Bio-diesel: biodegradable alternative fuel for diesel engines

Bio-diesel biodegradable alternative fuel for diesel engines

Dr. Gadepalli Ravi Kiran Sastry

Readworthy

About the Author Dr. G. Ravi Kiran Sastry is a Professor in the department of Mechanical Engineering in Chaitanya Engineering College, Visakhapatnam of Andhra Pradesh. Dr. .Sastry did his M. Tech (Thermal Engineering) in Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad and was awarded his PhD from Andhra University, Visakhapatnam with a specialization in alternative fuels for I.e. Engines. Dr. Sastry has huge teaching as well as Research experience. Dr. Sastry is an ardent researcher in the area of finding alternative fuels as a replacement to commercial fuels especially biodiesels of non-edible oils such as Jatropha, Mahua and Palm Kernel oils. Dr. Sastry has a good number of research paper contributions in national as well as international journals/conferences in the thrust area of the performance of 0.1. Diesel engine using Biodiesels.

Bio-diesel biodegradable alternative fuel for diesel . engInes

Dr. Gadepalli Ravi Kiran Sastry

Rea~wortlm New Delhi

Copyright © Author All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, utilized, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the publisher. A conscientious attempt has been made to contact the proprietors of the rights in every image used in the book. If through inadvertence the publisher has failed to identify any holder of the rights, any inconvenience caused to them is regretted and the necessary information will be incorporated in the future editions. The views expressed in this volume are those of the author and are not necessarily those of the publishers.

First published 2008

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Cataloging in Publication Data-OK Courtesy: D.K. Agencies (P) Ltd. <[email protected]> Sastry, Gadepalli Ravi Kiran, 1972Investigations on bio diesels : a permanent replacement to petro diesels / Gadepalli Ravi Kiran Sastry. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. Includes index. ISBN 13: 978-81-89973-50-6

ISBN 10: 81-89973-50-9

1. Biodiesel fuels--Research. 2. Diesel motor --Alternative fuels. 3. Diesel motor--Vibration. 4. Diesel motor--Noise. I. Title.

DDC 662.669 072

22

Printed at Salasar Imaging Systems, Delhi - 35

Foreword Depletion of petroleum products may not be taking place within offing because earth's reserves are immense. But cost of exploration may escalate and finally the petroleum products may be dearer day-by-day. Already, the day has come the cheaper diesel of erstwhile times has become unbearably costlier. In this context, a viable and sustainable alternative fuel is necessary to cater to the needs of mind boggling fleet of automobiles in the world. It calls for the necessity to decrease the pollution levels also complying with the emission norms to keep the environment clean. The advent of biodiesel has come to the rescue in this warranting situation. This fuel is renewable originating from the vast plant population of the globe. Basically, this oil is biodegradable and controls the greenhouse gas which is responsible for the global warming. Department of Marine Engineering, AV College of Engineering, is one of the pioneering departments in the country which can boast of diversifying research in the area of biodiesel applications and alternative fuels. It has pioneered mijn.y studies in this field with the concerted effort of researchers in designing the systems to produce biodiesel in the laboratory at the economically viable rates and implement them in running the diesel engines in lieu of petro-diesel. Much accuracy is called for in the measurement of the engine parameters which can define exactly the engine behaviour with the new trial. Dr. Sastry, worked hard in streamlining the systems to design biodiesel plants to bring succour to the community of the diesel users. Dr. Sastry strove to exploit non-edible oil plants to replace diesel oil usage in the conventional diesel engines. The day is not far away to see that all diesel engines run by petro-diesel will be replaced by biodiesel, partially or fully. Dr. B. V.Appa Rao

Department of Marine Engineering A.U College of Engineering Andhra University Visakhapatnam-530 003

Acknowledgements I express my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. B.V. Appa Rao, Professor, Department of Marine Engineering, A U. College of Engineering, for his expert guidance and support during the course of this study. I express my gratitude to Dr. T. V. K. Bhanu Prakash, Professor and Head of the Department of Marine Engineering, for his continuous encouragement. I also extend my heartiest thanks to the entire faculty of Marine Engineering, of A U. College of Engineering for their continuous encouragement; Prof. K.V.L. Raju, Principal, M.V.G.R. College of Engineering, for this cooperation and support; and Prof. R.N. Someswara Rao, formerly at AU.C.B. for this valuable suggestions. Finally, I take this opportunity to say big thank you to my mother, wife and children for their sincere cooperation.

Contents Foreword Acknowledgement

v

List of Figures

vi viii

List of Tables

xiii

Nomenclature

xiv

Names of the Oils Used in this Study

xvi

1. Introduction

1

Biodiesel As An Option For Energy Security In India I Studies On Rapeseed Oil Methyl Ester (RME) I Studies On Sunflower Oil Methyl Ester (SME) I Studies On Palm Oil Methyl Ester (POME) I Studies On Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester OME) I Studies On Methyl Tallowate Biodiesel I Studies On Linseed Oil Methyl Ester (WME) I Studies On Mahua Oil Methyl Ester (MME) I Summary

2. Transesterification Procedure

51

3. Heat Release Rate Calculations

56

4. Experimental Set Up

61

5. Results, Discussion and Conclusions

71

Performance Studies I Comparison of The Sound Pressure Levels At All Loads And For All The Oils I Engine Vibration Comparison I Time Waveforms of Vibration I Phase Analysis I Assessment of Engine Trend With The Use Of PKME, JME, MME And Diesel Oils I Conclusions I Future Scope of Work

Bibliography

100

Appendix-A The vibration signatures at other loads not mentioned in the chapters have been appended below for verification 106 Appendix-B The time waveforms measured at various points on engine at various loads have been appended below Appendix-C The pressure- crank angle diagrams for other loads mentioned in the chapters are appended below for verification Index

the 138 not 154

162

List of Figures Fig. No.

Title Of The Figure

1.1

Power output for rapeseed methyl ester and diesel fuel

1.2

Torque for rapeseed methyl ester and diesel fuel

1.3

Ignition lag for rapeseed methyl ester and diesel fuel

1.4

BSHC for rapeseed methyl ester and diesel fuel

1.5

Rate of pressure-rise for rapeseed methyl ester and diesel fuel

Page No

1.6a Torque Vs Cl. 1.6b Torque Vs

MfitlX NET HEAT R£L.£ASE RATE WAT TOC

co.q)

CUM\A.ATIV£ HEAT RELEASE

:+

(J/~):

6 _ _ U.alu.

i

139..3t5

11 ....0

Br "ph No.

r,l..

130.11

""

't.1 62.7 + B 3.0 + 't

720

r-----~--~~--~----~----~----_,

f: ·::::::::::::r:··::::::·:r::::::::::r:::::::::::f:::::::::::t:::::::::::: 16

~

1

8

i

5

IMEP (BAR) PEAK PR. (BAR) PEAK PR. IJRT TOC (0"0) DP MAX (BAR/O .. o) OP MAX IJRT TOC (Oeo)

•.•.•.....

.......

;r............• ::.'..

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:

··+···········+···········1·····

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Fig. 5.51. Engine vibration trend when run with oils under consideration at full load Limited spectrum Average Vs Loeatioa or the EDgiae

3.5...---------------------, 3

:... 2.5 .!!

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i

2

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t


g): UP I1AX WRT TOC 9) :

240

120

360

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erank

-

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2.7 51.8 ~ 1 2." + .,

720

lOO

INDICATED POWER SPEED

(KW) 1.85 (llPM) : 1500

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No.:

80

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...........+............ ............ :...

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98

196

294 392 Volu. (cc)

490

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Fig:(c-3) Combustion Pressure V.. Crank angle for Diesel oil run at half load.

EngIne IndIcatIng System 100

i -

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INDICATED POWER (KW) 2.26 SPEED (IlPM) : 1500

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o o

98

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Fig:(c-4) Combustion Pressure Vs-- Crank angle for Diesel oil run at 3/4th load.

156 I Bio-diesel APEX

EngIne Indlcating System .00

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It1EP (BAil) PEAK PII. (BAil) PEAK PII. WilT TOC (0"11) OP t1AX (BAII/O"II) OP t1AX WilT TOC (0&11)

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.. B 1.1

.. 0

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INDICATED POWEII (KW) 0.48 (IIPt1) : 1500 SPEED

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8raph No. : 1 F.l .. JATN.pO

o

98

Fig:(c-5) Combustion Pressure Vs· Crank angle for JME run at no load.

APEX

Engine IndIcatIng System .00

~

i

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60

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40

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eo

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240

It1EP (BIIII) PEAK PII. (BAil) PEAK PII. WilT TOC (0"\1) OP t1AX (BAII/O"\I) OP t1AX WilT TOC (0"\1)

1.6 51.4

.,. 8 1.7

.,.

"

3
'00

I NO! CA TEO POWEII (KW) 1.11 (IIPI1) : 1500 SPEED

eo

I

F.I"

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~ 20

8raph No. :

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1

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o

.

98

Fig: (c-6) Combustion Pressure V.. Crank angle for JME run at 1/4th load.

Appendix C I 157

Englne Indlcatlng System 100

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120

240

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5i.8 ~ 8 2.1 .. .,

no

..eo

360

er ...

IMEP (BAP) : PEAK PP. (BAP) : PEAK PP. IJPT TOe (0"11) : !JP MAX (BAP"O"II): DP MAX IJPT Toe (0"11) :

1InqI.

100

INDICATED POWER (KW) 1.56 (RPM> : 1500 SPEED

eo

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• ~

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Brap,", No.

20

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0

3 JATN.pD

nl"

::::::::::r:::::::::r:.:::::::r::::::::::I::::.::::::r::::::::::

o

98

..90

Fig:(c-7) Combustion Pressure Vs- Crank angle for JME run at half load.

Englne Indlcating System 100

. ..........·r . . . . . ·r. . . . . . · j : ...........-......................T - -.. ···········t·····.. ·····f·.. ··-······~ ···········t· ·.. ······f··········u • 40 .......... ! i l1"'l .........-:............

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.. B

2.5 .. 1

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........

i

u

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·..........\· .......... ·1..........

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·t. . . ·. . 1"1 . . . ·. · 1

o o

98

..so

Fig:(c-8) Combustion Pressure Vs- Crank angle for JME run at 3/4th load

158 I Bio-diesel

Englne IndIca tIng System 100

+. ......... ............ ! ..........;.......... .......... .

I........+. . . . . . . . . . . \ . . . . + . . . . . . : · . · . . . . i ·:·i F' j·· ··· ·. 80 ..........

~

~

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·i .... ........

..........

60

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(BAR) (BAR) (0"0) TOC WRT PEAK PR. (BAR/O"o) OP MAX (0"0) OP t1AX WRT TOC

0.6

It1EP

1......................;........... -r--........: PEAK PR.

er_

+ "

1.6

+ "

720

600

180

360

210

120

0

~9.8

Anglo

100

0.39 INDICATED POWER (KW) (RPM) : 1500 SPEED

. ......... _.+.......... ___. .. __ .___ .. _:., __ ._. __ .... , ... _0_ .. -.:-........... .

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·· ~

......·....·f·..·......·! ..·..·..·..·: ....·....·..

60

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... ! ....·....

.\: 20

Sr"ph No. : "I ..

r. . . . ~·. . . . · · ~_._

~_

80

0

1

t1f1HNLpO

o

196

98

294

3!12

490

1588

e;,llndor UoI_ (cc>

Fig:(c-9) Combustion Pressure Vs- Crank angle for MME run at no load.

-

Engine Indlca ting System 100

.. ······.··-:-·.····.···.·!-·----·.··.·i.·····.·····+····u..... -f-.-_ ••••••.•• :

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u ••••••••••

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:

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"I"

:

.....·..1........ :

1.6 53.0 + 8

1.9 + ~

120

1.13 INDICATED POWER (KU) (RPM) : 1500 SPEED

8raph No.:

!

l

!

(BAR) 1I1EP (BAR) PEAK PR. PEAK PR. URT TOC (0110) (BAR/O"O) OP I1AX (0"0) OP t1AX WRT roc

2 MAHN 1. pO

i

100 ~---.----------~----~---.----~ .. 80 ........... .;.. ........... : ............ , ............ '-........... .:. .......... ;

dO

;

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;

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98

Fig:(c-10) Combustion Pressure V.. Crank angle for MME run at 1/4th load

Appendix C I 159

Engine Indicating System 100 80

.•.•••..•.. .,. .•••••••.••. , .•........• ; ..•••.•••... .,. ...••.•.•.• .,. •••••.••••••

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20

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IMEP (BAR) : 2.1 PEAK PR. (BAR) : 53.5 PEAK PR. WRT TOC (0"9) : .. -1 OP MAX (BAR/0"9): 2.1 OP MAX WRT TOC (0109) :.."

720

100

INDICATED POWER (KW) l.-iB SPEED (RPM) : 1500

~

. i

.l: Br"ph No.

Fil"

eo
164 I Bio-diesel performance curves of the engine, 78 performance of biodiesel, 1 performance of diesel engine with biodiesel, 49 performance of the engine and combustion parameters, 28 Perkins,8 Perkins et, 8 Petro-diesel, 78 petroleum diesel, 1 petroleum diesel (HSD), 4 Phase Analysis, 94 Piezo electric transducer, 61 Piezo Electric Transducer, 66 PKME, 72, 78, 98 PKME, IME, DIESEL, MME, 96 Pollutant emissions reduction from dieselengines,33 pollutants, 99 POME,21,22 Po,!gamia Pinnata ('Honge' or 'Karanja'), 5 pose a waste disposal problem, 3 potential of rapeseed oil methyl ester, 18 power and torque curves for, 8 power development suffers to some extent, 98 Pressure vs Crank Angle, 34 problems of diesel engine operation with biodiesel, 8 Process employed for making the methyl esters, 53 process of utilizing biodiesel in the IC engines, 41 production of 36 million gallons, 3 production of biodiesel from nonedible vegetable, 54 properties and performance of the hydrocarbon-based diesel fuels, 51 Proposed Jatropha Plantation, 5 Pure biodiesel, 1

pure methyl ester, 14 quick yielding plant, 5 Raising Jatropha plant, 6 Ramesh et, 57 rapeseed methyl ester, 8 rapeseed oil, 25, 34, 42 Rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME), 7 Rate of Heat Release Vs Crank Angle, 38 reflects the combustion process, 56 replace fuel filters, 2 rice bran oil, 25 rise in energy demand, 4 rise of petro diesel price, 50 RME, 18 seeds of Jatropha, 6 Senatore, 11 Shundoh et, 34 single-cylinder diesel engine, 28 SME is an alternative to diesel fuel, 19 SME operation, 19 soaring petrodiesel price, 50 solvent effect, 1 Sound pressure levels at one-meter distance, 71 Southwest Research Institute. Biodiesel, 1 Soya diesel, 7 Soya oil, 6 Specific energy consumption, 48 Specific fuel consumption, 21 specific fuel consumption is higher, 28 Stanadyne Automotive Corp, 1 Straight biodiesel, 8 substitute of mineral diesel oil, 44 succession of experimentation with the oils is, 96 Sunflower oil methyl ester (SME), 18 superior lubricity, 1 Tenth Plan Working Group, 4

Index I 165

The diffused combustion phase is synonymous, 79 thermal efficiency and brake thermal efficiency, 78 Time Waveforms of Vibration, 91 torque, 1 Torque,21 transesterification of oil, 7 transportation, storage, 2 U.S. Congress in 2001, 3 U.S. Department of Agriculture, I, 3 U.S. Department of Energy, 1 UK,42 Ulf Schuchardt{45l, 52 UnitedStates,42 use of biodiesel in existing diesel engines,2 used in pure form, 2 Using organic fuels, 3

Varaprasad Rao, 57 variation of peak pressure and the rate of pressure rise for, 29 Vegetable Oils, 51 Vegetable oils have comparable energy density, 40 vibration, 71 vibration acceleration levels, 96 vibration data, 72 vibration levels, 79 Vibration of the engine on the cylinder, 71 Vibration phase measurements, 98 vibrational severity of the engine, 98 Viscosities of POME at various temperatures are, 22 waste vegetable fats used, 3

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