Advanced Environmental Monitoring

ADVANCED ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

Advanced Environmental Monitoring

Edited by

Young J. Kim Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea and

Ulrich Platt University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978-1-4020-6363-3 (HB) ISBN 978-1-4020-6364-0 (e-book)

Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com

Cover images © JupiterImages Corporation 2007 Copyright to book as a whole © Springer Chapter 2 figures © Arcadis, Durham, NC, USA Chapter 16 © Department of Defence, Government of Canada

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved © 2008 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

Contents

Contributors ...................................................................................................

xi

Preface .............................................................................................................

xxi

Section 1

Atmospheric Environmental Monitoring

Chapter 1 Air Pollution Monitoring Systems—Past–Present–Future ............................................... U. Platt

3

Chapter 2 Radial Plume Mapping: A US EPA Test Method for Area and Fugitive Source Emission Monitoring Using Optical Remote Sensing ............................ Ram A. Hashmonay, Ravi M. Varma, Mark T. Modrak, Robert H. Kagann, Robin R. Segall, and Patrick D. Sullivan

21

Chapter 3

MAX-DOAS Measurements of ClO, SO2 and NO2 in the Mid-Latitude Coastal Boundary Layer and a Power Plant Plume ......................................................... Chulkyu Lee, Young J. Kim, Hanlim Lee, and Byeong C. Choi

Chapter 4 Laser Based Chemical Sensor Technology: Recent Advances and Applications ......................................... Frank K. Tittel, Yury A. Bakhirkin, Robert F. Curl, Anatoliy A. Kosterev, Matthew R. McCurdy, Stephen G. So, and Gerard Wysocki

v

37

50

vi

Contents

Chapter 5 Atmospheric Monitoring With Chemical Ionisation Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (CIR-TOF-MS) and Future Developments: Hadamard Transform Mass Spectrometry .......................... Kevin P. Wyche, Christopher Whyte, Robert S. Blake, Rebecca L. Cordell, Kerry A. Willis, Andrew M. Ellis, and Paul S. Monks Chapter 6 Continuous Monitoring and the Source Identification of Carbon Dioxide at Three Sites in Northeast Asia During 2004–2005 ........................................ Fenji Jin, Sungki Jung, Jooll Kim, K.-R. Kim, T. Chen, Donghao Li, Y.-A. Piao, Y.-Y. Fang, Q.-F. Yin, and Donkoo Lee Chapter 7 Aircraft Measurements of Long-Range Trans-Boundary Air Pollutants over Yellow Sea ................. Sung-Nam Oh, Jun-Seok Cha, Dong-Won Lee, and Jin-Su Choi Chapter 8 Optical Remote Sensing for Characterizing the Spatial Distribution of Stack Emissions ......................... Michel Grutter, Roberto Basaldud, Edgar Flores, and Roland Harig

Section 2

64

77

90

107

Atmospheric Environmental Monitoring

Chapter 9 Mass Transport of Background Asian Dust Revealed by Balloon-Borne Measurement: Dust Particles Transported during Calm Periods by Westerly from Taklamakan Desert ....................................................... Y. Iwasaka, J.M. Li, G.-Y. Shi, Y.S. Kim, A. Matsuki, D. Trochkine, M. Yamada, D. Zhang, Z. Shen, and C.S. Hong

121

Chapter 10 Identifying Atmospheric Aerosols with Polarization Lidar................................................................... Kenneth Sassen

136

Chapter 11 A Novel Method to Quantify Fugitive Dust Emissions Using Optical Remote Sensing .............................................. Ravi M. Varma, Ram A. Hashmonay, Ke Du, Mark J. Rood, Byung J. Kim, and Michael R. Kemme

143

Contents

vii

Chapter 12 Raman Lidar for Monitoring of Aerosol Pollution in the Free Troposphere ......................................................... Detlef Müller, Ina Mattis, Albert Ansmann, Ulla Wandinger, and Dietrich Althausen Chapter 13 An Innovative Approach to Optical Measurement of Atmospheric Aerosols—Determination of the Size and the Complex Refractive Index of Single Aerosol Particles ..................................................................... Wladyslaw W. Szymanski, Artur Golczewski, Attila Nagy, Peter Gál, and Aladar Czitrovszky Chapter 14 Remote Sensing of Aerosols by Sunphotometer and Lidar Techniques ............................................................. Anna M. Tafuro, F. De Tomasi, and Maria R. Perrone Chapter 15 Retrieval of Particulate Matter from MERIS Observations.............................................................. Wolfgang von Hoyningen-Huene, Alexander Kokhanovsky, and John P. Burrows Chapter 16 Bioaerosol Standoff Monitoring Using Intensified Range-Gated Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy..................................................... Sylvie Buteau, Jean-R. Simard, Pierre Lahaie, Gilles Roy, Pierre Mathieu, Bernard Déry, Jim Ho, and John McFee Chapter 17 MODIS 500 × 500-m2 Resolution Aerosol Optical Thickness Retrieval and Its Application for Air Quality Monitoring ................................................................. Kwon H. Lee, Dong H. Lee, Young J. Kim, and Jhoon Kim

Section 3

155

167

179

190

203

217

Contaminant-Control Process Monitoring

Chapter 18 Aquatic Colloids: Provenance, Characterization and Significance to Environmental Monitoring .................. Jae-Il Kim Chapter 19 Progress in Earthworm Ecotoxicology ................................. Byung-Tae Lee, Kyung-Hee Shin, Ju-Yong Kim, and Kyoung-Woong Kim

233

248

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Contents

Chapter 20 Differentiating Effluent Organic Matter (EfOM) from Natural Organic Matter (NOM): Impact of EfOM on Drinking Water Sources ......................................................... Seong-Nam Nam, Stuart W. Krasner, and Gary L. Amy Chapter 21 An Advanced Monitoring and Control System for Optimization of the Ozone-AOP (Advanced Oxidation Process) for the Treatment of Drinking Water................................................................... Joon-Wun Kang, Byung Soo Oh, Sang Yeon Park, Tae-Mun Hwang, Hyun Je Oh, and Youn Kyoo Choung Chapter 22 Monitoring of Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) in a Water Treatment Process by UV-Laser Induced Fluorescence ............................................................. Uwe Wachsmuth, Matthias Niederkrüger, Gerd Marowsky, Norbert Konradt, and Hans-Peter Rohns

Section 4

259

271

282

Biosensors, Bioanalytical and Biomonitoring Systems

Chapter 23 Biosensors for Environmental and Human Health ............. Peter-D. Hansen Chapter 24 Biological Toxicity Testing of Heavy Metals and Environmental Samples Using Fluorescence-Based Oxygen Sensing and Respirometry ....................................... Alice Zitova, Fiach C. O’Mahony, Maud Cross, John Davenport, and Dmitri B. Papkovsky

297

312

Chapter 25 Omics Tools for Environmental Monitoring of Chemicals, Radiation, and Physical Stresses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae ................................................... 325 Yoshihide Tanaka, Tetsuji Higashi, Randeep Rakwal, Junko Shibato, Emiko Kitagawa, Satomi Murata, Shin-ichi Wakida, and Hitoshi Iwahashi Chapter 26 Gene Expression Characteristics in the Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes) Liver after Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ...................................... Han Na Kim, Kyeong Seo Park, Sung Kyu Lee, and Man Bock Gu

338

Contents

ix

Chapter 27 Optical Detection of Pathogens using Protein Chip .................................................................. Jeong-Woo Choi and Byung-Keun Oh

348

Chapter 28 Expression Analysis of Sex-Specific and Endocrine-Disruptors-Responsive Genes in Japanese Medaka, Oryzias latipes, using Oligonucleotide Microarrays ................................................. Katsuyuki Kishi, Emiko Kitagawa, Hitoshi Iwahashi, Tomotaka Ippongi, Hiroshi Kawauchi, Keisuke Nakazono, Masato Inoue, Hiroyoshi Ohba, and Yasuyuki Hayashi

363

Chapter 29 Assessment of the Hazard Potential of Environmental Chemicals by Quantifying Fish Behaviour .......................... Daniela Baganz and Georg Staaks

376

Chapter 30 Biomonitoring Studies Performed with European Eel Populations from the Estuaries of Minho, Lima and Douro Rivers (NW Portugal) ............................... Carlos Gravato, Melissa Faria, Anabela Alves, Joana Santos, and Lúcia Guilhermino

390

Chapter 31 In Vitro Testing of Inhalable Fly Ash at the Air Liquid Interface .................................................... Sonja Mülhopt, Hanns-Rudolf Paur, Silvia Diabaté, and Harald F. Krug

402

List of Abbreviations .....................................................................................

415

Index ................................................................................................................

416

Contributors

Dietrich Althausen, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany Anabela Alves, CIMAR-LA/CIIMAR – Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal. Gary L. Amy, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands, [email protected] Albert Ansmann, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany Daniela Baganz, Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany and Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, [email protected] Yury A. Bakhirkin, Rice University, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, MS-366, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA Roberto Basaldud, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 05410 México D.F. México Robert S. Blake, Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK John P. Burrows, University of Bremen, Institute of Environmental Physics, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, D-28334 Bremen, Germany Sylvie Buteau, Defence R & D Canada Valcartier, 2459 Boul. Pie-XI Nord, Québec, QC, Canada, G3J 1X5, [email protected] Jun-Seok Cha, Global Environment Research Center, National Institute of Environment Research, Environmental Research Complex, Gyeongseo-dong, Seo-gu, Inchon 404-708, Korea T. Chen, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China xi

xii

Contributors

Byeong C. Choi, Meteorological Research Institute, 460-18 Sindaebang-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-720, Republic of Korea Jeong-Woo Choi, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, #1 Shinsu-dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-742, Korea and Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, #1 Shinsu-dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-742, Korea, [email protected] Jin-Su Choi, Global Environment Research Center, National Institute of Environment Research, Environmental Research Complex, Gyeongseo-dong, Seo-gu, Inchon 404-708, Korea Youn Kyoo Choung, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea Rebecca L. Cordell, Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK Maud Cross, Zoology Ecology and Plants Science Department, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland Robert F. Curl, Rice University, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, MS-366, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA Aladar Czitrovszky, Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Department of Laser Applications, Hungarian Academy of Science, H-1525 Budapest, P.O. Box 49, Hungary John Davenport, Zoology Ecology and Plants Science Department, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland Bernard Déry, Defence R & D Canada Valcartier, 2459 Boul. Pie-XI Nord, Québec, QC, Canada, G3J 1X5 Silvia Diabaté, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Toxicology and Genetics, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein – Leopoldshafen, Germany Ke Du, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA Andrew M. Ellis, Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK Y.-Y. Fang, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China Melissa Faria, CIMAR-LA/CIIMAR – Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal Edgar Flores, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 05410 México D.F. México

Contributors

xiii

Peter Gál, Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Department of Laser Applications, Hungarian Academy of Science, H-1525 Budapest, P.O. Box 49, Hungary Artur Golczewski, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Carlos Gravato, CIMAR-LA/CIIMAR – Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal. and Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. [email protected] Michel Grutter, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 05410 México D.F. México, [email protected] Man Bock Gu, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea, [email protected] Lúcia Guilhermino, CIMAR-LA/CIIMAR – Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal and ICBAS – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Estudos de Populações, Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Largo Professor Abel Salazar 2, 4099-003, Porto, Portugal Peter-D. Hansen, Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty VI, Department of Ecotoxicology, Franklin Strasse 29 (OE4), D-10587 Berlin, Germany, [email protected] Roland Harig, Institut für Messtechnik, Technische Universität HamburgHarburg, 21079 Hamburg, Germany Ram A. Hashmonay, ARCADIS, 4915 Prospectus Drive Suite F, Durham, NC 27713, USA, [email protected] Yasuyuki Hayashi, GeneFrontier Corp., Nihonbashi Kayabacho 3-2-10, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0025, Japan Tetsuji Higashi, Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan Jim Ho, Defence R & D Canada Suffield, Box 4000, Medicine Hat, AB, Canada, T1A 8K6 C. S. Hong, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan Tae-Mun Hwang, Korea Institute of Construction Technology, 2311 DaehwaDong, Ilsan-gu, Kyonggi-do, Korea (411–712)

xiv

Contributors

Masato Inoue, GeneFrontier Corp., Nihonbashi Kayabacho 3-2-10, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0025, Japan Tomotaka Ippongi, GeneFrontier Corp., Nihonbashi Kayabacho 3-2-10, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0025, Japan Rudolf Irmscher, Stadtwerke Düsseldorf AG, Qualitätsüberwachung Wasser (OE 423), Postfach 101136, 40002 Düsseldorf, Germany Hitoshi Iwahashi, Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan, [email protected] Y. Iwasaka, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan, [email protected] Fenji Jin, School of Earth and Environmental Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea Sungki Jung, School of Earth and Environmental Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea Robert H. Kagann, ARCADIS, 4915 Prospectus Drive Suite F, Durham, NC 27713, USA Joon-Wun Kang, Department of Environmental Engineering, YIEST, Yonsei University at Wonju, 234, Maeji, Wonju, Korea (220–710), [email protected] Hiroshi Kawauchi, GeneFrontier Corp., Nihonbashi Kayabacho 3-2-10, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0025, Japan Michael R. Kemme, U.S. Army ERDC – CERL, 2902 Farber Drive, Champaign, IL 61822 USA Byung J. Kim, U.S. Army ERDC – CERL, 2902 Farber Drive, Champaign, IL 61822 USA Han Na Kim, National Research Laboratory on Environmental Biotechnology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Korea Jae-Il Kim, Institut für Nukleare Entsorgung (INE), Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (FZK), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany, [email protected] Jhoon Kim, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Shinchondong 134, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea Jooll Kim, School of Earth and Environmental Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea Ju-Yong Kim, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea

Contributors

xv

K.-R. Kim, School of Earth and Environmental Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, [email protected] Kyoung-Woong Kim, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea, [email protected] Y.S. Kim, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan and Now: Institute of Environmental and Industrial Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Young J. Kim, Advanced Environmental Monitoring Research Center (ADEMRC), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 1 Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea, [email protected] Katsuyuki Kishi, Japan Pulp & Paper Research Institute, Inc., Tokodai 5-13-11, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan, [email protected] Emiko Kitagawa, Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan Alexander Kokhanovsky, University of Bremen, Institute of Environmental Physics, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, D-28334 Bremen, Germany Norbert Konradt, Stadtwerke Düsseldorf AG, Qualitätsüberwachung Wasser (OE 423), Postfach 101136, 40002 Düsseldorf, Germany Anatoliy A. Kosterev, Rice University, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, MS-366, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA Stuart W. Krasner, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, La Verne, California USA Harald F. Krug, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Toxicology and Genetics, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein – Leopoldshafen, Germany Pierre Lahaie, Defence R & D Canada Valcartier, 2459 Boul. Pie-XI Nord, Québec, QC, Canada, G3J 1X5 Byung-Tae Lee, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea Chulkyu Lee, Advanced Environmental Monitoring Research Center (ADEMRC), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju

xvi

Contributors

Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 1 Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea and Now at Institute of Environmental Physics and Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Atto-Hahn-Allee 1, D-28334, Bremen, Germany, [email protected] Dong H. Lee, Advanced Environmental Monitoring Research Center (ADEMRC), Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST), 1 Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea Dong-Won Lee, Global Environment Research Center, National Institute of Environment Research, Environmental Research Complex, Gyeongseo-dong, Seo-gu, Inchon 404-708, Korea Donkoo Lee, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea Hanlim Lee, Advanced Environmental Monitoring Research Center (ADEMRC), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 1 Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea Kwon H. Lee, Advanced Environmental Monitoring Research Center (ADEMRC), Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST), 1 Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea Sung Kyu Lee, Environmental Toxicology Devision, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 100 Jangdong, Yuseong, Daejeon, 305-343, Korea Donghao Li, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China J.M. Li, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan Gerd Marowsky, Laser-Laboratorium Göttingen e.V., Hans-Adolf-Krebs-Weg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany Pierre Mathieu, Defence R & D Canada Valcartier, 2459 Boul. Pie-XI Nord, Québec, QC, Canada, G3J 1X5 A. Matsuki, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan and Now: Laboratorire de Meteorologie Physique, Universite Blaise Pascal, Aubie re CEDEX, France Ina Mattis, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany Matthew R. McCurdy, Rice University, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, MS-366, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA

Contributors

xvii

John McFee, Defence R & D Canada Suffield, Box 4000, Medicine Hat, AB, Canada, T1A 8K6 Mark T. Modrak, ARCADIS, 4915 Prospectus Drive Suite F, Durham, NC 27713, USA Paul S. Monks, Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK [email protected] Sonja Mülhopt, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Technical Chemistry, Thermal Waste Treatment Division, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein – Leopoldshafen, Germany, [email protected] Detlef Müller, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany, [email protected] Satomi Murata, Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan Attila Nagy, Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Department of Laser Applications, Hungarian Academy of Science, H-1525 Budapest, P.O. Box 49, Hungary Keisuke Nakazono, GeneFrontier Corp., Nihonbashi Kayabacho 3-2-10, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0025, Japan Seong-Nam Nam, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado USA Matthias Niederkrüger, Laser-Laboratorium Göttingen e.V., Hans-Adolf-Krebs-Weg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany Byung-Keun Oh, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, #1 Shinsu-dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-742, Korea and Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, #1 Shinsu-dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-742, Korea Byung Soo Oh, Department of Environmental Engineering, YIEST, Yonsei University at Wonju, 234, Maeji, Wonju, KOREA (220-710) Hyun Je Oh, Korea Institute of Construction Technology, 2311 Daehwa-Dong, Ilsan-gu, Kyonggi-do, Korea (411-712) Sung-Nam Oh, Meteorological Research Institute (METRI), Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), 460-18 Shindaebang-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-720, Korea, [email protected] Hiroyoshi Ohba, GeneFrontier Corp., Nihonbashi Kayabacho 3-2-10, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0025, Japan

xviii

Contributors

Fiach C. O’Mahony, Biochemistry Department & ABCRF, University College Cork, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, Cork, Ireland Dmitri B. Papkovsky, Biochemistry Department & ABCRF, University College Cork, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, Cork, Ireland and Luxcel Biosciences Ltd., Suite 332, BioTransfer Unit, BioInnovation Centre, UCC, Cork, Ireland, [email protected] Kyeong Seo Park, National Research Laboratory on Environmental Biotechnology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Korea Sang Yeon Park, Department of Environmental Engineering, YIEST, Yonsei University at Wonju, 234, Maeji, Wonju, Korea (220-710) Hanns-Rudolf Paur, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Technical Chemistry, Thermal Waste Treatment Division, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein – Leopoldshafen, Germany Maria R. Perrone, CNISM, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Lecce, via per Arnesano, Lecce, Italy Y.-A. Piao, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China U. Platt, Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, INF 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, [email protected] Randeep Rakwal, Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan Hans-Peter Rohns, Stadtwerke Düsseldorf AG, Qualitätsüberwachung Wasser (OE 423), Postfach 101136, 40002 Düsseldorf, Germany Mark J. Rood, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA Gilles Roy, Defence R & D Canada Valcartier, 2459 Boul. Pie-XI Nord, Québec, QC, Canada, G3J 1X5 Joana Santos, Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal Kenneth Sassen, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 903 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775 USA, [email protected] Robin R. Segall, Emission Measurement Center (E143-02), Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 Z. Shen, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou, China

Contributors

xix

G.-Y. Shi, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China Junko Shibato, Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan Kyung-Hee Shin, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea Jean-R. Simard, Defence R & D Canada Valcartier, 2459 Boul. Pie-XI Nord, Québec, QC, Canada, G3J 1X5 Stephen G. So, Rice University, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, MS-366, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA Georg Staaks, Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany Patrick D. Sullivan, Air Force Research Laboratory, Air Expeditionary Forces Technologies Division (AFRL/MLQF), 139 Barnes Drive, Suite 2, Tyndall AFB, FL 32403 Wladyslaw W. Szymanski, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, [email protected] Anna M. Tafuro, CNISM, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Lecce, via per Arnesano, Lecce, Italy, [email protected] Yoshihide Tanaka, Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan Frank K. Tittel, Rice University, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, MS-366, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA, [email protected] F. De Tomasi, CNISM, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Lecce, via per Arnesano, Lecce, Italy D. Trochkine, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan and Now: Institute for Water and Environmental Problems, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Barnaul, Russia Ravi M. Varma, ARCADIS, 4915 Prospectus Drive Suite F, Durham, NC 27713, USA and Department of Physics, National University of Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, [email protected]

xx

Contributors

Wolfgang von Hoyningen-Huene, University of Bremen, Institute of Environmental Physics, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, D-28334 Bremen, Germany, [email protected]. uni-bremen.de Uwe Wachsmuth, Laser-Laboratorium Göttingen GmbH, Hans-Adolf-Krebs-Weg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, [email protected] Shin-ichi Wakida, Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan Ulla Wandinger, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany Christopher Whyte, Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK Kerry A. Willis, Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK Kevin P. Wyche, Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK Gerard Wysocki, Rice University, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, MS-366, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA M. Yamada, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan Q.-F. Yin, Huaiyin Teacher’s College, Huaian, Jiangsu, China D. Zhang, Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan Alice Zitova, Biochemistry Department & ABCRF, University College Cork, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, Cork, Ireland

Preface

We are facing increasing environmental concerns associated with water, air, and soil pollution as well as climate change induced by human activities. Therefore accurate assessment of the state of the environment is a prerequisite for undertaking any course of action towards improvement. In particular, development of new environmental monitoring technologies for the detection of hazardous pollutants and environmental change has become increasingly important to scientists and to regulatory agencies. In recent years there has been much progress in the field of environmental monitoring research, resulting in the development of more accurate, fast, compound-specific, convenient, and cost-effective techniques by integrating emerging technologies from various disciplines. This book is a result of the 6th International Symposium on Advanced Environmental Monitoring, organized by ADvanced Environmental Monitoring Center (ADEMRC), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Korea and held in Heidelberg, Germany on June, 27–30, 2006. It presents recent advances in the research and development of forthcoming technologies, as well as in field applications in advanced environmental monitoring. It is our hope that the papers presented in this book will provide a glimpse of how cutting-edge technologies involving monitoring of pollutants, determination of environmental status, and the detection and quantification of toxicity are being developed and applied in the field. We give many thanks to all authors for their participation and contributions and to the reviewers for their goodwill in providing a rapid turnover of the manuscripts and the critical comments necessary for ensuring the quality of this publication. We gratefully acknowledge Dr. Paul Roos, Editorial Director, and Betty van Herk of Springer for their continuing support and cooperation in making this book a reality. Members of the symposium organizing committee deserve the most credit for the success of the symposium and their critical suggestions for collection of the manuscripts. This symposium was supported in part by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) through the Advanced Environmental Monitoring Research Center at Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology. April 2007

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Young J. Kim Editor Director, Advanced Environmental Monitoring Research Center (ADEMRC) Professor, Dept. of Environmental Science and Engineering Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) 1 Oryong-dong, Buk-gu Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea E-mail: [email protected]

Preface

Ulrich Platt Editor Professor and Director Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP) University of Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 229 D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany E-mail: [email protected]

Chapter 1

Air Pollution Monitoring Systems—Past–Present–Future U. Platt

Abstract Measurements of trace gas concentrations and other parameters like photolysis frequencies are a crucial tool for air pollution monitoring and the investigation of processes in the atmosphere. However, the determination of atmospheric trace gas concentrations constitutes a technological challenge, since extreme sensitivity (mixing ratios as low as 10−13) is desired simultaneously with high specificity i.e. the molecule of interest usually must be detected in the presence of a large excess of other species. In addition, spatially resolved measurements are becoming increasingly important. Today none of the existing measurement techniques meets all above requirements for trace gas measurements in the atmosphere. Therefore, a comprehensive arsenal of different techniques has been developed. Besides a large number of special techniques (like the ubiquitous short-path UV absorption for O3 measurement) universal methods gain interest, due to their economy and relative ease of use. In particular, a single instrument can register a large number of different trace species. The different types of requirements and the various techniques are discussed; special emphasis is given to spectroscopic methods, which play a large and growing role in atmospheric chemistry research. For instance, only spectroscopic methods allow remote sensing and spatially resolved determination of trace gas concentrations e.g. from space-borne platforms. Today many varieties of spectroscopic methods are in use (e.g. tunable diode laser- and Fourier-transform spectroscopy). The basic properties and recent applications of this technique are presented using differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) as an example. Future requirements and expected developments are discussed.

Keywords: Air pollution monitoring, trace gas, DOAS, spectroscopy, remote sensing

Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, INF 229, D-69120 Heidelberg Tel: 49 6221 546339, Fax: 49 6221 546405 3 Y.J. Kim and U. Platt (eds.), Advanced Environmental Monitoring, 3–20. © Springer 2008

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U. Platt

1.1

Introduction

Measurements of trace gas and aerosol concentrations (and other quantities like the intensity of the radiation field in the atmosphere) are experimental prerequisites for pollution monitoring and the understanding of the underlying physicochemical processes in the earth’s atmosphere (Roscoe and Clemitshaw 1997; Platt 1991, 1999; Clemitshaw 2004). At the same time the determination of trace gas concentrations in the atmosphere is a challenge for the analytical techniques employed in several respects. First, the technique must be very sensitive to detect the species under consideration at ambient concentration levels. This can be a very demanding criterion, since, for instance, species present at mixing ratios ranging from as low as 0.1 ppt (1 ppt corresponds to a mixing ratio of 1 pmol of trace gas per mole of air or a mixing ratio of 10−12, equivalent to about 2.4 × 107 molecules/cm3) to several ppb (1 ppb corresponds to 1 nmol mol−1 or a mixing ratios of 10−9) can still have a significant influence on the chemical processes in the atmosphere (Perner et al. 1987). Thus, detection limits from below 0.1 ppt up to the lower ppb-range are usually required, depending on the application. Second, it is equally important for the measurement techniques to be specific, which means, that the result of the measurement of a particular species must neither be positively nor negatively influenced by any other trace species simultaneously present in the probed volume of air. Given the large number of different molecules present at the ppt and ppb level, even in clean air, this is not a trivial condition. Third, the technique must allow sufficient precision and calibration to be feasible. In most practical applications, there are other requirements, including spatial coverage, time resolution, properties like simplicity of design and use of the instruments, a capability of real-time operation (as opposed to taking samples for later analysis), and the possibility of unattended operation. Other factors to be considered are weight, portability, and dependence of the measurement on ambient conditions. To date no single measurement technique can fulfil all the diverse requirements for trace gas measurements in the atmosphere. Therefore, specialised techniques or variants of techniques have been developed, which are tailored to the various measurement tasks occurring in atmospheric research, pollution control, and monitoring of atmospheric change: 1. Long-term observations are aimed at monitoring gradual changes in atmospheric parameters, e.g. its trace gas composition. Typical examples are ● ● ●

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Trends of greenhouse gases like CO2, CH4, N2O, or CFM’s Stratospheric ozone Change of stratospheric chemistry (e.g. realised in the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change, NDACC) The temporal evolution in the abundance of species supplying halogens to the stratosphere (e.g. CFC-and HCFC-species) Trend of the tropospheric ozone mixing ratio as routinely monitored by the Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) programme.

1 Air Pollution Monitoring Systems—Past–Present–Future

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In this context the so-called ‘operator dilemma’ should be noted: the measurement of a particular set of species over an extended period is frequently not considered a scientific challenge; on the other hand, the success of the data series hinges on the very careful execution of the measurements. Here the psychological side of the project may be as critical as the technology. 2. Regional and episodic studies seek to investigate causes, extent, and consequences of regional events like air pollution episodes or boundary layer ozone depletion events (Barrie et al. 1988). While routine monitoring is an issue many fundamental questions can only be investigated by observations made on a regional scale. Typical measurements tasks in this context are ● ●

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Monitoring of air pollutants (like O3, SO2, NO, NO2, hydrocarbons) Investigation of urban plume evolution (e.g. with respect to O3 formation downwind of source regions) Mapping of continental plumes Observation of the Antarctic Stratospheric Ozone Hole Polar boundary-layer ozone loss events (the ‘tropospheric ozone hole’, (Platt and Lehrer 1997)

3. Investigation of fast in situ (photo) chemistry allows to neglect the effect of transport, in particular this is true for the following systems: Free-radical (e.g. OH, HO2, BrO) photochemistry, where the lifetime of the reactive species is of the order of seconds (OH: below 1 s, HO2: from