C++: Einführung und professionelle Programmierung

Breymann 

Ulrich Breymann

   9., neu bearbeitete Auflage

Prof. Dr. Ulrich Breymann lehrt Informatik im Fachbereich Elektrotechnik und Informatik der Hochschule Bremen

Alle in diesem Buch enthaltenen Informationen, Verfahren und Darstellungen wurden nach bestem Wissen zusammengestellt und mit Sorgfalt getestet. Dennoch sind Fehler nicht ganz auszuschließen. Aus diesem Grund sind die im vorliegenden Buch enthaltenen Informationen mit keiner Verpflichtung oder Garantie irgendeiner Art verbunden. Autor und Verlag übernehmen infolgedessen keine juristische Verantwortung und werden keine daraus folgende oder sonstige Haftung übernehmen, die auf irgendeine Art aus der Benutzung dieser Informationen – oder Teilen davon – entsteht, auch nicht für die Verletzung von Patentrechten und anderen Rechten Dritter, die daraus resultieren könnten. Autor und Verlag übernehmen deshalb keine Gewähr dafür, dass die beschriebenen Verfahren frei von Schutzrechten Dritter sind. Die Wiedergabe von Gebrauchsnamen, Handelsnamen, Warenbezeichnungen usw. in diesem Buch berechtigt deshalb auch ohne besondere Kennzeichnung nicht zu der Annahme, dass solche Namen im Sinne der Warenzeichen- und Markenschutz-Gesetzgebung als frei zu betrachten wären und daher von jedermann benutzt werden dürften.

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Dieses Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Alle Rechte, auch die der Übersetzung, des Nachdruckes und der Vervielfältigung des Buches, oder Teilen daraus, vorbehalten. Kein Teil des Werkes darf ohne schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages in irgendeiner Form (Fotokopie, Mikrofilm oder ein anderes Verfahren) – auch nicht für Zwecke der Unterrichtsgestaltung – reproduziert oder unter Verwendung elektronischer Systeme verarbeitet, vervielfältigt oder verbreitet werden. © 2007 Carl Hanser Verlag München Wien (www.hanser.de) Lektorat: Margarete Metzger Herstellung: Irene Weilhart Umschlagdesign: Marc Müller-Bremer, Rebranding, München Umschlagrealisation: MCP • Susanne Kraus GbR, Holzkirchen Datenbelichtung, Druck und Bindung: Kösel, Krugzell Ausstattung patentrechtlich geschützt. Kösel FD 351, Patent-Nr. 0748702 Printed in Germany ISBN 978-3-446-41023-7

                                                                                                                            

                                                                                             

                                                        

                                                          

                                                     

                                                                    

                                                 

                                                       

                                                       

                                                              

                                                         

                                                      

     

                              



                                       



     



                                                                          

 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

                         

                         

                         

                         





    

                                                             

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              

                       

                       

                                                                         

        

        

        

        

        

        

        

        

        

        

        

        

        

        

        

        

        

        

        







   



                                                                                                                                                                                                         

          

          

          

          

          

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          

          

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

                       

                       

                       

                       

                       

                       

                       

                       

                       

                                                                                            

      

      

      

      

      

      

      

      

      

      

      

      

      

      





   

                                    

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

                  

                  

                  

                  

                  

                  

                  

                  

                  

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

              

              

              

              

              

              

              

              

              





                                                                                                                                                  

       

       

       

       

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

              

              

              

              

              

              

              

              

              

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

                 

                 

                 

                 

                 

                 

                 

                 

                                                                                   

              

              





                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

             

             

             

             

             

             

             

             

             

             

             

             

   

             



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

        

        

        

        

                                                                                                                     

           

           

           

           

           

           

           

           

           

           

           

           

           

           

           

           

           

           

           

           

           

           

           

           





                                                                                                   

          

          

          

          

          

          

          

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          

          

          

          

          

          

          

          

          

          

          

          

          

          

                                                                   

      

      

      

      

      

      

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      

      

      

      

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      

      

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

                       

                       

                       

                       

                       

                       

                       

                       

                       

                       

                       

                       

                       

                       

                       

                       





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              

                           

                           

                           

                           

                           

                           

                           

                           

                                

                                                                                                                    

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

            

            

            

            

            

            

            

            

            

            

            

            

            

            

            

            





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                  

                  

                  

                  

                  

                  

                  

                  

                  

                  

                  

                  

                  

                  

                  

                  

                  

                                       

   

                          

                                                                                                                                                                 

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               

               





                                                                                                                     

      

      

      

      

      

      

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      

      

      

                                     

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    

             

             

             

             

             

             

             

             

             

             

             

             

                                                                          

                                

    í                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       

   

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

          

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

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                     

     

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

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 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

 

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                                               

   

   

    

    

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   



 

           

                                                                                                                                           

                                                                 

                                                                                                

                  

                    

                      

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  

                                                                                                                                                                                         

                                                                                                                                          

                                                  

   

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                                                                                                           

                      

             

                                                                             



  

 

                                                  



                                          



             



                       



                  



                                                  

 

                   

          

                                                        

   



                                                                                                                                                      Adresse

Inhalt

Name

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    

           

                                                                                       



  

Problembeschreibung

Modellbildung: Datenstrukturen und Algorithmen entwerfen

(später: Klassen, Methoden)

Editor

Quellprogramm editieren

   

Compiler

Übersetzen Objektprogramm

Fehlerkorrektur, Vervollständigung

  

Linker

Binden der Objektprogramme ausführbares Programm

Lader

Ausführen und Testen des Programms

fertiges Programm      

                                                                                             

   

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                                                                               



  

                                          

     

                                                                                                                                                 

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  

      

         

        

                            

                                



    

                                                                                                                                                                             

  

   



                                                                                                                  

Fehlermarkierung

Erläuterung des Fehlers

        



  

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     



  

   

                                                                              

   

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                                                                                                                                                                                               

    

                      

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  

                                                                                              



Fehlermarkierung

Erläuterung des Fehlers

       

                                                                                   

   



 



    

                                                                

    



  

                                                                  

   

                            

     





                        

                                                 

    



                                                                              

     

           

                         

                            

             





                                                                                                               



  



 

                                                                 

               

                                             

    

    

    

     

                                                       

       

                       

   

               

           

          

                                                                        

    



                                            

    

                                                                                                     

   

 

 

                                       

                                           



  

                                                                                                                                                                                                  

        

                                                                                                                                                                        

    







                

                                        

                                        

    

    

    

    

       

     

     

     

         

           

         

                    

                      

    

    

         

    





  

                                  

               

                                                  

   

                                                  

                               

               

                                                                      

       

       

        

    



        

       

                                                          



 

                                    

                             









                         

   

      

  

            

    

          



  

                       

      

    

                         

                                     

                                               



 

   

   

   

   









    



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

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  

                                                              

                                              





                                            

              

   

   

   

   

         

        

    

  

  

    



 







 



       





 



   



 



    

                       

                                                                                     

           



  

                                                            





                               

   

                                                    

                                              

                                                       

                          

    







                                                                                                                               

                                                                                                                                             

                                                                                            

         



  

                                                





         

                             

      

    



    

                                                                                                                                   

              

    



                                                             



                           

 

                  

                                                                                  

                   

            

                                                                               



  

              

    

                              

  

                                      





      

                    

          

    



  

                                                                                                       

    



                     

      

                                                                                                                            



     

                 

         

     

                                                                

     

                                                   

   



  





            

                                                                                                        

                                                                                                

                                                                                                                                                                     

    





    

                               

  

           

                                                            

                                                  

     

             

 

                                

 



  

                                  

  

                                                                    

                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

   



                                                         

   

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         



  

                                                                                                                          



 

                                                                                                                    

                                      

 



                     

                                                                               

                                               





                                            



  

                                                                                                                       

                                                    

       

                                                                                                                             

 



                                                                       

  



     

 

      





 

                        

                          



  

        





  

                                                      

  

                                           if-Anweisung: if

(

Bedingung

else

)

AnweisungOderBlock

AnweisungOderBlock

AnweisungOderBlock:

Anweisung

{

} Anweisung

    

                                                    

   

    

 

                 



   

       

   

  

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

           

          

       

          

       

          

       



  

       

                                                                                                                                   

                                                           

 

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                                                

           



               

                             

                                                                                                



 

                                                                                                                         



  

             

 

                                                         

                     

                             

 

                                                       

                                         



          

 

Bedingung

?

Ausdruck1

:



Ausdruck2

    

                                                     

                 

                                                   

 

   

                                                                             



  

   

  

                                                                                                                                                                       

                                                      

 





  

                                                               switch

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}

    

                                                                                                                                                                                           



  

                                                                                                            

                                                                        

                   

 

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                                                            





                                                                                                                          while

(

Bedingung

)

AnweisungOderBlock

    

                                            



  

Bedingung erfüllt?

ja

Anweisung

while (Bedingung) { Anweisung }

nein

     

              

                          

                                                                                         

 



                                                                            

                                                                                                                  

                                          





  

do

AnweisungOderBlock

while

(

Bedingung

)

;

     

                                               

Anweisung

Bedingung erfüllt?

ja

do { Anweisung } while (Bedingung);

nein

      



                                                   

                                              

 



                                                                                                                                                                                                      



  

                              

for

(

Initialisierung

;

Bedingung

;

Veränderung

)

AnweisungOderBlock     

                                     

                                                                                                           

  

              

 

                      



 

                                                                                               

                                        

                                              





  

   

                                                                      

       

                                                             

                                       

                                       

 



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    

                                                                           

                                                                                      

                                                           

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  

                                                                                                                                                                   

               



               



       



                      



               

                                                                          



          





                                          

               

 

        

                                                              

                   enum

Typname

{

Werteliste

}

Variablenliste

    

;



  

                               

       

      

        

  

                 

                                                                                                                                        

                                        



                                                     

                                           

            



   

                                                                                            

                                                                               



  

                                            

                                                                       

 

 

                                     

                                                                                                                                                                                            

         

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          



                               



  

                                                                                                                                                                               

                        



        

         

    

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

                            



  

          

                                                    

                                   

                                                

    

                                                                                                                 



                                                                                                            



   

                                                                                                                      



  

                                                                                                                                        

      

         

     

       

    

                               

 



                                                 



 

                                                                                                                                          struct

Typname

{

Elemente

}

Variablenliste

;

    

                                              



  

                       

    

 

  

             

    

   

                                                                



    

                                                                                                                                                           

                     



                                                                                                

                    

                                            

       

   

     

                                                                   



  

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

                

                                                  

                                           

  



  



  

                                                                                                                   



    

                             

                                                                                                                                                                                             

                           

      

   



                                                                                                           

    



                                                                                     



    

                                                                                                            

                                                       

                                                          

                                                                                   

     



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                



    

                                 

   

          

                                

          

                           



             

     



                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

                                                                  

   



    

                                                                                                                                                                  

 

  

    

  

  

  

 

      

 

 

 

 

  

  

  

  

   









 

                                             

             

                                                                                                                

                                                                                                                                                                                   



 



  

                                                                                

 

                                              

                                                          



 

                                                                                                                Rückgabetyp

Funktionsname

(

Parameterliste

)

;

    

                                     









  

  

 

  

 





                                  

   

       

                                                         

       



 

Rückgabetyp

Funktionsname

(

Formalparameterliste

)

Block

 

          





 





  

  

 

  

 

  





                                            Funktionsname

(

Aktualparameterliste

)

    

                                                                                                                                                                                              

 



            



    

                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

      

    

             

                                     



 

                                                                                                                                                                                                         

                                                      

   



                                                               

                                                                                                       



  

                                                                 



 

           

  

                                               

Aufrufer-Sicht



symbolischer Name i

Speicherzelle

erg

Kopie bei Aufruf Kopie bei return

Funktions-Sicht x

      

                                           

   



                                                                                                                           

                                                                                                              



 

                                                                

                                                      A

B

C

    

                                                                         

   



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  



 

                                                                



   

                                                             



  

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

                     

   



                                                                     

Speicherzelle Aufrufer-Sicht

i symbolischer Name

Funktions-Sicht

x

      



     

                                                              



 

                              

         

                                    

                                                         



    

                                                                                               

                                

   



                                                                                                  

                                     



  

                                                    



 

                                                                                                                             

         

                     

                                                                                       

   



           

                                                                                                

         

                                                                        

    

                        

 

                     



 

                    



 



           

                                            

 

               

  

                                                                                                                                  



 

                                

   



                              

                                                                                                                               

Ausdruck:

+ Summand -

-

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/

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Zahl (

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      

                    



 

                                           Ausdruck Summand

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Faktor

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Zahl

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Ziffer

1

2

4

3     

                                                                                                 

   



                                                    



    

                                               

                                                                                                           



 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              

                 

  

   

                 

  

  



                                          

  

  

                                                       





 

                                                        

                                                                                                              



  

                                                                                                                             

   



                                                               

                                                                                                                                       



 

                                        

                                                                                         

                                                                                                                                                                

  



                                                                                        



     

                                                                              

                          



  

                                                       



 

                                                                           

                                                       

                                                     

  

a.h



b.h meinprog.cpp

Compiler meinprog.o

a.o

Linker

*.a

meinprog.exe

b.o

    

                                                                                                                       



   

                     





 

                                                                                       





                                                                                                                     

   

  



                                                                                                                               



         

                                                                                                 



  

                       





 

          

                                                                                                                                         

                                        

     

                   

                                                      

  



                     

   

     

     



                         

          



         



        

                             



 

         

                                                          



  

                                                                                       

                                                                                      

  



                          

                                         

                                                                                    

 

                                      



                     



 

                                               

                                     

             

            

                                                                                                           

                           

  



                                             



                 

                                                                                                        

                                                                                                  



 

                                                                                                                               

                                                                                                                                  

     

           

        

  



                                

                                         

 

                                                                                                    

                       

                       



 

                                                    



                        

                                                                                                                                                         

   

             

 



                                  

                                                                                            class template

Typbezeichner




Funktionsdefinition

typename     

                                                                                                                                         



 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

 



                                          

      

                                                                                 



       

                                                             



 

                                                                    



  

                                                                                                                  

                                         

                                                                                             

  

 

                



  

             



  

                                                                                                         

                                                       



 

                  

                                                                                                                                         

          

  



                      

 



                                   

                                                                                                                                 

                                                                                                             

                     



 

                                          

  

    

    

                                           

                                                   

    

   

         



      

    

               

                                                                                                                                

                                           

                      



 

                                                                                                                                                                                                               



   

                                                                                   

                                                                                                                                                                                                                          



  

                                            

       

                                                                                           

                                           

                         

   



                         Datenkapsel x

Funktionsaufruf

Schnittstelle: aendern(x,y)

y

   

                                                                                                                                                                                                 



  

                                                                                   

                                          

       

            

                                        

   

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

                                      

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  

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

   



                                                                                          





                                                                                               

         

     



  

                                                 

                                                              

  

 

                                            

                                                    

   



                                    





                                                                                                             

      

                                    

                         

 

              





  

 

                                                                      

  

    

                      

                                                         

  

                          

                                                                

   



                                                                                                                  

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                



  

         

  

                                                                                                        

                                                                 

   







                                                                                                                                                                   

                                                                                                                                        

                    



  

                                                     

                        

                                                                                         

                                                                 

   



                                                                                                                                                          





                                                                                                                                              



  

                         

      

                                          

               

  

   

                                            

                                            

     



                        

                                                                                                                  

            

             





                                                                  



  

                                                                                                               

   

   

       

   

   

   

       

    

   

   

   

                                                                 





                  

     



                        

 



      



 



      



 



   



   



   

 

 

    

                                                                                                                                                                                                                  



  

                                                              

                                        

                                                                                                    

    

     



                                                                                                                              

                   



  

                                                              





                                                                                                            

          

     



                                                                                                                                                                   



  

                                                                

  

                                                                                                                     

     



                               

                                                                                                                                                                                  



  

       

    

                                                                                                                             

   



                                                                                                  

 

       



                                                                                                                                                               

     

                 



  

                

                                                                                                              

        

                                               

                         

     

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

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  

        

                       

                

                                                                                                             

                                       

                                                                                                              

     



                                                                                                                   

                                                                                                                                                                                                   

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  

                                                  

                                      

                                                                                                                                                      

 



                                                            

    

                

 

            

 

                                         





  

                                                                               

                                                                                                                                                                                      

         



                                                                           



 

                                                                                 

                                                          

            



     

  

                        



   



  



  

    

                               

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

         

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 



  

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       





                                                                                         

         













                



        

                

 

                                                                                     



  

                                                                                                                                               

    



                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                          

       

  

  

                                            



  

     

     

  

  

             

             

                                                                                                                            

   

      

     

    

     

                                         

            



    

          

         

                   

             

                                                                                                     

     

           

 



                                  



  

                                                          

                         

                                                                                                       

                                                                                                                                                              

                                            

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  

                                                  Adresse

Name

10124 99

10125

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10126

99

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grafisch dargestellt:

ip

27889 10125

27890

ip

27891

  

                                                                              

                                    

   

ip 99



i

ip2        

                        

                              

     

                  

 

                                                                                                                         



  

                                     

       

                                                                                

     

       

           

                                                       

                     

   

           

            

                                     



 

                                                                                                                                                 

                                                                                         Datentyp

Feldname

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AnzahlDerElemente

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 

      

    

                                                                



  

                                                               Index 17 35

0

112

2

-3

3

1000

4

Tabelle

1

   

                                                                                                                                                                        

   

          

                                                 

 

        



                           

                                                                                                       



  

                                                 

                                                      

                 

            

                                                           



  

                     



  

                                                                                                        



  

                                                         

                              





                                                      

  

                              

 



                                                           

     

                                                                                                                            

                     

                                      

 

                                         

                                



  

                                                                                                                          

   

                                                                                                                                                                           A B C \0 str n e

u

e r

T e x

t \0

    

                     

 



                                                                                                                

                                                                  

 

         

                                                                                          



  

                           

                                       

                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

 



                                          

               

                                                                                            

                                                                                                                                                  



  

                                               

                                                                                

                     

                                                            

                                                 

 



                                                               

                     

           



   

                                           

                                                       

                                                                         



  

                                               

                                                                                                                                               

            

                                                              

  

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  

                                                                             

                                                                                                                 



  

                                      

      

       

    

                                        p

15

      

pa 35 45 15

       

                                                                                

   

 

                             

  



                                                      

                                                           p

pa

int*

int*

int 15

int*

int**

pp

int 35 45 15

      

                

                                                     



  

     

  

                                                  

test_struct* sp

a b next

12 17.4 15

a b next

144 15

       

                           



  

                                                                                                                                        

     

  



              

                                                                                          

  

     

 

                                                                                                                                                                                           



  

                

                                                                                           

     

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                      

    

    

                                                                            

   



                                                                                                              



  

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                



  

Aufrufer-Sicht

str

Kopie bei Aufruf

Verweis

feld "gross 123"

Verweis

Funktions-Sicht s       

          

 

                                                                                                                                                    

   



            

 

                                                                                                                     

                                     





  

  

            

                                                                                             

                                                                             



     

                                                                

   

                                                                                                                                                                                                        





  

               

                                                                                              

                                                                    



  

                                                                                              

  



                                                               

                                                                                                                                                                                                             



  

                                                                                                    

    

                               

                                                                     

                                                                

  



   

                                         

    

                                                          

                                    

                 

                                         

                                                                           

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  

        

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

  

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   

                                                                                                                                                                                              

                                                         

      

     

         

                         

                                                                                 

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  

                                           

                                                                                                                                                            mat

mat[0] mat[1] mat[2] mat[3]

    

                                                            

  



                                                                                     

                                                                             

                                                                                                                          

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  

                                                                                            

                                                                

  

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

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  

                                                                                                                                 

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                       

   



                                                                                                                                                             

                                                                                                                                                          



  

                                                          

                                                                

                                           

                                                                          

   



             

                                                                     

                                                                                                                                             

                                                                                                                     



  

                                                                                                                                                

                                                                                                    



     

                                                                                                                                               

                                                                                                                                                        

       



  

                 



  

                                                                                          

      

    

                                   

  

 





  

                                                                     

    

                         

      

                  

                                                    

                      



  

            

   

                                                                                         

                                                                                                                                                 

                                                 

   



                               

     

                  

                                                               

                    

      

           

      

              



  

                            

   

                                                                                                                            

                                                

                                               

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

                      



  

                                                                                                                              

      

       

                                                           

  



                  einMstring:MeinString start = "hallo" len = 5

      

                                                                                                                                         

                        

        



  

                  

                                     

  

                                                                          

                                                                

 

                                                                                                           



  

int*

int* original

original

17

17

0

0

3 5

Kopie

6 int* flacheKopie

3

int* tiefeKopie

17 0

5 6

3 5 6

 

                                                                                                                     

 

               

      



  

                 

                                                                                                                                                                                                            

                                                          

  



                    

                                                   

                                   

    

                                                                   

          

 

           





                                                            



  

 

                                  

                                             

                                                                                        

                                                                                             



                                                                                                                                                                  

                                                               



  

                                                                                                                   

  

                      

                 

                                                                  



                                                                                                       

                                    

 

                                                                                                                                                       



  

                                              

                                                        

        

                                                   



 

                                                     



                                                                                                        

            

                                                  

     



  

               

                              



 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

 

           

  

                                                                                                                                            





  

                                                                                                                                              

 



                                    

                                                                                



    

                                                                                                       

     



  

            

   

                                                            

     

                                                        

 



                                        



   

                                                                     

                                                                                                                                            



  

                      

   

                    

                                                        

                            

 







                      

 

         

             

                





                                                                                   

         



  

                                   

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              

 



                                                                                                                                      

                                      

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  

                                                                                                                                                

                                                               

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             



 

Transportmittel

Klasse

hoehe

Attribute

breite

Methoden

bewegen()

LandTransportmittel

WasserTransportmittel

radZahl

bruttoregistertonnen

fahren() schieben()

anlegen() ablegen()

Rikscha

Fahrrad

Auto

...

...

spritverbrauch

...

...

fahren() tanken() starten() Amphibienfahrzeug wassersensor schottenDichtmachen()

        

                                                        class

Klassenname

:

public

Oberklassenname

     

 



                                                                

 

                                                      

              



 

                                                                            Auto LandTransportmittel Transportmittel               

                                                                                                         

 

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                                                                                           

                                               

     

                                                                                                                                                 

             



 

                                                       

     

                                                                                        

 



                              

                                                                                                                                                       

                                                                       



 

                                                                                                                                                

                                                   

                                                                                    

 



                                                                     

                                                                                                                                    

                                      



 

   

    

  

   

    

                                                                                                                         

     



                           

 

          

                                          

                    

                                                                                       



 

           

           

                                                          

                                                                                                                                       

                                

 



                                                                                                

                      

                                        

              

                                              



 

                                                                                                                                                         

                          

 

                      

 



                          

 

                                                                                         

                                                                                                                                      



 

                                                



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 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

    

  

  

 

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                                   

                                                                                    

                                                                                                                           



 

          

                                                                             

                                                                                                                              

 

                                                                                                      

 

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

                                                                           

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 

                                                                                                                                                                                                             

 



                                             

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

                                                                

 

                                                                                                       

             

                                                                      



 

                   

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

               

 

                          

        

                                                                                                                   

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

 

                                                                                                                            

     

 

                                                                                                    

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

 

                                                                

   

                                                                                                                                    

 

                                                                                                      



         

     

  

   





 



 

                                                                                                                                             

 



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

                         

 

                       



 

                                                                                                                                            

                                   





                                                                                                                                            

    

 



    

                                                             

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         



 

                            

                                                                                                

                                                                                                                                            

    



                                                                                                                                                               



    

                                                         

                                      





                         



 

                                                                                              

  

                                                                                     

 



                    





                                                   

 

                                                                                    



       



 

                                                                                      

                                    GraphObj referenzkoordinaten bezugspunkt() zeichnen()

BeschriftetesObjekt beschriftung

Rechteck dieHoehe, dieBreite

zeichnen()

zeichnen()

BeschriftetesRechteck zeichnen()

kursiv = abstrakte Klasse

    

                                      

 



                                                     

                                                                                                 



 

                                                                      

                        

 



  

                                                           





                          

                                                                          

 

                                             

                 



 

                                                            

Subobjekt1: GraphObj

Subobjekt : beschriftetesObjekt

Subobjekt2: GraphObj

Subobjekt : Rechteck

Objekt : beschriftetesRechteck

Objekt: Klasse

      

                                       

 

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                                   



 

                                                                                                                                                       

          

                  

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 

                                                                                                                        

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   

                                                                                                                                                                

 

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                                                                                                   

                                                 

                     

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 

                                                                                                                                                                                       

                                           

                                                           

                                                                                                                                                                                            Rückgabetyp

operator

(

Formalparameterliste

)

;

    

          



   

                        



 





     



             



   



        

          

                                                                                                                   

                                                       

     



                                                                                  

                                                          

           

        



 

                                                                                                                                  

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   

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

   

                             

     



       

                                                               

                                                                                                           

                    



   

                          



 

                                                                                                                    

                                         

               

                           

                                                                



     

                           

 

                                                                    

                                                         



   

                                            

                                                                  

                        

                                                                     :Vektor  

T

T

T

T

  

      

T

    

                        

    

                               

  

                                                                                          

       





   

                                                                                     

                             

  

                         

                                                                                                                 



    

                               



  

                                                                                                                                                                    x = a[1];

x

2)

temp

a 1)

a

 a[1] = x;

1)

temp

2)

x

                   

                                                                                



   

                                                             

 x = a[1];

x

a

a

 a[1] = x;

x

      

                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

    



                                                 

              

                      

  

       

                                             

   

                     



 

                                                                                                   



   

       

            

                                   

                                                                                                                                                                          

      

    



                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                            



   

                                        



 

                                                                                                                                                                  

                                 

    



                                                                                                           





                                                            

                                                          

        

                             

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   

          

     

                                                                                                                               

                                 

                                                     

                   

         

   



                                                                                                

    

                    

    

    

              

                  

   

     

   

                                   



   

                                                                                                                                   

                                                    

                                                                                                                                    

 

                                 

   



                                                                                                                                                                           

 

      



   

                                                                                                                     

    

 

                                                                                                 

  



      

                                                     

                                                                              

                                                                                                                                        

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   

                                                           

    

                                                                                                          

  



                             

    

                            

                                                                          

                

                 

                                                 



   

        

                                              

                    

                      

     

                                                                                                                            

 

    



                     



                                                                                                

                                                                                                         

   

                      



   

                           operator

Datentyp

(

)

const

;

    

                                                                                                            

                        

  

     

            

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     

                                                         

                                                                                                                                              

                         

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   

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

     



                                                                          

   

           

                                                                    



   

                                         

                                            

                                             

                                          

                                                 

     

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     

                                                                                                                                                                     

                                                                                                                                                                   

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   

                                                                                                                                                               

     



                                                              

 

        

 

              



    

                                                                                  

                       



   

                                          

                                                                                           

                                                                                                                                                              

   

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                                                                                    

                                                                     

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   

                                                                                                    

                                                                                 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      



 

             

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

 

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                                                               

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

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 

                                                                                                                                                                          

                                                                                                           

 

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                                                                                                                                                                                                             

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 

                                                                                             

                                                                                                                                              

                                                  

 



                                                                                       

           

                                                                       

                                   



 

exception

logic_error

runtime_error

invalid_argument length_error out_of_range domain_error

bad_alloc underflow_error overflow_error range_error

bad_typeid bad_cast bad_exception

    

                                                  

                         

 

















                    





        





                     





     





    





             





  





 





 





    





     





    







        



 

                                                                    

                                                                                                                 

 



       

 



                                                             

                 

                                                                   

                                     



 

                                                                                                                                                                            

                                                                                      

                                                                            

         

                                                                 

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 

                                   

             

                                                            

                                                                            

                    

   

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                                                                                   

                                    

                                                                                                  

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 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

   



                                                                                      

                                                                  



 

                                                              

                      

                                                                                                                                     

                                                                                                                                                                                          



  

 

                           

                                                                                                                                       

                                                                                      

  

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

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  

                                                                                            

                                                                                                                                                            

 

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                                                                                                                                                     

                                                                                                                                                                   

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    

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

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    

                                                                                                                   

    

 

                                 

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  

                                                                                                         

                    

 

 

                             



 

 

                                       

                                                                                     



  

         

   

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     

                                                                                                                    

 

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                                                                                                   



                                  

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  

                                                                                                             

                                  

 

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                                                                              

        

                                                                  

 

                                                                         

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  

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

  

             

 



                                               

 

                       

                                                                  

                    



  

                       

      

                    

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

 



                                                  

 

                                                        

    

                     

                                                   



  

                                                                                                           

                                          

                   

                                                                   

                                                        

 

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                               

  

                                                                                                                



                     

                                



  

                                                                      

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

 

     



 

                      



                                             

    

                                                              

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  

                                                                                                       

                                                                                                                                          

 

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              

                                                                 

                                                                                                                                                          

                                            



  

           

                            

                                                                                                                                                                                                 

                                                                                                 

  

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

                                                       

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  

                 

  

                              

      

                                   

   

   

                                      

  



                                          

                                                         

                                                                                                       



  

    

                                                    

 

                                                                

   

  



                                                                                                                     

                                        



  

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

  

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                                                                                                                                                                                             

                      

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  

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      

                                    

          

  

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                                  

       

                                                     

                                                                                          

                

                                      



  

                                                                                                                                                                                          

                                                                                   

  



                                                                                

                                             

                                                                  

  



  

                                             

                         

                                             

                                                                   

                                                                                                                     

   



                                                

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                



  

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    

   



Liste:

Trace

Trace

Trace

Prüfobjekt a

Prüfobjekt b

Prüfobjekt x

    

                                                            

                                                                                                                                                                       



  

                                                                                                             

                                                          

   



                                                                                                                                                       



  

                                                                                                                                

   



                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                                                                                   

                  



  

   

 

             

 

 

             

 

 

                                                    

       

   

    

   

      

    

   



      

        

    

    

  

    

          

             

   

                                                                                                                          

                                             

                                                                          

           

             



 

                                     

                                         

                                                           

                 

 

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                    

                           

                           

                                                              

            

     

    

            

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 

                                                                                              

                                             

     

                                                  

 

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                           

                                   

  

                                                              

                                                   

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 

                        

                                                          

       

                                                                                                                       

       

 



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

     

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 

              

 

                                                                           

 

            

                 

             

                                                                                               

 



                                                                                               

                                                                                                     

                                                           



 

               

                            

                                                                                                                                                             

 



                                                        

                                                                                    

           

                                                                                      

   

                           



 

                                                                 

                                                           

                                                                                                                  

   

   



                  

                                                       

                     

  

                                                                                                                                                                                                      



 

       

        

                          



                                                                                                              

                                                                                      

   



                                                   

                                                                                    

                                 



 

                                                 

 

                                                                                

   



                                            

 

                                                                                                         



 

                                                                                                                                                                              

 



                            

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              

                                                                               



 

                                                                    

                                       

                                                                                                                                                   

    



                              

     

                        

                        

           

                           

                       

                                  



 

                                                                                                      

                                                                                   

           

 

           



       



                                               

                                                                                                                                                                    



 

                                                       

                                                                        

                           

 



                       



 

                                                                                                                                                                                                   



  

                                                                                                       

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 

                                                                                                        

                       

                                                                                                                                                                   

 

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              

  

                                              

 



                                  



 

                                                                          

   

   

 

                                  

 



                                                                                                          

               

                        



                                                                                        

                           

                                                                                                                                                              ios_base basic_ios

basic_istream

basic_ostream

basic_iostream basic_ifstream basic_istringstream

basic_fstream basic_stringstream

basic_ofstream basic_ostringstream

          



   

                           

      ios_base ios

istream

ostream

iostream ifstream

fstream

istringstream

stringstream

ofstream ostringstream

     

                                        

   

            

                         

 

      

     



 

                                       

    

                                                    

                              

                      

            



   

                                                                                         

                                                         

                                                         

                                                                    

  

 



                                                                             



             

    

 

     

                            

     

                                                        



   

                    

                        

                           

             



  

            

 

                                                           

                       

 



                                                                                                                  

                                                                                

                               



   

                                                                                

         

     

    

                             

   

 

 



                                      

                                     

                                                                

                                                                                                                            



   

                                             

                       

                                       

             

                                         

                      

             

                   

 



                                                                                                                                                                                          



   

                                                                                      



                                                                                                                           

 



                                                       

                    

                                                      

                                                                                                               

             



   

  

      

   

                                                             



 

         

         

         

  

                                             

                                                                                   

 





             

          

                                       

   

        

   

  

  

    







   

            

   

  





   

                                     

                                                                                                                                                                                                           

                              

 



                                                                                               

                                                             

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   

                                                                      

 

                                                                                                                                                   

                                                    

  

 

  

     



             



                                                                                                                                                                                    



   





                

                            

    

                                                                

                              

                   

                                        

   



                                                                              

         

         

                                                                                                                 



   





     

                                 



   

     

  

          



  

  

  

    

                                                                          

              

     

   







   

    

 

  

                       



      

                                                    

     

    

                  

                                                                                                               



   

                                                                                                                                                                                      



                                                                                                                                                                 

                                                                                                    

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   

                                                                

                                                                      

                                                                                                   

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   

                            

            

                

   

                                                                    

   

   

   

   

                 

                                           



                                                                                                                                   

              

   

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               



   







  

 

 



         

         















        

    

 







   

   















 

   



 

 

      

 







                 



                

    

                                                                   

                                                                





   

                                                   

              

                                                                

                                                                                                      

      



                                                                                                                                

                                                                                                                

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   

  

 

 

 

 

      

             

      

      

      

     

                                                                                                                                                                                                      

                    

                                                        

                 

                                 

                                



   

         

                                              

                                                                        

                      

                                  

                                                     

   

 



                                

                                                                                                                                                                             



   

          

    

                                                                    

                              

                                          

 



                                                   

     

                

             

     

           

     

     

                 

    

           

         

                                                                     



   

                                                

                                                   

                                              

    

 



                          

          

         

                                         

                                                                                                                                                                                                             



   

   

                                                  

                                 

                      

                                       

 



                                            

                   

                      

           



 

   

                                             

                                                  







     

     

  



   



  

 



  

      

  

                                                   



 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

                                                                 

                             

  



                                                                                                                      



      

    

                        

                                                                                          

                    



 

 





                                                                                  

    

                    

          

                                                                                

                        

  



           

                                         

                                                          

                                                                                               

                                                                                               

   



                      



 

       



                 



                                    

                 

                                                                                                                                                                                     

 



 



   

                                                                                                                                                           

          

 

  

    

  

        

                                         



 

                                                                                                    





 

       

     

                                    

          



 

          



 

                               

 

    





  

                

                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                



 

              

                 

                           

                        

   

                     

                                                                               

 



                                                            

                                              

            



 

                                                                                



 

                                                                                                                                    

                                                                                                  

 



         

                                                                        

   

                                                                

                                                                                     



 

                                                   

                      

            



 

             



  

                

                                                                     

 



                                        

                                                                                                        

             

                                                                    

       

                 



 

                                                                                                                              

                                                 

 



                                  

             

                                                                    

    



 

            

                                                    



 

                                                                                           

                                                                                                                                

 



                                                 

                                

                                                         

                                            

                                        



 

                                                                                                                   

                                        

 

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                                                                                                                

                                                                                                                          

          

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 

          

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 

                 

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 

    

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  

                

                                                                                                                               

                                   

                                                        

                                              

   



                                                                                           

                                                                                                                                              

        



 

                                 

 

                          

                       

   

               

                                                                                            

   





      

              





        

       

           

                                                                                   

                                                                                                                  





 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

                     

   



                                               

                           

                              

                                                                                                             

    

                                                       



 

                   

                                                                                                                         

   



                                                               

                                                                                                                                                   

                       

   

            

                  



 

                                   



     

                     

      

                                                   

                                                                                                                                           

   

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                                                                                                                                                                                                              

                                                      

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 

          

                         

                              

                                                                                                                                                

                                                        

   

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                                                                                                                                                                          

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 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

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 

                                                                                    

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Buckets

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unordered_map k1

k5

Wert1

Wert5

begin(0) k1 tatsächliche Schlüssel k2

k3

Raum möglicher Schlüssel

k5

1

k4 k7 k6

2

k4 Wert4

3

4

5

k7 Wert7 k2

k3

k6

Wert2

Wert3

Wert6

begin(5)

 

                                                              



 

                                                                                                                                                

                                       

                                                                                                  

              

                         

 



                    

                                  



      

                              

 

      

                                                                                                                                    

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 

                                                                                                                                            

 

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                                                                   

                                       

                                                                                       

                                                          

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 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              

 

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          

                                                                            

                                                                                                                                                      



  

           

             



 

    



  

                                                                                      

                                                                                          

                                                           

     

 



                                    

                                                        



     

                          

 

     

              

                               

                                             



 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

 



          

                                                                       

                                                                                                      



  

               



  

                 



 

                                                                    

                                                 

                   

                                                            

              

 



        

                             

      

                                          

                     

                                                                                

                                                          



 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

 

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

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 

                                          

                                                                                                                              

    

                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                  

                                             

         



 

                                                    

           

                                                                                

                                                                               

 



                                                       

      



 

      

       

 

           

                                             

                                      



 

                                                                                                                                      

 



                                                                                                 

                                                                               



 

                                                                                                                                           

   



                                                                                              

                                                    

                                                                                                     

           



 

                                                                                                              

                                                                       

 



                          

                                   

                                                  

                                    

                                                         



 

           

    

        

                                        

                                               

                                                                                        

                                                                                     

                                           

                              

                                             



 

                        

               

                                

                                                                                                

  

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                                 

                                                                                                   

                                                                    



 

                                                                   

                                  

     

           

                                                        

            

  

    



             

          

                                        

                                                                                                            

         



 

                               

                                  

                                      

                                                                                       



             





                                                         

                                                                

                                                                                                



 

                      

                                                       

                                                                                                                                                                                                     



a)

b)

copy(...)

copy(...)

c) copy_backward(...)

result

result Ziel

first Ziel

Quelle

first last

Quelle

first Quelle

last

Ziel

result

last       

                      

                                               

                     



 

                             

                            

                                                                         

                                           

                                         

    



               

                                                              

                                   

                                                                                                                                                 

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 

                                                                                                                 

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                                                              

                                                          

                                                                



 

               

                                                               

                                                                     

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                                     

                                                                                          

                                                                                     



 

                                                     

   

                           

                                                

                



               

                                                                 



  

                                         

                                                   





                      



 

                           

        





                                                      

                                                                                                   



                               

                        

            

                                   



  

                                   



 

                                                                                                       

                                       

                                                                   

   

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                                                                                                                         

                                                                      

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 

                                                                                                                                                                       

                                            

   

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                       

                                                 



                                                                        

                          

                



 

                  

    

                                                                                                                                            

                                                                                           

  



                               

                                                                                                                           

                                                                                     



 

                                                                   

                                                                                                      

                                  

  

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                                                                                                                                        

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 

                                                                                            

                                      

                                                                                         

  

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                                                                                  

                                   

                                                                                                   



 

                                                                

                                                  

  

     

                                                              

 

    

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                                                                                                                                                                                           

                                                                              

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 

                                                                                                                  

                          

                             

                                      



                                    

    



                           

                                                                             

                    

                                          



              



 

                           

                     

  

                   

                 

                                                                              

    

     



   

                         

                  

                                                                  

   

   



 

                                



 

      

    

                             

                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

 



0 1

2

3 7

4 8

9

5 10

11

6 12

13

       

98 32

57

19 12

30 8

24

21 1

10

49 18

43

       

                                                                                                                                                





 

                                                           

                                          

                                                                                        

                        

                                  

 



                   

                                                                                                                         

                                                       

                                 

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 

   

                         

            

                                       

                                 

                                                                

   

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                                   

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                           

                                                                                       

                          

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 

                                                                                  

      

                                                                                                                                                                       

   

 



                               

                           

   

                           

            



 

                                                                                                                                                                                              

                                         

                                                                 





 

  







   



  

  

   

 





  











 

 









      







       

                                                             



   

                                                                                    

  

                                                                                

                                                                                            

                                                                                                      

                                                                                                    

                               



  

                                     

      

                        

                      

      

                                                                                                                                     



                     

                                       

                            

                                                       

                                                            



  

       

       

       

       

              

       

       

       

       

                   

                                            













   





  

  



     

        



 

 





   

      

 



                

                                      

                                                        

                                                                                              

                                                

                     



  

      

                 

 

           

                                            

                                  

                                                                                                                                 

 



           

                                                                 

                                                                                                   

                                                                    



  

                      

                                                                                                                                                                         

                                                         

 



                                                       

                                                                                                                                  

                             



  

   



  

                                   

                                      

               

                                                                                                                                                      

 



                                       

                                                                      

                                                

            

                                          



  

                             

                                                             

                                                                 

            

            

            

            

 



                                                                                                                                                 

                                                  

                                       



  

                 

                                                                                                                                       

                                             

   



                                

                    

                     

                                                                                                                                                                    

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  

                                                                         

                                       

                                                                          

                                                                                             

               



 



 

                              

                                                       

             

                                                    

                                                                            

               

   



                            

                                



 

             

     

                             

 

         

             

                                                                                      

                  



 





 

                                                                                                                 

         

 



     

                   

                                                     

  



              

                                                                                                                           

                         



  

                      

      



 

                      

                                                         

                                                             

                        

                     

  



                                                                     

                                       





                                   

                   

        

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 

                            

                         

                                                                                                     

                                                                                                              

    

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                                                                                                   

                                                                                                                           

  



    



 

   

               

                                              

            

                       

                                        

               

    



            

                  

     

            

                 

                                      

                 

                                                    



 

                                                                                  

                                                      

          

                            

       

                                           

    



                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                          



 

                        

                                                                                                        

                                                                                        

    



                        

                                   

             

             

                          

             

                                  

                                                                    

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 

                                                                                          

                                                                             

                                                                    

    



                                                                                                                

  

  

  

  

   

   

   

   

   

  

            

         



 

                                  

                                                             

                                                          

                                                                                          

    



      

                                                                                     

                                                            

   

         



 

                               

        

                                                           

    

   

   

   

   

               

        

  

  

  

                                       

    



                                                      

        

 

 

                                    

            

   

   

   

   

             

     

                                                     



 

                                                

                                                                         

                                                                                                                                    

    

    



                                                         

                                       





                                                                                         

                                                                                                   

                 

 



 

   

  

             

                                                                                                                                

              

     

     

             

                                                                 

                                                                     

                                                                                    



 

     

                                              



 

         



 

              

                

                                                                                                                             

 



                            



  

                

                                                                      

            

                                                                   



 

         

            

                                                                     

                

          

                                                                                            

                   

                       



 

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                                                                       

                                                

                                    

               

                      

                   

                                 

     

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 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

                                       

 



         

                                  

                                      

                                                    

                                                  

                                      



 

                                 

                         

                                                                                                                                                

                                                               

 



                          

                     

         

                                           

                                                                         

                                                                                                                    

                                              

       



   

                                     

                                                                       

 

                                                                         

                                                                                                                                

   

 



 

                                                          

                       

                                                                                  

                        

                                

 



                                

                               

            

                          

               

                              

             

                                                         

                

                                                



 

         

    

                                                       



 



   



       

                           

                   

  

 



                                               

              

                                              

 



                    

              

                               

                 

                                      

                                                   

    





 



 

            

                               

   

           

      

                 

                                                                                                        

              

                                           

 



           



    

                                        



              

                      

                  



 

                         

                           

  

     



 

                       



    

                                                                                    

                                               

     

                                       



  

                                            

 



                    

                     



  

                                           



   

                                                                                                                                                                                         

    

                     



 

          

   

                                

    

                                                                               



    

                                                                                                                                       



  

           



     

                       

 



                                                                                                                                            

                





                                      

        

                                          



 





      

                                                         

                                                                                                            

                                                                                            

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

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 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

         

                                  

 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  



 

                         

                                                                                                                                                                                               

   

 



                                           

                   

                                                                                                                                

                                                                                       

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 

                                                                                                                                                                   

                                      

   



                                

              

              

              

            

   

                                                                                                                                              



 











                                

                                

                                

                                                           

                                

      

  



 

                                







                               

                              

                              

                                















                               



                               

                              

                              



                              

                              

       

                             



 

                       





 

     





 





  











 











      





 

















 













































      

                                                  

   



                                            



              

                                                                                      

                                                



 

     

  

 

  

  

      

 





    

    

    

    

    

   

  

  

    

    

      

        

  

  

    

 

      

         

                                         

       

              

    

  

     

         

       

 



                                                                                                    

    

                                                     

                                                      

                                                                   



 

                        



   

                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

    



                                           

     



    

                                                   



     

                                                                                                        

                  



 

     

                                   

                                                                                                                 

                                                                                    



    

                                                    

    



                                                      

        

                                                                                                                    

                      

                                 



   

   



 

        

         





                                                                                                                                                                                             



      

    



                                                              



                                                      

                                                                      



 

                                                                                                     

                                                                                                                              

    

                                         



                                      

                    

      



                                            





 

                             



                                                                                                                                           

    



            



               

                                                                                        





                               

  

  



 

                                                                                                                                                     

           

                         

    



                                                                                                                                                      



 

                

    

                                  

                

  

                                                                                                 

    



                



                                                                   

                                                                                   



 

                                                                                               

                             

                                                    





    



                                                                     

                                                                                

                                            



 

                                                            

                                                          

       

    



                                                                           

                                                                

     

  

                    



 

                                                                                                          

                                                                            

                                                                                           

    



                                                                                                                                             

                                                                                                                       



 

                              



                                                                                    

  

                    

    

  



     





               

                                                                             

                                 



 

         

                                                                     

                                                                                                                        

    

                                                                                                                          

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 

  

                                                                                                                                                                 

   

                                      

    

                           

                                         

                          

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

 

                                                                        

                         

                                                                                                      

    



                                                                                         

                                                                                                        



 

                                             

                                                                                                                                  

    



                                                          



                                                                         

                                      

                                  



 

  



                                          

                              



                                                                                                 

    

               



   

  

 

                                                                                                                          



 

                                

                              

                          

    

  





 

                                                                                                                                                                          



 

                

                                         

                                          

    



                                                               

                                                                                 



 

                          

                                                               

         

    



                                                     

                             

            

                                            

                                                   



 

                                      

                                                                        

                      

                                                                                                 

    

              

                    

                                                

                                          





 

           

                    

                                                                                                     

                                          

                               

    



                                                                                        

                                                                                                                     



 

                                                                                            



                                                                  



                                                        

    



        

                       

                                                               

                                                         



 

                             

     

      

  

                         

                                 

  

      

 

                         

    

                                                                                          

        

 





 

                                                      



            

          

                   

                                               

    

  

                    

                          

                       



                           





 

  

              



                                                       

                                  

                                                                            

    



                                                                         

                                         

  

                                               



                                   



 

                   

  

                                           

                                                        

    

                

  

                                                                                                                                                                  







 

                                                



         



                                                      

    



                                                                                                          

                                     

                                                    

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 

                      

                                                                         

                                    

    

                                                                                               

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

 

                                                                              

               

        



                 



    



              



                 

                          

       



           



     



    



    

              





     



                                      

             



                            

                  

         

                          

        



           



         



        

            

                    

                                                                                                                                                                                                                              





                                         

 

 

                                                                                               



                                                                                                     





                                                                                                                                                                    

 

                                                                                                                                               



  









                                                  



                                                                                                           



                                                                                     







                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 





                                                         





                               



                                     

 

                                                                                                                                                                                                      





                                                                                                                                                                                                         

    

                                                                                                                    

      

                                 

        

                                                           





 

                                                       

                          

                                                

                      

               



                                                                                                                       



                                             

      

                                               





                                                                                               

                                                     

                                                    



                     

                                                                                                            

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                                                                                     

                           

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

                                                                                                                  

   

                                                                         

                                        



                                                                                                 

            

                

      

                                  

                             

    







            

                                                                                   

                         

                                                                         



 

                                   

                                         

                   

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  

                                                                                                                         





                                                                                                                       

                       

                                                             

    

      



          

                                                                                            



                                          

                                                 

        





 

 

 

                                                                                                                    

                                                                                                    

          



        

         

                             

                



                                                                                     

                            

   

                     





                                                                                                                 

                                                                                                                    



   

  

                                                                                             



                                                                               

   

                  

   





             

                                                                                                   

 

                                   

 

     

                                

    

              



                                                                                                  



                

                                                                                                  





             

                                                                                         

 

                                                                                      

    



                                                      

     

                                 

   



 

                                                                                                     





                        

     

                                                                             

                

         

                                                  

           

   



                    

                          

                                                  



                                                                                                       

       

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

                                                             

     

                                      

                                                                                                          