A Place in History: Social and Monumental Time in a Cretan Town (Princeton Studies in Culture, Power, History)

A Place in History

EDITORS

Sherry B. Ortner, Nicholas B. Dirks, Geoff Eley

A LIST OF TITLES IN THIS SERIES APPEARS AT THE BACK OF THE BOOK

PRINCETON STUDIES IN CULTURE/POWER/HISTORY

A Place in History SOCIAL AND MONUMENTAL TIME IN A CRETAN TOWN

Michael Herzfeld

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY

Copyright© 1991 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, Chichester, West Sussex

All Rights Reserved

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Herzfeld, Michael, 1947A place in history : social and monumental time in a Cretan town I Michael Herzfeld. p.

cm.- (Princeton studies in culture/power/history)

(Princeton modern Greek studies) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Rethymnon (Greece)-History. I. Title. 11. Series. Ill. Series: Princeton modern Greek studies. DF951.R4H47 1991 949.9'8-wToygaq>ta (Cretan photography) . Athens: n.p. Lowenthal, David. 1 9 8 5 . The Past Is a Foreign Country. Cam bridge: Cambridge University Press. --- . 1 9 8 6 . Heritage-and Its Interpreters . Heritage Australia (Winter) :42-45 . Machin, Barrie . 1 9 8 3 . Cultural Codes, Religion and Atti tudes to the Body in a Cretan Mountain Village. Social Analysis 1 4 : 1 07- 1 6 2 . Malagari, A . , a n d H . Stratigakis. 1 9 85-1 9 8 6 . Rethymno: A Guide t o the Town and Its Surroundings . Athens : n.p. Manousakas, M. I. 1 949. H 1taea Trivan a1toyeait Tf) � KQllTll� ( 1 644) x a t o 6l)8Ev xaTaA.oyo� Twv KQllTlxwv O(xwv KEQXUQa� (Trivan's census of Crete [ 1 644 ] and the so-called list of Cretan houses of Corfu) . Kritika Khronika 3 : 3 5-5 9 . Margaritis, Yorghos. 1 9 8 6 . 1:Tll� KQtl'tll� T � 6�oeo VrJo( ( O n the beautiful island of Crete) . Dekapenthimeros Politis 57 (28 May) : 3 9 . Mauss, Marcel . 1 96 8 [ 1 923-1 924] . Essai sur le don. In Sociologie e t anthropolo­ gie, pp. 1 43-279. Paris : Presses Universitaires de France. Moatsos, Erri kos. 1 9 74. H agxovTtxa( oLxoy£vElaL TOll PE8u �voll E1tl BEvEToxea­ T(a� (The noble families of Reth imno under Venetian rule ) . neaxTLXa TOll 3 . XQllToA.oytxou ouvEOQ(ou (Proceedings of the Third Cretological Congress ) (Ath­ ens) , pp. 207-22 1 . Mosse, George L . 1 9 8 5 . Nationalism and Sexuality : Respectability and Abnormal Sexuality in Modern Europe. New York : Howard Fertig. Moutsopoulos, N. K. 1 9 73 . H llaA.ala ll6A.L; Toll PE8u �v ou (The Old Town of Rethimno) . Vol. 1 . Thess aloniki : n.p. Mouzelis, Nicos P. 1 978 . Modern Greece : Facets of Underdevelopment. London : M acmillan. Nakou, Lilika . 1 95 5 . H X'UQta N'toQEI-lt (Madame Do-Re-Mi) . Athens : Dhifros . ---

284

REFERENCES

Nati onal Bank of Greece. Various . Monthly Statistical Bulletin. Needham, Rodney. 1 972 . Belief, Language, and Experience. Oxford : Basil Black­ well. Nenedakis, A. N. 1 9 79. [Preface] and Etoaywyf] (Introduction ) . In critical edition of Marinas Tzane Bounialis, 0 XQfiTtx6� JtOAEJ.tO� (The Cretan War) 1 6451 66 9 ) , unpaginated and pp . 1 7- 1 74. Athens : n.p. . 1 9 8 3 . P£8q.1vo�· Tgu1vTa atmv£� 1tOAL't£ta ( Rethemnos : Thirty centuries of a town ) . Athens : p ublished by the author. Papataxiarchis, Evthymios . 1 99 1 . Friends of the Heart: Male Commensal Soli­ darity, Gender, and Kinship in Aegean Greece. In Contested Identities : Gender and Kinship in M odern Greece, Peter Loizos and Evthymios Papataxiarchis, eds . , pp. 1 5 6- 1 79 . Princeton : Princeton University Press. Papayeoryiou, Yorgos. 1 9 8 6 . H �a8f)'tEta cna E:rtayy£A.�a'ta ( 1 6o�-2 0o� a twva�) (Apprenticeship in the professions [sixteenth-twentieth centuries] ) . Athens : Ar­ chive of Greek Youth . ---

Pashley, Robert. 1 8 3 7 . Travels in Crete. 2 vols. London: John Murray. Pavlides, Eleftherios. 1 9 8 3 . Modernization and the Fireplace in Eressos, a Greek Rural Town. Oz 5 : 20-23 . Pavlides, Eleftherios, �nd Jana Hesser. 1 9 8 6 . Women' s Roles and House Form and Decoration in Eressos, Greece. In Gender and Power in Rural Greece, Jill Dubisch , ed . , pp. 6 8-96 . Princeton : Princeton University Press. Pentzopoulos, Dimitri. 1 9 62. The Balkan Exchange of Minorities and Its Impact upon Greece. Paris, The Hague : Mouton . Pitsidianaki, Stella . 1 9 8 7. E g E uva Tfl� xotvwv txi}� bof.lit� wv (Trans­ lations of Turkish historical documents) . 2 vols. Iraklio : Municipality of Irak­ lio. Stew art, Charles. 1 9 8 5 . Exotika : Greek Values and Their Supernatural Antithe­ ses. Scandinavian Yearbook of Folklore 4 1 : 3 7-64. Tannen, Deborah . 1 9 8 3 . Lilika Nakos. Boston : Twayne. Thompson, Michael . 1 979. Rubbish Theory : The Creation and Destruction of Value. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Tsirimonaki, Maria. 1 9 8 8 . A n , 6oa nou 'nav t a {3t(3A.ta yta tllv KQfltll (From what books have told me about Crete) . Rethemnos: Rethemniotika Nea . Review originally p ublished in Rethemniotika Nea, no. 43 07, 22 March 1 9 8 7, p. 6. Yip araki, Yeoryia . 1 9 8 7. NtEj.tovt£ o naQabootax6� "yAuxu (3Qaot6�" (The tradi­ tional " sweet [and] boiled [coffee] " is demode) . Rethemniotika Nea, no. 4405 , 1 9 July , p. 3 . Youmbakis, Markos G. 1 970. Fortezza : H totOQta tou (3EvEtotavtxou Q>QOtiQ(ou tou PE8U J.tvou (Fortezza : The hi story of the Venetian citadel of Rethimno) . Re­ themnos : n.p. Xanthoudidis, Stefanos . 1 9 80. MEAEtrn.tata (Studies ) . Ed. by N. Panagiotakis and The Detorakis. Iraklio: Municipality of Iraklio. Zinovieff, Sofka. 1 9 9 1 . Hunters and Hunted : Kamaki and the Ambiguities of Sexual Predation in a Greek Town . In Contested Identities : Gender and Kinship in Modern Greece, Peter Loizos and Evthymios Papataxiarchis, eds . , pp. 203220. Princeto n : Princeton University Press.

INDEX

accountability, bureaucrats ', 1 95 . See also responsibility accounting, 1 94 accusations, roufiania, 92-93 Acropolis (Athens ), 227 actors, social, 1 3 , 1 4, 5 1 , 1 62 , 1 66, 1 96, 205 , 2 1 5 , 2 2 8 , 240, 24 8 , 2 73n.3 . See also agency, social address, terms of, 77, 1 67, 1 72 , 266n.22, 273 n. 8 adultery, 27 aesthetics, 3 7 affect, management and evaluation of, 1 5 2 affinal relations, 1 20 Africa, North, 1 7 afthereta . See construction agency, social, 1 9 3 . See als o actors, social agents, trade, 6 9 , 1 67 Aghia Sophia, 1 9 agnatic ideology, 3 2-3 3 , 5 6 , 80, 1 3 1 , 1 3 3 , 1 3 7 ; and absence of, 1 3 6 ; actions fol­ lowing, 8 2 ; applied to house ownership, 1 3 8 , 1 3 9 , 1 44, 1 45 , 1 46 , 1 47, 1 5 1 - 1 5 2, 205, 249, 25 9 ; in politics, 1 25 , 1 261 27 ; selective application of, 1 5 2 ; under­ cut by urban residence, 1 3 8 ; used to jus­ tify inherited addiction to gambling, 1 8 1 , 1 85 . See also kin agriculture, 2 9-3 3 , 9 9 , 1 1 3 , 1 42, 1 5 7, 1 8 6 , 1 94, 22 1 ; as metaphor for renting out property, 1 5 5 ; in seaside properties, 15 4 ; Ministry o f A - , 2 4 Agrinio, 6 9 AIDS, 1 1 8 airport, demand for, 1 2 1 akop o ladhi, 6 9 . See also oil Alexandroupolis, 6 8 Alexios Komninos (Byzantine emperor), 5 5 allochronism, 1 6 Amari, 5 5 ambiguity, 1 25 , 1 3 7, 1 60, 2 1 8 , 273n. 8 ; fis­ cal, 2 3 2 ; legal, 2 1 3 , 249 ; of identity, 24 ; and especially of ethnographer, 48 ; of moral status of gambling, 1 85 ; of rela­ tionships, 8 3 . See a lso ambivalence

ambivalence : of bargaining, 1 65 , 1 66 ; of manhood, 1 8 0 ; of significance of For­ tezza, 26; of social relations, 5 1 , 52; to­ ward civil service, 1 93 ; toward dowry, 140; toward tourists, 1 9 1 , 2 3 6 . See also ambiguity amoral familism, 2 1 6, 268n. 1 0 anapaleosi, 1 4, 1 47, 250. See also renovation ; restoration "anarchists," 1 1 8 Anderson, Benedict, 1 0, 46 andiparokhi. See exchange of land for residence rights androcentrism, 27, 8 0 , 1 1 7, 1 3 7 Andronikos, Manolis, 275-276n.9 animals, ownership of, 32 animal theft, 1 7 7, 1 8 1 ; as metaphor, 24 Ankara Convention, 63 anonymity, 98 antiques trade, 105 anxiety, 42, 44, 1 1 8 , 1 30 apartment. See house, -s Appadurai, Arjun, 1 0, 1 1 , 60 appeals (against court senten ces), 1 75 , 2 1 0-2 1 1 , 2 1 3 , 220 apprentices, 29, 1 00, 1 0 8-1 09, 1 1 6 , 1 3 1 , 1 5 5 , 2 69nn. 1 6, 1 8 , and 1 9 Arabatzoglou Street, 1 00 Arabic alphabet, 1 7 Archaeological Service, 34, 2 1 3 , 2 1 8-2 1 9 ; attitudes to, 3 4 ; ethnographer thought to be agent of, 4 9 . See also historic conser­ vation office archaeologists, 206 archaeology: as defining site, 9 ; as trope for Archaeological Service, 3 4 , 3 8 , 20 1 , 202, 23 7 ; counter-, 1 0, 1 60 , 1 90 architectonics, social, 40, 22 1 architects, 1 97, 1 9 8 , 205 , 206, 2 0 8 , 249 ; -' association, failed attempt to found, 208 architecture: Byzantine, 46 ; neo-Classical, 25 5 ; Turkish, 1 7, 3 7, 57, 64, 1 09-1 1 0, 1 1 1 , 1 3 5 , 1 60 , 1 97, 226, 2 3 0, 23 2 , 234, 243 ; Venetian, 4, 5 , 6 , 15, 2 1 , 3 3-3 5 , 37, 4 6 , 5 7, 1 1 0, 1 1 1 , 1 60, 1 90, 1 97,

28 8

INDEX

architecture (cont. ) 2 06, 224, 225 , 226, 229, 23 0, 232, 233 , 244, 248 , 249 ; and in Khania, 1 2 1 ; diffi­ culty of dating, 226, 228-229; and ideo­ logical implications of, 5 7, 2 3 0, 232. See a lso house, -s ; Loggi a ; mosque of gazi H iiseyin Pa�a; tiling Ardener, E. W. , 1 6 1 Argentina, 2 66n. 1 2 " aristocracy," 5 6, 5 8 , 5 9, 60, 6 1 , 6 6 , 6 7, 73 , 74, 75 , 76, 77, 7 8 , 79. See also nobil­ i ty Arkadi, 1 7; -ou Street, 3 9, 73 Arkhondakis, Dimitris, 76, 1 20, 1 2 1- 1 22, 1 23-1 24, 1 25 , 1 27, 1 97, 2 70n.27, 2702 7 1 n.35 Armenians, 62 artisan� 1 05-1 08, 1 5 7, 1 94 Aryiroupoli, 1 65 Asia Minor: refugees, sentimental pilgrim­ ages to, 20; war in ( 1 920- 1 922 ), 1 9-20, 63, 94, 265n. 8 . See also refugees Asighonia, 94 assassination. See Skouloudis Athens: ancient, 1 5, 2 2 7-228 ; modern, 1 9, 34, 3 6 , 4 1 , 42, 46, 5 6 , 5 8 , 5 9, 62, 73 , 95, 1 2 8 , 1 32 , 1 3 8 , 1 3 9, 1 42, 1 44, 1 5 6, 1 79, 1 95 , 200, 20 1 , 208, 222, 223, 2 3 0, 244, 25 8 Austin, J. L., 93-94, 1 75 , 2 1 5 Australia, 5 1 authenticity, 1 1 autonomy, Cretan (historical period), 1 8 , 25, 5 8 , 62 Bachelard, Gaston, 1 3 6 backgammon, 1 77 bakers, baking, 3 , 1 8 , 3 9, 79, 1 05 , 1 07, 1 08 , 1 1 3-1 1 6, 1 54-1 5 5 , 1 5 6, 1 69-1 70, 1 7 1 , 1 73 , 1 74-1 75 , 1 80, 1 85-1 8 6 , 1 96, 2 69n. 1 6 balconies, 40, 1 45 , 20 1 -2 02, 246, 249, 2 74n. 5 Banfield, Edward C., 2 1 6 bank, -s, 72, 73 , 1 60 , 2 28 ; - clerks, 90, 1 96 ; B- of Greece, 224; dilatoriness of, 2 3 7 ; distrust of, 6 8 , 69, 72, 1 3 4, 1 66, 1 68 , 1 8 9, 1 96 ; loans from, 72, 1 55 , 2 3 7 ; poor returns o n money deposited in, 1 53-1 5 4

bankruptcy, 69, 70, 73 , 1 49, 1 55 , 1 66, 1 7 1 , 1 79 baptism, 70, 1 3 1 , 1 32. See also kinship, spiritual ; names bar, - s , 1 69, 1 72, 200, 250 barbers, 1 8 , 1 03 , 1 05 , 2 69n. 1 6 bargaining, 1 6, 39, 1 60 , 1 62, 1 63- 1 6 8 ; among women friends, 1 67-1 6 8 ; as mark of social relations among non-kin, 1 65 , 1 66 ; as model o f/for cultural nego­ tiation, 232 ; by foreigners, 1 64, 1 65 , 1 68 ; display of indifference as strategy in, 1 64-1 65 ; for lepidha, 1 65-1 6 6 ; with friends, a voidance of, 1 65 ; with historic conservation authorities, 2 5 6 ; with Tax Offic� 147, 1 48 , 1 49 bazaar, 1 60. See also bargaining; market beards, 78 begging, 1 62, 1 69, 1 86 ; as verbal expres­ sion of humiliating dependence, 1 44, 237, 269n. 1 7 betrayal, 3 8 , 8 5 , 9 1-96, 1 50, 1 74 ; among kin, avoidance of, 1 5 2 betting, 1 26 binarism, in Greek social life, 5 3 b lacksmiths, 1 8 blame. See excuses blood, as symbol, 1 3 , 37, 1 3 7, 25 9, 26 6n. 1 7 boardinghouses, 4 1 , 46, 1 1 8, 209, 2 1 0, 233 , 23 9, 246, 274n.2. See also rent: -al practices boastin& 5 3 , 1 78-1 79, 1 8 6, 1 90 boatmen, 1 8 body, a s metaphor, 2 7, 40, 78 booksellers, 1 62 bootmakers . See shoemakers boredom, 42-43 , 2 74n.3 Bourdieu, Pierre, 6, 80, 1 08 , 1 3 7, 1 6 1 , 267n. 1 , 268n. 1 1 , 2 73n. 1 , 273n.5 bourgeois symbolism and values, 6 1 , 62, 67, 76, 232, 23 8 , 2 6 6n. 1 2 bread, price of, 2 69n. 1 9 bribery, 1 2 7 brothels. See prostitution brothers. See siblings builders and building contractors, 1 8, 1 20, 1 22, 1 3 8 , 1 98 , 2 1 0-2 1 2 buildings, a s sites o f contested history, 46. See also house, -s bureaucracy, 34, 41, 48, 5 3 , 80, 94, 1 3 1 ,

INDEX 1 3 3 , 1 5 � 1 5 8 , 1 60, 1 62, 1 90, 1 9 7, 204, 2 1 4, 2 1 6, 2 1 9, 225 , 234-2 3 5, 23 8 , 275 n . 5 , 277n.7; and professional prac­ tices, 1 00, 1 2 8 , 1 29 ; as desirable em­ ployment, 3 1 , 1 3 4, 1 94 ; as dilatory, 20 1 , 204, 2 2 1 , 2 3 0, 232, 235-2 3 8 , 242, 25 8 ; as intrusive, 72 ; a s unfair, 1 00 ; control of taste by, 1 9 1 , 2 5 7 ; effects of on inter­ action with customers, 85, 1 72 ; entan­ glement of in local social relations, 208 ; ethos of, 1 84 ; failures to deal with, 9 1 ; fears of, 49, 5 0, 94-95 , 23 9-240 ; inter­ nal conflicts within, 13 7, 235 ; irregular application of, 1 5 ; i rreversi bility of deci­ sions of, 1 7 5 ; principles of, used against itself, 25 1 ; record keeping by, 1 5 0 ; re­ semblance of to fate, 248 ; resistance to, 29, 1 4 8 , 1 76 ; restrictiveness of, 1 6, 3 9 ; taxonomic aspects of, 5-6, 7, 9, 1 1 , 47; unification of functions of, 1 9 8, 258, 2 75 n . 7 ; victimization by, demonology of, 252 bureaucrats, 1 3- 1 4, 3 1 , 77, 1 55, 1 62-1 63 , 1 9 1- 1 9 6, 20 1 , 209 ; accountability of to others, 1 69, 1 95, 1 96, 229, 274n.4 ; as inactive and indifferent, 92, 9 3 , 1 93 ; as theorizing agents, 1 93 ; attitudes to, 3 8 , 85, 1 05 , 1 2 1 , 142, 1 6 1 , 1 93 , 1 95 , 206 ; avoidance o f responsibility by, 1 9, 95, 1 93 , 1 95- 1 96, 222; collusion of with the wealthy, alleged, 227; fear o f, 49, 85, 1 49, 1 74, 2 3 9-240 ; lack of clear instruc­ tions to, 1 95- 1 9 6 ; local connections and origins of, 1 49, 1 60, 1 75-1 76, 2 1 1 ; on strike, 1 94 ; police as, 9 8 ; political alien­ ation of, 1 24 ; stereotypes of, 1 93 ; use of legalism by, 1 60, 229 ; well-intentioned and committed, 25 7-25 8 ; willingness of to bargain, compromise, 25 6 butchers, 9 9- 1 00, 1 0 1 , 1 05 , 1 5 0, 1 5 7, 246, 2 6 9n. 1 6 Byzantine and Postbyzantine Antiquities, Thirteenth Inspectorate of, 205 Byzantine period, 55-5 6, 6 7 "Byzantine" tiling, 23 3 , 243-244 cafeterias, 1 5 8 ; courthouse, 2 1 1 . See also coffee: -houses calculations: cultural, 1 3 8 ; economic, 3 8 , 3 9, 8 6 , 1 3 7, 1 3 8, 1 5 1 , 1 62, 1 8 8 , 2 3 7 ; and premise of avoiding precise, 1 7 1 ;

289

moral and psychological, 22 1 ; social, 3 1 , 3 8-3 9, 1 22, 1 3 7, 1 40, 1 62, 23 2 Campbell, J. K., 77, 1 28 , 2 66n. 1 Candia. See Iraklio Canea. See Khania capital, 1 5 9, 1 6 8 , 1 8 8 ; -ism, 1 0 3 , 1 3 7, 1 62, 1 8 8, 2 6 8 n. 1 1 ; social, 3 8-3 9 , 60, 7 1 , 72, 96, 1 2 8 , 1 6 1 , 1 62, 1 68 , 1 70, 1 73 , 1 75, 1 78 , 1 79, 1 8 1 , 1 8 7, 1 8 9, 2 3 0, 268n. 1 1 ; and investment of, 1 05 , 1 22, 1 5 7, 1 90 ; symbolic, 72 capitation. See tax cards, 1 76 , 1 77, 1 79, 1 82, 1 85 , 273n . l 0 carobs, 3 3 carols, New Year, 1 8 6 carpenters, carpentry, 3 , 7 1 , 1 00, 1 0 8 , 1 0 9, 1 1 0, 1 1 2-1 1 3 , 1 3 0, 1 8 8- 1 89, 204, 269n. 1 9 Cathedral, 8 7 Catholicism, Catholics, 28, 5 6 , 6 2 cats, 6 2 cemetery, a s election issue, 1 2 1 census data. See population chance. See destiny; dice; fatalism; gambling; luck; p redictability change (money), 1 72-1 73 character, 9 1 , 9 2 charity, 6 0-6 1 , 77, 1 68 chastity, 1 40. See also morality ; sexuality cheating, 1 62, 1 64, 1 66, 1 71 , 1 72, 1 731 74, 1 78, 1 8 6, 1 8 8 childrearing, 2 8 , 40 children, 42, 8 8 , 1 1 8 , 1 3 0- 1 3 1 , 1 3 9 ; edu­ cation of, 1 1 6 , 1 3 9 , 1 40, 1 94 ; school-, 45, 46, 1 1 6, 1 1 7, 1 5 5 . See also parents Chock, Phyllis P. , 8 3 Christian(s), 1 7, 1 8 , 1 9, 2 4 , 2 8 , 94; faith, proselytization to, 2 6 6n. 1 1 . See also Ca­ tholicism ; Orthodox Church, Greek church, -es, 8 6-87; attendance at, as metaphor, 1 77, 229 citadel. See Fortezza civil engineers. See engineers, civil civil servants. See bureaucrats Civil War, 26, 3 8 , 4 1 , 49, 65, 76, 92, 94, 1 20, 1 47, 249 class, -es, 1 2, 1 6, 1 8 , 3 1 , 55, 56, 58, 5 96 1 , 65, 66, 67, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78 , 79, 1 08 , 1 1 � 1 1 9, 1 24, 1 5 3 , 1 92, 1 9 8, 1 99, 205 , 224, 226-227, 269n. 1 7, 2 73 n.3 ; among Asi a Minor refugees, 65,

290

INDEX

class, -es ( cont. ) 6 8 ; marriage within, 8 9 ; reflected in spir­ itual kinship, 1 3 2 . See also "ari stoc­ racy" ; poverty Classical Greece, 1 1 , 1 2, 1 5 ; imitation of, 34, 3 5 . See also neo-Classicism classification, cultural, 1 60 cleanliness, 2 9 clergy : Christian, 28 ; Muslim, 1 8 , 2 8 coffee, 1 8 ; forms and p reparation of, 2672 6 8 n . 7 ; Greek, refusal to serve, 8 6 ; ­ grinder, 1 3 6 ; -houses (coffee shops) , 24, 45-46, 47, 5 0, 5 1 , 5 2, 5 9 , 60, 63, 77, 79, 8 5 , 8 7, 9 3 , 97, 9 8 , 1 00, 1 02, 1 04, 1 05 , 1 3 0, 1 5 6, 1 5 7, 1 5 8 , 1 64, 1 7 1 , 1 72, 1 73 , 1 77, 1 78 , 1 79 , 1 8 1 , 1 82, 1 83 , 1 841 8 5 , 1 8 6, 20 1 , 229 ; and norms and rules of treating in, 8 1-82 , 84, 1 6 1 ; names of, 2 6 8 n . 8 ; price of, 2 6 9n . 1 9 collaborators, 94. See also informers; roufiania

colors, meanings attributed to, 2 5 5 , 2 5 7 commercialization, 1 3 7 commercial rivals, 40 commoditization, 1 05 communism, -ists, 26, 3 8 , 48, 49, 6 1 , 65 , 75 , 76, 95 , 1 1 9 , 1 25 , 1 26, 1 27, 1 47, 1 77, 1 80, 1 92, 2 1 8 , 256, 270n . 2 6 ; legal­ ization of, 1 1 9 ; persecution of, 38, 92, 94-95 compensation, 1 92 competition : avoidance of overt, 69, 991 03 ; between masters and former ap­ prentices, 1 09 ; for apprenticeships, 1 0 8 ; for labor, 1 08 ; for skilled workers, 1 87 ; for tourist trade, 23 7 ; from nonlocal merchants, 1 5 8 ; increase in, 99, 1 001 0 1 , 1 04, 1 05 , 23 8 ; monopolistic, 1 02 ; with other towns, 1 2 1 complaints, 1 0 1 concealment. See display; privacy ; secrecy concrete, use o f, 223 , 232-23 3 concubinage, 2 8 condescension, 5 2, 7 8 , 1 3 9, 1 68 conflict, avoidance of, 1 5 5 , 23 8 . See also violence confrontation, avoidance of, 93 conservation, historic. See historic conser­ vation Constantine I (king of Greece) , 94

Constantinople, 1 9, 6 3 , 266n.2; Fall of ( 1 45 3 ) , 267n. 1 3 construction, 5 8 , 1 1 2, 1 44, 1 9 1 , 2 3 7 ; boom i n , 1 3 8 ; illegal, 247, 248-25 1 , 25 6 ; illegal, facilitated b y absence of contractual documentation, 254. See also builders; laborers, construction consumerism, 1 66 contractors. See builders contracts: land transfer, 3 3 ; house sale, 1 8 , 1 9, 8 8 , 1 1 7, 1 3 9, 1 42, 1 44, 1 47, 25225 5 ; and absence of among kin, 1 48, 254; and low sale p ri ces recorded in, 1 5 2, 272n. 1 2 ; and use of disparaging language in, 1 49, 209, 276n. 1 3 ; and use of among kin, 252 ; and used to evade in­ heritance tax, 1 5 2, 2 7 1 n. 1 . See also mar­ riage: - contracts corruption, charges of, 1 4 cosmology, 2 7 6 n. 1 8 cosmopolitanism, 5 9, 64, 65, 6 6 costume. See dress counting. See enumeration courts. See law Cowan, Jane K., 1 2 , 5 1-52 , 60, 80, 1 1 7 credit, 6 8 , 7 1 , 72, 74, 84, 1 0 1 , 1 6 1 , 1 66 , 1 8 7-1 90 ; among close kin, 15 5 ; a s guar­ antee of custom, 1 8 9 ; avoidance of giv­ ing, to difficult customer, 1 70 ; for gam­ blers, 5 0 ; illegal, 1 64 ; social, 1 8 8 ; terminology of, 1 60. See also bank, -s ; loans Cretan, -s, stereotypes of, 2 1 , 25, 46, 5 1 , 8 3 , 95 , 1 24, 1 25, 1 5 8 , 1 64, 1 77, 1 95 criers. See telalidhes Cross, in oaths, 48 Cultural Association (Rethemnos) , 43 Culture: Ministers of, 1 99 , 2 00, 222 ; Ministry of, 1 97, 203 , 24 1 , 274n.5, 275n.7 custom, as category and strategy, 8 4 Cypriots, Greek, in London, 1 2 Cyprus, 1 37; Turkish invasion of ( 1 974), 268n. 8 damp, 3 6, 42, 79, 92, 95, 1 20, 1 2 1 , 1 3 6, 1 3 7, 1 5 3 , 1 5 4, 1 5 5 , 1 9 1 , 1 92, 202, 203 , 226, 234, 242 dance, Cretan, 45 , 46, 47, 80 Danforth, Loring M., 1 76 Dardanelles, 1 8 , 63 Daskaloyannis, 1 7

INDEX daughter, -s, boardinghouse named for, 247; provision for, 32, 1 3 8 , 1 4 1 , 144, 205, 2 1 8-2 1 9, 22 1 ; sexual control of, 27, 6 7, 75 . See also dowry ; father death, 1 3 7 debt, 70, 7 1 , 1 49, 1 8 0, 1 8 8- 1 8 9 ; among the poor, 1 8 7 ; avoidance of calling in minor, 1 6 1 ; avoiding consequences of, 1 40 ; cancellation of, 70, 7 1 ; incurred through gambling, 1 8 0, 1 85 , 1 8 7; social importance of paying, 1 8 8 . See also b ankruptcy ; credit de Certeau, Michel, 9, 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 4, 6 1 , 80, 87 Delos, 7 1 demography. See population demolition, 92, 1 0 8, 1 3 6, 1 4 5 , 203 , 226227, 229, 250-25 1 , 259, 2 75 n . 5 ; pre­ emptive, 25 1 ; proposed, of minaret, 5 7, 197 demons, possession by, 1 3 1 Dervishes, 1 7, 1 9 destiny, 1 0, 1 1 , 1 4, 9 1 , 248 , 250. See also fatalism ; luck diabolical inspiration, 1 77 DIANA, 2 75 n . 8 dice, 1 7 6, 1 77, 1 8 2, 1 8 6 ; honest and fake, 1 8 6 ; transparent, 1 8 6 discourse, official, 1 0, 54, 250, 25 6-25 7 ; and expropriation of, 8 0, 2 5 7, 276277n . 2 ; alternative, 225 display, 40, 47, 5 3 , 79; area of house, 2 3 0 ; avoidance o f b y the wealthy, 60-6 1 ; o f self-discipline, 5 9 disputes : avoidance and settlement of, 9 69 8 , 1 75 , 1 78, 1 8 8 , 2 1 7 ; over cards, 1 771 78 district (epark hia, administrative unit), 265n. 1 distrust. See trust divorce, 27, 1 1 7 doctors, 1 9, 7 5 , 8 9. See also veterinarians documentation of buildings, 206, 2 1 8 , 220, 22 1 , 248, 2 75n.5 ; of inheri tance, 254; used against bureaucracy, 25 1 Do-Re-Mi, Madame. See Nakou, Lilika Dorst, J ohn D . , 1 2- 1 3 Douglas, Mary, 60, 6 8 , 229 dowry, 32, 4 1 , 5 9, 69, 8 7-8 8 , 1 3 0, 1 3 31 34, 1 3 8- 1 42, 1 43-1 44, 147, 1 90, 200, 205, 2 1 8-22 1 , 24 1 , 247, 250, 259,

29 1

269n.2 1 ; as despised institution, 1 3 8 , 1 40 ; "- hunters," 1 40, 22 1 ; lack of, 90, 267n.3 ; national heritage as, 205 ; ero­ sion of, 142 ; New Town properties as, 1 42 ; and seaside properties acquired by "bad grooms," 1 54 ; official abolition of, 4 1 , 1 3 9 ; refusal to provide monetary, 1 40 ; social representation of inheritance as, 1 3 6 ; strategic rejection of as cate­ gory, 1 40 ; terminology of, 272n. 7 . See also trousseau dress, 78-79, 1 1 7, 1 5 3 ; against weather, 1 5 3 ; class-based, 5 8 , 60, 78 ; Cretan, 25 , 45, 46, 79, 8 0, 1 5 3 , 265n.8 ; and Muslim tailor of, 79 ; and reconstruction of, 46 ; English, European, 25, 5 9, 79, 265n. 8 drinking: customs of, 8 0, 8 2 ; excessive, 8 9 . See also grappa; treating dropi, 2 7, 40, 52, 6 8 , 2 1 4, 266n. 1 0 drugs, 2 5 , 1 1 7, 1 8 0, 229, 265 n . 9 du Boulay, Juliet, 1 1 7, 1 75 , 2 1 6, 2 6 6n. 1 , 268n. 1 0 earthquakes, 259, 277n. 9 Easter, 85, 8 7 , 1 07. See also Epitafios, Good Friday eccentricity, as mark of economic indepen­ dence, 60 economic history, 3 6, 42, 43, 5 8 , 68-75 , 99, 1 00, 1 03 , 1 04, 1 09, 1 40, 1 5 6, 1 5 7, 1 5 8 , 23 8 economic ideology, -ies, 60-6 1 , 6 6 , 84, 99, 1 00, 1 03 , 1 5 8- 1 5 9 , 1 6 1 , 1 62, 1 72-1 73 , 1 74, 1 78 ; contrasted, 1 60 economic practices, 75 , 77, 82, 84, 1 601 6 1 , 1 63 ; avoidance of interfering with others', 1 5 5 ; changes in, 1 00-1 0 1 , 1 021 03 , 1 04; coercive, 1 0 1- 1 02 ; dishonest, 69, 74, 84, 93 , 1 03 , 1 04, 1 5 1 ; specula­ tive, 70 ; strategic, 1 1 3 . See also calcula­ tions: economic; change ; cheating; credit; imprecision, ethos of; precision ; tax; tipping economic roles, 29 economism, 1 6 1 economy : domestic, 3 0 ; of power and style, 78 ; tourist, prospects of, 4 1 education, importance of, 1 40, 142, 1 94 egalitarianism, 5 1 , 6 6 , 77, 1 74 eghoismos. See self-esteem, self-regard Egyptian occupation of Crete, 1 8-1 9

292

INDEX

elections, 4, 3 0, 35, 8 5 , 95 , 1 05 , 1 2 8 , 2 70nn. 3 4 a n d 3 5 ; h istory of, 75-76; municipal ( 1 9 8 6 ) , 76, 1 1 9- 1 2 8 , 2 1 4, 25 6, 2 6 9-2 70n.25, 270-2 7 1 n.3 5 , 2 7 1 n .3 6 ; national ( 1 9 8 1 ) , 25 8 , 2732 74n. 1 ; national ( 1 9 8 4 ) , 24 1 ; national ( 1 9 8 9 ) , 145- 1 4 6 ; registration for, 3 0 electric company (utilities) , 2 1 2 embarrassment, 27, 40, 5 9, 6 8 , 76, 79, 82, 9 1 , 1 0 1 , 1 05 , 1 22, 1 23 , 1 46, 1 70, 1 8 0, 1 8 7, 1 8 9, 206, 2 1 4, 2 3 8 , 266n. 1 0 ; archi­ tectural equivalents of, 3 7, 22 1 ; of tour­ ists, 1 04. See also dropi embodiment, 8 0 ; of conflict, 4 ; of home, 9 4; of manhood, 1 8 0 ; of nostalgia, 23 2 ; o f time and history, 4, 3 3 , 5 4 ; o f values, 4 0, 45 , 78 employment, 1 2 1 , 1 22 ; un-, of Muslims, 18 engagement, b roken off, 2 1 9-220 engineers, civil, 1 2 0, 1 9 1-1 92, 1 93 , 1 98, 200, 206, 209, 2 1 0, 2 1 1 , 2 1 3, 2 1 6, 2 1 72 1 9 , 225 , 242, 249 , 25 8 ; plans by, 243245 England : as source of clothing, 25 ; atti­ tudes to, 79 enumeration, 1 6 1 , 1 62, 1 69 Environment, Planning, and Public Works, Minister of, 222, 2 74n.5 environment, urban, protection of, 1 2 8 envy, 1 0, 92, 9 3 , 1 0 1 , 1 5 0, 1 6 1 , 1 79, 1 94, 252 EPEN (ultrarightist political party) , 24 1 Epitafios, 8 6 , 8 7 Erotokritos, 276n. 1 9 espionage, 47-49 , 50, 5 1 , 8 5 , 2 6 9n. 1 4 eternalization, 1 0, 14, 2 6 , 5 4 ethnicity, 20, 5 5 , 62, 266n. 1 7 ethnographer: encounter o f with court witness, 2 1 1 ; fear of, 47-5 0, 240 ; role and position of, 24, 47, 48-5 0, 5 1 , 8 5 , 9 5 , 1 23 , 2 69n. 1 4 ethnography, 1 3 ; o f Greece, 5 0 Europe, as cultural ideal, 4 , 9, 1 1 , 1 2, 1 5 , 1 6 , 24, 2 5 , 2 6 , 46, 5 3 , 5 6, 5 7, 5 8 , 60, 62, 67, 73 , 75 , 76, 7 8 , 79, 1 2 1 , 1 3 8 , 1 4 3 , 1 60-1 6 1 , 1 63 , 1 65 , 1 66, 1 90, 1 97, 227, 23 1-2 3 2 , 23 8 European ( Economic) Community, 1 1 , 5 7, 1 2 1 , 1 95 , 240, 252 eviction, 1 1 8 , 1 5 8

exchange o f labor, 1 1 4-1 1 5 . See also s im i ­

sako

exchange of land for residence rights (andi­ P ':J �ckhi) , 4 1 , 1 54 e � { ;' �nge of populations, 20 c:·" .-; ; .111ge of property (Ankara Conven­ tJ on), 6 3 , 1 3 8, 1 43 excuses, 6, 9 1 , 92, 93-94, 95, 97, 1 26 , 1 17, 1 46, 1 5 0, 1 64, 1 8 4, 1 9 8- 1 99 , 2 3 6 , 269n. 1 1 ; preemptive action t o create, 200, 2 3 8 exile: as administrative punishment, 959 6 ; as political punishment, 2 6 experience, personal a n d social, 9 , 1 0, 1 1 , 1 4, 1 5 , 20, 24, 27, 3 1 , 40, 44, 5 6 , 64, 8 1 , 94, 1 3 3 , 1 5 0, 1 60, 205 , 223, 236, 2 39-240 exposure : bodily as metaphor for social, 27; of buteaucrats, 14; of family and self to bureaucratic authority, avoidance of, 240; of kin group, avoidance of, 1 5 1 , 1 52, 22 1 ; social, 26, 27, 9 6-97 eye : as expression of social relations, 1 0 1 ; as locus of character, 2 1 ; evil, 1 0, 1 1 , 9 3 , 1 0 1 , 1 6 1 , 1 78 , 1 79 Fabian, Johannes, 1 6, 273n.6 "families, the twelve," 55 family, 268n. 9 ; ability to support, as defin­ ing manhood, 1 79 , 1 87 ; as ideal, 75 ; Greek, stereotype of for tourists, 46. See also daughter, -s; father ; household; kin ; names ; siblings ; surnames fatalism, 1 0, 94, 24 8 . See also destiny; writing father: inheritance of gambling addiction from, 1 8 1 , 1 85 ; role of, 27, 32, 67, 75 , 1 4 1 , 1 44, 2 05 Fatme. See Madame Hortense favoritism, 1 2 0- 1 2 1 , 1 96, 2 07, 2 1 0, 2 1 4, 2 1 5, 2 3 7, 249 ; allegations of, 252; polit­ ical, 24 1 feud. See vengeance filo (pastry dough), 1 07, 1 1 6 , 1 73 filotimo, 77, 8 5 , 1 4 6 , 2 67n.5 ; ingratitude as opposite of, 1 89 fines, 3 8 , 1 44, 1 90, 230, 23 7 Finland, tourists from, 1 64 fireplaces, 62, 1 43 , 1 90, 23 0--2 32 fishermen, 1 8 fishmongers, 1 05

INDEX Florakis, Kharilaos, 7 5 folklore : as academic discipline, 5 ; as offi­ cial reconstruction of culture, 45 , 46 food, 3, 43, 46, 5 1 , 82, 8 3 , 8 6 , 268n. 8 ; among Asia Minor refugees, 65 ; a s part of wage, 1 08 ; Easter, 8 6 ; fast, 1 04, 1 05 , 1 84 ; manufacturers of, 6 9 ; price of, 2 6 9n. 1 9; smell of, as guide to neighbors' condition, 8 9 Forbes, Hamish A . , 3 8 Fortezza, 1 7, 1 8 , 1 9, 20, 2 1 , 25 , 26, 27, 2 8 , 3 6, 1 05 , 1 09, 207, 209, 22 8, 2 3 6, 25 0, 252, 25 8 fosterage, as metaphor for apprenticing, 1 08 Foucault, Michel, 1 0 foukaras (term for the victimized poor), 224 Four Martyrs : Church of, 8 6, 8 7 ; Square of, 1 65 freehold, 1 3 8 French language. See language friendship, 5 1 , 7 1 , 1 8 6, 1 95 , 274n.2; absence of, 8 3 ; among men, 5 1 ; among women, 5 1 ; as gloss on police informers, 1 84 ; as social ideal, 1 65 ; betrayal of, 48 ; between sexes, 1 1 7 ; between tax officials and members of the public, 1 7 1 ; false vs. real, 77; marked by absence of economic precision, 1 74 ; of young men with pros­ titutes, 27; preferred over kinship, 1 63 ; role o f in mediation o f debt, 1 8 0-- 1 8 1 ; stylization of, 8 5 ; temporal creation of, 8 4 ; used to gain advantage with bureau­ crats, 2 1 5-2 1 6 ; with foreigners, 85-8 6 gambling, 29, 50, 8 5 , 8 9, 9 3 , 1 04, 1 60, 1 62, 1 76-1 8 7 ; addiction to, 1 8 0, 1 8 1 , 1 8 2 ; as cause o f emigration, 244 ; as city evil, 1 84 ; attitudes to gains and losses in, 1 78-1 79, 1 8 6 ; by women, 1 8 1 ; clubs, 1 78 , 1 8 1 ; disapproval of, 1 84-1 8 5 ; p er­ centage profits on, 1 79, 18 3 ; property lost in, 1 79 ; prosecution of by police, 1 84 ; wife lost through, 1 8 0 . See also cards; cheating; dice ; speculation gardens, 4 2, 44 gas-bottles, control of, 1 0 1-1 02 Gastarbeiter, 4 1 gendarmerie. See police gender, 1 43-1 46, 1 5 8 , 1 62, 1 68 ; effect of

293

on political attitudes, 1 2 3 , 1 24; encoding of, 79 ; ideology, 1 8 8 ; relations, 1 1 7. See also men ; sexuality; women generosity, 82, 1 5 2, 1 72- 1 73 , 1 78 , 1 83 , 1 8 9 ; alleged lack o f i n foreigners, 1 9 1 . See also charity gentrification, 1 1 George I (king of Greece), 2 65n.6 German, -s, 1 64 , 1 65 ; -y, 41, 5 8 , 94, 1 64 ; stereotype of, 84 German occupation, 26, 3 6, 4 1 , 62, 94, 1 64 ghetto, 62. See also Jews gifts, 1 52, 1 8 8 ; parenta � (legal category ) , 1 3 0, 1 52, 209, 2 7 1 n. 1 Glendi (pseudonym of village), 20, 24 , 3 8 , 47, 2 67n.2, 2 69n. 1 4, 273 n. 1 0 gold, 1 3 4 ; -smiths, 6 2 , 1 4 1 , 1 63 . See also jewelers good, limited, 92, 93 , 1 5 0, 204, 2 6 8 n. 1 0 ; -s, as index of rank, 6 0 ; and evaluation of quality of, 1 0 1 , 1 05 Good Friday, 8 6, 8 7 gossip, 4 0 , 43 , 4 5 , 50, 5 3 , 9 0 , 1 3 0, 1 7 4, 246 Gramsci, Antonio, 273 n . 3 grappa, 3 0, 8 3 , 1 64, 1 69 Great Idea. See irredentism Greece, as locally negative stereotype, 72, 1 66, 2 1 4 Greek culture, continuity of, 1 76, 276n. 1 Greek language. See language Greekness, 26, 8 6, 1 66 , 1 76, 1 77. See also Romeic cultural model green zone, 26 Greger, Sonia, 266n. 1 3 , 266-267n.3 grocer, -s, 1 8 , 1 0 1- 1 02, 1 05 , 1 63 , 242, 269n. 1 6 guards, antiquities, 206 guest-houses. See boardinghouses guilds, professional, 1 8 , 99, 1 00 Guy, Donna J . , 2 6 6n. 1 2 Gypsies, 1 05 , 1 66-1 67 Halbwachs, Maurice, 1 4 harbor, 24, 3 0, 1 8 1 , 246 ; lack o f viable, 36, 1 2 1 ; workers, 74 health, hazards to, 1 5 3 , 1 9 1 , 242 hegemony, 1 3 , 1 60. See also class, -es Hellenistic period, 1 6

294

INDEX

heritage, 227, 257, 2 5 9 , 2 73-2 74n. 1 . See also inheritance; tradition Hesser, Jana, 40 Hirschon, Renee, 40, 2 67n .4 historic conservation, 6, 9, 1 0, 1 1 , 1 2, 1 4, 1 5 , 2 1 , 24, 34, 3 6 , 3 7, 5 8 , 97, 9 8 , 1 43 , 1 45 , 1 53 , 1 60, 1 62, 2 1 5 , 23 1 ; a s politi­ cal issue, 1 1 9 ; as recontextualization, 2 6 ; benefits of for tourism, 20 1 ; cost to homeowners of, 1 9 1 , 244 ; laws govern­ ing, 1 9 7, 2 1 9, 242, 249, 27 1 n. 3 6 , 2742 75n.5, 275n.7; of private homes, 6 1 historic conservation office, 3 4, 3 8, 4 1 , 46, 5 7, 72, 9 1 , 92, 1 2 1 , 1 23 , 1 3 3 , 1 44, 1 451 46, 1 54, 1 8 9, 1 90, 1 92, 1 95 , 1 96, 1 98 , 20 1 , 202, 203-204, 209-2 1 2, 2 1 7-2 1 8 , 222, 223 , 2 2 8 , 229, 2 3 0, 242, 246, 247248, 254, 25 8 ; - 's lack of local auton­ omy, 223 ; accused of delay, 23 8 , 239, 2 5 2 ; and of deliberate delay, 235-23 8 ; alleged inconsistency of, 202-203 , 2322 3 5 , 2 5 2 ; blamed for destruction of Old Town, 2 3 7, 247; budget, 203-204, 223 , 224, 2 3 2 ; credited with economic bene­ fits, 2 3 8 ; denial of political favoritism by, 23 9 , 24 1 ; disputes of with Munici­ pality, 207, 240 ; disputes of with town­ planning office, 207-209, 2 1 0-2 1 4, 2 1 6-220, 22 1-223 ; employees, 149, 1 9 5 , 1 9 8 , 200, 205-206, 23 8, 240-24 1 ; favoritism, alleged, of, 249 ; fear of, 49, 1 49, 1 6 1 , 23 9-240 ; guidelines of, 232 ; official of as court witness, 2 1 1 ; official of, forced to condone demolition, 25 1 ; regulation of color by, 255-25 6 ; resis­ tance to, 227 ; Rethemnos b ranch of, 208 ; rules of, in conflict with dowry re­ quirements, 1 3 8, 1 3 9 , 1 4 2 ; and with male self-esteem, 1 44 ; surveillance by, 92, 1 49 , 249-25 0 ; uneven and overex­ tended commitments of, 224; women working in, 1 1 7; work for, 1 1 2 history : agnatic, 5 6, 67, 1 4 6 , 1 47 ; architec­ tural, 5 7; contested and negotiated, 5, 9, 1 1 , 1 2, 1 4, 4 6-47, 5 3-54, 76, 79-80, 1 29 , 1 5 9, 226, 250, 25 9 ; family, 1 3 3 , 1 47, 249-250 ; ideologically motivated readings of, 46, 276n . 1 8 ; monumental­ i zed, 9, 1 4, 24, 26, 5 7 ; of Crete, 1 6-1 8, 1 9, 2 5 , 26; official, 9 , 1 0, 3 7, 226 ; per­ sonal, 1 3 , 1 3 3 , 25 7 ; popular readings of,

1 0, 5 7 ; rendered irrelevant to modern concerns, 1 5 . See also Classical Greece; economic history; German occupation ; Minoan period ; Turkish occupation of Crete ; Venetian, -s : occupation of Crete by Hobsbawm, Eric, 1 2 home, -s, 1 3 3 ; -lessness, fear of creating, 1 4 7- 1 4 8 ; integrity of, 94; monumental­ ized, 1 1 . See also household honor, 40, 95, 266n. l , 267n.5 ; -ific titles, 77, 1 67, 266n.22. See also filotimo ; timi hospitality, 3 9, 40, 66, 8 1-8 6, 1 5 8 ; as at­ tribute of Rethemnos, 26 ; as commercial strategy, 1 64, 1 8 8 ; as symbolic strategy, 5 0, 5 1 , 60, 8 3 , 85, 1 92- 1 93 ; commoditi ­ zation of, 1 1 6, 1 92- 1 93 , 205 ; rhetoric of, 1 1 6- 1 1 7, 1 72, 1 8 8 , 1 9 3 , 2 74 n . 2 ; and abandonment of, 1 72 hotels, 4 6 , 72, 73, 8 9 , 1 03 , 1 04, 1 05 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 4, 234, 248 , 252, 255 ; boarding­ houses contrasted with, 1 1 8- 1 1 9 . See also boardinghouses house, s (or apartment, -s) , 8 7, 1 1 1 , 1 3 0, 1 3 4, 1 35 , 1 3 6 , 1 3 8 , 1 3 9, 1 43-146, 1 5 11 5 2, 1 5 3-1 5 9, 1 9 1-25 9, 273n.2 ; as eco­ nomic resource, 1 1 6, 1 1 8, 1 3 4, 1 42, 143, 1 5 3-1 54, 1 5 7 ; as expression of ag­ natic link, 1 35 , 1 3 6, 1 46 , 147, 1 5 1-1 52 , 205 , 2 4 9 ; as expression o f ancestral link, 1 5 4, 25 7; as expression of self, 1 3 3 ; as inheritance and dowry, 3 2, 3 9, 4 1 , 69, 87-8 8 , 1 30, 1 3 3- 1 34, 1 3 6, 1 3 7, 1 3 8, 1 40, 1 4 1 , 1 54, 205 , 2 1 8-220, 250, 25 9 ; commercial value of, 4 3 , 6 8 , 72-73 , 1 3 8- 1 3 9, 1 42, 1 48 , 1 4 9 , 1 5 3-1 54, 1 5 7; excluded from treatment as monuments, 226 ; gender and, 1 43-1 4 6 ; illegal resto­ ration of, 49 ; loss of through gambling, 1 79 ; modern requirements of, 14 7; sale of, 1 8 , 1 9, 8 8 , 147; sentiment and, 1 3 5 , 1 3 6, 1 3 7-1 3 8 , 1 45 ; sold t o pay off debt, 1 4 9 ; vertical extension of, 1 98 , 208 ; and for dowry homes, 1 3 8 , 1 3 9, 1 42, 1 43 , 1 99-200, 2 0 5 , 24 1 , 247. See also con­ tracts ; dowry ; home, -s ; real estate household, 30, 40, 43-44, 8 7, 2 6 8 n . 9 ; budgets, 1 6 8 housepainters, 1 3 5 , 1 3 7, 25 5-257 housewives: as legal category, 1 1 7 ; moral standing of, 1 8 1 -

INDEX housing: students', 1 1 8 ; workers', 3 8 humidity. See damp humor, 98, 1 82 . See also teasing hygiene, 1 00 Ibrahi m Pasha (Turkish governor), 1 09 ICOMOS, 2 75 n. 7 icon, - s , 1 36 , 1 40-1 4 1 , 1 43 , 267n. 1 1 , 270n. 3 3 ; as semiotic term, 2 70n.33 identity, 4, 5 , 1 2, 1 4, 1 5, 2 5 , 5 6, 66, 76, 79, 8 0, 1 1 9, 1 96, 2 66n. 1 2 ; ambiguities of, 24, 48, 1 43 ; class, 76 ; confusion of religious with secular national, 20; con­ tests over, 8 4 ; Cretan, 8 3 ; European, 1 97 ; family, icons as marker of, 1 4 1 ; fe­ male, 1 44; gender, 1 43- 1 46 ; local, 1 1 91 2 0 ; male, 1 35 , 1 4 4 ; national, 40; of Muslim women, 1 9 ; parochial, encom­ passed by Cretan and Greek, 2 5 9 ; politi­ cal, 25 6 ; relation between rural and ur­ ban, 24 ideology, 1 92, 25 6 ; cultural, 23 1 , 257, 2 6 7n. 1 3 , 273 n . 4 ; official, 1 63, 225, 227, 267n. 1 3 . See also agnatic ideology ; eco­ nomic ideology ; gender; political parties and ideologies Iliakis, Kostas, 243-244, 2 73-274n. 1 , 276n. 1 0 illegal construction. See construction illiteracy. See literacy impartiality, 1 3 0. See also egalitarianism imprecision, ethos o f, 6, 82, 1 6 1 , 1 62, 1 68-1 74, 1 76 , 1 8 8 . See also precision inaction, official, explanations of, 1 8 3 , 1 84, 2 2 9 , 276n. 1 1 . See also bureau­ cracy ; excuses; police incest, 1 1 7 ; alleged causes of, 269n.23 independence, economic, 1 69 individualism, 1 2, 3 7, 5 9, 2 5 6 infanticide, 2 8 inflation, 30, 6 8 , 69, 72-73 , 74, 1 3 8, 1 3 9, 1 48 , 1 55 , 1 68 , 1 9 1 , 204, 244, 2 72n. 8 influence, political, 1 46, 207, 2 14, 239, 24 1 , 242, 252, 2 7 1 n. 3 6 information, 4 9 , 5 0-5 1 , 8 8 , 1 50. See also secrecy informers, 48, 92, 9 3 , 94, 97, 1 82-1 8 3 , 1 84. See also betrayal ; roufiania inheritance, 3 2, 1 3 0, 1 35- 1 3 6, 1 3 8 , 1 5 11 52, 200; dissipated by gambling, 1 80 ; division of, 2 5 2-255 ; filial conflated

295

with cultural, 205 ; state regulation of, 72 inscriptions, 1 7, 23 3-234 insurance, 72 International Commission on Monuments and Sites, 275n.7 intimacy, 1 1 , 1 6, 28, 29, 3 9, 43 , 44, 45 , 47, 5 1 , 53, 59, 85, 87, 1 66 , 1 68 , 266n. 1 4 ; among men, 1 62 ; among women, 5 1-5 2 ; and sin, 1 62 ; between Christians and Muslims, 24; government regulation as breach of, 8 0 ; of body, 79 ; of Christian doctor with Muslim women, 1 9 ; of the kitchen, 230; of small hotels, 46 investment, -s, 72, 1 34, 1 3 7, 1 3 8 , 1 42 , 1 5 3- 1 54, 1 55 , 1 5 7, 23 8 lraklio, 1 7, 3 6, 3 7, 5 6, 1 2 1 , 205 , 208, 223, 229-23 0, 244, 277n . 9 ironworkers, 1 8 , 73 irony, 5 0, 6 1 , 75 , 77, 83, 1 8 2, 1 8 8 , 1 9 1 , 2 1 2, 2 1 8, 23 6 . See also sarcasm irredentism, 1 9, 20, 63, 94 ; Turkish, 1 97 Islam, conversion to, 1 09 Istanbul. See Constantinople Italy, as cultural ideal, 5 6 Izmir. See Smyrna Jakobson, Roman, 268n . 1 1 jealousy. See envy Jehovah's Witnesses, 9 8 , 1 8 2 jewelers, 9 6-97, 1 0 1 , 1 02, 1 05 , 1 5 8 Jews, 1 7, 4 8 , 62 journalists, 8 1 , 86 judges, 9 8 , 1 3 9, 1 75-1 76, 1 93 , 209, 2 1 1 , 2 1 2-2 1 3, 2 1 4-2 1 5 , 220, 223, 247-24 8 ; need for allegedly maintained by state encouragement of illegality, 229 junta, military ( 1 967-1 974), 26, 3 8 , 4 1 , 5 7, 73 , 82, 1 1 9, 1 20, 1 25, 1 74, 1 78 , 1 97, 1 99, 265n.6, 27 1 n . 3 6 , 277n . 3 Justice, Ministry of, 207-208 , 265n. 5 kafasia, 1 1 0 kalanda. See carols kalderimi, 3 6

Kallithea, 44 Kalomenopoulos, Yoryis, 24, 28 Kaloyerakis, Yiannis, 2 1 , 2 7 kamaki, 1 04 Karagiozis, 1 76 , 1 77

296

INDEX

Karamanlis, Constantine, 2 4 1 , 2 77n.3

Kornaros, Vitzentzos, 224, 2 7 6n. l 9

kataifi (pastry dough), 1 07, 1 1 6

koumari. See gambling

Kazantzakis, Nikos, 265n.2 Kendall, Martha B., 276n. 1 7 k erasma. See treating khalik outisses, 1 9 Khania, 20, 3 6, 1 2 1 , 1 8 6, 277n.9 ; Appeals Court in, 2 1 0 ; drowning of Rethemnos Jews at, by Nazis, 62 Khatzidakis, Iosif, 42, 8 1 Khortatsis, Yeoryios, 265n.3 khoui. See self-aggrandisement Killing God, The. See Kaloyerakis, Yiannis kin : as coresidents, 8 7 ; avoidance and incidence of litigation against, 1 5 1 ; avoid­ ance of precision in economic relations with , 1 74; b argaining among, 1 67 ; com­ petition among, 1 03 , 1 5 2 ; involvement of in arranged marriages, 8 9, 90; obliga­ tions to, 32, 3 3 , 72, 75 , 8 3 , 9 1 , 1 05, 1 5 1-1 52, 1 55 , 1 95 ; and entailment of in political relations, 1 22-1 23 , 1 25 , 1 26 ; real estate price arrangements among, 1 5 2 ; real estate sales among, 1 47-1 5 2, 272nn. 1 1 and 1 2 ; solidarity of, 1 8 9 ; strategies involving, 1 4 8 kinship, 8 0, 2 70n.34; agnatic, 5 6, 7 0 , 1 44, 267n . 6 , 270nn. 3 1 and 3 4 ; and inheri­ tance, 252-25 5 ; and taxation, 1 47, 1 4 8 , 1 5 1-1 5 2 ; as model of political party membership, 76, 1 27, 1 2 8 ; conflict of with political considerations, 1 20 ; ex­ ploitation of, 1 0 1 ; linked to naming, 1 3 1 ; and to surname, 1 5 2 ; moral superi­ ority of neighborhood ties over, 1 5 2 ; and of friendship over, 1 63 ; spiritual, 70, 97, 1 0 1 , 1 23 , 1 26 , 128, 1 3 1 , 1 32, 148, 152, 1 82 , 2 7 1 nn. 4 and 5; terminology of, 2 70n.3 1 ; used to advantage with bureau­ cracy, 2 1 5-2 1 6 ; uterine, 126, 1 3 6, 1 5 2, 272n. 1 2. See also agnatic ideology; daughter, -s; father; residence; siblings k ioskia, 64, 1 09-1 1 3 , 2 0 1 , 202, 232-233 , 243 , 247, 248 kiosks, 1 00 klefts, 2 76n.2 knowledge, social, 1 0, 3 8 k o-kan (card game), 1 8 2 kolliva, 40 koltsina, 1 85 k onsoles, 5 8 , 5 9

Ksanthoudidou Street, 44 kseri, 1 85

labor: cooperative, among siblings, 32; forced, 1 09 ; for historic conservation of­ fice, 206, 24 1 ; laws regulating, 269n. 1 9 ; part-time, 1 09 ; put into houses, 1 3 5 ; seasonal, 1 1 3 ; supply and demand, 1 0 3 , 1 16 la borers : bureaucrats as, 3 1 ; construction, 5 8 , 8 3 ; olive-picking, 70; seasonal, 1 5 7, 1 8 6; wage, 1 8 , 3 0, 3 1 , 3 2 , 3 3 , 1 05 land: agnatic control of in villages, 32-3 3 ; as security, 6 8 ; ownership o f i n villages, 29, 3 1 ; and in town, 5 3 , 54; sale of in villages, 3 1-33 . See also inheritance; real estate language : English, 73 ; foreign, illegal signs in, 208 ; French, used by moneyed classes, 25, 5 8 , 66, 73 ; and to mark claims to sophistication, 1 66 ; Greek, 55 ; Greek, used by ethnographer, 47, 4 8 ; and used b y Christians and Muslims, 1 9 , 20; and in neo-Classical form, 5 6 , 1 60 ; Italian, used b y merchant, 5 6 ; -s, knowl­ edge of foreign, 1 03 , 1 1 3 ; local form of, 266n. 1 9. See a ls o speech Larissa, 6 9 laundromat, 1 03 , 224 Lausanne, Treaty of, 20, 63 law, -s, 1 4, 1 6, 9 8 , 1 66 , 1 9 1 , 1 92, 209, 2 1 3 , 2 1 4, 2 1 9 ; absence of for informal credit protection, 1 8 7 ; defiance of, 1 78 ; difficulty of complying with, 3 8 , 228 ; en­ forcement of, official, 93 ; governing his­ toric conservation, 1 9 7, 2 1 9, 242, 275n.7; labor, 269n. 1 9, 2 74-275n.5 ; -court� 93 , 9 7, 1 45 , 1 5 0, 1 55 , 1 75 , 1 85 , 1 8 9, 223 , 25 1 ; and cases in, 209-22 1 ; and reluctance to engage with, 2 3 7 ; mili­ tary, 1 99 ; n1ultiplicity of, 1 95 ; need to revise, 1 2 1 ; objective valuation, 1 4 9 ; of j unta, to promote development of tour­ ism, 1 97; protection of squatters by, 1 5 6 ; protection of tenants by, 1 5 8 ; re­ luctance to invoke, 97; rhetoric of, 1 9 , 25 7; sabotage o f local economy by, al­ leged, 246. See also litigation; police lawyers, 1 8, 75 , 90, 1 3 9, 1 5 1 , 1 75 , 1 93 ,

INDEX

297

Macedonia, 60, 1 67, 2 77n . 3 Madame Hortense, 62 mak ri-steno . See Nikiforos Fokas : Niki­ forou Foka S treet manhood, manliness, 5 1 , 1 78 , 1 79, 2 1 8 ; as attribute, 1 80 ; boasting as antithesis of, 5 3 ; gambling and, 1 8 0, 1 8 1 ; indicated by high risk taking, 1 8 0, 1 8 6-1 8 7 ; mea­ sured by ability to support family, 1 79 ; negated, 2 73 n . 9 manners, 4 , 2 1 , 5 2-5 3 , 5 4 , 5 6 , 5 8 , 5 9, 6 1 , 74, 77, 85, 1 68 , 2 1 2 ; economy of, 60, 78, 1 6 1 ; French, 25, 5 8 ; informal, 24 ; mimicry of, 6 7, 78 . See also modesty market, -place, 24, 3 9, 1 63 , 1 70, 1 74; reg­ ulated, as official concept, 1 60 Markezinis, Spiros, 1 5 6 marriage, 29, 3 2-3 3 , 3 9 , 5 9 , 79, 1 8 2, 1 8 9 , 1 90 ; arranged, brokerage of, 5 9 , 8 9-9 1 ,

women to elderly widowers, 9 1 . See also dowry ; trousseau masonry, 1 1 5 , 2 3 3 ; reuse of, 3 6, 5 7-5 8 , 227 mass production, 58, 99, 1 03 , 1 05 matchmakers. See marriage : arranged mattress making, 1 05 Mauss, Marcel , 267n. 1 media, 1 95 . See also newspapers; television mediation, 96, 97, 98, 1 80-1 8 1 , 1 8 9 Mehmet Ali, 1 8- 1 9 memory, 1 1 , 4 4 , 4 6 , 64, 7 6 , 8 7, 1 1 4, 120, 1 3 7, 1 47, 1 5 0, 1 5 6 , 23 1 , 25 7 men, 8 7, 144- 1 45, 1 5 8 , 1 8 8 , 267n.3 ; avoidance of women by, 43 ; economic role of, 29; house decor as expression of individuality of, 25 6; identity of, 1 3 5 ; mocked b y women, 1 45 ; reduced by gambling to moral inferiority, 1 79 ; and to dependence on wife, 1 8 1 ; self-asser­ tion by, 1 44 ; self-glorification of, 29, 145 ; sexual life of, 2 7, 29. See also ag­ natic ideology; manhood, manliness; self-aggrandisement; self-esteem merchants, 1 8 , 2 8 , 3 1 , 3 6, 3 9 , 5 5 , 5 8 , 5 9 , 60, 62, 67, 7 0 , 7 1 , 73 , 74, 76, 77, 99, 1 00, 1 03 , 1 05 , 1 3 1 , 1 40, 1 5 0, 1 54, 1 5 5 , 1 56 , 1 63-1 64, 1 65 , 1 66, 1 6 8, 1 7 1 , 1 731 74, 1 8 7, 1 8 8 , 1 8 9, 1 92, 226-22 7, 254. See also shop , -s ; vendors Mercouri, Melina, 200, 222 mesa. See influence, political metalworkers, 7 1 , 1 05 metaphor, -s, 24, 25 , 26, 27, 40, 42, 48 , 67, 78, 94, 9 5 , 96, 9 7, 1 04, 1 08 , 1 1 7, 1 1 8 , 1 2 1 , 1 5 5 , 1 77, 1 82, 20 1 , 229, 24 8 , 25 6, 257, 2 69n. 1 3 Metaxas, Ioannis, 28, 1 08 , 1 8 7 migration, 5 9 , 6 7 ; abroad, 142 ; as source of demand for marriage brokers, 90; early, from and to Asia Minor, 6 3 ; from North Africa, 1 9 ; from rural hinterland, 29-3 0, 3 3 , 3 7, 55, 73 , 92, 1 3 3- 1 3 5 , 1 3 6, 140, 1 54, 265n. 8 ; and through ar­ ranged marriages, 8 9 ; and through ap­ prenticeship, 1 08, 1 09 ; and refugees' re­ action to, 6 6 ; labor, to Rethemnos, 8 3 ; of women, 3 3 ; of Asia Minor refugees from Rethemnos, 65 ; of coheirs, 25 4; re­ turn, 4 1 , 73 , 79, 1 79, 23 0, 249 ; to Ath­

1 4 2 ; - contracts , 1 40- 1 4 1 ; of young

ens, 3 3 , 3 6 , 3 7 , 42, 4 6 , 5 6 , 5 8 , 90, 1 3 2 ,

1 99, 2 0 9 , 2 1 0, 2 1 1 , 2 1 2-2 1 3 , 2 1 4, 228 ; - ' fees, 1 5 7, 22 1 leisure, 6 0 lepidha, 1 65-1 6 6 libel, 2 2 0 Li beral political parties, 65 , 7 6 lineages. See kin lira ( money), 1 34, 1 56 , 2 6 9n.20; (musical instrument), 45, 46, 200 literacy, 4, 1 94, 265n.3 litigation, 1 04, 1 44, 1 55 , 1 8 8 ; avoided among kin, 1 5 1 ; impossible in absence of documentation, 254 loans : by patron, 1 8 1 ; financi ng through, 72, 1 8 0, 203 ; from close kin, 1 8 9 ; gam­ blers', 1 8 7 ; Post O ffice, 242 localism, 2 7 local self-government, 25 8 Lofgren, Orvar, 4 6 Loggia, 1 6, 2 3 6 London, 1 2 love: ideology o f interclass, 6 6 , 77, 276n. 1 8 ; romantic, 5 9, 1 3 8 ; and as bal­ anced against dowry, 1 4 0 ; and as strate­ gic device, 140. See also affect Lowenthal, David, 1 5 , 46 luck, 9 0-9 1 ; bad, 266n. 1 8 ; and brought by women, 1 8 2 ; good, 1 8 2 lute, 45 lying, 1 69

298

INDEX

migration ( cont. ) 1 42, 1 5 6, 1 73 , 23 0, 244; to Europe, 1 1 3 ; to Germany, 4 1 , 5 8 ; to Iraklio, 3 7, 56, 244 ; to Piraeus, 7 1 , 1 3 6 ; to Thessa­ loniki, 5 6 ; to United States, 9 1 , 1 79 , 1 80 military service, 1 08 , 1 1 4 Milopotamos, Upper, 1 8 1 ministries, government, dispute between, 222 Minoan period, 1 6 ; russet color claimed as belonging to, 25 5, 2 5 7 modernity, 1 90, 2 3 0 , 246 modesty, as personal style among mer­ chants, 5 6, 5 9, 78 monarchy, refugees' hostili ty to, 65 money, 1 9 1 ; a ttitudes to, 40, 1 72-1 75, 1 77, 1 78 , 1 79 , 1 8 1 , 1 8 6, 246 monument: as category of official thought, 5 , 6, 1 0, 40, 46, 205, 2 1 3 , 226-227; and reinforcement by bureaucrats, 1 3 , 40, 46 ; -alization of architecture, 5 8 ; and of community, 5 7-5 8 ; "of the word," 5. See also time morality, 25, 26, 27, 2 8 , 2 9 , 5 9, 67, 75 , 76, 79, 8 1 , 8 2, 8 8 , 94, 1 1 7, 1 3 0, 1 8 8 , 1 93 , 22 1 , 2 6 6n. 1 ; a n d self-interest, 1 23 ; o f credit, 1 8 7 ; o f family and state, con­ trasted, 2 1 6 ; state, deployed against it­ sel f, 229. See also embarrassment; filo­ timo; honor; respectability; sexuality; timi

Morocco, 73 mosque of gazi Hiiseyin Pa§a, 5 7, 1 97, 228 Mosse, George L., 266n. 1 2 Mother o f God, church of, 8 7 motives, attribution of, 2 1 5 Mousouros, Yeoryios ( George), 2 73274n. l Moutsopoulos, N., 1 97-1 9 8 , 275 n . 6 Municipality, 2 0 7 , 2 4 0 , 2 4 9 , 25 8 , 275n.7 museum, 1 6, 236, 25 0 ; folk art, proposed creation of, 225 museum solution, proposed for Old Town problem, 1 99 music: among Asia Minor refugees, 65 ; Cretan, 45--4 6 Muslims, 1 7- 1 8, 1 9, 24, 2 8 , 64, 7 9 , 94, 266n. 2 ; departure of, 20, 24, 62, 63, 64, 2 66n.2 ; proselytization of to Christian faith, 266nn. 1 1 and 2 Mykonos, 7 1

Nakou, Lilika, 24-26, 28, 47, 8 1 , 8 8 names, 2 66n.2 ; bapti smai , •- ' �'!ferral of, 1 3 1- 1 3 3 , 27 1 n. 5 ; and li:� �cd to materia l benefits, including property, 1 3 3 , 1 3 6, 2 7 1 n.3 ; of Rethemnos, 265n. l . See also surnames nationalism, 5, 1 2, 40, 45, 5 7, 64, 266n. 1 2 Nazis. See German occupation Needham, Rodney, 267n . 6 neigh borhood, - s , 1 8 , 8 1 , 8 2, 86-8 8 , 1 05 , 228 ; as family focus, 142; a s locus of be� trayal, 3 8, 85, 9 1 ; and of female interac­ tion, 1 44; and of matchmaking, 90; for­ mer, as basis of dependence, 72 ; growing up in brothel -, 26 ; solidarity of, 39, 44, 75, 1 26, 1 2 8, 1 48 , 1 52, 1 55 , 1 62, 1 74, 1 95 , 22 1 ; and present-day rejec­ tions of it, 43 ; taxation of properties i n, 1 5 8 ; trade, 9 9-1 0 1 ; tra ditional, as bu­ reaucratic category, 6, 46, 1 1 8, 205 Nektarios, Saint, 276n. 1 neo-Classicism : as architectural style, 1 1 , 1 2, 1 5 ; as cultural ideology, 1 6, 1 8-1 9, 5 7, 276n. 1 New Democracy, 25-26, 76, 1 1 9, 1 23, 1 25 , 1 77, 1 80, 1 94 newspapers, 24, 4 8 , 95, 240, 265n. 7, 269n. 1 2 New Town, 32, 3 9, 40, 4 1 , 72, 8 2, 8 3 , 1 04, 1 09 , 1 1 2, 1 1 8, 1 1 9, 1 20, 1 2 1 , 1 24, 1 30, 1 3 8 , 1 42, 1 5 3 , 1 54, 1 55 , 1 5 6, 1 5 7, 1 73 , 1 77, 1 9 1 , 1 92, 1 9 8 , 200, 203 , 207, 2 1 1 , 2 3 0, 244, 268n.9 ; women's em­ ployment in, 8 9 New Year, gambling on, 1 78 , 1 82, 1 8 6 Nianias, Dimitris, 1 99 , 228 , 275nn. 8 and 9 nightclubs, 1 OS ; as cover for brothel, 228 Nikiforos Fokas, 55 ; Nikiforou Foka Street, 43 Nisiros, 2 68n. 8 nobility : created by Venice, 5 5 ; two classes of, 5 8 . See also "aristocracy" noima, 5 2 nostalgia, 2 9 , 44-45 , 5 8 , 6 1 , 66-6 8 , 74, 8 1 , 1 3 7, 1 5 8 , 1 63 , 2 3 0, 232, 266267n.3 ; as class-based, 7 6, 77; as strat­ egy, 6 7 ; structural, 75 , 85, 95 , 2 67n. 1 2, 276n. 1 8 notaries, 1 9 , 1 48 , 1 5 0 nurses, 8 9

INDEX obligation, - s , 3 9, 44-45, 6 0 , 6 7, 7 1 , 8 3 , 85, 1 3 1 , 1 49, 1 5 2, 1 75-1 76, 1 95 , 203 , 25 6 ; increased by wealth, 1 6 1 , 1 72 ; of poverty, 1 7 3 official sanctions, avoidance of, 8 6 oil (olive) , 3 0, 3 6, 6 8 , 69-70 ; a s currency, 3 6, 1 54 ; as rent payment, 1 5 0 ; for do­ mestic consumption, 3 3 ; merchants, 9 9 ; prices o f ( 1 9 7 1- 1 979), 2 6 1-263 . See also akopo ladhi; olive, -s Old Town district council, 242 Old Town House Owners' Association, 1 99-20 1 , 224, 227, 273-2 74n . 1 ; pro­ jected revival of, 20 1 olive, -s, 30, 3 1 , 3 2 , 3 3 , 6 8 , 1 94 ; grove of, as metaphor, 1 1 8 . See also oil onyx, 1 05, 1 06 orientalism: practical, 1 6 ; stereotypes of, 24, 25, 5 3 , 1 60, 1 63 , 1 64, 1 66, 1 6 8, 1 74, 225, 2 3 0-23 1 Orthodox Church, Greek, 2 8 , 55, 62 otherness, 1 6, 4 7, 5 3 O ttoman Empire : administration in, 1 7, 5 6 ; cultural model derived from, 1 4 ; cus­ tomary practices of, 1 9 ownership, 1 1 , 34, 1 3 9, 1 46, 1 5 3 , 1 9 1 , 25 6, 257, 273 n. 7. See also agnatic ideol­ ogy; contracts ; real estate pain: as complaint, 20 1 ; as sentiment of attachment, 1 3 7, 1 4 7 paksimadhia, 1 1 4, 1 1 5 "Panaghia, Little" ( ch urch), 8 7 Papagos, Alexandros, 1 5 6 Papandreou, George, 2 77n. 3 parents, 1 3 0-1 3 1 ; elderly, residence of, 1 3 8 , 1 5 3 , 1 5 4 ; reluctance of to impose on children, 1 54, 1 5 6, 272-273n. 1 4 . See also father: role of Paris, as metaphor for Rethemnos, 25 Pashley, Robert, 1 7, 4 1 PASOK, 26, 50, 76, 95, 1 1 9, 1 22, 1 23 , 1 25 , 1 44, 1 45 , 1 77, 1 92, 1 95, 200, 203 , 2 1 8 , 237, 240-24 1 , 252, 256, 25 8 , 270n.29, 2 7 1 n. 1 , 2 73-274n. 1 , 275276n . 9, 277n.3 past: negative image of, 1 65 , 1 66 ; now partly domesticated, 2 5 9 ; official, 3 7; routinization of, 4 5 . See also history; monument; time p a stry cooks a n d shops , 1 8 , 3 9-40, 5 9 ,

299

1 03 , 1 05, 1 07, 1 08 , 1 1 4, 1 8 8 . See aho bakers patrilineality. See agnatic ideology ; kin patronage, 66, 6 7, 70, 1 23 , 1 2 8, 1 3 1 , 1 8 0, 2 1 5, 239, 271 n.3 ; of business, 1 0 1 ; PA­ SOK's stand against, 125 paving, 207, 249 Pavlides, Eleftherios, 40 pazari. See bargaining; bazaar; market peacekeeping forces, 25, 2 8 ; Russian, 1 7 Peloponnese, 6 8 pension, strategy to retain, 1 5 6 performance, 5 3 , 9 8 perfume, of Turkish men, 3 perjury, 1 5 1 , 22 1 permits, difficulties of obtaining, 207-2 0 8 , 209, 2 1 0, 2 1 4, 2 1 8-2 1 9, 2 3 0, 2 3 6, 250, 25 1 . See also bureaucracy; historic con­ servation office; town-planning office pets. See cats pharmacists, 1 66, 1 72, 207, 265n. 9 photographs, 1 3 6 p il g ri m ages , sentimental, between Greece and Turkey, 20, 63 , 64, 1 3 7 "pimping," as metaphor. See betrayal ; informers ; roufiania ; sexuality piracy, 4 1 Piraeus, 6 8 , 7 1 , 1 28 , 1 3 6, 1 3 8 , 1 4 1 pita, 1 1 4 place, 9, 1 1 , 24, 40, 4 1 , 44, 64; loyalty to, 1 2 1 ; water as marker of, 6 3 plaster, designs incised i n , 4, 7-8 , 1 3 , 1 4, 2 1 , 24, 3 7, 1 1 5 , 25 6, 257, 259, 272n. 1 3 ; official reaction to, 3 7 plastic, reuse of, 1 68-1 69 Plastiras, Nikolaos, 29 plurality: as symbolically negative, 78 ; of laws, 1 95 poetics, social, 92, 268-26 9n. 1 1 poker (card game) , 1 79 police, 24, 28, 3 1 , 4 8 , 79, 92, 9 3 , 95-96, 9� 1 25 , 1 44, 1 45 , 1 5 5 , 1 82- 1 8 3 , 20 1 , 2 1 6-22 1 , 229, 230, 24 1 ; alleged inactiv­ ity of, 92, 95, 1 8 3 , 1 84; as bureaucrats, 98 ; avoidance of and participation in gambling by, 1 8 4 ; distinction between category of and individuals, 1 84 ; head­ quarters of, 2 0 ; market, 1 49, 1 63-1 64, 1 74-1 75 , 240; need for allegedly main­ tained by state encouragement of illegal­ ity, 229 ; p o l i t i c a l identity of, 1 24-1 25 ;

3 00

INDEX

police ( cont. ) raids against gamblers, 1 8 1 , 1 84 ; reluc­ tance to cooperate with, 9 6-9 8 ; sum­ moned by wives to arrest gambling hus­ bands, 1 80, 1 84 ; tourist, 1 1 8, 246 politia, 3, 4, 33, 53, 1 90, 2 65 n. 1 political parties and ideologies, 25-26, 27, 47, 65, 76, 8 2 , 95-96, 1 1 9 , 1 2 2 , 1 23 , 1 2 8 , 1 44, 1 77-1 78 , 1 8 0, 1 94, 2 1 8, 224, 237, 240-24 1 , 25 6 , 270n.29 ; commu­ nist, legalization of, 3 7. See also commu­ nism, -ists ; Liberal political parties; New Democracy; PASOK; Popular Party politicians, 1 05, 1 2 1 , 1 3 2, 1 62-1 63 , 270n.29, 27 1 n. 3 ; denial o f identity as such, 2 14 . See also Arkhondakis, Dimi­ tris; Mercouri, Melina; Nianias, Dimi­ tris; Papandreou, George ; Pramateftakis, Babis ; Skouloudis, Khristos ; Venizelos, Eleftherios Politis, Nikolaos G., 5 pollution, 43 , 1 5 6 ; by antiquity, 226; noise, 9 3 , 1 2 8 ; and tolerance of, 95, 269n. 1 2 ; symbolic, 29, 68; and by women , 1 8 2 Polytechnic uprising ( 1 973 ) , 265n.6 Popular Party, 7 6 population, 1 7-1 8, 20, 2 65n.4; changes in, 62-63 ; de- , 3 6 ; of Mykonos, 7 1 ; of Old Town, 2 6 8 n . 9 populism, Cretan, 224 porters, 1 8 , 74 postmodernism, 1 3 Post Office, loans from, 242 poverty, 6 8 , 76, 78, 1 3 6, 1 3 9 , 1 5 3 , 1 54, 1 55 , 1 6 1 , 1 62 , 1 63 , 1 66, 1 7 1 , 1 72, 1 73 , 1 8 7, 223-224, 227, 25 8 ; a s legal extenu­ ation, 2 1 4-2 1 5 ; associated with greater dependence on social capital, 1 8 1 ; greater burden of in connection with conservation laws, 242-244, 275276n . 9 ; idealization of, 67, 1 8 1 ; leading to marriage, 9 1 ; of refugees, 1 40 ; prem­ ise of, 1 7 1 ; solidarity with, 1 00 ; termi­ nology for, 2 24 power, 9, 1 5 , 8 0, 1 95 , 2 1 2, 2 3 7, 23 8 , 248 ; bureaucrats' circumscribed, 1 95-1 96 ; economy of, expressed i n restraint, 78 ; etiology of, 9 6 ; of guest, 5 1 ; precision as reflection of, 1 6 1 ; reflected in choices of

names and sponsors, 1 32 ; respectability as metaphor for, 2 6 ; struggles, 228 , 25 7 ; surrender of b y men to women, 1 8 1 ; use of by police, 1 84 practical dialectic, 23 0 Pramateftakis, Babis, 3 5 , 1 1 9, 1 20, 1 2 1 , 1 22, 1 24, 1 27, 1 2 8 , 256, 270-27 1 n.35 precedent, avoidance of: by court, 2 1 3 ; by historic conservation office, 223 precision, 1 0, 29, 1 60, 1 6 1 , 1 62, 1 6 8- 1 74, 1 8 8 , 2 3 2 ; in drink measures, 1 72 . See also imprecision, ethos of predictab ility, 1 76, 1 77, 1 78 , 1 8 7. See also gambling; investment; risk Prefect, 2 1 3 , 222, 229 , 2 3 0 ; -ural Council, 2 1 8 , 22 1 ; -ure, -s, 20, 95 , 2 65n. l ; and Great Power administration of, 265 n . 6 Prevelakis, Pandelis, 3 , 4 , 2 0-2 1 , 24, 5 3 , 56, 62, 64, 67, 23 0 price controls, 1 03 , 1 64, 1 74 ; violations o f, 3 8, 74, 1 63-1 64, 1 73 , 1 74 ; and against tourists, 47, 84, 1 04, 1 69 Prine, 1 65 privacy, 3 8 , 3 9 , 40, 4 1 ; loss of, 43 professional association, -s, 1 1 8- 1 1 9, 1 2 8 ; boardinghouse owners', 1 1 8- 1 1 9 ; presi­ dent's authority, 1 74 ; tourist shopkeep­ ers', 1 1 9 professional class, 67, 7 5 , 77; -es, marriage within, 89; women of, 1 1 7 professionals, behavior among, 1 73-1 74, 1 98 , 2 1 8 property, 1 8 , 1 69 ; conservation of by en­ doganly, 5 8 ; division of, 1 3 0, 1 3 5 ; linked to naming, 1 3 2- 1 3 3 . See also contracts; exchange of property; inheri­ tance propriety. See respectability prostitution, 25 , 26, 27, 2 8-29 , 40, 62, 1 76, 1 82, 228 , 25 1 , 266n. 1 2 ; as meta­ phor for betrayal of friendship, 4 8 ; for­ eign, 2 8 protest, political and social, 2 4 proverbs, 248 ; use of, 1 4 9, 2 77n.5 punning, 8 3 , 84 quantification. See enumeration ; precision quarrels. See disputes Rabinow, Paul, 1 3

INDEX Ranger, Terence, 1 2 rape, 2 8 , 75 real estate : criteria for valuation of, 1 72 ; loss of i n gambling, 1 79, 1 8 4, 1 8 5 ; val­ ues of, 4 1 , 43 , 70-7 1 , 72, 73 , 1 34-1 3 5 , 1 3 8- 1 3 9, 1 4 9, 1 5 1 , 1 5 3 , 1 54, 1 55-1 5 6, 1 6 8, 1 8 5, 1 92, 1 9 9, 23 8 , 244, 253 . See also house, -s; land ; property receipts, manipulation of, 1 5 0 reciprocity, 43, 52, 66, 6 8 , 76, 8 1 , 8 2, 1 04, 1 5 8 , 1 6 1 , 1 64, 1 74, 1 8 8 , 2 6 7n. 1 ; avoided, 52, 85 ; between Christians and Muslims, 64; between parents and chil­ dren, 1 3 0 ; by foreigners, 8 6 ; decline of, 1 1 6 ; in assuming responsibility, 1 72 ; in trading, 1 0 1 ; money opposed to, 18 8 ; professionalism a s denial o f, 5 2 . See also hospitality ; treating refugees, Asia Minor, in Crete, 20, 5 5 , 6 1 , 62-6 3 , 64-66, 6 8 , 74, 76, 94, 95 , 98, 1 0 8, 1 35 , 1 3 6, 1 3 8- 1 3 9, 1 40, 143 ; adoption o f Cretan dress by, 79; low status of, reflected in naming choices, 1 3 1-1 3 2 ; outside Crete, 1 52 ; political solidarity of, 1 26 ; resentment of, 63 , 64, 65, 6 6 religion, 75, 1 8 2, 2 6 6n . 2 ; a s basis of tax discrimination, 1 8 , 2 8 , 1 09 Renaissance, 1 5 , 3 4 ; - Festival ( Rethem­ nos) , 2 6 renovation, 1 4 3 , 1 5 8 ; illegal, 92-93, 1 44, 1 49, 1 92 ; limited choice of open to the poor, 2 3 9 ; plans for, 243-245. See also anapaleosi; restoration rent, 1 1 2, 1 3 3 , 1 3 6, 1 42, 1 5 3 , 1 5 4, 1 55 , 1 5 6- 1 5 8 , 1 65 , 1 9 1 , 203 , 244, 2 7 1 n. 2 ; as overhead cost for merchants, 1 66 ; avoidance of, 9 0 , 1 08 , 1 1 6, 1 3 9 ; build­ ing space for, 1 43 ; charges, compared ( 1 963- 1 9 79 ) , 26 1 -2 63 ; devices to avoid increases of, 1 5 7; difficulty of leasing out small properties for, 224; disputed, 1 5 6, 1 5 7- 1 5 8 ; escalating prices of, 1 54, 1 55 ; motorcycles for, 1 1 8 ; payment of i n oil, 1 50 ; refugees' recourse to, 1 3 8 ; relation of to p rofit margins, 1 57 ; -al practices, 3 5 , 8 1 ; -ing of home by elderly parents, 1 3 8 ; of smaller home to save costs on daughters ' dowries, 22 1 ; - tribunal, 1 5 7; rooms for, 1 00, 1 1 6 ; s torage for,

301

1 09 ; student subventions for, 269n.24; tax on, evasion of, 1 50 , 1 5 1 . See also boardinghouses reputation, 1 3 6 , 1 63 , 1 79, 1 8 9 , 2 1 6 ; for fi­ nancial greed, 1 79 ; and dangers of, 1 7 1 residence, 25 2 , 2 5 3 ; a s basis o f economic autonomy, 1 5 5 ; entailment of in political relations, 1 22- 1 23 ; establishing, 4 1 , 1 3 1 ; patterns of, 2 9 , 90, 1 04, 1 3 3 , 1 34, 1 3 6, 1 3 7, 1 3 8 , 1 42, 144, 2 6 8 n . 9 , 2 7 1272n.6 ; terminology, 270n .30, 2 7 1272n . 6 respect. See sevas respectability, 1 1 , 25, 26-27, 29, 47, 67, 230, 2 66n. 1 2 ; and architecture, 3 8-40 ; a s metaphor for power, 2 6 . See also mo­ rality responsibility, 9 1 , 95, 98, 1 6 8 , 1 72 , 1 74, 1 75 , 1 95 , 2 1 3 , 2 1 4. See also excuses restaurant trade, 3 0, 6 1 , 74, 8 1 , 1 00, 1 04, 1 05 , 1 1 1 , 1 54, 1 70, 1 8 7- 1 8 8 , 246, 249 restoration, 1 1 1 , 147, 1 54, 202, 203 , 223 , 23 8 ; cost of, 224, 225, 244, 249, 250. See also anapaleosi; demolition ; historic conservation ; renovation restraint. See modesty ; simplicity Rethemnos, names of, 265 n . 1 retsina. See wine revenge. See vengeance rhetoric, 1 5 , 1 8 , 1 9, 5 7, 6 0-6 1 , 76, 78 , 8 3 , 84, 8 5 , 8 6, 94, 97, 1 00, 1 1 6-1 1 7, 1 20, 1 22, 1 24, 1 25 , 1 26, 1 28 , 1 3 0, 1 3 5 , 1 3 7, 1 44, 1 49, 1 5 0 , 1 5 2, 1 6 1 , 1 62, 1 7 1 , 1 72, 1 73 , 1 75 , 1 76 , 1 8 1 , 1 8 8 , 1 93 , 20 1 , 203 , 204, 2 1 4, 2 1 5 , 2 1 6, 224, 227, 229, 235, 23 8-240, 2 5 5 , 25 6-25 8 , 266nn. 1 7 and 1 8 , 26 8nn. 1 0 and 1 1 , 276n.2 Rhodes, 7 1 , 222, 27 1-272n. 6 rights, citizens', 50, 14 7, 1 8 4, 1 92, 2 1 4, 229, 23 9, 256, 270n.29, 273-274n . l . See also squatters' rights risk, 1 4, 1 0 1 , 1 1 6, 1 2 1 , 1 2 7- 1 2 8 , 1 40, 1 5 0, 1 74, 1 78 , 1 8 1 , 1 8 6, 1 8 7, 1 8 8 ; credit, 1 8 9 ; i n social relations, 1 6 7, 1 6 8 . See also gambling; investmen t, - s ; pre­ dictability Rizospastis, 95 road sweepers, 1 6 8-1 69, 23 8 romanticism, 5 9 Romeic cultural model, 1 62

3 02

INDEX

rope-knitter (profession), 1 8 roufiania, 92-96, 1 74, 1 99 , 2 0 6 ; among kin, avoidance of, 1 5 2 ; as metaphor, 48, 95, 96, 97, 249 ; justification of, 96, 9 8 . See also betrayal ; collaborators ; inform­ ers rumor, use of, 1 03 . See also gossip rural life, stereotype and evocations of, 24, 25, 26, 5 3 , 8 2, 1 3 0, 2 3 0 Russia, -ns, 1 7. See also peacekeeping forces ; Soviet Union saddle makers, 1 05, 1 06 safety regulations, 1 44 Said, Edward, 1 6 sakouladhori, 70 salaries. See wages sandouma (wall materi al) , 1 43 Saracens, 55 Sarakatsani, 1 2 8 sarcasm, 1 69, 1 77. See also irony Scandinavians, stereotype of, 1 04 schools, boys', 1 08 ; girls', 25 ; technical, 1 08 secrecy, 3 8 , 40, 4 1 , 42, 52, 5 3 , 1 03 , 1 5 0, 1 78 , 1 8 1 , 1 8 6 , 1 8 7, 249 ; of ballot, 1 2 8 security, financial, 3 2 , 1 6 8 segmentation, 1 1 9, 1 2 6, 1 95 , 266n. 1 5, 2 70n.34 self, -hood, 1 4 7 self-aggrandisement, 1 79 self-control, 1 8 1 self-esteem, self-regard, 78, 79, 1 05 , 146, 238, 256 self-evidence, 229 self-government, local, 25 8 �elf-sufficiency, moral, 1 3 2 sevas, 6 6 , 67, 74, 7 6 , 77, 1 6 1 , 1 69 , 2 5 6 sexuality, 25, 2 7 , 2 8 , 29, 5 9 , 75 , 8 9 , 1 03 , 2 66n. 1 2, 277n . 6 ; alleged avoidance of by Jehovah's Witnesses, 1 82 ; as meta­ phor, 27, 4 8 , 94, 1 04, 1 1 7, 1 82 . See also chastity ; prostitution Sfakia, 1 7, 32, 1 8 6 shame. See dropi sharecropping. See simisako shepherds, 1 00, 1 0 1 shoemakers, 1 8 , 3 5 , 9 9 , 1 0 1 , 1 04, 1 05 , 1 08 , 2 0 7, 2 3 6 , 249 shop, -s, 3 9, 5 8 , 73 , 83, 95, 1 00, 1 03 , 1 04, 1 05, 1 1 3 , 1 3 3 , 1 5 0, 1 5 1 , 1 55 , 1 5 6, 1 5 7,

1 5 8 , 203 , 226, 265n.9, 269n . 1 6, 2 73 n. 7 ; areas, 1 43, 1 5 6 ; -keepers' associations, 1 1 9 ; -owners, 1 94 siblings : eo-ownership by, 1 48 ; obligations among, 32, 3 3 , 8 9-90, 1 3 6 ; purchase of property from, 14 7 Sieber, F. W. , 42, 265n.4, 266n. 1 1 siege conditions, 1 2 1 signature, intportance of, 23 7 signs: neon, prohibition of, 23 6-23 7, 275 n.5 ; prohibition of foreign-language, 20 8 , 2 76n. 1 2 Sikelianos, Angelos, 24 simisako (sharecropping arrangement) , 3 3 simplicity: as mark o f economic independence, 60-6 1 , 77, 78, 79, 1 6 1 , 1 70 ; analogous t o gamblers' insouciance about money, 1 79 ; attributed to tourists, 79. See also modesty sincerity declarations, 1 5 1 , 1 93 sitting, 67, 82 skill, 1 0 1 ; -ed workers, 1 03 , 1 08 , 1 09, 1 1 3 Skouloudis, Khristos, 1 98 , 2 1 4, 270nn. 2 7, 2 8 and 29, 275n.7; assassination attempt against, 4, 1 24-1 25 ; candidate in 1 9 8 6 elections, 1 20, 1 2 1 , 1 22, 1 23-1 24, 1 2 7, 270-2 7 1 n.3 5 ; and victory of, 76, 1 2 7, 1 28 , 270-2 7 1 n.3 5 slaughterhouses, 1 00, 227 slavery, 1 8-1 9, 26; "white," 266n. 1 2 smell, 3-4 , 43 , 8 9, 1 1 4 Smyrna, 1 8 , 6 3 , 1 35 , 1 43 soap, manufacture of, 3 6, 42, 5 8 , 73 , 209; and collapse of, 6 8-71 ; manufacturers, 1 40-1 4 1 ; -cutters, 1 05 , 2 6 9n.20 socialists. See PASOK social security, 2 76n. 1 5 , 277n.4 social worth. See timi song, -s, folk (texts), 5-6, 45 Souliou Street, 3 5 , 1 0 1 , 1 04, 207, 249 souvlaki, - shops, 1 03- 1 04, 1 1 6, 1 5 71 5 8 , 244, 246 Soviet Union, 62 space: closed, 42, 44, 83, 267n.4; division of, 25 4 ; intimate, 46, 2 6 6n . 1 4 ; meanings of, 40, 42, 8 8 , 228-229; monumentali­ zation of domestic, 5 8 ; narrow, as meta­ phor for economic compression, 42 ; and for worry, 42; open, 8 3 , 2 67n.4; storage, 6 9 ; used to demarcate locals from tour­ ists, 84, 85

INDEX speculation, 70, 1 0 1 speech : dialect use in, 8 3 ; excess of, 5 3 ; dangers of, 1 5 0 ; restrai nt of, 7 8 . See also language spies. See espionage Spooner, Bri an, 1 0 Spratt, A . B., 265n.4, 277n . 9 spy. See espionage squatters' rights, 1 5 6 Stalin, Josef, 6 2 state : absence of, 2 6 6 n . 1 8 ; Greek, as regu­ lating economy, 1 4 8 ; and as regulating value(s), 1 0, 40, 8 0, 1 90 ; and as repre­ senting identity, 4, 5 , 1 47; and opposi­ rion to, 96, 9 8 , 1 25, 1 44, 1 48 , 1 6 1 , 1 65 , 1 90, 1 9 2, 2 1 4, 2 2 8 , 229, 2 5 7 ; and over­ whelming power of, 23 8 ; kinship as ba­ sis of solidarity against, 1 52 ; Turkish, as secular, 20 statistics, 1 6 1 S teriotou, loanna, 20 1 -202, 276n. 1 1 S tewart, Charles, 7 8 strangers, 8 3 . See also hospitality strategies : against bureaucracy, 4 8 , 1 93 , 25 7; dassificatory, 229 ; for advance­ ment, 1 94 ; kin-based, 1 4 8 ; marriage brokerage as, 8 9 ; matrimonial, 1 3 61 3 7, 1 3 8 ; n arratives as, 5 0 ; of bureau­ crats, 1 4 8-1 4 9 ; of the state, 1 93 ; offi­ cializing, 273 n. 1 ; political, students', 1 1 8 ; record-keeping, 1 50 ; rhetorical, 2 1 6 ; sale, 1 67- 1 6 8 ; social, 40, 5 3 , 60, 6 1 , 6 7, 76, 77, 8 3 , 94, 1 23 , 1 40, 1 62 ; to disarm officials, 1 7 1-1 72 ; to elicit infor­ mation, 49, 5 1 , 5 2 ; weakness of, before state power, 1 4 8 strikes, 1 7 1 , 1 94 students, 1 1 8 ; attitudes to, 2 9 , 5 9, 1 1 7; drug use among, 2 65n. 9 ; eviction of, 1 1 8 ; female, 1 1 7; rent subventions for, 2 6 9n.24 subsidies, state, for student housing, 1 1 8 subsistence farming, demise of, 3 1 suburbs (of Rethemnos), 3 9 . See also Kallithea suicide threat, 224 supermarkets, 1 0 1 , 1 03 , 1 05 , 1 64, 1 69 surnames, 5 5 , 5 6 , 67, 76 ; as basis of inheritance, 1 5 2 survey, architectural, 1 97 syllogisms, social, 97

303

synagogues, 62 tactics, 257; budgetary, 2 3 0 ; legal, 2 1 4, 2 1 5 ; political , 1 25 , 2 1 4, 270n . 2 9 ; pres­ sure, against historic conservation office, 203 , 25 1 ; social, 6 1 , 1 2 3 , 1 4 6, 1 90 ; tax evasion, 1 4 8 , 1 5 0-1 5 1 , 1 5 8 tailors, 79, 84, 99, 1 00, 1 03 , 1 05 , 269n. 1 6 ; of Cretan dress, 79 Tale of a Town, The (novel ) . See Prevelakis, Pandelis tanners, 1 40 tannin, 5 8 tape-recording, 50, 52 taste, 78 tax, -ation, 1 6, 72, 1 3 6, 1 47- 1 52, 1 69, 1 7 1 , 1 85 , 1 93, 23 8 , 252 ; capitation, Turkish system of, 1 8, 2 8 , 1 09, 1 5 7, 266n. 1 1 ; evasion, 3 8 , 9 3 , 1 47, 1 48- 1 5 2, 1 5 7, 1 5 8 , 1 62, 1 64, 1 65 , 1 71 ; laws gov­ erning the criteria for, 1 72, 1 95 ; negotia­ tion of, 1 7 1 - 1 72 ; property, 272n.9 ; and avoided, 254 ; T- Office, 3 8 , 1 49-1 5 0, 15 1 , 1 5 7, 1 6 1 , 1 63-1 64, 1 66, 1 76, 1 95 ; and assessment by, 232 ; and spying by, 1 74 ; and staff, 1 7 1 , 1 85 ; Value Added T-, 1 72, 1 94-1 95 , 22 1 , 2 3 2. See also sincerity declarations teachers, 1 8 , 2 8 , 8 9, 1 20, 1 42, 24 1 -242 teasing, 9 8 , 1 67, 220 telalidhes, 1 04 teleology, 1 3 television, serialization of Madame Do-Re­ Mi by, 25-26, 4 7 theft, 9 6-97, 9 8 , 1 1 6, 269n. 1 5 ; as meta­ phor, 1 2 1 Thessaloniki, 5 6, 69, 1 2 8 , 1 3 9 ; - Street, see Arabatzoglou Street Thompson, Michael, 1 1 , 1 2, 60, 1 08 tiling, 223 ; "Byzantine," 232-23 3 , 243244 time, 3-4, 9, 1 0-1 6, 234-23 8 , 2 73 n . 6 ; buying, 9 4 ; monumental, -ized, 6, 9, 1 0, 14; negotiated, 1 9 1 ; official, 248 ; pass­ ing, 274n.3 ; social, 4, 6, 9, 1 0, 1 4-1 5 , 40, 8 4 , 8 5 . See also history timi, 5 9, 266n. 1 , 267n.3 . See also filotimo ; honor tipping, 1 73 tobacco, 1 8 , 63 top less bathing, 6 7

3 04

INDEX

topos, 24, 40, 45, 25 8 , 273 n . 6 tourism, tourists, 3 , 25 , 3 8 , 4 1 , 4 6 , 5 8 , 7 3 , 79, 8 6 , 95, 9 9 , 1 00 , 1 05 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 4, 1 1 8 , 1 2 1 , 1 42, 1 64-1 65 , 1 77, 1 9 7, 200, 205, 207, 226-227, 246, 259, 266n. 3 , 274n . 2 ; attitudes to, 2 7 , 2 8 , 29, 3 4 , 40, 47, 74, 84, 1 1 7, 1 5 8 , 1 9 1 , 1 92, 23523 6 ; bad impressions made on, 27, 1 0 1 ; competition from Morocco and Turkey over, 73 ; economic aspects of, 3 0, 3 9, 46, 84, 1 5 6- 1 5 7, 2 6 7n . 8 ; effects of on attitudes to historic conservation pro­ gram, 23 8 ; and on ethnographic re­ search, 47; and on local economy, 1 03 , 1 1 6 , 1 5 3 , 1 54 , 1 5 5 , 1 9 1 , 2 3 8 , 244; and on social interaction, 8 5 , 99, 1 66 ; effects on of bureaucratic delays, 23 6 ; exploita­ tion of, 8 5 ; on Mykonos, 7 1 ; package, 1 04 ; seasonal aspects of, 1 1 9 ; trade for, 7 1 , 8 3 , 1 0 1 , 1 03 , 1 06 , 1 64, 1 66 , 1 8 7, 2 3 6 , 247, 276n. 1 2 touts, 1 04 , 1 05 town hall. See Municipality town planning, 4 0 ; rules of, violated, 271n.36 town-planning o ffice, 7 2 , 1 92, 1 96 , 1 98 , 2 0 9 , 254, 25 5 , 25 8 ; creation and opera­ tion of Old Town branch, 208, 2 1 8 ; dis­ putes of with historic conservation office, 207-209, 2 1 0-2 1 4 , 2 1 6, 2 1 8-220, 22 1223 ; disputes of w ith Municipality, 207 trade : overseas, 3 6 , 5 6, 58, 66; within Greece, 6 8 tradition, 4 6 , 8 0 , 1 90, 202, 205 , 2 3 2 ; al­ leged decline of, 7 4; as commercialized social relations, 8 6 ; invention of, 1 2 , 46, 205 ; objectification of, 2 32 ; recreation of, 1 3 3 ; rhetoric of, 1 5 , 62, 1 5 6 ; state's regulation of, 2 5 7, 275n.5 ; -al settle­ ment, as legal category, 2 74n.5 treating, 45 , 5 1 , 5 2, 8 1 , 82, 8 6, 1 6 1 , 1 69, 2 66n.20, 267n.2; among gamblers, 1 78 ; among men, 5 1 ; among women, 5 1-52 ; a s commercial strategy, 8 5 ; a s social strategy, 52, 8 2 , 1 46 ; avoidance of, 52, 1 72 ; lack of, among foreigners, 8 4 ; of information, 50 Trieste, 56 " troglodytes," 28 trousers, lack of, as metaphor, 27, 6 7 trousseau, 1 40-1 4 1 , 1 67

trust, 9 3 , 94, 1 5 1 , 1 5 2 , 1 73 , 1 74, 1 87 ; dis-, cultivated toward authorities, 1 99 tsikoudhia. See grappa Turk, -s, as epithet for refugees, 64. See also architecture; history ; Muslims; Turkish army; Turkish cultural remains; Turkish occupation of Crete Turkey, as modern nation-state, 73 . See also state Turkish army : invasion of Crete by ( 1 6451 66 9 ) , 1 7, 5 6 ; sack of Constantinople by ( 1 453 ) , 1 9 ; victory in Asia Minor of, 1 9-20 Turkish cultural remains, 1 5 , 1 6, 1 7, 143, 1 60, 1 97, 20 1 , 223 , 226 ; and alleged traits, 3, 1 6 ; and current attitudes to, 57, 226-227, 232, 234, 25 9, 266n. 14, 268n.8, 273n.2 Turkish occupation of Crete, 26, 27, 4 1 , 5 7, 5 8 , 94, 1 09 , 1 76 , 227, 25 9 , 276n.2 ; treatment of Christian women under, 2 8 Turkish School, 242, 268n.9 ultrarightists, 1 44 unemployment. See employment United States, 9 1 , 1 5 1 , 1 79 , 272n. 1 0 University o f Crete, 5 9 , 1 1 6 , 1 1 7, 1 2 1 , 2 65 n . 9 urban fashions, 5 8 urban life, 29, 8 2 ; and stereotype of, 24, 25 , 3 3 , 5 3 , 54, 23 0 usufruct, 2 72n. 1 1 usury, 1 0 1 , 1 05 , 1 63 , 1 8 8 value: aesthetic, 1 1 , 6 1 ; cultural, 1 1 , 1 3 ; according to the state, 1 0 ; social, defined by consumer economy, 1 6 . See also mo­ rality veiling, 1 9, 1 1 0 ; architectural, 42, 1 1 0 vendors, 1 00, 1 03-1 04, 1 05 , 1 07, 1 80 , 1 8 9 ; itinerant, 8 7, 1 5 6 , 1 66-1 67. See also merchants Venetian, -s, 4, 9, 1 7, 1 97 ; occupation of Crete by, 1 7, 26, 27-28 , 4 1 , 5 5 , 5 6, 57, 62, 76, 1 2 1 , 1 76 , 227, 25 9, 265n.3 ; as positive term for architectural features, 57, 1 60 , 273 n . 2 ; current attitudes to, 57. See also architecture ; history vengeance, 97-9 8 . See also violence vengera, 8 8-8 9 Venice, 3 3 , 55

3 05

INDEX Venizelos, Eleftherios, 76, 78, 94, 1 26, 2 70n. 3 3 , 2 77n .5 verdictives, 1 75 vertical extensions. See house, -s veterinarians, 1 00 villages : elections in, 1 2 6 ; loyalty among close, 1 02 vines, 3 0, 3 1 , 32, 3 3 , 1 94 violence, 4, 1 77, 1 8 8 , 229-23 0 ; threats of, 9 8 , 1 04, 2 1 8, 220 viticulture. See vines voting, registration for, 3 0 vraka, 25, 46, 2 65n . 8 wagers. See betting wages, 1 03 , 1 1 6 , 2 69nn. 1 9 and 20; ap­ prentices', 1 0 8 , 2 6 9n. 1 9 ; bureaucrats', 1 94 ; increasing disparity with rent, 1 9 1 ; monthly, 1 8 7; shop assistants', 1 94; weekly, 1 87 ; women's, 70. See also la­ borers : wage walnuts, 32 watchmakers, 9 7, 1 0 1 , 1 05 water: "mother of," 2 6 9n. 1 3 ; rural supply of, 3 3 ; urban supply of, 12 L 1 24 wealth, obligations associated with, 1 6 1 weighing, 1 73 widow, -s, 1 1 7, 1 3 6 ; -ed parents, 1 3 0, 1 3 3 wildness, 3 , 2 1 , 24, 29, 5 3 , 2 3 0 Williams, Rory, 2 1 6, 2 6 8 n. 1 0 window boxes. See kiosk ia

wine, 1 8 , 45, 82, 84 witnesses, 1 9 women, 3 2, 5 9 , 75 , 8 8 , 8 9, 1 3 7, 1 3 9, 1 44, 1 5 2, 1 5 8 , 1 6 7-1 6 8 , 266n. 1 3 , 267n.3 ; al­ leged timidity of, 1 44 ; as bringing bad luck to cardplayers, 1 8 2 ; as communists, 1 8 0 ; attitude of and effects upon of gam­ bling, 1 8 0-1 8 1 ; atti tude of toward strangers, 1 1 7; avoidance of by men, 43 ; dispute blamed on, 1 8 8 ; educated, atti­ tude toward of men, 1 1 7; economic situ­ ation of, 1 1 7, 1 3 9 ; financial manage­ ment by, 73 , 8 7, 1 1 8 , 1 67, 1 80 , 1 8 1 ; legal status of, 1 9 ; marriage brokerage by, 9 0 ; migration of, J 3 ; Muslim, veiled during public appearances, 1 9, 1 1 0 ; status o f i n relation t o men, 2 7 , 8 9 ; tour­ ist, 2 8 , 29, 67; voting habits of, 1 23 ; working, 70 woodwork, 9. See also carpenters ; k iosk ia word (obligation), 66, 6 7 wark: atti tudes to, 4 0 , 1 1 8 ; hours of, 1 081 09 , 1 1 6, 1 1 8 , 1 1 9 ; women's, 1 8 0 . See also employment World War II, 6 8 , 1 04, 1 5 6 , 1 65, 1 8 7 writing, as expression of bureaucratic power, 1 50, 1 74, 1 93 , 1 95 , 234, 248 Zervas,

1.,

1 97

Zudecca . See ghetto

P R I N C E T O N S T U D I E S I N C U LT U R E / P O W E R/ H I S T O RY

H igh Relig i o n : A Cu ltura l a n d Poli tica l History of Sh erpa B u d d h i s m

b y Sh erry B . O rtner A Place in H i s tory: Socia l and Monumenta l Ti me in a C reta n Tow n

b y Michael Herzfeld The Te xtu a l C o n d i tion b y ]e ro m e ]. M c Gann Reg u l a t i ng the Soc i a l : The We l fa re State a nd Loc a l Po l itics i n I m pe r i a l Germany

b y George Stein1netz H a ng i n g w i t h o u t a Rope : Na rrative Expe r i ence i n Colo n i a l a nd Postcol o n i a l K a ro l a n d by Mary Marga ret Steedly �1 odern G reek Lesso n s : A Primer in H i storica l Con struc t i v i s rn

by ]a mes Fa u bion The Nation a n d I ts Fragm ents: Colon i a l a n d Postcolon i a l H istories

b y Pa rtha Chatterjee Cu ltu re/Powe r/H isto ry : A Rea de r in Conte m p o r a ry Soc i a l Theory

edited b y Nich olas B . Dirks, G eoff E le y, and Sherr y B. O rtner A fter C o l o n i a l i s m : Irnperial H i stories and Postcol o n i a l D i splacements

edited b y G yan Prakash E nc o u n tering Deve l o pment: The Makin g and Unn1a king of the Th i rd World

by A rturo Escoba r S o c i a l Bod i e s : S c i ence, Repro d ucti o n , a n d Ita l i a n M o dern i ty

b y Da vid G . Ho rn Rev i s i o n i ng History: Fi l m a nd the Constr uctio n of a New P a s t

edited b y R o bert A . Rosenstone The Hi story of Everyday L i fe : Reconstruct i n g H i storic a l Experiences a n d Wa ys of Life edited b y A I( Ludtke

The S a v a ge Fre u d a n d Other Essa ys o n Po s s i ble a nd Retrieva b l e Sel ves by A shis Nandy Ch il dren a n d the Po l i tics o f Culture edited b y Sha ro n Step hens Intim acy a n d Exc l u s i o n : Religious Po l i tics in Pre-Rev o l u t i o n a ry B a d e n

by Dagmar Herzog

Wha t Wa s Sociali sn1, a n d Wh a t Comes Nex t ? by Kathe rine Verdery Citizen a n d S u b j ect: Conte m p o ra ry A frica a nd the Legacy of L a te Col o n i a l i s m

by Mahntood Man1dani

Co l o n i a l i s m a n d Its Forms of K n owl edge : The Bri t i s h in I n d ia by Bernard S. Coh n Cha rred L u l l a bies : C h a p ters i n a n An tropogr a p h y of Vi olence by E. Vlentine Da niel Theft o f a n I d o l : 'fext a n d Co n text in the Representa t i o n o f Col lect i v e Vi o l en ce by Paul R . B rass Essays on the A n th ropo l ogy of Reason by Paul Rabin o u; Vi s i o n , Race, a n d M o d e rn i ty : A Vi s u a l Ec o n o m y of the Andean I ma ge Wor l d by Deborah Po ole C h i l dren i n Mora l D a nger a n d the Pro blem of Gove rnment in Th i rd Re p u b l ic Fra nce by Si/via Schafer Setting Acco u n t s : Vi olence, J u stice, and Acco u n ta b i l i ty in Postsoc i a l i s t E u rope by Joh n B o rneman From D uty to D e s i re : Re m a k i ng fa m i l ies i n a S pa n i s h Vi l la ge by Ju ne Fishburne Co llier Black Coron a : Ra ce a n d the Pol i tics of Pla c e i n a n Urba n Com m u n i ty by Steven G rego ry The Contra d icti o n of M odern i ty a nd the Po l i tics of Wel fa re Reforn1 : We l fa re, Ci tizen s h i p , and the Forma tion o f the We i m a r S t a te , 1 9 1 9- 1 9 3 3 b y Young- Sun Ho ng Re m a k i ng Wo men : Fen1 i n i s m a n d M od er n ity in the M i d d l e E a s t edited b y Lila A bu-Lugh od

PR INCETON M O D ER N G R E E K STU D I E S Th i s series is s p o n s o r e d by the P r i n ce t o n U n i vers i ty Prog r a rn in He l l e n ic S t u d i e s u nd e r the a us p ices of the Sta n l e y J . Seeger He l l en i c F u n d .

F i rewa l k ing a nd R e l ig i o u s H e a l ing: The A n a s te na r i a o f G reece a n d the A m e r i ­ c a n Fi rewa l k i ng Movement b y L o ring lv1. Danfo rth K a z a n tza k i s : Po l i tics of the S p i ri t by Peter B ien D a nce a n d the Bo dy Pol itic in Northe rn G re ece b y ja ne K . Cowan Ya n n i s R i tsos : Repe t i t i o n s , Te stimon i e s , Parentheses edited and tra nslated b y Edn1 u n d Keeley Conte s ted Iden titi e s : G e n d e r a nd K i n sh i p in Nl o d e r n G re ece edited by Peter L o izos and Evth y mios Papa taxia rch is A P l a c e in H i story: Soc i a l a n d M o n u me n ta l Ti me in a C reta n Town

b y Michael Herzfeld D e m o n s a n d the D ev i l : M o ra l I ma gi n a t i o n i n Mod ern Greek C u ltu re b y Charles Stewa rt The E n l ighte n tnent as Soc i a l C r i t i c i s m : Ios ip o s M o i s i o d a x a n d G reek C u l t u re i n t h e Eighteenth Ce n t u ry b y Pas chalis M. Kitrom ilides

C. P. C a v a fy : C o l l ected Poems tra nslated by E dmund Keele y and Ph ilip Sherra rd; edited by G e o rge Sa vidis The F o u rth D i me n s i o n b y Yannis R itsos. Pete r G reen and B e verly B a rds le y, translato rs Geo rge Sefe r i s : Co l l ected Poe ms, Revised E d i tion translated, edited, and intro duced by Edmu nd Keele y and Ph ilip Sherra rd In a D i fferent Place : P i l g ri n1age, G e n d e r, a n d P o l i t i c s at a Gre e k I s l a n d S h r i n e b y fill Du bis ch Cava fy 's A le x a n d r i a , Revised Ed ition b y E dmund Keeley The Fihn s of Theo Ange l o p o u l o s : A C i n e m a of Conte m p l a t i o n b y A n drew Horton