Ying Xia Xiaoding Cao Gencheng Wu Jieshi Cheng
Acupuncture Therapy for Neurological Diseases: A Neurobiological View
Ying Xia Xiaoding Cao Gencheng Wu Jieshi Cheng
Acupuncture Therapy for Neurological Diseases: A Neurobiological View With 87 figures
Editors: Prof. Ying Xia Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT 06520, USA Email:
[email protected] Prof. Xiaoding Cao State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University Shanghai 200032, P.R. China Email:
[email protected] Prof. Gencheng Wu Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University Shanghai 200032, P.R. China Email:
[email protected] Prof. Jieshi Cheng State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University Shanghai 200032, P.R. China Email:
[email protected] ISBN 978 7 302 21108 2 Tsinghua University Press, Beijing ISBN 978 3 642 10855 6 e ISBN 978 3 642 10857 0 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009940572 © Tsinghua University Press, Beijing and Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer Verlag. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Frido Steinen Broo, EStudio Calamar, Spain Printed on acid free paper Springer is part of Springer Science + Business Media (www.springer.com)
Figure 3.2 Diagram showing the damaged areas in spinal cord of the patient with Tabes dorsalis and Syringomyelia.
Figure 6.5 Droperidol (Dro) further enhances the EA-induced increase in P-opioid receptor density. The P opioid receptor was labeled with 3H ohmefentany (OMF), and the rats were divided into four groups. For Dro EA group, 10 min after the injection of Dro (1.25 mg/kg, i.p.), EA stimulation was given at Zusanli (ST 36) and Kunlun (BL 60) acupoints lasting for 20 min. For the NS EA group, normal saline (NS) administration was followed by EA treatment. The rats in the Dro or NS group received i.p. injection of Dro or NS, respectively, as the control. In the autoradiographic images, the red color indicates higher density of the opioid receptors, while the blue indicates lower density. Note that when EA was applied alone (NS EA), P like binding sites were significantly increased in the telencephalon (caudate nucleus, accumbens, septum, preoptic area), diencephalon (medial nuclei of thalamus and hypothalamus, reticular nucleus of thalamus, amygdala), and midbrain [periaqueductal gray (PAG), etc.], when compared with the NS group. When Dro was combined with EA (Dro EA), the increase in P like binding sites in the abovementioned nuclei was higher than that observed in the EA NS group. Upper left: NS group; Upper right: Dro group; Lower left: NS EA group; Lower right: Dro EA group.
Figure 7.1 Countries where clinical acupuncture is practiced for pain relief. Note that acupuncture analgesia is used in most of the major countries and regions all over the world.
Figure 8.2 Peripheral inflammatory pain model induced by injecting CFA into the hand paw of rats.
Figure 9.2 Infarction after MCAO. (a), A clot blocks the blood flow of MCA and induces infarction, which is represented by grey color. (b) and (c), Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining after transient MCAO and reperfusion. Infarction is represented by pale white color. (b) shows the whole brain tissue. (c) shows the coronal brain section.
Figure 9.4 The decrease in the ischemic infarction volume after EA treatment. The rat brains were cut into a series of 2 mm thick slices and stained using TTC. Left column, EA plus ischemia (MCAO). Right column, ischemia alone.
Figure 13.3 Schematic pathways involved in the acupuncture-induced effect on immune system.
Figure 13.4 Schematic representation of the initiation pathway of immune response within brain. Stimulators like virus, bacteria, dead cells or debris, and toxic central nervous system proteins, could be recognized by the immune competent cells, and subsequently, immune responses are initiated. In this process, proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and neurotransmitters are found to be involved.
Figure 14.2 Effects of EA on maturation and exfoliation of rat vaginal epithelium u 200. This picture shows the maturation and exfoliation of rat vaginal epithelium with HE staining under optical microscope. Some matured exfoliative epithelium and white blood cells were detected in the vaginal smears of INT rats during preestrus, but no change in the vaginal exfoliative epithelium of INT rats following EA treatment was observed. Some epithelium debris were detected in the vaginal smears of OVX rats 4 weeks after ovariectomy, but the matured, exfoliative epidermic keratinocytes reappeared in the vaginal smears of OVX EA rats after three successive EA treatments.
Figure 15.2 The GnRH neurons around organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) of the INT, INT EA, OVX, and OVX EA rats. Female Sprague Dawley rats (180 200 g), with regular 4 day estrus cycles were divided into four groups: intact (INT), intact with EA (INT EA), ovariectomized (OVX), and ovariectomized with EA (OVX EA). The acupoints employed were Guanyuan (RN 4), Zhongji (RN 3), Zigongxue (EXTRA 22), and Sanyinjiao (SP 6). The stimulation was generated by an EA apparatus and lasted for 30 min (8:00 10:00 AM), once a day, total for 3 days. The stimulation parameters were 2 mA of density and a low burst frequency of 3 Hz. The upper picture shows the light micro graphs of the GnRH immunoreactive neurons around OVLT by immunohistochemical method (ABC). The GnRH immunoreactive neurons were detected by the polyclonal antibody. The numbers of GnRH neurons in the all continuous slices was expressed as mean r SEM (n 6 per group) in each column, indicated in the lower panel. *p
