Atlas of the Human Brain, Third Edition

ii Atlas of the Human Brain Third edition Jürgen K. Mai Institute of Anatomy I, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldor...

Author: Juergen K. Mai | George Paxinos | Thomas Voss

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ii

Atlas of the Human Brain Third edition

Jürgen K. Mai Institute of Anatomy I, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany George Paxinos Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Thomas Voss Institute of Anatomy I, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier

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Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 360 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10010-1710, USA 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA First edition 1995 Second edition 2004 Third edition 2008 Copyright 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved Cover design by Yvette Paxinos No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 978-0-12-373603-1 ISBN CD 978-0-12-373604-8

For information on all Academic Press publications visit our web site at http://books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in China 07 08 09 10 11

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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contents 1

Materials and Methods 1.1

1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.1.5

1.2

1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.2.7 1.2.8 1.2.9

1.3

1

Atlases of the Human Brain in the Head

1

Anatomical Preparations Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Macroscopic Anatomy and Correlations between Skull and Brain Preparation of 100 µm Thick Frozen Histological Brain Sections Presentation of the Images for the Atlases of the Brain in the Head

1 1 1 2 2

The Human Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates

3

Materials Methods Histological, Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Studies Nomenclature Photographic Plates and Corresponding Diagrams Three-Dimensional Reconstructions Stereotaxic Coordinate System Standardization Application of the Stereotaxic Atlas for Interpretation of Individual in-vivo Brains

3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 2

Materials included in the Accompanying DVD

6

1.3.1 MR-Navigator: 3D Navigation in an MR-Image Space 1.3.2 BrainNavigator: 3D Navigation in The Human Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates 1.3.3 Full Text and Figures of Past Histological, Morphometric and Immunohisto chemical Studies that were performed on sections from the brain represented in The Human Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates

6 6

1.4

6

References

6

2

Atlases of the Human Brain in the Head

2.1 Horizontal Atlas 2.2 Coronal Atlas 2.3 Sagittal Atlas

11 45 73

3

Atlas of the Human Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates

89

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

Surface Views of the Atlas Brain Plates (Myelin) and Figures Histological, Morphometric and Histochemical Studies Hierarchical Tree

4 Index

9

90 93 232 256 264

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Preface In the past 10 years since the original publication of the Atlas of the Human Brain there has been increased interest in human neuroscience especially in imaging of the living human brain. These latest studies brought with them the realisation that a leap in the understanding of structure/function relations can only be attained if the scientific community has at its disposal a comprehensive and user friendly atlas which is accurate in delineations and stereotaxy. This was our aim in constructing the 3rd Edition of the Atlas of the Human Brain. This book consists of two major parts: (Part 1) three Atlases of the brain in the head in situ sectioned in the cardinal planes and (Part 2) a detailed atlas of the isolated brain in stereotaxic coordinates represented by 69 serial histological sections of one brain hemisphere with detailed delineations. Both parts feature different aspects of brain morphology and topography. The surface anatomy of every brain is presented in a stereotaxic space (a 3-D grid system with the horizontal plane passing through the centers of the anterior and posterior commissures) along with the exact location of the sections. The Atlases of the brain in the head (Macroscopic Atlas) consist of serial 1cm thick sections from three human heads scanned with MRI. Each head was sectioned either in the horizontal, coronal, or sagittal plane. The sectioning of the brain in the skull ensures that no significant deformation of the brain occurred and allows correlation of bony landmarks, nerves, and blood vessels. In addition, we included X-ray images of the cadaver sections and MR-images from a healthy volunteer showing levels corresponding to those depicted in the atlas plates. The detailed Atlas of the Brain in Stereotaxic Space (Myeloarchitectonic

Atlas) consists of 69 serial coronal sections from one human brain. This brain was selected because it has been studied previously by a number of scientists during the last 80 years. More than 50 publications dealt with the anatomy of this particular brain, some of them are seminal cyto- and myeloarchitectonic works (Brockhaus, Hassler) and many contain morphometric data. Relevant publications dealing with this specific brain are included on the accompanying DVD in full text including original illustrations and figures. Following the request of several users of the Atlas, we have also included Nissl stained sections which are located next to the sections represented in the Myeloarchitectonic Atlas. These show detailed new delineations of the thalamus and hypothalamus depicted on the basis of cyto- and myeloarchitectonic material. The 69 photographic plates (myelin sections) are juxtaposed with 69 corresponding diagrams of the right hemisphere. The delineations were made on the basis of a comprehensive structural analysis. (Serial sections between the represented levels which were used for delineations are available on the accompanying DVD). Screen shots of several examples of 3-D reconstructions of delineated structures are provided. Reproduction of Figures by Users of the Atlas As authors, we are happy for our atlas figures to be reproduced in other publications, but we expect our work to be suitably acknowledged. Permission to reproduce may be sought directly from Elsevier Global Rights Department in Oxford,UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, email: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions).

Acknowledgements This long lasting endeavour was only made possible by continued interest, and help of many persons. The authors were fortunate to receive useful suggestions and invaluable assistance during the preparation of the book. We are indebted to many colleagues in assisting the definitions and delineation of selective brain regions, in particular to Farhad Forutan (Thalamus) and Iouri Koutcherov (Hypothalamus). We are greatly indebted to Azarias Karamanlidis (University of Thessaloniki, Greece) for valuable comments and scholarly advice on nomenclature. We are grateful to Christine Opfermann-Rüngeler for the preparation of illustrations and to many students, particularly Dimiter Tzvetkov, Christian Sakellariou, Gerrit and Steffen Sütfels for their skilled help in the construction of image files and in image processing work. Our gratitude goes to Bojan Tomov for the invaluable work during the production of the BrainNavigator and to Dominick Löchel for his work on mathematical modelling and image transformation algorithms referring to the atlas. It is a pleasure to thank Prof. Adolf Hopf and to acknowledge the cooperation with Douglas M. Bowden (University of Washington, Seattle) for their valuable and substantial support. We greatly appreciate the generous financial support for this project from NIH Grant No.1 RO1 LM00824701 (JKM). Finally we thank the Society of Friends and Supporters of the HeinrichHeine-University and the NHMRC for their support. We are indebted to Johannes Menzel from Academic Press for his dedication and enduring enthusiastic support at every phase of the production of this edition. Finally, our thoughts go with gratitude to those persons, who provided their bodies for educational and research purposes in anatomy.

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Materials and Methods

1.1.1 Anatomical Preparations The three heads were derived from bodies donated to the Department of Anatomy, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf. The studies were performed in accordance with established ethical standards. The cadavers were perfused via the radial veins first with physiological saline, then with fixative containing 10% formalin, glycerol, and Incidin (Henkel, Düsseldorf). The heads were covered with linen and fixative to prevent the preparation from drying out between performance of the MRI and the freezing process.

absence of blood flow, cessation of metabolism, and fixation procedures on relaxation times, signal-to-noise ratio, and contrast. To perform this comparative analysis between living and post-mortem tissue the heads of two volunteers and of two cadaver heads were scanned with the 0.15 Tesla superconductive magnet (Vista 2035, Picker International) using single-slice technique with SE and inversion recovery (IR) sequences with the

N(H) in-vitro / N(H) in-vivo (%)

1.1 The Human Brain in the Head

150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

SE- Seq. IR-Seq.

VB

1.1.2 Magnetic Imaging (MRI)

WM

CP

ON

GM

RN

HI

OF

TM

HI

OF

TM

Resonance 1000 in-vivo in-vitro

900 700

T2 in ms

MRI Scans: MRI scans were performed in the horizontal, coronal, sagittal, and oblique coronal planes according to a standardized protocol (Assheuer et al., 1990). The corresponding section planes were defined by (a) the intercommissural line and verticals intersecting this line in the center of the anterior and posterior commissures, and (b) the vertical to the brain stem axis (Meynert’s plane).

800

600 500 400 300 200 100 0 CSF

VB

WM

CP

ON

GM

RN

1548

in-vivo in-vitro

800

In vivo / in vitro correlation was performed to determine the effect of the

T1 in ms

700

MRI scans of the anatomical preparations (in vitro imaging): Scans and measurements were performed on a 0.15 Tesla superconductive magnet (Vista 2035, Picker International). We used a multislice double-echo sequence [spinechosequence (SE) 5000/40/160] with four excitations to render proton (N(H))and T2-weighted images. These scans are presented in the pages preceding the atlas figures of the horizontal, coronal, and sagittal sections (Sections, 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3, respectively).

600 500 400 300 200 100 0 VB

WM

CP

ON

GM

RN

MRI scans of a healthy volunteer (in vivo imaging): For in vivo imaging we used a 3 Tesla imager (Siemens Magnetom Trio) with the following protocols: TR 2500, TE 4.79 and TR 3000, TE 355. The slice thickness was 0.6 mm with a matrix of 320 x 320. These images are presented in Sections 2.1 to 2.3 facing each macroscopic anatomical section.

1.1.3 Macroscopic Anatomy and Correlations between Skull and Brain

1000 900

following parameters: SE (TR: 200, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400 ms combined with TE: 30, 40, 60, 80, 120, 160 ms) and IR (TR: 620, 1240, 2480 ms combined with TI: 32, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700 ms). The slice thickness was 5 mm with a matrix of 256 x 256 and a field of view of 250 mm. T1 (spin-lattice relaxation) times, T2 (spin-spin relaxation) times, and N(H) (proton density) values of the in vivo and in vitro tissues are represented in Fig. 1. Compared with the in vivo results, the in vitro tissues show large, nonlinear reduction in T1 relaxation times and N(H) values and small (negligible) changes in T2 relaxation times. A stable correlation exists between the in vitro and in vivo relaxation curves. For further details see Longerich (1989).

HI

OF

TM

Figure 1. Comparison between living and postmortem tissue. T1 (spin-lattice relaxation) times, T2 (spin-spin relaxation) times, and N(H) values were measured from the same areas under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The N(H) values were calculated from SE-sequences (red squares) and IR-sequences (black squares). They are presented as quotient of in vitro values to in vivo values in %. Abbreviations: CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; VB: vitreous body; OF: orbital fat; ON: optic nerve; HI: hippocampus; WM: white matter; GM: gray matter, CP: cerebral peduncle; RN: red nucleus; TM: temporalis muscle. (Data from Longerich, 1989).

Preparation and Photography of 1 cm Anatomical Slices: Immediately after the MR scans, the heads were cooled to -45°C and then sliced at 1-cm thickness either in the horizontal, coronal, and sagittal plane. The coronal section plane was angulated by –20°, such that the plane of the section is parallel to the brain stem axis and corresponds to the major ascending and descending fiber tracts. The head slices were then cleaned, and photographed together with a scale bar. Afterwards the slices were transferred into preservation fluid.

1

Radiographs and Visualization of Blood Vessels with Radiopaque Material: Radiographs were obtained from the 1 cm slices before and after injections of contrast media into cut ends of larger blood vessels. Dissection of the Anatomical 1 cm Slices and Interpretation of Cortical Gyri: Before dissection of the head and neck structures, the 1 cm brain slices were removed from the skull. The slices were mounted according to their in vivo situation to physically reconstruct the brain. After removal of the arachnoid mater photographs were made to document the gyrification pattern. These were the basis of the diagrams preceding each of the three Atlases of the Brain in the Head, taking into account the 1 mm loss of tissue at every 1 cm level due to the sawing.

a

b

c

d

1.1.4 Preparation of 100 μm Thick Frozen Histological Brain Sections After removal from the surrounding skull and photography of the assembled brain 1 cm slices, the slices were immersed for 48 hours in a fixative containing 4% formalin and 30% sucrose. Each slice was then positioned on a freezing stage (30 x 20 cm) of a microtome (Fig. 2a) and a mould was placed around it into which the mounting medium (methylcellulose dissolved in water and stained with various chromogens) was poured. After cooling down to -20°C fiducial marks were made (Fig. 2b) and the blockface was photographed together with a scale bar prior to taking each section (Fig. 2c). Sections were made with a thickness of 100 µm and then transferred into individual containers filled with phosphatebuffered saline (plus 30% sucrose). The photographs taken from the blockface aided correct mounting of the sections. For some brains all sections were mounted and then stained (with either toluidine blue or cresyl violet) for Nissl substance or (with hematoxylin or Sudan black B) for myelinated fibers. By means of the fiducial marks the single sections were compiled in a sequence from rostral to caudal. 3-D reconstructions were made from such delineations (Fig. 2d).

2

Figure 2. (a) Cryosectioning device consisting of the Tetrander (“Pantomikrotom“; see Vogt, 1905), freezing table, photograph stand, and tube holder for dry ice. (b) Frozen tissue block with matrix for perpendicular orientation of canulas used for punch marking. (c) Fixed slice of the hemisphere (represented in Section 2.2) embedded in methylcellulose and showing section surface with scales and punch marks (fiducial marks used later for topographic adjustment of sections). (d) Screenshot showing cuts through the reconstructed brain represented in Section 2.2).

1.1.5 Presentation of the Images for the Atlases of the Brain in the Head Each atlas begins with an in vitro MR image series in all three orthogonal planes of the unsectioned head on which it was based. The following two pages within each of the horizontal, coronal and sagittal atlases present surface views of the brains showing their gross morphology together with the delineation of the main gyri. The gyri are consistently color-coded through the entire book. The drawings of the midsagittal views additionally provide the stereotaxic proportional grid system. The main part of each of

these atlases represents an image of the complete head as well as a schematic drawing of the separate brain slice. The photographs of the 1 cm thick slices and the corresponding drawings are arranged on the pages in the following way: the odd-numbered page features a photo of one side of the slice, whereas the facing even-numbered page features the other side of the same slice, so that an open book page displays the opposing surfaces of the slices as if separated by the knife. On the odd-numbered pages there is a radiogram of the 1 cm slice (bottom left) and the MRI of a corresponding location from a living person.

1.2.1 Materials The detailed Atlas of the Brain in Stereotaxic Space is based on the right hemisphere of a 24-year-old male (* 1905; + 1929). This brain belongs to the Vogt collection in Düsseldorf (brain weight at autopsy: 1383 g; fresh volume: 1316.3 cm3; cause of death: hypovolemic shock; death to fixation interval: 3 hours). The external morphology of the formalinfixed brain is shown on pages 90 and 91. This brain was selected for presentation in this atlas because numerous researchers a have analyzed and reported on its structure in the last 60 years (see Section 3.3).

1.2.2 Methods

me that the dimensions of the formalin fixed brain (Fig. 3b) represent the in vivo situation. The overall volumetric changes that occurred during the histological preparation (due to dehydration, paraffin embedding, cutting, and mounting of the sections) were calculated from differences in linear dimensions between the

VAC

1.2 The Human Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates

VAC

Histological Procedures: The brain was cut by O. Vogt into blocks oriented vertically to the intercommissural plane (Fig. 3a) before it was embedded in paraffin. The values of some linear measurements b are given in Fig. 3b. Serial frontal sections of 20 μm thickness were prepared. Most sections were stained with either cresyl violet or hematoxylin. Some additional sections remained unstained. Some of these unstained sections were used for immunohistochemistry (e.g., substance P; see Mai et al., 1986). Since the first and last paraffin sections of each block were only partially recovered, we have drawn c the approximate outlines of these sections Figure 3. (a) Mediansagittal view of the right by using photographs of the surface of hemisphere of the brain used for the Atlas in stereotaxic coordinates. The red lines show the positithe individual blocks, which were taken on where this hemisphere was cut into blocks (R1 before sectioning. Estimates of Volume Changes: Volume changes in paraffin sections provide major obstacles in comparing these sections with the in vivo condition. Therefore, effort has been made to estimate tissue shrinkage and to transform the dimensions of this brain to the standard dimensions proposed by Talairach (Talairach and Szikla, 1967; Talairach and Tournoux, 1988). The volume changes due to formalin fixation are negligible as the brain volume at the fixation time corresponds to the values determined at autopsy (see Longerich, 1989). It is therefore reasonable to assu-

- R5) before embedding. (b) Diagram showing the midsagittal view of this hemisphere in the stereotaxic space (Talairach and Tournoux, 1988). The measurements shown were taken from 1:1 photographs of the formalin fixed brain. The cerebral space is defined by orthogonal horizontal, sagittal, and verticofrontal reference planes. The intercommisural line (ICL) passes through the center of the anterior and posterior commissure, respectively. The vertical line (VAC) passes through the center of the anterior commissure. (c) Graphic representation of the Talairach and Tournoux standard proportional grid system. The intercommisural line (ICL, CA-CP-line) passes through the superior edge of the anterior commissure and the inferior edge of the posterior commissure. The vertical line (VAC ) passes through the posterior margin of the anterior commissure. Reference points are thus slightly different between figures b and c with consequences for the distance values between both commissures and the representation of sections.

fixed, unembedded hemisphere (scaled photographs) and the serially sectioned hemisphere (Lange and Thörner, 1974; Sievert, 1992; see Section 3.3).

1.2.3 Histological, Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Studies Numerous descriptive and quantitative studies were performed on sections from the brain represented in the detailed Atlas of the Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. The relevant morphometric data (fresh volume, volume of serial sections, numeric cell density, volumetric cell density, and absolute cell numbers) have been compiled and are listed together with the references in Section 3.3.

1.2.4 Nomenclature Present day practice in medical sciences and technologies, like imaging techniques, telemedicine applications, and library retrieval systems among others, require that information is increasingly detailed and specialised. This means there is an urgent need for a specific, consistent and unified anatomical terminology. In reality, however, the use of terminology, even in recent general textbooks, particularly in the field of neuroscience, is inconsistent and often contradictory (Adelmann, 1992; Anthoney, 1994; Mejino and Rosse, 1998; Mai and Ackermann, 2005). Considering the obvious need for a stable neuroanatomical nomenclature, we have decided to use the abbreviation system of Paxinos and colleagues because it is consistently applied in companion atlases of various animals, used by many experts in the field of neuroscience and in the companion volume of this atlas The Human Nervous System (Paxinos and Mai, 2004). Nevertheless, we are aware that modifications will come with advances of imaging technologies, molecular biology, development, hodology, comparative anatomy and informatics, besides others (Bota and Swanson, 2007). In order to make our scheme of nomenclature transparent and to facilitate comparison with other terms and relationships of structures, we have included a hierarchical tree of structures.

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1.2.5 Photographic Plates and Corresponding Diagrams The photographs show the whole hemisphere at rostro-caudal levels where there are no subcortical structures to be displayed. The main body of the photographs depicts subcortical structures. The diagrams always show the entire hemisphere and the metric dimensions of the sections. The linear anterior-posterior and mediolateral dimensions of the formalin-fixed brain before embedding correspond to values of the Talairach space. The vertical dimension was, however, reduced (compare Figs. 3b and 3c). Therefore, we transformed the photographs and the diagrams into the vertical dimension of the Talairach space as described in Section 1.2.7. The vertical extension of the histological sections and drawings in the plates of this atlas does therefore not provide the actual dimension of the paraffin section, but the calculated dimensions of the Talairach space. The position of every section along the anterior-posterior extension of the brain (Z-axis) is shown diagrammatically and also as distance from the center of the anterior commissure (point zero). For the delineations in the diagrams we considered the results from the numerous cyto- and myeloarchitectonic studies that were previously performed on the represented brain (see Section 3.3) and we have used as often as possible the original delineations provided by these earlier workers. Generally, the consistency of the drawings, section-to-section, was of higher importance than a precise correspondence between the photographs and the drawings. Nevertheless, several revisions of our delineations were made since the last edition.

compact fiber tracts (optic tract, anterior commissure) from 210 sections of one hemisphere were used for 3-D analysis (Fig. 4). Other reconstructions are included in the printed version of the atlas (Section 3.3).

Figure 4. Reconstruction of the pial surface of the of the right hemisphere of the Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates

1.2.7 Stereotaxic System

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For application as a reference brain, interindividual variability and shrinkage artefacts are the foremost variables that must be considered. The degree of shrinkage artefacts could be determined by correlating 1:1 scaled photographs of the fixed brain with the histological sections (Sievert, 1992). Transformation of the histological sections according to the shrinkage calculated revealed no appreciable nonlinear changes; therefore, we have directly transformed our image data to the dimensions of the Talairach space. The resulting transformed photographs and corresponding drawings can then be directly correlated to “normalized” in vivo dimensions.

Coordinate

As stated earlier (Section 1.2.5), every section - and thus every brain structure - was adjusted into a defined spatial coordinate system. Our atlas uses the reference system of Talairach (Talairach and Szikla, 1967; and Talairach and Tournoux, 1988), with the modifications that (a) the intercommissural line (ICL) passes through the centers of the anterior and posterior commissures and (b) the brain space is defined metrically with the point zero (= point 0/0/0) for all three planes being the center of the anterior commissure (Fig. 5 ). The morphologic data of the hemispheres, therefore, are handled as coordinate points in this 3-D (metric) grid as X- (mediolateral), Y- (vertical), and Z-coordinates (fronto-occipital). Scaling of the photographs and accompanying diagrams is accordingly provided in metric coordinates.

1.2.6 Three - Dimensional (3-D) Reconstructions For the 3-D analysis, we used “contourlines” to define pial and ventricular surfaces, borderlines around distinguished nuclei and their subdivisions (striatum, amygdala, basal nuclear complex, and thalamus), and delineations of some

1.2.8 Standardization

Figure 5. Metrically defined grid system with standard dimensions. The topography of image data within the brain space is defined by (stereotaxic) coordinate points. X-, Y-, Z- zero is located in the midpoint of the anterior commissure (AC = 0,0,0).

1.2.9 Application of the Stereotaxic Atlas for Interpretation of Individual in-vivo Brains The applicability of the Atlas templates for the identification and delineation of structures in MR-image datasets has been tested for several subcortical structures. It was shown, that reliable interactive delineations could be made, where the visual discrimination of borders was not possible (Gerach, 2003). This prompted the development of an algorithm which transforms the Atlas dataset to any individual MR-image dataset without modification of the MR data (Löchel, 2007). Figure 6 shows an example of the automatic correlation between the histomorphologic and MR-image datasets. After transformation the borders of Atlas-regions are shown as overlay on the individual MR-images in any chosen plane and can - if necessary - become adjusted to relevant landmarks. This procedure uses no probability maps and keeps the original MR data. Therefore the high original resolution by MRI is retained. Because the transformation matrix is known any point within the MR-brain can be correlated to the atlas brain and the corresponding coordinates can be used for intra- and extramural communication.

a

c

b

d

e

f

g

h

Figure 6. Interpretation of MR 3-D brain image data by the integration with the resource provided by the Atlas of the Human Brain. (a) Serial sequence of a MR image data set from a volunteer. (b) Display of orthogonal sections in an html-environment (upper row and lower right quadrant) and reconstruction. (c, d) BrainNavigator. (e) Morphological multimodal image-fusion. A series of roughly fitting MR-images and of Atlas-images are shown in line 2 and 3 respectively. The result of 3-D transformation is shown in the 4th line; the differences between both image sets is illustrated in the upper line. The bottom line shows the transformation matrix. (f) Original MRI with corresponding (transformed) atlas template of part of the hemisphere (white box) with a cross indicating a region of interest (ROI). (g, h) ROI transferred to the Atlas of the Human Brain marking the lateral amygdaloid nucleus, La.) The selected term leads to a database.

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1.3 Materials Included on the Accompanying DVD The DVD includes all materials from the book as it appears in the printed atlas („e-book“). The materials from the brain in-situ and from the isolated brain are grouped in new arrangements and can be enlarged as needed. In addition, two „Navigators“ are included. The MRINavigator allows the identification of chosen point of the brain in three planes. The BrainNavigator allows 3D navigation through the detailed Atlas of the Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. Finally, all relevant literature referring to the represented brain is provided, along with the figures and search facilities.

e-book

Brain in the Head

1.3.2 BrainNavigator: 3-D Navigation in The Human Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates It is intended that the application of the atlas plates goes beyond comparison of structures identified either by their structural properties or their relationship to identifiable landmarks in two dimensions. Therefore, the 3-D organization of the major structures has to be considered and landmarks have to be defined which are suited as fulcrum for nonlinear transformation. At present, this aim is served in our atlas by the “BrainNavigator” on the accompanying DVD. This tool is based on colour

Brain in stereotaxic coordinates

MRNavigator

BrainNavigator

Figure 7. Start page of the DVD.

1.3.1 MR-Navigator: 3-D Navigation in an MR-Image Space This tool provides the visualization of an individual MR-image data set from a 30 year old male volunteer (Fig. 6a). The serial sequence of the MR images is displayed as orthogonal sections in an interactive html-format (Fig. 6b). Clicking the mouse on any point in one of the figures identifies the corresponding position in the sections displayed in the other two planes.

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coded diagrams derived from segmentation of the complete series of histological sections. These diagrams were positioned according to their correct alignment in the 3-D space. From this construct the orthogonal (horizontal and sagittal) planes are calculated and displayed on the screen (Fig. 6d). A crossmark, indicating a point of interest, will display the orthogonal planes to which the same coordinates correspond. With this tool it is possible to dial in coordinates for specific location in the brain.

The Brain Navigator is a Java applet, a small program capable to run inside the Web browser window. This necessitates the installation of the Java runtime (available free of charge for several platforms from Sun: http://java.sun.com/j2se/downloads.html). 1.3.3 Full Text and Figures of Past Histological, Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Studies On sections from the brain represented in the Atlas of the Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates multiple studies were performed. The relevant descriptive and quantitative publications, including morphometric data (fresh volume, volume of serial sections, numeric cell density, volumetric cell density, and absolute cell numbers) and histochemistry are retrievable in an editable format. Atlas Website: http://www.thehumanbrain.info

1.4 References Adelman, L.S. Book review. N. Engl. J. Med. 327: 59-60 (1992). Anthoney,T.R. Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton (1994). Assheuer, J. Lanta, L., Longerich, U.J.J. Sievert, T. and Mai, J.K. Standardisierung der cerebralen Bilddarstellung in der Magnetresonanz tomographie (MRT). RöFo, 153: 296302 (1990) Bota, M. and Swanson, L. W. Online workbenches for neural network connections. J. comp. Neurol. 500: 807– 814 (2007) Bowden, D.M. and Martin, R.F. NeuroNames Brain Hierarchy. NeuroImage 2: 63-83 (1995). Gerach, Ch. Segmentierung von Hirnstrukturen im MR-DICOM-Bild und deren Rekonstruktion. Thesis, University of Düsseldorf (2003). Lange, H. and G. Thörner. Zur Neuroanatomie und Neuropathologie des Corpus striatum, Globus pallidus und Nucleus subthalamicus beim Menschen. Thesis, University of Düsseldorf (1974).

Löchel, D. Morphologische multimodale Bildanpassung. Diploma thesis, University of Düsseldorf (2007). Longerich, U. MRI-Untersuchungen an in-vivo und in-vitro Gehirngewebe: Einfluß von Fixierung und Temperatur auf das Relaxationsverhalten, die Protonendichte und das Kontrastverhalten. Thesis, University of Düsseldorf (1989). Mai, J.K. and Ashwell, K.W.S. Fetal Development. In: The Human Nervous System, 2nd ed., G. Paxinos and J.K. Mai, eds. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 49-94 (2003). Mai, J.K. and Ackerman, M. J. Multilingual Anatomical Database. In: The G 8 - Global Healthcare Applications Project (GHAP) Reports Recommendations for the Way into the Information Society, G. T.W. Dietzel, ed. (2005) www.uni-duesseldorf.de/ MedFak/mai/publikationen.htm. Mai, J.K., Stephens P., Hopf A. and Cuello, A.C. Substance P in the human brain. Neuroscience. 17: 709–739 (1986). Mejino, J.L. and Rosse, C. The potential

of the digital anatomist foundational model for assuring consistency in UMLS sources. Proc. AMIA Symp. 825-829 (1998). Paxinos, G., Huang, X.-F., and Toga, A.W. The Rhesus Monkey Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. Academic Press, San Diego (2007). Paxinos, G. and Mai, J.K. The Human Nervous System, 2nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego (2004). Sievert, T. Topometrie des menschlichen Gehirns: Evaluation eines Verfahrens zur Integration morphologisch-funktioneller Daten aus histologischen Schnitten in die klinische Diagnostik. Thesis, University of Düsseldorf (1992). Talairach, J. and Szikla, G. Atlas d’ Anatomie stereotaxique du Telencephale. Masson & Cie. Paris, (1967). Talairach, J. and Tournoux, P. Co-planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain. G. Thieme, Stuttgart, New York (1988). Vogt, O. Das Pantomikrotom des Neurobiologischen Laboratoriums. J. Psychol. Neurol. 6: 121-125 (1905)

7

8

Atlases of the Human Brain in the Head Horizontal Atlas:

Coronal Atlas:

Sagittal Atlas:

9

Color Code for Muscles Muscles of head Masticatory muscles masseter muscle lateral pterygoid muscle medial pterygoid muscle temporalis muscle Facial muscles auricularis muscle buccinator muscle corrugator supercilii muscle depressor anguli oris muscle depressor labii inferioris muscle depressor supercilii muscle levator anguli oris muscle levator labii superioris muscle mentalis muscle nasalis muscle occipitofrontalis muscle orbicularis oculi muscle orbicularis oris muscle platysma risorius muscle major zygomaticus muscle minor zygomaticus muscle Extra-ocular muscles levator palpebrae superioris muscle inferior oblique muscle superior oblique muscle inferior rectus muscle lateral rectus muscle medial rectus muscle superior rectus muscle Laryngeal muscles aryepiglotticus muscle arytenoid muscle Muscles of soft palate and fauces levator veli palatini muscle palatoglossus muscle tensor veli palatini muscle uvulae muscle

Muscles of neck digastric muscle geniohyoid muscle longus capitis muscle longus colli muscle mylohyoid muscle inferior oblique capitis muscle superior oblique capitis muscle omohyoid muscle anterior rectus capitis muscle lateral rectus capitis muscle rectus capitis post. major muscle rectus capitis post. minor muscle scaleni muscles sternocleidomastoid muscle stylohyoid muscle thyrohyoid muscle Muscles of back iliocostalis cervicis muscle interspinalis muscle intertransversari muscles levator scapulae muscle longissimus capitis muscle longissimus cervicis muscle multifidus muscle semispinalis capitis muscle semispinalis cervicis muscle spinalis muscle splenius capitis muscle splenius cervicis muscle trapezius muscle Muscles of pharynx inferior constrictor muscle middle constrictor muscle superior constrictor muscle palatopharyngeus muscle salpingopharyngeus muscle stylopharyngeus muscle Muscles of tongue genioglossus muscle hyoglossus muscle intrinsic muscles palatoglossus muscle styloglossus muscle

Presentation of the Images All representations of anatomical head and brain slices (chapters 2.1 to 2.3) are mounted in the same way. I) Each series of sections is headed by in-vitro MRimages of the head which were taken prior to sectioning. To provide a comprehensive view of the head, MR-images are shown in all three orthogonal planes. This allows a better orientation in the three-dimensional space and helps to recognize the topography of selected structures. II) The page following the

10

MR-images presents two surface views of the brain which has been sectioned with the placement of sections indicated. III) The next page provides surface views of the brain with the most important gyri and sulci delineated. The midsagittal views depict the brain with the Talairach space. IV) The main part of each topographic and topometric atlas represents anatomical head and brain slices. These are mounted such that every section is seen from both sides.

This allows the pursuit of any structure of interest throughout the series of sections. These representations are faced with two MR-images of the corresponding plane and (normally) two images showing the real section, the radiograph of the real section or the vasculatory territory within the brain section. MRimages were performed from a healthy, 25 year old volunteer. The MR-images differ with respect to T1, T2 and proton density (N(H)) contrast.

Horizontal Atlas

11

Sagittal plane:

y´- direction:

z´- direction:

MR-images of the head shown on the following pages. The head whose horizontal sections are depicted on pages 15-44 was imaged before sectioning. Parameters: 0.15 Tesla, matrix 256 x 256, field of view

12

25 cm, multi-slice, slice thickness 5 mm, 4 excitations, sequence: 5000/40. The contrast of these images is poor since they are highly proton-density (N(H)) weighted. The top panel presents the sagittal MRIs and specifies the planes of sectioning of the middle

and lower panel. As can be seen the angle of sectioning of the two latter panels is about 45° tilted against the plane of sectioning for the anatomic slices. This was aimed to provide a more comprehensive view of the head.

VCA

VCA

ICL

Surface views of the brain which is shown in the subsequent pages. The most important gyri are delineated. The midsagittal views depict the brain

with the Talairach space (ICL: intercommissural line, VCA: plane which is vertical to the intercommissural line at the level of the anterior commissure).

13

Surface views of the right hemisphere of the brain which has been sectioned in the horizontal plane as indicated. The drawing of the lateral aspect has been

14

mirror-imaged in order to demonstrate the correspondence of section levels between convexity and midline structures.

1

(dorsal view)

MFG PoG PrG SFG SPL

middle frontal gyrus postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus superior frontal gyrus superior parietal lobule

10 mm

SFG SFG MFG

SFG

PrG PrG PoG PoG SPL SPL SPL

15

1

(ventral view)

2500/5

10 mm

SFG SFG MFG

PrG

3000/355

PrG

SPL SPL

acer

16

PoG

2

(dorsal view)

acer MFG

anterior cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus

PoG

postcentral gyrus

PrG SFG SPL

precentral gyrus superior frontal gyrus superior parietal lobule

10 mm

SFG MFG

SFG MFG

PrG PrG PoG

PoG

PoG

PoG

SPL SPL

17

2

(ventral view)

10 mm

SFG

SFG

MFG

MFG

PrG PoG PrG

PCL

PoG SPL AnG

AnG SPL

mcer

acer

18

3

(dorsal view)

acer AnG mcer MFG OcG PCL PoG PrG SFG SMG SPL

anterior cerebral artery angular gyrus middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus occipital gyri paracentral lobule postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus superior frontal gyrus supramarginal gyrus superior parietal lobule

10 mm

SFG SFG

MFG

MFG

MFG MFG SFG

PrG SFG

PrG

PoG PoG SMG

SMG

SPL

SPL AnG

SPL AnG

SPL SPL SPL OcG OcG

19

3

(ventral view)

10 mm

SFG

SFG

MFG MFG

PrG

CG

PoG

CG

PrG SFG

PoG

PCL SPL PCL SMG

SPL SPL

IPL

SMG

SPL AnG AnG PCun

mcer IPL OcG

acer

20

PCun

OcG

4

(dorsal view)

17 acer AnG CG IFG IPL mcer MFG OcG PCL PCun PoG PrG SFG SMG SPL STG

striate area anterior cerebral artery angular gyrus cingulate gyrus inferior frontal gyrus inferior parietal lobule middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus occipital gyri paracentral lobule precuneus postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus superior frontal gyrus supramarginal gyrus superior parietal lobule superior temporal gyrus

10 mm

SFG MFG SFG MFG SFG SFG MFG

PrG

CG IFG

CG PoG

PrG CG

SPL

SFG

PCL

PoG SMG

PCL STG

CG

SPL IPL AnG

SPL

SMG

SPL AnG

SPL OcG IPL

OcG OcG 17

21

4

(ventral view)

10 mm

SFG MFG

SFG

PrG

MFG

CG

IFGTr

MFG

IFGOp CG PoG PrG PoG

LV

SMG

SPL

acer

CG

SMG

STG SMG

SPL

SPL

IPL mcer

AnG IPL

OcG OcG

17

pcer

22

5

(dorsal view)

17 acer AnG CG IFGOp IFGTr IPL LV mcer MFG MTG OcG pcer PoG PrG SFG SMG SPL STG

striate area anterior cerebral artery angular gyrus cingulate gyrus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part inferior parietal lobule lateral ventricle middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus occipital gyri posterior cerebral artery postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus superior frontal gyrus supramarginal gyrus superior parietal lobule superior temporal gyrus

10 mm

SFG

SFG

MFG

MFG SFG SFG

MFG

MFG

IFGTr CG

IFGOp

CG IFGTr IFGOp

PrG

MFG

PoG PrG

LV

PoG SMG

CG

CG SMG

AnG STG

AnG SPL

SPL AnG

MTG

IPL

IPL OcG

OcG 17

23

5

(ventral view)

10 mm

SFG SFG MFG

MFG

IFGOr CG

IFGTr

IFGTr IFGOp

IFGOp

PrG LV PoG

PrG FOp POp Th

POp

IPL

Ins

PoG

PTe

SMG acer Pcun

STG mcer

LV

CG

PTe

TTG

Pcun

STG

MTG 17

MTG

OcG Cun

pcer

OcG

17

24

6

(dorsal view)

3V 17 acer CG chpx Cun FLV fmi fmj FOp fx gcc HCd IFGOp IFGOr IFGTr Ins IPL LV mcer MFG MTG OcG OLV pcer PCun PoG POp PrG PTe scc SFG SMG sof st STG TCd Th tsv TTG

10 mm

SFG

SFG

MFG IFGOr

MFG

CG CG IFGTr

IFGTr sof

FLV

fmi gcc

IFGOp

IFGOp HCd

PrG

PoG

third ventricle striate area anterior cerebral artery cingulate gyrus choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle cuneus frontal horn of lateral ventricle forceps minor of the corpus callosum forceps major of the corpus callosum frontal operculum fornix genu of the corpus callosum head of caudate nucleus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part insula inferior parietal lobule lateral ventricle middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus occipital gyri occipital horn of lateral ventricle posterior cerebral artery precuneus postcentral gyrus parietal operculum precentral gyrus planum temporale splenium of the corpus callosum superior frontal gyrus supramarginal gyrus superior occipitofrontal fasciculus stria terminalis superior temporal gyrus tail of caudate nucleus thalamus thalamostriate vein transverse temporal gyrus

PrG Ins

tsv

fx

FOp

Ins FOp Ins

Th SMG

POp

POp

PoG

3V st

TTG

PTe

MTG

TTG

scc CG

OLV

STG

TCd

MTG PCun

OcG

MTG OcG

PTe

chpx

CG

PCun

STG

SMG

17

17

17 OcG

STG

fmj

OcG OcG

17

OcG 17

25

6

(ventral view)

10 mm

SFG MFG

MFG

IFGOr IFGOr IFGTr

CG

IFGTr

IFGOp

IFGOp Ins LV PrG

Ins PrG

PoG

PoG PTe TTG

Th

PTe

3V STG

acer STG LV cha mcer

Hi

Hi CG

CG PCun

MTG

OcG

ITG

pcer

OcG

17 17

26

MTG

ITG

7

(dorsal view)

10 mm

SFG

MFG SFG

MFG IFGOr

IFGOr CG CG

IFGTr FLV IFGOp

Cl PrG

gcc

IFGTr

ex

IFGOp

ec

HCd fx

PoG

Ins

aic

Pu

Ins PrG

gic GP

3V

PoG

ATh

PTe

Th TTG STG

chpx

Pul

fi st TCd

Pi PHG

MTG

Hi

CG PCun

TTG

pic

sm Hb

STG

3V 17 acer aic ATh CG cha chpx Cl ec ex fi FLV FuG fx gcc gic GP Hb HCd Hi IFG IFGOp IFGOr IFGTr Ins ITG LV mcer MFG MTG OcG OLV or pcer PCun PHG Pi pic PoG PrG PTe Pu Pul SFG sm st STG TCd Th TTG Ver

third ventricle striate area anterior cerebral artery anterior limb of the internal capsule anterior thalamic nucleus cingulate gyrus anterior choroidal artery choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle claustrum external capsule extreme capsule fimbria of the hippocampus frontal horn of lateral ventricle fusiform gyrus fornix genu of the corpus callosum internal capsule, genu globus pallidus habenula head of caudate nucleus hippocampus inferior frontal gyrus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part insula inferior temporal gyrus lateral ventricle middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus occipital gyri occipital horn of lateral ventricle optic radiation posterior cerebral artery precuneus parahippocampal gyrus pineal gland posterior limb of the internal capsule postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus planum temporale putamen pulvinar thalami superior frontal gyrus stria medullaris of thalamus stria terminalis superior temporal gyrus tail of caudate nucleus thalamus transverse temporal gyrus vermis of cerebellum

CG OLV FuG

or

MTG

ITG ITG Ver

17

OcG

OcG OcG 17

27

7

(ventral view)

10 mm

OrG

OrG

IFG IFG

CG IFGOp

IFGOp

Ins PTe

Ins

3V

STG PTe

Hy STG

ipf SN

MTG

opt

R S

Hi

MTG Hi

S Ent

acer PHG mcer

ITG

LV

PHG

ITG

Ent

OcG ITG

ita OcG

sca

17

pcer OcG

OcG

28

8

(dorsal view)

10 mm

Fro FrS

OrG OrG IFG

OrG

OrG

TempM tf

IFG

acer

CG

IFGOp

IFGOp

PTe Ins

Temp STG

stv

3V

mcer

cp fi DG MTG

S

Hi

LT

stv

STG

Hy

opt

sta

Ins

Cl

FStr

APS

MB

ipf

sta

chpx

SN

MTG Ent

Aq

S Ent

PHG

Hi

3V 17 acer APS Aq CG chpx Cl cosi cp DG Ent fi Fro FrS FStr gapo gocn Hi Hy IFG IFGOp Ins ipf ita ITG lds LT LV MB mcer MTG Occ occa occv OcG opt OrG Par pcer PHG PTe R S sca SN sta STG stv Temp TempM tf

third ventricle striate area anterior cerebral artery anterior perforated substance cerebral aqueduct cingulate gyrus choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle claustrum confluence of sinuses cerebral peduncle dentate gyrus entorhinal cortex fimbria of hippocampus frontal bone frontal sinus fundus striati galea aponeurotica (epicranial aponeurosis) greater occipital nerve hippocampus hypothalamus inferior frontal gyrus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part insula interpeduncular fossa inferior temporal artery inferior temporal gyrus lambdoid suture lamina terminalis lateral ventricle mammillary body middle cerebral artery middle temporal gyrus occipital bone occipital artery occipital vein occipital gyri optic tract orbital gyri parietal bone posterior cerebral artery parahippocampal gyrus planum temporale red nucleus subiculum superior cerebellar artery substantia nigra superficial temporal artery superior temporal gyrus superficial temporal vein temporal bone temporalis muscle temporal fascia

PHG Par ITG

OcG

OcG

ITG

ITG lds

Par 17

OcG

cosi occa gocn occv

Occ gapo

29

8

(ventral view)

10 mm

sutrv sutra FroN

CSCil LPal

sophv

OrG SG

FroO OO

Lac

sophv SRec sophv

Lac 5fr

5 lac

TempM

Sph olf OrG olf

TmP

TmP sphps

2n

MTG

ox

tv

ictd MTG

sta

LV

pcoma

Amg LV

pcer

Hi

Temp

Hi bas ITG

Ent

ITG

Ent MOTG LOTG

MOTG

acer

4V

pauv

LOTG cha

mcer

sigs ITG Par

sigs

lds

Cerebellum

pcer

sca

occs aica

occ

pica SSpCa

30

Occ

9

(dorsal view)

10 mm

FroN

angv sutrn

CSCil

OO

sutra

LPal SRec

eye

OrG

CGal

FroO

SOb

SG SG

OO

OrG

sophv

Lac eye

sophv

SRec 5fr

LPal

Sph

mmf

sphzg TmP sphps

tv

PAM cavs 3n

Pit

PAM MTG

Amg Hi 4n

sta

bas

Sph

PoCi

ITG MOTG 5n

Hi Ent

Ent

mmf

TempM

ictd

MTG

TLV

TmP

2n

Pons

ITG MOTG

MOTG

ITG

LOTG LOTG

4V

sigs Temp

pauv

lds Occ

2n 3n 4n 4V 5fr 5lac 5n acer aica Amg angv bas cavs CGal cha PoCi CSCil Ent FroN FroO Hi ictd ITG Lac lds LOTG LPal LV mcer mmf MOTG MTG Occ occ occs olf OO OrG ox PAM Par pauv pcer pcoma pica Pit PoCi Pons sca SG sigs SOb sophv Sph sphps sphzg SRec SSpCa sta sutra sutrn sutrv Temp TempM TLV TmP tv

optic nerve oculomotor nerve trochlear nerve fourth ventricle frontal nerve lacrimal nerve trigeminal nerve anterior cerebral artery anterior inferior cerebellar artery amygdala angular vein basilar artery cavernous sinus crista galli anterior choroidal artery pontocerebellar cistern corrugator supercilii muscle entorhinal cortex frontal bone, nasal part frontal bone, orbital part hippocampus internal carotid artery inferior temporal gyrus lacrimal gland lambdoid suture lateral occipito-temporal gyrus levator palpebrae superioris muscle lateral ventricle middle cerebral artery middle meningeal artery, frontal branch medial occipito-temporal gyrus middle temporal gyrus occipital bone occipital artery, vein and nerve occipital sinus olfactory tract orbicularis oculi muscle orbital gyrus optic chiasm periamygdaloid cortex parietal bone posterior auricular vein posterior cerebral artery posterior communicating artery posterior inferior cerebellar artery pituitary gland pontine cistern pons superior cerebellar artery straight gyrus sigmoid sinus superior oblique muscle superior ophthalmic vein sphenoid bone sphenoparietal sinus sphenozygomatic suture superior rectus muscle semispinalis capitis muscle superficial temporal artery supratrochlear artery supratrochlear nerve supratrochlear vein temporal bone temporalis muscle temporal horn of lateral ventricle temporal pole temporal vein

occ

SSpCa

31

9

(ventral view)

10 mm

DpSCil angv

FrS

OO

MRec

LRec IRec

3ni

TempM

EthC mm sphps TL

SphS

5oph

cavs

ictd

TL 5Gn sta bas 7n 7n, 8n

sigs PAu

pauv

SplCa occ SSpCa

32

10

(dorsal view)

3ni 4V 5Gn 5mx 5oph 7gp 7n 8n anga angv bas CAnT cavs CilM DpSCil emi EthC eye FrS gocn ictd ipets IRec lacv LRec mm MRec Na nuf Occ occ ocm OO PAu pauv PoCi sca sigs sophv Sph sphps SphS SplCa SSpCa sta stv TempM TempP tf TL tv TyC Zyg

10 mm

DpSCil

anga Na

angv OO

CilM

eye

lacv

Zyg MRec

IRec

sophv EthC

mm

LRec

3ni TempM tf

CAnT SphS

5oph

sphps

ictd

TL

oculomotor nerve (inferior branch) fourth ventricle trigeminal ganglion maxillary nerve ophthalmic nerve greater petrosal nerve facial nerve vestibulocochlear nerve angular artery angular vein basilar artery common anular tendon cavernous sinus ciliaris muscle depressor supercilii muscle emissary vein ethmoidal cell eyeball frontal sinus greater occipital nerve internal carotid artery inferior petrosal sinus inferior rectus muscle lacrimal vein lateral rectus muscle middle meningeal artery medial rectus muscle nasal bone nuchal fascia occipital bone occipital artery, vein and nerve occipito-mastoid suture orbicularis oculi muscle posterior auricular muscle posterior auricular vein pontine cistern superior cerebellar artery sigmoid sinus superior ophthalmic vein sphenoid bone sphenoparietal sinus sphenoid sinus splenius capitis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle superficial temporal artery superficial temporal vein temporalis muscle temporal bone, petrosal part temporal fascia temporal lobe temporal veins tympanic cavity zygomatic bone

5Gn TL Sph

5mx sta stv bas tv

ipets 7gp

sca 7n

TyC

PoCi

Pons

TempP

8n

sigs

4V

pauv

ocm emi

SplCa occ

Occ SSpCa gocn nuf

33

10 (ventral view)

10 mm

DpSCil Nas

ang

OO

IRec

IOb

3ni 5ior dta

MxS PtgPal mxa

TempM

sphpal

5mo bucn LPtgL

5au

LPtgM

Cond

5lg Sty

Disc LgCa

sta

ictd LgCo 7n 12n

rapx

vert 9,10,11n

sigs StT Dig

occa SplCa RePMi

SSpCa gocn

34

11

(dorsal view)

10 mm

DpSCil

Na

OO

ang

Nas NSpt nlac IOb

Mx

IRec iora MxS

5ior

dta

TempM

Zyg

sphpal

PtgPal

Cor

tf MasM

LPtgL LPtgM Disc

bucn

AReCa 10n

Sty Temp

Occ vert

12n

sta

5au

LgCa cty

sta

ptgpx

5lg

Sph

5ial

Cond

Ptd

5mo

mxa

Vom

rapx papx 7n

ijugv

ictd sigs

3ni 5au 5ial 5ior 5lg 5mo 7n 9n 10n 11n 12n ang AReCa bucn Cond Cor cty Dig Disc DpSCil dta gocn ictd ijugv IOb iora IRec LgCa LgCo LPtgL LPtgM MasM Md Mx mxa MxS Na Nas nl nlac NSpt nuf Occ occa occv OO papx Ptd PtgPal ptgpx rapx RePMi sigs Sph sphpal SplCa SSpCa sta StM StT Sty Temp TempM tf TzM vert Vom Zyg

oculomotor nerve (inferior branch) auriculotemporal nerve inferior alveolar nerve infraorbital nerve lingual nerve motor root of trigeminal nerve facial nerve glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve accessory nerve hypoglossal nerve angular artery and vein anterior rectus capitis muscle buccal nerve condylar process of mandible coronoid process of the mandible chorda tympani digastric muscle articular disc of temporo-mandibular joint depressor supercilii muscle deep temporal artery greater occipital nerve internal carotid artery internal jugular vein inferior oblique muscle infraorbital artery inferior rectus muscle longus capitis muscle longus colli muscle lateral pterygoid muscle, lateral belly lateral pterygoid muscle, medial belly masseter muscle medulla oblongata maxilla maxillary artery maxillary sinus nasal bone nasalis muscle nuchal ligament nasolacrimal duct nasal septum nuchal fascia occipital bone occipital artery occipital vein orbicularis oculi muscle parotid plexus parotid gland pterygopalatine ganglion pterygoid plexus retroarticular (venous) plexus rectus capitis posterior minor sigmoid sinus sphenoid bone sphenopalatine artery splenius capitis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle superficial temporal artery sternomastoid muscle sternomastoid muscle, tendon styloid process temporal bone temporalis muscle temporal fascia trapezius muscle vertebral artery vomer zygomatic bone

Md

Dig StM

occv Occ

SplCa

occa

RePMi gocn nl SSpCa

nuf TzM

35

11 (ventral view)

10 mm

Nas anga

LLb OO

MiZyg iora MjZyg dpala TempM TempM psa MasM

MPtg

Man SCM

Ptg

TeVePal LeVePal

5lg 5ial cty

LPtg mxa

ictd

LgCa

12n Ptd

sta

Sty

LReCa Dig SObCa

occa

vert

RePMi

RePMj

gocn dpc SSpCa

TzM

36

tfa

LgsCa

SplCa

StM

12

(dorsal view)

10 mm

MjAC

SeC Nas

anga LLbAN facv

OO MiZyg LLb

Mx

Zyg

LAngO

iora 5ior psa psan

MjZyg TempM

dpala MPtg

bucn

INaC MasM

Man Vom TeVePal CAT SalPh SCM

mxa 5lg

apala 9,11,12n

sta

LeVePal LgCa

pvf

AReCa Occ

10n

Sty

Ptd

Ptg

Uv

5ial tfa

LPtg

ictd

StyPh

DAx

ijugv

7n LReCa StM

Dig

Dig AtOc SObCa

vert

LgsCa

Atlas occa

RePMi

5ial 5ior 5lg 7n 9n 10n 11n 12n anga apala AReCa Atlas AtOc bucn CAT cty DAx Dig dpala dpc facv gocn ictd ijugv INaC iora LAngO LeVePal LgCa LgsCa LLb LLbAN LPtg LReCa Man MasM MiZyg MjAC MjZyg MPtg Mx mxa Nas nl nuf Occ occa OO psa psan Ptd Ptg pvf RePMi RePMj

inferior alveolar nerve infraorbital nerve lingual nerve facial nerve glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve accessory nerve hypoglossal nerve angular artery ascending palatine artery anterior rectus capitis muscle atlas atlanto-occipital joint buccal nerve cartilage of auditory tube chorda tympani dens axis digastric muscle descending palatine artery deep cervical artery and vein facial vein greater occipital nerve internal carotid artery internal jugular vein inferior nasal concha infraorbital artery levator anguli oris muscle levator veli palatini muscle longus capitis muscle longissimus capitis muscle levator labii superioris muscle levator labii superioris alaeque nasi lateral pterygoid muscle lateral rectus capitis muscle mandible masseter muscle minor zygomaticus muscle major alar cartilage major zygomaticus muscle medial pterygoid muscle maxilla maxillary artery nasalis muscle nuchal ligament nuchal fascia occipital bone occipital artery orbicularis oculi muscle posterior superior alveolar artery posterior superior alveolar nerve parotid gland pterygoid process prevertebral fascia rectus capitis posterior minor muscle rectus capitis posterior major muscle

SalPh

salpingopharyngeus muscle

SCM SeC SObCa SplCa SSpCa sta StM Sty StyPh TempM TeVePal tfa TzM Uv vert Vom Zyg

superior constrictor of the pharynx septal nasal cartilage superior oblique capitis muscle splenius capitis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle superficial temporal artery sternomastoid muscle styloid process stylopharyngeus muscle temporalis muscle tensor veli palatini muscle transverse facial artery trapezius muscle uvula vertebral artery vomer zygomatic bone

RePMj SplCa gocn SSpCa

dpc nl

nuf TzM

37

12

(ventral view)

10 mm

MjAC

fac

Nas

MiZyg 5ior LAngO

MjZyg

facv Vom gpala

BucM

MasM

bucn

TempM

5lg SCM

TeVePal

ialv iala

MPtg 9n

apala ictd

ijugv 9,10n

rmv pau

Dig

12n Dig

ectd

11n Sty

LgCa

TrPAt

vert

occa occv

Atlas

StM LgsCa

IObCa SplCa gocn RePMj dpc SSpCa

TzM

38

13

(dorsal view)

10 mm

SeC

Mx

LLb

Nas fac

LAngO

MiZyg MjZyg

facv

ptdd npal

BucM

BucM

gpala

bucn MasM

PalG

HPtg

TempT

5lg

Man

ial

apala 12n

Ptd rmv

9,10n ijugv vert

pau 11n

SCM

ictd

ectd

MPtg

Uv LgCo

StyPh

StyGl

LgCa MScal

StyHy Dig

ivvpx

occa TrPAt

StM

Atlas SArS

cern2

Spinal

infraorbital nerve lingual nerve glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve accessory nerve hypoglossal nerve ascending palatine artery atlas buccinator muscle buccal nerve cervical nerve 2 digastric muscle deep cervical artery and vein external carotid artery facial artery facial vein greater occipital nerve greater palatine artery hamulus of the pterygoid bone inferior alveolar artery, vein, nerve inferior alveolar artery inferior alveolar vein internal carotid artery internal jugular vein inferior oblique capitis muscle internal vertebral venous plexus levator anguli oris muscle longus capitis muscle longus colli muscle longissimus capitis muscle levator labii superioris muscle mandible masseter muscle minor zygomaticus muscle major alar cartilage major zygomaticus muscle medial pterygoid muscle middle scalenus muscle, insertion of levator scapulae muscle maxilla nasalis muscle nuchal ligament nasopalatine artery, incisive canal occipital artery occipital vein palatine glands posterior auricular artery and vein parotid gland parotid duct rectus capitis posterior major muscle retromandibular vein subarachnoid space superior constrictor of the pharynx septal nasal cartilage spinous process of axis spinal cord splenius capitis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle sternomastoid muscle styloid process styloglossus muscle stylohyoid muscle stylopharyngeus muscle temporalis muscle temporalis muscle, tendon tensor veli palatini muscle transverse process of the atlas trapezius muscle uvula vertebral artery vomer

lObCa

SpAx SplCa

LgsCa

5ior 5lg 9n 10n 11n 12n apala Atlas BucM bucn cern2 Dig dpc ectd fac facv gocn gpala HPtg ial iala ialv ictd ijugv IObCa ivvpx LAngO LgCa LgCo LgsCa LLb Man MasM MiZyg MjAC MjZyg MPtg MScal Mx Nas nl npal occa occv PalG pau Ptd ptdd RePMj rmv SArS SCM SeC SpAx Spinal SplCa SSpCa StM Sty StyGl StyHy StyPh TempM TempT TeVePal TrPAt TzM Uv vert Vom

gocn SSpCa

TzM

dpc

RePMj

nl

39

13 (ventral view)

10 mm

OOr

fac

LAngO

MjZyg Mx gpala

facv BucM

ptdd

BucM bucn MasM PalG Man

5lg

MPtg

ial

Uv

apala

SCM 9n rmv Ptd

10n 12n

ictd

aph LgCa

SCGn

ectd

StyGl StyPh

StyHy ScalM InTrM

LgCo Vert3

Dig 11n

ijugv

SplCe

vert

LSc

LgsCe MScal

gocn

Mul

LgsCa

dpc SSpCa

SpAx

SplCa

ISM

TzM

40

occa

OOr

14

Mx

LAngO

fac

MjZyg

gpala

IncC

(dorsal view)

facv

tongue

15

bucn SCM PalGl

(dorsal view)

SCGn occa Dig

Ptd

MPtg

Uv

StyGl 9n StyPh

all SCGn

LgCa

12n 10n

LgCo

12n

Axis

vert

StyHy

10n

ScalM StM

SplCe LgsCe

11n

v LSc

InTrM

Vert3

LgsCa

Mul

LgsCa

SSpCe

LSc

SpM dpc

SplCa nuf

SSpCa

TzM

plate 14 (dorsal view)

MjZyg BucM HyGl ial MasM Man

MyHy

StyGl apala SM StyHy Plat

Ly

12n

Dig

S/MCM

fac

ectd

9n

aph

Ly LgCo

ictd

sln

Vert3 StM

10n ScalM

ijugv

Symp

SplCe

11n

InTrM SplCe Vert4 LSc

LSc

Mul SSpCa

ISM

LgsCa SSpCe SplCa

LgsCa

LgsCeT

5lg 9n 10n 11n 12n all apala aph BucM bucn Dig dpc ectd fac facv gocn gpala HyGl ial ictd ijugv IncC InTrM ISM LAngO LgCa LgCo LgsCa LgsCe LgsCeT LSc Ly Man MasM MjZyg MPtg MScal Mul Mx MyHy nuf occa OOr PalG PalGl Plat Ptd ptdd rmv S/MCM ScalM SCGn SCM sln SM SpAx SplCa SplCe SpM SSpCa SSpCe StM StyGl StyHy StyPh Symp TzM Uv vert Vert3 Vert4

lingual nerve glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve accessory nerve hypoglossal nerve anterior longitudinal ligament ascending palatine artery ascending pharyngeal artery buccinator muscle buccal nerve digastric muscle deep cervical artery and vein external carotid artery facial artery facial vein greater occipital nerve greater palatine artery hyoglossus muscle inferior alveolar artery, vein, nerve internal carotid artery internal jugular vein incisive canal w. nasopalatine artery intertransversarii muscles interspinalis muscle levator anguli oris muscle longus capitis muscle longus colli muscle longissimus capitis muscle longissimus cervicis muscle longissimus cervicis muscle, tendon levator scapulae muscle lymph node mandible masseter muscle major zygomaticus muscle medial pterygoid muscle middle scalenus muscle multifidus muscle maxilla mylohyoid muscle nuchal fascia occipital artery orbicularis oris muscle palatine glands palatoglossus muscle platysma parotid gland parotid duct retromandibular vein superior and middle constrictor of the pharynx scalenus muscle superior cervical ganglion superior constrictor of the pharynx superior laryngeal nerve submandibular gland spinous process of axis splenius capitis muscle splenius cervicis muscle spinalis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle semispinalis cervicis muscle sternomastoid muscle styloglossus muscle stylohyoid muscle stylopharyngeus muscle sympathetic trunk trapezius muscle uvula vertebral artery third vertebra fourth vertebra


41

OOr

14

MjZyg fac

(ventral view)

BucM

MasM

15

StyGl MyHy

bucn MPtg

bucn apala

PalPh

fac

(ventral view)

9n glossopharyngeal nerve 10n vagus nerve 11n accessory nerve 12n hypoglossal nerve all anterior longitudinal ligament apala ascending palatine artery aph ascending pharyngeal artery BucM buccinator muscle bucn buccal nerve Dig digastric muscle DigT digastric muscle, tendon DpAO depressor anguli oris muscle dpc deep cervical artery and vein ectd external carotid artery fac facial artery GeGl genioglossus muscle GHHy greater horn of hyoid bone HyGl hyoglossus muscle ial inferior alveolar artery, vein, nerve ictd internal carotid artery ijugv internal jugular vein InTrM intertransversarii muscles ISM interspinalis muscle ivvpx internal vertebral venous plexus lga lingual artery LgCa longus capitis muscle LgCo longus colli muscle LgsCa longissimus capitis muscle LgsCe longissimus cervicis muscle LgsCeT longissimus cervicis muscle, tendon LSc levator scapulae muscle Ly lymph node MasM masseter muscle MjZyg major zygomaticus muscle MPtg medial pterygoid muscle Mul multifidus muscle MyHy mylohyoid muscle OOr orbicularis oris muscle PalPh palatopharyngeus muscle Plat platysma Ptd parotid gland RisM risorius muscle rmv retromandibular vein S/MCM superior and middle constrictor of the pharynx ScalM scalenus muscle SCGn superior cervical ganglion sln superior laryngeal nerve SM submandibular gland SplCa splenius capitis muscle SplCe splenius cervicis muscle SpM spinalis muscle SSpCa semispinalis capitis muscle SSpCe semispinalis cervicis muscle StM sternomastoid muscle StyGl styloglossus muscle StyHy stylohyoid muscle StyPh stylopharyngeus muscle Symp sympathetic trunk TzM trapezius muscle v vein vert vertebral artery Vert4 fourth cervical vertebra

StyPh SCGn

12n

v

SCGn

10n

ictd Ly

StyHy DigT v 12n

aph

ectd LgCa

Plat

Ptd

all

LgCo

ijugv 11n

Vert4

ScalM InTrM

StM

SplCe Ly

LSc Mul

ISM

LgsCeT

LgsCa

SSpCe SSpCa SpM SplCa

TzM

plate 14 (ventral view)

DpAO

RisM

HyGl

GeGl

ial

lga SM 9n

SM rmv

v

Dig

Ptd GHHy v

ectd

S/MCM

Ly ijugv

10n

fac 12n Ptd

sln LgCo

LgCa

ictd

vert

Symp

10n ijugv

Vert4 ScalM ivvpx

11n

LgsCe

dpc LSc


42

16

OOr

ilab

Lg DpAO HyGl

RisM

smd

BucM

Plat

(dorsal view)

SL fac

lga GeGl

17

MyHy StyHy

SM

myhy

fac

Dig

Ly

lga

fac ectd

sln

S/MCM

GHHy

ancer

cpx

ictd

LgCa

Vert3

LgCo

11n

(dorsal view)

Ly

ijugv

10n

Vert4

cern ijugv

Symp

StM

ScalM LgsCe SplCe Mul dpc LSc

ISM SSpCe LgsCa SSpCa SplCa

SpM

TzM


SL

GeGl Man lga

HyGl

MyHy DigT

fac

StyHy fac

SM ThHyMe

GHHy MCM

ThHy SHThC

ICM sthy

cctd LgCo ScalM

Vert4 Vert5

ijugv

StM v

Symp LgsCe SplCe

10n 11n ancer BucM cctd cern cpx Dig DigT DpAO dpc ectd fac GeGl GHHy HyGl ICM ictd ijugv ilab ISM Lg lga LgCa LgCo LgsCa LgsCe LSc Ly Man MCM Mul MyHy myhy OOr Plat RisM S/MCM ScalM SHThC SL sln SM smd SplCa SplCe SpM SSpCa SSpCe sthy StM StyHy Symp ThHy ThHyMe TzM v Vert3 Vert4 Vert5

vagus nerve accessory nerve ansa cervicalis buccinator muscle common carotid artery cervical nerve carotid plexus digastric muscle digastric muscle, tendon depressor anguli oris muscle deep cervical artery and vein external carotid artery facial artery (glandular branches) genioglossus muscle greater horn of hyoid bone hyoglossus muscle inferior constrictor of the pharynx internal carotid artery internal jugular vein inferior labial artery and vein interspinalis muscle lingual gland lingual artery longus capitis muscle longus colli muscle longissimus capitis muscle longissimus cervicis muscle levator scapulae muscle lymph node mandible middle constrictor of the pharynx multifidus muscle mylohyoid muscle mylohyoid nerve orbicularis oris muscle platysma risorius muscle superior and middle constrictor of the pharynx scalenus muscle superior horn of thyroid cartilage sublingual gland superior laryngeal nerve submandibular gland submandibular duct splenius capitis muscle splenius cervicis muscle spinalis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle semispinalis cervicis muscle superior thyroid artery sternomastoid muscle stylohyoid muscle sympathetic trunk thyrohyoid muscle thyrohyoid membrane trapezius muscle vein third cervical vertebra fourth cervical vertebra fifth cervical vertebra

LSc SplCa

TzM


43

OOr

16

BucM

DpAO

SL

GeGl

(ventral view)

ManC smd MyHy

17 (ventral view)

fac

HyGl

lga Dig

GHHy StyHy

fac

fac Plat

lga

sthy sln

10n ancer BHy BucM cctd cern Dig DpAO dpc DpLb fac facv GeGl GeHy GHHy HyGl ICCe ICM ijugv ilab ISM lga LgCa LgCo LgsCa LgsCe LSc Ly ManC MCM MentM Mul MyHy OmHy OOr Plat ScalM SHThC SL sln SM smd SplCa SplCe SplM SpM SSpCa SSpCe sthy StM StyHy Symp ThC ThHy ThHyMe TrP4 TzM v vert Vert4 Vert5 Vert6

vagus nerve ansa cervicalis body of hyoid bone buccinator muscle common carotid artery cervical nerve digastric muscle depressor anguli oris muscle deep cervical artery and vein depressor labii inferioris muscle facial artery (glandular branches) facial vein genioglossus muscle geniohyoid muscle greater horn of hyoid bone hyoglossus muscle iliocostalis cervicis muscle inferior constrictor of the pharynx internal jugular vein inferior labial artery and vein interspinalis muscle lingual artery longus capitis muscle longus colli muscle longissimus capitis muscle longissimus cervicis muscle levator scapulae muscle lymph node mandibular canal middle constrictor of the pharynx mentalis muscle multifidus muscle mylohyoid muscle omohyoid muscle orbicularis oris muscle platysma scalenus muscle superior horn of thyroid cartilage sublingual gland superior laryngeal nerve submandibular gland submandibular duct splenius capitis muscle splenius cervicis muscle splenius capitis and cervicis muscle spinalis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle semispinalis cervicis muscle superior thyroid artery sternomastoid muscle stylohyoid muscle sympathetic trunk thyroid cartilage thyrohyoid muscle thyrohyoid membrane transverse process of fourth vertebra trapezius muscle vein vertebral artery fourth cervical vertebra fifth cervical vertebra sixth cervical vertebra

SHThC StM

cctd LgCo

10n

LgCa

TrP4

ijugv

Vert4

Symp Symp Vert5 ScalM dpc

LgsCe Mul LgsCa ISM SSpCe SplCe

LSc SpM SSpCa

SplCa

TzM


MentM

ilab

DpLb

GeHy MyHy Dig facv

BHy StyHy HyGl

OmHy

SM

ThHy ThHyMe

ThC

v MCM Ly StM ijugv Ly

ancer

ICM LgCa

cctd

LgCo

vert Vert5

cern

ijugv

ICCe v

v 10n

Symp Vert6

ScalM ICCe Vert5

LgsCe

LgsCa

LSc SSpCe SpM

SSpCa

SplM


44

Coronal Atlas

45

Sagittal plane:

y´- direction:

z´- direction:

MR-images of the head which is represented on the following pages. The head whose sections are depicted on the following pages was imaged in three orthgonal planes using the following parameters: 0.15 Tesla, matrix 256 x 256, field of view 25 cm, multi-slice, slice thickness 5 mm, 4 excitations, sequence: 5000/160. These heavy T2 weighted images highlight fluid-containing structures. Note that

46

artificial fluid collections are visible in the nasal and paranasal cavities. The top panel presents the sagittal MRIs and specifies the planes of sectioning of the middle and lower panel. Orientation of these MRIs was based on the brainstem axis. Therefore the orientation of the coronal MRIs in the lower panel corresponds to the plane of cryo-sectioning of the head and direct comparisons can be made with photographs and diagrams

of the following pages. The middle panel presents the horizontal MRIs from top to the bottom.

VCA

VCA

ICL

Surface views of the brain which is shown in the subsequent pages.

The most important gyri are delineated. The midsagittal views depict the brain with

the Talairach space.

47

Surface views of the left hemisphere of the brain which has been sectioned in the coronal plane (-20° angulation) as

48

indicated. The drawing of the midsagittal view has been mirror-imaged in order to help identifying structures which lie in the

same plane of sectioning with regard to the lateral and median view.

4

OcFrF FroO FroC

(anterior view) FxC CGal LPal

SOb

FrS

sora Lac

SRec

OO opha

eye

EthC

pap

MRec

LRec

PeP IOb

IRec

OFat

Zyg

MNaC 5ior iora

IOrC

Intracranial structures:

NSpt

MxS

psa

INaC Vom

facv

BFat MasM

Alv

tfa

MjZyg

gpal

PalG BucM

dlg

smd

dlg

HyGl

fac

fac LgSpt 12n

ManC

SL

GeGl

slgv slga

sma

slga sma

GeHy Dig

Plat

MyHy

SRoG MFG

SFG

SFG MFG

IFG

IFG FrP FrP

OFG

FrP OFG

OFG SG

FrP FxC IFG MFG OFG SFG SG SRoG

frontopolar cortex falx cerebri inferior frontal gyrus middle frontal gyrus orbitofrontal gyri superior frontal gyrus straight gyrus superior rostral gyrus

Peripheral structures: 5ior 12n Alv BFat BucM CGal Dig dlg EthC fac facv FroC FroO FrS GeGl GeHy gpal HyGl INaC IOb iora IOrC IRec Lac LgSpt LPal LRec ManC MasM MjZyg MNaC MRec MxS MyHy NSpt OcFrF OFat OO opha PalG pap PeP Plat psa SL slga slgv sma smd SOb sora SRec tfa Vom Zyg

infraorbital nerve hypoglossal nerve (lingual branch) alveolar process of maxilla buccal fat pad buccinator muscle crista galli digastric muscle, ant. belly deep lingual artery and vein ethmoidal cell(s) facial artery facial vein frontal crest frontal bone, orbital part frontal sinus genioglossus muscle geniohyoid muscle greater palatine artery, nerve, vein hyoglossus muscle inferior nasal concha inferior oblique muscle infraorbital artery infraorbital canal inferior rectus muscle lacrimal gland lingual septum levator palpebrae superioris muscle lateral rectus muscle mandibular canal masseter muscle major zygomaticus muscle middle nasal concha medial rectus muscle maxillary sinus mylohyoid muscle nasal septum occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly orbital fat body orbicularis oculi muscle ophthalmic artery palatine glands optic papilla perpendicular plate platysma posterior superior alveolar artery sublingual gland sublingual artery sublingual vein submental artery submandibular duct superior oblique muscle supraorbital artery superior rectus muscle transverse facial artery vomer zygomatic bone

49

4

(posterior view)

2500/5

10 mm

3000/355

SFG

SFG MFG FrP mcer

mcer

MFG FrP

IFG SFG

acer

SRoG OFG

IRoG IRoG

SG

50

OFG

FrP

5

OcFrF

sss

FroSq

(anterior view) FL

FrS

5fr CGal

OB

SOb

lac

LPal

SRec

opha

2n LRec

MRec

cret

OFat IRec

EthC

5ior

TempM

Intracranial structures: dta

IOrC iora

MxS

ZygA

NSpt psa paln dpala ptdd

GPalF

PalG

MasM

ptdd

tfa BucM

acer FrP FL IFG IRoG mcer MFG OB OFG SFG SG SRoG sss

anterior cerebral artery frontopolar cortex frontal lobe inferior frontal gyrus inferior rostral gyrus middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus olfactory bulb orbitofrontal gyri superior frontal gyrus straight gyrus superior rostral gyrus superior sagittal sinus

Peripheral structures: Tongue ManC

facv BMan smd ial

SL GeGl

lga

12n

HyGl

fac

Ly sma

MyHy

Dig

StHy

Plat

MFG

lgv

GeHy

SFG MFG

SFG IFG SFG SRoG FrP FrP

SRoG IRoG OFG

IRoG

SG

IFG OFG

2n 5fr 5ior 12n BMan BucM CGal cret Dig dpala dta EthC fac facv FroSq FrS GeGl GeHy GPalF HyGl ial iora IOrC IRec lac lga/lgv LPal LRec Ly ManC MasM MRec MxS MyHy NSpt OcFrF OFat opha PalG paln Plat psa ptdd SL sma smd SOb SRec StHy TempM tfa ZygA

optic nerve frontal nerve infraorbital nerve hypoglossal nerve body of mandible buccinator muscle crista galli central artery of retina digastric muscle, ant. belly descending palatine artery deep temporal artery ethmoidal cell facial artery facial vein frontal bone, squamosal part frontal sinus genioglossus muscle geniohyoid muscle greater palatine foramen hyoglossus muscle inferior alveolar artery, vein, nerve infraorbital artery infraorbital canal inferior rectus muscle lacrimal artery lingual artery / vein levator palpebrae superioris muscle lateral rectus muscle submental lymph node mandibular canal masseter muscle medial rectus muscle maxillary sinus mylohyoid muscle nasal septum occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly orbital fat body ophthalmic artery palatine glands palatine nerve platysma posterior superior alveolar artery parotid duct sublingual gland submental artery submandibular duct superior oblique muscle superior rectus muscle sternohyoid muscle temporalis muscle transverse facial artery zygomatic arch

51

5

(posterior view)

10 mm

SFG MFG MFG

IFG acer mcer

mcer

IFG FLA SRoG

SRoG

IRoG OFG IRoG

SG

52

OFG

6

FxC

(anterior view)

staf LPal ophv

olf SRec LRec

SOb SphS

MRec

TmP

IRec

EthC PtPF

PtgPal ZygA

pna

Vom

dpala

dta iora mxa

iora MLPt


TempM PtgPal

5ior

MxS pna

opha

2n

dpala

dta

mxa

LPtg BFat

LLPt

TeVePal

tfa

tfa 5lg

SPal

Man

MPtg MasM

ManC

ptdd

HPtg

iala Uv

5ial

myhy

Lg

StyGl 9n

9n

fac facv

lgv

smd

Peripheral structures:

lga DigT

shl SM

Hyoid Plat ThC ThHy OmHy StHy

SFG SFG MFG

MFG SFG SFG

IFG

IFG IFGOp

CG

CG FLA SRoG

SRoG

IFGOp

IRoG IRoG

OFG

OFG STG

SG SG

TmP

olf

MTG TmP

ITG

anterior cerebral artery cingulate gyrus frontal limbic area fusiform gyrus falx cerebri inferior frontal gyrus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part inferior rostral gyrus inferior temporal gyrus middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus orbitofrontal gyri olfactory tract superior frontal gyrus straight gyrus superior rostral gyrus superior temporal gyrus temporal pole

HyGl 12n

STG

acer CG FLA FuG FxC IFG IFGOp IRoG ITG mcer MFG MTG OFG olf SFG SG SRoG STG TmP

FuG ITG

2n 5ial 5ior 5lg 9n 12n BFat DigT dpala dta EthC fac facv HPtg HyGl Hyoid iala iora IRec Lg lga lgv LLPt LPal LPtg LRec Man ManC MasM MLPt MPtg MRec mxa MxS myhy OmHy opha ophv Plat pna ptdd PtgPal PtPF shl smd SM SOb SPal staf

optic nerve inferior alveolar nerve infraorbital nerve lingual nerve glossopharyngeal nerve hypoglossal nerve buccal fat pad digastric muscle, tendon descending palatine artery deep temporal artery ethmoidal cell facial artery facial vein hamulus of the pterygoid bone hyoglossus muscle hyoid bone inferior alveolar artery infraorbital artery inferior rectus muscle lingual gland lingual artery lingual vein lateral lamina of pterygoid process levator palpebrae superioris muscle lateral pterygoid muscle lateral rectus muscle mandible mandibular canal masseter muscle medial lamina of pterygoid process medial pterygoid muscle medial rectus muscle maxillary artery maxillary sinus mylohyoid nerve omohyoid muscle ophthalmic artery ophthalmic vein platysma posterior nasal artery parotid duct pterygopalatine ganglion pterygopalatine fossa stylohyoid ligament submandibular duct submandibular gland superior oblique muscle soft palate superior temporal a., frontal branch

Remainder explained in Index of Abbreviations

53

6

(posterior view)

10 mm

SFG

SFG MFG

MFG

FLA CG

Ins

IFG

FLA

CG

IFG

acer

IFGOp mcer

IFGOp

mcer

SRoG

SRoG

IRoG STG

IRoG OFG STG PTe

OFG SG TmP

MTG ITG

54

TmP

PTe FuG

TmP

ITG

sss

7

(anterior view) FLV acer

TempM staf

olf 2n 3n

TL

ictd

4n 6n

cavs

5mx


SphS

mmf

PtgC

ZygA ptgpx TeVePal

ptgpx

mxa

mxa

LPtg tfa

Aud

LeVePal rmv

phar

5lg 5ial

inav

PalPh

iala

ptdd

5lg

phar

myhy

SPal

sphml

MPtg

PalT

MasM StyGl shl

Uv

fac

Dig

fac shl

facv

lgv

12n

lga

lga SM

Hyoid

smv

StyHy

MCM

12n

smv

facv

9n

lgv

EGl

acer CG Ent FLA FLV FuG IFG IFGOp IRoG Ins ITG mcer MFG MTG OFG PTe rcc SFG SG SRoG STG TmP

anterior cerebral artery cingulate gyrus entorhinal cortex frontal limbic area frontal horn of lateral ventricle fusiform gyrus inferior frontal gyrus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part inferior rostral gyrus insula inferior temporal gyrus middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus orbitofrontal gyri planum temporale rostrum of corpus callosum superior frontal gyrus straight gyrus superior rostral gyrus superior temporal gyrus temporal pole

Peripheral structures: sthy PirR

sthyv ThHy

AryE OmHy

SFG SFG MFG MFG FLA

FLA IFG

CG IFG

FLV

Ins

rcc

SRoG

IFGOp

IFGOp FLV CG SRoG

CG

Ins

Ins

IFGOp

STG

STG SG

OFG MTG

PTe TmP

OFG

SG Ent

2n

2n

PTe Ent

MTG TmP

ITG

ITG

FuG FuG

2n 3n 4n 5ial 5lg 5mx 6n 9n 12n AryE Aud cavs Dig EGl fac facv Hyoid iala ictd inav lga lgv LPtg LeVePal MasM MCM mmf MPtg mxa myhy OmHy PalPh PalT phar PirR ptdd PtgC ptgpx shl SM smv sphml staf sthy StyGl

optic nerve oculomotor nerve trochlear nerve inferior alveolar nerve lingual nerve maxillary nerve abducens nerve or its root glossopharyngeal nerve hypoglossal nerve aryepiglotticus muscle auditory tube cavernous sinus digastric muscle, post belly epiglottis facial artery facial vein hyoid bone inferior alveolar artery internal carotid artery internal nasal vein lingual artery lingual vein lateral pterygoid muscle levator veli palatini muscle masseter muscle middle constrictor of the pharynx middle meningeal artery, frontal branch medial pterygoid muscle maxillary artery mylohyoid nerve omohyoid muscle palatopharyngeus muscle palatine tonsil pharyngeal branches piriform recess parotid duct pterygoid canal pterygoid plexus stylohyoid ligament submandibular gland submental vein sphenomandibular ligament superior temporal a., frontal branch superior thyroid artery styloglossus muscle

55

7

(posterior view)

10 mm

SFG SFG FLA MFG

MFG FLA

IFG

CG IFG IFGOp

acer mcer

IFGOp

mcer

ic

Ins

Ins SCA SCA PTG

STG PTe Pir

AO SG Tu

SLG

Pu Cl Ac

STG Pir

ox

SG AO Tu opt

PTe

AG

SLG MTG

AG

MTG cha

Ent ITG

Ent FuG ITG

FuG

56

8

(anterior view)

LV

stap acer mcer

ox DS

InfS

ictd

stam

3n

cavs

Pit TempM

Intracranial structure: SphS 5Gn

ictd LPtg Cond

PhRe

TMD

mm

LeVePal

mm Otic Sty phar rmv StyGl

tfa

LgCa

mxa mxv StyGl paua

mxv StyPh

tfv

9n

mxa

mxa StyHy

StyPh

StyHy

aph

Ptd

Dig rmv

Dig rmv

facv

occa

smv

MCM

12n

Hyoid

ectd smv

fac facv ICM StM cctd

sthy

Ac acer AG AO CG cha Cl DB Ent FLA FuG ic IFG IFGOp InfS Ins ITG LV mcer MFG MTG ox PTe Pir Pit PTG Pu SCA SFG SG SLG SptP STG Tu Un

accumbens nucleus anterior cerebral artery ambiens gyrus anterior olfactory nucleus cingulate gyrus anterior choroidal artery claustrum nucleus of the diagonal band entorhinal cortex frontal limbic area fusiform gyrus internal capsule inferior frontal gyrus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part infundibular stalk insula inferior temporal gyrus lateral ventricle middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus optic chiasm planum temporale piriform cortex pituitary gland paraterminal gyrus putamen subcallosal area superior frontal gyrus straight gyrus semilunar gyrus septum pellucidum superior temporal gyrus olfactory tubercle uncus


SFG MFG

SFG MFG FLA IFG

IFGOp

IFG

IFGOp

SptP

IFG CG

Ins

Pu Ins PTe

Cl PTe

STG

Pir

DB

Tu

SLG

DB

Ent

Pir

Tu

ox AG

MTG

PTG

AG

STG

SLG

MTG

Un Ent

ITG

ITG FuG

FuG

3n 5Gn 9n 12n aph cavs cctd Cond Dig DS ectd fac facv ICM ictd LgCa LPtg LeVePal MCM mm mxa mxv occa Otic paua phar PhRe Ptd rmv smv SphS

oculomotor nerve trigeminal ganglion glossopharyngeal nerve hypoglossal nerve ascending pharyngeal artery cavernous sinus common carotid artery condylar process of mandible digastric muscle, post belly diaphragma sellae external carotid artery facial artery facial vein inferior constrictor of the pharynx internal carotid artery longus capitis muscle lateral pterygoid muscle levator veli palatini muscle middle constrictor of the pharynx middle meningeal artery maxillary artery maxillary vein occipital artery otic ganglion posterior auricular artery pharyngeal branches pharyngeal recess patotid gland retromandibular vein submental vein sphenoid sinus

57

8

(posterior view)

10 mm

SFG SFG

MFG

MFG FLA FLA CG cc

acer IFG

HCd

IFGOp

IFG

CLV ic

mcer

fx

Pu

mcer STG

PTe

Ins

pcer

SB

IFGOp EGP

Cl

ac

IGP cha

PrG

opt

MTG

Ins 3V

STG

PTe

Hy

Amg Un

pcer

Hi

S Ent

Un

MTG Hi

TLV

S Ent FuG

ITG

58

PTe TTG

FuG

ITG

9

(anterior view)

iss

mcer

3n TL

pcer

Temp


sca aica

5n

spets mmp

bas

aaua

mm

PoCi

7gp

ictd

TenT

ipets

stv

9,10,11n 7n Atlas

ijugv

7n

LReCa

Ptd ACeIT

Axis

Dig

paua occa

ACeIT cern2 ijugv Vert3 Ly cern3

10n

ejugv

ejugv

cerpx Vert4 StM

vert

LgCa ancer

ScalM

cctd

Vert5

SFG SFG

MFG

FLA MFG CG

IFG

IFG

cc ce

SB


PTe

ic

Ins

TTG

IFGOp

Pu

IFGOp

opt cp Amg

MTG

ipf Hi

PTe

STG

MTG TCd 3n Hi

ITG S

Pons Ent

TTG Ins

IGP

MB

S

FuG

Cl

ATh EGP

ac

PPo

TLV

fx

3V

STG

ITG

third ventricle anterior commissure anterior cerebral artery amygdala anterior thalamic nucleus corpus callosum central fissure cingulate gyrus anterior choroidal artery claustrum central part of lateral ventricle cerebral peduncle external globus pallidus entorhinal cortex frontal limbic area fusiform gyrus fornix head of caudate nucleus hippocampus internal capsule inferior frontal gyrus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part internal globus pallidus insula inferior petrosal sinus interpeduncular fossa inferior sagittal sinus inferior temporal gyrus mammillary body middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus optic tract posterior cerebral artery pontine cistern postcentral gyrus planum polare precentral gyrus planum temporale putamen subiculum striatal cell bridges superior cerebellar artery superior frontal gyrus superior temporal gyrus tail of caudate nucleus temporal lobe temporal horn of lateral ventricle transverse temporal gyri uncus

PrG

HCd PrG PoG

3V ac acer Amg ATh cc ce CG cha Cl CLV cp EGP Ent FLA FuG fx HCd Hi ic IFG IFGOp IGP Ins ipets ipf iss ITG MB mcer MFG MTG opt pcer PoCi PoG PPo PrG PTe Pu S SB sca SFG STG TCd TL TLV TTG Un

Ent 5n

FuG

3n 5n 7gp 7n 9,10,11n aaua AceIT ancer cctd cern2 cerpx ejugv Dig ictd

oculomotor nerve or its root trigeminal nerve greater petrosal nerve facial nerve glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves anterior auricular artery anterior cervical intertransversarii muscles ansa cervicalis common carotid artery cervical nerve 2 cervical plexus external jugular vein digastric muscle internal carotid artery

59

9

(posterior view)

10 mm

SFG SFG MFG MFG FLA IFG CG PrG PoG

IFGOp

PrG CLV

IFG

st

Rt

mcer

STG

VL

TTG

mcer

TCd TLV MTG cha

IFGOp

MD

Amg

PTe

TTG

STh SN

CM R

S

opt

PPo

STG

Hi cp

pcer

MTG

S Ent

FuG ITG

FuG

Ent mcp Pons

60

Ins

GP PPo

pcer

PoG

ic

ATh

Pu

acer

Cl

bfx

ITG

10

sss

dip

(anterior view)

stv

pauv iss

mcer

Intracranial structures: TLV

pcer

TempM TCb

sca

aica

7n,8n

spets MaA

SCC 9n sigs

paua

ijugv

ijugv

pica

10n

vert

pauv SObCa

AtOc

SObCa Mst

Dig

AtOc

ivvpx Atlas vr2

IObCa occa

Axis

cern2

11n

occa

LgsCa

LSc StM

vr4

Vert3

ScalM

Vert4

ScalM

SFG

SFG

MFG

CG

MFG PrG

CG IFG PrG

PrG Cl

SB

cc

PoG IFGOp

Rt

bfx

LD

VL Ins

TTG STG

MTG

Pu

PTe TCd TLV

3V

S

cp

S Ent

Hi FuG

Ent ITG

STG PTe

opt Amg

SN

FuG

IFGOp TTG

ic

R Hi

Ins

MD

CM GP STh

PTe

PoG

chpx

CLV

Pons

mcp

MTG

ITG

3V acer aica Amg ATh bfx cc CG CH cha chpx Cl CLV CM cp dip Ent FLA FuG GP Hi ic IFG IFGOp Ins IO iss ITG LD mcer mcp MD MFG MTG opt pcer pica PoG PPo PrG PTe Pu py R Rt S SB sca SCC SFG sigs SN spets sss STG STh TCb TCd TLV TTG vert VL

third ventricle anterior cerebral artery anterior inferior cerebellar artery amygdala anterior thalamic nucleus body of fornix corpus callosum cingulate gyrus cerebellar hemisphere anterior choroidal artery choroid plexus of the lat. ventricle claustrum central part of lateral ventricle centromedian thalamic nucleus cerebral peduncle diploic vein entorhinal cortex frontal limbic area fusiform gyrus globus pallidus hippocampus internal capsule inferior frontal gyrus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part insula inferior olive inferior sagittal sinus inferior temporal gyrus lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus middle cerebral artery middle cerebellar peduncle mediodorsal thalamic nucleus middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus optic tract posterior cerebral artery posterior inferior cerebellar artery postcentral gyrus planum polare precentral gyrus planum temporale putamen pyramidal tract red nucleus reticular thalamic nucleus subiculum striatal cell bridges superior cerebellar artery semicircular canals superior frontal gyrus sigmoid sinus substantia nigra superior petrosal sinus superior sagittal sinus superior temporal gyrus subthalamic nucleus tentorium cerebelli tail of caudate nucleus temporal horn of lateral ventricle transverse temporal gyrus vertebral artery ventral lateral thalamic nucleus

Peripheral structures: CH

IO

IO py

AtOc ijugv vr

atlanto-occipital joint internal jugular vein, bulbus ventral root

61

10

(posterior view)

10 mm

SFG MFG

SFG

PrG

CG CG

PoG

BCd

PrG

CG PoG

LV IFGOp TTG

tsv

cc

SB

PTe IFGOp

bfx

Ins TTG

TTG

TTG

3V

acer Pul STG Rt

TCd

STG mcer

mcer

MTG

TLV

Hi

Ent

Tec S

cha pcer

Pi pcer

Ver

ITG FuG

4V

CH

MTG

Ent FuG

scp SMV

62

OcG

ITG

11

argr

(anterior view)

icv

sca


pcer

QP

TempM

TCb mmp sigs emi pauv occs ivvpx

GrCi SObCa

LgsCa Atlas IObCa

occa

vert

SplCa

Axis StM

LSc SSpCa

Vert3 Vert4

ScalM

Mul

SFG MFG SFG PCL MFG CG PrG PrG PoG

PoG Ins

CG IFGOp

PTe

scc

st Rt

TTG

LV

IFGOp

fx

TTG

TTG

Peripheral structures: STG

Pi TCd TLV

S

Hi

S

QP

Ent

FuG

Hi

MTG

Ent

FuG

FuG

ITG

ITG ITG CH

third ventricle fourth ventricle anterior cerebral artery arachnoid granulations body of caudate nucleus body of fornix corpus callosum cingulate gyrus cerebellar hemisphere anterior choroidal artery entorhinal cortex fusiform gyrus fornix great (cerebellomedullary) cistern hippocampus internal cerebral vein inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part insula inferior temporal gyrus lateral ventricle middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus occipital sinus occipital gyri posterior cerebral artery paracentral lobule pineal gland postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus planum temporale pulvinar thalami quadrigeminal plate reticular thalamic nucleus subiculum striatal cell bridges superior cerebellar artery splenium of the corpus callosum superior frontal gyrus superior cerebellar peduncle sigmoid sinus superior medullary velum stria terminalis superior temporal gyrus tentorium cerebelli tail of caudate nucleus tectum of midbrain temporal horn of lateral ventricle thalamostriate vein transverse temporal gyrus vermis of cerebellum

TTG

Pul STG MTG

3V 4V acer argr BCd bfx cc CG CH cha Ent FuG fx GrCi Hi icv IFGOp Ins ITG LV mcer MFG MTG occs OcG pcer PCL Pi PoG PrG PTe Pul QP Rt S SB sca scc SFG scp sigs SMV st STG TCb TCd Tec TLV tsv TTG Ver

Atlas Axis emi IObCa ivvpx LgsCa LSc mmp Mul occa pauv ScalM SObCa SplCa SSpCa StM

atlas axis emissary vein inferior oblique capitis muscle internal vertebral venous plexus longissimus capitis muscle levator scapulae muscle middle meningeal artery, parietal branch multifidus muscle occipital artery posterior auricular vein scalenus muscle superior oblique capitis muscle splenius capitis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle sternomastoid muscle

63

11

(posterior view)

10 mm

SFG

MFG

SFG

SFG

PrG

PCL PoG

PrG

PoG PCL

PCL

PrG PrG

CG POp

SMG

POp SMG

PTe

TrLV

TTG

acer

PTe

TTG

Ins

POp

chpx

TTG mcer

FG

STG

scc

STG

mcer MTG CG

CG MTG pcer

OcG

pcer FuG

OcG

FuG

Ver

ITG

Dt CH

64

ITG

12

(anterior view)

TempM


ss

acer CG CH chpx Dt FG FuG Ins ITG mcer MFG MTG occs OcG pcer PCL pica PoG POp PrG PTe scc SFG sigs SMG ss STG TrLV TTG Ver

sigs pica

emi occs SObCa occa

occa RePMi RePMj LgsCa IObCa

StM

SpAx SSpCa SSpCe SplCa CISM Vert3

anterior cerebral artery cingulate gyrus cerebellar hemisphere choroid plexus of the lat. ventricle dentate nucleus fasciolar gyrus fusiform gyrus insula inferior temporal gyrus middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus occipital sinus occipital gyri posterior cerebral artery paracentral lobule posterior inferior cerebellar artery postcentral gyrus parietal operculum precentral gyrus planum temporale splenium of the corpus callosum superior frontal gyrus sigmoid sinus supramarginal gyrus straight sinus superior temporal gyrus trigone of lateral ventricle transverse temporal gyrus vermis of cerebellum


PrG

SFG

CISM emi IObCa LgsCa occa RePMi RePMj SObCa SpAx SplCa SSpCa SSpCe StM TempM Vert3

PrG PCL

PrG

PCL SFG

PoG

PoG

PCL CG

SMG

PoG

CG

POp

cervical interspinal muscle emissary vein inferior oblique capitis muscle longissimus capitis muscle occipital artery rectus capitis post. minor muscle rectus capitis post. major muscle superior oblique capitis muscle spinous process of axis splenius capitis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle semispinalis cervicis muscle sternomastoid muscle temporalis muscle third vertebra

SMG POp

PTe STG

CG

TTG TTG

TTG TrLV

TTG

STG

CG FuG

MTG OcG ITG

FuG

OcG

FuG

ITG

MTG

65

12

(posterior view)

10 mm

PrG PrG

PCL PoG

PoG PCL

SMG

PoG

SMG

CG CG

SMG

acer STG

mcer

SMG

mcer OLV

PCun PCun

PCun

STG

OcG

MTG pcer

pcer

MTG

OcG OcG ITG

66

FuG

FuG

ITG

13

sss

(anterior view)

Intracranial structures: acer AnG CG Cun FuG ITG mcer MTG occs OcG OLV pcer PCL PCun PoG PrG SMG SPL ss sss STG trs

OLV ss

trs

occs occv

occv

occa

occa RePMi StM RePMj

SSpCa SplCa

anterior cerebral artery angular gyrus cingulate gyrus cuneus fusiform gyrus inferior temporal gyrus middle cerebral artery middle temporal gyrus occipital sinus occipital gyri occipital horn of lateral ventricle posterior cerebral artery paracentral lobule precuneus postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus supramarginal gyrus superior parietal lobule straight sinus superior sagittal sinus superior temporal gyrus transverse sinus

Peripheral structures: occa occv RePMi RePMj SplCa SSpCa StM

occipital artery occipital vein rectus capitis post. minor muscle rectus capitis post. major muscle splenius capitis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle sternomastoid muscle

PoG

PrG PrG

PoG PCL

PoG

PoG

SPL

PCL PCun

SPL SMG

CG

SMG SPL

SMG CG

SMG

CG PCun STG

PCun STG

AnG

Cun MTG

OLV

MTG

MTG

Cun OcG

ITG FuG ITG

OcG

MTG

OcG FuG

67

13

(posterior view)

10 mm

PrG PoG PCL

PoG

PCL SPL

SMG

SPL PCun

SPL PCun

AnG

AnG

SMG

PCun acer mcer

STG mcer MTG

AnG Cun

MTG OcG

OcG

OLV pcer

ITG

OcG OcG FuG

OcG

68

STG

Cun AnG

OcG pcer

AnG PCun

OcG

ITG

MTG

14

(anterior view)

Intracranial structures: acer AnG cosi Cun FuG ITG mcer MTG OcG OLV pcer PCL PCun PoG PrG SMG SPL STG TCb trs

OLV

OcFrO

trs

occa

occv

cosi TCb

occa occv

SSpCa

anterior cerebral artery angular gyrus confluence of sinuses cuneus fusiform gyrus inferior temporal gyrus middle cerebral artery middle temporal gyrus occipital gyri occipital horn of lateral ventricle posterior cerebral artery paracentral lobule precuneus postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus supramarginal gyrus superior parietal lobule superior temporal gyrus tentorium cerebelli transverse sinus

Peripheral structures: SplCa

occa occv OcFrO SplCa SSpCa TzM

TzM

occipital artery occipital vein occipito-frontal muscle, occipital belly splenius capitis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle trapezius muscle

SPL PoG PCun PCL

PoG SPL

SPL PCun SMG

AnG PCun PCun

OcG

Cun

AnG

Cun

AnG OcG

STG

OLV OcG

OcG OcG OcG

OcG

69

14

(posterior view)

10 mm

PoG SPL SPL SPL

AnG

PCun

AnG SPL Cun

acer

OcG

Cun

OcG pcer

pcer

OcG

17

17 17

70

OcG

15

(anterior view)

sss


occa

occa

17 acer AnG Cun OcG pcer PCun PoG SPL sss

striate area anterior cerebral artery angular gyrus cuneus occipital gyri posterior cerebral artery precuneus postcentral gyrus superior parietal lobule superior sagittal sinus

OcFrO

Peripheral structures: occa OcFrO TzM

occipital artery occipito-frontal muscle, occipital belly trapezius muscle

TzM

SPL SPL SPL SPL AnG PCun

AnG

AnG OcG

Cun

Cun

OcG AnG

17 17

OcG

OcG 17

71

71

15

(posterior view)

10 mm

SPL SPL

SPL

PCun

AnG PCun

OcG AnG Cun OcG Cun OcG

OcG 17

72

17

Sagittal Atlas

Cerebral structures: 17 AnG Cun OcG PCun SPL

striate area angular gyrus cuneus occipital gyri precuneus superior parietal lobule

73

Sagittal plane:

y´- direction:

z´- direction:

MR-sequences in three planes of the head from which one hemisphere is shown on the following pages. Parameters: 0.15 Tesla, matrix 256 x 256, field of view 25 cm, multi-slice, slice thickness 5 mm, 4 excitations, sequence: 5000/160. These heavy T2 weighted images highlight fluid-containing struc-

74

tures; uneven fluid collections (see lateral ventricles) are therefore visible. Note also that a dental prosthesis caused single void and deviation artefacts. The top panel presents the sagittal MRIs and specifies the planes of sectioning of the middle and lower panel. Orientation of these MRIs was based on the intercommissural line. Therefore the orientation

of the horizontal MRIs in the middle panel corresponds to the plane of cryosectioning of the head shown in chapter 5.1 and direct comparisons can be made with in-vivo MRIs which accompany that series of sections. The lower panel presents the coronal MRIs.

Surface views of the left hemisphere which is shown in the subsequent pages. The drawings of

the hemisphere are arranged such that they always show the same anterior-posterior orientation. The

most important gyri are delineated. The midsagittal view depicts the hemisphere with the Talairach space.

75

Surface views of the left hemisphere of the brain which has been sectioned in the sagittal plane as indicated. The dra-

76

wing of the mid-sagittal view has been mirror-imaged.

3

(lateral view)

Intracranial structures: AnG angular gyrus IFG inferior frontal gyrus ITG inferior temporal gyrus MTG middle temporal gyrus PoG postcentral gyrus PrG precentral gyrus PTe planum temporale SMG supramarginal gyrus STG superior temporal gyrus TTG transverse temporal gyri Peripheral structures:

7n EAud ejugv MasM MjZyg Mst MstC occv OcFrF OcFrO OO Plat Ptd ptdd rmv SplCa sta StM TempM TempT ZygA

10 mm

facial nerve external auditory meatus external jugular vein masseter muscle major zygomaticus muscle mastoid process of temporal bone mastoid cells occipital vein occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly occipito-frontal muscle, occipital belly orbicularis oculi muscle platysma parotid gland parotid duct retromandibular vein splenius capitis muscle superficial temporal artery sternomastoid muscle temporalis muscle temporalis muscle, tendon zygomatic arch

SMG IFG

OcFrF

PoG

AnG

TempM STG

TTG

PTe OcFrO

MTG ITG OO

TempT ZygA

MjZyg

MstC EAud

sta

Mst 7n ptdd

occv

SplCa

MasM Ptd rmv Plat StM ejugv

77

3

(medial view)

2500/5

10 mm

PoG PrG

IFG

SMG

IFG

AnG POp TOp

PTe

TTG TempM

STG MTG MTG

OO

ITG

3000/355

TempT

OcG

MstC MasM trs MjZyg Mst Dig

occv occa

ectd

LReCa

Ptd

MasM

StT

LgsCa SplCa rmv LSc

Ly

StM

78

Ly

4

(lateral view)

Intracranial structures: AnG FuG IFG ITG MTG OcG PoG POp PrG PTe sigs SMG STG TOp trs TTG

angular gyrus fusiform gyrus inferior frontal gyrus inferior temporal gyrus middle temporal gyrus occipital gyri postcentral gyrus parietal operculum precentral gyrus planum temporale sigmoid sinus supramarginal gyrus superior temporal gyrus temporal operculum transverse sinus transverse temporal gyri


10 mm

PrG PoG IFG SMG FroC

AnG

PrG POp

IFG OcFrF

TOp

TTG

SphGW

PTe

STG

TempM

OcG MTG

OcFrO

OO

OcG

ITG ManF ATub

TempT Zyg

articular tubercle digastric muscle disk of temporo mandibular joint external auditory meatus external carotid artery facial artery facial vein frontal crest longissimus capitis muscle lateral rectus capitis muscle levator scapulae muscle lymph node mandible mandibular fossa masseter muscle major zygomaticus muscle mastoid process of temporal bone mastoid cells occipital artery occipital vein occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly occipito-frontal muscle, occipital belly orbicularis oculi muscle platysma parotid gland parotid duct pterygoid plexus retromandibular vein submandibular gland splenius capitis muscle sphenoid, greater wing sternomastoid muscle sternomastoid muscle, tendon temporalis muscle temporalis muscle, tendon zygomatic bone

sigs

ptgpx

Mst

ptdd rmv

ectd

MasM

Dig

facv

LgsCa

Ptd

fac

trs

EAud

MasM

MjZyg

FuG

Disc

ATub Dig Disc EAud ectd fac facv FroC LgsCa LReCa LSc Ly Man ManF MasM MjZyg Mst MstC occa occv OcFrF OcFrO OO Plat Ptd ptdd ptgpx rmv SM SplCa SphGW StM StT TempM TempT Zyg

SplCa

Man LSc Ly SM Plat

Ly StM

79

4

(medial view)

10 mm

PrG

MFG

PoG SPL IFG

FOp AnG

POp Ins PTe

OcG

OFG TTG

STG

TOp

SphGW

FuG FuG

MTG

SCD

OcFrO

TempM

ITG

OO ptgpx

trs

LPtg

mxa

5lg Ptd

occa

ptdd

SObCa

iala 5ial

RePMj SSpCa

SplCa TzM

LgsCa

IObCa ijugv 12n 10n 9n

Dig

Man BucM

MPtg

fac

facv rmv fac 12n

Symp

SM

ictd ectd

80

ZygM

Ly Plat

5

(lateral view)

Intracranial structures: FOp FuG IFG Ins ipets ITG mcer MFG MTG OcG OFG PoG POp PrG PTe SMG SPL STG TOp trs TTG

frontal operculum fusiform gyrus inferior frontal gyrus insula inferior petrosal sinus inferior temporal gyrus middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus occipital gyri orbitofrontal gyri postcentral gyrus parietal operculum precentral gyrus planum temporale supramarginal gyrus superior parietal lobule superior temporal gyrus temporal operculum transverse sinus transverse temporal gyri


10 mm

PrG PoG MFG IFG

SPL

IFG SPL POp

FOp Ins OcFrF

OFG

AnG PTe

mcer STG

TTG TOp

SphGW

OcG FuG

ITG MTG

mxa

TyC

OO TempM LPtg mxa

ipets

StyPh

ZygM

5lg

occa Ptd ijugv

5ial MPtg BucM OOr

SObCa

Dig StyHy

TrPAt IObCa

fac fac

12n

ScalM

SplCa LgsCa

ictd SplCe

Plat

SSpCa

10n 11n

StyGl Man

RePMj

occa

rmv

TzM

5ial 5lg 9n 10n 11n 12n BucM Dig ectd fac facv iala ictd ijugv IObCa LgsCa LPtg Ly Man MPtg mxa occa OcFrF OcFrO OO OOr Plat Ptd ptdd ptgpx RePMj rmv ScalM SCD SM SObCa SplCa SplCe SphGW SSpCa StyGl StyHy StyPh Symp TempM TrPAt TyC TzM ZygM

inferior alveolar nerve lingual nerve glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve accessory nerve hypoglossal nerve or its root buccinator muscle digastric muscle external carotid artery facial artery facial vein inferior alveolar artery internal carotid artery internal jugular vein inferior oblique capitis muscle longissimus capitis muscle lateral pterygoid muscle lymph node mandible medial pterygoid muscle maxillary artery occipital artery occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly occipito-frontal muscle, occipital belly orbicularis oculi muscle orbicularis oris muscle platysma parotid gland parotid duct pterygoid plexus rectus capitis posterior major muscle retromandibular vein scalenus muscle semicircular ducts submandibular gland superior oblique capitis muscle splenius capitis muscle splenius cervicis muscle sphenoid, greater wing semispinalis capitis muscle styloglossus muscle stylohyoid muscle stylopharyngeus muscle sympathetic trunk temporalis muscle transverse process of the atlas tympanic cavity trapezius muscle zygomatic muscles

ectd

81

5

(medial view)

10 mm

SFG PrG MFG PoG IFG

SPL

FOp FOp Cl

TrLV

OcG

OFG

AIn DG

FuG

SRec

Amg LRec

PHG

IAud Cb

ijugv occa

JugP

OO Mx

ptgpx TeVePal 5ial

9n

Lens

TempM IOb

ITG MTG

Aud

trs

OcFrF

Pu

fi

MxS LLb

mxa

ictd BucM

5lg

10,11n

LAngO

vert

MPtg

OOr

RePMj StyPh

socv

TzM

SSpCa

IObCa

Oral

StyHy gocn

StyGl

LgC

Man SCM MyHy

SplCa 5lg

StyHy lga

DpAO lga DpLb

DigT SM

Dig Plat

82

6

(lateral view)

Intracranial structures: ac AIn Amg aud Cb Cl DG fi FOp FuG GP Hi IFG ITG LG MFG MTG OcG OFG OLV or PHG PoG PrG Pu Pul SFG SPL st STG TCd thr TrLV

10 mm


SFG MFG PrG MFG

PoG IFG SPL AIn thr

FOp

OFG

Pu

OcFrF SRec

Amg STG

Lens

OLV

Hi FuG

MTG PHG

iora

OcG

5ior

OO

TCd aud TrLV st or GP LG Pul DG

ac

Cl AIn

IAud

ITG ptgpx

mxa IOrF LLb fac lab

Cb 9,10,11n

5man

MxS

LPtg

psa

trs

JugP

LAngO

BucM

ivvpx ictd

MPtg

OOr

RePMj

Tongue SCM facv

Man

vert

5lg

TrPAt socv IObCa

LgC

5ial MyHy

StyHy

lga Dig

DigT

SSpCa gocn

SSpCe

12n

StyHy

SplCa Hyoid

anterior commissure agranular insular cortex (claustro-cortex insularis) amygdala auditory radiation cerebellum claustrum dentate gyrus fimbria of the the hippocampus frontal operculum fusiform gyrus globus pallidus hippocampus inferior frontal gyrus inferior temporal gyrus lateral geniculate nucleus middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus occipital gyri orbitofrontal gyri occipital horn of lateral ventricle optic radiation parahippocampal gyrus postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus putamen pulvinar thalami superior frontal gyrus superior parietal lobule stria terminalis superior temporal gyrus tail of caudate nucleus thalamic radiation (corona radiata) trigone of lateral ventricle

TzM

5ial 5ior 5lg 5man 9n 10n 11n 12n Aud BucM Dig DigT DpAO DpLb fac facv gocn IAud ictd ijugv IOb IObCa iora IOrF ivvpx JugP lab LAngO lga LgC lgv LLb LPtg LRec SM socv

inferior alveolar nerve infraorbital nerve lingual nerve mandibular nerve glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve accessory nerve hypoglossal nerve auditory tube buccinator muscle digastric muscle digastric muscle, tendon depressor anguli oris muscle depressor labii inferioris muscle facial artery facial vein greater occipital nerve internal auditory meatus internal carotid artery internal jugular vein & sigmoid sinus inferior oblique muscle inferior oblique capitis muscle infraorbital artery infraorbital foramen internal vertebral venous plexus jugular process labial artery levator anguli oris muscle lingual artery longus capitis and colli muscles lingual vein levator labii superioris muscle lateral pterygoid muscle lateral rectus muscle submandibular gland suboccipital venous plexus

StHy


83

6

(medial view)

10 mm

PrG

MFG

SFG PoG MFG

Cd CG PCun

st

SFG

TLV

SB

ic LTh

Cun

ac

GP

Pul

alv Hi

Pir

opt MG

LPal

5nc

SRec

Amg PAM

PHG

OcG

OFG

Li

AIn cp

LgG

Pu

2n opha

5n Cb

FuG

OO

5Gn

mcp

MRec

MxS

Aud

12C

mxa

PtPF

ictd

MPtg dpala

AReCa

LeVePal TeVePal

SSpCa

RePMi

cern1

LgC

PalT SCMPP PalPh

RePMj gocn

cern2 IObCa

cern3

vert

SL

12n

Mul Hyoid

MyHy

ICM ThC ThHy

84

OOr

sld

HyGl lga

TzM

Oral

Plat StHy

Dig

Man

7

(lateral view)

Intracranial structures: 5n trigeminal nerve ac anterior commissure AIn agranular insular cortex (claustro cortex insularis) alv alveus of hippocampus Amg amygdala Cb cerebellum Cd caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cp cerebral peduncle Cun cuneus DG dentate gyrus FG fasciolar gyrus FuG fusiform gyrus GP globus pallidus Hi hippocampus ic internal capsule ipets inferior petrosal sinus LgG lingual gyrus Li limen insulae LTh lateral thalamic nuclear region mcp middle cerebellar peduncle MFG middle frontal gyrus MG medial geniculate nucleus OcG occipital gyri OFG orbitofrontal gyri opt optic tract PAM periamygdaloid cortex PCun precuneus PHG parahippocampal gyrus Pir piriform cortex PoG postcentral gyrus PrG precentral gyrus Pu putamen Pul pulvinar SB striatal cell bridges SFG superior frontal gyrus SPL superior parietal lobule st stria terminalis Th thalamus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle

10 mm

SFG MFG

SFG

PrG PoG

MFG SFG Cd


PCun GP

OFG

Th

ic

ac

FG CG

OFG cp 2n

OcG

opha

IOb

5Gn

PtPF

ipets

dpala MxS

Cun

DG

ictd

MPtg

Aud 12C

LeVePal TeVePal

LgC

vert AtOc

Tongue cern2 SL

IObCa 12n

Man

MyHy

RePMi cern1 RePMj

cern3

lga LgFo

gocn

SSpCa

Dura

Dig

SplCa TzM Hyoid StHy

EGl ThC

2n optic nerve 5Gn trigeminal ganglion 5nc nasociliary nerve 12C hypoglossal canal 12n hypoglossal nerve AReCa anterior rectus capitis muscle AtOc atlanto-occipital joint Aud auditory tube cern (1-3) cervical nerve (1-3) Dig digastric muscle, ant. belly dpala descending palatine artery EGl epiglottis gocn greater occipital nerve HyGl hyoglossus muscle Hyoid hyoid bone ictd internal carotid artery IOb inferior oblique muscle IObCa inferior oblique capitis muscle lga lingual artery LeVePal levator veli palatini muscle LgC longus capitis and colli muscles LgFo lingual follicle LPal levator palpebrae superioris muscle MPtg medial pterygoid muscle MRec medial rectus muscle Mul multifidus muscle mxa maxillary artery MxS maxillary sinus SCMPP superior constrictor of the pharynx, pterygopharyngeal part StHy sternohyoid muscle


85

7

(medial view)

10 mm

PoG PrG SFG

CG SFG

cc PCun

CG

st LD HCd MD LTh ic

Cun

CM

FStr

R SN

Tec

OcG

OcFrF

Pul SFG

Li SG

ipf 2n ictd

OFG

ictd

Pons Occ

IO

TTub TLev ald

AAT

oaud

SPhF

Mx

PAT

smd

IObCa Axis

GeGl

DAx

MyHy EGl Plat

86

OOr Oral

Dig

8

(lateral view)

Intracranial structures: 2n ac BST cc CG CM FStr HCd ic IO ipf LC LD Li LTh MD OcG OFG PCun PoG Pons PrG Pul R SFG SG SN st Tec Th

10 mm

optic nerve anterior commissure bed nucleus of the stria terminalis corpus callosum cingulate gyrus centromedian thalamic nucleus fundus striati head of caudate nucleus internal capsule inferior olive interpe duncular fossa locus coeruleus lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus limen insulae lateral thalamic nuclear region and reticular nucleus mediodorsal thalamic nucleus occipital gyri orbitofrontal gyri precuneus postcentral gyrus pons precentral gyrus pulvinar red nucleus superior frontal gyrus straight gyrus substantia nigra stria terminalis tectum of midbrain thalamus


PoG SFG PrG

PCun

CG

HCd Th

BST ac Li

FStr R

OFG SG

Tec

SN

2n

LC

OcG

SPalF NPhT AtOcMe SPal

ald AtAx tla

anterior arch of atlas apical ligament of dens anterior longitudinal ligament altanto-axial membrane atlas atlanto-occipital membrane axis dens axis digastric muscle epiglottis genioglossus muscle geniohyoid muscle internal carotid artery inferior oblique capitis muscle mandible maxilla mylohyoid muscle nasopharyngeal tonsil opening of auditory tube occipital bone occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly orbicularis oris muscle oral cavity posterior arch of atlas platysma submandibular duct soft palate salpingopalatine fold salpingopharyngeal fold transverse ligament of atlas torus levatorius torus tubarius

Atlas

IObCa

GeGl Man

AAT ald all AtAx Atlas AtOcMe Axis DAx Dig EGl GeGl GeHy ictd IObCa Man Mx MyHy NPhT oaud Occ OcFrF OOr Oral PAT Plat smd SPal SPalF SPhF tla TLev TTub

GeHy

all

87

8

(medial view)

10 mm

PoG

SFG

PrG

PCun CG

Cun

Th

fx

SCA

ac Tec

R

LT P3V

OcG

OFG

ox

SN Pons

Pit SphS

py npal

Mx

SPal

Atlas

IObCa DAx

GeGl

Axis

GeHy

EGl Abbreviations: see Index

88

MyHy

Atlas of the Human Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates

89

3.1 Surface Views of the Atlas Brain

The photographs showing the external morphology of the formalin fixed brain and the following myelin-stained sections were taken from sections prepared from the brain of a 24 year old male (see section 1.2.1). This brain has been cut perpendicular to the intercommissural plane. Representation of complete sections through the entire (right) hemisphere is provided in a set of 69 diagrams.

90

These show their approximate position in the topometric space and the location of each section in a key diagram. Because shading is used for discrimination between different gyri, it is not necessarily identical with the shading of the figures on page 92. The photographs of each section show the central, subcortical region of the brain in a resolution that permits high-

detail recognition of morphological structures. Because the brain shown in this Microscopic (Myeloarchitectonic) Atlas was used by previous researchers, we have also compiled the results of their studies (Section 3.3). Delineations suggested in the previous works are not always identical to those shown in our Myeloarchitectonic Atlas.

91

92

3.2 Plates (Myelin) and Figures

1

2

3

4

5

6 8 10 12 14 18 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 54 56 58 60 62 64

66 67 68 69

5 5

0

0

-4 -4 -5

Location of the following 69 brain sections and accompanying highdetail diagrams. The diagram on this side shows the dimensions of the fixed

0

5

10

unsectioned brain, corresponding to dimensions of the sections transformed the right upper figure on page 91. to the Talairach space (see section 1.2.8). The metric scale in the 69 diagrams of the following pages represents the

93

94

01

-60 mm

6

FMG frontomarginal gyrus fms frontomarginal sulcus IFPG inferior frontopolar gyrus MFG middle frontal gyrus MFPG middle frontopolar gyrus SFG superior frontal gyrus SFPG superior frontopolar gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus

5

4

3 SFG

2 sfs

SFPG

1

MFG MFPG

0 IFPG fms

-1 FMG

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

95

96

02

-54 mm

6

5

FMG frontomarginal gyrus fms frontomarginal sulcus IFPG inferior frontopolar gyrus ifs inferior frontal sulcus IOrG intermediate orbital gyrus IRoG inferior rostral gyrus MFG middle frontal gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus olfs olfactory sulcus SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part SFPG superior frontopolar gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus SRoG superior rostral gyrus

4 sfs

SFGL

3 SFGM

sfs

2 MFG

SFPG

1

SRoG

0

IFPG fms ifs FMG

IRoG

-1

IOrG

SG olfs

MOrG

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

97

98

03

-48 mm

6

5

CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus FMG frontomarginal gyrus IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part IFPG inferior frontopolar gyrus IOrG intermediate orbital gyrus IRoG inferior rostral gyrus lors lateral orbital sulcus MFG middle frontal gyrus MFPG middle frontopolar gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus mors medial orbital sulcus olfs olfactory sulcus SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part SFPG superior frontopolar gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus SRoG superior rostral gyrus

4 SFGL

sfs

3 SFGM

2

MFG

SFPG

1 MFPG cgs SRoG

CG IFGOr

0

IFPG

IRoG

FMG

-1

lors

IOrG mors MOrG SG

-2

olfs

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

99

100

04

-42 mm

6

5

SFGL

CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part ifs inferior frontal sulcus IOrG intermediate orbital gyrus IRoG inferior rostral gyrus LOrG lateral orbital gyrus lors lateral orbital sulcus MFG middle frontal gyrus MFPG middle frontopolar gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus mors medial orbital sulcus olfs olfactory sulcus ros rostral sulcus SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus SRoG superior rostral gyrus

4

sfs

3 SFGM MFG

2

MFG

MFG MFPG

1

cgs CG

SRoG

cgs

ifs

0

IRoG IOrG IFGOr ros

LOrG lors

-1

MOrG mors

SG

olfs

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

101

102

05

-36 mm

6

SFGL

5

CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part ifs inferior frontal sulcus IRoG inferior rostral gyrus LOrG lateral orbital gyrus lors lateral orbital sulcus MFG middle frontal gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus mors medial orbital sulcus olfs olfactory sulcus ros rostral sulcus SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part SG straight gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus

SFGL

4 sfs

SFGM

3 MFG

2 cgs

ifs

1

CG

IFGTr

0

cgs IRoG

LOrG

ros mors

MOrG

-1

IFGOr lors

SG

-2

olfs

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

103

104

06

-30 mm

6

sfs

SFGL

SFGM

5

MFG

CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part ifs inferior frontal sulcus imfs intermediate frontal sulcus IRoG inferior rostral gyrus LOrG lateral orbital gyrus lors lateral orbital sulcus MFG middle frontal gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus mors medial orbital sulcus olf olfactory tract olfs olfactory sulcus POrG posterior orbital gyrus racc radiation of corpus callosum ros rostral sulcus SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus

4 imfs

3

cgs

MFG

2 CG

racc

ifs

1

IFGTr

0 LOrG cgs

IRoG POrG

ros

-1

IFGOr lors MOrG

olfs

mors

SG

-2 olf

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

105

106

07

-27,5 mm

6 SFGL

sfs

5 SFGM

4

CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus fmi forceps minor of the corpus callosum IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part ifs inferior frontal sulcus IRoG inferior rostral gyrus LOrG lateral orbital gyrus lors lateral orbital sulcus MFG middle frontal gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus mors medial orbital sulcus olf olfactory tract POrG posterior orbital gyrus racc radiation of corpus callosum ros rostral sulcus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus SGl substantia gliosa (subependymal gray)

MFG

cgs

3 fmi

MFG

2 SCS IFGOp

ifs

CG racc

1

IFGTr SGl

0 cgs IRoG ros

-1

LOrG

POrG MOrG

lors mors

SG

-2 olf

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

107

108

08

-25 mm

6 sfs SFGL

5

MFG SFGM imfs

4

cgs

MFG

BOp basal operculum cals callosal sulcus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus fmi forceps minor of the corpus callosum gcc genu of the corpus callosum IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part ifs inferior frontal sulcus imfs intermediate frontal sulcus IRoG inferior rostral gyrus lors lateral orbital sulcus MFG middle frontal gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus mors medial orbital sulcus olf olfactory tract olfs olfactory sulcus POrG posterior orbital gyrus pors posterior orbital sulcus racc radiation of corpus callosum ros rostral sulcus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus SGl substantia gliosa sv septal vein

3

fmi

CG

ifs

2

cals racc

IFGOp SCS

gcc

1 sv cals SGl CG

IFGOr

0 BOp IFGTr

IRoG

ros

POrG

-1 IFGOr lors

MOrG SG

mors

pors

-2

olfs olf

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

109

110

09

-22,5 mm SFGL

6 sfs

5

MFG imfs

4 SFGM

3

MFG

CG

BOp basal operculum cals callosal sulcus calv callosal vein Cd caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle gcc genu of the corpus callosum IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part IG insular gyrus IGr indusium griseum ifs inferior frontal sulcus imfs intermediate frontal sulcus imos intermediate orbital sulcus IRoG inferior rostral gyrus ITP inferior temporopolar region lf lateral fissure lors lateral orbital sulcus MFG middle frontal gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus mors medial orbital sulcus olf olfactory tract olfs olfactory sulcus POrG posterior orbital gyrus pors posterior orbital sulcus PPo planum polare racc radiation of corpus callosum ros rostral sulcus SCG subcallosal gyrus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus SGl substantia gliosa

ifs

2 cals

IFGOp racc

SCS

IGr SGl

IFGTr

calv

gcc

1 IG

FLV Cd SCG

lf

calv

0

CG

BOp

cgs

IFGTr IRoG

-1

ros IFGOr POrG lors MOrG

olfs SG

pors

mors

PPo

-2

olf ITP

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

111

112

10

-20,0 mm SFGL sfs

6 SFGM

5

MFG

4

cgs

3 ifs

CG

IFGOp racc

cals

2

SCS IGr

AO anterior olfactory nucleus (retrobulbar region) AOI Area orbitoinsularis BOp basal operculum calv callosal vein cals callosal sulcus CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus Cl claustrum ex extreme capsule gcc genu of the corpus callosum IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus,opercular part IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part ifs inferior frontal sulcus IG insular gyrus IGr indusium griseum IRoG inferior rostral gyrus ITP inferior temporopolar region LOrG lateral orbital gyrus MFG middle frontal gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus olf olfactory tract olfs olfactory sulcus ors orbital sulcus POrG posterior orbital gyrus PPo planum polare Pu putamen racc radiation of corpus callosum ros rostral sulcus SCG subcallosal gyrus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus SGl substantia gliosa

SGl ex

gcc

IFGOp

CdL

calv

IFGTr

CdM calv SCG

1

Cl

IG

Pu

IFGTr

AOI SCS

0 BOp

IFGOr

cgs IRoG

-1

LOrG

ros POrG olfs ors

SG

MOrG AO

PPo

ors

olf

-2 ITP

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

113

114

11

-17,5 mm

SFGL

6

sfs

5

SFGM

4 cgs

MFG

3 CG

ifs

IFGOp cals

SCS racc

IGr

2

sof

SGl scal

FOp gcc

IFGTr

CdL

AcL accumbens nucleus, lateral part AO anterior olfactory nucleus (retrobulbar bulbar region) AOI Area orbitoinsularis BOp basal operculum cals callosal sulcus calv callosal vein CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum DiCl diffuse insular claustrum ec external capsule ex extreme capsule FCd fundus region of caudate nucleus FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen gcc genu of the corpus callosum IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part ifs inferior frontal sulcus IG insular gyrus IGr indusium griseum IRoG inferior rostral gyrus ITP inferior temporopolar region MFG middle frontal gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus olf olfactory tract olfs olfactory sulcus POrG posterior orbital gyrus PPo planum polare Pu putamen racc radiation of corpus callosum SB striatal cell bridges scal subcallosal fasciculus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus SGl substantia gliosa sof superior occipitofrontal fasciculus sts superior temporal sulcus

calv

1

CdM FLV SB

ec

IFGOr CoCl ex

FCd

Pu

IG

CG

IFGTr

0

AcL racc

FPu

DiCl

AOI

cgs BOp

IFGOr

IRoG

-1 MOrG

IFGOr PPo

SG POrG

olfs

AO

olf

-2 ITP

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

115

116

12

-15,0 mm SFGL

6 sfs SFGM

5

MFG

4

ifs

3

CG

mls

SCS cals

lls

SGl

IGr

scal

2

IFGOp

gcc

FLV

CdL

IFGTr SB

calv

CdM

FOp

1

aic

AcL accumbens nucleus, lateral part aic ant. limb of internal capsule AO anterior olfactory nucleus (retrobulbar region) AOI Area orbitoinsularis BOp basal operculum cals callosal sulcus calv callosal vein CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus Cl claustrum ec external capsule ex extreme capsule FCd fundus region of caudate nucleus FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen FuG fusiform gyrus gcc genu of the corpus callosum IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part ifs inferior frontal sulcus IG insular gyrus IGr indusium griseum ITG inferior temporal gyrus ITP inferior temporopolar region lls lateral longitudinal stria MFG middle frontal gyrus mls medial longitudinal stria MOrG medial orbital gyrus MTG middle temporal gyrus olf olfactory tract OlfA olfactory area olfs olfactory sulcus POrG posterior orbital gyrus PPo planum polare Pu putamen racc radiation of corpus callosum SB striatal cell bridges scal subcallosal fasciculus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus SGl substantia gliosa STG superior temporal gyrus

IG Pu

ex ec

FCd

Cl

CG

IFGTr

0

AcL

racc

FPu

IFGOr AOI

cgs OlfA

STG

BOp

olfs

-1 PPo

IFGOr

MOrG

SG AO

POrG

olf

-2 MTG

ITP

ITG

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

117

118

13

-12,5 mm

SFGL

6 sfs

SFGM MFG

5

cgs ifs

4

CG

3 cals

scal

IFGOp

gcc

2

CdL

IFGOp

CSP

FOp

CdM SGl sv FLV

aic

1 ex

ec Pu

FCd

AcL accumbens nucleus, lateral part aic ant. limb of internal capsule AO anterior olfactory nucleus (retrobulbar region) API area piriformis insulae aps anterior parolfactory sulcus cals callosal sulcus CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus Cl claustrum CSP cavity of septum pellucidum ec external capsule ex extreme capsule FCd fundus region of caudate nucleus FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen gcc genu of the corpus callosum IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part ifs inferior frontal sulcus IG insular gyrus ITG inferior temporal gyrus ITP inferior temporopolar region its inferior temporal sulcus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MFG middle frontal gyrus MTG middle temporal gyrus olf olfactory tract OlfA olfactory area olfs olfactory sulcus ors orbital sulcus PMOL posteromedial orbital lobule POrG posterior orbital gyrus PPCl prepiriform claustrum PPo planum polare PrG precentral gyrus Pu putamen racc radiation of corpus callosum SB striatal cell bridges SCA subcallosal area scal subcallosal fasciculus SGl substantia gliosa SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein

Cl

SB

IG

CG AcL racc

0

FPu

aps

PPCl API

STG

OlfA

SCA

POrG

PPo

-1 AO ors PMOL

SG olf

olfs

MTG sts

-2 ITP its ITG

ITP

-3

lots

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

119

120

14

-10,0 mm SFGL

6

SFGM

sfs

5

MFG

4 IFGOp CG

3 fmi cals

SCS SGl

IGr

scal IFGOp

cc

2 CdL

CSP

FOp

FLV CdM

sv

cir

1

IG

aic

ex

pps Pu

CG

FCd ec racc

CoCl

AcL

0

SSTI apss

AcM AcC

PPCl

FPu

AcC accumbens nucleus, central part AcL accumbens nucleus, lateral part AcM accumbens nucleus, medial part aic ant. limb of internal capsule AO anterior olfactory nucleus (retrobulbar region) API area piriformis insulae apsi anterior parolfactory sulcus, inf. branch apss anterior parolfactory sulcus, sup.branch cals callosal sulcus cc corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum CSP cavity of septum pellucidum ec external capsule Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FCd fundus region of caudate nucleus FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle fmi forceps minor of the corpus callosum FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen FuG fusiform gyrus IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IG insular gyrus IGr indusium griseum ITG inferior temporal gyrus ITP inferior temporopolar region its inferior temporal sulcus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MFG middle frontal gyrus MTG middle temporal gyrus olf olfactory tract OlfA olfactory area olfr olfactory radiation olfs olfactory sulcus ors orbital sulcus Pir piriform cortex PMOL posteromedial orbital lobule PPCl prepiriform claustrum PPo planum polare pps posterior parolfactory sulcus Pu putamen racc radiation of corpus callosum rhs rhinal sulcus SCA subcallosal area scal subcallosal fasciculus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus SGl substantia gliosa SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein

STG

SCA apsi OlfA

sts

Pir

PPo

olfr

-1

API

SG

AO

PMOL ors

olfs olf MTG

Ent

-2 ITP

its ITG

-3

FuG lots rhs

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

121

122

15

-7,5 mm

SFGL sfs

6

SFGM MFG

5 cgs

CG

4

PrG

3

SCS lls

IGr mls

CdL

cc

FOp

CdM

SptP

IG

1

sv

ex

cir

aic

PTG pps

2

IFGOp

Pu FCd

CG

CoCl

0

ec

AcL

apss

AcC accumbens nucleus, central part AcL accumbens nucleus, lateral part AcM accumbens nucleus, medial part aic ant. limb of internal capsule AOP anterior olfactory nucleus, post. part apss anterior parolfactory sulcus, sup.branch cc corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum ec external capsule Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FCd fundus region of caudate nucleus FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen FuG fusiform gyrus IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IG insular gyrus IGr indusium griseum ITG inferior temporal gyrus ITP inferior temporopolar region its inferior temporal sulcus lls lateral longitudinal stria lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MFG middle frontal gyrus mls medial longitudinal stria molf medial olfactory radiation MTG middle temporal gyrus olf olfactory tract OlfA olfactory area olfr olfactory radiation Pir piriform cortex PPCl prepiriform claustrum PPo planum polare pps posterior parolfactory sulcus PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus PTG paraterminal gyrus Pu putamen racc radiation of corpus callosum SCA subcallosal area SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus SptP septum pellucidum SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein unc uncinate fasciculus

STG SCA

AcM

FPu

AcC

PPCl

unc

racc

sts

SSTI olfr SG

Pir

-1

molf PPo

OlfA AOP

MTG

olf Ent

-2 ITP

its ITG

PRC

-3

FuG lots

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

123

124

16

SFGL

-5,8 mm

6

MFG

SFGM

5

4

PrG CG

3 SCS

cc

CdL

2 IFGOp FLV

cir FOp CdM

sv

1 aic

Pu

AcC accumbens nucleus, central part AcL accumbens nucleus, lateral part AcM accumbens nucleus, medial part aic ant. limb of internal capsule AOP anterior olfactory nucleus, post. part cc corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum db diagonal band ec external capsule Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FCd fundus region of caudate nucleus FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen FuG fusiform gyrus IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IG insular gyrus ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MFG middle frontal gyrus MTG middle temporal gyrus molf medial olfactory radiation OlfA olfactory area PCA precommissural archicortex Pir piriform cortex PPCl prepiriform claustrum PPo planum polare pps posterior parolfactory sulcus PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus PTG paraterminal gyrus Pu putamen SCA subcallosal area SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein Tu olfactory tubercle unc uncinate fasciculus VCl ventral claustrum

ex

PTG

ec

FCd pps

IG

CoCl

0 AcL

db

STG

VCl AcM

FPu

SSTI molf

sts PPo

Pir

Tu

PCA

unc

PPCl

AcC

SCA

-1 OlfA

AOP

MTG Ent

-2

its ITG

-3

PRC FuG lots

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

125

126

17

-4,2 mm

SFGL

6 MFG SFGM

5

MFG PrG

4

3 CG SCS cc

PrG

CdL

2 IFGOp FOp pcfx

cir

CdM

sv

aic

1

SCGP

ex ec lml

FCd

Pu

AcC accumbens nucleus, central part AcL accumbens nucleus, lateral part AcM accumbens nucleus, medial part aic anterior limb of internal capsule cc corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum DiCl diffuse insular claustrum ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FCd fundus region of caudate nucleus FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen FuG fusiform gyrus GTI great terminal island IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus Li limen insulae lml lat. medullary lamina of globus pallidus LT lamina terminalis MFG middle frontal gyrus MTG middle temporal gyrus OlfA olfactory area ox optic chiasm P3V preoptic recess of the third ventricle PCA precommissural archicortex pcfx precommissural fornix PirF piriform cortex, frontal part PirT piriform cortex, temporal part PPCl prepiriform claustrum PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus Pu putamen SCA subcallosal area SCGP supracapsular part of globus pallidus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sv septal vein Tu olfactory tubercle TuTI tubercular terminal islands Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculus VCl ventral claustrum

CoCl EGP

0

AcL AcM SCA

Tu

LT

PCA

Ins

VCl

GTI

TuTI

AcC SSTI

FPu

PPCl

ilf

unc PirF

P3V

STG

DiCl

OlfA

PPo

-1

Li PirT

ox

Un MTG

-2

Ent

-3 ITG PRC

0

1 cm

1

2

FuG

3

4

5

6

127

128

18

-2,7 mm

SFGL

6 MFG SFGM

5

PrG

4

CG

3 PrG

SCS IFGOp IGr

mls

CdL

2

cc

CdM

cir

FOp

pcfx SCGP

SFi

1

sv ec

aic

ex

CdV LSV

lml

SCTI

Pu

FCd BSTL

Ins

CoCl

EGP

DiCl

BSTC GTI

ac

VDB mfb

AcM

VCl

AcL FPu

AcC TuTI

ilf unc

SSTI

PPCl

PirF

Tu LT P3V

0

STG

-1

PPo

Li

SCh

PirT ox

ac anterior commissure AcC accumbens nucleus, central part AcL accumbens nucleus, lateral part AcM accumbens nucleus, medial part aic anterior limb of internal capsule BSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central division BSTL bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division cc corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CdV ventral caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum DiCl diffuse insular claustrum ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FCd fundus region of caudate nucleus FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen FuG fusiform gyrus GTI great terminal island IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IGr indusium griseum ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus Li limen insulae lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus LSV lateral septal nucleus, ventral part LT lamina terminalis mfb medial forebrain bundle MFG middle frontal gyrus mls medial longitudinal stria MTG middle temporal gyrus ox optic chiasm P3V preoptic recess of the third ventricle PACl preamygdalar claustrum pcfx precommissural fornix PIR parainsular region PirF piriform cortex, frontal part PirT piriform cortex, temporal part PPCl prepiriform claustrum PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus Pu putamen SCGP supracapsular part of globus pallidus SCh suprachiasmatic nucleus SCS subcallosal stratum SCTI subcaudate terminal island SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part SFi septofimbrial nucleus SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sv septal vein TCl temporal claustrum Tu olfactory tubercle TuTI tubercular terminal islands Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculus VCl ventral claustrum VDB vertical limb of the diagonal band

PACl TCl

Un

MTG

unc

-2 Ent

-3 ITG PRC FuG

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

129

130

19

-2,0 mm

SFGL

6 SFGM

MFG

5

4

CG

3 SCS

PrG scal

IGr

IFGOp

CdL cc

2 FLV

CdM

pcfx

cir

LSD SFi

FOp

SB

aic

SCGP

1 ec

CdV

LSI

BSTLJ LSV BSTM

ex Ins

lml

Pu

EGP

CoCl DiCl

BSTC

0

ac aco VDB

AcM GTI

Tu

LT P3V

STG

VCl

AcL

FPu

AcC TuTI

unc

SSTI

ilf

PPCl PirF

PPo

-1

Li

lo

SCh

PirT

ox Un PACl

unc TCl MTG

ac anterior commissure AcC accumbens nucleus, central part AcL accumbens nucleus, lateral part AcM accumbens nucleus, medial part aco anterior commissure, olfactory limb aic anterior limb of internal capsule BSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central division BSTLJ bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lat. division, juxtacapsular part BSTM bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division cc corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CdV ventral caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum DiCl diffuse insular claustrum ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen FuG fusiform gyrus GTI great terminal island IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IGr indusium griseum ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus Li limen insulae lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus lo lateral olfactory tract LSD lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part LSI lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part LSV lateral septal nucleus, ventral part LT lamina terminalis MFG middle frontal gyrus MTG middle temporal gyrus ox optic chiasm P3V preoptic recess of the third ventricle PACl preamygdalar claustrum pcfx precommissural fornix PirF piriform cortex, frontal part PirT piriform cortex, temporal part PPCl prepiriform claustrum PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus Pu putamen SB striatal cell bridges scal subcallosal fasciculus SCGP supracapsular part of globus pallidus SCh suprachiasmatic nucleus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lat. part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, med. part SFi septofimbrial nucleus SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus TCl temporal claustrum Tu olfactory tubercle TuTI tubercular terminal islands Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculus VCl ventral claustrum VDB vert. limb of the diagonal band

-2

Ent

-3 PRC

ITG FuG

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

131

132

20

-1,3 mm

SFGL

SFGM

6 MFG

5

PrG

4

CG

3 SCS

PrG scal

IGr

CdL

cc

IFGOp

2

FLV pcfx

CdM aic

LSD SFi

cir

sv

TS

ex

tsv

SCGP

CdV

1

FOp

ec

LSI

Ins BSTL

Pu

lml

LSV

DPeH

BS BS TC TM

EGP

CoCl

ac

0

AcM MPO PaAP AVPe

GTI DB

VCl aco

AcC HDB

SO SCh

DiCl

FPu

STG

SSTI

TuTI

PPCl

ilf

sts

PirF Tu

P3V ox

Li

lo PAM

-1

PPo PirT

unc

Un PACl TCl MTG

Ent

-2

PRC

ac anterior commissure AcC accumbens nucleus, central part AcM accumbens nucleus, medial part aco anterior commissure, olfactory limb aic anterior limb of internal capsule AVPe anteroventral periventricular hypothalamic nucleus BSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central division BSTL bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division BSTM bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division cc corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CdV ventral caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum DB nucleus of the diagonal band DiCl diffuse insular claustrum DPeH dorsal periventricular hypothalamic nucleus ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen FuG fusiform gyrus GTI great terminal island HDB horizontal limb of the diagonal band IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IGr indusium griseum ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus Li limen insulae lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus lo lateral olfactory tract LSD lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part LSI lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part LSV lateral septal nucleus, ventral part MFG middle frontal gyrus MPO medial preoptic nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus ox optic chiasm P3V preoptic recess of the third ventricle PaAP paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, ant. parvocellular part PACl preamygdalar claustrum PAM periamygdaloid cortex pcfx precommissural fornix PirF piriform cortex, frontal part PirT piriform cortex, temporal part PPCl prepiriform claustrum PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus Pu putamen scal subcallosal fasciculus SCGP supracapsular part of globus pallidus SCh suprachiasmatic nucleus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part SFi septofimbrial nucleus SO supraoptic nucleus SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein TCl temporal claustrum TS triangular septal nucleus tsv thalamostriate vein Tu olfactory tubercle TuTI tubercular terminal islands Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculus VCl ventral claustrum

-3

ITG FuG

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

133

134

21

-0,6 mm

SFGL

6 SFGM MFG

5

CG

4

PrG

3 SCS scal

PrG

CdL IFGOp

cc

CdM

FLV

FOp

LSD

aic

SFi

ec

sv

fx

Ins

Pu LSV

BSTL

1

ex

SCGP

CdV

LSI tsv

2

lml

TS

BS BS TM TC DPeH ac

EGP

CoCl

0

aco MnPO

AcL

GTI

PaAP

VCl FPu

AcM mfb

MPO AVPe P3V

ADB HDB SO SCh

SSTI

TuTI

ilf

STG

PPo

lo

ox

-1

unc

PirT

PAM

sts

VCl

PirF

Tu

DiCl

PACl

AG

TCl

AB La Ent

-2

MTG

PRC

-3

ITG rhs

AB access. basal amygdaloid nucleus ac anterior commissure AcL accumbens nucleus, lateral part AcM accumbens nucleus, medial part aco anterior commissure, olfactory limb ADB nucleus of the diagonal band, angular part AG ambiens gyrus aic ant. limb of internal capsule BSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central division BSTL bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division BSTM bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division cc corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CdV ventral caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus CoCl compact insular claustrum DiCl diffuse insular claustrum DPeH dorsal periventricular hypothalamic nucleus ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen FuG fusiform gyrus fx fornix GTI great terminal island HDB horizontal limb of the diagonal band IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus La lateral amygdaloid nucleus lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus lo lateral olfactory tract lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LSD lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part LSI lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part LSV lateral septal nucleus, ventral part mfb medial forebrain bundle MFG middle frontal gyrus mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus MnPO median preoptic nucleus MPO medial preoptic nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus ox optic chiasm P3V preoptic recess of third ventr. PaAP paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, ant. parvocellular part PACl preamygdalar claustrum PAM periamygdaloid cortex PirF piriform cortex, frontal part PirT piriform cortex, temporal part PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus Pu putamen rhs rhinal sulcus scal subcallosal fasciculus SCGP supracapsular part of globus pallidus SCh suprachiasmatic nucleus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFi septofimbrial nucleus SO supraoptic nucleus SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein TCl temporal claustrum TS triangular septal nucleus tsv thalamostriate vein Tu olfactory tubercle TuTI tubercular terminal islands unc uncinate fasciculus VCl ventral claustrum

FuG lots

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

135

136

22 0,0 mm

SFGL

sfs

6 SFGM MFG

5 CG

4 PrG

PrG

3 SCS scal PrG

CdL

2 IFGOp CdM

FLV LSD MS sv

ic CdV cir

tsv

lml

Ins

Pu

BSTL

fx LSV

1

SCGP

LSI

FOp BSTM

BSTC

EGP

TS

CoCl

ac

0

mml ac

DPeH MPO

VP

GTI LH mfb BSTV

Unc PaD

SxD

PaMC 3V ox

VCl FPu SSTI

TuTI

db

SO SCh

unc

STG ilf

DiCl

lo

Tu

unc

PirT

PAM

sts

PPo

PirF

-1

cir

PACl PAA

Un

InfS

TCl

BM La BLVM

-2

MTG Ent PRC

-3

ITG FuG

0

1 cm

1

2

3

lots

4

5

3V third ventricle ac anterior commissure BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BM basomedial amygdaloid nucl. BSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central division BSTL bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division BSTM bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division BSTV bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventral division CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CdV ventral caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum db diagonal band DiCl diffuse insular claustrum DPeH dorsal periventricular hypothalamic nucleus EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex FLV frontal horn of lateral ventricle FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen FuG fusiform gyrus fx fornix GTI great terminal island ic internal capsule IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus InfS infundibular stalk Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus La lateral amygdaloid nucleus LH lateral hypothalamic area lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus lo lateral olfactory tract lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LSD lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part LSI lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part LSV lateral septal nucleus, ventral part mfb medial forebrain bundle MFG middle frontal gyrus mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus MPO medial preoptic nucleus MS medial septal nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus ox optic chiasm PAA periamygdalar area PACl preamygdalar claustrum PaD paraventricular nucleus, dorsal part PAM periamygdaloid cortex PaMC paraventricular nucleus, magnocellular part PirF piriform cortex, frontal part PirT piriform cortex, temporal part PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus Pu putamen scal subcallosal fasciculus SCGP supracapsular part of globus pallidus SCh suprachiasmatic nucleus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SO supraoptic nucleus SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein SxD sexual dimorphic (intermed.) ncl. TCl temporal claustrum TS triangular septal nucleus tsv thalamostriate vein Tu olfactory tubercle TuTI tubercular terminal island(s) Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculus Unc uncinate nucleus VCl ventral claustrum VP ventral pallidum

6

137

138

23

1,3 mm

SFGL

sfs

6 SFGM MFG

5

4 CG PrG

PrG

3 SCS scal

mls IGr

PrG

CdL

IFGOp

2

cc CdM

ec

LV FOp LSD MS

ex sv

LSI

SCGP

CdV tsv

fx

1

PrG

cir

lml

ic

Pu PaFo 3V

BSTLJ

BSTP LSV

BSTC

CoCl

mml

DoH MPO PaPC

Ins

EGP

LH

PaMC

0 ac

VP BSTV mfb

VCl FPu

SSTI unc

ilf DiCl

BC

STG

Tu

3V sox

SO InfS

opt

sas

Un

sts

CxA

ACo PAM

LiCl PirT PACl

BM

-1

PPo TCl

BLVM BL La

-2 Ent

MTG PRC

-3

ITG

FuG

3V third ventricle ac anterior commissure ACo ant. cortical amygdaloid nucleus BC basal nucleus, compact part BL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BM basomedial amygdaloid nucl. BSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central division BSTLJ bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, juxtacapsular part BSTP bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, posterior division BSTV bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventral division cc corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CdV ventral caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum CxA cortico-amygdaloid transition area DiCl diffuse insular claustrum DoH dorsal hypothalamic nucleus ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen FuG fusiform gyrus fx fornix ic internal capsule IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IGr indusium griseum ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus InfS infundibular stalk Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus La lateral amygdaloid nucleus LH lateral hypothalamic area LiCl limitans claustrum lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus LSD lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part LSI lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part LSV lateral septal nucleus, ventral part LV lateral ventricle mfb medial forebrain bundle MFG middle frontal gyrus mls medial longitudinal stria mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus MPO medial preoptic nucleus MS medial septal nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PACl preamygdalar claustrum PaFo paraventricular nucleus, fornical part PAM periamygdaloid cortex PaPC paraventricular nucleus, parvocellular part PirT piriform cortex, temporal part PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus Pu putamen sas semiannular sulcus scal subcallosal fasciculus SCGP supracapsular part of globus pallidus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SO supraoptic nucleus sox supraoptic commissure SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein TCl temporal claustrum tsv thalamostriate vein Tu olfactory tubercle Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculus VCl ventral claustrum VP ventral pallidum Some unexplained abbreviations on the following pages are listed in the Index of Abbreviations.

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

139

140

24

2,7 mm

SFGL

SFGM

6

MFG

PCL

5

4

CG PrG

PrG

3

IGr

PrG

CdL

mls

IFGOp cc

LV

2

CdM ec

LSD MS

ic

fx

SCGP

tsv

sv

ex

CdV

LSI IVF

PrG

FOp

Pu

1

PRt

SFO

lml BSTC

Ins

PaD

EGP

fx

BSTLJ

mml

BSTP PaD PaPC PaMC

CoCl

0

IGP

DH

ac LH mfb

BC sls

VMH

SODL sas

opt SOVM Inf

PHA

FPu

BSTCV vaf

unc VCl

STG

AI TCl

sts

LiCl AAA ACoD PirT ACoV PACl BM PACl

BLVM

Un

-1

BL

PPo

La

Ent

-2

MTG PRC

-3

ITG

FuG

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

AAA anterior amygdaloid area ac anterior commissure ACoD anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal part ACoV anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, ventral part AI amygdaloid island BC basal nucleus, compact part BL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus BSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central division BSTCV ventral extension of BSTC BSTLJ bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, juxtacapsular part BSTP bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, posterior division cc corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CdV ventral caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus CoCl compact insular claustrum DH dorsal hypothalamic area ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen FuG fusiform gyrus fx fornix ic internal capsule IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IGP internal globus pallidus IGr indusium griseum Inf infundibular nucleus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus IVF interventricular foramen La lateral amygdaloid nucleus LH lateral hypothalamic area LiCl limitans claustrum lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus LSD lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part LSI lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part LV lateral ventricle mfb medial forebrain bundle mls medial longitudinal stria mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus MS medial septal nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PACl preamygdalar claustrum PaD paraventricular nucleus, dorsal part PaMC paraventricular nucleus, magnocellular part PaPC paraventricular nucleus, parvocellular part PCL paracentral lobule PHA parahippocampal-amygdaloid transition area PirT piriform cortex, temporal part PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus PRT prereticular zone sas semiannular sulcus sls sublenticular stria SCGP supracapsular part of globus pallidus SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part SFO subfornical organ SODL supraoptic nucleus, dorsolat. part SOVM supraoptic nucleus, ventromed. part STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein TCl temporal claustrum tsv thalamostriate vein Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculus vaf ventral amygdalofugal pathway VCl ventral claustrum VMH ventromed. hypothalamic nucleus

6

141

142

25

4,0 mm

SFGL SFGM

6 MFG

PCL

5

4

CG PrG

3 SCS

scal

CdL

mls IGr

PrG

2

cc CdM

LV

ex

ec

LSD MS LSI fx

cir

st

PRt

sm

Ins

Pu

lml EGP

PaPo

mml fx

PaD

0

IGP VCl

unc

mfb PeF sox VMH

Pe

CoCl

ac

PaPC PaMC DMH

1

FOp PrG

SFO 3V

ic

tsv

sv IVF

BC

LH

DiCl

vaf AI

opt

SODL sas

SOVM

ACoD

ACoV BLVM

Un

LiCl

MeA

-1

TCl

BM Ce

PHA

Inf

STG

PACl

AStr PPo

LaDL

BL

ilf

La

MTG Ent

-2

SEpS PRC

PHG

-3

ITG

FuG

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

3V third ventricle ac anterior commissure ACoD anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal part ACoV anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, ventral part AI amygdaloid island AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area BC basal nucleus, compact part BL basolateral amygdaloid nucl. BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus cc corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus Ce central amygdaloid nucleus CG cingulate gyrus CoCl compact insular claustrum DiCl diffuse insular claustrum DMH dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex FOp frontal operculum FuG fusiform gyrus fx fornix IGP internal globus pallidus IGr indusium griseum ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus Inf infundibular nucleus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus IVF interventricular foramen La lateral amygdaloid nucleus LaDL lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsolateral part LH lateral hypothalamic area LiCl limitans claustrum lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus LSD lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part LSI lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part LV lateral ventricle MeA medial amygdaloid nucleus, ant. part mfb medial forebrain bundle MFG middle frontal gyrus mls medial longitudinal stria mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus MS medial septal nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PACl preamygdalar claustrum PaD paraventricular nucleus, dorsal part PaMC paraventricular nucleus, magnocellular part PaPC paraventricular nucleus, parvocellular part PaPo paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, posterior part PCL paracentral lobule Pe periventricular nucleus PeF perifornical nucleus PHA parahippocampal-amygdaloid transition area PHG parahippocampal gyrus PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus PRt prereticular zone sas semiannular sulcus scal subcallosal fasciculus SEpS subependymal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part SFO subfornical organ sm stria medullaris of thalamus STG superior temporal gyrus SODL supraoptic nucleus, dorsolat. part SOVM supraoptic nucleus, ventromed. part sox supraoptic commissure st stria terminalis sv septal vein TCl temporal claustrum tsv thalamostriate vein Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculus vaf ventral amygdalofugal pathway VCl ventral claustrum VMH ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus

6

143

144

26

5,4 mm

SFGL

sfs

SFGM

6

MFG pcs

5

PCL cgs

4 CG PrG

3 scal PrG CdL

IGr mls

ce

2

CdM LV LSD

FOp

MS fx

LSI st

tsv

cir

1

ic

st sm

PrG

Rt

lf

Pu

3V PRt

mml

ZI

IGP

DH

TTG1

Ins lml

Fa

PaPo

EGP CoCl

0 icml fx LH

DMH

PeF Pe VMHDM

TM

PaO

Ce

ACoV

Un

BLVM

BLPL AG

sts LiCl

BM

-1

PPo

LaDL

BLD BLI

LaDM

AStr

ilf

BLVL LaI

unn

STG

PACl

ACoD MeA

SOVM Inf VMHVL PHA

DiCl

unc

SODL

sox opt

VCl

ac

BC

al

LaDA

MTG

SEpS

-2

SEpS PRC

Ent

its

-3

ITG

PHG FuG

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

3V third ventricle ac anterior commissure ACoD anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal part ACoV anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, ventral part AG ambiens gyrus al ansa lenticularis BC basal nucleus, compact part BLD basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal (magnocellular) part BLI basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, intermediate part BLPL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, paralaminar part BLVL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventrolateral part BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus ce central fissure Ce central amygdaloid nucleus CoCl compact insular claustrum DH dorsal hypothalamic area DiCl diffuse insular claustrum DMH dorsomed. hypothalamic nucleus EGP external globus pallidus Fa fasciculosus nucleus FOp frontal operculum fx fornix ic internal capsule icml incomplete medullary lamina of the globus pallidus IGP internal globus pallidus IGr indusium griseum ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus Inf infundibular nucleus Ins insula LaDL lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsolateral part LaDM lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsomedial part LaI lateral amygdaloid nucleus, intermediate part lf lateral fissure LH lateral hypothalamic area LiCl limitans claustrum LSD lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part LSI lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part MeA medial amygdaloid nucleus, ant. part MFG middle frontal gyrus mls medial longitudinal stria mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus MS medial septal nucleus PaPo paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, posterior part PACl preamygdalar claustrum PaO paraoptic nucleus Pe periventricular nucleus PCL paracentral lobule pcs precentral sulcus PeF perifornical nucleus PHA parahippocampal-amygdaloid transition area PHG parahippocampal gyrus PPo planum polare PrG precentral gyrus Pu putamen PRt prereticular zone Rt reticular thalamic nucleus SEpS subependymal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus sm stria medullaris of thalamus SODL supraoptic nucleus, dorsolat. part SOVM supraoptic nucleus, ventromed. part sox supraoptic commissure st stria terminalis tsv thalamostriate vein TM tuberomammillary hypothalamic nucleus TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus Un uncus VMHDM ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, dorsomedial part VMHVL ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, ventrolateral part unc uncinate fasciculus unn uncal notch VCl ventral claustrum ZI zona incerta

6

145

146

27

6,7 mm

6 sfs SFGL pcs

5

PCL MFG

cgs

4 CG PrG

PrG

3 SCS scal

cc IGr

ce LSD

MS

2

CdM

LV

LSI tfx

cir

ec

FOp

tsc SCGP

fx

ex

tsv

1

ic

APr eml

sm tt

AM

PT

PrG

Pu

VA

lf

Ins TTG1

PV

Rt

Fa 3V PaPo DMH DMHC

ic

ZI ithp LH

TM

CoCl VCl

ac

ap

al

DiCl unc

opt sas

Inf

SSTI

icml

liml

mfb LH LTu PeF

VMH

0

IGP

fx

Pe

EGP

MeA

BL

PCo

BM

Un

sts

Puv

-1

PPo

BL

PHA

ME

STG LiCl

Ce

AStr

LaDL

BLVM

ilf

LaDA HiH

3n

TLV

-2

Ent MTG PRC its

-3

rhs PHG

ITG FuG

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

3n oculomotor nerve 3V third ventricle ac anterior commissure al ansa lenticularis AM anteromedial thalamic nucleus ap ansa peduncularis APr anteroprincipal (-ventral) thalamic nucleus AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area BL basolateral amygdaloid nucl. BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus ce central fissure Ce central amygdaloid nucleus cgs cingulate sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum DiCl diffuse insular claustrum DMH dorsomed. hypothalamic nucleus DMHC dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, compact part EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex Fa fasciculosus nucleus FOp frontal operculum FuG fusiform gyrus fx fornix HiH hippocampal head icml incomplete medullary lamina of the globus pallidus Inf infundibular nucleus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus ithp inferior thalamic peduncle its inferior temporal sulcus LaDA lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal anterior part LaDL lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsolateral part LH lateral hypothalamic area LiCl limitans claustrum liml limiting medullary lamina of globus pallidus LSD lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part LSI lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part LTu lateral tuberal nucleus LV lateral ventricle ME median eminence MeA medial amygdaloid nucleus, ant. part mfb medial forebrain bundle MS medial septal nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PaPo paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, posterior part PCL paracentral lobule PCo post. cortical amygdaloid nucleus PeF perifornical nucleus Pe periventricular nucleus PHA parahippocampal-amygdaloid transition area PHG parahippocampal gyrus PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus rhs rhinal sulcus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus sas semiannular sulcus SCGP supracapsular part of globus pallidus SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus tfx tenia of fornix TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle TM tuberomammillary hypothalamic nucleus tsc tenia semicircularis tsv thalamostriate vein tt tenia of thalamus TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus unc uncinate fasciculus VA ventral anterior thalamic nucleus VCl ventral claustrum VMH ventromedial hypoth. nucleus ZI zona incerta

6

147

148

28

8,0 mm

PCL SFGL

6 sfs

PCL

5 MFG

CG

4 PrG

3

ce

Cd

PoG

LSD LV

FOp SB

LSI tsv

fx

SCGP

cir

ic

APr sm AM

VA

PrG EGP

Fa

palhy

IGP ZI H2

DMH VMH

Ins

Rt

ithp

LH

lf TTG1

iml

3V PaPo

1

Pu

eml PT

2

CoCl

0

ic liml

icml

mfb PalHy al fx LH sox LTu opt TM

CeM

VCl

BC AI

unc

BMDM

sts

STG LiCl PPo

BLD

BMVM

AStr

-1

PuV

BLI

BLVM

Un

DiCl

ac

CeL PCo

sas

MM

ap

BLPL

LaI

LaDA

LaV

HiH

MTG

TLV

3n

us

-2

unn Ent PRC its

-3 PHG

ITG FuG

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

ac anterior commissure al ansa lenticularis AM anteromedial thalamic nucleus ap ansa peduncularis APr anteroprincipal (-ventral) thalamic nucleus AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area BC basal nucleus, compact part BLD basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal (magnocellular) part BLI basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, intermediate part BLPL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, paralaminar part BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BMDM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, dorsomedial part BMVM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part ce central fissure CeL centr. amygd. nucleus, lateral part CeM centr. amygd. nucleus, medial part Cd caudate nucleus DMH dorsomed. hypothalamic nucleus EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Fa fasciculosus nucleus FOp frontal operculum fx fornix H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2) HiH hippocampal head icml incomplete medullary lamina of the globus pallidus IGP internal globus pallidus iml internal medullary lamina of the thalamus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus ithp inferior thalamic peduncle its inferior temporal sulcus LaDA lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal anterior part LaI lateral amygdaloid nucleus, intermediate part LaV lateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventral part lf lateral fissure LH lateral hypothalamic area liml limiting medullary lamina of globus pallidus LSD lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part LSI lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part LTu lateral tuberal nucleus LV lateral ventricle mfb medial forebrain bundle MFG middle frontal gyrus MM medial mammillary nucleus, medial part MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PaPo paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, posterior part PCL paracentral lobule PCo post. cortical amygdaloid nulceus palhy pallidohypothalamic fibers PalHy pallidohypothalamic nucleus PHG parahippocampal gyrus PoG postcentral gyrus PPo planum polare PrG precentral gyrus Pu putamen PuV ventral putamen PT paratenial thalamic nucleus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus sas semiannular sulcus SB striatal cell bridges SCGP supracapsular part of globus pallidus SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part sfs superior frontal sulcus sm stria medullaris of thalamus sox supraoptic commissure STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TM tuberomammillary nucleus tsv thalamostriate vein unn uncal notch us uncal sulcus VA ventral anterior thalamic nucl. VCl ventral claustrum VMH ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus VMHVL ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, ventrolateral part ZI zona incerta

6

149

150

29

9,3 mm

SFGL PCL sfs

6 PrG

PrG

PCL

5

MFG

4 CG

PrG

3

PoG

cc

FOp LV tsv

bfx

ic APr

Rt

sm

lf

lml

AM

PT

2

Cd

iml

Ins

VA

PV

1

PrG

eml

TTG1

Pu EGP

IthA

mml

Fa IGP 3V

lenf

ZI PH

H2

al

mfb

EP

LH PalHy SuM pm

TM LM

BC

CeM

opt

fx ML

0

CoCl icml

unc

SLG sas

MM

PCo

BM

BLVM BLPL

PPo

DiCl

ac

CeL

sts

STG

LiCl

-1

PuV BLD AStr PedL BLI La st BLVL CA1

3n

TLV MTG

-2

HiH

unn

S Ent PRC its rhs

-3

ITG PHG FuG

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

3n third root 3V third ventricle ac anterior commissure al ansa lenticularis AM anteromedial thalamic nucleus APr anteroprincipal (-ventral) thalamic nucleus BC basal nucleus, compact part bfx body of fornix BLD basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal (magnocellular) part BLI basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, intermediate part BLPL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, paralaminar part BLVL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventrolateral part BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus CeL central amygdaloid nucleus, lateral part CeM central amygdaloid nucleus, medial part CG cingulate gyrus EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex EP entopeduncular nucleus Fa fasciculosus nucleus FuG fusiform gyrus fx fornix H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2) HiH hippocampal head ic internal capsule icml incomplete medullary lamina of the globus pallidus IGP internal globus pallidus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus IthA interthalamic adhesion its inferior temporal sulcus La lateral amygdaloid nucleus lf lateral fissure LH lateral hypothalamic area LiCl limitans claustrum lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus lenf lenticular fasciculus LM lateral mammillary nucleus ML medial mammillary nucleus, lat. part MM medial mammillary nucleus, med. part mfb medial forebrain bundle MFG middle frontal gyrus mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PalHy pallidohypothalamic nucleus PCL paracentral lobule PCo post. cortical amygdaloid nucleus PedL peduncle of lentiform nucleus PHG parahippocampal gyrus pm principal mammillary fasciculus PT paratenial thalamic nucleus Pu putamen PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus rhs rhinal sulcus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum sas semiannular sulcus sfs superior frontal sulcus SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SLG semilunar gyrus sm stria medullaris of thalamus st stria terminalis sts superior temporal sulcus STG superior temporal gyrus SuM supramammillary nucleus TM tuberomammillary nucleus tsv thalamostriate vein TTG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrus unc uncinate fasciculus unn uncal notch VA ventral anterior thalamic nucleus ZI zona incerta

6

151

152

30

10,7 mm

sfs

6 PrG PCL

5

PrG

CG

4 ce

PrG

3

PoG

FOp

2

Cd

tfx tsc tsv bfx

SB

PrG

st gic

APr PT

sm tt

eml

PrG TTG1

AM

lml

VA PV

iml EGP

Rt IthA Re 3V

CoCl

lenf ZI

ithp H2

comb

LH PalHy

SuM ML MM

LM Un

0

IGP

liml cp

PH

mt

Ins

Pu

mml

Fa

1

lf

al

VCl

EP opt ers

Me CeM unc LiCl -DM CeL CeM PuV -CM -DL SLG ac BLD PedL sas PCo BMAStr BLI -VM st AHi La AG BLVL BLPL

DiCl

STG

PPo

-1

S

MTG

TLV 3n

PrS

sts

CA1

-2 S

unn Ent

PRC

its

ITG

-3

PHG FuG

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

ac anterior commissure AG ambiens gyrus AHi amygdalohippocampal area al ansa lenticularis AM anteromedial thalamic nucl. APr anteroprincipal (-ventral) thalamic nucleus AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area bfx body of fornix BLD basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal (magnocellular) part BLI basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, intermediate part BLPL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, paralaminar part BLVL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventrolateral part BMCM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, centromedial part BMDL basomed. amygdaloid nucleus, dorsolateral part BMDM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, dorsomedial part BMVM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CeL central amygdaloid nucleus, lat. part CeM central amygdaloid nucleus, med. part CG cingulate gyrus comb comb system cp cerebral peduncle DMH dorsomed. hypothalamic nucleus EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex EP entopeduncular nucleus ers endorhinal sulcus Fa fasciculosus nucleus gic genu of the internal capsule H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2) IGP internal globus pallidus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula IthA interthalamic adhesion ithp inferior thalamic peduncle La lateral amygdaloid nucleus lenf lenticular fasciculus LH lateral hypothalamic area LiCl limitans claustrum liml limiting medullary lamina of globus pallidus LM lateral mammillary nucleus lf lateral fissure lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus Me medial amygdaloid nucleus ML medial mammillary nucleus, lat. part MM medial mammillary nucleus, med. part mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus mt mammillo-thalamic tract PalHy pallidohypothalamic nucleus PCL paracentral lobule PCo post. cortical amygdaloid nucleus PedL peduncle of lentiform nucleus PH posterior hypothalamic area PHG parahippocampal gyrus PrS presubiculum PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus Re reuniens thalamic nucleus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus sas semiannular sulcus SB striatal cell bridge sfs superior frontal sulcus SLG semilunar gyrus sm stria medullaris of thalamus st stria terminalis SuM supramammillary nucleus tfx tenia of fornix tsc tenia semicircularis tsv thalamostriate vein tt tenia of thalamus TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus unc uncinate fasciculus unn uncal notch VA ventral anterior thalamic nucleus ZI zona incerta

6

153

154

31

12,0 mm

SFGL

PrG PrG

6

PCL

SFGL

5 ce CG

4

PoG PrG

3 SCS

cc

Cd LV

DCl

2

tsv

bfx

st POp

gic

APr

PrG

sm Cuc

eml

PT

VA

PV

VL

MD iml

CeMe Co

Pu Ins

VAMC

lml

Rt

PTe

EGP Fa

mt

mml

VA

Re 3V PH

ZI mtg

0

IGP

H2 comb

cp

VCl

al BC CeM PuV Me opt CeL AStr SLG PCo BM BL PedL st AHi CA1

mfb LH SNR MM

1

lf

TTG1

AG

DiCl

STG

sts

PPo

LiCl

-1 TCd

Un TLV

us 3n

HiH

DG

-2 unn

MTG

S Ent

PRC its

-3 PHG

ITG FuG

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

3n oculomotor nerve 3V third ventricle AG ambiens gyrus AHi amygdalohippocampal area al ansa lenticularis APr anteroprincipal (-ventral) thalamic nucleus AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area BC basal nucleus, compact part bfx body of fornix BL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus BM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CeL central amygdaloid nucleus, lat. part CeM central amygdaloid nucleus, med. part CeMe central medial thalamic nucleus CG cingulate gyrus Co commissural nucleus comb comb system cp cerebral peduncle Cuc cucullaris nucleus DCl dorsal claustrum DG dentate gyrus DiCl diffuse insular claustrum EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex Fa fasciculosus nucleus FuG fusiform gyrus gic genu of the internal capsule H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2) HiH hippocampal head IGP internal globus pallidus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus LH lateral hypothalamic area LV lateral ventricle LiCl limitans claustrum lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus Me medial amygdaloid nucleus mfb medial forebrain bundle MM medial mammillary nucleus, med. part mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus mt mammillo-thalamic tract mtg mammillo-tegmental tract MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PCL paracentral lobule PCo post. cortical amygdaloid nucleus PedL peduncle of lentiform nucleus PH posterior hypothalamic area PHG parahippocampal gyrus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PTe planum temporale Pu putamen PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus Re reuniens thalamic nucleus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SLG semilunar gyrus sm stria medullaris of thalamus SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle tsv thalamostriate vein TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus Un uncus unn uncal notch us uncal sulcus VA ventral anterior thalamic nucleus VAMC ventral anterior thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part VCl ventral claustrum VL ventral lateral thalamic nucleus ZI zona incerta

6

155

156

32

13,3 mm

SFGL PrG

PrG

6

PCL

SFGL

5 ce

CG

4

PoG

3 SCS

cc

Cd

LV

2

tsv bfx

st pic

AD sm

POp

FOp

ec

APr eml

Cuc PT

lf

mt

PV

iml

CeMe Co ithp Re

VLA

VAMC

Ins

1 PTe

Pu DCl

Rt

VA

lml

mt

EGP ZI

H1 H2

PH 3V

ex

VA

MD

TTG1

0

IGP

lenf

mml

mtg

STG al

STh

LiCl

sumx LH

comb

opt

SNR

CeM CeL BM BL AStr st

Me cp

MM

PPo

sts

DiCl

PuV

-1

PedL TCd

SNC Un

HiH TLV

3n

us

CA1 PaS

DG

-2

PrS S

MTG

Ent its

rhs

-3

ITG

PHG FuG cos

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

3n oculomotor nerve 3V third ventricle AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleus al ansa lenticularis APr anteroprincipal (-ventral) thalamic nucleus AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area bfx body of fornix BL basolateral amygdaloid nucl. BM basomedial amygdaloid nucl. CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CeL central amygdaloid n, lat. part CeM central amygdaloid n, med. part CeMe central medial thalamic nucleus CG cingulate gyrus Co commissural nucleus comb comb system cos collateral sulcus cp cerebral peduncle Cuc cucullaris nucleus DCl dorsal claustrum DG dentate gyrus DiCl diffuse insular claustrum ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FOp frontal operculum FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2) HiH hippocampal head IGP internal globus pallidus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus ithp inferior thalamic peduncle its inferior temporal sulcus lenf lenticular fasciculus lf lateral fissure LH lateral hypothalamic area LV lateral ventricle LiCl limitans claustrum lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus Me medial amygdaloid nucleus MM medial mammillary nucleus, med. part mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus mt mammillo-thalamic tract mtg mammillo-tegmental tract MTG middle temporal gyrus PaS parasubiculum PCL paracentral lobule PedL peduncle of lentiform nucleus PH posterior hypothalamic area PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic posterior limb of internal capsule PoG postcentral gyrus PPo planum polare rhs rhinal sulcus PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PTe planum temporale Pu putamen PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus Re reuniens thalamic nucleus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum sm stria medullaris of thalamus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus STh subthalamic nucleus sts superior temporal sulcus sumx supramamillary commissure TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle VA ventral anterior thalamic nucleus VAMC ventral anterior thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part VLA ventral lateral ant. thalamic nucleus ZI zona incerta

6

157

158

33

14,6 mm

SFGL PrG

6 PCL

SFGL

5 ce

CG

4 PoG

3 CG

SCS lls cc

mls

Cd

tsv

2

LV

st

bfx

SB

APr

Cuc AD sm

eml

PT VLP

MD

ec

Pu

H2 sumx

lml EGP

0

mml comb

IGP

STh

PPo

al

Me Ce st vt

SNR

AStr

CA1

-1

TCd

DG

3n us

sts

PuLi

CA2

cp Un

STG

PuV

opt

comb

VCl

VP

VTA SNC

PTe

ex

CeMe Co VAMC VM H1 ithp ZI mt

1 TTG1

VA

Re 3V

lf

Ins

pic

VLA

iml

MD MC

PV

POp

FOp

Rt

DG

DG

TLV

PaS

MTG

-2

PrS Pons

S Ent

its

-3 ITG

PHG FuG

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

3n oculomotor root 3V third ventricle AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleus al ansa lenticularis APr anteroprincipal (-ventral) thalamic nucleus AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area bfx body of fornix CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure Ce central amygdaloid nucleus CeMe central medial thalamic nucleus CG cingulate gyrus Co commissural nucleus comb comb system cp cerebral peduncle Cuc cucullaris nucleus DG dentate gyrus ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalmus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FOp frontal operculum FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2) IGP internal globus pallidus iml int. medullary lamina of the thalamus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus ithp inferior thalamic peduncle lf lateral fissure lls lateral longitudinal stria lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus MDMC medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part Me medial amygdaloid nucleus mls medial longitudinal stria mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus mt mammillo-thalamic tract MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PaS parasubiculum PCL paracentral lobule PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic posterior limb of internal capsule POp parietal operculum PoG postcentral gyrus PPo planum polare PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PTe planum temporale Pu putamen PuLi limitans putamen PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus Re reuniens thalamic nucleus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SB striatal cell bridges SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part sm stria medullaris of thalamus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata st stria terminalis STh subthalamic nucleus STG superior temporal gyrus sumx supramamillary commissure TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle tsv thalamostriate vein TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus Un uncus us uncal sulcus VA ventral anterior thalamic nucleus VAMC ventral anterior thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part VCl ventral claustrum VLA ventral lateral ant. thalamic nucleus VLP ventral lateral post. thalamic nucleus VM ventromedial thalamic nucleus VP ventral pallidum vt velum terminale VTA ventral tegmental area ZI zona incerta

6

159

160

34

16,0 mm

SFGL

PrG

6

ce PCL

5

SFGL

4

CG PoG

3

LV

cc

Cuc

PT sm

Cd tsv

tfx

FOp

st

bfx AD

pic

eml

APr

SB

Ins

ec

lf

Rt

tt

ex

TTG1

VLP MD MC

PV

2

POp

1

PTe

MD VLA

Pu

VA iml

lml

VLP

CeMe

EGP

Co

VM

Re 3V

0

mml

H1

ZI

H2

IGP

STh

PPo

al opt

comb

SNC

sumx

PuV

Amg st tfi tsc TLV

bG

VTA

AStr

-1

TCd

CA2

cp

3n

sts

VCl

VP SNR

STG

CA1 Un

DG

CA3

us

MTG

Pons

-2 Ent

its PHG

ITG

-3

FuG

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

3n oculomotor nerve 3V third ventricle AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleus al ansa lenticularis Amg amygdala APr anteroprincipal (-ventral) thalamic nucleus AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area bfx body of fornix bG band of Giacomini CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CeMe central medial thalamic nucleus CG cingulate gyrus Co commissural nucleus comb comb system cp cerebral peduncle Cuc cucullaris nucleus DG dentate gyrus EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex FOp frontal operculum FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2) IGP internal globus pallidus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus MDMC medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PCL paracentral lobule pic posterior limb of internal capsule PHG parahippocampal gyrus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PPo planum polare PrG precentral gyrus PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PTe planum temporale Pu putamen PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus Re reuniens thalamic nucleus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus SB striatal cell bridges SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part sm stria medullaris of thalamus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata st stria terminalis STh subthalamic nucleus sts superior temporal sulcus sumx supramamillary commissure TCd tail of caudate nucleus tfi tenia of fimbria tfx tenia of fornix TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle tsc tenia semicircularis tsv thalamostriate vein tt tenia of thalamus TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus Un uncus us uncal sulcus VA ventral anterior thalamic nucleus VCl ventral claustrum VLA ventral lateral ant. thalamic nucleus VLP ventral lateral post. thalamic nucleus VM ventromedial thalamic nucleus VP ventral pallidum VTA ventral tegmental area ZI zona incerta

6

161

162

35

SFGL

17,2 mm

PrG

6 ce

5

SFGL PCL PoG

4 CG

3 SCS

cc IGr

mls

FOp POp

Cd

tsv

2

LV bfx

st

DSF

AD PT

CoCl

Ins

lf

eml

APr

sm

ex VLPI (Vimi)

MD MD MC

ec VLA

Pu

PV

VLPE

pic

CM PF

Re

VM

3V

H1

IGP

SNC

comb opt

SNR

VP

3n

cp

sts

PuV

Amg st

AStr TCd

-1

CA2

bG

IPCi

STG

VCl

TLV SNR

0

PPo EGP

al

STh

crt

lml mml

ZID

ZIV cr

1

Rt

iml

Co

PTe

TTG1

DG

Un

CA3

FD

MTG

CA1

DG

us PaS PrS

Pons

S

-2

Ent its

ITG

PHG

-3

FuG cos

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

3n oculomotor root 3V third ventricle AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleus al ansa lenticularis Amg amygdala APr anteroprincipal (-ventral) thalamic nucleus AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area bfx body of fornix bG band of Giacomini CA1-3 fields of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus CM centromedian thalamic nucleus Co commissural nucleus CoCl compact insular claustrum comb comb system cos collateral sulcus cp cerebral peduncle cr capsule of red nucleus crt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers DG dentate gyrus DSF dorsal superficial nucleus ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FD fascia dentata FOp frontal operculum FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) IGP internal globus pallidus IGR indusium griseum iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula IPCi interpeduncular cistern ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus MDMC medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part mls medial longitudinal stria mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PaS parasubiculum PCL paracentral lobule PF parafascicular thalamic nucleus PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic posterior limb of internal capsule PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PPo planum polare PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PTe planum temporale Pu putamen PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus Re reuniens thalamic nucleus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part sm stria medullaris of thalamus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus STh subthalamic nucleus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus tsv thalamostriate vein Un uncus us uncal sulcus VCl ventral claustrum VLA ventral lateral ant. thalamic nucleus VLPE ventral lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, external part VLPI ventral lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, internal part VM ventromedial thalamic nucleus VP ventral pallidum

6

163

164

36

18,6 mm

ce

6

PrG

5

PoG PCL

4

PoG CG

3

SCS FOp

cc

IGr

Cd

LV

2

POp bfx

st DSF

Rt

APr

ec

eml

MD MD MC

lf

DCl

VLPI (Vimi)

sm

ex

1

PTe

TTG1 Ins

iml Pu VLPE

PV

lml

pic

CM

PF

0 EGP

Re

ZI

H1 crt

VPMPC

PPo

al

STh

R

VP

opt

chf

Amg st

SNC SNR

CA3 cp

Un

sts

PuV

comb

cr

STG

VCl

CA2

AStr

TLV fi

-1

TCd CA2 CA3

CA3

FD

DG FD

us PaS

PrS

Pons

MTG

CA1

S

-2 Ent FuG its PHG

-3

ITG cos

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleus al ansa lenticularis Amg amygdala APr anteroprincipal (-ventral) thalamic nucleus AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area bfx body of fornix CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus chf choroidal fissure CM centromedian thalamic nucleus comb comb system cos collateral sulcus cp cerebral peduncle cr capsule of red nucleus crt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers DCl dorsal claustrum DG dentate gyrus DSF dorsal superficial nucleus ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FD fascia dentata fi fimbria of the hippocampus FOp frontal operculum FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) IGr indusium griseum ITG inferior temporal gyrus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula its inferior temporal sulcus lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus MDMC medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PaS parasubiculum PCL paracentral lobule PF parafascicular thalamic nucleus PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic posterior limb of internal capsule PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PPo planum polare PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PTe planum temporale Pu putamen PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus R red nucleus Re reuniens thalamic nucleus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SCS subcallosal stratum sm stria medullaris of thalamus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus STh subthalamic nucleus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus Un uncus us uncal sulcus VCl ventral claustrum VLPE ventral lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, external part VLPI ventral lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, internal part VP ventral pallidum VPMPC ventral posterior medial nucleus, parvocellular part ZI zona incerta

6

165

166

37

19,9 mm

ce

6 PrG PCL

5 PoG

4 CG

3

SCS cc

FOp

LV

IGr

Cd

tsv

2

POp

bfx Rt

DSF

Cl

PT

SB

sm VLPI (Vimi)

ec

eml

TTG1

MD

VLPE

MD MC

Pu pic VPL

CM

lml

0

PF

Re

EGP H1

crt

STG

PuV

fr cr

PPo

al

crt ZI STh VPMPC

1

Ins

iml PV

PTe

ex

Amg opt

RPC

tclv fi

SNC SNR

Un

cp

st

TCd

TLV

tsc tfi CA3 DG

CA3

MTG

CA2

-1

FD

us PaS

CA1

PrS

alv

S

Pons

-2 Ent

PHG FuG

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

ITG

5

-3

al ansa lenticularis alv alveus of the hippocampus Amg amygdala bfx body of fornix CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus Cl claustrum CM centromedian thalamic nucleus cp cerebral peduncle cr capsule of red nucleus crt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers DG dentate gyrus DSF dorsal superficial nucleus ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FD fascia dentata fi fimbria of the hippocampus FOp frontal operculum fr fasciculus retroflexus FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) IGr indusium griseum Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus MDMC medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PaS parasubiculum PCL paracentral lobule PF parafascicular thalamic nucleus PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic posterior limb of internal capsule PPo planum polare PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PTe planum temporale Pu putamen PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus Re reuniens thalamic nucleus RPC red nucl., parvocellular part Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SB striatal cell bridges SCS subcallosal stratum sm stria medullaris of thalamus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus STh subthalamic nucleus TCd tail of caudate nucleus tclv tela choroideaof lateral ventricle tfi tenia of fimbria TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus tsc tenia semicircularis tsv thalamostriate vein Un uncus us uncal sulcus VLPE ventral lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, external part VLPI ventral lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, internal part VPL ventral posterior lateral thalamic nucleus VPMPC ventral posterior medial nucleus, parvocellular part ZI zona incerta

6

167

168

38

21,2 mm

PoG PCL

ce

6

PrG

5

PoG

4 SMG pocs

CG

3 PoG SCS

cc LV tsv

FOp

Cd

POp

bfx

lf

DSF Pul

eml

ec

MD

ex

Cl

sm

MDPL MD MC

VLPI (Vimi) iml

PV

VPL

Pu

VPMPC

TTG1

0

EGP al

H1 fr

STG

ZI Sth

crt

PuV

PBP

RPC

1

lml

CM

PF

PTe

Ins

pic

Rt Re

2

st

opt cp

cr VTA SNC SNR

his

Un

st

sts

AStr TCd

TLV CA2 fi CA3

-1

DG

MTG

CA1

3n PrS

S

FD

PaS Pons

-2 Ent

PHG

its

FuG ITG

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

-3

5

3n oculomotor root al ansa lenticularis AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area bfx body of fornix CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus Cl claustrum CM centromedian thalamic nucleus cp cerebral peduncle cr capsule of red nucleus crt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers DG dentate gyrus DSF dorsal superficial nucleus ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FD fascia dentata fi fimbria of the hippocampus FOp frontal operculum fr fasciculus retroflexus FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) his hippocampal sulcus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus MDMC medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part MDPL medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, paralamellar part MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PaS parasubiculum PBP parabrachial pigmented nucleus PCL paracentral lobule PF parafascicular thalamic nucleus PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic posterior limb of internal capsule pocs postcentral sulcus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PTe planum temporale Pu putamen Pul pulvinar PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus Re reuniens thalamic nucleus RPC red nucleus, parvocellular part Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SCS subcallosal stratum sm stria medullaris of thalamus SMG supramarginal gyrus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus STh subthalamic nucleus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle tsv thalamostriate vein TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus Un uncus VLPI ventral lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, internal part VPL ventral posterior lateral thalamic nucl. VPMPC ventral posterior medial nucleus, parvocellular part VTA ventral tegmental area ZI zona incerta

6

169

170

39

22,6 mm

PoG

ce

6

PoG ce

PCL

5 PrG

SMG

4 PoG

CG

pocs

3 PoG SCS cc

LV tfx tsc

FOp Cd

st

bfx

2

SB

lf

DSF

POp

Pul

ec

sm tt MD MC

PV

ex Cl

MD PL

MD

1

Rt

iml

VLPI (Vimi)

pic

TTG1

VPL

CM

lml VPM

fr SPF

H1 crt

VPI

STG

ZI LG

tsc

TCd

tfi cp

his

fi

scp

sts

TLV

st

PBP

-1

CA2

CA3

MTG

FD

SNR SNC

IP

0

Pu

al

RPC

VTA

TTG2

Pu

PF

Re

PTe

Ins

Pu

eml

PrS S

CA1

PaS

alv

Pons

-2

PHG Ent its FuG cos

0

1 cm

1

2

ITG

lots

3

4

5

-3

al ansa lenticularis alv alveus of the hippocampus bfx body of fornix CA1-3 fields of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus Cl claustrum CM centromedian thalamic nucleus cos collateral sulcus cp cerebral peduncle crt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers DSF dorsal superficial nucleus ec external capsule eml external medullary lamina of tha lamus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FD fascia dentata fi fimbria of the hippocampus FOp frontal operculum fr fasciculus retroflexus FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) his hippocampal sulcus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula IP interpeduncular nucleus ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus LG lateral geniculate nucleus lf lateral fissure lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus MDMC medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part MDPL medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, paralamellar part MTG middle temporal gyrus PaS parasubiculum PBP parabrachial pigmented nucleus PCL paracentral lobule PF parafascicular thalamic nucleus PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic posterior limb of internal capsule pocs postcentral sulcus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PTe planum temporale Pu putamen Pul pulvinar PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus Re reuniens thalamic nucleus RPC red nucleus, parvocellular part Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SB striatal cell bridge scp superior cerebellar peduncle SCS subcallosal stratum sm stria medullaris of thalamus SMG supramarginal gyrus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata SPF subparafascicular thalamic nucleus st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus tfi tenia of fimbria tfx tenia of fornix TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle tsc tenia semicircularis tt tenia of thalamus TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus VLPI ventral lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, internal part VPI ventral posterior inferior thalamic nucleus VPL ventral posterior lateral thalamic nucl. VPM ventral posterior medial thalamic nucl. VTA ventral tegmental area ZI zona incerta

6

171

172

40

23,9 mm

PoG ce

PrG

6

PCL ce

5 PoG

SMG

4 pocs

CG

3

PoG

SCS IGr

cc

LV

lf

2

Cd

tsv bfx

PTe

st DSF

POp

PT

Pul

MD

MD MC

STG

ec ex

MD PL

sm

PV

eml

Ins

Cl VLPI (Vimi)

iml

1 TTG1

VPL

APul

TTG2 sts

Rt Pu

CM

pic

Re PF

0

SPF VPM H1 PBP

fr

SGe

st

LG

VTA

TLV

his

SNR

TCd

-1

CA2

fi

CA3

SNC

IP

its

ZI

RPC

scp

STG

VPI

PrS

S

cp

MTG

CA1

PaS

Pons

-2

APul anterior pulvinar nucleus bfx body of fornix CA1-3 fields of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus Cl claustrum CM centromedian thalamic nucleus cos collateral sulcus cp cerebral peduncle DSF dorsal superficial nucleus ec external capsule eml external medullary lamina of thalamus ex extreme capsule fi fimbria of the hippocampus fr fasciculus retroflexus FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) his hippocampal sulcus IGr indusium griseum iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula IP interpeduncular nucleus ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure LG lateral geniculate nucleus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus MDMC medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part MDPL medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, paralamellar part MTG middle temporal gyrus PaS parasubiculum PBP parabrachial pigmented nucleus PCL paracentral lobule PF parafascicular thalamic nucleus PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic posterior limb of internal capsule pocs postcentral sulcus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PTe planum temporale Pu putamen Pul pulvinar PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus Re reuniens thalamic nucleus RPC red nucleus, parvocellular part Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum scp superior cerebellar peduncle SCS subcallosal stratum SGe suprageniculate nucleus sm stria medullaris of thalamus SMG supramarginal gyrus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata SPF subparafascicular thalamic nucleus st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle tsv thalamostriate vein TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus VLPI ventral lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, internal part VPI ventral posterior inferior thalamic nucl. VPL ventral posterior lateral thalamic nucl. VPM ventral posterior medial thalamic nucl. VTA ventral tegmental area ZI zona incerta

PHG ITG FuG cos

0

1 cm

1

2

lots

3

4

-3

5

6

173

174

41

25,2 mm

PrG ce

PrG

6

PoG

PCL

PoG

5

SMG

4 CG pocs

3

PoG

SCS

POp

cc

lf Cd

2

bfx LV

DSF Pul MDPL

sm

eml Ins

STG TTG1

MD MD MC

1

TTG2

VPL

iml APul

Pu pic

PV

CM

PF fr

H1

Rt

0

VPM PP

VPI

sts SGe

RPC

ZI

st

LG

PPA

TLV

PBP

IP

VTA

fi

his

scp

cp SNC

PrS

SNR

TCd

CA2 CA3

MTG alv

-1

S CA1

PaS

its

Pons

alv alveus of the hippocampus APul anterior pulvinar nucleus bfx body of fornix CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus CM centromedian thalamic nucleus cos collateral sulcus cp cerebral peduncle DSF dorsal superficial nucleus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus fi fimbria of the hippocampus fr fasciculus retroflexus FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) his hippocampal sulcus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula IP interpeduncular nucleus ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure LG lateral geniculate nucleus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus MDMC medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part MDPL medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, paralamellar part MTG middle temporal gyrus PaS parasubiculum PBP parabrachial pigmented nucleus PCL paracentral lobule PF parafascicular thalamic nucleus PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic posterior limb of internal capsule pocs postcentral sulcus PoG postcentral gyrus Pons pons POp parietal operculum PP peripeduncular nucleus PPA peripeduncular area PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum Pu putamen Pul pulvinar PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus RPC red nucleus, parvocellular part Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum scp superior cerebellar peduncle SCS subcallosal stratum SGe suprageniculate nucleus sm stria medullaris of thalamus SMG supramarginal gyrus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus VPI ventral posterior inferior thalamic nucl. VPL ventral posterior lateral thalamic nucl. VPM ventral posterior medial thalamic nucl. VTA ventral tegmental area ZI zona incerta

-2 PHG ITG FuG cos lots

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

-3

5

6

175

176

42

26,5 mm

ce PrG ce

6 PCL pocs PoG

PoG

PrG

5

SMG

4 CG

3 lf

SCS LV

cc

Cd

tsv bfx

2

POp

st DSF Pul

MD MD MC

sm

Ins

MD PL

APul

Pu

VPL

CM

Rt

pic

PF

sts

VPM VPI ZI PPA

1

STG

eml

iml

fr

TTG2 TTG1

PP

0

or MG

TLV st

LG

TCd

RPC his

scp SNC

xscp

fi

CA2

S

SNR

alv

CA3

PrS

MTG

-1

CA1

PaS

its

cp Pons PHG

-2 cos FuG

ITG lots

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

alv alveus of the hippocampus APul anterior pulvinar nucleus bfx body of fornix CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus CM centromedian thalamic nucleus cos collateral sulcus cp cerebral peduncle DSF dorsal superficial nucleus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus fi fimbria of the hippocampus fr fasciculus retroflexus FuG fusiform gyrus his hippocampal sulcus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure LG lateral geniculate nucleus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucl. MDMC medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part MDPL medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, paralamellar part MG medial geniculate nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus or optic radiation PaS parasubiculum PCL paracentral lobule PF parafascicular thalamic nucleus PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic posterior limb of internal capsule pocs postcentral sulcus PoG postcentral gyrus Pons pons POp parietal operculum PP peripeduncular nucleus PPA peripeduncular area PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum Pu putamen Pul pulvinar RPC red nucl., parvocellular part Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum scp superior cerebellar peduncle SCS subcallosal stratum sm stria medullaris of thalamus SMG supramarginal gyrus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle tsv thalamostriate vein TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus VPI ventral posterior inferior thalamic nucleus VPL ventral posterior lateral thalamic nucleus VPM ventral posterior medial thalamic nucleus xscp decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles ZI zona incerta

6

177

178

43

ce

27,8 mm

PoG

PrG

6 pocs

PrG

PCL

5

SMG

CG

4

3 POp SCS cc

lf

LV Cd

bfx

PTe

2

TTG2

DSF Pul TTG1

Ins Pu

MD sm APul

Hb

VPL

Rt

fr iml pc

STG

CM MGMC

PTc Lim Aq

TrA

st

LG

MGFi PP

PrS

CA2 CA3

S

cp

SNC

-1

CA1

SNR

ml

0

TCd

fi his

MGLi

ctg

sts

TLV

MGPC

tth

xscp

1

pic

eml

MTG PHG

its

APul anterior pulvinar nucleus Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius) bfx body of fornix CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus CM centromedian thalamic nucleus cos collateral sulcus cp cerebral peduncle ctg central tegmental tract DSF dorsal superficial nucleus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus fi fimbria of the hippocampus fr fasciculus retroflexus FuG fusiform gyrus Hb habenula his hippocampal sulcus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure LG lateral geniculate nucleus Lim limitans nucleus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LPul lateral pulvinar nucleus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus MGFi medial geniculate nucl., fibrosus part MGLi medial geniculate nucl., limitans part MGMC medial geniculate nucl., magnocellular part MGPC medial geniculate nucl., parvocellular part ml medial lemniscus MTG middle temporal gyrus pc posterior commissure PCL paracentral lobule PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic posterior limb of internal capsule pocs postcentral sulcus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PP peripeduncular nucleus PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PTc pretectal area PTe planum temporale Pu putamen Pul pulvinar Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SCS subcallosal stratum sm stria medullaris of thalamus SMG supramarginal gyrus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle TrA triangular area (Wernicke) TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus tth dorsal trigemino-thalamic tract VPL ventral posterior lateral thalamic nucl. xscp decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles

-2

cos FuG

ITG lots

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

179

180

44

ce PoG

29,2 mm

PrG

6

PoG PCL

5

SMG

4

CG

lf

POp

3

PTe cc

TTG2 LV Cd bfx

2

st

Pul

SFPul

Ins

TTG1

Pu

eml

iml LHb MHb hbc

APul

VPL

STG

Lim PTc

or

pc

MGMC Lim

Aq

IGPuI

slic

LG

st

MGFi fi

PTc

PAG

1

Rt

MD

MGLi

ctg

his

0

TCd TLV

sts

CA2

MTG

CA3

PP PrS

xscp

ml

-1

CA1

S

SN

PHG

APul anterior pulvinar nucleus Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius) bfx body of fornix CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus cos collateral sulcus ctg central tegmental tract eml external medullary lamina of thalamus fi fimbria of the hippocampus FuG fusiform gyrus hbc habenular commissure his hippocampal sulcus IGPul intergeniculate pulvinar iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure LG lateral geniculate nucleus LHb lateral habenular nucleus Lim limitans nucleus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus MGFi medial geniculate nucl., fibrosus part MGLi medial geniculate nucl., limitans part MGMC medial geniculate nucl., magnocellular part MHb medial habenular nucleus ml medial lemniscus MTG middle temporal gyrus or optic radiation PAG periaqueductal gray pc posterior commissure PCL paracentral lobule PHG parahippocampal gyrus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PP peripeduncular nucleus PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PTc pretectal area PTe planum temporale Pu putamen Pul pulvinar Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SFPul superficial pulvinar nucleus slic sublenticular part of internal capsule SMG supramarginal gyrus SN substantia nigra st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle TTG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrus TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus VPL ventral posterior lateral thalamic nucleus xscp decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles

its ITG

-2

cos FuG lots

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

181

182

45

30,5 mm

PrG PoG

6

PCL

5

SMG

CG

4

POp

3 PTe

scal TTG2 cc

Cd crfx

dhc

2

st

LV pic

SFPul

TTG1

Ins Pu

eml

1

MD MPul

LPul

iml Pi

STG slic Rt

PTc

csc

SC PAG pc

Aq

Lim spth

LG

MGDP

or fi MDe

bic

bic

st

IGPul

MGFi MGLi PrS

ctg

CA3

S

0

TCd TLV sts

CA2

CA1 DG

sms

-1

mlf PHG xscp

MTG ml cos

its

Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius) bic brachium of the inferior colliculus CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus cos collateral sulcus crfx crus (post. column) of fornix csc commissure of the superior colliculi ctg central tegmental tract DG dentate gyrus dhc dorsal hippocampal commissure eml external medullary lamina of thalamus fi fimbria of the hippocampus FuG fusiform gyrus IGPul intergeniculate pulvinar iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure LG lateral geniculate nucleus Lim limitans nucleus LPul lateral pulvinar nucleus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus MDe margo denticulatus MGDP medial geniculate nucleus, dorsal posterior part MGFi medial geniculate nucleus, fibrosus part MGLi medial geniculate nucleus, limitans part ml medial lemniscus mlf medial longitudinal fasciculus MPul medial pulvinar nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus or optic radiation PAG periaqueductal gray pc posterior commissure PCL paracentral lobule PHG parahippocampal gyrus Pi pineal gland pic posterior limb of internal capsule PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PTc pretectal area PTe planum temporale Pu putamen Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SC superior colliculus scal subcallosal fasciculus SFPul superficial pulvinar nucleus slic sublenticular part of internal capsule SMG supramarginal gyrus sms superficial medullary stratum spth spino-thalamic tract st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle TTG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrus TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus xscp decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles

-2

FuG

ITG

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

183

184

46

31,9 mm

PoG PrG

6

PCL

5

SMG

4

CG

3

POp

SCS scal

scc

PTe

lf

TTG2

LV

2

Cd crfx

Ins TTG1

st

dhc

Pu SFPul

pic

1

DiPul LPul MPul

eml

Pi

STG Rt

slic

SC PTc Aq

0

st

csc

TCd

Lim his sms

IC

TLV

fi

IGPuI

cmg

PAG

CA3 CA2 S

CuA

MTG

DG CA1

ll mlf

sts

ml

Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius) CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus cmg capsule of medial geniculate nucleus cos collateral sulcus crfx crus (post. column) of fornix csc commissure of the superior colliculi CuA cuneiform area DG dentate gyrus dhc dorsal hippocampal commissure DiPul diffuse pulvinar nucleus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus fi fimbria of the hippocampus FuG fusiform gyrus his hippocampal sulcus IC inferior colliculus IGPul intergeniculate pulvinar Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure Lim limitans nucleus ll lateral lemniscus LPul lateral pulvinar nucleus LV lateral ventricle ml medial lemniscus mlf medial longitudinal fasciculus MPul medial pulvinar nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus PAG periaqueductal gray PCL paracentral lobule PHG parahippocampal gyrus Pi pineal gland pic posterior limb of internal capsule PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PrG precentral gyrus PTc pretectal area PTe planum temporale Pu putamen Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SC superior colliculus scal subcallosal fasciculus scc splenium of the corpus callosum SCS subcallosal stratum SFPul superficial pulvinar nucleus slic sublenticular part of internal capsule SMG supramarginal gyrus sms superficial medullary stratum st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus xscp decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles

-1

PHG

xscp

cos

-2 its

FuG ITG

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

185

186

47

ce

33,1 mm

PrG

PoG

6

SMG

5 PCL

4

CG

lf

3 POp PTe

LV

IGr

Ins

scc

st Cd

crfx

2

TTG2

tfx tsc

TTG1

st

dhc SFPul

1 DiPul

Pu

eml

MPul LPul

Pi

Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius) bic brachium of the inferior colliculus bsc brachium of the superior colliculus CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus cos collateral sulcus crfx crus (post. column) of fornix csc commissure of the superior colliculi dhc dorsal hippocampal commissure DiPul diffuse pulvinar nucleus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus fi fimbria of the hippocampus FuG fusiform gyrus his hippocampal sulcus IGPul intergeniculate pulvinar IGr indusium griseum Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LPul lateral pulvinar nucleus LV lateral ventricle ml medial lemniscus mlf medial longitudinal fasciculus MPul medial pulvinar nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus PAG periaqueductal gray PCL paracentral lobule PHG parahippocampal gyrus Pi pineal gland PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PrG precentral gyrus PTe planum temporale Pu putamen Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SC superior colliculus scc splenium of the corpus callosum SFPul superficial pulvinar nucleus SMG supramarginal gyrus st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus tfx tenia of fornix tsc tenia semicircularis TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus

STG Rt st

0

TCd

SC bsc

csc

IGPul

fi CA2 CA3

his

Aq

sts

bic

MTG

S

PAG

CA1

-1 PHG mlf ml

-2

cos FuG

its

ITG lots

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

187

188

48

ce

34,6 mm

6

PoG

PCL

5 SMG PoG

4 CG lf

PTe

3

POp

scc

LV

2

TTG2

TTG1 Ins Cd

Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius) bic brachium of the inferior colliculus CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus cos collateral sulcus crfx crus (post. column) of fornix dhc dorsal hippocampal commissure DiPul diffuse pulvinar nucleus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus fi fimbria of hippocampus FuG fusiform gyrus his hippocampal sulcus IC inferior colliculus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LPul lateral pulvinar nucleus LV lateral ventricle MPul medial pulvinar nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus PAG periaqueductal gray PCL paracentral lobule PHG parahippocampal gyrus Pi pineal gland PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PTe planum temporale Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SC superior colliculus scc splenium of the corpus callosum SMG supramarginal gyrus st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus

crfx

dhc

1

st

Di Pul

Pi

eml

MPul

STG

Rt TCd

LPul sts fi

0

TLV

SC

MTG

CA2

his

CA3 PAG

bic

S CA1

IC

-1

Aq

PHG MTG cos

-2 FuG its ITG lots

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

189

190

49

36,0 mm

6 PoG PCL

SMG

5

cgs

PCun

cgs

4

CG

PTe

POp

3 lf

TTG2 scc

2

LV TTG1

dhc

acs anterior calcarine sulcus bic brachium of the inferior colliculus CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus cic commissure of the inferior colliculi cos collateral sulcus crfx crus (post. column) of fornix dhc dorsal hippocampal commissure eml external medullary lamina of thalamus FuG fusiform gyrus his hippocampal sulcus IC inferior colliculus ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LPul lateral pulvinar nucleus LV lateral ventricle MPul medial pulvinar nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus PAG periaqueductal gray PCL paracentral lobule PCun precuneus PHG parahippocampal gyrus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PTe planum temporale Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SC superior colliculus scc splenium of the corpus callosum SMG supramarginal gyrus st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus

TCd

1

st

crfx eml MPul

STG

LPul Rt TLV

sts his

SC

0

CA3

acs

cic PAG

CA2 MTG

S IC

CA1

bic

-1 PHG

cos MTG

-2

FuG its lots ITG

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

191

192

50

39,5 mm

6

5

PCL

SMG

cgs PoG PCun

lf

4

PTe

3 CG

TTG2

POp

acs anterior calcarine sulcus CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus cos collateral sulcus crfx crus (post. column) of fornix DG dentate gyrus FG fasciolar gyrus FuG fusiform gyrus IGr indusium griseum Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus lf lateral fissure LgG lingual gyrus (O5) MTG middle temporal gyrus PCL paracentral lobule PCun precuneus PHG parahippocampal gyrus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PTe planum temporale S subiculum scc splenium of the corpus callosum SMG supramarginal gyrus sms superficial medullary stratum STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TTG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrus TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus TrLV trigone of lateral ventricle

2 Ins

IGr

scc

STG

TTG1

TrLV

1

CA1 TCd

crfx FG

sts

DG CA2 sms

acs

0

DG

MTG

S CA1

LgG

PHG

-1

cos

-2

FuG

ITG

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

193

194

51

40,8 mm

6 PoG PCL

5

cgs pocs

PCun

4

SMG sbps

3 CG

acs anterior calcarine sulcus alv alveus of the hippocampus ARG Andreas Retzius gyrus CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus cos collateral sulcus DG dentate gyrus FG fasciolar gyrus FuG fusiform gyrus his hippocampal sulcus ICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus IGr indusium griseum ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus LgG lingual gyrus (O5) lls lateral longitudinal stria lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG middle temporal gyrus PCL paracentral lobule PCun precuneus PHG parahippocampal gyrus pocs postcentral sulcus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PTe planum temporale S subiculum sbps subparietal sulcus scc splenium of the corpus callosum SMG supramarginal gyrus sms superficial medullary stratum STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TrLV trigone of lateral ventricle

POp PTe

STG

lls

2

IGr TrLV

scc

alv

FG

1

ARG

acs

sts

DG

his sms

CA2

S

0

ICG CA1 MTG

PHG LgG

-1 cos

FuG

-2

its lots ITG

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

195

196

52

SPL

42,2 mm

SPL

6 PoG

PoG

PCL cgs

5

SMG

SPL PCun

SPL

4 sbps

3

acs anterior calcarine sulcus alv alveus of the hippocampus ARG Andreas Retzius gyrus CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus cos collateral sulcus FG fasciolar gyrus FuG fusiform gyrus his hippocampal sulcus IGr indusium griseum ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus LgG lingual gyrus (O5) lls lateral longitudinal stria lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG middle temporal gyrus PCL paracentral lobule PCun precuneus PHG parahippocampal gyrus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PTe planum temporale sbps subparietal sulcus scc splenium of the corpus callosum SMG supramarginal gyrus sms superficial medullary stratum SPL superior parietal lobule STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TrLV trigone of lateral ventricle

POp

CG

PTe

lls

2 IGr

TrLV alv STG

scc

1 sts

FG ARG

CA2

sms

his acs

0 CA1 MTG LgG

PHG

-1 cos its FuG

-2 lots ITG

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

197

198

53

pocs SPL

44,9 mm

PoG

6

ips

SPL

SMG PCL

5

SMG

sbps

SMG PCun

4

CG

3

acs anterior calcarine sulcus cals callosal sulcus CG cingulate gyrus cs calcarine sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus Hi hippocampus ICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus IGr indusium griseum ips intraparietal sulcus isst internal sagittal stratum ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus LgG lingual gyrus (O5) lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus ls longitudinal stria MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri or optic radiation PCL paracentral lobule PCun precuneus PHG parahippocampal gyrus pocs postcentral sulcus PoG postcentral gyrus racc radiation of corpus callosum sbps subparietal sulcus scc splenium of the corpus callosum SMG supramarginal gyrus SPL superior parietal lobule SSpG subsplenial gyrus STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus tp tapetum TrLV trigone of lateral ventricle

racc

2

or

cals

TrLV IGr ls

sts

STG

scc

SSpG

isst

1

tp

cals ICG OcG

MTG

Hi

acs

0 LgG

LgG PHG its

cs

-1

FuG

-2

lots ITG

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

199

200

54

47,6 mm

PoG

6 PCL

SPL

ips

5 SMG

PCun

4 sbps

acs anterior calcarine sulcus CG cingulate gyrus cos collateral sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus Hi hippocampus ICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus ips intraparietal sulcus isst internal sagittal stratum ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus LgG lingual gyrus (O5) lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri or optic radiation PCL paracentral lobule PCun precuneus PoG postcentral cyrus racc radiation of corpus callosum sbps subparietal sulcus scc splenium of the corpus callosum SMG supramarginal gyrus SPL superior parietal lobule STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sts1 superior temporal sulcus, sup. branch sts2 superior temporal sulcus, inf. branch tp tapetum TrLV trigone of lateral ventricle

CG

3

sts1 STG

racc

2 sts

isst sts2 tp

scc

1

ICG

TrLV or Hi OcG

0

acs MTG LgG

LgG

its

-1

cos

FuG

-2

ITG lots

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

201

202

55

50,3 mm

6 ips cgs

SPL

SMG

PCun

5

SPL

SMG

4

SMG? PCun

acs anterior calcarine sulcus cal calcar avis CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus cos collateral sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus ICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus ips intraparietal sulcus isst internal sagittal stratum ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LgG lingual gyrus (O5) MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri OLV occipital horn of lateral ventricle or optic radiation PCun precuneus racc radiation of corpus callosum sbps subparietal sulcus scc splenium of he corpus callosum SMG supramarginal gyrus SMG? part of STG (Busch, 1960) SPL superior parietal lobule STG superior temporal gyrus sts1 superior temporal sulcus, sup. branch sts2 superior temporal sulcus, inf. branch tp tapetum

3 sbps

CG

STG sts1

2

racc

ICG

STG scc

sts2 tp

1 OLV

OcG

MTG

isst cal

acs

0 LgG

or ITG its cos

-1 FuG

ITG lots

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

203

204

56

53,0 mm

SPL

6

5

ips

SMG PCun

4

acs anterior calcarine sulcus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus cos collateral sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus ICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus ips intraparietal sulcus isst internal sagittal stratum ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LgG lingual gyrus (O5) MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri OLV occipital horn of lateral ventricle or optic radiation PCun precuneus sbps subparietal sulcus SMG supramarginal gyrus SPL superior parietal lobule STG superior temporal gyrus sts1 sup. temporal sulcus, sup. branch sts2 sup. temporal sulcus, inf. branch tp tapetum

STG

3

sbps

CG sts1

2 ICG STG sts2 isst OcG

1

cgs tp MTG OLV

0

acs or LgG

cos its FuG

-1

ITG lots

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

205

206

57

55,7 mm

SPL

6

ips

AnG SMG

5

PCun

4 PCun

17 striate area 18 area 18 AnG angular gyrus CG cingulate gyrus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus ips intraparietal sulcus isst internal sagittal stratum ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus LgG lingual gyrus (O5) lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri OLV occipital horn of lateral ventricle or optic radiation PCun precuneus sbps subparietal sulcus SMG supramarginal gyrus SPL superior parietal lobule STG superior temporal gyrus sts1 superior temporal sulcus, sup. branch sts2 superior temporal sulcus, inf. branch tp tapetum

3 STG

sbps

sts1

STG

2

PCun CG

sts2

OcG

1

tp

17

isst

MTG

18 17

OLV

cs

0 or LgG cos its

-1 FuG

ITG lots

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

207

208

58

58,4 mm

ips

6 PCun

AnG SPL

SMG

5

4 PCun

STG

17 striate area 18 area 18 AnG angular gyrus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus ips intraparietal sulcus isst internal sagittal stratum ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus LgG lingual gyrus (O5) lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri or optic radiation PCun precuneus sbps subparietal sulcus SEpS subependymal stratum SMG supramarginal gyrus SPL superior parietal lobule STG superior temporal gyrus sts1 superior temporal sulcus, sup. branch sts2 superior temporal sulcus, inf. branch tp tapetum

3

sbps sts1 CG

STG

2 OcG

cgs

SEpS sts2

PCun tp

18

1 isst MTG

17 or

cs

0 LgG

OcG its

cos

-1 FuG ITG lots

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

209

210

59

61,1 mm

SPL

SPL

6 ips

PCun

5

AnG

17 striate area AnG angular gyrus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus ips intraparietal sulcus ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus LgG lingual gyrus (O5) lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri or optic radiation PCun precuneus sbps subparietal sulcus SMG supramarginal gyrus SPL superior parietal lobule sstr sagittal stratum STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus tp tapetum

4

SMG sbps

STG PCun

3

AnG STG

sstr

2

OcG

PCun MTG

tp

17

sts

1

17 cs LgG or

0

OcG

its

cos

-1 FuG ITG lots

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

211

212

60

63,8 mm

SPL

SPL

6

ips AnG SPL

PCun

5

17 striate area AnG angular gyrus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus ips intraparietal sulcus ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus LgG lingual gyrus (O5) lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri PCun precuneus sbps subparietal sulcus SPL superior parietal lobule sstr sagittal stratum STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus

4 sbps AnG

3

STG

AnG PCun

2

sts

PCun MTG OcG

sstr

17

MTG

1

cs 17 MTG

LgG

0 its

ITG

OcG

-1

cos FuG

ITG

lots

OcG

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

213

214

61

66,5 mm

SPL

6 ips

AnG sbps

5

POTZ AnG

PCun

17 striate area AnG angular gyrus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus ips intraparietal sulcus ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri PCun precuneus POTZ parietooccipital transition zone sbps subparietal sulcus SPL superior parietal lobule sstr sagittal stratum STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus

SPL

4 AnG POTZ AnG

3

STG OcG

2

sts cs

17 MTG

sstr 17

1

0

OcG its OcG

cos

-1

FuG ITG OcG lots

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

215

216

62

69,2 mm

SPL

6

ips

AnG

5

SPL

sbps PCun

17 striate area AnG angular gyrus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus ips intraparietal sulcus ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri PCun precuneus pos parietooccipital sulcus POTZ parietooccipital transition zone sbps subparietal sulcus SPL superior parietal lobule sstr sagittal stratum STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus

4

AnG POTZ PCun

POTZ

AnG

3 sts

2

MTG OcG pos 17

cs

sstr

MTG

17

1

its

0

OcG ITG OcG

-1

OcG FuG

cos

lots

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

217

218

63

71,9 mm

SPL

6 ips AnG

5 SPL POTZ

AnG

sbps PCun

AnG

17 striate area AnG angular gyrus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus ips intraparietal sulcus ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri PCun precuneus pos parietooccipital sulcus POTZ parietooccipital transition zone sbps subparietal sulcus SPL superior parietal lobule sstr sagittal stratum sts superior temporal sulcus

4

PCun

sts

AnG

3 MTG

PCun MTG

pos

2

OcG 17 sstr

cs

MTG

1 17

its ITG

0 ITG OcG

OcG

-1 FuG cos

OcG

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

219

220

64

74,6 mm

SPL

6

ips

5

AnG

sbps PCun

17 striate area AnG angular gyrus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus ips intraparietal sulcus ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri PCun precuneus pos parietooccipital sulcus POTZ parietooccipital transition zone sbps subparietal sulcus SPL superior parietal lobule sstr sagittal stratum sts superior temporal sulcus TOTZ temporooccipital transition zone

AnG POTZ

4

3 TOTZ PCun pos

2

OcG 17 cs

sts

sstr

1 MTG

17

its

0 17 ITG

OcG

-1

OcG

cos

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

221

222

65

80,0 mm

6 SPL ips

5 AnG

17 striate area 18 area 18 AnG angular gyrus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus ips intraparietal sulcus ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri PCun precuneus pos parietooccipital sulcus POTZ parietooccipital transition zone SPL superior parietal lobule sstr sagittal stratum TOTZ temporooccipital transition zone

POTZ

4

AnG

3 PCun

pos

OcG

TOTZ

OcG

2

17 cs 17 OcG

1 MTG 17 its

sstr 17 ITG

0

OcG ITG 18

-1 cos OcG

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

223

224

66

85,0 mm

6 ips

17 striate area 18 area 18 AnG angular gyrus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus ips intraparietal sulcus OcG occipital gyri pos parietooccipital sulcus POTZ parietooccipital transition zone

5 POTZ

AnG

4

pos

AnG

OcG

3

OcG

POTZ

2 cs

18 OcG

17

1

OcG

0 17

17

-1 OcG cos

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

225

226

67

90,0 mm

6

17 striate area AnG angular gyrus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus ips intraparietal sulcus OcG occipital gyri POTZ parietooccipital transition zone

5 POTZ ips

4 AnG

3 OcG OcG

OcG

2

OcG

OcG

OcG

17

1

17 cs

0 OcG

cos

17

OcG

-1

cos

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

227

228

68

95,0 mm

6

17 striate area cs calcarine sulcus OcG occipital gyri POTZ parietooccipital transition zone

5

4

POTZ

3 OcG

OcG

2

OcG

1

17

0

cs 17 OcG

-1

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

229

230

69

100,0 mm 17 striate area cs calcarine sulcus OcG occipital gyri

6

5

4

3

2 17 OcG

cs

1 17

0

-1

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

231

232

3.3 Histological, Morphometric and Histochemical Studies of the Brain Represented in the Atlas

Numerous descriptive and quantitative studies have been performed on the very same brain represented in the Atlas of the Brain in Stereotaxic coordinates. The list on the following page demonstrates that almost all relevant structures and areas of the brain have undergone intensive studies. These include not only detailed morphological and architectural but also morphometric analyses. Some relevant published delineations of structures and quantitative data concerning fresh volume, volume of serial sections, numeric cell density, volumetric cell density, absolute cell numbers etc., have been assembled on the following pages. Because of the diverse authorship, we have not changed the original terminology nor the delineations. Therefore, the designations of structures are identical to those of the original work if not explicitly stated otherwise. The illustrations from the various authors can be counter referenced to the Atlas by means of the numbers which are provided with each illustration: The first number provides the corresponding plate number of the Atlas, the second number gives the distance to the center of the anterior commissure.

References pertinent to these data are to be found at the end of this section. Most of the cited literature is available in full, including figures, in an editable format on the accompanying DVD. Therefore, only those illustrations are presented in this printed part of the Atlas, which provide additional information about delineations and concepts about the structural organization of the brain. For textual information and photographs the reader is referred to the DVD. It is noteworthy that many of such studies were performed in order to quantify morphological changes associated with either neurologic or psychiatric diseases. Therefore, a great body of information may be retrieved from the material in the DVD. In addition to published work we have also included scans from Nissl-stained sections directly adjacent to those myelin-stained sections which are printed in the Atlas. On these the nuclei and fiber bundles of the thalamus (by F. Forutan) and of the hypothalamus (by I. Koutcherov) are delineated.

233

Previous Evaluations of Brain Regions and Their Corresponding Citations

Cortex

Albring, K.M. (1983); Beheim-Schwarzbach, D. (1952); Braitenberg G. V. (1952); Brockhaus, H. (1940); Busch, K.-T. (1960); Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979); Schulze, H.A (1960)

Amygdaloid complex

Brockhaus, H. (1938); Sanides, F. (1957)

Septal nuclei

Brockhaus, H. (1942)

Bed ncl. of stria terminalis

Walter, A. et al., (1991)

Basal nuclear complex

Brockhaus, H. (1942); Buttlar-Brentano, K.v. (1954,1955,1956)

Striatum & Globus pallidus Brockhaus, H. (1942); Dom, R., De Saedeleer, J., Bogerts, B. & Hopf, A. (1981); Dom. R. (1976); Lange, H. & Thörner, G. (1974); Lange, H., Thörner G. & Hopf, A. (1975); Lange, H., Thörner, G. & Hopf, A. (1975); Lange, H., Thörner, G. & Hopf, A. (1976); Lange, H., Thörner, G., Hopf, A. & Schröder, K.F.(1976); Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979); Namba, M. (1957); Sanides, F. (1957)

Hypothalamus

Brockhaus, H. (1942); Buttlar-Brentano, K.v. (1954); Wahren, W. (1952)

Thalamus anterior ncl mediodorsal ncl lateral ncl

Fünfgeld, E.W. (1952, 1954) Bäumer, H. (1952); Namba, M. (1958) Bäumer, H. (1952,1954); Dom. R. (1976); Hopf, A., Gihr, M. & Kraus, C. (1967)

Subthalamus

Mesencephalon Red nucleus Substantia nigra Area 9 and 10 Lower brainstem Locus coeruleus Superior olive

Brockhaus, H. (1942); Füssenich, M.S.U. (1967); Klatzo, I. (1954); . Lange, H. & Thörner, G. (1974); Lange, H., Thörner G., & Hopf, A. (1975); Lange, H., Thörner G. & Hopf, A. (1975); Lange, H., Thörner, G. & Hopf, A. (1976); Lange, H., Thörner, G., Hopf, A. & Schröder, K.F. (1976) Herbel, W. (1979); Sander, H.A. (1981) Hassler (1937); Solcher, H. (1956) Bogerts, B., Häntsch, J. & Herzer, M. (1982)

Wünscher, W. (1956) Beheim-Schwarzbach, D. (1955) Wünscher, W. (1956)

Cell studies

Hempel, K.-J. & Treff, W.M. (1959); Klatzo, I. (1954); Schiffer, D.(1954); Treff, W.M. & Hempel, K.-J. (1959)

Neuroactive substances

Mai, J.K., Kedziora, O., Teckhaus, L. & M.V. Sofroniew (1991); Mai, J.K., Stephens, P., A. Hopf & A.C. Cuello (1986); Mai, J. K. & Reifenberger, G. (1988); Pioro, E.P., Mai, J. K. & Cuello, A. C. (1990); Walter, A., Jimenez-Härtel, W. & J.K. Mai (1990); Walter, A., Mai, J.K., Lanta, L. & T. Görcs (1991)

234

Shrinkage Factors (SF)

Weight, Volume and Linear Dimensions

Brain weight (in formalin) 3 Fresh volume (cm )

1383 1316 R

Length (L)*

Width (W)* Height (H)* Length + Width + Height +

L

171 170 71 71 97 96 120 122 63 64 82 82

CORTEX

R

Fresh volume (cm3) Volume of serial sections (cm3)

2.13 2.22 1.89 1.81 1.74 1.82

SF : loss of volume from the fixed autopsy brains to the histological material. SFl : Linear calculated volume shrinkage factor = [ L*W*H (autopsy brain in formaline) ] / [ L*W*H (serial paraffin sections) ], where L = length of hemisphere; W = width of hemisphere; H = height of hemisphere.

* Formalin fixed brain; + after histological preparation

L

SFw : Weight related shrinkage factor (SFw) = [(Bw * 0,88 / 1,0365) / serial section volume of hemisphere], where Bw = brain weight, Factor 0,88 = [ weight of hemisphere ] / [ brain weight ], Factor 1.0365 = mean specific brain weight).

R: right hemisphere, L: left hemisphere

PROSENCEPHALON

SFw Lange, Thörner (1974) SFl Lange, Thörner (1974) SFl Sievert (1992)

R

L

549 527 267 262

Albring, K.M. (1983); Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979); Lange, H. & Thörner, G. (1974)

Fresh volume (cm3) 3 Volume of serial sections (cm )

R

L

297 303 144 139


CORTEX fresh volume of cortical regions (cm3)

R

L

R

Isocortex (ICx)

261

277

ICx. temporalis (ICx.t) ICx.t.dorsalis R. temporalis transversalis (R.tv) R.tv.1 R.tv.2

41 7.7 2.6 1.9 0.7

49 7.8 2.2 1.6 0.6

ICx. frontalis (ICx.f.) ICx.f. convexitatis ICx.f. medialis ICx.f. opercularis dorsalis ICx.f. opercularis basalis ICx.f. basalis

101 103 63 64 22 22 3.6 3.2 0.8 1.2 11 12

Parieto-temporal convexity

38

38

Area (A.) gigantocellularis (gc) A.gc. convexitatis A.gc. medialis

5.1 3.8 1.3

5.5 4.0 1.5

ICx. occipitalis A18 + A19 A17

37 30 7.6

43 35 7.9

ICx. parietalis (ICx.pa) ICx.pa. convexitatis ICx.pa. medialis ICx.pa. opercularis

44 24 16 4.9

42 22 15 5.1

1.2 7.4

0.7 7.3

0.9 0.5 7.3 5.6 7.3

0.5 0.4 7.0 4.4 6.2

Regio postcentralis R.p. convexitatis R.p. medialis

13 11 2.1

15 12 2.5

Allocortex (with Proisocortex): Claustro-Cx. temporalis Claustro-Cx. insularis Tbc. olfactorium, R. praepiriformis frontalis, Peri-Palaeo-Cx. frontalis Paleo-Cx. temporalis Archi-Cx. frontalis Archi-Cx. parietalis Archi-Cx. temporalis

L

Albring, K.M. (1983)

235

AMYGDALOID COMPLEX


30 +10.8 24 +2.8

31 +12.0

32 +13.3 32 31 30

28

26

24

26 +5.4

28 +8.0

Reconstruction showing periamygdaloid cortex

Bottom line, left figure: Scheme of the architectonic units of the amygdaloid region. Related areas are shown with same patterns (line patterns: amygdaleum proprium; graphic pattern: supraamygdaleum); Cl: claustrum. Middle and right figures: Reconstruction and graphic representation of the amygdaleum proprium as seen from the top. The main structures are artificially separated. Abbreviations see following page.

236

AMYGDALOID COMPLEX La

Ce

BL BLV

Co ACo

opt

BLV

Ce BM BL

Me/ACo Co BM

La BLV

BL La

Ce

BM

Me

opt LV

La

A Amygdaloideum proprium = Amygdaloid body Api/v Amygdaloideum profundum intermedium et ventrale: basolateral amygdaloid ncll. Apl Amygdaloideum profundum laterale: lateral amygdaloid ncl. Apm Amy gdaloideum profundum mediale: basomedial amygdaloid ncl. Asf Amy dalostriatal transition area Cl Claustrum pA Semicortex periamygdaloideus: periamygdaloid cortex prA Praeamygdaleum (Claustrocortex praeamygdaloideus): preamygdalar cortex psA Semicortex perisupraamygdaloideus: anterior amygdaloid ncl. sAp Supraamygdaloideum profundum: central amygdaloid ncl. sAsf Supraamygdaloideum superficiale: medial amygdaloid ncl. Str li striatum limitans: amygdalostriatal transition area

S. Morres and L. Teckhaus

BED NCL. OF STRIA TERMINALIS - 2.0

-1.5

0.0

+ 1.5

BASAL NUCLEAR COMPLEX (Magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain)

Neurotensin

Neuropeptide Y

Somatostatin

Enkephalin

Vasoative intestinal polypeptide

Substance P

Neurophysin

Walter, A. et al., (1991)

S. Morres and L. Teckhaus

237

BASAL GANGLIA STRIATUM

CAUDATE NUCLEUS

Volume of serial sections (10 mm3) Caudate nucleus Putamen

R

L

Numeric cell density (number / mm3)

298 269 360 343

Macroneurons (L) Microneurons (S) L/S Average diameter in µm

Numeric cell density (number / mm3) Small neurons (x10) Large neurons Glial cells (x10)

2029 2248 156 156 7360 7835

Volumetric neuronal density (10-2 %)

454

393

Nuclear diameter (10-2 µm) Small neurons

859

891

PUTAMEN Numeric cell density (number / mm3) Macroneurons (L) Microneurons (S) L/S Average diameter in µm


10 - 20

11 - 17.5

12 - 15

17 - 4.1

18 - 2.7

26 + 5.4

28 + 8.0

20 - 1.3

Abbreviations: Dorsal striatum: Cd Caudate n.(CdL lateral caudate n.; CdM medial caudate n.) Pt Putamen: (Pt.c central pu tamen; Pt.l lateral putamen; Pt.li limitans putamen; Pt.m medial putamen; Pt.v ventral putamen). Ventral striatum: Fu fundus striati (Fu.cd caudate fundus region; Fu.pt putaminal fundus region; Fu.sv. l lateral subventricular fundus region [AcCL centrolateral part of accumbens n.]; Fu.sv. m medial subventricular fundus region [AcCM centromedial part of accumbens n.]; I.o.s. insulae olfactoriae striatales (Terminal islands). A.d dorsal amygdaloid n. (supraamygdaleum); A.v ventral amygdaloid n. (amygdaleum proprium). Right side: Reconstruction of the striatum and globus pallidus of the Atlas Brain.

238

163 19,953 1/119 9.47

Dom, R. et al. (1981)

13 - 12.5

30 + 10.7

270 22,663 1/83 10.78

32 + 13.3

14 - 10.0

15 - 7.5

22

24 + 2.7

0.0

34 + 16.0

36 + 18.6

38 + 21.2

Brockhaus, H. (1942), modified

GLOBUS PALLIDUS Volume of serial sections (mm3) External globus pallidus Internal globus pallidus

R

EGP 656 IGP 289

L

560 238

Numeric cell density (number / mm3) Neurons

EGP 763 IGP 625

994 588

Glial cells (*103)

EGP 124 IGP 118

132 120

L/M-Enkephalin

Volumetric cell density (10-3 %)

R

L

Neurons

EGP 290 IGP 210

380 270

Glial cells

EGP 450 IGP 510

620 580

Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979)

Substance P

16 / 17 ca. - 4.5

19 / 20 ca. - 1.7

23 / 24 ca. + 2.3

25 / 26 ca. 5.0 Distribution of Enkephalin and Substance P (red colour) immunoreactivity on adjacent coronal sections which correspond to the plate numbers indicated at the left margin. Figs. in the right column show regions of exclusive distribution and overlap.

Mai et al., 1986

239

SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS Fresh volume (cm3)

R

L

0.139 0.119

Volumes of serial sections (mm3)* Subthalamic ncl., med. part SThM 31.7 31.2 SThL 35.7 26.6 total 67.4 57.9 Numeric cell density (number/mm3) Neurons (*10) SThL 375 357 SThM 591 516 Volumetric cell density Neurons (10-2 %)

SThL 142 SThM 162

199 223

R

Volumetric cell density (%) Neurons: Glia Numeric cell density (number/mm3) Absolute cell numbers

L

SThL 2.48 SThM 1.87 SThL 0.99 SThM 0.923 SThL 7,417 SThM 8,046 232 700 287 600

Füssenich, M.S.U. (1967)

SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

32 +13.3

38 +21.2

34 + 16.0

36 + 18.6

40 + 23.9

42 26.5

Substantia nigra anterior part Sam - medial cell group Sai - intermediate cell group Sal - lateral cell group Saiv - ventral cell group

43 + 27.8

240

Substantia nigra posterior part 3 main groups: Spd - dorsal cell group Spe - external cell group Spv - ventral cell group

Hassler, R. (1937)

ZONA INCERTA (left hemisphere)

RED NUCLEUS

R

L

29-L4-999

Volume of serial sections (mm3) Dorsomedial quadrant r1 Dorsolateral quadrant r2 ventrolateral quadrant r3 ventromedial quadrant r4

30-L4-949

Numeric cell density (number/mm3) Neurons r1 r2 r3 r4

171 172 124 95 104 103 104 104

31-L4-898

Glial cells

r1 r2 r3 r4

446 384 320 309

33-L4-852

Volumetric density (%) Neurons

r1 r2 r3 r4

57 28 25 21

51 24 27 23

Glial cells

r1 r2 r3 r4

78 74 74 72

69 58 60 56

34-L4-800

26.6 35.9 35.8 35.2

421 336 402 308

values without shrinkage factor-correction 35-L4-750

Herbel, W. (1979); Sander, H.A. (1981)

36-L4-698

37-L4-651

39-L4-600

40-L4-553

41-L4-999 Brockhaus, H. (1942)

241

THALAMUS by F. Forutan 26 - 5.4

25 - 4.0

st PRt

Rt

sm

st

PRt

Fa

sm fx

ithp fx

27 - 6.7

28 - 8.0

APr

APr VA

AM

eml Rt PRt

Fa

VA

Fa Rt

ithp

ithp

ZI

fx fx

29 - 9.3 APr

iml

PT

Rt eml VA

APr

AM VLA

PV

iml

CeMe Re Fa ZI

242

30 - 10.7

VA

Fa ithp ZI H2

31 - 12.0

32 - 13.3

APr

APr

AD

VA MD

VLA

iml

VLA VA

MD mt

VAMC

CeMe ithp VAMC

ithp

VM

VM ZI

H1

ZI

H2

33 - 12.0

34 - 16.0 APr

AD APr

VLA MD

VLP

VLPI

MD

VLA

VA

VA

VLPE CeMe CeMe

VM

Re

ZI

ZI mt

35 - 17.2

36 - 18.6

DSF

DSF

APr

VLPI MD

VLA iml

VLPI VLPE

VLPE CeMe

MD

CeMe CM/PF

Re

243

THALAMUS

37 - 19.9

38 - 21.2 DSF PUL MDPL

VLPI MD

VLPE MD

VLPI

MDMC iml VPL

CM

CM PF Re

VPMPC

Re

VPL

VPM

PF

VPMPC VPI

ZI fr

39 - 22.6

40 - 23.9 DSF PUL

PUL MDPL VLPI

MD

MD

VLPI iml

VPL

iml

APUL

VPL

CM Rt

VPM

PF

SPF VPMPC fr

SPF

VPI fr

VPM VPMPC H1 VMPo SGe

ZI

LG

LG

40a- 23.9 Substance P

41 - 25.2 PUL

MD iml APUL

VPL

CM Rt

PF fr SPF

VPM VMPo VPMPC

PPA SGe

ZI LG

244

THALAMUS

42a - Substance P

42 - 26.5 DSF PUL MDPL

APUL VPL Rt fr VMPo MG PPA PPA

43 - 27.8

44 - 29.2 PUL

MD

PUL

MDPL MDPL VPL

sm

MD

APUL Hb fr

Rt

CM

Hb hbc

VMPo

APUL iml Lim

VPL

Rt

VMPo MG

LG

MG

PPA

46 - 31.9

45 - 30.5 SFPUL

MD

SFPUL MDPL

MDPL

LPUL

LPUL eml

MPUL

MPUL

Rt

Rt Lim

IPUL MG

IPUL IGPUL

IGPUL

LG

bic

245

THALAMUS

Numeric cell density (number / mm3)

Small neurons Large neurons

Dom, R. et al.(1981); Dom. R. (1976)

Forutan, F.

Mediodorsal Thalamic Ncl.

30 +10.7

35 +17.2

40 +23.9

246

anterior thalamus medial thalamus lateral thalamus posterior thalamus anterior thalamus medial thalamus lateral thalamus posterior thalamus

31 +12.0

Namba, M. (1958)

32 +13.3

36 +18.6

41 +25.2

33 +14.6

37 +19.9

42 +26.5

34 +16.0

38 +21.2

43 +27.8

3,522 4,544 1,012 4,686 6,177 5,538 3,248 7,618

HYPOTHALAMUS

Abb. 9

(left hemisphere)


Abb. 13 Abb. 14

Abb. 17

Abb. 21

Abb. 16

Abb. 24

Abb. 22

IVF

ICL

ac

fornix

ventromedial nucleus lateral tuberal nucleus

ox

mammillary body

infS

Abb. 25

Abb. 29

Abb./Fig.:

9

13

14

16

17 21 22 24 25 29

Diagrams showing the delineation of hypothalamic subdivisions on coronal sections from the left hemisphere. The diagram on the right lower side shows the position of the sections and also refers to the placement of the sections as also delineated by Wahren, W. (plates 30 and 31) in Schaltenbrand G. and Wahren, W.: Atlas for Stereotaxy of the Human Brain. IInd ed. G. Thieme, Stuttgart (1977).

247

HYPOTHALAMUS by I.Koutcherov

SCh SCh

ox

18 - 2.7

ox

19 - 2.9

LH

MPO

DPe

AVPe

20 - 1.3

248

AVPe

21 - 0.6

SO

HYPOTHALAMUS

LH

MPOM LH

Un

PaMC InM PaAP

SCh

22 - 0.0

23 + 1.3

PaMC LH

LH

VMS SODL VMH

VMHVL

Pe

SOVM Inf

24 + 2.7

Inf

25 + 4.0

249

HYPOTHALAMUS

PaPo

LH fx DMH LH

fx

LH VMHDM TM

PeF

TM Inf Inf

26 + 5.4

27 + 6.7

PH PH

LH

DMH

LH fx

SuM

fx

TM ML LM MM

28 + 8.0

250

29 + 9.3

LTu

HYPOTHALAMUS

PH PH LH SuM fx

LH

ML

MM MM

30 + 10.7

31 + 12.0

PH

LH

anteroventral periventricular nucleus periventricular nucleus ventromedial preoptic nucleus medial preoptic nucleus, medial medial preoptic nucleus, lateral intermediate hypothalamic nucleus uncinate nucleus suprachiasmatic nucleus, compact suprachiasmatic nucleus, dorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, anterior parvicellular paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, dorsal paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, magnocellular paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, parvicellular paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, posterior supraoptic nucleus ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, dorsomedial ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, ventrolateral dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, diffuse dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, compact lateral hypothalamic area infundibular (arcuate) nucleus perifornical nucleus tuberomammillary nucleus lateral tuberal nucleus posterior hypothalamic area supramammillary nucleus medial mammillary nucleus, medial medial mammillary nucleus, lateral lateral mammillary nucleus Detailed delineation of the structural organization of the human hypothalamus represented in the Atlas.

32 + 13.3

251

HYPOTHALAMUS

Medial Preoptic Ncl.

Koutcherov, Y. et al., (2007)

0

Paraventricular Ncl.

0. 5

0

PH

PH

hypothal ami c sul cus

LH

1

fx

fx

fx

Koutcherov, Y. et al., (2000)

-0. 5

fx

fx

DM

TM LT

fx

fx

fx

fx

fx

LH

DM PeF

-1

DM

0. 5

LH

LH

ac

V MH

V MH

dorsal

0

caudal

mi dl i ne

DM

0. 5 0

M PO

l ateral

rostral IN

-0. 5

SC h SO

OT

PaPo PaA P PaP PaM PaD

SC h -1

ox 1mm

0

Dorsomedial Ncl.

0.5

Koutcherov, Y. et al., (2004) 0 PH

LH

-0.5

f f

LH

TM

-1

f f

f

f

f

f

8.0mm

DM

LH

7.2mm 6.45mm

VMH

3-D reconstructions of individual hypothalamic nuclei done on the basis of adjacent sections of the hypothalamus stained with various chemoarchitetonic markers.

5.7mm LH 4.9mm 4.1mm 3.35mm 2.6mm

252

Koutcherov, I., Mai, J.K., Ashwell, K.W.S., Paxinos, G.: The organization of the human paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 423: 299-318 (2000). Koutcherov, I., Mai, J.K., Paxinos, G.: Organisation of the human dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus. NeuroReport: 15 (1), 107-111 (2004) Koutcherov, Y. Paxinos, G. Mai, J.: The organization of the human medial preoptic nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:392–406 (2007).

Suprachiasmatic Ncl.

- 3.3 plate 18

- 2.9 plate 19

- 0.6 plate 21

HYPOTHALAMUS

Mai et al., 1991

by Y. Koutcherov

Reconstruction of the human hypothalamus. Posterior view of rostrocaudal divisions (from left to right: preoptic, anterior, tuberal and mammillary).

View of the entire human hypothalamus. On the left: posterior view; on the right: anterior view.

anterior commissure fornix optic tract anteroventral periventricular nucleus periventricular nucleus ventromedial preoptic nucleus medial preoptic nucleus, medial medial preoptic nucleus, lateral intermediate hypothalamic nucleus uncinate nucleus suprachiasmatic nucleus, compact suprachiasmatic nucleus, dorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, anterior parvicellular paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, dorsal paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, magnocellular paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, parvicellular paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, posterior supraoptic nucleus ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, dorsomedial ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, ventrolateral dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, diffuse dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, compact lateral hypothalamic area infundibular (arcuate) nucleus perifornical nucleus tuberomammillary nucleus lateral tuberal nucleus posterior hypothalamic area supramammillary nucleus medial mammillary nucleus, medial medial mammillary nucleus, lateral lateral mammillary nucleus

253

References The full text of most of the references listed is available on the accompanying DVD

1. Albring, K.M. (1983) Quantitative Untersuchungen 33 Rindenregionen des menschlichen Gehirns. Thesis, Univ. of Düsseldorf. 2. Bäumer, H. (1952) Untersuchungen am Ncl. medialis und lateralis thalami bei Schizophrenie.Proc. I st. Intl. Congr. Neuropathol. Rom. Rosenberg & Sellier, Torino. Vol. 3, pp. 636-647. 3. Bäumer, H. (1954) Veränderungen des Thalamus bei Schizophrenie. J. Hirnforsch. 1, 156-172. 4. Beheim-Schwarzbach, D. (1952) Anatomische Veränderungen im Schläfenlappen bei "funktionellen" Psychosen. Proc. I st. Intl. Congr. Neuropathol. Rom. Rosenberg & Sellier, Torino.Vol. 3, pp. 609-620. 5. Beheim-Schwarzbach, D. (1955) Lebensgeschichte der melaninhaltigen Nervenzellen des Ncl. coeruleus unter normalen und pathogenen Bedingungen. J. Hirnforsch. 2, 62-95. 6. Bogerts, B., Häntsch, J. & Herzer, M. (1982) A morphometric study of the dopamine-containing cell groups in the mesencephalon of normals,Parkinson patients and schizophrenics. Thesis, Düsseldorf. 7. Braitenberg, G. V. (1952) Ricerche istopatologiche sulla corteccia frontale di schizofrenici. Proc. I st. Intl. Cong. Neuropathol. Rom. Rosenberg & Sellier, Torino. Vol. 3, pp. 621-626. 8. Brockhaus, H. (1938) Zur normalen und pathologischen Anatomie des Mandelkerngebietes. J. Psychol. Neurol. 49, 1-136. 9. Brockhaus, H. (1940) Die Cyto- und Myeloarchitektonik des Cortex claustralis und des Claustrum beim Menschen. J. Psychol. Neurol. 49, 249-348. 10. Brockhaus, H. (1942) Beitrag zur normalen Anatomie des Hypothalamus und der Zona incerta beim Menschen. J. Psychol. Neurol. 51, 96-195. 11. Brockhaus, H. (1942) Vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen über den Basalkernkomplex. J. Psychol. Neurol. 51, 57-95. 12. Brockhaus, H. (1942) Zur feinen Anatomie des Septum und des Striatum. J. Psychol. Neurol. 51, 1-56. Translated in: Human Brain Dissection. Pope A. ed. (1983) U.S. Government Printing Office Publ. 381-132: 3096. 13. Busch, K.-T. (1960) Individuelle architektonische Differenzen der Area striata. J. Hirnforsch. 4, 535-552. 14 Buttlar-Brentano, K.v. (1954) Zur Lebensgeschichte des Ncl. basalis, tuberomammillaris, supraopticus und paraventricularis unter normalen und pathogenen Bedingungen. J. Hirnforsch. 1, 337-419. 15 Buttlar-Brentano, K.v. (1955) Das Parkinsonsyndrom im Lichte der lebensgeschichtlichen Veränderungen des Nucleus basalis. J. Hirnforsch. 2, 55-76. 16 Buttlar-Brentano, K.v. (1956) Zur weiteren Kenntnis der Veränderung des Basalkerns bei Schizophrenen. J. Hirnforsch. 2, 271-291. 17 Dom, R., De Saedeleer, J., Bogerts, B. & Hopf, A

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19.

20. 21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27

28

29

30

31

32

(1981) Quantitative cytometric analysis of basal ganglia in catatonic schizophrenics. In: Biological Psychia try (eds. Perris, C. Struwe, G & Jansson B), Elsevier, North-Holland pp. 723-726. Dom. R. (1976) Neostriatal and Thalamic Inter-neurons. Their role in the pathophysiology of Huntington's chorea, Parkinson's disease and catatonic schizophrenia. Thesis, Univ. of Leuven. Fünfgeld, E.W. (1952) Pathologisch-anatomische Untersuchungen im Nucleus anterior thalami bei Schizo phrenie, Proc. I st . Intl. Cong. Neuropathol. Rom. Rosenberg & Sellier, Torino. Vol. 3, pp. 648-659. Fünfgeld, E.W. (1954) Der Nucleus anterior thalami bei Schizophrenie. J. Hirnforsch. 1, 146-155. Füssenich, M.S.U. (1967) Vergleichend anatomische Studien über den Nucleus subthalamicus (Corpus Luysi) bei Primaten.Thesis, Univ. of Freiburg. Hassler (1937) Zur Normalanatomie der Substantia nigra. Versuch einer architektonischen Gliederung. J. Psychol. Neurol. 48, 1-55. Hempel, K.-J. & Treff, W.M. (1959) Die Gliazelldichte bei klinisch Gesunden und Schizophrenen. J. Hirn forsch. 4, 371-411. Herbel, W. (1979) Zur Neuroanatomie und Neuropathologie des Nucleus ruber beim Menschen.Thesis, University of Düsseldorf. Hopf, A., Gihr, M. & Kraus, C. (1967) Vergleichende Architektonik des Primatenthalamus. Progr. Primatol. I. Congress of the International Primatological Society, Frankfurt, pp.120-127. Klatzo, I. (1954) Über das Verhalten des Nukleolarapparates in den menschlichen Pallidumzellen. J. Hirnforsch. 1, 47-60. Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979) Quantitative Untersuchungen an 33 Rindenregionen des menschlichen Gehirns. Verh. Anat. Ges. 73, 107-109. Lange, H. & Thörner, G. (1974) Zur Neuroanatomie und Neuropathologie des Corpus striatum, Globus pallidus und Nucleus subthalamicus beim Menschen, Thesis, Düsseldorf. Lange, H., Thörner G., & Hopf, A. (1975) Morphometrisch-statistische Strukturanalysen des Striatum, Pallidum und Nucleus subthalamicus beim Menschen, Teil 1, J. Hirnforsch. 16, 333-350. Lange, H., Thörner G., & Hopf, A. (1975) Morphometrisch-statistische Strukturanalysen des Striatum, Pallidum und Nucleus subthalamicus beim Menschen, Teil 2, J. Hirnforsch. 16, 401-413. Lange, H., Thörner, G., & Hopf, A. (1976) Morphometrisch-statistische Strukturanalysen des Striatum, Pallidum und Nucleus subthalamicus beim Menschen, Teil 3, J. Hirnforsch. 17, Lange, H., Thörner, G., Hopf, A. & Schröder, K.F. Morphometric studies of the neuropathological changes in choreatic diseases. J. Neurol. Sci. 28, 401-425. (1976)

33. Mai, J.K., Kedziora, O., Teckhaus, L. & M.V. Sofroniew (1991). Evidence for subdivisions in the human suprachiasmatic nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 305: 508-525. 34. Mai, J.K., Stephens, P., A. Hopf & A.C. Cuello (1986): Substance P in the human brain. Neuroscience 17, 709-739. 35. Mai, J. K. & Reifenberger, G. (1988): Distribution of the carbohydrate epitope 3-fucosyl-N-acetyl-lactosamine (FAL) in the adult human brain. J.Chem. Anat. 1, 255-285. 36. Namba, M.(1957) Cytoarchitektonische Untersuchung am Striatum. J. Hirnforsch. 3, 24-48. 37. Namba, M. (1958) Über die feineren Strukturen des medio-dorsalen Supranucleus und der Lamella medialis des Thalamus beim Menschen. J.Hirnforsch. 4, 1-41. 38. Pioro, E.P., Mai, J. K. & Cuello, A. C. (1990): Distribution of substance P- and enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons and fibers. in: The Human Nervous System. G. Paxinos (ed.), Academic Press, 1051-1094. 39 Sander, H.A. (1981) Morphometrische Analyse der neuropathologischen Veränderungen im Nucleus ruber bei Parkinson'scher Krankheit. Thesis, Univ. of Düsseldorf. 40 Sanides, F. (1957) Die Insulae terminales des Erwachsenengehirns des Menschen. J. Hirnforsch. 3, 243273. 41 Sanides, F. (1957) Untersuchungen über die histologische Struktur des Mandelkerngebietes. J. Hirnforsch. 2, 354-390. 42 Schiffer, D.(1954) Sur l'action reparatrice du noyau des cellules nerveuses. J. Hirnforsch. 1, 326-336. 43 Schulze, H.A.: Zur individuellen cytoarchitektonischen Gestaltung der linken und rechten Hemisphäre des Lobulus parietalis inferior. J.Hirnforsch. 4, 486-534 (1960) 44 Schröder, K.F. (1970) Quantitativ-morphologische Untersuchungen zur Genese verschiedener Choreaformen. Thesis, University of Marburg. 45 Solcher, H. (1956) Zur Pathologie des Niger reticulatus und zu seiner Stellung im extrapyramidalen System. J. Hirnforsch. 2, 391-401. 46 Treff, W.M. & Hempel, K.-J. (1959) Quantitative Untersuchungen über relative Zell- und Zellkernvolumina bei klinisch Gesunden und Schizophrenen. J. Hirnforsch. 4, 412-454. 47 Vogt, C. & Vogt, O. (1942) Morphologische Gestaltungen. J. Psychol. Neurol. 50, 1-504. 48 Wahren, W. (1952) The changes of hypothalamic nuclei in schizophrenia. Proc. I st . Intl. Congr. Neuropathol. Rom. Rosenberg & Sellier, Torino. Vol. 3, pp. 660-673. 49 Walter, A., Jimenez-Härtel, W. & J.K. Mai (1990) Mapping of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the human forebrain. Brain Res. Bull. 24, 297-311. 50 Walter, A., Mai, J.K., Lanta, L. & T. Görcs (1991) Differential distribution of histochemical markers in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the human brain. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 4: 281-298. 51 Wünscher, W. (1956) Cytoarchitektonik und Involution einiger Hirnstammkerne mit vegetativen Funktionen und der oberen Olive. J. Hirnforsch. 2, 354-390.

255

3.4 Hierarchical Tree

Allocortex Limbic Lobe Archi- and Periarchicortex LG

limbic gyrus SCA CG

subcallosal area, (parolfactory area, adolfactory area) cingulate gyrus RSA RSG

retrosplenial agran. cortex retrosplenial gran. cortex

ICG

isthmus cinguli

SSpG Ent AG

subsplenial gyrus entorhinal cortex ambiens gyrus

PTG

paraterminal (subcallosal) gyrus diagonal band (Broca)

gyrus fornicatus (CG + PHG) PHG

Hi

parahippocampal gyrus

hippocampal formation HiP

precommissural hippocampus (prehippocampal rudiment)

DB HiS

HiR

supracommissural hippocampus Igr

indusium griseum supracallosal gyrus

Hi/CA

hippocampus / Cornu ammonis (CA 1-3)

retrocommissural hippocampus

subicular complex: subiculum proper (S) presubiculum (PrS) parasubiculum (PaS) ARG

Un

DG

gyri Andrei Retzii (caudal limit of Hippocampus) FC FG

fasciola cinerea fasciolar gyrus

UG bG

uncinate gyrus band of Giacomini gyrus intralimbicus

MDe

margo denticulatus

uncus

dentate gyrus (fascia dentata)

Paleocortex AO Pir

anterior olfactory nucl. (retrobulbar region) piriform cortex (lateral olfactory gyrus, LOG) frontal piriform area olfactory area temporal piriform area PAm (SLG) PrAC

Tu SA

256

olfactory tubercle septal area periseptal region diagonal region

periamygdaloid region (semilunar gyrus) preamygdaloid cortex

Iso -Cortex FL

Frontal lobe FPA

frontopolar area FMG TFPG

F1

SFG

superior frontal gyrus

F2 F2 F3

MFG MFG IFG

middle frontal gyrus middle frontal gyrus inferior frontal gyrus

PrG

precentral gyrus

PTG

paraterminal gyrus (gyrus subcallosus) superior rostral gyrus inferior rostral gyrus frontal limbic area straight gyrus orbitofrontal gyrus (gyri)

SRoG IRoG FLA SG OFG

PL

PCL

paracentral lobule

PoG

postcentral gyrus

frontomarginal gyrus transverse frontopolar gyri

SFGL SFGM

SFG lateral part SFG medial part

IFGOp IFGOr IFGTr FOp

IFG opercular part IFG orbital part IFG triangular part frontal operculum

MOrG IOrG LOrG POrG BOp PMOL

medial orbital gyrus intermediate orbital gyrus lateral orbital gyrus posterior orbital gyrus basal operculum (fronto-insular region) posteromedial orbital lobule

FLC HLC

forelimb area hindlimb area

SMG

supramarginal gyrus

AnG POp

angular gyrus parietal operculum

SIG LIG AI GI AOI API

short insular gyri long insular gyrus agranular insular cortex 1 granular insular cortex area orbito-insularis area piriformis insulae

ITP PIR PTR

inferior temporopolar region parainsular region paratransverse region

Te1-3 TrG PTe TOp

temporal cortex, area 1 -3 transverse gyrus (TT1,2,3) planum temporale temporal operculum

FuG

fusiform gyrus

LgG PH Ent AG SLG Un

lingual gyrus (O5) Gparahippocampal gyrus entorhinal cortex ambiens gyrus semilunar gyrus uncus

O1 O2 O3 O4

superior occipital gyrus middle or lateral occipital gyrus inferior occipital gyrus fourth occipital gyrus (part of fusiform gyrus) lingual gyrus (part of fusiform gyrus) cuneus striate area

TFPGS superior TFPG TFPGM medial TFPG TFPGI inferior TFPG

Parietal lobe

P1 P2

SPL IPL

superior parietal lobule inferior parietal lobule Ar 88 (Vogt)

Ins

TL

PCun POTZ

precuneus transition zones

IG

insular gyrus (gyri)

Insula

Temporal lobe TmP PPo

T1

OL

STG

temporal pole planum polare

superior temporal gyrus

T2 T3

MTG ITG

medial temporal gyrus inferior temporal gyrus

T4

LOTG

lateral occipito-temporal gyrus

T5

MOTG

medial occipito-temporal gyrus

Occipital lobe OcG

occipital gyri

O5 Cun 17 OcP

occipital pole

257

Claustrum Cl DCl

VCl

dorsal claustrum CoCl DiCl

compact insular claustrum diffuse insular claustrum

TCl PACl PPCi LiCl PeACl

temporal claustrum preamygdalar claustrum prepiriform claustrum limitans claustrum periamygdalar claustrum

ventral claustrum

Amygdaloid Complex basolateral nuclear group BLNG La

BL

BM

lateral amygdaloid n. La DA La DM La DL La I LaV

dorsal anterior part dorsomedial part dorsolateral part intermediate part ventral part

BL D BL I BL VL BL VM BL PL

dorsal part intermediate part ventrolateral part ventromedial part paralaminar part

BM DM BM CM BM DL BM VM BM VL

dorsomedial part centromedial part dorsolateral part ventromedial part ventrolateral part

CeL CeM

lateral part medial part

ACo PCo CxA PHA

anterior cortical n. posterior cortical n. cortico-amygdaloid TA parahippocampal TA

MeA MeP

anterior part posterior part

basolateral amygdaloid n

basomedial amygdaloid n.

central nuclear group CeNG Ce

central amygdaloid n.

AI

amygdaloid island

AAA

anterior amygdaloid area

Co PAC

cortical n. periamygdaloid cortex

corticomedial amygdaloid area CoMe

Me

medial amygdaloid n.

transition areas TA AStr

amygdalostriatal TA

CxA

corticoamygdaloid TA

PHA

parahippocampal TA

AHi

amygdalohippocampal TA

ACl

amygdaloclaustral TA = preamygdalar claustrum, PACL; endopiriform n., En

Basal nuclear complex BNC (Magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain) Medial septal area: orodorsal extension of BNC DB n. of the diagonal band VDB vertical limb of DB ADB angular part of DB HDB horizontal limb of DB SHi septohippocampal n. B

Basal nucleus of Meynert BC compact part BD diffuse part

258

Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) BSTA

BST, anterior part

BSTL

BST, lateral part

BSTC

BSTL BSTLJ

-- principal division -- juxtacapsular division

BSTCPC BSTCSC BSTCSV BSTCL (ExtA)

-- pericommissural division -- supracommissural division -- subventricular division -- lenticular division (-- extended amygdala)

BSTPL BSTPM

-- lateral division -- medial division

LSD LSI LSV

lateral septal n., dorsal part lateral septal n., intermediate part lateral septal n., ventral part

DB SHi

n. of the diagonal band septohippocampal n.

SFi TS

fimbrial septal n. triangular septal n. bed n. of anterior commissure

BST, central part

BSTM

BST, medial part

BSTP

BST, posterior part

Septal nuclei LSA

MSA

PSA

VSA

lateral septal nucleus

medial septal nucleus

posterior septal nucleus

ventral septal nucleus septohypothalamic n.

Striatum Str dorsal striatum Cd

Pu

caudate n.

Ac

TI

TA

lateral caudate n. medial caudate n. ventral caudate n.

PuL PuM PuV PuC PuLi

lateral putamen medial putamen ventral putamen central putamen limitans putamen

FCd FPu

caudate fundus region putaminal fundus region

AcM AcC AcSV

medial part central part subventricular part

SSTI SVTI SCTI GTI TuTI

substriatal subventricular subcaudate great tubercular

SCGP

supracapsular part

putamen

ventral striatum FStr

CdL CdM CdV

fundus striati

accumbens n.

terminal islands

PedL

peduncle of lentiform nucleus

AStr

amygdalostriatal TA

IGP EGP

internal globus pallidus external globus pallidus

Transition areas

Globus pallidus GP DP

dorsal pallidum

VP

ventral pallidum

SNC

pars compacta

Substantia nigra SN

SNR

SNL

SNCA SNCP


SNRA SNRP


pars reticulata

pars lateralis

259

Thalamus

ATh

Anterior nuclear group (anterior thalamus AD APr (AV) AM DSF

anterodorsal thalamic n. anteroprincipal thalamic n. (anteroventral thalamic n.) anteromedial thalamic n. dorsolateral superficial n.

MD

mediodorsal thalamic n.

Medial nuclear region MDF (MDMC) MDFa MDD MDV MDPL

pars fibrosa (pars magnocellularis) pars fasciculosa dorsal part ventral part paralamellar part

CMPC CMMC

parvocellular part magnocellular part

VAMC

main (principal) part magnocellular part

VPL VPI VPM VPMArc SPF VMPo

ventroposterior lateralis ventroposterior inferior (internus) ventroposterior medialis - arcuate part (VCPCI) subparafascicularis n. ventromedial posterior n.

MGDA MGFi MGDP MGLi MGPC

dorsoanterior (magnocell.) fibrosus dorsoposterior part limitans part parvocellular part

LGMC LGPC

magnocellular part parvocellular part

Central nuclei (gray), (Midline nuclei) Re PV SubH

reuniens n. paraventricular n. subhabenular n.

PF CM

parafascicular n. centromedian n.

Envelope (Nuclei of the internal medullary lamina)

Lim Cuc Com PT CeMe Fa

limitans n. cucullaris n. commissuralis n. paratenialis n. central medial n. fasciculosus n.

VA

ventroanterior n.

Lateral nuclear region: Ventral (group) nuclei

Pul

VLA VLP VM

anterior ventrolateral n. posterior ventrolateral n. ventromedial n.

VP

ventroposterior n.

Pulvinar APul MPul IPul LPul SFPul IGPul DiPul

anterior pulvinar n. medial pulvinar n. inferior pulvinar n. lateral pulvinar n. superficial pulvinar intergeniculate pulvinar diffuse pulvinar

LD

laterodorsal n.

Rt PRt Fa

reticular n. prereticulate zone fasciculosus n.

MG

medial geniculate n.

Reticular region

Metathalamus

LG

SGe

260

lateral geniculate n.

suprageniculate n.

Ventral Thalamus VT STh subthalamic n. FF nucleus of the (tegmental) field of Forel (n. of the prerubral field, field H) ZI zona incerta dorsooral part dorsocaudal part ventral part caudal part nucleus of the ansa lenticularis reticular n. pregeniculate n subparafascicular n.

Epithalamus EpT ganglion habenulae MHb medial habenular n. LHb lateral habenular n. Pi

pineal body paraventricular n. anterior paraventricular n. posterior paraventricular n. paratenial n

Zona incerta ZI ZIDO ZIDC ZIV ZIPR ZIC

zona incerta, dorsooral part zona incerta, dorsocaudal part zona incerta, ventral part zona incerta, praerubral part zona incerta, caudal part

261

Hypothalamus

POA

Preoptic area Pe

periventricular hypothalamic n. AVPe - anteroventral part DPe - dorsal part

MPO medial preoptic n. MPOL - lateral part MPOM - medial part IMH

AHA

intermediate hypothalamic cell groups InM Un

intermediate n. (SxD) uncinate n.

SChc SChd SChe SChm SChv

- central division - dorsal division - external division - medial division - ventral division

SODL SOVM SOT SOP

- dorsolateral part - ventromedial part - tuberal part - posterior part

PaAP PaPC PaMC PaD PaPo Pa F SPZ

- anterior parvocellular part - parvocellular part - magnocellular part - dorsal part - caudal part - suprafornical part - subparaventricular zone

Anterior hypothalamic area SCh

suprachiasmatic n.

Pe

periventricular hypothalamic n.

SO

supraoptic n.

Pa

paraventricular n.

ACG accessory (neurophysin) cell groups - main group - parafornical group - pallidal and sublenticular group LH

lateral hypothalamic area, anterior part

VMH

ventromedial hypothalamic n.

Tuberal region VMHVL - ventrolateral part VMHDM - dorsomedial part VMS - shell DMH dorsomedial hypothalamic n.

PeF Inf Pe LH

DMHC DMH

- compact part - diffuse part

Pa2

paraoptic n. (Brockhaus)

perifornical n. infundibular n. periventricular hypothalamic n. lateral hypothalamic area, tuberal part

Mammillary region MM

medial mammillary n. MM ML

LM TM

- medial part - lateral part

lateral mammillary n. tuberomammillary n. TMP SuM

- principal part supramammillary n.

PalHy

pallidohypothalamic n.

LTu lateral tuberal nucleus LH lateral hypothalamic area, posterior part DHA PH

262

dorsal hypothalamic area posterior hypothalamus

263

Index 10n 11n 12C 12n

vagus nerve 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 81, 83 accessory nerve 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 81, 83 hypoglossal canal 85 hypoglossal nerve 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 81, 83, 85 17 striate area 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 71, 73, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229, 231 18 area 18 207, 209, 223, 225 2n optic nerve 31, 51, 53, 55, 85, 87 3n oculomotor nerve 31, 55, 57, 59, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 169 3ni oculomotor nerve (inferior branch) 33, 35 3V third ventricle 25, 27, 29, 59, 61, 63, 137, 139, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163 4n trochlear nerve 31, 55 4V fourth ventricle 31, 33, 63 5au auriculotemporal nerve 35 5fr frontal nerve 31, 51 5Gn trigeminal ganglion 33, 57, 85 5ial inferior alveolar nerve 35, 37, 53, 55, 81, 83 5ior infraorbital nerve 35, 37, 39, 49, 51, 53, 83 5lac lacrimal nerve 31 5lg lingual nerve 35, 37, 39, 41, 53, 55, 81, 83 5man mandibular nerve 83 5mo motor root of trigeminal nerve 35 5mx maxillary nerve 33, 55 5n trigeminal nerve 31, 59, 85 5nc nasociliary nerve 85 5oph ophthalmic nerve 33 6n abducens nerve or its root 55 7gp greater petrosal nerve 33, 59 7n facial nerve 33, 35, 37, 59, 77 8n vestibulocochlear nerve 33 9,10,11n glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves 59 9n glossopharyngeal nerve 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 53, 55, 57, 81, 83 AAA anterior amygdaloid area 141 AAT anterior arch of atlas 87 aaua anterior auricular artery 59 AB access. basal amygdaloid ncl. 135 Ac accumbens nucleus 57 ac anterior commissure 59, 83, 85, 87, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153 AcC accumbens nucleus, central part 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133 AceIT anterior cervical intertransversarii muscles 59 acer anterior cerebral artery 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71 AcL accumbens nucleus, lateral part 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 135 AcM accumbens nucleus, medial part 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135 ACo ant. cortical amygdaloid nucl. 139 aco anterior commissure, olfactory limb 131, 133, 135 ACoD anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal part 141, 143, 145 ACoV anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, ventral part 141, 143, 145 acs anterior calcarine sulcus 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205 AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleus 157, 159, 161, 163 ADB nucleus of the diagonal band, angular part 135 AG ambiens gyrus 57, 135, 145, 153, 155 AHi amygdalohippocampal area 153, 155 AI amygdaloid island 141, 143 aic anterior limb of the internal capsule 27, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135

264

aica AIn al

anterior inferior cerebellar artery 31, 61 agranular insular cortex (claustro-cortex insularis) 83, 85 ansa lenticularis 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171 ald apical ligament of dens 87 all anterior longitudinal ligament 41, 42, 87 ALPO ant. lateral preoptic nucl. 135 Alv alveolar process of maxilla 49 alv alveus of the hippocampus 85, 167, 171, 175, 177, 195, 197 AM anteromedial thalamic nucl. 147, 149, 151, 153 Amg amygdala 31, 59, 61, 83, 85, 161, 163, 165, 167 AMPO ant. medial preoptic nucl. 133, 135 ancer ansa cervicalis 43, 44, 59 ang angular artery and vein 35 AnG angular gyrus 19, 21, 23, 67, 69, 71, 73, 77, 79, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227 anga angular artery 33, 37 angv angular vein 31, 33 AO anterior olfactory nucleus 57, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121 AOI Area orbitoinsularis 113, 115, 117 AOP anterior olfactory nucleus, posterior part 123, 125 ap ansa peduncularis 147, 149 apala ascending palatine artery 37, 39, 41, 42 aph ascending pharyngeal artery 41, 42, 57 API area piriformis insulae 119, 121 APr anteroprincipal (-ventral) thalamic nucleus 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165 aps anterior parolfactory sulcus 119 APS anterior perforated substance 29 apsi anterior parolfactory sulcus, inf. branch 121 apss anterior parolfactory sulcus, superior branch 121, 123 APul anterior pulvinar nucleus 173, 175, 177, 179, 181 Aq cerebral aqueduct 29, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189 AReCa anterior rectus capitis muscle 35, 37, 85 ARG Andreas Retzius gyrus 195, 197 argr arachnoid granulations 63 AryE aryepiglotticus muscle 55 AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 169 AtAx altanto-axial membrane 87 ATh anterior thalamic nucleus 27, 59, 61 Atlas atlas 37, 39, 63, 87 AtOc atlanto-occipital joint 37, 61, 85 AtOcMe atlanto-occipital membrane 87 ATub articular tubercle 79 aud auditory radiation 83 Aud auditory tube 55, 83, 85 Axis axis 63, 87 bas basilar artery 31, 33 BC basal nucleus, compact part 139, 141, 143, 145, 149, 151, 155 BCd body of caudate nucleus 63 BFat buccal fat pad 49, 53 bfx body of fornix 61, 63, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181 bG band of Giacomini 161, 163 BHy body of hyoid bone 44 bic brachium of the inferior colliculus 183, 187, 189, 191 BL basolateral amygdaloid nucl. 139, 141, 143, 147, 155, 157 BLD basolateral amygdaloid nucl., dorsal (magnocellular) part 145, 149, 151, 153 BLI basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, intermediate part 145, 149, 151, 153 BLPL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, paralaminar part 145, 149, 151, 153

BLVL

basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventrolateral part 145, 151, 153 BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151 BM basomedial amygdaloid nucl. 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 151, 155, 157 BMan body of mandible 51 BMCM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, centromedial part 153 BMDL basomed. amygdaloid nucleus, dorsolateral part 153 BMDM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, dorsomedial part 149, 153 BMVM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part 149, 153 BOp basal operculum 109, 111, 113, 115, 117 bsc brachium of the superior colliculus 187 BST bed nucleus of the stria terminalis 87 BSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central division 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141 BSTCV ventral extension of BSTC 141 BSTL bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division 129, 133, 135, 137 BSTLJ bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, juxtacapsular part 131, 139, 141 BSTM bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division 131, 133, 135, 137 BSTP bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, posterior division 139, 141 BSTV bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventral division 137, 139 BucM buccinator muscle 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 49, 51, 81, 83 bucn buccal nerve 35, 37, 39, 41, 42 CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 165, 167, 169, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197 CA1-3 fields of hippocampus 163, 171, 173 CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus 159, 161, 165, 167, 169, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197 CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus 161, 165, 167, 169, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191 cal calcar avis 203 cals callosal sulcus 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 199 calv callosal vein 111, 113, 115, 117 CAnT common anular tendon 33 CAT cartilage of auditory tube 37 cavs cavernous sinus 31, 33, 55, 57 Cb cerebellum 83, 85 cc corpus callosum 59, 61, 63, 87, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 139, 141, 143, 147, 151, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183 cctd common carotid artery 43, 44, 57, 59 Cd caudate nucleus 85, 111, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189 CdL lateral caudate nucleus 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145 CdM medial caudate nucleus 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147 CdV ventral caudate nucleus 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141 Ce central amygdaloid nucleus 143, 145, 147, 159 ce central fissure 59, 145, 147, 149, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191 CeL central amygdaloid nucleus, lateral part 149, 151, 153, 155, 157 CeM central amygdaloid nucleus, medial part 149, 151, 153, 155, 157 CeMe central medial thalamic nucleus 155, 157, 159, 161 cern cervical nerve 43, 44 cern (1-3) cervical nerve (1-3) 85 cern2 cervical nerve 2 39, 59 cerpx cervical plexus 59 CG cingulate gyrus 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 85, 87, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161,

163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209 CGal crista galli 31, 49, 51 cgs cingulate sulcus 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 123, 147, 191, 193, 195, 197, 203, 205, 209 CH cerebellar hemisphere 61, 63, 65 cha anterior choroidal artery 27, 31, 57, 59, 61, 63 chf choroidal fissure 165 chpx choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle 25, 27, 29, 61, 65 cic commissure of the inferior colliculi 191 CilM ciliaris muscle 33 cir circular insular sulcus 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 137, 139, 143, 145, 147, 149 CISM cervical interspinal muscle 65 Cl claustrum 27, 29, 57, 59, 61, 83, 113, 117, 119, 167, 169, 171, 173 CLV central part of lateral ventricle 59, 61 CM centromedian thalamic nucleus 61, 87, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179 cmg capsule of medial geniculate nucleus 185 Co commissural nucleus 155, 157, 159, 161, 163 CoCl compact insular claustrum 115, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 163 comb comb system 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165 Cond condylar process of mandible 35, 57 Cor coronoid process of the mandible 35 cos collateral sulcus 157, 163, 165, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227 cosi confluence of sinuses 29, 69 cp cerebral peduncle 29, 59, 61, 85, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179 cpx carotid plexus 43 cr capsule of red nucleus 163, 165, 167, 169 cret central artery of retina 51 crfx crus (post. column) of fornix 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193 crt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers 163, 165, 167, 169, 171 cs calcarine sulcus 199, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229, 231 csc commissure of the superior colliculi 183, 185, 187 CSCil corrugator supercilii muscle 31 CSP cavity of septum pellucidum 119, 121 ctg central tegmental tract 179, 181, 183 cty chorda tympani 35, 37 CuA cuneiform area 185 Cuc cucullaris nucleus 155, 157, 159, 161 Cun cuneus 25, 67, 69, 71, 73, 85 CxA cortico-amygdaloid transition area 139 DAx dens axis 37, 87 db diagonal band 125, 137 DB nucleus of the diagonal band 57, 133 DCl dorsal claustrum 155, 157, 165 DG dentate gyrus 29, 83, 85, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 183, 185, 193, 195 DH dorsal hypothalamic area 141, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153 dhc dorsal hippocampal commissure 183, 185, 187, 189, 191 DiCl diffuse insular claustrum 115, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157 Dig digastric muscle 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 49, 51, 55, 57, 59, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87 DigT digastric muscle, tendon 42, 43, 53, 83 dip diploic vein 61 DiPul diffuse pulvinar nucleus 185, 187, 189 Disc articular disc of temporo-mandibular joint 35, 79 dlg deep lingual artery and vein 49 DMH dorsomed. hypothalamic n. 145, 147, 149, 151, 153 DMHC dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, compact part 147 DoH dorsal hypothalamic nucleus 139 dpala descending palatine artery 37, 51, 53, 85 DpAO depressor anguli oris muscle 42, 43, 44, 83 dpc deep cervical artery and vein 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44 DPeH dorsal periventricular hypothalamic nucleus 133, 135, 137 DpLb depressor labii inferioris muscle 44, 83

265

DpSCil depressor supercilii muscle 33, 35 DS diaphragma sellae 57 DSF dorsal superficial nucleus 163, 165, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179 Dt dentate nucleus 65 dta deep temporal artery 35, 51, 53 EAud external auditory meatus 77, 79 ec external capsule 27, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 139, 141, 143, 147, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173 ectd external carotid artery 39, 41, 42, 43, 57, 79, 81 EGl epiglottis 55, 85, 87 EGP external globus pallidus 59, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169 ejugv external jugular vein 59, 77 emi emissary vein 33, 63, 65 eml external medullary lamina of thalamus 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191 Ent entorhinal cortex 29, 31, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 153, 151, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171 EP entopeduncular nucleus 151, 153 ers endorhinal sulcus 153 EthC ethmoidal cell(s) 33, 49, 51, 53 ex extreme capsule 27, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 139, 141, 143, 147, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173 eye eyeball 33 Fa fasciculosus nucleus 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155 fac facial artery 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 79, 81, 83 facv facial vein 37, 39, 41, 44, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 79, 81, 83 FCd fundus region of caudate nucleus 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129 FD fascia dentata 163, 165, 167, 169, 171 FG fasciolar gyrus 65, 85, 193, 195, 197 fi fimbria of the hippocampus 27, 29, 83, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189 FL frontal lobe 51 FLA frontal limbic area 53, 55, 57, 59, 61 FLV frontal horn of lateral ventricle 25, 27, 55, 111, 115, 117, 119, 121, 125, 131, 133, 135, 137 FMG frontomarginal gyrus 95, 97, 99 fmi forceps minor of the corpus callosum 25, 107, 109, 121 fmj forceps major of the corpus callosum 25 fms frontomarginal sulcus 95, 97 FOp frontal operculum 25, 81, 83, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 153, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171 FPu fundus region of putamen 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141 fr fasciculus retroflexus 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179 Fro frontal bone 29 FroC frontal crest 49, 79 FroN frontal bone, nasal part 31 FroO frontal bone, orbital part 31, 49 FroSq frontal bone, squamosal part 51 FrP frontopolar cortex 49, 51 FrS frontal sinus 29, 33, 49, 51 FStr fundus striati 29, 87 FuG fusiform gyrus 27, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 79, 81, 83, 85, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219 fx fornix 25, 27, 59, 63, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151 FxC falx cerebri 49, 53 gapo galea aponeurotica (epicranial aponeurosis) 29 gcc genu of the corpus callosum 25, 27, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119 GeGl genioglossus muscle 42, 43, 44, 49, 51, 87

266

GeHy GHHy gic gocn GP gpal gpala GPalF GrCi GTI H1

geniohyoid muscle 44, 49, 51, 87 greater horn of hyoid bone 42, 43, 44 genu of the internal capsule 27, 153, 155 greater occipital nerve 29, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 83, 85 globus pallidus 27, 61, 83, 85 greater palatine artery, nerve, vein 49 greater palatine artery 39, 41 greater palatine foramen 51 great (cerebellomedullary) cistern 63 great terminal island 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175 H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2) 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161 Hb habenula 27, 179 hbc habenular commissure 181 HCd head of caudate nucleus 25, 27, 59, 87 HDB horizontal limb of the diagonal band 133, 135 Hi hippocampus 27, 29, 31, 59, 61, 63, 83, 85, 199, 201 HiH hippocampal head 147, 149, 151, 155, 157 his hippocampal sulcus 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 185, 187, 189, 191, 195, 197 HPtg hamulus of the pterygoid bone 39, 53 Hy hypothalamus 29 HyGl hyoglossus muscle 41, 42, 43, 44, 49, 51, 53, 85 Hyoid hyoid bone 53, 55, 85 ial inferior alveolar artery, vein, nerve 39, 41, 42, 51 iala inferior alveolar artery 39, 53, 55, 81 ialv inferior alveolar vein 39 IAud internal auditory meatus 83 IC inferior colliculus 185, 189, 191 ic internal capsule 57, 59, 61, 85, 87, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 149, 151 ICCe iliocostalis cervicis muscle 44 ICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus 195, 199, 201, 203, 205 ICM inferior constrictor of the pharynx 43, 44, 57 icml incomplete medullary lamina of the globus pallidus 145, 147, 149, 151 ictd internal carotid artery 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 55, 57, 59, 81, 83, 85, 87 icv internal cerebral vein 63 IFG inferior frontal gyrus 21, 27, 29, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 77, 79, 81, 83 IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part 23, 25, 27, 29, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141 IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part 25, 27, 99, 101, 103, 105, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117 IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part 23, 25, 27, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117 IFPG inferior frontopolar gyrus 95, 97, 99 ifs inferior frontal sulcus 97, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119 IG insular gyrus 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125 IGP internal globus pallidus 59, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163 IGPul intergeniculate pulvinar 181, 183, 185, 187 IGr indusium griseum 111, 113, 115, 117, 121, 123, 129, 131, 133, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 165, 167, 173, 187, 193, 195, 197, 199 IGR indusium griseum 163 ijugv internal jugular vein 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 61, 81, 83 ilab inferior labial artery and vein 43, 44 ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 143, 145 imfs intermediate frontal sulcus 105, 109, 111 iml internal medullary lamina of the thalamus 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183 imos intermediate orbital sulcus 111 INaC inferior nasal concha 37, 49 inav internal nasal vein 55 IncC incisive canal w. nasopalatine artery 41 Inf infundibular nucleus 141, 145, 147, 149 InfS infundibular stalk 57, 137, 139

Ins

insula 25, 27, 29, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 81, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 193 InTrM intertransversarii muscles 41, 42 IO inferior olive 61, 87 IOb inferior oblique muscle 35, 49, 83, 85 IObCa inferior oblique capitis muscle 39, 63, 65, 81, 83, 85, 87 iora infraorbital artery 35, 37, 49, 51, 53, 83 IOrC infraorbital canal 49, 51 IOrF infraorbital foramen 83 IOrG intermediate orbital gyrus 97, 99, 101 IP interpeduncular nucleus 171, 173, 175 IPCi interpeduncular cistern 163 ipets inferior petrosal sinus 33, 59, 81, 85 ipf interpeduncular fossa 29, 59, 87 IPL inferior parietal lobule 21, 23, 25 ips intraparietal sulcus 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227 IRec inferior rectus muscle 33, 35, 49, 51, 53 IRoG inferior rostral gyrus 51, 53, 55, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115 ISM interspinalis muscle 41, 42, 43, 44 iss inferior sagittal sinus 59, 61 isst internal sagittal stratum 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209 ita inferior temporal artery 29 ITG inferior temporal gyrus 27, 29, 31, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 77, 79, 81, 83, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223 IthA interthalamic adhesion 151, 153 ithp inferior thalamic peduncle 143, 145, 147, 149, 153, 157, 159 ITP inferior temporopolar region 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123 its inferior temporal sulcus 119, 121, 123, 125, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223 IVF interventricular foramen 141, 143 ivvpx internal vertebral venous plexus 39, 42, 63, 83 JugP jugular process 83 La lateral amygdaloid nucleus 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 151, 153 lab labial artery 83 lac lacrimal artery 51 Lac lacrimal gland 31, 49 lacv lacrimal vein 33 LaDa lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal anterior part 145 LaDA lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal anterior part 147, 149 LaDL lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsolateral part 143, 145, 147 LaDM lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsomedial part 145 LaI lateral amygdaloid nucleus, intermediate part 145, 149 LAngO levator anguli oris muscle 37, 39, 41, 83 LaV lateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventral part 149 LC locus coeruleus 87 LD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus 61, 87 lds lambdoid suture 29, 31 lenf lenticular fasciculus 151, 153, 157 LeVePal levator veli palatini muscle 37, 55, 57, 85 lf lateral fissure 111, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 169, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193 LG lateral geniculate nucleus 83, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183 Lg lingual gland 43, 53 lga lingual artery 42, 43, 44, 53, 55, 83, 85 lga/lgv lingual artery / vein 51 LgC longus capitis and colli muscles 83, 85 LgCa longus capitis muscle 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 57

LgCo LgFo LgG LgsCa LgsCe LgsCeT LgSpt lgv LH LHb Li LiCl Lim liml ll LLb LLbAN LLPt lls LM lml

lo LOrG lors LOTG lots

LPal LPtg LPtgL LPtgM LPul LRec LReCa ls LSc LSD LSI LSV LT LTh LTu LV

Ly Man ManC ManF MasM MB mcer MCM mcp MD Md MDe MDMC MDPL Me ME

longus colli muscle 35, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44 lingual follicle 85 lingual gyrus 85, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213 longissimus capitis muscle 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 63, 65, 79, 81 longissimus cervicis muscle 41, 42, 43, 44 longissimus cervicis muscle, tendon 41, 42 lingual septum 49 lingual vein 53, 55, 83 lateral hypothalamic area 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157 lateral habenular nucleus 181 limen insulae 85, 87, 127, 129, 131, 133 limitans claustrum 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157 limitans nucleus 179, 181, 183, 185 limiting medullary lamina of globus pallidus 147, 149, 153 lateral lemniscus 185 levator labii superioris muscle 37, 39, 83 levator labii superioris alaeque nasi 37 lateral lamina of pterygoid process 53 lateral longitudinal stria 117, 123, 159, 195, 197 lateral mammillary nucleus 151, 153 lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171 lateral olfactory tract 131, 133, 135, 137 lateral orbital gyrus 101, 103, 105, 107, 113 lateral orbital sulcus 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111 lateral occipito-temporal gyrus 31 lateral occipitotemporal sulcus 119, 121, 123, 125, 135, 137, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 187, 189, 191, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217 levator palpebrae superioris muscle 31, 49, 51, 53, 85 lateral pterygoid muscle 37, 53, 55, 57, 81, 83 lateral pterygoid muscle, lateral belly 35 lateral pterygoid muscle, medial belly 35 lateral pulvinar nucleus 179, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191 lateral rectus muscle 33, 49, 51, 53, 83 lateral rectus capitis muscle 37, 79 longitudinal stria 199 levator scapulae muscle 41, 42, 43, 44, 63, 79 lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149 lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149 lateral septal nucleus, ventral part 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139 lamina terminalis 29, 127, 129, 131 lateral thalamic nuclear region 85, 87 lateral tuberal nucleus 145, 147, 149 lateral ventricle 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 57, 63, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191 lymph node 41, 42, 43, 44, 51, 79, 81 mandible 37, 39, 41, 43, 53, 79, 81, 85, 87 mandibular canal 44, 49, 51, 53 mandibular fossa 79 masseter muscle 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 49, 51, 53, 55, 77, 79 mammillary body 29, 59 middle cerebral artery 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 81 middle constrictor of the pharynx 43, 44, 55, 57 middle cerebellar peduncle 61, 85 medial dorsal thalamic nucleus 61, 87, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183 medulla oblongata 35 margo denticulatus 183 medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177 medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, paralamellar part 169, 171, 173, 175, 177 medial amygdaloid nucleus 153, 155, 157, 159 median eminence 147

267

MeA medial amygdaloid nucleus, anterior part 143, 145, 147 MentM mentalis muscle 44 mfb medial forebrain bundle 129, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 147, 149, 151, 155 MFG middle frontal gyrus 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 81, 83, 85, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151 MFPG middle frontopolar gyrus 95, 99, 101 MG medial geniculate nucleus 85, 177 MGDP medial geniculate nucleus, dorsal posterior part 183 MGFi medial geniculate nucleus, fibrosus part 179, 181, 183 MGLi medial geniculate nucleus, limitans part 179, 181, 183 MGMC medial geniculate nucl., magnocellular part 179, 181 MGPC medial geniculate nucleus, parvocellular part 179 MHb medial habenular nucleus 181 MiZyg minor zygomaticus muscle 37, 39 MjAC major alar cartilage 37, 39 MjZyg major zygomaticus muscle 37, 39, 41, 42, 49, 77, 79 ml medial lemniscus 179, 181, 183, 185, 187 ML medial mammillary nucleus, lateral part 151, 153 mlf medial longitudinal fasciculus 183, 185, 187 MLPt medial lamina of pterygoid process 53 mls medial longitudinal stria 117, 123, 129, 139, 141, 143, 145, 159, 163 MM medial mammillary nucleus, medial part 151, 153, 155, 157 mm middle meningeal artery 33, 57 mmf middle meningeal artery, frontal branch 31, 55 mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163 mmp middle meningeal artery, parietal....branch 63 MNaC middle nasal concha 49 MnPO median preoptic nucleus 135 molf medial olfactory radiation 123, 125 MOrG medial orbital gyrus 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117 mors medial orbital sulcus 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111 MOTG medial occipito-temporal gyrus 31 MPO medial preoptic nucleus 133, 135, 137, 139 MPtg medial pterygoid muscle 37, 39, 41, 42, 53, 55, 81, 85 MPul medial pulvinar nucleus 183, 185, 187, 189, 191 MRec medial rectus muscle 33, 49, 51, 53, 85 MS medial septal nucleus 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147 MScal middle scalenus muscle 39, 41 Mst mastoid process of temporal bone 77, 79 MstC mastoid cells 77, 79 mt mammillo-thalamic tract 153, 155, 157, 159 mtg mammillo-tegmental tract 155, 157 MTG middle temporal gyrus 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 77, 79, 81, 83, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223 Mul multifidus muscle 41, 42, 43, 44, 63, 85 Mx maxilla 35, 37, 39, 41, 87 mxa maxillary artery 35, 37, 53, 55, 57, 81, 85 MxS maxillary sinus 35, 49, 51, 53, 85 mxv maxillary vein 57 MyHy mylohyoid muscle 41, 42, 43, 44, 49, 51, 87 myhy mylohyoid nerve 43, 53, 55 Na nasal bone 33, 35 Nas nasalis muscle 35, 37, 39 nl nuchal ligament 35, 37, 39 nlac nasolacrimal duct 35 npal nasopalatine artery, incisive canal 39 NPhT nasopharyngeal tonsil 87 NSpt nasal septum 35, 49, 51 nuf nuchal fascia 33, 35, 37, 41 oaud opening of auditory tube 87 OB olfactory bulb 51 occ occipital artery, vein and nerve 31, 33 Occ occipital bone 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 87

268

occa

occipital artery 29, 35, 37, 39, 41, 57, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 79, 81 occs occipital sinus 31, 63, 65, 67 occv occipital vein 29, 35, 39, 67, 69, 77, 79 OcFrF occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly 49, 51, 77, 79, 81, 87 OcFrO occipito-frontal muscle, occipital belly 69, 71, 77, 79, 81 OcG occipital gyri 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229, 231 ocm occipito-mastoid suture 33 OFat orbital fat body 49, 51 OFG orbitofrontal gyri 49, 51, 53, 55, 81, 83, 85, 87 olf olfactory tract 31, 53, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123 OlfA olfactory area 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127 olfr olfactory radiation 121, 123 olfs olfactory sulcus 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121 OLV occipital horn of lateral ventricle 25, 27, 67, 69, 83, 203, 205, 207 OmHy omohyoid muscle 44, 53, 55 OO orbicularis oculi muscle 31, 33, 35, 37, 49, 77, 79, 81 OOr orbicularis oris muscle 41, 42, 43, 44, 81, 87 opha ophthalmic artery 49, 51, 53 ophv ophthalmic vein 53 opt optic tract 29, 59, 61, 85, 139, 141, 143, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169 or optic radiation 27, 83, 177, 181, 183, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211 Oral oral cavity 87 OrG orbital gyrus / gyri 29, 31 ors orbital sulcus 113, 119, 121 Otic otic ganglion 57 ox optic chiasm 31, 57, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137 P3V preoptic recess of the third ventricle 127, 129, 131, 133, 135 Pa paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus 145, 147, 153 PAA periamygdalar area 137 PaAP paraventricular hypothalamic n., ant. parvocellular part 133, 135 PACl preamygdalar claustrum 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145 PaD paraventricular nucleus, dorsal part 137, 141, 143 PaFo paraventricular nucleus, fornical part 139, 141 PAG periaqueductal gray 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191 PalG palatine glands 39, 41, 49, 51 PalGl palatoglossus muscle 41 palhy pallidohypothalamic fibers 149 PalHy pallidohypothalamic nucl. 149, 151, 153 paln palatine nerve 51 PalPh palatopharyngeus muscle 42, 55 PalT palatine tonsil 55 PAM periamygdaloid cortex 85, 133, 135, 137, 139 PaMC paraventricular nucleus, magnocellular part 137, 141, 143 PaO paraoptic nucleus 145 pap optic papilla 49 PaPC paraventricular nucleus, parvocellular part 137, 139, 141, 143 PaPo paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, posterior part 147, 149 papx parotid plexus 35 Par parietal bone 29, 31 PaS parasubiculum 157, 159, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177 PAT posterior arch of atlas 87 pau posterior auricular artery and vein 39 PAu posterior auricular muscle 33 paua posterior auricular artery 57 pauv posterior auricular vein 31, 33, 63 PBP parabrachial pigmented nucl. 169, 171, 173, 175 pc posterior commissure 179, 181, 183 PCA precommissural archicortex 125, 127 pcer posterior cerebral artery 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71 pcfx precommissural fornix 127, 129, 131, 133

PCL

paracentral lobule 19, 21, 63, 65, 67, 69, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201 PCo post. cortical amygdaloid n. 147, 149, 151, 153, 155 pcoma posterior communicating artery 31 pcs precentral sulcus 145, 147 PCun precuneus 21, 25, 27, 67, 69, 71, 73, 85, 87, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223 PedL peduncle of lentiform nucl. 151, 153, 155, 157 PeF perifornical nucleus 143, 145, 147, 151 PeP perpendicular plate 49 PF parafascicular thalamic nucl. 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177 PH posterior hypothalamic area 151, 155, 157 PHA parahippocampal-amygdaloid transition area 141, 143, 145, 147 phar pharyngeal branches 55, 57 PHG parahippocampal gyrus 27, 29, 83, 85, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199 PhRe pharyngeal recess 57 Pi pineal gland 27, 63, 183, 185, 187, 189 pic posterior limb of the internal capsule 27, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 183, 185 pica posterior inferior cerebellar artery 31, 61, 65 PIR parainsular region 129 Pir piriform cortex 57, 85, 121, 123, 125 PirF piriform cortex, frontal part 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137 PirR piriform recess 55 PirT piriform cortex, temporal part 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141 Pit pituitary gland 31, 57 Plat platysma 41, 42, 43, 44, 49, 51, 53, 77, 79, 81, 87 pm principal mammillary fasciculus 151 PMOL posteromedial orbital lobule 119, 121 pna posterior nasal artery 53 PoCi pontine cistern 31, 33, 59 pocs postcentral sulcus 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 195, 199 PoG postcentral gyrus 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201 Pons pons 31, 87, 175, 177 POp parietal operculum 25, 65, 79, 81, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197 POrG posterior orbital gyrus 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119 pors posterior orbital sulcus 109, 111 pos parietooccipital sulcus 217, 219, 221, 223, 225 POTZ parietooccipital transition zone 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229 PP peripeduncular nucleus 175, 177, 179, 181 PPA peripeduncular area 175, 177 PPCl prepiriform claustrum 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133 PPo planum polare 59, 61, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167 pps posterior parolfactory sulcus 121, 123, 125 PRC perirhinal cortex 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153 155 PrG precentral gyrus 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 119, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187 PrS presubiculum 153, 157, 159, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183 PRt prereticular zone 141, 143, 145 psa posterior superior alveolar artery 37, 49, 51 psan posterior superior alveolar nerve 37

PT PTc Ptd ptdd PTe

PTG Ptg PtgC PtgPal ptgpx PtPF Pu

Pul PuLi PuV PV pvf py QP R racc rapx rcc Re RePMi RePMj rhs RisM rmv ros RPC Rt

S

S/MCM SalPh SArS sas SB sbps SC SCA sca scal ScalM SCC scc SCD SCG SCGn SCGP SCh SCM SCMPP scp

paratenial thalamic nucleus 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 167, 173 pretectal area 179, 181, 183, 185 parotid gland 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 57, 77, 79, 81 parotid duct 39, 41, 51, 53, 55, 77, 79, 81 planum temporale 25, 27, 29, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 77, 79, 81, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197 paraterminal gyrus 57, 123, 125 pterygoid process 37 pterygoid canal 55 pterygopalatine ganglion 35, 53 pterygoid plexus 35, 55, 79, 81 pterygopalatine fossa 53 putamen 27, 57, 59, 61, 83, 85, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 143, 145, 147, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187 pulvinar 27, 63, 83, 85, 87, 165, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181 limitans putamen 159 ventral putamen 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169 paraventricular thalamic nucl. 151, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175 prevertebral fascia 37 pyramidal tract 61 quadrigeminal plate 63 red nucleus 29, 61, 87, 165 radiation of corpus callosum 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 199, 201, 203 retroarticular (venous) plexus 35 rostrum of corpus callosum 55 reuniens thalamic nucleus 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173 rectus capitis posterior minor muscle 35, 37, 65, 67 rectus capitis posterior major muscle 37, 39, 65, 67, 81 rhinal sulcus 121, 135, 147, 151, 157 risorius muscle 42, 43 retromandibular vein 39, 41, 42, 57, 77, 79, 81 rostral sulcus 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113 red nucl., parvocellular part 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177 reticular thalamic nucleus 61, 63, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191 subiculum 29, 59, 61, 63, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195 superior and middle constrictor of the pharynx 41, 42, 43 salpingopharyngeus muscle 37 subarachnoid space 39 semiannular sulcus 139, 141, 143, 147, 149, 151, 153 striatal cell bridges 59, 61, 63, 85, 115, 117, 119, 131, 149, 153, 159, 161, 167, 171 subparietal sulcus 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221 superior colliculus 183, 185, 187, 189, 191 subcallosal area 57, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127 superior cerebellar artery 29, 31, 33, 59, 61, 63 subcallosal fasciculus 115, 117, 119, 121, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 143, 147, 183, 185 scalenus muscle 41, 42, 43, 44, 63, 81 semicircular canals 61 splenium of the corpus callosum 25, 63, 65, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203 semicircular ducts 81 subcallosal gyrus 111, 113 superior cervical ganglion 41, 42 supracapsular part of globus pallidus 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 147, 149 suprachiasmatic nucleus 129, 131, 133, 135, 137 superior constrictor of the pharynx 37, 39, 41 superior constrictor of the pharynx, pterygopharyngeal part 84 superior cerebellar peduncle 63, 171, 173, 175, 177

269

SCS

SCTI SeC SEpS SFG SFGl SFGL

SFGM

SFi SFO SFPG SFPul sfs

SG SGe SGFL SGl shl SHThC sigs SL SLG slga slgv slic sln sls sm

SM sma smd SMG

SMG? sms smv SMV SN SNC SNR SO SOb SObCa socv SODL sof sophv sora SOVM sox SPal SPalF SpAx spets SPF Sph SPhF SphGW sphml sphpal

270

subcallosal stratum 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 143, 147, 155, 159, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 185 subcaudate terminal island 129 septal nasal cartilage 37, 39 subependymal stratum 143, 145, 209 superior frontal gyrus 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 83, 85, 87, 133, 145 superior frontal gyrus, lateral part 137 superior frontal gyrus, lateral part 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 135, 139, 141, 143, 147, 149, 155, 159, 161, 163 superior frontal gyrus, medial part 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143 septofimbrial nucleus 129, 131, 133, 135 subfornical organ 141, 143 superior frontopolar gyrus 95, 97, 99 superficial pulvinar nucleus 181, 183, 185, 187 superior frontal sulcus 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 137, 139, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153 straight gyrus 31, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 87, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123 suprageniculate nucleus 173, 175 superior frontal gyrus, lateral part 169 substantia gliosa 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121 stylohyoid ligament 53, 55 superior horn of thyroid cartilage 43, 44 sigmoid sinus 31, 33, 35, 61, 63, 65, 79 sublingual gland 43, 44, 49, 51, 85 semilunar gyrus 57, 151, 153, 155 sublingual artery 49 sublingual vein 49 sublenticular part of internal capsule 181, 183, 185 superior laryngeal nerve 41, 42, 43, 44 sublenticular stria 141 stria medullaris of thalamus 27, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179 submandibular gland 41, 42, 43, 44, 53, 55, 79, 81, 83 submental artery 49, 51 submandibular duct 43, 44, 49, 51, 53, 87 supramarginal gyrus 19, 21, 23, 25, 65, 67, 69, 77, 79, 81, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211 part of STG (Busch, 1960) 203 superficial medullary stratum 183, 185, 193, 195, 197 submental vein 55, 57 superior medullary velum 63 substantia nigra 29, 61, 87, 181 substantia nigra, p. compacta 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179 substantia nigra, p. reticulata 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179 supraoptic nucleus 133, 135, 137, 139 superior oblique muscle 31, 49, 51, 53 superior oblique capitis muscle 37, 63, 65, 81 suboccipital venous plexus 83 supraoptic nucleus, dorsolateral part 141, 143, 145 superior occipitofrontal fasciculus 25, 115 superior ophthalmic vein 31, 33 supraorbital artery 49 supraoptic nucleus, ventromedial part 141, 143, 145 supraoptic commissure 139, 143, 145, 149 soft palate 53, 87 salpingopalatine fold 87 spinous process of axis 39, 41, 65 superior petrosal sinus 61 subparafascicular thalamic n. 171, 173 sphenoid bone 31, 33, 35 salpingopharyngeal fold 87 sphenoid, greater wing 79, 81 sphenomandibular ligament 55 sphenopalatine artery 35

sphps SphS sphzg Spinal SPL

sphenoparietal sinus 31, 33 sphenoid sinus 33, 57 sphenozygomatic suture 31 spinal cord 39 superior parietal lobule 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 67, 69, 71, 73, 81, 83, 85, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223 SplCa splenius capitis muscle 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 63, 65, 67, 69, 77, 79, 81 SplCe splenius cervicis muscle 41, 42, 43, 44, 81 SplM splenius capitis and cervicis muscle 44 SpM spinalis muscle 41, 42, 43, 44 spth spino-thalamic tract 183 SptP septum pellucidum 57, 123 SRec superior rectus muscle 31, 49, 51 SRoG superior rostral gyrus 49, 51, 53, 55, 97, 99, 101 ss straight sinus 65, 67 SSpCa semispinalis capitis muscle 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 63, 65, 67, 69, 81 SSpCe semispinalis cervicis muscle 41, 42, 43, 44, 65 SSpG subsplenial gyrus 199 sss superior sagittal sinus 51, 61, 67, 71 SSTI substriatal terminal island 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 147 sstr sagittal stratum 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223 st stria terminalis 25, 27, 63, 83, 85, 87, 143, 145, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191 sta superficial temporal artery 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 77 staf superior temporal a., frontal branch 53, 55 STG superior temporal gyrus 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 77, 79, 81, 83, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217 STGL superior temporal gyrus, lateral part 157 STh subthalamic nucleus 61, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169 StHy sternohyoid muscle 51, 85 sthy superior thyroid artery 43, 44, 55 StM sternomastoid muscle 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 63, 65, 67, 77, 79 sts superior temporal sulcus 119, 121, 123, 125, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221 sts1 superior temporal sulcus, superior branch 201, 203, 205, 207, 209 sts2 superior temporal sulcus, inferior branch 201, 203, 205, 207, 209 StT sternomastoid muscle, tendon 35, 79 stv superficial temporal vein 29, 33 Sty styloid process 35, 37, 39 StyGl styloglossus muscle 39, 41, 42, 55, 81 StyHy stylohyoid muscle 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 81 StyPh stylopharyngeus muscle 37, 39, 41, 42, 81 sumx supramamillary commissure 157, 159, 161 sutra supratrochlear artery 31 sutrn supratrochlear nerve 31 sutrv supratrochlear vein 31 sv septal vein 109, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143 SxD sexual dimorphic ( intermed.) ncl. 137 Symp sympathetic trunk 41, 42, 43, 44, 81 TCb tentorium cerebelli 61, 63, 69 TCd tail of caudate nucleus 25, 27, 59, 61, 63, 83, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193 TCl temporal claustrum 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143 tclv tela choroidea of lat. ventricle 167 Tec tectum of midbrain 63, 87 Temp temporal bone 29, 31, 35

TempM temporalis muscle 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 51, 63, 65, 77, 79, 81 TempP temporal bone, petrosal part 33 TempT temporalis muscle, tendon 39, 77, 79 TeVePal tensor veli palatini muscle 37, 39 tf temporal fascia 29, 33, 35 tfa transverse facial artery 37, 49, 51 tfi tenia of fimbria 161, 167, 171 tfx tenia of fornix 147, 153, 161, 171, 187 Th thalamus 25, 27, 85, 87 ThC thyroid cartilage 44 ThHy thyrohyoid muscle 43, 44 ThHyMe thyrohyoid membrane 43, 44 thr thalamic radiation (corona radiata) 83 TL temporal lobe 33, 59 tla transverse ligament of atlas 87 TLev torus levatorius 87 TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle 31, 59, 61, 63, 85, 147, 149, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 189, 191 TM tuberomammillary nucleus 145, 149 TmP temporal pole 31, 53, 55 TOp temporal operculum 79, 81 TOTZ temporooccipital transition zone 221, 223 tp tapetum 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211 TrA triangular area (Wernicke) 179 TrLV trigone of lateral ventricle 65, 83, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201 TrP4 transverse process of fourth vertebra 44 TrPAt transverse process of the atlas 39, 81 trs transverse sinus 67, 69, 79, 81 TS triangular septal nucleus 133, 135, 137 tsc tenia semicircularis 147, 153, 161, 167, 171, 187 tsv thalamostriate vein 25, 63, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 167, 169, 173, 177 tt tenia of thalamus 147, 153, 161, 171 TTG transverse temporal gyrus / gyri 25, 27, 59, 61, 63, 65, 77, 79, 81 TTG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrus 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193 TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193 tth dorsal trigemino-thalamic tract 179 TTub torus tubarius 87 Tu olfactory tubercle 57, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139 TuTI tubercular terminal island(s) 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137 tv temporal vein 31, 33 TyC tympanic cavity 33, 81 TzM trapezius muscle 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 69, 71, 81 Un uncus 57, 59, 127, 129, 131, 133, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169 unc uncinate fasciculus 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153 unn uncal notch 145, 149, 151, 153, 155 us uncal sulcus 149, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167 Uv uvula 37, 39, 41, 53 v vein 42, 43, 44 VA ventral anterior thalamic nucl. 147, 149, 151, 155, 157, 159, 161 vaf ventral amygdalofugal pathway 141, 143 VAMC ventral anterior thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part 155, 157, 159 VCl ventral claustrum 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 153, 155, 159, 161, 163, 165 VDB vertical limb of the diagonal band 129, 131 Ver vermis of cerebellum 27, 63, 65 vert vertebral artery 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 44, 61, 63 Vert3 third cervical vertebra 41, 43, 63, 65 Vert4 fourth cervical vertebra 41, 42, 43, 44 Vert5 fifth cervical vertebra 43, 44 Vert6 sixth cervical vertebra 44 VL ventral lateral thalamic nucleus 61, 155 VLA ventral lateral ant. thalamic nucleus 157, 159, 161, 163

VLP VLPE

ventral lateral post. thalamic nucleus 159, 161 ventral lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, external part 163, 165, 167 VLPI ventral lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, internal part 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177 VM ventromedial thalamic nucleus 159, 161, 163 VMH ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus 141, 143, 145, 147 VMHDM ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, dorsomedial part 149 VMHVL ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, ventrolateral part 149 Vom vomer 35, 37, 39, 49 VP ventral pallidum 137, 139, 159, 161, 163, 165 VPeH ventral periventricular hypothalamic nucleus 133 VPI ventral posterior inferior thalamic nucleus 171, 173, 177 VPL ventral posterior lateral thalamic nucleus 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181 VPM ventral posterior medial thalamic nucleus 171, 173, 175, 177 VPMPC ventral posterior medial thalamic nucleus, parvocellular part 165, 167, 169 vr ventral root 61 vt velum terminale 159 VTA ventral tegmental area 159, 161, 169, 171, 173, 175 xscp decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles 177, 179, 181, 183, 185 ZI zona incerta 145, 149, 151, 155, 159, 161, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177 ZID zona incerta, dorsal part 163 ZIV zona incerta, ventral part 163 Zyg zygomatic bone 33, 35, 37, 49, 79 ZygA zygomatic arch 51, 77 ZygM zygomatic muscles 81

271

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