next day, the Vicar is informed of the return of his personal fortune, George absolves him from his bond of £6,000, and the Vicar then has the pleasure of marrying his two children to their chosen mates.

AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL ELEMENTS OF THE STORY It would seem advisable to refer briefly to Goldsmith's life story. There we will see the source of much that is contained in The Vicar of Wakefield. •

His father, the Rev. Charles Goldsmith, was a clergyman whose low income had to be supplemented by farming some fields near at hand.

•

A better-paying position brought a certain amount of affluence and comfort to the family.

•

Oliver was one of a family of eight children.


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•

He complained that his home training had not prepared him to cope with eighteenth-century life, where it was so easy to fall prey to follies and to sharpers.

•

His own youth might have marred his character as he was more or less the dunce of the family, but he had no bitterness in him.

•

At the age of twenty-one, he obtained the degree of B.A. at Trinity College, Dublin.

•

After several unsuccessful attempts at teaching and trying to enter the church, he set out to study law at Dublin but gambled away his money before he started.

•

He decided to enter medicine at Edinburgh.

•

His uncle, the Rev. Mr. Contarine, who had a soft spot in his heart for the ne'er-do-well of the family, sent him money enabling him to go to Leyden in Holland to continue his studies in medicine there.

•

Followed a period of wandering over a good deal of Europe during which he claimed to have gotten a degree in medicine, perhaps in Italy at the University of Padua.

•

On his return to London, he tried, unsuccessfully, to set up in medicine, and in order to make a living he tried his hand at many things--among them, being an usher in a school and a hack-writer.

•

His first work as an author was published anonymously. It provoked a good deal of counter-criticism and thus brought a certain prominence to Goldsmith, who was the suspected author.

•

He became a contributor to a small magazine which enjoyed a brief existence.

•

His earnings at this time (he was about thirty-two) would have been enough to keep him in comfort, but his misguided generosity to beggars and casual acquaintances kept him poor and in debt. He was the victim of his own credulity and softness of heart.

•

When he was forty years old, his first play was produced at Convent Gardens Theater.

•

In 1771, was presented his book An History of England, from the Birth of the British Empire to the Death of George the Second.

•

Goldsmith was one of the original members of the brilliant "Literary Club." Other members were Reynolds, Burke, and Samuel Johnson.

Now to refer to the novel. •

The Vicar's name was also Charles--the name of Goldsmith's father. The Vicar is modeled upon Goldsmith's memory of his father, his uncle, and his brother, all of whom were clergymen. From them he drew his knowledge of the faithfulness of the clergyman to his calling and the hardships and sacrifices entailed in his work. But the Vicar is to a considerable extent a self-portrait because the Vicar's character reflects Goldsmith's own soft heart, joyous humor, and mellow wisdom of life. And when the Vicar speaks, he speaks with the language, style, and wisdom of his creator Goldsmith.


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www.cliffs.com •

It will be remembered that at Kirby Moorside, the Vicar's new parish, the pay was small and had to be supplemented by working some twenty acres of neighboring land.

•

The Goldsmith progress was opposite to the Primrose. The Vicar started with affluence and worked down to poverty. Goldsmith's father started with poverty and then worked up to affluence. The description of life at Wakefield would be taken from the easier circumstances of the Goldsmith fortunes.

•

There were eight Goldsmith children and six Primrose children, but Rev. Charles Goldsmith and Rev. Charles Primrose were identical in their zeal for their children's welfare, and in training them in education and honest, upright living. The home life around the fireplace would be the same in both families.

•

In neither household do we find any training that would enable its members to go out into the world properly equipped to cope with its difficulties. George Primrose was sent out into the world without any true knowledge of its ways. Moses and the Vicar fell easy victims to the sharper Jenkinson, and unworldly Olivia was no match for the worldly-wise, unprincipled Squire. Moreover, the whole family was taken in by so-called "fashionable ladies" from town.

•

Oliver Goldsmith, the family butt, must have had a tender spot for Moses, the younger son. Both were alike in their love of classics, fondness for storytelling, and discussion. Both suffered frequent defeats in disputing, and both accepted their rebuffs without rancor. Both were equally impractical.

•

George Primrose's career, too, closely parallels the author's own. Both are graduates from a university.

•

George seems to have been destined for one of the learned professions--Goldsmith tried, unsuccessfully, his hand at teaching, church and law, and, finally, medicine.

•

In the novel, it is Sir William Thornhill who had made a study of medicine and prescribed a cure for the Vicar's burns.

•

Both Goldsmith and George Primrose went to Holland. George went to teach English but found out too late that he needed to know Dutch.

•

The shiftless wanderings of George throughout much of Europe are similar to Goldsmith's own. George earned his way in disputing at the universities of the continent. Goldsmith must have heard these disputes which we find satirized in the chop-logic or double-talk of the Squire when he confused poor Moses in dispute.

•

George, when he first went to London, intended to seek a position as an usher in a school, from which he was dissuaded by his cousin who probably speaks with Goldsmith's own experience. George, too, tried to be a hack-writer in "Grub Street."

•

George tried to attract attention by writing on a controversial theme but was completely disregarded as an author because of others' counter-criticism. George's comments on the writer's art and the literary world are Goldsmith's own observations.

•

George's contributions to legitimate publications met with little success.


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www.cliffs.com •

Like Burchell (or Sir William Thornhill), Goldsmith squandered a great deal of money in indiscriminate and over-generous charity. Both were warm-hearted philanthropists.

•

The Vicar discusses drama with the traveling actor. Goldsmith's versatile genius made him an outstanding success as a playwright.

•

The Vicar's arguments for monarchy in Chapter XIX are drawn from Goldsmith's work on the History of England.

•

Moses' discomfiture in argument with the Squire might very well be the counterpart of the frequent discomfiture of Goldsmith from the brilliant and somewhat sharp-tongued membership of the "Literary Club."

Summary of Autobiographical Elements The Vicar Drawn from composite memory of author's father, uncle, and brother; has same kindliness and wisdom as Goldsmith; similarity in families, family life, and in family fortunes; education in character and morals, but no practical preparation for the world; Vicar's knowledge of drama and of monarchy. Moses Both younger sons, family scapegoats; knowledge of classics, fondness for disputation, defeat in argument accepted without rancor, impractical. George University graduate, no practical training to face the world, hack-writing in "Grub Street," teaching, controversial writing, visit to Holland, wandering on the continent, shiftless and unsuccessful, experience in the theater. Sir William Thornhill Knowledge of medicine, indiscriminate charity, gullibility, and softness of heart.

ESSAY TOPICS AND REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Dr. Johnson wrote of his friend Goldsmith: "But do not let his frailties be remembered; he was a very great man." Do you agree or disagree with the statement that Goldsmith was a very great man? Support your answer by reasons derived from your study of The Vicar of Wakefield. 2. What is the Vicar's philosophy? 3. What ideas about life in the eighteenth century may be derived from The Vicar of Wakefield? 4. Point out the elements of humor in Goldsmith's account, in The Vicar of Wakefield, of the big picture in which each member of the family was represented as an independent historical figure? 5. What does the novel gain by being written in the first person? 6. Discuss the probability of the story in The Vicar of Wakefield. What, in your opinion, is the most attractive quality in this story? Give definite references.


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Cliffnotes on The Vicar of Wakefield

The Vicar of Wakefield

The Vicar of Wakefield

The Vicar of Wakefield

The Vicar of Wakefield

The Vicar of Wakefield

Vicar of Wakefield

The Vicar of Wakefield (Oxford World's Classics)

Wakefield

Wakefield

Roald Dahl - The Vicar Of Nibbleswicke

Marc Laidlaw - The Vicar of R'lyeh

The Lord is my shepherd: Theme from the BBC TV series The Vicar of Dibley (Voice and Piano)

On the Oceans of Eternity

On the Simplicity of Ideas

On the Oceans of Eternity

On the Measurement of Power

On the Argument of Abel

On the Meaning of Necessity

On the Wings of Love

On the Oceans of Eternity

The Laying on of Hands

On the Theory of Types

On the Hills of God

On the Hill of Roses

On the Subject of Drama

On the 'Immediacy' of Art

On the Nature of Light

On the Grammar of 'Enjoy'

On the pragmatics of communication

On The Slopes Of Vesuvius

Cliffnotes on The Vicar of Wakefield

The Vicar of Wakefield

The Vicar of Wakefield

The Vicar of Wakefield

The Vicar of Wakefield

The Vicar of Wakefield

Vicar of Wakefield

The Vicar of Wakefield (Oxford World's Classics)

Wakefield

Wakefield

Roald Dahl - The Vicar Of Nibbleswicke

Marc Laidlaw - The Vicar of R'lyeh

The Lord is my shepherd: Theme from the BBC TV series The Vicar of Dibley (Voice and Piano)

On the Oceans of Eternity

On the Simplicity of Ideas

On the Oceans of Eternity

On the Measurement of Power

On the Argument of Abel

On the Meaning of Necessity

On the Wings of Love

On the Oceans of Eternity

The Laying on of Hands

On the Theory of Types

On the Hills of God

On the Hill of Roses

On the Subject of Drama

On the 'Immediacy' of Art

On the Nature of Light

On the Grammar of 'Enjoy'

On the pragmatics of communication

On The Slopes Of Vesuvius

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