A dictionary of Skiri Pawnee (Studies in the Anthropology of North American Indians)

A Dictionary of Skiri Pawnee Studies in the Anthropology of North American Indians editors Raymond J. DeMallie Dougla...

Author: Douglas Richard Parks | Lula Nora Pratt

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A Dictionary of Skiri Pawnee

Studies in the Anthropology of North American Indians editors Raymond J. DeMallie Douglas R. Parks

A Dictionary of Skiri Pawnee Douglas R. Parks and Lula Nora Pratt

Published by the University of Nebraska Press Lincoln and London In cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington

© 2008 by the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America ∞ Library of Congress Cataloging-inPublication Data Parks, Douglas R. (Douglas Richard), 1942– A dictionary of Skiri Pawnee / Douglas R. Parks and Lula Nora Pratt. p. cm. — (Studies in the anthropology of North American Indians) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-8032-1926-7 (cloth: alk. paper) 1. Pawnee language—Dictionaries—English. 2. English language—Dictionaries—Pawnee. I. Pratt, Lula Nora, 1908–2001. II. Title. PM2137.Z5P37 2008 497'.933—dc22 2008031042

CONTENTS Preface / vii Acknowledgments / ix List of Abbreviations / xii Sound Key / xvii PART ONE Introduction 1. Background and History / 3 2. Sounds and Alphabet / 13 3. Major Sound Changes / 19 4. Grammatical Overview / 29 5. Organization of the Dictionary / 53 PART TWO English to Skiri Pawnee / 63 PART THREE Skiri Pawnee to English / 349 APPENDICES 1. Illustrative Skiri Verb Conjugations / 531 2. Verb Roots with Irregular Dual or Plural Agents / 539 3. Kinship Terminology / 541 References / 547

v

Preface The Skiri language was spoken in and around the area of Pawnee County in northcentral Oklahoma. It is the site of the former Pawnee Reservation, where the four Pawnee bands settled after the federal government relocated them from Nebraska to Indian Territory in 1874—76. The town of Pawnee is the county seat and still serves, as it has for over a century, as the locus of Pawnee social, economic, and political life. To the east of the Pawnee city limits is the Pawnee Reserve, a remnant of their reservation, on which are located tribal government buildings, Bureau of Indian Affairs offices, a modern health center, a round house for community events, and a tribal police station, in addition to the abandoned stone buildings that once formed the Pawnee Indian School. When I began my study of Pawnee (both the South Band and Skiri dialects) in 1965, there were perhaps as many as 250 speakers. Today the language is no longer spoken. Many Skiris still remember words, expressions, and basic sentences in their language, but the last truly fluent speaker of it was Lula Nora Pratt, who collaborated with me for more than fifteen years, until she passed away in 2001. This dictionary represents part of the results of our work together. It comprises approximately half of the total lexical entries in my larger Skiri dictionary database, which is a compendium of data collected over a period of four decades and supplemented by historical recordings. I had at first intended the present dictionary as a much simpler and smaller work that would be primarily for use by language learners, especially those taking Skiri language classes, and by individuals who are maintaining such tribal traditions as song and prayer. However, during the developmental stage of the dictionary, I and the project’s technical editor, William Anderson, gradually expanded both the number and complexities of entries so that the dictionary would also serve linguists and other scholars who might want to utilize it as a language reference work. The result is an “intermediate” dictionary–one that has basic lexical and grammatical information on some 5,000 entry headwords that will provide ample data to meet the needs of most users, including students and scholars–pending completion of the fuller Skiri dictionary that will present a thorough reference work with more information in the entries as well as sound recordings. The present dictionary, in addition to being the first published one of a Caddoan language, is the initial volume of a two-volume set that describes the Skiri language. It will be followed by a second volume that describes Skiri grammatical structure and that offers significantly more detailed grammatical information than does the sketch of Pawnee phonology and morphology included in the Introduction to the present volume.

vii

Acknowledgments

Many Skiri Pawnee speakers contributed to this dictionary and to the larger database from which it is derived. Unfortunately, all are now deceased and will not see this and future products of our collaborations, but the outcomes of their endeavors to preserve a record of their language for posterity–for their descendants as well as for scholars and other interested people–will endure as their legacy. It will be a legacy for which many generations will be forever grateful. Foremost among the contributors to the project of documenting Skiri is Lula Nora Pratt, universally known as Nora, who was an enthusiastic collaborator for over a decade and a half. During that period, which came to an end shortly before her death in 2001, she always gave priority to our work, putting aside other activities whenever I was able to go to Pawnee, usually for two-month periods, and devoting full weekdays to our linguistic work. Without that unwavering dedication to our project, and without her unique knowledge of the Skiri language and traditional culture, the record of Skiri could not have been as rich as it is. It is a pleasure and an honor to acknowledge her as a coauthor of this dictionary. No less important to the success of the project is the legacy of Roaming Scout, a monolingual Skiri priest who collaborated with James R. Murie and George A. Dorsey during the last decade of the nineteenth and first decade of the twentieth centuries. In 1906 Roaming Scout recorded on wax cylinders a large collection of texts that describe all aspects of Skiri life and religion in the nineteenth century. Murie, a mixed blood Skiri whose first language was Skiri and who worked as an assistant to Dorsey, transcribed the texts, and later Dorsey emended them. From 1985 to 1992 Nora and I retranscribed them phonemically and translated them into both literal and free English. Those texts, which provided a wealth of lexical data and examples of usage, have immeasurably enriched this dictionary and the larger database from which it is derived. It is a pleasure to express our indebtedness and gratitude to Roaming Scout and his collaborators for their foresight to record this collection of textual material at the turn of the twentieth century, when knowledge of traditional life in Nebraska was rapidly disappearing after the tribe’s move to Oklahoma in the 1870s. Other Skiri speakers who contributed their knowledge to this dictionary are the late Sam Allen, Gerty Clark, Albin Leading Fox, Harry Mad Bear, Mary Moore, and Henry Roberts. To all of them we wish to express our appreciation.1 1. Biographical data and the specific contributions of each individual are given in the Introduction below.

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x

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In addition to the preceding speakers who contributed directly to the dictionary, there are many Skiri people who have contributed indirectly. Outstanding among them are Nora’s daughters Roberta Gardipe and Thomasine Neff, and her sons Douglas Tilden and Willard Pratt, all of whom helped provide a comfortable working environment for us and assisted us in other ways too numerous to list. To each of them we wish to express our deep gratitude. Similarly, it is a pleasure to acknowledge the unflagging interest of Charles (Buddy) Lone Chief, a long-time member of the Pawnee Business Council who strongly believes in the importance of Pawnee language documentation and revival. For more than a decade, always with characteristic wit, he has been an active supporter of the project and has assisted us in innumerable ways that are deeply appreciated. Other individuals whom we wish to acknowledge by expressing our appreciation are the following, all of whom are now deceased: Adam Pratt, Virginia Moore, George Roberts, Philip Gover, and Ben Goose. Still others are Tom Evans, the late Zella Little Sun, Joanne Spotted Horse, and Jimm Good Tracks, all of whom have maintained a constant interest in our linguistic studies and offered assistance whenever possible. We also want to thank three former presidents of the Pawnee Business Council who gave their support to the project: Marshall Gover, Robert Chapman, and Elizabeth Black Owl. Individuals whom I wish to acknowledge for their friendship and for making my time in Pawnee pleasant are the late James P. Riemer, D.O., from whom I rented an apartment for six years; and Mary Jo Couri, who has rented me a house for the past ten years that has served as home and sound studio. Mary Jo and her late mother May Beagle are gregarious and hospitable, and are superb cooks and bakers as well, and over the past decade they have made my residence in Pawnee both more comfortable and social. At the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, many people have contributed in fundamental ways to the development and publication of this dictionary specifically and to the larger Northern Caddoan language documentation project more generally. A major endeavor was development of the relational dictionary database application, Indiana Dictionary Database (IDD), that facilitated creation of multimedia lexical archives for Arikara and the two Pawnee dialects. The colleagues primarily responsible for developing IDD are Brian Gygi and Wallace (Wally) E. Hooper, assisted at various times by Francis Flavin, Helen Chen, and Travis Myers. Wally and Travis, in fact, have been essential to all technical aspects of the language documentary projects. It is a pleasure to acknowledge with profound gratitude their talent and dedicated work. Another important dimension of the project has been archiving the sound recordings. Jordan Goffin, a former graduate student, diligently arranged the tape collections, ensured that there were the necessary archival copies of each tape, and entered each tape and its contents into an archival database created by Travis and himself. We wish to express our thanks to them. A large component of the Skiri sound recordings is a collection of some 23,000 lexical items digitally recorded from 1996 through 2000. Cutting individual tokens of

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

multiply-recorded items and saving them as sound files is a tedious, time-consuming task that has been accomplished over the past ten years by a sequence of individuals, most of whom are former students. They include Jon Bowman, Nicole Evans, Amber L. Gallup, Rebecca Hill, Tim Howington, Noah Silbert, and Walter Wells. A related endeavor has been digitally remastering all recordings of texts and enhancing their sound quality. Among them are the Roaming Scout texts, recorded on wax cylinders in 1906, and my analog tape recordings of Skiri texts made in the 1960s. Patrick Feaster, a former graduate student in ethnomusicology with exceptional skills in sound enhancement, has taken a special interest in the Roaming Scout recordings and has remastered the collection several times, as newer software enhancement programs have become available. Similarly, Jon Bowman has enhanced the sound quality of the analog recordings. To both individuals we owe a debt of gratitude for their dedication and careful, highly skillful work. Our deepest expression of gratitude has been reserved for last–for William (Bill) Anderson, a linguist who has held the position of lexicographer at AISRI for the past six years. Bill’s passion is the study of languages, particularly to organize and analyze linguistic data in morphology, phonology, and phonetics. Moreover, he is a skilled user of computer technology who utilizes various software programs and does much of his own programming. In his role as database manager and dictionary editor, Bill has worked tirelessly and enthusiastically to make this dictionary an exemplary work in terms of content, accuracy, editorial consistency, and insightfulness. He has assiduously measured the length of vowels in thousands of sound recordings to resolve transcriptional uncertainties, identified and resolved phonological problems, and worked with me to unravel the etymologies of numerous entries. Without his dedication to the project, the dictionary would be less than what it is now. Finally, it is a pleasure to acknowledge enjoyable and profitable discussions of Skiri lexicography with three AISRI colleagues–Raymond J. DeMallie, Paul Kroeber, and John Erickson–and with four graduate students–Indrek Park, Joshua Richards, Logan Sutton, and Bradley Kroupa–who have spent many hours studying Northern Caddoan languages and working on specific Skiri or Arikara projects. We also wish to acknowledge that the material in this dictionary is based largely on work supported by the National Science Foundation (Grant Nos. DBS-9121418, SBR9514516, BCS-9875895, BCS-0215574, and BCS-0421838) and, for work with the Roaming Scout texts, by the National Endowment for the Humanities (Grant No. RE20801-89). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation or the National Endowment for the Humanities.

xi

ABBREVIATIONS an. Ar. colloq. comb. cp. contemp. dist. du. ex. gen. hist. impf. inan. incl. indef. int. irr. isol. iter. Ki. Nebr. neg. obj. obs. Okla. Pa. pl. refl. SB sg. Sk. sub. subj. Wi.

animate Arikara colloquial(ly) combining form compare contemporary distributive dual exclusive generic(ally) historical(ly) imperfective inanimate inclusive, including indefinite intentive irregular isolation form iterative Kitsai Nebraska negative object obsolete Oklahoma Pawnee (general) plural reflexive South Band Pawnee singular Skiri Pawnee subordinate/dependent subject Wichita

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xiii

ABBREVIATIONS

Grammatical Classes

ABS ADJ ADV COLL CONJ CONT DEM INTER INTERJ LOC N N-DEP N-KIN NUM PRON QUAN VD VI VL VP VR VT

(1) (1-a) (1-i) (2) (2-i) (3) (4) (4-i) (u) (wi)

absolutive mode prefix adjective adverb(ial) collective conjunction contingent mode prefix demonstrative interrogative of quantity interjection locative/directional prefix or prefix string noun dependent noun stem inalienably possessed kinship term numeral pronoun quantifier descriptive verb intransitive verb locative verb patientive, or passive, verb reflexive verb transitive verb verb class 1: -a suffixed to dependent forms verb class l-a: -a suffixed to dependent forms, intentive perfective in -asta verb class 1-i: -i suffixed to dependent forms, imperfective in -i verb class 2: -i suffixed to dependent forms verb class 2-i: -i suffixed to dependent forms, imperfective in -i verb class 3: various stem-specific changes in dependent forms verb class 4: no stem change in dependent forms verb class 4-i: no stem change in dependent forms, imperfective in -i verb inflected like descriptive verbs, including -u suffix to dependent forms verb inflected locative verbs -wi suffix to dependent forms

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ABBREVIATIONS

Morphemes in Lexical Derivations 1.A 1/2.A 1.P 1.POSS 1/2.PL

1.DU.IN.A 1.DU.IN.P 1.PL.IN.A 2.A 2.P 2.POSS 3.A 3.P 3.POSS.A 3.POSS.B 3.PL.AN.P 3.PL.COLL.A 3.PL.INAN.P 3.PL.INDV.A ABS ACT AOR ASSR AUG BEN CAUS CLIT COLL COM CONT.1/2.A CONT.3.A DEIC

first person agentive prefix (t-) first and second person agentive prefix first person patientive prefix (ku-) first person possessive prefix first and second person plural agentive prefix; first and second person plural patientive prefix of active and passive verbs (rak-) first person inclusive dual agentive prefix (acir-) first person inclusive dual patientive prefix (aca-) first person inclusive plural agentive prefix (a-) second person agentive prefix (s-) second person patientive prefix (a-) second person possessive prefix third person agentive prefix (Ø-) third person patientive prefix (Ø-) third person inalienable possessive prefix (i-) third person inalienable possessive suffix (-ri®) third person animate plural patientive, or direct object, prefix (ak-) third person collective plural agentive prefix (ir-) third person inanimate plural patientive, or direct object, prefix (raar-) third person individuative plural agentive prefix (raar-) absolutive mode prefix (ra-) activizer suffix (-a®u, -a, -uk) aorist tense prefix (uks-) assertive mode prefix (rii-) augmentative suffix (-kucuu) benefactive/dative, or indirect, object prefix (ut-) causative (-ik, -k, ra®uk, -wuh, etc.) clitic collective prefix comitative prefix contingent mode prefix with first or second person agentive prefixes (i-) contingent mode prefix with third person agentive prefixes (ri-) deictic

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ABBREVIATIONS

DEM DIM DIST DU DUB DUB.1 DUB.2 EMPH.NEG EV EX FEM GEN.LOC GER HAB HORT IMPF IMPF.SUB INCH IND.1/2.A IND.3.A INDF INDV INF.A INF.B INFR INST INT INT.SUB INTER INTR INTS ITER JUSS LOC LOC.ADV NEG.IND.1/2.A NEG.IND.3.A NEG.POSS

demonstrative diminutive suffix (-kis) distributive suffix (-ik, -ruu, -waa, etc.) dual proclitic (si-) dubitative evidential prefix first dubitative prefix (kuur-) second dubitative prefix (kuruur-) emphatic negative proclitic (karii-...i-) evidential (ar-) existential feminine prefix (c-) general locative prefix (taa-) gerundial (absolutive subordinate) mode prefix (ra-) habitual aspect suffix (-uuku®/-uku) hortative proclitic (ki-) imperfective aspect suffix (-:hus/-:hu®) subordinate imperfective aspect suffix (-hus/-hu) inchoative (-aar, -itik) indicative mode prefix with first and second person agentives (ta-) indicative mode prefix with third person agentives (ti-) indefinite proclitic (ku-) individuative infinitive mode prefix, first part (ra-) infinitive mode prefix, second part (ku-) inferential evidential prefix (tiir-) instrumental suffix (-hiri®) intentive aspect suffix (-ta) intentive subordinating suffix (-rit) interrogative proclitic (ka-, takii-, kirikii-, etc.) intransitivizer suffix (-ak) intensive prefix (ruu-...i-) iterative prefix (ka-, raar-/rah-, etc.) jussive prefix (uks-) locative suffix (-hiri®, -kat, -ru, -t; haar+hiri®) locative adverbial base (-haa, -taku) negative indicative mode prefix with first and second person agentives (kaaka-) negative indicative mode prefix with third person agentives (kaaki-) negative possessive proclitic (kaaku-)

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ABBREVIATIONS

NOM OBV P.POSS PERF PHY.BEN PHY.POSS PL PL.3.A PL.BEN PL.INDV.A PL.P.POSS PORT POSS POSS.1/2.A POSS.3.A POT.1/3.A POT.2.A PREV PREV.1/2.A PREV.3.A QUOT REFL SEQ SG SUB.1 SUB.2. SUB.3 SUB.4 SUB.D SUB.L SUBJ.1/2.A SUBJ.3.A TRANS

nominal/absolutive suffix (-u®) obviative/de-focusing/switch-reference prefix (ir-) patientive possessive prefix perfective aspect suffix (-his/-is) physical benefactive physical possession marking plural prefix (ak-, ir-, raak-, raar-/rah-) third person collective (unitary) plural agentive prefix plural benefactive, or indirect object, prefix individuative plural agentive prefix plural patientive possessor portative prefix (ra-, rii-, ruu-) possessive prefix (ir...uur...ri-) possessor prefix with first and second person agentives possessor prefix with third person agentives potential mode prefix with first and third person agentives (kuus-...i-) potential mode prefix with second person agentives (kaas-...i-) preverb (ir-, ut-, uur-) preverb with first and second person agentives (ir-) preverb with third person agentives (a-) quotative evidential prefix (wi-) reflexive-reciprocal proclitic (witi-) sequential/resultative prefix (i-) singular number subordinating suffix of Class 1 verbs subordinating suffix of Class 2 verbs subordinating form of Class 3 verbs subordinating suffix of Class 4 verbs descriptive stem subordinating suffix (-u) locative stem subordinating suffix (-wi) subjunctive mode prefix with first and second person agentives (aa-) subjunctive mode prefix with third person agentives (ii-) transitivizer affix (ut-..., uur-..., -ik, -k, -kii, -u, etc.)

xvi

Skiri Sound Key

Letter

Equivalent Sound

Skiri

English

CONSONANTS

p

as in English spot

piíta

‘man’

t

as in English stop

taátu®

‘plant’

k

as in English skate

kariíku®

‘liver’

c

as in English patch and cents

cíkic

‘itchy’

s

as in English sit

sát

‘walnut’

w

as in English wall

áwi®u®

‘mage’

r

as in Spanish pero ‘but’

rákis

‘wood’

h

as in English hit

hiítu®

‘feather’

®

as in English uh-uh

paátu®

‘blood’

VOWELS

i

as in English pit

pítku

‘two’

ii

as in English weed

piíta

‘man’

u

as in English boot

ut

‘prairie chicken’

uu

as in English rude

uukawikis

‘lance’

a

as in English putt

ásku

‘one’

aa

as in English father

haátu®

‘tongue’

xvii

PART ONE

Introduction

1 Background and History Throughout the late-eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the Pawnees lived along major tributaries of the Missouri River in central Nebraska and northern Kansas. Historically they were one of the largest and most prominent peoples on the Plains, numbering some ten thousand or more individuals during the period of early contact with Europeans. From the end of the eighteenth century to the present, four divisions, generally designated bands, have been recognized. Northernmost were the Skiris, who spoke one dialect of the Pawnee language and formed a virtually separate tribe. Until the early nineteenth century the Skiris lived along the north bank of the Loup River, at one time in perhaps as many as thirteen villages, but by the early historical period in a single village. To the south of them, generally on the south bank of the Platte River, but ranging as far south as the Republican River in Kansas, lived the Chawis, the Kitkahahkis, and the Pitahawiratas, each of whom usually comprised a single village. The latter three groups, today generally designated the South Band Pawnees, spoke a dialect of the language distinct from that of the Skiris. In the mid 1870s the tribe was relocated to what was then Indian Territory, now the state of Oklahoma, and occupied a reservation that covered primarily what is now Pawnee County. Today most Pawnees still reside there, in or around the town of Pawnee, the county seat. The Pawnee Nation is their official designation as a social and political entity, and tribal offices are located on reserve land adjacent to the eastern boundary of the town. Pawnee is a member of the northern branch of the Caddoan language family that also includes the Arikara, Kitsai, and Wichita languages. The two Pawnee dialects are most closely related to Arikara, which has sometimes been considered a dialect of Pawnee, but it and the Pawnee dialects are, in fact, mutually unintelligible. Skiri and South Band Pawnee speech, in contrast, are mutually intelligible. Today no fluent speakers of either Pawnee dialect remain, although there are still individuals who know some of their heritage language. A Dictionary of Skiri Pawnee, comprising approximately 4,500 entries, presents the basic vocabulary of the language. It has been designed to serve as a resource both for students learning the language and for other users who want to look up words for spelling, pronunciation, meaning, or reference–the information essential to any elementary bilingual reference work. The volume has been developed from a larger Skiri Dictionary Database (SDD), compiled by Parks, that comprises an archive of all known Skiri lexical material. The SDD has approximately ten thousand entries, each 3

4

BACKGROUND AND HISTORY

with an array of grammatical and paradigmatic forms, historical citations, lexical cross-referencing and analysis, and glosses with textual and elicited examples, as well as sound recordings and images. Table 1. Variant Names of Pawnee Subdivisions Pawnee Name and

Variant English

English Translation

Contemporary English Name

Historical English Names

Ckíri ‘Wolf’

Skiri

Skidi

Panimahas, Loups, Loup Pawnees, Wolf Pawnees

Cawií®i (no trans.)

Chawi

Chaui, Tsawi

Grand Pawnees

Kítkahaahki ‘Little Earth Lodge Village’

Kitkahahki

Kitkehahki, Kitkahaki

Republican Pawnees

Piitahaawíraata ‘Man Going East’

Pitahawirata

Pitahauirat, Pitahauerat

Tappage Pawnees, Noisy Pawnees

Spellings

Previous Studies of the Pawnee Language The present volume is the first published dictionary of either Pawnee dialect. The only other extant Pawnee dictionary is an unpublished manuscript glossary compiled in the late-nineteenth century by John B. Dunbar (1911), son of John Dunbar, the Presbyterian missionary who, with Samuel Allis, began work among the Pawnees in 1836. For more than a decade, the elder Dunbar lived and proselytized among the South Bands, while Allis resided with the Skiris for a longer period. During their residence with the tribes the two missionaries learned to speak the Pawnee language. Dunbar’s son, John B. Dunbar, born in 1841, may have learned to speak Pawnee as a child, or perhaps later in life studied it when he was a professor of Latin and Greek languages at Washburn College, Topeka, Kansas. The younger Dunbar wrote articles on Pawnee culture and made two notable linguistic contributions. One is a grammatical sketch of Pawnee that appears as an appendix in the second edition of Pawnee Hero Stories and Folk Tales (Grinnell 1893:409—37). The other is an unpublished 136-page handwritten manuscript entitled “Pawnee-English Vocabulary” (Dunbar 1911), a glossary of the South Band dialect, arranged Pawnee-to-English, with occasional citations of specifically Skiri words. Although the actual completion date of the manuscript is unknown, it was transmitted to the Bureau of American Ethnology Archives (now the National Anthropological Archives), Smithsonian Institution, in 1911. In the same archive is a carefully typed copy of the original that was formerly in the possession of George A. Dorsey. Although the younger Dunbar’s orthography for writing Pawnee is best characterized as roughly phonetic, it is


relatively easy to interpret, and consequently both manuscripts are valuable sources of lexical and grammatical data from the late-nineteenth century. In 1902 George A. Dorsey (Curator of Anthropology, Field Columbian Museum) and James R. Murie, a mixed-blood Skiri, began a long-term collaborative study of Pawnee culture that focused on mythology, religion, and social organization, but also included language. Their work together lasted nearly a decade, and one of their many projects during the first decade of the twentieth century was recording on wax cylinders a collection of narratives from Roaming Scout, an elderly monolingual Skiri priest (Parks and DeMallie 1992; DeMallie and Parks 2002).2 Murie subsequently transcribed the Skiri texts and provided putatively literal English translations of them. Later, Dorsey emended a typed copy of the Skiri transcriptions. From 1985 to 1992 Parks and Nora Pratt collaborated to develop a modern, readable edition of Roaming Scout’s narratives–in the process, retranscribing the Skiri text and preparing entirely new translations. Those texts have been a major source of lexical data for this dictionary and the SDD, especially by providing older, specialized vocabulary. In 1910 Murie became a field researcher for the Bureau of American Ethnology, and over a five-year period he recorded in minute detail surviving Pawnee ceremonies. His documentary work included transcriptions and translations of a large collection of doctors’ songs, mostly in the South Band dialect, but including some in Skiri. Beginning in 1914 Murie also began a collaboration with Clark Wissler (American Museum of Natural History) to document Pawnee ceremonialism, building on Murie’s previous work with Dorsey. For this study, too, Murie soundrecorded the songs integral to Skiri religious ceremonies. The culmination of those two projects–that for the Bureau of American Ethnology and that with Wissler– was the two-volume Ceremonies of the Pawnee that includes all the linguistic material recorded by Murie (Parks 1981). This publication has also been an important source for Skiri lexical material. Gene Weltfish, a student of Franz Boas in the late 1920s, was the first professional anthropologist with linguistic training to document Pawnee. From her work with South Band speakers she published an analyzed text with a short grammatical sketch of Pawnee (1936) and a bilingual collection of narratives (1937), both important works that represent the speech of monolingual Pawnees in the early twentieth century. An equally invaluable language resource is her set of phonetic retranscriptions and literal translations of many of the Roaming Scout narratives into the South Band dialect (1929) and her retranscriptions of Pawnee linguistic forms, particularly song lyrics, in Ceremonies of the Pawnee (Parks 1981). Additional Pawnee vocabulary is scattered throughout her other publications (e.g., Weltfish 1965), all of which, but especially the collection of texts, have provided important contributions to this dictionary. 2. The Skiris recognized a dichotomy between priests, who were religious leaders and knew the rituals of village sacred bundles, and doctors, who were healers (Parks 1981:7—18).

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History of the Present Project The SDD comprises material that was recorded in the course of two periods of field work with elderly Skiri speakers. During the first period, 1965—1970, while I was a graduate student, I worked primarily with speakers of South Band Pawnee in order to record the necessary materials to write a grammar of the language (Parks 1972, 1976). However, during those years I also recorded lexical material from six Skiri speakers–two women and four men–and sound-recorded eleven texts from two of the men, both of whom had been blind from childhood, and one of whom was monolingual. During that period, however, I did not transcribe or translate the texts. By 1985, when I began the second phase of my field work, all of the elderly speakers with whom I had worked in the 1960s had passed away. Consequently, during this period I collaborated with the one remaining fluent Skiri Pawnee speaker, Nora Pratt, who had an exceptional knowledge of the language and was a recognized source of cultural knowledge. Nora grew up in a monolingual home, and, throughout most of her adult life, her mother, Lucy Tilden, who was monolingual, lived with her. Since Nora’s husband, Adam Pratt, was also a speaker of Pawnee (South Band dialect), the language was used in the household on a daily basis until Lucy died in 1970 at the age of 103 and Adam passed away in 1984. When Nora and I began what turned out to be a seventeen-year collaboration, the primary purpose of our work was to retranscribe and translate the Roaming Scout texts. We worked on them intermittently until 1992, when we were finally satisfied with the transcriptions and translations. Subsequently, we focused attention on compiling a Skiri dictionary. At first, the goal was to produce a printed reference work, but by the mid 1990s multimedia technology was becoming available and, at the same time, I realized the need for a relational database that could adequately accommodate complex dictionary entries. To that end a team at the American Indian Studies Research Institute (AISRI), Indiana University, created a multimedia dictionary database application (Indiana Dictionary Database, or IDD) designed for the creation of a linguistic archive that would serve as the source of bilingual dictionaries to be delivered in a variety of formats, printed, on compact disks, and on the worldwide web. Once development of IDD was well underway and it was possible to incorporate audio recordings into the database, it became necessary to record systematically all of the lexical material in the SDD in order to preserve a sound record of Skiri paralleling the printed one. The recordings were made on digital tape between 1996 and 2001, and the individual words (or tokens) were saved as sound files for importation into the SDD. In the late 1990s we also compiled an inventory of basic paradigms for 150 verbs. The paradigms include all personal pronominal forms in singular, dual, and plural numbers in each of the thirteen modes in Skiri.

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Skiri Contributors There have been numerous contributors to the Skiri documentary project. Foremost among them is Nora Pratt, with whom I collaborated for four weeks in 1977—78 and from 1985 until her death in 2001. During the earlier, shorter, period she and I transcribed and translated the Skiri texts of Sam Allen and Harry Mad Bear that I had recorded in 1966. Then after 1985 I spent, on average, two months a year, and often more, in Pawnee, where we worked on a daily basis. During the early course of that work I came to appreciate what a truly remarkable knowledge of Skiri language and culture Nora possessed, and how the project would have been impossible without her. Lula Nora Pratt (Ctiisaaru® Karu® ‘She Is Indeed A Princess’, 1908—2001) Lula Nora Pratt was born in Pawnee, Oklahoma.3 Both of her parents came from leading Skiri families. Her father was Ezra Tilden (childhood name Aakawikaahat ‘Jumped Off His Horse At The Pipe Dance’, later Piiraski Riisaaru® ‘Boy Chief’), a direct descendent of Brave Chief (Riisaaru® Raraahikuucu), a nineteenth-century hereditary Skiri chief. Nora’s father would have assumed that position himself, after Ezra’s father, who also took the name Brave Chief, passed away, but Ezra preferred that his brother John Moses accept the position. Nora’s mother was Lucy Washington Tilden (Caktaawiirawicpari®)4, a sister of Lizzie Washington (Cuupiriktaakaa ‘White Star Woman’),5 who in the early twentieth century was a Ghost Dance prophetess, a prominent hand game leader, and owner of one of the two Morning Star bundles (Lesser 1933:263; Parks 1981:35). During Nora’s childhood the Tilden home was a focus of Skiri social activity, where older Skiri doctors and prominent men would come with their families to visit and stay for days at a time. In the 1930s, after the two old Skiri roundhouses were torn down to make way for present Pawnee Lake,6 Nora’s first husband, Linford Smith, built a new round house on Ezra Tilden’s land north of town, on the same land where Nora lived her entire life. This new roundhouse, like the ones it replaced, became the hub of Skiri social and ceremonial life for over two decades, until it burned down in the 1950s. 3. Her baby name was Ctaaraahwiruucu® ‘Rounded Mound Of Corn Woman’, given to her by her aunt Lizzie Washington, who dreamed that before Nora was born she would be a girl and should have this name. 4. Translation unknown. The name, which derives from a tribal sacred bundle, seems to mean ‘Carries Them Behind To Different Points’, suggesting a ritual act performed by the keeper of the bundle or its priest. 5. Also known as Mrs. Washington and, more commonly, Old Lady Washington. 6. During the late—nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, each tribe had a roundhouse–a round wooden structure–for public social and religious events. The first of those two round houses was on Lizzie Washington’s land, the later one on Mrs. Good Eagle’s land.

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Throughout her adult life Nora and her second husband, Adam Pratt (Raraahikucteesaaru ‘Chiefly Brave’), a Kitkahahki, were social leaders always actively involved in tribal community events. Adam, who had a prodigious knowledge of Pawnee songs and a strong voice, was for decades one of the leading Pawnee singers, always taking a leading role at the drum during dances, handgames, and other activities, as well as frequently singing at other tribes’ social events. Nora’s Skiri name, She Is Indeed A Princess, signifies that she has all the personal traits of a female family member (wife or daughter) of a chief: humility, generosity, and a strong sense of social responsibility. And, indeed, Nora was distinguished by all of those traits. While Adam would assist the “menfolk” when they butchered beeves for meals at dances and other social events, Nora would contribute food and cooking utensils for the meals and take a leading role in the cooking, activities that she continued into her early nineties. Throughout her adult life she was active in several Pawnee women’s social organizations–the Pocahontas Club, the American War Mothers (Pawnee Chapter), the Star Club–and always gave support, both personal and financial, to tribal and other community social activities. In short, Nora and Adam, like many of their generation, had a strong, admirable sense of social responsibility and always participated in and supported community events in every way they could. Throughout our collaboration, Nora demonstrated the same traits that governed the rest of her life. By the time we began our project in 1985, she was unquestionably the most knowledgeable speaker of either Pawnee dialect, a member of the last generation that was comfortable with the older form of Pawnee speech and who had a sufficient understanding of nineteenth-century Pawnee culture and thought to be able to effortlessly translate religious and other cultural concepts into comprehensible English. Similarly, she was conscious of semantic changes in vocabulary and would draw attention to words that had older, now obsolete or archaic, meanings in contrast to newer, contemporary ones. When I began my work in 1965, she knew an older form of Pawnee than did many individuals a generation older than she, a knowledge and facility, of course, that were nurtured by her home and social environments and by a fierce pride in being a full-blood Skiri. We worked together daily when I was in Pawnee, starting in the morning and continuing until evening, Nora insisting on persevering even on days when she clearly did not feel well. Our goal to document Skiri speech was profoundly significant for her, and was one to which she dedicated herself until shortly before she passed away. William Samuel Allen (Taawahcaakihari® ‘Young Cedar’, 1874—1966) When I first began my study of Pawnee in 1965, I worked primarily with Dolly Moore, a Pitahawirata. Occasionally at noon she would suggest that we go to her son’s house in Pawnee to visit or have lunch. Wilson Moore (Raraacikstahureesaaru ‘He Holds Chiefly Thoughts’), her son, was married to Virginia Gourd, who at the time was in her thirties and took care of her relative, Sam Allen, who was a


monolingual Skiri then in his nineties. Virginia, who spoke Skiri, was able to communicate and interact with him, but since none of the other family members spoke the language, they were unable to converse or socialize with him. Sam had lost his eyesight during childhood, and consequently, in old age, he was socially isolated, generally whiling away the day sitting in his bedroom. Occasionally, however, an older Pawnee speaker would come to visit, and, when the visitor was a male, the two would generally spend most of their time in Sam’s bedroom telling each other traditional stories, often for hours. During my first summer in Pawnee Sam recorded four long stories, both of which are notable for their attention to minute detail and for stylistic repetition. Again, they represent a Skiri speech and narrative style uninfluenced by English, as spoken by a monolingual elder in the mid-twentieth century who, because of language and physical limitations, was isolated from the changing society about him. Despite those social handicaps, Sam’s texts are valuable contributions to Skiri language preservation and to this dictionary. Harry Mad Bear (formerly Kaakaa® Turaahii ‘Good Crow’, later Ti®aakaciksuuku® ‘He Has (Good) Thoughts For People’, 1894—1972) Also blind since his youth, when he developed glaucoma, Harry Mad Bear was elderly when I met him. He lived alone and generally spent most of each day sitting on the porch of his house across the road from the Pawnee Baptist Church. Despite blindness, he spoke good English and was a very trusting, open individual who enjoyed visitors. Whenever I came to see Harry, he seemed delighted to have the company and evinced interest in the language project. Several times he mentioned that he remembered James Murie doing similar work when he was young. Harry’s grandfather and father, both of whom carried, in sequence, the name Mad Bear (Kuruks Tiicariis), had been prominent Skiri doctors, and so Harry had grown up in a conservative household in which he acquired a large repertoire of traditional narratives. His knowledge of those stories, like Sam Allen’s, was undoubtedly due in part to the social isolation imposed by blindness, but he clearly relished the opportunity to narrate a story, in contrast to Sam, whose recitations were characterized by little affect. Over the course of several visits, Harry recorded a total of nine stories for me, clearly only a few of the ones he knew. He liked to record each one first in Skiri and then retell it in English, and finally he wanted the Skiri version replayed so he could listen to his performance, most of the time expressing approval with a smiling nod: “Yeh, that’s right; I told it real good.” And he did. His collection of narratives, after I later transcribed and translated them, demonstrated that he was not only a fluent first-language speaker of Skiri but an accomplished raconteur whose stories represent an interesting variety of genres, two of which had not been previously documented for Pawnee. His stories have proved invaluable for this project.

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10


Henry Roberts (Riitahkac Tiwiitit ‘Sitting Eagle’, 1888—1976) Henry Roberts was a son of Rush Roberts (Riitahkackarahaaru® ‘Proud Eagle’), a prominent Skiri who in his youth had served with the Pawnee Scouts under Luther North when the Pawnees still lived in Nebraska. When I met Henry in 1965, he was an eighty-two-year-old gentleman, somewhat formal in manner, who had retired from government service in the Southwest nearly two decades earlier and had returned with his wife Rose Denomie (a Chippewa) to live in Pawnee. A graduate of Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania, Henry spoke a formal register of English, in addition to being fluent in Skiri. Shortly after I first arrived in Pawnee, he and I spent several mornings recording vocabulary and verb paradigms, but I soon became immersed in work with South Band speakers and could not continue recording Skiri material. Fortunately, we recorded a sufficient corpus of lexical and paradigmatic data to compare his speech with that of other Skiris. Gerty Clark (Cituriku ‘Has The Village Woman’, 1893—1975) Gerty Clark was Nora Pratt's aunt, and thus in the generation that immediately preceded Nora's. She married Tom Clark, a Walapai man, and for most of her adult life the couple lived in Anadarko, rarely returning to Pawnee. When I first met Gerty in October 1973, she and her husband had returned to live in Pawnee and, despite experiencing failing health, she was quite willing to help me develop a beginning Skiri lexical file. We worked together over a period of several weeks; and, despite the difficulty at times of recalling vocabulary as a result of not having spoken the language for decades, she made many lexical contributions, and her speech was informative for its distinctive Skiri characteristics. Albin Leading Fox (Kiwaku® Rahiraskaawarii ‘Fox Roaming The World In The Lead’, 1904—1994) During October 1973 I worked with Albin Leading Fox over a period of several mornings. A knowledgeable Skiri speaker, he, too, contributed vocabulary to the dictionary database. Anna Mary Barker Moore (Ctaawakuriwaa ‘Kind Speech Woman’, 1895—1978) On several mornings in October 1973 I reviewed Skiri lexical items with Mary Moore, who had been married to Colonel Moore (Raruhcakuhkarahaaru ‘His Proud Sun’, Pitahawirata), previously the husband of Dollie Moore. She, too, contributed vocabulary to the project.

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Historical Sources Most historical sources presenting Skiri linguistic material are limited to short vocabularies, usually representing a single semantic domain. The exception is the Roaming Scout text collection, which has been a unique and invaluable resource for the Skiri Dictionary Database and this dictionary. Roaming Scout (Kirikiirisu® Rakaawarii ‘Scout Roaming The World’ 7, ca. 1845— 1914) Roaming Scout was born into a chief’s family in traditional Skiri territory circa 1845, when the semisedentary Skiri lifestyle, which for centuries had alternated between horticulture and hunting, was experiencing gradual, but soon to be profound, changes brought about by the incorporation of the Plains region into the new United States and by an ever-expanding Euro-American population. In 1857, when Roaming Scout was ten, the Pawnee tribe signed the Treaty of Table Creek, whereby they relinquished their freedom to travel throughout their traditional hunting territory and ceded most of their lands. The Skiris now became dependents of the U.S. government: they moved to a small reservation on the Loup River in east-central Nebraska, and were encouraged to settle in agricultural communities in an early attempt to acculturate them. Nevertheless, during the mid-nineteenth century, traditional Skiri culture continued as a viable lifeway. Roaming Scout’s childhood and youth, to judge from his autobiography, were typical of traditional Pawnee life, but as he grew older he lived through the years of upheaval that ultimately resulted in the Skiris’ lifestyle succumbing to that of Euro-Americans. Significantly, the new lifestyle was one to which he never fully adapted. When he was young, Roaming Scout evinced a strong interest in Skiri religion and ritual activity, and in the narratives that he recorded for Dorsey and Murie, religion and ritual are the dominant themes. Religion was, indeed, the paramount force throughout his life and apparently created for him a world in which he insulated himself from the overwhelming alien culture that was progressively engulfing him and his people. By the end of the nineteenth century he was the foremost Skiri religious leader by virtue of his being priest of the Evening Star bundle, the leading Skiri religious shrine. During that fin de siècle period Roaming Scout resolved to collaborate with two anthropologists who wanted to record traditional Skiri life. His intermediary, translator, and companion in both endeavors was Murie, who was presumably a relative and the foremost Pawnee interpreter during that period. Roaming Scout’s first experience was working with Alice C. Fletcher, who in the 1890s began a projected long-term study of Pawnee ceremonialism, beginning with the Hako 7. This name is based on the verb stem kaawarii, which means ‘going around inside, roaming inside (an enclosed space)’, but in personal names has the metaphorical meaning ‘roaming under the vault of the Heavens’, i.e., ‘roaming in the world’.

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(Calumet, or Pipe, Dance), for which Murie was crucial. During her studies she recorded verbatim interviews with Roaming Scout, as translated by Murie, on religious and other topics. Roaming Scout’s second collaboration, which extended for almost a decade, was with Dorsey and Murie. It was a collaboration that Roaming Scout interpreted, as he interpreted every object and event in the world, as divinely motivated by the Heavens. Thus, he believed that their work and what he was recording were divinely inspired, motivating him to tell his collaborators everything that he knew in order to preserve an accurate, authentic record of his people’s past. In many ways his greatest contribution is the seven hours of recorded narration recorded in 1906. Those narratives cover a broad range of topics–an autobiography; a detailed account of the annual round of Skiri life, including discussions of kinship and social relations; a sequence of stories illustrating various ethical concepts; extensive descriptions of Skiri religious and medical beliefs–that provide an intellectual perspective on native culture rarely encountered in the literature on native North America. No less important, though, is the linguistic value of the texts: they document late-nineteenthcentury Skiri speech and narrative style before influence from English, and they comprise a rich source of vocabulary. This dictionary, as well as the Skiri Dictionary Database, have thus been significantly enriched because of Roaming Scout’s perspicacity and desire to create a documentary record of Skiri life. Other Sources Supplementary sources are the following: • • •

the field notes of Alexander Lesser (1929—35) and Gene Weltfish (1929—35), which provide transcriptions of Skiri kinship terms; the ethnobotanical data recorded by Melvin R. Gilmore (1919) in the second decade of the twentieth century, which provide Pawnee plant names; and the manuscript glossary of John B. Dunbar (1911) discussed above.

(For a discussion of other historical word lists, see Parks 2001:81—82.) In addition to the preceding historical resources, the Arikara Dictionary Database (Parks 1999) provided Arikara vocabulary that had not been previously attested in Skiri and that was systematically checked with Nora Pratt for Skiri cognates.

2 Sounds and Alphabet The sound inventory of Skiri Pawnee is one of the smallest among the languages of North America and, in fact, the world. It has nine consonants and three vowels. The vowels occur in two varieties, long and short, so there are actually fifteen phonemes, which are given in tables 2 and 3.

Consonants The consonants of Skiri, arranged by manner and place of articulation, are in table 2. Table 2. Skiri Pawnee Consonants

Stops: voiceless Obstruents

Sonorants

Labial

Alveolar

Velar

Laryngeal

p

t

k

®

Affricate: voiceless

c

Fricatives: voiceless

s

Glide and Tap: voiced

w

h

r

Of the preceding consonants, the three stops (p, t, k) and the affricate (c) are always voiceless and unaspirated. Pronunciation of the stops is the same as it is for their counterparts in English when they follow s in word initial position, as in English spot, stop, and skit. The affricate c is the only consonant that has consistent phonetic variants: one is apico-alveolar [ts], as in the final sound of English hats. It occurs before consonants and in word-final position, as in riictaaru®, pronounced [riitstaaru®], ‘intestines’ and apiic, pronounced [Fpiits], ‘on the other side of water’, respectively. The other variant is lamino-palatal [œ], as in the final sound of English watch, that occurs when c precedes a vowel, as in capaat [œFpaat]. Two consonants are voiceless fricatives (s, h). Most Skiri speakers pronounce s like it is in English, but some speakers pronounce it farther back, sounding more like English [š], written sh, as in ship. The laryngeal h is also like its equivalent in English, but it has a slightly breathier variant that occurs before other consonants, as in kuhku ‘pig’. The two sonorants (w, r) are voiced. Bilabial w is pronounced as it is in English. Apico-alveolar r is usually a tap like its counterpart in Spanish, as in pero ‘but’. 13

14

SOUNDS AND ALPHABET

However, in word-initial position many speakers frequently pronounce the sound as a nasal [n] and some speakers even pronounce it occasionally as a lateral [l].

Vowels Skiri vowels are presented in table 3. Table 3. Skiri Pawnee Vowels Front High Low

Central

i, ii

Back u, uu

a, aa

Two high vowels (i, ii) are front and unrounded, while two others (u, uu) are back and rounded. With some speakers the long back vowel uu is pronounced slightly more fronted, but not as front as a central vowel. The mid-low vowels (a, aa) are central, unrounded. Each of the three basic vowels varies in pronunciation between tense and lax variants: • •

•

High front i is lax [] (the vowel of English mitt), as in istu [stu] ‘again’ and pitku [ptku] ‘two’. High back u similarly varies between tense [u] (the vowel of English flute), as in iksu® [ksu®] ‘hand’, and lax [/] (the vowel of English put), as in ti®ukut [ti®uk/t] ‘it dropped’. Mid-low central a varies between lower [a] (the first vowel of English father), as in rahwa [rahwa] ‘captive’ and higher [F] (the vowel of English but), as in aka® [FkF®] ‘your grandmother’.

The vowels that are written doubled (ii, uu, aa) are long in duration and are always tense [ii, uu, aa], as in piita [piitF] ‘man’, uusu® [uusu®] ‘hair’, and aaru® [aaru®] ‘tooth’. Generally, long vowels are distinctly long, and there is no ambiguity in perceiving the difference between a long vowel and its short counterpart. However, frequently when a long vowel precedes the laryngeal h or a syllable-final, or coda, consonant, spectrographic measurements of multiple tokens show that vocalic length varies along a relatively wide temporal spread, where some tokens are in or near the high range for short vowels, while many fall within the high range for long vowels, but most are in the mid range. There are also alternations in vocalic length in pairs of verbal prefixes; for example, the plural prefix raar- is sometimes raar-/raah- and other times rar-/rah-. Similarly, the descriptive stem taakaar ‘be white’ occurs in two forms, -taakaa and -taka, when it is the second element of a noun compound, as in cahikstaakaa ‘white man’ (> cahiks ‘person; human’) in contrast to atikataka ‘navy bean’ (> atik ‘bean’). This alternation occurs frequently, but the difference in vowel length is not predictable. Another example is the dependent noun asaa- ‘horse; dog’,

15

SOUNDS AND ALPHABET

which occurs in some compounds as asa-, illustrated by the following nouns: asawiita ‘male horse’, asataakaa ‘white horse’, and asaapahat ‘bay horse’. Stress is not phonemic in Skiri and hence is not marked on words. (Phonetic forms in entries do, however, have accented syllables marked.) There are certain accentual patterns that recur–such as a tendency to give more emphasis to an initial syllable, or to the syllable following it if the vowel of the first syllable is short and that of the second syllable is long; and to similarly accent the antipenultimate or, less frequently, penultimate syllable–but most patterns are ultimately variable.

Skiri Alphabet The phonemic symbols presented in the preceding two tables comprise the Skiri alphabet. Since only two consonant and three vowel phonemes have phonetic variants, the alphabet is essentially phonetic and enables the user to pronounce words correctly with greater confidence. Nevertheless, in the dictionary a phonetic version of both fully formed words and morphemes that are headwords is given in each entry to aid the reader in correct pronunciation. In the Skiri-to-English section of the dictionary, the alphabetical arrangement of Skiri entry heads follows the basic arrangement of English: a, aa, c, h, i, ii, k, p, r, s, t, u, uu, w. Glottal stops (®) occur in only two environments: • •

between vowels, where they keep separate vowels in a sequence distinct (e.g., ri®aat ‘summer’, kaa®ata ‘upland plover’), and in word-final position following a vowel, where, among other functions, they serve primarily to distinguish non-subordinate imperfective verb forms (with a final glottal stop) from subordinate forms (without a glottal stop), as in tiwaktiiku® ‘he is announcing’ and rakuwaktiku ‘for him to be announcing’.

Because glottal stop does not occur in word-initial position and does not differentiate lexical meanings, it is treated as a null element in alphabetization.

Speaker Variation Based on her field studies in the 1930s, Gene Weltfish (1937:v) wrote that the dialectal differences between Skiri and South Band were already beginning to level and were “likely to disappear in the not distant future as there is a tendency on the part of speakers of both dialects to merge differences.” That leveling of differences, however, did not occur as Weltfish forecast, at least not in the speech of those Skiris who contributed to this study from 1965 onward. Every Skiri and South Band speaker with whom I collaborated was conscious of the contrasting phonological and lexical differences between their dialects and, indeed, rarely if ever mixed them. Nearly everyone expressed strong pride in speaking their own dialect. In texts, only one Skiri speaker represented here, Harry Mad Bear, would occasionally use the vowel e, a

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SOUNDS AND ALPHABET

South Band sound, rather than i in certain words–for example, reesaaru® for riisaaru® ‘chief’ and he for hi ‘and’–but he never did that in other contexts, as when recording vocabulary. Not only was the speech of late-twentieth-century Skiri speakers uniform, but their speech does not seem to have differed significantly from that of Roaming Scout, whose recordings document the language a century earlier. The Cluster kt One sound change characterizing Skiri is the assimilation of k to t in the consonant cluster kt, which becomes geminate tt. This sound change is documented in the Roaming Scout texts, where nearly 70 percent of kt clusters are tt. Murie, in contrast, as well as the Skiri speakers with whom Lesser and Weltfish worked in the late 1920s and 1930s, consistently had geminate tt. In the 1960s and 1970s, all of the speakers with whom I collaborated also always had tt, except for Mrs. Pratt, whose speech consistently had kt. There were several lexical items that she pronounced with a geminate tt, but they were clearly exceptions. When she repeated the sound-recorded speech of other Skiri speakers, she was oblivious to the articulation of geminate tt clusters, repeating them consistently as kt, even when I remarked on the difference. Based on all available data, the kt to tt sound change was an innovation in Skiri that, in the late nineteenth century, was apparently in the last stage of flux, as illustrated by Roaming Scout’s retention of kt in a minority of instances. By the early twentieth century, however, the change to tt seems to have become complete, since recorded speech in the 1920s and, later, in the second half of the twentieth century consistently has tt. Why Mrs. Pratt’s speech did not conform to that of other Skiri speakers, including that of Gerty Clark, her aunt, in this one pervasive feature is not clear. One explanation may be that, married to a South Band speaker, she adopted his usage, reinforced by other South Band speakers with whom she socialized. Mitigating that explanation, however, is her totally consistent use of all other features distinguishing Skiri. In this dictionary forms are written with kt rather than tt in conformance with Mrs. Pratt’s usage throughout our collaboration, but users should realize that all other twentieth-century Skiri speakers replaced kt clusters with tt. Other Sound Differences Other systematic phonetic differences between Roaming Scout’s speech and that of twentieth-century speakers are: • •

The older Skiri interrogative form kirikii ‘what’ is generally contracted to kikii in contemporary speech. The contemporary imperfective distributive form of the verb aar ‘to become’ is waahi (waa- DIST + aar ‘do’ + -i IMPF), whereas Roaming Scout frequently pro-

SOUNDS AND ALPHABET

•

•

nounces it as waari. In South Band and Arikara the forms are waahri and waahnu, respectively. The verbal prefix sequence ut- PREV/BEN + uks- AOR/JUSS is realized as icuks in Roaming Scout’s speech (as it is in South Band), whereas contemporary Skiri speakers consistently say ucuks-. The prefixal sequence si- DU + ar- EV, that is, si®ah-, which contemporary Skiri speakers generally contract to siih-, was not contracted by Roaming Scout.

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3 Major Sound Changes The basic meaningful elements, or morphemes, that comprise Skiri words generally have a single basic (or underlying) form. However, when they are combined with other morphemes to form words that are actually spoken, sound changes occur that fuse those morphemes into fully formed words. Often the changes are small, altering a consonant or vowel of a morpheme, but just as frequently the changes can be more extensive, sometimes resulting in contractions that mask the underlying identities of morpheme combinations. The user must be aware of these sound changes in order to understand word formation in Skiri and, more importantly, to create new words from the information provided in dictionary entries. Presented here is a summary of the major Skiri phonological processes that occur when combining morphemes to create new words. There are two types of processes, or sound rules: general rules that apply to all instances of specified sound sequences, no matter what the constituent morphemes are; and restricted rules that apply only to sequences of specified morphemes, which are highly restricted in number

Vowels: Restricted Rules There are five restricted rules that apply to vowel sequences in specific morpheme sequences. Rule 1R. Dominant i. There are seven morpheme combinations in which a final i or ii in the preceding morpheme and the initial u of the following morpheme contract to i or ii. Those combinations are the following: Preceding Prefixes

Following Prefix or Stem-Initial Vowel

Resulting Contraction

rii- ‘assertive mode (ASSR)’

-uks- ‘aorist (AOR)’

riiks-

u . . .] STEM

tii8 ii- > , rii- 2

-uur- ‘preverb (PREV)’

-iir8 -iir> , -aciir- 2

ti- ‘indicative mode (IND.3.A)’ 8 ii- ‘subjunctive mode (SUBJ.3.A)’ , ri- ‘contingent mode (CONT.3.A)’

> 2

-i- ‘sequential (SEQ)’ > 8 -ir- ‘preverb (PREV)’ , acir- ‘inclusive dual agent (INCL.DU.A)’ 2

19

20

MAJOR SOUND CHANGES

Thus, the restricted rule: i, ii + u â i, ii Examples: tiihura ‘he is alone’ (< ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + uhurah ‘be alone’ + -Ø PERF) taciihii ‘you and I are good’ (< ta- IND.1/2.A + aciir- 1.DU.IN.A + uur- PREV + hiir ‘be good’ + -Ø PERF) Rule 2R. Dominant a. Although the vowel sequence i + a contracts to ii, in certain morpheme sequences the combination results in a; thus,

i + a â a This rule occurs when any of the following modal prefixes is the first element and one of the a-dominant morphemes is the second element in the contraction: a-Dominant Morphemes

Modal Prefixes tiri-

indicative mode, third person agent

a-

second person patient (2.P)

(IND)

a-

preverb (PREV); third person agt. possessor

contingent mode, third person agent (CONT)

(3.POSS.A) aca- inclusive dual patient (1D.IN.P)

kuus...i- potential mode, third person agent

ar-

evidential proper (EV)

(POT.1) ii-

subjunctive mode, third person agent (SUBJ)

Examples of the preceding combinations are the following (with contracting vowels in boldface): tapiru® ‘he whipped you’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + a- 2.P + piru ‘whip’ + -Ø PERF

kusaakiraawa® ‘you will forget’ < kuus- POT.1/3A + a- 2.P + i- SEQ + kiraawaahc ‘be sick’ + -Ø PERF wiitaruutasitit ‘it would happen’ < wii- ‘now’ + ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + ar- EV + ut- PREV + asitik ‘happen’ + -Ø PERF si®aawa®a ‘they (DU) should have come’ < si- DU + ii- SUBJ + Ø- 3.A + aPREV + wa- DIST + a ‘come’ + -Ø SUB.3 Rule 3R. -his ‘perfective’ Reduction. The suffix -his ‘perfective (PERF)’ reduces to s after verb stems with a final k; thus, Vk] STEM + -his â ks

21

MAJOR SOUND CHANGES

An example of this rule is: haks- ‘pass by (PERF)’ < hak ‘pass by’ + -his PERF, as in tihaksta ‘he is going to pass by’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + hak ‘pass by’ + -his PERF + -ta INT Rule 4R. Stem-final Vocalic Reduplication. This rule, which applies to a class of descriptive verbs–approximately half of all descriptives–in their non-subordinate forms is Vi (Vi ) â Vi(Vi )® Vi / C _ C + Ø (+ NON-SUB) tipahaa ®at ‘it is red’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + pahaat ‘be red’ + Ø ‘be’; cf. iriirapahaatu ‘the one that is red’ tihuraahtarari®it ‘the ground is burned off’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + huraar‘ground’ + tararit ‘be burned, scorched’ + -Ø ‘be’; cf. iriiratarariitu ‘where it is scorched’

Vowels: Unrestricted Rules Two or more contiguous vowels, either across a morpheme boundary or within a morpheme, contract, except when either of two conditions occurs: (1) the second of two vowels is long, or (2) two vowels are in word-final position or preceding a final consonant. Vowel contraction takes place when there is a sequence of a short or long vowel followed by a short vowel before one or two consonants. Thus, V, ViVi + V â VV / _ C(C)V (where Vi represents a vowel that is identical to another so-marked vowel in a rule and ViVi represents a long vowel). Rule 5. Same-vowel Contractions. When two identical vowels are contiguous, they contract to an identical long vowel. The first vowel in the sequence may be short or long. Thus, Vi(Vi) + Vi â ViVi Rule 6. Contractions of Any Vowel + u: u-Domination. In a sequence of two vowels, in which the first one may be long or short, and where any vowel in the sequence is u, the vowels contract to a long uu. 5 V, ViVi + u < + u(u) + V 0

â uu / _ C(C)V

22

MAJOR SOUND CHANGES

Examples are: tuuriciisat ‘he is tired’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + Ø- 3.P + uur- PREV + iciisat ‘be tired’ + -Ø PERF; tuuriciisat ‘you are tired’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + a- 2.P + uurPREV + iciisat ‘be tired’ + -Ø PERF ku®uutkaksaa ‘if he could holler for him’ < ku- INDF + ii- SUBJ + Ø- 3.A + utBEN + kaksaa ‘holler, yell’ + -Ø SUB.4 Rule 7. Contractions of i and a. In combinations of i or ii followed by a or a combination of a or aa followed by i, the vowels contract to ii. (The result of contractions of i and a in South Band Pawnee and Arikara is ee.) 6 i(i) + a < - a(a) + i 0

â

ii / _ C(C)V

For example, tiitku® ‘he hears’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + atka®u ‘hear’ + -Ø PERF

Consonants: Restricted Rules There are four commonly occurring restricted rules for consonants. Those rules are the following. Rule 8R. Assibilation of raar-. This rule applies to the final consonant of raar‘plural; iterative’ when followed by a stem-initial t. The r + t sequence results in a contraction to c, as follows: r + t â

c / raar- + t . . .] STEM

Example: tiracakasis ‘they are close together’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A+ raar- PL.INDV.A + takasis ‘be together’ + -Ø PERF Rule 9R. Final-s Loss Rule. Certain nouns and suffixes that end in s regularly lose that s when it is in word-final position, but retain it when another morpheme follows the stem in derivation or inflection. The rule is: s â Ø / _ # A noun illustrating final-s loss is the form kuhkus- ‘swine, pig; pork’, which in independent form is always kuhku but is kuhkus in compounds, as in kuhkuska®it ‘salt pork’ and kuhkuskaasu® ‘ham’. A common example of this rule is the aspectual suffix -:hus/-hus ‘imperfective (IMPF)’ that loses its final s when the suffix is word final; for example, tikiikaahu® ‘he is drinking’ (< ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + kiikaa ‘drink’ + -:hus IMPF).

23

MAJOR SOUND CHANGES

Rule 10R. Prefixal Final-r Loss. Two prefixes, ir- ‘preverb (PREV); third person transitive agent plural (PL.3.A); obviative (OBV)’ and acir- ‘first person inclusive dual agent (1D.IN.A)’ lose their final r when they contract with any of the three prefixes, uur- ‘preverb (PREV); patient possessor (P.POSS)’; ut- ‘preverb (PREV); dative/ benefactive (BEN)’; and uks- ‘aorist (AOR); jussive (JUSS)’. When final r of ir- and aciris lost, the resulting final i of the two forms becomes dominant in the resulting contractions with initial u of the preceding three morphemes. Example: tatiiturikataku ‘I am carrying it under my arm’ < ta- IND.1/2.A + t- 1.A + irPREV + ut- PREV + urikatakus ‘carry under one’s arm’ + -Ø PERF Rule 11R. ut- Affrication Rule. Final t of the prefix ut- ‘preverb (PREV); dative/ benefactive (DAT/BEN)’ affricates to c when followed by i- ‘sequential (SEQ)’. For example, kuustuci ®a ‘I will do it’ < kuus . . . i- POT.1/3.A + t- 1.A + ut- PREV + aar ‘do’ + -Ø PERF; cp. tatuuta ‘I did it’ < ta- IND.1/2.A + t- 1.A + ut- PREV + aar ‘do’ + -Ø PERF Thus,

ut- â

uc- / _ i-

In Skiri i- SEQ does not dominate over a following u in -uks AOR; JUSS, as it does in South Band. For example, sucuksa ‘do it!’ < i- CONT.1/2.A + s- 2.A + ut- PREV + i- SEQ + uks- JUSS + aar ‘do’ + -Ø PERF; cp. South Band suciksa ‘do it!’ Rule 12R. Prefixal r-Laryngealization Rule. This rule applies only to sequences of r + r in which the preceding r is the final sound of one of the following two evidential prefixes: tiirar-

‘inferential (INFR)’ ‘evidential (proper) (EV)’

The final r of these prefixes changes to h when it precedes an r-initial morpheme. Thus, r â h / _ r Examples are: ahi®at ‘he went’ < ar- EV + ri- CONT.3.A + Ø- 3.A + at ‘go’ + -Ø PERF tiihakuutit ‘he must have killed it’ < tiir- INF + ra- ABS + Ø- 3.A + kuutik ‘kill’ + -Ø PERF Note that this rule must be applied before the more general Consonantal Degemination Rule below, which reduces r + r sequences to a single r. It also must precede the r-Reduction Rule below, which deletes the r of an h + r sequence.

24

MAJOR SOUND CHANGES

Consonants: Unrestricted Rules The following rules apply generally to consonants when the specified conditions occur. Rule 13. t-Laryngealization Rule. The stop t becomes laryngeal h when it precedes r. The rule can be symbolized thus: t â h / _ r Examples are: tahuuku® ‘I am making it’ < ta- IND.1/2.A + t- 1.A+ ra®uk ‘make’ + -:hus IMPF

pahaaha®uk ‘to redden’ < pahaat ‘be red’ + ra®uk ‘make; CAUS’ Rule 14. Metathesis Rule. When underlying r is followed by h, the two sounds metathesize; hence r + h â hr However, the sequence hr never occurs in spoken (or surface) forms in Skiri (as it does in South Band) because an hr sequence always reduces to h, as in the following rule. Note that the three sequential rules here–t-Laryngealization, Metathesis, and Sonorant Reduction–must be applied in the order given; that is, t-Laryngealization must be applied first and Sonorant Reduction last. An example of this rule is: tuuhii ‘he is good’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + uur- PREV + hiir ‘be good’ + -Ø PERF; to obtain tuuhii, the following Sonorant r-Reduction Rule must be applied. Rule 15. Sonorant Reduction Rule. This rule reduces the cluster hr to h; hence r â Ø / _ h tahahuukat ‘I took it inside’ < ta- IND.1/2.A + t- 1.A + Ø- + rahuukat ‘take inside’ + -Ø PERF Rule 16. h-Loss Rule. Laryngeal h is lost in several environments, one of which is when it is preceded by a consonant. Thus, h â Ø / C _ taturaas ‘I found it’ < ta- IND.1/2.A + t- 1.A + huras ‘find’ + -Ø PERF Loss of h also occurs when it precedes either a single word-final consonant or a twoconsonant cluster. Thus, h â Ø / _ C#, CC

25

MAJOR SOUND CHANGES

ahiht ‘be fat’: taatahit ‘I am fat’ < ta- IND.1/2.A + t- 1.A+ ahiht ‘be fat’ + -Ø PERF; ahitki ‘fat’ < ahiht ‘be fat’ + -kis DIM; ahitkuhku ‘bacon’ < ahiht ‘be fat’ + kuhkus ‘swine’ tiiwacpiitit ‘he finally sat down’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + awahc- ‘finally’ + wiitik ‘sit down’ + -Ø PERF Rule 17. Sibilant Hardening Rule. The sibilant s becomes c when it occurs after any consonant. Thus, s â c / C _ sa ‘be lying’: tihcawaa ‘they are lying (there)’ < ti- IND + ir- 3.PL.A + sa ‘be lying’ + -waa DIST + -Ø PERF sakuriwihc (uur . . .) ‘sun to come out’: tuhcakuriwihcu® ‘the sun is coming out’ < ti- IND + Ø- 1.A + uur- PREV + sakuriwihc + -:hus IMPF Rule 18. Sibilant Loss Rule. When c immediately follows the two-consonant cluster ks, the s of the cluster is dropped. Thus, s â Ø / k _ c sucukcii ‘be energetic!’ < i- CONT.1/2A + s- 2.A + ut- PREV + i- SEQ + uksJUSS + ciir ‘be energetic’ + -Ø (-uk ‘be’) Rule 19. Alveolar Dissimilation Rule. A common underlying sequence across morpheme boundaries is t + t. In such a sequence the preceding t changes to c, as in the following examples: tacta®uut ‘I stole it’ < ta- IND.1/2.A + t- 1.A + ta®uut ‘steal’ + -Ø PERF kiiwa®uctaakaa ‘white sage’ < kiiwa ®ut ‘sage’ + taakaar ‘be white’ The less common underlying sequence t + c metathesizes, resulting in ct, as in: tactat ‘I shot it’ < ta- IND.1/2A + t- 1.A + cak ‘shoot’ + -Ø PERF wiituctactaaka ‘the plant is sprouting’ < wii- ‘now’ + ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + utPREV + tat- ‘stalk; plant’ + caaka ‘be protruding’ + -Ø PERF Rule 20. Consonant Degemination Rule. When two identical consonants come together, one is lost, resulting in a single (short) consonant. This rule applies only after the consonantal changes specified by previous rules. Hence it operates for identical sequences of only two phonemes, r and k. Thus, CiCi â Examples of this rule are the following:

Ci

26

MAJOR SOUND CHANGES

tiraraahu® ‘they are ruined’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + raar- PL.INDV.A + raahur ‘be ruined’ + -Ø PERF tuurarii®i ‘it is a mark’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + uur- PREV + rariir ‘be marked’ + -Ø PERF tuutakaksawaa ‘he called them’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + ut- BEN + ak- 3.P.AN.P + kaksaa- ‘call’ + -waa DIST + -Ø PERF Rule 21. r-Stopping Rule. The sonorant r becomes the voiceless stop t when occurring after an obstruent. Thus, r â t / Obs. _ kiriktaahkaa ‘wear eyeglasses’ < kirik- ‘eye’ + raar- PL + kaa ‘be inside’ sukstiisaapu ‘stake it!’ < i- CONT.1/2.A + s- 2.A + uks- JUSS + riisaapuh + ‘stake, stake down’ + -Ø PERF iraacti® ‘my brother (female speaker)’ < i- 1.POSS.A + raac- ‘brother’ + -rii 1.POSS.B Note that t is not included among the obstruents to which this rule applies since t has already been changed to h when it precedes r (see rule above); that is, the combination t + r changes to hr (which then reduces to h). Rule 22. Labial Glide Loss. Although the details of this process are more complex than presented here, in verb derivation a w in a preceding syllable is generally lost when the following morpheme begins in w. Thus, w â Ø / V _ V + wV(V) . . . awiwii®a (ir . . .) ‘to bend over’: taa®iwii®a® ‘he bent over’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + a- PREV + awiwii®a ‘bend over’ + -Ø PERF katawiwarik ‘swallow’: tatkata®iwarit ‘I swallowed it’ < ta- IND.1/2.A + t- 1.A + katawiwarik ‘swallow’ + -Ø PERF Rule 23. Final r Loss. Word-final r is always dropped. Thus, r â

Ø / _ #

wiitatuutaa ‘I have done it’ < wii- ‘now’ + ta- IND.1/2.A + t- 1.A + ut- PREV + aar + ‘do’ + -Ø PERF; cf. wiitatuutaari® ‘I am doing it’ Rule 24. Variants of c. The phoneme c has two phonetic variants. One is [ts], which occurs before consonants and in word-final position; the other is [œ], which occurs before vowels. Thus,

27

MAJOR SOUND CHANGES

c â

8

[ts] / _ C, #

, [œ] /

_V

> 2

Examples are as follows: capaat [œFpaat] ‘woman’

cpasaasi [tspFsaasi] ‘Osage Woman’

custit [œustt] ‘old woman’

askuc [Fskuts] ‘prairie dog’

ckuraa®u® [tskuraa®u®] ‘female doctor; nurse’

tiki®ic [tiki®its] ‘it’s watery’

4 Grammatical Overview Skiri is polysynthetic in its structure in that words–primarily verbs–are composed of an unusually large number of meaningful elements (morphemes) that generally in other, non-polysynthetic languages are separate, or independent, words. Most of the categories marked on the Skiri verb are grammatical in nature and include mode, aspect, person, tense, possession, benefaction, and other such categories. Also generally incorporated into the verb is the noun patient of a transitive verb or the noun agent of an intransitive one. Thus in Skiri the verb is the most elaborate, as well as prevalent, word class, and verbs translate into English as either a clause or a sentence8. Nouns constitute the only other word class that allows inflection, but in a very limited manner. Generally a freely occurring verb has at least five morphemes comprising it, but often as many as ten or more morphemes. Those morphemes are tightly bound together by a complex set of phonological rules (presented in chapter 3) that change their forms and thereby “disguise” their underlying forms or identities. Languages of this type, in which morphemes fuse or change their forms to one extent or another when coming together in word building, are often designated as fusional.

Nouns In Skiri there are two types of noun stems, independent and dependent. The independent stem is a noun that stands freely, with or without the nominal absolutive suffix -u® (see below). A dependent stem, in contrast, is one that cannot by itself stand independently as a word. To become a free form it must have a suffix, although generally it occurs only in compounds. Examples of dependent nouns (cited as N-DEP herein) are: siis- ‘sharp, pointed object’: siiski ‘awl’ (< siis- + -kis DIM); siistacara® ‘fork’ (< siis- + -raar PL + taraa ‘be side by side’) asaa- ‘horse; dog’: asaaki ‘dog’ (< asaa- + -kis DIM); asiicapaat ‘mare’ (< asaa+ icapaak ‘woman; female’). The independent form of ‘horse’ is aruusa®. 8. As well as being numerous, the grammatical categories of the verb are largely marked by prefixes. Verbs in this dictionary are listed in their stem form, without inflectional affixes. Hence when the user looks up an inflected verb, it is necessary to recognize the prefixes in order to be able to isolate the stem. 29

30

GRAMMATICAL OVERVIEW

Nominal inflection is generally restricted to two categories–case and plurality– but kinship terms are uniquely inflected for inalienable possession (see appendix 2). Derivational affixes are also few in number.

Noun Inflection: Case and Plurality Nouns in Skiri fall into three classes on the basis of their inflectional marking. There are two cases, instrumental (‘with, using’) and locative (‘in, on, at; among’). Plural number is also marked for some nouns. Instrumental case is marked on all nouns–or at least on all those where it is semantically appropriate–by the suffix hiri®. One class of nouns also uses -hiri® to mark locative case, as in iksiri® ‘by hand; on the hand’. These nouns, which are mostly body part terms, mark plural number with the suffix -raar-, which occurs after the noun stem and before -hiri®, as in ikstaariri® ‘with the hands; on the hands’. Other classes of nouns have no special marking for plural, and mark locative case by either -ru or -kat (table 4). Table 4. Skiri Case and Number Suffixes Noun Class

Plural Marking

Case Suffixes

Body Part Terms

-raar- PL

-hiri® INST/LOC

Tribal and Geographical Names

Ø

-ru LOC

Other Nouns

Ø

-kat LOC -hiri® INST

In addition to its productive uses as instrumental and body-part locative, -hiri® also occurs with a small set of noun stems, again primarily body part terms, to derive their independent forms; i.e., the locative form of these nouns is also the independent form, even though independent nouns are usually derived with the nominal absolutive suffix -u® (see below). Examples of locative forms serving also as absolutive forms are askatahciri® ‘sole (of the foot)’ and riitiri® ‘small of the back’. The suffix -ru ‘among, in the country/territory of’ forms the locative of tribal names and at least one state name. Examples are sahiiru ‘in Cheyenne country’ (< sahii ‘Cheyenne’); pasaasiru ‘among the Osages; in Osage territory’ (< pasaasi ‘Osage’); and tiksastu ‘in Texas’ (< English Texas). A variant of -ru is -wiru, which occurs with many names, usually ones ending in the vowel a, as uukaahpaawiru ‘among the Quapa’ (< uukahpaa ‘Quapaw’) and riihitawiru ‘among the Ponca’ (< riihita ‘Ponca’). The locative suffix -kat generally translates as ‘in, on’ but with animate nouns it frequently translates as ‘among’; e.g., akahkat ‘on the dwelling’ (< akar- + -kat); asaakat ‘among the horses’ (< asaa- ‘horse’ + -kat).

31


Noun Derivation There are five derivational affixes in Skiri, two of which do not add new semantic content to noun stems, but serve only to form independent nouns. The other three, one a suffix and two prefixes, do add content. These affixes are given in table 5. Table 5. Nominal Derivational Affixes Category

Skiri

Translation

Example

Nominal Absolutive (NOM)

-u®

No translation

iksu® ‘hand’ < iks- ‘hand’ + -u®

Diminutive (DIM)

-kis

‘small N’; no trans.

asaaki ‘dog’ < asaa- ‘dog; horse’ + -kis DIM; riiciki ‘knife’ < riici- ‘knife’ + kis DIM

Augmentative (AUG)

-kusu®

‘large, big’

wiitakusu® ‘large man’ < wiita ‘man’ + kusu® ‘big’

‘covering’

-kuuku®u®

‘covering’

pakskuuku®u® ‘hat; headwear’ < paks- ‘head’ + -kuuku- ‘covering’ + -u® NOM

Feminine (FEM)

c-

‘female’

ckuraa®u® < c- FEM + kuraa- ‘doctor’ + -u® NOM

Verbs The basic component of active verb stems is the root, usually a monosyllabic but sometimes a di- or tri-syllabic morpheme. In Skiri there are approximately one hundred such roots, and consequently the vast majority of active verb stems are derived forms. Stems are formed by the addition of verbal prefixes; by compounding locative, descriptive, or noun stems, and combinations of those elements to verb roots; and by combining preverbs with roots and stems. The root hak ‘to pass, go by’, for example, has hundreds of different stems based on it, and the root at ‘to go’ has even more. Other roots generally have a smaller but nevertheless large number of derived stems. Many active and passive verb stems in Skiri are discontinuous stems, in which the stem base is preceded by a preverb, a monosyllabic morpheme that occurs among the inner prefixes preceding the stem base but is usually not contiguous with it. There are three preverbs in Skiri: ir-/a-, uur- and ut-. Each of them is identical in form to grammatical prefixes that have other functions (see below), but when they occur as parts of stems they do not have any tangible meaning. Example: wiitatiiksa® ‘I have come’ < wii- ‘now’ + ta- IND.1/2.A + t- 1.A + ir- PREV + uks- AOR + a ‘come’ + -Ø PERF

32


The stem in the preceding form is a (ir-...) ‘to come’, and in it the preverb ir- (which has contracted with the aorist prefix uks-) has no independent meaning that relates to the activity of coming. Similarly, the root a has no independent meaning of ‘come’. In the following example the stem is the discontinuous form hiir (uur . . .) ‘be good; be good-looking’ and, as with a in the preceding example, the stem base hiir has no independent meaning. tuuricaahiksii ‘he is a good-looking person’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + uur- PREV+ icaahiks- ‘person’ + hiir- ‘be good; be good-looking’ + -Ø PERF wiitatuuhaaka ‘we have done that’ < wii- ‘now’ + ta- IND.1/2.A + t- 1.A + utPREV + raak- 1/2.P.A/P + aar ‘do’ + -Ø PERF The preverb ut- is identical in form to the benefactive/dative ut-, and when a verb such as ‘to do’ has a benefactive patient, the benefactive is expressed by the sequence ir . . .ri . . .ut-, where the agentive possessive prefix ir- and the physical possessive prefix ri- combine with ut-, as in, tatiriitaa ‘I did it for him’ < ta- IND.1/2.A + t- 1.A + ir- A.POSS + ri- PHY.POSS + ut- P.POSS + aar ‘do’ + -Ø

Verbs: Classes and Major Constituents There are four major classes of verb stems, each characterized by distinctive inflectional properties: • •

•

•

active verbs, both transitive and intransitive; passive (or stative) verbs,9 which generally describe actions that befall people, who have no control over that action, and so what is interpretively an agent (or subject) pronoun is grammatically a patient (or object) pronoun; descriptive verbs, which in general are the equivalent of adjectives in English–that is, English constructions comprising the copular verb ‘to be’ followed by an adjective; locative verbs, which usually describe a location and are the equivalent of English constructions of the verb ‘to be’ followed by a preposition or prepositional phrase.

Inflectional Prefixes Verbal prefixes fall into two groups: a large inner group whose members are more closely bound phonologically to one another and to the verb, and an outer group whose members are more loosely bound to the verb complex and can be classed more properly as proclitics, although most cannot occur independently. 9. What are here designated passive verbs are more generally termed stative verbs in other languages. Since Skiri does not have a prototypical passive voice and these verbs describe actions that befall subjects (who have no control over an event and are literally passive), and since there is another construction in Skiri that is more appropriately termed stative, the term passive seems most appropriate for this class of verbs.

33


The positions of the major inflectional constituents of the Skiri verb are portrayed in table 6.

Table 6. Major Positions in the Inflected Verb Verb Proclitics

Prefixes + Preverbs

Incorporated Noun

(Outer Prefixes)

(Inner Prefixes)

(Agent/Patient)

STEM

Suffixes

Inner Prefixes The inner prefixes, like all verbal affixes, have a fixed position relative to one another. The inner prefixes include the following grammatical and semantic categories. (Numbers and categories in bold in the following table indicate the minimally required elements in a fully formed verb.) Table 7. The Inner Prefix Template 9 EVIDENTIALS

10 MODALS

12

13

14

AGENT

INCLUSIVE

AGENT PL,

EVIDENTIAL

PRONOUNS,

PRONOUNS

AGENT POSS,

11

OBVIATIVE

PREVERB

15

16

17

18

19

20

PATIENT

INFINITIVE

PHYSICAL

AGENT POSS,

RESULTATIVE/

AORIST,

PRONOUNS

MODAL

POSSESSION

BENEFACTIVE,

SEQUENTIAL

JUSSIVE

PREVERB

21

22

23

24

25

26

ADVERBIALS

AGENT PL,

PATIENT PL,

INDIV AGT PL,

NOUN ± PL

STEM

POSS PL,

PATIENT PL

PATIENT PL

INDIR PAT PL

Mode. Every verb must be inflected for mode. There are nine non-subordinate (or independent) and four subordinate modes [table 7:10], one of which, the infinitive, is discontinuous [table 7:16]. Independent modes include the indicative, negative indicative, assertive, contingent, potential, absolutive, subjunctive, and infinitive,

34


while subordinate modes are the conditional, gerundial, subjunctive, and infinitive. The forms of the modal prefixes and their functions are given in table 8. Table 8. Modal Prefixes: Forms and Functions Mode

Subordinate/ Non-subordinate

Form(s)

Function(s)

Indicative IND

Non-subordinate

ta- 1/2.A ti- 3.A

• Statements • Directive statements

Negative Indicative

Non-subordinate

kaakaa- 1/2.A kaaki- 3.A

• Negative statements • Negative directive statements

Assertive ASSR

Non-subordinate

rii-

• Emphatic statements • Directive statements • Demonstration, presentation statements

Contingent CONT

Non-subordinate

i- 1/2.A ri- 3.A

• Future, resultative statements • Sequential statements • Mild imperative statements, requests

Potential POT

Non-subordinate

kuus ... i- 1/3.A kaas ... i- 2.A

• Future statements • Statements of possibility, potentiality, probability

Absolutive ABS

Non-subordinate

ra-

• Interrogative statements • Statements in narration • Demonstrative statements

Subjunctive (Optative) SUBJ

Non-subordinate

aa- 1/2.A ii- 3.A

Statements of wish, desire

Infinitive (Admonitive) INF

Non-subordinate

ra . . . ku-

Directive statements

Contingent (Conditional) CONT

Subordinate

i- 1/2.A ri- 3.A

Conditional, contingent statements

Absolutive (Gerundial) ABS

Subordinate

ra-

• Subordinate statements • Gerundial forms

Subjunctive SUBJ

Subordinate

aa- 1/2.A ii- 3.A

Unrealized, hypothetical, contrary to fact statements

Infinitive INF

Subordinate

ra . . . ku-

• Complement statements after verbs of wishing, thinking, feeling • Subordinate statements • Directive statements

NEG.IND

35


Person and number. Pronominal agent and patient prefixes occur immediately following the modal prefixes [table 7:11, 12, 15]. Skiri distinguishes two persons–first and second–as well as three numbers–singular, dual, and plural. In both the dual and plural numbers there is a further distinction between inclusive (including the person spoken to) and exclusive (excluding the person spoken to) [table 7:11-12, 15]. There is, in addition, an obviative (OBV) prefix ir- that designates an indefinite third-person agent or a reversal in third-person agent and patient [table 7:13]. Table 9. Pronominal Prefixes Person

Agent

Patient

1st

t-

ku-

2nd

s-

a-

Obviative

ir-

Dual inclusive

acir-

Plural inclusive

a-

aca-

Singular number is unmarked in Skiri verbs. Dual number for both agent and patient is marked by the prefix si- DU, which precedes the modal prefix [table 12:6]. Plurality, in contrast, is represented by several morphemes (table 7:13, 22-24): • • •

•

first and second person agents in active, descriptive, and locative verbs take rak-; third person plural agents that are a group or single entity in active intransitive, descriptive, and locative verbs take the collective plural prefix ir-; third person plural agents that are individuals acting or existing separately in active intransitive, descriptive, and locative verbs take the individuative plural prefix raar-; third person agents of active transitive verbs are marked by the combination siDU and ir- COLL.PL

In active intransitive, descriptive, and locative verbs there is a marked distinction between collective and non-collective plural agents, as in, tiiraspaatasit ‘they (COLL) set out’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + ir- 3.P.COLL.A + aspaatasik ‘set out’ + -Ø PERF; tiraaraspaatasit ‘they (INDV) set out’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + raar- 3.P.INDV.A + aspaatasik ‘set out’ + -Ø PERF; and in many transitive verbs there are separate prefixes that distinguish animate and inanimate third-person plural objects, as in, taharaspi ® ‘I looked for them (inanimate objects)’ < ta- IND.1/2.A + t- 1.A + raar- 3.INAN.P + raspii ‘look for’ + -Ø PERF; cp. taataktaraspi® ‘I looked for

36


them (individual animate objects)’ < ta- IND.1/2.A+ t- 1.A + ak- 3.AN.P + raar- 3.P.INDV.A + raspii ‘look for’ + -Ø PERF Table 10. Plural Prefixes Person

Active transitive

Active

Passive

Descriptive

Locative

rak-

rak-

ir- COLL

ir- COLL

ir- COLL

raar- INDV

raar- INDV

raar- INDV

intransitive 1st, 2nd

rak-

rak- COLL rak- + raar-

AGENT

INDV

3rd

1st, 2nd

si...ir-

rak-

rak-

ak- AN

PATIENT 3

rd

raar- INAN

ir- . . . ak-

ak- + raar- AN INDV

Possession. Both subject and object possession are marked by either single prefixes or combinations of prefixes. There is a distinction between regular and partitive possession, and between simple subject ownership and actual subject physical possession. Independent possessive constructions, which are gerundial forms of the verb ‘to be one’s’ and serve as modifiers of nouns, are rarely used. •

ir . . . uk [+ ku-] ‘agent possessor’ (A.POSS) The construction that forms agent possession is ordinarily preceded by the proclitic ku- ‘indefinite’ [table 12:2] followed by the prefix ir- (first and second agent) or a- (third person agent) [table 7:13] and the verb stem uk ‘be, exist’ [table 7:26], as in the following example, kutakawirahu® ‘he owns that acre’ < ku- INDF + ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + aA.POSS + kawirahur ‘be an acre’ + uk ‘be, exist’ + -Ø PERF

•

ir . . . ri . . . uur- ‘physical agent possessor’ (PHY.POSS) These three prefixes [table 7:13, 17, 18], when occurring with active verb stems designating positions and with certain locative and descriptive stems, translate as ‘have, possess’, as in, taruuraarit ‘he has it, possess it (something standing)’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + a- A.POSS + ri- PHY.POSS + uur- P.POSS + arik ‘be standing’ + -Ø PERF tatiriiriikstahka ‘he keeps his arrows in it’ < ta- IND.1/2A + t- 1.A + irA.POSS + ri- PHY.POSS + uur- P.POSS + riiks- ‘arrow’ + raar- PL + ka ‘be in’ + -Ø PERF

37


•

uur- ‘patient possession’ (PHY.POSS). This morpheme occurs when someone other than the agent of the verb possesses a noun [table 7:18]. The pronominal patient occurring with the verb specifies the possessor. Illustrating its use is the following: tatuuhkuutit aruusa® ‘I killed your horse’ < ta- IND.1/2.A + t- 1.A +a- 2.P + uur- PHY.POSS + kuutik ‘kill’ + -Ø PERF

Benefaction. The morpheme ut- ‘benefactive; dative’ (BEN/DAT) marks a dative patient with non-discontinuous transitive verb stems [table 7:18], as in, tatuutakusit ‘I picked it up for them’ < ta- IND.1/2.A + t- 1.A + ut- BEN + ak- PL.BEN + kusik ‘pick up’ + -Ø PERF Evidentials. Members of this category convey a speaker’s source of information or judgment of the validity of a statement, making explicit the kind of evidence supporting it [table 7:9, 14]. The five evidentials in Skiri are presented in table 11. Table 11. Evidential Prefixes: Meanings and Distributions Evidential

Approximate gloss

Co-occurring modes

Position relative to modal

Usage contexts

Meaning

wi- QUOT

‘it is said’

Indicative

Precedes

Narratives, discourse

Speaker is repeating what has been told

ar- EV

‘evidently; it seems’

Absolutive Contingent

Precedes

Past activity or one begun

Speaker has not witnessed an event Speaker cannot see a designated object

Absolutive Contingent Potential Subjunctive

Follows

Unrealized activity

Speaker will not witness an event

ar- EV

ar- EV

‘would’ +V

Indicative Infinitive

Follows

Periodic past activity, usu. indef. time

Speaker describes an expected or normative activity

kuur- DUB.1

‘must have’ + V

Absolutive

Precedes

Narratives, accounts

Speaker has not witnessed an event Statement indicates element of doubt

kuurur- DUB.2

‘then (presumably)’ + V

Contingent

Precedes

Sequential activity in narratives

Speaker has not witnessed an event Statement indicates element of doubt

tiir- INFR

‘must have’ + V

Absolutive

Precedes

Narratives, conversations

Speaker infers occurrence of event

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Examples of verb forms with evidential prefixes are the following: witi®itat ‘there was a village’ < wi- QUOT + ti- IND+ Ø- 3.A + itak ‘be a village’ + -Ø PERF kuuhasuutiirit aruusa® ‘you must have seen the horse’ < kuur- DUB.1 + raABS + Ø- 3.A + ut- PREV + iirik ‘see’ + -Ø PERF kusaahkikat ‘he might cry (at some future time when speaker will not see it)’ < kuus- POT.1/3.A+ Ø- 3.A + i- SEQ + ar- EV + kikak ‘cry’ + -Ø PERF Tense. As a grammatical category, tense is little developed in Skiri. Most verb forms are not marked for tense and translate temporally as either past or present or sometimes future. The potential mode and intentive aspect frequently translate into English as a future tense, but their meanings are wider than that. The one tense prefix is an aorist that is optionally used to indicate past time [table 7:20]. Its form is uks-, the same as the jussive prefix. tatuksat ‘I went’ < ta- IND.1/2.A + t- 1.A + uks- AOR + at ‘go’ + -Ø PERF; cp. taatat ‘I went’ < ta- IND.1/2.A + t- 1.A + at ‘go’ + -Ø PERF tiihatuksitkaspaawaa ‘I must have been eating in my sleep’ < tiir- INFR + raABS + t- 1.A + uks- AOR + itkas ‘sleep’ + waawa- DIST + a ‘eat’ + -Ø PERF Exhortation. There are many constructions that are used to form commands and requests of varying degrees of urgency. •

The most common, and strongest, comprises the contingent mode and the jussive prefix uks- [7:20], which is identical in shape to the aorist prefix. It is a simple imperative that forms commands and is inflected for all personal agents. Examples are: sukskirika®aa ‘wake up!’ < i- CONT.1/2.A+ s- 2.A + uks- JUSS + kirika®aar ‘wake up’ + -Ø PERF ciksuhuurawaciruutit ‘let’s go outside now!’ < i- CONT.1/2.A + acir1.DU.IN.A + uks- JUSS + uhuur- ‘finally’ + awacitik ‘go outside’ + ruu- DIST + -Ø PERF

•

Almost as common in usage as the preceding construction is the use of the contingent mode, often preceded by the hortatory (HORT) proclitic ki- [table 12:8]. It is a milder imperative that expresses exhortation, as in ruukiitat ‘let me go there’ < ruu- ‘there’ + ki- HORT + i- CONT.1/2.A + t1.A + at ‘go’ + -Ø PERF ki®itiksuhuuhkaa® ‘let me dance now’ < ki- HORT + i- CONT.1/2.A+ t- 1.A + ir- PREV + uks- JUSS + uhuur- ‘at last’ + kaa®a ‘dance’ + -Ø PERF


Ki®isukskuutiirit cikstit. ‘Take a good look at me!’ < ki- HORT + i- CONT. 1/2.A+ s- 2.A + uks- JUSS + ku- 1.P + ut- PREV + iirik ‘see, look at’ + -Ø PERF

•

Frequently the potential mode is used to admonish someone, as in pahiitu® kaasikaa ‘you must be quiet inside (there)’ < pahiit- quiet; slow’ + -u® NOM kaas- POT.2.A + s- 2.A + i- SEQ + kaa ‘inside’ + aah ‘go around’ + -Ø PERF

•

Directives or instructions are expressed by the indicative, negative indicative, and assertive modes with third person singular agent [table 7:10]. They are used, for example, when explaining to someone what one does in a certain situation or context or when telling someone how to make something. kaakiiraakii ‘don’t be long’ < kaaki- NEG.IND + Ø- 3.A + i- SEQ + raakiir ‘be a long time’ + -Ø PERF kariiriiraakii ‘don’t be long!’ < karii- EMPH.NEG + rii- ASSR + Ø- 3.A + iSEQ + raakiir ‘be a long time’ + -Ø PERF Aaka, a raakutikuriiciwactaawii®at. ‘Oh, you should help me!’ < . . . a ‘and’ + raa- ‘just’ + ku- INDF + ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + a- PREV + ku- 1.P + riPHY.BEN + ut- PREV + i- SEQ + awahc- ‘at least’ + raawii’at ‘help’ + -Ø PERF

•

The subordinate form of the infinitive mode with a third person agent is often used to implore, entreat, or admonish a person, as when urging someone to take a certain course of action or to refrain from certain behavior [table 7:10, 16]. Examples: kararakuukiikahu ‘don’t be drinking,’ as when admonishing a person < kara- NEG + ra- INF.A + Ø- 3.A + ku- INF.B + i- SEQ + kiikaa ‘drink’ + -hus IMPF

Taku rakuukaksa rakuracakipiitit capaat. ‘Someone (should) call out for the women to gather!’ < ra- INF.A + Ø- 3.A + ku- INF.B + i- SEQ + kaksa ‘call out’ + -Ø SUB.4 Adverbials. Occurring after all prefixes except those for subject and object number and before the verb stem are two adverbial morphemes, uhuur- ‘now, finally; a while’ and awahc- ‘even, at least’ [table 7:21]. An example is: tuksuhuuhwiitit ‘let me sit down a while!’ < i- CONT.1/2.A + t- 1.A + uksJUSS + uhuur- ‘a while’ + wiitik ‘sit down’ + -Ø PERF

39

40


Outer Prefixes (Proclitics) The outer prefixes in Skiri are more properly designated as proclitics, since they are attached more loosely to the verb–that is, most do not generally undergo phonological processes that fuse them to one another or to the verb complex–but yet they are not independent morphemes. Table 12. The Outer Prefix, or Proclitic, Template 1

2

3

4

LOC & TEMP ADVERBIALS

INDEFINITE

ADVERBIALS

DEMONSTRATIVES / DEICTICS

5

6

7

8

ADVERBIAL

DUAL (PL) NUMBER

REFLEXIVE / RECIPROCAL

NEGATIVES, YES/NO INTERROG

There are five categories represented by proclitics, as follows. &

Reflexive and reciprocal (REFL). A single prefix witi- marks reflexive and reciprocal agents/patients [table 12:7], as in the following examples: wititaatacikstariku ‘I keep my thoughts to myself’ < witi- REFL + taIND.1/2.A + t- 1.A + acikstarikus ‘hold one’s thoughts (to oneself)’ + -Ø PERF si®ahawicka® siwitirakuutiirit ‘they (DU) wanted to see each other’ < si- DU + ar- EV + ra- ABS + Ø- 3.A + wicka ‘wish, want’ + -Ø PERF si- DU + witiREFL + ra- INF.A + Ø - 3.A + ku- INF.B + ut- PREV + iirik ‘see’ + -Ø PERF

&

Negatives. Although there is a negative indicative mode that parallels the indicative mode, other modes, including the indicative, require or optionally use one of several negative prefixes that precede them [table 7:8]. The negative prefixes, together with meaning and modal co-occurrence restrictions, are given in table 13. Table 13. Negative Prefixes

Negative Prefix

Function

Modal Co-occurrences

Simple negative

Indicative (+ wi- QUOT), Contingent, Absolutive, Conditional, Subjunctive, Infinitive

kara- (NEG.1) ka- (NEG.2)

Absolutive, Gerundial, Infinitive

kaaku- (NEG.POSS)

Negative possession

Subjunctive (non-subordinate)

karii . . . i(EMPH.NEG)

Emphatic negative

Assertive, Contingent, Absolutive

41


Interrogatives. There are six interrogative proclitics [table 12:8] that translate as, for example, ‘who’, ‘when’, ‘where’, ‘how many’, as well as form ‘yes-no’ questions. The two ‘yes-no’ interrogatives are more closely bound to the verb than are the other four forms. Those forms, together with modal co-occurrence restrictions, are presented in table 14.

•

Table 14. Interrogative Pronouns

&

Interrogative Pronoun

English Translation

ka-

yes-no question

ka- . . . i-

negative yes-no questions

takii

‘who’

kirikii, kikii

‘what, why, how’

kickii

‘how many’

kiruu

‘where’

Modal Agreement

Absolutive mode

Adverbials. There are several adverbial proclitics that serve as introductory or transitional elements (translating as ‘then’, ‘and so’) and as temporal anchors (‘now’, ‘then’) [table 12:3, 5]. The most common are the following:

wii- ‘now; when’; also translates as English present perfective aspect, ‘have + -ed participle’ wiitahurahwiica® ‘it is getting close now; it has come close now’ < wii- ‘now’ + ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + a- PREV + huraah- ‘land’ + wiic- ‘moving close to a point’ + a ‘come’ + -Ø PERF wiirakuhuraahkiwatat ‘when the season changes’ < wii- ‘when’ + ra- INF.A + Ø- 3.A + ku- INF.B + huraar- ‘earth’ + kiwatak ‘change’ + -Ø SUB.4 kawiirasiira® ‘have you come (i.e., arrived)?’ < ka- INTER + wii- ‘now’ + raABS + s- 2.A + ir- PREV + a ‘come’ + -Ø PERF ruu- ‘then; there’ ruu®ahiwaku® ‘then he said’ < ruu- ‘then’ + ar- EV + ri- CONT.3.A + Ø- 3.A + waka®u ‘say’ + -Ø PERF wiiruutisakuriisat ‘then the sun set’ < wii- ‘now’ + ruu- ‘then’ + ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + sakur- ‘sun’ + iis- ‘out of sight’ + at ‘go’ + -Ø PERF raa- ‘just’ raaruutikitaarit pah ‘the moon was just on top’ < raa- ‘just’ + ruu- ‘then’ + ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + kitaarik ‘be standing on top’ + -Ø PERF

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iriruu- ‘thereupon’ iriruuriiwu® ‘thereupon they went’ < iriruu- ‘thereupon’ + rii- ASSR + Ø3.A + wuu ‘go PL.3.A’ + -Ø PERF &

Deictics. Finally there is a class of five deictics that indicate both temporal and spatial location [table 12:4]. They appear individually and in combinations. The most common ones are the following:

tii- ‘this; here’ tii®ahahaacca ‘a log was lying here’ < tii- ‘here’ + ar- EV + ra- ABS + Ø- 3.A + haak- ‘wood’ + sa ‘be lying’ + -Ø PERF ii- ‘that; there’ iiraa®a ‘when he came’ < ii- ‘then; when’ + ra- ABS + Ø- 3.A + a- PREV + a ‘come’ + -Ø SUB.4 iirahaacca ‘that log (lying)’ < ii- ‘that’ + ra- ABS + Ø- 3.A + haak- ‘wood’ + sa ‘be lying’ + -Ø SUB.4 iri- ‘that (generalized)’ indicates that an object is located at an unspecified distance in space or time from the speaker, but is basically neutral to that distance. iriwiitaasasaa ‘you are named that’ < iri- ‘that’ + wii- ‘now’ + ta- IND.1/2.A + s- 2.A + asaar ‘be named’ + Ø ‘be’ iriwiituraahi ‘that is good’ < iri- ‘that’ + wii- ‘now’ + ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + uur- PREV + raahiir ‘be good’ + -Ø PERF irii- ‘what, where’ ituuhaarikaa® iriiraskuutaara ‘I’ll tell you what to do’ < i- CONT.1/2.A + t1.A + a- 2.P + ir- PREV + ut- PREV + raarikaa®a ‘to tell to’ + -Ø PERF irii®ahaarasika icaas ‘where he cooked Turtle’ < irii- ‘where’ + ar- EV + raABS + Ø- 3.A + arasik ‘cook’ + -a SUB.1 tii®iriirasku ‘here where you are’ < tii- ‘here’ + irii- ‘where’ + ra- ABS + s2.A + kus ‘be sitting’ + -Ø SUB.4 riku- ‘the one that/who; what’ riku®ahi® ‘he was the one; that was the one’ < riku- ‘the one that’ + ar- EV + ri- CONT.3.A + Ø ‘be’ + -Ø PERF hii- ‘other’ hiiraasa ‘the other one (lying)’ < hii- ‘other’ + ra- ABS + sa ‘be lying’ + -Ø SUB.4 tiihiiraa®a ‘this other one who came’ < tii- ‘this’ + hii- ‘other’ + ra- ABS + Ø- 3.A + a- PREV + a ‘come’ + -Ø SUB.4


Noun Incorporation In addition to the prefixes discussed above, Skiri generally incorporates nouns that are the agents of intransitive verbs and the patients of transitive verbs [table 7:25]. Among the nouns that typically incorporate rather than appear in independent form in sentences are those for body parts and body products, natural phenomena, foods, and cultural products. Examples are: • • • •

body parts and body products; e.g., hand, head, etc.; tears, sweat, urine, etc.; voice, word; natural phenomena, such as land, water, sun, moon, road; foods, such as meat, soup, meal; and cultural products, such as dwelling, village; moccasin, rope, pipe.

An incorporated noun drops the nominal suffix of its independent form; i.e., -u®, -kis, etc. (see above). If the noun referent is dual, the prefix si- DU occurs in its normal position at the beginning of the verb complex, and if it is plural, the suffix raar- PL immediately follows the incorporated noun stem. Examples are: siwituksakitaahku ‘there were two tribes’ < si- DU + wi- QUOT + ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + uks- AOR + akitaar- ‘tribe’ + kus ‘be sitting’ + -Ø PERF ahikiistacakipu ‘he gathered the bones’ < ar- EV + ri- CONT.3.A + Ø- 3.A + kiis- ‘bone’ + raar- PL + takipuh ‘gather’ + -Ø PERF iiwiirasakuriisata ‘as the sun set’ < ii- ‘when’ + wii- ‘now’ + ra- ABS + Ø3.A + sakur- ‘sun’ + iisat ‘go out of sight; set’ + -a SUB.1 riihiikakuspihat ‘I moved the door flap aside’ < rii- ASSR + t- 1.A + riikakus- ‘door flap’ + wihak ‘move aside’ + -Ø PERF Nouns that ordinarily do not incorporate are the following: • • • • •

personal names of individuals and tribes; geographical names; kinship terms; personal nouns, such as man, woman, etc.; animal names, such as bear, deer, dog;

There are, however, exceptions to many of the preceding and related classes of terms. For example: tuuricaahiksii ‘he is a good-looking person’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + uur- PREV + icaahiks ‘person’ + hiir ‘be good looking’ + -Ø PERF

43

44


iriiruurakuurahuraaru ‘whatever the kind of animal was,’ that is, ‘all kinds of animals’ < irii- ‘the one’ + ruu- ‘there’ + ra- INF.A + Ø- 3.A + ku- INF.B + i- SEQ + rahuraar- ‘animal’ + -u SUB.D Verb Stems Table 15. The Verb Stem Template 1. Iterative

raar-, ka- ITER

2. Noun

3. Descriptive

4. Portative/

5. Locative

Stem

Comitative

awi- ‘image’

kasis ‘hard’

ri-, ra-, ruu- PORT

ka- ‘on’

wak- ‘sound’

tarahkis ‘strong’

cir-, ciras- COM

kaa- ‘inside’

6. Active Verb Complement

7. Verb Root

8. Causative

kiikak ‘drink’ + -his PERF

at ‘go’

-rik, -ra®uk

Suffixes Only two categories are marked by suffixes: aspect and subordination. Active and stative verbs occur in one of two basic aspects, perfective and imperfective. There are five other aspects that are built on one or both of these basic aspects: an intentive, which indicates that something is going to happen); a habitual, which indicates that something regularly happens); and an inchoative, which indicates that something is beginning to happen). All verbs occur in both independent and subordinate forms. Independent forms do not take a suffix, whereas subordinate forms do take one. Each of the major classes of verbs is, in part, defined by its distinctive subordinate suffix, which defines its class. Descriptive stems, for example, take the subordinate suffix -u, while locative verbs take the suffix -wi. Active and stative verbs, in contrast, belong to one of four subclasses, of which two are marked by different vowel suffixes, one by a final-syllable stress change, and one by the lack of a suffix. Table 16. Verb Suffix Template 25

26

27

28

PERFECTIVE,

INTENTIVE,

INTENTIVE SUBORDINATE

VERB

PERFECTIVE SUBORDINATE,

HABITUAL,

IMPERFECTIVE,

INCHOATIVE

STEM

IMPERFECTIVE SUBORDINATE

45


Aspect and Subordination: Active and Passive Verbs The aspect and subordination suffixes for active and passive verbs are given in their positions of occurrence in table 17. Table 17. Suffixes for Aspect and Subordination Categories

Suffixes

Perfective/

Non-Intentive/Intentive

Non-Subordinate/

Imperfective

Habitual/Inchoative

Subordinate

Perfective

Non-intentive

Non-subordinate

-Ø /- ® -his (when incorporated)

Subordinate

Intentive

Imperfective

Non-intentive

Class I

-a

Class II

-i

Class III

final syllable change

Class IV

-Ø

Non-subordinate

-his + -ta

Subordinate

-his + -ta + -rit

Non-subordinate

-:hu® -:hus (when incorporated)

Intentive

Inchoative

Habitual

•

Subordinate

-hu

Non-subordinate

-:hus + -ta

â -:husta

Subordinate

-hus + -ta +-rit

â -hustarit

Non-subordinate

-:hus + -itik

â -:husitit

Subordinate

-hus + -itik

â -husitit

Non-subordinate

-:hus + -uuku®

â -:husuuku®

Subordinate

-hus + -uku

â -husuku

Perfective aspect (PERF), non-subordinate. The perfective aspect, which generally designates a punctual or completed activity, has the form -his, except after a stem-final vowel plus k sequence (i.e., Vk), where it reduces to -s (see phonological rule 3R above). In non-subordinate perfective verb forms, where this aspect is in final position (i.e., where there is no following suffix), -his does not occur. If the stem ends in a consonant, there is no overt marking for this

46


independent perfective form; but if it ends in a vowel, a glottal stop occurs after the vowel. If the perfective form of the verb has the intentive suffix (-ta INT) following it or if the perfective form of the verb is compounded with a following stem, -his does occur. Examples are: tihuras ‘he found it’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + huras ‘find’ + -Ø PERF; cp. tihurasista ‘he is going to find it’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + huras ‘find’ + -his PERF + -ta INT tikikat ‘he cried’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + kikak ‘cry’ + -Ø PERF; cp. tikikaksta ‘he is going to cry’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + kikak ‘cry’ + -his PERF + -ta INT; takikaksa® ‘he came crying’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + a- PREV.3.A + kikak ‘cry’ + -his PERF + a ‘come’ + -Ø PERF •

Perfective aspect, subordinate (SUB). In active and passive verbs, however, subordinate perfective forms are marked in one of three ways: by one of two overt vowel suffixes, by a final-syllable change, or by no overt marking (i.e., -Ø ). Which subordinating suffix a verb takes is unpredictable, and so each active and passive verb stem belongs to one of four classes, each of which is defined by its subordinate perfective marker. These classes are given in table 14. Class 1: raskuhisaaska ‘for you to call him’ < ra- INF.A + s- 2.A + ku- INF.B + hisaask ‘call’ + -a SUB.1 Class 2: ratkuhurasi ‘for me to find him’ < ra- INF.A + t- 1.A + ku- INF.B + huras ‘find’ + -i SUB.2 A subclass of Class 2 verbs comprises the small set of verbs called i-stems, which have a stem-final vowel i that occurs in imperfective forms but not in perfective ones. In the base form of these stems that i is indicated by a stem-final -i, as in as-i (uur...) ‘to run’ and itk-i (ut...) ‘to dream about’. The principal parts of an i-stem are illustrated as follows: uc-i ‘to be lying’: uc ‘be lying’ PERF; ucista ‘is going to lie’ PERF.INT; uci ‘be lying’ SUB.2; uciihu® ‘be lying’ IMPF; uciihusta ‘is going to be lying’ IMPF.INT; ucihu ‘be lying’ IMPF.SUB Class 3: tiru® ‘he made it’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + ra®uk ‘make’ + -Ø PERF; wiirara®u ‘when he made it’ < wii- ‘now’ + ra- ABS + Ø- 3.A + ra®uk ‘make’ + SUB.3 Class 4: iriirakikat ‘where he cried’ < irii- ‘where’ + ra- ABS + Ø- 3.A + kikak ‘cry’ + -Ø SUB.4

•

Imperfective aspect (IMPF), non-subordinate: -:hus. The imperfective aspect denotes an uncompleted activity or one in progress–i.e., one that expresses an action without denoting a beginning or end. In non-subordinate verbs the form


of the imperfective is -:hus, where the colon preceding -:hus represents lengthening of the preceding, stem-final vowel. Here, too, the final s of -:hus is dropped when this suffix is the last element in a word, but is retained when -ta INT or any other morpheme immediately follows it. Examples: tikacaaku® ‘he is cutting it’ < ti- IND + Ø - 3.A + kacak ‘cut, chop’ + -:hus IMPF; cp. tikacat ‘he cut it’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + kacak ‘cut’ + -Ø PERF tikiikaahu® ‘he is drinking it’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + kiikaa ‘drink’ + -:hus IMPF; cp. tikiikaahusta ‘he is going to be drinking it’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + kiikaa ‘drink’ + -:hus IMPF + -ta INT; Taraha® Takiikaahusa® ‘Buffalo Comes to Drink’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + a- PREV+ kiikaa ‘drink’ + -:hus IMPF + a ‘come’ + -Ø PERF •

Imperfective aspect (IMPF), subordinate: -hus. The form of the imperfective in subordinate verb forms is -hus, the same as the non-subordinate form except that it does not lengthen the preceding stem-final vowel and, when the suffix is wordfinal, the final vowel (i.e., u) of -hus, which becomes -hu in its surface form, is not followed by a glottal stop, as it is in non-subordinate forms. Examples are: raakuraarahu ‘for them to be coming’ < ra- INF.A + Ø- 3.A + a- PREV + kuINF.B + raar- 3.P.INDV.A + a ‘come’ + -hus IMPF.SUB; cp. non-subordinate taraaraahu® ‘they are coming’ iriirakiwaku ‘the one that barked’ < irii- ‘the one’ + ra- ABS + Ø- 3.A + kiwak ‘bark’ + -hus IMPF.SUB; cp. non-subordinate tikiwaaku’ ‘it’s barking’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + kiwak ‘bark’ + -:hus IMPF

•

Intentive aspect (INT), non-subordinate: -ta. The intentive aspect, represented by the form -ta, denotes an activity or state that is expected to occur and differs from a simple future tense in that there is no doubt or potentiality implied. It translates into English most commonly as ‘. . . is going to . . .’ The suffix occurs in both perfective and imperfective forms, illustrated by the following: taturaa®iiwaatista ‘I am going to tell a story’ < ta- IND.1/2.A + t- 1.A + uurPREV + raa®iiwaat ‘tell a story’ + -his PERF + -ta INT iriwiitataraahisaaskusta ‘I am going to be calling you (by a certain kinship term)’ < iri- ‘that’ + wii- ‘now’ + ta- IND.1/2.A + t- 1.A + a- 2.P + raahisaask ‘call, address (by a kin term)’ + -:hus IMPF + -ta INT; cp. iriwiitataraahisaasku® ‘I call you (by a certain kinship term)’

•

Intentive aspect (INT), subordinate: -rit. In subordinate intentive forms, both perfective and imperfective, the intentive suffix -ta is always followed by -rit, which marks the verb as a subordinate form. Its occurrence is illustrated by the following pair of words:

47

48


wiiruuhaasitikstarit ‘when it is going to occur’ < wii- ‘now’ + ri- CONT.3.A + ut- PREV + raasiktik ‘happen, occur’ + -his PERF + -ta INT + -rit INT.SUB; wiiruuhaasitikustarit ‘when it is going to be happening’ < wii- ‘now’ + riCONT.3.A + ut- PREV + raasiktik ‘happen, occur’ + -hus IMPF + -ta INT + -rit INT.SUB •

Inchoative aspect (INCH): -itik. The inchoative aspect denotes an activity that is beginning to occur or is in an inceptive state. It is marked by the suffix -itik, which is always preceded by the imperfective suffix, and is translated into English most commonly as either ‘beginning’ or ‘starting’ an activity. Examples are: tiwaawaktiikusitit ‘he began talking’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + waawaktik ‘talk’ -:hus IMPF + -itik INCH riitapaawarikusitit rikucki ‘I began shooting birds’ < rii- ASSR + t- 1.A + ak3.P.AN.I + waa- DIST + warik ‘shoot at’ + -hus IMPF + -itik INCH

• Habitual aspect (HAB): -uuku®/-uku. The habitual aspect is represented by -uuku®, which always comes immediately after the imperfective aspectual marker. In non-subordinate verbs the habitual has a long vowel uu and there is a glottal stop following the final u, while in subordinate forms there is no final glottal stop and the initial vowel of the morpheme is usually short. The habitual aspect denotes activities that occur customarily or out of habit and are translated into English as ‘used to do’ or ‘usually do’. Examples are: witiicikstaawariihusuuku® rakis ‘they used to gather wood’ < wi- QUOT + tiIND + Ø- 3.A + ir- 3.P.COLL.A+ ut- PREV + i- SEQ + uks- AOR + raawarii ‘gather; go around gathering’ + -hus IMPF + -uuku® HAB; cp. ahicikstaawariihusuku ‘when they went to gather them’ < ar- EV + ri- CONT.3.A + Ø- 3.A + ir- 3.P.COLL.A + ut- PREV + i- SEQ + uks- AOR + raawarii ‘gather; go around gathering’ + -hus IMPF + -uku HAB.SUB ahukspaktikusuku ‘the one who used to announce (i.e., camp crier)’ < ar- EV + ra- ABS + Ø- 3.A + uks- AOR + paktik ‘announce’ + -hus IMPF + -uku HAB.SUB Aspect and Subordination: Descriptive and Locative Verbs The forms for existential and inchoative forms of descriptive and locative verbs differ from those of active and passive verbs, although there is certainly overlap between categories and morphemes. Both classes of verbs make a basic aspectual distinction between existential and inchoative forms, and each of these in turn distinguishes between simple and intentive forms. Inchoative forms of both classes also distinguish between perfective and imperfective forms. Both classes also have separate nonsubordinate and subordinate forms.


Existential Forms: Descriptive Verbs •

Simple existential descriptive forms. The simple existential forms of descriptive verbs comprise a descriptive stem followed by the verb uk ‘to exist, be’, which here functions as an inflectional suffix. In non-subordinate forms uk is a null form when it is word final. There are two classes of descriptive verbs based on their surface forms: Class I descriptive verbs, which are the most numerous, are characterized by a reduplication of the vowel in their final syllable when the forms are non-subordinate. The rule for this reduplication is: Vi(Vi) â Vi(Vi)®Vi / C _ C + uk (+ NON-SUB) tipahaa®at ‘it is red’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + pahaat ‘be red’ + -uk ‘be’; cp. iriirapahaatu ‘the one that is red’ tihuraahtarari®it ‘the ground is burned off’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + huraar‘ground’ + tararit ‘be burned, scorched’ + -uk ‘be’; cp. iriiratarariitu ‘where it is scorched’ Class II descriptive verbs comprise stems that do not undergo the finalsyllable vocalic reduplication that Class I verbs do, illustrated by: tiwaaruksti® ‘he is holy’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + waarukstii ‘be holy’ + -uk ‘be’; cp. rakuwaarukstii®u ‘for one to be holy’ takuctaris ‘the bucket is heavy’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + a- PREV + kuc- ‘bucket’ + taris ‘be heavy’ + -uk ‘be’

•

Intentive existential descriptive verbs. These intentives are formed by suffixing -ta INT to the perfective form of descriptive stems (i.e., STEM + -uk ‘be’ + -his PERF + -ta, which results in STEM + -uksta). The following are examples: tiwakarahiisuksta ‘he is going to have a raspy voice’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + wakarahiis ‘be raspy voiced’ + -uk; ‘be’ + -his PERF + -ta INT tipahaatuksta ‘it is going to be red’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + pahaat ‘be red’ + uk ‘be’ + -his PERF + -ta INT

•

Subordinate existential descriptive verbs. The subordinate form of existential descriptive verbs is represented by the subordinate form of uk ‘to be’, which is -u in word-final position. Examples: iriirapahaatu ‘the one that is red’ < irii- ‘the one’ + ra- ABS + Ø- 3.A + pahaat ‘red’ + -uk SUB.D

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50


iriirawakarahiisu ‘the one who has a raspy voice’ < irii- ‘the one’ + ra- ABS + Ø- 3.A + wakarahiis ‘be raspy voiced’ + -uk SUB.D Inchoative Forms: Descriptive Verbs Descriptive verbs form the inchoative with the suffix -aar ‘become, get’ (which is also an independent verb) and by changing their inflectional class from active to passive. The principal forms of -aar as a suffix for descriptive verbs are: -aar + -Ø -aar + -a -aar + -his + -ta -aar + -i -aar + -i

PERF

â

PERF.SUB

â

PERF.INT

â

IMPF

â

IMPF.SUB

â

-aa -aara -aarista -aari® -aari

Existential Forms: Locative Verbs Locative verbs make the same aspectual distinctions as descriptive verbs. They are distinguished in part by the suffix -wi that occurs on all inflected forms except for the simple non-subordinate. The distinctions and forms expressing them are presented below. •

Simple existential locative forms. Existential locative verbs in non-subordinate forms have no overt marking on the verb. Examples are: tiikita aruusa® ‘he is riding the horse’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + ikita ‘be astride’+ -Ø PERF tikawihaahka ‘the projectile is on (i.e., attached to) the end of the shaft’ < ti+ Ø- 3.A + kawihaar- ‘projectile’ + ka ‘be on’ + -Ø PERF

IND

•

Intentive existential locative verbs. The intentive existential form has the sequence -wi + -his PERF + -ta INT (that becomes -wista) suffixed to the locative stem. Example: tuctiraahawista ‘it is going to be tilted’ < ti- IND + Ø- 3.A + ut- PREV + tiraaha ‘be tilted’ + -wi SUB.L + -his PERF + -ta INT

•

Subordinate existential locative verbs. Subordinate locative verbs take the suffix -wi, as in the following example: rakukatawi ‘to be against’ < ra- INF.A + Ø- 3.A + ku- INF.A + kata ‘be against (a vertical surface)’ + -wi SUB.L

51


Inchoative Forms: Locative Verbs Locative verbs form their five inchoative aspects with the suffixes -wi followed by -itik INCH. This aspect describes an agent that is assuming or changing into the locative state that the stem denotes. -itik + -Ø -itik + -Ø -itik + -his + -ta -itik + -:hus -itik + -hus

PERF

â

PERF.SUB

â

PERF.INT

â

IMPF

â

IMPF.SUB

â

-itit -itit -itiksta -itiiku® -itiku

5 Organization of the Dictionary The dictionary is divided into two major sections: in the first, entries are arranged English-to-Skiri, and in the second, they are arranged Skiri-to-English. The English-toSkiri section appears first since most users will not be Skiri speakers and will presumably use that section more than the Skiri-to-English one. Nevertheless, in order to maximize ease of use of the dictionary for diverse purposes, entries in both sections contain the same information.

General Conventions for Citing Skiri Forms In both the English-to-Skiri and the Skiri-to-English sections, Skiri entry forms are cited as follows: •

Verbs. The entry forms of verbs are uninflected stems that do not occur as independent words. They require inflectional prefixes and suffixes, which then undergo the phonological processes that create well-formed words. Two conventions used in citing verb stems should be noted: •

Stems that require a preverb–that is, that have one of the preverbs (ir-/a-, ut-, uur-) as an integral part of the stem but are positionally separated from it–are cited with the preverb appearing in parentheses immediately after the stem base form, as in tii (ut...) ‘be tame; be accustomed to’. Even though preverbs are placed after the stem base for citation in entries, the user must remember that in word formation the preverb comes before the stem (that is, in positions 13 and 18; see table 7).

•

There is a small number of verb stems based on Ø (ut...) ‘to be (in a condition)’ and Ø (ir...) ‘to be one’s’ that have a zero (or null) base. The preverbs of these stems (here ut- and ir-) then behave like descriptive verbs in that in non-subordinate forms with singular or dual subjects the vowel of the preverb reduplicates as specified in the Stem-Final Vocalic Reduplication Rule (p. 49). If a subject plural prefix follows the preverb, its vowel reduplicates following the same rule. Thus, in kutatii®i ‘it is mine’ (< ku- POSS + ta- IND.1/2.A + t1.A + ir- POSS.1/2.A + Ø ‘be one’s’ + -Ø PERF), the vowel i of the 53

54

ORGANIZATION OF THE DICTIONARY

preverb ir- is reduplicated to ii®i; and in kutatiraa®at ‘it is ours’ (< ku- POSS + ta- IND.1/2.A + t- 1.A + ir- POSS.1/2.A + raak- 1/2.P + Ø ‘to be one’s’ + -Ø PERF), the vowel aa of the subject plural prefix raak- is reduplicated to aa®a since it is the last overt constituent in the surface form. (The loss of the r of the preverb and change of k of the plural prefix to t in word-final position are regular phonological processes.) •

Nouns. In entries, nouns are given in their independent forms; that is, all nouns that require one of the nominal suffixes (-u® NOM, -hiri® INST/LOC, -kat LOC, and -ru LOC) to occur as an independent word have those suffixes on the entry headword. For example, the noun paksu® ‘head’ always has the nominal suffix -u® NOM when it occurs as an independent (non-instrumental, non-locative) word; but when it is incorporated into a verb or occurs preceding another morpheme in compounds, the suffix -u® does not occur, as in the following examples: tatpaksiitit ‘I nodded’ < ta- IND.1/2.A + t- 1.A + paks- ‘head’ + iitik ‘nod’ + -Ø PERF pakskiisu® ‘skull’ < paks- ‘head’ + kiis- ‘bone’ + -u® NOM

Although most Skiri nouns have an independent form, there is a relatively small set of dependent noun roots (N-DEP) that do not have an independent form but only occur preceding another stem in a compound. The entry heads of dependent noun roots are cited with a dash after the stem-final syllable. An example of a dependent noun root and two derived words based on it is the following: asaa- ‘horse; dog’ in asaaki ‘dog’ (< asaa- + -kis DIM), asaapahat ‘roan horse’ (< asaa- + pahat ‘be red’), asiicapaat ‘mare’ (< asaa- + icapaak ‘woman’); cf. independent form aruusa® ‘horse’ •

Locatives. There are two types of locative elements: those that occur as verb stems and inflect as verbs (locative verbs); and those that occur as locative morphemes in verbal derivation, where they add locative information to a verb root or a derived stem. Locatives that do not occur as independent verb stems but only appear in derived forms are cited with a dash at the end of the form. An example of the latter is the following: iis- ‘out of sight’: iisat ‘go out of sight, disappear over’ (< iis- + at ‘go’); hirasiisat ‘go out of sight in the lead’

•

Other word classes. Members of other word classes, such as adverbs, adjectives (which are a subclass of nouns), and numerals are cited in their independent forms.


English-to-Skiri Entries Figure 1 illustrates a typical English-to-Skiri entry. The English entry word (usually a single English term) is given in boldface at the very beginning of the entry (in the sample entry in figure 1, the English entry word is stop). Often more than one Skiri word can translate a given English word. Thus, in the sample entry in figure 1, English stop corresponds to two different Skiri verbs: awi®uusik (uur...) and cawiirik (uur...). Each alternate Skiri translation begins a separate Skiri subentry within the entry. Each subentry has up to three parts (numbered I, II, and III in the sample entry in figure 1, and discussed immediately below).

Figure 1. Structure of an English-to-Skiri verb entry

Part I: The first part of a subentry (see fig. 2) comprises basic information that is arranged in the following order: •

Equivalent Skiri word or stem that is a translation of the English entry. Like the entry word, it is set off in boldface type (wiitik in fig. 2). (See the section “General Conventions for Citing Skiri Forms” above for practices used in representing the equivalent Skiri form–for example, the convention that preverbs required by a stem are cited after the stem, as for the preverb uur- in the first subentry in figure 1, even though in actual usage they come before it.)

•

Phonetic rendition of the preceding Skiri term is set off in square brackets and is presented with small bullets marking syllable breaks in the stem or word to assist the user in proper pronunciation.

55

56


•

Grammatical class abbreviation of the entry; that is, one of the abbreviations for what are usually designated parts of speech, such as noun (N), verb (V), and adverb (ADV). These abbreviations are cited in small capital letters (see Abbreviations, p. xiii) that are followed by either a dash for dependent elements or by a verb class based on the subordinate form of a verb (that is, its subordinate suffix or lack of one). Thus in figure 2, wiitik is an intransitive verb (VI) of class 4, hence cited as VI (4) (see pp. 32, 45-47 above for discussion of verb classes).

•

Grammatical forms, if they are irregular or for some other reason require specification, are included in many entries. Such grammatical forms are usually ones for a dual or plural agent or the distributive, and are placed immediately after the grammatical class abbreviation and are enclosed in curly brackets ({ }). The abbreviation for the grammatical form being cited is given first, followed by the Skiri form itself. Thus the Skiri verb in figure 2 has an irregular distributive form wiiruutik.

•

Full English gloss of the preceding Skiri word or stem, often comprising a set of English equivalents that illustrate the semantic range of the Skiri word. Sometimes Skiri words have multiple meanings, and those separate meanings are set off by numbering the glosses. Phrases clarifying usage are frequently added to glosses; these explanatory phrases are italicized since they are not part of the gloss itself (e.g., as an airplane or a flock of birds in the fourth gloss of the subentry in fig. 2).

•

The derivation or etymology of a word or stem, when known, is cited between angled brackets. First the Skiri form is analyzed into its constituent elements. In this analysis, two types of boundaries are indicated: constituent morphemes within a stem are separated by a hyphen (-), and major constituents within the full Skiri form are separated by a plus sign (+). Following the analyzed Skiri form is a literal English translation of the stem or word’s underlying meaning. If the underlying morphemic constituency or literal translation has not been determined, no derivation or underlying meaning is given. Sometimes, when relevant, cognate forms that occur in South Band Pawnee (SB), Arikara (Ar.), Kitsai (Ki.), or Wichita (Wi.) are cited.

Part II: The second part of a subentry (fig. 3) is either a set of inflected forms illustrating fully formed verbs that are independent words or, if the entry form itself is a dependent form (noun or locative), a set of derived stems illustrating usage of that dependent form. •

Inflected forms. For verbs there are five basic inflected forms (standard verbal paradigmatic forms) that are listed: (1) first person agent (for active, descriptive, and locative verbs) or first person patient (for passive verbs), in the indicative mode, perfective aspect; (2) third person agent or patient, indicative mode, perfective aspect; (3) third person agent, indicative mode, imperfective aspect; (4)


third person agent, gerundial mode (i.e., subordinate absolutive mode), usually perfective aspect; and (5) third person agent, indicative mode, intentive aspect. Certain verb classes do not allow some of these forms and thus are lacking here. Occasionally there is an additional inflected form, set off by a bullet, that illustrates a plural, distributive, or other grammatical form specific to the entry.

Figure 2. Skiri subentry structure (in a Skiri-to-English entry): Part I, basic information

•

Derived stems. When the entry head is a dependent form that is not itself subject to inflection but serves as a constituent in deriving new stems, the illustrative forms given are several examples of derived stems that include the dependent entry form.

Figure 3. Skiri subentry structure (in a Skiri-to-English entry): Part II, paradigmatic forms and examples

57

58


Part III. The third part of subentries (fig. 4) is the citation of one or more crossreferences to other, related English words that the user might wish to consult. The structure of these cross-references is the following: they begin with “see” and are then followed by relevant English terms that are entry heads, each followed in turn by its Skiri equivalent enclosed in curly brackets. The citation of both English and equivalent Skiri forms enables the user to consult relevant entries in both English and Skiri.

Figure 4. Skiri verb subentry structure (in a Skiri-to-English entry): Part III, cross-references

Skiri-to-English Entries The structure of entries in the Skiri-to-English section (fig. 5) is essentially the same as that of the English-to-Skiri entries discussed above. However, there are no subentries in the Skiri-to-English section.

Figure 5. Structure of a Skiri-to-English verb entry


Part I: For verbs, the entry head is a stem or root. Nouns are normally given in their independent form; however, dependent noun stems are cited with a final dash that indicates they require another morpheme or stem following them to form a free noun. Locative verb stems are cited as other verbs are, but dependent locative stems that occur only in derived stems are, like dependent nouns, followed by a stem-final dash. (See the section “General Conventions for Citing Skiri Forms” above for details about how Skiri entry heads are cited.) Following each Skiri entry head is a phonetic rendition enclosed in square brackets. Immediately after the phonetic citation is the word class to which the head form belongs. Additional grammatical or phonological information that is specific to a given entry form is provided in curly brackets after the abbreviation for an entry’s word class. For verbs, those forms are grammatical. For most noun entries, they are phonologically variant incorporated forms of that noun that appear in derivation. English glosses of the entry head follow the grammatical information, and after those glosses is the derivation or etymology of the Skiri head word, presented in angled brackets, as described in the English-to-Skiri section above. Part II: The second part of entries in the Skiri-to-English section contains the same inflected or derived forms that appear as illustrations in entries in the English-to-Skiri section (see above). For verb entries the same five inflected forms are provided, and for dependent nouns and verbal prefixes, examples of derived forms are cited, each separated by a bullet. Figure 6, in addition to portraying a Skiri-to-English entry, illustrates two features of certain Skiri verb stems that are unusual in structure: •

The entry head has a null verb stem base (i.e., Ø) that has no overt shape in fully inflected non-subordinate verb forms. Since in this example the entry verb stem has a preverb (ut...) that is a part of its composition and that preverb appears in all inflected surface forms of the verb, the vowel of the preverb is reduplicated like the final-syllable vowel of descriptive verbs when they are non-subordinate forms. Thus, when the verb stem Ø (ut...) has a first person singular agent, the indicative form is tatuu®ut ( acquainted see know {iita (ir...), iitawiitik (ir...)} acquire (a way) see learn (a way) {raakusik} acre kawirahuuru™ [kß-w‡-rß-huu-r‰™] N acre. acrid see bitter {tahata™u (ir...), ta™u (ir...)} across icasa [•†-Ùß-sß•] VI(4) 1. be lying across, lying over, as a board across a frame or a pole over two forked posts. 2. be stretched between, as a line between two posts. 3. be lying on a stretcher. 1. taaticasa 2. tiicasa 4. iriiraacasa 5. tiicasahista • tiraaricasa they are lying across. iriwis- [†-r†-w†s•] LOC across, crossways, at an oblique angle. • iriwisat go across. • iriwisa (ir...) come across. • iciriwisat prance sideways, as a horse.

63

across (a boundary)

affinity for

see lay over {ica™uuc/uc-}

across (a boundary) iriwis

[•†-r†-w†s•] VI(4) be

across, diagonal, transverse, at an angle, as a barrier or boundary. 2. tiiriwis 4. iriiraariwis 5. tiiriwisista • tiraaririwis they are across. across (a path) kariwis [•kß-r†-w†s•] VI(4) be across, as across a path; ref. to an object on the ground. 2. tikariwis 4. iriirakariwis 5. tikariwisista ukariwis [•‰-kß-r†-w†s•] VI(4) be across, as an object across a path. 2. tiikariwis 4. iriruukariwis 5. tiikariwisista see block {ukariwisitik} across (a vertical surface) katariwis [•kß-tß-r†w†s•] VI(4) be horizontally across a vertical surface, as a board across a wall or door, or a streak across the body. 2. tikatariwis 4. iriirakatariwis 5. tikatariwisista across (an obstacle) see go across (an obstacle) {icawaatat} across the back see carry across the back {kiiriwisistaah} across water apiic [à-piits] ADV across a body of water, as a stream, pond, or lake; on the other side of a body of water. • suksat apiic go across the stream! across, extending see line extending along {wasii-} across, suspended ica- [†-Ùß•] LOC suspended across, as over two forked posts or supports. • icasa be lying across. • ica™uuc lay over, lay across. • waatisicasa be a line or wire extending between two objects. act see perform {tawarukaar} act like see imitate {awi™aar} active awi™uu (ut...) [•ß-wi-™uu•] VI(1) 1. be active, always doing things, energetic, full of energy, ambitious; be lively. 2. be willing, agreeable, compliant; be helpful; be obedient. 1. tatuutawi™uu™ 2. tuutawi™uu™ 4. iriruutawi™uu™a 5. tuutawi™uuksta activity raa- [raa•] N-DEP 1. way, custom, tradition. 2. activity, event. 3. time. • raahiir (uur...) be nice, good, as an event, occasion, deed, act, activity, custom. • raatahaari time or day to be close. • ruuhura™uk plan or set up, as an activity like a dance, meeting, or dinner. • riicka™at reach a point or stage, as a plateau or milestone in life; reach an age, as when ending a period in life. raa™u™ [raÑ-™u™] N 1. way, custom, tradition. 2. activity, event. 3. matter, issue. 4. time, period.

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raruucpaca [rß-ru÷ts-pß-Ùß] N Adam's apple. raruucpaca (ir...) [•rß-ruuts-pß-Ùß•] VL have an Adam's apple. 1. tatiraruucpaca 2. tararuucpaca 4. iriirararuucpacawi 5. tararuucpacawista add ta™iir [•tß-™ii(r)•] VT(1) 1. set down, as when giving a gift. 2. donate, give away. 3. add to, augment. 4. enroll; make join, as an organization. 1. tacta™ii 2. tita™ii 3. tita™iiru™ 4. iriirata™iira 5. tita™iirista see count {kitawuh}; mix liquids {kickituura™uk} add to a story raa™iitusta™iir [•raa-™ii-t‰s-tß-™ii(r)•] VT(1) 1. repeat, recount a story. 2. add to, supplement a story, as when adding details or an episode. 1. tahaa™iitusta™i 2. tiraa™iitusta™i 3. tiraa™iitusta™iiru™ 4. iriiraraa™iitusta™iira 5. tiraa™iitusta™iirista address (by a kin term) see call by a kin term {raahisaask} adept see proficient {uhuur} adhere to see hold onto (a way) {raa™ahuk (ut...)} adhering to see stuck {tatat (ut...)} adopt a child haara™uk [•haa-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) adopt, as a child. 1. tataaru™ 2. tihaaru™ 3. tihaaruuku™ 4. iriirahaara™u 5. tihaaruuksta adulthood see maturity, reach {icawicat} advise raa™iitusuuh/uh [•raa-™ii-t‰-suuh/‰(h)•] VT(1), VR(1) 1. give a story to. 2. give word to. 3. give advice to. 4. (+ refl.) pass a story to one another. 1. tahaa™iitusuu 2. tiraa™iitusuu 3. tiraa™iitusuuhu™ 4. iriiraraa™iitusuha 5. tiraa™iitusuhista waawaktiik/tik- (ut...) [•waa-wßk-tiik/t†{k/t}•] VT(4) {pl. obj., raawaawaktiik/tik-} 1. talk to, speak to; chat with. 2. advise, counsel, instruct; encourage; preach to. 3. pray for. 1. tatutpaawaktiit 2. tutpaawaktiit 3. tutpaawaktiiku™ 4. iriirutpaawaktit 5. tutpaawaktiksta • tuutapaawaktiiku™ he is talking to them. see counsel {raawaawaktiik/tik- (ut...)} advise strongly raa™iitustarahkista™uk [•raa-™iit‰s-tß-rßh-k†s-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) give strong, stern, severe advice; be outspoken. 1. tahaa™iitustarahkistu™ 2. tiraa™iitustarahkistu™ 3. tiraa™iitustarahkistuuku™ 4. iriiraraa™iitustarahkista™u 5. tiraa™iitustarahkistuuksta affable see friendly {awakiihaar, icaahiks} affiliated see associated {tahurar (ut...)} affinity for see like {tii (ir...ri...ut...)}; like (a way)

Adam's apple

afoot {raatii (ir...ri...ut...)}

afoot kaciiharaaku™

[kß-Ùiæ-hß-raa-k‰™] ADV afoot, on foot.

• ti™at kaciiharaaku™ he went on foot; he walked. see foot, on {caahiksuraariri™} afraid riru [•r†-r‰•] VP(4) be afraid, scared, frightened, fearful. 1. tikuriru™ 2. tiriru™ 4. iriirariru 5. tiriructa • tiiraktiru™ they are afraid. riru™aar [•r†-ru-™aa(r)•] VP(1-i) become frightened, afraid, scared, fearful. 1. tikuriru™aa 2. tiriru™aa 3. tiriru™aari™ 4. iriirariru™aara 5. tiriru™aarista afraid of see fear {riru (uur...)} after see when {wii-} after shave lotion see perfume {ruuhkickahaarawiriira} afterbirth stahkawi™u™ [stßh-kà-wi-™u™] N afterbirth; placenta. afternoon, early sakuhtiiriwiraahak [•sß-k‰h-tiir†-w†-raa-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) be early afternoon, as from after noon to ca. 2:00 o'clock. <sakuur+tiiriwiraahak, sun to roll off the edge> 2. tisakuhtiiriwiraahat 4. iriirasakuhtiiriwiraahat 5. tisakuhtiiriwiraahaksta afternoon, late sakuhtawiraahak [•sß-k‰h-tßw†-raa-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) be mid afternoon, late afternoon. <sakuur+tawiraa.hak, sun to pass down> 2. tisakuhtawiraahat 4. iriirasakuhtawiraahat 5. tisakuhtawiraahaksta afterwards ratkat [ràt-kßt] ADV afterwards; later; next. • ratkat hawa™ ruusi™ahiwa afterwards, also, then they (du.) went. again istu™ [†s-tŠ™] ADV again; back, as in returning to a starting point. • hiruu istu™ witaa™ then he came again. • hii istu™ tarahwicpaawaa™ and they came back. sistu™ [s‡s-t‰™] ADV (obsolete) again; back, as to come back or return to a starting point. • sistu™ taa™ he came back. see also {haawa™, hawaa} against kata- [kß-tß•] LOC against (a vertical surface); up an incline, on an incline, as steps, a bank, or a hill. • kata™at climb, go up an incline. • kata™a (ir...) come climbing up an incline. • katakus be a spot or daub on a (vertical) surface. see abut {katahurah}; beside {katasa}; close to {tahurar (ut...)}; touching, barely {tahurar} against a vertical surface see put against a vertical surface {kata™iir}

agreeable against, leaning see leaning against {katawiira™uuriirik}

age see years old, be {rikatihaararuu (ir...ri... ut...)} age of consciousness wicaksaar [•w†-Ùßksaa(r)•] VP(1-i) 1. come to an age of consciousness,

as a child reaching an age to reflect and remember. 2. regain consciousness, revive, regain one's senses, come to, as when coming out of a coma. 3. come into consciousness, come to mind; remember, recall, as something from the past. <wicaks+aar, become conscious> 1. tikuwicaksaa 2. tiwicaksaa 3. tiwicaksaari™ 4. iriirawicaksaara 5. tiwicaksaarista age, a certain awi™u [+ wiiruu-, i-] [•ß-wi-™u•] VI(4) be at an age, at a certain age. 1. wiiruutatiiwi™u™ 2. wiiruutiiwi™u™ 4. iriiwiruuraawi™u age, advanced kaahuraariktisaar [•kaa-h‰-raar†k-t†-saa(r)•] VI(1-i) age, get up in years, become advanced in age. 1. tatkaahuraariktisaa 2. tikaahuraariktisaa 3. tikaahuraariktisaari™ 4. iriirakaahuraariktisaara 5. tikaahuraariktisaarista age, in old icawic- [†-Ùß-w†ts•] LOC in old age, to old age. • aciksicawicat reach an old age, live to an old age. • riicawicparii reach an old age. aged person kaahiiku™ [kaa-hiæ-k‰™] N aged person, person in a state of old age. • cuustikaahiiku™ an aged old woman. aggressive see pushy {uhuriruk} aggressively see go aggressively {raawiirat} agitate see confuse {aciksicaraksta™uk} agitated see confused {aciksicaraks} agree raawakuraah [•raa-wß-k‰-raa(h)•] VI(1) agree, consent, as to do something; be agreeable, willing. 1. tahaawakuraa 2. tiraawakuraa 3. tiraawakuraahu™ 4. iriiraraawakuraaha 5. tiraawakuraahista raawi™uu (ir...ri...ut...) [•raa-wi-™uu•] VI(4) agree, consent, as to do something; be agreeable, favorable, in favor, as to a proposition, plan, or course of action; favor, incline toward, as a plan or course of action. 1. tatiriihaawi™uu™ 2. tariihaawi™uu™ 4. iriirariihaawi™uu 5. tariihaawi™uucta agree to wakuraah [•wß-k‰-raa(h)•] VT(1) 1. agree to, comply with; obey, heed, as a request. 2. answer, grant, as a prayer or wish. <wakur+raah, have/carry someone's words> 1. tatpakuraa 2. tiwakuraa 3. tiwakuraahu™ 4. iriirawakuraaha 5. tiwakuraahista agreeable awi™uu (ut...) [•ß-wi-™uu•] VI(1) 1. be

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agreed upon active, always doing things, energetic, full of energy, ambitious; be lively. 2. be willing, agreeable, compliant; be helpful; be obedient. 1. tatuutawi™uu™ 2. tuutawi™uu™ 4. iriruutawi™uu™a 5. tuutawi™uuksta agreed upon see decided {raatiihuur} ahead hiras- [h†-rßs•] LOC in the lead, ahead, first; in front. • hirasat lead; go in the lead. • hirasa (ir...) come in the lead, come in front. • hiraskus be in front; be sitting in front. kiickawi™at (ut...) [•kiits-kß-wi-™ßt•] VI(1) 1. be ahead, in front, in the lead, as in a race. 2. be taller than others, above others; stand out above others. 1. tatutkiickawi™at 2. tutkiickawi™at 4. iriirutkiickawiita 5. tutkiickawihuhta aid see help {raawii™at (ir...ri...ut...)} ailment see sickness {kiraawaahcu™, raatuksu™} aim raara™uusik [•raa-rß-™uu-s†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. be careful, cautious, as in what one does. 2. take care in what one does; take pains with, be meticulous with, as an activity. 3. take careful aim, as with a rifle or bow. 1. tahaara™uusit 2. tiraara™uusit 3. tiraara™uusiiku™ 4. iriiraraara™uusit 5. tiraara™uusiksta warik [+ i-] [•wß-r†{k/t}•] VI(1), VT(1) 1. aim, aim at; shoot, shoot at, as with a gun or a bow and arrow. 2. make a play in a game of chance; shoot, throw; (hence) gamble, play a game of chance, as one in which one shoots or throws the game-piece in, e.g., the hoop and pole game. <war+ik, cause to go> 1. tatiiwarit, tatparit 2. tiiwarit 3. tiiwariku™ 4. iririiwarika 5. tiiwariksta • sitiirapariku™ they are shooting at them. wiihkitawuh [•wiih-k†-tß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) (obs.) 1. nock an arrow. 2. aim an arrow. <wiir+kita.wuh, put the arm on top> 1. tatpiihkitawu 2. tiwiihkitawu 3. tiwiihkitawuhu™ 4. iriirawiihkitawuha 5. tiwiihkitawista air pump rahuutuhkawariku [rß-hu÷-t‰h-kß-wßr†-k‰] N air pump. airplane raraarawarii [rà-raa-rß-wß-rii] N airplane. • tikari™ raraarawarii there are many planes. • tatukaku raraarawarii I am flying in an airplane. • raraarawarii tiwiitit the airplane landed. albino buffalo see buffalo, white {tarahaataakaa} alcoholic beverage kiirahkata [kii-ràh-kß-tß] N {comb., kiirahkataar-, kiirahkataah-} spirits, alcoholic beverage; whiskey, bourbon, rum, brandy.

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all • kiirahkataahkat in the whiskey.

alert raaraciihtis

[•raa-rß-Ùiih-t†s•] VI(4) 1. be respectful, reverent; feel respect, reverence; feel awe. 2. be suspicious. 3. be alert, vigilant, on the lookout. 4. be curious. 1. tahaaraciihtis 2. tiraaraciihtis 3. tiraaraciihtiisu™ 4. iriiraraaraciihtis 5. tiraaraciihtisista raaraciihtis (uur...) [•raa-rß-Ùiih-t†s•] VT(4), VI(4) 1. respect, revere; be reverent toward; feel respect for, reverence for, as a religious object, an event, a belief; hold in awe; believe in the sacred. 2. be suspicious, as of an activity, behavior, group. 3. be alert, vigilant, on the lookout. 4. be curious about, as about something strange. 5. have a premonition, as that something will happen. 1. taturaaraciihtis 2. turaaraciihtis 4. iriiruraaraciihtis see careful {uhuuwicaks (ir...)}; watchful {raaciksta (ut...)} algae raariiwi™u™ [raa-riæ-wi-™u™] N water moss, algae. • raariiwikat in/among the water moss. • iriiraraariiwiku where the (clump of) water moss is. • kickat tiraariiwiku there is a clump of water moss in the water. alien caahiksuupiiru™ [ÙaÑ-h†k-suu-pii-r‰™] N 1. stranger, alien. 2. alien tribe, different tribe, i.e., non-Pawnee. alight see land (flying object) {tawiitik} alight on huukitawiitik [•huu-k†-tß-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., huukitawiiruutik} 1. sit down on, on top of, as a raised surface. 2. light on, land on, as a bird on a tree limb. 3. land on top of, as on a table or fence post. 1. tatuukitawiitit 2. tihuukitawiitit 3. tihuukitawiitiku™ 4. iriiraruukitawiitit 5. tihuukitawiitiksta • tihuukitawiiruutit they (different ones) landed on top. alive kisikit [•k†-s†-k†t•] VD be alive. 1. tatkisiki™it 2. tikisiki™it 4. iriirakisikiitu 5. tikisikituksta • tirahkisiki™it they are alive. warii [•wß-rii•] VI(4) {non-dist. sg., at; du., war; dist., waawarii} 1. go around, walk around; go about, walk about. 2. be alive, living. <warii, DIST of at to go; cf. Ar. wanuu> 1. tatparii™ 2. tiwarii™ 3. tiwariihu™ 4. iriirawarii 5. tiwariihusta • sitiwarii™ they (du.) are walking around. see be (exist) {aah}; survive {kisik [+ i-]} all kituu™u™ [k‡-tuu-™u™] N 1. all, everything, the entirety. 2. all, everyone, everybody. raakituu™u™ [raa-k‡-tuu-™u™] N all, the whole, the entirety, as people or parts of something; everything. all at once see happen all at once {raahiwihc (uur...)}; suddenly {raawiitakaaraahisu™, takaaraahisu™} all day see day, all {sakuhkituu™u™} all over oneself see heavy {taris (ir...)} all the time see always {raahuriitat}; often {taparit} all ways see everything {raarahkituu™u™} alligator awakiks, tawakiks [à-wß-k†ks, tà-wßk†ks] N 1. water monster, a mythological creature. 2. alligator. almost paara [paÑ-rß] ADV nearly, almost. • paara rikutuutu™ he almost looks like him. • paara tikuhurahac I almost died. alone ckara [tskà-rß] ADV alone, lone, solitary. uhurar [•‰-h‰-rß(r)•] VL {dist., uhurahwaa} be alone, by oneself, apart from others, solitary. 1. taatuhura 2. tiihura 4. iriruuhurahwi 5. tiihurahwista • tiraaruhurahwaa they are separated from others. see just {rihuksu™} along, extending see line extending along {wasii-} alongside see beside {ihtatahaahiri™, awikatasa (uur...), ihtata-, ihtataarik}; beside {ihtatakus, ihtatasa, ihtatawiitik, katasa}; beside, get {ihtata™uukuk}; set beside {ihtatakuusk} also haawa™, hawaa [haÑ-wß™, hß-waÑ] ADV also; another; again. • haawa™ a siwiitaahwa also they (du.) would go. • a hawaa siwiitiiruutapit and also they broke it for him. alter see change {ikiriwiiha™uk} always raahuriitat [raa-hŠ-rii-tßt] ADV all the time, always. • ti™ raahuriitat it is always the case. see often {taparit} amazed acikskiiskawaarasit [•ß-Ù†ks-kiis-kß-waarß-s†t•] VD 1. be amazed, surprised; be mentally startled, taken aback, as by someone's inappropriate behavior, such as presumption, unreliability, or mischievousness. 2. be disappointed. 3. be disgusted. 1. taatacikskiiskawaarasi™it 2. tiicikskiiskawaarasi™it 4. iriiraacikskiiskawaarasiitu 5. tiicikskiiskawaarasituksta ambitious ciir (ut...) [•Ùii(r)•] VD 1. be ambitious, energetic; be a willing worker; like to work, be a worker, as one who works all the time. 2. be skilled, accomplished.

angrily 1. tatucii™i 2. tucii™i 4. iriiruciiru 5. tuciiruksta see active {awi™uu (ut...)} among tawii [•tß-wii•] VI(4) {dist., tawiika™uk; comb., tawi-, tawi(h)c-} 1. be among, as in a group of people or animals. 2. be a member, belong to, as a society or organization; be enlisted, as in military service. 1. tactawi™ 2. titawi™ 4. iriiratawi 5. titawiicta • titawiika™ut he belongs to different groups. tawiirik [•tß-wii-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) be among, standing among, as a group or crowd. 1. tactawiirit 2. titawiirit 4. iriiratawiiriki 5. titawiiriksta tawikus [•tß-w†-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. be sitting among. 2. live among. 1. tactawiku 2. titawiku 4. iriiratawiku 5. titawikusta tawira™uk [•tß-w†-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) cause to be among; put among, as among a group of people. 1. tactawiru™ 2. titawiru™ 3. titawiruuku™ 4. iriiratawira™u 5. titawiruuksta see appear among (become visible) {tawihcitik} amputated see cut short {taripas} Anadarko, Okla. Kirikuurukstu [k†-r†-ku÷-r‰kst‰] N Anadarko, Okla. ancient see old {pakuu™at, pakuuht} and a [a/aa] CONJ and. • hii hawaa wiihiruu wiitaarukuuwut a asuuru™ and now he would also wear leggings and moccasins. • a ahawaku™ "haa™a™ wiitatiira™ and he said, "Yes, I have come." hii [hii] CONJ and. • hii kara™ahiici™a and they did not do it. • hii ruuriituci™aa a riituutuurikut. and I did it: and I held him. • ahaawica™ hii riku™ahawaku™ he arrived back and this is what he said. see but {hici}; now {ra, raa} and here aki [ß-k‡] INTERJ and here; and; here. • aki kutiiciksurahac and here he had forgotten it. • aki ahuuhaahwica™ and here the war party arrived. anger aciksicaraksta™uk [•ß-Ù†k-s†-Ùß-rßks-tß™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. confuse, agitate, upset mentally, cause mental anguish; make frantic. 2. anger, make angry, enrage. 1. taataciksicarakstu™ 2. tiiciksicarakstu™ 3. tiiciksicarakstuuku™ 4. iriiraaciksicaraksta™u 5. tiiciksicarakstuuksta angle, at an see across (a boundary) {iriwis} angleworm see earthworm {piiruskiraararuut} angrily see chase angrily {wiraaras-i (uur...)}; go

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angry aggressively {raawiirat}

angry waraaciks

[•wß-raa-Ù†ks•] VD 1. be angry, mad. 2. be cross. 3. be pouting. <waraa+aciks, angry feeling>

1. tatparaaciks 2. tiwaraaciks 4. iriirawaraaciksu 5. tiwaraaciksuksta see frown {ickawaraaciks}; sulk {acikskatakus} angry at waraaciks (ut...) [•wß-raa-Ù†ks•] VT(u) 1. be angry at, mad at. 2. be cross with. 1. tatutparaaciks 2. tutparaaciks 4. iriirutparaaciksu 5. tutparaaciksista animal rahuraahki [rß-hŠ-raah-k†] N {comb., rahuraar-, rahuraah-} 1. deer (Odocoileus spp.). 2. wild animal, game animal, quadruped. • rahuraahkat among the animals. • rahuraahki iriiraraahwarii where animals roam. • rahuraahkiripahki small animal, of any kind. animal, wild rahuraahkahuraaru™ [rß-h‰-raahkà-h‰-raa-r‰™] N wild animal, animal that lives in the woods. animated see lively {awitariic, kiiska™uk} ankle askiriktaa™u™ [às-k†-r†k-taa-™u™] N ankle.

• askiriktaahiri™ on the ankle. • iriiraataskiriktaatawi where my ankle is; my ankle. ankle joint asaahkawi™u™ [à-saah-kß-wi-™u™] N ankle joint. • asaahkawihiri™ on the ankle joint. • iriiraatasaahkawi where my ankle joint is; my ankle joint. announce iitawuh [•ii-tß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) 1. describe, tell of, tell about. 2. announce, as a name or date. 3. introduce. 1. tatiitawu 2. ti™iitawu 3. ti™iitawuhu™ 4. iriira™iitawuha 5. ti™iitawista • tahaariitawuhu™ I am describing them (inan. obj.). see call out {waktiik/tik-}; tell {raarikaa™a (ir...)} announcer see crier {paktiku, paktikus} annoy see pester {astaah (ut...), ciiharista™uk (ut...)} another see also {haawa™, hawaa} another place hiitaku [hiæ-tß-k‰] ADV 1. another place; the other place. 2. another way; the other way. answer see grant {wakuraah} ant pitaru™ [p†-tà-r‰™] N {comb., pitaru-} ant. • pitarukat among the ants. • pitaru™ iriirarahkaawi where the ants are inside, i.e., an ant hill. antelope askaa™a [às-kaa-™ß] N antelope, pronghorn (Antilocapra americana).

antique see old {pakuu™at, pakuuht} anus see rectum {kiriiru™} anxious see eager {aciksikiraaruur} anyhow see nevertheless {cta™aahii™i™, hicta™aahii™, hicta™aahii™i}

anything kiriku™

[k‡-r†-k‰™] PRON anything.

anyway see nevertheless {cta™aahii™i™, hicta™aahii™, hicta™aahii™i}

Apache katahkaa™

[kà-tßh-kaa™] N {comb., katahkaar(a)-} 1a. Plains Apache tribe. 1b. Plains

Apache male. 2a. alien western tribe; any tribe west of the Pawnees. 2b. male member of an alien western tribe.

• katahkaararu™ among the Plains Apache.

apart see alone {uhurar}; far apart {awikiic}; separate {uhura} acikskaruus [•ß-Ù†ks-kß-ruus•] VI(u), VP(u) {dist., acikskarusik} 1. be disappointed, feel let down; be or feel discouraged. 2. be depressed, dejected, disheartened, dispirited. 3. be apathetic, listless, lacking interest. 4. be worried, mentally upset; be emotionally drained. 1. taatacikskaruus; tikuucikskaruus 2. tiicikskaruus 3. tiicikskaruusu™ 4. iriiraacikskaruusu 5. tiicikskaruusista • tikuucikskarusit I am really disappointed in it. ape kiracihkucuu™ [k‡-rß-Ù†h-k‰-Ùuu™] N ape; large monkey. appaloosa see horse, appaloosa {kiriirawaki™} apparition see phantom {raruuka™aatu™} appear hiwihc (uur...) [•h†-w†(h)ts•] VI(4) {dist., hiwaawihc (uur...)} 1. appear, show up. 2. emerge from hiding. 1. tatuuhiwic 2. tuuhiwic 3. tuuhiwihcu™ 4. iriruuhiwic 5. tuuhiwihcista • tuuhiwaawihcu™ he is appearing here and there. appear (become visible) raahiwihc (uur...) [•raa-h†-w†(h)ts•] VI(4) 1. appear, show, show up, as a tradition, habit, or behavior. 2. be exposed, in the open; come out into the open, surface, come to public notice. 3. happen, occur, transpire all at once. 2. turaahiwic 3. turaahiwihcu™ 4. iriiruraahiwic 5. turaahiwihcista appear among (become visible) tawihcitik [•tßw†h-Ù†-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. appear among, show up among, as when a person first makes an appearance living with a group of people. 2. join, become a member of, as a group or an organization; enlist, as

apathetic

appear to be in military service. 1. tactawihcitit 2. titawihcitit 4. iriiratawihcitit 5. titawihcitiksta appear to be see like (similar) {Ø (ut...)}; look like {Ø (uur...) [+ ku-], uu (ut...)} apple apuu™ [à-puu™] N {comb., apu(u)-} apple. • apuukat in/on the apple(s). • apuukiripahki little apple. • piiruus tika apuukat there is a worm in the apple. apple juice apukiicu™ [ß-pŠ-kii-Ù‰™] N apple juice. apply see smear on {piciista™uk} appoint ruciik [+ ak-] [•r‰-Ùii{k/t}•] VT(1) (an. pl. obj.) 1. pick out, choose, select. 2. appoint. 1. taataktuciit 2. tiktuciit 3. tiktuciiku™ 4. iriiraktuciika 5. tiktuciksta appreciative acikstat [•ß-Ù†ks-tßt•] VP(1) {dist., acikstuuwarii} 1. have one's thoughts on, one's mind on; think about, as a person not present and for whom one is lonesome. 2. be appreciative, thankful. 1. tikuucikstat 2. tiicikstat 4. iriiraacikstata 5. tiicikstahuhta • tikuucikstuuwarii™ my thoughts are with him. see gratify {rahuritik}; thankful {acikstat, aciksta™it, acikstiihuur, cikstiihuuru™} apprentice see associated {tahurar (ut...)} apprise see notify {atkara™uk} appropriate see copy {raata™uut} apricot apukaac [ß-pŠ-kaats] N apricot. <Engl. apricots> • apukaackat in/on the apricot. April Paa Hiihwaakaruks [paÑ hiih-waa-kß-r‰ks] N May (approximately) (Dunbar); April (approximately) (Dorsey). <paa hiir+waakara™uk.his, pulling up grass moon> Paahuuwaturikat [paÑ-huu-wß-t‰-r†-kßt] N April (approximately) (Dunbar); February (approximately) (Dorsey). <paa+huuwaturika.t, moon between> apron cpikatakusu™ [tsp‡-kß-tß-k‰-s‰™] N {comb., (i)cpikatakus-} apron. • cpikatakuskat on an apron. • tatiiticpikataku I am wearing an apron. see put on an apron {icpikatakuusk (ut...)} Arapaho Sari™itihka [sà-ri-™†-t†h-kß] N {comb., sari™itihkawi-} 1. Arapaho tribe. 2. Arapaho male. <sari™itihka, from Comanche sariit?hkat?, Arapaho (lit. dog eater)> • Sari™itihkawiru among the Arapahos, Arapaho country. arbor raariciit [•raa-r†-Ùiit•] VD be an arbor, as one

arm, under one's made of brush or boards. 2. tiraaricii™it 4. iriiraraariciitu 5. tiraariciituksta raariciitu™ [raÑ-r†-Ùii-t‰™] N arbor, brush arbor, shade; drying arbor. • raariciitkat under the arbor; on the arbor. raarukasa [•raa-r‰-kß-sß•] VI(4) be an arbor, shade. 2. tiraarukasa 4. iriiraraarukasa 5. tiraarukasahista arbor top raaruka™iitu™ [raa-rŠ-kß-™ii-t‰™] N 1. arbor top, arbor; ref. to the covering or top that is supported by four vertical poles. 2. travois. 3. stretcher. • raaruka™iitkat on the arbor top. arduous see difficult (a way) {raatarahkiis/kis} area, clean see clean land {hurariir (uur...)} argue haakaapak [•haa-kaa-pß{k/t}•] VI(4) (du., pl. subj.) argue, quarrel, as when in disagreement. 1. sitataakaapat 2. sitihaakaapat 3. sitihaakaapaku™ 4. iriisirahaakaapat 5. sitihaakaapaksta raa™iitustarahkiskara™uk [•raa-™ii-t‰s-tß-rßh-k†skß-rß-™u{k/t}•] VI(3) {dist., raa™iitustarahkiskawaakara™uk} (du., pl. subj.) argue. 1. sitahaa™iitustarahkiskaru™ 2. sitiraa™iitustarahkiskaru™ 3. sitiraa™iitustarahkiskaruuku™ 4. iriisiraraa™iitustarahkiskara™u 5. sitiraa™iitustarahkiskaruuksta • sitahaa™iitustarahkiskawaakaruuku™ we (ex. du.) are arguing. argumentative see contentious {wakuriicakahuur} Arikara Astarahi [ßs-tß-rà-h†] N 1. Arikara tribe; (hist.) Arickaree tribe, Ree tribe. 2. Arikara male. • Castarahi Arikara female. • Astarahiru among the Arikara, in Arikara country. • Astarahiru ti™at he went to Arikara country. Arikara corn see corn, Arikara {rikiisastarahi} arise see get up {waata (ir...)} Arkansas River kicka [k‡ts-kß] N 1. Arkansas River. 2. river. • kicka wiitiraasiit the river is frozen. arm piiru™ [piæ-r‰™] N {comb., wiir-, wiih-, piir-, piih-; pl., piiraaru™} arm; foreleg of an animal. <wiir+u™, arm + NOM; i.q. Ar. wiænu™> • piihiri™ on the arm. • piiraariri™ on the arms. • iriiratpiihtawi my arm. • iriiratpiiracawi my arms. arm, right see right arm {piihkawi™u™} arm, under one's irikata- (ut...) [†-r†-kß-tß• (‰t...)] LOC under one's arm. • irikatakus (ir...ut...) have tucked under one's

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armband arm. • irikatakustaah (ut...) carry under one's arm. armband piirawi™u™ [piæ-rß-wi-™u™] N {pl., piiraarawi™u™} armband. <wiir+awi+u™, arm image + NOM> armpit ariktaaka™u™ [à-r†k-taa-kß-™u™] N {pl., ariktaakaraaru™} armpit, axilla, underarm area. <ariktaaka+u™, armpit + NOM> • ariktaakahiri™ in the armpit. • ariktaakaraariri™ in the armpits. • iriiraariktaakatawi where his armpit is; his armpit. arms, in one's hukataahpii- [h‰-kß-taah-pii•] LOC in one's arms, cradled in one's arms. 1. tatihwica™ 2. tawica™ 3. tawicaahu™ 4. iriirawica 5. tawicahista • tarahwica™; tirahwicpaa™; tirahwicpaawaa™ they arrived. arrive (going) wicat [•w†-Ùßt•] VI(1) {dist., wicparii} 1. arrive (going). 2. (with numeral) be a certain hour, as o'clock. <wic+at, go to a point> 1. tatpicat 2. tiwicat 3. tiwicpuu™ 4. iriirawicata 5. tiwicuhta • tatpicparii™ I went to different destinations, went here and there. • pitku tirawicat it is two o'clock. arrive and enter kaa™ihwicat [•kaa-™†h-w†-Ùßt•] VI(1) arrive and enter, enter upon arriving, as a room or dwelling. 1. tatkaa™ihwicat 2. tikaa™ihwicat 3. tikaa™ihwicpuu™ 4. iriirakaa™ihwicata 5. tikaa™ihwicuhta arrive at huraariwicat [•h‰-raa-r†-w†-Ùßt•] VT(1) reach a destination; reach a certain place, location; arrive at a place. 1. taturaariwicat 2. tihuraariwicat 3. tihuraariwicpuu™ 4. iriirahuraariwicata 5. tihuraariwicuhta arrive last (going) see last (arrive) {hatuhkawicat} arrive running kusihwica (ir...) [•k‰-s†h-w†-Ùß•] VI(3) arrive running (coming); reach a point running, reach a location running. 1. tatihkusihwica™ 2. takusihwica™ 3. takusihwicaahu™ 4. iriirakusihwica 5. takusihwicahista kusihwicat [•k‰-s†h-w†-Ùßt•] VI(1) arrive running (going); reach a point running, reach a location running. 1. tatkusihwicat 2. tikusihwicat 3. tikusihwicpuu™ 4. iriirakusihwicata 5. tikusihwicuhta arriving wic- [w†ts•] LOC at a point, to a point; arriving at a point. • wica (ir...) arrive coming; come to a point, reach a point. • wicat arrive going, reach a destination, go to a point. • sakuhwica (ir...) day to arrive, as for an event or activity. arrogant see astonishing {raakiiskawaarasit}; bold {kiiskawaarasit} arrow riiksu™ [riæk-s‰™] N {comb., riiks-, riks-} arrow. • riikskat on the arrow. • tactahit riksiri™ I hit him with an arrow. • ki™iskuriiksuu give me an

arrow case arrow. • tiisa riiksu™ there is an arrow. see nock {kitawuh, wiihkitawuh} arrow case see quiver (for arrows) {pacuu™u™, raawacuu™u™} arrow shaft kipisu™ [k‡-p†-s‰™] N 1. small sapling. 2. arrow shaft. 3. ramrod. • kipiskat on the sapling. • kipisiri™ with the arrow shaft. arrowhead see projectile point {tahuuru™} artery see blood vessel {paatahuuru™} artichoke, Jerusalem see Jerusalem artichoke {kisuusit} artificial see unreal {raruuka™aatu™} artificial leg kaastakis [kaÑs-tß-k†s] N artificial leg. as soon as rihuksu™ [r‡-h‰k-s‰™] ADV 1. just, only. 2. as soon as. • rihuksu™ rikuwitiwaku™ hii si™ahiitiirit. as soon as he said that, they saw it. • rihuksu™ tacihtawiirahakusta. we are only going to touch it. • rihuksu™ wiitipahaa™at. it was just red. ash (tree) kiriktaaku™ [k‡-r†k-taa-k‰™] N ash tree (Fraxinus spp.), the wood of which was used for pipestems and bows. ashamed hiikahurik [•hii-kß-h‰-r†{k/t}•] VP(4) be

ashamed, embarrassed. 1. tikuhiikahurit 2. tihiikahurit 4. iriirahiikahurit 5. tihiikahuriksta ashes karaaktuuhcu™ [kß-raÑk-tuuh-Ù‰™] N {comb., (it)karaaktuuhc-, (it)karaaktuuc-} ashes.

• tiitkaraaktuuctaahwira™uuhat she parted the ashes. • tiriwiiku karaaktuuhcu™ it is a pile of ashes. • tiitkaraaktuuctaaru™at there is a line or trail of ashes. ask see question {raawi™iiraah (uur...), wi™iiraah (uur...)} ask for see beg for {kaapaakisaar (uur...)} asleep itkahca [•†t-kßh-Ùß•] VI(4) {dist., itkahcawaa} be lying asleep. 1. taatitkahca 2. tiitkahca 3. tiitkahcaahu™ 4. iriiraatkahca 5. tiitkahcahista • tiraaritkahcawaa they are lying there sleeping. see fall asleep {itkasitik}; sleep {itka} assault see attack {racaraatatk (ut...)} assess see listen to what someone says {wakuhtiirariihk} assist see help {raawii™at (ir...ri...ut...), raawii™at (ut...), ruukiraawuu}; put on clothes {ruuwahuruu (ut...)} assistant see hired hand {ksawaahakus, ksawaa-

attack haku}

associated tahurar (ut...)

[•tß-h‰-rß(r)•] VT(wi) 1. be close to, lightly touching, against, as when sitting in close quarters to someone. 2. be associated with, affiliated with, as with a person or a society; ref. to someone who is not a peer or member but is an apprentice or a helper. 1. tatuctahura 2. tuctahura 4. iriiructahurahwi 5. tuctahurahwista astonishing raakiiskawaarasit [•raa-kiis-kß-waarß-s†t•] VD be astonishing, astounding, as brazen behavior; be presumptuous, arrogant. 2. tiraakiiskawaarasi™it 4. iriiraraakiiskawaarasiitu 5. tiraakiiskawaarasituksta astounding see astonishing {raakiiskawaarasit} astride ikita [•†-k†-tß•] VL {dist., ikitawaa} 1. ride, as a horse. 2. be astride, as a fence rail. 1. taatikita 2. tiikita 4. iriiraakitawi 5. tiikitawista • Tiirikitawaa They Are Riding, They Are All Riding (personal name). ikita(wi)- [†-k†-tß(w†)•] LOC astride, riding, straddling, as on a horse or bicycle. • ikitawi™at go riding. • ikitawi™a (ir...) come riding. • ikita™uukuk straddle; get on, mount in a straddling position. see riding, come {ikitawi™a (ir...)}; riding, go {ikitawi™at} at ease see calm {acikspahit} at last see finally {raahiirit} attach see hang up {takuusk (ut...)} attached haahka [•haah-kß•] VL be attached to, as an arrowhead to a shaft or a top on an object, where the end of one object is inserted into a slit or crevice and secured. 2. tiihaahka, tihaahka 4. iriirahaahkawi 5. tihaahkawista tatat (ut...) [•tß-tßt•] VT(1-a) 1. be stuck to, glued to, adhering to, as a sticky surface. 2. be attached to. 3. be caught on, as a fence. 1. tatuctatat 2. tuctatat 4. iriiructatata 5. tuctatatasta see end, on the {icaa} attached to see fond of {acikstatat (uur...)} attack racaraatatk (ut...) [•rß-Ùß-raa-tßt(k)•] VT(1) attack, assault; jump; make a sudden physical attack on. 1. tatuuhacaraatat 2. tuuhacaraatat 3. tuuhacaraatatku™ 4. iriruuhacaraatatka 5. tuuhacaraatatkista rahuruu (ut...) [•rß-h‰-ruu•] VT(1) 1. do to. 2. doctor, treat, as a doctor ministering to a patient. 3. attack. 1. tatuuhahuruu™ 2. tuuhahuruu™ 3. tuuhahu-

71

attend ruuku™ 4. iriruurahuruu™a 5. tuuhahuruuksta wiraarikus [•w†-raa-r†-k‰(s)•] VT(4) 1. bother, pester; nag. 2. be attacking, be there attacking. <wiraar+rikus, be sitting with attacking, as in a (specific) location>

1. tatpiraariku 2. tiwiraariku 4. iriirawiraariku 5. tiwiraarikusta see pursue (to attack) {wiraarat}; surround {tuuwirik (ut...) [+ ir-]} attend raatiihuruu (ut...) [•raa-tii-h‰-ruu•] VI(4) {dist., raatiihuruuka™uk (ut...)} 1. be in the vicinity of; loiter, linger, hang around. 2. attend, as a spectator. 3. participate, join, as an activity. 4. take an interest in, as an activity or event. 1. tatuuhaatiihuruu™ 2. tuuhaatiihuruu™ 4. iriruuhaatiihuruu 5. tuuhaatiihuruucta • tuuhaatiihuruuka™ut he loitered all over. attend school see school, attend {kaatakus} attend to ruuhurirahak (ut...) [•ruu-h‰-r†-rßhß{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. aggressively take over, take charge of; undertake aggressively or uninvited. 2. attend to, take care of, look after, as a task, or business or legal matter. 3. aggressively investigate, explore, look into, as a matter or activity. 1. tatuuhuuhurirahat 2. tuuhuuhurirahat 3. tuuhuuhurirahaaku™ 4. iriruuhuuhurirahat 5. tuuhuuhurirahaksta attention see tease {astaah (ut...)} attic akahuukitawi™u™ [à-kß-huu-k†-tß-wi-™u™] N 1. attic. 2. upstairs, second floor of a house. • akahuukitawikat in the attic; on the second floor. • tikaakuusu™ akahuukitawikat he stays upstairs, lives upstairs, on the second floor, as in an apartment. attire see outfit {akuuktik (ut...)} attorney see lawyer {ruuhuhkaruukus} attracted to acikstatat (uur...) [•ß-Ù†ks-tß-tßt•] VT(1-a) 1. be fond of, attached to, as a child who wants to be with an adult all the time. 2. be stuck on, attracted to, fond of, as someone one wants as a friend; desire, as a girlfriend. 1. tatuuracikstatat 2. tuuracikstatat 4. iriirikuuracikstatata 5. tuuracikstatatasta see like {aciksta™uukuk (uur...)} attractive see nice looking {hiir (uur...)} attractive land see good land {hurariir (uur...)} attractive, make see groom {awiriirik (uur...)} auction riwaktiik/tik- [•r†-wßk-tiik/t†{k/t}•] VT(4) auction, auction off, as when selling articles at an auction. 1. tahiwaktiit 2. tiriwaktiit 3. tiriwaktiiku™ 4. iriirariwaktit 5. tiriwaktiksta

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awkward augment see add {ta™iir} aunt see Mother {atira™} authentic see real {raariksisu™, raariks [+ i-]} authority see leader {kitawi} authority, give raa™uuh/uh [•raa-™uuh/‰(h)•] VT(1)

1. bestow power on, give power to, give "a way" to. 2. give a right to, give authority to, as authority to conduct a ritual. 3. blame. 1. tahaa™uu 2. tiraa™uu 3. tiraa™uuhu™ 4. iriiraruuha 5. tiruuhista automobile ariisit rawarii [ß-rii-s†t rà-wß-rii] N automobile, car. <ariisit ra+warii, one going around by itself> kiriiraawis [k†-riæ-raa-w†s] N automobile, car. • kiriiraawiskat in/on the car. kiriiraawiskaa™ahu [k‡-rii-raa-w†s-kaa-™ß-h‰] N automobile, car. kiriiraawistarustaa [k‡-rii-raa-w†s-tß-r‰s-taa] N automobile, car. see car {kaa™as} autumn riickuhki [riæts-k‰h-k†] N, ADV fall, autumn. • wiitihuhta™at riickuhki fall has (already) passed. • wiitiihi™ riickuhki it is fall now. awake kirika™u [•k†-r†-kß-™u•] VI(3) be awake. 1. tatkiriku™ 2. tikiriku™ 3. tikirikuuku™ 4. iriirakirika™u 5. tikirikuuksta • tirahkiriku™ they are awake. awaken see wake up {kirika™aar, kirika™aariihk} aware acikskasa [•ß-Ù†ks-kß-sß•] VI(4) 1. be sensible, have good sense; be mature, serious in one's outlook. 2. be aware of one's actions; be cognizant of one's surroundings, as a maturing child. 3. be thoughtful, as someone who thinks of other people's needs. 1. taatacikskasa 2. tiicikskasa 3. tiicikskasaahu™ 4. iriiraacikskasa 5. tiicikskasahista aware of see remind {wicaksik} awesome see holy {waarukstii} awful see terrible {raakatarihuur} awkward kariis [kà-riis] N 1. crippled, paralyzed person; deformed person. 2. awkward, clumsy person. 3. retarded person, simpleton. kariis/ris [•kß-riis/r†s•] VD 1. be crippled, partially paralyzed, as a congenital condition or the result of a stroke. 2. be deformed. 3. be retarded, not fully developed mentally, simple-minded. 4. be awkward, unskilled, clumsy. 1. tatkariis 2. tikariis 4. iriirakarisu 5. tikarisuksta

awl

back, on one's

awl siisu™ [siæ-s‰™] N awl. <siis+u™, awl + NOM> • siiskat on the awl. • siisiri™ with an awl. ax kaataraki [kaa-tà-rß-k†] N {comb., kaatara-} ax. • kaatarakat on the ax. • kaatarahiri™ with an ax. • tataapiirahaaku™ kaatarahiri™ I am chopping the tree down with an ax. axilla see armpit {ariktaaka™u™}

B baby piira™u™ [piæ-rß-™u™] N baby, small child, child, as from a newborn to age five.

• piirakat among the children. • piirakucuu™ large baby; child (ca. two to three years of age). • piira™u™ wiitiwarii™ the baby is walking now. piirakiripahki [pii-rß-k‡-r†-pßh-k†] N baby, infant, as from birth to one to two years of age. baby board see cradleboard {raciitu™} baby, Indian piiriicaahiks [pii-riæ-Ùaa-h†ks] N Indian baby, Indian child. bachelor piitarihuks [pii-tß-r‡-h‰ks] N 1. single man, bachelor. 2. widower. <wiita+rihuks, alone man> back see again {istu™, sistu™} back (of animal and human) rictaaku™ [r‡tstaa-k‰™] N back, dorsal region of the body (animal, human). • rictaakiri™ on the back. • iriirahictaaktawi my back. back (of animal) taatu™ [taÑ-t‰™] N {comb., taat-, taac-, taah-} back; ref. to dorsal region of an animal. • taatkat on the back (of an animal). back (on animal and human) see loin {riihiri™} back and forth see swing {ukaawi™at (ut...)} back away katahak [•kß-tß-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) move back, move away, get back, back away, as from an object or a crowd. 1. tatkatahat 2. tikatahat 3. tikatahaaku™ 4. iriirakatahat 5. tikatahaksta back down karuus [•kß-ruus•] VP(u) 1. back down; give up, surrender, as when fighting or arguing. 2. reduce, lose weight. 3. lose interest in. 4. deflate, as a tire. 1. tikukaruus 2. tikaruus 3. tikaruusu™ 4. iriirakaruusu 5. tikaruusuksta karuusawi™at [•kß-ruu-sß-wi-™ßt•] VP(1) 1. weaken, become weak, lose strength. 2. lose one's resolve, back down, yield, give in, as in a conflict. 3. lose weight. 4. deflate, become deflated, as a balloon or tire. 5. calm down, as an angry person. 6. become

loose, as a knot. 1. tikukaruusawi™at 2. tikaruusawi™at 3. tikaruusa™iwuu™ 4. iriirakaruusawiita 5. tikaruusawihuhta • tihaaskaruusawi™at the string came loose. back down, cause to see bluff {karusik} back of, in awiirasa (ut...) [•ß-wii-rß-sß•] VT(4) be lying in back of, be lying beside. 1. tatuutawiirasa 2. tuutawiirasa 4. iriruutawiirasa 5. tuutawiirasahista back off see cancel {raakiwat}; withdraw {awikatahak (uur...)} back out see renege {katawiitik} back, across one's tiiriwis- [tii-r†-w†s•] LOC across one's back, as when carrying a deer or small animal. • tiiriwista™a (ir...) bring carrying across one's back. • tiiriwistaah have or carry across one's back. • tiiriwistarat take carrying across one's back. back, across the see carry across the back {kiiriwisistaah} back, in the kaatahaahiri™ [kaÑ-tß-haa-h†-ri™] ADV 1. behind, in back of, as an object. 2. in the back, as in a room. 3. along a wall, against a wall, as in a room. kaatakus [•kaa-tß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. be sitting in the back, as in a room. 2. be sitting behind, in back of, as an object. 3. be in school; attend school. 1. tatkaataku 2. tikaataku 4. iriirakaataku 5. tikaatakusta kaatasa [•kaa-tß-sß•] VI(4) 1. be lying in the back, as in a room. 2. be lying behind, in back of, as an object. 3. be lying along the wall, as in a room. 1. tatkaatasa 2. tikaatasa 4. iriirakaatasa 5. tikaatasahista piraahiri™ [p†-raÑ-h†-ri™] ADV in the back. see behind {awiirakus}; last {hatuhkat} back, on one's aspaarasa [•ßs-paa-rß-sß•] VI(4) be lying on one's back, lying flat on one's back.

2. tipaapiciskaaruuc 4. iriirapaapiciskaaruuci 5. tipaapiciskaaruucista bank (sandy) see beach (sandy) {huukaahaaru™} bank of a body of water hukaatahaaru™ [h‰kaÑ-tß-haa-r‰™] N {comb., hukaatahaar-, hukaatahaah-} bank of a body of water; shore, edge of water.

• iriirahukaatahaaruhat where the stream bank is. hukaatawi™u™ [hŠ-kaa-tß-wi-™u™] N bank of a body of water; shore, edge of water. • hukaatawikat on the bank. bank, along a aahkatasa [•aah-kß-tß-sß•] VI(4) {pl., aahkatasawaa} be lying along a bank, as at the base of a vertical bank or cliff; be lying on a hillside. 1. tataahkatasa 2. ti™aahkatasa 3. ti™aahkatasaahu™ 4. iriira™aahkatasa 5. ti™aahkatasahista aahkatawi- [aah-kß-tß-w†•] LOC along a vertical bank, precipice, slope. • aahkatawi™at go along a vertical bank. • aahkatawi™a (ir...) come along the base of a vertical bank. • aahkatawihak go along the base of a bank. awiicahaahiri™ [ß-wiæ-Ùß-haa-h†-ri™] ADV along a bank, as a raised bank or ditch; along the edge of a precipice or cliff. • kaasi™at awiicahaahiri™ you will go along the bank. hukaatahaahiri™ [hŠ-kaa-tß-haa-h†-ri™] ADV along a stream bank, along the bank of a body of water, along the water's edge. huukata(wi)- [huu-kß-tß(w†)•] LOC 1. across water; over water, as when crossing. 2. along a bank, as of a stream, lake; on the edge of water. 3. along a wall. 4. along a street, as in a town. • huukata™a (ir...) come across water. • huukatawi™at go along a bank. • ikitawihuukata™at ride across water.

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bank, alongside a huukiistata(wi)- [huu-kiis-tß-tß(w†)•] LOC along a sandy bank, along a shore, as of a stream. • huukiistata™uukuk get to the opposite shore of a stream. • huukiistatawi™a (ir...) come along the sandy bank of a stream. • huukiistatawi™at go along the sandy bank of a stream. uhtatahaahiri™ [Šh-tß-tß-haa-h†-ri™] ADV along the bank of water, as along the side of a creek or river. ukaatahaahiri™ [Š-kaa-tß-haa-h†-ri™] ADV along the stream bank. uukatawi- [uu-kß-tß-w†•] LOC 1. at the west end, along the west wall inside an earthlodge, the area where a sacred bundle was hung from a rafter or where an altar was located on the ground; also the area where priests or doctors sat when leading ceremonies or rites. 2. along an interior wall of an earthlodge. 3. along an embankment, bank, wall. • uukatawi™at go, walk along a bank. uukiihtata(wi)- [uu-kiih-tß-tß(w†)•] LOC along, next to, beside a stream bank; close to a stream bank. • uukiihtatawi™at go, walk along the bank of a stream. • uukiihtata™uukuk get to the bank of a stream. • uukiihtatasa be lying next to a bank. uukiihtatahaahiri™ [u÷-kiih-tß-tß-haa-h†-ri™] ADV 1. along, close to, or by a stream bank. 2. along, close to, next to, or by the foundation of a dwelling, building, or vertical wall. uukiihtatat [uu-kiæh-tß-tßt] ADV 1. along, close to, by a stream bank. 2. along, close to, next to, or by the foundation of a dwelling, building, or vertical surface like a wall. bank, alongside a aahkatawihaahiri™ [aÑh-kß-tßw†-haa-h†-ri™] ADV 1. alongside, at the base of a vertical bank; alongside, at the base of a cliff. 2. on a hillside. bank, at the base of a aahka-, haahka- [aahkß•, haah-kß•] LOC at the base of a bank; into a ravine, into a deep hole. • aahka™at go into a deep hole. • aahka™iisa (ir...) come down into a ravine; come to the base of a bank or precipice. • haahkasa be lying in a ditch; be lying at the base of a precipice. bank, down a huucawiraa- [huu-Ùß-w†-raa•] LOC down a bank; over a bank. • ikitawihuucawiraa™at ride down a bank. • irikisuucawiraa™a (ir...) come crawling down a bank.

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bank, on the edge of a • irikisuucawiraa™at go crawling down a bank. [ß-wii-Ùß•] LOC on the edge of a raised bank, as along a stream, ravine, or ditch. • awiica™at go, walk on a raised bank. • awiicaarik be standing on the edge of a raised bank. • awiicakus be sitting on the edge of a raised bank. bank, on a aahkata- [aah-kß-tß•] LOC on a vertical bank, precipice, slope. • aahkataarik be standing on a vertical bank. • aahkatakus be sitting on a hillside. • aahkatasa be lying along a bank. • aahkata™iisat go to a vertical bank. aahkataarik [•aah-kß-taa-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) {du., pl., aahkatawaarik; dist., aahkatawaawaarik} be standing on a vertical bank or precipice; be standing on a hillside. 1. tataahkataarit 2. ti™aahkataarit 3. ti™aahkataariki™ 4. iriira™aahkataariki 5. ti™aahkataariksta • ti™aahkatawaarit they are standing on the hillside. aahkatakus [•aah-kß-tß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) {pl., aahkatawihak} be sitting on a vertical bank; be sitting on a hillside. 1. tataahkataku 2. ti™aahkataku 4. iriira™aahkataku 5. ti™aahkatakusta • ti™aahkatawihat they are sitting on the hillside, on the bank. hukaata- [h‰-kaa-tß•] LOC on the bank of a body of water, as a stream, lake, pool. • hukaata™at go, walk on the bank of a body of water. • hukaataarik be standing on the bank of a stream. • raarukaatariwiikus be a large pile on the bank of a body of water. huucakus [•huu-Ùß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. be on a stream bank, along a stream bank; be on a level plain or bank along a stream. 2. be sitting on a bank, as something caught there that cannot float along. 3. be on water, sitting on water, as something floating. 2. tihuucaku 4. iriirahuucaku 5. tihuucakusta • Tuhuucaku Village Along The Bank, a former Skiri village in Nebraska. huukiihtata(wi)- [huu-kiih-tß-tß(w†)•] LOC on a raised bank, as of a stream. • huukiihtata™iisat go to the (other) bank. • huukiihtatakus be sitting on a raised bank. • huukiihtatawi™at go along the bank of a stream. see stream, along a {huuca-} bank, on the edge of a huuwiicahaahiri™ [hu÷wii-Ùß-haa-h†-ri™] ADV on the edge of a bank, ledge, drop-off; on the edge of a raised object, as a roof; on a ridge.

bank, edge of a awiica-

bank, over a bank, over a see bank, down a {huucawiraa-} bank, raised uukiihtatahaaru™ [u÷-kiih-tß-tß-haar‰™] N stream bank, raised stream bank. bank, steep haahka [•haah-kß•] VL be a steep bank, precipice, cliff; be a ditch.

2. tihaahka 4. iriirahaahkawi 5. tihaahkawista

bank, tall aahkawikii™ac [•aah-kß-w†-kii-™ßts•] VD be a tall, steep bank; be a cliff, precipice.

2. ti™aahkawikii™ac 4. iriira™aahkawikiicu 5. ti™aahkawikiicuksta bank, wall of a see wall (of a bank) {aahkatawi™u™} banker iriirapaapicistariku [†-riæ-rß-paa-p†-Ù†s-tßr†-k‰] N banker. banner see flag {raawiiricaawi™u™} bantam chicken see chicken, bantam {cikirihkasis} baptize ha™iir [•hß-™ii(r)•] VT(1) 1. put into water, into a liquid. 2. baptize by immersion. 1. tata™ii 2. tiha™ii 3. tiha™iiru™ 4. iriiraha™iira 5. tiha™iirista • tataaka™ii I put the wood in the water. kickakuusk (ut...) [•k†ts-kß-kuus(k)•] VT(1) baptize by sprinkling. 1. tatutkickakuus 2. tutkickakuus 3. tutkickakuusku™ 4. iriirutkickakuuska 5. tutkickakuuskista barbecue see cook over a fire {icatk, wiicatk} barber iriiraaktacara™u [†-riæ-raak-tß-Ùß-rß-™u] N barber. barbershop iririiraktacara™u [‡-r†-rii-rßk-tß-Ùß-rß™u] N barbershop. iririiraktahkictapiriwuu [†-r†-riæ-rßk-tßh-k†ts-tß-p†r†-wuu] N barbershop. bare kiciis [•k†-Ùiis•] VD 1. be bare, bald, barren, as ground with no vegetation, a bird with no feathers, a dog with no hair. 2. be slick, smooth. 3. be a scarred area. 2. tikiciis 4. iriirakiciisu 5. tikiciisuksta barefoot askiiwariitu™ [ßs-kiæ-wß-rii-t‰™] ADV barefoot. • askiiwariitu™ tiiwarii™ he is walking around barefoot. barely tarahkisiri™ [tß-rßh-k‡-s†-ri™] ADV barely, scarcely, with difficulty. bark kiwak [•k†-wß{k/t}•] VI(4) bark shrilly, yelp, as

base, at the a coyote. 2. tikiwat 3. tikiwaaku™ 4. iriirakiwat 5. tikiwaksta kiwak [+ raar-] [•k†-wß{k/t}•] VI(4) bark, as a dog. 2. tirahkiwat 3. tirahkiwaaku™ 4. iriirarahkiwat 5. tirahkiwaksta bark (of tree) raakickuusu™ [raÑ-k†ts-kuu-s‰™] N bark, tree bark. • raakickuuskat on the bark. • iriiraaku raakickuusu™ where the piece of bark is (on the ground). rakataatu™ [rà-kß-taa-t‰™] N bark, tree bark.

• rakataatkat on the bark. see sawdust {raktapahtu™} barmaid cakahuuru™ [Ùß-kß-hu÷-r‰™] N 1. loose or promiscuous woman, slut, as one who shows no self-respect or self-restraint; whore. 2. barmaid. barn asaakaaru™ [à-saa-kaa-r‰™] N {comb., asaakaar-, asaakah-} barn. • asaakahkat in/on the barn. barred owl see owl, barred {custikiriihkuuku™u™} barrel haakapiruus [haÑ-kß-p†-ruus] N 1. barrel. 2. drum. • haakapiruuskat in/on a barrel. • iriiraaku haakapiruus where the barrel is. barren see bare {kiciis} barter raapuh [•raa-p‰(h)•] VT(1) {dist., raapaawuh} barter for, trade for; buy, purchase. 1. tahaapu 2. tiraapu 3. tiraapuhu™ 4. iriiraraapuha 5. tiraapista • tiraapaawu he bought things. see buy from {raapuh (uur...)} base hurarii [•h‰-rß-rii•] VL be the foot, base, bottom, foundation, as of a tree, hill, or building. 2. tihurarii 4. iriirahurariiwi 5. tihurariiwista base, at the hurariiwikat [h‰-rß-riæ-w†-kßt] ADV at the foot, base, bottom, foundation. uktata- [‰k-tß-tß•] LOC at the bottom, base, foot, as of something elevated, such as a hill, steps, platform, or tree; below, down below, as at a lower elevation; in the bottom, at the bottom, as in a ditch, hole, or creek. • uktataarik be standing at the bottom. • uktatakus be sitting at the base. uktataka- [‰k-tß-tß-kß•] LOC at the bottom, base, foot, of something elevated, as a hill, steps, platform, or tree; below, down below, at a lower elevation; in the bottom, at the bottom, as in a ditch, hole, or

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baseball creek. • uktatakaarik be standing at the bottom. • uktatakakus be sitting at the base. • uktataka™at go, walk at the bottom. uktatakat [‰k-tà-tß-kßt] ADV 1. at the bottom, base, foot, of something elevated, as a hill or platform; below, down below, at a lower elevation; in, at the bottom, as in a ditch, hole, creek. 2. on the bottom floor. 3. in bottom land; on the valley floor. see bottom, at the {hukakaawihiri™, hurahwihiri™} baseball rariickiri™ [rß-riæts-k†-ri™] N {comb., rariickirir, rariickirih-} 1. ball; baseball. 2. ball game, as shinny or baseball. • rariickirihkat on the ball. • tahiwu rariickirihiri™ I hit him with the ball. • tiiku rariickiri™ there is a ball. • iriirakusaahku rariickiri™ where the baseball field is. baseball, play awitahik [•ß-w†-tß-h†{k/t}•] VT(wi) 1. bat. 2. play baseball. 1. taatawitahit 2. tiiwitahit 3. tiiwitahiiku™ 4. iriiraawitahipi 5. tiiwitahipista basement uhuhkiihaaru™ [‰-hŠh-kii-haa-r‰™] N {comb., uhuhkiihaar-, uhuhkiihaah-} 1. basement. 2. downstairs, as in a house. 3. crawl space, as under a house. • uhuhkiihaahiri™ downstairs; underneath. bashful riiris (ut...) [•rii-r†s•] VD be bashful, shy, retiring; (locally) be backward. 1. tatuuhiiris 2. tuuhiiris 4. iriruuhiirisu 5. tuuhiirisuksta basin, wash see wash basin {ckahiikara™uks} basket caatapaaku™ [ÙaÑ-tß-paa-k‰™] N basket. • tatuutuurikut rikucki caatapaakat I caught a bird in the basket. basketball siriirawikawariku [s‡-rii-rß-w†-kß-wßr†-k‰] N basketball. <si+ra+ir+awi.kawarik+hus, one they throw it in (the goal)> bat (baseball) awitahik [•ß-w†-tß-h†{k/t}•] VT(wi) 1. bat. 2. play baseball. 1. taatawitahit 2. tiiwitahit 3. tiiwitahiiku™ 4. iriiraawitahipi 5. tiiwitahipista bat (mammal) paasit [paÑ-s†t] N bat (mammal). • paasitkucuu™ big bat. bathe huucakacat [•huu-Ùß-kß-Ùßt•] VI(1) {dist., huucakacparii} 1. (formerly) go to a stream to bathe, go to a creek to bathe. 2. go swimming. 1. tatuucakacat 2. tihuucakacat 3. tihuucakac-

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be (place or time) puu™ 4. iriirahuucakacata 5. tihuucakacuhta • tihuucakacparii™ he is going to bathe several times, as in one day. huuciriitik [•huu-Ù†-rii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. swim. 2. bathe, take a bath. 1. tatuuciriitit 2. tihuuciriitit 3. tihuuciriitiku™ 4. iriirahuuciriitit 5. tihuuciriitiksta huuciriiwaa [•huu-Ù†-rii-waa•] VI(4) 1. swim. 2. bathe, take a bath. 1. tatuuciriiwa™ 2. tihuuciriiwa™ 4. iriirahuuciriiwaa 5. tihuuciriiwaacta bathroom akaaricpatpuus [à-kaa-r†ts-pßt-puus] N 1. outhouse, privy, outside toilet. 2. bathroom, indoor toilet. • akaaricpatpuuskat at/on/in the outhouse. • akaaricpatpuus akahkat indoor toilet. bathtub raruuciriiwa™ [rß-ruu-Ù†-riæ-wß™] N bathtub. batter harikictaarikic [•hß-r†-k†ts-taa-r†-k†ts•] VD be batter; be wet, sticky dough. 2. tiharikictaariki™ic 4. iriiraharikictaarikiicu 5. tiharikictaarikicuksta battle line see poised to fight {kusuhuhca} bawl see cry uncontrollably {rahuuhawihak} bawl out see revile {rahuriruuhci (uur...)}; scold {riicarisaar} bay horse see horse, bay {asaapahat} be Ø [•Ø•] VD {pl., ik} be, as an identity. 1. tat 2. ti™ 4. iriira™u • ti™it they are. be (a way) raa [•raa•] VD be, as the way a situation is; be a way, matter, as an event or an activity; be a custom, be a tradition. 2. tiraa™ 4. iriiraraa™u 5. tiraacta be (exist) aah [•aa(h)•] VI(1) {pl., hurii} live, be alive; be, exist. 1. tataa 2. ti™aa 3. ti™aahu™ 4. iriira™aaha 5. ti™aahista • tihurii they are living. be (in a place) kus [•k‰(s)•] VI(4) {pl. subj., wihak; dist., wiwaahak} 1. be sitting, be seated. 2. be, be living (in a place). 3. live, be living. 1. tatku 2. tiiku 4. iriiraaku 5. tiikusta • tiwihat they are sitting. be (pl.) hurii [•h‰-rii•] VL {sg. subj., aah; dist., huriiwaa, huriiwaawika™uk} 1. (pl. subj.) be, be around; walk around. 2. (pl. subj.) live. 3. (pl. subj.) be together. 1. tahakurii 2. tihurii 4. iriirahuriiwi 5. tihuriiwista • tihuriiwaawika™ut they are all over; they are going around all over. be (place or time) iihi [•ii-h†•] VD be, as a place, location, or time. 2. tiihi™ 4. iririihi™u 5. tiihicta

be (thus) be (thus) Ø (ut...)

[•Ø•] VI(1-a) 1. be thus, in a condition. 2. be, look, or appear like. 1. tatuu™ut 2. tuu™ut 4. iriruuta 5. tuutasta • tatuu™ut ciksu™ I am thinking about it. beach hukiwahaar [•h‰-k†-wß-haa(r)•] VD 1. be a dry, sandy bed of a stream, lake, as during a period of drought or low water. 2. be a sandy beach, shore, plain, as of a dry or low stream, river, lake. 2. tihukiwahaa 4. iriirahukiwahaaru 5. tihukiwahaaruksta huucahaaru™ [hu÷-Ùß-haa-r‰™] N {comb., huucahaar-, huucahaah-} 1. level or gently inclined beach, shore, bank of a stream. 2. grassy terrace, flat or level plain along a stream course. • huucahaahkat, huucahaahiri™ on the beach. • iriirahuucahaaruuta where the beach is. • tihuucahaaru™at it is a beach. huukahaaru™ [hu÷-kß-haa-r‰™] N {comb., huukahaar-, huukahaah-} 1. dry stream bed; dry bed of a pond. 2. beach, shore. • huukahaahiri™ on the beach. see sandbar {huukiwihtu™, huukiwihkahaaru™} beach (sandy) hukiwahaaru™ [h‰-k‡-wß-haa-r‰™] N {comb., hukiwahaar-, hukiwahaah-} 1. dry, sandy bed of a stream, lake, as during a period of drought or low water. 2. sandy beach, shore, plain, as of a dry or low stream, river, lake.

• hukiwahaahkat on the beach. • hukiwahaahtaahiisu™ dry creek bed. • tihukiwahaahku it is a dry stream or lake bed. huukaahaaru™ [hu÷-kaa-haa-r‰™] N {comb., huukaahaar-, huukaahaah-} 1. dry stream bed; dry pond bed, lake bed. 2. beach, shore, level sandy bank along a stream or body of water. • huukaahaahiri™ on a dry stream bed. • tihuukaahaaru™at it is a stream bed. bead kiriks [k‡-r†ks] N bead. • kirikskat among the beads. • kiriks tiracasa it is beaded. bead (tubular) kirikskiic [k‡-r†ks-kiits] N long tubular bead, hairpipe. kirikskiisu™ [k†-r‡ks-kii-s‰™] N long tubular bone bead, hairpipe. beaded belt see belt, beaded {kirikstahuriipiiru™, tahuriipiihkiriks} beaded moccasin see moccasin (beaded) {asuhkiriks} beaded strip kirikska™iitu™ [k†-r‡ks-kß-™ii-t‰™] N beaded strip, as sewn on a blanket, belt, or otter skin.

bear, black • kirikska™iitkat on the beaded strip.

bean atiit [à-tiit] N

{comb., atiik-, atik-} bean (Phaseolus spp. and Vigna unguiculata). • atikat on the bean; in the beans. • atikucuu™ large bean. • sukspaarasit atiit cook the beans! bean bread see bread, bean {icataa™atikawaa} bean, butter atikatuus [à-t†-kß-tuus] N butter bean, lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus). • atikatuuskat on the lima bean; in the lima beans. bean, green atiktarii™uus [à-t†k-tß-rii-™uus] N green bean, snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). • atiktarii™uuskat on the green bean; in the green beans. bean, ground see hog-peanut {atikuraaru™} bean, kidney see bean, red {atipahat} bean, mescal see mescal bean {pahat} bean, native atiikicaahiks [à-tii-k†-Ùaa-h†ks] N Indian bean (generic) (Phaseolus spp.); ref. to the colored beans formerly grown by the Skiri. atiktaariksisu™ [à-t†k-taa-r†k-s†-s‰™] N native bean, a red or yellow bean about the size of a pinto bean (Phaseolus sp.). bean, navy see bean, white {atiktaka} bean, red atipahat [à-t†-pß-hßt] N native red bean; kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). • atipahatkat on the kidney bean; in the kidney beans. bean, spider see prairie mimosa {atiikacaciks} bean, white atiktaka [ß-t†k-tà-kß] N native white bean; navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). bear kuruks [kŠ-r‰ks] N bear (Ursus spp.); brown bear. • kurukskat on the bear; among the bears. • kurukskiripahki bear cub. • kuruksihari™ bear cub. • ckuruks female bear. see cub {kuruksihari™} bear (give birth) see give birth {ra™uk} bear fruit tawiitik [•tß-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., tawiiruutik} 1. light, perch, land on, as a bird on a tree or wire. 2. land, as an airplane. 3. start to bear, come on, as fruit on a tree. 2. titawiitit 3. titawiitiku™ 4. iriiratawiitit 5. titawiitiksta • titawiiruutit it lit here and there. see hang {ta}; pendent {ta} bear, angry kuruksicariis [kŠ-r‰k-s†-Ùß-riis] N 1. angry bear. 2. grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis). bear, black kurukskaatiit [kŠ-r‰ks-kaa-tiit] N black

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bear, brown bear (American Black Bear, Ursus americanus). bear, brown kurukspahat [kŠ-r‰ks-pß-hßt] N brown bear (brown phase of American black bear, Ursus americanus). bear, grizzly kuruksicariis [kŠ-r‰k-s†-Ùß-riis] N 1. angry bear. 2. grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis). bear, white kurukstaakaa [kŠ-r‰ks-taa-kaa] N white bear; polar bear (Ursus maritimus). bearberry rakasis [rß-kà-s†s] N bearberry bush (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), the leaves of which were used for smoking. • rakasiskat on the bearberry bush. beard haakararuus [•haa-kß-rß-ruus•] VD 1. have whiskers, have a beard (around the mouth). 2. have a mustache. 1. tataakararuus 2. tihaakararuus 4. iriirahaakararuusu 5. tihaakararuusuksta • Haakararuus Beard (personal name). icarahkus [•†-Ùß-rßh-k‰(s)•] VI(4) have a beard, have chin whiskers. 1. taaticarahku 2. tiicarahku 4. iririicarahku 5. tiicarahkusta ickawararuus [•†ts-kß-wß-rß-ruus•] VD have a beard; have whiskers. 1. taatickawararuus 2. tiickawararuus 4. iriiraackawararuusu 5. tiickawararuusuksta beat kuutik [•kuu-t†{k/t}•] VT(1) {pl. obj., kawuutik; dist., kawaawuutik} 1. kill, slay. 2. whip, beat, beat up. 1. tatkuutit 2. tikuutit 3. tikuutiku™ 4. iriirakuutika 5. tikuutiksta • tikawuutit he killed them. see abuse {rahuhkaapaakis, rahuriruuhci (uur...)}; thrash {tahuhkakatk} beat (a drum) haakapaktaarik [•haa-kß-pßk-taar†{k/t}•] VT(1) drum, beat a drum. 1. tataakapaktaarit 2. tihaakapaktaarit 3. tihaakapaktaariku™ 4. iriirahaakapaktaarika 5. tihaakapaktaariksta haakapiru [•haa-kß-p†-r‰•] VT(4) (impf. only) beat a drum. 1. tataakapiru™ 2. tihaakapiru™ 4. iriirahaakapiru 5. tihaakapirusta tahurahcak [•tß-h‰-rßh-Ùß{k/t}•] VT(4) beat a drum. 1. tactahurahcat 2. titahurahcat 3. titahurahcaaku™ 4. iriiratahurahcat 5. titahurahcaksta beat (in a competition) awirat [•ß-w†-rßt•] VT(1) beat, defeat, overcome, as in a competition. 1. taatawirat 2. tiiwirat 3. tiiwiriwuu™ 4. iriiraawi-

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bed rata 5. tiiwirahuhta rahuhta™u (uur...) [•rß-h‰h-tß-™u•] VT(3) beat, defeat, as in a competition. 1. taturahuhtu™ 2. turahuhtu™ 3. turahuhtuuku™ 4. iriirurahuhta™u 5. turahuhtuuksta • tatuuraktahuhtu™ I beat them. uhuhkita™at (uur...) [•‰-h‰h-k†-tß-™ßt•] VT(1) 1. beat, defeat; outdo, best, as in a contest or match. 2. overpower, overcome. 1. tatuuruhuhkita™at 2. tuuruhuhkita™at 3. tuuruhuhkitawuu™ 4. iriruuruhuhkitaata 5. tuuruhuhkitahuhta beautiful kuskitawi [•k‰s-k†-tß-w†•] VD be beautiful, lovely, pretty. 1. tatkuskitawi™ 2. tikuskitawi™ 4. iriirakuskitawi™u 5. tikuskitawiicta beautiful day see nice day {sakuriir (uur...), sakuurawiriir (uur...)} beautiful woman icapakitawi [•†-Ùß-pß-k†-tßw†•] VD be a beautiful woman. 1. taaticapakitawi™ 2. tiicapakitawi™ 4. iririicapakitawi™u 5. tiicapakitawiicta icapaktiir (uur...) [•†-Ùß-pßk-tii(r)•] VI(1-a) be a nice looking woman, pretty woman, beautiful woman. 1. tatuuricapaktii 2. tuuricapaktii 4. iriruuricapaktiira 5. tuuricapaktiirasta beautifully dressed see dressed nicely {raahiwaar (uur...)} beaver kituks [k‡-t‰ks] N beaver (North American Beaver, Castor canadensis). • kitukskat on the beaver; among the beavers. • kituks iriirarahkaawuhu beaver dams, i.e., where the beavers live. • ckituks female beaver. Beaver Creek Kicpiirahaatus [k†ts-piæ-rß-haa-t‰s] N 1. Beaver Creek, a branch of the Loup River (Nebraska). 2. Sugar Creek, south-central Oklahoma.

• kaatu™ wiituuraktahuhkapaakis cuuraki because he wronged their girl. • rawa kira kaatu™ now let's see. become aar [•aa(r)•] VP(1-i) {pl. subj., waah} become. 1. tiku™aa 2. ti™aa 3. ti™aari™ 4. iriira™aara 5. ti™aarista • iriirawaaha piita the ones who became men. bed kusaahkus [•k‰-saah-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. be a bed;

bed (of a vehicle) be a berth, a bedroom. 2. be the site of a former dwelling, camp, as an earthlodge; be a campsite, campground. 3. be a field, playing field, as a football field. 2. tikusaahku 4. iriirakusaahku 5. tikusaahkusta kusaar [•k‰-saa(r)•] VD {dist., kusaarik} 1. be a bed. 2. be a seat, a place; be a station, as in a ceremony. 2. tikusaa 4. iriirakusaaru 5. tikusaaruksta • tiiruhkusaarit they have seats, places to sit. kusaaru™ [k‰-saÑ-r‰™] N {comb., kuusaar-, kuusaah-} 1. bed. 2. seat, place; station. 3. dance ground; playground. 4. campground, campsite. • kusaahkat on the bed. • iriirakusaahkaku where the dance ground is; where the campground is. • tikusaahku it is a campground; it is a dance ground. • tikusaahkaku it is a dance ground; it is a campground. bed (of a vehicle) huka™iitu™ [hŠ-kß-™ii-t‰™] N 1. (formerly) wagon box; (contemp.) truck bed. 2. hayrack. • huka™iitkat in the bed of a truck. hukahaaru™ [hŠ-kß-haa-r‰™] N {comb., hukahaar-, hukahaah-} 1. bottom land, bottoms of a stream valley, as the low, level area on each side of a stream course, either a creek or a river. 2. wagon bed, wagon box; floor of a hayrack; truck bed, truck box; interior of an automobile. • hukahaahiri™ in the wagon bed. • iriirahukahaaruuta on the bottoms, in the bottoms. bed (of body of water) hukiwahaar [•h‰-k†-wßhaa(r)•] VD 1. be a dry, sandy bed of a stream, lake, as during a period of drought or low water. 2. be a sandy beach, shore, plain, as of a dry or low stream, river, lake. 2. tihukiwahaa 4. iriirahukiwahaaru 5. tihukiwahaaruksta hukiwahaaru™ [h‰-k‡-wß-haa-r‰™] N {comb., hukiwahaar-, hukiwahaah-} 1. dry, sandy bed of a stream, lake, as during a period of drought or low water. 2. sandy beach, shore, plain, as of a dry or low stream, river, lake.

• hukiwahaahkat on the beach. • hukiwahaahtaahiisu™ dry creek bed. • tihukiwahaahku it is a dry stream or lake bed. huukaawi™u™ [huu-kaÑ-wi-™u™] N 1. underwater; deep water. 2. stream bed, as of a creek or river. • huukaawihiri™ underwater; on the stream bed.

beg for huukiihaaru™ [hu÷-kii-haa-r‰™] N {comb., huukiihaar-, huukiihaah-} 1. valley; bottoms, as of a stream course. 2. bottom, bed of a stream. • huukiihaahiri™ on the bottom of a stream. • tihuukiihaarihu™ it is a large valley. see gully {haahkahuuru™}; sandbar {huukiwihkahaaru™}; stream bed {huukahaaru™} bed (of body of water), dry see beach (sandy) {huukaahaaru™} bed sheet see sheet {taakaaru™} bed, in sa [•sa•] VI(4) {pl., sawaa; dist., sawaawika™uk} 1. be lying, reclined. 2. be in bed. 1. tacta 2. tiisa 3. tiisaahu™ 4. iriiraasa 5. tisahista • tihcawaa they are lying there. bedbug piiruskatuus [piæ-r‰s-kß-tuus] N bedbug (Cimex lectularis). bedroom kusaahkaakus [•k‰-saah-kaa-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be a bedroom. 2. tikusaahkaaku 4. iriirakusaahkaaku 5. tikusaahkaakusta see bed {kusaahkus} bedspread kusaahwitaksu™ [k‰-saah-w‡-tßk-s‰™] N bedspread. see spread {hihiitu™} bee paac [paats] N bee, wasp, hornet, yellow jacket. beef steak see steak {kaastacarahuuru™} beer kiiriwaa™uusu™, kiiriwaa™uus [kiæ-r†-waa-™uus‰™, kiæ-r†-waa-™uus] N beer. beet kisuusitpahat [k†-su÷-s†t-pß-hßt] N beet. befriend kuuskahaara™uk [•kuus-kß-haa-rß™u{k/t}•] VR(3) (du., pl. subj.) befriend, make friends with each other; establish friendly relations with each other, as two tribes. 1. siwititatkuuskahaaru™ 2. siwititikuuskahaaru™ 3. siwititikuuskahaaruuku™ 4. iriisiwitirakuuskahaara™u 5. siwititikuuskahaaruuksta • wititihkuuskahaaru™ they established friendly relations with each other, as two tribes. beg wi™iiraah (uur...) [•wi-™ii-raa(h)•] VT(1) 1. question, ask questions of, inquire of; interrogate. 2. humor, cajole, coax. 3. beg, implore, as when trying to get a person to change his mind.

1. tatuuhwi™iiraa 2. tuuhwi™iiraa 3. tuuhwi™iiraahu™ 4. iriruuhwi™iiraaha 5. tuuhwi™iiraahista beg for kaapaakisaar (uur...) [•kaa-paa-k†saa(r)•] VT(1-i) beg for, beseech, supplicate; ask for. 1. tatuuhkaapaakisaa 2. tuuhkaapaakisaa 3.

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beg, come to tuuhkaapaakisaari™ 4. iriruuhkaapaakisaara 5. tuuhkaapaakisaarista beg, come to icawi™a (ir...) [•†-Ùß-wi-™ß•] VI(3) come to beg, come begging. 1. tatiiricawi™a™ 2. tiicawi™a™ 3. tiicawi™aahu™ 4. iririicawi™a 5. tiicawiihista beg, go to icawi™at [•†-Ùß-wi-™ßt•] VI(1) {dist., ica™iwarii} go to beg, go begging. 1. taaticawi™at 2. tiicawi™at 3. tiica™iwuu™ 4. iririicawiita 5. tiicawihuhta • taatica™iwarii™ I went around asking for things. begging icawi- [†-Ùß-w†•] LOC begging. • icawi™a (ir...) come to beg, come begging. • icawi™at go to beg, go begging. begin see start (a way) {raaspaatasik, raatapaciktik} beginning raahirasaah [•raa-h†-rß-saa(h)•] VI(1) be the beginning, commencement, start, as of an activity, tradition, affair, event. 2. tiraahirasaa 4. iriiraraahirasaaha 5. tiraahirasaahista raahuraar (ut...) [•raa-h‰-raa(r)•] VI(u) be the beginning, source, origin, as of a tradition or custom. 2. tuuhaahuraa™ 4. iriruuhaahuraaru 5. tuuhaahuraaruksta behave pahit [•pß-h†t•] VD 1. be quiet, silent, still. 2. behave; be well behaved, as a quiet child. 1. tatpahi™it 2. tipahi™it 4. iriirapahiitu 5. tipahituksta • tiraapahi™it everything/everyone is quiet. behavior see way {uhur-} behind araawihiri™ [à-raa-w†-h†-ri™] ADV in back, behind, in the rear, as of a person or object. <araa.wi+hiri™, behind/rear + LOC; cf. Ar. ananaaWIhæni™ from behind> • araawihiri™ tiiku it is in back of it; he is sitting in back of it. awiira- [ß-wii-rß•] LOC behind, following. • awiira™a (ir...) come behind, follow behind, as the last person in a party. • awiiraarik be standing behind, as another person or object. • tarahkisawiira™at run behind, follow running. awiiraarik (ut...) [•ß-wii-raa-r†{k/t}•] VT(2-i) {dist., awiirawaarik} be standing behind, standing in back of. 1. tatuutawiiraarit 2. tuutawiiraarit 3. tuutawiiraariki™ 4. iriruutawiiraariki 5. tuutawiiraariksta awiirahiri™ [à-wii-rß-h†-ri™] ADV behind, in back of, as an object. awiirakus [•ß-wii-rß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. be sitting in the back, be sitting in the rear. 2. be sitting behind.

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belly 1. taatawiiraku 2. tiwiiraku, tiiwiiraku 3. tiiwiirakuusu™ 4. iriiraawiiraku 5. tiiwiirakusta kaata- [kaa-tß•] LOC behind, in back of, as in a room or a crowd. • kaatawi™at walk along the back, as in a room. • kaatakus be sitting in the back. • kaatasa be lying in the back. kaatahaahiri™ [kaÑ-tß-haa-h†-ri™] ADV 1. behind, in back of, as an object. 2. in the back, as in a room. 3. along a wall, against a wall, as in a room. kaatakus [•kaa-tß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. be sitting in the back, as in a room. 2. be sitting behind, in back of, as an object. 3. be in school; attend school. 1. tatkaataku 2. tikaataku 4. iriirakaataku 5. tikaatakusta kaatasa [•kaa-tß-sß•] VI(4) 1. be lying in the back, as in a room. 2. be lying behind, in back of, as an object. 3. be lying along the wall, as in a room. 1. tatkaatasa 2. tikaatasa 4. iriirakaatasa 5. tikaatasahista see follow behind {tatata™at, tatata™at (ut...)}; go behind {kaata™iisat} behind, ride see ride behind {ikita™iiwiira™at} belch aciksati [•ß-Ù†k-sß-t†•] VP(4) belch, burp loudly. 1. tikuuciksati 2. tiiciksati 3. tiiciksatihu™ 4. iriiraaciksati 5. tiiciksatihista karaarukuk [•kß-raa-r‰-k‰{k/t}•] VP(4) 1. belch, burp. 2. pass wind, fart. 3. let out a deep sigh. 1. tikukaraarukut 2. tikaraarukut 3. tikaraarukuku™ 4. iriirakaraarukut 5. tikaraarukuksta believe wakuriiriksik [+ i-] [•wß-k‰-rii-r†k-s†{k/t}•] VT(4) believe. <wakur+riiriks.ik, believe in speech; cf. raahuriiriksik (ir...ur...) have faith in the sacred> 1. tatiiwakuriiriksit 2. tiiwakuriiriksit 3. tiiwakuriiriksiiku™ 4. iriiraawakuriiriksit 5. tiiwakuriiriksiksta • sitiiwakuriiriksiiku™ they believe him. bell kiictawaku™ [kiæts-tß-wß-k‰™] N 1. bell; cowbell. 2. pear, after its bell-like shape. • tita kiictawaku™ the bell is hanging. • sukstawu kiictawaku™ hang the bell up! see ring (bell) {kiictawakta/taa, kiictawaktaarik} bell pepper see pepper {kackaapit} bellow see roar {katakaksaa} belly karaaru™ [kß-raÑ-r‰™] N {comb., karaar-, karah} belly, abdomen; (informal) stomach. • karaariri™ in/on the belly. • tikaraarihuu™ he has a big belly. • tikukarara™aari™ my stomach aches. pakuusu™ [pà-kuu-s‰™] N belly, abdomen; stomach.

bellybutton <pakuus+u™, belly + NOM> • pakuusiri™ in/on the belly. • iriirapakuustawi the belly of a human; his belly. • iriiratpakuustawi my belly. • tikupakuusta™aari™ my stomach aches. see abdomen {kickaraaru™} bellybutton see navel {riwaacu™} belong to see connected by blood {raa™ukta (ut...)}; member {tawii} belong to a group uhuur [+ raar-] [•‰-huu(r)•] VD (pl. subj.) 1. be in a row. 2. belong to, be members of, as a society. 3. be thus, be a certain way. 1. tahaktaaruhuu™ 2. tiraaruhuu™ 4. iriiraraaruhuuru 5. tiraaruhuuruksta • tiraaruhuu™ hiruuska they belong to the Hiruska (society). beloved see loved {acikstawis} below hurahwihiri™ [hŠ-rßh-w†-h†-ri™] ADV 1. at the bottom, base, as of a hanging object touching the ground. 2. below, as below another object or at a lower height. 3. on the ground. 4. on the floor. • hurahwihiri™ tiruuc they are on the floor, as boxes. see base, at the {uktata-, uktataka-, uktatakat}; bottom, at the {hukakaawihiri™, hukakawihiri™} belt tahuriipiiru™ [tà-h‰-rii-pii-r‰™] N {comb., tahuriipiir-, tahuriipiih-} belt; sash. • tahuriipiihkat on the belt. • tihaasku tahuriipiiru™ there is a belt there (rolled up). see put on a belt {tahuriipuh (ut...)} belt, beaded kirikstahuriipiiru™ [k‡-r†ks-tß-h‰-riipii-r‰™] N beaded belt. tahuriipiihkiriks [tà-h‰-rii-piih-k†-r†ks] N beaded belt. belt, wear a karacariik (ir...ut...) [•kß-rß-Ùßrii{k/t}•] VL 1. have a belt on; be wearing a belt. 2. be tied over the belly, as a cinch. 1. tatiitkaracariit 2. tuutkaracariit 4. iriruutkaracariipi 5. tuutkaracariipista belted kingfisher see kingfisher {kaciikaha™} bend piruusta™uk [•p†-ruus-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) bend, bend over, make crooked; twist. 1. tatpiruustu™ 2. tipiruustu™ 3. tipiruustuuku™ 4. iriirapiruusta™u 5. tipiruustuuksta see lean backwards {katahkawii™at}; trail to curve {haturaahpirakus}; twist {pirawiitik} bend back and forth wiiwarii [•wii-wß-rii•] VI(4) {dist., wiiwaawarii} 1. weave, tip, bend, sway back and forth. 2. bend one way and another, as when keeping time to music. <wii+warii, go around bent over>

bent 1. tatpiiwarii™ 2. tiwiiwarii™ 4. iriirawiiwarii 5. tiwiiwariihusta • tiwiiwaawarii™ it is swaying back and forth. bend down see stoop over {wiiraarik (ut...)} bend down into water see go down into water {huu™iitik (ut...)} bend forward iitik [•ii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) bow, bend over forward, go down. 1. tatiitit 2. ti™iitit 3. ti™iitiku™ 4. iriira™iitit 5. ti™iitiksta • tiraariitiku™ they are bowing. wii™at [•wii-™ßt•] VI(1) {dist., wiiwarii, wiiwaawarii} bend forward, bend over, lean over. <wii+at, go bent over> 1. tatpii™at 2. tiwii™at 3. tiwiiwuu™ 4. iriirawiita 5. tiwiihuhta • tiwiiwarii™ it is weaving back and forth. see stoop over {hurahwiitik} bend over icahpiitik [•†-Ùßh-pii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., icahpiiruutik} 1. bend over, stoop over. 2. lean over; bow, bend forward and over. 1. taaticaahpiitit, taaticahpiitit 2. tiicaahpiitit 3. tiicaahpiitiku™ 4. iririicahpiitit 5. tiicahpiitiksta • taaticahpiiruutiku™ I was bending over here and there, repeatedly. piiriitik (ut...) [•pii-rii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) bend over, stoop over. 1. tatutpiiriitit 2. tutpiiriitit 3. tutpiiriitiku™ 4. iriirutpiiriitit 5. tutpiiriitiksta wii™a (ir...) [•wii-™ß•] VI(3) bend over; rock forward. <wii+a (ir...), come bent over> 1. tatihwii™a™ 2. tawii™a™ 3. tawii™aahu™ 4. iriirawii™a 5. tawii™ahista see rock {a™iwii™a (ir...)}; stoop over {awihurahwiitik} bend upward katawiirik [•kß-tß-wii-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. turn up; bend, curl upward. 2. lean against, as against a vertical surface. 1. tatkatawiirit 2. tikatawiirit 3. tikatawiiriiku™ 4. iriirakatawiirika 5. tikatawiiriksta beneath see under {uhuhkaahaahiri™} benevolent acikstaraaruhuur [•ß-Ù†ks-tß-raa-r‰huu(r)•] VD 1. have good thoughts, as for people. 2. be benevolent, kindly. 3. be serious, have serious thoughts. 1. taatacikstaraaruhuu™ 2. tiicikstaraaruhuu™ 4. iriiraacikstaraaruhuuru 5. tiicikstaraaruhuuruksta see generous {acikskatarihuur}; kind {kirikaahuur} benign see kind {kirikaahuur} bent see bowed {taraka}; crooked {pirakus, piruus}

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bent over bent over icahpi-

[†-Ùßh-p†•] LOC stooped over, bent over. • icahpikus be sitting bent over. • icahpiitik bend over, stoop over. • icahpiirik be standing stooped over. piira- (ut...) [pii-rß• (‰t...)] LOC bent over, in a vertically flexed position. • piirasa (ut...) be lying on one's stomach with one's rump protruding upward. • piirakus (ut...) be sitting bent over. • piiriitik (ut...) bend over, stoop over. wiira- [wii-rß•] LOC bent over. • wiiraarik (ut...) be standing stooped, bent over; stoop over, bend down, as when picking something up on the ground. • haapiira™a (ir...) bend a piece of wood. • kicpiirakus be a wave; be a ripple. bequeath see give land {huraaruuh/uh} berate see revile {rahuriruuhci (uur...)}; scold {riicarisaar} bergamot see horsemint {paraakaha™} berry aparu™ [ß-pà-r‰™] N {comb., aparuu-} berry (generic). • aparuukat on the berry. • tactaru™ aparu™ I picked the berries. berth see bed {kusaahkus} beseech see beg for {kaapaakisaar (uur...)} beside awikatasa (uur...) [•ß-w†-kß-tß-sß•] VI(4) 1. be lying beside, lying alongside. 2. be alongside, beside, as when walking with someone. 1. tatuurawikatasa 2. tuurawikatasa 4. iriruurawikatasa 5. tuurawikatasahista ihtata- [†h-tß-tß•] LOC close to, beside, next to, alongside. • ihtatakus be sitting close to. • ihtataarik be standing beside. • ihtatawi™at go along close to and then stop. ihtataarik [•†h-tß-taa-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) be standing beside, alongside, close to, next to, on the edge of. 1. taatihtataarit 2. tiihtataarit 3. tiihtataariki™ 4. iriiraahtataariki 5. tiihtataariksta • tiirihtataarit, tiraarihtataarit they are standing close to it. ihtatahaahiri™ [‡h-tß-tß-haa-h†-ri™] ADV close to, next to, beside, alongside, along the edge of, as a person or a vertical surface like a wall or dwelling. • tatihiit ihtatahaahiri™ I spread it out by (the exterior of) the dwelling. ihtatakus [•†h-tß-tß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be sitting close to, beside, next to, alongside. 1. taatihtataku 2. tiihtataku 4. iriiraahtataku 5. tiihtatakusta ihtatasa [•†h-tß-tß-sß•] VI(4) lie beside, alongside, close to, next to, as a child beside its mother or be-

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between side a vertical surface like a wall.

1. taatihtatasa 2. tiihtatasa 3. tiihtatasaahu™ 4. iriiraahtatasa 5. tiihtatasahista • tiraarihtatasa they are lying beside it. ihtatawiitik [•†h-tß-tß-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) sit down close to, beside, next to, alongside. 1. taatihtatawiitit 2. tiihtatawiitit 3. tiihtatawiitiku™ 4. iriiraahtatawiitit 5. tiihtatawiitiksta katasa [•kß-tß-sß•] VI(4) 1. be on the side of, as against the surface of an object; lie against a vertical surface; be a lining, as in a coat. 2. be beside, against; be at the side of, alongside, as a calf or child with its mother. 1. tatkatasa 2. tikatasa 4. iriirakatasa 5. tikatasahista • tirahkatasa they are on the side of it. tahaari (ut...) [•tß-haa-r†•] VL be close to, beside, at the side of. 1. tatuctahaari 2. tuctahaari 4. iriiructahaariwi 5. tuctahaariwista witata- [w†-tß-tß•] LOC beside, next to, close to, as an object or a person. • witatakus be sitting beside, by the side of. • witatasa be lying beside, next to. • witata™uukuk get beside, by the side of. see back of, in {awiirasa (ut...)}; set beside {ihtatakuusk} beside, get ihtata™uukuk [•†h-tß-tß-™uu-k‰{k/t}•] VI(4) get close to, beside, next to, alongside. 1. taatihtata™uukut 2. tiihtata™uukut 3. tiihtata™uukuku™ 4. iriiraahtata™uukut 5. tiihtata™uukuksta bestow a name see name {hisaask} bestow power see authority, give {raa™uuh/uh} bet kawiitik [•kß-wii-t†{k/t}•] VT(4) wager, bet, put down as a stake. 1. tatkawiitit 2. tikawiitit 3. tikawiitiku™ 4. iriirakawiitit 5. tikawiitiksta kuusk [•kuus(k)•] VT(1) 1. put, place, set. 2. bet, wager. 1. tatkuus 2. tikuus 3. tikuusku™ 4. iriirakuuska 5. tikuuskista see wager {kahuruucuh (ut...)} between huuwaturika [•huu-wß-t‰-r†-kß•] VL be between, as between two objects or surfaces, as two trees, two groups, etc. 1. tatuuwaturika 2. tihuuwaturika 4. iriirahuuwaturikawi 5. tihuuwaturikawista huuwaturika- [huu-wß-t‰-r†-kß•] LOC between, as two objects or surfaces. • huuwaturika™at go between. • huuwaturikakus

beverage, sweet be sitting between. • rahuuwaturika™at take between, carry between. huuwaturikat [huu-wß-tŠ-r†-kßt] ADV between, in between, as two objects or surfaces. paturikat [pß-tŠ-r†-kßt] ADV between, in between. <waturika+t, between + LOC> tawatur [•tß-wß-t‰(r)•] VL(1) be between, be the space between, as between two surfaces or side-byside objects; be a crevice, an interstice. 2. titawatu 4. iriiratawatura 5. titawatuhwista • tiracawatu they are the spaces between them. tawaturika- [tß-wß-t‰-r†-kß•] LOC between, as between two objects or groups. • tawaturika™at go between. • tawaturika™a (ir...) come between. • tawaturikakus be sitting between; be between. tawaturikat [tß-wß-tŠ-r†-kßt] ADV between, in between, as between two objects or surfaces. uhuuwaturikat [‰-hu÷-wß-t‰-r†-kßt] ADV 1. between, in between, as two objects. 2. in between times, as during an intermission. waturika- [wß-t‰-r†-kß•] LOC between, as two objects. <watur.ika> • waturika™at go between. • waturikakus be sitting between. • waturika™uukuk get between. see midway {huraarikarikat}; midway between places {huraaruukat}; sandwiched between {katiirisir}; squeeze between {katiirikisat} beverage, sweet ruuhkicahariwaara [ru÷h-k†-Ùßhß-r†-waa-rß] N pop, soda pop; juice; nectar.

bewitch riituur

[•rii-tuu(r)•] VT(4) bewitch, witch, poison by witching. 1. tahiituu 2. tiriituu 3. tiriituuru™ 4. iriirariituu 5. tiriiturista beyond see farther {ruurihiira™}; sometimes {rahiira™, rihiira™} beyond (an obstacle) see go across (an obstacle) {icawaatat} bible (of ruminant's stomach) see omasum {rahpas} bicycle asikita [•ß-s†-k†-tß•] VL ride a bicycle. 1. taatasikita 2. tiisikita 4. iriiraasikitawi 5. tiisikitawista asikitawi™u™ [ß-s†-k‡-tß-wi-™u™] N bicycle. • asikitawikat on the bicycle. big see grow large {rihuraar}; large {rihuur, riisat} big matter see important {raarihuur}

bitter bighorn arikucuu™

[à-r†-k‰-Ùuu™] N {comb., arikucuu-} bighorn, Rocky Mountain sheep (Ovis canadensis). <arik+kucuu, big horn>

• arikucuukat among the bighorn sheep. paarikucuu™ [paÑ-r†-k‰-Ùuu™] N bighorn, Rocky Mountain Sheep (Ovis canadensis). <paarik+kucuu, big horn> bile kiirahkataaru™ [kii-ràh-kß-taa-r‰™] N {comb., kiirahkataar-, kiirahkataah-} bile. • kiirahkataahkat in the bile. bill of a cap see brim of a hat {cuurawii™at} billfold see wallet {paapicistahkuuku™u™} bind see tie up {haaskiihka™uuc/uc-} binding twine takiitkucuu™ [tß-kiæt-k‰-Ùuu™] N binding twine. binoculars huraariwiiruku, rahuraariwiiruku [hŠraa-r†-wii-r‰-k‰, rà-h‰-raa-r†-wii-r‰-k‰] N binoculars, field glasses; telescope. bird rikucki [r‡-k‰ts-k†] N {comb., rikuhc-, rikuc-} bird.

• rikuckat among the birds. • rikuckiripahki little bird. • rikuhcihari™ (obs.) chick, baby bird. see chick (of any bird) {rikuhcihari™} bird nest see nest (of a bird) {rahkisiitu™} bird, black rikuckaatiit [r‡-k‰ts-kaa-tiit] N black eagle, juvenile bald eagle; black bird. birds see flock {kusuhuuru™, kusuhuhca} birth see give birth {ra™uk} biscuit piiskita [piæs-k†-tß] N biscuit, sea biscuit. <Engl. biscuit> biscuit, sea see crackers {icatataahiisu™} bit see little bit {caskiirarit} bitch see dog, female {asiicapaat} bite ka™uc [•kß-™uts•] VT(2) {iter., kaka™uc} bite. 1. tatka™uc 2. tika™uc 3. tikuucu™ 4. iriirakuuci 5. tikuucista taka™uc [•tß-kß-™uts•] VT(2) take a bite of, bite on; nibble on. 1. tactaka™uc 2. titaka™uc 3. titakuucu™ 4. iriiratakuuci 5. titakuucista see chew {kaka™uc} bite into aaraarukaa™at [•aa-raa-r‰-kaa-™ßt•] VT(1) {pl. obj., aaraarukaawarii} bite into. 1. tataaraarukaa™at 2. ti™aaraarukaa™at 3. ti™aaraarukaawuu™ 4. iriira™aaraarukaata 5. ti™aaraarukaahuhta • ti™aaraarukaawarii™ he is biting into things. bitter ta™u (ir...) [•tß-™u•] VI(3) {dist., ta™uk (ir...)} be bitter, acrid; be sour; be hot, piquant, pungent, as peppers or highly spiced food. 2. tatu™ 4. iriirata™u 5. tatuuksta • tata™ut they

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bitterly are bitter, sour, hot. tahata™u (ir...) [•tß-hß-tß-™u•] VI(3) taste bitter, acrid; taste sour; taste hot, pungent, as peppers. 2. tatahatu™ 4. iriiratahata™u 5. tatahatuuksta bitterly see speak harshly {wakuhta™u (ir...)} bittern sakuhkiriku [sß-k‰h-k‡-r†-k‰] N American bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus); crane, heron. <sakuur+kirikus, looks at the sun; ref. to the pose that the bittern strikes when startled, stretching the neck and beak straight up to the sky > black kaatiit [•kaa-tiit•] VD be black.

2. tikaatii™it 4. iriirakaatiitu 5. tikaatiituksta katiit [•kß-tiit•] VD be dark (in shade); be black. 2. tikatii™it 4. iriirakatiitu 5. tikatiituksta katiitu™ [kß-tiæ-t‰™] N black. see dark {taraawiskaatiit}; dye black {hawuh} black bear see bear, black {kurukskaatiit} black bird rikuckaatiit [r‡-k‰ts-kaa-tiit] N black eagle, juvenile bald eagle; black bird. black eagle see eagle, black {riitahkackaatiit, riitahkackatiit} black eyes see eyes, black {kaawirahkatiit} black fox see fox, black {kiwakuukaatiit} black hair see hair, black {pakskatiit, pakskaatiit} black haw akiwaasas [à-k†-waa-sßs] N black haw (Viburnum lentago). • akiwaasaskat among the black haws. • akiwaasas iriirahaapaawi where the black haw trees are. black horse see horse, black {asakaatiit} black man caahikskaatiit [Ùaa-h‡ks-kaa-tiit] N black man, black male. kaatiit [kaÑ-tiit] N black man, black male. • ckaatiit black female. black out see faint {katiictakaawaahak (ut...)} black pepper see pepper {kackaapit} black sage see sage, black {kiiwa™utkaatiit} black widow spider see spider, black widow {cacikskaatiit, cacikskatiit} black-eyed pea see pea, black-eyed {atipickatit, atiiktiwaackatiit} black-tailed deer see deer, black-tailed {taakatit} blackberry aparuukaatiit [ß-pß-ru÷-kaa-tiit] N blackberry (Rubus spp.). blackbird kaasit [kaÑ-s†t] N blackbird (Euphagus spp.), cowbird (Molothrus ater) (generic). • kaasitkat among the blackbirds. see red-wing blackbird {kaasitkiwahaaru™} blacken katiiha™uk [•kß-tii-hß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3)

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bleed blacken, make black, color black.

1. tatkatiihu™ 2. tikatiihu™ 3. tikatiihuuku™ 4. iriirakatiiha™u 5. tikatiihuuksta Blackfoot Asuhkatiit [à-s‰h-kß-tiit] N 1. Blackfoot tribe. 2. Blackfoot male. • ti™ capaat Asuhkatiit it is a Blackfoot woman. blackjack oak see oak, blackjack {rapaksparaa™, rakaatiit} blacksmith paasikari™ [paÑ-s†-kß-ri™] N blacksmith. <paasi+kari, many paasi, said to mean many pounds> • paasikari™ iriiraakariku blacksmith's shop. bladder paaruris [paa-rŠ-r†s] N 1. bladder. 2. balloon. <waarur+his, blow (into), i.e., inflate + PERF; cf. Ar. waanun blow on; neswaanunæóu™ large intestine casing>

• paaruriskat in/on the bladder.

blame raa™uuh/uh [•raa-™uuh/‰(h)•] VT(1) 1. bestow power on, give power to, give "a way" to. 2. give a right to, give authority to, as authority to conduct a ritual. 3. blame. 1. tahaa™uu 2. tiraa™uu 3. tiraa™uuhu™ 4. iriiraruuha 5. tiruuhista blanch see bleach {kiwataktik}; fade {kiwatak} blanket see horse blanket {asaawitaksu™}; saddle blanket {asataatkatakusu™}; spread {hihiitu™}; wear over the shoulders {witak}; wrap {pitaksu™} blanket (decorated) raawihtariirat [raa-w‡h-tßrii-rßt] N decorated broadcloth blanket, as one with beadwork or ribbons. • raawihtariiratkat on the broadcloth. blanket (white) raawihtaakaa [raa-w‡h-taa-kaa] N {comb., raawihtaakaar-, raawihtaakaah-} blanket; white blanket. • raawihtaakaahkat on the blanket. • tatuuriirikiit raawihtaakaahkat I stood him on a blanket. blare see blow on (musical instrument) {riwakta/taa}; noise {wakta/taa} blaze kuriicta™a (ir...) [•k‰-riits-taa•] VI(3) 1. be on fire, ablaze, blazing. 2. blaze up; catch on fire. 2. takuriictaa™ 3. takuriicta™aahu™ 4. iriirakuriicta™a 5. takuriictaahista see fire {taruuc}; flame {kiika™u™, kuriitu™} bleach kiwataktik [•k†-wß-tßk-t†{k/t}•] VT(1) bleach, blanch; cause to fade, turn pale. 1. tatkiwataktit 2. tikiwataktit 3. tikiwataktiiku™ 4. iriirakiwataktika 5. tikiwataktiksta see fade {kiwatak} bleached flour see flour, white {tapactaakaa} bleed paaharikus [•paa-hß-r†-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. have

blended blood on oneself, as from a severe cut or a hemorrhage; bleed, as from a cut or wound. 2. menstruate. <paat+raar+rikus, be sitting with one's blood> 1. tatpaahariku 2. tipaahariku 4. iriirapaahariku 5. tipaaharikusta blended see mixed together {wiriis (ut...) [+ raar]} bless waaku™at (ut...) [+ raar-] [•waa-ku-™ßt•] VT(1) 1. (formerly) offer food in prayer to the deities; make a food offering, as when one raises food up in prayer to the deities. 2. (contemp.) bless, pray over food; bless a meal. 1. tatuuhahwaaku™at 2. tuuhahwaaku™at 3. tuuhahwaakawuu™ 4. iriruuhahwaakuuta 5. tuuhahwaakuhuhta see pity {acikskapaakis (ut...)}; stroke in blessing {ikstawi™a (ir...ut...), ikstawi™at (ut...)} blind kirikaruus [•k†-r†-kß-ruus•] VD {pl. (both eyes), kirikaruusik} be blind in one eye. 1. tatkirikaruus 2. tikirikaruus 4. iriirakirikaruusu 5. tikirikaruusuksta • tatkirikaruusit I am blind (in both eyes). blink kiriktacaparit [•k†-r†k-tß-Ùß-pß-r†t•] VD blink, eyes to blink. 1. tatkiriktacaparit 2. tikiriktacaparit 4. iriirakiriktacapariitu 5. tikiriktacaparituksta kiriktacaparitaar [•k†-r†k-tß-Ùß-pß-r†-taa(r)•] VI(1-i) blink, blink one's eyes. 1. tatkiriktacaparitaa 2. tikiriktacaparitaa 3. tikiriktacaparitaari™ 4. iriirakiriktacaparitaara 5. tikiriktacaparitaarista blister kirahku [k†-ràh-k‰] N blister. blistered kirahkus (uur...) [•k†-rßh-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be blistered, have a blister. 1. tatuuhkirahku 2. tuuhkirahku 4. iriruuhkirahku 5. tuuhkirahkusta blizzard pirahuuru™ [p‡-rß-huu-r‰™] N {comb., pirahuur-, pirahuh-} blizzard; drifting, swirling, or sweeping snow. • pirahuhkat in the drifting snow. piriwuu (ir...) [•p†-r†-wuu•] VP(4) (impf. only) blizzard, as when a strong wind causes swirling snow. 2. tihpiriwuu™ 4. iriirihpiriwuu 5. tihpiriwuusta bloat see rise (as dough) {awihuksa (ir...)} bloated tawasii [•tß-wß-sii•] VD {dist., tawasiik} 1. be bloated; be (fully) inflated, as a balloon or tire. 2. be packed fully, solidly; be tightly packed; be

blossom, dried stuffed full, as a bag or pillow. 2. titawasii™ 4. iriiratawasii™u 5. titawasiicta • iriiratawasiiki the ones that are packed fully. block katatariwisk [•kß-tß-tß-r†-w†s(k)•] VT(1) block, as when putting something in someone's way. 1. tatkatatariwiis 2. tikatatariwiis 3. tikatatariwiisku™ 4. iriirakatatariwiska 5. tikatatariwiskista ukariwisitik [•‰-kß-r†-w†-s†-t†{k/t}•] VT(4) block, stand in a path; get in front, as in blocking a passage. 1. taatukariwisitit 2. tiikariwisitit 3. tiikariwisitiiku™ 4. iriruukariwisitit 5. tiikariwisitiksta blocked katakusiir-i [•kß-tß-k‰-siir•†•] VP(1) 1. be stuck, as when getting caught on something; be stalled. 2. be blocked, as when one's way is obstructed. 3. be stumped, stymied, as when being uncertain what to do or say. 4. hesitate, be hesitant, as when not knowing how to do something. 1. tikukatakusii 2. tikatakusii 3. tikukatakusiirihu™ 4. iriirakatakusiira 5. tikatakusiirista blood paatu™ [paÑ-t‰™] N blood; gore. <paat+u™, blood + NOM> • paatkat in blood. • tipaatku it is a pool of blood. blood vessel paatahuuru™ [paÑ-tß-huu-r‰™] N {comb., paatahuur-, paatahuh-; pl., paatahuraaru™} 1. blood vessel, artery, vein. 2. rubber. <paat+uhur+u™, blood + uhur + NOM> • paatahuhkat in the vein. • kiicpaatahuuru™ vein in the neck. • sitiihihpaatahuurukat they must have cut the vein. • tipaatahurahkasa they are the blood vessels, as in one's body. bloodsucker see leech {kisit} bloody paat [•paat•] VD be bloody; have blood on. 2. tipaa™at 4. iriirapaatu 5. tipaatuksta rahpaat [•rßh-paat•] VD be bloody. 2. tirahpaa™at 4. iriirarahpaatu 5. tirahpaatuksta bloom paakahis (ut...) [•paa-kß-h†s•] VD 1. have tassels; tassel, be tasseling, as a corn plant. 2. be abloom, blooming, as a plant. 2. tutpaakahis 4. iriirutpaakahisu 5. tutpaakahisuksta raritkaraak (ut...) [•rß-r†t-kß-raa{k/t}•] VD be flowering, blossoming; be in bloom, in blossom; ref. to plants and trees. 2. tuuharitkaraa™at 4. iriruuharitkaraaku 5. tuuharitkaraakuksta blossom see bloom {raritkaraak (ut...)}; flower {raritkaraaku™} blossom, dried riwaacta [•r†-waats-tß•] VL 1. be budding, as a tree. 2. be a dried blossom, as a dying squash blossom when the fruit is starting to form.

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blouse 2. tiriwaacta 4. iriirariwaactawi 5. tiriwaactawista blouse kiickuuku™u™ [kiits-ku÷-ku-™u™] N shirt; blouse. • kiickuukukat on the shirt. • witisukskawarit kiickuuku™u™ put the shirt on! see shirt {rahkasii™u™} blow (a horn) see noise {wakta/taa} blow (wind) see wind to come up {huutuhwica (ir...)} blow a whistle kiispaktaarik [•kiis-pßk-taar†{k/t}•] VT(1) blow a whistle. 1. tatkiispaktaarit 2. tikiispaktaarit 3. tikiispaktaariku™ 4. iriirakiispaktaarika 5. tikiispaktaariksta blow down a dwelling akahwiirahak [•ß-kßhwii-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. take down, dismantle a dwelling. 2. blow down a dwelling. 1. taatakahwiirahat 2. tiikahwiirahat 3. tiikahwiirahaaku™ 4. iriirakahwiirahat 5. tiikahwiirahaksta • sitiirakahwiirahat they took the lodge down. blow on waarur-i [•waa-r‰r•†•] VT(1) blow on, as when starting a fire or cooling something. 1. tatpaaru 2. tiwaaru 3. tiwaarurihu™ 4. iriirawaarura 5. tiwaarurista • tirahwaarurihu™ they are blowing on it. blow on (musical instrument) rahwaktaarik [•rßh-wßk-taa-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) blow on, as a horn; sound, make sound, as a radio or television, phonograph, or piano. 1. tahahwaktaarit 2. tirahwaktaarit 3. tirahwaktaariku™ 4. iriirarahwaktaarika 5. tirahwaktaariksta • kataawaruucaku tirahwaktaariku™ he is playing the horn. riiwaktaarik [•rii-wßk-taa-r†{k/t}•] VI(1) 1. groan, as in agony or pain. 2. blow on a horn. 1. tahiiwaktaarit 2. tiriiwaktaarit 3. tiriiwaktaariku™ 4. iriirariiwaktaarika 5. tiriiwaktaariksta riwakta/taa [•r†-wßk-tß/taa•] VI(4) 1. sound, be a characteristic sound, cry, as of a cricket, locust, or grasshopper. 2. blow, sound, blare, as a horn. 2. tiriwakta™ 3. tiriwaktaahu™ 4. iriirariwaktaa 5. tiriwaktaahista • tirariwaktaahu™ they are making their characteristic sound. blow smoke raawisawarik [•raa-w†-sß-wßr†{k/t}•] VI(1) blow a puff or whiff of smoke; offer a puff or whiff of smoke, as in a smoke offering. 1. tahaawisawarit 2. tiraawisawarit 3. tiraawi-

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blush sawariku™ 4. iriiraraawisawarika 5. tiraawisawariksta blow smoke to the ground raawisurahcak [•raa-w†-s‰-rßh-Ùß{k/t}•] VI(4) blow smoke to the ground; ref. only to the gesture made in the smoke offering. 1. tahaawisurahcat 2. tiraawisurahcat 3. tiraawisurahcaaku™ 4. iriiraraawisurahcat 5. tiraawisurahcaksta blowgun see popgun {tiraaktakaasikus} blown around uhuriiwaawarik (ut...) [•‰-h‰-riiwaa-wß-r†{k/t}•] VP(1) be blown around, as by a strong wind; weave, weave back and forth, as a car driving in a strong wind; wobble, wobble around, as when walking against a strong wind or losing one's balance. 1. tikuutuhuriiwaawarit 2. tiituhuriiwaawarit 3. tiituhuriiwaawariku™ 4. iriruutuhuriiwaawarika 5. tiituhuriiwaawariksta blue tarii™uus [•tß-rii-™uus•] VD be blue.

2. titarii™uus 4. iriiratarii™uusu 5. titarii™uusuksta • tiracarii™uus they are blue. blue corn mush see corn mush, blue {huutarii™uus} blue eyes see eyes, blue {kaawiracarii™uus} blue flour corn (dark) see corn, dark blue flour {huuruhaahkaatiit} blue, navy arasistarii™uus [•ß-rß-s†s-tß-rii-™uus•] VD be navy blue, deep blue. <aras.his+tarii™uus, be cooked blue> 2. tiirasistarii™uus 4. iriiraarasistarii™uusu 5. tiirasistarii™uusuksta blueberry hukiriikas [hŠ-k†-rii-kßs] N 1. gooseberry (Ribes spp.). 2. blueberry (Vaccinium spp.). • hukiriikaskat among the gooseberries. • iriiratawaawi hukiriikas where the gooseberries are growing. bluebird rikuctarii™uus [r‡-k‰ts-tß-rii-™uus] N bluebird (Sialia sialis). bluff karusik [•kß-r‰-s†{k/t}•] VT(1) bluff; make back down, cause to lose one's resolve. 1. tatkarusit 2. tikarusit 3. tikarusiku™ 4. iriirakarusika 5. tikarusiksta see hill {paa™u™}; weaken someone's resolve {karuusa™iwarik} blunt see dull {katahiis, kitahiis} blush ickatakuritkaa™a (ir...) [•†ts-kß-tß-k‰-r†tkaa-™ß•] VP(3) blush, become flushed in the face; face to turn red.

board 1. tikuuckatakuritkaa™a™ 2. taackatakuritkaa™a™ 3. taackatakuritkaa™ahu™ 4. iriiraackatakuritkaa™a 5. taackatakuritkaahista takuritkaa™a (ir...) [•tß-k‰-r†t-kaa-™ß•] VP(3) blush, become flushed, turn red, as when embarrassed. 1. tikutakuritkaa™a™ 2. tatakuritkaa™a™ 3. tatakuritkaa™aahu™ 4. iriiratakuritkaa™a 5. tatakuritkaahista board rakatuusu™ [rß-kà-tuu-s‰™] N board, plank. • rakatuuskat on the board. • tataakukat rakatuusu™ I cut the board. • iririsa rakatuusu™ there is a board there. boast wakurihuur [•wß-k‰-r†-huu(r)•] VD {dist., wakurihuurik} 1. speak loudly, as when having a loud voice; (dist.) be a loud speaker. 2. boast, brag, exaggerate, talk big, as when claiming to do more than one can do; (dist.) be a braggart; be boastful. <wakur+rihuur, be a big voice> 1. tatpakurihuu™ 2. tiwakurihuu™ 4. iriirawakurihuuru 5. tiwakurihuuruksta • tatpakurihuurit I am a braggart, a loud speaker. see brag {wakuhkiisik (ir...)} boat rakuuhuuru™ [rà-kuu-huu-r‰™] N {comb., rakuuhuur-, rakuuhuh-} boat, watercraft. • rakuuhuhkat on the boat. • rakuuhuuru™ tihasa there is a boat in the water. see steamboat {rakuuhuhwaarukstii™} bobbed see cut short {rikiis, taripas} bobcat paksickariwiru™ [pàk-s†ts-kß-r†-w†-r‰™] N bobcat, bay lynx (Lynx rufus). <waks+icka+riwiruu, round faced wild cat; cf. Ar. wÑx wildcat, WAxtÑs mountain lion; Ki. waktski bobcat, waksta™ tiger (i.e., mountain lion) > bobtailed pa™aasii [•pß-™aa-sii•] VD be bobtailed,

docked; have a short, stubby tail, as one cut short or naturally short. 1. tatpa™aasii™ 2. tipa™aasii™ 4. iriirapa™aasii™u 5. tipa™aasiicta • tiritkupa™aasii™ it is bobtailed. ritkutaripas [•r†t-k‰-tß-r†-pßs•] VD be bobtailed. 2. tiritkutaripa™as 4. iriiraritkutaripaasu 5. tiritkutaripasuksta body iit- [iit•] N-DEP body (living or dead); corpse; carcass. • iituriirik (uur...) 1. prepare a body or corpse nicely, as for burial. 2. change the position of a body, as a baby who has lain too long in one position; lay nicely, comfortably, as when putting a baby to bed. tarikta™u™ [tß-r‡k-tß-™u™] N body. • tariktahiri™, tariktakat on the body.

boisterous body odor pahuksacaciks

[pà-h‰k-sß-Ùß-Ù†ks] N

1. buffalo gourd (Cucurbita foetidissima), a wild vine that produces small, striped gourd-like pods that emit a strong, foul odor. 2. underarm odor; body odor. <pahuks+acaciks, spider squash, ref. to a story in which Spider-Woman is trampled by buffalo, becomes a root, and her cobwebs become a vine> takickuu™at [•tß-k†ts-kuu-™ßt•] VD 1. be rotten,

spoiled, as overripe vegetables or fruit. 2. be soured, sour, as wet clothing. 3. have body odor, as from soured perspiration. 1. tactakickuu™at 2. titakickuu™at 4. iriiratakickuutu 5. titakickuutuksta body of water kickus [•k†ts-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be a body of water, as a pool or puddle. 2. tikicku 4. iriirakicku 5. tikickusta kiwahaar [•k†-wß-haa(r)•] VD be a lake, pond, body of water; be a swamp, marsh, slough, wellwatered area. 2. tikiwahaa™a 4. iriirakiwahaaru 5. tikiwahaaruksta body, close to the see hug {rikatiriitik} bog see marsh {kicahaaru™, kicahaar} boil kickata™a (ir...) [•k†ts-kß-taa•] VI(3) 1. boil, water to boil. 2. water to bubble, as on a creek. 3. water to rise, come up, as during a heavy rain. 2. takickataa™ 3. takickata™aahu™ 4. iriirakickata™a 5. takickataahista kickatara™a (ir...) [•k†ts-kß-tß-raa•] VT(3) 1. boil. 2. bring up, throw up liquid; vomit liquid.

1. tatihkickataraa™ 2. takickataraa™ 3. takickatara™aahu™ 4. iriirakickatara™a 5. takickataraahista kuruks [kŠ-r‰ks] N boil, carbuncle. see cook by boiling {raahaar}; cook by boiling in a hanging kettle {tarasa (ut...)} boiled food raahaaru™ [raÑ-haa-r‰™] N {comb., raaha(a)r-, raahaah-} boiled food; dish, bowl of boiled food. • Ctaahariwaa Good Dishes Of Food Woman (personal name). bois d'arc see thorny plant {raakicku™} boisterous wakarihuur [•wß-kß-r†-huu(r)•] VD {dist., wakarihuurik} 1. be loud, as when crying or speaking; speak loudly, boisterously. 2. be loud, boisterous, as a trait. <waka+rihuur, voice to be big> 1. tatpakarihuu™ 2. tiwakarihuu™ 4. iriirawakarihuuru 5. tiwakarihuuruksta • tiwakarihuurit he is loud. see loudmouthed {haakarihuur}

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bold bold awira™a (ir...) [+ neg.]

[•ß-w†-raa•] VR(3) be bold, undaunted; never hesitate, as a fearless warrior or a nervy person. 1. tatiitkaakaaraarihta 2. tuutkaakaaraarihta 4. iriruutkaakaaraarihtawi 5. tuutkaakaaraarihtawista but ci [Ù†] CONJ but. hici [h†-Ù†] CONJ but; and. • hici ahakawatat capaat but the woman got out. • hici ahuuhaaruukaata™iisa™ and the war party came to the bank. kiici™, kici™ [kiæ-Ùi™, k‡-Ùi™] CONJ but; meanwhile.

• kiici™ ahuciraspicat but he arrived leading it. • ahaa™ kici™ iiwiirihkaruuwaahac he came, but he ate everything all up. butcher kuuwaar [•kuu-waa(r)•] VT(3-i) 1. butcher. 2. perform surgery on, operate on, as a surgeon.

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butcher knife 1. tatkuuwaaru™ 2. tikuuwaaru™ 4. iriirakuuwaru 5. tikuuwarusta • tihkuuwaaru™ they butchered it. • kuuhihkuwaawari™ they were butchering them. butcher knife see knife, butcher {riiciraariksisu™}; knife, large {riicikucuu™} butter iitkickasisu™ [iæt-k†ts-kß-s†-s‰™] N butter; cheese; cottage cheese. • iitkickasiskat in/on the butter. butter bean see bean, butter {atikatuus} butter, marrow see marrow butter {kiiskiicu™} butter, melted see fat, melted {ahitkiraaru™} butterfly awiitakaaru™ [ß-wiæ-tß-kaa-r‰™] N butterfly; moth. • awiitakaaru™ tiraarawarii™ the butterflies are flying around. • tiiku awiitakaaru™ it is a butterfly. • awiitakaaru™ tiitaku kiriktarahkataahkat a butterfly is on the flower. • iririi™at awiitakaaru™ that butterfly is flying by. buttock ripiitu™ [r†-piæ-t‰™] N {comb., ripiit-, ripiic-, ripiih-, ripit-} buttock, cheek. • ripitiri™ on the buttock. • ripihaahiri™ on the buttocks. • iriiraripiihacawi where his buttocks are; his buttocks. buttocks ruusu™ [ru÷-s‰™] N buttocks, rump, cheeks. • ruusiri™ on the buttocks. button kiiskatakusu™ [kiæs-kß-tß-k‰-s‰™] N button. • kiiskatakuskat on the button. • tuctariirit kiiskatakusu™ the button is sewn on. kiiskatakuusk [•kiis-kß-tß-kuus(k)•] VT(1) 1. put a button on. 2. button, fasten with a button. 1. tatkiiskatakuus 2. tikiiskatakuus 3. tikiiskatakuusku™ 4. iriirakiiskatakuuska 5. tikiiskatakuuskista buy see barter {raapuh} buy from raapuh (uur...) [•raa-p‰(h)•] VT(1) buy from, purchase from; barter for. 1. taturaapu 2. turaapu 3. turaapuhu™ 4. iriiruraapuha 5. turaapista buy many see obtain many {karira™uk} buzz see ring {tawakta/taa, tawaktaarik} buzzard see vulture {cusawi™, pakskiraruuc, pakskiciis, rikucpakskiciis} by hukatawi- [h‰-kß-tß-w†•] LOC 1. around in a circle. 2. by, past. • haaktahukatawi™at pass a pipe around. • aras-

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calf (newborn) tarahukatawihak pass cooked food around. • hukatawi™at walk by, past; go by, past. see around someone {tiihuruu (ut...)} by oneself see alone {uhurar}

C cabbage kaaripiiku™

[kaÑ-r†-pii-k‰™] N 1. milkweed (Asclepias spp.). 2. cabbage.

• kaaripiikat on the milkweed. • tatpaarasiku™ kaaripiiku™ I am cooking the cabbage. cabin see log cabin {raktawiirat} cabinet see cupboard {rakaraarahkuuku™u™} cache pit tahak [•tß-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., tawaahak} be a cache pit. 2. titahat 4. iriiratahat 5. titahaksta • titawaahat there are (several or more) cache pits. cackle see call {wakta/taa} cactus see prickly pear {piirahaatuskatuus}; thorny plant {piirahaatus} Caddo Asuurit [à-suu-r†t] N {comb., asuh-} 1. Caddo tribe. 2. Caddo male.

• Casuurit Caddo female. • tatuhta iriiraakitaahku Asuurit I am going to go to Caddo country. cafe see restaurant {iriirihaakawaahcu} cajole see humor {wi™iiraah (uur...)} cake icataarakiicu™ [†-Ùß-taÑ-rß-kii-Ù‰™] N {comb., icataarakic-} pastry; cake; sweetroll; cookie. • icataarakickat in/on the pastry. • kiruu raarasku icataarakiicu™? where is the cake? see sweets (food) {taharakiicu™} calamus kahca™iitu™ [kàh-Ùß-™ii-t‰™] N calamus, sweet flag (Acorus calamus). calf harii™u™ [hß-riæ-™u™] N {comb., harii-, hari-} buffalo calf; cow calf. • hariikat among the calves. • harikaatiit black calf. • haritaakaa white calf. hariikis [hß-riæ-k†s] N {comb., harii-, hari-} calf; newborn calf. • hariikiskat among the calves. • haritaakaa white calf. • Hariiwaki™ Spotted Calf (personal name). see fetus, bovine {hariipahat} calf (female) hariicapaat [hß-riæ-Ùß-paat] N female calf. calf (male) hariwiita [hß-r‡-wii-tß] N male calf. calf (newborn) hariirahkata [hß-riæ-rßh-kß-tß] N

calf (of leg) newborn calf.

calf (of leg) kaackaraaru™ [kaÑts-kß-raa-r‰™] N calf of the leg, which is said to be gristly; calf muscle. • kaackaraariri™ on the calf. calico see cloth, cotton {raawihkata™iitu™} call kaksaa (ut...) [•kßk-saa•] VT(4) call, summon, as when inviting someone. 1. tatutkaksaa™ 2. tutkaksaa™ 3. tutkaksaahu™ 4. iriirutkaksaa 5. tutkaksaahista wakta/taa [•wßk-tß/taa•] VI(4) 1. make, emit a noise; honk, as a horn; sound, blow, blare, as a horn. 2. make, emit its characteristic sound or cry, as an animal, bird, or other creature. 3. groan, as in pain or agony. <wak+raa, sound + raa; i.q. Ar. wahnaa> 1. tatpakta™ 2. tiwakta™ 3. tiwaktaahu™ 4. iriirawaktaa 5. tiwaktaahista • tirahwaktaahu™ they are making their characteristic sound. call (from a distance) wakaraaru™a (ir...) [•wßkß-raa-ru-™ß•] VI(3) 1. call, speak, shout from a distance. 2. call, i.e., telephone, as a call that someone receives. <wakaraar+u.a (ir...), voice to come in a line> 1. tatihwakaraaru™a™ 2. tawakaraaru™a™ 3. tawakaraaru™aahu™ 4. iriirawakaraaru™a 5. tawakaraaruuhista call (telephone) see telephone {racawaktaarik, racawaktaarik (ut...)} call by a kin term raahisaask [•raa-h†-saas(k)•] VT(1) call by one's kin term; address by one's kin term. 1. tahaahisaas 2. tiraahisaas 3. tiraahisaasku™ 4. iriiraraahisaaska 5. tiraahisaaskista call by name hisaask [•h†-saas(k)•] VT(1) {dist., hiwaasaask} 1. name, give a name to, bestow a name on. 2. call by name. 1. tatisaas 2. tihisaas 3. tihisaasku™ 4. iriirahisaaska 5. tihisaaskista • tiikiwaasaas he named them. call names see revile {ruuwa™iihk (ut...)} call out rikaksaa [•r†-kßk-saa•] VI(4) 1. call out, holler, cry out, as when achieving a deed. 2. give out a war cry, make a war cry. 3. holler, cry out in warning. 4. shout, yell, as to get someone's attention.

1. tahikaksaa™ 2. tirikaksaa™ 3. tirikaksaahu™ 4. iriirarikaksaa 5. tirikaksaahista waktiik/tik- [•wßk-tiik/t†{k/t}•] VI(4) announce, call out, cry out, as a village crier does. <wak+riik/rik, be a sound + riik/rik> 1. tatpaktiit 2. tiwaktiit 3. tiwaktiiku™ 4. iriirawaktit 5. tiwaktiksta

camp see shout {kaksaa}

call out to wakaraaru™at (ut...)

[•wß-kß-raa-ru™ßt•] VT(1) {dist., wakaraarawaawarii (ut...)} 1. call

out to, shout to, as to another person. 2. pray to, as to God. 1. tatutpakaraaru™at 2. tutpakaraaru™at 3. tutpakaraarawuu™ 4. iriirutpakaraaruuta 5. tutpakaraaruhuhta • tuutakpakaraarawaawarii™ he is calling out to different ones here and there. called see named {asaar} calm acikspahit [•ß-Ù†ks-pß-h†t•] VD 1. be mentally calm, peaceful; mind to be at ease, be calm, as when being free of stress. 2. be patient. 1. taatacikspahi™it 2. tiicikspahi™it 4. iriiraacikspahiitu 5. tiicikspahituksta calm down awi™iikiwatak [•ß-wi-™ii-k†-wß-tß{k/t}•] VP(4) 1. rest, relax. 2. calm down, cool off. 1. tikuuwi™iikiwatat 2. tiiwi™iikiwatat 3. tiiwi™iikiwataaku™ 4. iriiraawi™iikiwatat 5. tiiwi™iikiwataksta karuusawi™at [•kß-ruu-sß-wi-™ßt•] VP(1) 1. weaken, become weak, lose strength. 2. lose one's resolve, back down, yield, give in, as in a conflict. 3. lose weight. 4. deflate, become deflated, as a balloon or tire. 5. calm down, as an angry person. 6. become loose, as a knot. 1. tikukaruusawi™at 2. tikaruusawi™at 3. tikaruusa™iwuu™ 4. iriirakaruusawiita 5. tikaruusawihuhta • tihaaskaruusawi™at the string came loose. see quiet down {awi™uusik (uur...)}; relax mentally {aciksawi™uusik} calm someone aciksawi™uusiktik [•ß-Ù†k-sß-wi™uu-s†k-t†{k/t}•] VT(1) calm someone down, comfort, as one who is in mourning; relax someone mentally. 1. taataciksawi™uusiktit 2. tiiciksawi™uusiktit 3. tiiciksawi™uusiktiiku™ 4. iriiraaciksawi™uusiktika 5. tiiciksawi™uusiktiksta • sitiiraciksawi™uusiktit they calmed him down. calm water see still water {kicpahit} calumet see pipe {raktaawiskaaru™} Calumet Dance see Pipe Dance {Raktaraa™iwariihus} camera ruuraakawaawuhu [ruu-raÑ-kß-waa-w‰2. camera. camp itak [•†-tß{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. be a village. 2. be a

camp. 3. be a town, settlement. 2. ti™itat 4. iriira™itat 5. ti™itaksta ituhkus [•†-t‰h-k‰(s)•] VI(4) {dist., ituhwiwaahak} 1.

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camp, take down a be a village. 2. be a town, settlement. 3. be a camp. 4. (contemp.) be a campground, as in a park. 2. tiituhku 4. iriiraatuhku 5. tiituhkusta • tiiraatuhwiwaahat these villages. ituhwiitik [•†-t‰h-wii-t†{k/t}•] VT(4) {dist., ituhwiiruutik} (pl. subj.) 1. set up a village; make a village. 2. camp, make camp, set up a camp. 2. tiituhwiitit 3. tiituhwiitiku™ 4. iriiraatuhwiitit 5. tiituhwiitiksta • tiituhwiiruutit they (several groups) set up villages. ituuru™ [†-tu÷-r‰™] N {comb., (i)tuur-, (i)tur-, (i)tuh-} 1. village. 2. camp. 3. town; settlement. • tuhkat in the village. • iriiraatuurickahat where the end of the village is. • iriiraaturihuuru where the big village is. rirat [+ raar-] [•r†-rßt•] VI(1) {dist., riruuwar [+ raar-]} (pl. subj.) 1. sit down, be seated; ref. to a large group. 2. camp. 1. tahaakaarirat 2. tiraarirat 3. tiraaririwuu™ 4. iriiraraarirata 5. tiraarirahuhta • tiraariruuwa they sat down in groups in different places. see set up a village {itura™uk} camp, take down a see break camp {ituraahura™uk} campsite kusaahkus [•k‰-saah-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. be a bed; be a berth, a bedroom. 2. be the site of a former dwelling, camp, as an earthlodge; be a campsite, campground. 3. be a field, playing field, as a football field. 2. tikusaahku 4. iriirakusaahku 5. tikusaahkusta kusaaru™ [k‰-saÑ-r‰™] N {comb., kuusaar-, kuusaah-} 1. bed. 2. seat, place; station. 3. dance ground; playground. 4. campground, campsite. • kusaahkat on the bed. • iriirakusaahkaku where the dance ground is; where the campground is. • tikusaahku it is a campground; it is a dance ground. • tikusaahkaku it is a dance ground; it is a campground. canaigre kacpiirakari™ [kßts-piæ-rß-kß-ri™] N canaigre, dock, sorrel (Rumex hymenosepalus). canary rikuctahkata [r‡-k‰ts-tßh-kß-tß] N 1. gold-

finch (Carduelis tristis). 2. canary (Serinus canarius). cancel raakiwat [•raa-k†-wßt•] VI(2-i) {dist., raakiruuwat} 1. cancel, abandon; postpone, put off, as an activity. 2. fail to complete; back off, back away from. 1. tahaakiwat 2. tiraakiwat 3. tiraakiwati™ 4. irii-

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car raraakiwati 5. tiraakiwatista • tiraakiruuwat he postponed, cancelled everything. candy rakictiwiru™ [rà-k†ts-t†-w†-r‰™] N candy (generic). see sweets (food) {ruuhtahariwaara} cane caakuraawi™u™ [ÙaÑ-k‰-raa-wi-™u™] N cane, walking stick. • tactahit caakuraawihiri™ I hit him with a cane. see stalk {tatkiicu™} cane pole paataatu™ [paa-taÑ-t‰™] N cane pole, formerly used as a fishing pole. <paa+tat+u™, knee stalk + NOM, prob. ref. to the nodes> canned goods kuckirarahkaawaawi [k‰ts-k‡-rßrßh-kaa-waa-w†] N canned goods; contents of a can, jar; ref. to canned food like fruit or vegetables. cannon tiraakucuu™ [t‡-raa-k‰-Ùuu™] N cannon; big gun. cantaloupe Custaruus [Ù‰s-tà-ruus] N {comb., (i)custaaruus-, (i)custaruus-} 1. Mexican; Spaniard. 2. cantaloupe, muskmelon. • Custaaruuskat among Mexicans. • Cicustaruus female Mexican. canter see lope {awihuk (uur...)} canvas akaaru™ [à-kaa-r‰™] N {comb., akaar-, akah-} 1. dwelling, lodge, house. 2a. tipi cover; tent cover. 2b. (contemp.) canvas, tarp, wagon sheet. • akahkat in/on the dwelling. • akahkucuu™ big dwelling. • tiikahihit he spread the canvas out. see buckskin (smoked) {akarawiisu™, akarawis} canvas (yellowed) akarahkata [à-kß-rßh-ká-tß] N 1. smoked buckskin. 2. (contemp.) yellowed canvas. • akarahkataahkat on yellowed canvas. canvas tarp raarakaahki [raa-rà-kaah-k†] N {comb., raarakaar-, raarakaah-} 1. tanned summer hide, as used for a tipi cover, tipi door flap, or rug. 2. (contemp.) canvas tarp. • raarakaahkat on the tarp. cap cuurawii™at [Ùu÷-rß-wii-™ßt] N 1. cap with a bill. 2. hat brim, bill of a cap. see hat {pakskuuku™u™}; lid {haakaawatata™u™} capable see powerful {riruuhci (uur...)}; proficient {uhuur} capsize see fall over {iriwiraahak}; turn over {iriwiraarahak} captive rahwa [ràh-wß] N captive, prisoner; slave. car kaa™as [kaÑ-™ßs] N {comb., kaa™as-, kaas-} 1. train. 2. car, automobile; truck. <Engl. cars> • kaasiri™ with a car; by car. • tahaaruka™i kaa™askat hii taharat I loaded them in the truck and

carbuncle took (transported) them. • kaasasu™ car wheel. see automobile {ariisit rawarii, kiriiraawiskaa™ahu, kiriiraawistarustaa, kiriiraawis} carbuncle see boil {kuruks} carbuncles katawaarit [kà-tß-waa-r†t] N carbuncles. carcass iir- [iir•] N-DEP carcass; corpse. • iihkituu™u™ whole carcass. • iihtakipuh wrap a corpse tightly. • tarahiihkituu™u™ whole buffalo carcass. see body {iit-} cardinal rikucpahat [r‡-k‰ts-pß-hßt] N 1. scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea). 2. cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis). cards asaaru™ [à-saa-r‰™] N {comb., (a)saar-, (a)saah-} 1. playing cards. 2. game piece, the object one plays with in a game of chance, as cards in a card game, seeds in the plum seed game, and the hoop or pole in the hoop and pole game. 3. game of chance, as a card game. • asaahkat on the card. • asaaraahiri™ with cards; with gaming pieces. • tiitari™ asaaru™ they are playing a game of chance (cards, craps, plum seed game, etc.). care for uhuuwicaks (ir...) [•‰-huu-w†-Ùßks•] VD 1. be caring for, taking care of; be responsible for the care of. 2. be careful, alert, watchful, vigilant, as when watching one's step. 1. tatiiruhuuwicaks 2. tuuhuuwicaks 4. iriruuhuuwicaksu 5. tuuhuuwicaksuksta see clean {rahuuwicat}; like {tii (ir...ri...ut...)} care of, take see watch over {aciksta (ut...)} careful raa™uusik [•raa-™uu-s†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., raa™uuwaasik} 1. end, die down, subside, come to an end or conclusion, as an activity; tradition, custom to die out. 2. stop, die, as a motor. 3. be careful, cautious; excercise care, as when handling an object. 2. tiraa™uusit 3. tiraa™uusiiku™ 4. iriiraraa™uusit 5. tiraa™uusiksta • tiraa™uuwaasit everything died down, subsided. raara™uusik [•raa-rß-™uu-s†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. be careful, cautious, as in what one does. 2. take care in what one does; take pains with, be meticulous with, as an activity. 3. take careful aim, as with a rifle or bow. 1. tahaara™uusit 2. tiraara™uusit 3. tiraara™uusiiku™ 4. iriiraraara™uusit 5. tiraara™uusiksta uhuuwicaks (ir...) [•‰-huu-w†-Ùßks•] VD 1. be caring for, taking care of; be responsible for the care of. 2. be careful, alert, watchful, vigilant, as when watching one's step.

carry around 1. tatiiruhuuwicaks 2. tuuhuuwicaks 4. iriruuhuuwicaksu 5. tuuhuuwicaksuksta careful with rahaar (uur...) [•rß-haa(r)•] VD be careful with, particular with; take care of, as a new outfit; use carefully, sparingly. 1. taturahaa™a 2. turahaa™a 4. iriirurahaaru 5. turahaaruksta rahuuwicaks [•rß-huu-w†-Ùßks•] VD be careful with, be particular with, as a valued object. 1. tahahuuwicaks 2. tirahuuwicaks 4. iriirarahuuwicaksu 5. tirahuuwicaksuksta rahuuwicat [•rß-huu-w†-Ùßt•] VT(1) {dist., rahuuwicparii} 1. be careful with, handle carefully; take good care of. 2. clean, care for in a prescribed manner, as when one cleans buckskin. 1. tahahuuwicat 2. tirahuuwicat 3. tirahuuwicpuu™ 4. iriirarahuuwicata 5. tirahuuwicuhta • tahahuuwicparii™ I am careful with it. caress see hug {rikakiis} carpenter kaapita [kaÑ-p†-tß] N carpenter. <Engl. carpenter> ruurakariwaariku [ru÷-rß-kß-r†-waa-r†-k‰] N carpenter. carry raawihuk [•raa-w†-h‰{k/t}•] VT(4) carry, transport by carrying, as from one place to another. 1. tahaawihut 2. tiraawihut 3. tiraraawihuuku™ 4. iriirararaawihut 5. tiraawihuksta ruhak [•r‰-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) carry, transport; take, move, as from one place to another. 1. tahuhat 2. tiruhat 3. tiruhaaku™ 4. iriiraruhat 5. tiruhaksta see have {raah}; take {rat, ruu™at} carry a liquid kiraraah [•k†-rß-raa(h)•] VT(1) 1. carry a liquid, have a liquid (in a container). 2. be juicy, as fruit. 1. tatkiraraa 2. tikiraraa 4. iriirakiraraaha 5. tikiraraahista • rakickaatiit tikiraraa he has coffee (in a cup). carry across the back kiiriwisistaah [•kii-r†-w†s†s-taa(h)•] VT(1) have, carry across one's back, as when carrying a bundle. 1. tatkiiriwisistaa 2. tikiiriwisistaa 3. tikiiriwisistaahu™ 4. iriirakiiriwisistaaha 5. tikiiriwisistaahista carry around ruuwarii [•ruu-wß-rii•] VT(4) {sg., ruu™at} 1. carry around; go around with. 2. haul, carry around, as in a vehicle. 3. (an. pl. obj.) move around, herd around, as livestock.

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carry close to the body 1. tahuuwarii™ 2. tiruuwarii™ 3. tiruuwariihu™ 4. iriiraruuwarii 5. tiruuwariihusta • suksaktuuwarii™ herd them around! carry close to the body see hug {rikatiriitik} carry flying see fly carrying {ruu™at} carry home see take home {rikaa™iisat} carry in one's arms hukataahpiiraah [•h‰-kßtaah-pii-raa(h)•] VT(1) carry in one's arms, as when having arms wrapped around something over the front of one's body; have, hold in one's arms; have cradled in one's arms. 1. tactakustaa 2. titakustaa 3. titakustaahu™ 4. iriiratakustaaha 5. titakustaahista • tiracakustaa she is carrying a load on her back. takustat [•tß-k‰s-tßt•] VT(1) carry, pack on one's back.

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catching up 1. tatuutarikatakustaa 2. tuutarikatakustaa 3. tuutarikatakustaahu™ 4. iriruutarikatakustaaha 5. tuutarikatakustaahista cart see wagon {raktaawiruus} cartridge see bullet {tiraakawi™u™}; shell (of a firearm) {kawi™u™} case see bow case {tiraakaruusu™, tiraakuuku™u™} case knife see knife, small {riicikiripacki} casserole see covered dish {raahkuucu™} castrate piikaruuwat [•pii-kß-ruu-wßt•] VT(2-i) castrate. 1. tatpiikaruuwat 2. tipiikaruuwat 3. tipiikaruuwati™ 4. iriirapiikaruuwati 5. tipiikaruuwatista cat kiri [k‡-r†] N {comb., kirir-, kirih-} domestic cat. • kirihkaatit black cat. see tomcat {pus} cat, wild puskahuraaru™ [p‰s-kà-h‰-raa-r‰™] N wild cat, feral cat. cataract kirikaac [k‡-r†-kaats] N, ADJ cataract; gray eyed. kirikaac [•k†-r†-kaats•] VD 1. have a cataract. 2. have a gray eye. 1. tatkirikaa™ac 2. tikirikaa™ac 4. iriirakirikaacu 5. tikirikaacuksta catch awi™uurikuk (ut...) [•ß-wi-™uu-r†-k‰{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. catch, as something flying, like a ball. 2. grab, grab hold of, snatch. 1. tatuutawi™uurikut 2. tuutawi™uurikut 3. tuutawi™uurikuku™ 4. iriruutawi™uurikut 5. tuutawi™uurikuksta uurikuk (ut...) [•uu-r†-k‰{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. grasp, grab; take hold of, take in one's hands. 2. receive. 3. hold, hold onto. 4. catch, as a moving or flying object. 5. catch in the act of doing.

1. tatuutuurikut 2. tuutuurikut 3. tuutuurikuuku™ 4. iriruutuurikut 5. tuutuurikuksta • tiiharuurikuuku™, sitiiharuurikuuku™ they are catching them. see hook {katatk} catch a flying object awikusik [•ß-w†-k‰-s†{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. snatch up, grab quickly; pick up quickly. 2. catch a flying object. 1. taatawikusit 2. tiiwikusit 3. tiiwikusiiku™ 4. iriiraawikusit 5. tiiwikusiksta catch on fire see blaze {kuriicta™a (ir...)} catch up see overtake {awihuraawicat (ut...)} catch up with see overtake {huraawicat (ut...)} catching up ritakus- [r†-tß-k‰s•] LOC drawing up close, catching up to. • ritakusa (ir...) come drawing up close to, catch-

caterpillar ing up with. • ritakusat go drawing up close to, catching up with. caterpillar piirustaruus [piæ-r‰s-tß-ruus] N caterpillar. riwaaciirit, riwaaciiriku [r†-waÑ-Ùii-r†t, r†-waa-Ùiær†-k‰] N caterpillar. catfish paksaku [pßk-sà-k‰] N 1. tadpole. 2. catfish (family Ictaluridae). <paks+ha.kus, head sitting on water> pakskatuus [pàks-kß-tuus] N 1. flat-headed. 2a.

Flathead tribe. 2b. Flathead male. 3. catfish (family Ictaluridae). <paks+katuus, flat head> • Cpakskatuus Flathead female. Catholic Ruuhaahpakskatariipi [ru÷-haah-pßkskß-tß-rii-p†] N 1. Roman Catholic, member of the Roman Catholic Church. 2. Roman Catholic Church. • kiriktacaruskat among the cattails. caught on tatat (ut...) [•tß-tßt•] VT(1-a) 1. be stuck to, glued to, adhering to, as a sticky surface. 2. be attached to. 3. be caught on, as a fence. 1. tatuctatat 2. tuctatat 4. iriiructatata 5. tuctatatasta cause see do {raar (ut...)} cautious irihaariwarik (ut...) [•†-r†-haa-r†-wßr†{k/t}•] VR(1) be cautious, vigilant; prepare oneself, as for whatever may happen. 1. wititatuutirihaariwarit 2. witituutirihaariwarit 3. witituutirihaariwariku™ 4. iriiwitiruutirihaariwarika 5. witituutirihaariwariksta see careful {raara™uusik, raa™uusik} cavalry raaripakusu™ raraarikitawi [raa-r†-pà-k‰s‰™ rß-raa-r†-k†-tß-w†] N cavalry. cave huraahata (ir...) [•h‰-raa-hß-tß•] VL 1. be a hole in the ground. 2. be a cave. 3. be a cellar, a storm cellar. 2. tahuraahata 4. iriirahuraahatawi 5. tahuraahatawista huraahatawi™u™ [hŠ-raa-hß-tß-wi-™u™] N 1. hole in the ground. 2. cave. 3. cellar, storm cellar. • huraahatawikat in a hole in the ground.

certain huuhatawi™u™ [hu÷-hß-tß-wi-™u™] N 1. large hole in the ground; open pit. 2. open well. 3. cave. 4. cellar. • huuhatawikat in a large hole. cease see quit (a way) {rahuurawi™at}; stop {awi™uusik (uur...)}; stop (a way) {raawi™uusik (uur...)}; stop (of a way) {raarahuurawi™at} cedar tawahcaaku™ [tà-wßh-Ùaa-k‰™] N cedar, cedar tree (Eastern Red Cedar, Juniperus virginiana). • tawahcaakat on the cedar. • rikucki tihuukitaku tawahcaakat there is a bird perched on the cedar tree. • titawahcaaka™iitat it is a grove of cedars. • Tawahcaakihari™ Young Cedar (personal name). celebrate raakiiskawaah [•raa-kiis-kß-waa(h)•] VI(1-i) 1. become lively, as a celebration. 2. celebrate, enjoy oneselves, as a group at a social event. 2. tiraakiiskawaa 3. tiraakiiskawaahi™ 4. iriiraraakiiskawaaha 5. tiraakiiskawaahista see enjoy oneself {awakii (ut...)} cellar huuhatawi™u™ [hu÷-hß-tß-wi-™u™] N 1. large hole in the ground; open pit. 2. open well. 3. cave. 4. cellar. • huuhatawikat in a large hole. see cave {huraahatawi™u™, huraahata (ir...)}; dig a hole {huraahatawuh (uur...)} cement see chalk {kuckiicu™} cemetery see graveyard {iriruuhaarataawaawi} center see middle, in the {iika- (ut...)} center, in the see half {ikarikat} centipede astawikari™ [às-tß-w†-kß-ri™] N centipede. • iriiraata astawikari™ where the centipede is (going). piirusastawikari™ [piæ-r‰-sßs-tß-w†-kß-ri™] N centipede. certain raahuraahkita [•raa-h‰-raah-k†-tß•] VL 1. be permanent, eternal, as inorganic objects. 2. (neg.) be impermanent, temporary, as organic life. 3. be continual, constant, perpetual, enduring, lasting, as an activity that recurs dependably year after year. 4. be certain, sure. 2. tiraahuraahkita 4. iriiraraahuraahkitawi 5. tiraahuraahkitawista • kaakiraahuraahkita there is no certainty; it is not permanent. waktiks [+ i-] [•wßk-t†ks•] VI(1) 1. be truthful, honest in speech. 2. be certain, sure. 3. be faithful to one's word, keep one's word, be true to one's word. <wak+rik.his, voice to be true; i.q. Ar. wahnió; cf. raariks be true (way)> 1. tatiiwaktiks 2. tiiwaktiks 3. tiiwaktiksu™ 4. iririiwaktiksa 5. tiiwaktiksista • tirahwaktiks they

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certain day

chat

are truthful.

one's mind; change one's disposition or inclination, as when talking someone into doing something or thinking differently. 2. change one's mood. chick (of any bird) rikuhcihari™ [r‡-k‰h-Ù†-hß-ri™] N chick, baby bird. chick (of chicken) cikirihkiripahki [Ù‡-k†-r†h-k†r†-pßh-k†] N chick; little chicken. cikiriirihari™ [Ù‡-k†-rii-r†-hß-ri™] N chick, baby or young chicken.

Chickasaw see Five Civilized Tribes {Caahikspahat, Tiihiiraraahkasa}

chicken cikiri

[Ù‡-k†-r†] N

{comb., cikirir-, cikirih-}

chicken. • cikirihkat among the chickens. • cikirihkaatiit black chicken. • tiwaktaahu™ cikiri the chicken is crowing. see hen {cikirihcapaat}; rooster {cikirihpiita, katakaakaa™a™} chicken pox see bump {pacawaa} chicken, bantam cikirihkasis [Ù†-k†-r‡h-kß-s†s] N bantam chicken. chicken, prairie see prairie chicken {uut, uuhtarikawaa} chief riisaaru™ [rii-saÑ-r‰™] N {comb., riisaar-, riisah-} 1. chief. 2. king. 3. king, as in playing cards.

• riisahkat among the chiefs. • riisahkawi™u™ noted, prominent, outstanding chief. • riisaaru™ rarahkaawi chiefs' meeting. chief's son piirariisaaru™ [piæ-rß-rii-saa-r‰™] N chief's son. chief, leading riisahkitawi [•rii-sßh-k†-tß-w†•] VD be head chief, be the leading chief.

1. tahiisahkitawi™ 2. tiriisahkitawi™ 4. iriirariisahkitawi™u 5. tiriisahkitawiista riisahkitawi™u™ [riæ-sßh-k†-tß-wi-™u™] N head chief, leading chief. chiefly riisaar [•rii-saa(r)•] VD be chiefly, regal; be proud. 1. tahiisaa™ 2. tiriisaa™ 4. iriirariisaaru 5. tiriisaarista see speak as a chief {riisahwaka™u} Chiefs' Society Raaristiisaaru™ [raa-r‡s-tii-saar‰™] N Chiefs' Society. child haa (ku...ir...) [•haa•] VD be one's child, one's offspring. 1. kutatihaa™ 2. kutahaa™ 4. iriikurahaa™u 5. kutahaacta • kuratiihaa™u my child. • kurastiihaa™u your child. • kurahaa™u his child. • kuraciihaa™u our (incl. du.) child. see baby {piira™u™}; youngest child {awahkis, awahkisa™u™} child, have see offspring, have {raa™ukta (ut...)} child, Indian see baby, Indian {piiriicaahiks} child, last see last child {kaawita} child, mischievous piiriicara™aks [pii-riæ-Ùß-rß™ßks] N 1. a mischievous, ornery, ill-behaved child; an odd child; a crazy child. 2. Crazy Child, a legendary character. child, young piirakipiriiru™ [pii-rß-k‡-p†-rii-r‰™] N young child, as a preteen. chili pepper see pepper {kackaapit} chilling see scary {raariru} chills see shake (as from an illness) {takirir (uur...)} chimney iriiraraawiskawataku [†-riæ-rß-raa-w†skß-wß-tß-k‰] N chimney. chin caraaru™ [Ùß-raÑ-r‰™] N {comb., (i)caraar-, (i)carah-} chin. • caraariri™ on the chin. • iiraacaracawi his chin. china pickahuuru™ [p‡ts-kß-huu-r‰™] N {comb., pickahuur-, pickahuh-} 1. mussel shell. 2. china, chinaware. <wicka.hur+u™, mussel shell + NOM; cf. Ar. WIskAhu÷nu™ shell> • pickahuhkat on the china. Chinese Kiiriitarika [kii-riæ-tß-r†-kß] N 1. Chinese nationality. 2. Chinese male. Kiriktahwasii™ [k‡-r†k-tßh-wß-sii™] N Oriental; Chinese; Japanese. Kiripasii™ [k†-r‡-pß-sii™] N Oriental; Chinese; Japanese.

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chorus chipped see cracked {kaasis} chips see crumbs {racapahtu™} chirp see call {wakta/taa} chit kiriiku™ [k†-riæ-k‰™] N {comb., kiriik-, kirik-} 1. eye. 2. chit of a seed. • kirikat on the eye. • kirikiri™ in/on the eye. • iriisiratkiriktawi where my eyes are; my eyes. • kirikucuu™ big eye. Choctaw see Five Civilized Tribes {Caahikspahat, Tiihiiraraahkasa} choke iriipacik (uur...) [•†-rii-pß-Ù†{k/t}•] VT(1) choke, choke to death. 1. tatuuririipacit 2. tuuririipacit 3. tuuririipaciku™ 4. iriruuririipacika 5. tuuririipaciksta • sitiiririipacit they choked him. chokecherry akaaruuc, rakaaruuc [à-kaa-ruuts, rß-kaÑ-ruuts] N chokecherry (Prunus virginiana). • akaaruuckat on a chokecherry. • akaaruuc iriirahaapi where the chokecherry tree is. choker paahikstariipiiru™ [paa-h‡ks-tß-rii-pii-r‰™] N 1. tie, necktie; handkerchief tied around the neck. 2. choker, necklace that hangs close to the throat. <paahiks+tariik.wi.ir+u™, tied on the trachea + NOM> choose kusik [•k‰-s†{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. pick up, take, get. 2. choose, select. 1. tatkusit 2. tikusit 3. tikusiiku™ 4. iriirakusit 5. tikusiksta see pick out {ruciik [+ ak-], taawat}; select {hikaawat (ut...), rikaawat (ut...)} chop racapaaha™uk [•rß-Ùß-paa-hß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. crumble, crumble up, as a cracker. 2. chop, grind into fine pieces. 1. tahacapaahu™ 2. tiracapaahu™ 3. tiracapaahuuku™ 4. iriiraracapaaha™u 5. tiracapaahuuksta see cut {kacak}; cut up {kakatk}; hack {rahkacak}; hoe weeds {hiihkacak} chop down (a tree) see cut down (a tree) {haakacak} chop down a tree see cut down a tree {haapiirahak} chop weeds see hoe {hiiwiik} chopped up see cut up {kakac} chorus awiraara™uk [•ß-w†-raa-rß-™u{k/t}•] VI(3) sing chorus; ref. to female singers; be a chorus; be a background or support singer, as females who sing behind the male singers at a drum. 1. taatawiraaru™ 2. tiiwiraaru™ 3. tiiwiraaruuku™ 4. iriiraawiraara™u 5. tiiwiraaruuksta cawiraaruukus [Ùà-w†-raa-ruu-k‰s] N female chorus, four female singers who stand behind a group of male singers. cpakaatakusu™ [tspà-kaa-tß-k‰-s‰™] N female chorus, four female singers behind a group of male singers. chorus frog see spring peeper {aspit} chosen taarik [•taa-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) (pl. subj.) be chosen, selected, as certain people to perform a task. 1. tactaarit 2. titaarit 4. iriirataariki 5. titaariksta Christmas Kisawaaks [k‡-sß-waaks] N Christmas Day. <Engl. Christmas> church akahpakiisu™ [ß-kßh-pà-kii-s‰™] N church, church building. • akahpakiiskat in/on the church. akahwaawaktiku [à-kßh-waa-wßk-t†-k‰] N church, church building. • iriirakaawi akahwaawaktiku Ruuhaahpakskatariipi where the Catholic church is. pakiisu™ [pà-kii-s‰™] N 1. church member. 2. church, denomination. 3. congregation of a Christian church, Christian church membership or body. <pakiis+u™, pakiis + NOM> • pakiiskat among the church members. • titawii™ pakiisu™ he is a member of the church. • iriirakaawi pakiisu™ church house, church building. • karastawii™ pakiisu™ are you a member of the church? • pakiisu™ ti™it they are the church members. cicada see locust {pahukstariwaktaahus} cigarette wiiruurirahkasa [wii-ru÷-r†-rßh-kß-sß] N cigarette. <wii.ruu+ri+raar+kasa, already lying inside; ref. to the tobacco inside its wrapper> Cimarron River Ka™it Iriirakiicuhat [kà-™†t †-riærß-kii-Ù‰-hßt] N Cimarron River. circle around awitiirahpirahak [•ß-w†-tii-rßh-p†rß-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. go around, circle around. 2.

work around, as when working in a circle around an object. 1. taatawitiirahpirahat 2. tiiwitiirahpirahat 3. tiiwitiirahpirahaaku™ 4. iriiraawitiirahpirahat 5. tiiwitiirahpirahaksta circle on a surface awaka- (ut...) [ß-wß-kß• (‰t...)] LOC circle or ring on a surface. • awakakus (ut...) be a circle on a surface. • ickaawakakus (ir...ut...) have a circle on one's forehead or face, as one drawn or painted. • raarawakakus (ut...) be sitting in a circle or ring, as men sitting around a fireplace. circle, in a see encircle {taakarahak (ut...)} circling see around (encircling) {tiirahk}

clean circular see round {taahuruus}; round (circular) {taawiruus}

circulate see go back and forth {awarii} circus kiihaahkucuu™ [kii-haÑh-k‰-Ùuu™]

N circus, large circus. kiihaahkus [•kii-haah-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. be a group of dancers. 2. be a circus troupe; be a circus. 2. tikiihaahku 4. iriirakiihaahku 5. tikiihaahkusta see parade {kiihaarat} city iturihuur [•†-t‰-r†-huu(r)•] VD 1. be a big village. 2. (contemp.) be a city. 2. tiiturihuu™ 4. iriiraaturihuuru 5. tiiturihuuruksta city, in a see village, in a {cahkahaahiri™} clam shell see shell (of a mollusk) {ckaapiruus} clap ikstahkatapaktaarik [•†ks-tßh-kß-tß-pßk-taar†{k/t}•] VR(1) clap one's hands.

1. wititaatikstahkatapaktaarit 2. wititikstahkatapaktaarit 3. wititiikstahkatapaktaariku™ 4. iriiwitiraakstahkatapaktaarika 5. wititiikstahkatapaktaariksta see pop {kicpaka™u [+ ruu-]} clavicle see chest {rikuhiri™} claw see toenail {aspiitu™} claws (of a hammer) see hammer {parusatkahaaru™} clay aahkacawi™u™ [aah-kà-Ùß-wi-™u™] N clay, gummy or sticky mud.

• aahkacawikat in the clay. see chalk {kuckiicu™} clay pot see pot, clay {kuctaaraatku™} clay, white kuckiicu™ [k‰ts-kiæ-Ù‰™] N {comb., kuckic-} 1. white clay, as used for painting the body in rituals. 2. chalk; plaster; cement; clay. • wititaatickapicistu™ kuckiicu™ I painted my face with white clay (lit. smeared white clay on my face). clean hiika™u (uur...) [•hii-kß-™u•] VI(3) be clean. 1. tatuuhiiku™ 2. tuuhiiku™ 4. iriruuhiika™u 5. tuuhiikuuksta hiirik (uur...) [•hii-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. fix, fix nicely, as something one works on; fix up, make good; repair. 2. clean. 1. tatuuhiirit 2. tuuhiirit 3. tuuhiiriku™ 4. iriruuhiirika 5. tuuhiiriksta rahuuwicat [•rß-huu-w†-Ùßt•] VT(1) {dist., rahuuwicparii} 1. be careful with, handle carefully; take good care of. 2. clean, care for in a prescribed

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clean a room manner, as when one cleans buckskin. 1. tahahuuwicat 2. tirahuuwicat 3. tirahuuwicpuu™ 4. iriirarahuuwicata 5. tirahuuwicuhta • tahahuuwicparii™ I am careful with it. see thresh {rahkusuhuriiwarik (ut...)}; wash {hiikara™uk (uur...)} clean a room kiihaariirik (uur...) [•kii-haa-riir†{k/t}•] VT(1) clean a room; ref. to modern houses. 1. tatuuhkiihaariirit 2. tuuhkiihaariirit 3. tuuhkiihaariiriku™ 4. iriruuhkiihaariirika 5. tuuhkiihaariiriksta clean land hurariir (uur...) [•h‰-rß-rii(r)•] VI(1-a) 1. be a nice place, spot, site, location, as one that is level and clear; be nice land, ground, as an area that is level and clear; be attractive land; be good land. 2. be a clean spot, area, location; be clean ground. 2. tuuhurarii 4. iriruuhurariira 5. tuuhurariirasta see clear land {hurariirik (uur...)} clean out rikatawihak [•r†-kß-tß-w†-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) {dist., rikata™iwaahak} 1. pass around, take around, as when showing something to a group of people. 2. clean out, wipe out, wash out, as a bucket or pan with a rag; scrape out by stirring. 3. stir around inside, scraping the sides, as coals in a hole in a log. 1. tahikatawihat 2. tirikatawihat 3. tirikatawihaaku™ 4. iriirarikatawihat 5. tirikatawihaksta • tahikata™iwaahat I stirred them around in it. clear land hurariirik (uur...) [•h‰-rß-rii-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. clear ground, land; clean land, ground, as when removing weeds or debris from a garden. 2. clean up a place, spot, location. 3. nicely fix up a place, spot, location. 1. tatuuhurariirit 2. tuuhurariirit 3. tuuhurariiriku™ 4. iriruuhurariirika 5. tuuhurariiriksta clear one's throat kituha™uk [•k†-t‰-hß-™u{k/t}•] VR(3) clear one's throat.

• sakuhka™iiruskat on the timepiece. • tiiku sakuhka™iirus there is a clock (sitting) there. • situutiksapitaahaaku™ sakuhka™iiruskat the hands on the clock are moving around. • tuutiksa sakuhka™iirus he is wearing a watch on his arm. clod see dirt clod {huutaa™u™} close ta™itiir [•tß-™†-tii(r)•] VT(1) 1. press down, press down on, brush down, as cloth that has puffed up or a lid that has flipped open and one is closing; press together, as two objects. 2. close, as a book. 1. tacta™itii 2. tita™itii 3. tita™itiiru™ 4. iriirata™itiira 5. tita™itiirista tahaariwi- (ut...) [tß-haa-r†-w†• (‰t...)] LOC close (in space or time). • tahaariwikus (ut...) be sitting close together. • tahaariwi™at (ut...) walk, go around close together. • tahaariwiitik (ut...) get close together. takipuh [•tß-k†-p‰(h)•] VT(1) 1. close up, close together, shut, draw together, as a suitcase, book. 2. (inan. pl. obj.) gather together, as a piece of cloth; wad up, roll into a wad. 3. (an. pl. obj.) gather into a group, herd; round up, as people, animals. 1. tactakipu 2. titakipu 3. titakipuhu™ 4. iriiratakipuha 5. titakipista • taataktacakipu I rounded them up, as horses. close a door riikawuh [•rii-kß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) close, shut a door, as of a room, oven, cabinet. 1. tahiikawu 2. tiriikawu 3. tiriikawuhu™ 4. iriirariikawuha 5. tiriikawista close a gate haaktariikawuh [•haak-tß-rii-kßw‰(h)•] VT(1) shut, close a gate. 1. tataaktariikawu 2. tihaaktariikawu 3. tihaaktariikawuhu™ 4. iriirahaaktariikawuha 5. tihaaktariikawista close by tiikskurit [tiæks-k‰-r†t] ADV close, close by, near, nearby. close one's eyes kiriktacakipiitik [•k†-r†k-tß-Ùß-k†pii-t†{k/t}•] VT(4) close, shut one's eyes. 1. tatkiriktacakipiitit 2. tikiriktacakipiitit 3. tikiriktacakipiitiku™ 4. iriirakiriktacakipiitit 5. tikiriktacakipiitiksta close one's hand ikstiwii™aar [•†ks-t†-wii-™aa(r)•] VI(1-i) close one's hand; clench, double up one's fist.

cloth (broadcloth) 1. taatikstiwii™aa 2. tiikstiwii™aa 3. tiikstiwii™aari™ 4. iriiraakstiwii™aara 5. tiikstiwii™aarista close one's mouth haakatakipiitik [•haa-kß-tßk†-pii-t†{k/t}•] VT(4) close one's mouth. 1. tataakatakipiitit 2. tihaakatakipiitit 3. tihaakatakipiitiku™ 4. iriirahaakatakipiitit 5. tihaakatakipiitiksta close to tahurar [•tß-h‰-rß(r)•] VL 1. be barely touching, be against; be bordering, abutting. 2. be barely touching the ground, as something hanging down. 3. be close, near, as a group approaching a village. 2. titahura 4. iriiratahurahwi 5. titahurahwista • tiracahura they are close to it. tahurar (ut...) [•tß-h‰-rß(r)•] VT(wi) 1. be close to, lightly touching, against, as when sitting in close quarters to someone. 2. be associated with, affiliated with, as with a person or a society; ref. to someone who is not a peer or member but is an apprentice or a helper. 1. tatuctahura 2. tuctahura 4. iriiructahurahwi 5. tuctahurahwista see beside {ihtatahaahiri™, ihtata-, ihtataarik, ihtatakus}; beside {ihtatasa, ihtatawiitik, tahaari (ut...)}; beside, get {ihtata™uukuk}; go close to {tahaariwi™at [+ ruu-]}; set beside {ihtatakuusk} close together takasis [+ raar-] [•tß-kß-s†s•] VD {dist., takasistik [+ raar-]} (pl. subj.) be close together, bunched close together, as something woven or planted objects; be thick, dense, as many objects crowded closely together. 2. tiracakasis 4. iriiraracakasisu 5. tiracakasisuksta • ruutiiracakasistit they are (planted, woven) really close together. see crowded {taawatat (ut...) [+ raar-]}; seated close together {kustahaari (ut...)}; side by side {kuuskituuwikus} closed takipiir [•tß-k†-pii(r)•] VD 1. be gathered into a wad, wadded up, compressed. 2. be tight; be gathered, drawn together tightly, as a tight fitting garment. 3. be closed, shut, folded up, drawn up, contracted, as a book, suitcase, flower. 2. titakipii™ 4. iriiratakipiiru 5. titakipiiruksta • tiracakipii™ they are wadded up. closed (of a door) riika [•rii-kß•] VL door to be closed, shut, as the door of an oven, a cabinet, a room. 2. tiriika 4. iriirariikawi 5. tiriikawista cloth raawiiru™ [raÑ-wii-r‰™] N {comb., raawir-, raawih-} cloth (generic). • raawihkat on the cloth. cloth (broadcloth) raawiraariksisu™ [raÑ-w†-raa-

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cloth cover r†k-s†-s‰™] N broadcloth (material).

cloth cover see spread {hihiitu™} cloth, coarse raawihtakiitu™ [raa-w‡h-tß-kii-t‰™] N 1. coarse, heavy cloth, as linen or hemp, that is heavier than calico. 2. tea towel, dish towel. cloth, cotton raawihkata™iitu™ [raÑ-w†h-kß-tß-™iit‰™] N calico, material, cotton cloth.

• raawihkata™iitkat on the calico.

clothed see dressed {aka™uk (ut...)} clothes raapi™u™ [raÑ-pi-™u™] N 1. dry goods, as cloth, calico, material, linens, blankets. 2. clothes, clothing. • raapikat among the dry goods. • tiraapiruuc it is a pile of goods. see dress nicely {raahiwaarik (uur...)} clothing see undress {ruwaahaahkiir [+ raar-]} cloud cka™u™ [tskà-™u™] N {comb., (i)cka-} 1. face. 2. cloud. • ckahiri™ on the face. • tiickakataku there is a cloud overhead. • tiickata it is his face, it is a face. • raackatawi his face. ckaraaru™ [tskà-raa-r‰™] N {comb., (i)ckaraar-, (i)ckarah-} clouds. • ckarahkat in/among the clouds. • taackaraara™ the clouds are moving this way. • tiickarahkatasa it is overcast. ickakatakus [•†ts-kß-kß-tß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be a cloud in the sky. 2. tiickakataku 4. iriiraackakataku 5. tiickakatakusta • asku tiickakataku there is a cloud in the sky. cloudy ickakatasa [•†ts-kß-kß-tß-sß•] VI(4) be cloudy all over, be a cloud-covered sky; be overcast. 2. tiickakatasa 4. iriiraackakatasa 5. tiickakatasahista cloudy (partly) ickarahkatasa [•†ts-kß-rßh-kßtß-sß•] VI(4) be cloudy, be scattered clouds in the sky. 2. tiickarahkatasa 4. iriiraackarahkatasa 5. tiickarahkatasahista clown kihcu™ [k‡h-Ù‰™] N, ADJ {comb., kihc-, kic-} 1. clown. 2. clownish, comical, silly. • ti™ kihcu™ he is a clown. see silly {kicaar} club rakiriktaa™u™ [rß-k‡-r†k-taa-™u™] N 1. knot on a tree. 2. war club.

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coin • rakiriktaakat on the tree knot. see war club {raktarahi™} clump see bunch {kiruuskus [+ raar-]}; group (in a certain spot) {racakus} clump of growth rahkus [•rßh-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be a clump, bunch, cluster of growth, as a clump of grass. 2. tirahku 4. iriirarahku 5. tirahkusta clumsy see awkward {kariis/ris, kariis} cluster see clump of growth {rahkus} coal see mine coal {ritpaahwiik} coal mine iriiriritpaahwiiku [†-riæ-r†-r†t-paah-wiik‰] N 1. coal mine. 2. penitentiary. coal oil see kerosene {kurituukatawi™u™} coals ritpaar [•r†t-paa(r)•] VD be live coals, red hot coals, as when a fire goes down. 2. tiritpaa 4. iriiraritpaaru 5. tiritpaarista coals, on see fire, on a {itkaahkakus}; fire, set on a {itkaahkakuusk} coat rahkasiikucuu™ [ràh-kß-sii-k‰-Ùuu™] N 1. coat; overcoat; raincoat. 2. sweater. coax see humor {wi™iiraah (uur...)}; persuade {wiruu™at} coccyx see tailbone {ckuskiisu™} cock see rooster {cikirihpiita} cock (a gun) katatk [•kß-tßt(k)•] VT(1) 1. hook; latch, catch, as with a stick or hook. 2. cock, as a gun. 1. tatkatat 2. tikatat 3. tikatatku™ 4. iriirakatatka 5. tikatatkista cocklebur see thorny plant {piirahaatus} coffee rakickaatiit [rß-k‡ts-kaa-tiit] N brewed coffee. • ki™iskukiraruu rakickaatiit give me coffee! • rakickaatiit takiiraritu™ the coffee is hot. coffee pot rakickaatiit rakiraruku [rß-k‡ts-kaa-tiit rß-k‡-rß-r‰-k‰] N coffee pot; coffee maker. cognizant see aware {acikskasa} coil haawatiihus [haÑ-wß-tii-h‰s] N 1. coil, coiled wire, spring. 2. tweezers, originally of coiled wire or springs, used to remove body hair. • haawatiihusiri™ with tweezers. • ki™iskuraruu haawatiihus hand me the tweezers. see roll up {ickitaahuruusta™uk (ut...)} coiled taakakus (ut...) [•taa-kß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be coiled, coiled up, as a snake or rope. 2. tuctaakaku 4. iriiructaakaku 5. tuctaakakusta coin paapicistaariksisu™ [paÑ-p†-Ù†s-taa-r†k-s†s‰™] N 1. precious metal: gold, silver. 2. coin,

coincidence money. <paapicis+raariksis+u™, authentic metal + NOM> see fifty cent piece {ikarikat} coincidence raahuuwicaks (ir...) [•raa-huu-w†Ùßks•] VI(1) 1. be a spontaneous, sudden, unexpected occurrence; come to pass. 2. be a coincidence; happen coincidentally.

2. taraahuuwicaks 4. iriiraraahuuwicaksa 5. taraahuuwicaksista cold raawaasit [•raa-waa-s†t•] VP(4) be cold, chilled, as a person's physical state. 1. tikuraawaasit, tikuraawaasi™it 2. tiraawaasit 4. iriiraraawaasit 5. tiraawaasitista see hand to be cold {ikstaawaasit} cold (of an object) raraasita™u (ir...) [•rß-raa-s†tß-™u•] VI(3) {dist., raraasita™uk} be cold; ref. to an inan. object. • paarikat in/on the horn. • paarikucuu™ a big horn. • paariiktaruus animal with furry horns. • tipaariikatasa it is the colon. color raawisu™ [raÑ-w†-s‰™] N 1. paint. 2. color. taraawiisu™ [tß-raÑ-wii-s‰™] N {comb., taraawis-} color. taraawista™uk [•tß-raa-w†s-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) {iter., taraawiskara™uk} 1. color, paint; dye a color. 2. color with a design; paint, draw, put a colored design on. 1. tactaraawistu™ 2. titaraawistu™ 3. titaraawistuuku™ 4. iriirataraawista™u 5. titaraawistuuksta • tactaraawiskaru™ I colored it (different colors). colored taraawis [•tß-raa-w†s•] VD {pl., racaraawis; dist., taraawisik} 1. be colored, painted a color. 2. be a colored design; be decorated (in a color). 2. titaraawis 4. iriirataraawisu 5. titaraawisuksta • tiracaraawis, titaraawisit it is multicolored. colorful karari™ [kß-rà-ri™] ADJ colorful, colored. kararihiir (uur...) [•kß-rß-r†-hii(r)•] VI(1-a) be nicely colored, have pretty colors; ref. to an object that has two or more colors; be colorful, multicolored. 2. tuuhkararihii 4. iriruuhkararihiira 5. tuuhkararihiirasta kararihik [+ ruu-, i-] [•kß-rß-r†-h†{k/t}•] VI(4) be colored, multicolored, colorful; have colors, as a print or cloth with a colored design. 2. ruutiikararihit 4. iriruuriikararihit rahkarariihuriir (uur...) [•rßh-kß-rß-rii-h‰-rii(r)•] VI(1-a) {dist., rahkarariihuriwaar (uur...)} be colorful; be attractively colored.

2. turahkarariihurii 4. iriirurahkarariihuriira 5. turahkarariihuriirasta • turahkarariihuriwaa they are colorful, have pretty colors. colt asiihari™ [à-sii-hß-ri™] N {comb., asiiharir-, asiiharih-} colt, young horse. • Asiiharihtaka White Pony (personal name). columbine kskarikaatit [kskà-r†-kaa-t†t] N wild columbine (Aquilegia canadensis).

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coma coma see lose consciousness {acikstiwarik} Comanche Raarihtaa™ [raa-r‡h-taa™] N {comb., raarihtaar-, raarihtaah-} 1. Comanche tribe. 2. Comanche male. • Raarihtaahtawihcu™ Among The Comanches, another name of Comanche Chief (personal name). • Kiwakuuraarihtaa™ Comanche Fox (personal name). • Raarihtaaru among the Comanches, in Comanche country. comb see brush {piicuuc} combine see thresher {taahkaruuwatiihus} come a (ir...) [•ß•] VI(3) {dist., wa™a (ir...)} come; (idiom) be here, said when someone has arrived. 1. tatiira™ 2. taa™ 3. ta™aahu™ 4. iriira™a 5. taahista • tarahwa™aahu™ they are coming separately, as people coming to an event. • kawiirasiira™ are you here? have you come? see arrive (coming) {awica (ir...), wica (ir...)} come apart kiwatak [•k†-wß-tß{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. fade, turn pale, as from green to brown; bleach, blanch. 2. unravel, come unwound, as a piece of knit cloth; come apart. 2. tikiwatat 3. tikiwataaku™ 4. iriirakiwatat 5. tikiwataksta come back see return {a (ir...) istu™} come behind see follow (coming) {awiira™a (ir...ut...)} come down (pl.) awa™a (ir...) [+ raar-] [•ß-waa•] VI(3) (pl. subj.) come down, fall down, fly down, as snow, hail, leaves. 2. taraarawaa™ 3. taraarawa™aahu™ 4. iriiraraarawa™a 5. taraarawaahista come down an incline tawiraa™a (ir...) [•tß-w†raa-™ß•] VI(3) come down, descend, as an incline, bank, hill, stairs. 1. tatihtawiraa™a™ 2. tatawiraa™a™ 3. tatawiraa™aahu™ 4. iriiratawiraa™a 5. tatawiraahista • taracawiraa™a™ they came down an incline. come downstream see float downstream (coming) {hawi™a (ir...)} come flying see fly {u™a (ir...)} come home kaa™iisa (ir...) [•kaa-™ii-sß•] VI(3) come home; come, return to one's village. 1. tatihkaa™iisa™ 2. takaa™iisa™ 3. takaa™iisaahu™ 4. iriirakaa™iisa 5. takaa™iisahista come hopping awikaa™a (ir...) [•ß-w†-kaa-™ß•] VI(3) {dist., awikaawa™a (ir...)} 1. jump, jump up, jump straight up. 2. buck, as a horse. 3. come hopping, come in a hopping step, as when dancing. 1. tatiirawikaa™a™ 2. taawikaa™a™ 3. taawikaa™aahu™ 4. iriira™aawikaa™a 5. taawikaahista come inside huuka (ir...) [•huu-kß•] VI(3) come

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come up (celestial object) inside, enter. 1. tatihuuka™ 2. tahuuka™ 3. tahuukaahu™ 4. iriirahuuka 5. tahuukahista come out see emerge {kaa™a (ir...)}; exposed {raahiwihc (uur...)} come outside awacitiksa (ir...) [•ß-wß-Ù†-t†k-sß•] VI(3) come outside, come outdoors. 1. tatiirawacitiksa™ 2. taawacitiksa™ 3. taawacitiksaahu™ 4. iriira™aawacitiksa 5. taawacitiksahista • taraarawacitiksa™ they came outside. come riding see riding, come {ikitawi™a (ir...)} come through see come up {kaa™a (ir...)} come to see revive {wicaksaar} come to a stop iriitik [+ raar-] [•†-rii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) (pl. subj.) land, as airplanes; come to a stop, as trains at a destination. 2. tiraaririitit 3. tiraaririitiku™ 4. iriiraraaririitit 5. tiraririitiksta see land (flying object) {iituusik} come to beg see beg, come to {icawi™a (ir...)} come to mind see remember {raakaa™a (ir... ut...)} come to one's senses aciksuhuritik [•ß-Ù†k-s‰h‰-r†-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. revive; regain consciousness, come to. 2. come to one's senses, regain mental control. 3. sober up, become sober. 4. feel better. 1. taataciksuhuritit 2. tiiciksuhuritit 3. tiiciksuhuritiiku™ 4. iriiraaciksuhuritit 5. tiiciksuhuritiksta come together tiirisa (ir...) [+ raar-] [•tii-r†-sß•] VI(3) (pl. subj.) gather, come together, congregate, converge, as into a group for an event. 2. taraciirisa™ 3. taraciirisaahu™ 4. iriiraraciirisa 5. taraciirisahista come toward kusickawi™a (ir...ut...) [•k‰-s†ts-kßwi-™ß•] VT(3) come toward, come walking toward, come to meet, as to greet a person. 1. tatiitkusickawi™a™ 2. tuutkusickawi™a™ 3. tuutkusickawi™aahu™ 4. iriruutkusickawi™a 5. tuutkusickawiihista come up kaa™a (ir...) [•kaa-™ß•] VI(3) 1. come through; sprout, come up, as a plant. 2. emerge, come out, as a burrowing animal from out of the ground or a person from a mine. 1. tatihkaa™a™ 2. takaa™a™ 3. takaa™aahu™ 4. iriirakaa™a 5. takaahista see climb up coming {kata™a (ir...)}; grass to come up {hiirahkaa™a (ir...)}; grass to sprout {kataarahkaa™a (ir...)}; sun to come up {saakta™a (ir...)} come up (celestial object) ta™a (ir...) [•taa•] VI(3)

come up (liquid) come up, rise, as a celestial object.

2. tataa™ 3. tata™aahu™ 4. iriirata™a 5. tataahista • Cakaa™a wiitaracaa™ the Pleiades are coming up, said when the Pleiades appear in the sky. come up (liquid) kickata™a (ir...) [•k†ts-kß-taa•] VI(3) 1. boil, water to boil. 2. water to bubble, as on a creek. 3. water to rise, come up, as during a heavy rain. 2. takickataa™ 3. takickata™aahu™ 4. iriirakickata™a 5. takickataahista come up (wind) see wind to come up {huutuhwica (ir...)} come walking see come toward {kusickawi™a (ir...ut...)} comfort see hug {rikatiri} comfortable see seated comfortably {kusiir (uur...)} comfortable with see like (a way) {raatii (ir...ri..ut...)} comfortably situated see settled {kusiksiir (uur...)} comical see clown {kihcu™} commander (military) raaripakuskitawi™u™ [raar†-pà-k‰s-k†-tß-wi-™u™] N military commander. commence see start (a way) {raaspaatasik, raatapac} commencement see beginning {raahirasaah} commit (an offense) uhuhkuutik [•‰-h‰h-kuut†{k/t}•] VI(2) commit a social transgression, a social breach; transgress the law, break the law. 1. taatuhuhkuutit 2. tiihuhkuutit 3. tiihuhkuutiku™ 4. iriruuhuhkuutiki 5. tiihuhkuutiksta companion see friend {aar iraari™} company see troop {iriwisuuru™, iriwis-} compass plant kactawaas [kàts-tß-waas] N gum weed (Grindelia squarrosa), compass plant (Silphium laciniatum), rosin weed (Silphium integrifolium). compassion see pity {acikskapaakis (ut...)} complete see finish {riihac}; finish (a way) {raariihac}; whole {kituu, kituu™aar} completed see finished {raariihac} completion, reach icawicat [•†-Ùß-w†-Ùßt•] VI(1) 1. reach maturity, reach full growth. 2. reach completion; be sufficient to go around completely, as a quantity of food. 3. go to the end, stay to the conclusion, as when remaining at an activity until its conclusion. 1. taaticawicat 2. tiicawicat 4. iriiraacawicata 5. tiicawicuhta compliant see agreeable {awi™uu (ut...)}

conclusion (of a story) comply see agree to {wakuraah} compose a song tawira™uk [•tß-w†-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3)

make up, compose a song

1. tactawiru™ 2. titawiru™ 3. titawiruuku™ 4. iriiratawira™u 5. titawiruuksta compose a story raa™iitusta™uk [•raa-™ii-t‰s-tß™u{k/t}•] VT(3) make up, compose a story. 1. tahaa™iitustu™ 2. tiraa™iitustu™ 3. tiraa™iitustuuku™ 4. iriiraraa™iitusta™u 5. tiraa™iitustuuksta compressed takipiir [•tß-k†-pii(r)•] VD 1. be gathered into a wad, wadded up, compressed. 2. be tight; be gathered, drawn together tightly, as a tight fitting garment. 3. be closed, shut, folded up, drawn up, contracted, as a book, suitcase, flower. 2. titakipii™ 4. iriiratakipiiru 5. titakipiiruksta • tiracakipii™ they are wadded up. concave see bowed {taraka}; grooved {icarahii (uur...)}; grooved around {tarahii (uur...)} conceal see hide {ripaaraar}; hide from {paaraar (uur...)} concealed see hidden {raapaar} conceited see vain {kiis (ir...)} concerned aar (ir...ri...ut...) ciksu™ [•aar• Ù‡k-s‰™] VT(1-i) 1. pray for. 2. think about, have on one's mind. 3. be concerned for; worry about. 1. tatiriitaa ciksu™ 2. tariitaa ciksu™ 3. tariitari™ ciksu™ 4. iriirariitaara ciksu™ 5. tariitarista ciksu™ aar (ut...) ciksu™ [•aar• Ù‡k-s‰™] VI(1-i), VT(1-i) {dist., awaah (ut...) ciksu™} 1. pray; be prayerful. 2. think about, have one's thoughts on, give thought to, consider, have one's mind on. 3. (dist.) worry; be concerned. 1. tatuutaa ciksu™ 2. tuutaa ciksu™ 3. tuutari™ ciksu™ 4. iriruutaara ciksu™ 5. tuutarista ciksu™ • tuutawaahi™ ciksu™ he is concerned about it. acikstahuruu (ut...) [•ß-Ù†ks-tß-h‰-ruu•] VT(1) {dist., acikstuuwahuruu (ut...)} 1. convince, persuade, as to do something. 2. influence; change someone's mind. 3. be concerned about. 1. tatpakuriicakahuu™ 2. tiwakuriicakahuu™ 4. iriirawakuriicakahuuru 5. tiwakuriicakahuuruksta • tiwakuriicakahuurit he is contentious. contents see canned goods {kuckirarahkaawaawi} continual raahuraahkita [•raa-h‰-raah-k†-tß•] VL 1. be permanent, eternal, as inorganic objects. 2. (neg.) be impermanent, temporary, as organic life. 3. be continual, constant, perpetual, enduring, lasting, as an activity that recurs dependably year after year. 4. be certain, sure. 2. tiraahuraahkita 4. iriiraraahuraahkitawi 5. tiraahuraahkitawista • kaakiraahuraahkita there is no certainty; it is not permanent. contract see double over {riwii™aar} contracted see closed {takipiir}; constricted {riwii} contradict see dispute {wakuruuwaawaktiik/tik-} converge see come together {tiirisa (ir...) [+ raar]} convince aciksta™uk [•ß-Ù†ks-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. convince, persuade. 2. motivate, influence, as to do something; make someone think a certain way; make someone think about something. 1. taatacikstu™ 2. tiicikstu™ 3. tiicikstuuku™ 4. iriiraaciksta™u 5. tiicikstuuksta acikstahuruu (ut...) [•ß-Ù†ks-tß-h‰-ruu•] VT(1) {dist., acikstuuwahuruu (ut...)} 1. convince, persuade, as to do something. 2. influence; change someone's mind. 3. be concerned about. 1. tatuutuhurahuruu™ 2. tuutuhurahuruu™ 4. iriruutuhurahuruu™a 5. tuutuhurahuruuksta see persuade {wiruu™at} convince oneself see decide {aciksta™uk} huu(r)•] VD

cooked cook arasik [•ß-rß-s†{k/t}•] VT(1)

{pl., waarasik; dist., waawaarasik} cook, as corn or meat. <aras+ik, cause to be cooked>

1. taatarasit 2. tiirasit 3. tiirasiku™ 4. iriiraarasika 5. tiirasiksta • tiwaarasiku™ she is cooking them. waarasik [•waa-rß-s†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. cook, as meat, corn, or beans. 2. bake in an oven. <waa+aras+ik, cause to be cooked + DIST> 1. tatpaarasit 2. tiwaarasit 3. tiwaarasiku™ 4. iriirawaarasika 5. tiwaarasiksta see fry {katawihuuriktik} cook a meal raakaarura™uk [•raa-kaa-r‰-rß™u{k/t}•] VT(3) cook, cook a meal. 1. tahaakaaruru™ 2. tiraakaaruru™ 3. tiraakaaruruuku™ 4. iriiraraakaarura™u 5. tiraakaaruruuksta cook by boiling raahaar [•raa-haa(r)•] VD be cooking by boiling; be boiling, as meat or other food in a kettle or pot. 2. tiraahaa™a 4. iriiraraahaaru 5. tiraahaaruksta cook by boiling in a hanging kettle tarasa (ut...) [•tß-rß-sß•] VI(4) 1. be hanging down from, hanging over, as a vine over a bank or from a tree limb. 2. be cooking by boiling in a kettle over a fire. 2. tuctarasa 3. tuctarasaahu™ 4. iriiructarasa 5. tuctarasahista • tuuhacarasa they are hanging down. cook mush huura™uk [•huu-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) cook mush, prepare mush. 1. tatuuru™ 2. tihuuru™ 3. tihuuruuku™ 4. iriirahuura™u 5. tihuuruuksta cook over a fire icatk [•†-Ùßt(k)•] VT(1) cook over a fire, broil, grill, barbecue; cook over coals, roast. 1. taaticat 2. tiicat 3. tiicatku™ 4. iririicatka 5. tiicatkista wiicatk [•wii-Ùßt(k)•] VT(1) cook over coals, over a fire; barbecue; ref. to more than one piece of meat. <waa+icatk, cook over coals + DIST; i.q. Ar. waasatk> 1. tatpiicat 2. tiwiicat 3. tiwiicatku™ 4. iriirawiicatka 5. tiwiicatkista • tihwiicatku™ they are cooking it over coals. cook tender aruha™uk [•ß-r‰-hß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. soften. 2. tenderize, cook tender. <aruht+ra™uk, make soft> 1. taataruhu™ 2. tiiruhu™ 3. tiiruhuuku™ 4. iriiraaruha™u 5. tiiruhuuksta cooked araas [•ß-raas•] VI(u) {dist., waaraasik; pl., waaraas} 1. be cooked, done cooking, well done. 2. be ripe, as fruit. 2. tiiras, tiiraas, tiraas 3. tiraasu™ 4. iriiraraasu 5. tiirasista • tiwaaraas kisuuc the grapes are ripe.

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cooked corn cooked corn see corn, cooked {rikiispaaraasu™} cooked food arasu™ [à-rß-s‰™] N cooked food, as bread or meat. <aras+u™, cooked + NOM> • araskat on/in the cooked food. • taatarastacarahat I sliced the bread. see food {haakawaahcisu™}; food, cooked {aras-, kaaruuru™, raakaaruuru™}; kettle of cooked food {raahkuucu™} cookie see cake {icataarakiicu™} cool see shade {kipaasi} cool (liquid) kickikarihik [•k†ts-k†-kß-r†-h†{k/t}•] VD liquid to be cool, as a beverage. 2. tikickikarihi™it 4. iriirakickikarihiiku 5. tikickikarihikuksta kickikarik [•k†ts-k†-kß-r†{k/t}•] VI(4) liquid to cool, as a beverage. 2. tikickikarit 3. tikickikariiku™ 4. iriirakickikarit 5. tikickikariksta cool (non-liquid) kikarihik [•k†-kß-r†-h†{k/t}•] VD be cool, as cooked food. 2. tikikarihi™it 4. iriirakikarihiiku 5. tikikarihiikuksta cool off see calm down {awi™iikiwatak} cool off (liquid) kickikarihiitk [•k†ts-k†-kß-r†hiit(k)•] VT(1) cool, cool off a liquid, as a beverage. 1. tatkickikarihiit 2. tikickikarihiit 3. tikickikarihiitku™ 4. iriirakickikarihitka 5. tikickikarihitkista cool off (non-liquid) kikarihitk [•k†-kß-r†-h†t(k)•] VT(1) cool, cool off, as cooked food, or a person. 1. tatkikarihiit 2. tikikarihiit 3. tikikarihiitku™ 4. iriirakikarihitka 5. tikikarihitkista kikarik [•k†-kß-r†{k/t}•] VP(4) 1. cool, cool off, as a beverage, cooked food, or a person with a fever. 2. fever to subside, abate, as when one's body temperature returns to normal. 1. tikukikarit 2. tikikarit 3. tikikariiku™ 4. iriirakikarit 5. tikikariksta • tirahkikarit they cooled. cool weather kaahuraahkipaasi [•kaa-h‰-raahk†-paa-s†•] VD be cool, mild weather. 2. tikaahuraahkipaasi™ 4. iriirakaahuraahkipaasi™u 5. tikaahuraahkipaasiicta Cooper's hawk see hawk {kutawikucuu™}; hawk, Cooper's {kutawikucuutarii™uus} copper paapicispahat [paÑ-p†-Ù†s-pß-hßt] N 1. copper. 2. penny. <paapicis+pahaat, red metal> copy raata™uut [•raa-tß-™uut•] VT(2) copy, appropriate, as someone's knowledge, technique, method. 1. tahaata™uut 2. tiraata™uut 3. tiraata™uutu™ 4. iriiraraata™uuti 5. tiraata™uutista cord see rope {haas-, has-}; string {haski, haskii-

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corn, Arikara cu™}; twine {takiitu™}

corded see drawstring to be laced {haaskiihkasa} cork see stopper {rucaakawihu} corn riiksu™ [riæk-s‰™] N {comb., riiks-, riks-} corn on a cob, unshelled corn; ear of corn. • riikskat in/on the corn • iririsa riiksu™, riiksu™ iririsa there is an ear of corn there. rikiisu™ [r‡-kii-s‰™] N corn; corn kernel, shelled corn. • rikiiskat in/on the corn. see popcorn {rikiistakaka™us}; shell corn {taahpiik} corn (boiled in husks) huucariit [hu÷-Ùß-riit] N ball of grated corn tied in husks and boiled. corn ball huuwi™ [hu÷-wi™] N {comb., huuwi-, huuwii} corn ball, make of ground parched corn, sugar, and lard that are formed into a flat ball. • huuwikat on the corn ball. • huuwi™ tiiku there is a corn ball. corn ear riikskipiriiru™ [riiks-k‡-p†-rii-r‰™] N young ear of corn, young roasting ear; fresh corn. corn gruel see gruel, corn {huutaraha™} corn husk haskiickataatu™ [hßs-kiæts-kß-taa-t‰™] N corn husk, as used for cooking cornmeal in. • haskiickataatkat in/on a corn husk. taatickuusu™ [taa-t‡ts-kuu-s‰™] N corn husk, shuck. corn mush (speckled corn) huuraasu™ [huuraÑ-s‰™] N speckled corn mush, made from parched speckled corn that is ground, sweetened, and then boiled. • huuraaskat in/on the speckled corn mush. corn mush (sweet corn) huuraawariitu™ [huuraÑ-wß-rii-t‰™] N sweet corn mush, made from parched sweet corn that is ground and boiled. • huuraawariitkat in/on the sweet corn mush. corn mush, blue huutarii™uus [hu÷-tß-rii-™uus] N blue corn mush, made from parched blue corn that is ground and boiled. corn silk ckitapi™ [tsk‡-tß-pi™] N {comb., ckitapii-} corn silk. • wiituu™ut ckitapi™ the corn silk is out, is growing on the ear. ckitapiiraruus [tsk‡-tß-pii-rß-ruus] N corn silk. • ckitapiiraruuskat in/on the corn silk. corn tassel see tassel (corn) {paakahisu™} corn, Arikara rikiisastarahi [r†-kii-sàs-tß-rß-h†] N Arikara corn, a short variety obtained by the Skiris

corn, cooked from the Arikaras.

corn, cooked rikiispaaraasu™ [r‡-kiis-paa-raa-s‰™] cooked corn, cooked roasting ears. corn, dark blue flour huuruhaahkaatiit [hu÷-r‰haah-kaa-tiit] N dark blue flour corn, one of the N

Pawnees' two favorite varieties of corn, the other being rikiistipiiku™ speckled corn.

• huuruhaahkaatiitkat in/on the dark blue flour corn. corn, dried rikiistaahiisu™ [r‡-kiis-taa-hii-s‰™] N dried corn. see sweet corn, dried {raawariitkucuu™} corn, dried sweet raawariitu™ [raÑ-wß-rii-t‰™] N dried sweet corn. • raawariitkat in/on the dried sweet corn. corn, field rikiiskiic [r‡-kiis-kiits] N field corn, the large variety cultivated by early white settlers. corn, flint kiciirit [k†-Ùiæ-r†t] N variety of white, spotted, or yellow flint corn. corn, fresh see corn ear {riikskipiriiru™} corn, green kipiriiru™ [k‡-p†-rii-r‰™] N fresh, green corn. tahpaa [•tßh-paa•] VL be green corn; ref. to corn when the kernels have filled out and are young and tender, when corn is milky and first ready to eat; (colloq.) corn to be made. 2. titahpaa 4. iriiratahpaawi 5. titahpaawista corn, ground see cornmeal {rikiistacapahtu™, rikiistapahtu™, tapahikiisu™} corn, Osage rikiispasaasi [r‡-kiis-pß-saa-s†] N Osage corn, a red variety obtained from the Osages. corn, raw rikiiskipaacu™ [r†-kiæs-k†-paa-Ù‰™] N raw, uncooked corn, fresh corn off the cob. corn, red rikiispahat [r‡-kiis-pß-hßt] N red corn. see corn, Osage {rikiispasaasi} corn, speckled rikiistipiiku™ [r‡-kiis-t†-pii-k‰™] N speckled corn. corn, sweet rikiiskaruus [r†-kiæs-kß-ruus] N sweet corn. rikiistakaruus [r‡-kiis-tß-kß-ruus] N sweet corn. corn, tall variety ka™uukii™ac [kà-™uu-kii-™ßts] N tall variety of corn.

corn, yellow flint rikiistahkata [r‡-kiis-tßh-kß-tß] N

yellow flint corn.

corn, yellow flour parusaruut

[pß-rŠ-sß-ruut] N

yellow flour corn. <warus+aruht, soft rabbit> parusasu™ [pß-rŠ-sß-s‰™] N 1. bush-clover, rabbit foot (Lespedeza capitata). 2. yellow flour corn. <warus+as+u™, rabbit foot + NOM> cornbread tariitkahki [tß-riæt-kßh-k†] N cornbread, made by cooking cornmeal in husks in hot coals. cornbread (sweet corn) icataarikiisu™ [†-Ùß-taar‡-kii-s‰™] N cornbread, made of grated sweet corn. • icataarikiiskat on the cornbread. • ki™iskuurasuu icataarikiisu™ give me (a piece of) cornbread. cornbread with bean filling atikawa [ß-t†-kàwß] N cornbread with a bean filling, i.e., a combination of cornmeal and beans. • taatarasuu atikawa I gave him the cornbread with bean filling. corncob racakiisu™ [rß-Ùà-kii-s‰™] N corncob. • racakiiskat on the corncob. corner see curve {hukata} cornmeal rikiistacapahtu™ [r‡-kiis-tß-Ùß-pßh-t‰™] N ground corn, cornmeal. rikiistapahtu™ [r‡-kiis-tß-pßh-t‰™] N {comb., rikiistapaht-, rikiistapat-} ground corn, cornmeal. • rikiistapatkat in/on the cornmeal. tapahikiisu™ [tà-pß-h†-kii-s‰™] N ground corn, cornmeal. • tapahikiiskat in/on the cornmeal. cornmeal mush huurahkuuckusu™ [hu÷-rßhkuuts-k‰-s‰™] N thick cornmeal mush, as when cooked to the consistency of pudding and then sliced and eaten. cornstalk riikstaatu™ [riiks-taÑ-t‰™] N {comb., riikstat-} cornstalk. • riikstatkat on the cornstalk. see stalk {tatkiicu™} corpse see body {iit-} corpulent see fat in the midriff {karaaricakus} corral see pen {caakawakihaahkus (ut...)} correct uurariisit [u÷-rß-rii-s†t] ADV, ADJ 1. straight. 2. correct, normal. see real {raariks [+ i-]}; truthful (in one's speech) {wakuraariks} correctly see done correctly {tiihuur} correctly, do see proficient {uhuur} cost see price {awicuuru™, awicuur}

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cottage cheese cottage cheese see butter {iitkickasisu™} cotton riikaaru™ [riæ-kaa-r‰™] N {comb., riikaar-,

riikah-} cotton.

• riikahkat in/on the cotton. • iriirahuraahku riikaaru™ where the cotton patch is. see cloth, cotton {raawihkata™iitu™} cottontail see rabbit {paruskiripacki} cottonwood asahaktaakaaru™ [ß-sß-hàk-taakaa-r‰™] N {comb., asahaktaakaar-, asahaktaakaah-} cottonwood (Populus deltoides).

• asahaktaakaahkat on the cottonwood. pasaki [pà-sß-k†] N {comb., pasak-} cottonwood (Populus deltoides). <wasak+kis, cottonwood + DIM; i.q. Ar. WAxak÷su™> rahaaktaakaaru [rà-haak-taa-kaa-r‰] N cottonwood (Populus deltoides). raktaakaa, raktaakaaru™ [ràk-taa-kaa, ràk-taakaa-r‰™] N cottonwood tree (Populus deltoides). cottony riikaar [•rii-kaa(r)•] VD be cottony, woolly. 2. tiriikaa™a 4. iriirariikaaru 5. tiriikaarista cougar see mountain lion {pakstitkukiic} cough acikcak [•ß-Ù†k-Ùß{k/t}•] VP(4) cough. 1. tikuucikcat 2. tiiracikcat 3. tiiracikcaaku™ 4. iririiracikcat 5. tiicikcaksta • tiiraakacikcat they coughed. irikus [†-r‡-k‰s] N cough. • tirahuriruuhci™ irikus it is a bad cough. cough up kata™a (ir...ut...) [•kß-taa•] VP(3) {pl. obj., rahkata™a (ir...ut...)} 1. throw up, come up one's throat (involuntarily). 2. cough up (involuntarily). 1. tikuutkataa™ 2. tuutkataa™ 3. tuutkata™aahu™ 4. iriruutkata™a 5. tuutkataahista • tuuhahkataa™ he threw up. council kaawiitik [•kaa-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. sit down inside. 2. (pl. subj.) hold council; have a meeting. 1. tatkaawiitit 2. tikaawiitit 3. tikaawiitiku™ 4. iriirakaawiitit 5. tikaawiitiksta • tirahkaawiitit they sat down inside. counsel raawaawaktiik/tik- (ut...) [•raa-waa-wßktiik/t†{k/t}•] VT(4) counsel, talk to, give advice to, as a minister to a congregation; preach to. 1. tatuuhaawaawaktiit 2. tuuhaawaawaktiit 3. tuuhaawaawaktiiku™ 4. iriruuhaawaawaktit 5.

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covered tuuhaawaawaktiksta see advise {waawaktiik/tik- (ut...)} count kitawuh [•k†-tß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) 1. count; add up, tally. 2. nock an arrow. 1. tatkitawu 2. tikitawu 3. tikitawuhu™ 4. iriirakitawuha 5. tikitawista • tihkitawuhu™ they are counting. count coup on karihk [•kß-r†(h){k/t}•] VT(1) count coup on. 1. tatkarit 2. tikarit 3. tikarihku™ 4. iriirakarihka 5. tikarihkista • Tiiktiisaahkarihku™ He Is Counting Coups On The Chiefs, (personal name). see hit (with an object) {tahik}; strike (in battle) {kii} country see nice country {kaahurariir (uur...)}; world {kaahuraar, kaahuraaru™} coup, count see count coup on {karihk}; strike (in battle) {kii} couple (married) see married couple {aktakuraah} courageous see brave {raahikuuc} course see deed {raaruhuuru™} course of action see direction {raaruhuuru™} courthouse iriruutakaariikawi [†-r‡-ruu-tß-kaa-riikß-w†] N courthouse. cover awatatk [•ß-wß-tßt(k)•] VT(1) cover, put a cover over. 1. taatawatat 2. tiiwatat 3. tiiwatatku™ 4. iririiwatatka 5. tiiwatatkista • sitiirawatat they covered it. hihiitk [•h†-hiit(k)•] VT(1) 1. spread out, lay out, as a canvas, mat, rug. 2. cover with a spread, spread out, as a bedspread, pad, tablecloth. 3. put down, lay down, as boards for a floor. 1. tatihiit 2. tihihiit 3. tihihiitku™ 4. iriirahihiitka 5. tihihiitkista katariipuh (ut...) [•kß-tß-rii-p‰(h)•] VT(1) cover, put a cover over, wrap with a covering. 1. tatutkatariipu 2. tutkatariipu 3. tutkatariipuhu™ 4. iriirutkatariipuha 5. tutkatariipista see bury {irisirik}; lid {haakaawatata™u™} cover (cloth) see spread {hihiitu™} cover (of tent) see tent cover to be on {akahta} cover (of tipi) see tipi cover {akaaru™} cover a tent see put a tipi cover on {akahtawuh} covered awatat [•ß-wß-tßt•] VI(1-a) be covered, as with a lid. 2. tiiwatat 4. iriiraawatata 5. tiiwatatasta • iriiraraarawatata the ones that are covered. katariik (ut...) [•kß-tß-rii{k/t}•] VL be covered, as an object with a cover or wrapping over it.

covered dish 2. tutkatariit 4. iriirutkatariipi 5. tutkatariipista katariipihkus (ut...) [•kß-tß-rii-p†h-k‰(s)•] VI(4) {dist., katariipirarik (ut...)} be covered, as food with a covering over it. 2. tutkatariipihku 4. iriirutkatariipihku 5. tutkatariipihkusta • tuuhahkatariipirarit they (different piles) are there covered. see hidden under {irisir}; smeared {piciis} covered dish raahkuucu™ [raÑh-kuu-Ù‰™] N 1. kettle of cooked food. 2. (contemp.) covered dish, casserole. • raahkuuckat in the kettle of food. • tatuuhaahkuucirahkatakuus I set the kettle of cooked food down in front. covered with see heavy {taris (ir...)} covering hihit [•h†-h†t•] VI(4) {dist., hiwaahit} 1. be spread out, lie spread out, be opened out on the ground, as a mat, canvas spread, rug. 2. be a covering over a flat surface, be spread out on a flat surface, as a tablecloth, bedspread, pad. 2. tihihit 4. iriirahihit 5. tihihitista see around (encircling) {tiirahk} covet see want to have {tuksat} cow tarahaataakaa [tà-rß-haa-taa-kaa] N {comb., tarahaataakaar-, tarahaataakaah-} 1. white buffalo, albino buffalo. 2. (contemp.) domestic cow. • tarahaataakaahkat among the cows. see buffalo {taraha™}; fat (of a cow) {ahictarahaataakaa}; heifer {ariktaruus}; milk cow {iitkickaruuwatiihus} cow calf see calf {harii™u™} cow fetus see fetus, bovine {hariipahat} cowbell see bell {kiictawaku™} cowbird see blackbird {kaasit} cowpea see pea, black-eyed {atipickatit, atiiktiwaackatiit} Coyote see Trickster {Tahkuki, Tahkutiri™} coyote ckirihki [tsk‡-r†h-k†] N {comb., (i)ckirir-, (i)ckirih-} coyote (Canis latrans), wolf (Canis lupus lycaon); Coyote, the trickster. • ckirihkat among the coyotes, wolves. • ckirihki iriirarahkaawi where the wolf den is. coyote, rabid see rabid {ckirihkaapiraat} crabapple apukasis [ß-pŠ-kß-s†s] N crabapple (Crataegus spp.). • apukasiskat in/on the crabapple. crack ka™as [•kß-™ßs•] VI(4) crack, break, break open, split. 2. tika™as 3. tikaasu™ 4. iriiraka™as 5. tikaasista kaasik [•kaa-s†{k/t}•] VT(1) {pl. obj., dist., kakuusik} break, crack, as a nut shell; split, break open, as a log, jar, can; divide.

cradleboard cloth 1. tatkaasit 2. tikaasit 3. tikaasiku™ 4. iriirakaasika 5. tikaasiksta • tikakuusit he broke them. see pop {takaas, takaasik}; snap {kirahwakta/taa, kirahwaktaarik} crack (as a nut) takiis/ki™is [•tß-kiis/ki-™†s•] VT(2) crack (with an object); ref. to something hard, as the shell of a nut. 1. tactaki™is 2. titaki™is 3. titakiisu™ 4. iriiratakiisi 5. titakiisista • tihtakiisu™ they are cracking them. cracked kaasis [•kaa-s†s•] VD be cracked, as a window; be chipped; be split, as a log. 2. tikaasis 4. iriirakaasisu 5. tikaasisuksta kakuusis [•kß-kuu-s†s•] VD be cracked, broken, broken into pieces, shattered, as a breakable solid object. 2. tikakuusis 4. iriirakakuusisu 5. tikakuusisuksta crackers icatataahiisu™ [†-Ùß-tà-taa-hii-s‰™] N crackers; hardtack, sea biscuit; cowboy bread, dry bread, a flat bread made in a Dutch oven with no grease. • ki™iskuurasuu icatataahiisu™ give me a piece of dry bread; give me a cracker. cracking sound kiruuspaktaarik [•k†-ruus-pßktaa-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) make a crunching, cracking sound, as when biting or chewing on something hard or brittle. 1. tatkiruuspaktaarit 2. tikiruuspaktaarit 3. tikiruuspaktaariku™ 4. iriirakiruuspaktaarika 5. tikiruuspaktaariksta cracklings ahictarariitu™ [à-h†ts-tß-rß-rii-t‰™] N {comb., ahictararit-} cracklings, fried pork rind. • ahictararitkat among the cracklings. cradle in one's arms hukataahpuh [•h‰-kß-taahp‰(h)•] VT(1) 1. hug, embrace, take into one's arms. 2. take up into one's arms, put into one's arms, as a pile of clothing. 3. cradle in one's arms, as when holding a baby. dangerous riruuhci (uur...) [•r†-ruuh-Ù†•] VD 1. be fierce, ferocious, terrible. 2. be powerful, strong, capable of anything. 3. be dangerous. 4. be mean, cruel. 1. taturiruuhci™ 2. turiruuhci™ 4. iriiruriruuhci™u 5. turiruuhciicta dangle see hang {uhuhkiraa (ut...)} dangling object see pendant {takusu™} daring see brave {raahikuuc} dark taraawiskaatiit [•tß-raa-w†s-kaa-tiit•] VD be dark in color, almost black; be a dark color or hue. 2. titaraawiskaatii™it 4. iriirataraawiskaatiitu 5. titaraawiskaatiituksta see pitch-black {katiictatat, ratkahaahkatiitik} dark (in shade) see black {katiit} dark (night) katiitawaa [•kß-tii-tß-waa•] VL be dark, as at dusk, at night. 2. tikatiitawaa 4. iriirakatiitawaawi 5. tikatiitawaawista date see schedule {raatiiwarik} daub see smear on {piciista™uk} daub a spot on see put on a spot {katakuusk} daubed see smeared {piciis} daughter arakis [à-rß-k†s] N 1. sonny; daughter, an appelative for a young person, male or female. 2. (obs.) your grandchild. • rawa, arakis hello, sonny! cuu™at [Ùu÷-™ßt] N daughter, dearie, young lady, an appellative for a young woman that is used, for example, by an uncle or grandfather or by a husband to his young wife. daughter, eldest icapaktaariktis [•†-Ùß-pßk-taar†k-t†s•] VD 1. be an older woman. 2. be the eldest daughter. 1. taaticapaktaariktis 2. tiicapaktaariktis 4. iririicapaktaariktisu 5. tiicapaktaariktisuksta daughter-in-law see in-law (female) {ckurus} dawn huraahtaruuwispar [•h‰-raah-tß-ruu-w†spß(r)•] VI(1) dawn; be dawn, daybreak, the crack of dawn, as when light first appears on the horizon.

dead 2. tihuraahtaruuwispa 4. iriirahuraahtaruuwispara 5. tihuraahtaruuwispahuhta see light {kiraarawataar} dawn twilight see twilight {riisuuru™} day saak- [saak•] N-DEP {comb., saak-, caak-, sak-} 1. sun. 2. day. • iriirasaakariki where the sun is. • tiirukcaakata yesterday. • saakat day to pass. sakuur [•sß-kuu(r)•] VD be a day; be a certain day. <sak+huur, be a day/sun> 2. tisakuu™ 4. iriirasakuuru 5. tisakuuruksta • Piiriku™ tisakuu™ it is Saturday. sakuuru™ [sß-ku÷-r‰™] N {comb., saku(u)r-, sakuh-} 1. sun. 2. day. <sak.huur+u™, sun/day + NOM> • sakuhkat on the sun; over the sun, as a cloud. see nice day {sakuhwiriir (uur...)} day (twenty-four-hour time period) see night {hiihisu™, hiirisu™} day before yesterday see yesterday, day before {tiihiirukcaakariki} day, all sakuhkituu™u™ [sß-k‰h-k‡-tuu-™u™] N, ADV all day, the entire day. <sakuur+kituu+u™, complete day + NOM> day, every sakurahkituu™u™ [sà-k‰-rßh-k†-tuu-™u™] ADV every day. <sakuur+raar+kituu+u™, all days + NOM> day, nice see nice day {sakuriir (uur...), sakuurawiriir (uur...)} day, special sakurihuur [•sß-k‰-r†-huu(r)•] VD be a special day, as a birthday; be a holiday, as Christmas or Memorial Day. <sakuur+rihuur, be a big day> 2. tisakurihuu™ 4. iriirasakurihuuru 5. tisakurihuuruksta daybreak see dawn {huraahtaruuwispar}; early in the morning {kiikaruuskat} daydream raawira™uk [•raa-w†-rß-™u{k/t}•] VI(3) 1. imagine; fantasize; conjure up, pretend to see, as something imaginary. 2. daydream. 1. tahaawiru™ 2. tiraawiru™ 3. tiraawiruuku™ 4. iriiraraawira™u 5. tiraawiruuksta daylight huraarawar [•h‰-raa-rß-wß(r)•] VI(1) 1. be daylight; be light, as during the daytime; be daytime. 2. be lit up, as a room lit up by a fire or light. 2. tihuraarawa 4. iriirahuraarawara 5. tihuraarawahuhta see light {kiraarawataar}; sunny day {sakuhkiraar} daytime saksikat [sàk-s†-kßt] ADV during the day, in the daytime. <sak+si+kat, sun/day + si + LOC> see daylight {huraarawar} dead kuu™at [•kuu-™ßt•] VP(u) {dist., kawuu™at} 1. be dead; be rotten, decayed, spoiled. 2. be sore; have

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deaf a sore. 2. tikuu™at 4. iriirakuutu 5. tikuutuksta • tikawuu™at they are dead. deaf atkiiskitii [•ßt-kiis-k†-tii•] VD 1. have poor or impaired hearing; be unable to hear well. 2. be deaf. 1. taatatkiiskitii™ 2. titkiiskitii™ 4. iriiratkiiskitii™u 5. tiitkiiskitiicta atkiiskitii™ [ßt-kiæs-k†-tii™] N 1. deaf person. 2. person with poor hearing, impaired hearing; person who does not hear well. dearie see daughter {cuu™at} decay see rot {kuut} decayed see dead {kuu™at}; spoiled (of plant matter) {kickawuu™at, kickuu™at} deceitful kiriwis [•k†-r†-w†s•] VD be deceitful, duplicitous, dishonest, fraudulent, crooked; be a cheater; be devious, tricky. 1. tatkiriwis 2. tikiriwis 4. iriirakiriwisu 5. tikiriwisuksta deceive awikiriwiskii [•ß-w†-k†-r†-w†s-kii•] VT(4) 1. deceive, trick, dupe, fool. 2. surprise, take by surprise, as when suddenly appearing and surprising another person. 1. taatawikiriwiskii™ 2. tiiwikiriwiskii™ 3. tiiwikiriwiskiihu™ 4. iriiraawikiriwiskii 5. tiiwikiriwiskiicta see cheat {kiriwiskii} deception kiriwisu™ [k‡-r†-w†-s‰™] N deception; fraud; trickery, deviousness. deceptive wakuhkiriwis [•wß-k‰h-k†-r†-w†s•] VI(4) be devious, deceptive in one's speech. <wakur+kiriwis, be deceptive speech> 1. tatpakuhkiriwis 2. tiwakuhkiriwis 3. tiwakuhkiriwiisu™ 4. iriirawakuhkiriwis 5. tiwakuhkiriwisista see lie, tell a {kiisaar (ir...)} deceptively see deviously {kiriwisiri™} decide aciksta™uk [•ß-Ù†ks-tß-™u{k/t}•] VR(3) decide, make up one's mind; convince or persuade oneself. 1. wititaatacikstu™ 2. wititiicikstu™ 3. wititiicikstuuku™ 4. iriiwitiraaciksta™u 5. wititiicikstuuksta acikstiihac [•ß-Ù†ks-tii-hßts•] VR(4) decide, make up one's mind. 1. tatuuhwakuurawuu™ 2. tuuhwakuurawuu™ 4.

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down an incline iriirikuuhwakuurawuu 5. tuuhwakuurawuusta [•raa-tß-raa•] VD be in doubt, doubtful, uncertain, tenuous, as a scheduled event or an outcome. 2. tiraataraa™ 4. iriiraraataraa™u 5. tiraataraacta see uncertain {acikstaraa} dough harikiitu™ [hà-r†-kii-t‰™] N {comb., harikit-, harikic-} dough. • hawaastaatu™ titaku harikitkat a weed is on the dough. see roll out dough {harikitkawirat} dough, uncooked harikitkipaacu™ [hà-r†-k†t-k†paa-Ù‰™] N dough, uncooked dough. dough, wet harikictaarikic [•hß-r†-k†ts-taa-r†k†ts•] VD be batter; be wet, sticky dough. 2. tiharikictaariki™ic 4. iriiraharikictaarikiicu 5. tiharikictaarikicuksta doughnut icataahata [‡-Ùß-taa-hß-tß] N doughnut. • icataahatawikat on the doughnut. • ki™iskuurasuu icataahata give me a doughnut. • icataahata tipicis rakiicu™ the doughnut is frosted. dove, mourning paatkariis [paÑt-kß-riis] N mourning dove, turtle dove (Zenaida macroura). <waat+kariis, awkward dove; i.q. Ar. wÑtó> down hukaka- [h‰-kß-kß•] LOC down, as a bank or precipice; down into, down on the bottom, as in a hole or in water; at the bottom, base, foot, as at a lower elevation or on a lower surface. • hukakaarik be standing at the bottom. • hukaka™at go down, as a bank. hukakaa- [h‰-kß-kaa•] LOC down, as a bank or precipice; down into, down on the bottom, as in a hole or in water; at the bottom, base, foot, as at a lower elevation or on a lower surface. • uhuurukakaawarik throw down, throw over, as a bank or precipice. • hukakaawihiri™ below; at the bottom see come down (pl.) {awa™a (ir...) [+ raar-]}; sloped {tawi-} down (feather) ka™uktu™ [kß-™÷k-t‰™] N {comb., ka™ukt-, ka™ut-} down, soft feather. • ka™utkat on/in the down. down an incline tawiraa- [tß-w†-raa•] LOC down, as an incline, bank, hill, or stairs. • tawiraa™at go down, descend. • tawiraa™a (ir...) come down, descend. • hirastawiraa™at go down an incline first, in the lead. see come down an incline {tawiraa™a (ir...)}; go

doubtful raataraa

down deep down an incline {tawiraa™at}; lead down an incline (coming) {cirastawiraa™a (ir...ut...)}; lead down an incline (going) {cirastawiraa™at (ut...)} down deep see bottom, at the {hukakawihiri™} down into ukaa- [‰-kaa•] LOC 1. down into, as into a soft surface. 2. down on, as in stomping. • ukaa™a (ir...ut...) jump on; stomp on, stamp on, as with the full force of one's body. • haakukaa™at post, tree to go down into the ground, as when the soil is soft. • aahkaraarukaa™at clamp one's mouth down on, clamp one's teeth down into, bite down strongly on. down on the bottom see bottom, at the {hukakaawihiri™} downhearted see depressed {acikspiiruutik} downstairs uhuhkiihaaru™ [‰-hŠh-kii-haa-r‰™] N {comb., uhuhkiihaar-, uhuhkiihaah-} 1. basement. 2. downstairs, as in a house. 3. crawl space, as under a house. • uhuhkiihaahiri™ downstairs; underneath. downstream hawi- [hß-w†•] LOC downstream; east. • hawi™at float down a stream, float downstream. • rahawihak take downstream, as a current. huuhawi- [huu-hß-w†•] LOC going downstream, as in a boat or swimming. • huuhawi™at go downstream in water. • huuhawi™a (ir...) come downstream in water. • huuha™iwarik send downstream. see float downstream {huuhawihak}; float downstream (coming) {hawi™a (ir...)}; float downstream (going) {hawi™at} downtown icahkahaar [•†-Ùßh-kß-haa(r)•] VD 1. be the middle of a village. 2. (contemp.) be downtown, be the downtown area of a town, city. 3. be the main thoroughfare or street of a village or town. 2. tiicahkahaa 4. iriiraacahkahaaru 5. tiicahkahaaruksta downward takaa- [tß-kaa•] LOC down, off, as from an elevated surface. • takaahak get off, get down, as from an elevated surface. • takaarahak drop down, drop. • awitakaahak jump off, jump down. doze off rahwii™a (ir...) [•rßh-wii-™ß•] VP(3) doze off, nap, catnap (involuntarily); ref. to falling asleep while sitting up. 1. tikurahwii™a™ 2. tarahwii™a™ 3. tarahwii™aahu™ 4. iriirarahwii™a 5. tarahwii™ahista drag kicahaarustat [•k†-Ùß-haa-r‰s-tßt•] VT(1) drag (on land). 1. tatkicahaarustat 2. tikicahaarustat 3. tikicahaarustiwuu™ 4. iriirakicahaarustata 5. tikica-

drawstring, put through a haarustahuhta tarustat [•tß-r‰s-tßt•] VT(1) {dist., tarustuuwarii} drag. 1. tactarustat 2. titarustat 3. titarustiwuu™ 4. iriiratarustata 5. titarustahuhta • tactarustuuwarii™ I am dragging it around. dragonfly piicuca™aahu™ [piæ-Ù‰-Ùß-™aa-h‰™] N dragonfly. drained (emotionally) see worried {acikskaruus} drape over see put over {icawatka™iir} draw awuh (uur...) [•ß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) {pl. obj., awaawuh} 1. draw, paint a picture; (pl. obj.) make, draw a pattern. 2. photograph, take a picture of. 1. tatuurawu 2. tuurawu 3. tuurawuhu™ 4. iriruurawuha 5. tuurawista raawirariira™uk (uur...) [•raa-w†-rß-rii-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. draw, make a drawing of, as a map. 2. make a design or pattern on, decorate, as clothing. 1. taturaawirariiru™ 2. turaawirariiru™ 3. turaawirariiruuku™ 4. iriiruraawirariira™u 5. turaawirariiruuksta see color {taraawista™uk}; image, make an {awira™uk}; mark {rariihkara™uk (uur...), rariira™uk (uur...)}; ravine {katuusuhak, katuusu™} draw a design wirariihura™uk (uur...) [•w†-rß-riih‰-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) draw, paint a design or figure on; put a design, figure on. <wirariir (uur...)+huur+ra™uk, cause to be marked> 1. tatuuhwirariihuru™ 2. tuuhwirariihuru™ 3. tuuhwirariihuruuku™ 4. iriruuhwirariihura™u 5. tuuhwirariihuruuksta draw back see withdraw {awikatahak (uur...)} draw this way see bring {ruu™a (ir...)} draw together see close {takipuh}; gather together (group) {racakipiitik} draw up see tie up {haaskiihka™uuc/uc-} drawer rutaaktahciihkuku [rŠ-taak-tßh-Ùiih-k‰-k‰] N drawer; dresser drawer. drawn up see closed {takipiir} drawstring hastiwiru™ [hàs-t†-w†-r‰™] N drawstring, as on a bag. drawstring to be laced haaskiihkasa [•haaskiih-kß-sß•] VI(4) 1. be woven; be laced, interlaced. 2. drawstring to be laced, encased; be corded, bound with a cord, as Venetian blinds. 2. tihaaskiihkasa 4. iriirahaaskiihkasa 5. tihaaskiihkasahista drawstring, put through a haaskiihka™uuc/uc[•haas-kiih-kß-™uuts/‰ts•] VT(2-i) 1. lace up, tie up, as a bundle or parfleche; cord, bind with a cord;

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dream draw up, as a drawstring. 2. put a drawstring through, as through a hemmed casing on a curtain or at the mouth of a bag. 1. tataaskiihka™uuc 2. tihaaskiihka™uuc 3. tihaaskiihkuci™ 4. iriirahaaskiihkuci 5. tihaaskiihkucista dream itkasaaru™ [‡t-kß-saa-r‰™] N 1. dream, state of dreaming. 2. sleep, state of sleep. • itkasaariri™ in a dream or dream state. raa™itk (ut...) [•raa-™†t(k)•] VI(2-i) dream, have a dream; have a vision. 1. tatuuhaa™iit 2. tuuhaa™iit 3. tuuhiitki™ 4. iriruuhiitki 5. tuuhaa™itkista dream about itki (ut...) [•†t-k†•] VT(4) dream of, dream about, as a person or spiritual being. 1. tatuutitki™ 2. tuutitki™ 3. tuutitkiihu™ 4. iriruutitki 5. tuutitkista riitki (ut...) [•riit-k†•] VT(4) dream, dream about something; have a vision during one's sleep. 1. tatuuhiitki 2. tuuhiitki 3. tuuhiitkiihu™ 4. iriruuhiitki 5. tuuhiitkista drenched kiparihuur [•k†-pß-r†-huu(r)•] VD be drenched, soaking wet, saturated. 2. tikiparihuu™ 4. iriirakiparihuuru 5. tikiparihuuruksta dress rahkasii™u™ [rßh-kà-sii-™u™] N garment, dress, blouse, shirt. • rahkasiikat on the garment. • iriiraaku rahkasii™u™ where the shirt is, as one on a surface. • piita rahkasii™u™ a man's shirt. see outfit {akuuktik (ut...)}; put on a dress {uukawuh (ut...)}; put on clothes {ruuwahuruu (ut...)} dress nicely raahiwaarik (uur...) [•raa-h†-waar†{k/t}•] VT(1) dress up; put nice or elegant clothes on a person. 1. taturaahiwaarit 2. turaahiwaarit 3. turaahiwaariku™ 4. iriiruraahiwaarika 5. turaahiwaariksta see fix nicely {raahiirik (uur...)} dressed aka™uk (ut...) [•ß-kß-™u{k/t}•] VI(2) 1. be clothed, dressed, as when wearing one's everyday clothes. 2. be dressed up, outfitted, as for dancing. 1. tatuutaka™ut 2. tuutaka™ut 4. iriruutakuuki 5. tuutakuuksta dressed nicely raahiwaar (uur...) [•raa-h†waa(r)•] VI(1-a) be dressed up; be dressed nicely, beautifully. 1. taturaahiwaa 2. turaahiwaa 4. iriiruraahi-

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drip waara 5. turaahiwaarasta

dresser drawer see drawer {rutaaktahciihkuku} dried see shriveled {huucakarus}; withered {kaaciks}

dried corn see corn, dried {rikiistaahiisu™} dried meat taakaskara™uk [•taa-kßs-kß-rß™u{k/t}•] VT(3) make dried meat, prepare dried meat. 1. tactaakaskaru™ 2. titaakaskaru™ 3. titaakaskaruuku™ 4. iriirataakaskara™u 5. titaakaskaruuksta taakaski [taÑ-kßs-k†] N {comb., taakas-} dried meat. • taakaskat on the dried meat. • iriiriiku taakaski there is a piece of dried meat there. see pemmican {tapaharuus} dried up kictahiis [•k†ts-tß-hiis•] VD creek to be dry, as during summer; water to be dried up, as in one spot during summer or a drought. 2. tikictahiis 4. iriirakictahiisu 5. tikictahiisuksta drifter see traveler {paawariihusu™} drifting snow see blizzard {pirahuuru™} driftwood raktaaruuhawiisisu™ [ràk-taa-ruu-hßwii-s†-s‰™] N driftwood. • raktaaruuhawiisiskat on the driftwood. • raktaaruuhawiisisiri™ with a piece of driftwood. drill a well see dig a well {kiira™uk} drink kiikaa [•kii-kaa•] VT(4) {dist., kiikawaa} drink. 1. tatkiika™ 2. tikiika™ 3. tikiikaahu™ 4. iriirakikaa 5. tikiikaahista • tatkiikawa™ I drank different kinds. drink soup kiiraritkikaa [•kii-rß-r†t-k†-kaa•] VT(4) drink soup. 1. tatkiiraritkika™ 2. tikiiraritkika™ 3. tikiiraritkikaahu™ 4. iriirakiiraritkikaa 5. tikiiraritkikaahista • tihkiiraritkikaahu™ they are drinking soup. drink up kickarihac [•k†ts-kß-r†-hßts•] VT(4) drink up a beverage; consume a beverage. 1. tatkickarihac 2. tikickarihac 3. tikickarihaacu™ 4. iriirakickarihac 5. tikickarihacista drink, give to see water {kikaarik} drinker see heavy drinker {kickaar (ut...)} drinking water see cold water {kiiraraasiitu™} drip kictakaahak [•k†ts-tß-kaa-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. water to drip. 2a. be a waterfall. 2b. be a rapid, rapids, as in a stream. 2. tikictakaahat 4. iriirakictakaahat 5. tikictakaahaksta kiraarawirat [•k†-raa-rß-w†-rßt•] VI(1) drip, drip from.

drip in 2. tikiraarawirat 4. iriirakiraarawirata 5. tikiraarawirahuhta drip in kicka™ukuk [•k†ts-kß-™u-k‰{k/t}•] VI(4) water to drip into; water to drip on, as on the ground or on an object. 2. tikickuukut 3. tikickuukuku™ 4. iriirakickuukut 5. tikickuukuksta drip off kicakaahak [•k†-Ùß-kaa-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) drip from, drip off, as a roof, rock, etc; drip. 2. tikicakaahat 3. tikicakaahaaku™ 4. iriirakicakaahat 5. tikicakaahaksta drive see herd {rat} drive into rahuuparik [•rß-huu-pß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. send inside, as into a dwelling. 2. drive into, herd into, as an animal into a corral.

1. tahahuuparit 2. tirahuuparit 3. tirahuupariku™ 4. iriirarahuuparika 5. tirahuupariksta drive off aakapaha™a (ir...) [•aa-kß-pß-haa•] VT(3) scatter, drive off, as a group of animals or birds; stampede, as horses or cattle. 1. tatiiraakapahaa™ 2. taakapahaa™ 3. taakapaha™aahu™ 4. iriira™aakapaha™a 5. taakapahaahista drivel see saliva {cakiicu™, haakakiraaru™, haakakiicu™} drool see saliva {cakiicu™, haakakiraaru™, haakakiicu™} drop takaarahak [•tß-kaa-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. drop down, drop. 2. put off, throw off, unload; knock off, as an object on something. 3. drop off, leave, as a person or object in a vehicle. 1. tactakaarahat 2. titakaarahat 3. titakaarahaaku™ 4. iriiratakaarahat 5. titakaarahaksta • tiiraktacakaarahat they dropped them off. see fall {ukuk} drop off see fall off {takaahak}; get off {takaahak}; leave {takaarahak} drop-off see bank {aahka}; cliff {kakawiihak} drop-off (of a washout) katuusawi™a (ir...) [•kßtuu-sß-wi-™ß•] VI(3) be the end of a washout, small ravine, gully, or creek formed by heavy rains; be the drop-off of a washout, ravine, gully, or creek, where it drops into a larger creek. 2. takatuusawi™a™ 4. iriirakatuusawi™a 5. takatuusawiihista drop-off, on the edge of a see bank, on the edge of a {huuwiicahaahiri™} drown huuhuhkuut [•huu-h‰h-kuut•] VP(2) drown, die by drowning.

drying arbor 1. tikuhuuhuhkuut 2. tihuuhuhkuut 3. tihuuhuhkuutu™ 4. iriirahuuhuhkuuti 5. tihuuhuhkuutista huuhuhkuutik [•huu-h‰h-kuu-t†{k/t}•] VT(1) drown, kill by drowning. 1. tatuuhuhkuutit 2. tihuuhuhkuutit 3. tihuuhuhkuutiku™ 4. iriirahuuhuhkuutika 5. tihuuhuhkuutiksta drum haaka™u™ [haÑ-kß-™u™] N 1. mouth. 2. drum. • haakahiri™ on/in the mouth. • haakakat on the drum. haakapiruus [haÑ-kß-p†-ruus] N 1. barrel. 2. drum. • haakapiruuskat in/on a barrel. • iriiraaku haakapiruus where the barrel is. see beat (a drum) {haakapaktaarik, haakapiru, tahurahcak} drummers hukakusu™ [h‰-kà-k‰-s‰™] N drummers, group of singers at a drum. • hukakuskat among the drummers, singers. drums see Mother {atira™} drunk Ø (ut...) kiirahkata [•Ø• kii-ràh-kß-tß] VI(1a) be drunk, intoxicated, inebriated. 1. tatuu™ut kiirahkata 2. tuu™ut kiirahkata 4. iriruuta kiirahkata 5. tuutasta kiirahkata aciksuu (ut...) [•ß-Ù†k-suu•] VI(1) {dist., aciksuuk} 1. be one's thought or opinion; think in a certain way, be the way one thinks. 2. be drunk, intoxicated, inebriated. • ti™ pakaraaruuka™aatu™ it is a spirit's voice. edge see bank of a body of water {hukaatawi™u™, hukaatahaaru™}; border {tiihak} edge of a camp uuwatkawi™u™ [u÷-wßt-kß-wi-™u™] N edge, border of a camp; outer ring, periphery of a camp, as of a war party. edge of a village ciihtahaaru™ [Ùiæh-tß-haa-r‰™] N {comb., ciihtahaar-, ciihtahaah-} edge of a village; periphery of a village, camp, town; outskirts of a village, camp, town. edge of a village, go to the icpaatat [•†ts-paatßt•] VI(1) {dist., icpatparii} 1. go to defecate, go to relieve oneself; go to the toilet. 2. go to the edge of a village, town. 1. taaticpaatat 2. tiicpaatat 3. tiicpaatpuu™ 4. iriiraacpaatata 5. tiicpaatuhta • taaticpatparii™ I went to defecate several times. edge of water kictiihak [•k†ts-tii-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) be the bank, shore, edge of water, as of a creek, river, or pond. 2. tikictiihat 4. iriirakictiihat 5. tikictiihaksta edge, along the kiihtatahaahiri™ [kiæh-tß-tß-haah†-ri™] ADV along the edge, along the border, as of a wall, building, or bank of a stream. see bank, along a {awiicahaahiri™} edge, around the ciihtahaahiri™ [Ùiæh-tß-haa-h†ri™] ADV (contemp.) around the periphery, edge, border of an enclosure, as a yard or corral; around the edge or border of a settled space, as a campground. edge, at an kiihtata- [kiih-tß-tß•] LOC at an edge, at a border, as of a wall, bank, stream. • kiihtatawi™at go along the edge. • kiihtata™uukuk get to the border of. • kiihtata™iisat go to the edge. edge, on the huuwiica- [huu-wii-Ùß•] LOC on the edge, along the edge, as of a bank or a raised object. • huuwiica™at go along the edge of a bank. •

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educated huuwiica™a (ir...) come along the edge of a bank. • huuwiicakus be sitting on the edge of a bank. see bank, on the edge of a {huuwiicahaahiri™} educated see graduate {pakskaa} education see letter {rariihuraah} egg ripiiku™ [r‡-pii-k‰™] N egg. • ripiikat in/on the egg. • tahiwu ripiikiri™ I hit him with an egg. • ripiiktahkata a yellow egg. • tiiku ripiiku™ there is an egg. see nit {ratpit} eggshell ripiikickuusu™ [r†-piæ-k†ts-kuu-s‰™] N eggshell. • ripiikickuuskat on the eggshell. eight tawiksaapic [tß-w‡k-saa-p†ts] NUM eight. eighteen pitkus-kaakii™i™ [p‡t-k‰s•kaa-kii-™i™] NUM eighteen. eighty kskiitikstaaru™ [kskiæ-t†ks-taa-r‰™] NUM eighty. • kskiitikstaaru™-asku eighty-one. elated see happy {aciksta™it} elated to see see happy {acikskakiis}; happy to see {kakiis} elbow taraciisu™ [tà-rß-Ùii-s‰™] N elbow. • taraciisiri™ on the elbow. elder awiraariktis [à-w†-raa-r†k-t†s] N elder; older person, elderly person, as one ca. 70 years old or older. • awiraariktis tiirawihat these elderly ones. raariktis [•raa-r†k-t†s•] VD 1. be older, as a person fifty or more years of age. 2. be an elder. 3. be the eldest, as a child in a family. 1. tahaariktis 2. tiraariktis 4. iriiraraariktisu 5. tiraariktisuksta elderly awiraariktis [•ß-w†-raa-r†k-t†s•] VD {dist., awiraariktisik} be elderly, advanced in years, as a person ca. 70 years old or older. 1. taatawiraariktis 2. tiiwiraariktis 4. iriiraawiraariktisu 5. tiiwiraariktisuksta eldest raariktis [•raa-r†k-t†s•] VD 1. be older, as a person fifty or more years of age. 2. be an elder. 3. be the eldest, as a child in a family. 1. tahaariktis 2. tiraariktis 4. iriiraraariktisu 5. tiraariktisuksta eldest daughter see daughter, eldest {icapaktaariktis} electricity paawaapicisu™ [paa-waÑ-p†-Ù†-s‰™] N 1. lightning. 2. electricity. <waa+waapicis+u™, lightning + DIST + NOM>

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embellish elephant arapit

[à-rß-p†t] N elephant. <Engl. ele-

phant>

cusaru™ut [ÙŠ-sß-ru-™ut] N {comb., (i)cusarut-} elephant. • cusarutkat on an elephant. elevated prairie see ridge, level {wiituuru™} eleven askuhuukita [ßs-k‰-hu÷-k†-tß] NUM eleven. • askuhuukita tiwaarit piita eleven men are standing there. elk paa [paÑ] N elk, wapiti (Cervus elaphus). see buck elk {arikarahkucuu™}; fawn (elk) {paahari™} elm ta™ihcaaku™ [tà-™†h-Ùaa-k‰™] N elm (Ulmus spp.). • ta™ihcaakat, ta™ihcaakiri™ on the elm. elope with aktahurahac [•ßk-tß-h‰-rß-hßts•] VT(4) 1. elope with, run away with. 2. kidnap, abduct. 1. taataktahurahac 2. tiiktahurahac 3. tiktahurahaacu™ 4. iriiraaktahurahac 5. tiiktahurahacista rahurahac [•rß-h‰-rß-hßts•] VT(4) 1. elope with, run away with; ref. to a male eloping with a female. 2. kidnap, abduct. 3. take off with, take into the wilds, as when a man takes a young boy to hunt. 1. tahahurahac 2. tirahurahac 3. tirahurahaacu™ 4. iriirarahurahac 5. tirahurahacista emaciated see lean {rahkiis} embankment uukatahaaru™ [uu-kà-tß-haa-r‰™] N 1. embankment. 2. interior wall, as of an earthlodge. embarrassed aciksicaahiks [•ß-Ù†k-s†-Ùaa-h†ks•] VD 1. be embarrassed, chagrined. 2. be disappointed. 1. taataciksicaahiks 2. tiiciksicaahiks 4. iriiraaciksicaahiksu 5. tiiciksicaahiksuksta see ashamed {hiikahurik} embed hukawarik [•h‰-kß-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) {dist., hukawaawarik} 1. put in, embed in, as a splinter in the skin. 2. put into, as into the ground; set the base into, embed the foot into, as a mortar in the ground. 3. put into, as into a container. 1. tatukawarit 2. tihukawarit 3. tihukawariku™ 4. iriirahukawarika 5. tihukawariksta • tihukawaawarit he put different things into it. embedded in hukaawihiri™ [hŠ-kaa-w†-h†-ri™] ADV 1. in, embedded in, as a sharp object in the ground or in the skin. 2. inside, as in a body cavity or a container. see in (embedded) {hukaa} embellish see lie, tell a {kiisaar (ir...)}

embrace embrace kiictikakiis

[•kiits-t†-kß-kiis•] VT(2) embrace, hug, hold around the neck. • witawi™a (ir...ut...) come to the end, as of a line or row. • witawiirik (ut...) be standing on the end; be standing last, be the last one standing. • witawikus (ut...) be on the end, be last, as in a series or row; be sitting on the end. end, go to the icawicat [•†-Ùß-w†-Ùßt•] VI(1) 1. reach maturity, reach full growth. 2. reach completion; be sufficient to go around completely, as a quantity of food. 3. go to the end, stay to the conclusion, as when remaining at an activity until its conclusion. 1. taaticawicat 2. tiicawicat 4. iriiraacawicata 5. tiicawicuhta end, on the ica- [†-Ùß•] LOC on the end, on the tip, as of a rigid elongated object like a fork. • tawaakicakus be rattles on the tip, as on the end of a snake's tail. • uhuuricakus be on the tip. icaa [•†-Ùaa•] VL be on the end of a pole, stick; be attached to the end of a pole, stick; be hanging from the end of a pole, stick. 2. tiicaa, ticaa 4. iriiraacaawi 5. tiicaawista • tiraaricaa they are hanging from the end of a pole. icaawuh [•†-Ùaa-w‰(h)•] VT(1) hang on the end, put on the end, as a flag on a pole. 1. taaticaawu 2. tiicaawu 3. tiicawuhu™ 4. iriiraacaawuha 5. tiicaawista icakus [•†-Ùß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) {dist., icaarik} be on the end. tip, as of a rigid elongated object like a stick, pole, or eraser on the end of a pencil. 2. tiicaku 4. iriiraacaku 5. tiicakusta • tiicaarit, tiraaricaarit they are on the end of different ones. icakuusk [•†-Ùß-kuus(k)•] VT(1) put on the end, on

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enroll the extremity (of a rigid elongated object), as when tying something on the end of a stick or picking something up with a stick. 1. taaticakuus 2. tiicakuus 3. tiicakuusku™ 4. iriiraacakuuska 5. tiicakuuskista uhuurickat [‰-hu÷-r†ts-kßt] ADV on the end; at the end; at the extremity, as of an object. see last {hatuhkat} enduring see continual {raahuraahkita}; permanent {huraahkita} enemy cararaat [Ùà-rß-raat] N {comb., (i)cararaapi-} 1. enemy tribe. 2. enemy, male of an enemy tribe. • cicararaat female of an enemy tribe. • cararaapikat among the enemy. energetic see active {awi™uu (ut...)}; ambitious {ciir (ut...)} engrossed see worried {tarahwii} enjoy see like (a way) {raaraaciksta™u (ir...)} enjoy oneself awakii (ut...) [•ß-wß-kii•] VR(4) enjoy oneself, have fun, have a good time, as when participating in a social activity; celebrate. 1. wititatuutawakii™ 2. witituutawakii™ 3. witituutawakiihu™ 4. iriiwitiruutawakii 5. witituutawakiiksta • wititiitawakii™ they are enjoying themselves; they are celebrating. kiiska™uk [•kiis-kß-™u{k/t}•] VD(2) 1. be lively, animated, spirited, as dancers. 2. enjoy oneself, have a good time, as at a dance. 1. tatkiiska™ut 2. tikiiska™ut 4. iriirakiiskuuki 5. tikiiskuuksta • tiraakiiska™ut they are lively. kiiskawaah [•kiis-kß-waa(h)•] VI(1-i) enjoy oneself, have a good time, as at a social activity. 1. tatkiiskawaa 2. tikiiskawaa 4. iriirakiiskawaaha 5. tikiiskawaahista • tiraakiiskawaa a group is having a good time. see celebrate {raakiiskawaah} enlist raawiirat [•raa-wii-rßt•] VI(1) 1. charge, go to fight; go aggressively, furiously, angrily. 2. (contemp.) enlist, go into the armed services. 1. tahaawiirat 2. tiraawiirat 3. tiraawiiriwuu™ 4. iriiraraawiirata 5. tiraawiihuhta • tiraraawiirat they went to fight. see join {tawihcitik} enlisted see member {tawii} enrage see anger {aciksicaraksta™uk} enroll ta™iir [•tß-™ii(r)•] VT(1) 1. set down, as when giving a gift. 2. donate, give away. 3. add to, augment. 4. enroll; make join, as an organization.

entangled 1. tacta™ii 2. tita™ii 3. tita™iiru™ 4. iriirata™iira 5. tita™iirista entangled katata- [kß-tß-tß•] LOC entangled, blocked, as by a fence, vines, or something protruding. • katataarik be standing entangled, as in a fence or vines. • katatakus be blocked off. • awikatatiir-i get snagged by, as something protruding. see tangled {kariipaak (ut...)} enter huukat [•huu-kßt•] VI(1) {dist., huuparii} 1. go inside, enter, as a dwelling. 2. go through, as a threshold. 1. tatuukat 2. tihuukat 3. tihuupuu™ 4. iriirahuukata 5. tihuukuhta • tihuuparii™ he is going in and out. see arrive and enter {kaa™ihwicat}; come inside {huuka (ir...)}; go into {hukaa™at} entirety see all {kituu™u™, raakituu™u™}; whole {kituu} entrails see guts {kaaraktu™}; intestines {raarukaawi™u™, riicu™} entry see doorway {hiwata, hiwatur}; doorway (of an earthlodge) {hiwatuuru™} envious see jealous {kaawira™uk} erase raaraahura™uk [•raa-raa-h‰-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. spoil, ruin, destroy, as an event, activity, plans. 2. erase. 1. tahaaraahuru™ 2. tiraaraahuru™ 3. tiraaraahuruuku™ 4. iriiraraaraahura™u 5. tiraaraahuruuksta erect see set upright {cawuh (uur...)}; sit upright {cawikus (uur...)}; stand upright {cawi™uuriirik (uur...)}; stick up {ca (uur...)}; upright {cawiirik (uur...)} errand man taruucuhus [tà-ruu-Ù‰-h‰s] N 1. errand man, fire keeper, fire tender, as in a ceremony. 2. servant. 3. usher, as in a theater. erroneously see speak incorrectly {wakuuricakawuu} escape see hide {paaraar}; run away {kukstakuk}; survive {kisik [+ i-]} esophagus ciksu™ [Ù‡k-s‰™] N {comb., (a)ciks-} 1. esophagus, gullet; trachea, windpipe. 2. mind, seat of one's thoughts, seat of one's feelings, conceived to be in the chest and throat. • ciksiri™ in the windpipe. esoteric see holy {waarukstii} esteem see love {aciksta}; value {raacikstaapirihuur (ir...ri...uur...), raaciksta™u (ir...), raaciksta™u (ir...ri...uur...)} esteemed raapirihuur [•raa-p†-r†-huu(r)•] VD 1. be valuable, highly regarded, valued; be desirable; be cherished, as an object. 2. be esteemed, highly

examine thought of, held dear, valued, as a person.

2. tiraapirihuu™ 4. iriiraraapirihuuru 5. tiraapirihuuruksta see loved {acikstawis} eternal see permanent {raahuraahkita} evaluate see listen to what someone says {wakuhtiirariihk} even casiiri [Ùß-siæ-r†] ADV even, even if; even so, despite, nevertheless. • ku™aatahaakakituus casiiri iriit capaat I wish I could kiss you, even though I am a woman. even more see some more {ihtat} Evening Star Cuupiriktaakaa [Ùuu-p†-r‡k-taakaa] N Evening Star, Venus. evening twilight see twilight {huusakahaaru™} event see activity {raa-, raa™u™} every day see day, every {sakurahkituu™u™} every night see night, every {ratkahaarahkituu™u™} every year see year, every {rikatihaarahkituu™u™} everyone see all {kituu™u™} everything raarahkituu™u™ [raÑ-rßh-kˆ-tuu-™u™] N everything; all ways, as all dances, traditions, etc. see all {kituu™u™, raakituu™u™} exactly see really {raarit} exaggerate kiis (ir...) [•kiis•] VD 1. be vain, proud, as someone who is a show-off or who dresses ostentatiously or fastidiously; be conceited. 2. be one who exaggerates, prevaricates, as one who embellishes stories or accounts. 1. tatihkiis 2. takiis 4. iriirakiisu 5. takiisuksta see boast {wakurihuur}; lie, tell a {kiisaar (ir...)} examine icawicparik [•†-Ùß-w†ts-pß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) examine, scrutinize, look at carefully, look over carefully, eye up and down; size up. 1. taaticawicparit 2. tiicawicparit 3. tiicawicpariku™ 4. iririicawicparika 5. tiicawicpariksta kirikaa™at [•k†-r†-kaa-™ßt•] VT(1) scrutinize, examine, study, look over carefully, as a person. 1. tatkirikaa™at 2. tikirikaa™at 3. tikirikaawuu™ 4. iriirakirikaata 5. tikirikaahuhta kiriktawi™at (ut...) [•k†-r†k-tß-wi-™ßt•] VT(1) {dist., kirikta™iwarii} examine, look over, as a doctor a patient. 1. tatutkiriktawi™at 2. tutkiriktawi™at 3. tutkirikta™iwuu™ 4. iriirutkiriktawiita 5. tutkiriktawihuhta • tatutkirikta™iwarii™ I kept examining her. raakiriktawi™at (ut...) [•raa-k†-r†k-tß-wi-™ßt•] VT(1) {dist., raakirikta™iwar (ut...)} 1. look over, eye up

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excavate and down, as a situation, activity, event. 2. (dist.) examine, survey, scan, inspect. 1. tatuuhaakiriktawi™at 2. tuuhaakiriktawi™at 3. tuuhaakirikta™iwuu™ 4. iriruuhaakiriktawiita 5. tuuhaakiriktawihuhta • tatuuhaakirikta™iwa I examined things. riicawicparik [•rii-Ùß-w†ts-pß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. examine, inspect, scrutinize, take note of everything, observe everything, watch. 2. stay to the end; remain to the end, to the conclusion, as of an activity or event. 1. tahiicawicparit 2. tiriicawicparit 3. tiriicawicpariku™ 4. iriirariicawicparika 5. tiriicawicpariksta see consider {iirariihk}; consider (a way) {raa™iirariihk}; study {raakirikaa™at} excavate see dig up {iriwat} exceed see surpass {kawiitik (ut...)} exceptional see outstanding {ka (ut...)} excessive raakatarihuur [•raa-kß-tß-r†-huu(r)•] VD 1. be plentiful, abundant; be an excess. 2. be excessive, as an action or behavior. 3. be worse, as an ill person; be in a critical condition. 4. be grave, serious, as a matter. 5. be terrible, horrible, awful, as a situation or state. 2. tiraakatarihuu™ 4. iriiraraakatarihuuru 5. tiraakatarihuuruksta excessively see excessively to, do {rahuriruuhci (uur...)} excessively to, do rahuriruuhci (uur...) [•rß-h‰r†-ruuh-Ù†•] VT(u) 1. do excessively to. 2. revile, berate, bawl out; curse. 3. abuse, mistreat; beat severely, excessively. 4. kill. 1. taturahuriruuhci™ 2. turahuriruuhci™ 3. turahuriruuhciihu™ 4. iriirurahuriruuhci™u 5. turahuriruuhciicta exchange ikiriwiiha™uk [•†-k†-r†-wii-hß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. change, transform, alter, make different. 2. change, switch, as from one to another, like moving into another dwelling or putting on a different article of clothing. 3. exchange, replace with another, as when returning an article to a store. 1. taatikiriwiihu™; taatikiriwiihu™ 2. tiikiriwiihu™ 3. tiikiriwiihuuku™ 4. iriiraakiriwiiha™u 5. tiikiriwiihuuksta exclude see remove {rikatahak} excrement see feces {ataatu™} execute see hang {uhuhkiraawuh (ut...)} exert see work on {astaah (ut...)} exhale acikskawatak [•ß-Ù†ks-kß-wß-tß{k/t}•] VP(4) 1. sigh, sigh deeply, as a sigh of relief or when reviv-

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expire ing. 2. exhale, as after taking a deep breath or holding one's breath. 1. tikuucikskawatat 2. tiicikskawatat 3. tiicikskawataaku™ 4. iriiraacikskawatat 5. tiicikskawataksta exhaust tarahkisiciisparik [•tß-rßh-k†-s†-Ùiis-pßr†{k/t}•] VT(1) exhaust, tire, wear out, fatigue. 1. tactarahkisiciisparit 2. titarahkisiciisparit 3. titarahkisiciispariku™ 4. iriiratarahkisiciisparika 5. titarahkisiciispariksta see tire out {awi™iikta™uk} exhausted aciksawi™iik [•ß-Ù†k-sß-wi-™ii{k/t}•] VD 1. be mentally exhausted, fatigued. 2. be physically exhausted, fatigued; ref. to one's entire body; feel exhausted, fatigued. 1. taataciksawi™ii™it 2. tiiciksawi™ii™it 4. iriiraaciksawi™iiku 5. tiiciksawi™iikuksta tarahkisiciisat (uur...) [•tß-rßh-k†-s†-Ùii-sßt•] VP(1) 1. be exhausted, fatigued, worn out, as from extreme exertion. 2. be weak and tired, weak and listless, as from an illness. 3. despair, give up, as when one has a prolonged illness and loses hope of recovery. 1. tikuuhtarahkisiciisat 2. tuuhtarahkisiciisat 3. tuuhtarahkisiciispuu™ 4. iriruuhtarahkisiciisata 5. tuuhtarahkisiciisuhta see tire out {takaa™a (ir...)}; tired {awi™iik, iciisat (uur...)}; tired mentally {aciksiciisat (uur...)} exhume see dig up {iriwat} exist see be (exist) {aah} exit see get out {kawatak}; go out {awacitik} expand see rise (as dough) {awihuksa (ir...)} expanse awaahak [•ß-waa-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) be an expanse, as a land form or the Heavens. 2. tiiwaahat 4. iriirawaahat • Tiirawaahat this sky; the Heavens. expectorate see spit {icakihcawarik}; spit out {hawat} expensive awicurihuur [•ß-w†-Ù‰-r†-huu(r)•] VD {dist., awicurihuurik} be expensive, high-priced; have a high price. 2. tiiwicurihuu™ 4. iriiraawicurihuuru 5. tiiwicurihuuruksta expire awi™uusik (uur...) [•ß-wi-™uu-s†{k/t}•] VP(4) 1. expire, pass away, die. 2. stop, become still, become quiet, as when a person ceases an activity. 3. stop, stop running, die, as a machine, motor. 4. quiet down, calm down. 1. tikuurawi™uusit 2. tuurawi™uusit 3. tuurawi™uusiiku™ 4. iriruurawi™uusit 5. tuurawi™uusiksta uhuurawi™uusik [•‰-huu-rß-wi-™uu-s†{k/t}•] VI(4) expire, pass away.

1. taatuhuurawi™uusit 2. tiihuurawi™uusit 3. tiihuurawi™uusiiku™ 4. iriruuhuurawi™uusit 5. tiihuurawi™uusiksta explode see pop {takaas, takaasik} explore see investigate {ruuhurirahak (ut...)} expose raahiwihcik (uur...) [•raa-h†-w†h-Ù†{k/t}•] VT(1) expose, bring out into the open, make public, as an unknown matter or gossip. 1. taturaahiwihcit 2. turaahiwihcit 3. turaahiwihciku™ 4. iriiruraahiwihcika 5. turaahiwihciksta expose one's face see peep around {ickahak} exposed raahiwihc (uur...) [•raa-h†-w†(h)ts•] VI(4) 1. appear, show, show up, as a tradition, habit, or behavior. 2. be exposed, in the open; come out into the open, surface, come to public notice. 3. happen, occur, transpire all at once. 2. turaahiwic 3. turaahiwihcu™ 4. iriiruraahiwic 5. turaahiwihcista extend (in a line) ahak [•ß-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., awaahak} extend in a line. 2. tiihat 4. iriiraahat 5. tiihaksta • kutaahaasawaahat they look like strings extending in lines. u™a (ir...) [•u-™ß•] VI(3) {dist., awa™a (ir...)} 1. come flying; fly this way. 2. fall, fall to the ground, as leaves, hail stones, snow. 3. extend, come this way in a straight line; be a streak coming this way. 2. tuu™a™ 3. tuu™aahu™ 4. iriruu™a 5. tuu™ahista • taraaru™a™ they are flying this way. u™at [•u-™ßt•] VI(1) {impf., awuu; dist., awarii} 1. fly in a line; fly over; fly by; fly off, as a bird or an airplane. 2. extend, go in a straight line; be a streak, as across the sky or an object. 2. tii™at 3. tiiwuu™ 4. iriruu™ata 5. tiihuhta • tiraaru™at they flew away. uhak [•‰-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) extend in a line, pass by in a line, as a mountain range or a tree line. 2. tiihat 4. iriruuhat 5. tiihaksta • iriirahaaktaaruhat where the timber line is. uuhak [•uu-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. fly by, fly past. 2. extend in a line, as a line of trees. 2. ti™uuhat 3. ti™uuhaaku™ 4. iriira™uuhat 5. ti™uuhaksta extend (pipe or wood) haakatawuh [•haa-kßtß-w‰(h)•] VI(1) extend a pipe, offer a pipe mouthpiece first, as when giving it to someone to smoke. 1. tataakatawu 2. tihaakatawu 3. tihaakatawuhu™ 4. iriirahaakatawuha 5. tihaakatawista extend (pipe or wood) to someone see offer (pipe or wood) to someone {haakatawuh (ut...)}

extract a nail extend (string or rope) haasu™at

[•haa-su-™ßt•]

VI(1)

line to extend, as a string, cord, or rope. 2. tihaasu™at 4. iriirahaasu™ata 5. tihaasuhuhta extend one's foot asu™at [•ß-su-™ßt•] VI(1) {dist., astaarawarii} 1. point one's foot; extend one's leg up or outward (horizontally). 2. (impf.) take a step. 3. (dist.) wave, flail one's foot. 1. taatasu™at 2. tiisu™at 3. tiisawuu™ 4. iriiraasu™ata 5. tiisuhuhta • tiistaarawarii™ he is flailing his feet. extend one's hand iksawuu [•†k-sß-wuu•] VI(4) {dist., iksawarii} (impf. only) 1. point one's hand, as in a direction. 2. extend one's hand. 1. taatiksawuu™ 2. tiiksawuu™ 4. iriiraaksawuu 5. tiiksawuusta • taatiksawarii™ I am moving my hand around, as when touching different things. see reach out one's arm {iksu™at} extend upward see raise upward {ickawiiriitik} extended upward ickawiir [•†ts-kß-wii(r)•] VI(1) be extended straight upward, as up in the air. 2. tiickawi™ 4. iriiraackawiira 5. tiickawiirista • tikaastaarickawi™ his legs are extended upward. extending in a line a- [ß•] LOC extending in a line. • ahak extend in a line. • awarik throw away. • iksawuu point one's hand, as in a direction. extent see end {tiihaak} extinguish see put out a fire {huuwirikiihk} extract hukawat [•h‰-kß-wßt•] VT(2-i) 1. take out, as from a container. 2. take out, pull out, extract, as something embedded in the skin or body.

1. tatukawat 2. tihukawat 3. tihukawati™ 4. iriirahukawati 5. tihukawatista waakara™uk [•waa-kß-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) {dist., ruuwaakara™uk} (pl. obj.) 1. pull up, as growing plants; pick up by the roots, dig up, dig out of the ground, as potatoes, carrots, or turnips. 2. pull, extract, as teeth. <waa+ka.ra™uk, DIST + extract PL.OBJ by roots> 1. tatpaakaru™ 2. tiwaakaru™ 3. tiwaakaruuku™ 4. iriirawaakara™u 5. tiwaakaruuksta • tihwaakaru™ they pulled them up. wiik [•wii{k/t}•] VT(1) dig up, extract. 1. tatpiit 2. tiwiit 3. tiwiiku™ 4. iriirawiika 5. tiwiiksta see pull up (a plant) {wiriik}; take out {kawat} extract a nail caakarikuk (ut...) [•Ùaa-kß-r†k‰{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. extract a nail, pull a nail out. 2. unlock, unlatch. 3. open, as a bottle.

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extract a tooth 1. tatucaakarikut 2. tucaakarikut 3. tucaakarikuku™ 4. iriirucaakarikut 5. tucaakarikuksta extract a tooth see pull a tooth {aahwiriik} extraordinary see outstanding {ka (ut...)}; outstanding (of a way) {raaka (ut...), raakiicka (ut...)} extremity see end {tiihak, uhuuricka™at}; end (of an object) {ickahak, icka™at}; end, on the {icakuusk, uhuurickat} eye kiriiku™ [k†-riæ-k‰™] N {comb., kiriik-, kirik-} 1. eye. 2. chit of a seed. • kirikat on the eye. • kirikiri™ in/on the eye. • iriisiratkiriktawi where my eyes are; my eyes. • kirikucuu™ big eye. see cross-eyed {kaawirahpiruusaar}; fix eyes on {kiripiitik (ut...)}; look around {kiriktaarawarii}; white of the eye {kaackaawi™u™} eye up and down see examine {icawicparik} eye, gray kirikaac [•k†-r†-kaats•] VD 1. have a cataract. 2. have a gray eye. 1. tatkirikaa™ac 2. tikirikaa™ac 4. iriirakirikaacu 5. tikirikaacuksta see cataract {kirikaac} eyebrow kirikiisu™ [k‡-r†-kii-s‰™] N eyebrow, brow, superciliary ridge; supraorbital bone. • kirikiisiri™ on the eyebrow. eyeglasses kiriktahkuuku™u™ [k‡-r†k-tßh-kuu-ku-™u™] N glasses, eyeglasses, spectacles; goggles. eyeglasses, wear kiriktahkaa [•k†-r†k-tßh-kaa•] VL have eyeglasses on, be wearing eyeglasses. 1. tatkiriktahkaa 2. tikiriktahkaa 4. iriirakiriktahkaawi 5. tikiriktahkaawista eyelash kiriktaacpickiic [k‡-r†k-taats-p†ts-kiits] N 1. eyelash. 2. persimmon (Diospyros virginiana).

• kiriktaacpickiickat on the eyelash.

eyelid kiriikickuusu™

[k†-riæ-k†ts-kuu-s‰™] N eyelid. • kiriikickuuskat on the eyelid. eyes, black kaawirahkatiit [•kaa-w†-rßh-kß-tiit•] VD have black eyes. 1. tatkaawirahkatii™it 2. tikaawirahkatii™it 4. iriirakaawirahkatiitu 5. tikaawirahkatiituksta eyes, blue kaawiracarii™uus [•kaa-w†-rß-Ùß-rii™uus•] VD have blue eyes; have light colored eyes, as blue, green, or gray ones. 1. tatkaawiracarii™uus 2. tikaawiracarii™uus 4. iriirakaawiracarii™uusu 5. tikaawiracarii™uusuksta

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facing eyes, brown kaawirarahkataar

[•kaa-w†-rß-rßhkß-taa(r)•] VD have brown eyes.

1. tatkaawirarahkataa 2. tikaawirarahkataa 4. iriirakaawirarahkataaru 5. tikaawirarahkataaruksta eyes, close one's see close one's eyes {kiriktacakipiitik}

F fabric see cloth, cotton {raawihkata™iitu™} fabricate see lie, tell a {kiisaar (ir...)} face cka™u™ [tskà-™u™] N {comb., (i)cka-} 1. face. 2. cloud. • ckahiri™ on the face. • tiickakataku there is a cloud overhead. • tiickata it is his face, it is a face. • raackatawi his face. uhuuricka™uuriirik (uur...) [•‰-huu-r†ts-kß-™uu-riir†{k/t}•] VT(2-i) confront, be standing facing, be standing face to face with. 1. tatuuruhuuricka™uuriirit 2. tuuruhuuricka™uuriirit 3. tuuruhuuricka™uuriiriki™ 4. iriruuruhuuricka™uuriiriki 5. tuuruhuuricka™uuriiriksta see turn to face {ickawiitik (uur...)} face downward see fall face downward {iripiitik} face powder ckapicistuukus [tskà-p†-Ù†s-tuu-k‰s] N face powder. face someone kusickawiitik (uur...) [•k‰-s†ts-kßwii-t†{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. face, turn to face, as a person; meet face to face. 2. sit down facing. 1. tatuuhkusickawiitit 2. tuuhkusickawiitit 3. tuuhkusickawiitiku™ 4. iriruuhkusickawiitit 5. tuuhkusickawiitiksta • siwitituuhkusickawiitit they (du.) came face to face. face to face see meet face to face {kusickawiriwuh} face, wash the see wash a face {ickahiikara™uk (uur...)} facing ickawi- [†ts-kß-w†•] LOC facing. • ickawiitik (uur...) turn to face, as a certain direction. • kusickawi™at (ut...) go toward facing, walk toward facing; go to meet, go to face. • kusickawi™a (ir...ut...) come toward, come walking toward, as to greet someone. kusicka (uur...) [•k‰-s†ts-kß•] VL face, be facing. 1. tatuuhkusicka 2. tuuhkusicka 4. iriruuhkusickawi 5. tuuhkusickawista wi™uu (ut...) [•wi-™uu•] VI(1) face, be facing, as a certain direction. <wi+uu (ut...), be upright facing> 1. tatutpi™uu™ 2. tutpi™uu™ 4. iriirutpi™uu™a 5. tutpi-

fade ™uuksta see front, in {huurickawiirik} fade kiwatak [•k†-wß-tß{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. fade, turn pale, as from green to brown; bleach, blanch. 2. unravel, come unwound, as a piece of knit cloth; come apart. 2. tikiwatat 3. tikiwataaku™ 4. iriirakiwatat 5. tikiwataksta see bleach {kiwataktik} faded see gray {kiracaakaar} fail see disappoint {acikskarusik} faint katiictakaawaahak (ut...) [•kß-tiits-tß-kaawaa-hß{k/t}•] VP(4) black out; faint. 1. tikutkatiictakaawaahat 2. tutkatiictakaawaahat 3. tutkatiictakaawaahaaku™ 4. iriirutkatiictakaawaahat 5. tutkatiictakaawaahaksta see fall unconscious {kuuctakaahak}; lose consciousness {acikstiwarik} faint, feel acikskaruusawi™at [•ß-Ù†ks-kß-ruu-sßwi-™ßt•] VP(1) 1. lose interest in, tire of mentally. 2. feel mentally weak, feel faint. 3. feel disappointment, be disappointed; be depressed, dispirited. 4. grieve. 1. tikuucikskaruusawi™at 2. tiicikskaruusawi™at 3. tiicikskaruusa™iwuu™ 4. iriiraacikskaruusawiita 5. tiicikskaruusawihuhta fair (color) see white {taakaar} fair (in complexion) kiraar [•k†-raa(r)•] VD 1. be light in color, pastel. 2. be tan, buff, buckskin, light brown. 3. be fair, light in complexion. 1. tatkiraa™ 2. tikiraa™ 4. iriirakiraaru 5. tikiraaruksta • tirahkiraa™ they are light in color. faith raa™iistir (ut...) [•raa-™iis-t†(r)•] VT(1-a) 1. depend on, as income, a crop. 2. have faith in, as one's power or the efficacy of a ritual. 1. tatuuhaa™iisti 2. tuuhaa™iisti 3. tuuhaa™iistiiru™ 4. iriruuhaa™iistira 5. tuuhaa™iistirasta faith in, have see depend on {iistir (ut...)} faithful waktiks [+ i-] [•wßk-t†ks•] VI(1) 1. be truthful, honest in speech. 2. be certain, sure. 3. be faithful to one's word, keep one's word, be true to one's word. <wak+rik.his, voice to be true; i.q. Ar. wahnió; cf. raariks be true (way)> 1. tatiiwaktiks 2. tiiwaktiks 3. tiiwaktiksu™ 4. iririiwaktiksa 5. tiiwaktiksista • tirahwaktiks they are truthful. falcon see sparrow hawk {pi™aakis} fall u™a (ir...) [•u-™ß•] VI(3) {dist., awa™a (ir...)} 1. come flying; fly this way. 2. fall, fall to the ground, as leaves, hail stones, snow. 3. extend, come this way in a straight line; be a streak coming this way.

fall over 2. tuu™a™ 3. tuu™aahu™ 4. iriruu™a 5. tuu™ahista • taraaru™a™ they are flying this way. ukuk [•‰-k‰{k/t}•] VP(4) fall, drop, hit the ground; fall off, as from a height. 1. tiku™ukut 2. ti™ukut 3. ti™ukuku™ 4. iriirukut 5. ti™ukuksta • tiraarukut they fell. see autumn {riickuhki}; lean backwards {katahkawii™at}; slip (on slippery surface) {uhuuwi™at}; snow {usaa™a (ir...)} fall (of a tree) haapi™uuhak [•haa-pi-™uu-hß{k/t}•] VP(4) tree to fall. 2. tihaapi™uuhat 3. tihaapi™uuhaaku™ 4. iriirahaapi™uuhat 5. tihaapi™uuhaksta fall asleep itkasitik [•†t-kß-s†-t†{k/t}•] VP(4) {dist., itkasiruutik} fall asleep, go to sleep. 1. tikuutkasitit 2. tiitkasitit 3. tiitkasitiiku™ 4. iriiraatkasitit 5. tiitkasitiksta • tiiraakitkasiruutiku™ people (different ones) are falling asleep. fall behind see lag behind {takaa™a (ir...)} fall down see come down (pl.) {awa™a (ir...) [+ raar-]} fall face downward iripiitik [•†-r†-pii-t†{k/t}•] VP(4) fall face downward; go face downward. 1. tikuuripiitit 2. tiiripiitit 3. tiiripiitiku™ 4. iriiraaripiitit 5. tiiripiitiksta • tiraariripiitit they fell face downward. fall forward see stumble {uhuuririkisat} fall into water hawi™uuhak [•hß-wi-™uu-hß{k/t}•] VP(4) fall into water, slip and fall into water. 1. tikuhawi™uuhat 2. tihawi™uuhat 3. tihawi™uuhaaku™ 4. iriirahawi™uuhat 5. tihawi™uuhaksta fall off takaahak [•tß-kaa-hß{k/t}•] VP(4) drop off, fall off (involuntarily), as from an elevated surface. 1. tikutakaahat 2. titakaahat 3. titakaahaaku™ 4. iriiratakaahat 5. titakaahaksta • tiracakaahaaku™ they are falling off, as leaves. see slip off {iriwirik} fall out, tooth to see tooth to fall out {aahwirik} fall over iriwiraahak [•†-r†-w†-raa-hß{k/t}•] VP(4) fall, tip over sideways; tip over to one side; overturn, capsize, as a boat; roll over, as a vehicle. 1. tikuuriwiraahat 2. tiiriwiraahat 3. tiiriwiraahaaku™ 4. iriiraariwiraahat 5. tiiriwiraahaksta • tiiriwiraahat kaa™as the car rolled over. wihak [•w†-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., wiwaahak} fall over. <wi+hak, pass upright> 1. tatpihat 2. tiwihat 3. tiwihaaku™ 4. iriirawihat 5. tiwihaksta • rakutaawiruuspiwaahat when the hoop kept falling over. see tip over {iriwirik}

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fall unconscious fall unconscious kuuctakaahak

[•kuuts-tß-kaahß{k/t}•] VP(4) fall unconscious.

1. tikukuuctakaahat 2. tikuuctakaahat 3. tikuuctakaahaaku™ 4. iriirakuuctakaahat 5. tikuuctakaahaksta falling snow see snow, falling {usaahuuru™} false indigo kicahaasta [k‡-Ùß-haas-tß] N false indigo, water string (Amorpha fruticosa). false teeth see dentures {aararuuka™aatu™} famine see hunger {raariwahtii} famished riwahtii [•r†-wßh-tii•] VD 1. be voracious, ravenous, greedy for food, gluttonous; be always hungry, chronically hungry, wanting to eat all the time. 2. be famished, starving. 1. tahiwahtii™ 2. tiriwahtii™ 4. iriirariwahtii™u 5. tiriwahtiicta • tirarariwahtii™ they are voracious. famous see prominent {hisii} famous site see landmark {huraahisii} fan kipaasi™u™ [k†-paÑ-si-™u™] N 1. fan, as a hand fan or an electric fan. 2. umbrella. • kipaasikat in/on the fan; on the umbrella. • tactahit kipaasihiri™ I hit him with the umbrella. • tatkipaasiraa I am carrying an umbrella. kipaasik [•k†-paa-s†{k/t}•] VT(1) fan. 1. tatkipaasit 2. tikipaasit 3. tikipaasiku™ 4. iriirakipaasika 5. tikipaasiksta fantasize see imagine {raawira™uk, raawi™aar (uur...)} far apart awikiic [à-w†-kiits] ADV far apart. • tihaapaa awikiic the trees are scattered around far apart. far away ii™uut [•ii-™uut•] VI(2) be a long distance off or away, be far off or away. 1. taatii™uut 2. tii™uut 4. iririi™uuti 5. tii™uutista kiictikucuu™ [kiits-t‡-k‰-Ùuu™] ADV far off, far away, a far distance away, a long way off.

• kaakuks raaruurakuuwarii kiictikucuu™ one could not just go anywhere far off. raahurii™ [raÑ-h‰-rii™] ADV far away, distant. • raahurii™ tatiira™ I came from a long way off. • raahurii™ kaakihi™ it is a far distance. fart see break wind {ati, katapakta/taa (ut...)}; pass wind {karaarukuk} farther ruurihiira™ [ruu-r‡-hii-rß™] ADV farther, beyond; over there; there on the other side.

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fast runner fast taparit

[•tß-pß-r†t•] VD be fast, quick, rapid, as in movement or speech. 1. tactapari™it 2. titapari™it 4. iriiratapariitu 5. titaparituksta see quick {awitaparit} fast (in movement) awitariic [•ß-w†-tß-riits•] VD 1. be quick, fast in one's movements or in an activity; move quickly, fast. 2. be lively, peppy, spirited, animated. 1. taatawitarii™ic 2. tiiwitarii™ic 4. iriiraawitariicu 5. tiiwitariicuksta awitawaruk [•ß-w†-tß-wß-r‰{k/t}•] VD 1. be fast in one's movements, as a magician adept at sleight-ofhand or a basketball player. 2. be lively, hyperactive, as a child; be frisky, sprightly, as a young horse. 1. taatawitawaru™ut 2. tiiwitawaru™ut, tiiwitawarut 4. iriiraawitawaruuku 5. tiiwitawarukuksta katariir [•kß-tß-rii(r)•] VD be fast, swift, as in movement. 1. tatkatarii™i 2. tikatarii™i 4. iriirakatariiru 5. tikatariiruksta tawaruk [•tß-wß-r‰{k/t}•] VD be quick, fast in one's movements; be one who moves rapidly, quickly. 1. tactawaru™ut 2. titawaru™ut 4. iriiratawaruuku 5. titawarukuksta uhuhtaparit [•‰-h‰h-tß-pß-r†t•] VD 1. walk fast, move quickly; scurry. 2. be quick, fast, as in one's movements; be rushed. 1. taatuhuhtaparit, taatuhuhtapari™it 2. tiihuhtapari™it 4. iriiruhuhtapariitu 5. tiihuhtaparituksta uhuhtawaruk [•‰-h‰h-tß-wß-r‰{k/t}•] VD be quick, fast in one's movements. 1. taatuhuhtawaru™ut 2. tiihuhtawaru™ut 4. iriruuhuhtawaruuku 5. tiihuhtawarukuksta uhuriruk [•‰-h‰-r†-r‰{k/t}•] VD(2) 1. be quick, fast in one's movements; move quickly, fast. 2. be prompt; be fast to respond or react. 3. be pushy, aggressive, overbearing. fear riru (uur...) [•r†-r‰•] VT(4) fear, have fear of, be afraid of. 1. taturiru™ 2. turiru™ 4. iriiruriru 5. turiructa • turaariruuka™ut he is scared of different things. fearful see afraid {riru, riru™aar} feather hiitu™ [hiæ-t‰™] N feather. • hiitkat on a feather. • hiitiri™ with a feather. • tihiihaawarii™ he is waving the feather around. • tihiitacasa there are feathers on it, as on a warbonnet. see down (feather) {ka™uktu™}; plume (soft) {kiiskuhkawi™u™}; quill {hiitkiisu™} feather (soft) hiitaruhtu™ [hiæ-tß-r‰h-t‰™] N {comb., hiitaruht-, hiitarut-} soft feather, plume. • hiitarutkat on a plume. • iriirahiitaruhtiki where the soft (downy) feathers are. feather mattress see mattress, feather {cihitka™uktu™} feather on one's head, wear a hiitka (ir... ut...) [•hiit-kß•] VT(wi) {pl., raariitka (ir...ut...)} have, be wearing a feather on one's head, as in the braid on the crown of one's head. It can optionally be placed in an upright or horizontal position. 1. tatiitiitka 2. tuutiitka 3. tuutiitkaahu™ 4. iriruutiitkawi 5. tuutiitkawista • tuuhaariitka he has feathers on his head. hiitkita™uuc/uc- (ut...) [•hiit-k†-tß-™uuts/‰ts•] VT(2-i) put a feather on top of the head, placed either horizontally or vertically, depending on how a male was entitled to wear it; ref. only to males, who, formerly, generally placed the feather crossways through the hair. 1. tatutiitkita™uuc 2. tutiitkita™uuc 3. tutiitkituci™ 4. iriirutiitkituci 5. tutiitkitucista kiiskuhka (ir...ut...) [•kiis-k‰h-kß•] VT(wi) have, be wearing a plume on one's head; ref. to the plume

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feather, pluck worn by certain women. 1. tatiitkiiskuhka 2. tuutkiiskuhka 4. iriruutkiiskuhkawi 5. tuutkiiskuhkawista feather, pluck see pluck a feather {hiitpiriik}; pluck feathers {hiitpaakara™uk} February Paahuuwaturikat [paÑ-huu-wß-t‰-r†kßt] N April (approximately) (Dunbar); February (approximately) (Dorsey). <paa+huuwaturika.t, moon between> feces ataatu™ [à-taa-t‰™] N {comb., atat-, atac-, atah-} feces, excrement, dung, waste matter. • atatkat in/on dung. • ataatu™ tiitahuuc it is a pile of dung. feed kaarura™uk [•kaa-r‰-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) feed, give a meal to. 1. tatkaaruru™ 2. tikaaruru™ 3. tikaaruruuku™ 4. iriirakaarura™u 5. tikaaruruuksta raaratawuh (ut...) [•raa-rß-tß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) feed, put in the mouth, spoon-feed, as when feeding a baby or an ill person. 1. tatuuhaaratawu 2. tuuhaaratawu 3. tuuhaaratawuhu™ 4. iriruuhaaratawuha 5. tuuhaaratawista feel around ikstiihuruu [•†ks-tii-h‰-ruu•] VI(4) 1. feel around, grope, run one's hand over. 2. search with the hand; frisk. 3. bother, bother with, as when one picks up things or touches them for no reason. 1. taatikstiihuruu™ 2. tiikstiihuruu™ 3. tiikstiihuruuhu™ 4. iriiraakstiihuruu 5. tiikstiihuruucta feel better aciksuhuritik [•ß-Ù†k-s‰-h‰-r†-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. revive; regain consciousness, come to. 2. come to one's senses, regain mental control. 3. sober up, become sober. 4. feel better. 1. taataciksuhuritit 2. tiiciksuhuritit 3. tiiciksuhuritiiku™ 4. iriiraaciksuhuritit 5. tiiciksuhuritiksta feel faint see faint, feel {acikskaruusawi™at} feel good aciksiir (uur...) [•ß-Ù†k-sii(r)•] VI(1-a) 1. feel good; feel relieved, at rest, mentally relaxed. 2. feel satisfied; be well satisfied, contented. 3. have a good mind, healthy mind; have clear thoughts, as after being in a coma. 4. have good thoughts. 1. tatuuraciksii 2. tuuraciksii 4. iriruuraciksiira 5. tuuraciksiirasta feel sorry see pity {acikskapaakis (ut...)} feelings see mind {ciksuhuuru™}; spirit {aciks-} feelings, seat of one's see mind {ciksu™} feet to be on top astaaruukita [•ßs-taa-ruu-k†tß•] VL {sg. (one foot), asuukita} 1. feet to be on top, to be up on (an elevated surface). 2. be sunset, as

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few when the sun touches the horizon, a metaphor, lit. the sun has its feet on (the horizon). 1. taatastaaruukita 2. tiistaaruukita 4. iriiraastaaruukitawi 5. tiistaaruukitawista • tiraarastaaruukita their feet are on up on them (some object). feisty uhuhta™uk (ir...) [•‰-h‰h-tß-™u{k/t}•] VD(2) 1. act spitefully, hatefully; be hateful, spiteful. 2. be feisty. 1. tatiiruhuhta™ut 2. tuuhuhta™ut 3. tuuhuhtuuku™ 4. iriruuhuhtuuki 5. tuuhuhtuukuksta fell a tree see cut down a tree {haapiirahak} female chorus see chorus {cawiraaruukus, cpakaatakusu™} femur see marrow bone {racatkiisu™}; thigh bone {rarakiisu™} fence caakawakihaaru™ [ÙaÑ-kß-wß-k‡-haa-r‰™] N {comb., caakawakihaar-, caakawakihaah-} fence, fencing. • tuuhaakca caakawakihaaru™ the fence post is up. • tucaakawakihaahtiirat the fence surrounds it. fenced area see pen {caakawakihaahkus (ut...)} ferment see foam {riwaa™uuskaa™a (ir...)} ferment (liquid) kiiriwaa™usaar [•kii-r†-waa-™usaa(r)•] VI(1-i) ferment; sour, become sour, as soup or some other liquid that has set out too long and forms bubbles when it sours. 2. tikiiriwaa™usaa 3. tikiiriwaa™usari™ 4. iriirakiiriwaa™usaara 5. tikiiriwaa™usarista ferocious see fierce {riruuhci (uur...)}; mean {icariis} fetch see go to get {raa™at (ut...)} fetch water takac- [tß-kßts•] LOC to a stream to fetch water. • takacat go to a stream to fetch water. • takaca (ir...) come to a stream to get water. fetus, bovine hariipahat [hß-riæ-pß-hßt] N unborn calf; buffalo fetus, cow fetus. fever rarituksu™ [rà-r†-t‰k-s‰™] N fever. fever to subside see cool off (non-liquid) {kikarik} feverish rarita™u (ir...) [•rß-r†-tß-™u•] VI(3) {dist., rarita™uk (ir...)} 1. be hot, heated, as an inanimate object like a skillet on a fire, food that has been cooking, or a toaster in use. 2. be feverish, hot with a fever, as a human. 1. tatiraritu™ 2. tararitu™ 3. tararituuku™ 4. iriirararita™u 5. tararituuksta • tararita™ut they are hot. few kickuhki [k†ts-kŠh-k†] QUAN few, a few, sev-

fibula

finger

eral.

fibula see marrow bone {racatkiisu™}; shinbone

• pitkusuraaru™-ruksiri™-asku fifty-one.

{kiistaatu™}

fidget see squirm seated {kusawarii} fidgety kirikuhkisu [•k†-r†-k‰h-k†-s‰•]

ruu™•ß•r‰k-s†-ri™] NUM fifty.

fifty cent piece ikarikat VI(4)

1. be fidgety, nervous; be nervously inquisitive. 2. be inquisitive, nosy, curious. 3. be odd; be mysterious. 4. be observant, be all eyes. 1. tatkirikuhkisu™ 2. tikirikuhkisu™ 4. iriirakirikuhkisu field kusaahkus [•k‰-saah-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. be a bed; be a berth, a bedroom. 2. be the site of a former dwelling, camp, as an earthlodge; be a campsite, campground. 3. be a field, playing field, as a football field. 2. tikusaahku 4. iriirakusaahku 5. tikusaahkusta see flat ground {kuuhaaru™}; patch (of something growing) {karihaahkus, karihaar, karihaaru™at, karihaaru™} field corn see corn, field {rikiiskiic} field dodder see dodder {haakastahkata} field glasses see binoculars {huraariwiiruku, rahuraariwiiruku} field, cultivated itkaaka™u™ [†t-kaÑ-kß-™u™] N cultivated field. • itkaakahiri™ in the field. itkaakahaar [•†t-kaa-kß-haa(r)•] VD be a cultivated field. 2. tiitkaakahaa 4. iriiraatkaakahaaru 5. tiitkaakahaaruksta itkaakahaaru™ [†t-kaÑ-kß-haa-r‰™] N {comb., itkaakahaar-, itkaakahaah-} cultivated field; garden. • itkaakahaahiri™ in the field. • iriiraatkaakahaaruhat where the field is. • tiitkaakahaaru™at it is a field. field, in a itkaaka- [†t-kaa-kß•] LOC in a field, in a garden. • itkaaka™at walk in a field. • itkaaka™a (ir...) come walking in a field. • itkaakasa be lying in a field. field, through a see go through brush {kawi™at} fierce riruuhci (uur...) [•r†-ruuh-Ù†•] VD 1. be fierce, ferocious, terrible. 2. be powerful, strong, capable of anything. 3. be dangerous. 4. be mean, cruel. 1. taturiruuhci™ 2. turiruuhci™ 4. iriiruriruuhci™u 5. turiruuhciicta fifteen suhukstaruukita [sŠ-h‰ks-tß-ruu-k†-tß] NUM fifteen. <suhuks+raar+huukita, fives on top, i.e., five added (to ten)> fifty pitkusuraaru™-ruksiri™, pitkusuraaru™-a-ruksiri™ [p‡t-k‰-s‰-raa-ruu•r‰k-s†-ri™, p‡t-k‰-s‰-raa-

[‡-kß-r†-kßt] ADJ, N 1. half; in the middle, in the center. 2. half dollar, fifty cent piece. • ikarikat suksukat cut it in half! • huraarikarikat halfway, midway. fight apak [•ß-pß{k/t}•] VI(1) {dist., apaapak} fight. 1. taatapat 2. tiipat 3. tiipaku™ 4. iriiraapaka 5. tiipaksta • tiirapat they fought. • rihkuupa´kstarit when they were going to fight. see chase angrily {wiraaras-i (uur...)}; go aggressively {raawiirat}; poised to fight {kusuhuhca} fighter apakus [ß-pà-k‰s] N fighter, one who likes to fight. raapaku [raÑ-pß-k‰] N fighter, one who likes to fight. figure see design {wirariir (uur...)}; draw a design {wirariihura™uk (uur...)}; print {pirariihuuru™} file racahiis [rà-Ùß-hiis] N file. riiciracahiis [rii-Ù†-rà-Ùß-hiis] N {comb., riiciracahis-} 1. file, rasp. 2. garfish (Lepisosteus spp.); ref. to its rough scales. • riiciracahiskat on the file. • riiciracahisiri™ with the file. finally raahiirit [raa-hiæ-r†t] ADV finally, at last. find huraas/ras- [•h‰-raas/rßs•] VT(2) {dist., huruuwaraas [+ raar-]} find, discover. 1. taturaas 2. tihuraas 3. tihuraasu™ 4. iriirahurasi 5. tihurasista • tiraaruruuwaraas he found different things. raahuraas/ras- [•raa-h‰-raas/rßs•] VT(2) 1. find, as a place. 2. find out about, discover, learn about, as an activity, event, or tradition. 1. tahaahuraas 2. tiraahuraas 3. tiraahuraasu™ 4. iriiraraahurasi 5. tiraahurasista find out about riicis (ut...) [•rii-Ù†s•] VI(4) find out about, learn about, determine.

1. tatuuhiicis 2. tuuhiiicis 3. tuuhiiciisu™ 4. iriruuhiicis 5. tuuhiicisista see learn about {raahuraas/ras-}; learn of {iciis (ut...)} fine cikstit [Ù‡ks-t†t] ADV fine; in a good way, manner. • cikstit tatuu™ut I feel fine. • cikstit tuutaa he did it in a good way. finger ikskiicu™ [†ks-kiæ-Ù‰™] N {comb., (i)kskiic-} finger. • ikskiiciri™ with a finger. • ikskiickat on a fin-

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finger, little ger. • raakskiictawaawi his fingers. • iriiraatikskiictawi where my finger is; my finger. finger, little kskiicpita [kskiæts-p†-tß] N little finger, pinky. finger, middle kskiiciikawi™u™ [kskiæ-Ùii-kß-wi-™u™] N middle finger. finish riihac [•rii-hßts•] VT(4) finish, complete, as an activity or task. 1. tahiihac 2. tiriihac 3. tiriihaacu™ 4. iriirariihac 5. tiriihacista • tirariihaacu™ they are finishing it. finish (a way) raariihac [•raa-rii-hßts•] VT(4) finish, complete, as a task or an activity. 1. tahaariihac 2. tiraariihac 3. tiraariihaacu™ 4. iriiraraariihac 5. tiraariihacista finish eating see eating, finish {haakawaahcistaat} finished raariihac [•raa-rii-hßts•] VD 1. be finished, done, completed, as a task or an activity. 2. be a (scheduled) time, as to do something. 2. tiraariiha™ac 4. iriiraraariihaacu 5. tiraariihacuksta fire taruuc [•tß-ruuts•] VI(2) be a fire; fire to burn, blaze. 2. titaruuc 4. iriirataruuci 5. titaruucista see blaze {kuriicta™a (ir...)}; flame {kuriitu™}; kindle {kuriictara™a (ir...)}; light a fire {kuriira™uk}; prairie fire {war (ut...)}; start a fire {taruucuh} fire (as a gun) see pop {takaasik} fire (large) tariwiikus [•tß-r†-wii-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be a large fire. 2. titariwiiku 4. iriiratariwiiku 5. titariwiikusta fire poker ritpaahpiraahus [r‡t-paah-p†-raa-h‰s] N fire poker, stoker. • ritpaahpiraahusiri™ tactahit I hit him with the fire poker. fire tender see errand man {taruucuhus} fire to go out huuwirik [•huu-w†-r†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., huuwaawirik} 1. fire to go out. 2. light to go out, as an oil lamp or electric light. 2. tihuuwirit 3. tihuuwiriiku™ 4. iriirahuuwirit 5. tihuuwiriksta • tihuuwaawirit the (different) fires went out. fire, by a itkata- [†t-kß-tß•] LOC by a fire, a fireplace. • itkatakus be sitting by a fire. • itkata™iisat go to the fireplace. • itkatawi™at go, walk around a fireplace. fire, on a itkaahka- [†t-kaah-kß•] LOC on a fire. • itkaahka™iir put on a fire, as something to burn.

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firewood • haakitkaahkasa piece of wood to be lying on a fire. itkaahkakus [•†t-kaah-kß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) {pl., itkaahkaruuc} 1. be on a fire, on hot coals; be sitting on a fire, on hot coals (cooking). 2. be on a stove, on a stove burner (cooking). 2. tiitkaahkaku 4. iriiraatkaahkaku 5. tiitkaahkakusta • tiitkaahkaruuc they (several pots) are on the stove. see fire, set on a {itkaahkakuusk} fire, over a see cook by boiling in a hanging kettle {tarasa (ut...)}; hang {takus (ut...)} fire, set on a itkaahkakuusk [•†t-kaah-kßkuus(k)•] VT(1) 1. set, put on a fire; set, put over a fire, as when putting something on or over hot coals to cook. 2. put on a stove burner, as to cook. 1. taatitkaahkakuus 2. tiitkaahkakuus 3. tiitkaahkakuusku™ 4. iriiraatkaahkakuuska 5. tiitkaahkakuuskista firefly kirihpaapaapic [k†-r‡h-paa-paa-p†ts] N firefly, lightning bug (family Lampyridae). kiripaapaapic [k†-r‡-paa-paa-p†ts] N firefly, lightning bug (family Lampyridae). rarariiruku [rà-rß-rii-r‰-k‰] N 1. flashlight. 2. firefly, lightning bug (family Lampyridae). fireplace ckukahaaru™ [tskŠ-kß-haa-r‰™] N {comb., (i)ckukahaar-, (i)ckukahaah-} 1. fireplace, fire pit. 2. (contemp.) oven, stove, range. • ckukahaahkat on the stove. • iriiraackukahaahku where the stove is. fireplace, around a itkatahaaru™ [‡t-kß-tß-haar‰™] N {comb., itkatahaar-, itkatahaah-} area around a fireplace or hearth; area around a fire. • itkatahaahiri™ by the fireplace. fireplace, by a itkata [•†t-kß-tß•] VL be by a fire, a fireplace, a hearth; (pl. subj.) be around a fire, a fireplace, a hearth. 1. taatitkata 2. tiitkata 4. iriiraatkatawi 5. tiitkatawista itkatahaahiri™ [‡t-kß-tß-haa-h†-ri™] ADV by the fireplace, by the hearth. firewood raktiitu™ [rßk-tiæ-t‰™] N {comb., haaktit-, haaktic-, haaktii-} 1. firewood, stove wood. 2. brand; small stick, burning at one end, at a fireplace, as used to light a pipe or start a fire. • raktiitiri™ on the burning stick; with a burning stick. • tihaaktictasa the firewood is on the fire (ref. to one piece of wood). • suksaaktiitiriit pick up the burning stick! firm raakasis [•raa-kß-s†s•] VD be firm, solid, tight, secure, hard, as an object with no looseness or give; be firm, unyielding, as a knot on a rope. 2. tiraakasis 4. iriiraraakasisu 5. tiraakasisuksta see harden {kasista™uk}; strong {raatarahkiis/kis} first awiit [à-wiit] ADV first. hirasaah [•h†-rß-saa(h)•] VI(1), VT(1) 1. be first, in the lead. 2. be the leader of, as a social or political leader. 1. tatirasaa 2. tihirasaa 3. tihirasaahu™ 4. iriirahirasaaha 5. tihirasaahista fish kaciiki [kà-Ùii-k†] N {comb., kacii-} fish (generic). • kaciikat in/on the fish. • kaciiki tiraarasa the fish are in the water. raarawuh (ut...) [•raa-rß-w‰(h)•] VI(1) fish, as with a hook and line. 1. tatuuhaarawu 2. tuuhaarawu 3. tuuhaarawuhu™ 4. iriruuhaarawuha 5. tuuhaarawista fish with a seine see seine {hawirat} fish, large kaciikucuu™ [kß-Ùiæ-k‰-Ùuu™] N 1. large fish. 2. whale. fishhook kiisiriwisisu™, kiisiriwisu™ [kiæ-s†-r†-w†s†-s‰™, kiæ-s†-r†-w†-s‰™] N gorge, a small thin piece of bone sharpened on both ends used for catching fish; fishhook. kiiskatariwis [kiis-kà-tß-r†-w†s] N gorge, a small thin piece of bone sharpened on both ends used for catching fish; fishhook. kiispatu™ [kiis-pà-t‰™] N 1. fishhook. 2. elk antler scraper, flint or metal scraper with a curved elk antler handle, as used to remove hair and thin hides. • kiispatuurakat on the fishhook. fishing raarawuhusat (ut...) [•raa-rß-w‰-h‰-sßt•] VI(1) go fishing. 1. tatuuhaarawuhusat 2. tuuhaarawuhusat 3. tuuhaarawuhuspuu™ 4. iriruuhaarawuhusata 5. tuuhaarawuhusuhta fishing pole see cane pole {paataatu™} fishnet see net {hawiriwus} five suhuks [sŠ-h‰ks] NUM five. Five Civilized Tribes Caahikspahat [ÙaÑ-h†ks-

flame pß-hßt] N 1a. Cherokee tribe. 1b. Five Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole. 2a. Cherokee male. 2b. male member of one of the Five Civilized Tribes. Tiihiiraraahkasa [tiæ-hii-rß-raÒh-kß-sß] N Five Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole. fix hiirik (uur...) [•hii-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. fix, fix nicely, as something one works on; fix up, make good; repair. 2. clean. 1. tatuuhiirit 2. tuuhiirit 3. tuuhiiriku™ 4. iriruuhiirika 5. tuuhiiriksta fix eyes on kiripiitik (ut...) [•k†-r†-pii-t†{k/t}•] VT(4) eye, look at, fix one's eyes on. 1. tatutkiripiitit 2. tutkiripiitit 3. tutkiripiitiku™ 4. iriirutkiripiitit 5. tutkiripiitiksta fix nicely raahiirik (uur...) [•raa-hii-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) {dist., raahiwaarik (uur...)} 1. fix, fix nicely, do nicely, as dressing someone; (dist.) dress nicely. 2. heal, cure. 1. taturaahiirit 2. turaahiirit 3. turaahiiriku™ 4. iriiruraahiirika 5. turaahiiriksta • taturaahiwaarit I dressed him nicely. fix one's eyes on see stare at {kiriktahwi™uuriirik (ut...)} fix up land hurariirik (uur...) [•h‰-rß-rii-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. clear ground, land; clean land, ground, as when removing weeds or debris from a garden. 2. clean up a place, spot, location. 3. nicely fix up a place, spot, location. 1. tatuuhurariirit 2. tuuhurariirit 3. tuuhurariiriku™ 4. iriruuhurariirika 5. tuuhurariiriksta flabby takaruus [•tß-kß-ruus•] VD 1. be deflated, flat, wilted, as a balloon, tire, flower. 2. be flabby, wrinkled; be shriveled, shriveled up, as an old person, vegetable, fruit. 1. tactakaruus 2. titakaruus 4. iriiratakaruusu 5. titakaruusuksta • tiracakaruus they are flat. flag raawiiricaawi™u™ [raa-wii-r†-ÙaÑ-wi-™u™] N flag, banner, pennon. • raawiiricaawikat on the flag. • tica raawiiricaawi™u™ the flag is on the pole. flail one's foot see wave one's foot {asu™at} flakes see crumbs {racapahtu™} flame kiika™u™ [kiæ-kß-™u™] N blaze, flame. • kiikakat in the blaze, flame. kuriitu™ [k‰-riæ-t‰™] N {comb., kuri(i)t-} light from a blaze, fire; blaze, flame. • kuritkat in/on the blaze, flame.

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flash flash see lightning {waawaapic} flashlight raawataaruku [raa-wà-taa-r‰-k‰]

float across water flesher askiiskatawicaku N

flashlight. rarariiruku [rà-rß-rii-r‰-k‰] N 1. flashlight. 2. firefly, lightning bug (family Lampyridae). see lantern {rakiikaruuwarii} flat katuus [•kß-tuus•] VD be flat, as something naturally flat. 2. tikatuus 4. iriirakatuusu 5. tikatuusuksta kickatuus [•k†ts-kß-tuus•] VD be flat, flattened out, lying flat, as ashes or coals. 2. tikickatuus 4. iriirakickatuusu 5. tikickatuusuksta • tirahkickatuus they are flat. see deflate {huutuhkawatak}; deflated {takaruus} flat ground kuuhaaru™ [ku÷-haa-r‰™] N {comb., kuuhaar-, kuuhaah-} flat or level ground: level clearing, meadow, small level valley, bottom land, low level area; valley floor; flat, flat field; prairie. • kuuhaahkat on level ground. • tikuuhaarihuu™ it is a big valley. • tikiirahkuuhaahkasa there are streams in the valley, i.e., on the valley floor. • tikuuhaaruuhat it is a meadow. flat land see land, flat {huraahkatuusu™, huraahkatuus} flat tire see tire to be flat {astakaruus} Flathead pakskatuus [pàks-kß-tuus] N 1. flatheaded. 2a. Flathead tribe. 2b. Flathead male. 3. catfish (family Ictaluridae). <paks+katuus, flat head> • Cpakskatuus Flathead female. flatten katuusta™uk [•kß-tuus-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) flatten, make flat. 1. tatkatuustu™ 2. tikatuustu™ 3. tikatuustuuku™ 4. iriirakatuusta™u 5. tikatuustuuksta kickatuusta™uk [•k†ts-kß-tuus-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) flatten, flatten out. 1. tatkickatuustu™ 2. tikickatuustu™ 3. tikickatuustuuku™ 4. iriirakickatuusta™u 5. tikickatuustuuksta flavor see season {tahara™uk (ir...)} flavored see taste good (liquid) {kicahariir (uur...)} flavoring see condiment {ruuhtahariwaariku} flay see skin {ickariihuwaah, kicapahaaha™uk} flea pacit [pà-Ù†t] N flea. flee see run away {kuksas-i (uur...), kuksat, kukstakuk, ruuwa™as-i (uur...)} fleeting movement see fast movement {awi-} flesh see meat {kisaacki}

154

[às-kiis-kß-tß-w†-Ùß-k‰]

flesher, made from the shaft of a buffalo tibia with a serrated end, used for removing bits of flesh and fat adhering to hides. iksas [‡k-sßs] N tooth-edged scraper of bison leg bone, used as a flesher. • iksasiri™ with the flesher. fleshy see plump and round {kiraruuc} flicker kstituuc [kst‡-tuuts] N flicker, yellowhammer (yellow-shafted northern flicker, Colaptes a. auratus). kstituucpahat [kst‡-tuuts-pß-hßt] N reddish brown yellowhammer, flicker (red-shafted northern flicker, Colaptes auratus cafer). flier see fast runner {kusiihuriruuhci (uur...)} flint tahuuru™ [tà-huu-r‰™] N {comb., tahuur-, tahu(u)h-} 1. meteorite. 2. flint projectile point, as an arrowhead. 3. flint, as for starting a fire. • tahuhkat on the flint. • tahuuhiri™ with the flint. flint corn see corn, flint {kiciirit} flip see somersault {itkatapiirahc/ra™ac (ut...)} flip over awiirikaraarahak (ut...) [•ß-wii-r†-kßraa-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. swing around; jerk around; twirl around, spin around. 2. flip over, turn over quickly.

1. tatuutawiirikaraarahat 2. tuutawiirikaraarahat 3. tuutawiirikaraarahaaku™ 4. iriruutawiirikaraarahat 5. tuutawiirikaraarahaksta float huucakusaa™at [•huu-Ùß-k‰-saa-™ßt•] VI(1) float on water. 1. tatuucakusaa™at 2. tihuucakusaa™at 3. tihuucakusaawuu™ 4. iriirahuucakusaata 5. tihuucakusaahuhta huucakusat [•huu-Ùß-k‰-sßt•] VI(1) float on water, as a dry stick. 1. tatuucakusat 2. tihuucakusat 4. iriirahuucakusata 5. tihuucakusuhta see go on water {haa™at} float across water huucakusuu™at [•huu-Ùß-k‰suu-™ßt•] VI(1) float, swim across water, as a stream or lake. 1. tatuucakusuu™at 2. tihuucakusuu™at 3. tihuucakusuuwuu™ 4. iriirahuucakusuuta 5. tihuucakusuuhuhta huucasa [•huu-Ùß-sß•] VI(4) float, swim across water, as a stream.

2. tihuucasa 4. iriirahuucasa 5. tihuucasahista • kickat tihuucasa it is on the water, as foam or scum. float downstream huuhawihak [•huu-hß-w†hß{k/t}•] VI(4) go downstream, float downstream, as in a boat. 1. tatuuhawihat 2. tihuuhawihat 3. tihuuhawihaaku™ 4. iriirahuuhawihat 5. tihuuhawihaksta float downstream (coming) hawi™a (ir...) [•hßwi-™ß•] VI(3) float downstream, come floating downstream. 1. tatihawi™a™ 2. tahawi™a™ 3. tahawi™aahu™ 4. iriirahawi™a 5. tahawiihista float downstream (going) hawi™at [•hß-wi-™ßt•] VI(1) float downstream, go floating downstream. 1. tatawi™at 2. tihawi™at 3. tiha™iwuu™ 4. iriirahawiita 5. tihawihuhta flock kusuhuhca [•k‰-s‰-h‰h-Ùß•] VI(4) 1. be a flock of birds. 2. group to be poised to fight, as a war party; warriors to be in a battle line; war party or troop to be in a certain location, as in wait for the enemy. 2. tikusuhuhca 4. iriirakusuhuhca 5. tikusuhuhcahista kusuhuuru™ [kŠ-s‰-huu-r‰™] N {comb., kusuhuur-, kusuhuh-} 1. flock, as of birds. 2. group, as a group poised to fight or warriors in a battle line. • tikusuhuuru™at it is a flock of birds flying. • iririikusuhuurat there goes a flock. • tikusuhuhwiitit the flock of birds landed. see herd {kariiksu™} flood kicuuta™a (ir...) [•k†-Ùuu-taa•] VI(3) water to rise; flood. 2. takicuutaa™ 3. takicuuta™aahu™ 4. iriirakicuuta™a 5. takicuutaahista floor kiihaarakatuusu™ [kiæ-haa-rß-kß-tuu-s‰™] N board flooring, plank flooring. rahaaktaarihit [rà-haak-taa-r†-h†t] N floor. • iriirahaaktaarihit on the floor. raktaarihit [rßk-taÑ-r†-h†t] N 1. floor, wooden floor. 2. platform. • raktaarihitkat on the floor • tiisa raktaarihitkat he is lying on the floor. uktatakat [‰k-tà-tß-kßt] ADV 1. at the bottom, base, foot, of something elevated, as a hill or platform; below, down below, at a lower elevation; in, at the bottom, as in a ditch, hole, creek. 2. on the bottom floor. 3. in bottom land; on the valley floor.

fly floor (of a valley) see bottom land {huukaawihuuru™}

floor (of body of water) see underwater {kicuuhiri™}

floor, on the hurahwihiri™

[hŠ-rßh-w†-h†-ri™] ADV

1. at the bottom, base, as of a hanging object touching the ground. 2. below, as below another object or at a lower height. 3. on the ground. 4. on the floor. • hurahwihiri™ tiruuc they are on the floor, as boxes. kiihaahiri™ [kii-haÑ-h†-ri™] ADV on the floor. floor, second see upstairs {akahuukitawi™u™} flour harikictaakaa [hà-r†-k†ts-taa-kaa] N flour; white flour, bleached flour. • harikictaakaa taharaspii™ I am looking for the white flour. see powder {tapaahtu™} flour mill see mill {iriruuhkituctawi} flour, white tapactaakaa [tß-pàts-taa-kaa] N white flour, bleached flour. flow kiicu™at [•kii-Ùu-™ßt•] VI(1) {pl., kiiraaru™at} 1. water to move, flow in a line; be flowing water, as in a stream. 2. be a watercourse, as a creek or river. 2. tikiicu™at 4. iriirakiicuuta 5. tikiicuhuhta • tikiiraaru™at they are streams of water. flow (liquid) kiicat [•kii-Ùßt•] VI(1) water to move, flow. 2. tikiicat 3. tikicpuu™ 4. iriirakiicata 5. tikiicuhta flower kiriktarahkataaru™ [k‡-r†k-tß-rßh-kß-taa-r‰™] N {comb., kiriktarahkataar-, kiriktarahkataah-} 1. flower (generic). 2. sunflower (Helianthus spp.). • kiriktarahkataahkat on the flower. • kiriktarahkataaru™ titaakaa it is a white flower. • awiitakaaru™ titaku kiriktarahkataahkat a butterfly is on the flower. raritkaraaku™ [rß-r‡t-kß-raa-k‰™] N blossom, flower; flower bud. • raritkaraakat on the blossom. • iriirararitkaraaktacawi where the blossoms are on it (a tree). see bloom {raritkaraak (ut...)} flowing water see flow {kiicu™at} fluid see liquid {kiraaru™} flushed see blush {ickatakuritkaa™a (ir...), takuritkaa™a (ir...)} fly u™a (ir...) [•u-™ß•] VI(3) {dist., awa™a (ir...)} 1. come flying; fly this way. 2. fall, fall to the ground, as leaves, hail stones, snow. 3. extend, come this way in a straight line; be a streak coming this way. 2. tuu™a™ 3. tuu™aahu™ 4. iriruu™a 5. tuu™ahista •

155

fly (insect)

fond of

taraaru™a™ they are flying this way. u™at [•u-™ßt•] VI(1) {impf., awuu; dist., awarii} 1. fly in a line; fly over; fly by; fly off, as a bird or an airplane. 2. extend, go in a straight line; be a streak, as across the sky or an object. 2. tii™at 3. tiiwuu™ 4. iriruu™ata 5. tiihuhta • tiraaru™at they flew away. fly (insect) cpiiraruus [tspii-rà-ruus] N fly, housefly (Musca domestica). • cpiiraruuskat among the flies. • tiiku cpiiraruus there is a fly. fly around awarii [•ß-wß-rii•] VI(4) 1. fly around, as a bird. 2. wave, wave around, as a flag in the wind; move around. 3. go in different directions, go back and forth, circulate, as give-away items that are passed around among individuals. 1. taatawarii™ 2. tiiwarii™ 3. tiiwariihu™ 4. iriiraawarii 5. tiiwariihusta fly carrying ruu™at [•ruu-™ßt•] VT(1) fly with, fly carrying.

2. tiruu™at 3. tirawuu™ 4. iriiraruuta 5. tiruuhuhta

fly out of sight awihurahac VI(4) {dist., awihuruuwaahac}

[•ß-w†-h‰-rß-hßts•]

1. disappear, vanish. 2. fly out of sight, as a bird. 1. taatawihurahac 2. tiiwihurahac 3. tiiwihurahaacu™ 4. iriiraawihurahac 5. tiiwihurahacista fly past uuhak [•uu-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. fly by, fly past. 2. extend in a line, as a line of trees. 2. ti™uuhat 3. ti™uuhaaku™ 4. iriira™uuhat 5. ti™uuhaksta flycatcher, scissor-tailed see scissor-tailed flycatcher {ckuski™ic, ckuskawikiic, siraackuskasara, siraackuskiicu} flying insect see insect (flying) {pahuks} flying squirrel see squirrel, flying {ckipiisawarii™, ckipis raawarii} foam riwaa™uuskaa™a (ir...) [•r†-waa-™uus-kaa-™ß•] VI(3) foam, foam up, as when organic matter spoils and foam forms; ferment; suds, foam to form; become sudsy, foamy. 2. tariwaa™uuskaa™a™ 3. tariwaa™uuskaa™aahu™ 4. iriirariwaa™uuskaa™a 5. tariwaa™uuskaahista riwaa™uusu™ [r†-waÑ-™uu-s‰™] N {comb., riwaa™u(u)s-} foam, suds. • riwaa™uuskat in/on the foam. • tiriwaa™uusku it is a concentration of foam. foamy riwaa™uus [•r†-waa-™uus•] VD be foamy, sudsy. 2. tiriwaa™uus 4. iriirariwaa™uusu 5. tiriwaa™uu-

156

suksta

fog pihuu™u™

[p‡-huu-™u™] N fog.

• pihuukat in the fog.

fog, thick pihuutaris (ir...) [•p†-huu-tß-r†s•] VD be a heavy fog, thick fog. 2. tapihuutaris 4. iriirapihuutarisu 5. tapihuutarisuksta foggy pihuu [•p†-huu•] VD be foggy. 2. tipihuu™ 4. iriirapihuu™u 5. tipihuucta fold iriipuh (ut...) [•†-rii-p‰(h)•] VT(1) fold, fold up. 1. tatuutiriipu 2. tuutiriipu 3. tuutiriipuhu™ 4. iriruutiriipuha 5. tuutiriipista folded iriik (ut...) [•†-rii{k/t}•] VL be folded, folded up. 2. tuutiriit 4. iriruutiriipi 5. tuutiriipista folded up see closed {takipiir} follow see chase {riraarat (ut...)}; ride behind {ikita™iiwiira™at}; track {astat (uur...)} follow (coming) awiira™a (ir...ut...) [•ß-wii-raa•] VT(3) follow (coming), come behind. 1. tatiitaakawiiraa™ 2. tuutawiiraa™ 3. tuutawiira™aahu™ 4. iriruutawiira™a 5. tuutawiiraahista follow (going) awiira™at (ut...) [•ß-wii-rß-™ßt•] VT(1) follow (going), go behind; walk behind, in back of. 1. tatuutawiira™at 2. tuutawiira™at 3. tuutawiirawuu™ 4. iriruutawiiraata 5. tuutawiirahuhta follow behind tatata™at [•tß-tß-tß-™ßt•] VI(1) follow, go along behind, follow behind, as a child behind a parent; accompany, one behind the other. 1. tactatata™at 2. titatata™at 3. titatatawuu™ 4. iriiratatataata 5. titatatahuhta tatata™at (ut...) [•tß-tß-tß-™ßt•] VT(1) go along behind, follow behind; accompany, one behind the other. 1. tatuctatata™at 2. tuctatata™at 3. tuctatatawuu™ 4. iriiructatataata 5. tuctatatahuhta follow inside awiirahuukat (ut...) [•ß-wii-rß-huukßt•] VT(1) go inside behind, follow inside. 1. tatuutawiirahuukat 2. tuutawiirahuukat 3. tuutawiirahuupuu™ 4. iriruutawiirahuukata 5. tuutawiirahuukuhta follow on a road hatuhka™at (uur...) [•hß-t‰hkß-™ßt•] VT(1) {dist., hatuhkawarii} follow on a road; trail on a path. 1. tatuuhatuhka™at 2. tuuhatuhka™at 3. tuuhatuhkawuu™ 4. iriruuhatuhkaata 5. tuuhatuhkahuhta fond of acikstatat (uur...) [•ß-Ù†ks-tß-tßt•] VT(1-a)

fondle 1. be fond of, attached to, as a child who wants to be with an adult all the time. 2. be stuck on, attracted to, fond of, as someone one wants as a friend; desire, as a girlfriend. 1. tatuuracikstatat 2. tuuracikstatat 4. iriirikuuracikstatata 5. tuuracikstatatasta see like {aciksta™uukuk (uur...)} fondle see hug {rikakiis} food haakawaahcisu™ [haÑ-kß-waah-Ù†-s‰™] N 1. cooked food. 2. food, groceries. • haakawaahciskat in the cooked food. • witihuukitaruucpaa haakawaahcisu™ the food is on the table. see eat (a meal) {haakawaahc/wa™ac} food, boiled see boiled food {raahaaru™} food, cooked aras- [ß-rßs•] N-DEP cooked food, esp. bread and meat. • iriraarasku icataarakiicu™ there is a cake there. • ki™iskuurasuu give me bread! • kikii raarasku what is the cooked food? inquiring specifically what it is. • ki™iskuurasuu kisaacki give me a piece of meat! kaaruuru™ [kaa-ru÷-r‰™] N {comb., kaaruur-, kaarur-, kaaruh-} food, cooked food. • kaaruhkat in/on the food. • Ckaaruhtiirara™ Fresh Feast Woman (personal name). • Ckaaruriisaa™ Chiefly Food Woman (personal name). raakaaruuru™ [raa-kaÑ-ruu-r‰™] N {comb., raakaarur, raakaaruh-} cooked food, meal. • raakaaruhkat in/on the food. • wiitiraakaaruruuc the meal, food is there. see cooked food {arasu™}; kettle of cooked food {raahkuucu™} fool uuhac [•uu-hßts•] VP(4) be fooled, duped; get or become fooled. 1. tiku™uuhac 2. ti™uuhac 3. ti™uuhaacu™ 4. iriira™uuhac 5. ti™uuhacista • tiraaruuhac they were fooled. see deceive {awikiriwiskii} foolishly see contentious {wakuriicakahuur}; speak recklessly {wakuuricakahuur} foot asu™ [à-s‰™] N {pl., astaaru™} 1. foot; paw. 2. wheel; tire. • asiri™ on the foot; with the foot. • astaariri™ on the feet; with the feet. • tiistihuurit he has big feet. • Askiwaku™ Fox Paw (personal name). see base {hurarii}; instep {asikitahaahiri™}; sole {askatahciri™}; stamp the foot {asukaa™a (ir...)} foot into see put a foot into {askawarik} foot, at the see base, at the {hurariiwikat}; bottom, at the {hukakaawihiri™} foot, on caahiksuraariri™ [ÙaÑ-h†k-s‰-raa-r†-ri™]

fork ADV on foot, afoot, as when walking; ref. to humans only. • caahiksuraariri™ tiicahka™iisat he went to town on foot. see afoot {kaciiharaaku™} foot, on one's see wear (on one's feet) {asuuk} football siriirawikusihaku [s‡-rii-rß-w†-k‰-s†-hßk‰] N football. <si+ra+ir+awi.kusihak+hus, one they image-kick, i.e., one they kick quickly> footbridge see bridge {caapi™u™} footprint asuhuuru™ [à-s‰-huu-r‰™] N {comb., asuhuur-, asuhuh-} 1. footprint, footprints; track, tracks. 2. movement of the foot on the ground, as pawing of the ground with the foot. 3. foot (measurement), twelve inches. • raarasuhuuruu™at there are tracks (going) over yonder. • asku asuhuuru™ one foot. footwear astahkuuku™u™ [às-tßh-kuu-ku-™u™] N footwear; foot covering; overshoes. ford see go in water {huu™at} fore, in the see front, in {huurickahiri™, huurickakus} forehead rikaaku™ [r†-kaÑ-k‰™] N {comb., rikak-} forehead. • rikakiri™ on the forehead. • tirikakatarihuu™ he has a wide forehead. • iriirarikaktawi where his forehead is; his forehead. foreleg see arm {piiru™} foremost see outstanding {kitawi} forest see woods {kaatuhaaru™, kahuraaru™} forget aciksurahac [•ß-Ù†k-s‰-rß-hßts•] VP(4) {dist., aciksuruuwaahac} 1. forget; slip one's mind, as an obligation. 2. lose one's mind. 1. tikuuciksurahac 2. tiiciksurahac 3. tiiciksurahaacu™ 4. iriiraaciksurahac 5. tiiciksurahacista • tiiciksuruuwaahaacu™ he is forgetting everything; he is forgetful. raakaa™iisat (uur...) [•raa-kaa-™ii-sßt•] VP(1) forget, be unable to recall, as something that has left one's mind or memory. 2. tiwararuus 4. iriirawararuusu 5. tiwararuusuksta further see sometimes {rahiira™, rihiira™} furtively apaahiri™ [ß-paÑ-h†-ri™] ADV furtively, stealthily, surreptitiously. fuzz rickuusu™ [r‡ts-kuu-s‰™] N fuzz, light coat of fur, short hair; stubble. fuzzy see furry {raruus, wararuus} fuzzy weed see tarragon, false {kiihaahpiriwuus}

G gall stone attack see indigestion {picuuwihiri™} gallop see lope {awihuk (uur...)} gamble riisk (ut...) [•riis(k)•] VI(1) gamble.

1. tatuuhiis 2. tuuhiis 3. tuuhiisku™ 4. iriruuhiiska 5. tuuhiiskista warik [+ i-] [•wß-r†{k/t}•] VI(1), VT(1) 1. aim, aim at; shoot, shoot at, as with a gun or a bow and arrow. 2. make a play in a game of chance; shoot, throw; (hence) gamble, play a game of chance, as one in which one shoots or throws the game-piece in, e.g., the hoop and pole game. <war+ik, cause to go> 1. tatiiwarit, tatparit 2. tiiwarit 3. tiiwariku™ 4. iririiwarika 5. tiiwariksta • sitiirapariku™ they are shooting at them. see wager {kahuruucuh (ut...)} gambler kitawiirisu™ [k‡-tß-wii-r†-s‰™] N 1. accountant, bookkeeper. 2. gambler. game see game piece {asaaru™}; handgame {iksapaarariihus, ksapaarariihus}; handgame, play {iksapaaraar (ut...)}; hoop and pole game, play {awuu}; shinny {rariickiri™} game animal see animal {rahuraahki} game ground wihaaru™ [w‡-haa-r‰™] N {comb., wihaar-, wihaah-} game ground, where people played hoop and pole, shinny, and other games, or where they gambled. <wi+haar+u™, upright place + NOM> • wihaahkat on the game ground. game piece asaaru™ [à-saa-r‰™] N {comb., (a)saar-, (a)saah-} 1. playing cards. 2. game piece, the object one plays with in a game of chance, as cards in a card game, seeds in the plum seed game, and the hoop or pole in the hoop and pole game. 3. game of chance, as a card game. • asaahkat on the card. • asaaraahiri™ with cards; with gaming pieces. • tiitari™ asaaru™ they are playing a game of chance (cards, craps, plum

161

garbage

gelding

seed game, etc.).

garbage cakickuutu™

[Ùà-k†ts-kuu-t‰™] N 1. mucus;

spittle. 2. garbage; rotten, spoiled trash, as plant or soured material. • taaticakickuuhaarawaawarit I threw the trash away. see throw away garbage {icakickuuhaarawarik} garden see field, cultivated {itkaakahaaru™}; plant seeds {raarara™uk} garfish riiciracahiis [rii-Ù†-rà-Ùß-hiis] N {comb., riiciracahis-} 1. file, rasp. 2. garfish (Lepisosteus spp.); ref. to its rough scales. • riiciracahiskat on the file. • riiciracahisiri™ with the file. garment rahkasii™u™ [rßh-kà-sii-™u™] N garment, dress, blouse, shirt. • rahkasiikat on the garment. • iriiraaku rahkasii™u™ where the shirt is, as one on a surface. • piita rahkasii™u™ a man's shirt. garment, wear a rahkasii [•rßh-kß-sii•] VD {pl., rarahkasii} be wearing a garment, as a shirt, coat, dress, or blouse. 1. tahahkasii™ 2. tirahkasii™ 4. iriirarahkasii™u 5. tirahkasiicta • tirarahkasii™ they are wearing garments. garter kaastariipiiru™ [kaas-tà-rii-pii-r‰™] N garter. garter snake see snake, garter {ruuhahkata} gash see cut open {riwaks} gasoline kictaakaa [k‡ts-taa-kaa] N gasoline. see oil {kiicahiihtu™} gasp uncontrollably see sob uncontrollably {acikskaraarukuk} gate haaktariika [•haak-tß-rii-kß•] VL be a gate. 2. tihaaktariika 4. iriirahaaktariikawi 5. tihaaktariikawista raktariika™u™ [ràk-tß-rii-kß-™u™] N gate, wooden gate. raktariikawi™u™ [ràk-tß-rii-kß-wi-™u™] N {comb., haaktariikawi-} gate.

• raktariikawi™u™ tiruuku™; tihaaktariikawiruuku™ he is making a gate. riikakusu™ [riæ-kß-k‰-s‰™] N {comb., riikakus-, riika-} 1. door; frame door, as in a house. 2. gate. • riikakuskat by the door. • tiriikakustuuku™ he is making a door. • riikakuspira™uuhak open a

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tipi or tent door. • iriirariikawi where the door is. see close a gate {haaktariikawuh}; open a gate {haaktariikarikuk} gather takipuh [•tß-k†-p‰(h)•] VT(1) 1. close up, close together, shut, draw together, as a suitcase, book. 2. (inan. pl. obj.) gather together, as a piece of cloth; wad up, roll into a wad. 3. (an. pl. obj.) gather into a group, herd; round up, as people, animals. 1. tactakipu 2. titakipu 3. titakipuhu™ 4. iriiratakipuha 5. titakipista • taataktacakipu I rounded them up, as horses. see come together {tiirisa (ir...) [+ raar-]} gather many see obtain many {karira™uk} gather together raatakipuh [•raa-tß-k†-p‰(h)•] VT(1) gather together, gather things up. 1. tahaatakipu 2. tiraatakipu 3. tiraatakipuhu™ 4. iriiraraatakipuha 5. tiraatakipista • kuhiihaatakipaapu He (the Heavens) gathered everything up for them, i.e., provided for people here on earth. racakipuh [•rß-Ùß-k†-p‰(h)•] VT(1) gather, gather up, gather together, as vegetables, clothes. 1. tahacakipu 2. tiracakipu 3. tiracakipuhu™ 4. iriiraracakipuha 5. tiracakipista riwiira™uk [•r†-wii-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. wad up, crumple up, wrinkle up. 2. gather together into a ball, form into a ball. 3. shrink, as material when washed. 1. tahiwiiru™ 2. tiriwiiru™ 3. tiriwiiruuku™ 4. iriirariwiira™u 5. tiriwiiruuksta see congregate {tatatiirispuu} gather together (group) racakipiitik [•rß-Ùß-k†pii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) (pl. subj.) gather, gather together, meet together, draw together, as a group that is assembling. 1. tahacakipiitit 2. tiracakipiitit 3. tiracakipiitiku™ 4. iriiraracakipiitit 5. tiracakipiitiksta gathered see tight {takipiir} gaunt see lean {rahkiis} gauze asahcakaaru™ [à-sßh-Ùß-kaa-r‰™] N {comb., asahcakaar-, asahcakah-} 1. screen. 2. mosquito bar, mosquito screen, mosquito net. 3. gauze. • asahcakahkat on the mosquito screen. • asahcakaaru™ riikakusu™ a screen door. gawk see stare {kirikiir, kirikiiraar} gaze see stare {kirikiir}; stare at {kiriktahwi™uuriirik (ut...)}; watch {raakirikus (ut...)} gelding piikaru™us [piæ-kß-ru-™us] N {comb., piikarus-} gelding. • piikaruskaatiit black gelding. • piikaruskiraa™ dun gelding, buckskin gelding, white gelding.

gelled gelled rihaks

[•r†-hßks•] VD be thick, as gravy; be gelled; be hardened, stiff, solid, solidified, as something cooked (e.g., jelly) or solidified on ice. 2. tirihaks 4. iriirarihaksu 5. tirihaksuksta rihaksit [•r†-hßk-s†t•] VD be gelled; be thick, as gravy; be hardened, stiff, solid, solidified, as something cooked (e.g., jelly) or solidified on ice. 2. tirihaksi™it 4. iriirarihaksiitu 5. tirihaksituksta generous acikskatarihuur [•ß-Ù†ks-kß-tß-r†huu(r)•] VD 1. be thoughtful, considerate, kind. 2. be generous, charitable, benevolent, as one who gives to the needy. 1. taatacikskatarihuu™ 2. tiicikskatarihuu™ 4. iriiraacikskatarihuuru 5. tiicikskatarihuuruksta see kind {kirikaahuur} genuine see real {kapiit} German Taacpara [taÑts-pß-rß] N German male. • Ctaacpara German female. gesture see wave {raawihak} get see pick up {kusik} get against see bump against {kata™uukuk} get ahead hirasuritik [•h†-rß-s‰-r†-t†{k/t}•] VI(4), VT(4) 1. get in the lead, get ahead of others, as in a horse race. 2. get ahead of. 3. be the leader of, as a team. 1. tatirasuritit 2. tihirasuritit 3. tihirasuritiiku™ 4. iriirahirasuritit 5. tihirasuritiksta get away see separate from {taawatak} get beside see beside, get {ihtata™uukuk} get down see kneel {paakiistaarurahwiitik (ut...)} get down on one knee see kneel (one knee) {paahurahwiitik (ut...)} get into a vehicle hukawiitik [•h‰-kß-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) get into, as a vehicle; sit down in, as an automobile or a wagon. 1. tatukawiitit 2. tihukawiitit 3. tihukawiitiku™ 4. iriirahukawiitit 5. tihukawiitiksta get into water ha™uukuk [•hß-™uu-k‰{k/t}•] VI(4) get into water, go into water. 1. tata™uukut 2. tiha™uukut 3. tiha™uukuku™ 4. iriiraha™uukut 5. tiha™uukuksta see lie down in water {hiriitik} get off takaahak [•tß-kaa-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. get off, get down, as from an elevated surface; drop off, down (voluntarily). 2. dismount. 1. tactakaahat 2. titakaahat 3. titakaahaaku™ 4. iriiratakaahat 5. titakaahaksta • tiracakaahat they got down. get out kawatak [•kß-wß-tß{k/t}•] VI(4) get out,

Ghost Dance singers exit. 1. tatkawatat 2. tikawatat 3. tikawataaku™ 4. iriirakawatat 5. tikawataksta get rid of riwarik [•r†-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. lose, be unable to find; mislay; miss, as a lost or misplaced object. 2. do away with, get rid of. 1. tahiwarit 2. tiriwarit 3. tiriwariku™ 4. iriirariwarika 5. tiriwariksta get the best of (in a contest) rahuur [•rßhuu(r)•] VT(u) 1. grieve, cause grief, hurt mentally, sadden, cause mental anguish, as when a loved one dies. 2. get the best of, beat, as in a contest. 1. tahahuu™ 2. tirahuu™ 4. iriirarahuuru 5. tirahuuruksta get to know see know {iitawiitik (ir...)} get up uca™a (ir...) [•‰-Ùaa•] VI(3) get up, rise, stand up, as from one's seat. 1. tatiirucaa™ 2. tuucaa™ 3. tuuca™aahu™ 4. iriruuca™a 5. tuucaahista • taraarucaa™ they got up. waata (ir...) [•waa-tß•] VI(3) {dist., watpa™a (ir...)} get up, rise, arise. <waat+a (ir...), come up/over> 1. tatihwaata™ 2. tawaata™ 3. tawaataahu™ 4. iriirawaata 5. tawaatahista • tarahwaata™, tarahwatpaa™ they got up. get water kiraawiik/kirawiik [•k†-raa-wiik/k†-rßwii{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. dip a liquid; dip water, as with a dipper or from a well. 2. get water, as when filling a bucket in a stream or at a well. 3. pump water. 1. tatkirawiit 2. tikirawiit 3. tikiraawiiku™ 4. iriirakiraawiika 5. tikiraawiksta see go to a stream for water {takacat} get well see recover (health) {raahiiriitik (uur...)} get, go to hurat (ut...) [•h‰-rßt•] VT(1) {dist., huruuwarii [+ ak-]} go to get, go to fetch (an. obj.). 1. tatuturat 2. tuturat 3. tuturiwuu™ 4. iriiruturata 5. tuturahuhta • tatuutakuruuwarii™ I am going to get different ones. ghost riikacaaru™ [riæ-kß-Ùaa-r‰™] N ghost, incorporeal spirit, as of a dead person, which is sometimes seen as a fleeting shadow. • kurukstiikacaaru™ bear's ghost, spirit. see phantom {raruuka™aatu™} Ghost Dance Rariisaara [rà-rii-saa-rß] N Ghost Dance.

• tarahkaa™aahu™ Rariisaara they are dancing the Ghost Dance. Ghost Dance singers see Seven Eagle Brothers

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giant {Ruuhaariitkawi}

giant caahikskucuu™

[Ùaa-h‡ks-k‰-Ùuu™] N giant.

gingiva see gums {aahkaraaru™, aahkarahkiisu™} girl cuuraki [Ùu÷-rß-k†] N {comb., cuura-, cuurakis-}

girl. <cuura+kis, female + DIM> • cuurakiskat among the girls. • cuurakiripahki little girl. girl, pubescent see woman, unmarried {cuuraasu™} give uuh/uh [•uuh/‰(h)•] VT(1) {dist., raawa™uuh/uh} give, give to; hand to; issue to. 1. tatuu 2. ti™uu 3. ti™uuhu™ 4. iriruuha 5. ti™uhista give a meal to see feed {kaarura™uk} give a story to raa™iitusuuh/uh [•raa-™ii-t‰suuh/‰(h)•] VT(1), VR(1) 1. give a story to. 2. give word to. 3. give advice to. 4. (+ refl.) pass a story to one another. 1. tahaa™iitusuu 2. tiraa™iitusuu 3. tiraa™iitusuuhu™ 4. iriiraraa™iitusuha 5. tiraa™iitusuhista give away aakuuh/uh [•aa-kuuh/‰(h)•] VT(1) give away to, donate to, as a donation to an organization. 1. taatakuu 2. ti™akuu 3. ti™aakuhu™ 4. iriira™aakuha 5. ti™aakuhista • sitiirakuu they gave it away. see donate {ta™iir} give birth ra™uk [•rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) {pl. obj., kara™uk; dist., kawaakara™uk} 1. make; construct, build. 2. give birth to, bear. 3. (impf.) paint, put paint on, decorate, as a person or horse. 1. tahu™ 2. tiru™ 3. tiruuku™ 4. iriirara™u 5. tiruuksta • tihkaruuku™ they are making them. give directions huraariitawuh [•h‰-raa-rii-tß{dist., huraariitawaawuh} 1. tell w‰(h)•] VT(1) about, describe a place, location, site, land. 2. (dist.) give directions, as how to find a location or where to go. 1. taturaariitawu 2. tihuraariitawu 3. tihuraariitawuhu™ 4. iriirahuraariitawuha 5. tihuraariitawista • tatuturaariitawaawu I gave him directions. give in see back down {karuusawi™at} give land huraaruuh/uh [•h‰-raa-ruuh/‰(h)•] VT(1) give land or real estate to, as a lot or farm; will, bequeath land to. 1. taturaaruu 2. tihuraaruu 4. iriirahuraaruha 5. tihuraaruhista give out see issue {iira™uk} give up tarahkisiciisat (uur...) [•tß-rßh-k†-s†-Ùiisßt•] VP(1) 1. be exhausted, fatigued, worn out, as from extreme exertion. 2. be weak and tired, weak and listless, as from an illness. 3. despair, give up, as when one has a prolonged illness and loses hope of recovery. 1. tikuuhtarahkisiciisat 2. tuuhtarahkisiciisat 3.

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glow tuuhtarahkisiciispuu™ 4. iriruuhtarahkisiciisata 5. tuuhtarahkisiciisuhta see back down {karuus} give up (a habit) ruuhurahak [•ruu-h‰-rßhß{k/t}•] VT(4) give up, abandon, break, as a habit, usually a bad habit; stop, discontinue, quit, let go, as something one is accustomed to doing, e.g., habits, tasks, or work. 1. tahuuhurahat 2. tiruuhurahat 3. tiruuhurahaaku™ 4. iriiraruuhurahat 5. tiruuhurahaksta give water to see water {kikaarik} give-away song tawihuhtawii (ut...) [•tß-w†-h‰htß-wii•] VD be a give-away song, as sung immediately preceding a give-away. Formerly there were four of these songs, sung in sequence, that were intended to motivate people to give away. 2. tuctawihuhtawi™ 4. iriiructawihuhtawii™u 5. tuctawihuhtawiicta glad see happy {aciksta™it} glad to see see happy to see {kakiis}; hug {rikatiri} glance back see look back {kaackawuh} glass kuckiraa™ [kŠts-k†-raa™] N {comb., kuckirar-} glass; bottle; glass jar. • kuckiraa™ turarii the glass is decorated, has a colored design. uka™aatawiiriku, ukaatawiiriku [Š-kß-™aa-tß-wii-r†k‰, Š-kaa-tß-wii-r†-k‰] N {comb., (u)uka™aatawiirikus-, (u)ukaatawiirikus-} 1. mirror. 2. glass; window.

• ukaatawiirikuskat on the window. • tikataarit uka™aatawiiriku there are windows on it. • iriirakataku ukaatawiiriku where the window is. • tikataku uka™aatawiiriku it has a window; there is a window on it, as on a wall. glasses see eyeglasses {kiriktahkuuku™u™} glaucous willow kitapaharuus [k‡-tß-pß-hß-ruus] N glaucous willow (Salix discolor). glisten see polish {kicapicta™uk}; shiny {kiciirikiis} glitter see polish {kicapicta™uk} glossy see polish {kiciirikista™uk}; shiny {kiciirikiis} glove ikskuuku™u™ [†ks-ku÷-ku-™u™] N glove. • ikskuukukat in/on the glove. • ikstahkuuku™u™ pair of gloves. • iriiraaku ikskuuku™u™ where the glove is. gloves see put on gloves {ikstahkawarik} gloves, wear ikstahkaa [•†ks-tßh-kaa•] VI(wi) be wearing gloves, have gloves on. 1. taatikstahkaa 2. tiikstahkaa 4. iriiraakstahkaawi 5. tiikstahkaawista glow awataar [•ß-wß-taa(r)•] VD 1. be bright, as a light; be shiny, as a metallic object that shines. 2. be

glue (liquid) bright, lighted, lit up, as a sunlit area or a room. 3. be a glow, be glowing. 2. tiiwataa™a 4. iriiraawataaru 5. tiiwataaruksta glue (liquid) kictaarikiicu™ [k†ts-taÑ-r†-kii-Ù‰™] N liquid paste, liquid glue; mucilage. glued see stuck {tatat (ut...)} gluey see sticky {taarikic} gluttonous see greedy {rika™uus}; voracious {riwahtii} gnat kskiikahki [kskiæ-kßh-k†] N gnat. go at [•ßt•] VI(1) {du., war; dist., warii; pl., impf., wuu; int., huhta} go; walk.

1. taatat 2. ti™at 3. tiwuu™ 4. iriiraata 5. tihuhta • tirahwa they are going in different directions, as a crowd that is dispersing. see arrive (going) {wicat}; move {wiicat} go across (an obstacle) icawaatat [•†-Ùß-waatßt•] VT(1) {dist., icawatparii} go over, beyond, across; cross, as some obstacle like a fence, hill, embankment. 1. taaticawaatat 2. tiicawaatat 3. tiicawatpuu™ 4. iriiraacawaatata 5. tiicawaatuhta • taaticawatparii™ I crossed it several times. go after see chase {riraarat (ut...)} go aggressively raawiirat [•raa-wii-rßt•] VI(1) 1. charge, go to fight; go aggressively, furiously, angrily. 2. (contemp.) enlist, go into the armed services. 1. tahaawiirat 2. tiraawiirat 3. tiraawiiriwuu™ 4. iriiraraawiirata 5. tiraawiihuhta • tiraraawiirat they went to fight. go ahead! iitu™ [iæ-t‰™] INTERJ go ahead! proceed, as in go ahead and do it! go around warii [•wß-rii•] VI(4) {sg., at; du., war; dist., waawarii} 1. go around, walk around; go about, walk about. 2. be alive, living. <warii, DIST of at to go; cf. Ar. wanuu> 1. tatparii™ 2. tiwarii™ 3. tiwariihu™ 4. iriirawarii 5. tiwariihusta • sitiwarii™ they (du.) are walking around. see circle around {awitiirahpirahak} go around together taraawi™at [•tß-raa-wi-™ßt•] VI(1) {dist., taraa™iwarii} (du. subj.) go around together; always be together, as two close friends. 1. sitactaraawi™at 2. sititaraawi™at 3. sititaraa™iwuu™ 4. iriisitirataraawiita 5. sititaraawihuhta • sititaraa™iwarii™ they (du.) are always together. go around with see carry around {ruuwarii} go back see return {at istu™} go back and forth awarii [•ß-wß-rii•] VI(4) 1. fly around, as a bird. 2. wave, wave around, as a flag

go in the lead in the wind; move around. 3. go in different directions, go back and forth, circulate, as give-away items that are passed around among individuals. 1. taatawarii™ 2. tiiwarii™ 3. tiiwariihu™ 4. iriiraawarii 5. tiiwariihusta go behind kaata™iisat [•kaa-tß-™ii-sßt•] VI(1) 1. go behind, go to the back, as in a room or crowd. 2. go to school. 1. tatkaata™iisat 2. tikaata™iisat 3. tikaata™iispuu™ 4. iriirakaata™iisata 5. tikaata™iisuhta • tirahkaata™iisat they went to school. see follow (going) {awiira™at (ut...)} go beyond see go over (an obstacle) {uhuuricawaatat} go close to tahaariwi™at [+ ruu-] [•tß-haa-r†-wi™ßt•] VI(1) go close to, move close to, get close to, as to an object. 1. ruutactahaariwi™at 2. ruutitahaariwi™at 3. ruutitahaari™iwuu™ 4. iriruuratahaariwiita 5. ruutitahaariwihuhta go down see bend forward {iitik}; deflate {karuus}; set (on the horizon) {iisat}; sun to go down {sakuhtawiraa™at, sakuriisat, sakuuhurahac} go down an incline tawiraa™at [•tß-w†-raa-™ßt•] VI(1) go down, descend, as an incline, a bank, a hill, or stairs. 1. tactawiraa™at 2. titawiraa™at 3. titawiraawuu™ 4. iriiratawiraata 5. titawiraahuhta • tiracawiraa™at they went down an incline. go down into water huu™iitik (ut...) [•huu-™iit†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. sink, submerge, go under water, as something thrown in water. 2. go down into water, bend down into water, as a wind-blown tree. 1. tatutuu™iitit 2. tutuu™iitit 3. tutuu™iitiku™ 4. iriirutuu™iitit 5. tutuu™iitiksta go downstream see float downstream {huuhawihak}; float downstream (going) {hawi™at} go fishing see fishing {raarawuhusat (ut...)} go home kaa™iisat [•kaa-™ii-sßt•] VI(1) go home; go, return to one's village. 1. tatkaa™iisat 2. tikaa™iisat 3. tikaa™iispuu™ 4. iriirakaa™iisata 5. tikaa™iisuhta go in ka™at [•kß-™ßt•] VI(1) {dist., kawarii} 1. go, walk in grass, brush, woods. 2. go through, go in, as a tunnel or gate. 1. tatka™at 2. tika™at 3. tikawuu™ 4. iriirakaata 5. tikahuhta • tikawarii™ he is walking around in the woods. go in the lead hirasat [•h†-rß-sßt•] VI(1), VT(1) lead; go in the lead, as at the head of a procession. 1. tatirasat 2. tihirasat 3. tihiraspuu™ 4. iriirahi-

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go in water

go to a stream for water

rasata 5. tihirasuhta

go in water huu™at

[•huu-™ßt•] VI(1) go in water;

wade; go through water, as a person or boat; ford, wade through, wade across, as when crossing a stream. 1. tatuu™at 2. tihuu™at 3. tihuuwuu™ 4. iriirahuu™ata 5. tihuuhuhta • tihuu™at rakuuhuuru™ the boat is going through the water. go inside kaa™at [•kaa-™ßt•] VI(1) 1. go, walk inside, as in a dwelling or room; walk through, as a hallway. 2. go underground, as a burrowing animal. 1. tatkaa™at 2. tikaa™at 3. tikaawuu™ 4. iriirakaata 5. tikaahuhta see enter {huukat} go inside behind see follow inside {awiirahuukat (ut...)} go into hukaa™at [•h‰-kaa-™ßt•] VI(1) go into, enter, penetrate, as a sharp, pointed object going into the ground, skin, or an object. 2. tihukaa™at 3. tihukaawuu™ 4. iriirahukaata 5. tihukaahuhta • tiriisaapihukaa™at the peg went into (the ground). go into brush ka™iisat [•kß-™ii-sßt•] VI(1) go, walk into grass, brush, woods. 1. tatka™iisat 2. tika™iisat 3. tika™iispuu™ 4. iriiraka™iisata 5. tika™iisuhta ka™iitat [•kß-™ii-tßt•] VI(1) 1. be in a line, a row. 2. be stretched out lengthwise. 3. go, walk into grass, brush, woods. 2. tika™iitat 4. iriiraka™iitata 5. tika™iituhta go into water ha™iisat [•hß-™ii-sßt•] VI(1) 1. go, walk into water. 2. win, as in a game. 1. tata™iisat 2. tiha™iisat 3. tiha™iispuu™ 4. iriiraha™iisata 5. tiha™iisuhta • tihaturaara™iisat the road goes into the water. go off see pop {takaas} go on a hunt kata™at [•kß-tß-™ßt•] VI(1) 1. climb, go up an elevation, as a hill, stairs. 2. go on a hunt; go on a war party, ref. to parties going up onto the elevated western prairie. 1. tatkata™at 2. tikata™at 3. tikatawuu™ 4. iriirakataata 5. tikatahuhta • tirahkata™at they climbed up it. go on top kita™at [•k†-tß-™ßt•] VI(1) 1. go, walk on top. 2. go, walk on a hill. 1. tatkita™at 2. tikita™at 3. tikitawuu™ 4. iriirakitaata 5. tikitahuhta go on water haa™at [•haa-™ßt•] VI(1) {dist., haawarii} 1. wade across water; walk, wade in (shallow) water. 2. be in water, float on water, as a boat or

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duck. 1. tataa™at 2. tihaa™at 3. tihaawuu™ 4. iriirahaata 5. tihaahuhta go on! hiru™ [h‡-r‰™] INTERJ go on! go out awacitik [•ß-wß-Ù†-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., awaciruutik} 1. go outside. 2. go out, exit, as from an office or from one room to another. 1. taatawacitit 2. tiiwacitit 3. tiiwacitiiku™ 4. iriiraawacitit 5. tiiwacitiksta • tiraarawaciruutit they went out separately. go out (fire) see fire to go out {huuwirik} go out of sight iisat [•ii-sßt•] VI(1) {dist., iisparii} 1. go out of sight, disappear, disappear over, as when going over a hill; vanish, as when going off into the distance. 2. go down, set, as the sun on the horizon. 1. tatiisat 2. ti™iisat 3. ti™iispuu™ 4. iriira™iisata 5. ti™iisuhta • ti™iisparii™ he is going back and forth out of sight, over a hill. go outside uukaahka™iisat [•uu-kaah-kß-™ii-sßt•] VI(1) 1. go outside, outdoors. 2. (contemp.) go into the yard. 1. tatuukaahka™iisat 2. ti™uukaahka™iisat 3. ti™uukaahka™iispuu™ 4. iriira™uukaahka™iisata 5. ti™uukaahka™iisuhta go over (an obstacle) uhuuricawaatat [•‰-huur†-Ùß-waa-tßt•] VI(1) go over, cross over, go beyond, as a barrier or an obstacle; step over, as a low object; walk over, walk across, as a boundary or road. 1. taatuhuuricawaatat 2. tiihuuricawaatat 3. tiihuuricawaatpuu™ 4. iriruuhuuricawaatata 5. tiihuuricawaatuhta go riding see riding, go {ikitawi™at} go through huukat [•huu-kßt•] VI(1) {dist., huuparii} 1. go inside, enter, as a dwelling. 2. go through, as a threshold. 1. tatuukat 2. tihuukat 3. tihuupuu™ 4. iriirahuukata 5. tihuukuhta • tihuuparii™ he is going in and out. go through brush kawi™at [•kß-wi-™ßt•] VI(1) go through, as grass, a field, brush, woods. 1. tatkawi™at 2. tikawi™at 3. tika™iwuu™ 4. iriirakawiita 5. tikawihuhta go to a stream for water takacat [•tß-kß-Ùßt•] VT(1) go to a stream to get water, to fetch water; go to a stream for water. 1. tactakacat 2. titakacat 3. titakacpuu™ 4. iriiratakacata 5. titakacuhta • tihtakacat they went to get water.

go to beg go to beg see beg, go to {icawi™at} go to get raa™at (ut...) [•raa-™ßt•] VT(1)

good thoughts {dist., raa-

warii (ut...), raawaawarii (ut...)} (inan. pl. obj.) go to get; go to fetch.

1. tatuuhaa™at 2. tuuhaa™at 3. tuuhaawuu™ 4. iriruuhaata 5. tuuhaahuhta • tiihaa™at they went to get them. go to meet katawi™at (ut...) [•kß-tß-wi-™ßt•] VI(1) go to meet, as when going to pick up someone. 1. tatutkatawi™at 2. tutkatawi™at 3. tutkata™iwuu™ 4. iriirutkatawiita 5. tutkatawihuhta go to school see school, go to {kaata™iisat} go underground kaa™at [•kaa-™ßt•] VI(1) 1. go, walk inside, as in a dwelling or room; walk through, as a hallway. 2. go underground, as a burrowing animal. 1. tatkaa™at 2. tikaa™at 3. tikaawuu™ 4. iriirakaata 5. tikaahuhta go underwater see sink {huu™iitik (ut...)} go up see climb up (going) {kata™at} go up an incline katawiiriitik [•kß-tß-wii-riit†{k/t}•] VI(4) walk, go up an incline, as a hillside. 1. tatkatawiiriitit 2. tikatawiiriitit 3. tikatawiiriitiku™ 4. iriirakatawiiriitit 5. tikatawiiriitiksta go with tawi™at [•tß-wi-™ßt•] VI(1) go with, go among, as a party or group. 1. tactawi™at 2. titawi™at 3. tita™iwuu™ 4. iriiratawiita 5. titawihuhta go, cause to warik [•wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) {dist., waawarik} 1. shoot at. 2. (in compounds) cause to go. <war.ik, cause to go> 1. tatparit 2. tiwarit 3. tiwariku™ 4. iriirawarika 5. tiwariksta goat caraahku [Ùß-raÑh-k‰] N goat. • titawii™ caraahku iriirawaariki it is among the goats. God Tiirawaahat [tii-rà-waa-hßt] N (formerly) The Heavens, the all-pervasive power of the universe, referred to as Ati™as Tiitaku Ahakitaku; (contemp.) God. godwit kaahit [kaÑ-h†t] N godwit (Limosa spp.). gold see metal, precious {paapicistaariksisu™}; metal, yellow {paapicistahkata} golden eagle see eagle, golden {riitahkaac} goldenrod kactahkata [kßts-tàh-kß-tß] N 1. wild four-o'clock (Mirabilis nyctaginea), so called because of its yellow roots, the medicinal part. 2. goldenrod (Solidago spp.). goldfinch rikuctahkata [r‡-k‰ts-tßh-kß-tß] N 1. goldfinch (Carduelis tristis). 2. canary (Serinus canarius). good hiir (uur...) [•hii(r)•] VI(1-a) {pl., hiwaar (uur...)}

1. be good, nice in quality. 2. be attractive, good looking, nice in appearance; be pretty; be handsome. 1. tatuuhii 2. tuuhii 4. iriruuhiira 5. tuuhiirasta see fine {cikstit} good (of a way) raahiir (uur...) [•raa-hii(r)•] VI(1a) be nice, good, as an event, occasion, activity, or custom. 2. turaahii 4. iriiruraahiira 5. turaahiirasta good feelings see good thoughts {acikstawiriir (uur...)} good fortune kawahaaru™ [kà-wß-haa-r‰™] N good fortune, good luck. raakawahaaru™ [raa-kà-wß-haa-r‰™] N good fortune, luck. see fortunate {kawahaar}; lucky {raakawahaar} good land hurariir (uur...) [•h‰-rß-rii(r)•] VI(1-a) 1. be a nice place, spot, site, location, as one that is level and clear; be nice land, ground, as an area that is level and clear; be attractive land; be good land. 2. be a clean spot, area, location; be clean ground. 2. tuuhurarii 4. iriruuhurariira 5. tuuhurariirasta good looking person icaahiksiir (uur...) [•†-Ùaah†k-sii(r)•] VI(1-a) be a good looking, nice looking, handsome person. 1. tatuuricaahiksii 2. tuuricaahiksii 4. iriruuricaahiksiira 5. tuuricaahiksiirasta good meal see meal, good {raakaaruriir (uur...)} good news see news, good {raa™iitusiir (uur...)} good story see story, good {raa™iitusiir (uur...)} good taste see taste good (liquid) {kicahariir (uur...)} good thoughts aciksiir (uur...) [•ß-Ù†k-sii(r)•] VI(1-a) 1. feel good; feel relieved, at rest, mentally relaxed. 2. feel satisfied; be well satisfied, contented. 3. have a good mind, healthy mind; have clear thoughts, as after being in a coma. 4. have good thoughts. 1. tatuuraciksii 2. tuuraciksii 4. iriruuraciksiira 5. tuuraciksiirasta acikstaraaruhuur [•ß-Ù†ks-tß-raa-r‰-huu(r)•] VD 1. have good thoughts, as for people. 2. be benevolent, kindly. 3. be serious, have serious thoughts. 1. taatacikstaraaruhuu™ 2. tiicikstaraaruhuu™ 4. iriiraacikstaraaruhuuru 5. tiicikstaraaruhuuruksta acikstawiriir (uur...) [•ß-Ù†ks-tß-w†-rii(r)•] VI(1-a) {dist., acikstawiriwaar (uur...)} have good thoughts; have good feelings.

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good time 1. tatuuracikstawirii 2. tuuracikstawirii 4. iriruuracikstawiriira 5. tuuracikstawiriirasta • tatuuracikstawiriwaa I have good thoughts. see kind {aciksuhuriwaar (uur...)} good time see celebrate {raakiiskawaah}; enjoy oneself {kiiska™uk, kiiskawaah} good water see water to be good {kiciir (uur...)} good, make see fix {hiirik (uur...)} goods see possessions {raa™iksu™} goods, dry see dry goods {raapi™u™} gooey see sticky {taarikic} goose katuurat [kß-tu÷-rßt] N {comb., katuurak-} goose; duck. kiiwaaks [kiæ-waaks] N duck; sometimes also goose. goose, snow katuuraktaakaa [kà-tuu-rßk-taa-kaa] N 1. snow goose (Chen caerulescens). 2. swan (Cygnus spp.). goose, white kiiwaakstaakaa [kiæ-waaks-taa-kaa] N white goose (Snow Goose, Chen caerulescens and/or domestic goose). gooseberry hukiriikas [hŠ-k†-rii-kßs] N 1. gooseberry (Ribes spp.). 2. blueberry (Vaccinium spp.). • hukiriikaskat among the gooseberries. • iriiratawaawi hukiriikas where the gooseberries are growing. uukiriikas [u÷-k†-rii-kßs] N wild gooseberry, Missouri gooseberry (Ribes missouriense). • uukiriikaskat among the gooseberries. gore see blood {paatu™} gorge see fishhook {kiisiriwisisu™, kiisiriwisu™, kiiskatariwis} gossip haakarihuur [•haa-kß-r†-huu(r)•] VD 1. have a large mouth, as a person; have a large mouth, opening, orifice, as a jar. 2. be loudmouthed, boisterous. 3. be bombastic, mouthy; be a braggart. 4. be a gossip. 5. be verbally abusive. 1. tataakarihuu™ 2. tihaakarihuu™ 4. iriirahaakarihuuru 5. tihaakarihuuruksta raa™iitustaruuwarii [•raa-™ii-t‰s-tß-ruu-wß-rii•] VI(4) gossip, spread gossip, as when repeating words and stories. 1. tahaa™iitustaruuwarii™ 2. tiraa™iitustaruuwarii™ 3. tiraa™iitustaruuwariihu™ 4. iriiraraa™iitustaruuwarii 5. tiraa™iitustaruuwariihusta gourd pakuus [pà-kuus] N 1. gourd (Bottle Gourd, Lagenaria siceraria). 2. gourd rattle; rattle, as a baby rattle. • pakuuskat on the gourd. • pakuus raracawaktahu a gourd that rattles. grab awi™uurikuk (ut...) [•ß-wi-™uu-r†-k‰{k/t}•] VT(4)

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grape 1. catch, as something flying, like a ball. 2. grab, grab hold of, snatch. 1. tatuutawi™uurikut 2. tuutawi™uurikut 3. tuutawi™uurikuku™ 4. iriruutawi™uurikut 5. tuutawi™uurikuksta see grasp {ikskariwii™aar, uurikuk (ut...)}; snatch up {awikusik} grade see hillside {huraahkatawi™u™, huraahkatawiir} graduate pakska™at [•pßks-kß-™ßt•] VI(1) graduate, as from secondary school or college. <paks+ka™at, head to go in (a mortarboard)> 1. tatpakska™at 2. tipakska™at 3. tipakskawuu™ 4. iriirapakskaata 5. tipakskahuhta pakskaa [•pßks-kaa•] VL 1. be wearing a hat; wear on one's head. 2. be a graduate, as from secondary school or college; be educated. <paks+kaa, head to be inside> 1. tatpakskaa 2. tipakskaa 4. iriirapakskaawi 5. tipakskaawista grain mill see mill {iriruuhkituctawi} grandchild -rakis [•rß-k†s] N-KIN grandchild (only with 2nd person possessor). • arakis your grandchild. raktiiki [rßk-tiæ-k†] N grandchild; grandson, granddaughter, form used for both 1st and 3rd person possessor. • raktiikis my, our grandchild; his, her, their grandchild. • kurasiiru raktiiki your grandchild, (contemp.) for arakis. taktis [tàk-t†s] N grandchild, vocative form. grandchildren huukitawi™u™ [hu÷-k†-tß-wi-™u™] N second and third descending generation, viz., grandchildren and great grandchildren. • tatuuhaa™ukta huukitawi™u™ I am related to the second (or third) descending generation, i.e., I have a second or third generation. grandfather -paak- [•paak•] N-KIN grandfather. • atipat my, our grandfather. • apat your grandfather. • ipaakti™ his, her, their grandfather. grandmother -kaa- [•kaa•] N-KIN grandmother. • atika™ my, our grandmother. • aka™ your grandmother. • ikaari™ his, her, their grandmother. grant wakuraah [•wß-k‰-raa(h)•] VT(1) 1. agree to, comply with; obey, heed, as a request. 2. answer, grant, as a prayer or wish. <wakur+raah, have/carry someone's words> 1. tatpakuraa 2. tiwakuraa 3. tiwakuraahu™ 4. iriirawakuraaha 5. tiwakuraahista grape kisuc, kisuuc [k‡-s‰ts, k‡-suuts] N {comb., kisuhc-, kisuc-} grape (wild and domestic) (Vitis spp.).

grape juice • kisuckat grapevine.

grassland sprout. on the grapes. • kisuhcaakasu™

grape juice kisuckiicu™

[k‡-s‰ts-kii-Ù‰™] N grape juice; wine. grasp ikskariwii™aar [•†ks-kß-r†-wii-™aa(r)•] VT(1-i)

(pl. obj.) grasp, grab into one's hand, take into one's hand, as a handful of objects. 1. taatikskariwii™aa 2. tiikskariwii™aa 3. tiikskariwii™aari™ 4. iriiraakskariwii™aara 5. tiikskariwii™aarista uurikuk (ut...) [•uu-r†-k‰{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. grasp, grab; take hold of, take in one's hands. 2. receive. 3. hold, hold onto. 4. catch, as a moving or flying object. 5. catch in the act of doing.

1. tatuutuurikut 2. tuutuurikut 3. tuutuurikuuku™ 4. iriruutuurikut 5. tuutuurikuksta • tiiharuurikuuku™, sitiiharuurikuuku™ they are catching them. see hold {ahuk (ut...)} grasp someone's hand see take someone's hand {iksuurikuk (ut...)} grass hiiru™ [hiæ-r‰™] N {comb., hiir-, hiih-} grass, dry grass, hay. • hiihkat in the grass. • tihiihwaa the grass is growing. • tihiihwikii™ac the grass is tall. • tihiihkirarii™uus it is green grass, as in the spring. see plant grass {kataaraarura™uk}; reed {kisiitu™}; thatch {pakuckucuu™} grass lodge akahaaruutu™ [à-kß-haa-ruu-t‰™] N {comb., akahaarut-} grass house, grass lodge, as made by Wichitas. • akahaarutkat in/on a grass lodge. • iriiraakarahwi akahaaruutu™ where the grass lodges are. grass to be tall hiihwikii™ac [•hiih-w†-kii-™ßts•] VD grass to be tall; be tall grass. 2. tihiihwikii™ac 4. iriirahiihwikiicu 5. tihiihwikiicuksta grass to be thick hiirihuur [•hii-r†-huu(r)•] VD 1. be tall grass. 2. be thick grass. 2. tihiirihuu™ 4. iriirahiirihuuru 5. tihiirihuuruksta grass to come up hiirahkaa™a (ir...) [•hii-rßh-kaa™ß•] VI(3) grass to come up, as when beginning to grow. 2. tahiirahkaa™a™ 3. tahiirahkaa™aahu™ 4. iriirahiirahkaa™a 5. tahiirahkaahista grass to sprout kataarahkaa™a (ir...) [•kß-taarßh-kaa-™ß•] VI(3) 1. green grass to come up,

2. be spring.

2. takataarahkaa™a™ 3. takataarahkaa™aahu™ 4. iriirakataarahkaa™a 5. takataarahkaahista grass, buffalo haarutpahat [haa-rŠt-pß-hßt] N native grass, buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides), a soft grass that is reddish brown when mature; dry native grass in the fall, when it is reddish in color. • haarutpahatkat in the buffalo grass. hiihpahat [hiih-pà-hßt] N native grass, buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides), a soft grass that is reddish brown when mature; dry native grass in the fall, when it is reddish in color. kactahaaru™ [kàts-tß-haa-r‰™] N {comb., kactahaar-, kactahaah-} 1. buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides), a short green native grass. 2. grassy prairie; shortgrass meadow. • kactahaahkat in the buffalo grass. • iriirakactahaaruuta where the buffalo grass is (i.e., extends). • tikactahaahku it is an area, meadow of short native grass. grass, dry see hay {haaruutu™} grass, green kataaru™ [kà-taa-r‰™] N {comb., kataar, kataah-} 1. green grass. 2. sweetgrass (Hierochloe odorata). • kataahkat in the green grass. • wiitikataahwaa it is grassy. • wiitikataahkiirarii™uus the grass is green. grass, in hiihkasa [•hiih-kß-sß•] VI(4) {pl., hiihkasawaa} be lying in grass, on grass; (contemp.) be lying in the yard. 1. tatiihkasa 2. tihiihkasa 4. iriirahiihkasa 5. tihiihkasahista • tihiihkasawaa they are lying in the grass. see in, sitting {kakus}; in, standing {kaarik}; set in {kakuusk}; sit down in {kawiitik} grass, into see go into brush {ka™iisat, ka™iitat}; line, in a {ka™iitat} grass, joint haarutkisiitu™ [haa-rŠt-k†-sii-t‰™] N joint grass. • haarutkisiitkat in the joint grass. pakucki [pà-k‰ts-k†] N joint grass, tall native grass that is jointed. <pakuhc+kis, joint grass + DIM> pakuhcu™ [pà-k‰h-Ù‰™] N {comb., pakuhc-, pakuc-} joint grass, tall native grass that is jointed. <pakuhc+u™, joint grass + NOM; cf. Ar. pÑkUs oats> grass, needle piicuuc [piæ-Ùuuts] N 1. needle grass (Porcupine Grass, Stipa spartea). 2. brush; comb. • piicuuckat on the brush. • piicuuc witiisuurukcahurat comb your hair with the brush! grass, sweet see sweetgrass {kataaru™} grass, through see go through brush {kawi™at} grasshopper paapiis [paÑ-piis] N grasshopper. grassland hiiru™at [•hii-ru-™ßt•] VI(1) be grassland;

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grassy be a hay meadow (extending in a line or strip). 2. tihiiru™at 4. iriirahiiru™ata 5. tihiiruhuhta grassy hiir [•hii(r)•] VD be grassy, grassland, as an area where native grass is growing. 2. tihii 4. iriirahiiru 5. tihiiruksta kactahaar [•kßts-tß-haa(r)•] VD be grassy; be a grassland, grassy prairie, meadow covered by short native grass, where the soil is poor, there are few weeds, and the grass is not thick. 2. tikactahaa 4. iriirakactahaaru 5. tikactahaaruksta kataahwaa [•kß-taah-waa•] VL be grassy; green grass to grow. 2. tikataahwaa 4. iriirakataahwaawi 5. tikataahwaawista kataar [•kß-taa(r)•] VD be grassy; be an area of green grass. 2. tikataa 4. iriirakataaru 5. tikataarista see prairie, shortgrass {kactahaaru™} grassy spot hiihtakus [•hiih-tß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) {pl., hiihtaarik} be a grassy spot; be an area covered with grass. 2. tihiihtaku 4. iriirahiihtaku 5. tihiihtakusta • tihiihtaarit there are grassy spots here and there. grassy terrace huucahaaru™ [hu÷-Ùß-haa-r‰™] N {comb., huucahaar-, huucahaah-} 1. level or gently inclined beach, shore, bank of a stream. 2. grassy terrace, flat or level plain along a stream course. • huucahaahkat, huucahaahiri™ on the beach. • iriirahuucahaaruuta where the beach is. • tihuucahaaru™at it is a beach. grate racapirat [•rß-Ùß-p†-rßt•] VT(1) 1. grate, as corn or cheese. 2. scrape, scrape off, as particles on a hide or corn kernels on a cob. 1. tahacapirat 2. tiracapirat 3. tiracapiriwuu™ 4. iriiraracapirata 5. tiracapirahuhta tapirat [•tß-p†-rßt•] VT(1) {dist., tapaapiirut} 1. scrape, scrape off, as hard kernels on a corn cob or dried pieces of flesh or hair on a hide. 2. grate, reduce to fragments or shreds by rubbing against an abrasive surface, as corn or cheese. 3. scratch. 1. tactapirat 2. titapirat 3. titapiriwuu™ 4. iriiratapirata 5. titapirahuhta • titapaapiirut he scratched it all over. see scrape (surface) {tawirat} grateful see gratify {rahuritik}; thankful {aciksta™it, acikstiihuur, cikstiihuuru™} gratify rahuritik [•rß-h‰-r†-t†{k/t}•] VT(4) gratify, please, do something pleasing for; cause to be grateful, thankful, appreciative, as by a deed.

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green corn 1. tahahuritit 2. tirahuritit 3. tirahuritiiku™ 4. iriirarahuritit 5. tirahuritiksta grave see burial {ataawi™u™}; buried {ataa (ut...)} grave (serious) see serious {raakatarihuur} gravel karihacapahtu™ [kà-r†-hß-Ùß-pßh-t‰™] N gravel. graveyard iriruuhaarataawaawi [†-r‡-ruu-haa-rßtaa-waa-w†] N cemetery; graveyard. gravy see soupy dish {huuskiicu™} gray kaac [•kaats•] VD be gray, grayish. 2. tikaa™ac 4. iriirakaacu 5. tikaacuksta kiracaakaar [•k†-rß-Ùaa-kaa(r)•] VD be gray; be faded. 2. tikiracaakaa™a 4. iriirakiracaakaaru 5. tikiracaakaaruksta gray eye see eye, gray {kirikaac} gray eyed see cataract {kirikaac} gray hair see hair, gray {pakskaac} gray horse see horse, gray {kurahkaac, karahkaac} gray squirrel see squirrel, gray {ckipistarii™uus} grease kiicahiihtu™ [kii-Ùà-hiih-t‰™] N {comb., kiicahiht-, kiicahit-} 1. grease, oil; rendered fat: shortening, tallow, lard. 2. oil, motor oil; gasoline, kerosene, propane. • kiicahitkat in/on the grease. see marrow butter {kiiskiicu™} greasy rahkicit [•rßh-k†-Ù†t•] VD be greasy, oily. 2. tirahkici™it 4. iriirarahkiciitu 5. tirahkicituksta great grandchild piirahuukitawi™u™ [piæ-rß-huuk†-tß-wi-™u™] N great grandchild. great-grandchildren see grandchildren {huukitawi™u™} greedy rika™uus [•r†-kß-™uus•] VD be greedy, gluttonous, voracious, as one who gorges or has an insatiable appetite. 1. tahika™uus 2. tirika™uus 4. iriirarika™uusu 5. tirika™uusuksta • tiirika™uus they are greedy. see voracious {riwahtii} green kipaar [•k†-paa(r)•] VD 1. be damp, moist; be wet, soaking wet. 2. be green, fresh, as a hide just taken off an animal or freshly cut wood. 2. tikipaa 4. iriirakipaaru 5. tikipaarista • tirahkipaa they are damp. kirarii™uus [•k†-rß-rii-™uus•] VD be green.

2. tikirarii™uus 4. iriirakirarii™uusu 5. tikirarii™uusuksta see fresh {kipiriir} green bean see bean, green {atiktarii™uus} green corn see corn, green {kipiriiru™, tahpaa}

green snake green snake see snake, green {ructarii™uus} greenbrier haakastarii™uus [haÑ-kßs-tß-rii-™uus] N greenbrier (Smilax spp.). greens rarahkirarii™uusu [rà-rßh-k†-rß-rii-™uu-s‰] N greens, green leaves that are edible, as spinach and lettuce. greyhound cuskiic [ÙŠs-kiits] N greyhound. grieve acikskaruusawi™at [•ß-Ù†ks-kß-ruu-sß-wi™ßt•] VP(1) 1. lose interest in, tire of mentally. 2. feel mentally weak, feel faint. 3. feel disappointment, be disappointed; be depressed, dispirited. 4. grieve. 1. tikuucikskaruusawi™at 2. tiicikskaruusawi™at 3. tiicikskaruusa™iwuu™ 4. iriiraacikskaruusawiita 5. tiicikskaruusawihuhta rahuur [•rß-huu(r)•] VT(u) 1. grieve, cause grief, hurt mentally, sadden, cause mental anguish, as when a loved one dies. 2. get the best of, beat, as in a contest. 1. tahahuu™ 2. tirahuu™ 4. iriirarahuuru 5. tirahuuruksta grill see cook over a fire {icatk} grin aahkarahwaasariitik [•aah-kß-rßh-waa-sßrii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) grin broadly, smile widely, as when showing one's teeth. 1. taataahkarahwaasariitit 2. tiihkarahwaasariitit 3. tiihkarahwaasariitiku™ 4. iriira™aahkarahwaasariitit 5. tiihkarahwaasariitiksta see smile {aahkarahwaasar [+ ruu-, i-], icusawask}; smile at {icusawask (ut...)} grind kawicak [•kß-w†-Ùß{k/t}•] VT(4) {dist., ka™iwaacak} grind, as corn. 1. tatkawicat 2. tikawicat 3. tikawicaaku™ 4. iriirakawicat 5. tikawicaksta • tihka™iwaacaaku™ they were grinding it. see chop {racapaaha™uk} grind one's teeth aaraca™iwuu [•aa-rß-Ùß-™†wuu•] VT(4), VR(4) (impf. only) grind one's teeth, rub one's teeth together. 3. ti™aaraca™iwuu™; wititi™aaraca™iwuu™ 4. iriira™aaraca™iwuu; iriiwitiira™aaraca™iwuu 5. ti™aaraca™iwuusta; wititi™aaraca™iwuusta grinder rakawicaku [rß-kß-w‡-Ùß-k‰] N grinder, as a coffee grinder. grit one's teeth aarahkicawakta/taa [•aa-rßh-k†Ùß-wßk-tß/taa•] VI(4), VP(4) grit one's teeth. 1. tataarahkicawakta™; tiku™aarahkicawakta™ 2. ti™aarahkicawakta™ 3. ti™aarahkicawaktaahu™ 4. iriira™aarahkicawaktaa 5. ti™aarahkicawaktaahista

grooved grizzly bear see bear, grizzly {kuruksicariis} groan acikstiiwakta/taa [•ß-Ù†ks-tii-wßk-tß/taa•] VI(4)

groan; grunt, make a soft grunting sound coming from the chest, as an animal or human. 1. taatacikstiiwakta™ 2. tiicikstiiwakta™ 3. tiicikstiiwaktaahu™ 4. iriiraacikstiiwaktaa 5. tiicikstiiwaktaahista riiwakta/taa [•rii-wßk-tß/taa•] VI(4) groan, let out a groan; grunt, let out a grunt, as when in pain.

1. tahiiwakta™ 2. tiriiwakta™ 3. tiriiwaktaahu™ 4. iriirariiwaktaa riiwaktaarik [•rii-wßk-taa-r†{k/t}•] VI(1) 1. groan, as in agony or pain. 2. blow on a horn. 1. tahiiwaktaarit 2. tiriiwaktaarit 3. tiriiwaktaariku™ 4. iriirariiwaktaarika 5. tiriiwaktaariksta wakta/taa [•wßk-tß/taa•] VI(4) 1. make, emit a noise; honk, as a horn; sound, blow, blare, as a horn. 2. make, emit its characteristic sound or cry, as an animal, bird, or other creature. 3. groan, as in pain or agony. <wak+raa, sound + raa; i.q. Ar. wahnaa> 1. tatpakta™ 2. tiwakta™ 3. tiwaktaahu™ 4. iriirawaktaa 5. tiwaktaahista • tirahwaktaahu™ they are making their characteristic sound. groceries see food {haakawaahcisu™} groom awiriirik (uur...) [•ß-w†-rii-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. groom, make attractive. 2. make a nice design, pattern, picture. 1. tatuurawiriirit 2. tuurawiriirit 3. tuurawiriiriku™ 4. iriruurawiriirika 5. tuurawiriiriksta • karasuuraakawiriirit did you groom them? groove see indentation {tariwis (uur...)}; mark across {tariwiisk (uur...)} groove around tarahiira™uk (uur...) [•tß-rß-hii-rß™u{k/t}•] VT(3) {iter., tarahiihkara™uk (uur...)} groove; make a groove, indentation, recess around; notch, put a notch in, make a notch around, as a round object. 1. tatuuhtarahiiru™ 2. tuuhtarahiiru™ 3. tuuhtarahiiruuku™ 4. iriruuhtarahiira™u 5. tuuhtarahiiruuksta • tatuuhtarahiihkaru™ I made grooves around it. grooved icarahii (uur...) [•†-Ùß-rß-hii•] VD be grooved, indented, recessed around; have a groove, indentation, recess, notch around; be a notch; be notched around; be concave; be a concavity. 2. tuuricarahi™ 4. iriruuricarahii™u 5. tuuricarahiicta

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grooved around

growing (of plants)

grooved around tarahii (uur...) [•tß-rß-hii•] VD be grooved, indented, recessed around, as a jar or a piece of wood; be notched; be a notch around; be concave, a concavity. 2. tuuhtarahii™ 4. iriruuhtarahii™u 5. tuuhtarahiicta grope see feel around {ikstiihuruu} ground see crumbled {racapaht}; land {huraaru™, huraar} ground cherry rikakicpaku™ [r†-kà-k†ts-pß-k‰™] N {comb., rikakicpakuu-} 1. (formerly) ground cherry (Physalis heterophylla). 2. (contemp.) tomato.

• rikakicpakuukat on the tomato.

ground plum ckahuuripiiku™

[tskß-hu÷-r†-pii-k‰™]

ground plum (Astragalus spp.). ground squirrel kiiskarari [kiæs-kß-rß-r†] N ground squirrel (Spermophilus spp.). ground substance see powder {tapaahtu™} ground, clean see clean land {hurariir (uur...)} ground, flat see flat ground {kuuhaaru™} ground, holy see sacred site {huraahwaarukstii} ground, level hiicpi- [hiits-p†•] LOC smooth, level ground along a stream. • hiicpii™at be a meadow extending along a creek. • hiicpikus be a small smooth, level area along a stream. • Tuhiicpii™at Village Stretching Along The Bottoms, as by a stream; a former Skiri village in Nebraska. • hiicpi™u™ level terrace along a stream, often bordered on its far side by hills. ground, on the hurahwi- [h‰-rßh-w†•] LOC on the ground, on land; over the surface of ground. • hurahwi™at (ut...) rub on the ground, over the ground. • hurahwiitik stoop over, bending forward over the ground, as male war dancers do or as to pick up something. • asurahwi™at scrape one's foot on the ground. hurahwihiri™ [hŠ-rßh-w†-h†-ri™] ADV 1. at the bottom, base, as of a hanging object touching the ground. 2. below, as below another object or at a lower height. 3. on the ground. 4. on the floor. • hurahwihiri™ tiruuc they are on the floor, as boxes. ground, sandy see sandbar {huukiwihtu™, huukiwihkahaaru™} groundnut see potato, wild {ictaariksisu™} group kariikskus [•kß-riiks-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be a herd, as of animals; be a group, as of humans. N

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2. tikariiksku 4. iriirakariiksku 5. tikariikskusta kiruuskus [•k†-ruus-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be a bunch, group, crowd, huddle; ref. to people or animals in a certain location. 2. tikiruusku 4. iriirakiruusku 5. tikiruuskusta • tirahkiruusku they are in a bunch. kusuhuuru™ [kŠ-s‰-huu-r‰™] N {comb., kusuhuur-, kusuhuh-} 1. flock, as of birds. 2. group, as a group poised to fight or warriors in a battle line. • tikusuhuuru™at it is a flock of birds flying. • iririikusuhuurat there goes a flock. • tikusuhuhwiitit the flock of birds landed. see crowd {caahikstahkucuu™}; parade {kiihaarat}; troupe {kiihaahkus} group (in a certain spot) racakus [•rß-Ùßk‰(s)•] VI(4) be a clump, bunch, group in a certain spot, as plants or people. 2. tiracaku 4. iriiraracaku 5. tiracakusta group (of animals, humans) takiruusu™ [tß-k‡ruu-s‰™] N bunch, group, as a group of animals or humans. • titakiruusku it is a bunch. • tiracakiruusku they are in a bunch. • iriiratakiruusku where the bunch is, i.e., where they are gathered. group, in a see bunch, in a {kiruus-} group, into a see gather {takipuh} grouse, sage see sage grouse {uutkucuu™} grouse, sage or sharp-tailed see prairie chicken {uut} grove see woods {kaatuhaaru™} grow (of grass) see grassy {kataahwaa} grow (of hair) uuspaa [•uus-paa•] VL be growing hair; hair to grow, as on a human's head or an animal's body. 2. ti™uuspaa 4. iriira™uuspaawi 5. ti™uuspaawista • ti™uuspaa piiraariri™ hair is growing on his arms. grow (of plants) tatpaa [•tßt-paa•] VL (pl. subj.) plants to be growing. 2. titatpaa 4. iriiratatpaawi 5. titatpaawista grow large rihuraar [•r†-h‰-raa(r)•] VP(1-i) 1. become or get big, large; grow big, large. 2. become prominent, important. 1. tikurihuraa 2. tirihuraa 3. tirihuraari™ 4. iriirarihuraara 5. tirihuraarista grow up (of a child) rasahat [•rß-sß-hßt•] VP(4) grow, grow up, develop, reach full growth, as a child's body. 1. tikurasahat 2. tirasahat 3. tirasahaatu™ 4. iriirarasahat 5. tirasahatista growing (of plants) waa [•waa•] VL (pl. subj.) be growing, as plants; be planted, set out. <waa, be upright + DIST>

growing on top (of a plant) 2. tiwaa 4. iriirawaawi 5. tiwaawista • tirahwaa they are planted, growing here and there in bunches. growing on top (of a plant) huukita [•huu-k†tß•] VL be on top, on; be growing on top, as the tops of a plant like turnips. 2. tihuukita 4. iriirahuukitawi 5. tihuukitawista grown see mature {riihac} grudge see harass {rirahkaa™at (ut...)} gruel, corn huutaraha™ [huu-tà-rß-hß™] N {comb., huutarahaa-} corn gruel, ground corn cooked with buffalo tallow. • huutarahaakat in the corn gruel. grumpy see unfriendly {aciksuhuriwaar (uur...) [+ neg.]} grunt see groan {acikstiiwakta/taa}; roar {katakaksaa} guard see look after {raaciksta (ir...ri...ut...)}; policeman {raacikstawaawis}; watchful {raaciksta (ut...)} gulch see ravine {katuusuhak, katuusu™} gullet see esophagus {ciksu™} gully haahkahaaru™ [haÑh-kß-haa-r‰™] N {comb., haahkahaar-, haahkahaah-} gully, shallow washout, ravine, as formed by water; streamlet, small creek; ditch; trench. • haahkahaahiri™, haahkahaahkat in the gully. haahkahaaru™at [•haah-kß-haa-ru-™ßt•] VI(1) be a gully, ravine, washout formed by water; be a creek, stream (dry or full); be a streambed; be a ditch. 2. tihaahkahaaru™at 4. iriirahaahkahaaruuta 5. tihaahkahaaruhuhta haahkahaaruhak [•haah-kß-haa-r‰-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) be a washout, eroded gully, ravine, hollow; be a stream, creek; be a dry creek; be a ditch, as one alongside a road; be a trench. 2. tihaahkahaaruhat 4. iriirahaahkahaaruhat 5. tihaahkahaaruhaksta haahkahuuru™ [haÑh-kß-huu-r‰™] N {comb., haahkahuur-, haahkahuh-} gully, washout; dry creek bed formed by water; ditch. • iriirahaahkahuuru where the gully is. see ravine {katuusuhak, katuusu™} gully, end of a see drop-off (of a washout) {katuusawi™a (ir...)} gum see chewing gum {hawaastatkiicu™} gum weed kactawaas [kàts-tß-waas] N gum weed (Grindelia squarrosa), compass plant (Silphium laciniatum), rosin weed (Silphium integrifolium).

hair gummy see sticky {taarikic} gums aahkaraaru™ [aÑh-kß-raa-r‰™] N

{comb., aahkaraar-, aahkarah-} 1. gums, gingiva. 2. set of teeth.

• aahkaraariri™ on the gums. aahkarahkiisu™ [aÑh-kß-rßh-kii-s‰™] N gums, gingiva. • aahkarahkiisiri™ on the gums. • iriira™aahkarahkiistawi where his gums are; his gums. gun tiraaku™ [t†-raÑ-k‰™] N gun, rifle. • taticka™ ratkuucat tiraakiri™ I want to shoot it with a gun. see cannon {tiraakucuu™}; pistol {tiraaktarikuhcu™}; shotgun, double-barreled {tiraaktacaraa™} gun case see bow case {tiraakaruusu™, tiraakuuku™u™} gunny sack see sack, burlap {ckuhkucuu™} gunpowder tiraakitkaaru™ [t‡-raa-k†t-kaa-r‰™] N gunpowder. Guthrie, Okla. Ruuhkarihaapi [ruuh-kà-r†-haap†] N Guthrie, Okla. guts kaaraktu™ [kaÑ-rßk-t‰™] N guts, entrails, intestines.

H habit see way {ruuhuuru™} hack rahkacak [•rßh-kß-Ùß{k/t}•]

VT(4) 1. prick, punch holes in. 2. (pl. obj.) hack, chop, as weeds. 1. tahahkacat 2. tirahkacat 3. tirahkacaaku™ 4. iriirarahkacat 5. tirahkacaksta hackberry kaapit [kaÑ-p†t] N 1. wart. 2. hackberry (Celtis occidentalis). • kaapitkat on the wart. • tatihpaca kaapit I have a wart. • iriirahaapi kaapit where the hackberry tree is. • tatiiricuspaca kaapit I have a wart on my nose. rakaapit [rß-kaÑ-p†t] N {comb., rakaapit-, kaapit-} hackberry tree; hackberry wood (Celtis occidentalis). • rakaapitkat on the hackberry tree. • iriirahaapi kaapit where the hackberry tree is. hail kaa™at [kaÑ-™ßt] N hail. • kaa™at ti™it it is hail. • wiitaraarawa™aahu™ kaa™at it is hailing. hair uuskaraaru™ [u÷s-kß-raa-r‰™] N hairline; hair on the head. • ti™uuskaraaruhaaku™ his hair is waving in the wind. uusu™ [u÷-s‰™] N hair. • uuskat in/on the hair. • tiwiiraruusit he has

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hair tie hair on his arms. • ti™uuskiicit it has long hair. • iriiratuuspaawi my hair. see bangs {icuuhaarukac}; cut hair {pakskiciista™uk}; fuzz {rickuusu™}; part (in hair) {hatkahuurat, hatkahuurat (uur...), hatkahuuru™} hair tie arikariipiiru™ [à-r†-kß-rii-pii-r‰™] N hair tie, braid tie; decorative string of fur, yarn, or bright cloth wrapped around a man's braids; decorative trail of hair, string, or cloth tied to a horse's mane. <arik+kariik.wi.ir+u™, tied braid + NOM> ariktariipiiru™ [ß-r‡k-tß-rii-pii-r‰™] N hair tie, braid tie; decorative string of fur, yarn, or bright cloth wrapped around a man's braids; decorative trail of hair, string, or cloth tied to a horse's mane. <arik+tariik.wi.ir+u™, horn, i.e., braid, tied up + NOM> hair, black pakskaatiit [pàks-kaa-tiit] N 1. Frenchman. 2. black-haired person. <paks+kaatiit, black head> • Cpakskaatiit French female. • cpakskaatiit black-haired woman. pakskatiit [•pßks-kß-tiit•] VD be black haired, have black hair. <paks+katiit, be black headed> 1. tatpakskatii™it 2. tipakskatii™it 4. iriirapakskatiitu 5. tipakskatiituksta hair, cut see shave the head {kiraruucta™uk}; shaved {kiraruuc} hair, gray pakskaac [•pßks-kaats•] VD be gray haired, have gray hair. <paks+kaac, be gray head(ed)> 1. tatpakskaa™ac 2. tipakskaa™ac 4. iriirapakskaacu 5. tipakskaacuksta hair, growing uuspiraaru™ [u÷s-p†-raa-r‰™] N {comb., uuspiraar-, uuspirah-} growing hair. • uuspirahkat in/on one's hair. hair, long see long-haired {uuskiicik} hair, part see part (in hair) {hatkahurat (uur...)} hair, red pakspahat [pßks-pà-hßt] N 1. roan horse. 2. redhead. <paks+pahaat, red head> hair, shaggy see wool {ckuuru™} hair, short pakskiraruuc [•pßks-k†-rß-ruuts•] VD 1. have one's hair cut short; have one's head shaved. 2. be bald. <paks+kiraruuc, head to be shaved> 1. tatpakskiraruu™uc 2. tipakskiraruu™uc 4. iriirapakskiraruucu 5. tipakskiraruucuksta hairless kicapahaat [•k†-Ùß-pß-haat•] VD 1. be raw, raw flesh, as an open wound or raw meat; be an abrasion. 2. be skinned, as an animal. 3. be nude, naked, stripped. 4. be hairless, as a newborn animal; be mangy, i.e., without hair. 1. tatkicapahaa™at 2. tikicapahaa™at 4. iriirakicapahaatu 5. tikicapahaatuksta kiiriks [•kii-r†ks•] VD 1. be solidly smooth, smooth, level and even. 2. be still, placid. 3. be hairless,

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hammer free of hair. 2. tikiiriks 4. iriirakiiriksu 5. tikiiriksuksta hairpipe see bead (tubular) {kirikskiic, kirikskiisu™} hairstyle, roach see roach hairstyle {paahukasa, pakspaahukasa, pakspasaasi}; roached head {pakspaahukasa} hairy see furry {raruus} half ikarikat [‡-kß-r†-kßt] ADJ, N 1. half; in the middle, in the center. 2. half dollar, fifty cent piece. • ikarikat suksukat cut it in half! • huraarikarikat halfway, midway. katakaaks [•kß-tß-kaaks•] VD be half of; be a part, piece, portion, share of. 2. tikatakaaks 4. iriirakatakaaksu 5. tikatakaaksuksta katakaaksu™ [kß-tà-kaak-s‰™] N half of; part, piece, portion, share of. uhuks [Š-h‰ks] N, ADJ half, part of. • uhuks ti™ it is half. see split in half {a™iwaahcik} half full of liquid kici™iihak (ut...) [•k†-Ùi-™iihß{k/t}•] VI(4) be half full of liquid, water. 2. tutkici™iihat 3. tutkici™iihaaku™ 4. iriirutkici™iihat 5. tutkici™iihaksta • ikarikat tutkici™iihat it is half full of water. halfway see midway {huraarikarikat} hallucinate see imagine {raawi™aar (uur...)} halt see stop {uuriirik, wiitik}; stop (a way) {raarahuura™iwarik}; stop (to camp) {uhuruusik} halter (for horse) ckarahkuuku™u™ [tskà-rßh-kuuku-™u™] N 1. halter. 2. bridle. • tiruuc ckarahkuuku™u™ there is a halter lying there. halve katakaaksta™uk [•kß-tß-kaaks-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) halve; cut, divide in half; cut, divide into two parts, pieces. 1. tatkatakaakstu™ 2. tikatakaakstu™ 3. tikatakaakstuuku™ 4. iriirakatakaaksta™u 5. tikatakaakstuuksta hamburger kisaactacapahtu™ [k‡-saats-tß-Ùßpßh-t‰™] N {comb., kisaactacapaht-, kisaactacapat-}

hamburger. • kisaactacapatkat in/on the hamburger. hammer paapicistiwiruucaku [paÑ-p†-Ù†s-t†-w†ruu-Ùß-k‰] N hammer. <paapicis+riwiruu.icakus, metal knob on the end> paksatkahaaru™ [pßk-sàt-kß-haa-r‰™] N hammer. <paks+atkahaar+u™, ear(s) (on the) head + NOM, ref. to claws of a hammer>

hand parusatkahaaru™ [pà-r‰-sßt-kß-haa-r‰™] N hammer; claws of a hammer. <parus+atkahaar+u™, rabbit ears + NOM> • ki™isku™uu parusatkahaaru™ give me the hammer! hand iksu™ [‡k-s‰™] N {comb., (i)ks-pl., (i)kstaaru™} hand. • iksiri™ on the hand; with the hand. • ikstaariri™ on hands; with hands. see carry in one's hand {ikstat}; clap {ikstahkatapaktaarik}; motion with one hand {iksuhuraar (ut...)}; palm of the hand {ikskakusiri™, ikskatahcu™}; raise one's hand {iksuca™a (ir...)} hand in, have one's ikskaa [•†ks-kaa•] VL have one's hand in, as a glove or drawer. 1. taatikskaa 2. tiikskaa 4. iriiraakskaawi 5. tiikskaawista • taatikskaa rutaaktaahciihkuku I have my hand in a (dresser) drawer. hand over ruu™a (ir...) [•ruu-™ß•] VT(3) 1. draw over this way, move this way, bring this way; bring here. 2. hand over, pass this way, as when giving something. 1. tatiruu™a™ 2. taruu™a™ 3. taruu™aahu™ 4. iriiraruu™a 5. taruu™ahista • tiiraruu™a™ they drew them this way. ruu™at [•ruu-™ßt•] VT(1) {dist., ruuwarii} 1. hand, hand over, pass over. 2. take, take over, carry, transport, as to someone. 3. (+ ak-, dist.) herd, move around, as livestock.

1. tahuu™at 2. tiruu™at 3. tirawuu™ 4. iriiraruuta 5. tiruuhuhta • suksaktuuwarii™ herd them around! hand to see give {uuh/uh} hand to be cold ikstaawaasit [•†ks-taa-waa-s†t•] VP(4) hand to be cold. 1. tikuukstaawaasit 2. tiikstaawaasit 4. iriiraakstaawaasit 5. tiikstaawaasitista hand, have in one's see have in one's hand {ikstaah} hand, put in one's ikskatawuh (ut...) [•†ks-kßtß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) hand to, put into someone's hand. • pakskuuku™u™ tatpakska I have a hat on, am wearing a hat. see brim of a hat {cuurawii™at} hat, put on a see put on one's head {pakskawarik} hat, wear a pakskaa [•pßks-kaa•] VL 1. be wearing a hat; wear on one's head. 2. be a graduate, as from secondary school or college; be educated. <paks+kaa, head to be inside> 1. tatpakskaa 2. tipakskaa 4. iriirapakskaawi 5. tipakskaawista hate pic Ø (uur...) [•p†ts• Ø] VD hate, dislike, ab-

hawk, marsh hor. 1. pic tatuu™u 2. pic tuu™u 5. pic tuuruksta • pic tatuuraat, pic tatuuraa™at I hate them. hated pic [p‡ts] ADJ hated, disliked. hateful uhuhta™uk (ir...) [•‰-h‰h-tß-™u{k/t}•] VD(2) 1. act spitefully, hatefully; be hateful, spiteful. 2. be feisty. 1. tatiiruhuhta™ut 2. tuuhuhta™ut 3. tuuhuhtuuku™ 4. iriruuhuhtuuki 5. tuuhuhtuukuksta see mischievous {iciira™u}; speak harshly {wakuhta™u (ir...)} haul ruuwarii [•ruu-wß-rii•] VT(4) {sg., ruu™at} 1. carry around; go around with. 2. haul, carry around, as in a vehicle. 3. (an. pl. obj.) move around, herd around, as livestock. 1. tahuuwarii™ 2. tiruuwarii™ 3. tiruuwariihu™ 4. iriiraruuwarii 5. tiruuwariihusta • suksaktuuwarii™ herd them around! have raah [•raa(h)•] VT(1) {an. pl. obj., aktaraah; inan. pl. obj., raruhka™uk} have, possess; carry. 1. tahaa 2. tiraa 3. tiraahu™ 4. iriiraraaha 5. tiraahista • tiiraa they have it. wii- [wii•] ADV-P 1. now. 2. (with subordinate forms) when, after. 3. have/has + [past participle], i.e., English present perfect construction. • sitaatawaciruutit hii wiihiruu tiiruuc kisaacki he and I went out and now there lay some meat. • wiitatiira™ I have come, i.e., I am here. • wiiraracakuska after he put the bundle on his back. • wiituuhkusawi™at now he rocked. have in one's hand ikstaah [•†ks-taa(h)•] VT(1) have, carry, hold in one's hand. 1. taatikstaa 2. ti™ikstaa 3. ti™ikstaahu™ 4. iriira™ikstaaha 5. ti™ikstaahista have in one's mouth see mouth, have in one's {huukuraah} have many see obtain many {karira™uk} hawk kirikawaawi™ [k‡-r†-kß-waa-wi™] N hawk (generic). kutawikucuu™ [kŠ-tß-w†-k‰-Ùuu™] N {comb., kutawikucuu-} hawk (generic); Cooper's Hawk, swift hawk, gray hawk (small variety) (Accipiter cooperi). hawk, Cooper's kutawikucuutarii™uus [kŠ-tß-w†k‰-Ùuu-tß-rii-™uus] N swift hawk (Cooper's Hawk, Accipiter cooperi). see hawk {kutawikucuu™} hawk, marsh rikuhcucahaaru™ [r‡-k‰h-Ù‰-Ùßhaa-r‰™] N marsh hawk (Northern Harrier, Circus

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hawk, red-tailed cyaneus). ucahaa [Š-Ùß-haa] N marsh hawk, harrier (Northern Harrier, Circus cyaneus). hawk, red-tailed kutawikucuupahat [kŠ-tß-w†k‰-Ùuu-pß-hßt] N red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis). hay haaruutu™ [haa-ru÷-t‰™] N {comb., haarut-} dry

native grass, formerly used as a floor cover; hay, as used for horse feed. • piiruus tirahkaa haarutkat there are bugs in the hay. see grass {hiiru™}; pitch hay {hiiraaricakuusk (ut...)} hay bale see bale {hiirarahuuru™} hay baler see baler {hiirahkariipaapuhus} hayrack hiiraaruka™iitu™, hiiraaruka™iitus [hiæ-raar‰-kß-™ii-t‰™, hii-raÑ-r‰-kß-™ii-t‰s] N hayrack.

• hiiraaruka™iitkat, hiiraaruka™iituskat on the hayrack. • iririsa hiiraaruka™iitu™ there is a hayrack there. huka™iitu™ [hŠ-kß-™ii-t‰™] N 1. (formerly) wagon box; (contemp.) truck bed. 2. hayrack. • huka™iitkat in the bed of a truck. see bed (of a vehicle) {hukahaaru™} head paksu™ [pàk-s‰™] N head. <paks+u™, head + NOM> • paksiri™ in/on the head. • kutuu paksiri™ rakuutaa it seems he is crazy. • iriirapakstawi his head. see crown of the head {astihaaru™} head bowed tahuriwi- [tß-h‰-r†-w†•] LOC with one's head bowed, bent over. • tahuriwi™at walk with one's head bowed, go with one's head bowed. • tahuriwikus be sitting with one's head bowed, as in prayer. • tahuriwiitik bow, lower one's head; put one's head down, as in shame. head chief see chief, leading {riisahkitawi™u™, riisahkitawi} head strap haspaaksu™ [hàs-paak-s‰™] N head strap, strap for attaching a bundle to one's body to carry. head wrap pakstariipiiru™ [pßks-tà-rii-pii-r‰™] N head wrap, as a scarf, handkerchief, or cloth tied around the head. 2. headband. 3. shawl. <paks+tariik.wi.ir+u™, head wrapping + NOM> head, at the see front, in {huurickahiri™, huurickakus} head, back of the see nape {kiiriitu™} head, on one's see hat, wear a {pakskaa}; put on

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hearing impaired one's head {pakskawarik}

head, wear on one's see hat, wear a {pakskaa} headband pakstariipiiru™ [pßks-tà-rii-pii-r‰™] N head wrap, as a scarf, handkerchief, or cloth tied around the head. 2. headband. 3. shawl. <paks+tariik.wi.ir+u™, head wrapping + NOM> headdress see roach headdress {ckuhkakusu™}; roach headdress, put on {ickuhkakuusk (ut...)}; roach headdress, wear a {ickuhkakus (ir...ut...)} heal raahiirik (uur...) [•raa-hii-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) {dist., raahiwaarik (uur...)} 1. fix, fix nicely, do nicely, as dressing someone; (dist.) dress nicely. 2. heal, cure. 1. taturaahiirit 2. turaahiirit 3. turaahiiriku™ 4. iriiruraahiirika 5. turaahiiriksta • taturaahiwaarit I dressed him nicely. healed rahpiks, rahpiiks [•rßh-p†ks,• rßh-piiks] VD be healed, scarred; have a scar, a roughly scarred area, as where a wound has healed. 1. tahahpiks 2. tirahpiks 4. iriirarahpiiksu 5. tirahpiksuksta healer see doctor {kuraa™u™} health see recover (health) {raahiiriitik (uur...)} healthy see strong {awitarahkiis/kis} healthy mind aciksiir (uur...) [•ß-Ù†k-sii(r)•] VI(1a) 1. feel good; feel relieved, at rest, mentally relaxed. 2. feel satisfied; be well satisfied, contented. 3. have a good mind, healthy mind; have clear thoughts, as after being in a coma. 4. have good thoughts. 1. tatuuraciksii 2. tuuraciksii 4. iriruuraciksiira 5. tuuraciksiirasta heap see pile, large {waakusu™} hear atka™uk [•ßt-kß-™u{k/t}•] VI(3) {dist., atkawaawa™uk} 1. hear, listen. 2. understand. 1. taatatku™ 2. tiitku™ 3. tiitkuuku™ 4. iriiraatka™u 5. tiitkuuksta • tiiratkawaawuuku™ they (different ones) heard it; they heard things, as rumors. atka™uk (uur...) [•ßt-kß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) {dist., atkawaawa™uk (uur...)} 1. hear, listen to; hear from. 2. understand. 1. tatuuratku™ 2. tuuratku™ 3. tuuratkuuku™ 4. iriruuratka™u 5. tuuratkuuksta • tatuuraakatkawaawuuku™ I am listening to them; I always listen to them. hear well atkiisik [•ßt-kii-s†{k/t}•] VD(2) 1. be able to hear; hear well. 2. understand, be able to understand, as another language. 3. be heedful, mindful, obedient, as when paying attention or being obedient. 1. taatatkiisit 2. titkiisit 4. iriiratkiisiki, iriiraatkiisiki 5. tiitkiisikuksta • tiiratkiisit they can hear. hearing impaired atkiiskitii [•ßt-kiis-k†-tii•] VD 1. have poor or impaired hearing; be unable to hear

heart well. 2. be deaf. 1. taatatkiiskitii™ 2. titkiiskitii™ 4. iriiratkiiskitii™u 5. tiitkiiskitiicta see deaf {atkiiskitii™} heart piicu™ [piæ-Ù‰™] N {comb., pic-} 1. heart. 2. heart, as in playing cards. • pickat, piciri™ in/on the heart. • piciri™ with the heart. • witiraatukstaa piciri™ he has heart disease. heartburn see indigestion {picuuwihiri™} hearth, around a see fireplace, around a {itkatahaaru™} hearth, by a see fireplace, by a {itkata} heat awiriitu™ [ß-w†-riæ-t‰™] N {comb., awirit-, awiric-, awirih-} heat; steam. raritara™uk (ir...) [•rß-r†-tß-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) heat, warm up, as food. 1. tatiraritaru™ 2. tararitaru™ 3. tararitaruuku™ 4. iriirararitara™u 5. tararitaruuksta heat up see warm up {huuriktik} heat water kicpariitara™uk (ir...) [•k†ts-pß-rii-tßrß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) warm water, heat water. 1. tatihkicpariitaru™ 2. takicpariitaru™ 3. takicpariitaruuku™ 4. iriirakicpariitara™u 5. takicpariitaruuksta heat, in see sexually aroused {tawaas} heated see hot {rarita™u (ir...)} Heavens Tiirawaahat [tii-rà-waa-hßt] N (formerly) The Heavens, the all-pervasive power of the universe, referred to as Ati™as Tiitaku Ahakitaku; (contemp.) God. see expanse {awaahak}; sky {awaahaksu™} heavy taris (ir...) [•tß-r†s•] VD 1. be heavy. 2. be heavy with, i.e., be covered with, have all over oneself, as a substance like mud. 1. tatihtaris 2. tataris 4. iriiratarisu 5. tatarisuksta heavy drinker kickaar (ut...) [•k†ts-kaa(r)•] VT(u), VD 1. like a certain liquid, as a drink, soup; like to drink a certain liquid. 2. be a heavy drinker. 1. tatutkickaa™ 2. tutkickaa™ 4. iriirutkickaaru 5. tutkickaaruksta heed see agree to {wakuraah} heedful see obedient {atkiisik} heel askakiiriitu™ [às-kß-kii-rii-t‰™] N heel (of foot). • askakiiritiri™ on the heel. • iriiraataskakiiriictawi where my heel is; my heel. heifer ariktaruus [ß-r‡k-tß-ruus] N heifer. <arik+raaruus, furry horn> height (a certain) huurak [•huu-rß{k/t}•] VI(2) be a certain height, be so tall.

1. tatuurat 2. tihuurat 4. iriirahuuraki 5. tihuuraksta hello rawa, nawa [rà-wß, nà-wß] INTERJ 1. now, well now. 2. hello, a word of greeting. • rawa, tiki hello, sonny! • rawa hiruu icihwa now then we will go. help raawii™at (ir...ri...ut...) [•raa-wii-™ßt•] VT(1) {dist., raa™iiwarii (ir...ri...ut...)} 1. aid, assist, help. 2. side with, as a person in a dispute. 1. tatiriihaawii™at 2. tariihaawii™at 3. tariihaa™iiwuu™ 4. iriirariihaawii™ata 5. tariihaawiihuhta raawii™at (ut...) [•raa-wii-™ßt•] VI(1) {dist., raawiiwarii (ut...)} help, help out, assist, give assistance. 1. tatuuhaawii™at 2. tuuhaawii™at 3. tuuhaa™iiwuu™ 4. iriruuhaawiita 5. tuuhaawiihuhta • tatuuhaa™iiwarii™ I was helping in various ways. ruukiraawuu [•ruu-k†-raa-wuu•] VT(4) {dist., ruukiraawarii} (impf. only) 1. provide for, support, take care of, as a family member. 2. help around, assist. 1. tahuukiraawuu™ 2. tiruukiraawuu™ 4. iriiraruukiraawuu 5. tiruukiraawuusta • tahuukiraawarii™ I support her. helpful see agreeable {awi™uu (ut...)} hen cikirihcapaat [Ù‡-k†-r†h-Ùß-paat] N hen. herald see crier {paktiku, paktikus} herb kahcu™ [kàh-Ù‰™] N {comb., kahc-, kac-} herb; medicine (generic); nostrum. • kahcu™ iriiraaku where the medicine is. • kahcu™ tuuhariisku™ he is mixing the medicine(s). herd kariiksu™ [kß-riæk-s‰™] N bunch, herd, flock. • kariikskat in/among the herd. • tikariikstihuu™ it is a big herd. • tikariiksku there is a bunch. rat [•rßt•] VT(1) {dist., raruuwarii} 1. take, carry; move. 2. (an. pl. obj.) herd, drive, move, as people or livestock. 1. tahat 2. tirat 3. tiriwuu™ 4. iriirarata 5. tirahuhta • tiraruuwarii™ they are carrying them around. ruu™at [•ruu-™ßt•] VT(1) {dist., ruuwarii} 1. hand, hand over, pass over. 2. take, take over, carry, transport, as to someone. 3. (+ ak-, dist.) herd, move around, as livestock.

1. tahuu™at 2. tiruu™at 3. tirawuu™ 4. iriiraruuta 5. tiruuhuhta • suksaktuuwarii™ herd them around! see gather {takipuh}; group {kariikskus} herd around ruuwarii [•ruu-wß-rii•] VT(4) {sg., ruu™at} 1. carry around; go around with. 2. haul,

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herd into carry around, as in a vehicle. 3. (an. pl. obj.) move around, herd around, as livestock. 1. tahuuwarii™ 2. tiruuwarii™ 3. tiruuwariihu™ 4. iriiraruuwarii 5. tiruuwariihusta • suksaktuuwarii™ herd them around! herd into see drive into {rahuuparik} here tii- [tii•] ADV-P 1. this. 2. here. • tiiraaku this one. • tiirakiicuhat this river. • tii™iriirataraakitat here where our village is. • tiiratparii when I went about. • tii, ihi, rihkiikararaawarii these, uh, fires they carry around. tiihaataku [tii-haÑ-tß-k‰] ADV here, right here. tiitaku [tiæ-tß-k‰] ADV right here, here. see and here {aki} here! tari™ [tà-ri™] INTERJ here! here it is! as when presenting or offering something to a person. • tari™, suciksuurikut here, take it!; here it is! take it! • rawa, tari™, atipat now, here it is, grandfather. heroic see brave {raahikuuc} heron see bittern {sakuhkiriku} herself see oneself {ariisit} hesitate katakusiir-i [•kß-tß-k‰-siir•†•] VP(1) 1. be stuck, as when getting caught on something; be stalled. 2. be blocked, as when one's way is obstructed. 3. be stumped, stymied, as when being uncertain what to do or say. 4. hesitate, be hesitant, as when not knowing how to do something. 1. tikukatakusii 2. tikatakusii 3. tikukatakusiirihu™ 4. iriirakatakusiira 5. tikatakusiirista hiccough hiiku [•hii-k‰•] VP(4) hiccough. 1. tikuhiiku™ 2. tihiiku™ 3. tihiikuuhu™ 4. iriirahiiku hiiku™, hiikusu™ [hiæ-k‰™, hiæ-k‰-s‰™] N 1. hiccough. 2. Hiccough, one of two stars in the northern heavens who send snowstorms to earth and drive buffalo to the Pawnee. hickory nut saahpakskiisu™ [saÑh-pßks-kii-s‰™] N hickory nut (Shagbark Hickory, Carya ovata). Hidatsa Piitakicahaaru™ [pii-tß-k‡-Ùß-haa-r‰™] N 1. Hidatsa tribe. 2. Hidatsa male. <wiita+kicahaar+u™, marsh man + NOM> hidden raapaar [•raa-paa(r)•] VD 1. be hidden, concealed, as a matter; (pl. subj.) be hidden, concealed, secreted; be stashed away. 2. be a secret, as a fact that is kept secret. 3. be a puzzle; be puzzling, perplexing, baffling, mystifying, as a situation, issue, activity. 2. tiraapaa 4. iriiraraapaaru 5. tiraaparista

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hill hidden under irisir [•†-r†-s†(r)•] VI(1) 1. be hidden under, secreted under, buried under, as something hidden under leaves, dirt, etc.; be covered, covered over; a ref. to something under something else. 2. be buried, as in the ground. 1. taatirisi 2. tiirisi 4. iriiraarisira 5. tiirisiracta • tiraaririsi they are buried (in the ground). hide paaraar [•paa-raa(r)•] VI(1-i) hide; slip away, escape secretly. <paar+aar, become hidden> 1. tatpaaraa 2. tipaaraa 3. tipaarari™ 4. iriirapaaraara 5. tipaararista ripaaraar [•r†-paa-raa(r)•] VT(1-i) hide, conceal, put out of sight; secret; stash. 1. tahipaaraa 2. tiripaaraa 3. tiripaarari™ 4. iriiraripaaraara 5. tiripaararista see buckskin (smoked) {akarawiisu™, akarawis}; buckskin for leggings {taakis}; bury {irisirik}; rawhide {ckariitkasisu™}; tan a hide {ickariitaruha™uk} hide (large animal) ckariitki [tskà-riit-k†] N {comb., (i)ckariit-} hide, skin, pelt, as of a large animal. • ckariitkat on a skin. • tiickariitku there is the hide. • rahuraahki ckariitki deer hide. hide (of an animal) see skin {ckuusu™} hide (tanned) raarakaahki [raa-rà-kaah-k†] N {comb., raarakaar-, raarakaah-} 1. tanned summer hide, as used for a tipi cover, tipi door flap, or rug. 2. (contemp.) canvas tarp. • raarakaahkat on the tarp. hide from paaraar (uur...) [•paa-raa(r)•] VT(1-i) hide from, conceal oneself from. 1. tatuuhpaaraa 2. tuuhpaaraa 3. tuuhpaarari™ 4. iriruuhpaaraara 5. tuuhpaararista high wikii™ac [•w†-kii-™ßts•] VD {dist., wikiicik} 1. be high, tall. 2. be deep, as snow. <wi+kii™ac, be long upright> 2. tiwikii™ac 4. iriirawikiicu 5. tiwikiicuksta • tiwikiicit they are tall. see top, on {kicuuca-} highway haturaahkaritki [hà-t‰-raah-kß-r†t-k†] N {comb., haturaahkarit} paved road or street; highway. • haturaahkaritkat on the highway. haturaahkucuu™ [hß-t‰-raÑh-k‰-Ùuu™] N highway. hill paa™u™ [paÑ-™u™] N {comb., waa-, paa-} hill, bluff, mound; mountain. <waa+u™, hill + NOM; i.q. Ar. waÑ™u™> • paakat on the hill. • tiwaaku it is a hill. • tiwaaraaruuhat it is a mountain range. see mound {waruuckus}; mountain {waawikii-

hill, on a

hold hit (with an object) tahik

[•tß-h†{k/t}•] VT(wi) {dist., tahipaak} hit, strike, whip with an object or

™ac}; row of planting hills {cpaa™u™, icpaa}

hill, on a see go on top {kita™at} hillside huraahkatawi™u™ [hŠ-raah-kß-tß-wi-™u™]

N

hillside; grade, incline, sloping land. • huraahkatawikat, huraahkatawihiri™ on a hillside. huraahkatawihak [•h‰-raah-kß-tß-w†-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) be a hillside. 2. tihuraahkatawihat 4. iriirahuraahkatawihat 5. tihuraahkatawihaksta huraahkatawiir [•h‰-raah-kß-tß-wii(r)•] VI(1) be an incline, a grade, sloping land; be a hillside. 2. tihuraahkatawi™ 4. iriirahuraahkatawiira 5. tihuraahkatawiirista see incline {tawi}; wall (of a bank) {aahkatawi™u™} hillside, on a aahkatawihaahiri™ [aÑh-kß-tß-w†haa-h†-ri™] ADV 1. alongside, at the base of a vertical bank; alongside, at the base of a cliff. 2. on a hillside. see bank, along a {aahkatasa}; bank, on a {aahkataarik, aahkatakus} hilltop kitahaaru™ [k‡-tß-haa-r‰™] N {comb., kitahaar-, kitahaah-} hilltop, top of a hill. • kitahaahkat on the hilltop. see ridge, level {wiituuru™}; top, on {kitahaahiri™} hilltop, on a paakawikat [paa-kà-w†-kßt] ADV on top of a hill, mountain. <waa+ka.wi+kat, on a hill + LOC> himself see oneself {ariisit} hip kaasaahkawi™u™ [kaÑ-saah-kß-wi-™u™] N leg joint, where the leg joins the body, i.e., the hip. • kaasaahkawihiri™ in/on the leg joint. kiispiraaru™ [kiæs-p†-raa-r‰™] N {comb., kiispiraar-, kiispirah-} hips, both hips. • kiispiraariri™ on the hips. • iriirakiispiraciihat where the ends of his hips are; the ends of his hips. hip bone kiispihiri™ [kiis-p‡-h†-ri™] N {comb., kiispi-} hip bone, hip. • kiispikat on the hip. • iriirakiispitawi where his hip is; his hip. hired hand ksawaahakus, ksawaahaku [ksàwaa-hß-k‰s, ksà-waa-hß-k‰] N hired hand, hired worker, laborer, employee; maid; assistant. • ti™ ksawaahaku(s) he is a hired hand. hit see run into {awiriwuh}; shoot {cak, icak, pakcak}; slap {is}; throw and hit {riwuh} hit (arrow) see shoot {icakuusk (ut...)}

instrument, as a stick, whip, or hand; count coup on. 1. tactahit 2. titahit 3. titahipi™ 4. iriiratahipi 5. titahipista • tactahipaat I whipped him, struck him several times. hit the ground see fall {ukuk} hitched kaa [•kaa•] VL {dist., kaawaa} 1. be inside, as in a dwelling or enclosed space; be in, as in the ground. 2. be jailed. 3. be hitched to a wagon, as a team of horses. 1. tatkaa 2. tikaa 4. iriirakaawi 5. tikaawista • tikaawaa they are inside different ones. hoarse wakarahiis [•wß-kß-rß-hiis•] VD be hoarse, speak hoarsely. <waka+rahiis, voice to be hoarse; cf. Ar. rahiió be hoarse> 1. tatpakarahiis 2. tiwakarahiis 4. iriirawakarahiisu 5. tiwakarahiisuksta hoe hiiwiik [•hii-wii{k/t}•] VT(1) chop weeds, grass; hoe weeds, grass. 1. tatiiwiit 2. tihiiwiit 3. tihiiwiiku™ 4. iriirahiiwiika 5. tihiiwiksta raaharisu™ [raa-hà-r†-s‰™] N hoe. • raahariskat on the hoe. • tactahit raaharisiri™ I hit him with the hoe. • iriirisa raaharisu™ there is a hoe there. see cultivate {raaririispuh (ut...)} hoe weeds hiihkacak [•hiih-kß-Ùß{k/t}•] VT(4) hoe weeds, grass; chop, cut down grass or weeds, as with a hoe. 1. tatiihkacat 2. tihiihkacat 3. tihiihkacaaku™ 4. iriirahiihkacat 5. tihiihkacaksta hog see pig {kuhku} hog-nose snake see snake, hog-nose {rutkariis} hog-peanut atikuraaru™ [ß-t‡-k‰-raa-r‰™] N hogpeanut, ground bean (Amphicarpa bracteata). hold ahuk (ut...) [•ß-h‰{k/t}•] VT(4) {dist., awaahuk (ut...)} hold, hold onto, grasp. 1. tatuutahut 2. tuutahut 3. tuutahuuku™ 4. iriruutahut 5. tuutahuksta • rakuuhaarawaahut to hold different things. raarik [•raa-r†{k/t}•] VT(2-i) be standing holding. 1. tahaarit 2. tiraarit 4. iriiraraariki 5. tiraariksta rikus [•r†-k‰(s)•] VT(4) 1. be holding. 2. be sitting with, be sitting holding. 1. tahiku 2. tiriku 4. iriirariku 5. tirikusta uurikuk (ut...) [•uu-r†-k‰{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. grasp, grab; take hold of, take in one's hands. 2. receive. 3. hold, hold onto. 4. catch, as a moving or flying object. 5. catch in the act of doing.

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hold back 1. tatuutuurikut 2. tuutuurikut 3. tuutuurikuuku™ 4. iriruutuurikut 5. tuutuurikuksta • tiiharuurikuuku™, sitiiharuurikuuku™ they are catching them. hold back see set aside {iwiitk (uur...)} hold dear see value {raaciksta™u (ir...ri... uur...)} hold in one's arms see carry in one's arms {hukataahpiiraah} hold in one's hand see have in one's hand {ikstaah} hold onto (a way) raa™ahuk (ut...) [•raa-™ßh‰{k/t}•] VT(4) adhere to, hold onto, maintain, as a custom or practice. 1. tatuuhaa™ahut 2. tuuhaa™ahut 3. tuuhaa™ahuuku™ 4. iriruuhaa™ahut 5. tuuhaa™ahuksta hold up see raise upward {riickawiiriitik} hole hat- [hßt•] N-DEP hole. • hatkaahuhkaa be an elongated hole in or through, as in a pipestem or solid object. hata (ir...) [•hß-tß•] VL {dist., hatawaa} have a hole in, as the ear; have pierced, as the ear. 1. tatiihata 2. tahata 4. iriirahatawi 5. tahatawista • tatiihatawaa I have my (ears) pierced. hatawi-, ratawi- [hß-tß-w†•, rß-tß-w†•] N-DEP hole. • hatawikii™ac be a deep hole; be a deep ditch or trench. • haakaratawi™u™ 1. mouth. 2. mouth, opening, top, as of a container like a jar or bucket; orifice. hatawuh (uur...) [•hß-tß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) 1. make, put a hole in; punch a hole in. 2. dig a hole, as in the ground. 1. tatuuhatawu 2. tuuhatawu 3. tuuhatawuhu™ 4. iriruuhatawuha 5. tuuhatawista see dig a hole {huraahatawuh (uur...)}; prick {rahkacak} hole in the ground huraahata (ir...) [•h‰-raahß-tß•] VL 1. be a hole in the ground. 2. be a cave. 3. be a cellar, a storm cellar. 2. tahuraahata 4. iriirahuraahatawi 5. tahuraahatawista huraahatawi™u™ [hŠ-raa-hß-tß-wi-™u™] N 1. hole in the ground. 2. cave. 3. cellar, storm cellar. • huraahatawikat in a hole in the ground. hole in the ground (large) huuhatawi™u™ [hu÷hß-tß-wi-™u™] N 1. large hole in the ground; open pit. 2. open well. 3. cave. 4. cellar. • huuhatawikat in a large hole. hole, dig a see dig a hole {huuhatawuh (uur...)} hole, elongated hatkaahuuru™ [hàt-kaa-huu-r‰™] N {comb., hatkaahuur-, hatkaahuh-} 1. elongated

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home, have a hole, tubular hole, as in a pipestem, hairpipe, hose, log. 2. tunnel. 3. shallow ditch, trench, furrow, as dug around the periphery of a tent to keep out water. • hatkaahuuhiri™ in an elongated hole. • iriirahatkaahuhkatasa where an elongated hole is. hole, punch a see puncture {huuracak} holiday sakurihuur [•sß-k‰-r†-huu(r)•] VD be a special day, as a birthday; be a holiday, as Christmas or Memorial Day. <sakuur+rihuur, be a big day> 2. tisakurihuu™ 4. iriirasakurihuuru 5. tisakurihuuruksta holler see call out {rikaksaa}; shout {kaksaa}; shout (of a group) {wakaahta™a (ir...)} hollow kahuruus [•kß-h‰-ruus•] VD be pithy; be hollow, empty inside, as a shell or fruit with no meat inside; be porous, as an object with small holes or cavities. 2. tikahuruus 4. iriirakahuruusu 5. tikahuruusuksta see cross a ravine {katuusukatk}; gully {haahkahaaruhak, haahkahuuru™}; ravine {katuusuhak} hollow tree haakahuruus [•haa-kß-h‰-ruus•] VD be a hollow tree. 2. tihaakahuruus 4. iriirahaakahuruusu 5. tihaakahuruusuksta holy waarukstii [•waa-r‰ks-tii•] VD be holy, sacred; be awesome, mysterious; be esoteric. 1. tatpaarukstii™ 2. tiwaarukstii™ 4. iriirawaarukstii™u 5. tiwaarukstiicta • tihwaarukstii™ they are holy. Holy Being Paarukstii™ [paÑ-r‰ks-tii™] N Holy Being, Wonderful Being, a manifestation of Tirawahat who came to earth at the beginning of the world. <waarukstii, be holy/mysterious> • rikuwitiwaku™ Paarukstii™ that is what Holy Being said. holy ground see sacred site {huraahwaarukstii} holy, make waarukstiira™uk [•waa-r‰ks-tii-rß™u{k/t}•] VT(3) make holy, consecrate, as a buffalo sacrificed to a deity. <waarukstii+ra™uk, cause to be holy> 1. tatpaarukstiiru™ 2. tiwaarukstiiru™ 3. tiwaarukstiiruuku™ 4. iriirawaarukstiira™u 5. tiwaarukstiiruuksta home see bring home {ciraskaa™iisa (ir... ut...)}; come home {kaa™iisa (ir...)}; go home {kaa™iisat}; lead home (going) {ciraskaa™iisat (ut...)}; take home {rikaa™iisat} home, have a akarikus [•ß-kß-r†-k‰(s)•] VT(4) have a home, as one's own; live in one's (own) home. 1. taatakariku 2. tiikariku 4. iriiraakariku 5. tiikarikusta

home, to home, to kaa™iis- [kaa-™iis•] LOC to one's home; to one's home village. • kaa™iisat go home. • kaa™iisa (ir...) come home. • rikaa™iisat take home. hominy kawataaku™ [kà-wß-taa-k‰™] N hominy. • kawataakat in the hominy. • tatkaruuku™ kawataaku™ I am making hominy. honest see truthful {waktiks [+ i-]}; truthful (in one's speech) {wakuraariks} honey paackiicu™ [paats-kiæ-Ù‰™] N {comb., paackic} honey. <paac+kic+u™, bee liquid + NOM> • paackickat in the honey. honk see noise {wakta/taa} hood haakaawatata™u™ [haÑ-kaa-wß-tß-tß-™u™] N 1. lid, cover; cap. 2. hood, as on a car. • haakawatatakat in/on the lid. • iriiraaku haakaawatata™u™ where the lid is. hoof see toenail {aspiitu™} hook katatk [•kß-tßt(k)•] VT(1) 1. hook; latch, catch, as with a stick or hook. 2. cock, as a gun. 1. tatkatat 2. tikatat 3. tikatatku™ 4. iriirakatatka 5. tikatatkista paapiciscaakawi™u™ [paÑ-p†-Ù†s-Ùaa-kß-wi-™u™] N 1. metal nail. 2. screw. 3. hook. <paapicis+caaka.wi+u™, protruding metal + NOM> see fishhook {kiisiriwisisu™, kiisiriwisu™, kiiskatariwis} hoop taahuruus [taÑ-h‰-ruus] N hoop, ring. • taahuruuskat on the hoop. • iriiraaku taahuruus where the ring is. taawiruus [taÑ-w†-ruus] N hoop, ring, as used in the hoop and pole game. • taawiruuskat on the hoop. • taawiruusiri™ with a hoop. hoop and pole game, play awuu [•ß-wuu•] VI(4) (impf. only) 1. throw a spear, as in a game. 2. play hoop and pole game. 1. taatawuu™ 2. tiiwuu™ 4. iriiraawuu 5. tiiwuusta hop asawihuk (uur...) [•ß-sß-w†-h‰{k/t}•] VI(4) hop; skip. 1. tatuurasawihut 2. tuurasawihut 3. tuurasawihuuku™ 4. iriruurasawihut 5. tuurasawihuksta • tiirasawihuuku™ they are hopping. see skip {askiisawihuk (uur...)} hopscotch askiisawihuku [ßs-kiæ-sß-w†-h‰-k‰] N hopscotch. see skip {askiisawihuk (uur...)} horizontal iri- [†-r†•] LOC in a horizontal position. • iriitik [+ raar-] (pl. subj.) land, as an airplane;

horse, buckskin come to a stop, as a train at a destination. • iriwiraa™at roll; roll over; roll off, roll away. • iriwirik 1. tip over, fall over, as something unbalanced. 2. fall off, slip off, as a person on a log. • iriwat 1. take out from under, pull out from under, as something under a pile. 2. dig up, as tubers; exhume; excavate. horn arika [ß-r‡-kß] N {comb., arika-, arik-} 1. horn. 2. One Horn Dance. paariiku™ [paa-riæ-k‰™] N {comb., paari(i)k-} 1. horn (of an animal). 2. colon. 3. (contemp.) banana. <paariik+u™, horn + NOM> • paarikat in/on the horn. • paarikucuu™ a big horn. • paariiktaruus animal with furry horns. • tipaariikatasa it is the colon. horn (instrument) kataawaruucaku [kß-taÑ-wßruu-Ùß-k‰] N 1. horn, wind instrument; bugle. 2. band, orchestra. • tatpaktaariku™ kataawaruucaku I am blowing the horn. • tirahwaktaahu™ kataawaruucaku the band is playing. horned paarika [•paa-r†-kß•] VL {du., pl. (horns), paarikawaa} have a horn; be horned. <waa+arika, waa + horn> 2. tipaarika 4. iriirapaarikawi 5. tipaarikawista • tipaarikawa it is horned, it has (two) horns. horned toad see lizard, horned {taakaruucaas} hornet see bee {paac} horrible see terrible {raakatarihuur} horse aruusa™ [ß-ru÷-sß™] N {comb., aruusaa-} horse. <aruusaa, cf. Ki. anuusaa dog> • aruusaakat on the horse. • aruusa™ iriirawaariki wiititawii™ he is among the horses. asaa-, asa- [ß-saa•, ß-sß•] N-DEP horse; dog. • asaakat on the horse, dog. • asaahiri™ by means of a horse, dog. • asaaraahiri™ with horses, dogs. • Tuurasaarii It is a Handsome Horse (personal name). horse blanket asaawitaksu™ [à-saa-w†-tßk-s‰™] N horse blanket. • asaawitakskat on the horse blanket. Horse Lance Dance Raarisaruusa™ [raa-r‡-sßruu-sß™] N 1. Horse Lance Dance. 2. Horse Lance Society. horse, appaloosa kiriirawaki™ [k†-riæ-rß-wß-ki™] N appaloosa. horse, bay asaapahat [ß-saa-pà-hßt] N bay horse; reddish brown horse. horse, black asakaatiit [ß-sà-kaa-tiit] N black horse. horse, bluish gray asatarii™uus [ß-sà-tß-rii-™uus] N bluish gray horse. horse, buckskin asaarahkata [ß-saa-ràh-kß-tß] N buckskin horse; yellowish or cream colored

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horse, female horse. cuskatit [Ù‰s-kà-t†t] N buckskin horse with dark mane and tail and a black nose. kukatit [kŠ-kß-t†t] N buckskin horse; light-colored horse with a black mane and tail. see horse, palomino {kiiriictaakaa} horse, female see mare {asiicapaat} horse, gelding see gelding {piikaru™us} horse, gray karahkaac [kà-rßh-kaats] N 1. donkey. 2. gray horse; horse with white or grayish white spots on its belly. kurahkaac [kŠ-rßh-kaats] N gray horse. horse, light-colored asaakiraa™ [ß-saÑ-k†-raa™] N light-colored horse. horse, light-colored with black mane kiiriitkaatiit [kii-riæt-kaa-tiit] N light-colored horse with a black mane. horse, male asawiita [ß-sà-wii-tß] N 1. male horse. 2. male dog. horse, old male asaakurahuus [à-saa-k‰-rßhuus] N old male horse. horse, palomino kicakustaakaa [k‡-Ùß-k‰s-taakaa] N palomino; horse with a light-colored mane. kiiriictaakaa [kii-riæts-taa-kaa] N palomino; buckskin horse with a white mane. horse, pinto see pinto {asaawaki™}; pinto, black {asaawakihkaatiit}; pinto, red {asaawakihpahat} horse, rabid see rabid {asaakaapiraat} horse, race see race horse {asaraapi™ahus, asaraapiihus} horse, roan asaapakspahat [à-saa-pßks-pß-hßt] N roan horse. pakspahat [pßks-pà-hßt] N 1. roan horse. 2. redhead. <paks+pahaat, red head> horse, white asataakaa [ß-sà-taa-kaa] N 1. white horse. 2. White Horse, the name of a prominent late-nineteenth century Pitahawirata doctor. horse, wild see mustang {asaahurahaacu™, asaakahuraaru™, asaariru™} horse, yellow see horse, buckskin {asaarahkata} horse, young see colt {asiihari™} horsefly sarit [sà-r†t] N horsefly (Tabanus spp.). • saritkat among the horseflies. horsemint paraakaha™ [pß-raÑ-kß-hß™] N horsemint, wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa) <waraa+kahaa, brush scent, odor of brush or woods>

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hot, feel horseshoe askatakusu™ [às-kß-tß-k‰-s‰™] N horseshoe.

• askatakuskat on the horseshoe.

horsetail paakaruutaatu™

[paÑ-kß-ruu-taa-t‰™] N

horsetail, scouring rush, joint rush (Equisetum spp.). <paakaruu+tat+u™, paakaruu + stalk/ plant + NOM> hose haspaatahuuru™ [hßs-paÑ-tß-huu-r‰™] N {comb., haspaatahuur-, haspaatahuh-} rubber hose. • haspaatahuhkat in/on a rubber hose. • tactahipaat haspaatahuuhiri™ I whipped him with the hose. see sock {asuukukaawi™u™} hospital akahkirawa™ac [à-kßh-k†-rß-wß-™ßts] N {comb., akahkirawaac-} hospital. • akahkirawaackat in the hospital. • akahkirawa™ac tikaaku he is in the hospital. • tikaasa akahkirawaackat he is in the hospital, as a patient. hostile see unfriendly {aciksuhuriwaar (uur...) [+ neg.]} hot rarita™u (ir...) [•rß-r†-tß-™u•] VI(3) {dist., rarita™uk (ir...)} 1. be hot, heated, as an inanimate object like a skillet on a fire, food that has been cooking, or a toaster in use. 2. be feverish, hot with a fever, as a human. 1. tatiraritu™ 2. tararitu™ 3. tararituuku™ 4. iriirararita™u 5. tararituuksta • tararita™ut they are hot. see sweltering {awiritkuut}; warm {awirit} hot (spicy) see bitter {tahata™u (ir...), ta™u (ir...)} hot (weather) awiricta™u (ir...) [•ß-w†-r†ts-tß-™u•] VI(3) be hot, sweltering, as the heat on a hot, dry summer day. 2. taawirictu™ 4. iriiraawiricta™u 5. taawirictuuksta hot dog riickaawis [riits-kaÑ-w†s] N hot dog, wiener, frankfurter. hot liquid kiirarita™u (ir...) [•kii-rß-r†-tß-™u•] VI(3) liquid to be hot; be hot water, hot liquid. 2. takiiraritu™ 4. iriirakiirarita™u 5. takiirarituuksta kiirarita™u™ [kiæ-rß-r†-tß-™u™] N hot liquid, hot water. hot weather awirictakaahak (ir...) [•ß-w†-r†ts-tßkaa-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) be extremely hot weather, as during a summer heat wave. 2. taawirictakaahat 4. iriiraawirictakaahat 5. taawirictakaahaksta hot, feel awiritkii [•ß-w†-r†t-kii•] VP(4) be hot, feel hot, as from being in the sun. 1. tikuuwiritkii™ 2. tiiwiritkii™ 3. tiiwiritkiihu™ 4. irii-

hot, very raawiritkii 5. tiiwiritkiicta see warm, feel {aciksawiritaar} hot, very awiritukuk [•ß-w†-r†-t‰-k‰{k/t}•] VI(4) be very hot; become very hot, as when the hottest day or period of the summer begins. 2. tiiwiritukut 3. tiiwiritukuku™ 4. iriiraawiritukut 5. tiiwiritukuksta hour see o'clock {wicat} house see dwelling {akaaru™}; log cabin {raktawiirat}; round house {akahtaahuruus}; sod house {akaraahuuruuhtu™} house,stone akahkaritki [à-kßh-kß-r†t-k†] N stone house; brick house. • akahkaritkat in/on a stone house. housefly see fly (insect) {cpiiraruus} how many? kickii [k‡ts-kii] INTER {isol., kæcki™} how many; how much. • kickii ruuharu™? how many were there? how many are there? • kickii raawicu™? how much is it? what is the price? how to do see know how to do {raarahurii™uus}; learn how to do {raarahurii™uusisaar} how? see what? {kirikii, kikii} howl kikak [•k†-kß{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. cry; mourn. 2. howl, as a coyote or dog. 1. tatkikat 2. tikikat 3. tikikaaku™ 4. iriirakikat 5. tikikaksta • tirahkikat they are crying. Hubbard squash see squash, Hubbard {ruuskiri™is} huddle see group {kiruuskus} hug hukataahpuh [•h‰-kß-taah-p‰(h)•] VT(1) 1. hug, embrace, take into one's arms. 2. take up into one's arms, put into one's arms, as a pile of clothing. 3. cradle in one's arms, as when holding a baby. 1. taturaaru™ 2. turaaru™ 3. turaaruuku™ 4. iriiruraara™u 5. turaaruuksta raawirara™uk [•raa-w†-rß-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) imitate; try to imitate, as an animal. 1. tatuuruhuraaru™ 2. tuuruhuraaru™ 3. tuuruhu-

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imitation raaruuku™ 4. iriruuruhuraara™u 5. tuuruhuraaruuksta imitation see unreal {raruuka™aatu™} immediately see right now {raariwiicu™} impatient see eager {aciksikiraaruur} impermanent raahuraahkita [•raa-h‰-raah-k†tß•] VL 1. be permanent, eternal, as inorganic objects. 2. (neg.) be impermanent, temporary, as organic life. 3. be continual, constant, perpetual, enduring, lasting, as an activity that recurs dependably year after year. 4. be certain, sure. 2. tiraahuraahkita 4. iriiraraahuraahkitawi 5. tiraahuraahkitawista • kaakiraahuraahkita there is no certainty; it is not permanent. impersonate see imitate {uhuraara™uk (uur...)} implore see beg {wi™iiraah (uur...)} impolite see mischievous {icaraks} important awirihuur [•ß-w†-r†-huu(r)•] VD {dist., awirihuurik} 1. be superior, as one who excels in some way. 2. act important; consider oneself important, prominent, as one desiring social recognition; consider oneself superior, outstanding, the best, as one who thinks he is the best singer or dancer. 1. taatawirihuu™ 2. tiiwirihuu™ 4. iriiraawirihuuru 5. tiiwirihuuruksta raarihuur [•raa-r†-huu(r)•] VD 1. be an important or serious matter, issue, custom; be a big issue, matter. 2. be a large number, many. 2. tiraarihuu™ 4. iriiraraarihuuru 5. tiraarihuuruksta see main (way) {raakitawi}; prominent {rihuraar, rihuur} improperly see ruin (a way) {raarahuur} improve see recover (health) {raahiiriitik (uur...)} in huka [•h‰-kß•] VL be in (a shallow circumscribed space), as in a shallow container. 2. tihuka 4. iriirahukawi 5. tihukawista huka- [h‰-kß•] LOC in a shallow circumscribed space; inside. • iksuka™at put, stick, reach one's hand into. hukaarik [•h‰-kaa-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) {du./pl., hukawaarik} 1. be standing in, as in a vehicle or conveyance, i.e., in a wagon box, wagon bed, truck bed, automobile. 2. be standing in (a circumscribed space). 1. tatukaarit 2. tihukaarit 4. iriirahukaariki 5. tihukaariksta • iriiraraarukawaariki the ones standing in it. hukakus [•h‰-kß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be sitting in, as a vehicle; ride in, as a conveyance.

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in, standing 1. tatukaku 2. tihukaku 4. iriirahukaku 5. tihukakusta hukasa [•h‰-kß-sß•] VI(4) 1. be lying in, as in a vehicle or conveyance such as in a wagon box or automobile. 2. be lying on, as on a stretcher or bed. 3. be lying in, as in a container. 1. tatukasa 2. tihukasa 3. tihukasaahu™ 4. iriirahukasa 5. tihukasahista kaa- [kaa•] LOC in, inside, within, as a covered space. • kaa™at go inside, as in a dwelling. • kaa™a (ir...) come through; dance. • kaakus be inside; live in, as a dwelling. karuuc [•kß-ruuts•] VI(2) {sg., kakus} (pl. subj.) be in (a circumscribed space), as in a bowl. 2. tikaruuc 4. iriirakaruuci 5. tikaruucista see embed {hukawarik}; embedded in {hukaawihiri™}; go in {ka™at}; lay on {ka™uuc/uc-}; put in {ka™iir}; set in {kakuusk} in (embedded) hukaa [•h‰-kaa•] VL be in, stuck in, embedded in, as a sharp object in one's skin. 2. tihukaa 4. iriirahukaawi 5. tihukaawista hukaa- [h‰-kaa•] LOC embedded in, in. • hukaa™at go into, enter, penetrate, as a sharp, pointed object going into the ground. • ikspihaarukaa™at dig, sink one's claws into, as a bear or cat. • iksukaa™at press the hand down on. in between see between {uhuuwaturikat} in front see front, in {irahkatahaahiri™, hirasuuriri™, hirasiri™, irahkakus (ut...)}; front, in {irahkataarik (ut...), irahkatasa (ut...)} in heat see sexually aroused {tawaas} in plain sight isiirit [†-siæ-r†t] ADV in plain sight; prominently. in the middle see middle, in the {iikahaahiri™, iika (ut...), iikaarik (ut...), iikasa (ut...)} in, sitting kakus [•kß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) {pl., karuuc} 1. be in, sitting in, as in a bundle or sack. 2. be on, sitting on a circumscribed space, as a blanket, road. 3. be sitting in grass, weeds, brush, woods. 4. stay or live in brush, woods. 1. tatkaku 2. tikaku 4. iriirakaku 5. tikakusta • tikaruuc they are in it. in, standing kaarik [•kaa-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) 1. be standing there. 2. be standing in grass, brush, woods. 3. be standing in or on a circumscribed space, as on a blanket or road. 1. tatkaarit 2. tikaarit 4. iriirakaariki 5. tikaariksta

in-law (female) in-law (female) ackurus

[ßts-k‰-r‰s] VD be one's female in-law. • rikuckurusu she is my mother-in-law, said by daughter-in-law; my mother-in-law. • siraciirackurusu she is my in-law. ackurus (ir...) [•ßts-k‰-r‰s•] VD have as a female inlaw, as a daughter-in-law. 1. tatiirackurus 2. taackurus 4. iriiraackurusu 5. taackurusuksta • iriisirikuckurusu my in-laws (including males). ckurus [tskŠ-r‰s] N {comb., (a)ckurus-} daughter-inlaw. in-law (of a male) kaakus (ut...) [•kaa-k‰(s)•] VI(4) have as an in-law (male speaking); be a male's in-law. 1. tatutkaaku 2. tutkaaku 4. iriirutkaaku 5. tutkaakusta inappropriately, act uhuhkiiskawaarasit [•‰h‰h-kiis-kß-waa-rß-s†t•] VD 1. act inappropriately, mischievously; act in a socially displeasing manner. 2. be unreliable, undependable. 1. taatuhuhkiiskawaarasi™it 2. tiihuhkiiskawaarasi™it 4. iriiruhuhkiiskawaarasiitu 5. tiihuhkiiskawaarasituksta incline tawi [•tß-w†•] VD be an incline, upward slope, as a hillside; slope, slant. 2. titawi™ 4. iriiratawi™u 5. titawiicta see hillside {huraahkatawi™u™, huraahkatawiir} income, have katahurah [•kß-tß-h‰-rß(h)•] VL 1. abut, be against, border, touch against, as an object against a vertical surface like a wall. 2. have an income, have a regular income check that one receives. 1. tatkatahura 2. tikatahura 4. iriirakatahurahwi 5. tikatahurahwista • tirahkatahura they have an income. incorrectly see ruin (a way) {raarahuur}; speak incorrectly {wakuuricakawuu} indeed huuwi™ [hu÷-wi™] ADV indeed. • witiraariisa™at huuwi™ there were many indeed. indentation tariwis (uur...) [•tß-r†-w†s•] VI(4) {dist., taruuwaawis (uur...)} 1. be striped; have a (colored) stripe; have a straight line (painted on). 2. be marked (with a line); have a mark. 3. have an indentation, notch, groove, as where an arrowhead sits on the end of a shaft. 2. tuuhtariwis 4. iriruuhtariwis 5. tuuhtariwisista • tuuhtaruuwaawis it has stripes, straight lines painted on it. indentation around ica- [†-Ùß•] LOC indentation around, circle around. • icahak (ut...) be an indentation around, a re-

influence cess around. • icarahak (ut...) be a ridge around. • icarahii (uur...) be grooved, indented, recessed around. see groove around {tarahiira™uk (uur...)} indented around see grooved around {tarahii (uur...)} Indian Caahiksicaahiks [Ùaa-h†k-s‡-Ùaa-h†ks] N 1. Indian. 2. outstanding person. see baby, Indian {piiriicaahiks} Indian agent see superintendent (Bureau of Indian Affairs) {ati™as} Indian tobacco see kinnikinnick {raawiskaaricaahiks} indigestion picuuwihiri™ [p‡-Ùuu-w†-h†-ri™] N indigestion, heartburn; gall stone attack. <prob. pic+huu.awi+hiri™, surface of the heart + LOC; cf. Ar. WIsoowæ™u™, WIsooWIhæni™ upper area of the abdomen>

• picuuwihiri™ tuu™ut he had a gall stone attack.

indigo, false see false indigo {kicahaasta} indigo, wild piirakari™ [pii-rà-kß-ri™] N false indigo, plains wild indigo, black rattlepod (Baptisia bracteata). indolent see lazy {akiihaar, akiihaaraar} induce see persuade {wiruu™at} inebriated see drunk {Ø (ut...) kiirahkata, aciksuu (ut...)} infant see baby {piirakiripahki} inflate huutuhkawarik [•huu-t‰h-kß-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) {dist., huutuhkawaawarik} inflate, pump air into, as a tire, balloon, mattress. 1. tatuutuhkawarit 2. tihuutuhkawarit 3. tihuutuhkawariku™ 4. iriirahuutuhkawarika 5. tihuutuhkawariksta • tihuutuhkawaawariku™ he is inflating them. tawasiira™uk [•tß-wß-sii-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. inflate. 2. stuff; pack fully, solidly, tightly. 1. tactawasiiru™ 2. titawasiiru™ 3. titawasiiruuku™ 4. iriiratawasiira™u 5. titawasiiruuksta inflated huutuhkaa [•huu-t‰h-kaa•] VL be inflated, as a tire. 2. tihuutuhkaa 4. iriirahuutuhkaawi 5. tihuutuhkaawista see bloated {tawasii} inflexible see stubborn {acikskitii} inflict see torture {raawaahkisaar} influence acikstahuruu (ut...) [•ß-Ù†ks-tß-h‰-ruu•] VT(1) {dist., acikstuuwahuruu (ut...)} 1. convince, persuade, as to do something. 2. influence; change someone's mind. 3. be concerned about. 1. tatpakawaa 2. tiwakawaa 3. tiwakawaahi™ 4. iriirawakawaaha 5. tiwakawaahista interpret for wakawaah (ut...) [•wß-kß-waa(h)•] VT(1-i) interpret for, translate for. 1. tatutpakawaa 2. tutpakawaa 3. tutpakawaahi™ 4. iriirutpakawaaha 5. tutpakawaahista interpreter see translator {paka™u™} interred see buried {ataa (ut...)} interrogate see question {astiwiitik (ut...), wi™iiraah (uur...)} interweave see weave {rahkiihka™uuc/uc-} intestines raarukaawi™u™ [raÑ-r‰-kaa-wi-™u™] N contents of a body cavity, human or animal; vis-

iron (for clothes) cera, intestines, entrails. • raarukaawikat among the entrails. • iriiraraarukaawaawi where his entrails are; his entrails. riicu™ [riæ-Ù‰™] N intestine, entrail. • riiciri™ on the intestine. • riictaaru™ intestines, entrails. • riictaariri™ on the intestines. see colon {paariiku™}; guts {kaaraktu™} intestines, small riicki [riæts-k†] N small intestine; intestines. into see embed {hukawarik}; put into {kawarik} intoxicated see drunk {Ø (ut...) kiirahkata, aciksuu (ut...)} intractable see stubborn {kitii} introduce iitawuh [•ii-tß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) 1. describe, tell of, tell about. 2. announce, as a name or date. 3. introduce. 1. tatiitawu 2. ti™iitawu 3. ti™iitawuhu™ 4. iriira™iitawuha 5. ti™iitawista • tahaariitawuhu™ I am describing them (inan. obj.). iitawuh (ut...) [•ii-tß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) 1. tell to; describe to. 2. introduce to, tell someone who another is. 1. tatuutiitawu 2. tuutiitawu 3. tuutiitawuhu™ 4. iriruutiitawuha 5. tuutiitawista investigate ruuhurirahak (ut...) [•ruu-h‰-r†-rßhß{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. aggressively take over, take charge of; undertake aggressively or uninvited. 2. attend to, take care of, look after, as a task, or business or legal matter. 3. aggressively investigate, explore, look into, as a matter or activity. 1. tatuuhuuhurirahat 2. tuuhuuhurirahat 3. tuuhuuhurirahaaku™ 4. iriruuhuuhurirahat 5. tuuhuuhurirahaksta see question {raawi™iiraah (uur...)} invite atkara™uk [•ßt-kß-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) {dist., atkawaakara™uk} 1. invite, summon, as to a dinner or meeting. 2. notify, apprise, let know. 1. taatatkaru™ 2. tiitkaru™ 3. tiitkaruuku™ 4. iriiraatkara™u 5. tiitkaruuksta • taataakatkawaakaru™ I notified various ones. Ioway Pahkuta [pàh-k‰-tß] N 1. Ioway tribe. 2. Ioway male. <pahkuta, from Ioway pÑxoje, their selfdesignation> • Pahkutawiru among the Ioway, in Ioway country. • Cpahkuta Ioway female. iron see branding iron {ruuhkiispirariiruku}; metal {paapicisu™} iron (for clothes) rika™iwuus [r†-kà-™†-wuus] N iron, for pressing clothes. • rika™iwuuskat on the iron. • rika™iwuusiri™ with the iron. • tiiku rika™iwuus there is an iron

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iron clothes

join

(there).

iron clothes rikawi™at

[•r†-kß-wi-™ßt•] VT(1) iron, press, as clothing.

1. tahikawi™at 2. tirikawi™at 3. tirika™iwuu™ 4. iriirarikawiita 5. tirikawihuhta island hawaa™u™ [hà-waa-™u™] N island. • hawaakat on an island. • tihawaahaarit there are islands in the water, as in a river. hawaahakus [•hß-waa-hß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) {pl., hawaahaarik (large islands), hawaaraarasa (small islands)} be an island, as in a river.

2. tihawaahaku 4. iriirahawaahaku 5. tihawaahakusta • tihawaaraarasa they are small islands. waahakus [•waa-hß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be an island. <waa+ha.kus, mound sitting on water> 2. tiwaahaku 4. iriirawaahaku 5. tiwaahakusta • Paahaku 1. Mound On Water, a mythical animal lodge located on the side of a bluff overlooking the Platte River near Fremont, Nebraska. 2. Fremont, Nebraska. issue iira™uk [•ii-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) issue; give out, distribute, as rations. 1. tatiiru™ 2. ti™iiru™ 3. ti™iiruuku™ 4. iriira™iira™u 5. ti™iiruuksta see give {uuh/uh}; matter {raa™u™}; situation {raakus} itch cikic [Ù‡-k†ts] N, ADJ itch; itchy. • tatuu™ut cikic I am itchy. • tuu™ut cikic he is itchy. itchy tarus [•tß-r‰s•] VD 1. be mangy, have the mange, as an animal. 2. be itchy; have the itch. 1. tactarus 2. titarus 4. iriiratarusu 5. titarusuksta • tiracarus they are mangy. itself see oneself {ariisit}

J jackrabbit

paruskactahaaru™ [pß-r‰s-kàts-tßhaa-r‰™] N jackrabbit (Lepus spp.). <warus+kactahaar+u™, short grass rabbit + NOM> jackrabbit, whitetail parustaakaa [pß-rŠs-taakaa] N 1. white, winter phase of snowshoe rabbit (Lepus americanus) and whitetail jackrabbit (Lepus townsendi Bachman). 2. domestic white rabbit. <warus+taakaar, white rabbit> jagged see rough {racahiis}; roughen {racahiista™uk} jail akahkatiit [à-kßh-kß-tiit] N jail. • akahkatiitkat in jail.

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kaawarik [•kaa-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. put inside, as in a dwelling. 2. jail, put in jail. 1. tatkaawarit 2. tikaawarit 3. tikaawariku™ 4. iriirakaawarika 5. tikaawariksta jailed kaa [•kaa•] VL {dist., kaawaa} 1. be inside, as in a dwelling or enclosed space; be in, as in the ground. 2. be jailed. 3. be hitched to a wagon, as a team of horses. 1. tatkaa 2. tikaa 4. iriirakaawi 5. tikaawista • tikaawaa they are inside different ones. jam see jelly {kirikiicu™} January kaa™at [kaÑ-™ßt] N January, a lunar month that overlaps with January. rikatihaahtiirara™ [r†-kà-t†-haah-tii-rß-rß™] N 1. new year; New Year's Day. 2. January. Japanese Kiriktahwasii™ [k‡-r†k-tßh-wß-sii™] N Oriental; Chinese; Japanese. Kiripasii™ [k†-r‡-pß-sii™] N Oriental; Chinese; Japanese. jar see glass {kuckiraa™} jealous kaawira™uk [•kaa-w†-rß-™u{k/t}•] VI(3) be jealous; be envious. 1. tatkaawiru™ 2. tikaawiru™ 3. tikaawiruuku™ 4. iriirakaawira™u 5. tikaawiruuksta • tihkaawiru™ they are jealous. jealousy kaawira™u™ [kaa-w‡-rß-™u™] N jealousy. jello ruura™iwuu [ru÷-rß-™†-wuu] N jello. jelly kirikiicu™ [k‡-r†-kii-Ù‰™] N {comb., kirikic-} jelly; jam. • kirikickat in the jam. • ki™isiruu™a™ kirikiicu™ hand me the jelly! jerk see move (involuntarily) {takuk} jerk around see swing around {awiirikaraarahak (ut...)} Jerusalem artichoke kisuusit [k†-su÷-s†t] N Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus). Jesus Witi™ahuuha™u Piira™u™ [w‡-ti-™ß-huu-hß-™u piæ-rß-™u™] N Jesus. <witi+ar+ra+ut+ra™uk piira+u™, the child He, i.e., our Father Above, made for himself> jog see trot {ica™iitas-i (uur...)} join kawi™uktawuh (ut...) [+ si-] [•kß-wi-™uk-tßw‰(h)•] VT(1) {pl. obj., kawi™uktawaawuh [+ raar-]} (du. obj.) join together, as when sewing two or more pieces together. 1. sitatutkawi™uktawu 2. situtkawi™uktawu 3. situtkawi™uktawuhu™ 4. iriisirutkawi™uktawuha 5. situtkawi™uktawista • tatuuhahkawi™uktawaawu I joined them (pl.) together. tawihcitik [•tß-w†h-Ù†-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. appear

join, make among, show up among, as when a person first makes an appearance living with a group of people. 2. join, become a member of, as a group or an organization; enlist, as in military service. 1. tactawihcitit 2. titawihcitit 4. iriiratawihcitit 5. titawihcitiksta uktawuh (ut...) [•‰k-tß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) join together, as two objects; (contemp.) solder, weld. 1. tatuutuktawu 2. tuutuktawu 3. tuutuktawuhu™ 4. iriruutuktawuha 5. tuutuktawista see participate {raatiihuruu (ut...)}; put together {tahaariwuh (ut...)} join, make see enroll {ta™iir} joined kawi™ukta (ut...) [•kß-wi-™uk-tß•] VL (du., pl. subj.) be joined together, as two pieces of anything; be a joint. 2. tutkawi™ukta 4. iriirutkawi™uktawi 5. tutkawi™uktawista joint ukta (ut...) [•‰k-tß•] VL {dist., uktawaa (ut...)} be a joint, as on a body or an elongated object; be jointed. 2. tuutukta 4. iriruutuktawi 5. tuutuktawista • iriiratuuhaaktaaruktawaawi where our joints (of the body) are. see joined {kawi™ukta (ut...)} joint grass see grass, joint {haarutkisiitu™, pakucki, pakuhcu™} joint rush see horsetail {paakaruutaatu™} joint, ankle see ankle joint {asaahkawi™u™} joint, shoulder see shoulder joint (of right arm) {piihaahkawi™u™} joke see pester (verbally) {uhuurirahak (ut...)}; silly {kicaar}; tease {ciiharisaar (ut...)} joke (verbally) wakuhciiharisaar (ut...) [•wßk‰h-Ùii-hß-r†-saa(r)•] VI(1-i) joke verbally, tease verbally. <wakur+ciiharis (ut...).aar, tease in speech> 1. tatutpakuhciiharisaa 2. tutpakuhciiharisaa 3. tutpakuhciiharisaari™ 4. iriirutpakuhciiharisaara 5. tutpakuhciiharisaarista joke with see tease {ciiharista™uk (ut...)} joyful see happy to see {kakiis} jubilant see happy to see {kakiis} judge ruuhuhkaruukus [ru÷-h‰h-kß-ruu-k‰s] N lawyer, attorney; judge. juice see apple juice {apukiicu™}; beverage, sweet {ruuhkicahariwaara}; orange juice {araciskiicu™} juicy kiraraah [•k†-rß-raa(h)•] VT(1) 1. carry a liquid, have a liquid (in a container). 2. be juicy, as fruit. 1. tatkiraraa 2. tikiraraa 4. iriirakiraraaha 5. tikiraraahista • rakickaatiit tikiraraa he has coffee (in a cup).

just July see midyear {rikatihaarikarikat} jump awi™at [•ß-wi-™ßt•] VI(1) jump.

1. taatawi™at 2. tiiwi™at 3. tii™iwuu™ 4. iriiraawiita 5. tiiwihuhta awii™at [•ß-wii-™ßt•] VI(1) 1. jump; jump off, jump down, as when on something. 2. jump over. 1. taatawii™at 2. tiiwii™at 3. tii™iiwuu™ 4. iriiraawii™ata 5. tiiwiihuhta see attack {racaraatatk (ut...)} jump away from awikatahak (uur...) [•ß-w†-kßtß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. jump away from, jump back from. 2. withdraw from, back off from, draw back from, part from, as when withdrawing from a person, people, or a friendship; part company with. 1. tatuurawikatahat 2. tuurawikatahat 3. tuurawikatahaaku™ 4. iriruurawikatahat 5. tuurawikatahaksta jump back see move away quickly {awikatahak} jump into water awiha™uukuk [•ß-w†-hß-™uuk‰{k/t}•] VI(4) jump or dive into water, as from a bank or raised surface. 1. taatawiha™uukut 2. tiiwiha™uukut 3. tiiwiha™uukuku™ 4. iriiraawiha™uukut 5. tiiwiha™uukuksta jump on see stomp on {ukaawa™a (ir...ut...)} jump onto awihuukita™uukuk [•ß-w†-huu-k†-tß™uu-k‰{k/t}•] VT(4) jump up on, jump onto, as a raised object. 1. taatawihuukita™uukut 2. tiiwihuukita™uukut 3. tiiwihuukita™uukuku™ 4. iriiraawihuukita™uukut 5. tiiwihuukita™uukuksta jump over see jump {awii™at} jump up (coming) awikaa™a (ir...) [•ß-w†-kaa™ß•] VI(3) {dist., awikaawa™a (ir...)} 1. jump, jump up, jump straight up. 2. buck, as a horse. 3. come hopping, come in a hopping step, as when dancing. 1. tatiirawikaa™a™ 2. taawikaa™a™ 3. taawikaa™aahu™ 4. iriira™aawikaa™a 5. taawikaahista Jupiter see Morning Star {Rakiciirikistihuuru} just raa- [raa•] ADV-P just. • raaruutatihisaas I just named him, gave him a name. • raaruukariisucistaa don't just tease him! • raatatuutasarit I just stood there surprised, dismayed, taken aback, speechless. raatku™ [raÑt-k‰™] ADV merely, only, just. • Raatku™ Rariisaaru Merely Being Chiefly, i.e., not really a chief, but acting like one (personal name).

193

just now

kind

rihuksu™ [r‡-h‰k-s‰™] ADV 1. just, only. 2. as soon as. • rihuksu™ rikuwitiwaku™ hii si™ahiitiirit. as soon as he said that, they saw it. • rihuksu™ tacihtawiirahakusta. we are only going to touch it. • rihuksu™ wiitipahaa™at. it was just red. just now see right now {raariwiicu™} jut out see stick up {waasar [+ ruu-]}

K Kansa Arahuu™

[à-rß-huu™] N {comb., arahuu-} 1. Kansa or Kaw tribe. 2. Kansa or Kaw male. <ara-

huu, common designation among the Pawnee, Kitsai, Cheyenne, Quapaw, and Kiowa; origin unknown>

• Arahuuru in Kansa country. • Arahuu™ iriikuriikaahuraaru where the Kansas' country is. Kaw see Kansa {Arahuu™} Kaw City Arahuusiri™ [ß-rß-hu÷-s†-ri™] N Kaw City, Okla. <arahuu+siri, Kaw + Engl. city> keep after see determined {rirahkaa™at (ut...)} keep one's word see faithful {waktiks [+ i-]} keep to oneself acikskaawiraah [•ß-Ù†ks-kaa-w†raa(h)•] VT(1) {pl. obj., raacikskaawiruhka™uk} 1. keep to oneself, as when one remains silent about something seen or heard. 2. be mindful of, have on one's mind. 1. tatpiitit 2. tiwiitit 3. tiwiitiku™ 4. iriirawiitit 5. tiwiitiksta • sukstaapiiruutit (you pl.) sit down there! see come to a stop {iriitik [+ raar-]} land (flying object) iituusik [•ii-tuu-s†{k/t}•] VI(4)

large land, as a flying object like an arrow or airplane; come to a stop, lie still, as something that is moving. 2. ti™iituusit 3. ti™iituusiiku™ 4. iriira™iituusit 5. ti™iituusiksta tawiitik [•tß-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., tawiiruutik} 1. light, perch, land on, as a bird on a tree or wire. 2. land, as an airplane. 3. start to bear, come on, as fruit on a tree. 2. titawiitit 3. titawiitiku™ 4. iriiratawiitit 5. titawiitiksta • titawiiruutit it lit here and there. land on huukitawiitik [•huu-k†-tß-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., huukitawiiruutik} 1. sit down on, on top of, as a raised surface. 2. light on, land on, as a bird on a tree limb. 3. land on top of, as on a table or fence post. 1. tatuukitawiitit 2. tihuukitawiitit 3. tihuukitawiitiku™ 4. iriiraruukitawiitit 5. tihuukitawiitiksta • tihuukitawiiruutit they (different ones) landed on top. land on water hawiitik [•hß-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. sit down in water. 2. land on water, as a bird. 1. tatawiitit 2. tihawiitit 3. tihawiitiku™ 4. iriirahawiitit 5. tihawiitiksta • katuurat tiraarawiitit the geese landed on the water. land to slope see slope (of land) {huraahtawiir, huraahtiraaha (ut...)} land, clear see clear land {hurariirik (uur...)} land, different see different land {huraarikiwir} land, flat huraahkatuus [•h‰-raah-kß-tuus•] VD {dist., huraahkatuusik} be flat land, as grassland; be a prairie; ground, land to be flat. 2. tihuraahkatuus 4. iriirahuraahkatuusu 5. tihuraahkatuusuksta • tihuraahkatuusit it is flat (as far as one can see). huraahkatuusu™ [hŠ-raah-kß-tuu-s‰™] N flat land, flat ground; flat prairie. landmark huraahisii [•h‰-raa-h†-sii•] VD be a landmark; be a noted, famous, or specially recognized site, spot, or location, as one to which people habitually go. 2. tihuraahisii™ 4. iriirahuraahisii™u 5. tihuraahisiicta lantern rakiikaruuwarii [rà-kii-kß-ruu-wß-rii] N lantern, flashlight. see lamp {kurituukatawi™u™} lard see fat {ahitkiicahiihtu™}; grease {kiicahiihtu™} large rihuur [•r†-huu(r)•] VD 1. be big, large. 2. be noted, prominent, socially important. 1. tahihuu™ 2. tirihuu™ 4. iriirarihuuru 5. tirihuu-

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larynx ruksta riisat [•rii-sßt•] VD {pl., raariisat} 1. be large, big. 2. be socially notable, prominent, popular. 3. (pl.) be a large amount, a large quantity; be many. 1. tahiisa™at 2. tiriisa™at 4. iriirariisaatu 5. tiriisatuksta • tiraariisa™at there is a large amount of it/them. see grow large {rihuraar} larynx see throat {raruucu™}; trachea {paahikskiisu™} last hatuhka- [hß-t‰h-kß•] LOC on the trail; last on the trail, in the rear. • hatuhkaarik be standing on a trail; be standing in the rear. • hatuhkakus be sitting on a trail; be sitting in the rear. • uhuuratuhka™a (ir...) come trailing behind, as when one falls behind a moving group. hatuhkat [hà-t‰h-kßt] ADV 1. in the rear, on the end, last (of a line of people). 2. in the rear, in back, as in the back seat of a car. last (arrive) hatuhkawicat [•hß-t‰h-kß-w†-Ùßt•] VI(1) 1. arrive last (going), arrive after all others. 2. arrive late (going). 1. tatatuhkawicat 2. tihatuhkawicat 3. tihatuhkawicpuu™ 4. iriirahatuhkawicata 5. tihatuhkawicuhta last child kaawita [kaÑ-w†-tß] N last child, as the last born. last one wita (ut...) [•w†-tß•] VL be the last one, as in a spatial or temporal sequence. 1. tatutpita 2. tutpita 4. iriirutpitawi 5. tutpitawista lasting see continual {raahuraahkita} latch see hook {katatk}; lock {haakcaakawuh (ut...)} latched see locked {caaka (ut...), haakcaaka (ut...)} late awikiiraar [•ß-w†-kii-raa(r)•] VP(1-i) be delayed, late. 1. tikuuwikiiraa 2. tiiwikiiraa 3. tiiwikiirari™ 4. iriiraawikiiraara 5. tiiwikiirarista kiiskawaarasit [•kiis-kß-waa-rß-s†t•] VD 1. be late, tardy. 2. be nervy, bold; be presumptuous, arrogant, brassy. 1. tatkiiskawaarasi™it 2. tikiiskawaarasi™it 4. iriirakiiskawaarasiitu 5. tikiiskawaarasituksta • tirahkiiskawaarasi™it they are late. kiiskawaarasitaar [•kiis-kß-waa-rß-s†-taa(r)•] VI(1i) be late, tardy. 1. tatkiiskawaarasitaa 2. tikiiskawaarasitaa 3. tikiiskawaarasitaari™ 4. iriirakiiskawaarasitaara 5. tikiiskawaarasitaarista raawikiiraar [•raa-w†-kii-raa(r)•] VP(1-i) become

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lay down late, tardy. 1. tikuraawikiiraa 2. tiraawikiiraa 4. iriiraraawikiiraara 5. tiraawikiirarista see delay {kiiskawaarasiha™uk, raakiira™uk (uur...), rukiihwarik} late (arrive) hatuhkawicat [•hß-t‰h-kß-w†-Ùßt•] VI(1) 1. arrive last (going), arrive after all others. 2. arrive late (going). 1. tatatuhkawicat 2. tihatuhkawicat 3. tihatuhkawicpuu™ 4. iriirahatuhkawicata 5. tihatuhkawicuhta late (event) raawikiir [•raa-w†-kii(r)•] VD be late, delayed, as a scheduled event or activity. 2. tiraawikii™i 4. iriiraraawikiiru 5. tiraawikiiruksta late at night ratkahaarawikii™ac [•rßt-kß-haa-rßw†-kii-™ßts•] VD be late at night, as after midnight. 2. tiratkahaarawikii™ac 4. iriiraratkahaarawikiicu 5. tiratkahaarawikiicuksta later see afterwards {ratkat} later on suuhuri™ [su÷-h‰-ri™] ADV 1. over here, this way; this side, on this side. 2. later on. • ti™ suuhuri™ it was later on. laugh awask [•ß-wßs(k)•] VI(1) {dist., awaawask} laugh. 1. taatawas 2. tiiwas 3. tiiwasku™ 4. iriiraawaska 5. tiiwaskista • taatawaawasku™ I laugh. raawask [•raa-wßs(k)•] VT(1) laugh at; laugh with. 1. tahaawas 2. tiraawas 3. tiraawasku™ 4. iriiraraawaska 5. tiraawaskista see snicker {icusawask} launder see wash clothes {raapiraariikara™uk (uur...)} lawn see plant grass {kataaraarura™uk} lawn mower hiihtara™uks [hiæh-tß-rß-™uks] N 1. lawn mower. 2. scythe. lawyer ruuhuhkaruukus [ru÷-h‰h-kß-ruu-k‰s] N lawyer, attorney; judge. lay uuc/uc- [•uuts/‰ts•] VT(2-i) {pl. obj., ruucuh} lay, lay down, put down, set down (a long, slender object). 1. tatuuc 2. ti™uuc 3. ti™uci™ 4. iriruuci 5. ti™ucista lay down raaruuc/uc- [•raa-ruuts/‰ts•] VT(2) (pl. obj.) lay down, as wood, plates, etc. 1. taharuuc 2. tiraaruuc 4. iriiraraaruci 5. tiraarucista ruucuh [•ruu-Ù‰(h)•] VT(1) {dist., ruucpaawuh} (pl. obj.) lay, lay down, put, put down, place, set.

lay of the land 1. tahuucu 2. tiruucu 3. tiruucuhu™ 4. iriiraruucuha 5. tiruucista • tiruucpaawu he put them down. wiirahak [•wii-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. knock down, knock over; push over; tip over; tear down; take down, dismantle. 2. lay down, put down horizontally; ref. to something standing upright. <wii+ra.hak, bring to a bent over position> 1. tatpiirahat 2. tiwiirahat 3. tiwiirahaaku™ 4. iriirawiirahat 5. tiwiirahaksta lay of the land see land {kaahuraaruu (ut...)} lay on ka™uuc/uc- [•kß-™uuts/‰ts•] VT(2-i) 1. lay on, as a baby on a cradleboard. 2. lay in, as in grass; lay in, as in a wrapping that one then folds up. 1. tatka™uuc 2. tika™uuc 4. iriirakuci 5. tikucista • ariisit tirahka™uuc he rolled his own (cigarette); ref. to putting tobacco in the wrapper. lay on a surface ta™uuc/uc- [•tß-™uuts/‰ts•] VT(2-i) 1. put on, as when sewing beads on a surface or pasting a pattern on clothing. 2. sprinkle on, put on, as salt on food. 1. tacta™uuc 2. tita™uuc 3. tituci™ 4. iriiratuci 5. titucista lay over ica™uuc/uc- [•†-Ùß-™uuts/‰ts•] VT(2-i) lay over, lay across; ref. to an elongated object, as poles across a frame or squash rings over a pole; suspend horizontally over a frame or two supports, as a line or piece of wood. 1. taatica™uuc 2. tiica™uuc 3. tiicuci™ 4. iririicuci 5. tiicucista lazy akiihaar [•ß-kii-haa(r)•] VD be lazy, indolent. 1. taatakiihaa, taatakihaa™a 2. tikiihaa, tiikiihaa 4. iriirakiihaaru 5. tiikiihaaruksta • tiirakiihaa they are lazy. akiihaaraar [•ß-kii-haa-raa(r)•] VP(1-i) become lazy, indolent. 1. tikuukiihaaraa 2. tiikiihaaraa 3. tiikiihaarari™ 4. iriirakiihaaraara 5. tiikiihaararista lead kitawi (ir...ri...uur...) [•k†-tß-w†•] VT(u) lead, be the leader of, as a group. 1. tatiriihkitawi™ 2. taruuhkitawi™ 4. iriiraruuhkitawi™u 5. taruuhkitawiista • Raruurakitawi™u One Who Is Leader Of Them, His Leader Of Them (personal name). see go in the lead {hirasat} lead (coming) cirasa (ir...ut...) [•Ù†-rß-sß•] VT(3) bring, lead (coming). 1. tatiicirasa™ 2. tuucirasa™ 3. tuucirasaahu™ 4. iriruucirasa 5. tuucirasahista lead (going) cirasat (ut...) [•Ù†-rß-sßt•] VT(1) take, lead (going).

leader 1. tatucirasat 2. tucirasat 3. tuciraspuu™ 4. iriirucirasata 5. tucirasuhta lead astray see mislead {icakawarik, uhurahuruu (ut...)} lead down an incline (coming) cirastawiraa™a (ir...ut...) [•Ù†-rßs-tß-w†-raa-™ß•] VT(3) bring, lead down an incline (coming), as a hill, grade, stairway. 1. tatiicirastawiraa™a™ 2. tuucirastawiraa™a™ 3. tuucirastawiraa™aahu™ 4. iriruucirastawiraa™a 5. tuucirastawiraahista lead down an incline (going) cirastawiraa™at (ut...) [•Ù†-rßs-tß-w†-raa-™ßt•] VT(1) take, lead down an incline (going), as a hill, grade, stairway; walk down with. 1. tatucirastawiraa™at 2. tucirastawiraa™at 3. tucirastawiraawuu™ 4. iriirucirastawiraata 5. tucirastawiraahuhta lead home see bring home {ciraskaa™iisa (ir...ut...)} lead home (going) ciraskaa™iisat (ut...) [•Ù†-rßskaa-™ii-sßt•] VT(1) 1. walk home with, take home walking, lead home walking. 2. take home in an automobile. 1. tatuciraskaa™iisat 2. tuciraskaa™iisat 3. tuciraskaa™iispuu™ 4. iriiruciraskaa™iisata 5. tuciraskaa™iisuhta lead inside (coming) cirasuuka (ir...ut...) [•Ù†rß-suu-kß•] VT(3) lead inside, come inside leading, bring inside, as into a dwelling. 1. tatiicirasuuka™ 2. tuucirasuuka™ 3. tuucirasuukaahu™ 4. iriruucirasuuka 5. tuucirasuukahista lead inside (going) cirasuukat (ut...) [•Ù†-rß-suukßt•] VT(1) lead inside, go inside leading, take inside, as into a dwelling. 1. tatucirasuukat 2. tucirasuukat 3. tucirasuupuu™ 4. iriirucirasuukata 5. tucirasuukuhta lead, in the see ahead {kiickawi™at (ut...)}; front, in {huurickahiri™} leader hirasaah [•h†-rß-saa(h)•] VI(1), VT(1) 1. be first, in the lead. 2. be the leader of, as a social or political leader. 1. tatirasaa 2. tihirasaa 3. tihirasaahu™ 4. iriirahirasaaha 5. tihirasaahista hirasuritik [•h†-rß-s‰-r†-t†{k/t}•] VI(4), VT(4) 1. get in the lead, get ahead of others, as in a horse race. 2. get ahead of. 3. be the leader of, as a team. 1. tatirasuritit 2. tihirasuritit 3. tihirasuritiiku™ 4. iriirahirasuritit 5. tihirasuritiksta

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leader (of a war party) kitawi [•k†-tß-w†•] VD 1. be a leader, boss, manager, person in charge or authority, as a chief or superintendent; be a manager; be the authority. 2. be outstanding, foremost, leading. 1. tatkitawi™ 2. tikitawi™ 4. iriirakitawi™u 5. tikitawiicta • Rakitawiriisaaru Chiefly Leader (personal name). • Ctiisaahkitawi™u™ Leading Princess (personal name). piitakitawi™u™ [piæ-tß-k†-tß-wi-™u™] N leader, leading man. <wiita+kitawi+u™, leading man + NOM> leader (of a war party) riihkita [riæh-k†-tß] N leader, war leader, leader of a war party. • Ctiihkitawi™iiriku™ Seeing War Leader Woman (personal name). • Ctiihkitawiraciihtis Mystic War Leader Woman (personal name). • Ctiihkitawiriisaa™ Chiefly War Leader Woman (personal name). leaf kskiikaraaku™ [kskiæ-kß-raa-k‰™] N 1. green leaf, leaf, leaves. 2. lettuce; spinach. 3. tea leaves. 4. brewed tea. • kskiikaraakat on the leaf. • kskiikaraaktaahiisu™ dry leaves. lean rahkiis [•rßh-kiis•] VD be lean, bony; be gaunt, skinny, scrawny, emaciated, as a starving person or someone who is "skin and bones". 1. tahahkiis 2. tirahkiis 4. iriirarahkiisu 5. tirahkiisuksta lean against katawiirik [•kß-tß-wii-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. turn up; bend, curl upward. 2. lean against, as against a vertical surface. 1. tatkatawiirit 2. tikatawiirit 3. tikatawiiriiku™ 4. iriirakatawiirika 5. tikatawiiriksta lean backwards katahkawii™at [•kß-tßh-kß-wii™ßt•] VI(1), VP(1) lean; bend, tilt backwards, bend over backwards; fall backwards, fall over backwards. 1. taatukuut 2. tikuut 4. iriruukuuki 5. tikuksta leisurely see slow (in movement) {ukstiic} length (a certain) ak [+ (ku-, ruu-, irii-), i-] [•ß{k/t}•] VI(2) {pl., waak [+ (ku-, ruu-, irii-), i-]} be a certain length; be so long. 2. kutii™at 4. iriiririiki 5. kutii™aksta • kutiiwaat they are so long. wi™ak [+ (ku-, ruu-), i-] [•wi-™ß{k/t}•] VI(2) be a certain height, length. <wi+ak, be a certain length vertically> 2. ruutiiwi™at 4. iriirakuuwiiki let see perhaps {kira} let air out see deflate {huutuhkawat} let down see disappoint {acikskarusik}; disappointed {acikskaruus} let go uhurahak [•‰-h‰-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. let go, release, turn loose. 2. discharge, as a patient from a hospital. 3. leave, leave behind, abandon, forsake. 1. taatuhurahat 2. tiihurahat 3. tiihurahaaku™ 4. iriruuhurahat 5. tiihurahaksta uhuuhurahak [•‰-huu-h‰-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. let go, release, turn loose, as a horse after riding it. 2. leave, forsake, abandon. 1. taatuhuuhurahat 2. tiihuuhurahat 3. tiihuuhurahaaku™ 4. iriruuhuuhurahat 5. tiihuuhurahaksta see give up (a habit) {ruuhurahak}

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letter letter raawihaakaraa™iitusu™

[raÑ-w†-haa-kß-raa™ii-t‰-s‰™] N 1. newspaper. 2. book. 3. letter. rariihuraah [•rß-rii-h‰-raa(h)•] VT(1) have a letter;

have a paper, as a treaty or certificate; have a diploma, (and by extension) have an education. 1. tahariihuraa 2. tirariihuraa 3. tirariihuraahu™ 4. iriirarariihuraaha 5. tirariihuraahista see mail a letter to {rariihuurawarik (ut...)}; paper {raawihaakaraa™iit}; send a letter {rariihuurawarik} lettuce kskiikaraaku™ [kskiæ-kß-raa-k‰™] N 1. green leaf, leaf, leaves. 2. lettuce; spinach. 3. tea leaves. 4. brewed tea. • kskiikaraakat on the leaf. • kskiikaraaktaahiisu™ dry leaves. level see smooth {kiiriks} level bank, on a see stream, along a {huuca-} level ground see flat ground {kuuhaaru™} liar kiiskucuu™ [kiæs-k‰-Ùuu™] N big liar, prevaricator, as one who habitually lies or exaggerates. • ti™ kiiskucuu™ he is a big liar. lick hactawi™at [•hßts-tß-wi-™ßt•] VT(1) {dist., hacta™iwarii} lick, pass one's tongue over. 1. tatactawi™at 2. tihactawi™at 3. tihacta™iwuu™ 4. iriirahactawiita 5. tihactawihuhta lid haakaawatata™u™ [haÑ-kaa-wß-tß-tß-™u™] N 1. lid, cover; cap. 2. hood, as on a car. • haakawatatakat in/on the lid. • iriiraaku haakaawatata™u™ where the lid is. lie sa [•sa•] VI(4) {pl., sawaa; dist., sawaawika™uk} 1. be lying, reclined. 2. be in bed. 1. tacta 2. tiisa 3. tiisaahu™ 4. iriiraasa 5. tisahista • tihcawaa they are lying there. lie (pl.) ruuc [•ruuts•] VI(2) (pl. subj.) be lying, be in a lying position. 1. tahuuc 2. tiruuc 4. iriiraruuci 5. tiruucista lie down uuc/uc- [•uuts/‰ts•] VR(2-i) 1. lie down. 2. go to bed. 1. wititatuuc 2. wititi™uuc 3. wititici™ 4. iriiwitiruuci 5. wititi™ucista lie down in water hiriitik [•h†-rii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) get into water, lie down in water; go down in water, as a bird diving. 1. tatiriitit 2. tihiriitit 4. iriirahiriitit 5. tihiriitiksta lie still see land (flying object) {iituusik} lie, tell a kiisaar (ir...) [•kii-saa(r)•] VI(1-i) {dist., kiispaah} 1. be vain, proud. 2. lie, tell a lie, prevaricate; be deceptive; fabricate; exaggerate, em-

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light in a room bellish, as when recounting an incident. 1. tatihkiisaa 2. takiisaa 3. takiisaari™ 4. iriirakiisaara 5. takiisaarista • takiispaahi™ he is exaggerating, embellishing an account. lift and move see move toward a point {riwiicat} lift one's hand see raise one's hand {iksuca™a (ir...)} lift out see remove {rikatahak} light kiraarawataar [•k†-raa-rß-wß-taa(r)•] VD 1. be light; be the brightness of dawn; be morning daylight, as at dawn before full daylight. 2. be the brightness or light after sunset, as the evening sky before full darkness. 3. be bright, light, as reflected light or an object the sun brightens. 2. tikiraarawataa 4. iriirakiraarawataaru 5. tikiraarawataaruksta rariira™uk [•rß-rii-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. ignite, spark, light, as a blaze, fire. 2. light, as a pipe, kerosene lantern. 3. turn on a burner, as on a gas or electric stove. 4. light, turn a light on, as an electric light switch. 1. tahariiru™ 2. tirariiru™ 3. tirariiruuku™ 4. iriirarariira™u 5. tirariiruuksta uhaahta [•‰-haah-tß•] VL be light; be a light, as one emanating from a source; be bright, luminous, shining. 2. tihaahta, tiihaahta 4. iriiraahaahtawi 5. tiihaahtawista see daylight {huraarawar}; flame {kuriitu™}; land (flying object) {tawiitik}; lit {kurit}; turn on {taruucuh} light (color) kiraar [•k†-raa(r)•] VD 1. be light in color, pastel. 2. be tan, buff, buckskin, light brown. 3. be fair, light in complexion. 1. tatkiraa™ 2. tikiraa™ 4. iriirakiraaru 5. tikiraaruksta • tirahkiraa™ they are light in color. see white {taakaar} light a fire kuriira™uk [•k‰-rii-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) light, ignite a fire. 1. tatkuriiru™ 2. tikuriiru™ 3. tikuriiruuku™ 4. iriirakuriira™u 5. tikuriiruuksta light a pipe huukitawuh [•huu-k†-tß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) 1. put on, put on top, as on a raised or high surface. 2. (formerly) light a pipe with a stick burning at one end; ref. to the ceremonial lighting of a pipe. 1. tatuukitawu 2. tihuukitawu 3. tihuukitawuhu™ 4. iriirahuukitawuha 5. tihuukitawista light colored eyes see eyes, blue {kaawiracarii™uus} light in a room kiihaaruhaahta [•kii-haa-r‰haah-tß•] VL 1. room to be lit up; be a light in a

light on one's feet room. 2. room to have a light cast in it. 2. tikiihaaruhaahta 4. iriirakiihaaruhaahtawi 5. tikiihaaruhaahtawista light on one's feet awikusis [•ß-w†-k‰-s†s•] VD be light on one's feet, be capable of quick movement; feel light, unburdened, as when putting a load down. 1. taatawikusis 2. tiiwikusis 4. iriiraawikusisu 5. tiiwikusisuksta light to go out huuwirik [•huu-w†-r†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., huuwaawirik} 1. fire to go out. 2. light to go out, as an oil lamp or electric light. 2. tihuuwirit 3. tihuuwiriiku™ 4. iriirahuuwirit 5. tihuuwiriksta • tihuuwaawirit the (different) fires went out. light wood see ignite wood {haaktariira™uk} light, turn off see turn off a light {huuwirikiihk} lighten see whiten {taakara™uk} lightning paawaapicisu™ [paa-waÑ-p†-Ù†-s‰™] N 1. lightning. 2. electricity. <waa+waapicis+u™, lightning + DIST + NOM> waawaapic [•waa-waa-p†ts•] VI(4) lightning to flash, lightning. <waa+waapic, flash + DIST> 2. tiwaawaapic 3. tiwaawaapicu™ 4. iriirawaawaapic 5. tiwaawaapicista lightning bug see firefly {kirihpaapaapic, kiripaapaapic, rarariiruku} like aciksta™uukuk (uur...) [•ß-Ù†ks-tß-™uu-k‰{k/t}•] VT(4) like, be fond of, as a friend or neighbor; desire to be friends with, be attracted to, as a person who has no relatives and would like to adopt, or be adopted by, someone. 1. tatuuracikstuukut, tatuuraciksta™uukut 2. tuuracikstuukut, tuuraciksta™uukut 3. tuuracikstuukuku™ 4. iriruuraciksta™uukut 5. tuuraciksta™uukuksta tii (ir...ri...ut...) [•tii•] VT(4) like, care for, have an affinity for. 1. tatiriictii™ 2. tariictii™ 4. iriirariictii 5. tariictiista see attracted to {acikstatat (uur...)}; savor {kaar (ut...)}; value {raacikstaapirihuur (ir...ri...uur...), raaciksta™u (ir...), raaciksta™u (ir...ri...uur...)}; want to have {tuksat} like (a way) raaraaciksta™u (ir...) [•raa-raa-Ù†kstß-™u•] VT(3) like, enjoy, as participating in or being around an activity; be interested, as being a part of an activity in which others are engaged; like, as a way of doing something.

1. tatiraaraacikstu™ 2. taraaraacikstu™ 3. taraaraacikstuuku™ 4. iriiraraaraaciksta™u 5. taraaraacikstuuksta

line extending along raatii (ir...ri...ut...) [•raa-tii•] VT(4) like, have an affinity for, as an activity, event, or a behavior; be comfortable with, as someone's company. 1. tatiriihaatii™ 2. tariihaatii™ 4. iriirariihaatii 5. tariihaatiista • karasiriihaatii™ do you like it? like (similar) Ø (ut...) [•Ø•] VI(1-a) 1. be thus, in a condition. 2. be, look, or appear like. 1. tatuu™ut 2. tuu™ut 4. iriruuta 5. tuutasta • tatuu™ut ciksu™ I am thinking about it. like a certain liquid kickaar (ut...) [•k†ts-kaa(r)•] VT(u), VD 1. like a certain liquid, as a drink, soup; like to drink a certain liquid. 2. be a heavy drinker. 1. tatutkickaa™ 2. tutkickaa™ 4. iriirutkickaaru 5. tutkickaaruksta like the taste of see relish the taste of {tahatii (ir...ri...ut...)} likely see possible {raatawii} lima bean see bean, butter {atikatuus} limb rakitawi™u™ [rà-k†-tß-wi-™u™] N {comb., haakitawi-} limb, tree limb. • rakitawikat on the limb. • rakitawihiri™ with a limb. • tataakitawiipit I broke the limb off. • tihaakitawitakaahat akahkat the limb fell on the house. see wood {haak/haa™ak, rakis} limit raatiihak [•raa-tii-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. be an end, conclusion, cessation, termination, as of an activity or a period like childhood. 2. be a terminus, limit, boundary; reach a terminus, boundary. 3. (contemp.) be a speed limit. 2. tiraatiihat 4. iriiraraatiihat 5. tiraatiihaksta see border {tiihak} limp kickaruus [•k†ts-kß-ruus•] VP(u) be limp, devoid of any strength, as when frightened, severely ill, or when the wind is knocked out of one. 1. tikukickaruus 2. tihkickaruus 4. iriirakickaruusu 5. tihkickaruusista line kii™at [•kii-™ßt•] VI(1) be a line, as a line of geese flying or a long straight string. 2. tikii™at 4. iriirakii™ata 5. tikiihuhta • iriiraraakii™ata the ones that are on a string, hanging up. see rope {haas-, has-}; string {haski}; wire {paatisu™} line extending along wasii- [wß-sii•] LOC line extending across; line extending along, as running the length of an object. • wasii™at thin line to extend, go across; thin line to run the length of, stretch across. • wasiiwarik stretch across, running the length of an object. •

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line to extend haaspasiiwarik run a line across, put up a line, as between two points. line to extend see extend (string or rope) {haasu™at} line with kata™uuc/uc- [•kß-tß-™uuts/‰ts•] VT(2-i) 1. line with, cover an inside surface with, as lining the walls of a cache pit with grass. 2. put a lining in, as in an article of clothing. 3. plaster, as a wall. 1. tatkata™uuc 2. tikata™uuc 3. tikatuci™ 4. iriirakatuci 5. tikatucista line, extend in a see extend (in a line) {ahak} line, extending in a u- [‰•] LOC {dist., a-} extending in a line, as a mountain range or a bird flying. • u™a (ir...) come flying; fly this way. • u™at fly in a line; fly over. • uhak extend in a line. line, have a see string, have a {haasta} line, in a iit- [iit•] LOC in a line, in a row. • ka™iitat be in a line or row. • icihta™iitat extend along the edge of a village. • raahkaata™iitat be lined along the wall in the back, as spectators in a room. ka™iitat [•kß-™ii-tßt•] VI(1) 1. be in a line, a row. 2. be stretched out lengthwise. 3. go, walk into grass, brush, woods. 2. tika™iitat 4. iriiraka™iitata 5. tika™iituhta see extend (in a line) {uhak, u™a (ir...), u™at, uuhak} line, on a see strung {raakii} linger see vicinity, in the {raatiihuruu (ut...)} lining see side of, on the {katasa} linoleum kicapic [k†-Ùà-p†ts] N linoleum. • kicapickat on the linoleum. lion see mountain lion {pakstitkukiic} lip, upper haakahuukitahaahiri™ [haÑ-kß-huu-k†tß-haa-h†-ri™] N upper lip. liquid kic [•k†ts•] VD be a liquid; be watery. 2. tiki™ic 4. iriirakiicu 5. tikicuksta kiraaru™ [k†-raÑ-r‰™] N {comb., kiraar-, kirah-} liquid, fluid in a container. see water {kiicu™} liquid in a container kickaa [•k†ts-kaa•] VL be liquid in a container, as water in a pail. 2. tikickaa 4. iriirakickaawi 5. tikickaawista kiraar [•k†-raa(r)•] VD be liquid in (a container). 2. tikiraa™ 4. iriirakiraaru 5. tikiraaruksta kirahkaa, kiirahkaa [•k†-rßh-kaa,• kii-rßh-kaa] VL {dist., kirahkawaa} be liquid in, water in, as in a pail, tea kettle, tank. 2. tikiirahkaa 4. iriirakiirahkaawi 5. tikiirahkaawista • tikirahkaawaa they have liquid in them,

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live as several containers.

listen itkahaariwiitik [•†t-kß-haa-r†-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., itkahaariwiiruutik} listen; overhear, as when

one accidentally hears something; eavesdrop, as when listening to something not said to one; listen intently. 1. taatitkahaariwiitit 2. tiitkahaariwiitit 3. tiitkahaariwiitiku™ 4. iriiraatkahaariwiitit 5. tiitkahaariwiitiksta • tiitkahaariwiiruutit he eavesdropped (on various things). see hear {atka™uk} listen to see hear {atka™uk (uur...)} listen to what someone says wakuhtiirariihk [•wß-k‰h-tii-rß-rii(h){k/t}•] VT(1) listen to, assess, evaluate what someone says. <wakur+tiirariihk, measure someone's speech> 1. tatpakuhtiirariit 2. tiwakuhtiirariit 3. tiwakuhtiirariihku™ 4. iriirawakuhtiirariihka 5. tiwakuhtiirariihkista listless see apathetic {acikskaruus}; weak {tarahkisiciisat (uur...)} lit kurit [•k‰-r†t•] VD be lit, set on fire, ignited; be a light. 2. tikuri™it 4. iriirakuriitu 5. tikurituksta lit up huraarawar [•h‰-raa-rß-wß(r)•] VI(1) 1. be daylight; be light, as during the daytime; be daytime. 2. be lit up, as a room lit up by a fire or light. 2. tihuraarawa 4. iriirahuraarawara 5. tihuraarawahuhta see bright {awataar}; light in a room {kiihaaruhaahta} little caski, caskii, caskii™ [Ùßs-k‡, Ùßs-kiæ, Ùßs-kiæ™] ADV a little. see small {kiripacki, kiripahki} little bit caskii™it, caskiit [Ùßs-kiæ-™†t, Ùßs-kiæt] ADV a little, a little bit; in a small way. caskiirarit [Ùßs-kiæ-rß-r†t] ADV a very little, a little bit; in a small way. Little Chawi band Cawiirikiripacki [Ùß-wiæ-r†-k†r†-pßts-k†] N Little Chawi band, a group of Chawis who settled southeast of Pawnee, Oklahoma after the Pawnees removed to Indian Territory in the late nineteenth century and settled onto allotted land. Little Kitkahahki Kitkahaahkiripacki [k‡t-kßhaah-k†-r†-pßts-k†] N Little Kitkahahki, a subgroup of the Kitkahahki band. live kus [•k‰(s)•] VI(4) {pl. subj., wihak; dist., wiwaahak} 1. be sitting, be seated. 2. be, be living (in a place). 3. live, be living. 1. tatku 2. tiiku 4. iriiraaku 5. tiikusta • tiwihat

live (pl.) they are sitting. see be (exist) {aah}; stay permanently {kustaariks} live (pl.) hurii [•h‰-rii•] VL {sg. subj., aah; dist., huriiwaa, huriiwaawika™uk} 1. (pl. subj.) be, be around; walk around. 2. (pl. subj.) live. 3. (pl. subj.) be together. 1. tahakurii 2. tihurii 4. iriirahuriiwi 5. tihuriiwista • tihuriiwaawika™ut they are all over; they are going around all over. live among tawikus [•tß-w†-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. be sitting among. 2. live among. 1. tactawiku 2. titawiku 4. iriiratawiku 5. titawikusta live in kaakus [•kaa-k‰(s)•] VI(4) {pl., kaawihak; dist., kaa™iwaahak} 1. be inside, as a dwelling. 2. be sitting inside, as in a room or dwelling. 3. live inside. 1. tatkaaku 2. tikaaku 3. tikaakuusu™ 4. iriirakaaku 5. tikaakusta • tikaawihat they are inside the room. live in the brush kakus [•kß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) {pl., karuuc} 1. be in, sitting in, as in a bundle or sack. 2. be on, sitting on a circumscribed space, as a blanket, road. 3. be sitting in grass, weeds, brush, woods. 4. stay or live in brush, woods. 1. tatkaku 2. tikaku 4. iriirakaku 5. tikakusta • tikaruuc they are in it. live in the middle iikakus (ut...) [•ii-kß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. be sitting in the middle. 2. live in the middle. 1. tatuutiikaku 2. tuutiikaku 3. tuutiikakuusu™ 4. iriruutiikaku 5. tuutiikakusta live with ciraskus (ut...) [•Ù†-rßs-k‰(s)•] VT(4) live with, live together with, have living with, as someone whom one is taking care of. 1. tatucirasku 2. tucirasku 4. iriirucirasku 5. tuciraskusta kaakus (uur...) [•kaa-k‰(s)•] VT(4) live, stay with; live, stay in a person's home. 1. tikuucikstiwarit 2. tiicikstiwarit 3. tiicikstiwariku™ 4. iriiraacikstiwarika 5. tiicikstiwariksta lose consciousness, cause to see smother {acikskiwataktik} lose interest acikskaruusawi™at [•ß-Ù†ks-kß-ruusß-wi-™ßt•] VP(1) 1. lose interest in, tire of mentally. 2. feel mentally weak, feel faint. 3. feel disappointment, be disappointed; be depressed, dispirited. 4. grieve. 1. tikuucikskaruusawi™at 2. tiicikskaruusawi™at 3. tiicikskaruusa™iwuu™ 4. iriiraacikskaruusawiita 5. tiicikskaruusawihuhta karuus [•kß-ruus•] VP(u) 1. back down; give up, surrender, as when fighting or arguing. 2. reduce, lose weight. 3. lose interest in. 4. deflate, as a tire. 1. tikukaruus 2. tikaruus 3. tikaruusu™ 4. iriirakaruusu 5. tikaruusuksta see apathetic {acikskaruus} lose interest, cause to karuusa™iwarik [•kß-ruusß-™†-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. weaken the resolve, determination, will of someone; force to back down, yield; bluff, as an angry or aggressive person. 2. make, cause to lose weight. 3. make, cause to lose interest. 4. loosen, as a tight knot or belt.

1. tatkaruusa™iwarit 2. tikaruusa™iwarit 3. tikaruusa™iwariku™ 4. iriirakaruusa™iwarika 5. tikaruusa™iwariksta lose one's mind aciksurahac [•ß-Ù†k-s‰-rß-hßts•] VP(4) {dist., aciksuruuwaahac} 1. forget; slip one's mind, as an obligation. 2. lose one's mind. 1. tikuuciksurahac 2. tiiciksurahac 3. tiiciksurahaacu™ 4. iriiraaciksurahac 5. tiiciksurahacista • tiiciksuruuwaahaacu™ he is forgetting everything; he is forgetful.

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lose one's tooth lose one's tooth see tooth to fall out {aahwirik} lose resolve, cause to see bluff {karusik} lose weight ahitkarusik [•ß-h†t-kß-r‰-s†{k/t}•] VR(1)

lose weight; reduce, as one's weight.

1. wititaatahitkarusit 2. wititiihitkarusit 3. wititiihitkarusiku™ 4. iriiwitiraahitkarusika 5. wititiihitkarusiksta ahitkaruusawi™at [•ß-h†t-kß-ruu-sß-wi-™ßt•] VP(1) lose weight; reduce, as one's weight. 1. tikuuhitkaruusawi™at 2. tiihitkaruusawi™at 3. tiihitkaruusa™iwuu™ 4. iriiraahitkaruusawiita 5. tiihitkaruusawihuhta karuus [•kß-ruus•] VP(u) 1. back down; give up, surrender, as when fighting or arguing. 2. reduce, lose weight. 3. lose interest in. 4. deflate, as a tire. 1. tikukaruus 2. tikaruus 3. tikaruusu™ 4. iriirakaruusu 5. tikaruusuksta karuusawi™at [•kß-ruu-sß-wi-™ßt•] VP(1) 1. weaken, become weak, lose strength. 2. lose one's resolve, back down, yield, give in, as in a conflict. 3. lose weight. 4. deflate, become deflated, as a balloon or tire. 5. calm down, as an angry person. 6. become loose, as a knot. 1. tikukaruusawi™at 2. tikaruusawi™at 3. tikaruusa™iwuu™ 4. iriirakaruusawiita 5. tikaruusawihuhta • tihaaskaruusawi™at the string came loose. see slender {kisu™aar} lose weight, cause to karuusa™iwarik [•kß-ruusß-™†-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. weaken the resolve, determination, will of someone; force to back down, yield; bluff, as an angry or aggressive person. 2. make, cause to lose weight. 3. make, cause to lose interest. 4. loosen, as a tight knot or belt.

1. tatkaruusa™iwarit 2. tikaruusa™iwarit 3. tikaruusa™iwariku™ 4. iriirakaruusa™iwarika 5. tikaruusa™iwariksta lots see many {riruuhci (uur...) [+ raar-]} loud tawakarihuur [•tß-wß-kß-r†-huu(r)•] VD be a loud sound, as a splash. 2. titawakarihuu™ 4. iriiratawakarihuuru 5. titawakarihuuruksta wakaarawirihuur [•wß-kaa-rß-w†-r†-huu(r)•] VD be a loud din; be really loud, very loud; be a roar, as a cheering group in a competition when a team scores or wins. <wakaara.wi+rihuur, be a big din> 2. tiwakaarawirihuu™ 4. iriirawakaarawirihuuru 5. tiwakaarawirihuuruksta see speak loudly {wakurihuur} loud (speaking, crying) wakarihuur [•wß-kß-r†-

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lumpy (as flour) huu(r)•] VD {dist., wakarihuurik} 1. be loud, as when crying or speaking; speak loudly, boisterously. 2. be loud, boisterous, as a trait. <waka+rihuur, voice to be big> 1. tatpakarihuu™ 2. tiwakarihuu™ 4. iriirawakarihuuru 5. tiwakarihuuruksta • tiwakarihuurit he is loud. loud voice, in a pakaraahkucuu™ [pß-kß-raÑhk‰-Ùuu™] N, ADV in a loud voice. <wakaraar+kucuu, big speech> loudly see speak loudly {wakahuuta™a (ir...)} loudmouthed haakarihuur [•haa-kß-r†-huu(r)•] VD 1. have a large mouth, as a person; have a large mouth, opening, orifice, as a jar. 2. be loudmouthed, boisterous. 3. be bombastic, mouthy; be a braggart. 4. be a gossip. 5. be verbally abusive. 1. tataakarihuu™ 2. tihaakarihuu™ 4. iriirahaakarihuuru 5. tihaakarihuuruksta Loup River Ickari™ [†ts-kà-ri™] N Loup River, a fork of the Platte River (central Nebraska). • Ickarikat in/on the Loup River. louse pic [p‡ts] N louse. • tipictaraa he has lice. louse egg see nit {ratpit} love aciksta [•ß-Ù†ks-tß•] VT(wi) cherish, love, think highly of, esteem, value highly; ref. to both animate and inanimate objects. 1. taataciksta 2. tiiciksta 3. tiicikstaahu™ 4. iriiraacikstawi 5. tiicikstawista see value {raacikstaapirihuur (ir...ri...uur...), raaciksta™u (ir...), raaciksta™u (ir...ri...uur...)} love vine see dodder {haakastahkata} loved acikstawis [•ß-Ù†ks-tß-w†s•] VD be loved, esteemed, beloved; be highly regarded, valued. 1. taatacikstawis 2. tiicikstawis 4. iriiraacikstawisu 5. tiicikstawisuksta lovely see beautiful {kuskitawi} lower one's head see bow one's head {tahuriwiitik} luck see good fortune {kawahaaru™, raakawahaaru™} lucky raakawahaar [•raa-kß-wß-haa(r)•] VD be a fortunate way, lucky way; be good fortune. 2. tiraakawahaa™a 4. iriiraraakawahaaru 5. tiraakawahaaruksta see fortunate {kawahaar} luminous see light {uhaahta} lump see bump {paca, paca (ir...)} lumpy (as flour) rariwii [•rß-r†-wii•] VD be lumpy, formed into balls, as flour.

lung

many

2. tirariwi™ 4. iriirarariwii™u 5. tirariwiicta rariwiruu [•rß-r†-w†-ruu•] VD be lumpy, formed into balls, as gravy, flour, etc. 2. tirariwiruu™ 4. iriirarariwiruu™u 5. tirariwiruucta lung pakuuriitu™ [pà-kuu-rii-t‰™] N {comb., pakuurit-, pakuurih-} lung, lungs. <pakuuriit+u™, lung + NOM> • pakuuritiri™ in the lungs. • iriirapakuurihahkataku where his lungs are; his lungs. • iriiratpakuurihahkaawi where my lungs are; my lungs. lustrous see polish {kiciirikista™uk}; shiny {kiciirikiis} lynx see bobcat {paksickariwiru™}

M mad see angry {waraaciks} mad at see angry at {waraaciks (ut...)} made see done correctly {tiihuur} maggot piiruskaac [piæ-r‰s-kaats] N maggot.

magpie kawahki [kà-wßh-k†] N magpie (Black-billed Magpie, Pica pica).

maid see hired hand {ksawaahakus, ksawaahaku}

maiden see woman, unmarried {cuuraasu™} mail see send a letter {rariihuurawarik} mail a letter to rariihuurawarik (ut...) [•rß-riihuu-rß-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) mail a letter to, send a letter to.

1. tatuuhariihuurawarit 2. tuuhariihuurawarit 3. tuuhariihuurawariku™ 4. iriruuhariihuurawarika 5. tuuhariihuurawariksta mail carrier iriirarariihuuraruuwarii, rarariihuuraruuwarii [†-riæ-rß-rß-rii-huu-rß-ruu-wß-rii, rà-rßrii-huu-rß-ruu-wß-rii] N mail carrier. main hisii [•h†-sii•] VD 1. be prominent, out-

standing, noted, famous; be popular. 2. be the main one, primary one, as a chief or a guilty person; be the right one, as a culprit. 1. tatisii™ 2. tihisii™ 4. iriirahisii™u 5. tihisiicta main (way) raakitawi [•raa-k†-tß-w†•] VD be the primary or main matter, affair, issue; be the most important event, matter, issue. 2. tiraakitawi™ 4. iriiraraakitawi™u 5. tiraakitawiicta maintain see hold onto (a way) {raa™ahuk (ut...)} make kara™uk [•kß-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) {sg., ra™uk} 1. (pl. obj.) make, build. 2. paint, decorate, as a horse or a dancer. 3. (pl. obj.) win, as stakes in a game; score, as in a game. 1. tatkaru™ 2. tikaru™ 3. tikaruuku™

ra™uk [•rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) {pl. obj., kara™uk; dist., kawaakara™uk} 1. make; construct, build. 2. give birth to, bear. 3. (impf.) paint, put paint on, decorate, as a person or horse. 1. tahu™ 2. tiru™ 3. tiruuku™ 4. iriirara™u 5. tiruuksta • tihkaruuku™ they are making them. make a pipestem see pipestem, make a {haakta™uk} make fun of see ridicule {iciirara™uk, kicara™uk, kicta™uk} make over see renew {tiiraraara™uk} make up see compose a story {raa™iitusta™uk} make up one's mind see decide {aciksta™uk, acikstiihac} male see horse, male {asawiita}; man {piita} mallard kiictarii™uus [kiæts-tß-rii-™uus] N mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). kiiwaakstarii™uus [kiæ-waaks-tß-rii-™uus] N mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). man piita [piæ-tß] N, ADJ {comb., piita-, wiita-} 1. man; male. 2. manly, brave. <wiita> • piitakat among the men. • ti™ piita he is a man; he is manly, brave. • piitakipiriiru™ young man, as someone who is now legally an adult, i.e., twentyone years old. • Asawiita Male Horse (personal name). man, Black see black man {caahikskaatiit, kaatiit} man, old kurahuus [kŠ-rß-huus] N {comb., kurahuus-, kurahus-} 1. old man. 2. priest. • kurahuusa™u™ the father (lit. the old man). man, young piitiisutki [pii-tiæ-s‰t-k†] N young man; ref. to a fully grown young man. <wiita+isut+kis, man + isut + DIM; i.q. SB piiteesutki, Ar. wiiteeó÷tó> manager see leader {kitawi} mane kicakusu™ [k†-Ùà-k‰-s‰™] N animal mane; buffalo mane. • kicakuskat on the horse's mane. mangy tarus [•tß-r‰s•] VD 1. be mangy, have the mange, as an animal. 2. be itchy; have the itch. 1. tactarus 2. titarus 4. iriiratarusu 5. titarusuksta • tiracarus they are mangy. see hairless {kicapahaat} manipulate see handle {awa™uurikuk (ut...)} mannequin see statue {piitararuuka™aatu™} manner see way of doing {uhuuru™} manure, horse asaataatu™ [à-saa-taa-t‰™] N {comb., asaatat-} horse manure, dung. • asaatatkat in the horse manure. • tiitahuuc asaataatu™ it is a pile of horse dung. many kari [•kß-r†•] VD be many; be numerous. 2. tikari™ 4. iriirakari™u 5. tikariicta raarihuur [•raa-r†-huu(r)•] VD 1. be an important

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many (people, animals) or serious matter, issue, custom; be a big issue, matter. 2. be a large number, many. 2. tiraarihuu™ 4. iriiraraarihuuru 5. tiraarihuuruksta raariisat [•raa-rii-sßt•] VD be many; be numerous, a large number; be a large quantity, large amount. 2. tiraariisa™at 4. iriiraraariisaatu 5. tiraariisaatuksta riruuhci (uur...) [+ raar-] [•r†-ruuh-Ù†•] VD be many, lots; be numerous. 2. turaariruuhci™ 4. iriiruraariruuhci™u 5. turaariruuhciicta many (people, animals) raaricaahiks [•raa-r†Ùaa-h†ks•] VD be many; ref. to people and animals. 2. tiraaricaahiks 4. iriiraraaricaahiksu 5. tiraaricaahiksuksta Many Elks Village Arikaraariki [à-r†-kß-raa-r†k†] N Many Elks Village, a former Skiri village in Nebraska. <arikaraar+ik.i, being many stags> manyplies see omasum {rahpas} map kaahuraara (uur...) [•kaa-h‰-raa-rß•] VL be a map of the world. 2. tuuhkaahuraara 4. iriruuhkaahuraarawi 5. tuuhkaahuraarawista March Paahutawi™u™ [paÑ-h‰-tß-wi-™u™] N March (approximately). <paa+huta.wi+u™, windy moon + NOM> mare asiicapaat [à-sii-Ùß-paat] N 1. mare, female horse. 2. female dog, bitch. mark rariihkara™uk (uur...) [•rß-riih-kß-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3), VI(3) 1. write; print. 2. mark, make marks, draw lines. 1. taturariihkaru™ 2. turariihkaru™ 3. turariihkaruuku™ 4. iriirurariihkara™u 5. turariihkaruuksta rariira™uk (uur...) [•rß-rii-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) {iter., rariihkara™uk (uur...)} 1. write, write on; print, print on. 2. mark, mark on; draw a design on. 3. brand, put a brand on, as on livestock. 1. taturariiru™ 2. turariiru™ 3. turariiruuku™ 4. iriirurariira™u 5. turariiruuksta • tiirariihkaruuku™ they are writing on it. mark across tariwiisk (uur...) [•tß-r†-wiis(k)•] VT(1) 1. mark; put a mark on, around, across, as when cutting a line, notch, or groove on an object. 2. stripe, streak; put a stripe or streak on, around, across, as when painting a stripe or streak on an object.

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marrow bone 1. tatuuhtariwiis 2. tuuhtariwiis 3. tuuhtariwiisku™ 4. iriruuhtariwiiska 5. tuuhtariwiiskista marked rariir (uur...) [•rß-rii(r)•] VD 1. be marked, have a mark or marks; have a design (on); ref. to stripes, letters, a line, a tattoo, etc. 2. be written, printed; have writing or printing (on). 3. be branded, as livestock. 2. turarii 4. iriirurariiru 5. turariiruksta tariwis (uur...) [•tß-r†-w†s•] VI(4) {dist., taruuwaawis (uur...)} 1. be striped; have a (colored) stripe; have a straight line (painted on). 2. be marked (with a line); have a mark. 3. have an indentation, notch, groove, as where an arrowhead sits on the end of a shaft. 2. tuuhtariwis 4. iriruuhtariwis 5. tuuhtariwisista • tuuhtaruuwaawis it has stripes, straight lines painted on it. marker see pen {raktariihkaruukus} maroon see red (dark) {arasispahaat}; red, deep {pahaatkaatiit} married kituu™aar [•k†-tuu-™aa(r)•] VI(1-i) 1. (sg. subj.) become whole, complete, fully together, as a full moon. 2. (du./pl. subj.) get together. 3. (du. subj.) get married. 2. tikituu™aa 4. iriirakituu™aara 5. tikituu™aarista • sitikituu™aa they (du.) got together; they (du.) got married. married (to a female) aktaku (ir...) [•ßk-tß-k‰•] VD be married to a female; have as a wife.

1. tatiiraktaku™ 2. taaktaku™ 4. iriiraaktaku™u 5. taaktakucta haararikus [•haa-rß-r†-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be married (to a female); have a family. 1. tataarariku 2. tihaarariku 4. iriirahaarariku 5. tihaararikusta haarariwiitik [•haa-rß-r†-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) get married (to a female). 1. tataarariwiitit 2. tihaarariwiitit 3. tihaarariwiitiku™ 4. iriirahaarariwiitit 5. tihaarariwiitiksta married couple aktakuraah [•ßk-tß-k‰-raa(h)•] VR(1) (du. subj.) be a couple; be a married couple; be married to each other. 1. siwititaataktakuraa 2. siwititiiktakuraa 4. iriisiwitiraaktakuraaha 5. siwititiiktakuraahista marrow racatkiicu™ [rà-Ùßt-kii-Ù‰™] N (contemp.) marrow. marrow bone racahtu™ [rà-Ùßh-t‰™] N {comb., racaht-, racat-} 1. marrow bone, shank bone; thigh bone. 2. (formerly) marrow. • racatkat on the marrow bone.

marrow butter racatkiisu™ [rß-Ùàt-kii-s‰™] N marrow bone: femur, tibia, fibula, all used for extracting marrow. • racatkiisiri™ on the marrow bone. marrow butter kiiskiicu™ [kiæs-kii-Ù‰™] N {comb., kiiskic-} marrow butter, grease from boiled bones, which was eaten with dried meat. • kiiskickat in the marrow butter. marry tiira™uk (ut...) [•tii-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. marry, marry off, as an older male relative marrying one's child to someone or a minister performing a ceremony. 2. tame; accustom to; cause to be accustomed to, to be used to. 1. tatuctiiru™ 2. tuctiiru™ 3. tuctiiruuku™ 4. iriiructiira™u 5. tuctiiruuksta marry (a female) aktakuksaar (ir...) [•ßk-tß-k‰ksaa(r)•] VT(1-i) marry a female, get married to a female. <prob. aktaku (ir...)+uk+his+aar, become married to a female partner> 1. tatiiraktakuksaa 2. taaktakuksaa 3. taaktakuksaari™ 4. iriiraaktakuksaara 5. taaktakuksaarista Mars see Morning Star {Huupirit Rakiciirikiisu, Huupirikucuu™, Rakiciirikistihuuru} marsh kicahaar [•k†-Ùß-haa(r)•] VD be marshy, swampy; be a marsh, wetland. 2. tikicahaa 4. iriirakicahaaru 5. tikicahaaruksta kicahaaru™ [k‡-Ùß-haa-r‰™] N {comb., kicahaar-, kicahaah-} marsh, bog, wetland; watery area. • kicahaahkat in the marsh. • tikicahaahku it is a marsh. see body of water {kiwahaar} marsh hawk see hawk, marsh {ucahaa, rikuhcucahaaru™} marshal see policeman {iitkataku, raacikstawaawis} marshy see spring (of water) {ripiikiicu™} mash see crush {kickahuura™uk} mashed see crushed {kickahuu} mask ckakuuku™u™ [tskß-ku÷-ku-™u™] N mask. mask, wear a ickakaa [•†ts-kß-kaa•] VL be wearing a mask, have a mask on; be masked. 1. taatickakaa 2. tiickakaa 4. iriiraackakaawi 5. tiickakaawista massage awa™uurikuk (ut...) [•ß-wß-™uu-r†-k‰{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. handle, manipulate. 2. massage. 1. tatuutawa™uurikut 2. tuutawa™uurikut 3. tuutawa™uurikuuku™ 4. iriruutawa™uurikut 5. tuutawa™uurikuksta

May mat hihiitu™

[h†-hiæ-t‰™] N {comb., hihit-, hihih-} 1. mat, reed mat. 2. spread, cloth cover, something spread out over a surface, as a canvas spread, blanket, quilt. 3. pad. • hihitkat on the mat. • Cihiiharuuku™ Making Mats Woman (personal name). hihitkii™u™ [h†-h‡t-kii-™u™] N mat, as used for a mattress on a bed. siistaatu™ [siis-taÑ-t‰™] N 1. bulrush (Soft-stem Bulrush, Scirpus validus). 2. woven bulrush mat. <siis+tat+u™, awl plant + NOM; prob. ref. to the shape of the flowering top with a spike at the end> see squash mat {pahukstaciitu™, riikaciitu™} match rakuri™it [rà-k‰-ri-™†t] N match, matches. • kiruu raruuc rakuri™it? where are the matches? material see cloth, cotton {raawihkata™iitu™} material goods see possessions {raa™iksu™} matter raa™u™ [raÑ-™u™] N 1. way, custom, tradition. 2. activity, event. 3. matter, issue. 4. time, period. see be (a way) {raa}; situation {raakus} mattress cihiitu™ [Ù‡-hii-t‰™] N {comb., (i)cihit-} mattress. • cihitkat on a mattress. • tiisa cihiitu™ it is a mattress (lying there). mattress, feather cihitka™uktu™ [Ù‡-h†t-kß-™uk-t‰™] N feather mattress. mature racat [•rß-Ùßt•] VD 1. be overly mature, as when a fruit or vegetable is hard, pithy, or starting to shrivel. 2. outgrow infancy, outgrow babyhood, as when a child begins to walk and talk. 1. tahaca™at 2. tiraca™at 4. iriiraracaatu 5. tiracatuksta riihac [•rii-hßts•] VD be mature, fully grown, as an adult person or vegetables. 1. tahiiha™ac 2. tiriiha™ac 4. iriirariihaacu 5. tiriihacuksta • tirariiha™ac they are mature. see sensible {acikskasa} mature (of corn) rikiis [•r†-kiis•] VD corn to be mature, be "made," as when full-grained and ready to pick; ref. to a crop. 2. tirikiis 4. iriirarikiisu 5. tirikiisuksta maturity, reach icawicat [•†-Ùß-w†-Ùßt•] VI(1) 1. reach maturity, reach full growth. 2. reach completion; be sufficient to go around completely, as a quantity of food. 3. go to the end, stay to the conclusion, as when remaining at an activity until its conclusion. 1. taaticawicat 2. tiicawicat 4. iriiraacawicata 5. tiicawicuhta May Paa Hiihwaakaruks [paÑ hiih-waa-kß-r‰ks] N

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maybe May (approximately) (Dunbar); April (approximately) (Dorsey). <paa hiir+waakara™uk.his, pulling up grass moon> maybe see or {aku}; perhaps {kira} meadow wiituuru™ [wii-tu÷-r‰™] N {comb., wiituur-, wiituh-} 1. level ridge, hilltop, knoll; elevated prairie, as one clear of trees or brush. 2. meadow. <wiitur+u™, level ridge + NOM; cf. SB weetuuru™ sloping prairie, Ar. weetu÷nu™ ridge of a hill>

• iirawiituuruhat that ridge (extending). • iriirawiituruuhat where the level knoll is; where the flat ridge is. • tiwiituuru™at it is a level ridge. see flat ground {kuuhaaru™}; grassy {kactahaar}; prairie, shortgrass {kactahaaru™} meadowlark kacu™ [kà-Ù‰™] N meadowlark (Sturnella spp.). meal raakaaruruuc [•raa-kaa-r‰-ruuts•] VI(2) be a meal; meal, food to be ready (to eat). 2. tiraakaaruruuc 4. iriiraraakaaruruuci 5. tiraakaaruruucista see eat (a meal) {haakawaahc/wa™ac}; feed {kaarura™uk}; food, cooked {raakaaruuru™}; powder {tapaahtu™}; snack {raakaaruhkiripahki} meal (large) raakaaruhkucuu™ [raa-kaa-rŠh-k‰Ùuu™] N 1. large meal, dinner. 2. Thanksgiving Day. meal, good raakaaruriir (uur...) [•raa-kaa-r‰rii(r)•] VI(1-a) be a good meal. 2. turaakaarurii 4. iriiruraakaaruriira 5. turaakaaruriirasta mean icariis [•†-Ùß-riis•] VD 1. be mean, vicious, ferocious (animal or human). 2. be shorttempered. 1. taaticariis 2. tiicariis 4. iriiraacariisu 5. tiicariisuksta ra™iihk (ut...) [•rß-™ii(h){k/t}•] VT(1) mean; say to. 1. tatuuha™iit 2. tuuha™iit 3. tuuha™iihku™ 4. iriruuhiihka 5. tuuha™iihkista riruuhci (uur...) [•r†-ruuh-Ù†•] VD 1. be fierce, ferocious, terrible. 2. be powerful, strong, capable of anything. 3. be dangerous. 4. be mean, cruel. 1. taturiruuhci™ 2. turiruuhci™ 4. iriiruriruuhci™u 5. turiruuhciicta see speak harshly {wakuhta™u (ir...)} meanwhile see but {kiici™, kici™} measles katawaruuc [kß-tà-wß-ruuts] N measles. • tatuu™ut katawaruuc I have measles. measure raatiirariihk [•raa-tii-rß-rii(h){k/t}•] VT(1) 1. measure, take the measurement of. 2. weigh, as

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meet an ingredient in cooking or construction. 1. tahaatiirariit 2. tiraatiirariit 3. tiraatiirariihku™ 4. iriiraraatiirariihka 5. tiraatiirariihkista tiirariihk [•tii-rß-rii(h){k/t}•] VT(1) 1. measure, take the measurement of. 2. test, try out, sample. 1. tactiirariit 2. titiirariit 3. titiirariihku™ 4. iriiratiirariihka 5. titiirariihkista tiiruuwaahak [•tii-ruu-waa-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) measure, measure off, take the measurements or dimensions of. 1. tactiiruuwaahat 2. titiiruuwaahat 3. titiiruuwaahaaku™ 4. iriiratiiruuwaahat 5. titiiruuwaahaksta tiiwarik [•tii-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) {dist., tiiwaawarik} measure (along one dimension); take the measurement or dimension of. 1. tactiiwarit 2. titiiwarit 3. titiiwariku™ 4. iriiratiiwarika 5. titiiwariksta • titiiwaawarit he measured it, took all its measurements. measured correctly tiihuur [•tii-huu(r)•] VD 1. be measured correctly, perfectly. 2. be sized correctly. 3. be made correctly, done correctly, as the way one wishes it done. 4. be special, distinctive, as a person appointed to a post, a member of a profession, or a guest of honor.

1. tactiihuu™ 2. titiihuu™ 4. iriiratiihuuru 5. titiihuuruksta measuring stick raktiiwariku [rßk-tii-wà-r†-k‰] N measuring stick, yard stick. meat kisaacki [k‡-saats-k†] N {comb., kisaac-} meat; flesh. • kisaackat on the meat. meat hanging to dry kaariiksu™ [kaa-riæk-s‰™] N pieces of meat hanging to dry, pieces of hanging dried meat. • kaariikskat on the pieces of hanging dried meat. • tikaariiksu™at there is a lot of dried meat hanging on a line. meat strip see strip of food {haskiiru™} meat, dried see dried meat {taakaskara™uk, taakaski}; pemmican {tapaharuus} medicine see herb {kahcu™} medicine bag caatki [ÙaÑt-k†] N {comb., caat-} medicine bag; medicine bundle. meet see come toward {kusickawi™a (ir...ut...)}; gather together (group) {racakipiitik}; go to meet {katawi™at (ut...)}; turn to face {ickawiitik

meet face to face

middle, in the mescal bean pahat [pà-hßt] N mescal bean (Lopho-

(uur...)}

meet face to face kusickawiriwuh

[•k‰-s†ts-kß-

w†-r†-w‰(h)•] VR(1) (du., pl. subj.) come face to

face, meet face to face, encounter each other, as when coming form opposite directions. 1. siwititatkusickawiriwu 2. siwititikusickawiriwu 4. iriisiwitirakusickawiriwuha 5. siwititikusickawiriwista • siwititihkusickawiriwu they (du.) came face to face. see face someone {kusickawiitik (uur...)} meeting see council {kaawiitik} melt kisak [•k†-sß{k/t}•] VI(4) melt. 2. tikisat 3. tikisaaku™ 4. iriirakisat 5. tikisaksta • tirahkisat they melted. kisaktik [•k†-sßk-t†{k/t}•] VT(1) melt. 1. tatkisaktit 2. tikisaktit 3. tikisaktiiku™ 4. iriirakisaktika 5. tikisaktiksta member tawii [•tß-wii•] VI(4) {dist., tawiika™uk; comb., tawi-, tawi(h)c-} 1. be among, as in a group of people or animals. 2. be a member, belong to, as a society or an organization; be enlisted, as in military service. 1. tactawi™ 2. titawi™ 4. iriiratawi 5. titawiicta • titawiika™ut he belongs to different groups. see connected by blood {raa™ukta (ut...)}; participate {uhuhtawii} member, become a see join {tawihcitik} members (of a group) see belong to a group {uhuur [+ raar-]} menstruate paaharikus [•paa-hß-r†-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. have blood on oneself, as from a severe cut or a hemorrhage; bleed, as from a cut or wound. 2. menstruate. <paat+raar+rikus, be sitting with one's blood> 1. tatpaahariku 2. tipaahariku 4. iriirapaahariku 5. tipaaharikusta mentally ill see ill, mentally {Ø (ut...) paksiri™}; insane {paksicaraks}; insane person {paksicara™aks} mention raataahkawuh [•raa-taah-kß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) mention, tell in part, tell only part of an account; bring up, as a topic at a meeting. 1. tahaataahkawu 2. tiraataahkawu 3. tiraataahkawuhu™ 4. iriiraraataahkawuha 5. tiraataahkawista raawicaksik [•raa-w†-Ùßk-s†{k/t}•] VT(1) mention, bring up, as a previous topic or an event; remind, as of a date, activity, occurrence. 1. tahaawicaksit 2. tiraawicaksit 3. tiraawicaksiku™ 4. iriiraraawicaksika 5. tiraawicaksiksta merely see just {raatku™} mescal see peyote {kahcatkahaaru™}

phora williamsii). <pahaat, red>

metal paapicisu™

[paÑ-p†-Ù†-s‰™] N 1. metal (generic); iron. 2. money (coin or bill). <paapicis+u™, metal + NOM; i.q. Ar. waapIsæóu™> • paapiciskat on the metal. • tawit paapicisu™ three one-dollar bills. • asku paapicisu™ ririiku there is a dollar, here is a dollar. metal, precious paapicistaariksisu™ [paÑ-p†-Ù†staa-r†k-s†-s‰™] N 1. precious metal: gold, silver. 2. coin, money. <paapicis+raariksis+u™, authentic metal + NOM> metal, white paapicistaakaa [paÑ-p†-Ù†s-taakaa] N white metal: silver, tin, pewter. <paapicis+taakaar, white metal> metal, yellow paapicistahkata [paÑ-p†-Ù†s-tßhkß-tß] N yellow metal: gold, brass. <paapicis+rahkataar, yellow metal> meteorite raruuhuuru™ [rà-ruu-huu-r‰™] N meteor; meteorite. tahuuru™ [tà-huu-r‰™] N {comb., tahuur-, tahu(u)h-} 1. meteorite. 2. flint projectile point, as an arrowhead. 3. flint, as for starting a fire. • tahuhkat on the flint. • tahuuhiri™ with the flint. method see way {ruuhuuru™} meticulous raara™uusik [•raa-rß-™uu-s†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. be careful, cautious, as in what one does. 2. take care in what one does; take pains with, be meticulous with, as an activity. 3. take careful aim, as with a rifle or bow. 1. tahaara™uusit 2. tiraara™uusit 3. tiraara™uusiiku™ 4. iriiraraara™uusit 5. tiraara™uusiksta Mexican Custaruus [Ù‰s-tà-ruus] N {comb., (i)custaaruus-, (i)custaruus-} 1. Mexican; Spaniard. 2. cantaloupe, muskmelon. • Custaaruuskat among Mexicans. • Cicustaruus female Mexican. midday see noon {sakuhkitaarik, sakuhuukita™uukuk, sakuurikarikat} middle see half {ikarikat} middle finger see finger, middle {kskiiciikawi™u™} middle of a village icahkahaar [•†-Ùßh-kßhaa(r)•] VD 1. be the middle of a village. 2. (contemp.) be downtown, be the downtown area of a town, city. 3. be the main thoroughfare or street of a village or town. 2. tiicahkahaa 4. iriiraacahkahaaru 5. tiicahkahaaruksta see interior of a village {cahkahaaru™} middle, in the iika (ut...) [•ii-kß•] VL be in the

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midget middle, in the midst, as in a crowd of people or an enclosed space. 1. tatuutiika 2. tuutiika 4. iriruutiikawi 5. tuutiikawista iika- (ut...) [ii-kß• (‰t...)] LOC in the middle, in the center, as of a crowd or an enclosed space. • iika™at (ut...) go in the middle, walk in the center. • iika™a (ir...ut...) come in the middle. iikaarik (ut...) [•ii-kaa-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) be standing in the middle, in the midst. 1. tatuutiikaarit 2. tuutiikaarit 3. tuutiikaariki™ 4. iriruutiikaariki 5. tuutiikaariksta iikahaahiri™ [iæ-kß-haa-h†-ri™] ADV in the middle, in the midst. iikakus (ut...) [•ii-kß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. be sitting in the middle. 2. live in the middle. 1. tatuutiikaku 2. tuutiikaku 3. tuutiikakuusu™ 4. iriruutiikaku 5. tuutiikakusta iikasa (ut...) [•ii-kß-sß•] VI(4) be lying in the middle, as a child between its parents. 1. tatuutiikasa 2. tuutiikasa 3. tuutiikasaahu™ 4. iriruutiikasa 5. tuutiikasahista • tuuhaariikasa they are lying in the middle. midget caahikskasis [Ùaa-h‡ks-kß-s†s] N midget; runt, stunted person. karuc [kà-r‰ts] ADJ midget; short or stunted person; runt. • ckaruc female midget. • ti™ karuc he is a midget. • asaakaruc a stunted horse or pony, as a Shetland pony. midnight ratkahaarikarikat [ràt-kß-haa-r†-kß-r†kßt] N, ADV midnight, middle of the night. see late at night {ratkahaarawikii™ac} midway huraarikarikat [hŠ-raa-r†-kß-r†-kßt] ADV midway, halfway between two geographical points. • wititahakusickawiriwu huraarikarikat we met halfway. midway between places huraaruukat [h‰-raaru÷-kßt] ADV midway, between two places, as on an open plain; in open country, in open space. midwife ckuraa™u™ [tsk‰-raÑ-™u™] N female doctor; nurse; midwife. midyear rikatihaarikarikat [r†-kà-t†-haa-r†-kß-r†kßt] N, ADV midyear, as ca. July. mild weather see cool weather {kaahuraahkipaasi}

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mind mildew see mold {uuskuutu™} mildewed see moldy {uuskuu™at (ut...)} mile huraaru™ [hŠ-raa-r‰™] N {comb., huraar-,

huraah-} 1. land, ground; earth. 2. season. 3. mile.

• huraahkat on the ground. • huraariri™ on the ground; with earth. • asku huraaru™ one mile. • tiirahuraahca atira™ this earth our mother, i.e., our mother earth. miles huraararuu (ut...) [•h‰-raa-rß-ruu•] VI(1) be (so many) miles. 2. tuturaararuu™ 5. tuturaararuuksta • kicki ruturaararuu™? how many miles is it? milestone riicka™at [•riits-kß-™ßt•] VI(1) 1. be the end, conclusion, as of an activity or tradition. 2. reach a milestone in one's life. 2. tiriicka™at 4. iriirariickaata 5. tiriickahuhta milk iitkiicu™ [iit-kiæ-Ù‰™] N {comb., iitkic-} milk. • iitkickat in the milk. • kukskiraruu iitkiicu™ give me the milk! milk a cow iitkickaruuwat [•iit-k†ts-kß-ruu-wßt•] VT(2-i) {dist., iitkickaruuwaawat} milk, milk a cow. 1. tatiitkickaruuwat, taatiitkickaruuwat 2. ti™iitkickaruuwat 3. ti™iitkickaruuwati™ 4. iriira™iitkickaruuwati 5. ti™iitkickaruuwatihista • taatakiitkickaruuwaawat I milked all of them. milk cow iitkickaruuwatiihus [iæt-k†ts-kß-ruu-wßtii-h‰s] N milk cow. milkweed kaaripiiku™ [kaÑ-r†-pii-k‰™] N 1. milkweed (Asclepias spp.). 2. cabbage.

• kaaripiikat on the milkweed. • tatpaarasiku™ kaaripiiku™ I am cooking the cabbage. Milky Way Rakiiraruhuuturuuhat [rß-kiæ-rß-r‰huu-t‰-ruu-hßt] N Milky Way. mill iriruuhkituctawi [†-r‡-ruuh-k†-t‰ts-tß-w†] N grain mill, flour mill. mimic see imitate {raara™uk (uur...)} mind ciksu™ [Ù‡k-s‰™] N {comb., (a)ciks-} 1. esophagus, gullet; trachea, windpipe. 2. mind, seat of one's thoughts, seat of one's feelings, conceived to be in the chest and throat. • ciksiri™ in the windpipe. ciksuhuuru™ [Ù†k-s‰-hu÷-r‰™] N {comb., (a)ciksuhuur-, (a)ciksuhuh-} mind; one's thoughts, one's feelings, as the way one feels in his mind or what is on one's mind.

mind on, have one's • ciksuhuuru™ tatuu™ut ratkuuta my mind is made up to go that way. • ciksuhuuhiri™ in one's thoughts. see spirit {aciks-} mind on, have one's see think about {acikstat} mind, change one's see change someone's mind {aciksikiriwiiha™uk} mind, change someone's see influence {acikstahuruu (ut...)} mind, have on one's acikskaawiraah [•ß-Ù†kskaa-w†-raa(h)•] VT(1) {pl. obj., raacikskaawiruhka™uk} 1. keep to oneself, as when one remains silent about something seen or heard. 2. be mindful of, have on one's mind. 1. tatuutuhurahuruu™ 2. tuutuhurahuruu™ 4. iriruutuhurahuruu™a 5. tuutuhurahuruuksta miss see lose {riwarik} Mississippi River kickaatiit [k‡ts-kaa-tiit] N 1. Mississippi River. 2. ink. Missouri River Kicpaarukstii™ [k†ts-paÑ-r‰ks-tii™] N Missouri River. mist see sprinkle {kicpiiru™} mistake for another see confuse with another {raawi™aar (uur...)} mistreat raahuhkaapaakis [•raa-h‰h-kaa-paak†s•] VT(u) mistreat, abuse. 1. tahaahuhkaapaakis 2. tiraahuhkaapaakis 3. tiraahuhkaapaakiisu™ 4. iriiraraahuhkaapaakisu 5. tiraahuhkaapaakisista

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misty see abuse {raawaahkisaar, rahuhkaapaakis, rahuriruuhci (uur...)} misty see sprinkle {kicpiir} mix rariisk (ut...) [•rß-riis(k)•] VT(1) mix, mix together; mix in. 1. tatuuhariis 2. tuuhariis 3. tuuhariisku™ 4. iriruuhariska 5. tuuhariiskista mix liquids kickituura™uk [•k†ts-k†-tuu-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. mix liquids; add one liquid to another. 2. dilute a liquid. 1. tatkickituuru™ 2. tikickituuru™ 3. tikickituuruuku™ 4. iriirakickituura™u 5. tikickituuruuksta mix together (liquids) kirahwiriisk (ut...) [•k†rßh-w†-riis(k)•] VT(1) mix liquids together. 1. tatutkirahwiriis 2. tutkirahwiriis 3. tutkirahwiriisku™ 4. iriirutkirahwiriiska 5. tutkirahwiriiskista mixed together rariis (ut...) [•rß-riis•] VI(2) {dist., raruuwiis (ut...)} (pl. subj.) be mixed, mixed together, as two or more different substances; be mixed in with another substance.

PL

2. tuuharis, tuuhariis 4. iriruuhariisi 5. tuuhariisista • tuuharuuwiis they are mixed up. wiriis (ut...) [+ raar-] [•w†-riis•] VI(2) (pl. subj.) be mixed, mixed together, blended. <wi+riis (ut...), be mixed; i.q. rariis (ut...); cf. Ar. Ùiineeó (ut...) be mixed in liquid>

2. tuuhahwiriis 4. iriruuhahwiriisi 5. tuuhahwiriisista moccasin asuuricaahiks [à-suu-r†-Ùaa-h†ks] N (contemp.) moccasin. asuuru™ [à-suu-r‰™] N {comb., asuur-, asuh-} 1. (formerly) moccasin. 2. (contemp.) shoe. • asuhkat in/on the shoe. • asuhiri™ with a shoe. • tactahit asuhiri™ I hit him with a shoe. see put on footwear {asuuktik} moccasin (beaded) asuhkiriks [à-s‰h-k†-r†ks] N beaded moccasin. • tihuurut asuhkirikskat there is mud on the beaded moccasin. moccasin sole suhkata™iitu™ [sŠh-kß-tß-™ii-t‰™] N 1. moccasin sole rawhide, rawhide used for moccasin soles. 2. moccasin sole. • suhkata™iitkat on the moccasin sole. moccasin string asuhaastariipiiru™ [à-s‰-haastß-rii-pii-r‰™] N moccasin string; shoelace. asuhaastawi™u™ [à-s‰-haas-tß-wi-™u™] N moccasin string; shoelace.

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money, paper see tie a moccasin {astariipuh (ut...)}

moccasin, take off see take off a shoe {askawat} moccasins, put on see put on shoes {askawarik} mock see imitate {raara™uk (uur...)}; ridicule {kicara™uk, kicta™uk}

mockingbird rikucpakakari™ [r‡-k‰ts-pß-kß-kß-ri™] N

mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos).

moist see damp {kipaar} moisten see dampen {kipara™uk} molar aahkucuu™ [aÑh-k‰-Ùuu™] N

{comb., aahkucuu-} molar; wisdom tooth.

• aahkucuukat on the molar.

molasses see syrup {rakicpiiruus} mold uuskuut (ut...) [•uus-kuut•] VI(2) mold.

2. tuutuuskuut 3. tuutuuskuutu™ 4. iriruutuuskuuti 5. tuutuuskuutista uuskuutu™ [uus-ku÷-t‰™] N mold; mildew. • uuskuutkat in/on the mold. moldy uuskuu™at (ut...) [•uus-kuu-™ßt•] VD be moldy; be mildewed. 2. tuutuuskuu™at 4. iriruutuuskuutu 5. tuutuuskuutuksta • tuuharuuskuu™at they are moldy. mole (mammal) ckiiskararii [tskiæs-kß-rß-rii] N 1. striped prairie squirrel, ground squirrel (Thirteenlined Ground Squirrel, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus). 2. mole (Scalopus aquaticus). huraariri™ rakaawarii [h‰-raÑ-r†-ri™ rß-kaa-wß-rii] N mole (Scalopus aquaticus). ikskirikaawarii™ [‡ks-k†-r†-kaa-wß-rii™] N mole (Scalopus aquaticus). kskatahkawaa [kskß-tßh-kà-waa] N mole (Scalopus aquaticus). Monday sakuhkiwatak [•sß-k‰h-k†-wß-tß{k/t}•] VI(4) be Monday; be the beginning of a week. <sakuur+kiwatak, day to fade, i.e., be a different day or week> 2. tisakuhkiwatat 5. tisakuhkiwataksta Sakuhkiwatat [sß-kŠh-k†-wß-tßt] N {comb., sakuhkiwataks-} Monday. <sakuur+kiwatak(.his), faded day, i.e., beginning of a new week> • Sakuhkiwatakskat on Monday. money paapicisu™ [paÑ-p†-Ù†-s‰™] N 1. metal (generic); iron. 2. money (coin or bill). <paapicis+u™, metal + NOM; i.q. Ar. waapIsæóu™> • paapiciskat on the metal. • tawit paapicisu™ three one-dollar bills. • asku paapicisu™ ririiku there is a dollar, here is a dollar. see coin {paapicistaariksisu™} money, paper rariihuuru™ [rà-rii-huu-r‰™] N {comb.,

monkey rariihuur-, rariihuh-} 1. printed object, printed ma-

terial, as a newspaper, book, document, certificate, letter, diploma. 2. brand, as on livestock. 3. paper money, bill, as a dollar bill. • rariihuhkat in/on the book. monkey kiracii™ [k‡-rß-Ùii™] N {comb., kiracih-, kiraci} monkey. • kiracii™ tiracawarii™ the monkeys are climbing around. • kiraciihari™ young monkey see ape {kiracihkucuu™} monster see 1 {tawakiks, awakiks}; alligator {awakiks, tawakiks} month see moon {paa} month, a certain paa [•paa•] VD be a (certain) month. 2. tipaa 4. iriirapaa™u 5. tipaacta mood, change one's see change someone's mind {aciksikiriwiiha™uk} moon paa [paÑ] N 1. moon. 2. month. • asku paa one month, i.e., the period from one new moon to another. • tipaahuhkii™ it is a bright moonlit night. see Mother {atira™}; new moon {paakipiriiru™, paatiirara™} moonseed haakakuut [haÑ-kß-kuut] N 1. pokeweed (Phytolacca americana). 2. moonseed (Menispermum canadense).

more see some more {ihtat} morning see early in the morning {kiikaru™us, kiikaruuskat}; light {kiraarawataar}; tomorrow {rahiisa} morning glory kactuuwirikii™ [kßts-tu÷-w†-r†-kii™] N bush morning glory (Ipomoea leptophylla). Morning Star Huupirikucuu™ [huu-p†-r‡-k‰-Ùuu™] N 1. Morning Star, Mars. 2. large star. Huupirit Rakiciirikiisu [huu-p‡-r†t rß-k†-Ùii-r†-kii-s‰] N Morning Star, Mars. Rakiciirikistihuuru [rà-k†-Ùii-r†-k†s-t†-huu-r‰] N Morning Star, Mars; also Jupiter, in certain seasons. mortar kituutu™ [k†-tu÷-t‰™] N {comb., kitut-} mortar. • kitutkat in/on the mortar. mosquito asaac [à-saats] N {comb., asahc-} mosquito. • asaac tikari™ there are many mosquitoes. mosquito net asahcakaaru™ [à-sßh-Ùß-kaa-r‰™] N {comb., asahcakaar-, asahcakah-} 1. screen. 2. mosquito bar, mosquito screen, mosquito net. 3.

mount gauze. • asahcakahkat on the mosquito screen. • asahcakaaru™ riikakusu™ a screen door. moss, water see algae {raariiwi™u™} moth awiitakaaru™ [ß-wiæ-tß-kaa-r‰™] N butterfly; moth. • awiitakaaru™ tiraarawarii™ the butterflies are flying around. • tiiku awiitakaaru™ it is a butterfly. • awiitakaaru™ tiitaku kiriktarahkataahkat a butterfly is on the flower. • iririi™at awiitakaaru™ that butterfly is flying by. Mother atira™ [ß-t‡-rß™] N 1. my, our mother; my, our aunt, one's father's sister. 2. Mother, both vocative and referential forms for, among others, Mother Corn, Mother Moon, Mother Cedar, Mother Earth, as well as sacred bundles and drums. mother cuustira™u [Ùuus-t‡-rß-™u] N the mother. <cuusti(k)+ra.u, being the old woman> -raa [•raa] N-KIN mother (only with 1st person possessor). • atira™ my, our mother. -saas- [•saas•] N-KIN mother (only with non-1st person possessors). • isaasti™ his, her, their mother. • asas your mother. mother-in-law see in-law (female) {ackurus, ackurus (ir...)} motion with one hand iksuhuraar (ut...) [•†ks‰-h‰-raa(r)•] VI(1-i) motion with one hand. 1. tatuutiksuhuraa 2. tuutiksuhuraa 3. tuutiksuhuraari™ 4. iriruutiksuhuraara 5. tuutiksuhuraarista motion with the hand see wave the hand {iksiitik} motivate aciksta™uk [•ß-Ù†ks-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. convince, persuade. 2. motivate, influence, as to do something; make someone think a certain way; make someone think about something. 1. taatacikstu™ 2. tiicikstu™ 3. tiicikstuuku™ 4. iriiraaciksta™u 5. tiicikstuuksta see persuade {wiruu™at} motor oil see oil {kiicahiihtu™} mound waruuckus [•wß-ruuts-k‰(s)•] VI(4) {dist., waruucarik} be a mound, small hill, as earth formed into a hill in a garden; be a knoll, mound, hillock. <waruuc+kus, be sitting rounded> 2. tiwaruucku 4. iriirawaruucku 5. tiwaruuckusta • tiwaruucarit there are mounds. see hill {paa™u™}; pile, large {waakusu™}; row of planting hills {icpaa} mount ikitawiitik [•†-k†-tß-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., ikitawiiruutik} mount, as a horse; straddle. 1. taatikitawiitit 2. tiikitawiitit 3. tiikitawiitiku™ 4. iriiraakitawiitit 5. tiikitawiitiksta • tiraarikitawiiruutit different ones mounted. mountain waawikii™ac [•waa-w†-kii-™ßts•] VD {pl., waawikiicik} be a mountain; be a tall or high hill. <waa+wikii™ac, be a tall hill> 2. tiwaawikii™ac 4. iriirawaawikiicu 5. tiwaawikiicuksta • tiwaawikiicit they are mountains. see hill {paa™u™} mountain bloomer see lizard, collared {kiickaracariwis} mountain lion pakstitkukiic [pßks-t‡t-k‰-kiits] N mountain lion, cougar, American panther (Felis concolor); (contemp.) lion, tiger. <waks+ritku+kii™ac, long tailed wild cat; cf. Ar. wÑx wildcat, WAxtÑs mountain lion; Ki. waktski bobcat, waksta™ tiger (i.e., mountain lion)>

mountain top see hilltop, on a {paakawikat} mountain, on a high paakawikiickat [paa-kà-

w†-kiits-kßt] ADV on a high mountain; on a high mountain top. <waa+ka.wi+kii™ac+kat, on a high hill + LOC>

mourn see cry {kikak}; cry for {rikikak} mourning dove see dove, mourning {paatkariis} mouse iirikis [iæ-r†-k†s] N {comb., iirikis-} mouse (generic). • iirikiskat on the mouse. • iirikisihari™ young mouse. • iirikisataatu™ mouse droppings. mouth haaka™u™ [haÑ-kß-™u™] N 1. mouth. 2. drum. • haakahiri™ on/in the mouth. • haakakat on the drum. haakarata [•haa-kß-rß-tß•] VL 1. be one's mouth. 2. be the mouth, opening, orifice (of an object, as anything that takes a lid; be the top, as of a container like a cup or can. 2. tihaakarata 4. iriirahaakaratawi 5. tihaakaratawista haakaratawi™u™ [haÑ-kß-rß-tß-wi-™u™] N 1. mouth. 2. mouth, opening, top, as of a container like a jar or bucket; orifice. • haakaratawihiri™ in the mouth. see close one's mouth {haakatakipiitik}; put into one's mouth {huuktik}; roof of the mouth {hatkatakusiri™} mouth, have in one's huukuraah [•huu-k‰raa(h)•] VT(1) have in one's mouth. necktie, wear a haaskiica (ir...ut...) [•haas-kiiÙß•] VT(wi) {pl. obj., haastahkiica (ir...ut...)} 1. have a string around one's neck, as a string of beads, a necklace, or a collar; have a chain around one's neck. 2. have a rope around the neck, as an animal. 3. be wearing a necktie, have a necktie on; wear a rolled kerchief around the neck. 1. tatiitaaskiica 2. tuutaaskiica 4. iriruutaaskiicawi 5. tuutaaskiicawista nectar see beverage, sweet {ruuhkicahariwaara} needle siistitpaat [siæs-t†t-paat] N {comb., siistitpaaht-, siistitpaat-} needle. <siis+tit+waaht, awl + eye (as of needle) + waaht; i.q. Ar. óiótItwaÑ™> • siistitpaahtiri™ with a needle needle grass see grass, needle {piicuuc} neglect see disregard {uhuhwirahak}; omit {uhurarik} neigh kiiskatawakta/taa [•kiis-kß-tß-wßk-tß/taa•] VI(4) neigh; whinny, as a horse. 2. tikiiskatawakta™ 3. tikiiskatawaktaahu™ 4. irii-

newspaper rakiiskatawaktaa 5. tikiiskatawaktaahista piiracaahuuru™ [pii-rà-Ùaa-huu-r‰™] N niece, nephew; ref. to a man's sister's children, whom the uncle valued highly. -waat- [•waat•] N-KIN niece, nephew; ref. to a man's sister's children, whom the uncle valued highly. • tiwaat my, our nephew, niece. • awaat your nephew, niece. • iwaahi™ his, her, their nephew, niece. nervous see fidgety {kirikuhkisu} nervy see bold {kiiskawaarasit} nest (of a bird) rahkisiitu™ [ràh-k†-sii-t‰™] N {comb., rahkisiit-, rahkisiic-} bird nest. • rahkisiitkat in/on the nest. • tirahkisiictaku the bird nest is hanging there. • taruurahkisiictaku its nest is there. • rahkisiitu™ titaku there is a bird nest (in a tree). net hawiriwus [hß-w‡-r†-w‰s] N seine; net, fishnet. • tiraa hawiriwus he is carrying a seine. nevertheless cta™aahii™i™ [tstß-™aÑ-hii-™i™] ADV nevertheless, anyhow, anyway. hicta™aahii™, hicta™aahii™i [h†ts-tà-™aa-hii™, h†ts-tà™aa-hii-™†] ADV nevertheless, anyhow, anyway. • hicta™aahii™ witaahkasispaa nevertheless he ran off. new tiiraraa [•tii-rß-raa•] VD be new, fresh. 2. titiiraraa™ 4. iriiratiiraraa™u 5. titiiraraacta • tiraciiraraa™ they are new. see renew {tiiraraara™uk} new moon paakipiriiru™ [paa-k‡-p†-rii-r‰™] N new moon. <paa+kipiriir+u™, new moon + NOM> paatiirara™ [paa-tiæ-rß-rß™] N new moon. <paa+tiiraraa, new moon> new year rikatihaahtiirara™ [r†-kà-t†-haah-tii-rßrß™] N 1. new year; New Year's Day. 2. January. news raa™iitusu™ [raa-™iæ-t‰-s‰™] N 1. word, words. 2. story, account, narrative. 3. news. • taraa™iitustaa™ he brought word. news, good raa™iitusiir (uur...) [•raa-™ii-t‰-sii(r)•] VI(1-a) 1. be a good story, a nice story. 2. be good news. 2. turaa™iitusii 4. iriiruraa™iitusiira 5. turaa™iitusiirasta newspaper raawihaakaraa™iitusu™ [raÑ-w†-haakß-raa-™ii-t‰-s‰™] N 1. newspaper. 2. book. 3. letter. raraa™iitustaruuwarii [rà-raa-™ii-t‰s-tß-ruø-wß-rii] N

nephew

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next newspaper. see paper {raawihaakaraa™iit}

next see afterwards {ratkat} next to see beside {ihtatahaahiri™, ihtata-, ihtataarik, ihtatakus}; beside {ihtatasa, ihtatawiitik}; beside, get {ihtata™uukuk}; seated close together {kustahaari (ut...)}; set beside {ihtatakuusk}; side by side {kuuskituuwikus} nibble see bite {taka™uc} nice see good (of a way) {raahiir (uur...)} nice country kaahurariir (uur...) [•kaa-h‰-rßrii(r)•] VI(1-a) {dist., kaahurariwaar (uur...)} 1. be nice country. 2. be nice weather. 2. tuuhkaahurarii 4. wiiruuhkaahurariira 5. tuuhkaahurariirasta • tuhkaahurariwaarasta the weather is going to be good. nice day sakuhwiriir (uur...) [•sß-k‰h-w†-rii(r)•] VI(1-a) be a nice day. <sakuur+wi.hiir (uur...), sun nicely upright> 2. tuuhcakuhwirii 4. iriruuhcakuhwiriira 5. tuuhcakuhwiriirasta sakuriir (uur...) [•sß-k‰-rii(r)•] VI(1-a) be a nice, beautiful, pretty day. <sakuur+hiir (uur...), be a nice day> 2. tuuhcakurii 4. iriruuhcakuriira 5. tuuhcakuriirasta sakuurawiriir (uur...) [•sß-kuu-rß-w†-rii(r)•] VI(1-a) be a nice, beautiful, pretty day. <sakuur+awi.hiir (uur...), be a nice day> 2. tuuhcakuurawirii 4. iriruuhcakuurawiriira 5. tuuhcakuurawiriirasta nice design, make a awiriirik (uur...) [•ß-w†-riir†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. groom, make attractive. 2. make a nice design, pattern, picture. 1. tatuurawiriirit 2. tuurawiriirit 3. tuurawiriiriku™ 4. iriruurawiriirika 5. tuurawiriiriksta • karasuuraakawiriirit did you groom them? nice land see good land {hurariir (uur...)} nice looking hiir (uur...) [•hii(r)•] VI(1-a) {pl., hiwaar (uur...)} 1. be good, nice in quality. 2. be attractive, good looking, nice in appearance; be pretty; be handsome. 1. tatuuhii 2. tuuhii 4. iriruuhiira 5. tuuhiirasta nice looking person see good looking person {icaahiksiir (uur...)} nice weather kaahuraarawiriir (uur...) [•kaa-h‰raa-rß-w†-rii(r)•] VI(1-a) weather to be nice; be nice weather. 2. tuuhkaahuraarawirii 4. iriruuhkaahuraarawiriira 5. tuuhkaahuraarawiriirasta kaahurariir (uur...) [•kaa-h‰-rß-rii(r)•] VI(1-a) {dist.,

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nightfall kaahurariwaar (uur...)} 1. be nice country. 2. be nice weather. 2. tuuhkaahurarii 4. wiiruuhkaahurariira 5. tuuhkaahurariirasta • tuhkaahurariwaarasta the weather is going to be good. nicely see dress nicely {raahiwaarik (uur...)} nicely dressed see dressed nicely {raahiwaar (uur...)} nicely, fix see fix nicely {raahiirik (uur...)} nickel paahisic [paÑ-h†-s†ts] N nickel, five cent piece. <Engl. five cents> niece piiracaahuuru™ [pii-rà-Ùaa-huu-r‰™] N niece, nephew; ref. to a man's sister's children, whom the uncle valued highly. -waat- [•waat•] N-KIN niece, nephew; ref. to a man's sister's children, whom the uncle valued highly. • tiwaat my, our nephew, niece. • awaat your nephew, niece. • iwaahi™ his, her, their nephew, niece. night hiihis- [hii-h†s•] N-DEP night, as a twenty-fourhour period. • hiihisat (ut...) be gone overnight, as when staying out one night. • hawiihisat (ut...) be gone (so many) nights. • hiihistacat nights to pass, elapse. hiihisu™ [hiæ-h†-s‰™] N night, as a period of a night and day that elapses when counting time; equivalent to English reckoning by days. • hiihisu™ kskiiti™iks four nights. hiirisu™ [hiæ-r†-s‰™] N night, as a period of a night and day that elapses when counting time; equivalent of Western reckoning by days. ratkahaar [•rßt-kß-haa(r)•] VD be night, nighttime. 2. tiratkahaa 4. iriiraratkahaaru 5. tiratkahaaruksta ratkahaaru™ [ràt-kß-haa-r‰™] N {comb., ratkahaar-, ratkahaah-} night. • ratkahaahkat in the night. • wiitiratkahaahuhta™at night has passed. ratkii [•rßt-kii•] VD be night. 2. tiratkii™ 4. iriiraratkii™u 5. tiratkiicta see late at night {ratkahaarawikii™ac}; midnight {ratkahaarikarikat}; pitch-black {ratkahaahkatiitik}; stay several nights {hawiir-i (ut...)} night, all ratkahaahkituu™u™ [ràt-kß-haah-k†-tuu™u™] ADV all night, the entire night. night, at hiras [h‡-rßs] ADV at night, nighttime. night, every ratkahaarahkituu™u™ [rßt-kß-haÑrßh-k†-tuu-™u™] ADV every night. nightfall ratkahaahtiihaksa (ir...) [•rßt-kß-haah-

nighthawk tii-hßk-sß•] VI(3) be nightfall; night to descend; become dark, as at the outset of night.

2. taratkahaahtiihaksa™ 3. taratkahaahtiihaksaahu™ 4. iriiraratkahaahtiihaksa 5. taratkahaahtiihaksahista ratkahaahtiirahk [•rßt-kß-haah-tii-rß(h){k/t}•] VL be nightfall; night to envelop. 2. tiratkahaahtiirat 4. iriiraratkahaahtiirahpi 5. tiratkahaahtiirahpista ratkahaahtiiraraa [•rßt-kß-haah-tii-rß-raa•] VD be early nightfall, the beginning of night, as just after it turns dark. 2. tiratkahaahtiiraraa™ 4. iriiraratkahaahtiiraraa™u 5. tiratkahaahtiiraraacta nighthawk kaariiksati [kaa-riæk-sß-t†] N nighthawk (Chordeiles minor). kaatpiks [kaÑt-p†ks] N nighthawk (Chordeiles minor). nine ruksiriiwaara [r‰k-s†-riæ-waa-rß] NUM nine. nineteen asku-kaakii™i™ [às-k‰•kaa-kii-™i™] NUM nineteen.

ninety

kskiitikstaaru™-ruksiri™, kskiitikstaaru™-aruksiri™, kskiitiks-ruksiri™, kskiitiks-a-ruksiri™

[kskii-t†ks-taa-ruu•r‰k-s†-ri™, kskii-t†ks-taa-ruu™• ß•r‰k-s†-ri™, kskii-t‡ks•r‰k-s†-ri™, kskii-t†ks•ß•r‰ks†-ri™ ] NUM ninety.

• kskiitiks-ruksiri™-asku ninety-one.

nipple iitpaca [iit-pà-Ùß] N nipple. • iitpacahiri™ on the nipple. • ta™iitpaca she has a bump on the nipple, as a sore, blister, bite. nit ratpit [ràt-p†t] N nit, louse egg. no kaakii™ [kaa-kiæ™] INTERJ 1. it is not. 2. no. kaakuri™ [kaa-kŠ-ri™] ADV no. nock kitawuh [•k†-tß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) 1. count; add up, tally. 2. nock an arrow. 1. tatkitawu 2. tikitawu 3. tikitawuhu™ 4. iriirakitawuha 5. tikitawista • tihkitawuhu™ they are counting. wiihkitawuh [•wiih-k†-tß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) (obs.) 1. nock an arrow. 2. aim an arrow. <wiir+kita.wuh, put the arm on top> 1. tatpiihkitawu 2. tiwiihkitawu 3. tiwiihkitawuhu™ 4. iriirawiihkitawuha 5. tiwiihkitawista nod icka™iir [•†ts-kß-™ii(r)•] VI(1) nod, nod one's

north head up and down. 1. tatuuhpaksawi™at 2. tuuhpaksawi™at 3. tuuhpaksa™iwuu™ 4. iriruuhpaksawiita 5. tuuhpaksawihuhta paksiitik [•pßk-sii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) nod, move one's head forward and downward; bow one's head forward. <paks+iitik, head to bow down> 1. tatpaksiitit 2. tipaksiitit 3. tipaksiitiku™ 4. iriirapaksiitit 5. tipaksiitiksta nod off see doze off {rahwii™a (ir...)} noise wakta/taa [•wßk-tß/taa•] VI(4) 1. make, emit a noise; honk, as a horn; sound, blow, blare, as a horn. 2. make, emit its characteristic sound or cry, as an animal, bird, or other creature. 3. groan, as in pain or agony. <wak+raa, sound + raa; i.q. Ar. wahnaa> 1. tatpakta™ 2. tiwakta™ 3. tiwaktaahu™ 4. iriirawaktaa 5. tiwaktaahista • tirahwaktaahu™ they are making their characteristic sound. noon sakuhkitaarik [•sß-k‰h-k†-taa-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) be noon, straight up noon, midday, as when the sun is directly overhead. <sakuur+kita.arik, sun to be standing on top> 2. tisakuhkitaarit 4. iriirasakuhkitaariki 5. tisakuhkitaariksta sakuhuukita™uukuk [•sß-k‰-huu-k†-tß-™uu-k‰{k/t}•] VI(4) be noon, i.e., when the sun reaches a position directly overhead. <sakuur+huukita.uukuk, sun to get on top> 2. tisakuhuukita™uukut 4. iriirasakuhuukita™uukut 5. tisakuhuukita™uukuksta sakuurikarikat [sà-kuu-r†-kß-r†-kßt] N, ADV midday, noon. <sakuur+ikarikat, middle of a day> normal see correct {uurariisit} north iriirakaahuraahkatiitu [†-riæ-rß-kaa-h‰-raahkß-tii-t‰] N, ADV north; in the north, northward; on the north side. iriirakaahuraahkatiituhat [†-riæ-rß-kaa-h‰-raah-kßtii-t‰-hßt] N, ADV north; in the north, northward; on the north side. iriirapiciihi™u [†-rii-rß-p†-Ùiæ-hi-™u] N, ADV north; in the north, from the north. rakaahuraahkatiitu [rß-kaa-h‰-raÑh-kß-tii-t‰] N, ADV north.

North Star Karariiwarii [kß-rß-riæ-wß-rii] N North Star, Polaris.

nose cusu™ [ÙŠ-s‰™] N

{comb., (i)cus-} nose; snout of an animal. • cusiri™ on the nose. • iriiraacustawi where his nose is; his nose. • iriiraaticustawi where my nose is; my nose. see pug-nosed {icuskatawii} nose, turn up see turn up the nose {ickiista™at} nostril ckiisaaka™u™ [tskii-saÑ-kß-™u™] N nostril. • ckiisaakahiri™ in the nostril. • ckiisaakaraariri™ in the nostrils. ckiisaakaratawi™u™ [tskiæ-saa-kß-rß-tß-wi-™u™] N {pl., (i)ckiisaakaratawaa} nostril. • ckiisaakaratawihiri™ in the nostril. • iriiraatickiisaakaratawaawi where my nostrils are; my nostrils. cusaakaratawi™u™ [Ù‰-saÑ-kß-rß-tß-wi-™u™] N 1. nostril. 2. smokehole of a tipi or an earthlodge. • cusaakaratawikat in/on the smokehole. cuspaaraaru™ [Ù‰s-paÑ-raa-r‰™] N animal's nostrils, nostrils of a large animal. • cuspaaraariri™ in the nostrils. • rakuuticuspaaraaruurikut to grasp its nostrils. • iriiraacuspaaracawi where its nostrils are; its nostrils. nostrum see herb {kahcu™} nosy see curious {raakirikaawariihus (ut...)}; inquisitive {kirikuhkisu} not real see unreal {raruuka™aatu™} notable see prominent {riisat} notch see indentation {tariwis (uur...)}; mark across {tariwiisk (uur...)} notch around see groove around {tarahiira™uk (uur...)} notched see grooved {icarahii (uur...)} notched around see grooved around {tarahii (uur...)} noted see prominent {hisii, rihuur} notice see observe everything {raawikirikaa™at}; study {raakirikaa™at} notify atkara™uk [•ßt-kß-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) {dist., atkawaakara™uk} 1. invite, summon, as to a dinner or meeting. 2. notify, apprise, let know. 1. taatatkaru™ 2. tiitkaru™ 3. tiitkaruuku™ 4. iriiraatkara™u 5. tiitkaruuksta • taataakatkawaakaru™ I notified various ones. see warn {irihaariwarik (ut...)} now ra, raa [rß, raa] CONJ now; and. • raahiirit si™aharaatarahkistu™ now, finally they

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oak, blackjack argued. • ra siwiitirahirasa and they carried it in front. rawa, nawa [rà-wß, nà-wß] INTERJ 1. now, well now. 2. hello, a word of greeting. • rawa, tiki hello, sonny! • rawa hiruu icihwa now then we will go. tiitiiri [tiæ-tii-r†] ADV now, at this time, at present, today. waa [waa] ADV now. • aaka, waa tiihiiraaku hiru rikuciwaawaktit oh, now this other one, then he talked to me. wii- [wii•] ADV-P 1. now. 2. (with subordinate forms) when, after. 3. have/has + [past participle], i.e., English present perfect construction. • sitaatawaciruutit hii wiihiruu tiiruuc kisaacki he and I went out and now there lay some meat. • wiitatiira™ I have come, i.e., I am here. • wiiraracakuska after he put the bundle on his back. • wiituuhkusawi™at now he rocked. see right now {raariwiicu™}; there {wiiruu-} nude see naked {kicapahaatu™, kicapahaat} nudge see push lightly {kuuca™is} numerous see many {kari, raariisat, riruuhci (uur...) [+ raar-]} nurse ckuraa™u™ [tsk‰-raÑ-™u™] N female doctor; nurse; midwife. iihiitk [•ii-hiit(k)•] VT(1) nurse. 1. tatiihiit 2. ti™iihiit 3. ti™iihiitku™ 4. iriira™iihiitka 5. ti™iihiitkista iit [•iit•] VI(2) nurse, suckle. 1. tatiit 2. ti™iit 3. ti™iitu™ 4. iriira™iiti 5. ti™iitista • tiiriitu™ they are nursing.

O o'clock wicat

[•w†-Ùßt•] VI(1) {dist., wicparii} 1. arrive (going). 2. (with numeral) be a certain hour, as o'clock. <wic+at, go to a point> 1. tatpicat 2. tiwicat 3. tiwicpuu™ 4. iriirawicata 5. tiwicuhta • tatpicparii™ I went to different destinations, went here and there. • pitku tirawicat it is two o'clock. oak ckarus [tskà-r‰s] N {comb., (i)ckarus-, (i)ckaarus-} oak (Quercus spp.). • ckarus iriirahaapi where the oak tree is. • tiickaarustahku it is a stand of oaks. oak, blackjack raaparaaruskaatiit [raÑ-pß-raar‰s-kaa-tiit] N blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica). rakaatiit [rà-kaa-tiit] N blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica). • rakaatiitkat on the blackjack oak.

oar rapaksparaa™ [rß-pàks-pß-raa™] N bushy blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica). oar kickawiriwus [k†ts-kß-w‡-r†-w‰s] N oar, paddle. oats rikiisaaruutu™ [r†-kiæ-saa-ruu-t‰™] N oats. obedient atkiisik [•ßt-kii-s†{k/t}•] VD(2) 1. be able to hear; hear well. 2. understand, be able to understand, as another language. 3. be heedful, mindful, obedient, as when paying attention or being obedient. 1. taatatkiisit 2. titkiisit 4. iriiratkiisiki, iriiraatkiisiki 5. tiitkiisikuksta • tiiratkiisit they can hear. see agreeable {awi™uu (ut...)} obese see fat {ahiht, ahihtaar} obey see agree to {wakuraah} observant kirikuhkisu [•k†-r†-k‰h-k†-s‰•] VI(4) 1. be fidgety, nervous; be nervously inquisitive. 2. be inquisitive, nosy, curious. 3. be odd; be mysterious. 4. be observant, be all eyes. 1. tatkirikuhkisu™ 2. tikirikuhkisu™ 4. iriirakirikuhkisu observe see study {raakirikaa™at} observe everything raawikirikaa™at [•raa-w†-k†r†-kaa-™ßt•] VT(1) {dist., raawikirikaawarii} observe, notice, take note of everything, as all the details of an activity, event, procedure; scrutinize, as a person's dress, behavior, habits. 1. tahaawikirikaa™at 2. tiraawikirikaa™at 3. tiraawikirikaawuu™ 4. iriiraraawikirikaata 5. tiraawikirikaahuhta • tahaawikirikaawarii™ I am noticing everything going on, as at a dance. obstinate pakskitii [•pßks-k†-tii•] VD be bullheaded, obstinate, stubborn; be unwilling to learn, follow advice. <paks+kitii, be obstinate headed> 1. tatpakskitii™ 2. tipakskitii™ 4. iriirapakskitii™u 5. tipakskitiicta see balk {katawiitik}; stubborn {acikskatawiitik, acikskitii, kitii} obstructed see blocked {katakusiir-i} obtain many karira™uk [•kß-r†-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) gather, procure, obtain many or a large amount, as objects like fruits or vegetables; buy many, as items in a store; have many, as calves. 1. tatkariru™ 2. tikariru™ 3. tikariruuku™ 4. iriirakarira™u 5. tikariruuksta occasion see time {raawi™uu [+ ruu-, i-]} occiput see nape {kiiriitu™} occupy see settle {wiitik} occur see happen {asitik (ut...), raasitik (ut...)}; happen all at once {raahiwihc (uur...)}

offer food (in prayer) ocean kictiirahk [•k†ts-tii-rß(h){k/t}•] VL be an ocean. 2. tikictiirat 4. iriirakictiirahpi 5. tikictiirahpista rakictiirahpi [rß-k‡ts-tii-rßh-p†] N ocean. ocher, red see paint, red {pahaatu™} odd kirikuhkisu [•k†-r†-k‰h-k†-s‰•] VI(4) 1. be fidgety, nervous; be nervously inquisitive. 2. be inquisitive, nosy, curious. 3. be odd; be mysterious. 4. be observant, be all eyes. 1. tatkirikuhkisu™ 2. tikirikuhkisu™ 4. iriirakirikuhkisu uupiir [•uu-pii(r)•] VD be odd, strange, peculiar, different. 1. tatuupii™ 2. ti™uupii™ 4. iriira™uupiiru 5. ti™uupiiruksta uupiiru™ [uu-piæ-r‰™] ADV, ADJ 1. odd, strange, different. 2. wrong. • uupiiru™ tuurawarit he did wrong. see crazy {icaraks}; strange (of a person or animal) {awakiir/kir (ir...)}; strange (of a way) {raa™uupiir, raawakiir/kir (ir...)} odor kahaara [•kß-haa-rß•] VL be an odor, scent; smell, be odorous, give off an odor. 2. tikahaara 4. iriirakahaarawi 5. tikahaarawista see body odor {pahuksacaciks, takickuu™at}; smell {kahaara (ut...)} odor, nice see smell nice {kahaarawiriir (uur...)} off see fall off {takaahak}; get off {takaahak}; put off {takaarahak} offend see hurt one's feelings {aciksta™aar} offer (pipe or wood) to someone haakatawuh (ut...) [•haa-kß-tß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) hand a pipe to, offer a pipe to, mouthpiece first, as when giving it to someone to smoke. 1. tatutaakatawu 2. tutaakatawu 3. tutaakatawuhu™ 4. iriirutaakatawuha 5. tutaakatawista offer a pipe haaktuu™at [•haak-tuu-™ßt•] VT(1) 1. raise a piece of wood upward, as a stick. 2. offer a pipe, offer smoke with a pipe; raise, extend a pipe upward, as when offering smoke ritually to a designated station or power that receives smoke. 1. tataaktuu™at 2. tihaaktuu™at 3. tihaaktawuu™ 4. iriirahaaktuuta 5. tihaaktuuhuhta offer food (in prayer) waaku™at (ut...) [+ raar-] [•waa-ku-™ßt•] VT(1) 1. (formerly) offer food in prayer to the deities; make a food offering, as when one raises food up in prayer to the deities. 2. (contemp.) bless, pray over food; bless a meal.

1. tatuuhahwaaku™at 2. tuuhahwaaku™at 3. tuuhahwaakawuu™ 4. iriruuhahwaakuuta 5. tuuhahwaakuhuhta offer smoke see blow smoke {raawisawarik} offspring raa™uktawi™u™ [raÑ-™uk-tß-wi-™u™] N offspring, descendants. see child {haa (ku...ir...)} offspring, have raa™ukta (ut...) [•raa-™uk-tß•] VL 1. be connected to by blood; belong to, be a member of, as a lineage or organization; ref. to one's background, such as being a member of a chief's lineage. 2. have a child, children, offspring. 1. tatuuhaa™ukta 2. tuuhaa™ukta 4. iriruuhaa™uktawi 5. tuuhaa™uktawista • tuuhaa™ukta riisaaru™ he is connected to the chief's lineage, i.e., is a member of the chief's lineage. often taparit [tà-pß-r†t] ADV often; all the time, always. • taparit tahuukaahu™ he comes in (too) often. • taparit titkaahu™ he is always sleeping. Oglala Uukuraara [uu-kŠ-raa-rß] N 1. Oglala division of the Teton Sioux. 2. Oglala Sioux male. <Sioux oglala, self-designation of this division> • Cuukuraara Oglala female. oh! aacikicii [aÑ-Ù†-k†-Ùiç] INTERJ oh my! oh gee! a female exclamation of surprise. aaka, aaka™, aaka™a [aÑ-kß, aÑ-kß™, aÑ-kß-™ß] INTERJ oh! oh my! my! • aaka™a, karawitasuurasaarariruuhci™ oh my, there were indeed many horses! aakiika™a [aa-kiæ-kß-™ß] INTERJ oh my! a female exclamation of surprise. ari™ [à-ri™] EXCL oh! an exclamation of surprise. ihiitu™ [‡-hii-t‰™] INTERJ oh! oh my! my gosh!, an exclamation of surprise. iika, iika™, iika™a [iæ-kß, iæ-kß™, iæ-kß-™ß] INTERJ oh! oh my! my! • iika™a, kuwitiihat my, he was tall! iikawaawaa™, iikawaawaa™a [ii-kß-waÑ-waa™, iikß-waÑ-waa-™ß] INTERJ oh my goodness! • iikawaawaa™, ii karawiti™ caahiksicaahiks oh my goodness, and he was indeed an outstanding person. karihaaki™ [kà-r†-haa-ki™] INTERJ oh my! oh gosh! an exclamation when one is taken by surprise; truly! for certain! ucis [Š-Ù†s] INTERJ oh my! why! an exclamation of concern, as when one's child gets hurt. uuka, uuka™, uuka™a [u÷-kß, u÷-kß™, u÷-kß-™ß] INTERJ oh! oh my! my! • uuka, tiki, rikutatuutawatuu™u oh, sonny, I have been lonesome for you. • uuka, Riitahkaac

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omit Rariisaaru, ka raskaaku? oh, Eagle Chief, are you inside? oil kiicahiihtu™ [kii-Ùà-hiih-t‰™] N {comb., kiicahiht-, kiicahit-} 1. grease, oil; rendered fat: shortening, tallow, lard. 2. oil, motor oil; gasoline, kerosene, propane. • kiicahitkat in/on the grease. see fat {ahitkiicahiihtu™}; kerosene {kurituukatawi™u™} oily see greasy {rahkicit} old pakuu™at, pakuuht [•pß-kuu-™ßt,• pß-kuu(h)t] VD be old; be ancient, antique (inanimate objects). 2. tipakuu™at 4. iriirapakuhtu, iriirapakuutu 5. tipakuutuksta see age, advanced {kaahuraariktisaar}; elder {awiraariktis}; elderly {awiraariktis}; worn out {kaaks}; years old, be {rikatihaararuu (ir...ri...ut...)} old age see reach an old age {riicawicparii} old man kurahuus [kŠ-rß-huus] N {comb., kurahuus-, kurahus-} 1. old man. 2. priest. • kurahuusa™u™ the father (lit. the old man). old person see aged person {kaahiiku™} Old Village Kitkahaahpakuuhtu™ [k‡t-kß-haahpß-kuuh-t‰™] N Old Village, a former Skiri village in Nebraska. old woman see woman, old {cuustit} older raariktis [•raa-r†k-t†s•] VD 1. be older, as a person fifty or more years of age. 2. be an elder. 3. be the eldest, as a child in a family. 1. tahaariktis 2. tiraariktis 4. iriiraraariktisu 5. tiraariktisuksta older woman icapaktaariktis [•†-Ùß-pßk-taa-r†kt†s•] VD 1. be an older woman. 2. be the eldest daughter. 1. taaticapaktaariktis 2. tiicapaktaariktis 4. iririicapaktaariktisu 5. tiicapaktaariktisuksta Omaha Uwaaha [u-waÑ-hß] N {comb., Uwaahawi-} 1. Omaha tribe. 2. Omaha male. • Cuwaaha Omaha female. Omaha, Nebr. Uwaahawiru [u-waa-hà-w†-r‰] N Omaha, Nebr. omasum rahpas [ràh-pßs] N omasum; manyplies, book, bible, i.e., the third stomach of a ruminant. • rahpas tikukahta™ I am hungry for, craving omasum. • suurukstaariikaru™ rahpas clean (i.e., wash) the omasum and other parts! omit uhurarik [•‰-h‰-rß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. (pl. obj.) separate, divide, sort, as into groups. 2. omit, neglect, leave out, lit. separate someone from others. 1. taatuhurarit 2. tiihurarit 3. tiihurariku™ 4. iriruuhurarika 5. tiihurariksta • tahaaruhurarit I

on separated them.

on ickuskakus (ir...ut...)

[•†ts-k‰s-kß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be sitting on, as a pillow or chair. paint, yellow kuckictahkata [kŠts-k†ts-tßh-kß-tß] N yellow paint, yellow ochre, a pigment made from naturally tinted clay that contains ferric oxide and other minerals; used for body painting. painted see colored {taraawis}; red, painted {rahpahaat} painted on see on (of designs) {katatuus} painted with a design rariihuriir (uur...) [•rß-riih‰-rii(r)•] VI(1-a) 1. be painted with a design. 2. be decorated with a design, as quillwork. 3. be printed, as a book or document. 2. turariihurii 4. iriirurariihuriira 5. turariihuriirasta palate see roof of the mouth {hatkatakusiri™} pale see white {taakaar} pale, turn see bleach {kiwataktik}; fade {kiwatak} palm of the hand ikskakusiri™ [†ks-kß-kŠ-s†-ri™] N palm of the hand. ikskatahcu™ [†ks-kà-tßh-Ù‰™] N {comb., ikskatahc-, ikskatac-} palm of the hand. • ikskatahciri™ on the palm. • iriiraatikskatactawi where my palm is; my palm. palomino see horse, palomino {kicakustaakaa} pan see skillet {tatkaaksu™}; wash basin {ckahiika-

part ra™uks}

pancake icataapackis

[‡-Ùß-taa-pßts-k†s] N pancake. • icataapackiskat on the pancake. • iririirasku icataapackis where the pancake is. pant cuff see cuff of pants {asaakahiri™} panther see mountain lion {pakstitkukiic} panties see underwear {ruuskuukukaawi™u™} pants ruuskuuku™u™ [ruus-ku÷-ku-™u™] N pants, trousers. • ruuskuuku™u™ tuuhuuskaa he is wearing pants; he has trousers on. see put on pants {ruuskawarik (ut...)} pants, wear ruuskaa (ir...ut...) [•ruus-kaa•] VT(wi) be wearing pants, trousers; have pants, trousers on. 1. tatiihuuskaa 2. tuuhuuskaa 4. iriruuhuuskaawi 5. tuuhuuskaawista • tiihuuskaa they are wearing pants. paper raawihaakaraa™iit [raÑ-w†-haa-kß-raa-™iit] N paper; any paper product, i.e., book, letter, document, newspaper. • raawihaakaraa™iitkat on the paper. • raawihaakaraa™itiri™ with paper. • ririiku raawihaakaraa™iit there is a piece of paper there. • raawihaakaraa™iit raaku™ cardboard box. see letter {rariihuraah} paper money see money, paper {rariihuuru™} parade kiihaarat [•kii-haa-rßt•] VI(1) (pl. subj.) be a parade, as of dancers, a men's society, circus performers, or a band; group of dancers or performers to parade; group of dancers to go in a group, as in a parade. 2. tikiihaarat 3. tikiihaariwuu™ 4. iriirakiihaarata 5. tikiihaahuhta paralyzed see crippled {kariis/ris, kariis} parch rahkatawirahak [•rßh-kß-tß-w†-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) parch. 1. tahahkatawirahat 2. tirahkatawirahat 3. tirahkatawirahaaku™ 4. iriirarahkatawirahat 5. tirahkatawirahaksta rahkatiraah [•rßh-kß-t†-raa(h)•] VT(1) parch, as corn. 1. tahahkatiraa 2. tirahkatiraa 3. tirahkatiraahu™ 4. iriirarahkatiraaha 5. tirahkatiraahista parfleche rahkakusu™ [rßh-kà-k‰-s‰™] N parfleche. • rahkakuskat in/on the parfleche. paring knife see knife, small {riicikiripacki} park see ball park {wihaahkusu™} part see half {katakaaks, katakaaksu™}; withdraw

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part (in hair) {awikatahak (uur...)}

part (in hair) hatkahurat (uur...)

[•hßt-kß-h‰rßt•] VT(1) part hair; put a part in hair. 2. tiwiriwis 4. iriirawiriwis 5. tiwiriwisista pass huhtaat/ta™at [•h‰h-taat/tß-™ßt•] VI(1) pass, pass by, pass ahead, pass up; speed by, as a train. 1. tatuhtaat, tatuhta™at 2. tihuhtaat, tihuhta™at 3. tihuhtawuu™ 4. iriirahuhtaata 5. tihuhtahuhta • wiitirikatihaahuhta™at the year has already passed. see hand over {ruu™a (ir...)} pass a story on raa™iitusuuh/uh [•raa-™ii-t‰suuh/‰(h)•] VT(1), VR(1) 1. give a story to. 2. give word to. 3. give advice to. 4. (+ refl.) pass a story to one another. 1. tahaa™iitusuu 2. tiraa™iitusuu 3. tiraa™iitusuuhu™ 4. iriiraraa™iitusuha 5. tiraa™iitusuhista pass around kawaahak [•kß-waa-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) pass out; pass around, serve, as when taking food around to people and dishing it out. 1. tatkawaahat 2. tikawaahat 3. tikawaahaaku™ 4. iriirakawaahat 5. tikawaahaksta • tihkawaahaaku™ they are serving it. rahukatawi™at [•rß-h‰-kß-tß-wi-™ßt•] VT(1) pass around, take around, take around and pass out, as when distributing something to a group. 1. tahahukatawi™at 2. tirahukatawi™at 3. tirahukata™iwuu™ 4. iriirarahukatawiita 5. tirahukatawihuhta rahukatawihak [•rß-h‰-kß-tß-w†-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) pass around, take around, take around and pass out, as when distributing food to a group. 1. tahahukatawihat 2. tirahukatawihat 3. tirahukatawihaaku™ 4. iriirarahukatawihat 5. tirahukatawihaksta rikatawihak [•r†-kß-tß-w†-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) {dist., rikata™iwaahak} 1. pass around, take around, as when showing something to a group of people. 2. clean out, wipe out, wash out, as a bucket or pan with a rag; scrape out by stirring. 3. stir around inside, scraping the sides, as coals in a hole in a log. 1. tahikatawihat 2. tirikatawihat 3. tirikatawihaaku™ 4. iriirarikatawihat 5. tirikatawihaksta • tahikata™iwaahat I stirred them around in it. pass around inside see walk around inside {kaahak} pass away see die {hurahac}; expire {awi™uusik (uur...), uhuurawi™uusik} pass out see faint {katiictakaawaahak (ut...)} pass over see hand over {ruu™at}

pass wind pass wind karaarukuk

[•kß-raa-r‰-k‰{k/t}•] VP(4) 1. belch, burp. 2. pass wind, fart. 3. let out a deep sigh. 1. tikukaraarukut 2. tikaraarukut 3. tikaraarukuku™ 4. iriirakaraarukut 5. tikaraarukuksta passenger train see train, passenger {caahiks-rararuuwarii} passionate see sexually aroused {tawaas} past see by {hukatawi-} past years see year, every {rikatihaarahkituu™u™} paste see glue (liquid) {kictaarikiicu™} pastry see cake {icataarakiicu™}; sweets (food) {ruuhtahariwaara, taharakiicu™} patch (of something growing) karihaahkus [•kß-r†-haah-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. be a patch, field, as of something growing. 2. be a thicket. 2. tikarihaahku 4. iriirakarihaahku 5. tikarihaahkusta • iriirakarihaahku raackuuki where the patch of thorny plants is, as berries, cacti, cockleburs. karihaar [•kß-r†-haa(r)•] VD 1. be a patch, field, as of something growing. 2. be a thicket. 2. tikarihaa 4. iriirakarihaaru 5. tikarihaaruksta karihaaru™ [kà-r†-haa-r‰™] N {comb., karihaar-, karihaah-} 1. field, patch, as of something growing; crop. 2. thicket. • karihaahkat in the field. • iriirakarihaahku where the patch is. • tikarihaarawaahat it is a big patch. karihaaru™at [•kß-r†-haa-ru-™ßt•] VI(1) be a patch, field of plants growing in rows; be a row of plants. 2. tikarihaaru™at 4. iriirakarihaaruuta 5. tikarihaaruhuhta pate see crown of the head {astihaaru™} path see same direction {askuhuuru™}; trail {haturaarat, hatuur-/hatuh-, haturaaru™} path to be crooked see road to be crooked {haturaahpiraarik} path to curve see trail to curve {haturaahpirakus} path to fork see road to fork {haturaahkasar} patient acikspahit [•ß-Ù†ks-pß-h†t•] VD 1. be mentally calm, peaceful; mind to be at ease, be calm, as when being free of stress. 2. be patient. 1. taatacikspahi™it 2. tiicikspahi™it 4. iriiraacikspahiitu 5. tiicikspahituksta pattern see nice design, make a {awiriirik (uur...)} pattern, make a see decorate {raawirariira™uk (uur...)}; draw {awuh (uur...)} paunch ckarucki [tskà-r‰ts-k†] N {comb., (i)ckaruc-} paunch, as used for a water pouch. • ckaruckat in a paunch bag. see stomach (of a ruminant) {paaraarickuusu™} paved karitihit [•kß-r†-t†-h†t•] VI(4) be paved, as a road; be pavement. 2. tikaritihit 4. iriirakaritihit 5. tikaritihitista see road to be paved {haturaahkaritihit} paved road see highway {haturaahkaritki} paw see foot {asu™} Pawnee Ckirihki Kuuruuriki [tsk‡-r†h-k† kuu-ru÷r†-k†] N Pawnee tribe; Pawnees. Paari [paÑ-r†] N {comb., paari-, paarih-} 1. Pawnee tribe. 2. Pawnee male. 3. Pawnee, Okla. <paari(r), prob. from the common Dhegiha Siouan name ppÑdè and variants>

• Paariru among the Pawnee, Pawnee country. • Paarihkat in Pawnee, in the Pawnee language. see Chawi band {Cawii}; Kitkahahki {Kitkahaahki}; Pitahawirata {Piitahaawiraata}; Skiri {Ckiiri}; South Band {Tuhaawit} pea atiikacaciks [à-tii-kß-Ùß-Ù†ks] N 1. prairie mimosa, spider bean (Desmanthus illinoensis). 2. garden pea, sweet pea. pea, black-eyed atiiktiwaackatiit [à-tiik-t†-waatskß-tiit] N black-eyed pea, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). atipickatit [ß-t†-p‡ts-kß-t†t] N black-eyed pea, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). peaceful see calm {acikspahit} peach piciis [p‡-Ùiis] N peach, peaches. <Engl. peaches> riwahariktaaruus [r†-wß-hß-r‡k-taa-ruus] N peach (Prunus persica). peacock hiitkirikawaa [hiit-k†-r‡-kß-waa] N peacock. pear kiictawaku™ [kiæts-tß-wß-k‰™] N 1. bell; cowbell. 2. pear, after its bell-like shape. • tita kiictawaku™ the bell is hanging. • sukstawu kiictawaku™ hang the bell up! pebble see rock {karitki} pecan saahkisiikasa [saah-k†-siæ-kß-sß] N pecan (Carya illinoensis). • saahkisiikasa iriirahaapaawi where the pecan trees are (growing). peccary see pig {kuhku} peculiar see odd {uupiir}; strange (of a person or animal) {awakiir/kir (ir...)}; strange (of a way) {raa™uupiir, raawakiir/kir (ir...)} peeking around uhuuricpaat- [‰-huu-r†ts-paat•] LOC peeking around; coming out from behind.

233

peel • rikaakuhuuricpaatat peek around. • uhuuricpaata (ir...) come out from behind. • kiisuhuuricpaatak peek around a corner. peel icakara™uk (uur...) [•†-Ùß-kß-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) (pl. obj.) husk, shuck, as corn; peel back, as banana peels; scale, as fish. 1. tatuuricakaru™ 2. tuuricakaru™ 3. tuuricakaruuku™ 4. iriruuricakara™u 5. tuuricakaruuksta ickuustuwaah [•†ts-kuus-tu-waa(h)•] VT(1-i) peel, take a peeling off. 1. taatickuustuwaa 2. tiickuustuwaa 3. tickuustuwaahi™ 4. iriiraackuustuwaaha 5. tiickuustuwaahista • tiickuustaruwaa he peeled it. peel off icakawat (uur...) [•†-Ùß-kß-wßt•] VT(2-i) 1. peel, peel off, as bark from a limb. 2. husk, shuck, as an ear of corn. 1. tatuuricakawat 2. tuuricakawat 3. tuuricakawati™ 4. iriruuricakawati 5. tuuricakawatista • taturaaricakawat I peeled them. icakawatak (uur...) [•†-Ùß-kß-wß-tß{k/t}•] VI(4) peel off, as bark. 2. tuuricakawatat 3. tuuricakawataaku™ 4. iriruucakawatat 5. tuuricakawataksta • tuuhaakicakawatat the bark peeled off. see scrape {kicuuciriik (uur...)} peel, potato ihcickuusu™ [‡h-Ù†ts-kuu-s‰™] N potato peel. peeling see skin {ckuusu™} peep around ickahak [•†ts-kß-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) peep around, as the corner of an object; momentarily show one's face, expose one's face, as when quickly pulling it back out of sight. 1. taatickahat 2. tiickahat 4. iriiraackahat 5. tiickahaksta peg see nail {caakawi™u™}; stake {riisaapi™u™}; stake down {riisaapuh} pegged see staked to the ground {riisaak} pelican, white raruuckiraraa [rß-ruuts-k‡-rß-raa] N white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos). pelt see hide (large animal) {ckariitki} pemmican tapaharuus [tà-pß-hß-ruus] N pemmican, pounded dried meat. • tapaharuuskat in the pemmican. pen caakawakihaahkus (ut...) [•Ùaa-kß-wß-k†haah-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be an enclosure, a fenced area; be a pen, a corral.

234

perfume 2. tucaakawakihaahku 4. iriirucaakawakihaahku 5. tucaakawakihaahkusta raktariihkaruukus [ràk-tß-riih-kß-ruu-k‰s] N 1. pencil. 2. pen; marker. • raktariihkaruukuskat on the pen, pencil. • raktariihkaruukusiri™ with a pen, pencil. pencil see pen {raktariihkaruukus} pendant takusu™ [tà-k‰-s‰™] N pendant; hanging or dangling object used to decorate clothing, as a cowry shell. pendent ta [•tß•] VL {dist., tawaa} hang suspended; be suspended, pendent, as a curtain or picture on a wall; be on, hanging from, as a line; (dist.) be on, as limbs of the body or things growing on a bush or tree; bear fruit, as on a tree. 2. tita 4. iriiratawi 5. titawista • titawaa they are hanging suspended. penetrate see go into {hukaa™at} penis karii™u™ [kß-riæ-™u™] N penis. • kariihiri™ on the penis. penitentiary iriiriritpaahwiiku [†-riæ-r†-r†t-paahwii-k‰] N 1. coal mine. 2. penitentiary. pennon see flag {raawiiricaawi™u™} penny paapicispahat [paÑ-p†-Ù†s-pß-hßt] N 1. copper. 2. penny. <paapicis+pahaat, red metal> Pentecostal riiraktaara™iwariku [riæ-rßk-taa-rß-™†wß-r†-k‰] N 1, Pentecostals. 2. people in a religious trance. penurious see stingy {takiis (ut...)} people see human {caahiks} pepper kackaapit [kßts-kaÑ-p†t] N black pepper; bell pepper; chili pepper. • kackaapitkat in the pepper. • ki™isiraruuwa™ kackaapit pass (me) the pepper! peppy see lively {awitariic} perch see land (flying object) {tawiitik}; sunfish {caatkatuus} perform aar (ut...) [•aa(r)•] VT(1-i) {dist., awaah (ut...)} 1. do. 2. perform. 1. tatuutaa 2. tuutaa 3. tuutari™ 4. iriruutaara 5. tuutarista • tuutawaahi™ he is doing things. tawarukaar [•tß-wß-r‰-kaa(r)•] VI(1-i) perform, put on an act, as a doctor, magician, actor.

1. tatpiruu™at 2. tiwiruu™at 3. tiwirawuu™ 4. iriirawiruuta 5. tiwiruuhuhta see convince {acikstahuruu (ut...), aciksta™uk, uhurahuruu (ut...)} persuade oneself see decide {aciksta™uk} pester astaah (ut...) [•ßs-taa(h)•] VT(1) 1. pester, annoy, taunt, provoke, as when trying to anger someone. 2. tease, show attention to, as when a woman tries to seduce a man. 3. exert oneself with, work on, minister to, as when trying to revive an unconscious person. 1. tatuutastaa 2. tuutastaa 3. tuutastaahu™ 4. iriruutastaaha 5. tuutastaahista • sitiitastaa they are pestering him. astiwiitik (ut...) [•ßs-t†-wii-t†{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. pester, bother. 2. question, probe, interrogate. 1. tatuutastiwiitit 2. tuutastiwiitit 3. tuutastiwiitiku™ 4. iriruutastiwiitit 5. tuutastiwiitiksta • sitiitastiwiitit they questioned her. ciiharista™uk (ut...) [•Ùii-hß-r†s-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) tease, joke with; pester, annoy, bother in a jocular manner. 1. tatuciiharistu™ 2. tuciiharistu™ 3. tuciiharistuuku™ 4. iriiruciiharista™u 5. tuciiharistuuksta see bother {wiraarikus} pester (verbally) uhuurirahak (ut...) [•‰-huu-r†rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. pester, bother verbally; tease, joke with. 2. scold. 1. tatuutuhuurirahat 2. tuutuhuurirahat 3. tuutuhuurirahaaku™ 4. iriruutuhuurirahat 5. tuutuhuurirahaksta pestle hikskawicaku [h†ks-kà-w†-Ùß-k‰] N pestle. hiksu™ [h‡k-s‰™] N pestle, wooden pestle. • hiksiri™ with a pestle. • paksiri™ rahikstawi the head of the pestle. • iriirahikstawi where the pestle is. pet see hug {rikakiis}; stroke {ikskawi™at (uur...)} pewter see metal, white {paapicistaakaa} peyote kahcatkahaaru™ [kßh-Ùàt-kß-haa-r‰™] N peyote, mescal (Lophophora williamsii).

• wiitiraaririwuu™ kahcatkahaaru™ they are having a peyote meeting. phantom raruuka™aatu™ [rß-ru÷-kß-™aa-t‰™] N 1. phantom, ghost, spirit; apparition, as of a spirit that appears and then suddenly disappears. 2. shadow. phlegm kitutkuutu™ [k‡-t‰t-kuu-t‰™] N phlegm, mu-

235

phonograph cus secreted by the respiratory mucosa.

• kitutkuutkat in the phlegm. see mucus (nasal) {piruus} phonograph see radio {rarahwaktaariku, rarahwaktahu} photograph a (uur...) [•ß•] VL {dist., awaa (uur...)} 1. be decorated; have a picture or design; be tattooed, have a tattoo. 2. be a photograph. 1. wititatuutaahkacaru™ 2. witituutaahkacaru™ 3. witituutaahkacaruuku™ 4. witiruutaahkacara™u 5. witituutaahkacaruuksta • wititiitaahkacaru™ they picked their teeth. pick out ruciik [+ ak-] [•r‰-Ùii{k/t}•] VT(1) (an. pl. obj.) 1. pick out, choose, select. 2. appoint. 1. taataktuciit 2. tiktuciit 3. tiktuciiku™ 4. iriiraktuciika 5. tiktuciksta taawat [•taa-wßt•] VT(2-i) pick out, choose, select. 1. tactaawat 2. titaawat 3. titaawati™ 4. iriirataawati 5. titaawatista • tiiraktacaawat they selected them. see select {hikaawat (ut...), rikaawat (ut...)} pick up kusik [•k‰-s†{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. pick up, take, get. 2. choose, select. 1. tatkusit 2. tikusit 3. tikusiiku™ 4. iriirakusit 5.

236

pigweed tikusiksta see pull up (a plant) {wiriik}; pull up (pl. plants) {waakara™uk}; snatch up {awikusik} pick up (a container of objects) ruuciik [•ruuÙii{k/t}•] VT(1) (inan. pl. obj.) pick up, take, as a container with many objects in it.

1. tahuciit 2. tiruciit 3. tiruciiku™ 4. iriiraruuciika 5. tiruuciiksta pick up (a long object) iriik [•†-rii{k/t}•] VT(1) {pl. obj., ruuciik} pick up (a long object). 1. taatiriit 2. ti™iriit 3. ti™iriiku™ 4. iriiraariika 5. ti™iriiksta pick up (a way) see learn (a way) {raakusik} pick up (pl.) piraah [•p†-raa(h)•] VT(1) {dist., piruhka™uk} (pl. obj.) pick up. 1. tatpiraa 2. tipiraa 3. tipiraahu™ 4. iriirapiraaha 5. tipiraahista • tipiruhka™ut he picked them up, as in various places. pickax apac ruurickuuki [à-pßts ruu-r†ts-kuu-k†] N pickax. picket see tether {haastawikuusk} picket pin see stake {riisaapi™u™} picketed see tethered {haastawikus} picture awi™u™ [à-wi-™u™] N {comb., awi-} picture, image; photograph. • taatawiraa I have a picture of her. see decorated {a (uur...)}; nice design, make a {awiriirik (uur...)} picture to hang awita [•ß-w†-tß•] VL picture to hang, as on a wall. 2. tiiwita 4. iriiraawitawi 5. tiiwitawista picture, make a see image, make an {awira™uk} picture, take a see photograph {awuh (uur...)} pie paa™i [paÑ-™†] N pie. <Engl. pie> piece see game piece {asaaru™}; half {katakaaks, katakaaksu™} pierce icakuusk (ut...) [•†-Ùß-kuus(k)•] VT(1) {dist., icaarikihk} 1. stick, prick, pierce; puncture; stab; spear. 2. pin, as with a safety pin. 3. sew, as with an awl or needle. 4. shoot, hit, as with an arrow. 1. tatuuticakuus 2. tuuticakuus 3. tuuticakuusku™ 4. iriruuticakuuska 5. tiiticakuuskista • tatuuticaarikiit I shot it (with arrows). pig kuhku [kŠh-k‰] N {comb., kuhkus-} 1. domestic pig, hog; peccary. 2. bacon. • kuhkuskat on the pig. • kuhkuskucuu™ big hog. • kuhkusihari™ piglet, shoat. • kuhkusicapaat sow, female pig. pigweed see lamb's-quarters {caahiksikskiicu™, kipahki}

pile pile ruucpaa

[•ruuts-paa•] VL 1. be piles here and there. 2. be objects in one big pile. 2. tiruucpaa 4. iriiraruucpaawi 5. tiruucpaawista pile up taawatatk (ut...) [+ raar-] [•taa-wß-tßt(k)•] VT(1) pile up, one on another; stack, stack up. 1. tatuuhacaawatat 2. tuuhacaawatat 3. tuuhacaawatatku™ 4. iriruuhacaawatatka 5. tuuhacaawatatkista pile, large kariwiikus [•kß-r†-wii-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be a large pile, as of objects. 2. tikariwiiku 4. iriirakariwiiku 5. tikariwiikusta waakusu™ [waÑ-k‰-s‰™] N large pile, stack, heap, mound. <waa+kus+u™, seated hill + NOM> • waakuskat on the large pile. • tiwaakusku rikiisu™ it is a big pile of corn, a large stack of corn. piled on see top, on {awatatakus (ut...)} pilfer see steal {ta™uut} pillow cawihaaru™ [Ùà-w†-haa-r‰™] N {comb., cawihaar-, cawihaah-} pillow; cushion, formerly made by stuffing hair or hay into a hide covering. • cawihaahkat on the pillow. • iriiraasa cawihaaru™ where the pillow is. pillow case cawihaahkuuku™u™ [Ùà-w†-haah-kuuku-™u™] N {pl., cawihaarahkuuku™u™} pillow case. • cawihaahkuukukat on the pillow case. pin cpiikicakusu™ [tspiæ-k†-Ùß-k‰-s‰™] N pin; safety pin. see pierce {icakuusk (ut...)} pinch tapiitk [•tß-piit(k)•] VT(1) {dist., tapaapiruutk} 1. pinch. 2. pinch off, as a flower. 3. take a pinch of, as when sampling or taking a small portion of an ingredient like flour or sugar. 1. tactapiit 2. titapiit 3. titapiitku™ 4. iriiratapiitka 5. titapiitkista • titapaapiruut he pinched it all over. pinched tapic [•tß-p†ts•] VD be pinched. 2. titapi™ic 4. iriiratapiicu 5. titapicuksta pink kirahpahaat [•k†-rßh-pß-haat•] VD 1. be pink, light red, faded red. 2. be brown. 2. tikirahpahaa™at 4. iriirakirahpahaatu 5. tikirahpahaatuksta pinky see finger, little {kskiicpita} pinto asaawaki™ [ß-saa-wà-ki™] N {comb., asaawakih-} pinto, spotted horse. pinto, black asaawakihkaatiit [ß-saa-wß-k‡hkaa-tiit] N black pinto, pinto horse with black

pitch hay spots. asaawakihpahat [ß-saa-wß-k‡h-pßhßt] N red pinto, pinto horse with red spots. pipe raktaawiskaaru™ [rßk-taÑ-w†s-kaa-r‰™] N {comb., raktaawiskaar-, raktaawiskaah-} pipe, calumet. • raktaawiskaahkat on the pipe • tihaakca raktaawiskaaru™ it is a pipe. pipe (European) rapatiis [rà-pß-tiis] N European smoking pipe, small pipe for smoking; ref. to the pipes smoked by whites and purchased in stores. • rapatiiskat in/on the pipe. • tihaakca rapatiis it is a pipe. pipe bag raruksu™ [rß-rŠk-s‰™] N pipe bag, used for carrying a pipe and tobacco. • rarukskat in the pipe bag. • tirarukstaa he is carrying a pipe bag. • taharukstaa I carried a tobacco pouch. Pipe Dance Raktaraa™iwariihus [ràk-tß-raa-™†wß-rii-h‰s] N Pipe Dance, Calumet Dance.

waving

the

sticks,

i.e.,

pipe, extend a see extend (pipe or wood) {haakatawuh}

pipe, extend to (someone) see offer (pipe or wood) to someone {haakatawuh (ut...)}

pipe, light a see light a pipe {huukitawuh} pipe, raise upward see offer a pipe {haaktuu™at} pipestem raktakaawi™u™ [rßk-tß-kaÑ-wi-™u™] N pipestem.

pipestem, make a haakta™uk

[•haak-tß-™u{k/t}•]

VT(3)

make a pipestem, as for a Pipe Dance. 1. tataaktu™ 2. tihaaktu™ 3. tihaaktuuku™ 4. iriirahaakta™u 5. tihaaktuuksta pistol tiraaktarikuhcu™ [t‡-raak-tß-r†-k‰h-Ù‰™] N pistol, revolver. pit see cache pit {tahak}; hole in the ground (large) {huuhatawi™u™} Pitahawirata Piitahaawiraata [pii-tß-haa-w‡-raatß] N 1. Pitahawirata band; (hist.) Tappage band. 2. Pitahawirata male. <wiita+haawiraat.a, man going downstream> • Cpiitahaawiraata Pitahawirata female. see South Band {Tuhaawit} pitch hay hiiraaricakuusk (ut...) [•hii-raa-r†-Ùßkuus(k)•] VT(1) pitch hay; stack hay with a pitchfork. 1. tatutiiraaricakuus 2. tutiiraaricakuus 3. tutiiraaricakuusku™ 4. iriirutiiraaricakuuska 5. tutii-

237

pitch headlong raaricakuuskista

pitch headlong see stumble {uhuuririkisat} pitch-black katiictatat [•kß-tiits-tß-tßt•] VI(1-a) be dark, pitch-black, as at night when there is no moonlight. 2. tikatiictatat 4. iriirakatiictatata 5. tikatiictatatasta ratkahaahkatiitik [•rßt-kß-haah-kß-tii-t†{k/t}•] VD(2) be a pitch-black night. 2. tiratkahaahkatiitit 4. iriiraratkahaahkatiitiki 5. tiratkahaahkatiitikuksta pitchfork hiiraaricakusku [hii-raa-r‡-Ùß-k‰s-k‰] N pitchfork. hiiraaricakusu™, hiiraaricakus [hiæ-raa-r†-Ùß-k‰s‰™, hii-raa-r‡-Ùß-k‰s] N pitchfork. • hiiraaricakusiri™ on a pitchfork; with a pitchfork. • hiiraaricakuskucuu™ big pitchfork. siistacaraahkucuu™ [siæs-tß-Ùß-raah-k‰-Ùuu™] N {comb., siistacaraahkucuu-} 1. pitchfork. 2. big fork. <siistacaraa(r)+kucuu, large fork> • siistacaraahkucuuhiri™ on a pitchfork; with a pitchfork. pithy see hollow {kahuruus} pitiful acikskaapaakis [•ß-Ù†ks-kaa-paa-k†s•] VD 1. feel sad, sorrowful. 2. feel pitiful. 1. taatacikskaapaakis 2. tiicikskaapaakis 4. iriiraacikskaapaakisu 5. tiicikskaapaakisuksta • tiraacikskaapaakis they are all feeling sad, everyone is feeling sad. see poor {kaapaakis} pity acikskapaakis (ut...) [•ß-Ù†ks-kß-paa-k†s•] VT(u) pity, feel pity for, feel sorry for; feel compassion for, have compassion for, as when giving someone a gift; bless, as when a spirit bestows power on someone. 1. tatuutacikskapaakis 2. tuutacikskapaakis 4. iriirikuutacikskapaakisu 5. tuutacikskapaakisista place see lay down {ruucuh}; put together {tahaariwuh (ut...)}; seat {kusaaru™}; set {kuusk} place, different see different land {huraarikiwir} placenta see afterbirth {stahkawi™u™} placid see still {kiiriks} plain see grassy terrace {huucahaaru™} plain (sandy) see beach (sandy) {hukiwahaaru™} plain, on a see bank, on a {huucakus}; stream, along a {huuca-} plan raatiiwarik [•raa-tii-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. schedule; set a time, date, as for an event, activity. 2. make a ruling, decision; regulate, make a set of regulations, as for a public function. 3. plan, make a plan.

238

planted 1. tahaatiiwarit 2. tiraatiiwarit 3. tiraatiiwariku™ 4. iriiraraatiiwarika 5. tiraatiiwariksta plank see board {rakatuusu™} planned see decided {raatiihuur} plant haapuh [•haa-p‰(h)•] VT(1) {dist., haapaawuh} 1. plant a growing tree, bush; put a tree, bush into the ground. 2. transplant a tree, bush. 3. put upright an elongated piece of wood, as a pole or stick. 1. tataapu 2. tihaapu 3. tihaapuhu™ 4. iriirahaapuha 5. tihaapista irisirik [•†-r†-s†-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) {dist., iriwaasirik} 1. plant, bury in the ground, as a seed, plant, or body. 2. hide, bury, secret under, as when putting an object under something; cover, cover over. 1. taatirisirit 2. tiirisirit 3. tiirisiriku™ 4. iriiraarisirika 5. tiirisiriksta • tiraaririwaasirit he planted them. taatu™ [taÑ-t‰™] N {comb., tat-, tac-, tah-} plant; stalk. • tatkat on the stalk, plant. • titahaahku it is a clump of stalks, a clump of plants, as a hill of corn or beans. see set out plants {waawuh}; thorns {raackuuki} plant grass kataaraarura™uk [•kß-taa-raa-r‰-rß™u{k/t}•] VT(3) plant grass; plant a lawn. 1. tatkataaraaruru™ 2. tikataaraaruru™ 3. tikataaraaruruuku™ 4. iriirakataaraarura™u 5. tikataaraaruruuksta plant seeds raaraahkawuh [•raa-raah-kß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) {dist., raarahkawaawuh} plant, put seeds in the ground, as in a hill or row. 1. tahaaraahkawu 2. tiraaraahkawu 3. tiraaraahkawuhu™ 4. iriiraraaraahkawuha 5. tiraaraahkawista • tiiraaraahkawaawuhu™ they were planting seeds (in holes, in a row). raarara™uk [•raa-rß-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) {dist., raarahkara™uk} plant, as seeds; plant a garden. 1. tahaararu™ 2. tiraararu™ 3. tiraararuuku™ 4. iriiraraarara™u 5. tiraararuuksta • tiraarahkaru™ he planted different things. plant, be a tatkus [•tßt-k‰(s)•] VI(4) {pl., tatpaa} be a plant; plant to be (growing). 2. titatku 4. iriiratatku 5. titatkusta • titatpaa they are growing. planted raaraar [•raa-raa(r)•] VD {dist., raaraarik} (pl. subj.) be planted, as plants in a garden. 2. tiraaraa 4. iriiraraaraaru • tiraaraarit they are all planted.

plaster

pluck feathers

see growing (of plants) {waa}

plaster kata™uuc/uc-

[•kß-tß-™uuts/‰ts•] VT(2-i) 1.

line with, cover an inside surface with, as lining the walls of a cache pit with grass. 2. put a lining in, as in an article of clothing. 3. plaster, as a wall. 1. tatkata™uuc 2. tikata™uuc 3. tikatuci™ 4. iriirakatuci 5. tikatucista see chalk {kuckiicu™} plate rakaraakatuus [rà-kß-raa-kß-tuus] N plate, dinner plate. • rakaraakatuuskat on the plate. • iririsa rakaraakatuus there is a plate there. • tihuukitasa rakaraakatuus there is a plate on top, as on a table. see dish {rakaraaki} platform raktaarihit [rßk-taÑ-r†-h†t] N 1. floor, wooden floor. 2. platform. • raktaarihitkat on the floor • tiisa raktaarihitkat he is lying on the floor. Platte River Kickatuus [k‡ts-kß-tuus] N Platte River. • Kickatuuskat in/on the Platte River. play kusisaar [•k‰-s†-saa(r)•] VI(1-i) (impf. only) play. 3. tikusisaari™ 4. iriirakusisaari 5. tikusisaarista kusisaar (ir...) [•k‰-s†-saa(r)•] VI(1-i) play. 1. tatihkusisaa 2. takusisaa 3. takusisaari™ 4. iriirakusisaara 5. takusisaarista • tarahkusisaari™ they are playing. see gamble {warik [+ i-]}; handgame, play {iksapaaraar (ut...)} play (of children) akuhtaku [•ß-k‰h-tß-k‰•] VI(4) play, as children. 1. taatakuhtaku™ 2. tiikuhtaku™ 3. tiikuhtakuuhu™ 4. iriiraakuhtaku 5. tiikuhtakuksta • tiirakuhtaku™ they are playing. play baseball see baseball, play {awitahik} play hoop and pole game see hoop and pole game, play {awuu} play hopscotch see skip {askiisawihuk (uur...)} play outside kusisparii [•k‰-s†s-pß-rii•] VI(4) play around outside, be outside playing. 1. tatkusisparii™ 2. tikusisparii™ 3. tikusispariihu™ 4. iriirakusisparii 5. tikusispariihusta playground see ball park {wihaahkusu™}; dance ground {kusaaru™} please see gratify {rahuritik} Pleiades Cakaa™a [Ùß-kaÑ-™ß] N Pleiades, Seven Sisters (constellation). • Cakaa™a wiitaracaa™ the Pleiades are coming up, said when the Pleiades appear in the sky.

plentiful raakatarihuur

[•raa-kß-tß-r†-huu(r)•] VD

1. be plentiful, abundant; be an excess. 2. be excessive, as an action or behavior. 3. be worse, as an ill person; be in a critical condition. 4. be grave, serious, as a matter. 5. be terrible, horrible, awful, as a situation or state. 2. tiraakatarihuu™ 4. iriiraraakatarihuuru 5. tiraakatarihuuruksta takawaah [•tß-kß-waa(h)•] VI(1-i) be bountiful, plentiful; ref. to a crop; be plenty.

2. titakawaa 3. titakawaahi™ 4. iriiratakawaaha 5. titakawaahista plenty raawakiihaar [•raa-wß-kii-haa(r)•] VD 1. be plenty; be plentiful, bountiful, as food or a crop. 2. be a happy occasion, enjoyable occasion. 2. tiraawakiihaa 4. iriiraraawakiihaaru 5. tiraawakiihaaruksta plover see upland plover {kaa™ata} plow huraahkaruukus [h‰-raÑh-kß-ruu-k‰s] N plow. • huraahkaruukuskat on a plow. • tiitkaakasa huraahkaruukus the plow is in the field. huraahkawirahak [•h‰-raah-kß-w†-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) plow land. 1. taturaahkawirahat 2. tihuraahkawirahat 3. tihuraahkawirahaaku™ 4. iriirahuraahkawirahat 5. tihuraahkawirahaksta huraahkawirat [•h‰-raah-kß-w†-rßt•] VT(1) plow land. 1. taturaahkawirat 2. tihuraahkawirat 3. tihuraahkawiriwuu™ 4. iriirahuraahkawirata 5. tihuraahkawirahuhta kawiriwuu [•kß-w†-r†-wuu•] VT(4) (impf. only) 1. knead, work, as with the hands. 2. plow. 1. tatkawiriwuu™ 2. tikawiriwuu™ 4. iriirakawiriwuu 5. tikawiriwuusta see cultivate {huraahkara™uk} pluck a feather hiitpiriik [•hiit-p†-rii{k/t}•] VT(1) {dist., hiitpaakara™uk} pull out a feather, pluck a feather. 1. tatiitpiriit 2. tihiitpiriit 3. tihiitpiriiku™ 4. iriirahiitpiriika 5. tihiitpiriiksta pluck feathers hiitpaakara™uk [•hiit-paa-kß-rß™u{k/t}•] VT(3) pluck feathers from a bird; pluck a bird. 1. tatiitpaakaru™ 2. tihiitpaakaru™ 3. tihiitpaakaruuku™ 4. iriirahiitpaakara™u 5. tihiitpaakaruuksta

239

plum plum

riwahariktaaku™ [r†-wß-hà-r†k-taa-k‰™] N plum tree, plum bush (Prunus spp.). • riwahariktaakat among the plum bushes. riwaharit [r†-wà-hß-r†t] N {comb., riwaharik-} plum (Prunus spp.). • riwaharikat among the plums. • tahiwu riwaharikiri™ I hit him with a plum. • riwaharikucuu™ big plum. plum seed see seed (in plum seed game) {saahki} plum, dwarf see dwarf plum {riwaharikasis} plum, ground see ground plum {ckahuuripiiku™} plume see feather (soft) {hiitaruhtu™} plume (soft) kiiskuhkawi™u™ [kiæs-k‰h-kß-wi-™u™] N soft plume. 1. kutatii 2. kuta™ 4. iriikuraa™u • kutiira™ they are theirs. possessions raa™iksu™ [raÑ-™†k-s‰™] N possessions, material goods; ref. to a bundle of such goods as shawls, blankets, towels, etc., to be given away. • tatiraraa™ raa™iksu™ I brought the material goods (to be given away). possible raatawii [•raa-tß-wii•] VI(4) {dist., raatawiika™uk} 1. be a custom, tradition, habit among a people; be a way among a people. 2. be possible, probable, likely. 2. tiraatawi™ 4. iriiraraatawi 5. tiraatawiicta • tiraatawiika™ut those are the customs among them. post see wood {haak/haa™ak} post office iriirarariihuhkaaruuci [†-riæ-rß-rß-riih‰h-kaa-ruu-Ù†] N post office. post-hole digger huraaritpatiihus [h‰-raa-r‡t-pßtii-h‰s] N post-hole digger.

• huraaritpatiihusiri™ with a post-hole digger.

postal carrier see 1 {rarariihuuraruuwarii, iriirarariihuuraruuwarii}; mail carrier {iriirarariihuuraruuwarii, rarariihuuraruuwarii} postal clerk see postmaster {iriirarariihuurariku} postmaster iriirarariihuurariku [†-riæ-rß-rß-rii-huurß-r†-k‰] N postmaster; postal clerk.

postpone see cancel {raakiwat} pot see kettle {kuucki}; tea kettle {kucpaarika} pot, clay kuctaaraatku™ [k‰ts-taÑ-raat-k‰™] N clay pot, earthen pot. potato peel see peel, potato {ihcickuusu™} potato, sweet see sweet potato {ictakiicu™} potato, wild ictaariksisu™ [‡ts-taa-r†k-s†-s‰™] N wild potato, Indian potato, groundnut (Apios americana). • ictaariksisu™ iriirawaawi where the wild potatoes are growing. iic [iits] N {comb., ihc-, i(i)c-} Indian potato, wild potato (Apios americana). • iickat among the wild potatoes. • iriiratatpaawi iic where the wild potatoes are growing. potatoes, fried ictahkatawihuuriiku™ [‡ts-tßh-kßtß-w†-huu-rii-k‰™] N fried potatoes. • kucukskaruucuu ictahkatawihuuriiku™ give me some fried potatoes (lit. lay fried potatoes in (a bowl) for me!) Potawatomi Raawaruhki [raa-wà-r‰h-k†] N {comb., raawaruhkisi-} 1. Potawatomi tribe. 2. Potawatomi male. • Raawaruhkisiru among the Potawatomi, in Potawatomi country. potbellied see fat in the midriff {karaaricakus} pouch, water see paunch {ckarucki} pound waawa™is [•waa-wß-™†s•] VT(1) pound, strike repeatedly. <waa.wa+is, hit + DIST> 1. tatpaawa™is 2. tiwaawa™is 3. tiwaawiisu™ 4. iriirawaawiisa 5. tiwaawa™isista • sitihwaawiisu™ they are pounding him. pour kiraawuh [•k†-raa-w‰(h)•] VT(1) 1. spill (a liquid). 2. pour out (a liquid); empty (a liquid). 3. (idiom) pour, rain hard. 1. tatkiraawu 2. tikiraawu 3. tikiraawuhu™ 4. iriirakiraawuha 5. tikiraawista pour out see empty out {rahkaraawuh}; spill (a non-liquid) {raawuh} pout acikskata™uukuk [•ß-Ù†ks-kß-tß-™uu-k‰{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. balk, refuse out of stubbornness, as when getting angry and refusing to do something. 2. pout, sulk. 1. taatacikskata™uukut 2. tiicikskata™uukut 3. tiicikskata™uukuku™ 4. iriiraacikskata™uukut 5. tiicikskata™uukuksta waraaciks [•wß-raa-Ù†ks•] VD 1. be angry, mad. 2. be cross. 3. be pouting. <waraa+aciks, angry feeling> 1. tatparaaciks 2. tiwaraaciks 4. iriirawaraacik-

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prairie, shortgrass su 5. tiwaraaciksuksta see sulk {acikskatakus} powder tapaahtu™ [tà-paah-t‰™] N {comb., tapaht-, tapat-, tapac-, tapah-} flour; powder; meal, any finely ground substance. • tapatkat in the flour. • titapahuuc it is a pile of flour. • iriiratapahuuci where the flour is. • ti™it tapaahtu™ it is flour. see face powder {ckapicistuukus} power, give see authority, give {raa™uuh/uh} powerful riruuhci (uur...) [•r†-ruuh-Ù†•] VD 1. be fierce, ferocious, terrible. 2. be powerful, strong, capable of anything. 3. be dangerous. 4. be mean, cruel. 1. taturiruuhci™ 2. turiruuhci™ 4. iriiruriruuhci™u 5. turiruuhciicta prairie see flat ground {kuuhaaru™}; grassy {kactahaar}; land, flat {huraahkatuusu™, huraahkatuus}; ridge, level {wiituuru™} prairie chicken uuhtarikawaa [uuh-tß-r‡-kß-waa] N greater prairie chicken (Tympanuchus cupido), type of prairie chicken with upright feathers on its head that resemble horns. uut [u÷t] N {comb., uut-, uuht-} prairie chicken (gen.) (incl. Tympanuchus spp. and Centrocercus urophasianus). • uutkat among the prairie chickens. see sage grouse {uutkucuu™} prairie dog askuc [às-k‰ts] N {comb., askuhc-, askuc-} prairie dog, black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus). • askuckat among the prairie dogs. • tuuraskuctaariruuhci™ there are lots of prairie dogs. • askuhcihari™ prairie dog pup, young prairie dog. prairie falcon see sparrow hawk {pi™aakis} prairie fire war (ut...) [•wß(r)•] VI(1) {dist., waawarii (ut...)} be a prairie fire, a wild fire. 2. tutpaa™ 4. iriirutpara • tutpaawarii™ there are prairie fires. prairie grass see thatch {pakuckucuu™} prairie mimosa atiikacaciks [à-tii-kß-Ùß-Ù†ks] N 1. prairie mimosa, spider bean (Desmanthus illinoensis). 2. garden pea, sweet pea. prairie sagewort see sagewort, prairie {kiiwuhki} prairie turnip see turnip {pacuuka™} prairie, shortgrass kactahaaru™ [kàts-tß-haa-r‰™] N {comb., kactahaar-, kactahaah-} 1. buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides), a short green native grass. 2. grassy prairie; shortgrass meadow. • kactahaahkat in the buffalo grass. • iriirakac-

praise tahaaruuta where the buffalo grass is (i.e., extends). • tikactahaahku it is an area, meadow of short native grass. praise rikiriskawuh (ut...) [•r†-k†-r†s-kß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) praise, acclaim. 1. tatuuhikiriskawu 2. tuuhikiriskawu 3. tuuhikiriskawuhu™ 4. iriruuhikiriskawuha 5. tuuhikiriskawista wakuhka (ut...) [•wß-k‰h-kß•] VT(4) praise, single out verbally for praise or prominence; speak praisingly of; promote, build up verbally, as when speaking to raise someone to prominence. <wakur+ka (ut...), speech to be outstanding> 1. tatutpakuhka 2. tutpakuhka 3. tutpakuhkaahu™ 4. iriirutpakuhka 5. tutpakuhkahista prance sideways uhuuriciriwisat [•‰-huu-r†-Ù†-r†w†-sßt•] VI(1) 1. prance sideways, as a horse. 2. sidestep. 2. tiihuuriciriwisat 3. tiihuuriciriwispuu™ 4. iriruuhuuriciriwisata 5. tiihuuriciriwisuhta pray aar (ut...) ciksu™ [•aar• Ù‡k-s‰™] VI(1-i), VT(1-i) {dist., awaah (ut...) ciksu™} 1. pray; be prayerful. 2. think about, have one's thoughts on, give thought to, consider, have one's mind on. 3. (dist.) worry; be concerned. 1. tatuutaa ciksu™ 2. tuutaa ciksu™ 3. tuutari™ ciksu™ 4. iriruutaara ciksu™ 5. tuutarista ciksu™ • tuutawaahi™ ciksu™ he is concerned about it. see bless {waaku™at (ut...) [+ raar-]} pray for aar (ir...ri...ut...) ciksu™ [•aar• Ù‡k-s‰™] VT(1-i) 1. pray for. 2. think about, have on one's mind. 3. be concerned for; worry about. 1. tatiriitaa ciksu™ 2. tariitaa ciksu™ 3. tariitari™ ciksu™ 4. iriirariitaara ciksu™ 5. tariitarista ciksu™ waawaktiik/tik- (ut...) [•waa-wßk-tiik/t†{k/t}•] VT(4) {pl. obj., raawaawaktiik/tik-} 1. talk to, speak to; chat with. 2. advise, counsel, instruct; encourage; preach to. 3. pray for. 1. tatutpaawaktiit 2. tutpaawaktiit 3. tutpaawaktiiku™ 4. iriirutpaawaktit 5. tutpaawaktiksta • tuutapaawaktiiku™ he is talking to them. pray to wakaraaru™at (ut...) [•wß-kß-raa-ru-™ßt•] VT(1) {dist., wakaraarawaawarii (ut...)} 1. call out to, shout to, as to another person. 2. pray to, as to God. 1. tatutpakaraaru™at 2. tutpakaraaru™at 3. tutpakaraarawuu™ 4. iriirutpakaraaruuta 5. tutpakaraaruhuhta • tuutakpakaraarawaawarii™ he is calling out to different ones here and there. prayerful Ø (ut...) ciksu™ [•Ø• Ù‡k-s‰™] VI(1-a) 1. be on one's mind, in one's thoughts. 2. be thoughtful, considerate, as of others. 3. be prayerful, reflective.

1. tatuu™ut ciksu™, ciksu™ tatuu™ut 2. tuu™ut ciksu™ 4. iriruuta ciksu™ 5. tuutasta ciksu™ preach to see advise {waawaktiik/tik- (ut...)}; counsel {raawaawaktiik/tik- (ut...)} preacher paawaktiku, paawaktikus [paÑ-wßk-t†k‰, paa-wàk-t†-k‰s] N preacher, minister, clergyman. <waa.waktik.hus, talking + DIST + IMPF, i.e., talker> • pakiisu™ paawaktiku minister, preacher. pakiiskitawi™u™ [pà-kiis-k†-tß-wi-™u™] N minister, preacher; priest. <pakiis+kitawi+u™, church congregation leader + NOM> precipice see bank {aahka, aahkawi™u™}; bank, steep {haahka}; bank, tall {aahkawikii™ac} precipice, along a see bank, along a {aahkatawi} precipice, along the edge of a see bank, along a {awiicahaahiri™} precipice, alongside base of a see bank, alongside a {aahkatawihaahiri™} precipice, on a see bank, on a {aahkataarik, aahkatakus} precipice, wall of a see wall (of a bank) {aahkatawi™u™} preeminent see outstanding (of a way) {raaka (ut...), raakiicka (ut...)}; surpass {raakawiitik (ut...)} pregnant ackiriku [•ßts-k†-r†-k‰•] VD be pregnant. 1. taatackiriku™ 2. tiickiriku™ 4. iriiraackiriku™u 5. tiickirikucta • tiirackiriku™ they are pregnant. premonition, have a raaraciihtis (uur...) [•raarß-Ùiih-t†s•] VT(4), VI(4) 1. respect, revere; be reverent toward; feel respect for, reverence for, as a religious object, an event, a belief; hold in awe; believe in the sacred. 2. be suspicious, as of an activity, behavior, group. 3. be alert, vigilant, on the lookout. 4. be curious about, as about something strange. 5. have a premonition, as that something will happen. 1. taturaaraciihtis 2. turaaraciihtis 4. iriiruraaraciihtis see hunch, have a {aciks} preoccupied see worried {tarahwii} prepare irihaariwarik (ut...) [•†-r†-haa-r†-wßr†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. prepare, get ready. 2. warn, notify. 1. tatuutirihaariwarit 2. tuutirihaariwarit 3. tuutirihaariwariku™ 4. iriruutirihaariwarika 5. tuutirihaariwariksta raakusiksiirik (uur...) [•raa-k‰-s†k-sii-r†{k/t}•] VI(1) {dist., raakusiksiwaarik (uur...)} arrange, prepare for, as for an event or a task; make arrangements, preparations. 1. taturaakusiksiirit 2. turaakusiksiirit 3. turaa-

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prepare oneself mentally kusiksiiriku™ 4. iriiruraakusiksiirika 5. turaakusiksiiriksta • turaakusiksiwaarit he prepared for them, as separate events. prepare oneself mentally aciksuhuriihac [•ßÙ†k-s‰-h‰-rii-hßts•] VR(4) 1. make up one's mind, decide. 2. prepare oneself mentally, bolster oneself mentally, get ready mentally, as for a major life change. 1. wititaataciksuhuriihac 2. wititiiciksuhuriihac 3. wititiiciksuhuriihaacu™ 4. iriiwitiiciksuhuriihac 5. wititiiciksuhuriihacista prepared see ready {irihaarahuur (ut...), uhuriihac}; ready (everything) {raakusiksiir (uur...)} present, at see now {tiitiiri} press see iron clothes {rikawi™at} press down ta™itiir [•tß-™†-tii(r)•] VT(1) 1. press down, press down on, brush down, as cloth that has puffed up or a lid that has flipped open and one is closing; press together, as two objects. 2. close, as a book. 1. tacta™itii 2. tita™itii 3. tita™itiiru™ 4. iriirata™itiira 5. tita™itiirista pressing see urgent matter {ruukiraaruur} pressing iron see iron (for clothes) {rika™iwuus} presumptuous see astonishing {raakiiskawaarasit}; bold {kiiskawaarasit} pretend to see see imagine {raawira™uk} pretty see beautiful {kuskitawi}; colorful {kararihiir (uur...)}; nice looking {hiir (uur...)} pretty day see nice day {sakuriir (uur...), sakuurawiriir (uur...)} pretty woman see beautiful woman {icapaktiir (uur...)} prevaricate see exaggerate {kiis (ir...)} prevaricator see liar {kiiskucuu™} prevent having see oppose having {ripak (uur...)} price awicuur [•ß-w†-Ùuu(r)•] VD be priced, have a price (on it); be the cost, price. 2. tiiwicuu™ 4. iriiraawicuuru 5. tiiwicuuruksta awicuuru™ [ß-w†-Ùu÷-r‰™] N {comb., awicur-, awicuh} price, cost; value. see expensive {awicurihuur} prick kacak [•kß-Ùß{k/t}•] VT(4) {dist., kawaaruucak} 1. prick, as with a pointed object; stab. 2. cut, chop, as a tree or grass. 1. tatkacat 2. tikacat 3. tikacaaku™ 4. iriirakacat 5. tikacaksta • sitihkacat they pricked it. rahkacak [•rßh-kß-Ùß{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. prick, punch holes in. 2. (pl. obj.) hack, chop, as weeds. 1. tahahkacat 2. tirahkacat 3. tirahkacaaku™ 4. iriirarahkacat 5. tirahkacaksta see pierce {icakuusk (ut...)} prickly pear piirahaatuskatuus [piæ-rß-haa-t‰skß-tuus] N flat-leaved cactus, prickly pear (Opuntia

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projectile point spp.). see thorny plant {piirahaatus} pride see proud {rikarahaar (ir...)} prideful see proud {rikiisaar (ir...)} priest kurahuus [kŠ-rß-huus] N {comb., kurahuus-, kurahus-} 1. old man. 2. priest. • kurahuusa™u™ the father (lit. the old man). see preacher {pakiiskitawi™u™} primary see main {hisii}; main (way) {raakitawi} princess ctiisaaru™ [tstii-saÑ-r‰™] N {comb., ctiisaar-, ctiisaah-} 1. daughter of a chief; (locally) princess. 2. queen. 3. queen, as in playing cards. print pirariihuuru™ [p‡-rß-rii-huu-r‰™] N print, design, figure; printed document. <wirariir.huur+u™, marked place + NOM> see design {wirariir (uur...)}; write {rariihkara™uk (uur...)}; write on {rariira™uk (uur...)} printed rariihuriir (uur...) [•rß-rii-h‰-rii(r)•] VI(1-a) 1. be painted with a design. 2. be decorated with a design, as quillwork. 3. be printed, as a book or document. 2. turariihurii 4. iriirurariihuriira 5. turariihuriirasta see written {rariir (uur...)} printed material rariihuuru™ [rà-rii-huu-r‰™] N {comb., rariihuur-, rariihuh-} 1. printed object, printed material, as a newspaper, book, document, certificate, letter, diploma. 2. brand, as on livestock. 3. paper money, bill, as a dollar bill.

• rariihuhkat in/on the book.

prints see tracks {huur (ir...)} prisoner see captive {rahwa} privy see outhouse {akaaricpatpuus}; restroom {akahwi™uusis}

probable see possible {raatawii} probe see question {astiwiitik (ut...)} procedure, set a raatiirahak [•raa-tii-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4)

1. schedule; set a time, date for. 2. set a schedule, pace for, as for doing something. 3. set a procedure, as for doing something. 1. tahaatiirahat 2. tiraatiirahat 3. tiraatiirahaaku™ 4. iriiraraatiirahat 5. tiraatiirahaksta proceed! see go ahead! {iitu™} procure many see obtain many {karira™uk} proficient uhuur [•‰-huu(r)•] VD {dist., uhuurik} be capable of doing properly, correctly; do correctly, properly; be skilled, proficient, adept. 1. taatuhuu™ 2. tiihuu™ 4. iriruuhuuru 5. tiihuuruksta • tiiruhuurit they do things properly. projectile point tahuuru™ [tà-huu-r‰™] N {comb., tahuur-, tahu(u)h-} 1. meteorite. 2. flint projectile point, as an arrowhead. 3. flint, as for starting a

prominent fire. • tahuhkat on the flint. • tahuuhiri™ with the flint. prominent hisii [•h†-sii•] VD 1. be prominent, outstanding, noted, famous; be popular. 2. be the main one, primary one, as a chief or a guilty person; be the right one, as a culprit. 1. tatisii™ 2. tihisii™ 4. iriirahisii™u 5. tihisiicta rihuraar [•r†-h‰-raa(r)•] VP(1-i) 1. become or get big, large; grow big, large. 2. become prominent, important. 1. tikurihuraa 2. tirihuraa 3. tirihuraari™ 4. iriirarihuraara 5. tirihuraarista rihuur [•r†-huu(r)•] VD 1. be big, large. 2. be noted, prominent, socially important. 1. tahihuu™ 2. tirihuu™ 4. iriirarihuuru 5. tirihuuruksta riisat [•rii-sßt•] VD {pl., raariisat} 1. be large, big. 2. be socially notable, prominent, popular. 3. (pl.) be a large amount, a large quantity; be many. 1. tahiisa™at 2. tiriisa™at 4. iriirariisaatu 5. tiriisatuksta • tiraariisa™at there is a large amount of it/them. see important {awirihuur} prominently see in plain sight {isiirit} promiscuous icakahuur [•†-Ùß-kß-huu(r)•] VD 1. be reckless, wild, unruly; have or show no selfrestraint. 2. be promiscuous, dissolute, morally loose; have or show no self-respect; used only of women. 1. taaticakahuu™ 2. tiicakahuu™ 4. iriiraacakahuuru 5. tiicakahuuruksta promote see praise {wakuhka (ut...)} prompt uhuriruk [•‰-h‰-r†-r‰{k/t}•] VD(2) 1. be quick, fast in one's movements; move quickly, fast. 2. be prompt; be fast to respond or react. 3. be pushy, aggressive, overbearing. 1. taataspiitit 2. tiispiitit 3. tiispiitiku™ 4. iriiraaspiitit 5. tiispiitiksta • taataspiiruutit I am stepping, taking steps. put down stakes see wager {kahuruucuh (ut...)} put fringes on see fringe {ickuraca™uuc/uc-} put in hukaa™iir [•h‰-kaa-™ii(r)•] VT(1) put on, in, as a vehicle or conveyance, such as on a train, bus, wagon, airplane, or stretcher, or in an automobile; put into, load into, load onto, as a vehicle or con-

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put in an oven veyance. 1. tatukaa™ii 2. tihukaa™ii 3. tatukaa™iiru™ 4. iriiratukaa™iira 5. tihukaa™iirista • tatukaa™ii kaa™askat I put him in the car. ka™iir [•kß-™ii(r)•] VT(1) 1. put in, as into a bowl or the palm of the hand. 2. put on, in, as grass, weeds, brush, or woods. 1. tatka™ii 2. tika™ii 3. tika™iiru™ 4. iriiraka™iira 5. tika™iirista see embed {hukawarik} put in an oven raaruhuhkaawarik [•raa-r‰-h‰hkaa-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) (pl. or mass obj.) put in an oven to bake or to roast. 1. tahaaruhuhkaawarit 2. tiraaruhuhkaawarit 3. tiraaruhuhkaawariku™ 4. iriiraraaruhuhkaawarika 5. tiraaruhuhkaawariksta put in jail see jail {kaawarik} put in water ha™uuc/uc- [•hß-™uuts/‰ts•] VT(2-i) {pl. obj., haruucuh} lay in water; put in water. 1. tata™uuc 2. tiha™uuc 3. tihuci™ 4. iriirahuci 5. tihucista see set in water {hakuusk} put inside kaawarik [•kaa-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. put inside, as in a dwelling. 2. jail, put in jail. 1. tatkaawarit 2. tikaawarit 3. tikaawariku™ 4. iriirakaawarika 5. tikaawariksta put into kawarik [•kß-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. put into, inside, as an oven, sack, bundle, or jar. 2. put on, as on a circumscribed surface. 1. tatkawarit 2. tikawarit 3. tikawariku™ 4. iriirakawarika 5. tikawariksta • tahahkawarit I put them into it. put into one's mouth huuktik [•huuk-t†{k/t}•] VT(1) put into one's mouth. 1. tatutkaakaaraarihtawu; wititatutkaakaaraarihtawu 2. tutkaakaaraarihtawu; wititutkaakaaraarihtawu 3. tutkaakaaraarihtawuhu™; wititutkaakaaraarihtawuhu™ 4. iriirutkaakaaraarihtawuha; iriiwitirutkaakaaraarihtawuha 5. tutkaakaaraarihtawista; wititutkaakaaraarihtawista put on a dress uukawuh (ut...) [•uu-kß-w‰(h)•] VT(1), VR(1) put a dress on; put a skirt on. 1. tatuutuukawu; wititatuutuukawu 2. tuutuukawu; witituutuukawu 3. tuutuukawuhu™; witituutuukawuhu™ 4. iriruutuukawuha; iriiwitiruutuukawuha 5. tuutuukawista; witituutuukawista put on a horse see put astride {ikitawuh} put on a roach headdress see roach headdress, put on {ickuhkakuusk (ut...)} put on a spot katakuusk [•kß-tß-kuus(k)•] VT(1) 1. put, daub a spot on. 2. patch, put a patch on. 1. tatkatakuus 2. tikatakuus 3. tikatakuusku™ 4. iriirakatakuuska 5. tikatakuuskista put on an apron icpikatakuusk (ut...) [•†ts-p†kß-tß-kuus(k)•] VT(1), VR(1) put an apron on. 1. tatuuticpikatakuus; wititatuuticpikatakuus 2. tuuticpikatakuus; witituuticpikatakuus 3. tuutic-

put on clothes pikatakuusku™; witituuticpikatakuusku™ 4. iriruuticpikatakuuska; iriiwitiruuticpikatakuuska 5. tuuticpikatakuuskista; witituuticpikatakuuskista put on clothes ruuwahuruu (ut...) [•ruu-wß-h‰ruu•] VT(1), VR(1) dress, attire, outfit, as when putting a full set of clothes on a person or when ceremonially outfitting a person; assist in getting dressed. 1. tatuuhuuwahuruu™; wititatuuhuuwahuruu™ 2. tuuhuuwahuruu™; witituuhuuwahuruu™ 3. tuuhuuwahuruuhu™; witituuhuuwahuruuhu™ 4. iriruuhuuwahuruu™a; iriiwitiruuhuuwahuruu™a 5. tuuhuuwahuruuksta; witituuhuuwahuruuksta see dress nicely {raahiwaarik (uur...)}; outfit {akuuktik (ut...)} put on coals see stoke {ica™is} put on footwear asuuktik [•ß-suuk-t†{k/t}•] VT(1), VR(1) put footwear on, put moccasins on; put shoes on. 1. taatasuuktit; wititaatasuuktit 2. tiisuuktit; wititiisuuktit 3. tiisuuktiiku™; wititiisuuktiiku™ 4. iririirasuuktika; iriiwitiriirasuuktika 5. tiisuuktiksta; wititiisuuktiksta • wititiirasuuktiku™ they are putting their shoes on. put on gloves ikstahkawarik [•†ks-tßh-kß-wßr†{k/t}•] VT(1), VR(1) 1. put gloves on. 2. handcuff. 1. taatikstahkawarit; wititaatikstahkawarit 2. tiikstahkawarit; wititiikstahkawarit 3. tiikstahkawariku™; wititiikstahkawariku™ 4. iriiraakstahkawarika; iriiwitiraakstahkawarika 5. tiikstahkawariksta; wititiikstahkawariksta put on leggings ukuuktik [•‰-kuuk-t†{k/t}•] VT(1), VR(1) put leggings on. 1. wititaatukuuktit 2. wititikuuktit 3. wititikuuktiiku™ 4. iriiwitiiruukuuktika 5. wititikuuktiksta put on one's back taahpuh [•taah-p‰(h)•] VT(1) put on one's back, pack on one's back. 1. tatpitaktit; wititatpitaktit 2. tiwitaktit; wititiwitaktit 3. tiwitaktiiku™; wititiwitaktiiku™ 4. iriirawitaktika; iriiwitirawitaktika 5. tiwitaktiksta; wititiwitaktiksta put to sleep itkasik [•†t-kß-s†{k/t}•] VT(1) put to sleep. 1. taatitkasit 2. tiitkasit 3. tiitkasiku™ 4. iriiraatkasika 5. tiitkasiksta put together tahaariwuh (ut...) [•tß-haa-r†w‰(h)•] VT(1) (du., pl. obj.) put or place together, put or place side by side; join together. 1. tatuuhacahaariwu 2. tuuhacahaariwu 3. tuuhacahaariwuhu™ 4. iriruuhacahaariwuha 5. tuuhacahaariwista put up see raise upward {ickawiiriitik} put up a dwelling akahcawuh (uur...) [•ß-kßhÙß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) put up a lodge, a dwelling, as a tipi, earthlodge, house. 1. tatuurakahcawu 2. tuurakahcawu 3. tuurakahcawuhu™ 4. iriruurakahcawuha 5. tuurakahcawista see build a dwelling {akara™uk} put up a partition see partition {kaawiriwisk} put upright see set upright {cawuh (uur...)} put wood into a stove ica™is [•†-Ùß-™†s•] VT(1) 1. stoke a fire; put on coals, on a low fire; ref. to laying sticks on hot coals or a low fire to build it up; push into a fire to build it up. 2. put wood into a stove. 1. taatica™is 2. tiica™is 3. tiica™iisu™ 4. iririica™iisa 5. tiica™isista put wood upright haapuh [•haa-p‰(h)•] VT(1) {dist., haapaawuh} 1. plant a growing tree, bush; put a tree, bush into the ground. 2. transplant a tree, bush. 3. put upright an elongated piece of wood, as a pole or stick. 1. tataapu 2. tihaapu 3. tihaapuhu™ 4. iriirahaapuha 5. tihaapista puzzling raapaar [•raa-paa(r)•] VD 1. be hidden, concealed, as a matter; (pl. subj.) be hidden, concealed, secreted; be stashed away. 2. be a secret, as a fact that is kept secret. 3. be a puzzle; be puzzling, perplexing, baffling, mystifying, as a situation, issue, activity. 2. tiraapaa 4. iriiraraapaaru 5. tiraaparista

Q quadruped see animal {rahuraahki} quail uutkasis [uut-kà-s†s] N quail (Northern Bob-

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white, Colinus virginianus). Quapaw Ukaahpaa [Š-kaah-paa] N {comb., Ukaahpaawi-} 1. Quapaw tribe. 2. Quapaw male. • Cukaahpaa Quapaw female. • Ukaahpaawiru among the Quapaws, in Quapaw country. quarrel see argue {haakaapak} quarter tuupic [tu÷-p†ts] N quarter, two bits. <Engl. two bits> queen ctiisaaru™ [tstii-saÑ-r‰™] N {comb., ctiisaar-, ctiisaah-} 1. daughter of a chief; (locally) princess. 2. queen. 3. queen, as in playing cards. question astiwiitik (ut...) [•ßs-t†-wii-t†{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. pester, bother. 2. question, probe, interrogate. 1. tatuutastiwiitit 2. tuutastiwiitit 3. tuutastiwiitiku™ 4. iriruutastiwiitit 5. tuutastiwiitiksta • sitiitastiwiitit they questioned her. raawi™iiraah (uur...) [•raa-wi-™ii-raa(h)•] VI(1) investigate, look into a matter; question, inquire about, as a matter. 1. taturaawiiraa™, taturaawi™iiraa™ 2. turaawiiraa™, turaawi™iiraa™ 3. turaawiiraahu™, turaawi™iiraahu™ 4. iriiruraawiiraaha, iriiruraawi™iiraaha 5. turaawiiraahista, turaawi™iiraahista • turaawi™iiruhka™ut he asks questions about it. wi™iira™aar (uur...) [•wi-™ii-rß-™aa(r)•] VT(1) question. 1. tatuuhwiira™aa, tatuuhwi™iira™aa 2. tuuhwiira™aa, tuuhwi™iira™aa 3. tuuhwiira™aahu™, tuuhwi™iira™aahu™ 4. iriruuhwiira™aara, iriruuhwi™iira™aara 5. tuuhwiira™aarista, tuuhwi™iira™aarista wi™iiraah (uur...) [•wi-™ii-raa(h)•] VT(1) 1. question, ask questions of, inquire of; interrogate. 2. humor, cajole, coax. 3. beg, implore, as when trying to get a person to change his mind.

1. tatuuhwi™iiraa 2. tuuhwi™iiraa 3. tuuhwi™iiraahu™ 4. iriruuhwi™iiraaha 5. tuuhwi™iiraahista quick awitaparit [•ß-w†-tß-pß-r†t•] VD be quick, swift, fast. 1. taatawitapari™it 2. tiiwitapari™it 4. iriiraawitapariitu 5. tiiwitaparituksta see fast {taparit}; fast (in movement) {awitariic, awitawaruk, tawaruk, uhuhtaparit}; fast (in movement) {uhuhtawaruk, uhuriruk}; hurry {ikiraawarik, wiskucuu™}; light on one's feet {awikusis} quick-witted see smart {acikstii™uus} quickly paruhit [pà-r‰-h†t] INTERJ quickly; hurry.

quiet wis, pis [w‡s, p‡s] ADV, INTERJ 1. quickly, hurriedly. 2. hurry! hurry up! be quick! • wis suksat! go quickly! • pis, sicikskariihac! hurry, let us eat him! • rawa, pis, sisukskaaruru™! now, quickly, feed him! quiet pahiitu™ [pß-hiæ-t‰™] INTERJ be quiet! be silent! be still! <pahit+u™, quiet + NOM> pahit [•pß-h†t•] VD 1. be quiet, silent, still. 2. behave; be well behaved, as a quiet child. 1. tatpahi™it 2. tipahi™it 4. iriirapahiitu 5. tipahituksta • tiraapahi™it everything/everyone is quiet. pahitaar [•pß-h†-taa(r)•] VP(1-i) become quiet, still; get quiet. <pahit+aar, become quiet> 1. tikupahitaa 2. tipahitaa 3. tipahitaari™ 4. iriirapahitaara 5. tipahitaarista raapahit [•raa-pß-h†t•] VD be quiet, silent, still, as an activity; everything to be quiet. 2. tiraapahi™it 4. iriiraraapahiitu 5. tiraapahituksta quiet down awi™uusik (uur...) [•ß-wi-™uu-s†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. quiet down, calm down (purposefully). 2. stop, cease an activity, as before its completion. 1. tatuurawi™uusit 2. tuurawi™uusit 3. tuurawi™uusiiku™ 4. iriruurawi™uusit 5. tuurawi™uusiksta awi™uusik (uur...) [•ß-wi-™uu-s†{k/t}•] VP(4) 1. expire, pass away, die. 2. stop, become still, become quiet, as when a person ceases an activity. 3. stop, stop running, die, as a machine, motor. 4. quiet down, calm down. 1. tikuurawi™uusit 2. tuurawi™uusit 3. tuurawi™uusiiku™ 4. iriruurawi™uusit 5. tuurawi™uusiksta raawi™uusik (uur...) [•raa-wi-™uu-s†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. stop, end, cease, as an activity. 2. quiet down, subside, as an activity or a sound. 2. turaawi™uusit 3. turaawi™uusiiku™ 4. iriiruraawi™uusit 5. turaawi™uusiksta see stop (a way) {raawi™uusiktik (uur...)} quietly pahiitu™ [pß-hiæ-t‰™] ADV, INTERJ 1. ADV a. quietly, still. b. slowly. 2. INTERJ be quiet! be silent! be still! <pahit+u™, quiet + NOM> quill hiitkiisu™ [hiæt-kii-s‰™] N quill of a feather. quilt kataarit [kß-taÑ-r†t] N {comb., kataarik-} quilt. • kataarikat on the quilt. see spread {hihiitu™} quirt see whip {haskicpaku™} quit see give up (a habit) {ruuhurahak} quit (a way) raarahuurawi™at [•raa-rß-huu-rß-wi-

rabid ™ßt•] VI(1) 1. quit, cease, stop doing, as an activity.

2. activity to stop, end, cease, be over, as a dance or meeting.

1. tahaarahuurawi™at 2. tiraarahuurawi™at 3. tiraarahuura™iwuu™ 4. iriiraraarahuurawiita 5. tiraarahuurawihuhta raawiikatk [•raa-wii-kßt(k)•] VT(1) quit, stop, end, as an activity or habit. 1. tahaawiikat 2. tiraawiikat 3. tiraawiikatku™ 4. iriiraraawiikatka 5. tiraawiikatkista rahuurawi™at [•rß-huu-rß-wi-™ßt•] VT(1) quit, stop, cease, as an activity or act; quit, stop, or cease doing. 1. tahahuurawi™at 2. tirahuurawi™at 3. tirahuura™iwuu™ 4. iriirarahuurawiita 5. tirahuurawihuhta • tiraarahuurawi™at they stopped doing it. quiver see shake {kirir (uur...)} quiver (for arrows) pacuu™u™ [pà-Ùuu-™u™] N {comb., wacuu-, pacuu-} quiver, arrow case. <wacuu+u™, quiver + NOM; i.q. raawacuu™u™> • pacuukat in the quiver. • racihkuraawacuura™u for us to make a quiver. raawacuu™u™ [raa-wà-Ùuu-™u™] N {comb., raawacuu-} quiver, arrow case. • raawacuukat in the quiver. • tahaawacuuhaa he has a quiver. • tiisa raawacuu™u™, tiraawacuusa a quiver is there.

R rabbit parus [pà-r‰s] N rabbit, hare (generic). <warus>

• paruskat among the rabbits. paruskahuraaru™ [pà-r‰s-kß-h‰-raa-r‰™] N swamp rabbit (Sylvilagus aquaticus). <warus+kahuraar+u™, woods rabbit + NOM> paruskiripacki [pß-r‰s-k‡-r†-pßts-k†] N small rabbit; cottontail (Sylvilagus spp.). <warus+kiripackis, little rabbit> parustaakaa [pß-rŠs-taa-kaa] N 1. white, winter phase of snowshoe rabbit (Lepus americanus) and whitetail jackrabbit (Lepus townsendi Bachman). 2. domestic white rabbit. <warus+taakaar, white rabbit> see jackrabbit {paruskactahaaru™} rabbit foot (plant) parusasu™ [pß-rŠ-sß-s‰™] N 1. bush-clover, rabbit foot (Lespedeza capitata). 2. yellow flour corn. <warus+as+u™, rabbit foot + NOM> rabid asaakaapiraat [ß-saa-kaÑ-p†-raat] N rabid dog; rabid horse, as one bitten by a rabid dog.

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raccoon ckirihkaapiraat [tsk‡-r†h-kaa-p†-raat] N 1. wolf (Canis lupus lycaon). 2. rabid wolf, rabid coyote. 3. shedding wolf, as in the spring. • iriruutaa ckirihkaapiraat the wolf that is rabid. raccoon icat [‡-Ùßt] N raccoon (Procyon lotor). • icat kiripahki a small raccoon. kiriktacariwis [k‡-r†k-tß-Ùß-r†-w†s] N raccoon (Procyon lotor). race akitaar [•ß-k†-taa(r)•] VD 1. be one's tribe, band, nationality. 2. be one's race. 1. taatakitaa 2. tiikitaa 4. iriiraakitaaru 5. tiikitaarista • kikii raasakitaa? what is your tribe? akitaaru™ [à-k†-taa-r‰™] N {comb., akitaar-, akitaah-} 1. tribe, band; nationality. 2. race. • akitaahkat in the tribe. • Paari iriiraakitaahku where the Pawnee tribe lives. • iriiraakitaahwiwaahat where the different tribes live, as on different reservations. raapi™a (ir...) [•raa-pi-™ß•] VI(3) race. 1. tatiraapi™a™ 2. taraapi™a™ 3. taraapi™aahu™ 4. iriiraraapi™a 5. taraapiihista • tiiraapi™a™ they raced. race horse asaraapi™ahus, asaraapiihus [ß-sàraa-pi-™ß-h‰s, ß-sà-raa-pii-h‰s] N race horse. • asaraapiihuskat on the race horse. radio rarahwaktaariku [rà-rßh-wßk-taa-r†-k‰] N radio; phonograph; television; piano. rarahwaktahu [rà-rßh-wßk-tß-h‰] N radio; phonograph; television; piano. • tiwakarihuu™ rarahwaktahu the radio is loud. ragged see worn out {kaaks} rail at see cuss out {kaatiiwi™uskara™uk} railroad kaa™asaturaaru™ [kaa-™ß-sà-t‰-raa-r‰™] N railroad, railroad tracks, rail tracks. railroad tracks haturaahpaapicisu™ [hà-t‰-raahpaa-p†-Ù†-s‰™] N railroad (set of tracks); railroad tracks. • haturaahpaapiciskat on the railroad. rain acuu™a (ir...) [•ß-Ùuu-™ß•] VI(3) rain. 2. taacuu™a™ 3. taacuu™aahu™ 4. iriiraacuu™a 5. taacuu™ahista cuhuuru™ [Ù‰-hu÷-r‰™] N {comb., (a)cuhuur-, (a)cuhuh-, acuu-} rain, rainstorm. • cuhuhkat in the rain. • witiicuhuhuhta™at the rain passed over, passed on. • tiwarii™ cuhuhkat he is walking in the rain. see pour {kiraawuh}; sprinkle {kicpiiru™, kicpiir};

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raise one's head upward sprinkle to come up {kicpiihtakusa (ir...)}

rain (gentle) acuhuriir (uur...) VI(1-a)

[•ß-Ù‰-h‰-rii(r)•]

be a nice, gentle rain, as when there is no thunder or lightning, i.e., not a storm. 2. tuuracuhurii 4. iriruuracuhuriira 5. tuuracuhuriirasta rain (hard) acuhurihuur [•ß-Ù‰-h‰-r†-huu(r)•] VD be a hard rain, a heavy rain. 2. tiicuhurihuu™ 4. iriiraacuhurihuuru 5. tiicuhurihuuruksta rain (sweeping) kicpiihpiriwuu [•k†ts-piih-p†-r†wuu•] VI(4) (impf. only) be a strong sweeping rain. 2. tikicpiihpiriwuu™ 4. iriirakicpiihpiriwuu 5. tikicpiihpiriwuusta rain to stop acuhuurawis [•ß-Ù‰-huu-rß-w†s•] VI(4) stop raining, cease raining; rain to stop, cease. 2. tiicuhuurawis 3. tiicuhuurawiisu™ 4. iriiraacuhuurawis 5. tiicuhuurawisista rain to subside acuhuurawi™uusik [•ß-Ù‰-huu-rßwi-™uu-s†{k/t}•] VI(4) rain to let up, subside. 2. tiicuhuurawi™uusit 3. tiicuhuurawi™uusiiku™ 4. iriiraacuhuurawi™uusit 5. tiicuhuurawi™uusiksta rain, steady kicpiirihuur [•k†ts-pii-r†-huu(r)•] VD be a steady shower; be a light, steady rain. 2. tikicpiirihuu™ 4. iriirakicpiirihuuru 5. tikicpiirihuuruksta rainbow huraahkipic [hŠ-raah-k†-p†ts] N rainbow. • tiirit huraahkipic there is a rainbow (standing). • tuuhtaraawisii huraahkipic the rainbow is different colors. raincoat see coat {rahkasiikucuu™} rainwater cuhuhkiicu™ [ÙŠ-h‰h-kii-Ù‰™] N {comb., (a)cuhuur-, (a)cuhuhkic-} rainwater. • cuhuhkickat in the rainwater. raise one's hand iksuca™a (ir...) [•†k-s‰-Ùaa•] VI(3) raise one's hand, lift one's hand up. 1. tatiiriksucaa™ 2. tiiksucaa™ 3. tiiksuca™aahu™ 4. iriiraaksuca™a 5. tiiksucaahista raise one's head paksa™iwaata (ir...) [•pßk-sß-™†waa-tß•] VT(3) look up, raise one's head, as from a bowed position. <paks+awi.waat.a (ir...), head to rise up quickly> 1. tatihpaksa™iwaata™ 2. tapaksa™iwaata™ 3. tapaksa™iwaataahu™ 4. iriiraapaksa™iwaata 5. tapaksa™iwaatahista raise one's head upward see look upward {ickataapiiriitik}

raise one's voice

rattle

raise one's voice see raising {uca-}; speak loudly

rake (coals) rahwi™a (ir...) [•rßh-wi-™ß•] VT(3) rake,

{wakahuuta™a (ir...)} raise the voice see shout (of a group) {wakaahta™a (ir...)} raise up wood haaktuu™at [•haak-tuu-™ßt•] VT(1) 1. raise a piece of wood upward, as a stick. 2. offer a pipe, offer smoke with a pipe; raise, extend a pipe upward, as when offering smoke ritually to a designated station or power that receives smoke. 1. tataaktuu™at 2. tihaaktuu™at 3. tihaaktawuu™ 4. iriirahaaktuuta 5. tihaaktuuhuhta raise upward ickawiiriitik [•†ts-kß-wii-rii-t†{k/t}•] VT(4) raise upward, extend upward, put up in the air. 1. taatickawiiriitit 2. tiickawiiriitit 3. tiickawiiriitiku™ 4. iriiraackawiiriitit 5. tiickawiiriitiksta riickawiiriitik [•riits-kß-wii-rii-t†{k/t}•] VT(4) raise upward, hold upward, as something one is holding; hold up, as something one has lifted up off the ground or some surface. 1. tahiickawiiriitit 2. tiriickawiiriitit 3. tiriickawiiriitiku™ 4. iriirariickawiiriitit 5. tiriickawiiriitiksta raised upward ickawiir(a)- [†ts-kß-wiir(ß)•] LOC raised upward. • haakickawiirat hold a pipe raised upward. • ickawiiriitik raise upward, put up in the air. raisin kisuctaahiisu™ [k‡-s‰ts-taa-hii-s‰™] N raisin. raising ruuca- [ruu-Ùß•] LOC raising, lifting up. • ruuca™a (ir...) raise, lift up. • kaastuuca™a (ir...) raise, lift up someone's leg. • wakararuuca™a (ir...) raise one's voice (in volume). uca- [‰-Ùß•] LOC raising up, rising. • uca™a (ir...) get up, rise, stand up, as from one's seat. • kaasuca™a (ir...) raise, lift up one's leg. rake aspi™aahwi™aahus, kspi™aahwi™aahus, kspi™aahwiihus [ßs-pæ-™aah-wi-™aa-h‰s, kspæ-™aah-wi™aa-h‰s, kspæ-™aah-wii-h‰s] N hay rake; garden rake. wiruu™a (ir...) [•w†-ruu-™ß•] VT(3) 1. brush, sweep, rake this way; move, push this way (with a brushing movement), as with one's hand, a broom, or rake. 2. rake, smooth by raking, level by a raking movement, as when raking leaves. <wiruu+a (ir...), sweep this way, i.e., come sweeping> 1. tatihwiruu™a™ 2. tawiruu™a™ 3. tawiruu™aahu™ 4. iriirawiruu™a 5. tawiruuhista see sweep (away from oneself) {wiruu™at}; sweep aside {wiruuhak}

as coals. 1. tatirahwi™a™ 2. tarahwi™a™ 3. tarahwi™aahu™ 4. iriirarahwi™a 5. tarahwiihista rake (towards speaker) pira™a (ir...) [•p†-raa•] VT(3) rake (this way, with an instrument), spread out by raking, as when raking hot coals in preparation for cooking something on them. 1. tatihpiraa™ 2. tapiraa™ 3. tapira™aahu™ 4. iriirapira™a 5. tapiraahista raking pira- [p†-rß•] LOC raking, sweeping, as coals or leaves; scraping, as a hide. • rahkatapira™a (ir...) scrape, as a hide. • ritpaahpira™a (ir...) rake coals, as in maintaining a fire. Ralston, Okla. Iriiraatuhukaataku [†-riæ-raa-t‰h‰-kaa-tß-k‰] N Ralston, Okla. ramrod kipisu™ [k‡-p†-s‰™] N 1. small sapling. 2. arrow shaft. 3. ramrod.

• kipiskat on the sapling. • kipisiri™ with the arrow shaft. range see oven {ckukahaaru™} rap on see tap {tahuraaris} rapid see fast {taparit}; fast (in movement) {katariir} rapids kictakaahak [•k†ts-tß-kaa-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. water to drip. 2a. be a waterfall. 2b. be a rapid, rapids, as in a stream. 2. tikictakaahat 4. iriirakictakaahat 5. tikictakaahaksta rare (of meat) see raw {kipaacu™, kipaac} rascal kawitaat [+ ruu-, i-] [•kß-w†-taat•] VI(1) be a rascal, scoundrel; be rascalish, scoundrelish; be disagreeable. 1. ruutatikawitaat 2. ruutikawitaat 4. iriruuriikawitaata rasp see file {riiciracahiis} raspberry aparuupahat [ß-pà-ruu-pß-hßt] N raspberry (Rubus spp.). rat tawarit [tß-wà-r†t] N {comb., tawarik-} rat (generic). • tawarikat among the rats. • tawarikucuu™ a big rat. rattle pakuus [pà-kuus] N 1. gourd (Bottle Gourd, Lagenaria siceraria). 2. gourd rattle; rattle, as a baby rattle. • pakuuskat on the gourd. • pakuus raracawaktahu a gourd that rattles. tawaka™u [+ ruu-] [•tß-wß-kß-™u•] VI(3) rustle, crinkle, make a soft crackle, as paper being wadded; rattle, as a gourd rattle.

2. ruutitawaku™ 4. iriruuratawaka™u tawakta/taa [•tß-wßk-tß/taa•] VI(4) 1. ring, as a clock, bell; buzz. 2. rattle, be a rattling sound, as a loose object. 3. resonate, bang, as the sound resulting from an impact. 2. titawakta™ 3. titawaktaahu™ 4. iriiratawaktaa 5. titawaktaahista • tiracawaktaahu™ they are rattling. tawaktaarik [•tß-wßk-taa-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. ring; buzz, as with a buzzer. 2. rattle, as a gourd. 1. tactawaktaarit 2. titawaktaarit 3. titawaktaariku™ 4. iriiratawaktaarika 5. titawaktaariksta rattlepod see indigo, wild {piirakari™} rattlesnake raracawaktahu [rß-rà-Ùß-wßk-tß-h‰] N rattlesnake (Crotalus spp.). rutki raracawaktahu [rŠt-k† rß-rà-Ùß-wßk-tß-h‰] N rattlesnake (Crotalus spp.). ruuhaariksisu™ [ru÷-haa-r†k-s†-s‰™] N rattlesnake (Crotalus spp.). raven kaaka™ [kaÑ-kß™] N {comb., kaakaa-} crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos); raven (Corvus corax). • kaakaakat on the crow. • ckaaka™ female crow. ravenous see voracious {riwahtii} ravine katuusu™ [kà-tuu-s‰™] N ravine, gully, gulch, draw, washout, as one created by a stream; dry creek; small ditch. • katuuskat in the gully. • tikatuusu™at it is a gully. • tikatuusukat he crossed the ravine. • tiirakatuusuhat this ravine. katuusuhak [•kß-tuu-s‰-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) be a ravine, draw, gully, gulch, hollow; be a creek. 2. tikatuusuhat 4. iriirakatuusuhat 5. tikatuusuhaksta see gully {haahkahaaruhak, haahkahaaru™at, haahkahaaru™} ravine, end of a see drop-off (of a washout) {katuusawi™a (ir...)} raw kicapahaat [•k†-Ùß-pß-haat•] VD 1. be raw, raw flesh, as an open wound or raw meat; be an abrasion. 2. be skinned, as an animal. 3. be nude, naked, stripped. 4. be hairless, as a newborn animal; be mangy, i.e., without hair. 1. tatkicapahaa™at 2. tikicapahaa™at 4. iriirakicapahaatu 5. tikicapahaatuksta kipaac [•k†-paats•] VD 1. be raw, uncooked, as food; be fresh, as meat freshly butchered; be rare, as when not fully cooked. 2. be raw, having subcuta-

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read neous tissue exposed, as an open wound. 2. tikipaac, tikipaa™ac 4. iriirakipaacu 5. tikipaacuksta kipaacu™ [k‡-paa-Ù‰™] N, ADJ 1. raw, uncooked, fresh, as meat, vegetables, or fruits; rare, not fully cooked. 2. raw, as an open wound. raw corn see corn, raw {rikiiskipaacu™} rawhide ckariitkasisu™ [tskà-riit-kß-s†-s‰™] N rawhide. • iriiriruuc ckariitkasisu™ there is the rawhide. rawhide (of moccasin sole) huhkakusu™ [h‰hkà-k‰-s‰™] N 1. moccasin sole rawhide. 2. moccasin sole. • huhkakuskat on the moccasin sole. • huhkakusu™ tiracarat she cut, sliced the sole rawhide. rawhide strings see string, braided {haskiiru™} rawhide, moccasin sole see moccasin sole {suhkata™iitu™} razor raahkictapiriwus [raÑh-k†ts-tß-p†-r†-w‰s] N razor. riicipackisu™ [riæ-Ù†-pßts-k†-s‰™] N razor, straight razor. • riicipackisiri™ with the razor. reach iksiitik [•†k-sii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., iksiiruutik} 1. wave, wave the hand in a dropping motion, in a downward motion; motion. 2. reach. 1. taatiksiitit 2. tiiksiitit 3. tiiksiitiku™ 4. iriiraaksiitit 5. tiiksiitiksta • taatiksiiruutiku™ I am waving my hand around; I am reaching around. see arrive at {huraariwicat}; arrive running {kusihwica (ir...), kusihwicat} reach an old age riicawicparii [•rii-Ùß-w†ts-pßrii•] VI(4) reach an old age. 1. tahiicawicparii™ 2. tiriicawicparii™ 4. iriirariicawicparii 5. tiriicawicpariihusta reach down see touch the ground {hurahwiitik} reach out one's arm iksu™at [•†k-su-™ßt•] VI(1) {dist., iksawarii} 1. reach one's hand or arm out, extend the hand, as when picking up something or shaking someone's hand. 2. point, point to with the hand. 1. taatiksu™at 2. tiiksu™at 3. tiiksawuu™ 4. iriiraaksuuta 5. tiiksuhuhta • taatiksawarii™ I am reaching my hand around. read rariihurahkirikus (ut...) [•rß-rii-h‰-rßh-k†-r†k‰(s)•] VT(4) look at, read a paper, document, newspaper, or book. 1. tatuuhariihurahkiriku 2. tuuhariihurahkiriku 4. iriruuhariihurahkiriku 5. tuuhariihurahkirikusta

ready ready irihaarahuur (ut...) [•†-r†-haa-rß-huu(r)•] VD be ready, prepared, ready and waiting, as for anything that arises.

1. tatuutirihaarahuu™ 2. tuutirihaarahuu™ 4. iriruutirihaarahuuru 5. tuutirihaarahuuruksta uhuriihac [•‰-h‰-rii-hßts•] VD be ready, prepared, as for anything. 1. taatuhuriiha™ac 2. tiihuriiha™ac 4. iriruuhuriihaacu 5. tiihuriihacuksta see prepare {irihaariwarik (ut...), raakusiksiirik (uur...)} ready (everything) raakusiksiir (uur...) [•raa-k‰s†k-sii(r)•] VI(1-a) everything to be ready, prepared, arranged; everything to be in good order, as for an event. 2. turaakusiksii 4. iriiruraakusiksiira 5. turaakusiksiirasta ready oneself mentally see prepare oneself mentally {aciksuhuriihac} real kapiit [•kß-piit•] VD be real, genuine. 1. tatkapii™it 2. tikapii™it 4. iriirakapiitu 5. tikapiituksta raariks [+ i-] [•raa-r†ks•] VI(1) be real, true, correct, as an account; be real, authentic, as an event. 2. tiiraariks 4. iriiraraariksa 5. tiiraariksuksta raariksisu™ [raa-r‡k-s†-s‰™] ADJ true, real, authentic. really ctuu [tstuu] ADV really; so. • hii ctuu taahwicka™ and he really wanted it. raarit [raÑ-r†t] ADV really, exactly, truly. • wiikuuhuraawiicat raarit now the time was really drawing near. • raarit rikuti™ truly it is she. rear, in the see behind {awiirakus}; last {hatuhkat} rebuke see scold {riicarisaar} recalcitrant see stubborn {kitii} recall see remember {raakaa™a (ir...ut...), wicaksaar}; reminisce {acikskaa™a (ir...)} receive uurikuk (ut...) [•uu-r†-k‰{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. grasp, grab; take hold of, take in one's hands. 2. receive. 3. hold, hold onto. 4. catch, as a moving or flying object. 5. catch in the act of doing.

1. tatuutuurikut 2. tuutuurikut 3. tuutuurikuuku™ 4. iriruutuurikut 5. tuutuurikuksta • tiiharuurikuuku™, sitiiharuurikuuku™ they are catching them. recess around see groove around {tarahiira™uk (uur...)} recessed see grooved {icarahii (uur...)}

red, deep recessed around see grooved around {tarahii (uur...)}

reckless see wild {icakahuur} recklessly see speak recklessly {wakuuricakahuur} reclined see lie {sa} recognize aciksuuwicaks (ir...) [•ß-Ù†k-suu-w†Ùßks•] VD 1. remember, keep in mind, be mindful of, as an upcoming event. 2. reminisce, recall, remember, think back on. 3. recognize. 1. tatiiraciksuuwicaks 2. taaciksuuwicaks 4. iriiraaciksuuwicaksu 5. taaciksuuwicaksuksta see know (a person) {iciis (ut...)} recollect see remember {raakaa™a (ir...ut...)} record (a voice) wakuhkawarik [•wß-k‰h-kß-wßr†{k/t}•] VT(1) record a voice, as on tape or a record. <wakur+ka.warik, cause speech to go in/on> 1. tatpakuhkawarit 2. tiwakuhkawarit 3. tiwakuhkawariku™ 4. iriirawakuhkawarika 5. tiwakuhkawariksta recorder see tape recorder {ratawirahkawarikusu, rawakarahkawuu} recount see repeat a story {raa™iitusta™iir} recover (health) raahiiriitik (uur...) [•raa-hii-riit†{k/t}•] VP(4) improve in health, get well, recover, as someone who has been ill. 1. tikuuraahiiriitit 2. turaahiiriitit 3. turaahiiriitiku™ 4. iriiruraahiiriitit 5. turaahiiriitiksta • tiiraktaahiiriitit they got well. rectum kiriiru™ [k‡-rii-r‰™] N {comb., kiriir-, kiri(i)h-} rectum; anus. • kiriihiri™ on the anus. red pahaat [•pß-haat•] VD be red, reddish. 2. tipahaa™at 4. iriirapahaatu 5. tipahaatuksta • tirahpahaa™at they are red. red (dark) arasispahaat [•ß-rß-s†s-pß-haat•] VD be deep red, maroon, oxblood. <aras.his+pahaat, be cooked red> 2. tiirasispahaa™at 4. iriiraarasispahaatu 5. tiirasispahaatuksta red bean see bean, native {atiktaariksisu™} red corn see corn, red {rikiispahat} red dogwood see dogwood, red osier {rapahat} red fox see fox, red {kiwakuupahat} red osier see dogwood, red osier {rapahat} red paint see paint, red {pahaatu™} Red River Kicpahat [k‡ts-pß-hßt] N Red River. • Kicpahatkat in the Red River. Red Rock, Okla. Pasuuhararu [pà-suu-hß-rß-r‰] N Red Rock, Okla. <pasuuhara.ru, among the Otoes> red squirrel see squirrel, red {ckipispahat} red, deep pahaatkaatiit [•pß-haat-kaa-tiit•] VD be deep red, maroon, wine, oxblood. <pahaat+kaatiit,

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red, light dark red>

2. tipahaatkaatii™it 4. iriirapahaatkaatiitu 5. tipahaatkaatiituksta red, light see pink {kirahpahaat} red, painted rahpahaat [•rßh-pß-haat•] VD be painted red, as one's face. 1. tahahpahaa™at 2. tirahpahaa™at 4. iriirarahpahaatu 5. tirahpahaatuksta red-faced see blush {takuritkaa™a (ir...)} red-tailed hawk see hawk, red-tailed {kutawikucuupahat} red-wing blackbird kaasitkiwahaaru™ [kaÑ-s†tk†-wß-haa-r‰™] N red-wing blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus). redbud hatkatakuskicpaku™ [hàt-kß-tß-k‰s-k†tspß-k‰™] N {comb., hatkatakuskicpakuu-} 1. redbud (Cercis canadensis). 2. (contemp.) tomato. • hatkatakuskicpakuukat among the tomatoes. • titawaa hatkatakuskicpaku™ tomatoes are on the vine. redden rahpahaaha™uk [•rßh-pß-haa-hß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) redden, make red; paint red, as with Indian paint. 1. tahahpahaahu™ 2. tirahpahaahu™ 3. tirahpahaahuuku™ 4. iriirarahpahaaha™u 5. tirahpahaahuuksta redhead see hair, red {pakspahat} reduce see lose weight {ahitkarusik, ahitkaruusawi™at, karuus} reed kisiitu™ [k‡-sii-t‰™] N flat reed; heavy, coarse green marsh grass, as used for weaving mats. reed mat see mat {hihiitu™} reflection uka™aatawi™u™, ukaatawi™u™ [Š-kß-™aatß-wi-™u™, Š-kaa-tß-wi-™u™] N {comb., (u)uka™aata-, (u)ukaata-} 1. shadow. 2. reflection.

• ukaatawikat in the shadow. • witiisucuksuuka™aatawi™iirit look at your shadow! see your shadow! • wititatuutukaatawi™iirit I saw my reflection, as in water. reflective see prayerful {Ø (ut...) ciksu™} refuse acikskata™uukuk [•ß-Ù†ks-kß-tß-™uuk‰{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. balk, refuse out of stubbornness, as when getting angry and refusing to do something. 2. pout, sulk. 1. taatacikskata™uukut 2. tiicikskata™uukut 3. tiicikskata™uukuku™ 4. iriiraacikskata™uukut 5. tiicikskata™uukuksta raa™aawaa [•raa-™aa-waa•] VT(4) 1. forsake, abandon a way, as a custom or tradition. 2. refuse, re-

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relish the taste of ject, repudiate a way. 1. tahaa™aawa™ 2. tiraa™aawa™ 3. tiraa™aawaahu™ 4. iriiraraa™aawaa 5. tiraa™aawaahista see renege {katawiitik} refuse (a request) raawakuraawaa [•raa-wß-k‰raa-waa•] VI(4) refuse, as a request. 1. tahaawakuraawa™ 2. tiraawakuraawa™ 3. tiraawakuraawaahu™ 4. iriiraraawakuraawaa 5. tiraawakuraawaahista refuse a request wakuraawaa [•wß-k‰-raa-waa•] VT(4) refuse, turn down, as a request. <wak+huraawaa, abandon verbally> 1. tatpakuraawa™ 2. tiwakuraawa™ 3. tiwakuraawaahu™ 4. iriirawakuraawaa 5. tiwakuraawaahista regal see chiefly {riisaar} regarded highly see loved {acikstawis} regulate see ruling {raatiiwarik} reject see refuse {raa™aawaa} related kituu [•k†-tuu•] VD 1. be whole, complete, fully together; be in its entirety. 2. be closely related. 2. tikituu™ 4. iriirakituu™u 5. tikituucta • tirahkituu™ they are closely related. related to icis (ut...) [•†-Ù†s•] VT(4) (impf. only) be related to; be one's relative. 1. tatuuticiisu™ 2. tuuticiisu™ 4. iriruuticisu relative Ø (ir...) [•Ø•] VD be a relative. 1. tikuwicaksaa 2. tiwicaksaa 3. tiwicaksaari™ 4. iriirawicaksaara 5. tiwicaksaarista see know (a fact) {raa™iita (ir...)}; remind {wicaksik}; reminisce {acikskaa™a (ir...)} remind aciksuuwicaksta™uk (ir...) [•ß-Ù†k-suu-w†Ùßks-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) remind; make someone remember something, cause someone to recall something. 1. tatiiraciksuuwicakstu™ 2. taaciksuuwicakstu™ 3. taaciksuuwicakstuuku™ 4. iriira™aaciksuuwicaksta™u 5. taaciksuuwicakstuuksta wicaksik [•w†-Ùßk-s†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. revive, bring back to consciousness. 2. remind. <wicaks+ik, cause to be conscious > 1. tatpicaksit 2. tiwicaksit 3. tiwicaksiku™ 4. iriirawicaksika 5. tiwicaksiksta see mention {raawicaksik} reminisce acikskaa™a (ir...) [•ß-Ù†ks-kaa-™ß•] VP(3) {dist., acikskaawa™a (ir...)} reminisce, think back on, think of something or someone in the past; think about, come to mind, remember, recall, as something from the past. 1. tikuucikskaa™a™ 2. taacikskaa™a™ 3. taacikskaa™aahu™ 4. iriira™aacikskaa™a 5. taacikskaa-

hista • tikuucikskaawa™aahu™ I am reminiscing, thinking of past things. see remember {aciksuuwicaks (ir...), raakaa™a (ir...ut...)} remove rikatahak [•r†-kß-tß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. take off, remove, as an object on a surface. 2. take away, remove, as one of two children fighting. 3. take out, lift out, remove, as from water or an oven. 1. tahikatahat 2. tirikatahat 3. tirikatahaaku™ 4. iriirarikatahat 5. tirikatahaksta ruwaahaahkiir [+ raar-] [•ru-waa-haah-kii(r)•] VT(1) 1. undress, take off clothing. 2. strip, remove covers, as from a bed or chair. 3. remove, take out, as items from a container.

1. taharuwaahaahkii™ 2. tiraruwaahaahkii™ 3. tiraruwaahaahkiiru™ 4. iriirararuwaahaahkiira 5. tiraruwaahaahkiirista see pull out {rikawat}; take off (an object from a surface) {ruuwaah} remove from the mouth see take out of the mouth {hawat} renege katawiitik [•kß-tß-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. balk; become stubborn, obstinate, as a stubborn child or horse. 2. back out, renege; refuse, fail to follow through on a promise. 1. tatkatawiitit 2. tikatawiitit 3. tikatawiitiku™ 4. iriirakatawiitit 5. tikatawiitiksta renew tiiraraara™uk [•tii-rß-raa-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) renew; make new, fresh; make over. 1. tactiiraraaru™ 2. titiiraraaru™ 3. titiiraraaruuku™ 4. iriiratiiraraara™u 5. titiiraraaruuksta repair see fix {hiirik (uur...)} repeat a story raa™iitusta™iir [•raa-™ii-t‰s-tß-™ii(r)•] VT(1) 1. repeat, recount a story. 2. add to, supplement a story, as when adding details or an episode. 1. tahaa™iitusta™i 2. tiraa™iitusta™i 3. tiraa™iitusta™iiru™ 4. iriiraraa™iitusta™iira 5. tiraa™iitusta™iirista repeat what someone said wakuhtara™u [•wßk‰h-tß-rß-™u•] VT(3) 1. repeat what another said or told; tell what another said. 2. talk about what another said. <wakur+tara™u, talk about someone's speech> 1. tatpakuhtara™u™ 2. tiwakuhtara™u™ 3. tiwakuhtara™uuhu™ 4. iriirawakuhtara™u 5. tiwakuhtara™ucta repeater aahkawi™u™ [aah-kà-wi-™u™] N 1. bank, drop-off; cliff; precipice; washout. 2. repeater, as one who repeats what another says; presumably from the echo off of a cliff.

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replace • aahkawikat on the bank. • iriira™aahkawitiihat where the base of the bank is; at the foot of the cliff. replace see exchange {ikiriwiiha™uk} reprimand see scold {riicarisaar} Republican riitahkaac [riæ-tßh-kaats] N {comb., riitahkaac-, riitahkac-} 1. golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). 2. (contemp.) Republican, member of the Republican political party. • riitahkackat among the eagles. • riitahkaacihari™ eaglet, young eagle. • riitahkackaatiit black eagle, juvenile bald eagle. • riitahkackurahuus old male eagle. Republican band see Chawi band {Cawii}; Kitkahahki {Kitkahaahki} repudiate see refuse {raa™aawaa} resemble see look like {Ø (uur...) [+ ku-]} resign awikatahak [•ß-w†-kß-tß-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., awikatawaahak} 1. jump back, jump away, move away quickly, move back quickly. 2. withdraw, resign, as from an organization. 1. taatawikatahat 2. tiiwikatahat 3. tiiwikatahaaku™ 4. iriiraawikatahat 5. tiiwikatahaksta resolute see determined {aciksisit [+ neg.]} resolve see decide {raatiihura™uk}; weaken someone's resolve {karuusa™iwarik} resolved see determined {rirahkaa™at (ut...)} resonate tawakta/taa [•tß-wßk-tß/taa•] VI(4) 1. ring, as a clock, bell; buzz. 2. rattle, be a rattling sound, as a loose object. 3. resonate, bang, as the sound resulting from an impact. 2. titawakta™ 3. titawaktaahu™ 4. iriiratawaktaa 5. titawaktaahista • tiracawaktaahu™ they are rattling. respect raaraciihtis [•raa-rß-Ùiih-t†s•] VI(4) 1. be respectful, reverent; feel respect, reverence; feel awe. 2. be suspicious. 3. be alert, vigilant, on the lookout. 4. be curious. 1. tahaaraciihtis 2. tiraaraciihtis 3. tiraaraciihtiisu™ 4. iriiraraaraciihtis 5. tiraaraciihtisista raaraciihtis (uur...) [•raa-rß-Ùiih-t†s•] VT(4), VI(4) 1. respect, revere; be reverent toward; feel respect for, reverence for, as a religious object, an event, a belief; hold in awe; believe in the sacred. 2. be suspicious, as of an activity, behavior, group. 3. be alert, vigilant, on the lookout. 4. be curious about, as about something strange. 5. have a premonition, as that something will happen. 1. taturaaraciihtis 2. turaaraciihtis 4. iriiruraaraciihtis responsible for see care for {uhuuwicaks (ir...)}

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revile rest awi™iikiwatak

[•ß-wi-™ii-k†-wß-tß{k/t}•] VP(4) 1. rest, relax. 2. calm down, cool off. 1. tikuuwi™iikiwatat 2. tiiwi™iikiwatat 3. tiiwi™iikiwataaku™ 4. iriiraawi™iikiwatat 5. tiiwi™iikiwataksta restaurant iriirihaakawaahcu [†-riæ-r†-haa-kßwaah-Ù‰] N cafe, restaurant. rested mentally aciksawi™iikiwatak [•ß-Ù†k-sßwi-™ii-k†-wß-tß{k/t}•] VP(4) relax mentally, rest one's mind, as after stress or anxiety; mind to rest, relax; be mentally rested, relieved, relaxed. 1. tikuuciksawi™iikiwatat 2. tiiciksawi™iikiwatat 3. tiiciksawi™iikiwataaku™ 4. iriiraaciksawi™iikiwatat 5. tiiciksawi™iikiwataksta restroom akahwi™uusis [à-kßh-wi-™uu-s†s] N restroom; outhouse, privy, outside toilet. • akahwi™uusiskat in/on the outhouse. see bathroom {akaaricpatpuus} retarded kariis [kà-riis] N 1. crippled, paralyzed person; deformed person. 2. awkward, clumsy person. 3. retarded person, simpleton. kariis/ris [•kß-riis/r†s•] VD 1. be crippled, partially paralyzed, as a congenital condition or the result of a stroke. 2. be deformed. 3. be retarded, not fully developed mentally, simple-minded. 4. be awkward, unskilled, clumsy. 1. tatkariis 2. tikariis 4. iriirakarisu 5. tikarisuksta reticent see reluctant {acikstiiris (ut...)} retire rikatihaarariihac [•r†-kß-t†-haa-rß-rii-hßts•] VI(4) retire, as from a job. 1. tahikatihaarariihac 2. tirikatihaarariihac 4. iriirarikatihaarariihac 5. tirikatihaarariihacista retiring see bashful {riiris (ut...)}; shy {acikstiiris (ut...)} return a (ir...) istu™ [•ß• †s-t‰™] VI(3) come back, return. 1. tatiira™ istu™ 2. taa™ istu™ 3. ta™aahu™ istu™ 4. iriira™a istu™ 5. taahista istu™ at istu™ [•ßt• †s-t‰™] VI(1) go back, return. 1. taatat istu™ 2. ti™at istu™ 3. tiwuu™ istu™ 4. iriiraata istu™ 5. tihuhta istu™ see come home {kaa™iisa (ir...)}; go home {kaa™iisat} reveal see tell {raarikaa™a (ir...)}; tell to {raarikaa™a (ir...ut...)} revere see respect {raaraciihtis (uur...)} reverent see respect {raaraciihtis} revile rahuriruuhci (uur...) [•rß-h‰-r†-ruuh-Ù†•] VT(u) 1. do excessively to. 2. revile, berate, bawl

revive out; curse. 3. abuse, mistreat; beat severely, excessively. 4. kill. 1. taturahuriruuhci™ 2. turahuriruuhci™ 3. turahuriruuhciihu™ 4. iriirurahuriruuhci™u 5. turahuriruuhciicta ruuwa™iihk (ut...) [•ruu-wß-™ii(h){k/t}•] VT(1) {dist., ruuwaawa™iihk (ut...)} revile; call names; say mean, hateful things to. <waa+ra.iihk (ut...), say various things to> 1. tatuuhuuwa™iit 2. tuuhuuwa™iit 3. tuuhuuwa™iihku™ 4. iriruuhuuwa™iihka 5. tuuhuuwa™iihkista • tuuhuuwaawa™iit he said all sorts of mean things to him. see cuss out {kaatiiwi™uskara™uk}; scold {riicarisaar} revive aciksuhuritik [•ß-Ù†k-s‰-h‰-r†-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. revive; regain consciousness, come to. 2. come to one's senses, regain mental control. 3. sober up, become sober. 4. feel better. 1. taataciksuhuritit 2. tiiciksuhuritit 3. tiiciksuhuritiiku™ 4. iriiraaciksuhuritit 5. tiiciksuhuritiksta wicaksaar [•w†-Ùßk-saa(r)•] VP(1-i) 1. come to an age of consciousness, as a child reaching an age to reflect and remember. 2. regain consciousness, revive, regain one's senses, come to, as when coming out of a coma. 3. come into consciousness, come to mind; remember, recall, as something from the past. <wicaks+aar, become conscious> 1. tikuwicaksaa 2. tiwicaksaa 3. tiwicaksaari™ 4. iriirawicaksaara 5. tiwicaksaarista wicaksik [•w†-Ùßk-s†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. revive, bring back to consciousness. 2. remind. <wicaks+ik, cause to be conscious > 1. tatpicaksit 2. tiwicaksit 3. tiwicaksiku™ 4. iriirawicaksika 5. tiwicaksiksta revolver see pistol {tiraaktarikuhcu™} rhubarb, wild see canaigre {kacpiirakari™} rib risaatu™ [r†-saÑ-t‰™] N {comb., risat-, risah-} rib. • risatiri™ with a rib; on the rib • risahaariri™ on the ribs. • iriirarisatpaawi, iriirarisactawaawi where his ribs are; his ribs. see bone, rib {risatkiisu™} ribbon see silk {haspacki} rice rikiispiiruus [r‡-kiis-pii-ruus] N rice. ride (horse) ikita [•†-k†-tß•] VL {dist., ikitawaa} 1. ride, as a horse. 2. be astride, as a fence rail. 1. taatikita 2. tiikita 4. iriiraakitawi 5. tiikitawista • Tiirikitawaa They Are Riding, They Are All Riding (personal name). ride a bicycle see bicycle {asikita} ride behind ikita™iiwiira™at [•†-k†-tß-™ii-wii-rß-™ßt•] VI(1) ride behind, ride following.

1. taatikita™iiwiira™at 2. tiikita™iiwiira™at 3. tuukita™iiwiirawuu™ 4. iriiraakita™iiwiiraata 5. tiikita™iiwiirahuhta ride in see in {hukakus} ride with ikitawitawi™at [•†-k†-tß-w†-tß-wi-™ßt•] VI(1) ride with, ride among, as other riders. 1. taatikitawitawi™at 2. tiikitawitawi™at 3. tiikitawita™iwuu™ 4. iriiraakitawitawiita 5. tiikitawitawihuhta ridge waahukasa [•waa-h‰-kß-sß•] VI(4) 1. be a ridge extending across the top of an eminence, as of a hill, house, or tent; be ridged; be the ridge of a dome. 2. be a ridge pole, as on a tent. <waa+hukasa, hill to be lying on (an eminence)> 2. tiwaahukasa 4. iriirawaahukasa 5. tiwaahukasahista waruuc [•wß-ruuts•] VD 1. be rounded, as a knoll, mound. 2. be a bulge. 3. be humped; be humpbacked. 4. be a protuberance, knot; be swollen, puffed up; be a lump, bump, as a growth on the body. 5. be ridged; be a ridge, crest. 2. tiwaruu™uc 4. iriirawaruucu 5. tiwaruucuksta waruucuuhak [•wß-ruu-Ùuu-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) be a ridge, crest, as of a hill; be a knoll. <waruuc+u.hak, ridge extends in a line> 2. tiwaruucuuhat 4. iriirawaruucuuhat 5. tiwaruucuuhaksta ridge pole waahukasa [•waa-h‰-kß-sß•] VI(4) 1. be a ridge extending across the top of an eminence, as of a hill, house, or tent; be ridged; be the ridge of a dome. 2. be a ridge pole, as on a tent. <waa+hukasa, hill to be lying on (an eminence)> 2. tiwaahukasa 4. iriirawaahukasa 5. tiwaahukasahista ridge, level wiituuru™ [wii-tu÷-r‰™] N {comb., wiituur, wiituh-} 1. level ridge, hilltop, knoll; elevated prairie, as one clear of trees or brush. 2. meadow. <wiitur+u™, level ridge + NOM; cf. SB weetuuru™ sloping prairie, Ar. weetu÷nu™ ridge of a hill> • iirawiituuruhat that ridge (extending). • iriirawiituruuhat where the level knoll is; where the flat ridge is. • tiwiituuru™at it is a level ridge. ridge, on a see bank, on the edge of a {huuwiicahaahiri™} ridicule iciirara™uk [•†-Ùii-rß-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) ridicule, make fun of. 1. taaticiiraru™ 2. tiiciiraru™ 3. tiiciiraruuku™ 4. iririiciirara™u 5. tiiciiraruuksta kicara™uk [•k†-Ùß-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) ridicule, mock; make fun of. 1. tatkicaru™ 2. tikicaru™ 3. tikicaruuku™ 4. iriirakicara™u 5. tikicaruuksta kicta™uk [•k†ts-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) ridicule, mock, make fun of, as when imitating a retarded person or

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riding, come the

dress

of

rising someone.

1. tatkictu™ 2. tikictu™ 3. tikictuuku™ 4. iriirakicta™u 5. tikictuuksta riding, come ikitawi™a (ir...) [•†-k†-tß-wi-™ß•] VI(3) come riding; come astride. 1. tatiirikitawi™a™ 2. tuukitawi™a™ 3. tuukitawi™aahu™ 4. iriiraakitawi™a 5. tuukitawiihista riding, go ikitawi™at [•†-k†-tß-wi-™ßt•] VI(1) {dist., ikita™iwarii} go riding, go horseback riding; ride by. 1. taatikitawi™at 2. tiikitawi™at 3. tiikita™iwuu™ 4. iriiraakitawiita 5. tiikitawihuhta • tiikita™iwarii™ he is riding around. rifle see gun {tiraaku™} right arm piihkawi™u™ [piih-kà-wi-™u™] N right arm; right side. <wiir+ka.wi+u™, arm + on/in + NOM> • piihkawihiri™ right arm; with the right arm; on the right. • taatawarit piihkawihiri™ I threw it with my right arm. wiihkawi™uu (ut...) [•wiih-kß-wi-™uu•] VI(1) 1. be one's right arm; be one's right side. 2. be righthanded. <wiir+ka.wi+uu (ut...), to be the arm on (things)> 1. tatutpiihkawi™uu™ 2. tutpiihkawi™uu™ 4. iriirutpiihkawi™uu™a 5. tutpiihkawi™uuksta right here see here {tiitaku, tiihaataku} right now raariwiicu™ [raÑ-r†-wii-Ù‰™] ADV right now, just now, immediately; right at that time. right one see main {hisii} right there see there {iritaku, iitaku} rind, pork see cracklings {ahictarariitu™} ring kskiickuuku™u™ [kskiæts-kuu-ku-™u™] N ring. tawakta/taa [•tß-wßk-tß/taa•] VI(4) 1. ring, as a clock, bell; buzz. 2. rattle, be a rattling sound, as a loose object. 3. resonate, bang, as the sound resulting from an impact. 2. titawakta™ 3. titawaktaahu™ 4. iriiratawaktaa 5. titawaktaahista • tiracawaktaahu™ they are rattling. tawaktaarik [•tß-wßk-taa-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. ring; buzz, as with a buzzer. 2. rattle, as a gourd. 1. tactawaktaarit 2. titawaktaarit 3. titawaktaariku™ 4. iriiratawaktaarika 5. titawaktaariksta see hoop {taahuruus, taawiruus} ring (bell) kiictawakta/taa [•kiits-tß-wßk-tß/taa•] VI(4) bell to ring. 2. tikiictawakta™ 3. tikiictawaktaahu™ 4. iriirakiictawaktaa 5. tikiictawaktaahista kiictawaktaarik [•kiits-tß-wßk-taa-r†{k/t}•] VT(1)

260

ring a bell. 1. tatkiictawaktaarit 2. tikiictawaktaarit 3. tikiictawaktaariku™ 4. iriirakiictawaktaarika 5. tikiictawaktaariksta ring (telephone) racawakta/taa [•rß-Ùß-wßktß/taa•] VI(4) ring, as a telephone. 2. tiracawakta™ 3. tiracawaktaahu™ 4. iriiraracawaktaa 5. tiracawaktaahista ring, wear a ikskiickaa [•†ks-kiits-kaa•] VL be wearing a ring, have a ring on. 1. taatikskiickaa 2. tiikskiickaa 4. iriiraakskiickaawi 5. tiikskiickaawista rinse ariikicparik (uur...) [•ß-rii-k†ts-pß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. wring out, either by hand or through a wringer. 2. rinse out, as a cloth in clear cold water. 1. tatuurariikicparit 2. tuurariikicparit 3. tuurariikicpariku™ 4. iriruurariikicparika 5. tuurariikicpariksta rariikicparik (uur...) [•rß-rii-k†ts-pß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) rinse off, rinse out, as soapy clothes or dishes; wring out. 1. taturariikicparit 2. turariikicparit 3. turariikicpariku™ 4. iriirurariikicparika 5. turariikicpariksta rip kiwat [•k†-wßt•] VT(2-i) {dist., kiruuwat} 1. take apart, dismantle. 2. unravel, as cloth. 3. rip, rip apart, as cloth. 1. tatkiwat 2. tikiwat 3. tikiwati™ 4. iriirakiwati 5. tikiwatista • tikiruuwat he took them apart. ripe araas [•ß-raas•] VI(u) {dist., waaraasik; pl., waaraas} 1. be cooked, done cooking, well done. 2. be ripe, as fruit. 2. tiiras, tiiraas, tiraas 3. tiraasu™ 4. iriiraraasu 5. tiirasista • tiwaaraas kisuuc the grapes are ripe. see crop to be mature {karihaariihac}; mature (of corn) {rikiis} ripple see wave {kicpiirakus} rise see come up (celestial object) {ta™a (ir...)}; flood {kicuuta™a (ir...)}; get up {uca™a (ir...), waata (ir...)}; sun to come up {saakta™a (ir...)} rise (as dough) awihuksa (ir...) [•ß-w†-h‰k-sß•] VI(3) rise, as dough; swell, bloat; expand, as a balloon or carcass. 2. taawihuksa™ 3. taawihuksaahu™ 4. iriira™aawihuksa 5. taawihuksahista rise (water) see come up (liquid) {kickata™a (ir...)} rise above see surpass {raakawiitik (ut...)} rising awihuks- [ß-w†-h‰ks•] LOC rising, increasing in volume, expanding, as dough; foaming, foaming up.

river • riwaa™uusawihuksa (ir...) foam or suds to rise up, bubble up. • kiicawihuksa (ir...) water to rise, as a swelling stream. see raising {uca-} river kicka [k‡ts-kß] N 1. Arkansas River. 2. river. • kicka wiitiraasiit the river is frozen. rivet one's eyes on see stare at {kiriktahwi™uuriirik (ut...)} roach taruks-pasaasi [tß-rŠks•pß-saa-s†] N Osage roach. roach hairstyle paahukasa [paa-hŠ-kß-sß] N roach hairstyle, hair cut in a roach, a style favored by Pawnee men. <waa+hukasa, lying on/over a mound> pakspaahukasa [•pßks-paa-h‰-kß-sß•] VI(4) have a roached head; have one's hair cut in a roach. <paks+waahukasa, be a ridge extending across the top of the head, i.e., be a roached head> 1. tatpakspaahukasa 2. tipakspaahukasa 4. iriirapakspaahukasa 5. tipakspaahukasahista pakspasaasi [pàks-pß-saa-s†] N 1. roach hairstyle, hair cut in a roach, a style favored by Pawnee men. 2. roached head, i.e., a person with a roach cut or Osage hair style. <paks+pasaasi, Osage head; ref. to this hair style among the Osages> roach headdress ckuhkakusu™ [tskŠh-kß-k‰-s‰™] N roach headdress. • ckuhkakuskat on the roach. • kiruu raaku ckuhkakusu™? where is the roach? • ti™ ckuhkakusu™ it is a roach. roach headdress, put on ickuhkakuusk (ut...) [•†ts-k‰h-kß-kuus(k)•] VT(1) put a roach headdress on. 1. tatuutickuhkakuus 2. tuutickuhkakuus 3. tuutickuhkakuusku™ 4. iriruutickuhkakuuska 5. tuutickuhkakuuskista roach headdress, wear a ickuhkakus (ir...ut...) [•†ts-k‰h-kß-k‰(s)•] VT(4) be wearing a roach headdress; have a roach headdress on. 1. tatiitickuhkaku 2. tuutickuhkaku 4. iriruutickuhkaku 5. tuutickuhkakusta roached head pakspaahukasa [pàks-paa-h‰-kßsß] N roached head, i.e., a person with a roached cut or Osage hair style. <paks+waahukasa, ridge extending across the top of the head, i.e., roached head> road see trail {haturaarat, hatuur-/hatuh-, haturaaru™} road to be crooked haturaahpiraarik [•hß-t‰raah-p†-raa-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) {sg., haturaahpirakus} be a crooked road, trail, path; road, trail, path to wind around, have many curves; be curves in a road, trail, path.

rock (in a chair) 2. tihaturaahpiraarit 4. iriirahaturaahpiraariki 5. tihaturaahpiraariksta road to be muddy haturaahuuruht [•hß-t‰-raahuu-r‰(h)t•] VD road to be muddy. 2. tihaturaahuuru™ut 4. iriirahaturaahuuruuhtu 5. tihaturaahuuruhtuksta road to be paved haturaahkaritihit [•hß-t‰-raahkß-r†-t†-h†t•] VI(4) road to be paved; be a paved road. 2. tihaturaahkaritihit 4. iriirahaturaahkaritihit 5. tihaturaahkaritihitista road to curve see trail to curve {haturaahpirakus} road to fork haturaahkasar [•hß-t‰-raah-kßsß(r)•] VI(1) road, path, trail to divide or fork. 2. tihaturaahkasa 4. iriirahaturaahkasara 5. tihaturaahkasarista road, paved see highway {haturaahkaritki} roan see horse, roan {asaapakspahat, pakspahat} roar katakaksaa [•kß-tß-kßk-saa•] VI(4) be the roar, deep loud cry, snort of an animal, as a bear or buffalo; bellow, as a cow. 2. tikatakaksaa™ 3. tikatakaksaahu™ 4. iriirakatakaksaa 5. tikatakaksaahista roast see cook over a fire {icatk, wiicatk}; put in an oven {raaruhuhkaawarik} roast corn rahkiwir [•rßh-k†-w†(r)•] VT(1-a) 1. (pl. obj.) roast corn, as when preparing dried sweet corn. 2. singe, as the hair on a hog. 1. tahahkiwi 2. tirahkiwi 3. tirahkiwiiru™ 4. iriirarahkiwira 5. tirahkiwirasta rob see steal {ta™uut} robber see thief {ta™uut, ta™uutu™} robe see wear over the shoulders {witak} robe (with fur remaining) cahuuki [Ùß-hu÷-k†] N {comb., cahuu-} robe, of either buffalo or bear, with the fur remaining on it. • iriirarihuuru cahuuki a large buffalo robe. rock a™iwii™a (ir...) [•ß-™†-wii-™ß•] VI(3) rock, bend over. 1. tatiira™iwii™a™ 2. taa™iwii™a™ 3. taa™iwii™aahu™ 4. iriiraa™iwii™a 5. taa™iwii™ahista karitki [kà-r†t-k†] N {comb., karit-, karic-, karih-} rock, stone, pebble. • karitkat on the rock. • karitiri™ with a rock. • tikarihihuu™ it is a big rock. rock (in a chair) kusa™iwi™a (ir...) [•k‰-sß-™†-wi™ß•] VI(3) rock, as in a rocking chair.

1. tatihkusa™iwi™a™ 2. takusa™iwi™a™ 3. takusa™iwi™aahu™ 4. iriirakusa™iwi™a 5. takusa™iwiihista rock forward see bend over {wii™a (ir...)} rock, red karitpahat [kà-r†t-pß-hßt] N 1. red rock; catlinite. 2. brick. rocking chair ckuskakusa™iwii™aahus [tskŠs-kßk‰-sß-™†-wii-™aa-h‰s] N rocking chair, rocker. rocky karitkari [•kß-r†t-kß-r†•] VD be rocky. 2. tikaritkari™ 4. iriirakaritkari™u 5. tikaritkariicta Rocky Mountain sheep see bighorn {arikucuu™, paarikucuu™} Rocky Mountains Iiraahkarihaaruhat [iæ-raahkß-r†-haa-r‰-hßt] N Rocky Mountains. roll iriwaawarik [•†-r†-waa-wß-r†{k/t}•] VI(1) roll, as on the ground when playing.

1. taatiriwaawarit 2. tiiriwaawarit 3. tiiriwaawariku™ 4. iriiraariwaawarika 5. tiiriwaawariksta iriwaawarik (ut...) [•†-r†-waa-wß-r†{k/t}•] VP(1) roll, as after stumbling and falling to the ground. 2. teeter forward, after stumbling and losing one's balance. 3. teeter, wobble, wobble around, as someone trying to walk against a strong wind or someone whose legs are arthritic.

1. tikuutiriwaawarit 2. tiitiriwaawarit 3. tiitiriwaawariku™ 4. iriruutiriwaawarika 5. tiitiriwaawariksta iriwiraa™at [•†-r†-w†-raa-™ßt•] VI(1) {dist., iriwiraawarii} roll; roll over; roll off, roll away. 1. taatiriwiraa™at 2. tiiriwiraa™at 3. tiiriwiraawuu™ 4. iriiraariwiraata 5. tiiriwiraahuhta • tiiriwiraawarii™ he is rolling around. iriwiraawarik [•†-r†-w†-raa-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. roll out, as dough. 2. roll up, as a rug or bedroll; roll into a ball or onto a spool. 3. roll, cause to roll, as a round object; roll over, roll off. 1. taatiriwiraawarit 2. tiiriwiraawarit 3. tiiriwiraawariku™ 4. iriiraariwiraawarika 5. tiiriwiraawariksta roll around iriwaawarik (ut...) [•†-r†-waa-wßr†{k/t}•] VT(1) roll around, as another person; push around. 1. tatuutiriwaawarit 2. tuutiriwaawarit 3. tuutiriwaawariku™ 4. iriruutiriwaawarika 5. tuutiriwaawariksta

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roof of the mouth roll out dough harikitkawirat

[•hß-r†-k†t-kß-w†rßt•] VT(1) roll out dough; knead dough.

1. tatarikitkawirat 2. tiharikitkawirat 3. tiharikitkawiriwuu™ 4. iriiraharikitkawirata 5. tiharikitkawirahuhta roll over iriwiraarahak [•†-r†-w†-raa-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. roll over, push over, as a body; cause to fall and roll. 2. turn over, overturn, capsize, as a boat. 1. taatiriwiraarahat 2. tiiriwiraarahat 3. tiiriwiraarahaaku™ 4. iriiraariwiraarahat 5. tiiriwiraarahaksta see fall over {iriwiraahak} roll up ickitaahuruusta™uk (ut...) [•†ts-k†-taa-h‰ruus-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) roll up, coil, as a long rope or wire. 1. tatuutickitaahuruustu™ 2. tuutickitaahuruustu™ 3. tuutickitaahuruustuuku™ 4. iriruutickitaahuruusta™u 5. tuutickitaahuruustuuksta roller-skate see skate {asuukitahaawarii (ut...), huukitahaawarii} rolling iriwiraa- [†-r†-w†-raa•] LOC rolling, as on the ground. • iriwiraa™at roll over. • iriwiraa™a (ir...) roll this way. • iriwiraahak tip over sideways. rolling down awiraa- (ut...) [ß-w†-raa• (‰t...)] LOC rolling down, as a hill. • kataawiraa™at (ut...) roll down the side of, as a hill. • icaawiraa™at (ut...) roll down an incline. • icaawiraawarik (ut...) roll down an incline. rolling pin raakiriwiraawariku [raa-k‡-r†-w†-raawß-r†-k‰] N rolling pin. • iririsa raakiriwiraawariku there is a rolling pin there. roof akahkitahaaru™ [à-kßh-k†-tß-haa-r‰™] N {comb., akahkitahaar-, akahkitahaah-} roof, top of a dwelling. • akahkitahaahiri™ on top of a dwelling or lodge; on the roof of a dwelling or lodge. akahtaahihtu™, akahtaahiitu™, akahtahihtu™ [ßkßh-taÑ-h†h-t‰™, ß-kßh-taÑ-hii-t‰™, ß-kßh-tà-h†h-t‰™] roof. N {comb., akahtaahiht-, akahtaahit-}

• akahtaahitkat on the roof. akahtaatkat, akahtaakat [à-kßh-taat-kßt, à-kßhtaa-kßt] N roof, on the roof, as of an earthlodge or house. • paatahuhkat in the vein. • kiicpaatahuuru™ vein in the neck. • sitiihihpaatahuurukat they must have cut the vein. • tipaatahurahkasa they are the blood vessels, as in one's body. rude see mischievous {icaraks} rudely see speak recklessly {wakuuricakahuur} ruin raahura™uk [•raa-h‰-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) ruin, destroy, spoil. 1. tahaahuru™ 2. tiraahuru™ 3. tiraahuruuku™ 4. iriiraraahura™u 5. tiraahuruuksta see spoil (a way) {raaraahura™uk} ruin (a way) raarahuur [•raa-rß-huu(r)•] VT(u) spoil, ruin; bungle, as a task; do incorrectly, improperly, as a task or endeavor. 1. tahaarahuu™ 2. tiraarahuu™ 3. tiraarahuuru™ 4. iriiraraarahuuru 5. tiraarahuuruksta ruined raahuur [•raa-huu(r)•] VD 1. be spoiled, rotten, soured, as solid food or an animate object. 2. be ruined, broken, destroyed, as an inanimate object. 2. tiraahuu™ 4. iriiraraahuuru 5. tiraahuuruksta ruling raatiiwarik [•raa-tii-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. schedule; set a time, date, as for an event, activity. 2. make a ruling, decision; regulate, make a set of regulations, as for a public function. 3. plan, make a plan. 1. tahaatiiwarit 2. tiraatiiwarit 3. tiraatiiwariku™ 4. iriiraraatiiwarika 5. tiraatiiwariksta rum see alcoholic beverage {kiirahkata} rump see buttocks {ruusu™} run as-i (uur...) [•ßs•†•] VI(2) run. 1. tatuuras 2. tuuras 3. tuurasihu™ 4. iriruurasi 5. tuurasihista • tiirasihu™ they are running.

run after kasispaah [•kß-s†s-paa(h)•] VI(1-i) run; begin running, start running. 1. tatkasispaa 2. tikasispaa 3. tikasispaahi™ 4. iriirakasispaaha 5. tikasispaahista takuk [•tß-k‰{k/t}•] VI(4) run, run off, take off running, set out at a run. 1. tactakut 2. titakut 3. titakuku™ 4. iriiratakut 5. titakuksta tarahkisat [•tß-rßh-k†-sßt•] VI(1) {dist., tarahkisparii} run, go running, go at a run, run in a direction. 1. tactarahkisat 2. titarahkisat 3. titarahkispuu™ 4. iriiratarahkisata 5. titarahkisuhta • tiracarahkisat they are running. see arrive running {kusihwica (ir...), kusihwicat} run after see chase {ra™as-i (uur...), riraarat (ut...)}; chase angrily {wiraaras-i (uur...)}; pursue (to attack) {wiraarat} run away kuksas-i (uur...) [•k‰k-sßs•†•] VI(2) run away, flee. 1. tatuuhkuksas 2. tuuhkuksas 3. tuuhkuksasihu™ 4. iriruuhkuksasi 5. tuuhkuksasista kuksat [•k‰k-sßt•] VI(1) {dist., kuksawarii} flee, run away, run off. 1. tatkuksat 2. tikuksat 3. tikukspuu™ 4. iriirakuksata 5. tikuksuhta • tikuksawarii™ he is running away, going in different directions. kukstakuk [•k‰ks-tß-k‰{k/t}•] VI(4) run away, flee, flee running, escape running. 1. tatkukstakut 2. tikukstakut 3. tikukstakuuku™ 4. iriirakukstakut 5. tikukstakuksta ruuwa™as-i (uur...) [•ruu-wß-™ßs•†•] VI(2) {dist., ruuwaawa™as-i (uur...)} (pl. subj.) run off, run away, flee, scatter running, as when frightened. 1. taturaaktuuwa™as 2. tiiruuwa™as 3. tiiruuwaasihu™ 4. iririiruuwaasi 5. tiiruuwaasihista • tiiruuwaawa™as they all ran away. see elope with {rahurahac} run away with see elope with {aktahurahac} run into awiriwuh [•ß-w†-r†-w‰(h)•] VT(1) run into, run against; collide with, crash into, hit; bump, bump into. 1. taatawiriwu 2. tiiwiriwu 3. tiiwiriwuhu™ 4. iriiraawiriwuha 5. tiiwiriwista run the hand through see stroke {ikskawi™at (uur...)} runner see fast runner {kusiihuriruuhci (uur...)} runt see midget {caahikskasis, karuc}; stunted {takirii} rush ruukiraawarik [•ruu-k†-raa-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) hurry, rush, as an activity or a matter.

sacred site 1. tahuukiraawarit 2. tiruukiraawarit 3. tiruukiraawariku™ 4. iriiraruukiraawarika 5. tiruukiraawariksta tapariha™uk [•tß-pß-r†-hß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3), VR(3) rush, make move quickly. 1. tactaparihu™; wititactaparihu™ 2. titaparihu™; witititaparihu™ 3. titaparihuuku™; witititaparihuuku™ 4. iriiratapariha™u; iriiwitiratapariha™u 5. titaparihuuksta; witititaparihuuksta see hurry {ikiraaruur} rushed see fast (in movement) {uhuhtaparit} rust raaruuhcu™ [raa-ru÷h-Ù‰™] N {comb., raaruhc-, raaruc-} rust; rusty object. • raaruckat on the rust. • raaruckatakus (ut...) be rust, a rusty spot on a surface. • raaructakus (ut...) be a rusty spot. rustle see rattle {tawaka™u [+ ruu-]}; squeak {kiciiwakta/taa} rusty raaruuhc (ut...) [•raa-ruu(h)ts•] VD 1. be rusty. 2. be rusty colored; be the color of smoked hide or buckskin. 2. tuuhaaruu™uc 4. iriruuhaaruuhcu 5. tuuhaaruuhcuksta

S saber see sword {riiciwaarukstii™} Sac see Sauk {Saakiiwa} sack karuusu™ [kà-ruu-s‰™] N sack, bag. • karuuskat in the bag. • ruutikitaku karuusu™ the bag is full. • tirahka karuusu™ they are in the bag. kasii™u™ [kà-sii-™u™] N sack, bag. • kasiikat on the bag. • tatkasiiru™ I filled a sack. • tikasiiruuc the sacks are lying there. sack, burlap ckuhkucuu™ [tskŠh-k‰-Ùuu™] N {comb., ckuhkucuu-} gunny sack, burlap sack. • ckuhkucuukat in/on the gunny sack. sack, paper karuustaawihaakaraa™it [kà-ruustaa-w†-haa-kß-raa-™†t] N paper sack, paper bag. sacred see holy {waarukstii} sacred bundle cuhariipiiru™ [Ù‰-hà-rii-pii-r‰™] N {comb., cuhariipiir-, cuhariipiih-} sacred bundle.

• cuhariipiihkat in/on a sacred bundle.

sacred site huraahwaarukstii [•h‰-raah-waa-r‰kstii•] VD {dist., huraahwaarukstiik} be holy ground; be a sacred site, as an animal lodge site or one where

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sad mysterious phenomena occur.

2. tihuraahwaarukstii™ 4. iriirahuraahwaarukstii™u 5. tihuraahwaarukstiicta • tihuraahwaarukstiiku it is a holy site. sad acikskaapaakis [•ß-Ù†ks-kaa-paa-k†s•] VD 1. feel sad, sorrowful. 2. feel pitiful. 1. taatacikskaapaakis 2. tiicikskaapaakis 4. iriiraacikskaapaakisu 5. tiicikskaapaakisuksta • tiraacikskaapaakis they are all feeling sad, everyone is feeling sad. acikspiiruutik [•ß-Ù†ks-pii-ruu-t†{k/t}•] VP(4) 1. feel depressed, despondent, dejected, downhearted. 2. feel sorrowful, sad, as when reminiscing. 1. tikuucikspiiruutit 2. tiicikspiiruutit 3. tiicikspiiruutiku™ 4. iriiraacikspiiruutit 5. tiicikspiiruutiksta sadden see grieve {rahuur} saddle taatkatakusu™ [taÑt-kß-tß-k‰-s‰™] N saddle. • taatkatakuskat on the saddle. saddle blanket asataatkatakusu™ [à-sß-taat-kßtß-k‰-s‰™] N saddle blanket. • asataatkatakuskat on the saddle blanket. safety pin see pin {cpiikicakusu™} sage kiiwa™ut [kiæ-wß-™ut] N {comb., kiiwa™ut-, kiiwa™uc-, kiiwuh-} sage (Artemisia spp.). • kiiwa™utkat in the sage. see sagewort, prairie {kiiwuhki} sage grouse uutkucuu™ [u÷t-k‰-Ùuu™] N sage grouse, large prairie chicken (Centrocercus urophasianus). see prairie chicken {uut} sage, black kiiwa™utkaatiit [kii-wß-™÷t-kaa-tiit] N black sage (Artemisia tridentata), a dark variety that was placed on the floors of sweat lodges, also used as a fan. sage, white kiiwa™uctaakaa [kii-wß-™÷ts-taa-kaa] N white sage (Artemisia ludoviciana), a variety that was carried in a little bundle for its aromatic quality. sagewort, prairie kiiwuhki [kiæ-w‰h-k†] N little wild sage, prairie sagewort (Artemisia frigida). saliva cakiicu™ [Ùà-kii-Ù‰™] N {comb., (i)cakihc-, (i)cakic-} saliva, spittle; drool, drivel. • ticakihcawariku™ he is spitting it (spittle, phlegm) out. haakakiicu™ [haÑ-kß-kii-Ù‰™] N {comb., haakakic-} saliva; drool, drivel. • haakakickat in saliva.

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sandbur haakakiraaru™ [haa-kà-k†-raa-r‰™] N {comb., haakakiraar-, haakakiiraar-, haakakirah-, haakakiirah-} saliva; drool, drivel. • haakakiraariri™ in saliva. • tihaakakiiraarawiraa he is drooling. salt ka™it [kà-™†t] N salt. • ka™itkat in the salt. • sikstaruu™a™ ka™it hand me the salt! • sicikstaraa™ ka™it bring the salt! salt pork kuhkuska™it [k‰h-kŠs-kß-™†t] N salt pork. salt shaker ka™it rarahkaawi [kà-™†t rß-ráh-kaa-w†] N salt shaker. same askuraa™u™ [ßs-kŠ-raa-™u™] N same, same thing; same way. see together {askuruurit} same direction askuhuuru™ [ßs-k‰-hu÷-r‰™] ADV in the same direction, way; the same route, path. • askuhuuru™ ruusitiwa they (du.) went the same way (that they came). sample see taste (liquid) {kictirik}; taste (nonliquid) {taha™iirariihk, tirik}; test {tiirariihk} sand kiwiktu™ [k‡-w†k-t‰™] N {comb., kiwikt-, kiwit-, kiwih-} sand. • kiwitkat in/on sand. sand turtle see turtle, box {caaskiwiktu™} sand, on top of huukiwihka- [huu-k†-w†h-kß•] LOC be on top of sand, as on a sandbar or sandy beach. • huukiwihka™at go on a sandbar. • huukiwihkaarik be standing on a sandy beach. • irikisuukiwihka™iisat crawl to a sandbar. sand-cherry kusapaaru™ [kŠ-sß-paa-r‰™] N sandcherry (Prunus besseyi). sandbar huukiwihkahaaru™ [huu-k†-w‡h-kß-haar‰™] N

{comb., huukiwihkahaar-, huukiwihkahaah-}

sandbar; sandy beach, sandy shore; sandy bottom or bed, as of a stream; sandy ground. • huukiwihkahaahkat on the sandy ground. • iriirahuukiwihkahaaruuta where the sandbar or sandy beach extends. huukiwihtu™ [huu-k‡-w†h-t‰™] N {comb., huukiwiht-, huukiwih-} sandbar; sandy beach, shore; sandy ground. • huukiwihkat on a sandbar. kiwihkahaaru™ [k†-w‡h-kß-haa-r‰™] N {comb., kiwihkahaar-, kiwihkahaah-} sandbar; sandbank. • kiwihkahaahkat on the sandbank. sandbur aatkirit [aat-k‡-r†t] N sandbur (Cenchrus

sandpiper

scalp lock

longispinus). • aatkirit titaku ruuskuukukat a sandbur is on his pants. • iriirawaawi aatkirit where the sandburs are. sandpiper see upland plover {kaa™ata} sandstone karitkiwiktu™ [kà-r†t-k†-w†k-t‰™] N sandstone. sandwich rahaahkasa, rahaahkasahu [rß-haÑhkß-sß, rß-haah-kà-sß-h‰] N sandwich.

• tahu™ rahaahkasahu I made a sandwich.

sandwiched between katiirisir

[•kß-tii-r†-s†(r)•]

VI(1)

be sandwiched between two objects; be under an object, as when hiding something. 1. tatkatiirisi 2. tikatiirisi 4. iriirakatiirisira 5. tikatiirisiracta sapling kipisu™ [k‡-p†-s‰™] N 1. small sapling. 2. arrow shaft. 3. ramrod. • kipiskat on the sapling. • kipisiri™ with the arrow shaft. sash see belt {tahuriipiiru™} sass wakuruuwaawaktiik/tik- [•wß-k‰-ruu-waawßk-tiik/t†{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. sass, talk back to, as an impudent child to an adult. 2. dispute, contradict, talk back to, as one who responds abrasively. <wakur+ruu.waawaktiik, voice to speak + DIST> 1. tatpakuruuwaawaktiit 2. tiwakuruuwaawaktiit 3. tiwakuruuwaawaktiiku™ 4. iriirawakuruuwaawaktit 5. tiwakuruuwaawaktiksta sated see full (sated) {kaawakit} satin see silk {haspacki} satisfied aciksiir (uur...) [•ß-Ù†k-sii(r)•] VI(1-a) 1. feel good; feel relieved, at rest, mentally relaxed. 2. feel satisfied; be well satisfied, contented. 3. have a good mind, healthy mind; have clear thoughts, as after being in a coma. 4. have good thoughts. 1. tatuuraciksii 2. tuuraciksii 4. iriruuraciksiira 5. tuuraciksiirasta aciksisii [•ß-Ù†k-s†-sii•] VD be satisfied, contented, as with an outcome. 1. taataciksisii™ 2. tiiciksisii™ 4. iriiraaciksisii™u 5. tiiciksisiicta saturated see drenched {kiparihuur} Saturday Piiriku™ [piæ-r†-k‰™] N Saturday. <waa+iirik+hus+Ø (ut...), seeing different ones (when people went into town on Saturdays to shop); i.q. SB Peeriku™> Sauk Saakiiwa [saa-kiæ-wß] N 1. Sauk tribe. 2. Sauk male. <saakiiwa, from Sauk thakiwa, their selfdesignation>

• Saakiiwaru among the Sauk, in Sauk country.

sausage

kuhku kisaactacapahtu™ [kŠh-k‰ k‡saats-tß-Ùß-pßh-t‰™] N sausage.

see baloney {kaawis}

save see set aside {iwiitk (uur...)} savor kaar (ut...) [•kaa(r)•] VT(u)

{dist., kaawaar (ut...)} savor, have a taste for, like to eat, as a certain food; relish.

1. tatutkaa™ 2. tutkaa™ 4. iriirutkaaru 5. tutkaarista • tutkaawaa™ he relishes them, as various foods. saw riici™aahwaa [rii-Ùæ-™aah-waa] N saw, wood saw, handsaw. • riici™aahwaahiri™ tataapiirahaaku™ I am cutting the tree down with a saw. sawdust raktapahtu™ [rßk-tà-pßh-t‰™] N sawdust; ground bark, fine pieces of bark. say taka™u [tß-kß-™u] IRR. VI(1), VT(1) 1st sg. only variant of waka™u say. • taktaku™ I said it. • taktakaahu™ I am saying it. • iriiraktaaka what I said. • taktaakasta I am going to say. waka™u [•wß-kß-™u•] VI(1), VT(1) {sub. sg., pl., waaka, waki™a; non-sub. pl., waki} say. <wak+a™u, sound + ACT> 1. tatpaku™ 2. tiwaku™ 3. tiwakaahu™ 4. iriirawaaka 5. tiwaakasta • tihwaki™ they said it. say to see mean {ra™iihk (ut...)} scabbard riicikaruusu™ [rii-Ù†-kà-ruu-s‰™] N knife case, scabbard; knife bag. • riicikaruuskat in/on the scabbard. scald kahuurik [•kß-huu-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. burn, scorch, as when setting someone's clothes on fire. 2. scald. 1. tatkahuurit 2. tikahuurit 4. iriirakahuurika 5. tikahuuriksta scale fish see peel {icakara™uk (uur...)} scalp paksickuusu™ [pßk-s‡ts-kuu-s‰™] N scalp; scalp lock. <paks+ickuus+u™, head peeling + NOM> • paksickuuskat on the scalp. pakskicahurik [•pßks-k†-Ùß-h‰-r†{k/t}•] VT(4) scalp, scalp a head. <paks+kica.hurik, scalp a head> 1. tatpakskicahurit 2. tipakskicahurit 3. tipakskicahuriiku™ 4. iriirapakskicahurit 5. tipakskicahuriksta Scalp Dance see Victory Dance {Kiisaaka™u™} scalp lock kiiriitarika (ir...ut...) [•kii-rii-tß-r†-kß•] VT(wi) have a scalp lock; ref. to the small hair braid that hangs from the back of the head, as distinguished from the larger side braids. 1. tatiitkiiriitarika 2. tuutkiiriitarika 4. iriruutkiirii-

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scalped person tarikawi 5. tuutkiiriitarikawista

scalped person kicahuruksu™ [k†-Ùß-hŠ-r‰k-s‰™] N 1. scalped person, someone who survives after being scalped and who is believed to become a spirit. 2. Scalped Man, a character in Skiri oral traditions. scaly see rough {racahiis} scan see examine {raakiriktawi™at (ut...)} scarcely see barely {tarahkisiri™} scare see frighten {riruhaahk} scared see afraid {riru, riru™aar} scarf see head wrap {pakstariipiiru™} scarlet tanager rikucpahat [r‡-k‰ts-pß-hßt] N 1. scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea). 2. cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis). scarred kiciis [•k†-Ùiis•] VD 1. be bare, bald, barren, as ground with no vegetation, a bird with no feathers, a dog with no hair. 2. be slick, smooth. 3. be a scarred area. 2. tikiciis 4. iriirakiciisu 5. tikiciisuksta kiciis (uur...) [•k†-Ùiis•] VD be scarred, have a scar. 1. tatuuhkiciis 2. tuuhkiciis 4. iriruuhkiciisu 5. tuuhkiciisuksta • tatuurickakiciis I have a scar on my face. rahpiiksu™ [ràh-piik-s‰™] N scar, scarred area. • rahpiikskat on a scar. see healed {rahpiks, rahpiiks} scary raariru [•raa-r†-r‰•] VD be scary, frightening, as an event, activity, situation. 2. tiraariru™ 4. iriiraraariru™u 5. tiraariructa scatter rahwaahc/wa™ac [•rßh-waahts/wß-™ßts•] VI(4), VP(4) {dist., rahwaawaahc} (pl. subj.) scatter, disperse; divide, divide up. 1. tahaaktahwaac, tahaaktahwa'ac; tikuraaktahwaac 2. tirahwaac, tirahwa™ac 3. tirahwaahcu™ 4. iriirarahwa™ac 5. tirahwaahcista • tirahwaawa™ac, tiraktahwaawa™ac they scattered. rahwaahcik [•rßh-waah-Ù†{k/t}•] VT(1) (pl. obj.) scatter, disperse. 1. tahahwaahcit 2. tirahwaahcit 3. tirahwaahciku™ 4. iriirarahwaahcika 5. tirahwaahciksta riwaawaahc/wa™ac [•r†-waa-waahts/wß-™ßts•] VT(4) scatter, disperse. 1. taataktiwaawa™ac 2. tiiktiwaawa™ac 3. tiiktiwaawaahcu™ 4. iriirariwaawaac 5. tiiktiwaawaahcista • tiiraktiwaawa™ac they scattered them. see drive off {aakapaha™a (ir...)}; run away {ruuwa™as-i (uur...)} scent see odor {kahaara}

268

scissor-tailed flycatcher schedule

raatiihura™uk [•raa-tii-h‰-rß-™u{k/t}•] 1. schedule; set a time, set a date. 2. settle, resolve, as an issue or a question; decide. 1. tahaatiihuru™ 2. tiraatiihuru™ 3. tiraatiihuruuku™ 4. iriiraraatiihura™u 5. tiraatiihuruuksta raatiirahak [•raa-tii-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. schedule; set a time, date for. 2. set a schedule, pace for, as for doing something. 3. set a procedure, as for doing something. 1. tahaatiirahat 2. tiraatiirahat 3. tiraatiirahaaku™ 4. iriiraraatiirahat 5. tiraatiirahaksta raatiiwarik [•raa-tii-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. schedule; set a time, date, as for an event, activity. 2. make a ruling, decision; regulate, make a set of regulations, as for a public function. 3. plan, make a plan. 1. tahaatiiwarit 2. tiraatiiwarit 3. tiraatiiwariku™ 4. iriiraraatiiwarika 5. tiraatiiwariksta scheduled raatiihuur [•raa-tii-huu(r)•] VD {dist., raatiihuurik} 1. be a certain time, a certain date; be a scheduled time, a prescribed time, as for an event or activity to occur. 2. be settled, decided, agreed upon in a certain way; be planned in a certain manner. 1. tahaatiihuu™ 2. tiraatiihuu™ 4. iriiraraatiihuuru 5. tiraatiihuuruksta • tiraatiihuurit they are settled, as ways of doing things. school ckuuri [tsku÷-r†] N {comb., ckuurir-, ckuurih-} school. • ckuurihkat at school. kskuuri [ksku÷-r†] N school. <Engl. school> taapuuska [taa-pu÷s-kß] N school. • wiitiwuu™ taapuuska they are going to school. • taapuuska iirakaawi that schoolhouse, that school building. • taapuuska wiitiiku he is in school. school, attend kaatakus [•kaa-tß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. be sitting in the back, as in a room. 2. be sitting behind, in back of, as an object. 3. be in school; attend school. 1. tatkaataku 2. tikaataku 4. iriirakaataku 5. tikaatakusta school, go to kaata™iisat [•kaa-tß-™ii-sßt•] VI(1) 1. go behind, go to the back, as in a room or crowd. 2. go to school. 1. tatkaata™iisat 2. tikaata™iisat 3. tikaata™iispuu™ 4. iriirakaata™iisata 5. tikaata™iisuhta • tirahkaata™iisat they went to school. scissor-tailed flycatcher ckuskawikiic [tsk‰s-kàw†-kiits] N scissor-tailed flycatcher (Muscivora forficata). ckuski™ic [tsk‰s-kæ-™†ts] N scissor-tailed flycatcher (Muscivora forficata). siraackuskasara [s†-raÑts-k‰s-kß-sß-rß] N scissorVT(3)

scissors tailed flycatcher (Muscivora forficata). <si+ra+ickus+kasara, being a bifurcate tail> siraackuskiicu [s†-raÑts-k‰s-kii-Ù‰] N scissor-tailed flycatcher (Muscivora forficata). <si+ra+ickus+kii™ac.u, being two long tails; cf. SB sireeckuskeecu> scissors tara™uks [tß-rà-™uks] N scissors. • taruuksiri™, tara™uksiri™ with the scissors. • tara™uks ririiruuc there are the scissors. scold riicarisaar [•rii-Ùß-r†-saa(r)•] VT(1-i) scold, rebuke, reprimand harshly, bawl out; berate, revile. 1. tahiicarisaa 2. tiriicarisaa 3. tiriicarisaari™ 4. iriirariicarisaara 5. tiriicarisaarista uhuurirahak (ut...) [•‰-huu-r†-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. pester, bother verbally; tease, joke with. 2. scold. 1. tatuutuhuurirahat 2. tuutuhuurirahat 3. tuutuhuurirahaaku™ 4. iriruutuhuurirahat 5. tuutuhuurirahaksta scorch see burn {kahuurik, tarariira™uk} scorched huurik [•huu-r†{k/t}•] VP(1) get burned, scorched, as from a fire or hot object; become, get overheated, as from standing too close to a fire; ref. to getting lightly or slightly burned. 1. tikuhuurit 2. tihuurit 3. tihuuriiku™ 4. iriirahuurika 5. tihuuriksta see burned {tararit} score see win {kara™uk} scorpion ritkukatapirahat [r‡t-k‰-kß-tß-p†-rß-hßt] N scorpion. ritkukatawii™, kukatawii™ [r‡t-k‰-kß-tß-wii™, k‰-kàtß-wii™] N scorpion. scoundrel see rascal {kawitaat [+ ruu-, i-]} scouring rush see horsetail {paakaruutaatu™} scout kirikiirisu™ [k†-r†-kiæ-r†-s‰™] N scout. see soldier {raaripakusu™} scowl see frown {ickawaraaciks} scrape kicuuciriik (uur...) [•k†-Ùuu-Ù†-rii{k/t}•] VT(1) scrape, scrape off, as the skin of a vegetable, usually used in ref. to corn on a cob; peel off, trim, as bark on a log.

1. tatuuhkicuuciriit 2. tuuhkicuuciriit 3. tuuhkicuuciriiku™ 4. iriruuhkicuuciriika 5. tuuhkicuuciriiksta scrape (hide) katapirat [•kß-tß-p†-rßt•] VT(1) scrape, as a hide. 1. tatkatapirat 2. tikatapirat 3. tikatapiriwuu™ 4. iriirakatapirata 5. tikatapirahuhta racapira™a (ir...) [•rß-Ùß-p†-raa•] VT(3) scrape, as a hide.

scream 1. tatiiracapiraa™ 2. taracapiraa™ 3. taracapira™aahu™ 4. iriiraracapira™a 5. taracapiraahista rahkatapira™a (ir...) [•rßh-kß-tß-p†-raa•] VT(3) scrape, as a hide. 1. tatirahkatapiraa™ 2. tarahkatapiraa™ 3. tarahkatapira™aahu™ 4. iriirarahkatapira™a 5. tarahkatapiraahista scrape (surface) tawirat [•tß-w†-rßt•] VT(1) 1. scrape, grate. 2. whittle, cut a surface, as when shaping an object. 1. tactawirat 2. titawirat 3. titawiriwuu™ 4. iriiratawirata 5. titawirahuhta scrape around inside see stir around inside {rikatawihak} scrape off racapirat [•rß-Ùß-p†-rßt•] VT(1) 1. grate, as corn or cheese. 2. scrape, scrape off, as particles on a hide or corn kernels on a cob. 1. tahacapirat 2. tiracapirat 3. tiracapiriwuu™ 4. iriiraracapirata 5. tiracapirahuhta tapirat [•tß-p†-rßt•] VT(1) {dist., tapaapiirut} 1. scrape, scrape off, as hard kernels on a corn cob or dried pieces of flesh or hair on a hide. 2. grate, reduce to fragments or shreds by rubbing against an abrasive surface, as corn or cheese. 3. scratch. 1. tactapirat 2. titapirat 3. titapiriwuu™ 4. iriiratapirata 5. titapirahuhta • titapaapiirut he scratched it all over. scraper askiispatu™ [ßs-kiæs-pß-t‰™] N {comb., askiispatuu-} elk antler scraper, flint or metal scraper with a curved elk antler handle, as used to remove hair and thin hides. • askiispatuukat on the scraper. katapiriwus [kß-tß-p‡-r†-w‰s] N scraper, as used in tanning hides. kiispatu™ [kiis-pà-t‰™] N 1. fishhook. 2. elk antler scraper, flint or metal scraper with a curved elk antler handle, as used to remove hair and thin hides. • kiispatuurakat on the fishhook. kspatu™ [kspà-t‰™] N {comb., kspatur-, kspatuuh-} elk antler scraper, a curved antler handle with a blade (of flint or steel) attached to the end. • kspatuuhiri™ with the scraper. see flesher {iksas, askiiskatawicaku} scraping tapira- [tß-p†-rß•] LOC scraping. • tapira™a (ir...) scrape. • rahkictapirat shave. scratch see scrape off {tapirat} scrawny see lean {rahkiis} scream kiispakaraca™a (ir...) [•kiis-pß-kß-rß-Ùaa•]

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screech owl VI(3) scream.

1. tatihkiispakaracaa™ 2. takiispakaracaa™ 3. takiispakaraca™aahu™ 4. iriirakiispakaraca™a 5. takiispakaracaahista kiispakarahka™as [•kiis-pß-kß-rßh-kß-™ßs•] VI(4) scream, scream out, let out a scream or cry. 1. tatkiispakarahka™as 2. tikiispakarahka™as 3. tikiispakarahkaasu™ 4. iriirakiispakarahka™as 5. tikiispakarahka™asista screech owl see owl, screech {pahuruukasis} screen asahcakaaru™ [à-sßh-Ùß-kaa-r‰™] N {comb., asahcakaar-, asahcakah-} 1. screen. 2. mosquito bar, mosquito screen, mosquito net. 3. gauze. • asahcakahkat on the mosquito screen. • asahcakaaru™ riikakusu™ a screen door. screw paapiciscaakawi™u™ [paÑ-p†-Ù†s-Ùaa-kß-wi™u™] N 1. metal nail. 2. screw. 3. hook. <paapicis+caaka.wi+u™, protruding metal + NOM> see nail {caakawi™u™} screwdriver caakawiraarikitaahaku [ÙaÑ-kß-w†raa-r†-k†-taa-hß-k‰] N screwdriver.

scrutinize see examine {icawicparik, kirikaa™at, riicawicparik}; observe everything {raawikirikaa™at} scurry see walk fast {uhuhtaparit} scythe hiihtara™uks [hiæh-tß-rß-™uks] N 1. lawn mower. 2. scythe. sea shell see shell (of a mollusk) {ckaapiruus} seam tariir- (ut...) [tß-riir• (‰t...)] N-DEP {comb., tariir, tariih-} seam. • tariihwarik (ut...) sew, by hand or machine; stitch. tariirat (ut...) [•tß-rii-rßt•] VI(1) be a seam. 2. tuctariirat 4. iriiructariirata 5. tuctariirahuhta search ikstiihuruu [•†ks-tii-h‰-ruu•] VI(4) 1. feel around, grope, run one's hand over. 2. search with the hand; frisk. 3. bother, bother with, as when one picks up things or touches them for no reason. 1. taatikstiihuruu™ 2. tiikstiihuruu™ 3. tiikstiihuruuhu™ 4. iriiraakstiihuruu 5. tiikstiihuruucta see put one's hand in {ikska™at} season huraaru™ [hŠ-raa-r‰™] N {comb., huraar-, huraah-} 1. land, ground; earth. 2. season. 3. mile. • huraahkat on the ground. • huraariri™ on the ground; with earth. • asku huraaru™ one mile. • tiirahuraahca atira™ this earth our mother, i.e., our mother earth.

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secreted kaahuraaruu (ut...) [•kaa-h‰-raa-ruu•] VI(1) 1. be the lay of the land, be the nature or form of a landscape. 2. be the weather. 3. be the season. 2. tutkaahuraaruu™ 4. iriirutkaahuraaruu™a 5. tutkaahuraaruuksta tahara™uk (ir...) [•tß-hß-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) season, spice, flavor; sweeten. 1. tatihtaharu™ 2. tataharu™ 3. tataharuuku™ 4. iriiratahara™u 5. tataharuuksta season a liquid kicahara™uk (ir...) [•k†-Ùß-hß-rß™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. sweeten a liquid, as a beverage. 2. season, spice a liquid, as soup. 1. tatihkicaharu™ 2. takicaharu™ 3. takicaharuuku™ 4. iriirakicahara™u 5. takicaharuuksta season to change see change (weather or season) {kaahuraarikiriwitaar} seat kusaar [•k‰-saa(r)•] VD {dist., kusaarik} 1. be a bed. 2. be a seat, a place; be a station, as in a ceremony. 2. tikusaa 4. iriirakusaaru 5. tikusaaruksta • tiiruhkusaarit they have seats, places to sit. kusaaru™ [k‰-saÑ-r‰™] N {comb., kuusaar-, kuusaah-} 1. bed. 2. seat, place; station. 3. dance ground; playground. 4. campground, campsite. • kusaahkat on the bed. • iriirakusaahkaku where the dance ground is; where the campground is. • tikusaahku it is a campground; it is a dance ground. • tikusaahkaku it is a dance ground; it is a campground. seated see sit {kus}; sit down {wiitik}; sit down (a large group) {rirat [+ raar-]} seated close together kustahaari (ut...) [•k‰s-tßhaa-r†•] VL (du., pl. subj.) be seated close together, next to. 1. sitatkustahaari 2. situtkustahaari 4. iriisirutkustahaariwi 5. situtkustahaariwista seated comfortably kusiir (uur...) [•k‰-sii(r)•] VI(1-a) be seated comfortably, nicely. 1. tatuuhkusii 2. tuuhkusii 4. iriruuhkusiira 5. tuuhkusiirasta secret raapaar [•raa-paa(r)•] VD 1. be hidden, concealed, as a matter; (pl. subj.) be hidden, concealed, secreted; be stashed away. 2. be a secret, as a fact that is kept secret. 3. be a puzzle; be puzzling, perplexing, baffling, mystifying, as a situation, issue, activity. 2. tiraapaa 4. iriiraraapaaru 5. tiraaparista see bury {irisirik}; hide {ripaaraar} secreted see hidden under {irisir}

secure secure see firm {raakasis} security guard see policeman {raacikstawaawis} seduce see tease {astaah (ut...)} see iirik (ut...) [•ii-r†{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. see, look at. 2. check on, see to, as when tending animals.

1. tatuutiirit 2. tuutiirit 3. tuutiiriku™ 4. iriruutiirit 5. tuutiiriksta raa™iirik (ut...) [•raa-™ii-r†{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. see, look at, as an activity or custom. 2. (pl. obj.) see. 1. tatuuhaa™iirit 2. tuuhaa™iirit 3. tuuhaa™iiriiku™ 4. iriruuhaa™iirit 5. tuuhaa™iiriksta seed rakiriiku™ [rà-k†-rii-k‰™] N seed, planting seed. riikactikiisu™ [riæ-kßts-t†-kii-s‰™] N seed; seeds (generic). • riikactikiiskat in the seeds. • kirikstarahkataaru™ riikactikiisu™ sunflower seed. • pahuks riikactikiisu™ squash seed. see chit {kiriiku™} seed (in plum seed game) saahki [saÑh-k†] N {comb., (a)saahkis-} seed in the women's plum seed game. seek see look for {raspii}; look for (a way) {raaraspii} seepage kicpiiraaru™ [k‡ts-pii-raa-r‰™] N {comb., kicpiiraar-, kicpiirah-} water seepage; spring. • tikicpiirahku it is a spring. • takicpiirahkaa™aahu™ the water is seeping out of the ground or from rocks. see spring (of water) {ripiikiicu™} seine hawirat [•hß-w†-rßt•] VI(1) seine, fish with a seine, catch fish with a seine. 1. tatawirat 2. tihawirat 3. tihawiriwuu™ 4. iriirahawirata 5. tihawirahuhta see net {hawiriwus} select hikaawat (ut...) [•h†-kaa-wßt•] VT(2-i) pick out, select the one one likes; pick out a special or certain one, as the best or most pleasing; have one's pick. 1. tatutikaawat 2. tutikaawat 3. tutikaawati™ 4. iriirutikaawati 5. tutikaawatista rikaawat (ut...) [•r†-kaa-wßt•] VT(2-i) select, choose, pick out, as what one desires. 1. tatuuhikaawat 2. tuuhikaawat 3. tuuhikaawati™ 4. iriruuhikaawati 5. tuuhikaawatista see choose {kusik}; pick out {ruciik [+ ak-], taawat} selected see chosen {taarik} selfish see stingy {icarahaar, tuksuur}

separate selfish (in one's actions) uhuuricarahaar

[•‰huu-r†-Ùß-rß-haa(r)•] VD act selfish, act stingy; be selfish, stingy in one's actions.

1. taatuhuuricarahaa 2. tiihuuricarahaa 4. iriruuhuuricarahaaru 5. tiihuuricarahaaruksta sell at auction see auction {riwaktiik/tik-} Seminole see Five Civilized Tribes {Caahikspahat, Tiihiiraraahkasa} send rahwarik [•rßh-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) send, dispatch, as on a mission. 1. tahahwarit 2. tirahwarit 3. tirahwariku™ 4. iriirarahwarika 5. tirahwariksta send a letter rariihuurawarik [•rß-rii-huu-rß-wßr†{k/t}•] VI(1) mail a letter, send a letter. 1. tahariihuurawarit 2. tirariihuurawarit 3. tirariihuurawariku™ 4. iriirarariihuurawarika 5. tirariihuurawariksta send a letter to see mail a letter to {rariihuurawarik (ut...)} send inside rahuuparik [•rß-huu-pß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. send inside, as into a dwelling. 2. drive into, herd into, as an animal into a corral.

1. tahahuuparit 2. tirahuuparit 3. tirahuupariku™ 4. iriirarahuuparika 5. tirahuupariksta sensible acikskasa [•ß-Ù†ks-kß-sß•] VI(4) 1. be sensible, have good sense; be mature, serious in one's outlook. 2. be aware of one's actions; be cognizant of one's surroundings, as a maturing child. 3. be thoughtful, as someone who thinks of other people's needs. 1. taatacikskasa 2. tiicikskasa 3. tiicikskasaahu™ 4. iriiraacikskasa 5. tiicikskasahista separate a™iwaahc/wa™ac [•ß-™†-waahts/wß-™ßts•] VP(4) (du., pl. subj.) separate, part, part ways, as a couple or friends. 1. sitikuu™iwa™ac 2. sitii™iwa™ac 3. sitii™iwaahcu™ 4. iriisiraa™iwaac 5. sitii™iwaahcista a™iwaahcik [•ß-™†-waah-Ù†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. split, divide, cut in half, separate by cutting open. 2. open, separate. 3. separate, as a married couple. 4. (pl. obj.) separate into groups, separate into parts. 1. taata™iwaahcit 2. tii™iwaahcit 3. tii™iwaahciku™ 4. iriiraa™iwaahcika 5. tii™iwaahciksta raaruhura [•raa-r‰-h‰-rß•] VL {dist., raaruhurawaa} (pl. subj.) be separated, sorted, divided, as into groups. 2. tiraaruhura 4. iriiraraaruhurawi 5. tiraaruhurawista • tiraaruhurawaa they are separated, divided into groups. uhura [•‰-h‰-rß•] VL {dist., uhurawaa} 1. be sepa-

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separate from rate, set apart, detached. 2. be distinctive, as in quality or attribute; have one's own way, habit. 1. taatuhura 2. tiihura 4. iriruuhurawi 5. tiihurawista • tiraaruhura they are separate. uhura-, uhurara- [‰-h‰-rß•, ‰-h‰-rß-rß•] LOC separated, apart from others, alone. • uhurakus, uhurarakus be sitting apart, off by oneself. • uhuraarik, uhuraraarik be standing apart from others. • uhurarasa be lying off by oneself. uhuraahwaakarikiihk [+ raar-] [•‰-h‰-raah-waakß-r†-kii(h){k/t}•] VT(1) separate, divide, sort, as into different groups by color, size, etc. 1. tahaaruhuraahwaakarikiit 2. tiraaruhuraahwaakarikiit 3. tiraaruhuraahwaakarikiihku™ 4. iriiraraaruhuraahwaakarikiihka 5. tiraaruhuraahwaakarikiihkista uhurarik [•‰-h‰-rß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. (pl. obj.) separate, divide, sort, as into groups. 2. omit, neglect, leave out, lit. separate someone from others. 1. taatuhurarit 2. tiihurarit 3. tiihurariku™ 4. iriruuhurarika 5. tiihurariksta • tahaaruhurarit I separated them. see split {rahkaka™us}; spread apart {tahaakaahcik} separate from raaruhurarik [•raa-r‰-h‰-rßr†{k/t}•] VT(1) separate, sort out from; divide, sort. 1. tahaaruhurarit 2. tiraaruhurarit 3. tiraaruhurariiku™ 4. iriiraraaruhurarika 5. tiraaruhurariksta taawatak [•taa-wß-tß{k/t}•] VI(4) part company, separate (from), get away (from), as from a group. 1. tactaawatat 2. titaawatat 3. titaawataaku™ 4. iriirataawatat 5. titaawataksta uhurariitik [•‰-h‰-rß-rii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) become separated; separate from, stray from; stray off, wander off, as from a group. 1. taatuhurariitit 2. tiihurariitit 3. tiihurariitiku™ 4. iriruuhurariitit 5. tiihurariitiksta see leave {aawaa} September Piira™u™ Rarahkaata™iispuu [piæ-rß-™u™ rß-rßh-kaa-tß-™iis-puu] N September. serious acikstaraaruhuur [•ß-Ù†ks-tß-raa-r‰huu(r)•] VD 1. have good thoughts, as for people. 2. be benevolent, kindly. 3. be serious, have serious thoughts. 1. taatacikstaraaruhuu™ 2. tiicikstaraaruhuu™ 4. iriiraacikstaraaruhuuru 5. tiicikstaraaruhuu-

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set down ruksta raakatarihuur [•raa-kß-tß-r†-huu(r)•] VD 1. be plentiful, abundant; be an excess. 2. be excessive, as an action or behavior. 3. be worse, as an ill person; be in a critical condition. 4. be grave, serious, as a matter. 5. be terrible, horrible, awful, as a situation or state. 2. tiraakatarihuu™ 4. iriiraraakatarihuuru 5. tiraakatarihuuruksta see important {raarihuur}; sensible {acikskasa} servant taruucuhus [tà-ruu-Ù‰-h‰s] N 1. errand man, fire keeper, fire tender, as in a ceremony. 2. servant. 3. usher, as in a theater. serve see pass around {kawaahak} serviceman see soldier {raaripakusu™} serving spoon see spoon, serving {tarahaarikucuu™} set kuusk [•kuus(k)•] VT(1) 1. put, place, set. 2. bet, wager. 1. tatkuus 2. tikuus 3. tikuusku™ 4. iriirakuuska 5. tikuuskista raatiirahak [•raa-tii-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. schedule; set a time, date for. 2. set a schedule, pace for, as for doing something. 3. set a procedure, as for doing something. 1. tahaatiirahat 2. tiraatiirahat 3. tiraatiirahaaku™ 4. iriiraraatiirahat 5. tiraatiirahaksta see lay down {ruucuh}; schedule {raatiihura™uk, raatiiwarik}; scheduled {raatiihuur}; sun to go down {sakuhtawiraa™at, sakuriisat, sakuuhurahac} set (on the horizon) iisat [•ii-sßt•] VI(1) {dist., iisparii} 1. go out of sight, disappear, disappear over, as when going over a hill; vanish, as when going off into the distance. 2. go down, set, as the sun on the horizon. 1. tatiisat 2. ti™iisat 3. ti™iispuu™ 4. iriira™iisata 5. ti™iisuhta • ti™iisparii™ he is going back and forth out of sight, over a hill. set a button on see button {kiiskatakuusk} set apart see separate {uhura} set aside iwiitk (uur...) [•†-wiit(k)•] VT(1) save, hold back, set aside. 1. tatpakcat 2. tipakcat 3. tipakcaaku™ 4. iriirapakcat 5. tipakcaksta see aim {warik [+ i-]}; gamble {warik [+ i-]}; pop {takaasik} shoot at warik [•wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) {dist., waawarik} 1. shoot at. 2. (in compounds) cause to go. <war.ik, cause to go> 1. tatparit 2. tiwarit 3. tiwariku™ 4. iriirawarika 5. tiwariksta shore see bank of a body of water {hukaatawi™u™, hukaatahaaru™}; beach {huucahaaru™, huukahaaru™, hukiwahaar}; beach (sandy) {huukaahaaru™}; edge of water {kictiihak}; sandbar {huukiwihtu™, huukiwihkahaaru™} shore (sandy) see beach (sandy) {hukiwahaaru™} shore, on a see stream, along a {huuca-} short tarikuc [•tß-r†-k‰ts•] VD be short, stubby. 2. titariku™uc 4. iriiratarikuucu 5. titarikucuksta see midget {karuc}; round {riwiruu} short (of a person) awihurah [+ ruu-, i-] [•ß-w†-

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shoulder h‰-rß(h)•] VL be short, as a midget.

1. ruutatiiwihura 2. ruutiiwihura 4. iriruuraawihurahwi short person awikaruc [ß-w†-kà-r‰ts] N short person; Shorty, a male nickname. • tat awikaruc I am short short-tempered icariis [•†-Ùß-riis•] VD 1. be mean, vicious, ferocious (animal or human). 2. be shorttempered. 1. taaticariis 2. tiicariis 4. iriiraacariisu 5. tiicariisuksta short-winded hiksukac [•h†k-s‰-kßts•] VD be short-winded. 1. tatiksukaac, tatiksuka™ac 2. tihiksukaac, tihiksuka™ac 4. iriirahiksukaacu 5. tihiksukacuksta hiksukac [•h†k-s‰-kßts•] VP(4) be short-winded. 1. tikuhiksukac 2. tihiksukac 3. tihiksukaacu™ 4. iriirahiksukac 5. tihiksukacista shorten taripasta™uk [•tß-r†-pßs-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) shorten, make short. 1. tactaripastu™ 2. titaripastu™ 3. titaripastuuku™ 4. iriirataripasta™u 5. titaripastuuksta shortening see fat {ahitkiicahiihtu™}; grease {kiicahiihtu™} shortgrass prairie see grassy {kactahaar}; prairie, shortgrass {kactahaaru™} shorts see underwear {ruuskuukukaawi™u™} Shorty awikaruc [ß-w†-kà-r‰ts] N short person; Shorty, a male nickname. • tat awikaruc I am short shotgun, double-barreled tiraaktacaraa™ [t‡raak-tß-Ùß-raa™] N {comb., tiraaktacaraa-} doublebarreled shotgun. • tiraaktacaraakat on the double-barreled shotgun. shoulder kicka™aahis [k‡ts-kß-™aa-h†s] N shoulder. • kicka™aahisiri™ on the shoulder. piiriicakusu™ [piæ-rii-Ùß-k‰-s‰™] N {pl., piiraariicakusu™} shoulder. <wiir.ra.ica+kus+u™, seated on the end of the arm + NOM; i.q. SB piireecakusu™, Ar. wireesakUxæni™>

• piiriicakusiri™ on the shoulder. • piiraariicakusiri™ on the shoulders. ratiiru™ [rà-tii-r‰™] N {comb., ratiir-, ratiih-} shoulder, upper back; ref. to the area across the back from shoulder to shoulder immediately below the nape. • ratiihiri™ shoulder. • iriirahatiihtawi my shoul-

shoulder blade der.

shoulder blade kickaahisu™

[k†ts-kaÑ-h†-s‰™] N shoulder blade.

• kickaahisiri™ on the shoulder blade.

shoulder joint (of right arm) piihaahkawi™u™ [piæ-haah-kß-wi-™u™] N shoulder joint of the right arm. <wiir+haahka.wi+u™, bank of the arm + NOM> • piihaahkawihiri™ the shoulder joint of the right arm. shoulder, over one's icawatka- [†-Ùß-wßt-kß•] LOC 1. over one's shoulder. 2. over a raised horizontal object. • icawatkakus be across, over a raised horizontal object. • icawatkasa be lying on or over someone's shoulder. • awiicawatka™iir (ut...) sling over someone's shoulder. icir-, iciir- [†-Ù†r•, †-Ùiir•] LOC over one's shoulder; ref. to a rigid object. • iciirat take a rigid object over one's shoulder. • haakiciraah carry a piece of wood over one's shoulder. see carry over one's shoulder {iciirat} shoulder, throw over one's see throw over one's shoulder {awiicawatka™iir (ut...)} shoulders, over the see put over one's shoulders {witaktik} shout kaksaa [•kßk-saa•] VI(4) {dist., kaksaawaa} shout, holler, call out. 1. tatkaksaa™ 2. tikaksaa™ 3. tikaksaahu™ 4. iriirakaksaa 5. tikaksaahista • tikaksaawaahu™ he is shouting over and over. rikaksaa [•r†-kßk-saa•] VI(4) 1. call out, holler, cry out, as when achieving a deed. 2. give out a war cry, make a war cry. 3. holler, cry out in warning. 4. shout, yell, as to get someone's attention.

1. tahikaksaa™ 2. tirikaksaa™ 3. tirikaksaahu™ 4. iriirarikaksaa 5. tirikaksaahista see call (from a distance) {wakaraaru™a (ir...)} shout (of a group) wakaahta™a (ir...) [•wß-kaahtaa•] VI(3) {dist., wakaahtawa™a (ir...)} (pl. subj.) shout, holler, raise their voices; ref. to the noise of a crowd or a group at an activity; also ref. to a group singing, talking loudly, or being noisy; talk all at once, talk loudly, as a group of people. <wak.haar+ta.a (ir...), sound to come up> 1. tatihwakaahtaa™ 2. tawakaahtaa™, tarahwakaahtaa™ 3. tawakaahta™aahu™ 4. iriirawakaahta™a 5. tawakaahtaahista • tawakaahtawa™aahu™ they are raising their voices. shout to see call out to {wakaraaru™at (ut...)} shove see push lightly {kuuca™is} shovel raahariskatuus, raahariskatuusu™ [raa-

shy hà-r†s-kß-tuus, raÑ-hß-r†s-kß-tuu-s‰™] N flat-faced shovel; spade.

show see demonstrate {uhuruuwahuruu (ut...)} show how see teach {raa™iitawuh (ut...)} show off see proud {rikiisaar (ir...)} show one's face see peep around {ickahak} show up see appear {hiwihc (uur...)}; appear (become visible) {raahiwihc (uur...)}

show up among see appear among (become visible) {tawihcitik}

shower see rain, steady {kicpiirihuur}; sprinkle {kicpiiru™, kicpiir}; sprinkle to come up {kicpiihtakusa (ir...)} shrink riwii™aar [•r†-wii-™aa(r)•] VP(1-i) {iter., riwiiwaah} 1. shrink, as material. 2. double up, double over, contract, as when ill or in pain. 3. cramp; get a cramp, have a cramp. 1. tikuriwii™aa 2. tiriwii™aa 3. tiriwii™aari™ 4. iriirariwii™aara 5. tiriwii™aarista • tiiraktiwii™aa they shrank. riwiira™uk [•r†-wii-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. wad up, crumple up, wrinkle up. 2. gather together into a ball, form into a ball. 3. shrink, as material when washed. 1. tahiwiiru™ 2. tiriwiiru™ 3. tiriwiiruuku™ 4. iriirariwiira™u 5. tiriwiiruuksta shriveled huucakarus [•huu-Ùß-kß-r‰s•] VD be shriveled, dried and shriveled, withered, wrinkled, as a decaying animal or a person's skin when coming out of water. 1. tatuucakarus 2. tihuucakarus 4. iriirahuucakarusu 5. tihuucakarusuksta see dry {taahiis}; flabby {takaruus}; withered {kaaciks} shrunken see constricted {riwii} shuck see corn husk {taatickuusu™} shuck corn see husk corn {icakawat (uur...)}; peel {icakara™uk (uur...)} shuffle aspirikisat [•ßs-p†-r†-k†-sßt•] VI(1) {pl. (two feet), astahwirikisat} shuffle, shuffle along, scuffle (with one foot); move one's feet slowly over the ground. 1. taataspirikisat 2. tiispirikisat 3. tiispirikispuu™ 4. iriiraaspirikisata 5. tiispirikisuhta • tiistahwirikispuu™ he is shuffling along. shut see close {takipuh}; close a door {riikawuh}; close a gate {haaktariikawuh}; closed {takipiir}; closed (of a door) {riika} shut one's eyes see close one's eyes {kiriktacakipiitik} shy acikstiiris (ut...) [•ß-Ù†ks-tii-r†s•] VD 1. feel reticent, reluctant, as when dreading to do some-

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sibling thing. 2. be shy, retiring; (locally) be backward. 1. tatuutacikstiiris 2. tuutacikstiiris 4. iriruutacikstiirisu 5. tuutacikstiirisuksta see bashful {riiris (ut...)} sibling see youngest child {awahkisa™u™} sibling (same sex) -raar- [•raar•] N-KIN sibling of same sex: brother (of male), sister (of female). • iraari™ his, their brother; her, their sister; my, our same-sex sibling. • ara your brother, sister. sick kiraawa/waahc [•k†-raa-wß/waa(h)ts•] VP(4) be sick, ill; have an ailment, illness, disease. 1. tikukiraawa™ 2. tihkiraawa™ 4. iriirihkiraawa 5. tihkiraawaacta • tiirakiraawa™ they (a group) are sick. sickness kiraawaahcu™ [k†-raÑ-waah-Ù‰™] N sickness, illness; ailment; disease. raakiraawaac [raa-k‡-raa-waats] N sickness. raatuksu™ [raa-tŠk-s‰™] N sickness, illness; ailment; disease. • tiraatuksparii™ sickness is going around. • wiitaraatuksa™ a sickness has come. side raarirahaar (ut...) [•raa-r†-rß-haa(r)•] VD be a side, be the side, as of a geographical feature. 2. tuuhaarirahaa 4. iriruuhaarirahaaru 5. tuuhaarirahaaruksta side by side kuuskituuwikus [•kuus-k†-tuu-w†k‰(s)•] VI(4) (du. subj.) be sitting side by side, close together, next to each other. 1. sitatkuuskituuwiku 2. sitikuuskituuwiku 4. iriisirakuuskituuwiku 5. sitikuuskituuwikusta see put together {tahaariwuh (ut...)}; together {taraa} side of, at the see beside {tahaari (ut...)} side of, on the katasa [•kß-tß-sß•] VI(4) 1. be on the side of, as against the surface of an object; lie against a vertical surface; be a lining, as in a coat. 2. be beside, against; be at the side of, alongside, as a calf or child with its mother. 1. tatkatasa 2. tikatasa 4. iriirakatasa 5. tikatasahista • tirahkatasa they are on the side of it. side with raawii™at (ir...ri...ut...) [•raa-wii-™ßt•] VT(1) {dist., raa™iiwarii (ir...ri...ut...)} 1. aid, assist, help. 2. side with, as a person in a dispute. 1. tatiriihaawii™at 2. tariihaawii™at 3. tariihaa™iiwuu™ 4. iriirariihaawii™ata 5. tariihaawiihuhta side, along the paahawihiri™ [paÑ-hß-w†-h†-ri™] ADV {comb., paahawi-, waahawi-} on the side, along the side, by the side of. <waaha.wi+hiri™, on

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silly the side + LOC; cf. paahawikat on its side> • kaaspaahawihiri™ on the (outer) side of the leg. side, on its see tilted sideways {iraaha (ut...)} side, on the paahawikat [paa-hà-w†-kßt] ADV on its side. <waaha.wi+kat, on the side + LOC; cf. paahawihiri™ along the side> see turn over {iripiitik} side, right see right arm {piihkawi™u™} sidestep uhuuriciriwisat [•‰-huu-r†-Ù†-r†-w†-sßt•] VI(1) 1. prance sideways, as a horse. 2. sidestep. 2. tiihuuriciriwisat 3. tiihuuriciriwispuu™ 4. iriruuhuuriciriwisata 5. tiihuuriciriwisuhta sideways see fall over {iriwiraahak}; tilt {iraahawuh (ut...)}; tilted sideways {iraaha (ut...)} siding akahwiriwisisu™ [à-kßh-w†-r†-wˆ-s†-s‰™] N 1. partition; partitioning wall. 2. (contemp.) siding on a dwelling, building. • akahwiriwisiskat on the siding. sift rariipasik (uur...) [•rß-rii-pß-s†{k/t}•] VT(1) sift, as flour, sand, dirt.

1. taturariipasit 2. turariipasit 3. turariipasiku™ 4. iriirurariipasika 5. turariipasiksta sigh acikskawatak [•ß-Ù†ks-kß-wß-tß{k/t}•] VP(4) 1. sigh, sigh deeply, as a sigh of relief or when reviving. 2. exhale, as after taking a deep breath or holding one's breath. 1. tikuucikskawatat 2. tiicikskawatat 3. tiicikskawataaku™ 4. iriiraacikskawatat 5. tiicikskawataksta karaarukuk [•kß-raa-r‰-k‰{k/t}•] VP(4) 1. belch, burp. 2. pass wind, fart. 3. let out a deep sigh. 1. tikukaraarukut 2. tikaraarukut 3. tikaraarukuku™ 4. iriirakaraarukut 5. tikaraarukuksta sightseers see spectators {rariiwaatuksu™} silent see quiet {pahit, raapahit}; quietly {pahiitu™}; sulk {acikskatakus} silk haspacki [hàs-pßts-k†] N {comb., haspackis-} 1. silk, silk material; satin, satin material. 2. silk ribbon. • haspackiskat on silk. • uukawiki haspacki ti™ it is a silk dress. • haspacki tihaastacasa it has ribbon work on it, as a shirt. silly kicaar [•k†-Ùaa(r)•] VI(1-i) act silly, be silly; clown, act like a clown; joke, act jocularly. 1. tatkicaa 2. tikicaa 3. tikicaari™ 4. iriirakicaara 5. tikicaarista kihcu™ [k‡h-Ù‰™] N, ADJ {comb., kihc-, kic-} 1. clown. 2. clownish, comical, silly. • ti™ kihcu™ he is a clown.

silver silver see metal, precious {paapicistaariksisu™}; metal, white {paapicistaakaa} simple-minded see retarded {kariis/ris} simpleton see retarded {kariis} sinew skacki [skàts-k†] N {comb., (a)skac-} sinew. • skackat on the sinew. • taataskactuwaa I took the sinew off, as off the tenderloin. sing awikaara™a (ir...) [•ß-w†-kaa-raa•] VT(3) 1. start a song, come out with a song, sing a song, as a lead singer. 2. throw up into the air, as a ball. 1. tatiirawikaaraa™ 2. taawikaaraa™ 3. taawikaara™aahu™ 4. iriiraawikaara™a 5. taawikaaraahista kata™iir [•kß-tß-™ii(r)•] VI(1) sing. 1. tatkata™ii 2. tikata™ii 3. tikata™iiru™ 4. iriirakata™iira 5. tikata™iirista raara™uk [•raa-rß-™u{k/t}•] VI(3), VT(3) sing, said of humans and birds. 1. tahaaru™ 2. tiraaru™ 3. tiraaruuku™ 4. iriiraraara™u 5. tiraaruuksta sing chorus see chorus {awiraara™uk} singe rahkiwir [•rßh-k†-w†(r)•] VT(1-a) 1. (pl. obj.) roast corn, as when preparing dried sweet corn. 2. singe, as the hair on a hog. 1. tahahkiwi 2. tirahkiwi 3. tirahkiwiiru™ 4. iriirarahkiwira 5. tirahkiwirasta singer raaruukusu™ [raa-ru÷-k‰-s‰™] N singer, singers. singers see chorus {cawiraaruukus, cpakaatakusu™}; Seven Eagle Brothers {Ruuhaariitkawi} singers (male) see drummers {hukakusu™} single man see bachelor {piitarihuks} single one see only one {rihik (ir...) [+ ruu-, i-]} single out see praise {wakuhka (ut...)} single woman capaktihuks [Ùà-pßk-t†-h‰ks] N 1. widow. 2. woman who lives alone. sink huu™iitik (ut...) [•huu-™ii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. sink, submerge, go under water, as something thrown in water. 2. go down into water, bend down into water, as a wind-blown tree. 1. tatutuu™iitit 2. tutuu™iitit 3. tutuu™iitiku™ 4. iriirutuu™iitit 5. tutuu™iitiksta Sioux Paahiksukat [paa-h‡k-s‰-kßt] N 1. Sioux tribe. 2. Sioux male. <paahiks+ukatk, cuts the throat> • Cpaahiksukat Sioux female. see Oglala {Uukuraara} sister (of a male) -taat- [•taat•] N-KIN sister (of a male).

sit down in water • itaahi™ his, their sister; my, our sister. • ataat your sister. sister (of female) see sibling (same sex) {-raar-} sister-in-law see in-law (female) {ackurus, ackurus (ir...)} sit kus [•k‰(s)•] VI(4) {pl. subj., wihak; dist., wiwaahak} 1. be sitting, be seated. 2. be, be living (in a place). 3. live, be living. 1. tatku 2. tiiku 4. iriiraaku 5. tiikusta • tiwihat they are sitting. wihak [•w†-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) {sg., du. subj., kus; dist., wiwaahak} (pl. subj.) 1. be sitting, seated. 2. be, be living (in a place). 3. live, be living. <wi+hak, pass upright> 1. tahapihat 2. tiwihat 4. iriirawihat 5. tiwihaksta • tiwiwaahat they are sitting here and there. see stay permanently {kustaariks} sit down wiitik [•wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist.; du., pl. agent, wiiruutik} 1. sit down, be seated. 2. stop, halt, as to camp. 3. settle, occupy; move into, as a dwelling. 4. land, as an airplane or a flock of birds. <wi+itik, go down in an upright position> 1. tatpiitit 2. tiwiitit 3. tiwiitiku™ 4. iriirawiitit 5. tiwiitiksta • sukstaapiiruutit (you pl.) sit down there! sit down (a large group) rirahak [+ raar-] [•r†rß-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) (pl. subj.) sit down, be seated; ref. to a large group. 1. tataaktaarirahat 2. tiraarirahat 3. tiraarirahaaku™ 4. iriiraraarirahat 5. tiraraarirahaksta rirat [+ raar-] [•r†-rßt•] VI(1) {dist., riruuwar [+ raar-]} (pl. subj.) 1. sit down, be seated; ref. to a large group. 2. camp. 1. tahaakaarirat 2. tiraarirat 3. tiraaririwuu™ 4. iriiraraarirata 5. tiraarirahuhta • tiraariruuwa they sat down in groups in different places. sit down facing kusickawiitik (uur...) [•k‰-s†tskß-wii-t†{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. face, turn to face, as a person; meet face to face. 2. sit down facing. 1. tatuuhkusickawiitit 2. tuuhkusickawiitit 3. tuuhkusickawiitiku™ 4. iriruuhkusickawiitit 5. tuuhkusickawiitiksta • siwitituuhkusickawiitit they (du.) came face to face. sit down in kawiitik [•kß-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. sit down in grass, weeds, brush, woods. 2. sit down on a circumscribed surface, as on a blanket. 1. tatkawiitit 2. tikawiitit 4. iriirakawiitit 5. tikawiitiksta see get into a vehicle {hukawiitik} sit down in water hawiitik [•hß-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. sit down in water. 2. land on water, as a bird.

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sit down inside 1. tatawiitit 2. tihawiitit 3. tihawiitiku™ 4. iriirahawiitit 5. tihawiitiksta • katuurat tiraarawiitit the geese landed on the water. sit down inside kaawiitik [•kaa-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. sit down inside. 2. (pl. subj.) hold council; have a meeting. 1. tatkaawiitit 2. tikaawiitit 3. tikaawiitiku™ 4. iriirakaawiitit 5. tikaawiitiksta • tirahkaawiitit they sat down inside. sit down on top huukitawiitik [•huu-k†-tß-wiit†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., huukitawiiruutik} 1. sit down on, on top of, as a raised surface. 2. light on, land on, as a bird on a tree limb. 3. land on top of, as on a table or fence post. 1. tatuukitawiitit 2. tihuukitawiitit 3. tihuukitawiitiku™ 4. iriiraruukitawiitit 5. tihuukitawiitiksta • tihuukitawiiruutit they (different ones) landed on top. sit tired see tired of sitting {kusiikaar} sit up taapiirawiitik [•taa-pii-rß-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) sit up, as from a reclined position. 1. tactaapiirawiitit 2. titaapiirawiitit 3. titaapiirawiitiku™ 4. iriirataapiirawiitit 5. titaapiirawiitiksta sit upright cawikus (uur...) [•Ùß-w†-k‰(s)•] VI(4) {pl., ca™iwihak} be sitting upright, sitting up straight, sitting erect, as a person or object. 1. tatuuhcawiku 2. tuuhcawiku 4. iriruuhcawiku 5. tuuhcawikusta site see campsite {kusaahkus} site, famous see landmark {huraahisii} site, sacred see sacred site {huraahwaarukstii} situated see settled {kusiksiir (uur...)} situation raakus [•raa-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. be a certain way; be thus. 2. be a situation, matter, issue. 2. tiraaku 4. iriiraraaku six kskiksaapic [ksk‡k-saa-p†ts] NUM six. sixteen ksurawi™u™ [ksŠ-rß-wi-™u™] NUM sixteen. sixty tawiraaru™ [tà-w†-raa-r‰™] NUM sixty.

• tawiraaru™-asku sixty-one.

size up see examine {icawicparik} sized correctly tiihuur [•tii-huu(r)•] VD 1. be measured correctly, perfectly. 2. be sized correctly. 3. be made correctly, done correctly, as the way one wishes it done. 4. be special, distinctive, as a person appointed to a post, a member of a profession, or a guest of honor.

1. tactiihuu™ 2. titiihuu™ 4. iriiratiihuuru 5. titii-

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skinned huuruksta

skate asuukitahaawarii (ut...)

[•ß-suu-k†-tß-haawß-rii•] VI(4) 1. ice-skate, skate on ice. 2. (contemp.) skate, roller-skate; ice-skate.

1. tatuutasuukitahaawarii™ 2. tuutasuukitahaawarii™ 3. tuutasuukitahaawariihu™ 4. iriruutasuukitahaawarii 5. tuutasuukitahaawariihusta huukitahaawarii [•huu-k†-tß-haa-wß-rii•] VI(4) 1. ice-skate, skate on ice. 2. (contemp.) skate, rollerskate; ice-skate. 1. tatuukitahaawarii™ 2. tihuukitahaawarii™ 3. tihuukitahaawariihu™ 4. iriirahuukitahaawarii 5. tihuukitahaawariihusta skeleton caahikskiisu™ [Ùaa-h‡ks-kii-s‰™] N skeleton. skeptical see doubt {acikskatiit, raawuu (uur...)}; doubt what another says {wakuurawuu (uur...)} skilled ciir (ut...) [•Ùii(r)•] VD 1. be ambitious, energetic; be a willing worker; like to work, be a worker, as one who works all the time. 2. be skilled, accomplished. 1. tatucii 2. tucii™i 4. iriiruciiru 5. tuciiruksta see proficient {uhuur} skillet tatkaaksu™ [tàt-kaak-s‰™] N {comb., tatkaks-} skillet, frying pan. • tatkakskat in the skillet. • tatkaksiri™ with the skillet. skin ckuusu™ [tsku÷-s‰™] N {comb., (i)ckuus-} hide; peeling, skin, as of a vegetable or fruit; shell, as of a nut; integument. • ckuuskat on the hide. • iriiraackuustasa where its peeling is; its peeling. ickariihuwaah [•†ts-kß-rii-hu-waa(h)•] VT(1-i) skin; take a hide off. 1. taatickariihuwaa 2. tiickariihuwaa 3. tiickariihuwaahi™ 4. iriiraackariihuwaaha 5. tiickariihuwaahista kicapahaaha™uk [•k†-Ùß-pß-haa-hß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. strip, take a person's clothes off. 2. skin, flay. 1. tatkicapahaahu™ 2. tikicapahaahu™ 3. tikicapahaahuuku™ 4. iriirakicapahaaha™u 5. tikicapahaahuuksta see hide (large animal) {ckariitki} skinned kicapahaat [•k†-Ùß-pß-haat•] VD 1. be raw, raw flesh, as an open wound or raw meat; be an abrasion. 2. be skinned, as an animal. 3. be nude, naked, stripped. 4. be hairless, as a newborn animal; be mangy, i.e., without hair. 1. tatkicapahaa™at 2. tikicapahaa™at 4. iriirakicapahaatu 5. tikicapahaatuksta

skinny skinny see dry {taahiis}; lean {rahkiis} skip askiisawihuk (uur...) [•ßs-kii-sß-w†-h‰{k/t}•] VI(4)

skip; hop; play hopscotch.

1. tatuuraskiisawihut 2. tuuraskiisawihut 3. tuuraskiisawihuuku™ 4. iriruuraskiisawihut 5. tuuraskiisawihuksta • tiiraskiisawihuuku™ they are skipping. see hop {asawihuk (uur...)} Skiri Ckiiri [tskiæ-r†] N {comb., (i)ckiirir-, (i)ckiirih-} 1. Skiri tribe; (hist.) Loup tribe, Wolf tribe. 2. Skiri male. • Capaakickiiri a Skiri woman. • Ckiiriru among the Skiri, Skiri country. skirt see put on a dress {uukawuh (ut...)} skull pakskiisu™ [pàks-kii-s‰™] N skull, cranium. <paks+kiis+u™, head bone + NOM> • pakskiiskat on the skull. skunk riwit [r‡-w†t] N skunk. • riwitkat among the skunks. sky awaahaksu™ [ß-waÑ-hßk-s‰™] N Heavens; sky. • awaahakskat in the sky. • Tiirawaahakskatasa the sky; the Heavens (lit. this expanse lying against the vault of the Heavens) • Raruurawaahakstiisaaru His Chiefly Heavens (personal name) (i.e., the one who esteems the Heavens as chiefly) slant see incline {tawi} slanted taapiira- [taa-pii-rß•] LOC slanted vertically. • taapiirakus be sitting up at a slight slant. • taapiiraraah carry on one's back. • huraahtaapiiriitik land to become steep. see sloped downward {tiraaha (ut...)} slanting wii- [wii•] LOC slanting (anchored), oblique position. • wii™at bend forward, bend over, lean over. • wii™a (ir...) bend over; rock forward. • wiiwarii weave, sway, wobble involuntarily when walking, as a person physically weak or intoxicated. slap is [•†s•] VT(2) {dist., waawiis} hit, slap with the hand. 1. taatis 2. ti™is 3. tiisu™ 4. iriira™isi 5. tiisista • tiwaawiis he hit him repeatedly. see pop {kicpaka™u [+ ruu-]} slash see cut open {riwaks} slave see captive {rahwa} slay see kill {kuutik} sled rakurahwi™at [rà-k‰-rßh-wi-™ßt] N sled. sleek parihik [+ruu-, i-] [•pß-r†-h†{k/t}•] VI(4) {nondist., parit} 1. be sleek, smooth; be handsome, splendid, as a well-proportioned person or object. 2. be fat, plump, as an animal or person.

slice 2. ruutiiparihit 4. iriruuriiparihit • tipari™it, tiparit it is sleek. parit [•pß-r†t•] VD {dist., parihik (+ ruu-, i-)} be sleek, smooth, slick, as a beautiful or natural appearance. 2. tipari™it, tiparit 4. iriirapariitu 5. tipariituksta • ruutiiparihit it is really smooth. sleep itka [•†t-kß•] VI(4) {pl., itkawaa [+ ir-]; comb., itkas-, itkah-} sleep, be asleep. 1. taatitka 2. titka 4. iriiraatka 5. titkahista • tiiritkawaa they are asleep. itkasaaru™ [‡t-kß-saa-r‰™] N 1. dream, state of dreaming. 2. sleep, state of sleep. • itkasaariri™ in a dream or dream state. see doze off {rahwii™a (ir...)}; fall asleep {itkasitik}; put to sleep {itkasik}; talk in one's sleep {itkaspaawaktiik/tik-} sleep soundly itkaskicuucis [•†t-kßs-k†-Ùuu-Ù†s•] VI(4) sleep soundly; be sound asleep. 1. taatitkaskicuucis 2. tiitkaskicuucis 3. tiitkaskicuuciisu™ 4. iriiraatkaskicuucis 5. tiitkaskicuucisista sleeping see asleep {itkahca} sleepy ickipiir/pir [•†ts-k†-piir/p†(r)•] VP(1-a) be sleepy. 1. tikuckipii™ 2. tiirickipii™ 4. iriiraackipira 5. tiickipirasta • tiiraakickipii™ they are sleepy. sleepyhead itkaskuu™at [•†t-kßs-kuu-™ßt•] VD be a sleepyhead, as a person who sleeps all the time. 1. taatitkaskuu™at 2. tiitkaskuu™at 4. iriiritkaskuutu 5. tiitkaskuutuksta sleet pihki [p‡h-k†] N sleet. sleeve (of a garment) rahkasiipiiru™ [rßh-kà-siipii-r‰™] N sleeve, garment sleeve. • rahkasiipiihkat on the sleeve. slender kisu [•k†-s‰•] VD be slender, thin. 1. tatkisu™ 2. tikisu™ 4. iriirakisu™u 5. tikisucta kisu™aar [•k†-su-™aa(r)•] VP(1-i) become slender, thin; lose weight. 1. tikukisu™aa 2. tikisu™aa 3. tikisu™aari™ 4. iriirakisu™aara 5. tikisu™aarista slice katara™a (ir...) [•kß-tß-raa•] VT(3) {dist., kataruuwa™a (ir...)} slice; take a slice (this way). 1. tatihkataraa™ 2. takataraa™ 3. takatara™aahu™ 4. iriirakatara™a 5. takataraahista • takataruuwaa™ he sliced it up. katarat [•kß-tß-rßt•] VT(1) cut, slice a strip. 1. tatkatarat 2. tikatarat 3. tikatariwuu™ 4. iriirakataraata 5. tikatarahuhta

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sliced racarahak [•rß-Ùß-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) slice; cut into slices; cut into strings, strips, fringes. 1. tahacarahat 2. tiracarahat 3. tiracarahaaku™ 4. iriiraracarahat 5. tiracarahaksta racarat [•rß-Ùß-rßt•] VT(1) slice; cut into slices; cut into strips, strings, fringes. 1. tahacarat 2. tiracarat 3. tiracariwuu™ 4. iriiraracarata 5. tiracarahuhta tarahak [•tß-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) {dist., taruuwaahak} slice, slice off; trim, trim off; cut off, cut off a piece. 1. tactarahat 2. titarahat 3. titarahaaku™ 4. iriiratarahat 5. titarahaksta • tactaruuwaahat I sliced them off. tarat [•tß-rßt•] VT(1) {iter., racarat} 1. slice, take a slice of, slice off, as when slicing a piece of meat or the top off of an orange. 2. cut, as paper with scissors. 1. tactarat 2. titarat 3. titariwuu™ 4. iriiratarata 5. titarahuhta • tiracarat he cut it into slices. see cut open {riwaks}; cut up {kakatk} sliced racarahuur [•rß-Ùß-rß-huu(r)•] VD be sliced, cut into slices. 2. tiracarahuu™ 4. iriiraracarahuuru 5. tiracarahuuruksta tarahaks [•tß-rß-hßks•] VD be sliced, trimmed, as meat or a loaf of bread. 2. titarahaks 4. iriiratarahaksu 5. titarahaksuksta tarahuur [•tß-rß-huu(r)•] VD be sliced, as bread, meat; be a slice. 2. titarahuu™ 4. iriiratarahuuru 5. titarahuuruksta • tiracarahuu™ it is sliced up, as bread, meat. see cut up {kakac} slick kiciis [•k†-Ùiis•] VD 1. be bare, bald, barren, as ground with no vegetation, a bird with no feathers, a dog with no hair. 2. be slick, smooth. 3. be a scarred area. 2. tikiciis 4. iriirakiciisu 5. tikiciisuksta see icy {kicaraasitaar}; sleek {parit}; slippery {pariicta™u (ir...)} slide tawi™at [•tß-wi-™ßt•] VI(1) slide off, slide down, as an unstable or icy bank or a steeply inclined surface. 1. tactawi™at 2. titawi™at 3. tita™iwuu™ 4. iriiratawiita 5. titawihuhta • tiraca™iwuu™ they were sliding down. tawihak [•tß-w†-hß{k/t}•] VI(4), VP(4) slide down, slide off, slip off, as on a slippery surface or bank. 1. tikutawihat 2. titawihat 3. titawihaaku™ 4. iriiratawihat 5. titawihaksta • ti™aahkawitawihaaku™ the bank is caving in (lit. sliding off).

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sloped uhuuwi™at [•‰-huu-wi-™ßt•] VP(1) {dist., uhuu™iwarii} 1. slip, slide, as on a slippery surface; slip and fall. 2. slide into water. 1. tikuhuuwi™at 2. tiihuuwi™at 3. tiihuu™iwuu™ 4. iriruuhuuwiita 5. tiihuuwihuhta • tiraaktaaruhuuwi™at they slipped. sliding down see sloped {tawi-} sling see throw {awarik} sling over one's shoulder see throw over one's shoulder {awiicawatka™iir (ut...)} slip see slide {tawihak}; stumble {uhuuririkisat} slip (on slippery surface) uhuuwi™at [•‰-huu-wi™ßt•] VP(1) {dist., uhuu™iwarii} 1. slip, slide, as on a slippery surface; slip and fall. 2. slide into water. 1. tikuhuuwi™at 2. tiihuuwi™at 3. tiihuu™iwuu™ 4. iriruuhuuwiita 5. tiihuuwihuhta • tiraaktaaruhuuwi™at they slipped. slip away see hide {paaraar} slip into water see fall into water {hawi™uuhak} slip off iriwirik [•†-r†-w†-r†{k/t}•] VP(4) 1. tip over, fall over, as something unbalanced. 2. fall off, slip off, as a person on a log. 1. tikuuriwirit 2. tiiriwirit 3. tiiriwiriiku™ 4. iriiraariwirit 5. tiiriwiriksta slip one's mind see forget {aciksurahac} slippery pariicta™u (ir...) [•pß-riits-tß-™u•] VI(3) be slippery, slick, as a wet or icy surface. <parit+ta™u (ir...), be an unpleasant smooth surface> 2. tapariictu™ 4. iriirapariicta™u 5. tapariictuuksta slipping uhuuwi- [‰-huu-w†•] LOC slipping on a surface, as on ice or a wet floor. • uhuuwi™at slip on a surface. • asuhuuwihak foot to slip. • asuhuuwi™at foot to slip. slope see incline {tawi}; slope downward {tukaa (ut...)} slope (of land) huraahtawiir [•h‰-raah-tß-wii(r)•] VI(1) land to slope; be a slope, be sloping land. 2. tihuraahtawi™ 4. iriirahuraahtawiira 5. tihuraahtawiirista huraahtiraaha (ut...) [•h‰-raah-t†-raa-hß•] VL land to slope; be a slope, be sloping land. 2. tuturaahtiraaha 4. iriiruturaahtiraahawi 5. tuturaahtiraahawista slope downward tukaa (ut...) [•t‰-kaa•] VL be a downward slope, a declivity; slope downward, dip downward, generally ref. to a steep slope as a bank or hillside. 2. tuctukaa 4. iriiructukaawi 5. tuctukaawista slope, along a see bank, along a {aahkatawi-} sloped tawi- [tß-w†•] LOC sloped; sliding down, as on a slick bank or incline. • kicta™iwa™a (ir...) water to wash down an incline. sloped downward tiraaha (ut...) [•t†-raa-hß•] VL 1. be tilted, at a slant; be slanted, slanting to one side, partially on its side, as a jar that is inclining to one side. 2. be sloped, slanted downward, as a road or bridge that is not level or has one side caving in or a bed that is lower at one end or on one side. 2. tuctiraaha 4. iriiructiraahawi 5. tuctiraahawista sloping tawiir [•tß-wii(r)•] VI(1) be sloped; be sloping, as a land form. 2. titawi™ 4. iriiratawiira, iriiratawira 5. titawiirista sloping downward tukaawi- (ut...) [t‰-kaa-w†• (‰t...)] LOC sloping downward, downward slope, going down a slope, as a steep slope, bank, or hillside. • tukaawi™a (ir...ut...) come down a slope. • tukaawi™at (ut...) go down a slope; walk down a slope. • tukaawisa (ut...) be lying sloped downward, i.e., with the head at a lower elevation than the feet. sloping land see hillside {huraahkatawi™u™, huraahkatawiir} slough see body of water {kiwahaar}; pond {kiwahaaru™} slow ukstiicta™uk [•‰ks-tiits-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. slow, make slow. 2. delay. 1. tatukstiictu™ 2. ti™ukstiictu™ 3. ti™ukstiictuuku™ 4. iriira™ukstiicta™u 5. ti™ukstiictuuksta slow (in movement) ukstiic [•‰ks-tiits•] VD be slow, leisurely, languid, as in one's motions or speaking, or when not in a hurry and taking one's time. 1. tatukstii™ic, tatukstiic 2. ti™ukstii™ic, ti™ukstiic 4. iriira™ukstiicu 5. ti™ukstiicuksta • tiirukstii™ic they are slow. slow to develop see stunted {takirii} slowly pahiitu™ [pß-hiæ-t‰™] ADV, INTERJ 1. ADV a. quietly, still. b. slowly. 2. INTERJ be quiet! be silent! be still! <pahit+u™, quiet + NOM> slush huraakiicu™ [hŠ-raa-kii-Ù‰™] N {comb., huraakic-} 1. snow water. 2. slush, slushy snow. • huraakickat in the slush. • iriirahuraakicku where the pool of snow water is. slut see loose woman {cakahuuru™} small kiripacki [k‡-r†-pßts-k†] ADJ small, little, as an object or child. • kiripacki ti™ it is little. kiripahki [k‡-r†-pßh-k†] ADJ small, little, as an object or child. • kiripahki ti™ it is little.

smile see stunted {takirii}

small of the back see loin {riihiri™} small pieces see crumbs {racapahtu™} small talk see chat {wakuurawi™at} smallpox racakiraaru™ [rß-Ùà-k†-raa-r‰™]

N smallpox. smart acikstii™uus [•ß-Ù†ks-tii-™uus•] VD be smart, intelligent; be mentally quick, clever, quickwitted; be wise. • ti™ kustawiihcu™ he is my, our son-in-law. • tat kustawiihcu™ I am the son-in-law. song tawi™u™ [tà-wi-™u™] N song. • tawikat in the song. • iriiratawiku this song. see compose a song {tawira™uk}; give-away song {tawihuhtawii (ut...)}; know a song {tawi™iita (ir...)} song, start a see sing {awikaara™a (ir...)} sonny arakis [à-rß-k†s] N 1. sonny; daughter, an appelative for a young person, male or female. 2.

sour (obs.) your grandchild.

• rawa, arakis hello, sonny! saru [sà-r‰] N son, sonny, a term of address for a child that indicates he is acting in a childish manner. tiki [t‡-k†] N son, sonny. • rawa, tiki hello, sonny. • haa™a™, tiki, iritaku sukspiitit yes, son, sit down there. uutikis [u÷-t†-k†s] N son, sonny, an appellative for a boy or young man. soot ca™uuhtu™ [Ùß-™uŠh-t‰™] N {comb., (i)ca™uuht-, (i)ca™uut-} soot. • ca™uutkat taturariiru™ I made marks in the soot. • iriiraaca™uutku where the pile of soot is. • iriirapicisu ca™uuhtu™ where the soot is. sooty ica™uuht [•†-Ùß-™uu(h)t•] VD be sooty. 2. tiica™uu™ut 4. iriiraaca™uuhtu 5. tiica™uuhtuksta • tiraarica™uu™ut they are sooty. sore kuu™at [•kuu-™ßt•] VP(u) {dist., kawuu™at} 1. be dead; be rotten, decayed, spoiled. 2. be sore; have a sore. 2. tikuu™at 4. iriirakuutu 5. tikuutuksta • tikawuu™at they are dead. sorghum see syrup {rakicpiiruus} sorrel see canaigre {kacpiirakari™} sorrowful see sad {acikskaapaakis, acikspiiruutik} sort see separate {uhurarik}; separate from {raaruhurarik} sorted see separate {raaruhura} sound riwakta/taa [•r†-wßk-tß/taa•] VI(4) 1. sound, be a characteristic sound, cry, as of a cricket, locust, or grasshopper. 2. blow, sound, blare, as a horn. 2. tiriwakta™ 3. tiriwaktaahu™ 4. iriirariwaktaa 5. tiriwaktaahista • tirariwaktaahu™ they are making their characteristic sound. see blow on (musical instrument) {rahwaktaarik}; groan {riiwakta/taa}; loud {tawakarihuur}; noise {wakta/taa}; voice {wak-} soup kiirariitu™ [kiæ-rß-rii-t‰™] N {comb., kiirariit-, kiirarit-} soup, broth. • kiirariitkat, kiiraritkat in the soup • tatkikaahu™ kiirariitu™ I am drinking soup. see drink soup {kiiraritkikaa} soupy huuskic [•huus-k†ts•] VD be watery, soupy, as something cooking. 2. tihuuski™ic 4. iriirahuuskiicu 5. tihuuskicuksta see watery {huukic} soupy dish huuskiicu™ [huus-kiæ-Ù‰™] N {comb., huuskic-} soupy, watery dish; soupy mush; watery gravy. • huuskickat in the watery dish. sour takickuut [•tß-k†ts-kuut•] VP(2) 1. spoil, rot, as

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source plant matter. 2. sour, as wet material like clothing. 2. titakickuut 3. titakickuutu™ 4. iriiratakickuuti 5. titakickuutista see bitter {tahata™u (ir...), ta™u (ir...)}; ferment (liquid) {kiiriwaa™usaar}; spoil (liquid, fruit, vegetable) {kickuut} source see beginning {raahuraar (ut...)} soured takickuu™at [•tß-k†ts-kuu-™ßt•] VD 1. be rotten, spoiled, as overripe vegetables or fruit. 2. be soured, sour, as wet clothing. 3. have body odor, as from soured perspiration. 1. tactakickuu™at 2. titakickuu™at 4. iriiratakickuutu 5. titakickuutuksta see spoiled {raahuur} south iriirasaakaku [†-riæ-rß-saa-kß-k‰] N, ADV south; in the south, from the south; southward. iriirasakuhaku, rasakuhaku [†-riæ-rß-sß-k‹-hß-k‰, rß-sß-kŠ-hß-k‰] N, ADV south; in the south, from the south; southward. South Band Tuhaawit [t‰-haÑ-w†t] N {comb., Tuhaawik-} 1. southern Pawnee bands, a Skiri designation for the Chawi, Kitkahahki, and Pitahawirata. 2. South Band male. • Tuhaawikat among the South Bands. • Cituhaawit South Band female. spade see shovel {raahariskatuus, raahariskatuusu™} Spaniard see Mexican {Custaruus} Spanish bayonet see yucca {cakiraakahcu™} spank ripihaahpiru [•r†-p†-haah-p†-r‰•] VT(4) spank. 1. tahipihaahpiru™ 2. tiripihaahpiru™ 4. iriiraripihaahpiru 5. tiripihaahpirusta sparingly see careful with {rahaar (uur...)} spark see ignite {rariira™uk} sparkle see polish {kicapicta™uk}; shine {kicapic} sparrow hawk pi™aakis [pæ-™aa-k†s] N sparrow hawk, American kestrel (Falco sparverius), small prairie falcon; young eagle.

• cpi™aakis female sparrow hawk.

spasm a™iwarik (uur...)

[•ß-™†-wß-r†{k/t}•] VP(1) 1. shake, tremble,as when chilled, frightened, nervous. 2. have spasms. 3. tremble, be in a religious trance, as when possessed by a spirit, as in the Ghost Dance. 1. tikuura™iwarit 2. tiira™iwarit 3. tiira™iwariku™ 4. iririira™iwarika 5. tiira™iwariksta speak see call (from a distance) {wakaraaru™a (ir...)}; hoarse {wakarahiis}; talk {waawaktiik/tik-}

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speak truthfully speak (a language) waka™u

[•wß-kß-™u•] VT(3) speak, as a language. <waka+u, (to) voice + TRANS> 1. tatpaku™ 2. tiwaku™ 4. iriirawaka™u speak as a chief riisahwaka™u [•rii-sßh-wß-kß-™u•] VI(3) speak as a chief, speak in a chiefly manner. 1. tahiisahwaku™ 2. tiriisahwaku™ 4. iriirariisahwaka™u speak contentiously see contentious {wakuriicakahuur} speak harshly wakuhta™u (ir...) [•wß-k‰h-tß-™u•] VI(3) 1. speak hatefully, spitefully, meanly; speak harshly, speak with a sharp tongue; be outspoken. 2. speak bitterly, in bitterness. <wakur+ta™u (ir...), speech to be unpleasant> 1. tatihwakuhtu™ 2. tawakuhtu™ 3. tawakuhtuuku™ 4. iriirawakuhta™u 5. tawakuhtuuksta • tawakuhta™ut he speaks hatefully. speak incorrectly wakuuricakawuu [•wß-kuu-r†Ùß-kß-wuu•] VI(4) (impf. only) speak incorrectly, erroneously, confusedly. <wakur+icaka.wuu, speech to be going astray/wildly> 1. tatpakuuricakawuu™ 2. tiwakuuricakawuu™ 4. iriirawakuuricakawuu 5. tiwakuuricakawuusta speak loudly wakahuuta™a (ir...) [•wß-kß-huutaa•] VI(3) raise one's voice; speak loudly, as when angry or trying to be heard. <waka+huuta.a (ir...), sound to swell up> 1. tatihpakahuutaa™ 2. tawakahuutaa™ 3. tawakahuutawa™aahu™ 4. iriirawakahuuta™a 5. tawakahuutaahista wakurihuur [•wß-k‰-r†-huu(r)•] VD {dist., wakurihuurik} 1. speak loudly, as when having a loud voice; (dist.) be a loud speaker. 2. boast, brag, exaggerate, talk big, as when claiming to do more than one can do; (dist.) be a braggart; be boastful. <wakur+rihuur, be a big voice> 1. tatpakurihuu™ 2. tiwakurihuu™ 4. iriirawakurihuuru 5. tiwakurihuuruksta • tatpakurihuurit I am a braggart, a loud speaker. speak recklessly wakuuricakahuur [•wß-kuu-r†Ùß-kß-huu(r)•] VD speak recklessly, as with no selfrestraint; speak rudely; speak foolishly. <wakur+icakahuur, speech to be foolish/ wild> 1. tatpakuuricakahuu™ 2. tiwakuuricakahuu™ 4. iriirawakuuricakahuuru 5. tiwakuuricakahuuruksta speak to see talk to {waawaktiik/tik- (ut...)} speak truthfully wakaawiraariks [+ i-] [•wßkaa-w†-raa-r†ks•] VI(1) 1. speak truthfully, as one whose words are true; be true to one's word. 2. speak decisively, conclusively, in earnest, as a chief or one whose words are final, who speaks once and no more. <wakaa.wi+raariks, be true speech> 1. tatiiwakaawiraariks 2. tiiwakaawiraariks 3. tiiwakaawiraariksu™ 4. iririiwakaawiraariksa 5.

speak well tiiwakaawiraariksista

speak well haakariir (uur...)

[•haa-kß-rii(r)•] VI(1a) speak well, nicely.

1. tatuuhaakarii 2. tuuhaakarii 4. iriruuhaakariira 5. tuuhaakariirasta wakuriir (uur...) [•wß-k‰-rii(r)•] VI(1-a) speak well, as a skillful speaker; speak nicely. <wakur+hiir (uur...), speech to be good> 1. tatuuhwakurii 2. tuuhwakurii 4. iriruuhwakuriira 5. tuuhwakuriirasta speaker see translator {paka™u™} spear hukawikis [h‰-kà-w†-k†s] N lance, spear. huuruksas [hu÷-r‰k-sßs] N spear, lance. • kiruu raasa huuruksas where is the spear? see lance {raarisu™}; pierce {icakuusk (ut...)}; throw a spear {awuu} special tiihuur [•tii-huu(r)•] VD 1. be measured correctly, perfectly. 2. be sized correctly. 3. be made correctly, done correctly, as the way one wishes it done. 4. be special, distinctive, as a person appointed to a post, a member of a profession, or a guest of honor.

1. tactiihuu™ 2. titiihuu™ 4. iriiratiihuuru 5. titiihuuruksta speckled see spotted {tawaarik (uur...)} speckled corn see corn, speckled {rikiistipiiku™} spectacles see eyeglasses {kiriktahkuuku™u™} spectators rariiwaatuksu™ [rà-rii-waa-t‰k-s‰™] N onlookers, spectators; sightseers. • rariiwaatukskat among the onlookers. speech pakaraaru™ [pà-kß-raa-r‰™] N {comb., pakaraar-, pakaraah-, wakaraar-, wakaraah-} speech, talk. <waka.raar+u™, speech + PL/ITER + NOM> see voice {pakuuru™, paka™u™, wak-} speed by see pass {huhtaat/ta™at} speed limit raatiihak [•raa-tii-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. be an end, conclusion, cessation, termination, as of an activity or a period like childhood. 2. be a terminus, limit, boundary; reach a terminus, boundary. 3. (contemp.) be a speed limit. 2. tiraatiihat 4. iriiraraatiihat 5. tiraatiihaksta spherical see round {riwiruu, taahuruus} spice see condiment {ruuhtahariwaariku}; season {tahara™uk (ir...)} spice a liquid see season a liquid {kicahara™uk (ir...)} spider caciks [Ùà-Ù†ks] N {comb., (a)caciks-} spider. • iririiku caciks there is a spider there. • cacikskucuu™ large spider; tarantula. • cacikskat

spit out among the spiders. see daddy longlegs {cacikskaaskitawikiic}; tarantula {caciksparaa™} spider bean see prairie mimosa {atiikacaciks} spider web cacikspaatisu™ [Ùà-Ù†ks-paa-t†-s‰™] N spider web. • cacikspaatisu™ tiwaatistaara it is a spider web; there is a spider web. spider, black widow cacikskaatiit, cacikskatiit [Ùß-Ù‡ks-kaa-tiit, Ùß-Ù‡ks-kß-tiit] N black widow spider (Latrodectus mactans); black spider. spider, large cacikskucuu™ [Ùß-Ù‡ks-k‰-Ùuu™] N large spider; tarantula (family Theraphosidae). spill (a liquid) kiraawuh [•k†-raa-w‰(h)•] VT(1) 1. spill (a liquid). 2. pour out (a liquid); empty (a liquid). 3. (idiom) pour, rain hard. 1. tatkiraawu 2. tikiraawu 3. tikiraawuhu™ 4. iriirakiraawuha 5. tikiraawista spill (a non-liquid) raawuh [•raa-w‰(h)•] VT(1) spill, pour out (a non-liquid); empty (a non-liquid). 1. tahaawu 2. tiraawu 3. tiraawuhu™ 4. iriiraraawuha 5. tiraawista spin around see swing around {awiirikaraarahak (ut...)} spinach see lettuce {kskiikaraaku™} spine rictaakiisu™ [r†ts-taÑ-kii-s‰™] N spine, backbone. • rictaakiisiri™ on the spine. • iriirarictaakiistawi where his spine is; his spine. spinning top see top (toy) {pakuucaku} spirit aciks- [ß-Ù†ks•] N-DEP {comb., (a)ciks-} 1. spirit, mind, thoughts, feelings, emotions. 2. throat. • aciksawarii think of different things. • cikstiihuuru™ thankful, appreciative, grateful; happy. • aciksati belch, burp loudly. caahikstaruuka™aatu™ [ÙaÑ-h†ks-tß-ruu-kß-™aa-t‰™] N spirit, imaginary person. see ghost {riikacaaru™}; phantom {raruuka™aatu™}; voice of a spirit {pakaraaruuka™aatu™} spirited see lively {awitariic, kiiska™uk} spirits see alcoholic beverage {kiirahkata} spit icakihcawarik [•†-Ùß-k†h-Ùß-wß-r†{k/t}•] VI(1), VT(1) spit, spit out saliva, expectorate. 1. taaticakihcawarit 2. tiicakihcawarit 3. tiicakihcawariku™ 4. iriiraacakihcawarika 5. tiicakihcawariksta spit out awarik [•ß-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) {dist., awaawarik} 1. throw, sling, toss. 2. throw away. 3.

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spiteful spit out. 1. taatawarit 2. tiiwarit 3. tiiwariku™ 4. iriiraawarika 5. tiiwariksta • taatawaawarit I threw it around. hawat [•hß-wßt•] VT(2-i) 1. spit out, as a seed, shell, piece of food; expectorate. 2. take out of the mouth, as with one's fingers.

1. tatawat 2. tihawat 3. tihawati™ 4. iriirahawati 5. tihawatista spiteful see hateful {uhuhta™uk (ir...)}; speak harshly {wakuhta™u (ir...)} spittle see mucus {cakickuutu™}; saliva {cakiicu™} splash kiiriiwaka™u [+ ruu-] [•kii-rii-wß-kß-™u•] VI(3) splash, be a splash. 2. ruutikiiriiwaku™ 4. ruu™iriirakiiriiwaka™u spleen itpaac [†t-paÑts] N spleen. splinter haakukaa [•haa-k‰-kaa•] VL be a splinter in, splinter to be embedded in, as in skin. 2. tihaakukaa 4. iriirahaakukaawi 5. tihaakukaawista • tihaakukaa iksiri™ there is a splinter in his hand. split rahkaka™us [•rßh-kß-kß-™us•] VI(4), VP(4) (pl. subj.) split, divide, separate, as into groups. 1. taahaktahkaka™us; tikuraaktahkaka™us 2. tirahkaka™us 3. tirahkakuusu™ 4. iriirarahkaka™us 5. tirahkakuusista see crack {kaasik, ka™as}; cracked {kaasis} split in half a™iwaahcik [•ß-™†-waah-Ù†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. split, divide, cut in half, separate by cutting open. 2. open, separate. 3. separate, as a married couple. 4. (pl. obj.) separate into groups, separate into parts. 1. taata™iwaahcit 2. tii™iwaahcit 3. tii™iwaahciku™ 4. iriiraa™iwaahcika 5. tii™iwaahciksta split into pieces kakuusik [•kß-kuu-s†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. split into pieces; break into pieces; shatter. 2. divide, break up, as into groups or piles. 1. tatkakuusit 2. tikakuusit 3. tikakuusiku™ 4. iriirakakuusika 5. tikakuusiksta split open tahuurukatk [•tß-huu-r‰-kßt(k)•] VT(1) split, split open, break open, wound; ref. to the head or skin of someone, as when striking and cutting another's flesh. 1. tactahuurukat 2. titahuurukat 3. titahuurukatku™ 4. iriiratahuurukatka 5. titahuurukatkista spoil takickuut [•tß-k†ts-kuut•] VP(2) 1. spoil, rot, as plant matter. 2. sour, as wet material like clothing. 2. titakickuut 3. titakickuutu™ 4. iriiratakickuuti 5.

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spoon titakickuutista see ruin {raahura™uk}; ruin (a way) {raarahuur} spoil (a way) raaraahura™uk [•raa-raa-h‰-rß™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. spoil, ruin, destroy, as an event, activity, plans. 2. erase. 1. tahaaraahuru™ 2. tiraaraahuru™ 3. tiraaraahuruuku™ 4. iriiraraaraahura™u 5. tiraaraahuruuksta spoil (liquid, fruit, vegetable) kickuut [•k†tskuut•] VP(2) sour, spoil, rot, as a liquid, fruit, vegetable. 2. tikickuut 3. tikickuutu™ 4. iriirakickuuti 5. tikickuutista spoiled raahuur [•raa-huu(r)•] VD 1. be spoiled, rotten, soured, as solid food or an animate object. 2. be ruined, broken, destroyed, as an inanimate object. 2. tiraahuu™ 4. iriiraraahuuru 5. tiraahuuruksta takickuu™at [•tß-k†ts-kuu-™ßt•] VD 1. be rotten, spoiled, as overripe vegetables or fruit. 2. be soured, sour, as wet clothing. 3. have body odor, as from soured perspiration. 1. tactakickuu™at 2. titakickuu™at 4. iriiratakickuutu 5. titakickuutuksta see dead {kuu™at}; rotten (of animal matter) {kawuu™at} spoiled (of a child) rahwakuu™at [•rßh-wß-kuu™ßt•] VD be spoiled, ornery, disobedient, as a child. 1. tahahwakuu™at 2. tirahwakuu™at 4. iriirarahwakuutu 5. tirahwakuutuksta spoiled (of plant matter) kickawuu™at [•k†ts-kßwuu-™ßt•] VD {non-dist., kickuu™at} be spoiled, rotten, decayed, as a liquid, fruit, vegetable. 2. tikickawuu™at, tikickawuut 4. iriirakickawuutu 5. tikickawuutuksta kickuu™at [•k†ts-kuu-™ßt•] VD {dist., kickawuu™at} be rotten, spoiled, decayed, as a liquid, fruit, vegetable. 2. tikickuu™at 4. iriirakickuutu 5. tikickuutuksta spontaneous raahuuwicaks (ir...) [•raa-huu-w†Ùßks•] VI(1) 1. be a spontaneous, sudden, unexpected occurrence; come to pass. 2. be a coincidence; happen coincidentally.

2. taraahuuwicaks 4. iriiraraahuuwicaksa 5. taraahuuwicaksista spoon tarahaariki [tà-rß-haa-r†-k†] N {comb., tarahaarik-} spoon (generic). • tarahaarikat in/on the spoon. • tiisa tarahaariki there is a spoon (lying) there.

spoon, serving spoon, serving tarahaarikucuu™ [tà-rß-haa-r†-k‰Ùuu™] N 1. large buffalo horn spoon. 2. (contemp.) serving spoon.

spoon, stirring hukawirahaku, hukawirahakusu™ [hŠ-kß-w†-rß-hß-k‰, hŠ-kß-w†-rß-hß-k‰-s‰™] N {comb., hukawirahakus-} stirring spoon, stirring paddle. • hukawirahakusiri™ with the spoon. • kiruu raasa hukawirahaku where is the stirring paddle? spoon-feed see feed {raaratawuh (ut...)} spot on a surface katakus [•kß-tß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. be a spot or daub on a surface; be on, as covering a spot or area on a surface. 2. be hanging on a vertical surface, as a calendar on a wall. 2. tikataku 4. iriirakataku 5. tikatakusta spotted katawaarik [•kß-tß-waa-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) be spotted. 2. tikatawaarit 4. iriirakatawaariki 5. tikatawaariksta tawaarik (uur...) [•tß-waa-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) be spotted, speckled; be freckled. 1. tatuuhtawaarit 2. tuuhtawaarit 4. iriruuhtawaariki 5. tuuhtawaariksta spread hihiitu™ [h†-hiæ-t‰™] N {comb., hihit-, hihih-} 1. mat, reed mat. 2. spread, cloth cover, something spread out over a surface, as a canvas spread, blanket, quilt. 3. pad. • hihitkat on the mat. • Cihiiharuuku™ Making Mats Woman (personal name). spread apart tahaakaahcik [•tß-haa-kaah-Ù†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. open, open up, as a book, sack, jar. 2. spread apart, open out, separate, as thick foliage. 1. tactahaakaahcit 2. titahaakaahcit 3. titahaakaahciku™ 4. iriiratahaakaahcika 5. titahaakaahciksta spread out awaaks [•ß-waaks•] VD 1. be stretched, stretched out. 2. be opened out, spread out, as something previously folded. 2. tiwaaks 4. iriirawaaksu 5. tiwaaksuksta • tiraarawaaks they are stretched out. awaaksik [•ß-waak-s†{k/t}•] VT(1) {dist., awaawaaksik} 1. stretch, stretch out, as a hide one is staking out. 2. spread out, open out, smooth out flat, as something folded or rolled up. 1. taatawaaksit 2. tiwaaksit 3. tiwaaksiku™ 4. iriiraawaaksika 5. tiwaaksiksta • tiiraarawaawaaksiku™ they are stretching them out. hihiitk [•h†-hiit(k)•] VT(1) 1. spread out, lay out, as a

spring (of water) canvas, mat, rug. 2. cover with a spread, spread out, as a bedspread, pad, tablecloth. 3. put down, lay down, as boards for a floor. 1. tatihiit 2. tihihiit 3. tihihiitku™ 4. iriirahihiitka 5. tihihiitkista hihit [•h†-h†t•] VI(4) {dist., hiwaahit} 1. be spread out, lie spread out, be opened out on the ground, as a mat, canvas spread, rug. 2. be a covering over a flat surface, be spread out on a flat surface, as a tablecloth, bedspread, pad. 2. tihihit 4. iriirahihit 5. tihihitista iriwahik [•†-r†-wß-h†{k/t}•] VT(1) spread out, spread open, as a robe; unroll, as a rug or canvas. 1. taatiriwahit 2. tiiriwahit 3. tiiriwahiiku™ 4. iriiraariwahika 5. tiiriwahiksta kuuskatuusitik [+ raar-] [•kuus-kß-tuu-s†-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) (pl. subj.) spread out, become spread out. 1. tatirahkuuskatuusitit 2. tirahkuuskatuusitit 3. tirahkuuskatuusitiiku™ 4. iriirarahkuuskatuusitit 5. tirahkuuskatuusitiksta see rake (towards speaker) {pira™a (ir...)}; stretch {awaaks}; stretched out straight {kaciihaak, kaciiharaak} spread out (mats) hihihuuc [•h†-h†-huuts•] VI(2) (pl. subj.) be spread out, be lying spread out, as mats or robes on the ground. 2. tihihihuuc 4. iriirahihihuuci 5. tihihihuucista spread out flat iriwa- [†-r†-wß•] LOC spread out flat, as a quilt, tent cover, spilled liquid. • iriwakus be spread out flat. • iriwasa be lying spread out. • iriwawiitik spread out, as a spilled liquid. iriwakus [•†-r†-wß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) {dist., iriwaarik} be spread out flat, spread open, opened out, as a blanket or canvas. 2. tiiriwaku 4. iriiraariwaku 5. tiiriwakusta • tiraaririwaku they are spread out. iriwakuusk [•†-r†-wß-kuus(k)•] VT(1) spread out flat, spread open, unroll, open out, as a quilt or tent cover. 1. taatiriwakuus 2. tiiriwakuus 3. tiiriwakuusku™ 4. iriiraariwakuuska 5. tiiriwakuuskista sprightly see lively {awitawaruk} spring kataarahkaa™a (ir...) [•kß-taa-rßh-kaa-™ß•] VI(3) 1. green grass to come up, sprout. 2. be spring. 2. takataarahkaa™a™ 3. takataarahkaa™aahu™ 4. iriirakataarahkaa™a 5. takataarahkaahista see coil {haawatiihus}; seepage {kicpiiraaru™} spring (of water) kicaahkatakus [•k†-Ùaah-kß-

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Spring On The Bank tß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be a spring.

2. tikicaahkataku 4. iriirakicaahkataku 5. tikicaahkatakusta ripiikiicu™ [r‡-pii-kii-Ù‰™] N {comb., ripiikic-} spring; area of water seepage, marshy area. • ripiikickat in the spring. see cold water {kictuuksu™} Spring On The Bank Kicuuwiicaku [k‡-Ùuu-wiiÙß-k‰] N Spring On The Bank; ref. to a spring that is located near the edge of a bank; an animal lodge located at Wakonda Springs, Kansas. spring peeper aspit [às-p†t] N spring peeper, chorus frog, tree frog (Pseudacris spp. and Hyla spp.). sprinkle kicpiir [•k†ts-pii(r)•] VD be a sprinkle, light shower; be misty. 2. tikicpii 4. iriirakicpiiru 5. tikicpiiruksta kicpiiru™ [k†ts-piæ-r‰™] N {comb., kicpiir-, kicpiih-} sprinkle, shower, light rain; mist. • kicpiihkat in the shower. sprinkle on ta™uuc/uc- [•tß-™uuts/‰ts•] VT(2-i) 1. put on, as when sewing beads on a surface or pasting a pattern on clothing. 2. sprinkle on, put on, as salt on food. 1. tacta™uuc 2. tita™uuc 3. tituci™ 4. iriiratuci 5. titucista sprinkle to come up kicpiihtakusa (ir...) [•k†tspiih-tß-k‰-sß•] VI(3) sprinkle, shower, as a light rain; sprinkle, shower to come up. 2. takicpiihtakusa™ 3. takicpiihtakusaahu™ 4. iriirakicpiihtakusa 5. takicpiihtakusahista sprout see come up {kaa™a (ir...)}; grass to come up {hiirahkaa™a (ir...)} sprout (green grass) see grass to sprout {kataarahkaa™a (ir...)} spur asiikasa [ß-siæ-kß-sß] N spur. • tatiitasiikasa I have a spur on. • sitatiitasiikasa, tatiitastariikasa I am wearing spurs. spurt kiicawarik [•kii-Ùß-wß-r†{k/t}•] VI(1) {dist., kiicawaawarik)} spurt; squirt. 2. tikiicawarit 3. tikiicawariku™ 4. iriirakiicawarika 5. tikiicawariksta • tikiicawaawarit it squirted all over. squash pahuks [pà-h‰ks] N squash, pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.); cucurbit (family Cucurbitaceae). • pahukskat on the squash. • pahukstaahiisu™ dried squash.

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squirm seated pahukskata™ [pà-h‰ks-kß-tß™] N squash having a thick, heavy-textured meat. <pahuks+katar, dry, thick-textured squash> squash mat pahukstaciitu™ [pß-hŠks-tß-Ùii-t‰™] N woven squash mat. <pahuks+raciit+u™, squash cradle board + NOM> • pahukstaciitkat on the squash mat. riikaciitu™ [riæ-kß-Ùii-t‰™] N woven squash mat, squash mat. • riikaciitkat on the squash mat. squash strip see strip of food {haskiiru™} squash vine pahukstaatu™ [pà-h‰ks-taa-t‰™] N 1. squash vine, pumpkin vine (Cucurbita spp.). 2. Squash Vine, a former Skiri village or band in Nebraska. 3. member of the Squash Vine band. <pahuks+tat+u™, squash stalk/plant + NOM> • titawii™ Pahukstaatu™ he is a member of Squash Vine village. squash, crookneck riikaacu™ [rii-kaÑ-Ù‰™] N {comb., riikac-} crookneck, crookneck squash, large and white in color (Cucurbita pepo). • riikackat on the crookneck squash. squash, Hubbard ruuskiri™is [ru÷s-k†-ri-™†s] N {comb., ruuskiriis-} green winter squash; Hubbard squash. • ruuskiriiskat among the green winter squash, as in a patch of them. squash-like vine see buffalo gourd {pahuksacaciks} squeak kiciiwakta/taa [•k†-Ùii-wßk-tß/taa•] VI(4) squeak, creak; be a squeaking, creaking sound, as a wagon spring or chair that is wobbly; crinkle, rustle; be a crinkling or rustling sound.

2. tikiciiwakta™ 3. tikiciiwaktaahu™ 4. iriirakiciiwaktaa 5. tikiciiwaktaahista squeeze awaacic [•ß-waa-Ù†ts•] VT(1) squeeze. 1. taatawaacic 2. tiiwaacic 3. tiiwaaciicu™ 4. iriirawaacica 5. tiiwaacicista squeeze between katiirikisat [•kß-tii-r†-k†-sßt•] VI(1) 1. squeeze between, go between, as between two close objects. 2. squeeze by; squeeze through. 1. tatkatiirikisat 2. tikatiirikisat 3. tikatiirikispuu™ 4. iriirakatiirikisata 5. tikatiirikisuhta squeeze out tara™iicic [•tß-rß-™ii-Ù†ts•] VT(1) {dist., tara™iwaacic} squeeze; squeeze out, as when squeezing juice out of a lemon or pus out of a boil. 1. tactara™iicic 2. titara™iicic 3. titara™iiciicu™ 4. iriiratara™iicica 5. titara™iicicista • sukstara™iwaacic squeeze it, as an orange. squirm seated kusawarii [•k‰-sß-wß-rii•] VI(4) squirm, wiggle while seated; fidget while seated.

squirrel 1. tatkusawarii™ 2. tikusawarii™ 3. tikusawariihu™ 4. iriirakusawarii 5. tikusawariihusta • tirahkusawarii™ they are squirming around in their seats. squirrel ckipis [tsk‡-p†s] N {comb., ckipis-, ckipiis-} squirrel (family Sciuridae). • ckipiisihari™ young squirrel. • ckipiis titawarii™ the squirrel is climbing around. see ground squirrel {kiiskarari} squirrel, flying ckipiisawarii™ [tsk‡-pii-sß-wß-rii™] N flying squirrel (Southern Flying Squirrel, Glaucomys volans). ckipis raawarii [tsk‡-p†s raa-wß-rii] N flying squirrel (Southern Flying Squirrel, Glaucomys volans). squirrel, gray ckipistarii™uus [tsk‡-p†s-tß-rii-™uus] N gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). squirrel, ground ckiiskararii [tskiæs-kß-rß-rii] N 1. striped prairie squirrel, ground squirrel (Thirteenlined Ground Squirrel, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus). 2. mole (Scalopus aquaticus). squirrel, red ckipispahat [tsk‡-p†s-pß-hßt] N red squirrel, fox squirrel (Sciurus niger). squirt see spurt {kiicawarik} stab see pierce {icakuusk (ut...)}; prick {kacak} stack see pile up {taawatatk (ut...) [+ raar-]}; pile, large {waakusu™} stack hay see pitch hay {hiiraaricakuusk (ut...)} stacked up taawatat (ut...) [+ raar-] [•taa-wß-tßt•] VI(1-a), VR(1-a) (pl. subj.) 1. be stacked up, as inanimate objects. 2. be crowded close together, bunched up, as people or animals. 2. tiihacaawatat; wititiihacaawatat 4. iririihacaawatata; iriiwitiriihacaawatata 5. tiihacaawatatasta; wititiihacaawatatasta stag see buck deer {arikaraaru™} stagger iriiruuwarii (ut...) [•†-rii-ruu-wß-rii•] VP(4) stagger, wobble, totter, teeter, as when inebriated or dazed after a severe blow. 1. tikuutiriiruuwarii™ 2. tiitiriiruuwarii™ 3. tiitiriiruuwariihu™ 4. iririitiriiruuwarii 5. tiitiriiruuwariihusta stairs caatkatahuhtawi™ [ÙaÑt-kß-tß-h‰h-tß-wi™] N 1. ladder. 2. stairs, stairway. stake riisaapi™u™ [rii-saÑ-pi-™u™] N stake, peg, as for staking a tipi cover or hide when dressing it; picket pin, used for picketing or staking a horse.

• riisaapihiri™ with a stake.

stake down riisaapuh [•rii-saa-p‰(h)•] VT(1)

{dist., riisaapaawuh} stake, stake down, as a tipi cover or

standstill hide; put a stake or peg into the ground. 1. tahiisaapu 2. tiriisaapu 3. tiriisaapuhu™ 4. iriirariisaapuha 5. tiriisaapista • tahiisaapaawu I staked it, put stakes around it. staked to the ground riisaak [•rii-saa{k/t}•] VL be staked, pegged (to the ground). 2. tiriisaat 4. iriirariisaapi 5. tiriisaapista stakes see wager {kahuruucuh (ut...)} stalk tatkiicu™ [tßt-kiæ-Ù‰™] N {comb., tatkic-} stalk; cornstalk; cane, sugar cane. • tatkickat on the stalk. see plant {taatu™} stalled see stuck {katakusiir-i}; unable to ascend {tawiir-i} stallion piikawaa [pii-kà-waa] N 1. stallion; stud. 2. bull. • piikawaakat among the bulls, stallions. stammer see stutter {hatkatatawiir-i} stamp on see step on {astawiitik (ut...)}; stomp on {ukaawa™a (ir...ut...)} stamp the foot asukaa™a (ir...) [•ß-s‰-kaa-™ß•] VI(3) {dist., asukaawa™a (ir...)} 1. stamp one's foot, bringing it up; stomp, tromp. 2. kick up, punt, as a football. 1. tatiirasukaa™a™ 2. taasukaa™a™ 3. taasukaa™aahu™ 4. iriira™aasukaa™a 5. taasukaahista • tatiirasukaawaa™ I stomped, tromped. stampede see drive off {aakapaha™a (ir...)} stand arik [•ß-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) {du., pl., waarik; dist., waawaarik} be standing. 1. taatarit 2. tiirit 3. tiiriki™ 4. iriiraariki 5. tiirikista • tiwaarit they (pl.) are standing. arikiihk [•ß-r†-kii(h){k/t}•] VT(1) stand, place standing, set standing. <arik+iihk, cause to be standing> 1. taatarikiit 2. tiirikiit 3. tiirikiihku™ 4. iriiraarikiihka 5. tiirikiihkista stand around raawiiraarik [•raa-wii-raa-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) be a crowd standing around. 1. tahaawiiraarit 2. tiraawiiraarit 4. iriiraraawiiraariki 5. tiraawiiraariksta stand one's ground see determined {wiruuhuur} stand out see surpass {kawiitik (ut...)}; taller {kiickawi™at (ut...)} stand up see get up {uca™a (ir...)} stand upright cawi™uuriirik (uur...) [•Ùß-wi-™uurii-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) stand up, upright; stand erect, straight. 1. tatuuhcawi™uuriirit 2. tuuhcawi™uuriirit 3. tuuhcawi™uuriiriki™ 4. iriruuhcawi™uuriiriki 5. tuuhcawi™uuriiriksta see set upright {cawuh (uur...)}; stick up {ca (uur...)}; upright {uuriirik} standstill see stop {uusik}

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star star huupirit

[huu-p‡-r†t] N {comb., huupirik-} star. • huupirikat among the stars. • huupirit tikicapiicu™ the star is twinkling. • huupirit tiwaawaarit the stars are there (in the sky). star (Morning Star) see Morning Star {Huupirit Rakiciirikiisu, Huupirikucuu™, Rakiciirikistihuuru} star, Evening see Evening Star {Cuupiriktaakaa} star, large Huupirikucuu™ [huu-p†-r‡-k‰-Ùuu™] N 1. Morning Star, Mars. 2. large star. stare kirikiir [•k†-r†-kii(r)•] VD gawk, stare, gaze. 1. tatkirikii 2. tikirikii 4. iriirakirikiiru 5. tikirikiiruksta kirikiiraar [•k†-r†-kii-raa(r)•] VI(1-i) (impf. only) gawk, stare. 3. tikirikiirari™ 4. iriirakirikiirari 5. tikirikiirarista stare at kiriktahwi™uuriirik (ut...) [•k†-r†k-tßh-wi™uu-rii-r†{k/t}•] VT(2-i) fix or rivet one's eyes on; stare, gaze at. 1. tatutkiriktahwi™uuriirit 2. tutkiriktahwi™uuriirit 3. tutkiriktahwi™uuriiriki™ 4. iriirutkiriktahwi™uuriiriki 5. tutkiriktahwi™uuriiriksta see watch {kirikus (ut...)} start a fire taruucuh [•tß-ruu-Ù‰(h)•] VT(1) {dist., taruucpaawuh} 1. build a fire, make a fire; start a fire. 2. (contemp.) turn on a fire, a burner, as on a stove or heater; light a heater. 1. tactaruucu 2. titaruucu 3. titaruucuhu™ 4. iriirataruucuha 5. titaruucista • titaruucpaawu he made fires here and there. start see beginning {raahirasaah}; turn on {raarapitaarahak (ut...)} start (a motor) raaririkaraarahak (ut...) [•raa-r†r†-kß-raa-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) start, turn on, as an automobile or a motor. 1. tatuuhaaririkaraarahat 2. tuuhaaririkaraarahat 3. tuuhaaririkaraarahaaku™ 4. iriruuhaaririkaraarahat 5. tuuhaaririkaraarahaksta start (a way) raaspaatasik [•raas-paa-tß-s†{k/t}•] VI(4) start, begin, commence, as an activity.

2. tiraaspaatasit 3. tiraaspaatasiiku™ 4. iriiraraaspaatasit 5. tiraaspaatasiksta • kuusiraaspaatasit pitku wiiriwicata it will start at two o'clock. raatapac [•raa-tß-pßts•] VI(4) start, commence, come to life, as an activity. 2. tiraatapac 3. tiraatapaacu™ 4. iriiraraatapac

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steal 5. tiraatapacista raatapaciktik [•raa-tß-pß-Ù†k-t†{k/t}•] VT(1) start, begin, initiate, as an activity. 1. tahaatapaciktit 2. tiraatapaciktit 3. tiraatapaciktiiku™ 4. iriiraraatapaciktika 5. tiraatapaciktiksta start a fire see kindle {kuriictara™a (ir...)} startled see amazed {acikskiiskawaarasit}; shocked {aciksawiriwuh} starvation see hunger {raariwahtii} starve riwahtiikuut [•r†-wßh-tii-kuut•] VP(2) starve, starve to death, die of starvation. 1. tikuriwahtiikuut 2. tiriwahtiikuut 3. tiriwahtiikuutu™ 4. iriirariwahtiikuuti 5. tiriwahtiikuutista • tiiraktariwahtiikuutu™ they are starving. starved riwahtii [•r†-wßh-tii•] VP(u) be starved. 1. tikuriwahtii™ 2. tiriwahtii™ 4. iriirariwahtii™u • tiiraktiwahtii™ they were starved. starving see famished {riwahtii} stash see hide {ripaaraar} stashed away see hidden {raapaar} station see depot {iriiraraaririitiku}; seat {kusaar, kusaaru™} statue piitararuuka™aatu™ [piæ-tß-rß-ruu-kß-™aa-t‰™] N statue; wax figure; mannequin. <wiita+raruuka™aat+u™, shadow man + NOM> stay riicawicparik [•rii-Ùß-w†ts-pß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. examine, inspect, scrutinize, take note of everything, observe everything, watch. 2. stay to the end; remain to the end, to the conclusion, as of an activity or event. 1. tahiicawicparit 2. tiriicawicparit 3. tiriicawicpariku™ 4. iriirariicawicparika 5. tiriicawicpariksta stay in the brush see live in the brush {kakus} stay permanently kustaariks [•k‰s-taa-r†ks•] VI(1) 1. stay, live, remain permanently in a location. 2. be sitting in a location for a long period of time. 1. tatkustaariks 2. tikustaariks 4. iriirakustaariksa 5. tikustaariksuksta stay several nights hawiir-i (ut...) [•hß-wiir•†•] VP(1) stop for several nights, stay several nights. 1. tikuutawii 2. tuutawii 3. tuutawiirihu™ 4. iriruutawiira 5. tuutawiirista stay with see live with {kaakus (uur...)} steak kaastacarahuuru™ [kaÑs-tß-Ùß-rß-huu-r‰™] N round steak; beef steak. steal ta™uut [•tß-™uut•] VT(2) {dist., tawaawa™uut}

stealthily

stingy

steal, rob, pilfer. 1. tacta™uut 2. tita™uut 3. tita™uutu™ 4. iriirata™uuti 5. tita™uutista • tactawaawa™uut I stole them (several things). stealthily see furtively {apaahiri™} steam see heat {awiriitu™} steamboat rakuuhuhwaarukstii™ [rß-ku÷-h‰hwaa-r‰ks-tii™] N steamboat. steep see brew {kirara™uk} step aspiitik [•ßs-pii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., aspiiruutik} 1. set one's foot down, put one's foot down. 2. step (with one foot). stingy icarahaar [•†-Ùß-rß-haa(r)•] VD be stingy, selfish. 1. taaticarahaa 2. tiicarahaa 4. iriiraacarahaaru 5. tiicarahaaruksta takiis (ut...) [•tß-kiis•] VD be stingy, miserly, penurious.

295

stir

stop

1. tatuctakiis 2. tuctakiis 4. iriiructakiisu 5. tuctakiisuksta • tiictakiis they are stingy. tuksuur [•t‰k-suu(r)•] VD be stingy, miserly; be selfish. 1. tactuksuu™ 2. tituksuu™ 4. iriiractuksuuru 5. tituksuuruksta see selfish (in one's actions) {uhuuricarahaar} stir hukawirahak [•h‰-kß-w†-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) stir, as something in a container. 1. tatukawirahat 2. tihukawirahat 3. tihukawirahaaku™ 4. iriirahukawirahat 5. tihukawirahaksta stir around inside rikatawihak [•r†-kß-tß-w†{dist., rikata™iwaahak} 1. pass hß{k/t}•] VT(4) around, take around, as when showing something to a group of people. 2. clean out, wipe out, wash out, as a bucket or pan with a rag; scrape out by stirring. 3. stir around inside, scraping the sides, as coals in a hole in a log. 1. tahikatawihat 2. tirikatawihat 3. tirikatawihaaku™ 4. iriirarikatawihat 5. tirikatawihaksta • tahikata™iwaahat I stirred them around in it. stirrup askatatawi™u™ [às-kß-tß-tß-wi-™u™] N stirrup. • askatatawikat in the stirrup. • wiitaataskata askatatawi™u™ my foot is in the stirrup. stitch see sew {tariihwarik (ut...)} stocking see sock {asuukukaawi™u™} stoke ica™is [•†-Ùß-™†s•] VT(1) 1. stoke a fire; put on coals, on a low fire; ref. to laying sticks on hot coals or a low fire to build it up; push into a fire to build it up. 2. put wood into a stove. 1. taatica™is 2. tiica™is 3. tiica™iisu™ 4. iririica™iisa 5. tiica™isista kuriictara™a (ir...) [•k‰-riits-tß-raa•] VI(3) 1. kindle a fire, start a fire. 2. stoke a fire, build up a fire, as when rekindling it. 1. tatihkuriictaraa™ 2. takuriictaraa™ 3. takuriictara™aahu™ 4. iriirakuriictara™a 5. takuriictaraahista stoker see fire poker {ritpaahpiraahus} stomach see abdomen {kickaraaru™}; belly {karaaru™, pakuusu™}; omasum {rahpas} stomach (of a ruminant) paaraarickuusu™ [paÑ-raa-r†ts-kuu-s‰™] N ruminant's stomach, comprising the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum; paunch; tripe, lining of the stomach of a ruminant, as a cow, horse, elk. <paaraar+ickuus+u™, paaraar + integument + NOM; cf. Ar. paanaÑnu™ sausage>

• paaraarickuuskat cow's stomach

stomp see stamp the foot {asukaa™a (ir...)} stomp on ukaawa™a (ir...ut...) [•‰-kaa-waa•] VT(3)

296

stomp, stamp, trample on; jump on repeti-

tively. 1. tatiitukaawaa™ 2. tuutukaawaa™ 3. tuutukaawa™aahu™ 4. iriruutukaawa™a 5. tuutukaawaahista see step on {asukaa™at (ut...)} stone see house,stone {akahkaritki}; rock {karitki} stool see chair {ckuskakusu™} stoop over awihurahwiitik [•ß-w†-h‰-rßh-wiit†{k/t}•] VI(4) stoop over, bend over, bend down. 1. taatawihurahwiitit 2. tiiwihurahwiitit 3. tiiwihurahwiitiku™ 4. iriiraawihurahwiitit 5. tiiwihurahwiitiksta hurahwiitik [•h‰-rßh-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. stoop over, bending forward over the ground, as male war dancers do or as to pick up something. 2. reach down to the ground, touch the ground. 3. take off, set out quickly, as a scout performing a duty or someone running an errand. 1. taturahwiitit 2. tihurahwiitit 3. tihurahwiitiku™ 4. iriirahurahwiitit 5. tihurahwiitiksta wiiraarik (ut...) [•wii-raa-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) be standing stooped over, bent down. 1. tatutpiiraarit 2. tutpiiraarit 3. tutpiiraariki™ 4. iriirutpiiraariki 5. tutpiiraariksta see bend over {icahpiitik, piiriitik (ut...)} stooped over irikata [•†-r†-kß-tß•] VL be crippled over, humped over, stooped over, as after an injury in an accident. 1. taatirikata 2. tiirikata 4. iriiraarikatawi 5. tiirikatawista irikata- [†-r†-kß-tß•] LOC humped over, stooped over. • irikatat be humped, stooped over. • irikatatiir be crippled over, humped over. stop awi™uusik (uur...) [•ß-wi-™uu-s†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. quiet down, calm down (purposefully). 2. stop, cease an activity, as before its completion. 1. tatuurawi™uusit 2. tuurawi™uusit 3. tuurawi™uusiiku™ 4. iriruurawi™uusit 5. tuurawi™uusiksta awi™uusik (uur...) [•ß-wi-™uu-s†{k/t}•] VP(4) 1. expire, pass away, die. 2. stop, become still, become quiet, as when a person ceases an activity. 3. stop, stop running, die, as a machine, motor. 4. quiet down, calm down. 1. tikuurawi™uusit 2. tuurawi™uusit 3. tuurawi™uusiiku™ 4. iriruurawi™uusit 5. tuurawi™uusiksta cawiirik (uur...) [•Ùß-wii-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) {pl. subj., ca™iwaarik (uur...)} 1. be standing upright. 2. be standing stopped; stop in a standing position.

stop (a way) 1. tatuuhcawiirit 2. tuuhcawiirit 3. tuuhcawiiriki™ 4. iriruuhcawiiriki 5. tuuhcawiiriksta raa™uusik [•raa-™uu-s†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., raa™uuwaasik} 1. end, die down, subside, come to an end or conclusion, as an activity; tradition, custom to die out. 2. stop, die, as a motor. 3. be careful, cautious; excercise care, as when handling an object. 2. tiraa™uusit 3. tiraa™uusiiku™ 4. iriiraraa™uusit 5. tiraa™uusiksta • tiraa™uuwaasit everything died down, subsided. uuriirik [•uu-rii-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) {dist., uurawiirik} 1. stand, stand upright. 2. stop, halt, come to a halt. 1. tatuuriirit 2. ti™uuriirit 4. iriira™uuriiriki 5. ti™uuriiriksta • ti™uurawiirit he stopped here and there. uusik [•uu-s†{k/t}•] VI(4) stop, come to a stop, come to a standstill, as a vehicle or motor, at a point. 1. tatuusit 2. ti™uusit 3. ti™uusiiku™ 4. iriira™uusit 5. ti™uusiksta wiitik [•wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist.; du., pl. agent, wiiruutik} 1. sit down, be seated. 2. stop, halt, as to camp. 3. settle, occupy; move into, as a dwelling. 4. land, as an airplane or a flock of birds. <wi+itik, go down in an upright position> 1. tatpiitit 2. tiwiitit 3. tiwiitiku™ 4. iriirawiitit 5. tiwiitiksta • sukstaapiiruutit (you pl.) sit down there! see come to a stop {iriitik [+ raar-]}; give up (a habit) {ruuhurahak}; land (flying object) {iituusik}; quit (a way) {raawiikatk, rahuurawi™at} stop (a way) raarahuura™iwarik [•raa-rß-huu-rß™†-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) stop, halt, put a stop to, terminate, end, as an activity. 1. tahaarahuura™iwarit 2. tiraarahuura™iwarit 3. tiraarahuura™iwariku™ 4. iriiraraarahuura™iwarika 5. tiraarahuura™iwariksta raawi™uusik (uur...) [•raa-wi-™uu-s†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. stop, end, cease, as an activity. 2. quiet down, subside, as an activity or a sound. 2. turaawi™uusit 3. turaawi™uusiiku™ 4. iriiruraawi™uusit 5. turaawi™uusiksta raawi™uusiktik (uur...) [•raa-wi-™uu-s†k-t†{k/t}•] VT(1) stop, put an end to, as an activity; quiet down. 1. taturaawi™uusiktit 2. turaawi™uusiktit 3. turaawi™uusiktiiku™ 4. iriiruraawi™uusiktika 5. turaawi™uusiktiksta stop (of a way) raarahuurawi™at [•raa-rß-huu-rßwi-™ßt•] VI(1) 1. quit, cease, stop doing, as an activity. 2. activity to stop, end, cease, be over, as a dance or meeting.

1. tahaarahuurawi™at 2. tiraarahuurawi™at 3. tiraarahuura™iwuu™ 4. iriiraraarahuurawiita 5. tiraarahuurawihuhta stop (to camp) uhuruusik [•‰-h‰-ruu-s†{k/t}•] VI(4) stop, come to a halt, as to camp. 1. taatuhuruusit 2. tiihuruusit 3. tiihuruusiiku™ 4. iriruuhuruusit 5. tiihuruusiksta stopper rucaakawihu [r‰-Ùaa-kà-w†-h‰] N stopper, cork. store akaraapiisu™ [à-kß-raa-pii-s‰™] N trading post; store. • akaraapiiskat, karaapiiskat in the store. • tiikarihuu™ akaraapiisu™ the store is big. • tatuhta karaapiiskat I am going to go to the store. storm see blizzard {piriwuu (ir...)} storm (rain) see rain {cuhuuru™} story raa™iitus [•raa-™ii-t‰s•] VD be a (certain) story, account, narrative. 2. tiraa™iitu™us 4. iriiraraa™iitusu 5. tiraa™iitusuksta raa™iitusu™ [raa-™iæ-t‰-s‰™] N 1. word, words. 2. story, account, narrative. 3. news. • taraa™iitustaa™ he brought word. raa™iitusuu (ut...) [+ruu-, i-] [•raa-™ii-t‰-suu•] VI(1) 1. be a story; be the way a story is, the way a story goes. 2. be the end of a story, all of a story. 2. ruutuciraa™iitusuu™ 4. iriruuruciraa™iitusuu™a see give a story to {raa™iitusuuh/uh}; repeat a story {raa™iitusta™iir}; tell a story {raa™iiwaat (uur...)} story, good raa™iitusiir (uur...) [•raa-™ii-t‰-sii(r)•] VI(1-a) 1. be a good story, a nice story. 2. be good news. 2. turaa™iitusii 4. iriiruraa™iitusiira 5. turaa™iitusiirasta stout see strong {tarahkiis/kis} stove see oven {ckukahaaru™} stove, on a itkaahkakus [•†t-kaah-kß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) {pl., itkaahkaruuc} 1. be on a fire, on hot coals; be sitting on a fire, on hot coals (cooking). 2. be on a stove, on a stove burner (cooking). 2. tiitkaahkaku 4. iriiraatkaahkaku 5. tiitkaahkakusta • tiitkaahkaruuc they (several pots) are on the stove. stove, turn off see put out a fire {huuwirikiihk} straddle see mount {ikitawiitik} straight paasaat [•paa-saat•] VD be straight, as an

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straight razor elongated object that has no curves or irregularities. 2. tipaasaat, tipaasaa™at 4. iriirapaasaatu 5. tipaasaatuksta taraaruhuur [•tß-raa-r‰-huu(r)•] VD be straight, as a row in a garden; be cut straight. 2. titaraaruhuu™ 4. iriirataraaruhuuru 5. titaraaruhuuruksta tiihaak [•tii-haa{k/t}•] VD 1. be straight. 2. be the end of, the extent of. 2. titiihaa™at 4. iriiratiihaaku 5. titiihaakuksta uurariisit [u÷-rß-rii-s†t] ADV, ADJ 1. straight. 2. correct, normal. see stretch out straight {kaciihaakaar}; stretched out straight {kaciihaak, kaciiharaak} straight razor see razor {riicipackisu™} straight up see stick up {ca (uur...)} straighten out for tiituriirik (uur...) [•tii-t‰-riir†{k/t}•] VT(1) solve for, straighten out for, as someone's problem or ailment. 1. tatuuhtiituriirit 2. tuuhtiituriirit 3. tuuhtiituriiriku™ 4. iriruuhtiituriirika 5. tuuhtiituriiriksta strange see odd {uupiiru™, uupiir} strange (of a person or animal) awakiir/kir (ir...) [•ß-wß-kiir/k†(r)•] VI(1-a) {dist., awakiraka™uk (ir...)} 1. (older) be peculiar, odd, strange, unusual, different, as a person or animal. 2. (contemp.) be funny, humorous. 1. tatiirawakii™ 2. taawakii™ 4. iriiraawakira 5. taawakirasta • taawakiraka™ut he is funny at times. strange (of a way) raa™uupiir [•raa-™uu-pii(r)•] VD be odd, strange, peculiar, suspicious, as an incident, activity, or behavior. 2. tiraa™uupii™ 4. iriiraraa™uupiiru 5. tiraa™uupiiruksta raawakiir/kir (ir...) [•raa-wß-kiir/k†(r)•] VI(1-a) 1. (older) be odd, strange, unusual, peculiar, as a person's behavior or an event. 2. (contemp.) be funny, humorous, as a clown's behavior. 2. taraawakii™ 4. iriiraraawakira 5. taraawakirasta stranger caahiksuupiiru™ [ÙaÑ-h†k-suu-pii-r‰™] N 1. stranger, alien. 2. alien tribe, different tribe, i.e., non-Pawnee. strap see head strap {haspaaksu™}; rope, leather {hasickariitu™}; whip {pirusas-i (uur...)} straw ka™iihcu™ [kß-™iæh-Ù‰™] N {comb., ka™iihc-, ka™iic} 1. straw, as used for baskets and hats. 2. straw basket, as used in the plum seed game. 3. straw hat.

298

street, main • ka™iickat in the straw basket.

strawberry aparuuhuraaru™ [ß-pß-ru÷-h‰-raa-r‰™] wild strawberry, strawberry (Fragaria spp.). • aparuuhuraaru™ iriirawaawi where the strawberries are growing. stray see separate from {uhurariitik} streak see extend (in a line) {u™at}; stripe {tariwiisk (uur...)} stream see gully {haahkahaaruhak, haahkahaaru™at, haahkahaaru™} stream bank see bank, raised {uukiihtatahaaru™} stream bed huukaahaaru™ [hu÷-kaa-haa-r‰™] N {comb., huukaahaar-, huukaahaah-} 1. dry stream bed; dry pond bed, lake bed. 2. beach, shore, level sandy bank along a stream or body of water. • huukaahaahiri™ on a dry stream bed. • tihuukaahaaru™at it is a stream bed. huukahaaru™ [hu÷-kß-haa-r‰™] N {comb., huukahaar-, huukahaah-} 1. dry stream bed; dry bed of a pond. 2. beach, shore. • huukahaahiri™ on the beach. see bed (of body of water) {hukiwahaaru™, hukiwahaar, huukaawi™u™}; sandbar {huukiwihkahaaru™} stream course, along a huukaa(wi)- [huuLOC along a stream course. kaa(w†)•] • huukaa™at go along a stream course. • huukaawi™at walk along a stream course. • huukaa™iisat go underwater. stream, along a huuca- [huu-Ùß•] LOC 1. along a stream; on a level plain, bank, shore of a stream. 2. on the surface of water. • huuca™at go on the level plain of a stream course. • huucakus be on or along a stream bank. • huucasa float across water; swim across water. • huuca™a (ir...ut...) surface, come to the surface of water. stream, to a see go to a stream for water {takacat} street see highway {haturaahkaritki} street, along a huukata(wi)- [huu-kß-tß(w†)•] LOC 1. across water; over water, as when crossing. 2. along a bank, as of a stream, lake; on the edge of water. 3. along a wall. 4. along a street, as in a town. • huukata™a (ir...) come across water. • huukatawi™at go along a bank. • ikitawihuukata™at ride across water. street, main icahkahaar [•†-Ùßh-kß-haa(r)•] VD 1. be the middle of a village. 2. (contemp.) be downtown, be the downtown area of a town, city. 3. N

strengthen be the main thoroughfare or street of a village or town. 2. tiicahkahaa 4. iriiraacahkahaaru 5. tiicahkahaaruksta strengthen tarahkista™uk [•tß-rßh-k†s-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) strengthen, make strong. 1. tactarahkistu™ 2. titarahkistu™ 3. titarahkistuuku™ 4. iriiratarahkista™u 5. titarahkistuuksta stretch awaaks [•ß-waaks•] VI(u) stretch, stretch out, spread out. 2. tiiwaaks 3. tiiwaaksu™ 4. iriiraawaaksu 5. tiiwaaksuksta awaaksik [•ß-waak-s†{k/t}•] VT(1) {dist., awaawaaksik} 1. stretch, stretch out, as a hide one is staking out. 2. spread out, open out, smooth out flat, as something folded or rolled up. 1. taatawaaksit 2. tiwaaksit 3. tiwaaksiku™ 4. iriiraawaaksika 5. tiwaaksiksta • tiiraarawaawaaksiku™ they are stretching them out. awuh [•ß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) stretch out tightly, as to stake a hide; stretch, stretch out on a frame. 1. taatawu 2. tiiwu 3. tiiwuhu™ 4. iriiraawuha 5. tiiwista • taatawuhu’ ckariitki I am stretching the hide out. stretch (elastic object) uhaarihaktik [•‰-haa-r†hßk-t†{k/t}•] VT(1) stretch out, as an elastic object like rubber. 1. taatuhaarihaktit 2. tiihaarihaktit 3. tiihaarihaktiiku™ 4. iriiruhaarihaktika 5. tiihaarihaktiksta stretch out straight kaciihaakaar [•kß-Ùii-haakaa(r)•] VI(1-i) stretch out straight. 1. tatkaciihaakaa 2. tikaciihaakaa 3. tikaciihaakari™ 4. iriirakaciihaakaara 5. tikaciihaakarista stretched awaaks [•ß-waaks•] VD 1. be stretched, stretched out. 2. be opened out, spread out, as something previously folded. 2. tiwaaks 4. iriirawaaksu 5. tiwaaksuksta • tiraarawaaks they are stretched out. stretched (elastic object) uhaarihak [•‰-haa-r†hß{k/t}•] VI(4) be stretched, stretched out, as elastic material like rubber or wet leather. 2. tiihaarihat 4. iriiruhaarihat 5. tiihaarihaksta stretched between icasa [•†-Ùß-sß•] VI(4) 1. be lying across, lying over, as a board across a frame or a pole over two forked posts. 2. be stretched between, as a line between two posts. 3. be lying on a stretcher. 1. taaticasa 2. tiicasa 4. iriiraacasa 5. tiicasahista • tiraaricasa they are lying across. stretched out ka™iitat [•kß-™ii-tßt•] VI(1) 1. be in a

string line, a row. 2. be stretched out lengthwise. 3. go, walk into grass, brush, woods. 2. tika™iitat 4. iriiraka™iitata 5. tika™iituhta stretched out (on a frame) a [•ß•] VL be stretched out, as a staked hide being tanned; be stretched out on a frame, as a hide. 2. ti™a 4. iriiraawi 5. tiiwista stretched out straight kaciihaak [•kß-Ùiihaa{k/t}•] VD be straight, be stretched or spread out straight. 2. tikaciihaa™at 4. iriirakaciihaaku 5. tikaciihaakuksta kaciiharaak [•kß-Ùii-hß-raa{k/t}•] VD be straight, as an object or a person standing up; be straightened out, stretched out, spread out straight.

1. tatkaciiharaa™at 2. tikaciiharaa™at 4. iriirakaciiharaaku 5. tikaciiharaakuksta stretcher raaruka™iitu™ [raa-rŠ-kß-™ii-t‰™] N 1. arbor top, arbor; ref. to the covering or top that is supported by four vertical poles. 2. travois. 3. stretcher. • raaruka™iitkat on the arbor top. stretcher, on a see stretched between {icasa} strike see hit (with an object) {tahik}; pound {waawa™is}; shoot {cak, icak, pakcak}; whip {ta™ipiru} strike (in battle) kii [•kii•] VT(4) {dist., kariihk} strike, kill, as in battle; count coup on. 1. tatki™ 2. tiki™ 3. tikiihu™ 4. iriirakii 5. tikiihista • tikariit he struck them. string haas [•haas•] VD be string, be a string; be a strip, as of material. 2. tihaa™as 4. iriirahaasu 5. tihaasuksta haasu™ [haÑ-s‰™] N {comb., haas-, has-} string (generic), a rarely used form. • iriirahaasku where the string is. haski [hàs-k†] N {comb., has-} string, twine, cord, line. • hasiri™ with a string. • haskat on a string. • tactahit hasiri™ I hit him with the string. • ki™iskuhaasuu haski give me the string. haskiicu™ [hàs-kii-Ù‰™] N string, cord, twine, thong, as used for a belt or to hold or carry something. • haskiiciri™ with a string. • haaskiickitawuh (ut...) put a string on, as a decorative string on leggings; tie onto. hastariipiiru™ [hàs-tß-rii-pii-r‰™] N string. raakiira™uk [•raa-kii-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. string, as beads on a string. 2. string, tie, braid together into

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string together a string or chain, as ears of corn. 3. weave, lace. 1. tahaakiiru™ 2. tiraakiiru™ 3. tiraakiiruuku™ 4. iriiraraakiira™u 5. tiraakiiruuksta see rope {haas-, has-}; twine {rakictahkariipiiru™} string together kiira™uk [•kii-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) {iter., kiikara™uk} string, as beads; tie together, string together, as ears of corn; lace together, as small willows. 1. tatkiiru™ 2. tikiiru™ 3. tikiiruuku™ 4. iriirakiira™u 5. tikiiruuksta • tatkiikaru™ I strung them together. string, braided haskiiru™ [hàs-kii-r‰™] N {comb., ha(a)skiir-, ha(a)skiih-} 1. braided string; leather, rawhide strings; strips of rawhide, leather; braided, woven rope. 2. short strips of food, as meat or squash. • haskiihiri™ on a braided string. string, buckskin hastahuraahki [hàs-tß-h‰raah-k†] N leather string; buckskin string, lace; moccasin string. • tihaasku hastahuraahki it is a leather string. • ki™iskuhaasuu hastahuraahki give me the leather string! string, have a haasta [•haas-tß•] VL {dist., haastawaa} 1. be tied on with a string, line, rope, etc.; be tied to. 2. have a string on; have a line on, as a tied horse. 3. (pl. subj.) be strung up together, be hanging strung together, as peppers on a string. 2. tihaasta 4. iriirahaastawi 5. tihaastawista string, leather see thong {hastaakis} strip kicapahaaha™uk [•k†-Ùß-pß-haa-hß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. strip, take a person's clothes off. 2. skin, flay. 1. tatkicapahaahu™ 2. tikicapahaahu™ 3. tikicapahaahuuku™ 4. iriirakicapahaaha™u 5. tikicapahaahuuksta see beaded strip {kirikska™iitu™}; fringed {racaraarawis (uur...)}; slice {katarat, racarahak}; string, braided {haskiiru™} strip (of material) see string {haas} strip covers ruwaahaahkiir [+ raar-] [•ru-waahaah-kii(r)•] VT(1) 1. undress, take off clothing. 2. strip, remove covers, as from a bed or chair. 3. remove, take out, as items from a container.

1. taharuwaahaahkii™ 2. tiraruwaahaahkii™ 3. tiraruwaahaahkiiru™ 4. iriirararuwaahaahkiira 5. tiraruwaahaahkiirista strip of food haskiiru™ [hàs-kii-r‰™] N {comb., ha(a)skiir-, ha(a)skiih-} 1. braided string; leather, rawhide strings; strips of rawhide, leather; braided, woven rope. 2. short strips of food, as

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strong meat or squash. • haskiihiri™ on a braided string. stripe tariwiisk (uur...) [•tß-r†-wiis(k)•] VT(1) 1. mark; put a mark on, around, across, as when cutting a line, notch, or groove on an object. 2. stripe, streak; put a stripe or streak on, around, across, as when painting a stripe or streak on an object. 1. tatuuhtariwiis 2. tuuhtariwiis 3. tuuhtariwiisku™ 4. iriruuhtariwiiska 5. tuuhtariwiiskista striped tariwis (uur...) [•tß-r†-w†s•] VI(4) {dist., taruuwaawis (uur...)} 1. be striped; have a (colored) stripe; have a straight line (painted on). 2. be marked (with a line); have a mark. 3. have an indentation, notch, groove, as where an arrowhead sits on the end of a shaft. 2. tuuhtariwis 4. iriruuhtariwis 5. tuuhtariwisista • tuuhtaruuwaawis it has stripes, straight lines painted on it. stripped see naked {kicapahaatu™, kicapahaat} stroke ikskawi™at (uur...) [•†ks-kß-wi-™ßt•] VT(1) stroke, pet, run one's hand over or through, as hair on the head or an animal's fur. 1. tatuurikskawi™at 2. tuurikskawi™at 3. tuurikska™iwuu™ 4. iriruurikskawiita 5. tuurikskawihuhta stroke in blessing ikstawi™a (ir...ut...) [•†ks-tßwi-™ß•] VT(3) {dist., iksta™iwaa (ir...ut...)} stroke in blessing, thankfulness; bless by stroking, as when one brushes the hands down over another's head, shoulders, arms, body, and legs. 1. tatpiruuhuu™ 2. tiwiruuhuu™ 4. iriirawiruuhuuru 5. tiwiruuhuuruksta

stumble see balk {katawiitik}; obstinate {pakskitii}

stubby see cut short {rikiis, taripas}; furry {wararuus}; short {tarikuc} katakusiir-i [•kß-tß-k‰-siir•†•] VP(1) 1. be stuck, as when getting caught on something; be stalled. 2. be blocked, as when one's way is obstructed. 3. be stumped, stymied, as when being uncertain what to do or say. 4. hesitate, be hesitant, as when not knowing how to do something. 1. tikukatakusii 2. tikatakusii 3. tikukatakusiirihu™ 4. iriirakatakusiira 5. tikatakusiirista tatat (ut...) [•tß-tßt•] VT(1-a) 1. be stuck to, glued to, adhering to, as a sticky surface. 2. be attached to. 3. be caught on, as a fence. 1. tatuctatat 2. tuctatat 4. iriiructatata 5. tuctatatasta see unable to ascend {tawiir-i} stuck in ica- (ut...) [†-Ùß• (‰t...)] LOC stuck in, lodged in, as a pointed object like an arrow or a pin. • icakus (ut...) be stuck in, have stuck in, as a sharp, pointed object like an arrow or pin. • hiiraaricakuusk (ut...) pitch hay; stack hay with a pitchfork. • huraaricakus (ut...) be stuck in the ground. see in (embedded) {hukaa} stuck on see attracted to {acikstatat (uur...)} stud see stallion {piikawaa} study raakirikaa™at [•raa-k†-r†-kaa-™ßt•] VT(1) {dist., raakirikaawarii} 1. study, watch closely, examine (things), as an activity, event, situation; notice, observe (things). 2. take note of, learn, absorb, assimilate, as details of a story. 1. tahaakirikaa™at 2. tiraakirikaa™at 3. tiraakirikaawuu™ 4. iriiraraakirikaata 5. tiraakirikaahuhta • tahaakirikaawarii™ I was paying attention. see examine {kirikaa™at} stuff tawasiira™uk [•tß-wß-sii-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. inflate. 2. stuff; pack fully, solidly, tightly. 1. tactawasiiru™ 2. titawasiiru™ 3. titawasiiruuku™ 4. iriiratawasiira™u 5. titawasiiruuksta stuffed see packed {tawasii} stumble askatatiir-i [•ßs-kß-tß-tiir•†•] VP(1) stumble. 1. tikuuskatatii 2. tiiskatatii 3. tiiskatatiirihu™ 4. iriiraaskatatiira 5. tiiskatatiirista uhuuririkisat [•‰-huu-r†-r†-k†-sßt•] VP(1) {dist., uhuuririkisparii} slip, trip, stumble and fall forward; pitch headlong, as when losing one's balance. 1. tikuhuuririkisat 2. tiihuuririkisat, tihuuririkisat 3. tiihuuririkispuu™ 4. iriruuhuuririkisata 5. tiihuuririkisuhta • tikuuhuuririkisparii™ I was stag-

stuck

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stump (of a tree) gering and falling. see stutter {hatkatatawiir-i} stump (of a tree) haaktarikuc [•haak-tß-r†-k‰ts•] VD be a stump, a tree stump; be a short log; be a short pole. 2. tihaaktariku™uc 4. iriirahaaktarikuucu 5. tihaaktarikucuksta stumped katakusiir-i [•kß-tß-k‰-siir•†•] VP(1) 1. be stuck, as when getting caught on something; be stalled. 2. be blocked, as when one's way is obstructed. 3. be stumped, stymied, as when being uncertain what to do or say. 4. hesitate, be hesitant, as when not knowing how to do something. 1. tikukatakusii 2. tikatakusii 3. tikukatakusiirihu™ 4. iriirakatakusiira 5. tikatakusiirista stunted kasis [•kß-s†s•] VD 1. be hard, solid, firm; be strong, tough, hardy, stout. 2. be stunted. 2. tikasis 4. iriirakasisu 5. tikasisuksta takirii [•tß-k†-rii•] VD be stunted, small in stature; be a runt; ref. to an animate object; be slow to develop, as a child who is slow to grow to a normal height. 1. tactakirii™ 2. titakirii™ 4. iriiratakirii™u 5. titakiriicta see midget {karuc} stunted person see midget {caahikskasis} stutter hatkatatawiir-i [•hßt-kß-tß-tß-wiir•†•] VP(1) stutter, stammer; stumble over one's words; be tongue-tied. 1. tikuhatkatatawi™ 2. tihatkatatawi™ 3. tihatkatatawiirihu™ 4. iriirahatkatatawiira 5. tihatkatatawiiriista hatkiraar [•hßt-k†-raa(r)•] VD stutter, as when one cannot speak plainly or when it takes time and effort to get one's words out. 1. tatatkiraa™ 2. tihatkiraa™ 4. iriirahatkiraaru 5. tihatkiraaruksta stymied see stumped {katakusiir-i} submerge see sink {huu™iitik (ut...)} subside raa™uusik [•raa-™uu-s†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., raa™uuwaasik} 1. end, die down, subside, come to an end or conclusion, as an activity; tradition, custom to die out. 2. stop, die, as a motor. 3. be careful, cautious; excercise care, as when handling an object. 2. tiraa™uusit 3. tiraa™uusiiku™ 4. iriiraraa™uusit 5. tiraa™uusiksta • tiraa™uuwaasit everything died down, subsided. see quiet down {raawi™uusik (uur...)} subside (of a fever) see cool off (non-liquid) {kikarik} suck (as a doctor) kituus [•k†-tuus•] VT(4) 1. suck,

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sumac as a doctor does when curing. 2. kiss. 1. tatkituus 2. tikituus 3. tikituusu™ 4. iriirakituus 5. tikituusista suckle see nurse {iit} sudden see spontaneous {raahuuwicaks (ir...)} suddenly raawiitakaaraahisu™ [raa-wii-tß-kaaraÑ-h†-s‰™] ADV suddenly; all at once. • hii raawiitakaaraahisu™ tuuhaahkiicpatpaa™ and suddenly they came out of the brush. • kuusikuuwicaksaa raawiitakaaraahisu™ I will become mature suddenly. takaaraahisu™ [tß-kaa-raÑ-h†-s‰™] ADV suddenly; all at once. • hii takaaraahisu™ ahawakaracahuhka™as and suddenly he cried out. • takaaraahisu™ ahiriwiikawaakaru™ all at once she began cramping all over. suds see foam {riwaa™uuskaa™a (ir...), riwaa™uusu™} sudsy see foamy {riwaa™uus} sufficient see completion, reach {icawicat} suffocate see smother {acikskiwatak, acikskiwataktik} sugar rakiicu™ [rß-kiæ-Ù‰™] N {comb., rakic-} sugar. • rakickat in the sugar. • sikstaruu™a™ rakiicu™ pass the sugar! sugar cane see stalk {tatkiicu™} Sugar Creek hawaastatkiicu™ [hà-waas-tßt-kiiÙ‰™] N 1. chewing gum. 2. Washita River, southern Okla., so named because its water is sticky and mats a person's hair when swimming in it. 3. Sugar Creek, south-central Okla. Kicpiirahaatus [k†ts-piæ-rß-haa-t‰s] N 1. Beaver

Creek, a branch of the Loup River (Nebraska). 2. Sugar Creek, south-central Oklahoma. 1. tatpiruu™at 2. tiwiruu™at 3. tiwirawuu™ 4. iriirawiruuta 5. tiwiruuhuhta sweep (towards oneself) wiruu™a (ir...) [•w†-ruu™ß•] VT(3) 1. brush, sweep, rake this way; move, push this way (with a brushing movement), as with one's hand, a broom, or rake. 2. rake, smooth by raking, level by a raking movement, as when raking leaves. <wiruu+a (ir...), sweep this way, i.e., come sweeping> 1. tatihwiruu™a™ 2. tawiruu™a™ 3. tawiruu™aahu™ 4. iriirawiruu™a 5. tawiruuhista sweep aside wiruuhak [•w†-ruu-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) sweep, brush, rake aside, over, or back, as with one's hand, a broom, or rake; move, move over, move back, push aside, push back with a sweeping or brushing movement, as a pile of trash. <wiruu+hak, sweep passing> 1. tatpiruuhat 2. tiwiruuhat 3. tiwiruuhaaku™ 4. iriirawiruuhat 5. tiwiruuhaksta sweeping wiruu-, piruu- [w†-ruu•, p†-ruu•] LOC sweeping, brushing, raking motion. • wiruuhak sweep, brush, or rake aside. • piruu™at move, move aside; move in a sweeping manner; ref. to a heavy object. • huraapiruu™at scrape snow off, as when cleaning a path; sweep snow off. sweet cicely kactaraha™ [kßts-tà-rß-hß™] N sweet cicely (Osmorhiza longistylis). sweet corn see corn, sweet {rikiistakaruus, rikiiskaruus}

sweltering sweet corn, dried raawariitkucuu™

[raa-wß-riætk‰-Ùuu™] N dried mature sweet corn, the kernels of

which are large, no longer have their milk, and are tough; when cooked by boiling it is like hominy. sweet flag see calamus {kahca™iitu™} sweet mush huukiciis [hu÷-k†-Ùiis] N sweet mush, mush pudding, a mixture of cornmeal, flour, and sugar that is cooked. • tatuuru™ huukiciis I cooked sweet mush. sweet pea see pea {atiikacaciks} sweet potato ictakiicu™ [‡ts-tß-kii-Ù‰™] N {comb., ictakic-} sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). • ictakickat on the sweet potato. sweeten see season {tahara™uk (ir...)} sweeten a liquid kicahara™uk (ir...) [•k†-Ùß-hßrß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. sweeten a liquid, as a beverage. 2. season, spice a liquid, as soup. 1. tatihkicaharu™ 2. takicaharu™ 3. takicaharuuku™ 4. iriirakicahara™u 5. takicaharuuksta sweetgrass kataaru™ [kà-taa-r‰™] N {comb., kataar-, kataah-} 1. green grass. 2. sweetgrass (Hierochloe odorata). • kataahkat in the green grass. • wiitikataahwaa it is grassy. • wiitikataahkiirarii™uus the grass is green. sweetroll see cake {icataarakiicu™}; sweets (food) {taharakiicu™} sweets (food) ruuhtahariwaara [ruuh-tß-hà-r†waa-rß] N 1. sweets, candy, pastries. 2. fruit.

taharakiicu™ [tß-hà-rß-kii-Ù‰™] N sweet-tasting food, i.e., food with sugar; pastry, cake, sweetroll. swell huuta™a (ir...) [•huu-taa•] VI(3) swell, swell up, puff up. 1. tatihuutaa™ 2. tahuutaa™ 3. tahuuta™aahu™ 4. iriirahuuta™a 5. tahuutaahista huuta™at [•huu-tß-™ßt•] VP(1) {dist., huutawarii} swell, swell up, puff up, as an injured body part. 2. tihuuta™at 3. tihuutawuu™ 4. iriirahuutaata 5. tihuutahuhta • tihuutawarii™ it is swelling in different spots. see rise (as dough) {awihuksa (ir...)} swelling see bump {paca, paca (ir...)}; swollen {huut} sweltering awiritkuut [•ß-w†-r†t-kuut•] VP(2) be sweltering, dying of heat. 1. tikuuwiritkuut 2. tiiwiritkuut 3. tiiwiritkuutu™ 4. iriiraawiritkuuti 5. tiiwiritkuutista

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swift see hot (weather) {awiricta™u (ir...)} see fast (in movement) {katariir}; quick {awitaparit} swift hawk see hawk {kutawikucuu™}; hawk, Cooper's {kutawikucuutarii™uus} swim hasa [•hß-sß•] VI(4) 1. be lying in water. 2. be swimming. 1. tatasa 2. tihasa 3. tihasaahu™ 4. iriirahasa 5. tihasahista huucakacat [•huu-Ùß-kß-Ùßt•] VI(1) {dist., huucakacparii} 1. (formerly) go to a stream to bathe, go to a creek to bathe. 2. go swimming.

1. tatuucakacat 2. tihuucakacat 3. tihuucakacpuu™ 4. iriirahuucakacata 5. tihuucakacuhta • tihuucakacparii™ he is going to bathe several times, as in one day. huuciriitik [•huu-Ù†-rii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. swim. 2. bathe, take a bath. 1. tatuuciriitit 2. tihuuciriitit 3. tihuuciriitiku™ 4. iriirahuuciriitit 5. tihuuciriitiksta huuciriiwaa [•huu-Ù†-rii-waa•] VI(4) 1. swim. 2. bathe, take a bath. 1. tatuuciriiwa™ 2. tihuuciriiwa™ 4. iriirahuuciriiwaa 5. tihuuciriiwaacta swim across water see float across water {huucakusuu™at, huucasa} swindle see cheat {kiriwiskii} swing ukaawi™at (ut...) [•‰-kaa-wi-™ßt•] VI(1) swing, move back and forth suspended, as on a swing. 1. tatuutukaawi™at 2. tuutukaawi™at 3. tuutukaa™iwuu™ 4. iriruutukaawiita 5. tuutukaawihuhta swing around awiirikaraahak (ut...) [•ß-wii-r†kß-raa-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) swing around, turn around quickly. 1. tatuutawiirikaraahat 2. tuutawiirikaraahat 3. tuutawiirikaraahaaku™ 4. iriruutawiirikaraahat 5. tuutawiirikaraahaksta awiirikaraarahak (ut...) [•ß-wii-r†-kß-raa-rßhß{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. swing around; jerk around; twirl around, spin around. 2. flip over, turn over quickly. 1. tatuutawiirikaraarahat 2. tuutawiirikaraarahat 3. tuutawiirikaraarahaaku™ 4. iriruutawiirikaraarahat 5. tuutawiirikaraarahaksta swinging uhuhkiraawi- (ut...) [‰-h‰h-k†-raa-w†• (‰t...)] LOC swinging, as a suspended object or child. • uhuhkiraawi™at (ut...) swing; dangle. • uhuhki-

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tail (not furry) raa™iwarik (ut...) swing, cause to swing.

swirling snow see blizzard {pirahuuru™} switch see change {ikiriwiiha™uk} swollen huut [•huut•] VD be swollen, puffed up, as a bruised area or protuberance on the body; be a swelling. 2. tihuu™ut 4. iriirahuutu 5. tihuutuksta • taatiksuu™ut my hand is swollen. waruuc [•wß-ruuts•] VD 1. be rounded, as a knoll, mound. 2. be a bulge. 3. be humped; be humpbacked. 4. be a protuberance, knot; be swollen, puffed up; be a lump, bump, as a growth on the body. 5. be ridged; be a ridge, crest. 2. tiwaruu™uc 4. iriirawaruucu 5. tiwaruucuksta sword riiciwaarukstii™ [riæ-Ù†-waa-r‰ks-tii™] N {comb., riiciwaarukstii-} sword, saber. • riiciwaarukstiihiri™ with a sword. sycamore pasaktaakaa [pà-sßk-taa-kaa] N sycamore (Platanus occidentalis). <wasak+taakaar, white cottonwood> syrup rakicpiiruus [rà-k†ts-pii-ruus] N syrup, molasses, sorghum. • rakicpiiruuskat in the syrup. • sikskiraruu™a™ rakicpiiruus pass me the syrup!

T table

raakaaruraaruukita™iitu™ [raÑ-kaa-r‰-raaruu-k†-tß-™ii-t‰™] N {comb., raakaaruraaruukita™it-} table.

• raakaaruraaruukita™itkat on the table. • suksuukitaruucu raakaaruraaruukita™itkat put them on the table! rakaraaraaruukita™iitu™ [rà-kß-raa-raa-ruu-k†-tß™ii-t‰™] N table. • tikaastawaa rakaraaraaruukita™iitu™ the table has legs. tack tiraaktakusu™ [t‡-raak-tß-k‰-s‰™] N brass tack, as used to decorate bows and other objects. see nail {caakawi™u™} tadpole paksaku [pßk-sà-k‰] N 1. tadpole. 2. catfish (family Ictaluridae). <paks+ha.kus, head sitting on water> tail ritkuta [•r†t-k‰-tß•] VL have a tail. 2. tiritkuta 4. iriiraritkutawi 5. tiritkutawista tail (furry) ritku™u™ [r‡t-ku-™u™] N {comb., ritku-, ku-} tail, as of an animal or bird. • ritkuhiri™ on the tail. • asaritku™u™ horse tail. • tahitkutahipaat I whipped its tail. • tiritkuta it has a tail. tail (not furry) ritpiraahcu™, piraahcu™ [r†t-p‡-

tail, short raah-Ù‰™, p‡-raah-Ù‰™] N tail, as the solid or shellcovered tail of a reptile, amphibian, crustacean, fish, arachnid. • ritpiraahciri™ on the tail. tail, short see bobtailed {pa™aasii} tailbone ckuskiisu™ [tsk‰s-kiæ-s‰™] N {comb., (i)ckuskiis-} coccyx; tailbone, lower vertebrae, just above the tail on an animal. • ckuskiisiri™ area around the coccyx. • iriiraackuskiistawi where his coccyx is; his coccyx. • tikuuckuskiista™aari™ my tailbone is aching. take rat [•rßt•] VT(1) {dist., raruuwarii} 1. take, carry; move. 2. (an. pl. obj.) herd, drive, move, as people or livestock. 1. tahat 2. tirat 3. tiriwuu™ 4. iriirarata 5. tirahuhta • tiraruuwarii™ they are carrying them around. ruu™at [•ruu-™ßt•] VT(1) {dist., ruuwarii} 1. hand, hand over, pass over. 2. take, take over, carry, transport, as to someone. 3. (+ ak-, dist.) herd, move around, as livestock.

1. tahuu™at 2. tiruu™at 3. tirawuu™ 4. iriiraruuta 5. tiruuhuhta • suksaktuuwarii™ herd them around! see carry {ruhak}; pick up {kusik}; pick up (a container of objects) {ruuciik} take (leading) see lead (going) {cirasat (ut...)} take aim see aim {raara™uusik} take apart kiwat [•k†-wßt•] VT(2-i) {dist., kiruuwat} 1. take apart, dismantle. 2. unravel, as cloth. 3. rip, rip apart, as cloth. 1. tatkiwat 2. tikiwat 3. tikiwati™ 4. iriirakiwati 5. tikiwatista • tikiruuwat he took them apart. take around see pass around {rahukatawihak, rahukatawi™at, rikatawihak} take away see remove {rikatahak} take away from ruuwarii (uur...) [•ruu-wß-rii•] VT(4) take away from. 1. taturuuwarii™ 2. turuuwarii™ 3. turuuwariihu™ 4. iriiruruuwarii 5. turuuwariihusta see take from {rat (uur...)} take care of see attend to {ruuhurirahak (ut...)}; care for {uhuuwicaks (ir...)}; careful with {rahaar (uur...)}; look after {raaciksta (ir...ri...ut...)}; provide for {ruukiraawuu}; watchful {raaciksta (ut...)} take charge of see take over {ruuhurirahak (ut...)} take down see break camp {ituraahura™uk}; knock down {wiirahak} take down a dwelling akahwiirahak [•ß-kßhwii-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. take down, dismantle a

take off dwelling. 2. blow down a dwelling. 1. taatakahwiirahat 2. tiikahwiirahat 3. tiikahwiirahaaku™ 4. iriirakahwiirahat 5. tiikahwiirahaksta • sitiirakahwiirahat they took the lodge down. take down an incline (leading) see lead down an incline (going) {cirastawiraa™at (ut...)} take from rat (uur...) [•rßt•] VT(1) take from, take away from. 1. tatuurikstat 2. tuurikstat 3. tuurikstiwuu™ 4. iriruurikstata 5. tuurikstahuhta take hold of see grasp {uurikuk (ut...)} take home rikaa™iisat [•r†-kaa-™ii-sßt•] VT(1) take home, carry home; take to the village. 1. tahikaa™iisat 2. tirikaa™iisat 3. tirikaa™iispuu™ 4. iriirarikaa™iisata 5. tirikaa™iisuhta take home (leading) see lead home (going) {ciraskaa™iisat (ut...)} take in one's hand see carry in one's hand {ikstat} take inside rahuukat [•rß-huu-kßt•] VT(1) take inside, as into a dwelling. 1. tahahuukat 2. tirahuukat 3. tirahuupuu™ 4. iriirarahuukata 5. tirahuukuhta take into see grasp {ikskariwii™aar} take into one's arms hukataahpuh [•h‰-kßtaah-p‰(h)•] VT(1) 1. hug, embrace, take into one's arms. 2. take up into one's arms, put into one's arms, as a pile of clothing. 3. cradle in one's arms, as when holding a baby. 1. tatpakuhtara™u™ 2. tiwakuhtara™u™ 3. tiwakuhtara™uuhu™ 4. iriirawakuhtara™u 5. tiwakuhtara™ucta talk about someone tara™u [•tß-rß-™u•] VT(3) talk about, discuss, as a person. 1. tactara™u™ 2. titara™u™ 3. titara™uuhu™ 4. iriiratara™u 5. titara™ucta talk back to see sass {wakuruuwaawaktiik/tik-} talk in one's sleep itkaspaawaktiik/tik- [•†t-kßspaa-wßk-tiik/t†{k/t}•] VI(4) talk, speak in one's sleep. 1. taatitkaspaawaktiit 2. tiitkaspaawaktiit 3. tiitkaspaawaktiiku™ 4. iriiraatkaspaawaktit 5. tiitkaspaawaktiksta talk loudly see shout (of a group) {wakaahta™a (ir...)} talk to waawaktiik/tik- (ut...) [•waa-wßktiik/t†{k/t}•] VT(4) {pl. obj., raawaawaktiik/tik-} 1. talk to, speak to; chat with. 2. advise, counsel, instruct; encourage; preach to. 3. pray for. 1. tatutpaawaktiit 2. tutpaawaktiit 3. tutpaawaktiiku™ 4. iriirutpaawaktit 5. tutpaawaktiksta • tuutapaawaktiiku™ he is talking to them. see counsel {raawaawaktiik/tik- (ut...)} tall huurakii™ac [•huu-rß-kii-™ßts•] VD be tall. 1. tatuurakii™ac 2. tihuurakii™ac 4. iriirahuurakiicu 5. tihuurakiicuksta see high {wikii™ac} tall grass see grass to be tall {hiihwikii™ac}; grass to be thick {hiirihuur} taller kiickawi™at (ut...) [•kiits-kß-wi-™ßt•] VI(1) 1. be ahead, in front, in the lead, as in a race. 2. be taller than others, above others; stand out above others. 1. tatutkiickawi™at 2. tutkiickawi™at 4. iriirutkiic-

tape recorder kawiita 5. tutkiickawihuhta

tallest kiicka (ut...) [•kiits-kß•] VL be the tallest; be above, over others. 1. tatutkiicka 2. tutkiicka 4. iriirutkiickawi 5. tutkiickawista tallow see fat {ahitkiicahiihtu™}; fat (of a cow) {ahictarahaataakaa}; grease {kiicahiihtu™} tally see count {kitawuh} tame tiira™uk (ut...) [•tii-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. marry, marry off, as an older male relative marrying one's child to someone or a minister performing a ceremony. 2. tame; accustom to; cause to be accustomed to, to be used to. 1. tatuctiiru™ 2. tuctiiru™ 3. tuctiiruuku™ 4. iriiructiira™u 5. tuctiiruuksta tan kiraar [•k†-raa(r)•] VD 1. be light in color, pastel. 2. be tan, buff, buckskin, light brown. 3. be fair, light in complexion. 1. tatkiraa™ 2. tikiraa™ 4. iriirakiraaru 5. tikiraaruksta • tirahkiraa™ they are light in color. tan a hide ickariitaruha™uk [•†ts-kß-rii-tß-r‰-hß™u{k/t}•] VT(3) tan a hide. 1. taatickariitaruhu™ 2. tiickariitaruhu™ 3. tiickariitaruhuuku™ 4. iriiraackariitaruha™u 5. tiickariitaruhuuksta tanager see scarlet tanager {rikucpahat} tangled kariipaak (ut...) [•kß-rii-paa{k/t}•] VP(2) be tangled, tangled up in; be entangled. 1. tikutkariipaat 2. tutkariipaat 4. iriruutkariipaaki 5. tutkariipaakista • tuuhahkaripaat they are tangled up. tap tahuraaris [•tß-h‰-raa-r†s•] VT(2) tap, give a tap; knock on, rap on; touch, give a touch. 1. tactahuraaris 2. titahuraaris 3. titahuraariisu™ 4. iriiratahuraarisi 5. titahuraarisista tawi™is [•tß-wi-™†s•] VT(2) tap, give a tap; touch, give a light touch, as to get someone's attention. 1. tactawi™is 2. titawi™is 3. titawiisu™ 4. iriiratawiisi 5. titawiisista • sirikuutawiisa when they came and touched me. tawicak [•tß-w†-Ùß{k/t}•] VT(4) tap, tap on; peck, peck on, as a woodpecker. 1. tactawicat 2. titawicat 3. titawicaaku™ 4. iriiratawicat 5. titawicaksta tape see record (a voice) {wakuhkawarik} tape recorder ratawirahkawarikusu [rß-tà-w†rßh-kß-wß-r†-k‰-s‰] N tape recorder. rawakarahkawuu [rß-wß-kß-ràh-kß-wuu] N tape recorder. tapered see pointed {kiris} tapered at the base patkisu (ut...) [•pßt-k†-s‰•] VD be tapered at the base. 2. tutpatkisu™ 4. iriirutpatkisu™u 5. tutpatkisucta tapered at the top kiickisu [•kiits-k†-s‰•] VD be tapered at the top. 2. tikiickisu™ 4. iriirakiickisu™u 5. tikiickisucta • tirahkiickisu™ their tops are tapered. Tappage see Pitahawirata {Piitahaawiraata} tarantula caciksparaa™ [Ùß-Ù‡ks-pß-raa™] N tarantula (family Theraphosidae). see spider, large {cacikskucuu™} tardy see late {kiiskawaarasit, kiiskawaarasitaar, raawikiiraar} tarp see canvas {akaaru™}; canvas tarp {raarakaahki} tarragon, false kiihaahpiriwuus [kiæ-haah-p†-r†wuus] N 1. broom. 2. fuzzy weed, false tarragon (Artemisia dracunculoides), formerly used for brooms. • kiihaahpiriwuuskat on the broom. • tactahit kiihaahpiriwuusiri™ I hit him with a broom. tassel (corn) paakahis (ut...) [•paa-kß-h†s•] VD 1. have tassels; tassel, be tasseling, as a corn plant. 2. be abloom, blooming, as a plant. 2. tutpaakahis 4. iriirutpaakahisu 5. tutpaakahisuksta paakahisu™ [paÑ-kß-h†-s‰™] N corn tassel. <paakahis (ut...)+u™, have tassels + NOM; cf. Ar. paakAhæóu™ squash blossom>

• paakahiskat on the tassel.

taste see relish the taste of {tahatii (ir...ri... ut...)}; savor {kaar (ut...)}

taste (liquid) kictirik [•k†ts-t†-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) taste a liquid, take a taste of a liquid; sample a liquid. 1. tatkictirit 2. tikictirit 3. tikictiriiku™ 4. iriirakictirika 5. tikictiriksta taste (non-liquid) taha™iirariihk [•tß-hß-™ii-rßrii(h){k/t}•] VT(1) taste, sample the taste or flavor of, test the taste of. 1. tactaha™iirariit 2. titaha™iirariit 3. titaha™iirariihku™ 4. iriirataha™iirariihka 5. titaha™iirariihkista tirik [•t†-r†{k/t}•] VT(4) {dist., raciruuhik, raciruuwaahik} taste, take a taste of, sample, as when tasting a small amount of food. 1. tactirit 2. titirit 3. titiriiku™ 4. iriiratirit 5. titiriksta • tiraciruuhit, tiraciruuwaahit she tasted different ones.

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tease taste good see delicious {tahakitawi} taste good (liquid) kicahariir (uur...) [•k†-Ùß-hßrii(r)•] VI(1-a) {dist., kicahariwaar (uur...)} liquid to taste good, have a good taste, as a beverage or soup; liquid to be well flavored, savory; have a good, juicy taste. 2. tuuhkicaharii 4. iriruuhkicahiira 5. tuuhkicahariirasta • tuuhkicahariwaa they have a good, juicy taste. tattered see worn out {kaaks} tattoo see decorated {a (uur...)} taunt see pester {astaah (ut...)} Tawakoni Tawaakaruu™ [tß-waa-kà-ruu™] N 1. Tawakoni band. 2. Tawakoni male. 3. Tawakoni, a personal name. <Wi. tawaakhÑriwa, of obscure origin> tea kskiikaraaku™ [kskiæ-kß-raa-k‰™] N 1. green leaf, leaf, leaves. 2. lettuce; spinach. 3. tea leaves. 4. brewed tea. • kskiikaraakat on the leaf. • kskiikaraaktaahiisu™ dry leaves. tea kettle kucpaarika [kŠts-paa-r†-kß] N tea kettle; hot water pot. tea towel see towel {rakaraaracaahisiku} teach raa™iitawuh (ut...) [•raa-™ii-tß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) teach, instruct, show, show how, as to do something. 1. tatuuhaa™iitawu 2. tuuhaa™iitawu 3. tuuhaa™iitawuhu™ 4. iriruuhaa™iitawuha 5. tuuhaa™iitawista see demonstrate {uhuruuwahuruu (ut...)} teacher iririitaktaa™iitawuhu [†-r‡-rii-tßk-taa-™ii-tßw‰-h‰] N teacher, instructor. teapot see tea kettle {kucpaarika} tear ukac [•‰-kßts•] VI(4) tear; break. 2. ti™ukac 4. iriruukac 5. ti™ukacista ukatk [•‰-kßt(k)•] VT(1) {iter., kakatk} cut, sever; tear. 1. taatukat 2. tiikat 3. tiikatku™ 4. iriruukatka 5. tiikatkista • tikakat he cut it up. see knock down {wiirahak} tear (in eyes) kirikiicu™ [k‡-r†-kii-Ù‰™] N {comb., kirikic-} tear, tears, as from crying. tease astaah (ut...) [•ßs-taa(h)•] VT(1) 1. pester, annoy, taunt, provoke, as when trying to anger someone. 2. tease, show attention to, as when a woman tries to seduce a man. 3. exert oneself with, work on, minister to, as when trying to revive an unconscious person. 1. tatuutastaa 2. tuutastaa 3. tuutastaahu™ 4. iriruutastaaha 5. tuutastaahista • sitiitastaa

teat they are pestering him. ciiharisaar (ut...) [•Ùii-hß-r†-saa(r)•] VI(1-i) tease, joke, talk in a jocular manner. 1. tatuciiharisaa 2. tuciiharisaa 3. tuciiharisaari™ 4. iriiruciiharisaara 5. tuciiharisaarista ciiharista™uk (ut...) [•Ùii-hß-r†s-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) tease, joke with; pester, annoy, bother in a jocular manner. 1. tatuciiharistu™ 2. tuciiharistu™ 3. tuciiharistuuku™ 4. iriiruciiharista™u 5. tuciiharistuuksta icaktuukus [•†-Ùßk-tuu-k‰(s)•] VD 1. be wild, run wild; be unrestrained, as a wild animal, loose woman, or reckless man. 2. tease roughly, coarsely, especially lewdly. • paahiksiri™ in/on the throat. • tikupaahiksta™aari™ my throat is sore. • iriiratpaahikstawi my throat. raruucu™ [rà-ruu-Ù‰™] N throat; larynx. • raruuciri™ in his throat. • tiraruuckataku it is on his throat. see clear one's throat {kituha™uk} throat to be dry acikstaahiis [•ß-Ù†ks-taa-hiis•] VP(u) throat to be dry; be thirsty. 1. tikuucikstahiis 2. tiicikstahiis 4. iriiraacikstaa-

throw up hiisu

throw awarik [•ß-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1)

{dist., awaawarik} 1. throw, sling, toss. 2. throw away. 3. spit out.

1. taatawarit 2. tiiwarit 3. tiiwariku™ 4. iriiraawarika 5. tiiwariksta • taatawaawarit I threw it around. wiihkaraaru™at [•wiih-kß-raa-ru-™ßt•] VT(1) throw, hurl, as a ball or rock. <wiir+karaar+u.at, arm to throw in a line> 1. tatpiihkaraaru™at 2. tiwiihkaraaru™at 3. tiwiihkaraarawuu™ 4. iriirawiihkaraaruuta 5. tiwiihkaraaruhuhta see gamble {warik [+ i-]}; put off {takaarahak} throw a spear awuu [•ß-wuu•] VI(4) (impf. only) 1. throw a spear, as in a game. 2. play hoop and pole game. 1. taatawuu™ 2. tiiwuu™ 4. iriiraawuu 5. tiiwuusta throw and hit riwuh [•r†-w‰(h)•] VT(1) throw and hit, hit with something thrown, as a projectile or other object. 1. tahiwu 2. tiriwu 4. iriirariwuha 5. tiriwista throw away see throw {awarik} throw away garbage icakickuuhaarawarik [•†Ùß-k†ts-kuu-haa-rß-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) {dist., icakickuuhaarawaawarik} throw trash away; throw garbage away. 1. taaticakickuuhaarawarit 2. tiicakickuuhaarawarit 3. tiicakickuuhaarawariku™ 4. iririicakickuuhaarawarika 5. tiicakickuuhaarawariksta • taaticakickuuhaarawaawarit I threw the trash away. throw down uhuurukakaawarik [•‰-huu-r‰-kßkaa-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) throw down, throw over; throw into, as a hole or ditch. 1. taatuhuurukakaawarit 2. tiihuurukakaawarit 4. iriruuhuurukakaawarika 5. tiihuurukakaawariksta throw out wiihkaraarawarik [•wiih-kß-raa-rß-wßr†{k/t}•] VT(1) throw, throw out with the arm, as a ball. <wiir+karaar+a.warik, arm to cause to throw in a line> 1. tatpiihkaraarawarit 2. tiwiihkaraarawarit 3. tiwiihkaraarawariku™ 4. iriirawiihkaraarawarika 5. tiwiihkaraarawariksta throw over one's shoulder awiicawatka™iir (ut...) [•ß-wii-Ùß-wßt-kß-™ii(r)•] VT(1) throw, toss, sling over one's shoulder. 2. tiwakuhtakaahat 3. tiwakuhtakaahaaku™ 4. iriirawakuhtakaahat 5. tiwakuhtakaahaksta Thursday Kskiiti™iks Rasakuuru [kskiæ-ti-™†ks rßsß-kuu-r‰] N Thursday. thus (be) raakus [•raa-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. be a certain way; be thus. 2. be a situation, matter, issue. 2. tiraaku 4. iriiraraaku raawi™uu (ut...) [•raa-wi-™uu•] VI(1) be a certain way; be thus. 2. tuuhaawi™uu™ 4. iriruuhaawi™uu™a 5. tuuhaawi™uuksta uhuur [+ raar-] [•‰-huu(r)•] VD (pl. subj.) 1. be in a row. 2. belong to, be members of, as a society. 3. be thus, be a certain way. 1. tahaktaaruhuu™ 2. tiraaruhuu™ 4. iriiraraaruhuuru 5. tiraaruhuuruksta • tiraaruhuu™ hiruuska they belong to the Hiruska (society). see way, a certain {raa™uu (ut...)} tibia see marrow bone {racatkiisu™}; shinbone

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tie on {kiistaatu™, tarakiisu™} taa™at [taÑ-™ßt] N tick (order Acarina). • titaku taa™at there is a tick on him. • tirihuu™ taa™at it is a big tick. tickle riicikicakara™uk (ut...) [•rii-Ù†-k†-Ùß-kß-rß™u{k/t}•] VT(3) tickle.

1. tatuuhiicikicakaru™ 2. tuuhiicikicakaru™ 3. tuuhiicikicakaruuku™ 4. iriruuhiicikicakara™u 5. tuuhiicikicakaruuksta rikicakara™uk (ut...) [•r†-k†-Ùß-kß-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) tickle. 1. tatuuhikicakaru™ 2. tuuhikicakaru™ 3. tuuhikicakaruuku™ 4. iriruuhikicakara™u 5. tuuhikicakaruuksta tie see necktie, wear a {haaskiica (ir...ut...)}; put on a belt {tahuriipuh (ut...)}; string {raakiira™uk} tie (bundle) rahkariipuh (ut...) [•rßh-kß-rii-p‰(h)•] VT(1) tie up a bundle, tie into a bundle. 1. tatuuhahkariipu 2. tuuhahkariipu 3. tuuhahkariipuhu™ 4. iriruuhahkariipuha 5. tuuhahkariipista tie a moccasin astariipuh (ut...) [•ßs-tß-rii-p‰(h)•] VT(1), VR(1) {pl. (pair of shoes), astariipaapuh (ut...)} tie a moccasin string; tie a shoelace. 1. tatuutastariipu; wititatuutastariipu 2. tuutastariipu; witituutastariipu 3. tuutastariipuhu™; witituutastariipuhu™ 4. iriruutastariipuha; iriiwitiruutastariipuha 5. tuutastariipista; witituutastariipista • wititatuutastariipaapuhu™ I am lacing my moccasins, shoes. tie into a braid see braid {arikawuh (ut...)} tie leggings to a belt haaskitawaawuh (ut...) [•haas-k†-tß-waa-w‰(h)•] VT(1), VR(1) tie leggings to a belt, lace leggings to a belt. 1. tatutaaskitawaawu; wititatutaaskitawaawu 2. tutaaskitawaawu; wititutaaskitawaawu 3. tutaaskitawaawuhu™; wititutaaskitawaawuhu™ 4. iriirutaaskitawaawuha; iriiwitirutaaskitawaawuha 5. tutaaskitawaawista; wititutaaskitawaawista tie on takuusk (ut...) [•tß-kuus(k)•] VT(1) {pl., taarikiihk (ut...)} 1. hang on, attach to, tie (suspended) on or from, as a pack on a horse's back. 2. hang up or over; suspend, hang suspended, as material over a line. 1. tatuctakuus 2. tuctakuus 3. tuctakuusku™ 4. iriiruuctakuuska 5. tuctakuuskista • tatuctaarikiit I hung it on it, tied it on it. tawuh (ut...) [•tß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) tie on. 1. tatuctawu 2. tuctawu 3. tuctawuhu™ 4. iriiructawuha 5. tuctawista • tatutaastawaawu I tied the strings on it. tie to see tether {haastawikuusk} tie together see string together {kiira™uk} tie up haaskiihka™uuc/uc- [•haas-kiih-kß™uuts/‰ts•] VT(2-i) 1. lace up, tie up, as a bundle or parfleche; cord, bind with a cord; draw up, as a drawstring. 2. put a drawstring through, as through a hemmed casing on a curtain or at the mouth of a bag. 1. tataaskiihka™uuc 2. tihaaskiihka™uuc 3. tihaaskiihkuci™ 4. iriirahaaskiihkuci 5. tihaaskiihkucista racariipuh (ut...) [•rß-Ùß-rii-p‰(h)•] VT(1) tie up in a bundle, as when tying the covering at the top; tie together. 1. tatuuhacariipu 2. tuuhacariipu 3. tuuhacariipuhu™ 4. iriruuhacariipuha 5. tuuhacariipista tied haasta [•haas-tß•] VL {dist., haastawaa} 1. be tied on with a string, line, rope, etc.; be tied to. 2. have a string on; have a line on, as a tied horse. 3. (pl. subj.) be strung up together, be hanging strung together, as peppers on a string. 2. tihaasta 4. iriirahaastawi 5. tihaastawista haastawi- [haas-tß-w†•] LOC tied (with a rope). • haastawira™a (ir...) come leading a horse with a rope. • haastawikus be tied to, as to a stake, post, tree. • haastawiirik be standing picketed to something, as a horse tied to a tree or hitching post. tied over the belly karacariik (ir...ut...) [•kß-rßÙß-rii{k/t}•] VL 1. have a belt on; be wearing a belt. 2. be tied over the belly, as a cinch. 1. tatiitkaracariit 2. tuutkaracariit 4. iriruutkaracariipi 5. tuutkaracariipista tied to see tethered {haastawikus} tiger see mountain lion {pakstitkukiic} tight takipiir [•tß-k†-pii(r)•] VD 1. be gathered into a wad, wadded up, compressed. 2. be tight; be gathered, drawn together tightly, as a tight fitting garment. 3. be closed, shut, folded up, drawn up, contracted, as a book, suitcase, flower. 2. titakipii™ 4. iriiratakipiiru 5. titakipiiruksta • tiracakipii™ they are wadded up. see firm {raakasis}; strong {raatarahkiis/kis} till see cultivate {huraahkara™uk} tilt iraahawuh (ut...) [•†-raa-hß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) tilt sideways, tip over, tip on its side, as when emptying a container.

1. tatuutiraahawu 2. tuutiraahawu 3. tuutiraahawuhu™ 4. iriruutiraahawuha 5. tuutiraahawista tilted tiraaha (ut...) [•t†-raa-hß•] VL 1. be tilted, at a slant; be slanted, slanting to one side, partially on its side, as a jar that is inclining to one side. 2. be sloped, slanted downward, as a road or bridge that is not level or has one side caving in or a bed that is lower at one end or on one side. 2. tuctiraaha 4. iriiructiraahawi 5. tuctiraahawista tiraahawi- (ut...) [t†-raa-hß-w†• (‰t...)] LOC tilted, slanting, leaning in one direction; partially on its side. • tiraahawikus (ut...) be sitting tilted; be tilted, leaning in one direction, partially on its side. • uhuhtiraahawiitik (ut...) fly at an angle, fly slanting to one side, fly sideways, as when a large bird turns. tilted sideways iraaha (ut...) [•†-raa-hß•] VL be tilted sideways, tilted to one side; be on its side. 1. tatuutiraaha 2. tuutiraaha 4. iriruutiraahawi 5. tuutiraahawista iraahawi- (ut...) [†-raa-hß-w†• (‰t...)] LOC on its side, on one's side; tilted sideways. • iraahawikuusk (ut...) place on its side. • iraahawisa (ut...) be lying on one's side. • iraahawi™uuc (ut...) [+ REFL] lay oneself on one's side. timber see thick woods {kahuraahkicuucis}; woods {kaatuhaaru™} timber, in see brush, in {kahuraahkicuuciskat} timbered see brush {kahuraar} time raa- [raa•] N-DEP 1. way, custom, tradition. 2. activity, event. 3. time. • raahiir (uur...) be nice, good, as an event, occasion, deed, act, activity, custom. • raatahaari time or day to be close. • ruuhura™uk plan or set up, as an activity like a dance, meeting, or dinner. • riicka™at reach a point or stage, as a plateau or milestone in life; reach an age, as when ending a period in life. raa™u™ [raÑ-™u™] N 1. way, custom, tradition. 2. activity, event. 3. matter, issue. 4. time, period. raariihac [•raa-rii-hßts•] VD 1. be finished, done, completed, as a task or an activity. 2. be a (scheduled) time, as to do something. 2. tiraariiha™ac 4. iriiraraariihaacu 5. tiraariihacuksta raawi™uu [+ ruu-, i-] [•raa-wi-™uu•] VI(4) be a time;

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time, a certain be a certain time, occasion, as when an event or activity occurs at no set time, but just happens.

2. ruutiiraawi™u™ 4. iriruuriiraawi™uu see long time {raakiir} time, a certain raa™uu (ut...) [•raa-™uu•] VI(1) {pl., raa™uuk (ut...); dist., raawa™uk (ut...)} 1. be a certain way, be thus, as a situation, activity, custom. 2. be a certain time, as when something occurs. 2. tuuhaa™uu™ 4. iriruuhaa™uu™a 5. tuuhaa™uuksta • tucukstaa™uu™ut it used to be thus. timepiece see clock {sakuhka™iirus} tin see kettle (tin) {kuctaakaa}; metal, white {paapicistaakaa} tin cup see cup {kuuciksta} tiny see cute {kica™u (ir...)} tip see end, on the {icakus}; weave back and forth {wiiwarii} tip over icahpuh [•†-Ùßh-p‰(h)•] VT(1) 1. tip over, tip, as when emptying a container; turn on its side. 2. turn upside down. 1. taaticahpu 2. tiicahpu 3. tiicahpuhu™ 4. iririicahpuha 5. tiicahpista iriwirik [•†-r†-w†-r†{k/t}•] VP(4) 1. tip over, fall over, as something unbalanced. 2. fall off, slip off, as a person on a log. 1. tikuuriwirit 2. tiiriwirit 3. tiiriwiriiku™ 4. iriiraariwirit 5. tiiriwiriksta see fall over {iriwiraahak}; knock down {wiirahak}; tilt {iraahawuh (ut...)} tipi akahtapi™ [à-kßh-tß-pi™] N {comb., akahtapir-, akahtapih-; pl., akaracapi™, karacapi™} tipi. • akahtapihkat in/on the tipi. • akahtapihkucuu™ a large tipi. • iriirakaawi akahtapi™ where the tipi is. karacapi™, akaracapi™ [kà-rß-Ùß-pi™, ß-kà-rß-Ùß-pi™] N {comb., karacapih-} tipi. • karacapihkat on the tipi. tipi cover akaaru™ [à-kaa-r‰™] N {comb., akaar-, akah-} 1. dwelling, lodge, house. 2a. tipi cover; tent cover. 2b. (contemp.) canvas, tarp, wagon sheet. • akahkat in/on the dwelling. • akahkucuu™ big dwelling. • tiikahihit he spread the canvas out. see put a tipi cover on {akahtawuh}; tent cover to be on {akahta} tipi cover (smoked) see buckskin (smoked) {akarawiisu™, akarawis} tipi pole raktiihaat [ràk-tii-haat] N tipi pole.

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tired mentally tipi poles raktarisaks [rßk-tà-r†-sßks] N tipi poles. tipi, put up a see build a dwelling {akara™uk} tire see exhaust {tarahkisiciisparik}; lose interest {acikskaruusawi™at} tire (of vehicle) see wheel {asu™} tire of standing arikisiikaar [•ß-r†-k†-sii-kaa(r)•] VP(1-i) tire, become tired standing. <arik.his+iik+aar, become tired standing> 1. tikuurikisiikaa 2. tiirikisiikaa 3. tiirikisiikari™ 4. iriiraarikisiikaara 5. tiirikisiikarista tire out awi™iikta™uk [•ß-wi-™iik-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) tire, tire out, exhaust, as workers. 1. taatawi™iiktu™ 2. tiiwi™iiktu™ 3. tiiwi™iiktuuku™ 4. iriiraawi™iikta™u 5. tiiwi™iiktuuksta iciisparik (uur...) [•†-Ùiis-pß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) tire, tire out; make tired, cause to be tired. 1. tatuuriciisparit 2. tuuriciisparit 3. tuuriciispariku™ 4. iriruuriciisparika 5. tuuriciispariksta takaa™a (ir...) [•tß-kaa-™ß•] VP(3) 1. tire, tire out, become exhausted. 2. lag, lag behind, fall behind, as when tiring and being unable to keep up with others. 1. tikutakaa™a™ 2. tatakaa™a™ 3. tatakaa™aahu™ 4. iriiratakaa™a 5. tatakaahista • taracakaa™aahu™ they are becoming exhausted. tire to be flat astakaruus [•ßs-tß-kß-ruus•] VD tire to be flat; be a flat tire. 2. tiistakaruus 4. iriiraastakaruusu 5. tiistakaruusuksta tire, rubber aspaatahuuru™ [ßs-paÑ-tß-huu-r‰™] N {comb., aspaatahuur-, aspaatahuh-} rubber tire; inner tube. • aspaatahuhkat on/in the inner tube. tired awi™iik [•ß-wi-™ii{k/t}•] VD be tired, exhausted. 1. taatawi™ii™it 2. tiiwi™ii™it 4. iriiraawi™iiku 5. tiiwi™iikuksta iciisat (uur...) [•†-Ùii-sßt•] VP(1) tire; be tired, weary; be exhausted; a general term that refers to tiredness, whether extreme or mild. 1. tikuuriciisat 2. tuuriciisat 3. tuuriciispuu™ 4. iriruuriciisata 5. tuuriciisuhta • tiiraakiciisat they are tired. see weak {tarahkisiciisat (uur...)}; winded {aciksiciisat (uur...)} tired mentally aciksiciisat (uur...) [•ß-Ù†k-s†-Ùiisßt•] VP(1) 1. be mentally tired, exhausted; be mentally tired of, as a dance or something one is watching. 2. be winded, tired and out of breath, as when running. 1. tikuuraciksiciisat 2. tuuraciksiciisat 3. tuuraciksiciispuu™ 4. iriruuraciksiciisata 5. tuuraciksiciisuhta tired of sitting kusiikaar [•k‰-sii-kaa(r)•] VP(1-i) be sitting tired; be tired of sitting. 1. tikukusiikaa 2. tikusiikaa 4. iriirakusiikaara 5. tikusiikarista tiresome raawi™iik [•raa-wi-™ii{k/t}•] VD be tiresome; be a tiresome task. 2. tiraawi™ii™it 4. iriiraraawi™iiku 5. tiraawi™iikuksta titter see snicker {icusawask} toad ckuraahkiiks [tskŠ-raah-kiiks] N frog, toad (generic). • ckuraahkiikskat among the frogs. • tiiku ckuraahkiiks it is a frog there. toadstool see mushroom, poisonous {saparuu} toast arastarariitu™ [à-rßs-tß-rß-rii-t‰™] N {comb., arastararit-} toast. <aras+tararit+u™, burnt cooked food + NOM> • arastararitkat on the toast. icataatarariitu™ [‡-Ùß-taa-tß-rß-rii-t‰™] N toast. • icataatarariitkat on the toast. • icataatarariitu™ ki™iskuurasuu give me a piece of toast. toaster raracarariiruku icataa™u™ [rà-rß-Ùß-rß-riir‰-k‰ †-Ùß-taa-™u™] N toaster. tobacco raawiskaaru™ [raÑ-w†s-kaa-r‰™] N {comb., raawiskaar-, raawiskaah-} tobacco (generic).

• raawiskaahkat in/on the tobacco. • iriiraruuci raawiskaaru™ where the tobacco is. see kinnikinnick {raawiskaaricaahiks} tobacco (commercial) racakihtu™ [rß-Ùà-k†h-t‰™] N commercial tobacco; cigarette tobacco, pipe tobacco. today see now {tiitiiri} toenail aspiitu™ [ßs-piæ-t‰™] N {comb., aspit-; pl., aspiraaru™} toenail; claw; hoof. • aspitkat on the toenail. • aspitiri™ with a toenail. • aspiraariri™ on the toenails. • tiispitpaa it is its claws; ref. to all an animal's nails or claws. together askuruurit [ßs-k‰-ru÷-r†t] ADV together; the same. • askuruurit taciira we are together, i.e., the same. • hii askuruurit kituu™u™ tataraakaawihat and together all of us sat inside.

tomcat hurii [•h‰-rii•] VL {sg. subj., aah; dist., huriiwaa, huriiwaawika™uk} 1. (pl. subj.) be, be around; walk around. 2. (pl. subj.) live. 3. (pl. subj.) be together. 1. tahakurii 2. tihurii 4. iriirahuriiwi 5. tihuriiwista • tihuriiwaawika™ut they are all over; they are going around all over. kituu™aar [•k†-tuu-™aa(r)•] VI(1-i) 1. (sg. subj.) become whole, complete, fully together, as a full moon. 2. (du./pl. subj.) get together. 3. (du. subj.) get married. 2. tikituu™aa 4. iriirakituu™aara 5. tikituu™aarista • sitikituu™aa they (du.) got together; they (du.) got married. taraa [•tß-raa•] VD {pl., racaraa} (du. subj.) 1. be together; be side by side. 2. be doubled; be double. 1. sitactaraa™ 2. sititaraa™ 4. iriisirataraa™u 5. sititaraacta • tiracaraa™ they are double. see congregate {tatatiirispuu}; go around together {taraawi™at}; put together {tahaariwuh (ut...)}; whole {kituu, kituu™aar} together (as companions) tir [•t†(r)•] VI(1-a) (du., pl. subj.) be together, always together, as companions. 1. sitacti 2. sitiiti 3. sitiitiraahu™ 4. iriisiraatira 5. sitiitirasta toilet see bathroom {akaaricpatpuus}; restroom {akahwi™uusis} toilet paper ruusikiirus [ru÷-s†-kii-r‰s] N (formerly) wiping material, as used after defecating; (contemp.) toilet paper. • ruusikiiruskat on the toilet paper. • ruusikiirusiri™ with toilet paper. toilet water see perfume {ruuhkickahaarawiriira} toilet, go to the icpaatat [•†ts-paa-tßt•] VI(1) {dist., icpatparii} 1. go to defecate, go to relieve oneself; go to the toilet. 2. go to the edge of a village, town. 1. taaticpaatat 2. tiicpaatat 3. tiicpaatpuu™ 4. iriiraacpaatata 5. tiicpaatuhta • taaticpatparii™ I went to defecate several times. tomato hatkatakuskicpaku™ [hàt-kß-tß-k‰s-k†tspß-k‰™] N {comb., hatkatakuskicpakuu-} 1. redbud (Cercis canadensis). 2. (contemp.) tomato. • hatkatakuskicpakuukat among the tomatoes. • titawaa hatkatakuskicpaku™ tomatoes are on the vine. rikakicpaku™ [r†-kà-k†ts-pß-k‰™] N {comb., rikakicpakuu-} 1. (formerly) ground cherry (Physalis heterophylla). 2. (contemp.) tomato.

• rikakicpakuukat on the tomato.

tomcat pus [pŠs] N tomcat. <Engl. puss>

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tomorrow tomorrow rahiisa [rà-hii-sß] N, ADV in the morning; tomorrow. tongue haatu™ [haÑ-t‰™] N {comb., hat-, hac-} tongue. • hatiri™ on the tongue. • tatatuukuraa I have my tongue in my mouth. • iriirahatkawi where his tongue is; his tongue. • iriiratatkawi where my tongue is; my tongue. tongue-tied see stutter {hatkatatawiir-i} Tonkawa Tarikawa [tß-r‡-kß-wß] N {comb., Tarikawi-} 1. Tonkawa tribe. 2. Tonkawa male. • Tarikawiru among the Tonkawas, Tonkawa country. • Ctarikawa Tonkawa female. tooth aaru™ [aÑ-r‰™] N {comb., aar-, aah-} tooth. • aahiri™ on a tooth. • aaraariri™ on the teeth. • iriirataahwaawi where my teeth are; my teeth. tooth to fall out aahwirik [•aah-w†-r†{k/t}•] VP(4) {dist., aahwaawirik} lose one's tooth; tooth to fall out. 1. tiku™aahwirit 2. ti™aahwirit 3. ti™aahwiriiku™ 4. iriira™aahwaawirit 5. ti™aahwiriksta • ti™aahwaawirit his teeth fell out. tooth, molar see molar {aahkucuu™} tooth, pull a see pull a tooth {aahwiriik} toothpick aahkacara™uks [aÑh-kß-Ùß-rß-™uks] N toothpick. • iriiraasa aahkacara™uks where the toothpick is. aahkacawi™u™ [aah-kà-Ùß-wi-™u™] N toothpick. top see opening {haakarata, haakaratawi™u™} top (toy) pakuucaku [pà-kuu-Ùß-k‰] N top, spinning top. <wak+huucaku, bob sound, i.e., the whir of a (spinning) bob or top> top of a hill see hilltop {kitahaaru™}; hilltop, on a {paakawikat} top, on awatata- (ut...) [ß-wß-tß-tß• (‰t...)] LOC on top of. • awatatakus (ut...) be sitting on top of; be piled on top of. • awatatawiitik (ut...) pile on top of, fall on top of. • haakaawatatarikuk take a top off, take a lid off. awatatakus (ut...) [•ß-wß-tß-tß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be sitting on, on top; be piled, piled up on top. 1. tatuutawatataku 2. tuutawatataku 4. iriruutawatataku 5. tuutawatatakusta huukita- [huu-k†-tß•] LOC on top of a surface, on, as on a raised or high surface. • huukita™at go on top; walk on top. • huukitaarik be standing on top. • huukitahaawarii skate on ice.

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torture huukitahaahiri™ [hu÷-k†-tß-haa-h†-ri™] ADV on, on top, as on a raised or high surface. huukitakus [•huu-k†-tß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) {pl. subj., huukitaruuc} 1. be on, on top, as on a raised or high surface. 2. be sitting on, on top. 1. tatuukitaku 2. tihuukitaku 4. iriirahuukitaku 5. tihuukitakusta • tihuukitaruuc they are on top; they are sitting on top. huukitasa [•huu-k†-tß-sß•] VI(4) {pl. subj., huukitasawaa} be lying on, on top, as on a raised or high surface. 1. tatuukitasa 2. tihuukitasa 4. iriirahuukitasa 5. tihuukitasahista kicuuca- [k†-Ùuu-Ùß•] LOC on top of, onto, as something high; up high. • kicuucakus be sitting on something high up. • kicuucawarii go around up high. • awikicuuca™iir throw onto the top of. kita- [k†-tß•] LOC on, on top. • kita™at go on top. • kitaarik be standing on top. • kitakus be sitting on top. kitahaahiri™ [k‡-tß-haa-h†-ri™] ADV on top, as on a dwelling or building; on top of a hill, on a hilltop. kitakus [•k†-tß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. be sitting on top; sit, be above. 2. be full, as a container like a bucket or jar. 1. tatkitaku 2. tikitaku 4. iriirakitaku 5. tikitakusta see feet to be on top {astaaruukita}; go on top {kita™at}; land on {huukitawiitik}; set on top {huukitakuusk} torment see harass {rirahkaa™at (ut...)}; torture {raawaahkisaar} torn ukac [•‰-kßts•] VD {iter., kakac} be torn; be cut. 2. tiika™ac 4. iriruukaacu 5. tiikacuksta • tikaka™ac it is cut up. torn up see cut up {kakac} tornado raarituuru™ [raÑ-r†-tuu-r‰™] N {comb., raaritur-, raarituh-} tornado, cyclone. • raarituhkat in the path of a tornado. • raarituuru™ taa™ a tornado is coming. • wiituksat raarituuru™ the tornado has passed. see whirlwind {tuuwirikii™} torso kisikiitu™ [k‡-s†-kii-t‰™] N {comb., kisikit-} 1. torso. 2. waistline. torture raawaahkisaar [•raa-waah-k†-saa(r)•] VT(1) 1. abuse, mistreat. 2. torture, inflict pain on, torment, as a captured enemy. 1. tahaawaahkisaa 2. tiraawaahkisaa 3. tiraawaahkisaari™ 4. iriiraraawaahkisaara 5. tiraawaahkisaarista

toss toss see throw {awarik} toss over one's shoulder see throw over one's shoulder {awiicawatka™iir (ut...)}

totter see stagger {iriiruuwarii (ut...)} touch iksta™uukuk [•†ks-tß-™uu-k‰{k/t}•] VI(4), VT(4) 1. touch; touch one's hand on. 2. vote.

1. taatiksta™uukut 2. tiiksta™uukut 3. tiiksta™uukuku™ 4. iriiraaksta™uukut 5. tiiksta™uukuksta tahurahwiitik [•tß-h‰-rßh-wii-t†{k/t}•] VT(4) touch, touch lightly. 1. tactahurahwiitit 2. titahurahwiitit 3. titahurahwiitiku™ 4. iriiratahurahwiitit 5. titahurahwiitiksta see tap {tahuraaris, tawi™is} touch against see abut {katahurah} touch the ground hurahwiitik [•h‰-rßh-wiit†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. stoop over, bending forward over the ground, as male war dancers do or as to pick up something. 2. reach down to the ground, touch the ground. 3. take off, set out quickly, as a scout performing a duty or someone running an errand. 1. taturahwiitit 2. tihurahwiitit 3. tihurahwiitiku™ 4. iriirahurahwiitit 5. tihurahwiitiksta touching see close to {tahurar (ut...)} touching, barely tahurar [•tß-h‰-rß(r)•] VL 1. be barely touching, be against; be bordering, abutting. 2. be barely touching the ground, as something hanging down. 3. be close, near, as a group approaching a village. 2. titahura 4. iriiratahurahwi 5. titahurahwista • tiracahura they are close to it. tough see hard {kasis}; harden {kasista™uk}; persevering {tarahaks} toward wiic- [wiits•] LOC toward a point, toward a location. • wiica (ir...) come closer, move this way. • wiicat move over in a direction; move from one location toward another, go from one place toward another. • riwiicat lift and move, move over, move aside, move to one side. see come toward {kusickawi™a (ir...ut...)} towel ckahiikara™uks [tskß-hiæ-kß-rß-™uks] N 1. wash basin, wash pan. 2. towel, face towel. • tactahit ckahiikara™uksiri™ I hit him with the wash basin. ckataahisiku [tskß-taÑ-h†-s†-k‰] N towel, face towel. • kiruu raaku ckataahisiku? where is the towel? ikstariikara™uks [‡ks-tß-rii-kß-rß-™uks] N towel. • raawiihaakaraa™it ikstariikara™uks paper towel.

trail raawihtakiitu™ [raa-w‡h-tß-kii-t‰™] N 1. coarse, heavy cloth, as linen or hemp, that is heavier than calico. 2. tea towel, dish towel. rakaraaracaahisiku [rà-kß-raa-rß-Ùaa-h†-s†-k‰] N tea towel, dish towel. town itak [•†-tß{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. be a village. 2. be a camp. 3. be a town, settlement. 2. ti™itat 4. iriira™itat 5. ti™itaksta ituhkus [•†-t‰h-k‰(s)•] VI(4) {dist., ituhwiwaahak} 1. be a village. 2. be a town, settlement. 3. be a camp. 4. (contemp.) be a campground, as in a park. 2. tiituhku 4. iriiraatuhku 5. tiituhkusta • tiiraatuhwiwaahat these villages. ituuru™ [†-tu÷-r‰™] N {comb., (i)tuur-, (i)tur-, (i)tuh-} 1. village. 2. camp. 3. town; settlement. • tuhkat in the village. • iriiraatuurickahat where the end of the village is. • iriiraaturihuuru where the big village is. see set up a village {itura™uk} town, in a see village, in a {cahkahaahiri™} town, interior of a see interior of a village {cahkahaaru™} town, through a see village, through a {icahka-} trachea cikstiitu™ [Ù†ks-tiæ-t‰™] N trachea, windpipe. • cikstiitiri™ in the windpipe. paahikskiisu™ [paa-h‡ks-kii-s‰™] N trachea and larynx, windpipe. <paahiks+kiis+u™, throat bone + NOM> • paahikskiisiri™ in the windpipe. see esophagus {ciksu™} track astat (uur...) [•ßs-tßt•] VT(1) {dist., astuuwarii (uur...)} track, follow someone's tracks; trail, follow the trail of. travois raaruka™iitu™ [raa-rŠ-kß-™ii-t‰™] N 1. arbor top, arbor; ref. to the covering or top that is supported by four vertical poles. 2. travois. 3. stretcher. • raaruka™iitkat on the arbor top. treadle see sewing machine {tariihwaawariku} treat see doctor {rahura™uk (ut...), rahuruu (ut...)} tree haak-, rak- [haak•, rßk•] N-DEP 1. wood. 2. tree. • tihaaktahku it is a grove of trees. • tihaakuukuriku he has a piece of wood in his mouth, as a pencil. • tihaaktaararit it is a large grove of trees. • rakiripahki small piece of wood. haak/haa™ak [•haak/haa-™ß{k/t}•] VL {dist., haapaa} 1. be a tree; be a certain kind of tree. 2. be wood; be a pole, post, stick, limb, branch.

tree bark 2. tihaa™at 4. iriirahaapi 5. tihaapista rakiripahki [rß-k‡-r†-pßh-k†] N 1. little piece of wood, as a stick or twig. 2. small tree; small bush. rapararus [rà-pß-rß-r‰s] N bushy tree; bush. see hollow tree {haakahuruus} tree bark see bark (of tree) {raakickuusu™, rakataatu™} tree frog see spring peeper {aspit} tree limb see limb {rakitawi™u™} tree to fall see fall (of a tree) {haapi™uuhak} tremble see shake {a™iwarik (uur...), kirir (uur...)}; shake (as from an illness) {takirir (uur...)} trench see ditch {hatkaahuuru™}; gully {haahkahaaruhak, haahkahaaru™} trial (legal) riwaawaktiik/tik- [•r†-waa-wßktiik/t†{k/t}•] VT(4) (pl. subj.) try, put on trial, as in a court of law. 2. sitiriwaawaktiit 3. sitiriwaawaktiiku™ 4. iriisirariwaawaktit 5. sitiriwaawaktiksta tribe akitaar [•ß-k†-taa(r)•] VD 1. be one's tribe, band, nationality. 2. be one's race. 1. taatakitaa 2. tiikitaa 4. iriiraakitaaru 5. tiikitaarista • kikii raasakitaa? what is your tribe? akitaaru™ [à-k†-taa-r‰™] N {comb., akitaar-, akitaah-} 1. tribe, band; nationality. 2. race. • akitaahkat in the tribe. • Paari iriiraakitaahku where the Pawnee tribe lives. • iriiraakitaahwiwaahat where the different tribes live, as on different reservations. see alien {caahiksuupiiru™} tribe, alien see Apache {katahkaa™} trick see cheat {kiriwiskii}; deceive {awikiriwiskii} trickery see deception {kiriwisu™} Trickster Tahkuki, Tahkutiri™ [tàh-k‰-k†, tßh-kŠt†-ri™] N 1. Coyote, Wolf, the trickster in tales. 2. (contemp.) mischievous child, person; ornery boy. trickster see coyote {ckirihki} tricky see deceitful {kiriwis}; deviously {kiriwisiri™} trill riiwaahuuk [•rii-waa-huu{k/t}•] VI(4) ululate; trill, make a victory trill, as a female's cry of appreciation when she is receiving a present or recognizing the bravery of a warrior or soldier. 1. tahiiwaahuut 2. tiriiwaahuut 3. tiriiwaahuuku™ 4. iriirariiwaahuut 5. tiriiwaahuuksta • tirariiwaahuuku™ they are ululating. trim see cut {tara™uk}; slice {tarahak} trim off see scrape {kicuuciriik (uur...)} trimmed see sliced {tarahaks} trip see stumble {uhuuririkisat} tripe see stomach (of a ruminant) {paaraarickuu-

truthful su™}

triumph see win (a game) {awicat} tromp see stamp the foot {asukaa™a (ir...)} troop iriwis- [†-r†-w†s•] N-DEP 1. war party. 2. troop, company of soldiers. 3. line of warriors or soldiers, as in battle formation. • iriwisat war party to go. iriwisuuru™ [‡-r†-w†-suu-r‰™] N {comb., iriwis-} 1. war party, group of warriors. 2. (contemp.) troop, company of soldiers. see poised to fight {kusuhuhca} troop to go iriwisat [•†-r†-w†-sßt•] VI(1) 1. war party to go. 2. troop, company of soldiers to go. 3. be a line of warriors or soldiers, as in rank or battle formation. 2. tiiriwisat 3. tiiriwispuu™ 4. iriiraariwisata 5. tiiriwisuhta trot ica™iitas-i (uur...) [•†-Ùß-™ii-tßs•†•] VI(2) trot; jog, as a horse. 1. tatpakuraariks 2. tiwakuraariks 3. tiwakuraariksu™ 4. iriirawakuraariksa 5. tiwakuraariksista truthfully see speak truthfully {wakaawiraariks [+ i-]} try (legal) see trial (legal) {riwaawaktiik/tik-} try out see test {tiirariihk} tub see bathtub {raruuciriiwa™} tube see tire, rubber {aspaatahuuru™} Tuesday Pitku Rasakuuru [p†t-k‰ rà-sß-kuu-r‰] N Tuesday. tug see pull {awiciihkuk (ut...)} tunnel hatkaahuuru™ [hàt-kaa-huu-r‰™] N {comb., hatkaahuur-, hatkaahuh-} 1. elongated hole, tubular hole, as in a pipestem, hairpipe, hose, log. 2. tunnel. 3. shallow ditch, trench, furrow, as dug around the periphery of a tent to keep out water. • hatkaahuuhiri™ in an elongated hole. • iriirahatkaahuhkatasa where an elongated hole is. turf see dirt clod {huutaa™u™} turkey kituhaaru™ [k‡-t‰-haa-r‰™] N {comb., kituhaar-, kituhaah-} turkey (wild and domestic) (Meleagris gallopavo). • kituhaahkat on the turkey. turkey vulture see vulture {cusawi™, pakskiraruuc, pakskiciis, rikucpakskiciis} turn apitaarahak (ut...) [•ß-p†-taa-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. turn around; turn back, herd back. 2. turn, as a wheel. 3. wind, as a clock. 4. turn on, as a radio. 5. crank. 1. tatuutapitaarahat 2. tuutapitaarahat 3. tuutapitaarahaaku™ 4. iriruutapitaarahat 5. tuutapitaarahaksta • sitiitapitaarahat they turned him back. ikiraarahak (ut...) [•†-k†-raa-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) turn, twist; turn around, twist around, as a wrench, pliers, or leather. 1. tatuutikiraarahat 2. tuutikiraarahat 3. tuutikiraarahaaku™ 4. iriruutikiraarahat 5. tuutikiraarahaksta see change direction {uhuraar (ut...)}; veer {pirawiitik} turn around ikiraahak (ut...) [•†-k†-raa-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., ikiraawaahak (ut...)} 1. turn, as in another direction; turn around, twist around, turn to face the opposite direction. 2. look back behind one, as to see someone or something in one's rear.

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turn on a knob 1. tatuutikiraahat 2. tuutikiraahat 3. tuutikiraahaaku™ 4. iriruutikiraahat 5. tuutikiraahaksta • iriruutikiraawaahaku the one who is twisting his body around. see swing around {awiirikaraahak (ut...)} turn down see refuse a request {wakuraawaa} turn into awi™aar [•ß-wi-™aa(r)•] VT(1-i) 1. turn into, transform into. 2. imitate, act like. 1. taatawi™aa 2. tiiwi™aa 3. tiiwi™aari™ 4. iriiraawi™aara 5. tiiwi™aarista awira™uk [•ß-w†-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) turn into, transform into, as a magician who transforms one object into another. 1. taatawiru™ 2. tiiwiru™ 3. tiiwiruuku™ 4. iriiraawira™u 5. tiiwiruuksta turn loose see let go {uhurahak, uhuuhurahak} turn off see pull off (from a road) {icakak} turn off a light huuwirikiihk [•huu-w†-r†kii(h){k/t}•] VT(1) {dist., huuwaawirikiihk} 1. put out a fire, extinguish a fire, cause a fire to go out. 2. put a light out, turn a light off, as that of a lantern, lamp, electric light. 3. turn a stove burner off. 1. tatuuwirikiit 2. tihuuwirikiit 3. tihuuwirikiihku™ 4. iriirahuuwirikiihka 5. tihuuwirikiihkista • tatuuwaawirikiihku™ I am putting out fires or lights. turn on raarapitaarahak (ut...) [•raa-rß-p†-taarß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. wind, as a clock. 2. start, turn on, as an automobile, radio, television. 3. crank. 1. tatuuhaarapitaarahat 2. tuuhaarapitaarahat 3. tuuhaarapitaarahaaku™ 4. iriruuhaarapitaarahat 5. tuuhaarapitaarahaksta rariira™uk [•rß-rii-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. ignite, spark, light, as a blaze, fire. 2. light, as a pipe, kerosene lantern. 3. turn on a burner, as on a gas or electric stove. 4. light, turn a light on, as an electric light switch. 1. tahariiru™ 2. tirariiru™ 3. tirariiruuku™ 4. iriirarariira™u 5. tirariiruuksta taruucuh [•tß-ruu-Ù‰(h)•] VT(1) {dist., taruucpaawuh} 1. build a fire, make a fire; start a fire. 2. (contemp.) turn on a fire, a burner, as on a stove or heater; light a heater. 1. tactaruucu 2. titaruucu 3. titaruucuhu™ 4. iriirataruucuha 5. titaruucista • titaruucpaawu he made fires here and there. see start (a motor) {raaririkaraarahak (ut...)} turn on (a dial) see turn {apitaarahak (ut...)} turn on a knob iksapitaarahak (ut...) [•†k-sß-p†taa-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. turn on, as a knob on an appliance. 2. crank; wind. 3. move a hand, as on a

turn over clock. 1. tatuutiksapitaarahat 2. tuutiksapitaarahat 3. tuutiksapitaarahaaku™ 4. iriruutiksapitaarahat 5. tuutiksapitaarahaksta • tatuutiksapitaarahat skukahaahkat I turned the knob on the stove on. turn over iripiitatk [•†-r†-pii-tßt(k)•] VT(1) turn upside down; turn over. 1. taatiripiitat 2. tiiripiitat 3. tiiripiitatku™ 4. iriiraaripiitatka 5. tiiripiitatkista • sukstaariripiitat turn them over! iripiitik [•†-r†-pii-t†{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. turn on its side. 2. turn over, turn upside down, as a box. 1. taatiripiitit 2. tiiripiitit 3. tiiripiitiku™ 4. iriiraaripiitit 5. tiiripiitiksta • tiraariripiitit they turned it upside down. iriwiraarahak [•†-r†-w†-raa-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. roll over, push over, as a body; cause to fall and roll. 2. turn over, overturn, capsize, as a boat. 1. taatiriwiraarahat 2. tiiriwiraarahat 3. tiiriwiraarahaaku™ 4. iriiraariwiraarahat 5. tiiriwiraarahaksta see fall over {iriwiraahak}; flip over {awiirikaraarahak (ut...)} turn over soil see cultivate {huraahkara™uk} turn to face ickawiitik (uur...) [•†ts-kß-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) turn to face, as a certain direction; face, meet face to face. 1. tatuurickawiitit 2. tuurickawiitit 3. tuurickawiitiku™ 4. iriruurickawiitit 5. tuurickawiitiksta see face someone {kusickawiitik (uur...)} turn up see bend upward {katawiirik} turn up the nose ickiista™at [•†ts-kiis-tß-™ßt•] VI(1) {dist., ickiistawarii} 1. turn up one's nose, wrinkle one's nose. 2. sniff, as when one wrinkles the nose. 1. taatickiista™at 2. tiickiista™at 3. tiickiistawuu™ 4. iriiraackiistaata 5. tiickiistahuhta • taatickiistawarii™ I am sniffing around. turn upside down icahpuh [•†-Ùßh-p‰(h)•] VT(1) 1. tip over, tip, as when emptying a container; turn on its side. 2. turn upside down. 1. taaticahpu 2. tiicahpu 3. tiicahpuhu™ 4. iririicahpuha 5. tiicahpista turning ikiraa- (ut...) [†-k†-raa• (‰t...)] LOC turning, twisting around. • ikiraahak (ut...) turn, as in another direction. • ikiraarahak (ut...) turn, twist, as a wrench, pliers. • ruukiraahak (ut...) swing around, twirl around. ikitaa- (ut...) [†-k†-taa• (‰t...)] LOC turning, twisting

twins around. • ikitaahak (ut...) turn around, turn back. • ikitaarahak (ut...) twist, turn around, as a wrench. • ruukitaahak (ut...) twirl, swing around. turnip pacuuka™ [pà-Ùuu-kß™] N 1. prairie turnip, breadroot (Psoralea esculenta); 2. (contemp.) turnip. <wacuukar, i.q. Ar. WAsu÷ka™, WIsu÷ka™; cf. Ar. WIsuukAhkaruuwat÷x wild turnip digging stick> turtle caas, icaas [ÙaÑs, ‡-Ùaas] N {comb., (i)caas-} turtle, terrapin. • caasihari™ a young turtle. • caaskucuu™ large turtle. turtle shell caastaaku™ [Ùaas-taÑ-k‰™] N turtle shell. • caastaakiri™ on a turtle shell. turtle, box caaskiwiktu™ [Ùaas-k‡-w†k-t‰™] N sand turtle, box turtle (Terrapene spp.). tweezers haawatiihus [haÑ-wß-tii-h‰s] N 1. coil, coiled wire, spring. 2. tweezers, originally of coiled wire or springs, used to remove body hair. • haawatiihusiri™ with tweezers. • ki™iskuraruu haawatiihus hand me the tweezers. twelve pitkusuusiri™ [p†t-k‰-su÷-s†-ri™] NUM twelve. twenty piita™u™ [piæ-tß-™u™] NUM twenty. twice pitkusihiri™ [p‡t-k‰-s†-h†-ri™] ADV twice, two times; two by two. twig see wood (small piece) {rakiripahki} twilight huusakahaaru™ [huu-sà-kß-haa-r‰™] N evening twilight, last light on the horizon after sunset. • tihuusakahaaruuhat it is the evening twilight. • iriirahuusakahaaruhat where the last light of day extends across the horizon. riisuuru™ [rii-su÷-r‰™] N dawn twilight, first light of day on the horizon. see light {kiraarawataar} twine rakictahkariipiiru™ [rà-k†ts-tßh-kß-rii-pii-r‰™] N twine, as formerly used for tying groceries and now packages. takiitu™ [tà-kii-t‰™] N 1. thread, sewing thread. 2. twine, cord. • takiitkat on the thread. • takiitiri™ with the thread. • takiitu™ tutkitiirat the thread is wound around it (a spool). • tiicaku takiitkat it is threaded, as a needle. • siistitpaat taaticakuus takiitkat I threaded the needle. see binding twine {takiitkucuu™}; string {haski, haskiicu™} twinkle see shine {kicapic}; shiny {kiciirikiis} twins taraahki [tß-raÑh-k†] N twins.

twirl around see swing around {awiirikaraarahak (ut...)}

twist pirawiitik

[•p†-rß-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., pirawiiruutik} 1. twist, as one's body; twist, wind, bend,

curve, as an elongated object like a stick, worm, or road. 2. turn, veer in another direction, as when changing one's course. 1. tatpirawiitit 2. tipirawiitit 3. tipirawiitiku™ 4. iriirapirawiitit 5. tipirawiitiksta • tipirawiiruutit he zigzagged. see bend {piruusta™uk}; turn {ikiraarahak (ut...)}; wring out {ikiraat (ut...)} twist around see turn around {ikiraahak (ut...)} twisted see crooked {piruus} twister see whirlwind {tuuwirikii™} twitch see move (involuntarily) {takuk} two pitku [p‡t-k‰] NUM {comb., pitkus-} two. typewriter raakstacuukuku ruurariiruku [raÑkstß-Ùuu-k‰-k‰ ruu-rà-rii-r‰-k‰] N typewriter.

U udder iitkiraaru™ [iæt-k†-raa-r‰™] N udder.

• iitkiraariri™, iitkiraahkat in/on the udder.

ululate see trill {riiwaahuuk} umbrella kipaasi™u™ [k†-paÑ-si-™u™]

N 1. fan, as a hand fan or an electric fan. 2. umbrella. • kipaasikat in/on the fan; on the umbrella. • tactahit kipaasihiri™ I hit him with the umbrella. • tatkipaasiraa I am carrying an umbrella. unable to ascend tawiir-i [•tß-wiir•†•] VP(1) be stuck, stalled, as when unable to proceed uphill; be unable to ascend a hill. 1. tikutawi™ 2. titawi™ 3. titawiirihu™ 4. iriiratawiira 5. titawiiriista unbalanced see ill, mentally {Ø (ut...) paksiri™}; insane {paksicaraks} unbind see untie {haaskiihkiiriwat} unburdened see light on one's feet {awikusis} uncertain acikskariwaah [•ß-Ù†ks-kß-r†-waa(h)•] VP(1) be uncertain, unsure, confused; be undecided, as when having one's thoughts on many things and not being certain what to do. 1. tikuucikskariwaa 2. tiicikskariwaa 3. tiicikskariwaahi™ 4. iriiraacikskariwaaha 5. tiicikskariwaahista acikstaraa [•ß-Ù†ks-tß-raa•] VD be uncertain, unsure; be in doubt, as what to do; be undecided.

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1. taatacikstaraa™ 2. tiicikstaraa™ 4. iriiraacikstaraa™u 5. tiicikstaraacta taraawaah [•tß-raa-waa(h)•] VP(1-i) be uncertain, unsure; be undecided. 1. tikutaraawaa 2. titaraawaa 3. titaraawaahi™ 4. iriirataraawaaha 5. titaraawaahista see doubtful {raataraa} uncle (maternal) -waciriks [•wß-Ù†-r†ks] N-KIN uncle (mother's brother) (with 1st and 2nd person possessors). • tiwaciriks my, our uncle. • paciriks your uncle. -wariiriks [•wß-rii-r†ks] N-KIN uncle (mother's brother) (with 3rd person possessor). • iwariiriks his, her, their uncle. unclean see dirty {aciicis (ut...), aciicisaar (ut...), aciicista™uk (ut...)} unconscious see fall unconscious {kuuctakaahak} uncooked see raw {kipaacu™, kipaac} uncooked corn see corn, raw {rikiiskipaacu™} uncooperative huhtawii (ut...) [•h‰h-tß-wii•] VD {dist., huhtawiika™uk} 1. be difficult to please, hard to please; be difficult to deal with. 2. be uncooperative; be reluctant to cooperate; be unwilling to help, assist. 1. tatutuhtawi™ 2. tutuhtawi™ 4. iriirutuhtawii™u 5. tutuhtawiicta • tutuhtawiika™ut he is hard to please in all ways. uncover katariikiwat (ut...) [•kß-tß-rii-k†-wßt•] VT(2-i) uncover, take a cover off, unwrap, as someone wrapped in a robe or something with a cover over it. 1. tatutkatariikiwat 2. tutkatariikiwat 3. tutkatariikiwati™ 4. iriruutkatariikiwati 5. tutkatariikiwatista see take off (a lid) {haakaawatatuuk} undaunted see bold {awira™a (ir...) [+ neg.]} undecided see uncertain {acikskariwaah, acikstaraa, taraawaah} undependable see unreliable {uhuhkiiskawaarasit} under katiirisir [•kß-tii-r†-s†(r)•] VI(1) be sandwiched between two objects; be under an object, as when hiding something. 1. tatkatiirisi 2. tikatiirisi 4. iriirakatiirisira 5. tikatiirisiracta uhuhkaa- [‰-h‰h-kaa•] LOC under, underneath, as under an object or a surface. • uhuhkaa™at go under; walk under. • uhuhkaahak go under, pass under. • ruuhuhkaahak take under, carry under.

under one's arm uhuhkaahaahiri™ [‰-h‰h-kaa-haa-h†-ri™] ADV under, underneath, beneath. • tiiwarii™ uhuhkaahaahiri™ he is jumping around under it. see hidden under {irisir} under one's arm see arm, under one's {irikata(ut...)}; carry under one's arm {arikatakustaah (ut...)} under, out from see pull out from under {kiiriwat} underarm see armpit {ariktaaka™u™} underarm odor see body odor {pahuksacaciks} undergarment rahkasiikaawi™u™ [ràh-kß-sii-kaawi-™u™] N undergarment, as a man's undershirt, or a woman's underskirt or slip. • rahkasiikaawikat on the undergarment. underground, go see go underground {kaa™at} underneath see downstairs {uhuhkiihaaru™} underside see upside down {iripiitatakus} understand atka™uk [•ßt-kß-™u{k/t}•] VI(3) {dist., atkawaawa™uk} 1. hear, listen. 2. understand. 1. taatatku™ 2. tiitku™ 3. tiitkuuku™ 4. iriiraatka™u 5. tiitkuuksta • tiiratkawaawuuku™ they (different ones) heard it; they heard things, as rumors. atka™uk (uur...) [•ßt-kß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) {dist., atkawaawa™uk (uur...)} 1. hear, listen to; hear from. 2. understand. 1. tatuuratku™ 2. tuuratku™ 3. tuuratkuuku™ 4. iriruuratka™u 5. tuuratkuuksta • tatuuraakatkawaawuuku™ I am listening to them; I always listen to them. atkiisik [•ßt-kii-s†{k/t}•] VD(2) 1. be able to hear; hear well. 2. understand, be able to understand, as another language. 3. be heedful, mindful, obedient, as when paying attention or being obedient. 1. taatatkiisit 2. titkiisit 4. iriiratkiisiki, iriiraatkiisiki 5. tiitkiisikuksta • tiiratkiisit they can hear. undertake see take over {ruuhurirahak (ut...)} underwater huukaawi™u™ [huu-kaÑ-wi-™u™] N 1. underwater; deep water. 2. stream bed, as of a creek or river. • huukaawihiri™ underwater; on the stream bed. kicuuhiri™ [k†-Ùu÷-h†-ri™] ADV underwater, on the floor of a watercourse or body of water, as a stream, lake, or well. underwear ruuskuukukaawi™u™ [ruus-ku÷-k‰kaa-wi-™u™] N underwear, undergarment; briefs, shorts; panties; long underwear. undress ruwaahaahkiir [+ raar-] [•ru-waa-haah-

unmarried woman kii(r)•] VT(1) 1. undress, take off clothing. 2. strip,

remove covers, as from a bed or chair. 3. remove, take out, as items from a container.

1. taharuwaahaahkii™ 2. tiraruwaahaahkii™ 3. tiraruwaahaahkiiru™ 4. iriirararuwaahaahkiira 5. tiraruwaahaahkiirista unexpected see spontaneous {raahuuwicaks (ir...)} unfold iriikiwat (ut...) [•†-rii-k†-wßt•] VT(2-i) unfold; unroll, as something rolled up. 1. tatuutiriikiwat 2. tuutiriikiwat 3. tuutiriikiwati™ 4. iriruutiriikiwati 5. tuutiriikiwatista unfriendly aciksuhuriwaar (uur...) [+ neg.] [•ßÙ†k-s‰-h‰-r†-waa(r)•] VI(1-a) be ill-natured, surly, unfriendly, grumpy; have bad feelings, as one who is socially hostile or who does not have kind or good thoughts. 1. kaakatuuraciksuhuriwaa 2. kaakuuraciksuhuriwaa 4. iriikararuuraciksuhuriwaara 5. kaakuuraciksuhuriwaarasta unkempt icaraks [•†-Ùß-rßks•] VD 1. be crazy. 2. be mischievous, ornery; be rude, impolite, rowdy. 3. be unkempt, as a carelessly dressed person. 1. taaticara™aks 2. tiicara™aks 4. iriiraacaraaksu 5. tiicaraksuksta unlace see untie {haaskiihkiiriwat} unlatch see unlock {caakarikuk (ut...), haakcaakarikuk (ut...)} unlike see different {ikiwir} unload awaahkiir [+ raar-] [•ß-waah-kii(r)•] VT(1) {dist., ruuwaahaahkiir [+ raar-]} (pl. obj.) 1. leave, leave behind. 2. unload, as a horse. 3. take off, as clothes. 1. tahaarawaahkii™ 2. tiraarawaahkii™ 3. tiraarawaahkiiru™ 4. iriiraraarawaahkiira 5. tiraarawaahkiirista • taharuuwaahaahkii™ I unloaded them, unloaded things. see put off {takaarahak} unlock caakarikuk (ut...) [•Ùaa-kß-r†-k‰{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. extract a nail, pull a nail out. 2. unlock, unlatch. 3. open, as a bottle. 1. tatucaakarikut 2. tucaakarikut 3. tucaakarikuku™ 4. iriirucaakarikut 5. tucaakarikuksta haakcaakarikuk (ut...) [•haak-Ùaa-kß-r†-k‰{k/t}•] VT(4) unlock, unlatch, as a door. 1. tatutaakcaakarikut 2. tutaakcaakarikut 3. tutaakcaakarikuku™ 4. iriirutaakcaakarikut 5. tutaakcaakarikuksta unmarried woman see woman, unmarried {cuuraasu™}

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unravel unravel kiwat

[•k†-wßt•] VT(2-i) {dist., kiruuwat} 1. take apart, dismantle. 2. unravel, as cloth. 3. rip, rip apart, as cloth. 1. tatkiwat 2. tikiwat 3. tikiwati™ 4. iriirakiwati 5. tikiwatista • tikiruuwat he took them apart. see come apart {kiwatak} unreal raruuka™aatu™ [rß-ru÷-kß-™aa-t‰™] ADJ artificial, imitation, unreal, not real; imaginary. unreliable uhuhkiiskawaarasit [•‰-h‰h-kiis-kßwaa-rß-s†t•] VD 1. act inappropriately, mischievously; act in a socially displeasing manner. 2. be unreliable, undependable. 1. taatuhuhkiiskawaarasi™it 2. tiihuhkiiskawaarasi™it 4. iriiruhuhkiiskawaarasiitu 5. tiihuhkiiskawaarasituksta unrestrained see wild {icaktuukus} unroll see spread out {iriwahik}; spread out flat {iriwakuusk}; unfold {iriikiwat (ut...)} unruly see wild {icakahuur} unskilled see awkward {kariis/ris} unsociable aciksuhuuricaahiks [•ß-Ù†k-s‰-huur†-Ùaa-h†ks•] VD {dist., aciksuhuuricaahiksik} 1. be, feel friendly; be, feel sociable. 2. (neg.) feel, be unsociable. 1. taataciksuhuuricaahiks 2. tiiciksuhuuricaahiks 4. iriiraaciksuhuuricaahiksu 5. tiiciksuhuuricaahiksuksta • wiikaakaataciksuhuuricaahiksit I am not feeling sociable. unsure see uncertain {acikskariwaah, acikstaraa, taraawaah} untangle see untie {kariikiwat (ut...) [+ raar-]} untie haaskiihkiiriwat [•haas-kiih-kii-r†-wßt•] VT(2i) unlace, untie, as a bundle; unbind; pull a lace or cord out of something tied together. 1. tataaskiihkiiriwat 2. tihaaskiihkiiriwat 3. tihaaskiihkiiriwati™ 4. iriirahaaskiihkiiriwati 5. tihaaskiihkiiriwatista kariikiwat (ut...) [+ raar-] [•kß-rii-k†-wßt•] VT(2-i) 1. untie, unwrap; ref. to a cloth bundle. 2. untangle, as wire, thread, a hose. 1. tatuuhahkariikiwat 2. tuuhahkariikiwat 3. tuuhahkariikiwati™ 4. iriruuhahkariikiwati 5. tuuhahkariikiwatista tariikiwat (ut...) [•tß-rii-k†-wßt•] VT(2-i) untie, as a knot or bundle. 1. tatuctariikiwat 2. tuctariikiwat 3. tuctariikiwati™ 4. iriiructariikiwati 5. tuctariikiwatista unusual see strange (of a person or animal) {awakiir/kir (ir...)}; strange (of a way) {raawakiir/kir (ir...)}

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upside down unwilling see obstinate {pakskitii}; uncooperative {huhtawii (ut...)}

unwound see come apart {kiwatak} unwrap see uncover {katariikiwat (ut...)}; untie {kariikiwat (ut...) [+ raar-]}

unyielding see firm {raakasis}; persevering {tarahaks}

up ackat [àts-kßt] ADV up, up above. • ackat tiiwarii™ it is flying up above. see climb up coming {kata™a (ir...)} up an incline see go up an incline {katawiiriitik} upland plover kaa™ata [kaÑ-™ß-tß] N upland plover (Upland Sandpiper, Bartramia longicauda). upright cawiirik (uur...) [•Ùß-wii-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) {pl. subj., ca™iwaarik (uur...)} 1. be standing upright. 2. be standing stopped; stop in a standing position. 1. tatuuhcawiirit 2. tuuhcawiirit 3. tuuhcawiiriki™ 4. iriruuhcawiiriki 5. tuuhcawiiriksta uuriirik [•uu-rii-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) {dist., uurawiirik} 1. stand, stand upright. 2. stop, halt, come to a halt. 1. tatuuriirit 2. ti™uuriirit 4. iriira™uuriiriki 5. ti™uuriiriksta • ti™uurawiirit he stopped here and there. wi- [w†•] LOC upright; vertically, in a vertical position. • wikii™ac be high, tall. • wikasis be solidly anchored in an upright position, be solidly upright. • wi™ak [+ (ku-, ruu-), i-] be a certain height, length. wiira- [wii-rß•] LOC upright, sticking up, protruding. • wiiraarik be standing up, sticking up, as objects in a row. • wiirakus sit, stand, or protrude upright, as the leg of a table. see set upright {cawuh (uur...)}; sit upright {cawikus (uur...)}; stand upright {cawi™uuriirik (uur...)}; stick up {ca (uur...)} upright (solidly) wikasis [•w†-kß-s†s•] VD be solidly anchored in an upright position, solidly upright. <wi+kasis, be solidly upright> 2. tiwikasis 4. iriirawikasisu 5. tiwikasisuksta upset see confuse {aciksicaraksta™uk}; confused {aciksicaraks}; worried {acikskaruus} upside down iripiita- [†-r†-pii-tß•] LOC upside down, face down on one's stomach. • iripiita™ukuk fall on one's stomach, fall face downward. • iripiitat be upside down. • iripiitatk turn upside down; turn onto the stomach, turn over, turn over face down. iripiitata- [†-r†-pii-tß-tß•] LOC upside down, face down on one's stomach. • iripiitata™uukuk fall on one's stomach (voluntar-

upstairs ily). • iripiitatasa be lying on one's stomach. iripiitatakus [•†-r†-pii-tß-tß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be upside down, on its underside, as an object. 2. tiiripiitataku 4. iriiraaripiitataku 5. tiiripiitatakusta see tip over {icahpuh}; turn over {iripiitik}; turn upside down {icahpuh} upstairs akahuukitawi™u™ [à-kß-huu-k†-tß-wi-™u™] N 1. attic. 2. upstairs, second floor of a house. • akahuukitawikat in the attic; on the second floor. • tikaakuusu™ akahuukitawikat he stays upstairs, lives upstairs, on the second floor, as in an apartment. upstream ickawiira- [†ts-kß-wii-rß•] LOC 1. upstream. 2. westward, in a westerly direction. • ickawiira™at go upstream; go west. • ickawiira™a (ir...) come upstream; come west. upward see extended upward {ickawiir}; raise upward {ickawiiriitik} urge see encourage {kuuca™is} urgent matter ruukiraaruur [•ruu-k†-raa-ruu(r)•] VD be an urgent or pressing matter, as one needing immediate attention. 2. tiruukiraaruu™ 4. iriiraruukiraaruuru 5. tiruukiraaruuruksta urinate kaacuuh [•kaa-Ùuu(h)•] VI(1) urinate. 1. tatkaacu™ 2. tikaacu™ 3. tikaacuuhu™ 4. iriirakaacuuha 5. tikaacuuhista • tihkaacuuhu™ they are urinating. kakiraawuh [•kß-k†-raa-w‰(h)•] VI(1) urinate. 1. tatkakiraawu 2. tikakiraawu 3. tikakiraawuhu™ 4. iriirakakiraawuha 5. tikakiraawista urine asuris [ß-sŠ-r†s] N urine; odor of urine. • asuriskat in urine. • asuris tikica there is urine there. use raar (ir...ut...) [•raa(r)•] VT(u) use. 1. tatiihaa™ 2. tuuhaa™ 4. iriruuhaaru 5. tuuhaaruksta raarahak (ut...) [•raa-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) use, employ, utilize ceremonially, as a bundle; handle. 1. tatuuhaarahat 2. tuuhaarahat 3. tuuhaarahaaku™ 4. iriruuhaarahat 5. tuuhaarahaksta used to see accustomed to {tii (ut...)}; tame {tiira™uk (ut...)} usher taruucuhus [tà-ruu-Ù‰-h‰s] N 1. errand man, fire keeper, fire tender, as in a ceremony. 2. servant. 3. usher, as in a theater. utilize see use {raarahak (ut...)} utterance see voice {pakuuru™}

value

V vain kiis (ir...)

[•kiis•] VD 1. be vain, proud, as someone who is a show-off or who dresses ostentatiously or fastidiously; be conceited. 2. be one who exaggerates, prevaricates, as one who embellishes stories or accounts. 1. tatihkiis 2. takiis 4. iriirakiisu 5. takiisuksta kiisaar (ir...) [•kii-saa(r)•] VI(1-i) {dist., kiispaah} 1. be vain, proud. 2. lie, tell a lie, prevaricate; be deceptive; fabricate; exaggerate, embellish, as when recounting an incident. 1. tatihkiisaa 2. takiisaa 3. takiisaari™ 4. iriirakiisaara 5. takiisaarista • takiispaahi™ he is exaggerating, embellishing an account. valley huukiihaar [•huu-kii-haa(r)•] VD be a valley; be a bottoms, as of a stream course. 2. tihuukiihaa 4. iriirahuukiihaaru 5. tihuukiihaaruksta see bed (of body of water) {huukiihaaru™}; flat ground {kuuhaaru™} valley floor see floor {uktatakat} valley, bottom of see bottom land {hukahaaru™} valorous see brave {raahikuuc, raahikuucu™} valuable raapirihuur [•raa-p†-r†-huu(r)•] VD 1. be valuable, highly regarded, valued; be desirable; be cherished, as an object. 2. be esteemed, highly thought of, held dear, valued, as a person.

2. tiraapirihuu™ 4. iriiraraapirihuuru 5. tiraapirihuuruksta value raaciksta™u (ir...) [•raa-Ù†ks-tß-™u•] VT(3) value, esteem; love, as a person; like, as a pet.

1. tatiraacikstu™ 2. taraacikstu™ 3. taraacikstuuku™ 4. iriiraraaciksta™u 5. taraacikstuuksta raaciksta™u (ir...ri...uur...) [•raa-Ù†ks-tß-™u•] VT(3) value, esteem, hold dear, cherish, as an object or an activity; love, have affection for, as a person; like, as a pet. 1. tatiriiraacikstu™ 2. taruuraacikstu™ 3. taruuraacikstuuku™ 4. iriiraruuraaciksta™u 5. taruuraacikstuuksta raacikstaapirihuur (ir...ri...uur...) [•raa-Ù†ks-taap†-r†-huu(r)•] VT(u) value, esteem, think highly of, as a possession or person; love, have affection for, as a person; like, as a pet. 1. tatiriiraacikstaapirihuu™ 2. taruuraacikstaapi-

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valued rihuu™ 4. iriiraruuraacikstaapirihuuru 5. taruuraacikstaapirihuuruksta see love {aciksta}; price {awicuuru™} valued see esteemed {raapirihuur}; loved {acikstawis} vanish see disappear {awihurahac, uhuuhurahac, uusiksat}; go out of sight {iisat} veer pirawiitik [•p†-rß-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., pirawiiruutik} 1. twist, as one's body; twist, wind, bend, curve, as an elongated object like a stick, worm, or road. 2. turn, veer in another direction, as when changing one's course. 1. tatpirawiitit 2. tipirawiitit 3. tipirawiitiku™ 4. iriirapirawiitit 5. tipirawiitiksta • tipirawiiruutit he zigzagged. vein see blood vessel {paatahuuru™} venom see poison {kahcicari™is} Venus see Evening Star {Cuupiriktaakaa} vermilion see paint, red {pahaatu™} vessel see kettle {kuucki} vest kisikitkuuku™u™ [k‡-s†-k†t-kuu-ku-™u™] N {comb., kisikitkuuku-} vest. • kisikitkuukukat on the vest. vest, wear a kisikitkaa [•k†-s†-k†t-kaa•] VL be wearing a vest, have a vest on. 1. tatkisikitkaa 2. tikisikitkaa 4. iriirakisikitkaawi 5. tikisikitkaawista vicinity, in the raatiihuruu (ut...) [•raa-tii-h‰ruu•] VI(4) {dist., raatiihuruuka™uk (ut...)} 1. be in the vicinity of; loiter, linger, hang around. 2. attend, as a spectator. 3. participate, join, as an activity. 4. take an interest in, as an activity or event. 1. tatuuhaatiihuruu™ 2. tuuhaatiihuruu™ 4. iriruuhaatiihuruu 5. tuuhaatiihuruucta • tuuhaatiihuruuka™ut he loitered all over. see around someone {tiihuruu (ut...)} vicious see mean {icariis} Victory Dance Kiisaaka™u™ [kii-saÑ-kß-™u™] N (formerly) Scalp Dance; (contemp.) Victory Dance. vigilant see alert {raaraciihtis}; careful {uhuuwicaks (ir...)}; cautious {irihaariwarik (ut...)}; watchful {raaciksta (ut...)} vigorous see strong {tarahkiis/kis} village itak [•†-tß{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. be a village. 2. be a camp. 3. be a town, settlement. 2. ti™itat 4. iriira™itat 5. ti™itaksta ituhkus [•†-t‰h-k‰(s)•] VI(4) {dist., ituhwiwaahak} 1. be a village. 2. be a town, settlement. 3. be a camp. 4. (contemp.) be a campground, as in a park. 2. tiituhku 4. iriiraatuhku 5. tiituhkusta • tiiraatuhwiwaahat these villages.

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visit ituuru™ [†-tu÷-r‰™] N {comb., (i)tuur-, (i)tur-, (i)tuh-} 1. village. 2. camp. 3. town; settlement. • tuhkat in the village. • iriiraatuurickahat where the end of the village is. • iriiraaturihuuru where the big village is. see build an earthlodge village {kitkiira™uk}; earthlodge village {kitkahaaru™}; middle of a village {icahkahaar}; set up a village {ituhwiitik, itura™uk} Village Along The Bank Tuhuucaku [tŠ-huuÙß-k‰] N Village Along The Bank, a former Skiri village in Nebraska. Village Beside A Stream Kitkahaarawiicaku [k‡t-kß-haa-rß-wii-Ùß-k‰] N Village Beside A Stream, a former Skiri village in Nebraska.

Village Stretching Along The Bottoms Tuhiicpii™at [tŠ-hiits-pii-™ßt] N Village Stretching Along The Bottoms, as by a stream; a former Skiri village in Nebraska. village, go to the edge of see edge of a village, go to the {icpaatat} village, in a cahkahaahiri™ [Ùàh-kß-haa-h†-ri™] ADV in a village; (contemp.) in a town, city; in town. • tuutawaahi™ cahkahaahiri™ he is working in town. • tihukakusparii™ cahkahaahiri™ he is riding around (in a car) in town. village, interior of a see interior of a village {cahkahaaru™} village, take down a see break camp {ituraahura™uk} village, through a icahka- [†-Ùßh-kß•] LOC 1. in a village, in a town. 2. through a village, through a town. • icahka™at go through a village. • icahka™a (ir...) come through a village. • icahkakus 1. be sitting in a village. 2. live in a village. village, to the see take home {rikaa™iisat} vine haakasu™ [haÑ-kß-s‰™] N {pl., haakastaaru™} vine; bush, as a berry or rose bush. • haakasiri™ with a vine. • haakaskat in/on a vine. • aparuuhaakasu™ berry bush. • tihaakastaararit there are clumps of vines or bushes here and there. vine, squash see squash vine {pahukstaatu™} vine, thorny see thorny plant {haakasicku™} virgin see woman, unmarried {cuuraasu™} vision see dream {raa™itk (ut...)}; dream about {riitki (ut...)} visit hiwihcisat (ir...ri...uur...) [•h†-w†h-Ù†-sßt•]

voice VT(1) PERF

wade go to visit someone.

1. tatiriihiwihcisat 2. taruuhiwihcisat 3. taruuhiwihcispuu™ 4. iriiraruuhiwihcisata 5. taruuhiwihcisuhta kuuskahaarat [•kuus-kß-haa-rßt•] VI(1) go to visit friends; go on a friendship or friendly visit. 1. tatkuuskahaarat 2. tikuuskahaarat 3. tikuuskahaariwuu™ 4. iriirakuuskahaarata 5. tikuuskahaahuhta • tirahkuuskahaarat they went on a friendship visit. see friendship {kuuskahaaru™} voice paka™u™ [pà-kß-™u™] N 1. voice; speech. 2. interpreter, translator; speaker of a language. <waka+u™, voice + NOM> pakuhuuru™ [pà-k‰-huu-r‰™] N {comb., pakuhuur-, pakuhuuh-} voice. <wak+uhuur+u™, sound image + NOM> • tiwakuhuuha™iwuu™ her voice is floating down the stream. pakuuru™ [pß-ku÷-r‰™] N {comb., pakur-, pakuh-, wakur-, wakuh-} voice; speech, talk, utterance. <wak+hur+u™, sound place + NOM> • pakuhkat in his speech. wak- [wßk•] N-DEP voice, sound, speech. • waktaa make, emit a noise; honk, as a horn; sound, blow, blare, as a horn. • riwaktik cry out, go through the village announcing, as a village crier does. • raawakur be one's words, be what one told or spoke, as a story, version of a story, or a speech. voice of a spirit pakaraaruuka™aatu™ [pà-kß-raaruu-kß-™aa-t‰™] N 1. echo. 2. spirit's voice; voice of a deceased person; ref. to the voice of a dead person that is sometimes heard. <wakaraar+uuka™aat+u™, shadow speech + NOM> • ti™ pakaraaruuka™aatu™ it is a spirit's voice. vomit kickatara™a (ir...) [•k†ts-kß-tß-raa•] VT(3) 1. boil. 2. bring up, throw up liquid; vomit liquid. 1. tatihkickataraa™ 2. takickataraa™ 3. takickatara™aahu™ 4. iriirakickatara™a 5. takickataraahista rahkata™a (ir...ut...) [•rßh-kß-taa•] VP(3) throw up, vomit, come up involuntarily. 1. tikuuhahkataa™ 2. tuuhahkataa™ 3. tuuhahkata™aahu™ 4. iriruuhahkata™a 5. tuuhahkataahista see throw up {kata™a (ir...ut...)} vomit liquid kickata™a (ir...ut...) [•k†ts-kß-taa•] VP(3) throw up, vomit liquid. 1. tikuutkickataa™ 2. tuutkickataa™ 3. tuutkickata™aahu™ 4. iriruutkickata™a 5. tuutkickataahista voracious riwahtii [•r†-wßh-tii•] VD 1. be voracious,

ravenous, greedy for food, gluttonous; be always hungry, chronically hungry, wanting to eat all the time. 2. be famished, starving. 1. tahiwahtii™ 2. tiriwahtii™ 4. iriirariwahtii™u 5. tiriwahtiicta • tirarariwahtii™ they are voracious. see greedy {rika™uus} vote iksta™uukuk [•†ks-tß-™uu-k‰{k/t}•] VI(4), VT(4) 1. touch; touch one's hand on. 2. vote. 1. taatiksta™uukut 2. tiiksta™uukut 3. tiiksta™uukuku™ 4. iriiraaksta™uukut 5. tiiksta™uukuksta vulture cusawi™ [ÙŠ-sß-wi™] N turkey vulture, buzzard (Cathartes aura).

• cusawikat among the vultures. pakskiciis [pàks-k†-Ùiis] N 1a. bald head, baldheaded. 1b. Baldy, Bald Head, a nickname. 2. turkey vulture, buzzard (Cathartes aura). <paks+kiciis, bald head> pakskiraruuc [pßks-k‡-rß-ruuts] N 1. bald head. 2. turkey vulture, buzzard (Cathartes aura). <paks+kiraruuc, bald head> rikucpakskiciis [r‡-k‰ts-pßks-k†-Ùiis] N turkey vulture, buzzard (Cathartes aura).

W wad up riwiira™uk

[•r†-wii-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. wad up, crumple up, wrinkle up. 2. gather together into a ball, form into a ball. 3. shrink, as material when washed. 1. tahiwiiru™ 2. tiriwiiru™ 3. tiriwiiruuku™ 4. iriirariwiira™u 5. tiriwiiruuksta riwiruura™uk [•r†-w†-ruu-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. wad up, wrinkle up, crumple up. 2. make round. 1. tahiwiruuru™ 2. tiriwiruuru™ 3. tiriwiruuruuku™ 4. iriirariwiruura™u 5. tiriwiruuruuksta see gather {takipuh} wadded up piraarik [•p†-raa-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) 1. be wadded, crumpled up, as paper. 2. zigzag, curve back and forth, wind. 2. tipiraarit 4. iriirapiraariki 5. tipiraariksta see compressed {takipiir}; constricted {riwii} wade haa™at [•haa-™ßt•] VI(1) {dist., haawarii} 1. wade across water; walk, wade in (shallow) water. 2. be in water, float on water, as a boat or duck. 1. tataa™at 2. tihaa™at 3. tihaawuu™ 4. iriirahaata 5. tihaahuhta see go in water {huu™at}

331

wager wager

kahuruucuh (ut...) [•kß-h‰-ruu-Ù‰(h)•] 1. wager with, bet with, put stakes down with, as when wagering with someone. 2. put stakes down for, bet for, as when wagering for someone. 1. tatutkahuruucu 2. tutkahuruucu 3. tutkahuruucuhu™ 4. iriirutkahuruucuha 5. tutkahuruucista see bet {kawiitik, kuusk} wagon raktaawiruus [rßk-taÑ-w†-ruus] N wagon; cart. • raktaawiruuskat on the wagon wheel. wagon box huka™iitu™ [hŠ-kß-™ii-t‰™] N 1. (formerly) wagon box; (contemp.) truck bed. 2. hayrack. • huka™iitkat in the bed of a truck. waistline kisikiitu™ [k‡-s†-kii-t‰™] N {comb., kisikit-} 1. torso. 2. waistline. kisikitiri™ [k†-s†-k‡-t†-ri™] N waistline. wait raahurii (uur...) [•raa-h‰-rii•] VI(4) wait. 1. taturaahurii™ 2. turaahurii™ 4. iriiruraahurii 5. turaahuriicta wait for hurii (ir...uur...) [•h‰-rii•] VT(4) wait for, wait on, as a person or a train. 1. tatiihurii™ 2. tuuhurii™ 3. tuuhuriihu™ 4. iriruuhurii 5. tuuhuriicta raahurii (ir...uur...) [•raa-h‰-rii•] VT(4) wait for, as an activity or event; wait for a time. 1. tatiiraahurii™ 2. tuuraahurii™ 3. tuuraahuriihu™ 4. iriruuraahurii 5. tuuraahuriicta waiter iriiraraakaaruurarikaawarii [†-riæ-rß-raakaa-ruu-rß-r†-kaa-wß-rii] N waitress; waiter. wake up kirika™aar [•k†-r†-kß-™aa(r)•] VP(1-i) wake up, awaken.

1. tikukirika™aa 2. tikirika™aa 3. tikirika™aari™ 4. iriirakirika™aara 5. tikirika™aarista • tirahkirika™aa they woke up. kirika™aariihk [•k†-r†-kß-™aa-rii(h){k/t}•] VT(1) wake, wake up, awaken. 1. tatkirika™aariit 2. tikirika™aariit 3. tikirika™aariihku™ 4. iriirakirika™aariihka 5. tikirika™aariihkista walk see go {at, war, wuu} walk across see go over (an obstacle) {uhuuricawaatat} walk around see be (pl.) {hurii}; go around {warii} walk around inside kaahak [•kaa-hß{k/t}•] VI(4)

332

wall, along a walk around, pass around inside an enclosed space, as a dwelling; walk through, pass through an enclosed space, as a room or dwelling. 1. tatkaahat 2. tikaahat 3. tikaahaaku™ 4. iriirakaahat 5. tikaahaksta walk down with see lead down an incline (going) {cirastawiraa™at (ut...)} walk fast uhuhtaparit [•‰-h‰h-tß-pß-r†t•] VD 1. walk fast, move quickly; scurry. 2. be quick, fast, as in one's movements; be rushed. 1. taatuhuhtaparit, taatuhuhtapari™it 2. tiihuhtapari™it 4. iriiruhuhtapariitu 5. tiihuhtaparituksta walk home with see lead home (going) {ciraskaa™iisat (ut...)} walk inside kaa™aah [•kaa-™aa(h)•] VI(1) {pl. subj., kaahurii} 1. be inside, as in a dwelling. 2. walk inside. 1. tatkaa™aa 2. tikaa™aa 4. iriirakaa™aaha 5. tikaa™aahista • tikaahurii they are inside. walk into see go into brush {ka™iitat}; line, in a {ka™iitat} walk into water see go into water {ha™iisat} walk over see go over (an obstacle) {uhuuricawaatat} walk up an incline see go up an incline {katawiiriitik} walking stick see cane {caakuraawi™u™} wall see interior wall {uukatahaaru™}; partition {kaawiriwis, kaawiriwisisu™, akahwiriwisisu™} wall (of a bank) aahkatawi™u™ [aÑh-kß-tß-wi-™u™] N wall of a bank, as along a stream; wall of a cliff or precipice; hillside. wall tent akahwaahukasa [à-kßh-waa-h‰-kß-sß] N wall tent. • tika akahwaahukasa there is a wall tent there. wall, along a huukata(wi)- [huu-kß-tß(w†)•] LOC 1. across water; over water, as when crossing. 2. along a bank, as of a stream, lake; on the edge of water. 3. along a wall. 4. along a street, as in a town. • huukata™a (ir...) come across water. • huukatawi™at go along a bank. • ikitawihuukata™at ride across water. uukatawi- [uu-kß-tß-w†•] LOC 1. at the west end, along the west wall inside an earthlodge, the area where a sacred bundle was hung from a rafter or where an altar was located on the ground; also the area where priests or doctors sat when leading ceremonies or rites. 2. along an interior wall of an earthlodge. 3. along an embankment, bank, wall. • uukatawi™at go, walk along a bank.

wall, along the wall, along the kaatahaahiri™

warm [kaÑ-tß-haa-h†-ri™]

1. behind, in back of, as an object. 2. in the back, as in a room. 3. along a wall, against a wall, as in a room. kaatasa [•kaa-tß-sß•] VI(4) 1. be lying in the back, as in a room. 2. be lying behind, in back of, as an object. 3. be lying along the wall, as in a room. 1. tatkaatasa 2. tikaatasa 4. iriirakaatasa 5. tikaatasahista wall, on a uukata [•uu-kß-tß•] VL {dist., uukatawaa} 1. (formerly) be hanging on the west side in an earthlodge. 2. (contemp.) hang on a wall.

2. ti™uukata 4. iriira™uukatawi 5. ti™uukatawista • ti™uukatawaa they are hanging on a wall. wallet paapicistahkuuku™u™ [paÑ-p†-Ù†s-tßh-kuuku-™u™] N wallet, billfold; purse. <paapicis+raar+kuuku+u™, encloses metals, i.e., money + NOM> • paapicistahkuukukat in the wallet. walnut sahtaaku™ [sàh-taa-k‰™] N black walnut tree (Juglans nigra); walnut tree. <saht+haak+u™, walnut wood + NOM; cf. sat walnut> sat, satki [sßt, sàt-k†] N {comb., sat-, saht-} walnut, nut of a walnut tree (Juglans nigra). <saht(+kis), walnut (+ DIM)> • satkat among the walnuts. wander off see separate from {uhurariitik} want wickaa, ickaa [•w†ts-kaa,• †ts-kaa] VT(1), VI(1) {dist., wickawaaka™u, wickawaaka™uk} 1. want, desire, as an object. 2. think; wish. 1. tatickaa™, tatpickaa™ 2. tiwickaa™ 3. tiwickaahu™ 4. iriirawicka™a 5. tiwickaasta • tihwickawaaku™; tihwickawaaka™ut they (each one) want different things. want to have tuksat [•t‰k-sßt•] VT(1) {dist., tuksparii, tukspaawarii} covet, desire, want to have; ref. to a material object; take a liking to. 1. tactuksat 2. tituksat 3. titukspuu™ 4. iriiratuksata 5. tituksuhta • tactuksparii™ I am coveting it. wapiti see elk {paa} war club raktarahi™ [rßk-tà-rß-hi™] N war club. war cry rikaksaa [•r†-kßk-saa•] VI(4) 1. call out, holler, cry out, as when achieving a deed. 2. give out a war cry, make a war cry. 3. holler, cry out in warning. 4. shout, yell, as to get someone's attention.

1. tahikaksaa™ 2. tirikaksaa™ 3. tirikaksaahu™ 4. iriirarikaksaa 5. tirikaksaahista War Dance Hiruuska [h†-ru÷s-kß] N War Dance.

<widespread regional term of unknown origin, likely either Pawnee or Omaha-Ponca; akin to Omaha heduóka> • tarahkaa™aahu™ Hiruuska they are dancing War Dance. War Dance Society Raarisiruuska [raa-r†-s‡ruus-kß] N War Dance Society. War Dance, Old Hiruuska™ipakuuhtu™ [h†-ru÷skß-™†-pß-kuuh-t‰™] N Old War Dance, a designation for the war dance as practiced in Nebraska, before Pawnee removal to Indian Territory. war leader see leader (of a war party) {riihkita} war party iriwis- [†-r†-w†s•] N-DEP 1. war party. 2. troop, company of soldiers. 3. line of warriors or soldiers, as in battle formation. • iriwisat war party to go. iriwisat [•†-r†-w†-sßt•] VI(1) 1. war party to go. 2. troop, company of soldiers to go. 3. be a line of warriors or soldiers, as in rank or battle formation. 2. tiiriwisat 3. tiiriwispuu™ 4. iriiraariwisata 5. tiiriwisuhta iriwisuuru™ [‡-r†-w†-suu-r‰™] N {comb., iriwis-} 1. war party, group of warriors. 2. (contemp.) troop, company of soldiers. see go on a hunt {kata™at}; poised to fight {kusuhuhca}; soldier {raawiirakuuru™}; warpath, go on {rahkata™at} warbonnet cuuhkataku [Ùu÷h-kß-tß-k‰] N {comb., cuuhkatakus-} warbonnet; hat or cap with feathers around it, forming a circle. • cuuhkatakuskat on the warbonnet. • iriirapakskaawi cuuhkataku the one who is wearing a warbonnet. • tipakska cuuhkataku he is wearing a warbonnet. warbonnet (with trailer) pakstaarukawi™ [pàks-taa-r‰-kß-wi™] N warbonnet with trailer. <paks+raar+(h)uka.wi, hanging down iteratively (from) the head; ref. to the feathers on its trailer> • tatpakska pakstaarukawi™ I am wearing a warbonnet. pakstaarukawiirat [pàks-taa-r‰-kß-wii-rßt] N warbonnet with trailer. <paks+raar+hukawiir.at, goes hanging down iteratively (from) the head> warm awirit [•ß-w†-r†t•] VD be warm, slightly hot, hot. 1. taatawiri™it 2. tiiwiri™it 4. iriiraawiriitu 5. tiiwirituksta wariiha™uk [•wß-rii-hß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) warm, make warm, keep warm. <wariit+ra™uk, cause to be warm> 1. tatpariihu™ 2. tiwariihu™ 3. tiwariihuuku™ 4. iriirawariiha™u 5. tiwariihuuksta

333

warm (of a coat) wariita™u (ir...) [•wß-rii-tß-™u•] VI(3) be warm, as when one is naturally warm. <warii(t)+ta™u (ir...), be unpleasantly warm> 1. tatihwariitu™ 2. tawariitu™ 3. tawariituuku™ 4. iriiraawariita™u 5. tawariituuksta warm (of a coat) wariit [•wß-riit•] VD be warm, provide warmth, as a blanket or coat. 1. tatparii™it 2. tiwarii™it 4. iriirawariitu 5. tiwariituksta warm up huuriktik [•huu-r†k-t†{k/t}•] VT(1) warm, warm up, heat, as food over a fire. 1. tatuuriktit 2. tihuuriktit 3. tihuuriktiku™ 4. iriirahuuriktika 5. tihuuriktiksta see heat {raritara™uk (ir...)} warm water see heat water {kicpariitara™uk (ir...)} warm, feel aciksawiritaar [•ß-Ù†k-sß-w†-r†taa(r)•] VP(1-i) become warm, hot; start to feel warm, hot all over, i.e., for the entire body to feel warm or hot, as from strenuous exercise or being in the hot sun. 1. tikuuciksawiritaa 2. tiiciksawiritaa 3. tiiciksawiritaari™ 4. iriiraawiritaara 5. tiiciksawiritaarista warn irihaariwarik (ut...) [•†-r†-haa-r†-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. prepare, get ready. 2. warn, notify. 1. tatuutirihaariwarit 2. tuutirihaariwarit 3. tuutirihaariwariku™ 4. iriruutirihaariwarika 5. tuutirihaariwariksta warpath, go on rahkata™at [•rßh-kß-tß-™ßt•] VI(1) (pl. subj.) 1. go hunting, go on a communal hunt. 2. go on the warpath, go on a war party.

2. tirahkata™at 3. tirahkatawuu™ 4. iriirarahkataata 5. tirahkatahuhta warrior raawiiraahisu™ [raa-wii-raÑ-h†-s‰™] N warrior. see brave {raahikuucu™}; soldier {raaripakusu™, raawiirakuuru™}; war party {iriwisuuru™} warriors see troop to go {iriwisat} wart kaapit [kaÑ-p†t] N 1. wart. 2. hackberry (Celtis occidentalis). • kaapitkat on the wart. • tatihpaca kaapit I have a wart. • iriirahaapi kaapit where the hackberry tree is. • tatiiricuspaca kaapit I have a wart on my nose. wash hiikara™uk (uur...) [•hii-kß-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) wash, wash clean, clean by washing.

1. tatuuhiikaru™ 2. tuuhiikaru™ 3. tuuhiikaruuku™ 4. iriruuhiikara™u 5. tuuhiikaruuksta

334

watch over wash a face ickahiikara™uk (uur...) [•†ts-kß-hii-kßrß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3), VR(3) wash a face.

1. tatuurickahiikaru™; wititatuurickahiikaru™ 2. tuurickahiikaru™; witituurickahiikaru™ 3. tuurickahiikaruuku™; witituurickahiikaruuku™ 4. iriruurickahiikara™u; iriiwitiruurickahiikara™u 5. tuurickahiikaruuksta; witituurickahiikaruuksta wash basin ckahiikara™uks [tskß-hiæ-kß-rß-™uks] N 1. wash basin, wash pan. 2. towel, face towel. • tactahit ckahiikara™uksiri™ I hit him with the wash basin. wash clothes raapiraariikara™uk (uur...) [•raa-p†raa-rii-kß-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) wash, wash clothes; do laundry. 1. taturaapiraariikaru™ 2. turaapiraariikaru™ 3. turaapiraariikaruuku™ 4. iriiruraapiraariikara™u 5. turaapiraariikaruuksta wash out see clean out {rikatawihak} Washita River hawaastatkiicu™ [hà-waas-tßt-kiiÙ‰™] N 1. chewing gum. 2. Washita River, southern Okla., so named because its water is sticky and mats a person's hair when swimming in it. 3. Sugar Creek, south-central Okla.

washout see bank {aahka, aahkawi™u™}; cliff {huraarukac, kakawiihak}; gully {haahkahaaruhak, haahkahaaru™at, haahkahaaru™, haahkahuuru™}; ravine {katuusuhak, katuusu™} washout, end of a see drop-off (of a washout) {katuusawi™a (ir...)} wasp see bee {paac} waste see feces {ataatu™} watch kirikus (ut...) [•k†-r†-k‰(s)•] VT(4) watch, look at, stare at. 1. tatutkiriku 2. tutkiriku 4. iriirutkiriku 5. tutkirikusta • tiihaakiriku they all looked at him. raakirikus (ut...) [•raa-k†-r†-k‰(s)•] VT(4) watch, look at, as an activity, situation, or group of people; gaze at, as an activity. 1. tatuuhaakiriku 2. tuuhaakiriku 4. iriruuhaakiriku 5. tuuhaakirikusta • tiihaakiriku they are watching it. see clock {sakuhka™iirus}; look after {raaciksta (ir...ri...ut...)}; study {raakirikaa™at} watch a movie awirahkirikus (ut...) [•ß-w†-rßhk†-r†-k‰(s)•] VI(4) watch a movie; watch television. 1. tatuutawirahkiriku 2. tuutawirahkiriku 4. iriruutawirahkiriku 5. tuutawirahkirikusta watch over aciksta (ut...) [•ß-Ù†ks-tß•] VT(wi) take care of, watch, watch over, keep an eye on,

watchful look after someone, as a child. 1. tatuutaciksta 2. tuutaciksta 4. iriruutacikstawi 5. tuutacikstawista watchful raaciksta (ut...) [•raa-Ù†ks-tß•] VL 1. be watchful, alert, vigilant; be on the lookout, on guard. 2. watch over, look after; take care of, guard; take charge of, as a possession. 1. tatuuhaaciksta 2. tuuhaaciksta 4. iriruuhaacikstawi 5. tuuhaacikstawista see careful {uhuuwicaks (ir...)} water cuhuhkiicu™ [ÙŠ-h‰h-kii-Ù‰™] N {comb., (a)cuhuur-, (a)cuhuhkic-} rainwater. • cuhuhkickat in the rainwater. kiicu™ [kiæ-Ù‰™] N {comb., kic-, kiic-} water; liquid. • kickat in the water. • iriirakicku where the body of water is. • tikicku it is a body of water, as a puddle or pool. kikaarik [•k†-kaa-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) water, give water to, as an animal; give water to, give to drink, as a person. 1. tatkikaarit 2. tikikaarit 3. tikikaariiku™ 4. iriirakikaarika 5. tikikaariksta see body of water {kickus}; clear water {kickiraar, kickirarik}; cold water {kiiraraasiitu™, kictuuksu™}; dampen {kipara™uk}; deep water {kiirihuur}; go to a stream for water {takacat}; heat water {kicpariitara™uk (ir...)}; hot liquid {kiirarita™u™, kiirarita™u (ir...)}; ice water {raasitkiicu™}; liquid in a container {kirahkaa, kiirahkaa}; muddy water {kicuuruht}; snow water {huraakiicu™} water (in a location) kica [•k†-Ùß•] VI(4) {dist., kicawaa} be water (in a location), either running or still, as a puddle, creek, etc. 2. tikica 4. iriirakica 5. tikicahista • tikicawaa there is water in different places, as springs here and there. water dog asahi [ß-sà-h†] N mink (Mustela vison); water dog, a legendary aquatic animal noted for its ferocity and healing powers. water monster see 1 {tawakiks, awakiks}; alligator {awakiks, tawakiks} water pump raakicawihuukaarahu [raÑ-k†-Ùßw†-huu-kaa-rß-h‰] N pump, well or water pump. water snake see snake, water {rutki rahaawarii} water string see false indigo {kicahaasta} water to be good kiciir (uur...) [•k†-Ùii(r)•] VI(1-a) water to be good; be good water.

water, on the surface of 2. tuuhkicii 4. iriruuhkiciira 5. tuuhkiciirasta

water to flow see flow {kiicu™at}; flow (liquid) {kiicat}

water to rise see flood {kicuuta™a (ir...)} water, across huukata(wi)- [huu-kß-tß(w†)•]

LOC

1. across water; over water, as when crossing. 2. along a bank, as of a stream, lake; on the edge of water. 3. along a wall. 4. along a street, as in a town. • huukata™a (ir...) come across water. • huukatawi™at go along a bank. • ikitawihuukata™at ride across water. see float across water {huucakusuu™at, huucasa} water, body of see pond {kiwahaaru™} water, in ha-, haa- [hß•, haa•] LOC in water. • hakus be in water; stay or remain in water. • haa™at walk, wade in (shallow) water. • rahaawarii have in water, as something one is washing. haarik [•haa-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) {pl., hawaarik} be standing in water; be standing in liquid. 1. tataarit 2. tihaarit 3. tihaariki™ 4. iriirahaariki 5. tihaariksta hakus [•hß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. be in water; stay, remain in water; be soaking in water. 2. be sitting in water. 1. tataku 2. tihaku 4. iriirahaku 5. tihakusta hasa [•hß-sß•] VI(4) 1. be lying in water. 2. be swimming. 1. tatasa 2. tihasa 3. tihasaahu™ 4. iriirahasa 5. tihasahista see go in water {huu™at}; put in water {ha™uuc/uc-}; set in water {hakuusk}; sit down in water {hawiitik}; soak {haruuc}; step in water {asawiitik} water, into see fall into water {hawi™uuhak}; get into water {ha™uukuk}; go down into water {huu™iitik (ut...)}; go into water {ha™iisat}; lie down in water {hiriitik}; put into water {ha™iir} water, on huucakus [•huu-Ùß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. be on a stream bank, along a stream bank; be on a level plain or bank along a stream. 2. be sitting on a bank, as something caught there that cannot float along. 3. be on water, sitting on water, as something floating. 2. tihuucaku 4. iriirahuucaku 5. tihuucakusta • Tuhuucaku Village Along The Bank, a former Skiri village in Nebraska. see float {huucakusaa™at, huucakusat}; go on water {haa™at} water, on the surface of huuca- [huu-Ùß•] LOC 1. along a stream; on a level plain, bank, shore of a stream. 2. on the surface of water. • huuca™at go on the level plain of a stream course. • huucakus be on or along a stream

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water, through bank. • huucasa float across water; swim across water. • huuca™a (ir...ut...) surface, come to the surface of water. water, through huu- [huu•] LOC through water, in water. • huu™at go walking in water. • huu™a (ir...) come walking through water. • tarahkisuu™at run through water. watercourse kiicu™at [•kii-Ùu-™ßt•] VI(1) {pl., kiiraaru™at} 1. water to move, flow in a line; be flowing water, as in a stream. 2. be a watercourse, as a creek or river. 2. tikiicu™at 4. iriirakiicuuta 5. tikiicuhuhta • tikiiraaru™at they are streams of water. waterfall kictakaahak [•k†ts-tß-kaa-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. water to drip. 2a. be a waterfall. 2b. be a rapid, rapids, as in a stream. 2. tikictakaahat 4. iriirakictakaahat 5. tikictakaahaksta watermelon pahuksaraasu™ [pà-h‰k-sß-raa-s‰™] N watermelon. <pahuks+araas+u™, cooked squash + NOM> • pahuksaraaskat on the watermelon. watery huukic [•huu-k†ts•] VD be watery, be thin, as mush or gravy; be soupy. 2. tihuuki™ic 4. iriirahuukiicu 5. tihuukicuksta kic [•k†ts•] VD be a liquid; be watery. 2. tiki™ic 4. iriirakiicu 5. tikicuksta kicaar [•k†-Ùaa(r)•] VI(1-i) become watery. 2. tikicaa 3. tikicaari™ 4. iriirakicaara 5. tikicaarista see soupy {huuskic} watery area see marsh {kicahaaru™} watery dish see soupy dish {huuskiicu™} wave kicpiirakus [•k†ts-pii-rß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be a wave, a ripple. 2. tikicpiiraku 4. iriirakicpiiraku 5. tikicpiirakusta raawihak [•raa-w†-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) wave, shake; gesture. 1. tahaawihat 2. tiraawihat 3. tiraawihaaku™ 4. iriiraraawihat 5. tiraawihaksta wave around awarii [•ß-wß-rii•] VI(4) 1. fly around, as a bird. 2. wave, wave around, as a flag in the wind; move around. 3. go in different directions, go back and forth, circulate, as give-away items that are passed around among individuals. 1. taatawarii™ 2. tiiwarii™ 3. tiiwariihu™ 4. iriiraawarii 5. tiiwariihusta raawarii [•raa-wß-rii•] VT(4) 1. wave around. 2. move around. 1. tahaawarii™ 2. tiraawarii™ 4. iriiraraawarii 5. tiraawariihusta • tihaaktaawarii™ he is pointing the pipe in different directions. wave at iksawi™iitik (ut...) [•†k-sß-wi-™ii-t†{k/t}•] VT(4) wave at. 1. tatuutiksawi™iitit 2. tuutiksawi™iitit 3. tuutiksawi™iitiku™ 4. iriruutiksawi™iitit 5. tuutiksawi™iitiksta raawihak (uur...) [•raa-w†-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) wave at, shake something at, as when pretending to strike someone or when flagging someone down. 1. taturaawihat 2. turaawihat 3. turaawihaaku™ 4. iriiruraawihat 5. turaawihaksta wave back and forth raawi™at [•raa-wi-™ßt•] VI(1) {dist., raa™iwarii} wave, wave back and forth, shake back and forth, as an object held in the hand. 1. tahaawi™at 2. tiraawi™at 3. tiraa™iwuu™ 4. iriiraraawiita 5. tiraawihuhta • taharaa™iwarii™ I am carrying them around. wave one's foot asu™at [•ß-su-™ßt•] VI(1) {dist., astaarawarii} 1. point one's foot; extend one's leg up or outward (horizontally). 2. (impf.) take a step. 3. (dist.) wave, flail one's foot. 1. taatasu™at 2. tiisu™at 3. tiisawuu™ 4. iriiraasu™ata 5. tiisuhuhta • tiistaarawarii™ he is flailing his feet. wave the hand iksiitik [•†k-sii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., iksiiruutik} 1. wave, wave the hand in a dropping motion, in a downward motion; motion. 2. reach. 1. taatiksiitit 2. tiiksiitit 3. tiiksiitiku™ 4. iriiraaksiitit 5. tiiksiitiksta • taatiksiiruutiku™ I am waving my hand around; I am reaching around. wax figure see statue {piitararuuka™aatu™} way raa- [raa•] N-DEP 1. way, custom, tradition. 2. activity, event. 3. time. • raahiir (uur...) be nice, good, as an event, occasion, deed, act, activity, custom. • raatahaari time or day to be close. • ruuhura™uk plan or set up, as an activity like a dance, meeting, or dinner. • riicka™at reach a point or stage, as a plateau or milestone in life; reach an age, as when ending a period in life. raa™u™ [raÑ-™u™] N 1. way, custom, tradition. 2. activity, event. 3. matter, issue. 4. time, period. ruuhuuru™ [ruu-hu÷-r‰™] N {comb., ruuhuur-, ruuhuh-} way, method, as of doing something; custom, habit, technique. uhur- [‰-h‰r•] N-DEP {comb., (u)hu(u)r-, (u)huh-} way, behavior; image, shape.

way of doing • uhuhtawii take part in, participate in, as a group's social activities; be a part of, member of, as a group. • uhuraara™uk (uur...) imitate, impersonate, as a doctor impersonating his animal benefactor. • uhuurawakira™uk (ir...) act oddly, strangely. see be (a way) {raa}; custom {raatawii}; direction {raaruhuuru™}; thus (be) {raakus} way of doing uhuuru™ [‰-hu÷-r‰™] N {comb., uhu(u)r-, uhuh-} way, manner of acting or of doing something. way, a certain raa™uu (ut...) [•raa-™uu•] VI(1) {pl., raa™uuk (ut...); dist., raawa™uk (ut...)} 1. be a certain way, be thus, as a situation, activity, custom. 2. be a certain time, as when something occurs. 2. tuuhaa™uu™ 4. iriruuhaa™uu™a 5. tuuhaa™uuksta • tucukstaa™uu™ut it used to be thus. ruuhuruu (ut...) [+ riku-] [•ruu-h‰-ruu•] VI(1) be the way something is, as a matter, situation, activity; be a certain way. 2. rikutuuhuuhuruu™ 4. iriirikuruuhuuhuruu™a 5. rikutuuhuuhuruuksta see thus (be) {raawi™uu (ut...)} way, one's ruuhuruu (ir...ri...ut...) [•ruu-h‰-ruu•] VI(1) {dist., ruuhuruu™uk (ir...ri...ut...)} be one's way, method, technique, habit, as of doing something. 1. tikuwiiwarii™ 2. tiwiiwarii™ 4. iriirawiiwarii 5. tiwiiwariihusta see blown around {uhuriiwaawarik (ut...)}; stagger {iriiruuwarii (ut...)} wobble around iriirahak (ut...) [•†-rii-rß-hß{k/t}•] VP(4) wobble around, stagger around, as a weak person or a drunk. 1. tikuutiriirahat 2. tuutiriirahat 3. tiitiriirahaaku™ 4. iriruutiriirahat 5. tuutiriirahaksta • tiitaakiriirahaaku™ they are wobbling around. Wolf see Trickster {Tahkuki, Tahkutiri™} wolf ckirihkaapiraat [tsk‡-r†h-kaa-p†-raat] N 1. wolf (Canis lupus lycaon). 2. rabid wolf, rabid coyote. 3. shedding wolf, as in the spring. • iriruutaa ckirihkaapiraat the wolf that is rabid. see coyote {ckirihki} Wolves (Standing) In Water Ckiriraara [tsk‡r†-raa-rß] N Wolves (Standing) In Water, a former Skiri village in Nebraska. woman capaat [Ùà-paat] N {comb., (i)capaak-, (i)capak-} woman. • capakiripahki little woman; young woman. • capakucuu™ large woman. • capakipiriiru™ young woman. • capaara™u the wife; his wife. see beautiful woman {icapakitawi, icapaktiir (uur...)}; older woman {icapaktaariktis} woman, old cuustit [Ùu÷s-t†t] N {comb., cuustik-, custik-} 1. old woman. 2. wife, an appellative for an older spouse. <cuustik> • cuustikat among the old women. • cuustikiripahki little old woman. • cuustikucuu™ large old woman, as one who is fat. woman, unmarried cuuraasu™ [Ùu÷-raa-s‰™] N young unmarried woman, pubescent girl, maiden, virgin. <cuuraas+u™, pubescent girl + NOM> • cuuraaskat among the young unmarried women. wood haak-, rak- [haak•, rßk•] N-DEP 1. wood. 2. tree. • tihaaktahku it is a grove of trees. • tihaakuu-

wood (small piece) kuriku he has a piece of wood in his mouth, as a pencil. • tihaaktaararit it is a large grove of trees. • rakiripahki small piece of wood. haak/haa™ak [•haak/haa-™ß{k/t}•] VL {dist., haapaa} 1. be a tree; be a certain kind of tree. 2. be wood; be a pole, post, stick, limb, branch. 2. tihaa™at 4. iriirahaapi 5. tihaapista rakis [rà-k†s] N {comb., rak-} 1. wood; stick, limb, branch; pole. 2. yard (unit of measurement), as three feet. • rakat on the piece of wood. • rakisiri™ with a piece of wood. • asku rakis one yard. • tiruuc rakis it is stove wood, firewood. wood (small piece) rakiripahki [rß-k‡-r†-pßh-k†] N 1. little piece of wood, as a stick or twig. 2. small tree; small bush. wood saw see saw {riici™aahwaa} wood, ignite see ignite wood {haaktariira™uk} wooded see brush {kahuraar} wooden bowl see bowl {rakaraaraariksisu™} woodpecker rakcaku [rßk-Ùà-k‰] N woodpecker. raktawicaku [rßk-tà-w†-Ùß-k‰] N woodpecker. woods kaatuhaaru™ [kaÑ-t‰-haa-r‰™] N {comb., kaatuhaar-, kaatuhaah-} grove, woods, timber, woodland, forest. • kaatuhaahiri™ in the grove. • iriirakaatuhaaruhat where the forest, woodland, timber is (i.e., extends). • tikaatuhaaru™at there are woods (i.e., extends). kahuraaru™ [kà-h‰-raa-r‰™] N {comb., kahuraar-, kahuraah-} 1. woods, woodland, forest. 2. wild, as an animal. • kahuraahkat in the woods. • tikahuraaru™at it is a forest. • iriirakahuraahkaku in the woods; where the forest is. see brush {kahuraar}; thick woods {kahuraahkicuucis} woods, in see brush, in {kahuraahkicuuciskat, paraakat, waraakat}; in, standing {kaarik}; set in {kakuusk}; sit down in {kawiitik} woods, into see go into brush {ka™iisat, ka™iitat}; line, in a {ka™iitat} woods, out of kiicpaat- [kiits-paat•] LOC out of brush, out of woods. • kiicpaatat go out of the brush. • kiicpaata (ir...) come out of the woods. • ikitawikiicpaatat go riding out of the brush. woods, through see go through brush {kawi™at} wool ckuuru™ [tsku÷-r‰™] N {comb., (i)ckur-, (i)ckuh-} wool, shaggy hair; yarn, wool thread; fringe. • ckuhkat in the wool. • kiruu raruuc ckuuru™?

worried where is the yarn? • tiickuracasa it has fringes, is fringed. • arikiri™ic ckuuru™ sheep wool. see fur {rickuuru™} woolly see cottony {riikaar} word raa™iitusu™ [raa-™iæ-t‰-s‰™] N 1. word, words. 2. story, account, narrative. 3. news. • taraa™iitustaa™ he brought word. work around awitiirahpirahak [•ß-w†-tii-rßh-p†rß-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. go around, circle around. 2. work around, as when working in a circle around an object. 1. taatawitiirahpirahat 2. tiiwitiirahpirahat 3. tiiwitiirahpirahaaku™ 4. iriiraawitiirahpirahat 5. tiiwitiirahpirahaksta work for awaah (ir...ri...ut...) [•ß-waa(h)•] VT(1-i) (impf. only) work for. 3. tariitawaahi™ 4. iriirariitawaahi 5. tariitawaahiihista work on astaah (ut...) [•ßs-taa(h)•] VT(1) 1. pester, annoy, taunt, provoke, as when trying to anger someone. 2. tease, show attention to, as when a woman tries to seduce a man. 3. exert oneself with, work on, minister to, as when trying to revive an unconscious person. 1. tatuutastaa 2. tuutastaa 3. tuutastaahu™ 4. iriruutastaaha 5. tuutastaahista • sitiitastaa they are pestering him. work soil see cultivate {huraahkara™uk} work with the hands see knead {kawiriwuu} worker see ambitious {ciir (ut...)}; hired hand {ksawaahakus, ksawaahaku} world kaahuraar [•kaa-h‰-raa(r)•] VD be the world; be a country; be open countryside.

2. tikaahuraa 4. iriirakaahuraaru 5. tikaahuraaruksta kaahuraaru™ [kaÑ-h‰-raa-r‰™] N {comb., kaahuraar-, kaahuraah-} world; country; countryside.

• kaahuraahkat in the world, countryside. • iriirakaahuraahku where the world is. worm see insect (crawling) {piiruus} worn out kaaks [•kaaks•] VD be old, ragged, worn out, tattered, frayed. 2. tikaaks 4. iriirakaaksu 5. tikaaksuksta • tirahkaaks they are worn out. see exhausted {tarahkisiciisat (uur...)} worried acikskaruus [•ß-Ù†ks-kß-ruus•] VI(u), VP(u) {dist., acikskarusik} 1. be disappointed, feel

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worry let down; be or feel discouraged. 2. be depressed, dejected, disheartened, dispirited. 3. be apathetic, listless, lacking interest. 4. be worried, mentally upset; be emotionally drained. 1. taatacikskaruus; tikuucikskaruus 2. tiicikskaruus 3. tiicikskaruusu™ 4. iriiraacikskaruusu 5. tiicikskaruusista • tikuucikskarusit I am really disappointed in it. tarahwii [•tß-rßh-wii•] VD 1. be worried, concerned. 2. be preoccupied, absorbed, engrossed, as with a grave matter that consumes one's thoughts. 1. tactarahwi™ 2. titarahwi™ 4. iriiratarahwii™u 5. titarahwiicta worry see concerned {aar (ir...ri...ut...) ciksu™, aar (ut...) ciksu™} worse (health) raakatarihuur [•raa-kß-tß-r†huu(r)•] VD 1. be plentiful, abundant; be an excess. 2. be excessive, as an action or behavior. 3. be worse, as an ill person; be in a critical condition. 4. be grave, serious, as a matter. 5. be terrible, horrible, awful, as a situation or state. 2. tiraakatarihuu™ 4. iriiraraakatarihuuru 5. tiraakatarihuuruksta worsen raahuuta™a (ir...) [•raa-huu-taa•] VP(3) worsen, become worse, as when one is sick. 1. tikuraahuutaa™ 2. taraahuutaa™ 3. taraahuuta™aahu™ 4. iriiraraahuuta™a 5. taraahuutaahista • tiiraktaraahuutaa™ they worsened. wound haahtakus [•haah-tß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) {pl., haahtaarik} be a wound; be open flesh, as an injury starting to heal. 2. tihaahtaku 4. iriirahaahtaku 5. tihaahtakusta see split open {tahuurukatk} wound around see wrapped {kitiirahk (ut...)} woven haaskiihkasa [•haas-kiih-kß-sß•] VI(4) 1. be woven; be laced, interlaced. 2. drawstring to be laced, encased; be corded, bound with a cord, as Venetian blinds. 2. tihaaskiihkasa 4. iriirahaaskiihkasa 5. tihaaskiihkasahista woven rope see string, braided {haskiiru™} wrap pitaksu™ [p‡-tßk-s‰™] N wrap; shawl, blanket. <witak.his+u™, robe/wrap + NOM> see cover {katariipuh (ut...)}; head wrap {pakstariipiiru™}; put over one's shoulders {witaktik}; wear over the shoulders {witak} wrap around see put around (encircling) {tiirahpuh} wrapped kitiirahk (ut...) [•k†-tii-rß(h){k/t}•] VL be wrapped, wrapped up, as a package; be wrapped around, wound around.

Z

346

zigzag piraarik

[•p†-raa-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) 1. be wadded, crumpled up, as paper. 2. zigzag, curve back and forth, wind. 2. tipiraarit 4. iriirapiraariki 5. tipiraariksta zygomatic bone see cheekbone {capikskiisu™}

PART THREE

Skiri Pawnee to English

Ø

aahka-, haahka-

Ø Ø [•Ø•] VD

{pl., ik} be, as an identity. 1. tat 2. ti™ 4. iriira™u • ti™it they are. Ø (ir...) [•Ø•] VD be a relative. 1. kutatii 2. kuta™ 4. iriikuraa™u • kutiira™ they are theirs. Ø (ut...) [•Ø•] VI(1-a) 1. be thus, in a condition. 2. be, look, or appear like. 1. tatuu™ut 2. tuu™ut 4. iriruuta 5. tuutasta • tatuu™ut ciksu™ I am thinking about it. Ø (ut...) ciksu™ [•Ø• Ù‡k-s‰™] VI(1-a) 1. be on one's mind, in one's thoughts. 2. be thoughtful, considerate, as of others. 3. be prayerful, reflective. 1. tatuu™ut ciksu™, ciksu™ tatuu™ut 2. tuu™ut ciksu™ 4. iriruuta ciksu™ 5. tuutasta ciksu™ Ø (ut...) kiirahkata [•Ø• kii-ràh-kß-tß] VI(1-a) be drunk, intoxicated, inebriated. 1. tatuu™ut kiirahkata 2. tuu™ut kiirahkata 4. iriruuta kiirahkata 5. tuutasta kiirahkata Ø (ut...) paksiri™ [•Ø• pàk-s†-ri™] VI(1-a) be mentally ill, unbalanced; be insane, crazy. 1. tatuu™ut paksiri™ 2. tuu™ut paksiri™ 4. iriruuta paksiri™ 5. tuutasta paksiri™ Ø (uur...) [+ ku-] [•Ø•] VD appear to be, look like. 2. kuwituu™u 4. iriikuruuru • kuwituu™u aruusa™ it looks like a horse.

A a

[•ß•] VL be stretched out, as a staked hide being tanned; be stretched out on a frame, as a hide. 2. ti™a 4. iriiraawi 5. tiiwista a- [ß•] LOC extending in a line. • ahak extend in a line. • awarik throw away. • iksawuu point one's hand, as in a direction. a (ir...) [•ß•] VI(3) {dist., wa™a (ir...)} come; (idiom) be here, said when someone has arrived. 1. tatiira™ 2. taa™ 3. ta™aahu™ 4. iriira™a 5. taahista • tarahwa™aahu™ they are coming separately, as people coming to an event. • kawiirasiira™ are you here? have you come? a (ir...) istu™ [•ß• †s-t‰™] VI(3) come back, return. 1. tatiira™ istu™ 2. taa™ istu™ 3. ta™aahu™ istu™ 4. iriira™a istu™ 5. taahista istu™ a (uur...) [•ß•] VL {dist., awaa (uur...)} 1. be deco-

rated; have a picture or design; be tattooed, have a tattoo. 2. be a photograph. 1. tikuuciksawiriwu 2. tiiciksawiriwu 3. tiiciksawiriwuhu™ 4. iriiraaciksawiriwuha 5. tiiciksawiriwista aciksicaahiks [•ß-Ù†k-s†-Ùaa-h†ks•] VD 1. be embarrassed, chagrined. 2. be disappointed. 1. taataciksicaahiks 2. tiiciksicaahiks 4. iriiraaciksicaahiksu 5. tiiciksicaahiksuksta aciksicaraks [•ß-Ù†k-s†-Ùß-rßks•] VD be confused; be mentally agitated, upset, frantic. 1. taataciksicara™aks 2. tiiciksicara™aks 4. iriiraaciksicaraaksu 5. tiiciksicaraksuksta

aciksicaraksta™uk

[•ß-Ù†k-s†-Ùß-rßks-tß-™u{k/t}•]

1. confuse, agitate, upset mentally, cause mental anguish; make frantic. 2. anger, make angry, enrage. 1. taataciksicarakstu™ 2. tiiciksicarakstu™ 3. tiiciksicarakstuuku™ 4. iriiraaciksicaraksta™u 5. tiiciksicarakstuuksta aciksiciisat (uur...) [•ß-Ù†k-s†-Ùii-sßt•] VP(1) 1. be mentally tired, exhausted; be mentally tired of, as a dance or something one is watching. 2. be winded, tired and out of breath, as when running. 1. tikuuraciksiciisat 2. tuuraciksiciisat 3. tuuraciksiciispuu™ 4. iriruuraciksiciisata 5. tuuraciksiciisuhta aciksiir (uur...) [•ß-Ù†k-sii(r)•] VI(1-a) 1. feel good; feel relieved, at rest, mentally relaxed. 2. feel satisfied; be well satisfied, contented. 3. have a good mind, healthy mind; have clear thoughts, as after being in a coma. 4. have good thoughts. 1. tatuuraciksii 2. tuuraciksii 4. iriruuraciksiira 5. tuuraciksiirasta aciksikiraaruur [•ß-Ù†k-s†-k†-raa-ruu(r)•] VD be eager, anxious, impatient, as to do or complete something quickly. 1. taataciksikiraaruu™ 2. tiiciksikiraaruu™ 4. iriiraaciksikiraaruuru 5. tiiciksikiraaruuruksta VT(3)

aciksikiriwiiha™uk

[•ß-Ù†k-s†-k†-r†-wii-hß-™u{k/t}•]

aciksisii 1. change one's mind; change one's disposition or inclination, as when talking someone into doing something or thinking differently. 2. change one's mood. 1. taatacikstat 2. tiicikstat 3. tiicikstiwuu™ 4. iriiVT(3)

raacikstata 5. tiicikstahuhta [•ß-Ù†ks-tßt•] VP(1) {dist., acikstuuwarii} 1. have one's thoughts on, one's mind on; think about, as a person not present and for whom one is lonesome. 2. be appreciative, thankful. 1. tikuucikstat 2. tiicikstat 4. iriiraacikstata 5. tiicikstahuhta • tikuucikstuuwarii™ my thoughts are with him. acikstatat (uur...) [•ß-Ù†ks-tß-tßt•] VT(1-a) 1. be fond of, attached to, as a child who wants to be with an adult all the time. 2. be stuck on, attracted to, fond of, as someone one wants as a friend; desire, as a girlfriend. 1. tatuuracikstatat 2. tuuracikstatat 4. iriirikuuracikstatata 5. tuuracikstatatasta acikstawiriir (uur...) [•ß-Ù†ks-tß-w†-rii(r)•] VI(1-a) {dist., acikstawiriwaar (uur...)} have good thoughts; have good feelings. 1. tatuuracikstawirii 2. tuuracikstawirii 4. iriruuracikstawiriira 5. tuuracikstawiriirasta • tatuuracikstawiriwaa I have good thoughts. acikstawis [•ß-Ù†ks-tß-w†s•] VD be loved, esteemed, beloved; be highly regarded, valued. 1. taatacikstawis 2. tiicikstawis 4. iriiraacikstawisu 5. tiicikstawisuksta acikstii™uus [•ß-Ù†ks-tii-™uus•] VD be smart, intelligent; be mentally quick, clever, quick-witted; be wise. 1. tikuucikstiwarit 2. tiicikstiwarit 3. tiicikstiwariku™ 4. iriiraacikstiwarika 5. tiicikstiwariksta aciksuhuriihac [•ß-Ù†k-s‰-h‰-rii-hßts•] VR(4) 1. make up one's mind, decide. 2. prepare oneself mentally, bolster oneself mentally, get ready mentally, as for a major life change. 1. wititaataciksuhuriihac 2. wititiiciksuhuriihac 3. wititiiciksuhuriihaacu™ 4. iriiwitiiciksuhuriihac 5. wititiiciksuhuriihacista aciksuhuritik [•ß-Ù†k-s‰-h‰-r†-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. revive; regain consciousness, come to. 2. come to one's senses, regain mental control. 3. sober up, become sober. 4. feel better. 1. taataciksuhuritit 2. tiiciksuhuritit 3. tiiciksuhuritiiku™ 4. iriiraaciksuhuritit 5. tiiciksuhuritiksta

aciksuhuriwaar (uur...)

[•ß-Ù†k-s‰-h‰-r†-waa(r)•]

be kind, kindly, kindhearted; be thoughthave good thoughts. 1. tatuuraciksuhuriwaa 2. tuuraciksuhuriwaa 4. iriruuraciksuhuriwaara 5. tuuraciksuhuriwaarasta

VI(1-a)

ful;

aciksuhuriwaar (uur...) [+ neg.]

[•ß-Ù†k-s‰-h‰r†-waa(r)•] VI(1-a) be ill-natured, surly, un-

friendly, grumpy; have bad feelings, as one who is socially hostile or who does not have kind or good thoughts. 1. kaakatuuraciksuhuriwaa 2. kaakuuraciksuhuriwaa 4. iriikararuuraciksuhuriwaara 5. kaakuuraciksuhuriwaarasta aciksuhuruu (ut...) [•ß-Ù†k-s‰-h‰-ruu•] VI(1) think a certain way; be one's opinion. 1. tatuutaciksuhuruu™ 2. tuutaciksuhuruu™ 3. tuutaciksuhuruuku™ 4. iriruutaciksuhuruu™a 5. tuutaciksuhuruuksta

aciksuhuuricaahiks

[•ß-Ù†k-s‰-huu-r†-Ùaa-h†ks•]

1. be, feel friendly; be, feel sociable. 2. (neg.) feel, be unsociable. 1. taataciksuhuuricaahiks 2. tiiciksuhuuricaahiks 4. iriiraaciksuhuuricaahiksu 5. tiiciksuhuuricaahiksuksta • wiikaakaataciksuhuuricaahiksit I am not feeling sociable. VD {dist., aciksuhuuricaahiksik}

356

aciksurahac [•ß-Ù†k-s‰-rß-hßts•] VP(4)

{dist., aciksuruuwaahac} 1. forget; slip one's mind, as an obligation. 2. lose one's mind.

1. tikuuciksurahac 2. tiiciksurahac 3. tiiciksurahaacu™ 4. iriiraaciksurahac 5. tiiciksurahacista • tiiciksuruuwaahaacu™ he is forgetting everything; he is forgetful. aciksuu (ut...) [•ß-Ù†k-suu•] VI(1) {dist., aciksuuk} 1. be one's thought or opinion; think in a certain way, be the way one thinks. 2. be drunk, intoxicated, inebriated. akahtapi™ [à-kßh-tß-pi™] N {comb., akahtapir-, akahtapih-; pl., akaracapi™, karacapi™} tipi.

{comb., akahkiripah-} 1. outhouse. 2. shed. 3. small dwelling, tent.

• akahtapihkat in/on the tipi. • akahtapihkucuu™ a large tipi. • iriirakaawi akahtapi™ where the tipi is. akahtawuh [•ß-kßh-tß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) put a tipi cover over, as a pole frame; (contemp.) put a tent cover over, as its frame. 1. taatakahtawu 2. tiikahtawu 3. tiikahtawuhu™ 4. iriiraakahtawuha 5. tiikahtawista • sitiirakahtawu akahtapi™ they put the tipi cover over (its frame). akahuukitawi™u™ [à-kß-huu-k†-tß-wi-™u™] N 1. attic. 2. upstairs, second floor of a house. • akahuukitawikat in the attic; on the second floor. • tikaakuusu™ akahuukitawikat he stays upstairs, lives upstairs, on the second floor, as in an apartment. akahwaahukasa [à-kßh-waa-h‰-kß-sß] N wall tent. • tika akahwaahukasa a wall tent there.

• akahkiripahkat in/on the outhouse.

akahwaawaktiku

akahkirawa™ac

[à-kßh-k†-rß-wß-™ßts] N {comb., akahkirawaac-} hospital.

• akahkirawaackat in the hospital. • akahkirawa™ac tikaaku he is in the hospital. • tikaasa akahkirawaackat he is in the hospital, as a patient.

akahkiripahki [ß-kßh-k‡-r†-pßh-k†] N

akahkitahaaru™

[à-kßh-k†-tß-haa-r‰™] N {comb., akahkitahaar-, akahkitahaah-} roof, top of a dwelling.

• akahkitahaahiri™ on top of a dwelling or lodge; on the roof of a dwelling or lodge. akahpakiisu™ [ß-kßh-pà-kii-s‰™] N church, church building. • akahpakiiskat in/on the church. akahpicista™uk [•ß-kßh-p†-Ù†s-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) paint a house; paint a building. 1. taatakahpicistu™ 2. tiikahpicistu™ 3. tiikahpicistuuku™ 4. iriiraakahpicista™u 5. tiikahpicis-

358

[à-kßh-waa-wßk-t†-k‰]

N

church, church building. • iriirakaawi akahwaawaktiku Ruuhaahpakskatariipi where the Catholic church is. akahwi™uusis [à-kßh-wi-™uu-s†s] N restroom; outhouse, privy, outside toilet. • akahwi™uusiskat in/on the outhouse. akahwiirahak [•ß-kßh-wii-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. take down, dismantle a dwelling. 2. blow down a dwelling. 1. taatakahwiirahat 2. tiikahwiirahat 3. tiikahwiirahaaku™ 4. iriirakahwiirahat 5. tiikahwiirahaksta • sitiirakahwiirahat they took the lodge

akahwiriwisisu™

akuuktik (ut...)

down.

akahwiriwisisu™ [à-kßh-w†-r†-wˆ-s†-s‰™] N 1. partition; partitioning wall. 2. (contemp.) siding on a dwelling, building. • akahwiriwisiskat on the siding. akara™uk [•ß-kß-rß-™u{k/t}•] VI(3) build, construct a dwelling, as an earthlodge, tipi, house; set up a lodge. 1. taatakaru™ 2. tiikaru™ 3. tiikaruuku™ 4. iriiraakara™u 5. tiikaruuksta • sitiirakaru™ akaraarataa™u™ they built an earthlodge.

akaraahuuruuhtu™

[à-kß-raa-huu-ruuh-t‰™] N {comb., akaraahuuruht-, akaraahuurut-} sod house,

as one made of sod blocks by early white settlers.

• akaraahuurutkat in/on the sod house. • witiikaraahuraari™ akaraahuuruuhtu™ the sod house is caving in. akaraapiisu™ [à-kß-raa-pii-s‰™] N trading post; store. • akaraapiiskat, karaapiiskat in the store. • tiikarihuu™ akaraapiisu™ the store is big. • tatuhta karaapiiskat I am going to go to the store. akaraarataa™u™ [à-kß-raa-rß-taa-™u™] N earthlodge. • akaraarataakat in/on the earthlodge. • sitiirakaru™ akaraarataa™u™ they built an earthlodge. akarahkata [à-kß-rßh-ká-tß] N 1. smoked buckskin. 2. (contemp.) yellowed canvas. • akarahkataahkat on yellowed canvas.

akarawiisu™, akarawis

[ß-kß-rà-wii-s‰™, ß-kß-rà-

w†s] N 1. smoke-stained tipi cover, especially one stained at the top; (contemp.) smoke-stained tent cover or canvas. 2. smoked hide. akarikus [•ß-kß-r†-k‰(s)•] VT(4) have a home, as one's own; live in one's (own) home. 1. taatakariku 2. tiikariku 4. iriiraakariku 5. tiikarikusta aki [ß-k‡] INTERJ and here. • aki kutiiciksurahac and here he had forgotten it. • aki ahuuhaahwica™ and here the war party arrived. akiihaar [•ß-kii-haa(r)•] VD be lazy, indolent. 1. taatakiihaa, taatakihaa™a 2. tikiihaa, tiikiihaa 4. iriirakiihaaru 5. tiikiihaaruksta • tiirakiihaa they are lazy. akiihaaraar [•ß-kii-haa-raa(r)•] VP(1-i) become

lazy, indolent. 1. tikuukiihaaraa 2. tiikiihaaraa 3. tiikiihaarari™ 4. iriirakiihaaraara 5. tiikiihaararista akitaar [•ß-k†-taa(r)•] VD 1. be one's tribe, band, nationality. 2. be one's race. 1. taatakitaa 2. tiikitaa 4. iriiraakitaaru 5. tiikitaarista • kikii raasakitaa? what is your tribe?

akitaaru™

[à-k†-taa-r‰™] N {comb., akitaar-, akitaah-}

1. tribe, band; nationality. 2. race. • akitaahkat in the tribe. • Paari iriiraakitaahku where the Pawnee tribe lives. • iriiraakitaahwiwaahat where the different tribes live, as on different reservations. akiwaasas [à-k†-waa-sßs] N black haw (Viburnum lentago). • akiwaasaskat among the black haws. • akiwaasas iriirahaapaawi where the black haw trees are. aktahurahac [•ßk-tß-h‰-rß-hßts•] VT(4) 1. elope with, run away with. 2. kidnap, abduct. 1. taataktahurahac 2. tiiktahurahac 3. tiktahurahaacu™ 4. iriiraaktahurahac 5. tiiktahurahacista aktaku (ir...) [•ßk-tß-k‰•] VD be married to a female; have as a wife.

1. tatiiraktaku™ 2. taaktaku™ 4. iriiraaktaku™u 5. taaktakucta aktakuksaar (ir...) [•ßk-tß-k‰k-saa(r)•] VT(1-i) marry a female, get married to a female. <prob. aktaku (ir...)+uk+his+aar, become married to a female partner>

1. tatiiraktakuksaa 2. taaktakuksaa 3. taaktakuksaari™ 4. iriiraaktakuksaara 5. taaktakuksaarista aktakuraah [•ßk-tß-k‰-raa(h)•] VR(1) (du. subj.) be a couple; be a married couple; be married to each other. 1. siwititaataktakuraa 2. siwititiiktakuraa 4. iriisiwitiraaktakuraaha 5. siwititiiktakuraahista aku [ß-k‰] CONJ or; maybe. • ri™aat rakuuhiihi™u, aku picikat when it was summer, or wintertime akuhtaku [•ß-k‰h-tß-k‰•] VI(4) play, as children. 1. taatakuhtaku™ 2. tiikuhtaku™ 3. tiikuhtakuuhu™ 4. iriiraakuhtaku 5. tiikuhtakuksta • tiirakuhtaku™ they are playing. akuuktik (ut...) [•ß-kuuk-t†{k/t}•] VT(1) outfit, dress, attire, as when giving someone a set of new clothing; dress, put clothes on. 1. tatuutakuuktit 2. tuutakuuktit 3. tuutakuuktii-

359

apaahiri™

araciskiicu™

ku™ 4. iriruutakuuktika 5. tuutakuuktiksta [ß-paÑ-h†-ri™] ADV furtively, stealthily, surreptitiously. apac [à-pßts] ADJ, PRON both.

apaahiri™

apac ruurickuuki

[à-pßts

ruu-r†ts-kuu-k†]

N

pickax. apak [•ß-pß{k/t}•] VI(1) {dist., apaapak} fight. 1. taatapat 2. tiipat 3. tiipaku™ 4. iriiraapaka 5. tiipaksta • tiirapat they fought. • rihkuupa´kstarit when they were going to fight. apakus [ß-pà-k‰s] N fighter, one who likes to fight. aparu™ [ß-pà-r‰™] N {comb., aparuu-} berry (generic). • aparuukat on the berry. • tactaru™ aparu™ I picked the berries. aparuuhuraaru™ [ß-pß-ru÷-h‰-raa-r‰™] N wild strawberry, strawberry (Fragaria spp.). • aparuuhuraaru™ iriirawaawi where the strawberries are growing. aparuukaatiit [ß-pß-ru÷-kaa-tiit] N blackberry (Rubus spp.). aparuupahat [ß-pà-ruu-pß-hßt] N raspberry (Rubus spp.). apat [à-pßt] N your grandfather. apic [•ß-p†ts•] VI(4) break. 2. ti™apic 3. ti™apiicu™, tiipiicu™, tipiicu™ 4. iriiraapic 5. tiipicista, ti™apicista apiic [à-piits] ADV across a body of water, as a stream, pond or lake; on the other side of a body of water. • suksat apiic go across the stream! apiic [•ß-piits•] VD {iter., kapiic} be broken. 2. tiipi™ic, tiipiic, ti™api™ic 4. iriirapiicu 5. ti™apiicuksta, tiipiicuksta • ti™aahkapi™ic his teeth are broken, chipped. apitaarahak (ut...) [•ß-p†-taa-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. turn around; turn back, herd back. 2. turn, as a wheel. 3. wind, as a clock. 4. turn on, as a radio. 5. crank. 1. tatuutapitaarahat 2. tuutapitaarahat 3. tuutapitaarahaaku™ 4. iriruutapitaarahat 5. tuutapitaarahaksta • sitiitapitaarahat they turned him back. apitk [•ß-p†t(k)•] VT(1) {dist., kapaapitk; pl. obj., kapitk} 1. break, as a bone. 2. break off, as a tree limb; pick, pick off, as the top of a growing plant. 1. taatapiit 2. tiipiit 3. tiipitku™ 4. iriiraapitka 5. tiipitkista • tatkapiit I broke them up, as kindling. apukaac [ß-pŠ-kaats] N apricot. <Engl. apricots>

360

• apukaackat in/on the apricot. [ß-pŠ-kaa-tiit] N prune. • apukaatiitkat in/on the prune. apukasis [ß-pŠ-kß-s†s] N crabapple (Crataegus spp.). • apukasiskat in/on the crabapple. apukiicu™ [ß-pŠ-kii-Ù‰™] N apple juice. apuu™ [à-puu™] N {comb., apu(u)-} apple. • apuukat in/on the apple(s). • apuukiripahki little apple. • piiruus tika apuukat there is a worm in the apple. ara [à-rß] N your same-sex sibling; i.e., your brother (of a male), your sister (of a female). ara- [ß-rß•] LOC wide open. • haakaarakus be wide open, as a suitcase. • haakaariitik open one's mouth. • katawaaraarik be split, cut, or torn wide open. araac [à-raats] N your brother (of a female).

apukaatiit

araakapiktu™

[à-raa-kß-p†k-t‰™] N {comb., araakapikt-, araakapit-} tenderloin, long strip of tender meat running along the backbone. <araa+kapikt+u™, back + kapikt + NOM; cf. araawihiri™ in back, behind>

• araakapitkat on the tenderloin.

araas [•ß-raas•] VI(u)

{dist., waaraasik; pl., waaraas}

1. be cooked, done cooking, well done. 2. be ripe, as fruit. 2. tiiras, tiiraas, tiraas 3. tiraasu™ 4. iriiraraasu 5. tiirasista • tiwaaraas kisuuc the grapes are ripe. araawihiri™ [à-raa-w†-h†-ri™] ADV in back, behind, in the rear, as of a person or object. <araa.wi+hiri™, behind/rear + LOC; cf. Ar. ananaaWIhæni™ from behind>

• araawihiri™ tiiku it is in back of it; he is sitting in back of it. arac [•ß-rßts•] VP(4) {pl., waarac} 1. freeze; be frozen, in a frozen state. 2. be frostbitten. 1. tikuurac 2. ti™arac 3. tiiraacu™ 4. iriira™arac 5. tiiracista, ti™aracista • tiwaarac they froze. aracik [•ß-rß-Ù†{k/t}•] VT(1) {pl., waaracik} freeze. <arac+ik, cause to freeze> 1. taataracit 2. tiiracit 3. tiiraciku™ 4. iriiraaracika 5. tiiraciksta • tiwaaracit it froze them, as a freezer. aracis [à-rß-Ù†s] N orange (fruit). <Engl. oranges> • araciskat on/in the orange. araciskiicu™ [à-rß-Ù†s-kii-Ù‰™] N orange juice. <aracis+kic+u™, orange liquid + NOM> • iririikiraahku araciskiicu™ there is orange juice (in a container) there.

Arahuu™ Arahuu™ [à-rß-huu™] N

{comb., arahuu-} 1. Kansa or Kaw tribe. 2. Kansa or Kaw male. <arahuu, common designation among the Pawnee, Kitsai, Cheyenne, Quapaw, and Kiowa; origin unknown>

• Arahuuru in Kansa country. • Arahuu™ iriikuriikaahuraaru where the Kansas' country is. Arahuusiri™ [ß-rß-hu÷-s†-ri™] N Kaw City, Okla. <arahuu+siri, Kaw + Engl. city> arakis [à-rß-k†s] N 1. sonny; daughter, an appelative for a young person, male or female. 2. (obs.) your grandchild. • rawa, arakis hello, sonny! arapit [à-rß-p†t] N elephant. <Engl. elephant> aras- [ß-rßs•] N-DEP cooked food, esp. bread and meat. • iriraarasku icataarakiicu™ there is a cake there. • ki™iskuurasuu give me bread! • kikii raarasku what is the cooked food? inquiring specifically what it is. • ki™iskuurasuu kisaacki give me a piece of meat! arasik [•ß-rß-s†{k/t}•] VT(1) {pl., waarasik; dist., waawaarasik} cook, as corn or meat. <aras+ik, cause to be cooked> 1. taatarasit 2. tiirasit 3. tiirasiku™ 4. iriiraarasika 5. tiirasiksta • tiwaarasiku™ she is cooking them. arasiskatiit [•ß-rß-s†s-kß-tiit•] VD be deep yellow, dark orange. <aras.his+katiit, be cooked dark> 2. tiirasiskatii™it 4. iriiraarasiskatiitu 5. tiirasiskatiituksta arasispahaat [•ß-rß-s†s-pß-haat•] VD be deep red, maroon, oxblood. <aras.his+pahaat, be cooked red> 2. tiirasispahaa™at 4. iriiraarasispahaatu 5. tiirasispahaatuksta arasistarii™uus [•ß-rß-s†s-tß-rii-™uus•] VD be navy blue, deep blue. <aras.his+tarii™uus, be cooked blue> 2. tiirasistarii™uus 4. iriiraarasistarii™uusu 5. tiirasistarii™uusuksta

arastarariitu™

[à-rßs-tß-rß-rii-t‰™] N {comb., arastararit-} toast. <aras+tararit+u™, burnt cooked food +

NOM>

• arastararitkat on the toast. [à-rß-s‰™] N cooked food, as bread or meat. <aras+u™, cooked + NOM> • araskat on/in the cooked food. • taatarastacarahat I sliced the bread. ari™ [à-ri™] EXCL oh! an exclamation of surprise. ariikicparik (uur...) [•ß-rii-k†ts-pß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. wring out, either by hand or through a wringer. 2. rinse out, as a cloth in clear cold water. 1. tatuurariikicparit 2. tuurariikicparit 3. tuurariikicpariku™ 4. iriruurariikicparika 5. tuurariikicpariksta ariisit [à-rii-s†t] ADV oneself; himself, herself, itself,

arasu™

arikiri™ic themselves; a particle emphasizing an actor or subject. • ariisit tatuuhaa™ I did it myself. ariisit rawarii [ß-rii-s†t rà-wß-rii] N automobile, car. <ariisit ra+warii, one going around by itself> arik [•ß-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) {du., pl., waarik; dist., waawaarik} be standing. 1. taatarit 2. tiirit 3. tiiriki™ 4. iriiraariki 5. tiirikista • tiwaarit they (pl.) are standing. arika [ß-r‡-kß] N {comb., arika-, arik-} 1. horn. 2. One Horn Dance. arika (ir...ut...) [•ß-r†-kß•] VI(wi) {dist., arikawaa} have a braid, be wearing a braid. 1. tatiitarika 2. tuutarika 4. iriira™uutarikawi 5. tuutarikawista • tuutarikawaa she has braids. Arikaraariki [à-r†-kß-raa-r†-k†] N Many Elks Village, a former Skiri village in Nebraska. <arikaraar+ik.i, being many stags >

arikaraaru™

[à-r†-kß-raa-r‰™] N {comb., arikaraar-, arikarah-} stag, buck deer. <arika+raar+u™, horns + NOM, i.e., one with horns >

• arikarahkat among the bucks.

arikarahkucuu™ [à-r†-kß-rßh-k‰-Ùuu™] N

{comb., arikarahkucuu-} buck elk, bull elk. <arikaraar+kucuu, big buck>

• arikarahkucuukat among the bull elks.

arikariipiiru™ [à-r†-kß-rii-pii-r‰™] N hair tie, braid tie; decorative string of fur, yarn, or bright cloth wrapped around a man's braids; decorative trail of hair, string, or cloth tied to a horse's mane. <arik+kariik.wi.ir+u™, tied braid + NOM>

arikatakustaah (ut...)

[•ß-r†-kß-tß-k‰s-taa(h)•]

have or carry under one's arm. <ari+kata.kus (ut...)+raah, have under one's arm> 1. tatuutarikatakustaa 2. tuutarikatakustaa 3. tuutarikatakustaahu™ 4. iriruutarikatakustaaha 5. tuutarikatakustaahista arikawuh (ut...) [•ß-r†-kß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) {dist., arikawaawuh (ut...)} braid, tie into a braid, as hair. <arika (ut...)+wuh, cause to be a horn, i.e., a braid> 1. tatuutarikawu 2. tuutarikawu 3. tuutarikawuhu™ 4. iriruutarikawuha 5. tuutarikawista • tatuutarikawaawu I braided her hair, tied her hair into (two) braids. arikiihk [•ß-r†-kii(h){k/t}•] VT(1) stand, place standing, set standing. <arik+iihk, cause to be standing> 1. taatarikiit 2. tiirikiit 3. tiirikiihku™ 4. iriiraarikiihka 5. tiirikiihkista arikiisiri™ [ß-r†-kiæ-s†-ri™] N {comb., arikiis-} loin, body area on either side of the back above the buttocks. <ari.kiis+hiri™, ari + bone + LOC> • iriiraatarikiistawi my loin. arikiri™ic [à-r†-k†-ri-™†ts] N {comb., arikiriic-} sheep (generic, domestic or wild). <arik+kiriic, horn + kiriic> VT(1)

361

arikiriicihari™ • arikiriickat among the sheep.

arikiriicihari™

[ß-r†-k‡-rii-Ù†-hß-ri™] N lamb, young sheep. <arikiriic+iharir, young sheep> arikisiikaar [•ß-r†-k†-sii-kaa(r)•] VP(1-i) tire, become tired standing. <arik.his+iik+aar, become tired standing>

1. tikuurikisiikaa 2. tiirikisiikaa 3. tiirikisiikari™ 4. iriiraarikisiikaara 5. tiirikisiikarista arikta [ß-r‡k-tß] N {comb., ariktaa-} bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). <arikta(a), i.q. Ar. aræhtA> • ariktaakat among the eagles.

ariktaaka™u™

[à-r†k-taa-kß-™u™] N {pl., ariktaakaraaru™} armpit, axilla, underarm area. <ariktaaka+u™, armpit + NOM>

• ariktaakahiri™ in the armpit. • ariktaakaraariri™ in the armpits. • iriiraariktaakatawi where his armpit is; his armpit. ariktariipiiru™ [ß-r‡k-tß-rii-pii-r‰™] N hair tie, braid tie; decorative string of fur, yarn, or bright cloth wrapped around a man's braids; decorative trail of hair, string, or cloth tied to a horse's mane. <arik+tariik.wi.ir+u™, horn, i.e., braid, tied up + NOM> ariktaruus [ß-r‡k-tß-ruus] N heifer. <arik+raaruus, furry horn> arikucuu™ [à-r†-k‰-Ùuu™] N {comb., arikucuu-} bighorn, Rocky Mountain sheep (Ovis canadensis). <arik+kucuu, big horn> • arikucuukat among the bighorn sheep. aruha™uk [•ß-r‰-hß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. soften. 2. tenderize; cook tender. <aruht+ra™uk, make soft> 1. taataruhu™ 2. tiiruhu™ 3. tiiruhuuku™ 4. iriiraaruha™u 5. tiiruhuuksta aruhtaar [•ß-r‰h-taa(r)•] VP(1-i) 1. become soft, get soft. 2. become tender. <aruht+aar, become soft> 2. tiiruhtaa 3. tiiruhtaari™ 4. iriiraaruhtaara 5. tiiruhtaarista aruuht [•ß-ruu(h)t•] VD {dist., aruuhtik} 1. be soft. 2. be tender. 2. tiiruut 4. iriiraaruuhtu, iriiraruuhtu 5. tiiruuhtuksta • iriirahiitaruuhtiki where the soft (downy) feathers are. aruusa™ [ß-ru÷-sß™] N {comb., aruusaa-} horse. <aruusaa, cf. Ki. anuusaa dog> • aruusaakat on the horse. • aruusa™ iriirawaariki wiititawii™ he is among the horses. as-i (uur...) [•ßs•†•] VI(2) run. 1. tatuuras 2. tuuras 3. tuurasihu™ 4. iriruurasi 5. tuurasihista • tiirasihu™ they are running. asaa-, asa- [ß-saa•, ß-sß•] N-DEP horse; dog. • asaakat on the horse, dog. • asaahiri™ by means of a horse, dog. • asaaraahiri™ with horses, dogs. • Tuurasaarii It is a Handsome Horse (personal name). asaac [à-saats] N {comb., asahc-} mosquito.

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asaarahkuuku™u™ • asaac tikari™ there are many mosquitoes. [à-saah-kß-wi-™u™] N ankle joint. • asaahkawihiri™ on the ankle joint. • iriiraatasaahkawi where my ankle joint is; my ankle joint. asaahurahaacu™ [ß-saa-hŠ-rß-haa-Ù‰™] N wild horse, mustang. asaaka™u™ [ß-saÑ-kß-™u™] N top of shoe, shoe cuff. asaakaapiraat [ß-saa-kaÑ-p†-raat] N rabid dog; rabid horse, as one bitten by a rabid dog.

asaahkawi™u™

asaakaaru™

[à-saa-kaa-r‰™] N {comb., asaakaar-, asaakah-} barn.

• asaakahkat in/on the barn.

asaakahiri™

[à-saa-kß-h†-ri™] N cuff, pant cuff.

asaakahuraaru™

[ß-saa-kà-h‰-raa-r‰™] N wild horse, mustang. asaakasis [ß-saa-kà-s†s] N pony; Shetland pony, Welsh pony. asaaki [ß-saÑ-k†] N {comb., asaakisu-} dog. • asaakisukat among the dogs. • asaaki iriirawaariki where the dogs are. Asaakipiriiru™ [ß-saa-k‡-p†-rii-r‰™] N Young Dog Dance. asaakiraa™ [ß-saÑ-k†-raa™] N light-colored horse. asaakiripahki [à-saa-k†-r†-pßh-k†] N puppy; little dog. asaakurahuus [à-saa-k‰-rß-huus] N old male horse. asaapahat [ß-saa-pà-hßt] N bay horse; reddish brown horse. asaapakspahat [à-saa-pßks-pß-hßt] N roan horse. asaar [•ß-saa(r)•] VD {dist., asaawar} be named, called; be one's name. 1. taatasaa™ 2. tiisaa™ 4. iriiraasaaru 5. tiisaaruksta • tiirasaawa™ they each have names, each are named. asaar (uur...) [•ß-saa(r)•] VD be named after; have someone's name. 1. tatuurasaa™ 2. tuurasaa™ 4. iriruurasaaru 5. tuurasaaruksta asaarahkata [ß-saa-ràh-kß-tß] N buckskin horse; yellowish or cream colored horse. asaarahkuuku™u™ [à-saa-rßh-kuu-ku-™u™] N harness.

asaariru™

askaa™a

• asaarahkuukukat in/on the harness. • asaarahkuukuhiri™ with a harness. • aruusa™ tihaastaraa asaarahkuuku™u™ the horse has a harness on it. asaariru™ [à-saa-r†-r‰™] N wild horse, mustang. asaaru™ [à-saa-r‰™] N {comb., (a)saar-, (a)saah-} 1. playing cards. 2. game piece, the object one plays with in a game of chance, as cards in a card game, seeds in the plum seed game, and the hoop or pole in the hoop and pole game. 3. game of chance, as a card game. • asaahkat on the card. • asaaraahiri™ with cards; with gaming pieces. • tiitari™ asaaru™ they are playing a game of chance (cards, craps, plum seed game, etc.). asaataatu™ [à-saa-taa-t‰™] N {comb., asaatat-} horse manure, dung. • asaatatkat in the horse manure. • tiitahuuc asaataatu™ it is a pile of horse dung.

asaawaki™

[ß-saa-wà-ki™] N

{comb., asaawakih-}

pinto, spotted horse. asaawakihkaatiit [ß-saa-wß-k‡h-kaa-tiit] N black pinto, pinto horse with black spots. asaawakihpahat [ß-saa-wß-k‡h-pß-hßt] N red pinto, pinto horse with red spots. asaawitaksu™ [à-saa-w†-tßk-s‰™] N horse blanket. • asaawitakskat on the horse blanket.

asahaktaakaaru™ [ß-sß-hàk-taa-kaa-r‰™] N

{comb.,

asahaktaakaah-} cottonwood (Populus deltoides).

• asahaktaakaahkat on the cottonwood.

asahcakaaru™

[à-sßh-Ùß-kaa-r‰™] N {comb., asahcakaar-, asahcakah-} 1. screen. 2. mosquito bar, mosquito screen, mosquito net. 3. gauze.

• asahcakahkat on the mosquito screen. • asahcakaaru™ riikakusu™ a screen door. asahi [ß-sà-h†] N mink (Mustela vison); water dog, a legendary aquatic animal noted for its ferocity and healing powers. asakaatiit [ß-sà-kaa-tiit] N black horse.

asaraapi™ahus, asaraapiihus

[ß-sà-raa-pi-™ßh‰s, ß-sà-raa-pii-h‰s] N race horse.

• asaraapiihuskat on the race horse.

asas [à-sßs] N your mother. asataakaa [ß-sà-taa-kaa] N 1. white horse. 2.

White Horse, the name of a prominent latenineteenth century Pitahawirata doctor. asataatkatakusu™ [à-sß-taat-kß-tß-k‰-s‰™] N saddle blanket. • asataatkatakuskat on the saddle blanket. asatarii™uus [ß-sà-tß-rii-™uus] N bluish gray horse. asawi™u™ [à-sß-wi-™u™] N trap, snare. • asawikat in the trap. asawihuk (uur...) [•ß-sß-w†-h‰{k/t}•] VI(4) hop; skip. 1. tatuurasawihut 2. tuurasawihut 3. tuurasawihuuku™ 4. iriruurasawihut 5. tuurasawihuksta • tiirasawihuuku™ they are hopping. asawiita [ß-sà-wii-tß] N 1. male horse. 2. male dog. asawiitik [•ß-sß-wii-t†{k/t}•] VT(4) {pl., astaara™uukuk} put one's foot in water; step (one foot) in water. 1. taatasawiitit 2. tiisawiitit 3. tiisawiitiku™ 4. iriiraasawiitit 5. tiisawiitiksta • taatastaara™uukut I put my feet in water. Asiicakahuuru™ [à-sii-Ùß-kß-huu-r‰™] N 1. Wild Horse Society. 2. Wild Horse Dance, a form of gourd dance formerly among the Pawnee. asiicapaat [à-sii-Ùß-paat] N 1. mare, female horse. 2. female dog, bitch.

asiihari™

[à-sii-hß-ri™] N {comb., asiiharir-, asiiharih-}

colt, young horse. • Asiiharihtaka White Pony (personal name). asiikasa [ß-siæ-kß-sß] N spur. • tatiitasiikasa I have a spur on. • sitatiitasiikasa, tatiitastariikasa I am wearing spurs. asikita [•ß-s†-k†-tß•] VL ride a bicycle. 1. taatasikita 2. tiisikita 4. iriiraasikitawi 5. tiisikitawista asikitahaahiri™ [ß-s‡-k†-tß-haa-h†-ri™] N instep of the foot, top of the middle part of the foot. asikitawi™u™ [ß-s†-k‡-tß-wi-™u™] N bicycle. • asikitawikat on the bicycle. asitik (ut...) [•ß-s†-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) happen, occur. 2. tuutasitit 3. tuutasitiiku™ 4. iriruutasitit 5. tuutasitiksta askaa™a [às-kaa-™ß] N antelope, pronghorn (Antilocapra americana). [às-kß-kii-rii-t‰™] N heel (of foot).

askakiiriitu™

• askakiiritiri™ on the heel. • iriiraataskakiiriictawi where my heel is; my heel.

askatahciri™

[ßs-kà-tßh-Ù†-ri™] N {comb., askatahc-, askatac-} sole (of foot).

• tiiraataskatackatasa the sole of my foot. • iriiraataskatackatawi where the sole of my foot is; my sole. askatakusu™ [às-kß-tß-k‰-s‰™] N horseshoe. • askatakuskat on the horseshoe. askatatawi™u™ [às-kß-tß-tß-wi-™u™] N stirrup. • askatatawikat in the stirrup. • wiitaataskata askatatawi™u™ my foot is in the stirrup. askatatiir-i [•ßs-kß-tß-tiir•†•] VP(1) stumble. 1. tikuuskatatii 2. tiiskatatii 3. tiiskatatiirihu™ 4. iriiraaskatatiira 5. tiiskatatiirista

askatawihaaru™

[ßs-kà-tß-w†-haa-r‰™] N {comb., askatawihaar-, askatawihaah-} step, as a stair step.

• tihuukitaku askatawihaahiri™ he is sitting on the step. askawarik [•ßs-kß-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1), VR(1) {dist., askawaawarik} 1. trap, snare, as an animal. 2. put a foot into, as a child's foot into a shoe. 3. (dist.) put moccasins on; put shoes on. 1. taataskawarit; wititaataskawarit 2. tiiskawarit; wititiiskawarit 3. tiiskawariku™; wititiiskawariku™ 4. iriiraaskawarika; iriiwitiraaskawarika 5. tiiskawariksta; wititiiskawariksta • taataskawaawarit I put his shoes on him. askawat [•ßs-kß-wßt•] VT(2-i), VR(2-i) {dist., askaruuwat} take a moccasin off; take a shoe off. 1. taataskawat; wititaataskawat 2. tiiskawat; wititiiskawat 3. tiiskawati™; wititiiskawati™ 4. iriiraaskawati; iriiwitiraaskawati 5. tiiskawatista; wititiiskawatista • taataskaruuwat I took his shoes off. askiiru™ [às-kii-r‰™] N {comb., askiir-, askiih-} shank bone; shank. • askiihkat on the shank. • askiihiri™ with a shank bone. • iriiraaskiihtawi where its shank is; its shank. askiisawihuk (uur...) [•ßs-kii-sß-w†-h‰{k/t}•] VI(4) skip; hop; play hopscotch. 1. tatuuraskiisawihut 2. tuuraskiisawihut 3. tuu-

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aspaararaskiisawihuuku™ 4. iriruuraskiisawihut 5. tuuraskiisawihuksta • tiiraskiisawihuuku™ they are skipping. askiisawihuku [ßs-kiæ-sß-w†-h‰-k‰] N hopscotch.

askiiskatawicaku

[às-kiis-kß-tß-w†-Ùß-k‰]

N

flesher, made from the shaft of a buffalo tibia with a serrated end, used for removing bits of flesh and fat adhering to hides.

askiispatu™

[ßs-kiæs-pß-t‰™] N {comb., askiispatuu-}

elk antler scraper, flint or metal scraper with a curved elk antler handle, as used to remove hair and thin hides. • askiispatuukat on the scraper. askiiwariitu™ [ßs-kiæ-wß-rii-t‰™] ADV barefoot. • askiiwariitu™ tiiwarii™ he is walking around barefoot. askiriktaa™u™ [às-k†-r†k-taa-™u™] N ankle.

• askiriktaahiri™ on the ankle. • iriiraataskiriktaatawi where my ankle is; my ankle. asku [às-k‰] NUM {comb., asku-, askus-} one. askuc [às-k‰ts] N {comb., askuhc-, askuc-} prairie dog, black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus). • askuckat among the prairie dogs. • tuuraskuctaariruuhci™ there are lots of prairie dogs. • askuhcihari™ prairie dog pup, young prairie dog. askuhuukita [ßs-k‰-hu÷-k†-tß] NUM eleven. • askuhuukita tiwaarit piita eleven men are standing there. askuhuuru™ [ßs-k‰-hu÷-r‰™] ADV in the same direction, way; the same route, path. • askuhuuru™ ruusitiwa they (du.) went the same way (that they came). asku-kaakii™i™ [às-k‰•kaa-kii-™i™] NUM nineteen. askuraa™u™ [ßs-kŠ-raa-™u™] N same, same thing; same way. asku-raastawi [ßs-k‰•raÑs-tß-w†] N wheelbarrow. askuruurit [ßs-k‰-ru÷-r†t] ADV together; the same. • askuruurit taciira we are together, i.e., we are the same. • hii askuruurit kituu™u™ tataraakaawihat and together all of us sat inside. askusiri™ [ßs-kŠ-s†-ri™] ADV once, one time. aspaara- [ßs-paa-rß•] LOC leaning backward; on

aspaarahiri™ one's back. • aspaarakus be sitting leaning backward. • aspaararaah carry on its back in one's hands, as a baby, turtle, etc. • aspaara™ukuk fall on the back, fall flat on one's back. aspaarahiri™ [às-paa-rß-h†-ri™] ADV backwards. • ti™at aspaarahiri™ he is walking backwards. aspaarasa [•ßs-paa-rß-sß•] VI(4) be lying on one's back, lying flat on one's back. capaara™u [Ùß-paÑ-rß-™u] N the wife (of him), his wife. capaat [Ùà-paat] N {comb., (i)capaak-, (i)capak-} woman.

• capakiripahki little woman; young woman. • capakucuu™ large woman. • capakipiriiru™ young woman. • capaara™u the wife; his wife. capaktihuks [Ùà-pßk-t†-h‰ks] N 1. widow. 2. woman who lives alone. capikskiisu™ [Ùß-p‡ks-kii-s‰™] N cheekbone, zygomatic bone. capiksu™ [Ùß-p‡k-s‰™] N {comb., (i)capiks-} cheek. • capiksiri™ on the cheek. • tiicapiksta it is his cheek. caraahku [Ùß-raÑh-k‰] N goat. • titawii™ caraahku iriirawaariki it is among the goats.

caraaru™

[Ùß-raÑ-r‰™] N {comb., (i)caraar-, (i)carah-}

chin. • caraariri™ on the chin. • iiraacaracawi his chin. cararaat [Ùà-rß-raat] N {comb., (i)cararaapi-} 1. enemy tribe. 2. enemy, male of an enemy tribe. • cicararaat female of an enemy tribe. • cararaapikat among the enemy. casiiri [Ùß-siæ-r†] ADV even, even if; even so, despite, nevertheless. • ku™aatahaakakituus casiiri iriit capaat I wish I could kiss you, even though I am a woman.

caski, caskii, caskii™ [Ùßs-k‡, Ùßs-kiæ, Ùßs-kiæ™] ADV a little.

caskii™it, caskiit [Ùßs-kiæ-™†t, Ùßs-kiæt] ADV a little, a little bit; in a small way. caskiirarit [Ùßs-kiæ-rß-r†t] ADV a very little, a little bit; in a small way. cawi™uuriirik (uur...) [•Ùß-wi-™uu-rii-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) stand up, upright; stand erect, straight. 1. tatuuhcawi™uuriirit 2. tuuhcawi™uuriirit 3. tuuhcawi™uuriiriki™ 4. iriruuhcawi™uuriiriki 5. tuuhcawi™uuriiriksta

cawihaahkuuku™u™

[Ùà-w†-haah-kuu-ku-™u™] N {pl., cawihaarahkuuku™u™} pillow case.

• cawihaahkuukukat on the pillow case.

cawihaaru™ [Ùà-w†-haa-r‰™] N

{comb., cawihaar-, cawihaah-} pillow; cushion, formerly made by stuffing hair or hay into a hide covering.

• cawihaahkat on the pillow. • iriiraasa cawihaaru™ where the pillow is. Cawii [Ùß-wiæ] N {comb., (i)cawiiri-} 1. Chawi band; (hist.) Republican Pawnee band. 2. Chawi male. • Cawiiriru Chawi country. • Cicawii Chawi female. cawiirik (uur...) [•Ùß-wii-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) {pl. subj., ca™iwaarik (uur...)} 1. be standing upright. 2. be standing stopped; stop in a standing position. 1. tatuuhcawiirit 2. tuuhcawiirit 3. tuuhcawiiriki™ 4. iriruuhcawiiriki 5. tuuhcawiiriksta Cawiirikiripacki [Ùß-wiæ-r†-k†-r†-pßts-k†] N Little Chawi band, a group of Chawis who settled southeast of Pawnee, Oklahoma after the Pawnees removed to Indian Territory in the late nineteenth century and settled onto allotted land. cawikus (uur...) [•Ùß-w†-k‰(s)•] VI(4) {pl., ca™iwihak} be sitting upright, sitting up straight, sitting erect, as a person or object. 1. tatuuhcawiku 2. tuuhcawiku 4. iriruuhcawiku 5. tuuhcawikusta cawiraaruukus [Ùà-w†-raa-ruu-k‰s] N female chorus, four female singers who stand behind a group of male singers. cawuh (uur...) [•Ùß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) set, put, stand upright, as when anchoring a mortar in the ground. 1. tatuuhcawu 2. tuuhcawu 3. tuuhcawuhu™ 4. iriruuhcawuha 5. tuuhcawista ci [Ù†] CONJ but. cihiitu™ [Ù‡-hii-t‰™] N {comb., (i)cihit-} mattress. • cihitkat on a mattress. • tiisa cihiitu™ it is a mattress (lying there). cihitka™uktu™ [Ù‡-h†t-kß-™uk-t‰™] N feather mattress. ciiharisaar (ut...) [•Ùii-hß-r†-saa(r)•] VI(1-i) tease, joke, talk in a jocular manner. 1. tatuciiharisaa 2. tuciiharisaa 3. tuciiharisaari™ 4. iriiruciiharisaara 5. tuciiharisaarista ciiharista™uk (ut...) [•Ùii-hß-r†s-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) tease, joke with; pester, annoy, bother in a jocular manner. 1. tatuciiharistu™ 2. tuciiharistu™ 3. tuciiharistuu-

ciihtahaahiri™ ku™ 4. iriiruciiharista™u 5. tuciiharistuuksta [Ùiæh-tß-haa-h†-ri™] ADV (contemp.) around the periphery, edge, border of an enclosure, as a yard or corral; around the edge or border of a settled space, as a campground.

ciihtahaahiri™

ciihtahaaru™

[Ùiæh-tß-haa-r‰™] N {comb., ciihtahaar-, ciihtahaah-} edge of a village; periphery of a vil-

lage, camp, town; outskirts of a village, camp, town. ciir (ut...) [•Ùii(r)•] VD 1. be ambitious, energetic; be a willing worker; like to work, be a worker, as one who works all the time. 2. be skilled, accomplished. 1. tatucii 2. tucii™i 4. iriiruciiru 5. tuciiruksta cikic [Ù‡-k†ts] N, ADJ itch; itchy. • tatuu™ut cikic I am itchy. • tuu™ut cikic he is itchy. cikiri [Ù‡-k†-r†] N {comb., cikirir-, cikirih-} chicken. • cikirihkat among the chickens. • cikirihkaatiit black chicken. • tiwaktaahu™ cikiri the chicken is crowing. cikirihcapaat [Ù‡-k†-r†h-Ùß-paat] N hen. cikirihkasis [Ù†-k†-r‡h-kß-s†s] N bantam chicken. cikirihkiripahki [Ù‡-k†-r†h-k†-r†-pßh-k†] N chick; little chicken. cikirihpiita [Ù‡-k†-r†h-pii-tß] N rooster, cock. cikiriirihari™ [Ù‡-k†-rii-r†-hß-ri™] N chick, baby or young chicken. cikstiihuuru™ [Ù‡ks-tii-huu-r‰™] ADJ thankful, appreciative, grateful; happy. cikstiitu™ [Ù†ks-tiæ-t‰™] N trachea, windpipe. • cikstiitiri™ in the windpipe. cikstit [Ù‡ks-t†t] ADV fine; in a good way, manner. • cikstit tatuu™ut I feel fine. • cikstit tuutaa he did it in a good way. ciksu™ [Ù‡k-s‰™] N {comb., (a)ciks-} 1. esophagus, gullet; trachea, windpipe. 2. mind, seat of one's thoughts, seat of one's feelings, conceived to be in the chest and throat. • ciksiri™ in the windpipe.

ciksuhuuru™

[Ù†k-s‰-hu÷-r‰™] N {comb., (a)ciksuhuur-, (a)ciksuhuh-} mind; one's thoughts, one's

feelings, as the way one feels in his mind or what is on one's mind. • ciksuhuuru™ tatuu™ut ratkuuta my mind is made up to go that way. • ciksuhuuhiri™ in one's thoughts. cirasa (ir...ut...) [•Ù†-rß-sß•] VT(3) bring, lead

ciruu (coming). 1. tatiicirasa™ 2. tuucirasa™ 3. tuucirasaahu™ 4. iriruucirasa 5. tuucirasahista cirasat (ut...) [•Ù†-rß-sßt•] VT(1) take, lead (going). 1. tatucirasat 2. tucirasat 3. tuciraspuu™ 4. iriirucirasata 5. tucirasuhta ciraskaa™iisa (ir...ut...) [•Ù†-rßs-kaa-™ii-sß•] VT(3) 1. bring home, come leading home; come walking home with. 2. bring home in an automobile. 1. tatiiciraskaa™iisa™ 2. tuuciraskaa™iisa™ 3. tuuciraskaa™iisaahu™ 4. iriruuciraskaa™iisa 5. tuuciraskaa™iisahista ciraskaa™iisat (ut...) [•Ù†-rßs-kaa-™ii-sßt•] VT(1) 1. walk home with, take home walking, lead home walking. 2. take home in an automobile. 1. tatuciraskaa™iisat 2. tuciraskaa™iisat 3. tuciraskaa™iispuu™ 4. iriiruciraskaa™iisata 5. tuciraskaa™iisuhta ciraskus (ut...) [•Ù†-rßs-k‰(s)•] VT(4) live with, live together with, have living with, as someone whom one is taking care of. 1. tatucirasku 2. tucirasku 4. iriirucirasku 5. tuciraskusta

cirastawiraa™a (ir...ut...)

[•Ù†-rßs-tß-w†-raa-™ß•]

bring, lead down an incline (coming), as a hill, grade, stairway. 1. tatiicirastawiraa™a™ 2. tuucirastawiraa™a™ 3. tuucirastawiraa™aahu™ 4. iriruucirastawiraa™a 5. tuucirastawiraahista VT(3)

cirastawiraa™at

(ut...)

[•Ù†-rßs-tß-w†-raa-™ßt•]

take, lead down an incline (going), as a hill, grade, stairway; walk down with. 1. tatucirastawiraa™at 2. tucirastawiraa™at 3. tucirastawiraawuu™ 4. iriirucirastawiraata 5. tucirastawiraahuhta cirasuuka (ir...ut...) [•Ù†-rß-suu-kß•] VT(3) lead inside, come inside leading, bring inside, as into a dwelling. 1. tatiicirasuuka™ 2. tuucirasuuka™ 3. tuucirasuukaahu™ 4. iriruucirasuuka 5. tuucirasuukahista cirasuukat (ut...) [•Ù†-rß-suu-kßt•] VT(1) lead inside, go inside leading, take inside, as into a dwelling. 1. tatucirasuukat 2. tucirasuukat 3. tucirasuupuu™ 4. iriirucirasuukata 5. tucirasuukuhta ciruu [Ù†-ru÷] ADV yet, still. • ciruu tii™uut it's still quite a distance away. • ciruu kaakiriiha™ac he's not fully grown yet. • ciVT(1)

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cka™u™

ckitapiiraruus

ruu kawirawicat asku? is it one o'clock yet? {comb., (i)cka-} 1. face. 2. cloud. • ckahiri™ on the face. • tiickakataku there is a cloud overhead. • tiickata it is his face, it is a face. • raackatawi his face. ckaapiruus [tskaÑ-p†-ruus] N shell (generic); clam shell, mussel shell; sea shell. • tiiku ckaapiruus it is a shell. ckahiikara™uks [tskß-hiæ-kß-rß-™uks] N 1. wash basin, wash pan. 2. towel, face towel. • tactahit ckahiikara™uksiri™ I hit him with the wash basin. ckahuuripiiku™ [tskß-hu÷-r†-pii-k‰™] N ground plum (Astragalus spp.). ckakuuku™u™ [tskß-ku÷-ku-™u™] N mask. ckapicistuukus [tskà-p†-Ù†s-tuu-k‰s] N face powder. ckara [tskà-rß] ADV alone, lone, solitary.

cka™u™ [tskà-™u™] N

ckaraaru™ [tskà-raa-r‰™] N

{comb., (i)ckaraar-, (i)ckarah-} clouds.

• ckarahkat in/among the clouds. • taackaraara™ the clouds are moving this way. • tiickarahkatasa it is overcast. ckarahkuuku™u™ [tskà-rßh-kuu-ku-™u™] N 1. halter. 2. bridle. • tiruuc ckarahkuuku™u™ there is a halter lying there. ckariitkasisu™ [tskà-riit-kß-s†-s‰™] N rawhide. • iriiriruuc ckariitkasisu™ there is the rawhide. ckariitki [tskà-riit-k†] N {comb., (i)ckariit-} hide, skin, pelt, as of a large animal. • ckariitkat on a skin. • tiickariitku there is the hide. • rahuraahki ckariitki deer hide. ckarucki [tskà-r‰ts-k†] N {comb., (i)ckaruc-} paunch, as used for a water pouch.

• ckaruckat in a paunch bag.

ckarus

[tskà-r‰s] N

{comb., (i)ckarus-, (i)ckaarus-}

oak (Quercus spp.). • ckarus iriirahaapi where the oak tree is. • tiickaarustahku it is a stand of oaks. ckataahisiku [tskß-taÑ-h†-s†-k‰] N towel, face towel. • kiruu raaku ckataahisiku? where is the towel? Ckiiri [tskiæ-r†] N {comb., (i)ckiirir-, (i)ckiirih-} 1. Skiri tribe; (hist.) Loup tribe, Wolf tribe. 2. Skiri male.

378

• Capaakickiiri a Skiri woman. • Ckiiriru among the Skiri, Skiri country. ckiisaaka™u™ [tskii-saÑ-kß-™u™] N nostril. • ckiisaakahiri™ in the nostril. • ckiisaakaraariri™ in the nostrils. ckiisaakaratawaa [tskiæ-saa-kß-rß-tß-waa] N nostrils. • iriiraatickiisaakaratawaawi where my nostrils are; my nostrils.

ckiisaakaratawi™u™

[tskiæ-saa-kß-rß-tß-wi-™u™] N {pl., (i)ckiisaakaratawaa} nostril.

• ckiisaakaratawihiri™ in the nostril. • iriiraatickiisaakaratawaawi where my nostrils are; my nostrils. ckiiskararii [tskiæs-kß-rß-rii] N 1. striped prairie squirrel, ground squirrel (Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus). 2. mole (Scalopus aquaticus). ckipiisawarii™ [tsk‡-pii-sß-wß-rii™] N flying squirrel (Southern Flying Squirrel, Glaucomys volans). ckipis [tsk‡-p†s] N {comb., ckipis-, ckipiis-} squirrel (family Sciuridae). • ckipiisihari™ young squirrel. • ckipiis titawarii™ the squirrel is climbing around. ckipis raawarii [tsk‡-p†s raa-wß-rii] N flying squirrel (Southern Flying Squirrel, Glaucomys volans). ckipispahat [tsk‡-p†s-pß-hßt] N red squirrel, fox squirrel (Sciurus niger). ckipistarii™uus [tsk‡-p†s-tß-rii-™uus] N gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). ckirihkaapiraat [tsk‡-r†h-kaa-p†-raat] N 1. wolf (Canis lupus lycaon). 2. rabid wolf, rabid coyote. 3. shedding wolf, as in the spring. • iriruutaa ckirihkaapiraat the wolf that is rabid.

ckirihki

[tsk‡-r†h-k†] N

{comb., (i)ckirir-, (i)ckirih-}

coyote (Canis latrans), wolf (Canis lupus lycaon); Coyote, the trickster. • ckirihkat among the coyotes, wolves. • ckirihki iriirarahkaawi where the wolf den is.

Ckirihki Kuuruuriki

[tsk‡-r†h-k† kuu-ru÷-r†-k†] N

Pawnee tribe; Pawnees. Ckiriraara [tsk‡-r†-raa-rß] N Wolves (Standing) In Water, a former Skiri village in Nebraska. ckitapi™ [tsk‡-tß-pi™] N {comb., ckitapii-} corn silk. • wiituu™ut ckitapi™ the corn silk is out, is growing on the ear. ckitapiiraruus [tsk‡-tß-pii-rß-ruus] N corn silk.

• ckitapiiraruuskat in/on the corn silk. ckuhkakusu™ [tskŠh-kß-k‰-s‰™] N roach headdress. • ckuhkakuskat on the roach. • kiruu raaku ckuhkakusu™? where is the roach? • ti™ ckuhkakusu™ it is a roach.

ckuhkucuu™

[tskŠh-k‰-Ùuu™] N {comb., ckuhkucuu-}

gunny sack, burlap sack. • ckuhkucuukat in/on the gunny sack.

ckukahaaru™

[tskŠ-kß-haa-r‰™] N {comb., (i)ckukahaar-, (i)ckukahaah-} 1. fireplace, fire pit. 2. (contemp.) oven, stove, range.

• ckukahaahkat on the stove. • iriiraackukahaahku where the stove is. ckuraa™u™ [tsk‰-raÑ-™u™] N female doctor; nurse; midwife. ckuraahkiiks [tskŠ-raah-kiiks] N frog, toad (generic). • ckuraahkiikskat among the frogs. • tiiku ckuraahkiiks it is a frog there.

ckuraahkiikstarii™uus

[tskŠ-raah-kiiks-tß-rii-™uus]

large green frog, bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). ckurus [tskŠ-r‰s] N {comb., (a)ckurus-} daughter-inlaw. N

ckuskakusa™iwii™aahus

[tskŠs-kß-k‰-sß-™†-wii™aa-h‰s] N rocking chair, rocker. ckuskakusu™ [tskŠs-kß-k‰-s‰™] N chair; stool.

• tasuukitaku ckuskakuskat you are sitting on the chair. ckuskawikiic [tsk‰s-kà-w†-kiits] N scissor-tailed flycatcher (Muscivora forficata). ckuski™ic [tsk‰s-kæ-™†ts] N scissor-tailed flycatcher (Muscivora forficata). ckuskiisu™ [tsk‰s-kiæ-s‰™] N {comb., (i)ckuskiis-} coccyx; tailbone, lower vertebrae, just above the tail on an animal. • ckuskiisiri™ area around the coccyx. • iriiraackuskiistawi where his coccyx is; his coccyx. • tikuuckuskiista™aari™ my tailbone is aching. ckuuri [tsku÷-r†] N {comb., ckuurir-, ckuurih-} school. • ckuurihkat at school. ckuuru™ [tsku÷-r‰™] N {comb., (i)ckur-, (i)ckuh-} wool, shaggy hair; yarn, wool thread; fringe. • ckuhkat in the wool. • kiruu raruuc ckuuru™? where is the yarn? • tiickuracasa it has fringes,

is fringed. • arikiri™ic ckuuru™ sheep wool. [tsku÷-s‰™] N {comb., (i)ckuus-} hide; peeling, skin, as of a vegetable or fruit; shell, as of a nut; integument. • ckuuskat on the hide. • iriiraackuustasa where its peeling is; its peeling. cpaa™u™ [tspaÑ-™u™] N {comb., (i)cpaa-} row of hills, as mounds in which garden seeds are planted. • cpaahiri™ in the row of hills. • ruutaacpaarihit it is a single row of hills. • tiicpaaraaru™at rikiisu™ there are rows of corn. • tiicpaaku it is a hill (of planted seeds). cpakaatakusu™ [tspà-kaa-tß-k‰-s‰™] N female chorus, four female singers behind a group of male singers. cpiikicakusu™ [tspiæ-k†-Ùß-k‰-s‰™] N pin; safety pin. cpiiraruus [tspii-rà-ruus] N fly, housefly (Musca domestica). • cpiiraruuskat among the flies. • tiiku cpiiraruus there is a fly.

ckuusu™

cpikatakusu™ [tsp‡-kß-tß-k‰-s‰™] N

{comb., (i)cpikatakus-} apron.

• cpikatakuskat on an apron. • tatiiticpikataku I am wearing an apron. cpikiri™ [tsp‡-k†-ri™] N {comb., (i)cpik-} lower abdomen; mons pubis. • iriiraaticpiktawi where my lower abdomen is; my lower abdomen. cta™aahii™i™ [tstß-™aÑ-hii-™i™] ADV nevertheless, anyhow, anyway.

ctiisaaru™ [tstii-saÑ-r‰™] N

{comb., ctiisaar-, ctiisaah-}

1. daughter of a chief; (locally) princess. 2. queen. 3. queen, as in playing cards. Ctu™u™ [tst÷-™u™] N Witch Woman, a mythological old woman who has supernatural power. ctuu [tstuu] ADV really; so. • hii ctuu taahwicka™ and he really wanted it.

cuhariipiiru™

[Ù‰-hà-rii-pii-r‰™] N {comb., cuhariipiir-, cuhariipiih-} sacred bundle.

• cuhariipiihkat in/on a sacred bundle.

cuhuhkiicu™

[ÙŠ-h‰h-kii-Ù‰™] N {comb., (a)cuhuur-, (a)cuhuhkic-} rainwater.

• cuhuhkickat in the rainwater.

379

cuhuuru™

ha™iir

cuhuuru™

[Ù‰-hu÷-r‰™] N {comb., (a)cuhuur-, (a)cuhuh-, acuu-} rain, rainstorm.

• cuhuhkat in the rain. • witiicuhuhuhta™at the rain passed over, passed on. • tiwarii™ cuhuhkat he is walking in the rain. cusaakaratawi™u™ [Ù‰-saÑ-kß-rß-tß-wi-™u™] N 1. nostril. 2. smokehole of a tipi or an earthlodge. • cusaakaratawikat in/on the smokehole. cusaru™ut [ÙŠ-sß-ru-™ut] N {comb., (i)cusarut-} elephant. • cusarutkat on an elephant. cusawi™ [ÙŠ-sß-wi™] N turkey vulture, buzzard (Cathartes aura). • cusawikat among the vultures. cuskatit [Ù‰s-kà-t†t] N buckskin horse with dark mane and tail and a black nose. cuskiic [ÙŠs-kiits] N greyhound. cuskiitu™ [Ù‰s-kiæ-t‰™] N {comb., (i)cuskit-} cradleboard cloth used to wrap an infant; the cloth is attached to the cradleboard and holds the baby on the board as well as shields its head. • cuskitiri™ in/on a cradleboard cloth. cuspaaraaru™ [Ù‰s-paÑ-raa-r‰™] N animal's nostrils, nostrils of a large animal. • cuspaaraariri™ in the nostrils. • rakuuticuspaaraaruurikut to grasp its nostrils. • iriiraacuspaaracawi where its nostrils are; its nostrils. cuspacawi™u™ [ÙŠs-pß-Ùß-wi-™u™] N earring.

• tatiihacaarit cuspacawi™u™ I am wearing earrings. • tuuhacaarit cuspacawi™u™ she is wearing earrings.

Custaruus

[Ù‰s-tà-ruus] N {comb., (i)custaaruus-, (i)custaruus-} 1. Mexican; Spaniard. 2. cantaloupe, muskmelon.

• Custaaruuskat among Mexicans. • Cicustaruus female Mexican.

custikiriihkuuku™u™

[ÙŠs-t†-k†-riih-kuu-ku-™u™]

N

hoot owl, barred owl (Strix varia). <cuustik+kiriir+kuuku+u™, old woman with anus covered + NOM> cusu™ [ÙŠ-s‰™] N {comb., (i)cus-} nose; snout of an animal. • cusiri™ on the nose. • iriiraacustawi where his nose is; his nose. • iriiraaticustawi where my nose is; my nose. cuu™at [Ùu÷-™ßt] N daughter, dearie, young lady, an appellative for a young woman that is used, for example, by an uncle or grandfather or by a husband

380

to his young wife.

cuuhaaru™

[Ùuu-haÑ-r‰™] N {comb., (i)cuuhaar-, (i)cuuhaah-, (i)cuur-, (i)cuuh-} bangs. cuuhaaruka™ac [Ùuu-haÑ-r‰-kß-™ßts] N 1. cut

bangs. 2. person with bangs; animal with bangs. 3. Pueblo Indian.

cuuhkataku

[Ùu÷h-kß-tß-k‰] N {comb., cuuhkatakus-} warbonnet; hat or cap with feathers around it, forming a circle.

• cuuhkatakuskat on the warbonnet. • iriirapakskaawi cuuhkataku the one who is wearing a warbonnet. • tipakska cuuhkataku he is wearing a warbonnet. cuuhkatuus [Ùu÷h-kß-tuus] N badger (Taxidea taxus). • cuuhkatuuskat among the badgers. • cuuhkatuusihari™ newborn badger, young badger. Cuupiriktaakaa [Ùuu-p†-r‡k-taa-kaa] N Evening Star, Venus. cuuraasu™ [Ùu÷-raa-s‰™] N young unmarried woman, pubescent girl, maiden, virgin. <cuuraas+u™, pubescent girl + NOM> • cuuraaskat among the young unmarried women. cuuraki [Ùu÷-rß-k†] N {comb., cuura-, cuurakis-} girl. <cuura+kis, female + DIM> • cuurakiskat among the girls. • cuurakiripahki little girl. cuurawii™at [Ùu÷-rß-wii-™ßt] N 1. cap with a bill. 2. hat brim, bill of a cap.

cuururaruus

[Ùu÷-r‰-rß-ruus] N {comb., cuururaruus-, cuururaaruus-} porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum).

• cuururaaruuskat among the porcupines.

cuustira™u [Ùuus-t‡-rß-™u] N the mother. <cuusti(k)+ra.u, being the old woman> [Ùu÷s-t†t] N {comb., cuustik-, custik-} 1. old

cuustit

woman. 2. wife, an appellative for an older spouse. <cuustik> • cuustikat among the old women. • cuustikiripahki little old woman. • cuustikucuu™ large old woman, as one who is fat.

H ha-, haa- [hß•, haa•] LOC in water. • hakus be in water; stay or remain in water. • rahaawarii have in water, as something one is washing. ha™iir [•hß-™ii(r)•] VT(1) 1. put into water, into a liquid. 2. baptize by immersion.

ha™iisat

haakahuukitahaahiri™

1. tata™ii 2. tiha™ii 3. tiha™iiru™ 4. iriiraha™iira 5. tiha™iirista • tataaka™ii I put the wood in the water. ha™iisat [•hß-™ii-sßt•] VI(1) 1. go, walk into water. 2. win, as in a game. 1. tata™iisat 2. tiha™iisat 3. tiha™iispuu™ 4. iriiraha™iisata 5. tiha™iisuhta • tihaturaara™iisat the road goes into the water. ha™uuc/uc- [•hß-™uuts/‰ts•] VT(2-i) {pl. obj., haruucuh} lay in water; put in water. 1. tata™uuc 2. tiha™uuc 3. tihuci™ 4. iriirahuci 5. tihucista ha™uukuk [•hß-™uu-k‰{k/t}•] VI(4) get into water, go into water. 1. tata™uukut 2. tiha™uukut 3. tiha™uukuku™ 4. iriiraha™uukut 5. tiha™uukuksta haa (ku...ir...) [•haa•] VD be one's child, one's offspring. 1. kutatihaa™ 2. kutahaa™ 4. iriikurahaa™u 5. kutahaacta • kuratiihaa™u my child. • kurasiihaa™u your child. • kurahaa™u his child. • kuraciihaa™u our (incl. du.) child. haa™a™ [haa-™à™] INTERJ yes. haa™at [•haa-™ßt•] VI(1) {dist., haawarii} 1. wade across water; walk, wade in (shallow) water. 2. be in water, float on water, as a boat or duck. 1. tataa™at 2. tihaa™at 3. tihaawuu™ 4. iriirahaata 5. tihaahuhta haa™u™ [haÑ-™u™] INTERJ yes. haahka [•haah-kß•] VL be a steep bank, precipice, cliff; be a ditch. 2. tihaahka 4. iriirahaahkawi 5. tihaahkawista haahka [•haah-kß•] VL be attached to, as an arrowhead to a shaft or a top on an object, where the end of one object is inserted into a slit or crevice and secured. 2. tiihaahka, tihaahka 4. iriirahaahkawi 5. tihaahkawista

haahkahaaru™ [haÑh-kß-haa-r‰™] N

{comb., haahka-

haar-, haahkahaah-} gully, shallow washout, ravine, as formed by water; streamlet, small creek; ditch; trench. • haahkahaahiri™, haahkahaahkat in the gully. haahkahaaru™at [•haah-kß-haa-ru-™ßt•] VI(1) be a gully, ravine, washout formed by water; be a creek, stream (dry or full); be a streambed; be a ditch. 2. tihaahkahaaru™at 4. iriirahaahkahaaruuta 5. tihaahkahaaruhuhta haahkahaaruhak [•haah-kß-haa-r‰-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) be a washout, eroded gully, ravine, hollow; be a

stream, creek; be a dry creek; be a ditch, as one alongside a road; be a trench. 2. tihaahkahaaruhat 4. iriirahaahkahaaruhat 5. tihaahkahaaruhaksta

haahkahuuru™ [haÑh-kß-huu-r‰™] N

{comb., haahkahuur-, haahkahuh-} gully, washout; dry creek bed formed by water; ditch.

• iriirahaahkahuuru where the gully is.

haahtakus [•haah-tß-k‰(s)•] VI(4)

{pl., haahtaarik}

be a wound; be open flesh, as an injury starting to heal. 2. tihaahtaku 4. iriirahaahtaku 5. tihaahtakusta haak-, rak- [haak•, rßk•] N-DEP 1. wood. 2. tree. • tihaaktahku it is a grove of trees. • tihaakuukuriku he has a piece of wood in his mouth, as a pencil. • tihaaktaararit it is a large grove of trees. • rakiripahki small piece of wood.

haak/haa™ak [•haak/haa-™ß{k/t}•] VL

{dist., haapaa}

1. be a tree; be a certain kind of tree. 2. be wood; be a pole, post, stick, limb, branch. 2. tihaa™at 4. iriirahaapi 5. tihaapista haaka™u™ [haÑ-kß-™u™] N 1. mouth. 2. drum. • haakahiri™ on/in the mouth. • haakakat on the drum. haakaapak [•haa-kaa-pß{k/t}•] VI(4) (du., pl. subj.) argue, quarrel, as when in disagreement. 1. sitataakaapat 2. sitihaakaapat 3. sitihaakaapaku™ 4. iriisirahaakaapat 5. sitihaakaapaksta haakaawatata™u™ [haÑ-kaa-wß-tß-tß-™u™] N 1. lid, cover; cap. 2. hood, as on a car. • haakawatatakat in/on the lid. • iriiraaku haakaawatata™u™ where the lid is. haakaawatatuuk [•haa-kaa-wß-tß-tuu{k/t}•] VT(1) open, take a lid off, as a box or can; take a cover or top off, as off a container.

1. tataakaawatatuut 2. tihaakaawatatuut 3. tihaakaawatatuuku™ 4. iriirahaakaawatatuuka 5. tihaakaawatatuuksta haakacak [•haa-kß-Ùß{k/t}•] VT(4) cut, chop down a tree. 1. tataakacat 2. tihaakacat 3. tihaakacaaku™ 4. iriirahaakacat 5. tihaakacaksta • kaataraki tuuha™ rahaakacaku he is using an ax to chop the tree down. haakahuruus [•haa-kß-h‰-ruus•] VD be a hollow tree. 2. tihaakahuruus 4. iriirahaakahuruusu 5. tihaakahuruusuksta

haakahuukitahaahiri™

[haÑ-kß-huu-k†-tß-haa-h†-

381

haakakiicu™

haakawaahcistaat

ri™] N upper lip. haakakiicu™ [haÑ-kß-kii-Ù‰™] N {comb., haakakic-} saliva; drool, drivel.

• haakakickat in saliva.

haakakiraaru™ [haa-kà-k†-raa-r‰™] N

{comb., haakakiraar-, haakakiiraar-, haakakirah-, haakakiirah-} saliva; drool, drivel.

• haakakiraariri™ in saliva. • tihaakakiiraarawiraa he is drooling. haakakuut [haÑ-kß-kuut] N 1. pokeweed (Phytolacca americana). 2. moonseed (Menispermum canadense). haakapaktaarik [•haa-kß-pßk-taa-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) drum, beat a drum. 1. tataakapaktaarit 2. tihaakapaktaarit 3. tihaakapaktaariku™ 4. iriirahaakapaktaarika 5. tihaakapaktaariksta haakapiru [•haa-kß-p†-r‰•] VT(4) (impf. only) beat a drum. 1. tataakapiru™ 2. tihaakapiru™ 4. iriirahaakapiru 5. tihaakapirusta haakapiruus [haÑ-kß-p†-ruus] N 1. barrel. 2. drum. • haakapiruuskat in/on a barrel. • iriiraaku haakapiruus where the barrel is.

haakarahkuuku™u™

[haÑ-kß-rßh-kuu-ku-™u™]

N

bridle. haakararuus [•haa-kß-rß-ruus•] VD 1. have whiskers, have a beard (around the mouth). 2. have a mustache. 1. tataakararuus 2. tihaakararuus 4. iriirahaakararuusu 5. tihaakararuusuksta • Haakararuus Beard (personal name). haakarata [•haa-kß-rß-tß•] VL 1. be one's mouth. 2. be the mouth, opening, orifice (of an object, as anything that takes a lid; be the top, as of a container like a cup or can. 2. tihaakarata 4. iriirahaakaratawi 5. tihaakaratawista haakaratawi™u™ [haÑ-kß-rß-tß-wi-™u™] N 1. mouth. 2. mouth, opening, top, as of a container like a jar or bucket; orifice. • haakaratawihiri™ in the mouth. haakarihuur [•haa-kß-r†-huu(r)•] VD 1. have a large mouth, as a person; have a large mouth, opening, orifice, as a jar. 2. be loudmouthed, boisterous. 3. be bombastic, mouthy; be a braggart. 4. be a gossip. 5. be verbally abusive.

1. tataakarihuu™ 2. tihaakarihuu™ 4. iriirahaakarihuuru 5. tihaakarihuuruksta haakariir (uur...) [•haa-kß-rii(r)•] VI(1-a) speak well, nicely. 1. tatuuhaakarii 2. tuuhaakarii 4. iriruuhaakariira 5. tuuhaakariirasta haakasar [•haa-kß-sß(r)•] VI(1) 1. be a forked tree; be a fork in a tree. 2. be a forked branch, limb. 3. be a forked pole, stick. 2. tihaakasa 4. iriirahaakasara 5. tihaakasarista haakasicku™ [haÑ-kß-s†ts-k‰™] N thorny vine, bush; woody stem with thorns or stickers. haakastahkata [haa-kßs-tàh-kß-tß] N field dodder, love vine (Cuscuta spp.). haakastarii™uus [haÑ-kßs-tß-rii-™uus] N greenbrier (Smilax spp.). haakasu™ [haÑ-kß-s‰™] N {pl., haakastaaru™} vine; bush, as a berry or rose bush. • haakasiri™ with a vine. • haakaskat in/on a vine. • aparuuhaakasu™ berry bush. • tihaakastaararit there are clumps of vines or bushes here and there. haakatakipiitik [•haa-kß-tß-k†-pii-t†{k/t}•] VT(4) close one's mouth. 1. tataakatakipiitit 2. tihaakatakipiitit 3. tihaakatakipiitiku™ 4. iriirahaakatakipiitit 5. tihaakatakipiitiksta haakatawuh [•haa-kß-tß-w‰(h)•] VI(1) extend a pipe, offer a pipe mouthpiece first, as when giving it to someone to smoke. 1. tataakatawu 2. tihaakatawu 3. tihaakatawuhu™ 4. iriirahaakatawuha 5. tihaakatawista haakatawuh (ut...) [•haa-kß-tß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) hand a pipe to, offer a pipe to, mouthpiece first, as when giving it to someone to smoke. 1. tatutaakatawu 2. tutaakatawu 3. tutaakatawuhu™ 4. iriirutaakatawuha 5. tutaakatawista

haakawaahc/wa™ac

[•haa-kß-waahts/wß-™ßts•]

eat, take food, take a meal; dine. 1. tataakawaac 2. tihaakawaac 3. tihaakawaahcu™ 4. iriirahaakawa™ac 5. tihaakawaahcista VI(4) {dist., haakawaawaahc}

haakawaahcistaat

[•haa-kß-waah-Ù†s-taat•]

finish eating. 1. tataakawaahcistaat 2. tihaakawaahcistaat 4.

VI(1)

haakawaahcisu™

haarik

iriirahaakawaahcistaata 5. tihaakawaahcistaatista haakawaahcisu™ [haÑ-kß-waah-Ù†-s‰™] N 1. cooked food. 2. food, groceries. • haakawaahciskat in the cooked food. • witihuukitaruucpaa haakawaahcisu™ the food is on the table. haakcaaka (ut...) [•haak-Ùaa-kß•] VL be locked, latched, as a door. 2. tutaakcaaka 4. iriirutaakcaakawi 5. tutaakcaakawista

haakcaakarikuk (ut...)

[•haak-Ùaa-kß-r†-k‰{k/t}•]

unlock, unlatch, as a door. 1. tatutaakcaakarikut 2. tutaakcaakarikut 3. tutaakcaakarikuku™ 4. iriirutaakcaakarikut 5. tutaakcaakarikuksta VT(4)

haakcaakawuh

(ut...)

[•haak-Ùaa-kß-w‰(h)•]

lock, latch, as a door. 1. tatutaakcaakawu 2. tutaakcaakawu 3. tutaakcaakawuhu™ 4. iriirutaakcaakawuha 5. tutaakcaakawista haakiiwaaks [•haa-kii-waaks•] VP(4) yawn. <prob. VT(1)

haaka+awaaks, mouth to stretch; i.q. SB haakeewaks>

1. tikuhaakiiwaks, tikuhaakiiwaaks 2. tihaakiiwaaks 3. tihaakiiwaaksu™ 4. iriirahaakiiwaaks 5. tihaakiiwaaksista haakita [•haa-k†-tß•] VL wood to be forked at one end, as a tree, pole, stick; be a tree limb; be a branch, tree with a limb. 2. tihaakita 4. iriirahaakitawi 5. tihaakitawista haakta™uk [•haak-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) make a pipestem, as for a Pipe Dance. 1. tataaktu™ 2. tihaaktu™ 3. tihaaktuuku™ 4. iriirahaakta™u 5. tihaaktuuksta haaktariika [•haak-tß-rii-kß•] VL be a gate. 2. tihaaktariika 4. iriirahaaktariikawi 5. tihaaktariikawista haaktariikarikuk [•haak-tß-rii-kß-r†-k‰{k/t}•] VT(4) open a gate. 1. tataaktariikarikut 2. tihaaktariikarikut 3. tihaaktariikarikuku™ 4. iriirahaaktariikarikut 5. tihaaktariikarikuksta haaktariikawuh [•haak-tß-rii-kß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) shut, close a gate. 1. tataaktariikawu 2. tihaaktariikawu 3. tihaaktariikawuhu™ 4. iriirahaaktariikawuha 5. tihaak-

tariikawista

haaktariira™uk

[•haak-tß-rii-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) light, ignite wood; light a pipe. 1. tataaktariiru™ 2. tihaaktariiru™ 3. tihaaktariiruuku™ 4. iriirahaaktariira™u 5. tihaaktariiruuksta haaktarikuc [•haak-tß-r†-k‰ts•] VD be a stump, a tree stump; be a short log; be a short pole. 2. tihaaktariku™uc 4. iriirahaaktarikuucu 5. tihaaktarikucuksta haaktuu™at [•haak-tuu-™ßt•] VT(1) 1. raise a piece of wood upward, as a stick. 2. offer a pipe, offer smoke with a pipe; raise, extend a pipe upward, as when offering smoke ritually to a designated station or power that receives smoke. 1. tataaktuu™at 2. tihaaktuu™at 3. tihaaktawuu™ 4. iriirahaaktuuta 5. tihaaktuuhuhta haakukaa [•haa-k‰-kaa•] VL be a splinter in, splinter to be embedded in, as in skin. 2. tihaakukaa 4. iriirahaakukaawi 5. tihaakukaawista • tihaakukaa iksiri™ there is a splinter in his hand. haapi™uuhak [•haa-pi-™uu-hß{k/t}•] VP(4) tree to fall. 2. tihaapi™uuhat 3. tihaapi™uuhaaku™ 4. iriirahaapi™uuhat 5. tihaapi™uuhaksta haapiirahak [•haa-pii-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) fell, cut down, chop down a tree; knock down a tree. 1. tataapiirahat 2. tihaapiirahat 3. tihaapiirahaaku™ 4. iriirahaapiirahat 5. tihaapiirahaksta haapuh [•haa-p‰(h)•] VT(1) {dist., haapaawuh} 1. plant a growing tree, bush; put a tree, bush into the ground. 2. transplant a tree, bush. 3. put upright an elongated piece of wood, as a pole or stick. 1. tataapu 2. tihaapu 3. tihaapuhu™ 4. iriirahaapuha 5. tihaapista haara™uk [•haa-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) adopt, as a child. 1. tataaru™ 2. tihaaru™ 3. tihaaruuku™ 4. iriirahaara™u 5. tihaaruuksta haararikus [•haa-rß-r†-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be married (to a female); have a family. 1. tataarariku 2. tihaarariku 4. iriirahaarariku 5. tihaararikusta haarariwiitik [•haa-rß-r†-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) get married (to a female). 1. tataarariwiitit 2. tihaarariwiitit 3. tihaarariwiitiku™ 4. iriirahaarariwiitit 5. tihaarariwiitiksta haarik [•haa-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) {pl., hawaarik} be

383

haaruhaahkariipiiru™

haatu™

standing in water; be standing in liquid.

[•haas-kiih-kii-r†-wßt•] VT(2-i) unlace, untie, as a bundle; unbind; pull a lace or cord out of something tied together. 1. tataaskiihkiiriwat 2. tihaaskiihkiiriwat 3. tihaaskiihkiiriwati™ 4. iriirahaaskiihkiiriwati 5. tihaaskiihkiiriwatista haaskiira™uk [•haas-kii-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. braid, as leather for a whip. 2. weave. 1. tataaskiiru™ 2. tihaaskiiru™ 3. tihaaskiiruuku™ 4. iriirahaaskiira™u 5. tihaaskiiruuksta

haaskitawaawuh (ut...) [•haas-k†-tß-waa-w‰(h)•] VT(1), VR(1) tie leggings to a belt, lace leggings to a belt. 1. tatutaaskitawaawu; wititatutaaskitawaawu 2. tutaaskitawaawu; wititutaaskitawaawu 3. tutaaskitawaawuhu™; wititutaaskitawaawuhu™ 4. iriirutaaskitawaawuha; iriiwitirutaaskitawaawuha 5. tutaaskitawaawista; wititutaaskitawaawista haasta [•haas-tß•] VL {dist., haastawaa} 1. be tied on with a string, line, rope, etc.; be tied to. 2. have a string on; have a line on, as a tied horse. 3. (pl. subj.) be strung up together, be hanging strung together, as peppers on a string. 2. tihaasta 4. iriirahaastawi 5. tihaastawista haastawi- [haas-tß-w†•] LOC tied (with a rope). • haastawira™a (ir...) come leading a horse with a rope. • haastawiirik be standing picketed to something, as a horse tied to a tree or hitching post. haastawikus [•haas-tß-w†-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be tied, tethered; be tied to, as a horse to a stake, post, tree; be picketed; ref. to a horse. 2. tihaastawiku 4. iriirahaastawiku 5. tihaastawikusta haastawikuusk [•haas-tß-w†-kuus(k)•] VT(1) tie to, tie a rope to, as when tying a horse to a tree or stake; tether; picket. 1. tataastawikuus 2. tihaastawikuus 3. tihaastawikuusku™ 4. iriirahaastawikuuska 5. tihaastawikuuskista haasu™ [haÑ-s‰™] N {comb., haas-, has-} string (generic), a rarely used form. • iriirahaasku where the string is. haasu™at [•haa-su-™ßt•] VI(1) line to extend, as a string, cord, or rope. 2. tihaasu™at 4. iriirahaasu™ata 5. tihaasuhuhta haatu™ [haÑ-t‰™] N {comb., hat-, hac-} tongue.

haawa™, hawaa • hatiri™ on the tongue. • tatatuukuraa I have my tongue in my mouth. • iriirahatkawi where his tongue is; his tongue. • iriiratatkawi where my tongue is; my tongue. haawa™, hawaa [haÑ-wß™, hß-waÑ] ADV also; another; again. • haawa™ a siwiitaahwa also they (du.) would go. • a hawaa siwiitiiruutapit and also they broke it for him. haawatiihus [haÑ-wß-tii-h‰s] N 1. coil, coiled wire, spring. 2. tweezers, originally of coiled wire or springs, used to remove body hair. • haawatiihusiri™ with tweezers. • ki™iskuraruu haawatiihus hand me the tweezers. haawit [haÑ-w†t] N, ADV east; in the east, from the east. • haawit tahuuta™ the wind is coming from the east. hactawi™at [•hßts-tß-wi-™ßt•] VT(1) {dist., hacta™iwarii} lick, pass one's tongue over. 1. tatactawi™at 2. tihactawi™at 3. tihacta™iwuu™ 4. iriirahactawiita 5. tihactawihuhta hakus [•hß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. be in water; stay, remain in water; be soaking in water. 2. be sitting in water. 1. tataku 2. tihaku 4. iriirahaku 5. tihakusta hakuusk [•hß-kuus(k)•] VT(1) put, set, place in water; soak. 1. tatakuus 2. tihakuus 3. tihakuusku™ 4. iriirahakuuska 5. tihakuuskista harii™u™ [hß-riæ-™u™] N {comb., harii-, hari-} buffalo calf; cow calf. • hariikat among the calves. • harikaatiit black calf. • haritaakaa white calf. hariicapaat [hß-riæ-Ùß-paat] N female calf. hariikis [hß-riæ-k†s] N {comb., harii-, hari-} calf; newborn calf. • hariikiskat among the calves. • haritaakaa white calf. • Hariiwaki™ Spotted Calf (personal name). hariipahat [hß-riæ-pß-hßt] N unborn calf; buffalo fetus, cow fetus. hariirahkata [hß-riæ-rßh-kß-tß] N newborn calf. harikictaakaa [hà-r†-k†ts-taa-kaa] N flour; white flour, bleached flour. • harikictaakaa taharaspii™ I am looking for the white flour. harikictaarikic [•hß-r†-k†ts-taa-r†-k†ts•] VD be batter; be wet, sticky dough. 2. tiharikictaariki™ic 4. iriiraharikictaarikiicu 5. tiharikictaarikicuksta

haskiiru™ harikiitu™

[hà-r†-kii-t‰™] N

{comb., harikit-, harikic-}

dough. • hawaastaatu™ titaku harikitkat a weed is on the dough. harikitkawirat [•hß-r†-k†t-kß-w†-rßt•] VT(1) roll out dough; knead dough. 1. tatarikitkawirat 2. tiharikitkawirat 3. tiharikitkawiriwuu™ 4. iriiraharikitkawirata 5. tiharikitkawirahuhta harikitkipaacu™ [hà-r†-k†t-k†-paa-Ù‰™] N dough, uncooked dough. hariwiita [hß-r‡-wii-tß] N male calf. haruuc [•hß-ruuts•] VI(2) (pl. subj.) be in water; soak in water. 2. tiharuuc 4. iriiraharuuci 5. tiharuucista hasa [•hß-sß•] VI(4) 1. be lying in water. 2. be swimming. 1. tatasa 2. tihasa 3. tihasaahu™ 4. iriirahasa 5. tihasahista hasickariitu™ [hß-s‡ts-kß-rii-t‰™] N leather strap; hide rope. • tactahipaat hasickariitiri™ I whipped him with the leather strap. haskaatiit [hàs-kaa-tiit] N small black rope, buffalo rope, made from the mane of a buffalo. haskararikaaksu™ [hàs-kß-rß-r†-kaak-s‰™] N rawhide rope, as used for carrying objects. • haskararikaaksiri™ with a rawhide rope. haski [hàs-k†] N {comb., has-} string, twine, cord, line. • hasiri™ with a string. • haskat on a string. • tactahit hasiri™ I hit him with the string. • ki™iskuhaasuu haski give me the string.

haskicpaku™

[hàs-k†ts-pß-k‰™] N {comb., haskicpakuu-} whip; wagon or buggy whip; quirt.

• haskicpakuukat on a whip. • sukspiru™ haskicpakuuhiri™! whip it with the whip! haskiickataatu™ [hßs-kiæts-kß-taa-t‰™] N corn husk, as used for cooking cornmeal in. • haskiickataatkat in/on a corn husk. haskiicu™ [hàs-kii-Ù‰™] N string, cord, twine, thong, as used for a belt or to hold or carry something. • haskiiciri™ with a string. • haaskiickitawuh (ut...) put a string on, as a decorative string on leggings; tie onto.

haskiiru™

[hàs-kii-r‰™] N {comb., ha(a)skiir-, ha(a)skiih-} 1. braided string; leather, rawhide

385

haspaaksu™

hatkicpakta/taa

strings; strips of rawhide, leather; braided, woven rope. 2. short strips of food, as meat or squash. • haskiihiri™ on a braided string. haspaaksu™ [hàs-paak-s‰™] N head strap, strap for attaching a bundle to one's body to carry. haspaapicisu™ [hßs-paÑ-p†-Ù†-s‰™] N chain; log chain. • haspaapiciskat on a chain.

• hatawikii™ac be a deep hole; be a deep ditch or trench. • haakaratawi™u™ 1. mouth. 2. mouth, opening, top, as of a container like a jar or bucket; orifice. hatawuh (uur...) [•hß-tß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) 1. make, put a hole in; punch a hole in. 2. dig a hole, as in the ground. 1. tatuuhatawu 2. tuuhatawu 3. tuuhatawuhu™ 4. iriruuhatawuha 5. tuuhatawista

haspaatahuuru™

hatkaahuuru™

[hßs-paÑ-tß-huu-r‰™] N {comb., haspaatahuur-, haspaatahuh-} rubber hose.

• haspaatahuhkat in/on a rubber hose. • tactahipaat haspaatahuuhiri™ I whipped him with the hose. haspacki [hàs-pßts-k†] N {comb., haspackis-} 1. silk, silk material; satin, satin material. 2. silk ribbon. • haspackiskat on silk. • uukawiki haspacki ti™ it is a silk dress. • haspacki tihaastacasa it has ribbon work on it, as a shirt.

hastaakis

[hàs-taa-k†s] N

{comb., hastaakis-}

leather thong, leather string. • hastaakiskat on a leather thong. • hastaakisiri™ with a leather thong. hastaarikita™iitu™ [hàs-taa-r†-k†-tß-™ii-t‰™] N suspenders. hastahuraahki [hàs-tß-h‰-raah-k†] N leather string; buckskin string, lace; moccasin string. • tihaasku hastahuraahki it is a leather string. • ki™iskuhaasuu hastahuraahki give me the leather string! hastahuuru™ [hàs-tß-huu-r‰™] N rawhide rope. hastakiitu™ [hàs-tß-kii-t‰™] N rope, as one made of cotton or hemp. • tatuctariipaapu hastakiitiri™ I tied him up with a rope. hastariipiiru™ [hàs-tß-rii-pii-r‰™] N string. hastiwiru™ [hàs-t†-w†-r‰™] N drawstring, as on a bag. hat- [hßt•] N-DEP hole. • hatkaahuhkaa be an elongated hole in or through, as in a pipestem or solid object. hata (ir...) [•hß-tß•] VL {dist., hatawaa} have a hole in, as the ear; have pierced, as the ear. 1. tatiihata 2. tahata 4. iriirahatawi 5. tahatawista • tatiihatawaa I have my (ears) pierced. hatawi-, ratawi- [hß-tß-w†•, rß-tß-w†•] N-DEP hole.

386

[hàt-kaa-huu-r‰™] N {comb., hatkaahuur-, hatkaahuh-} 1. elongated hole, tubular hole,

as in a pipestem, hairpipe, hose, log. 2. tunnel. 3. shallow ditch, trench, furrow, as dug around the periphery of a tent to keep out water. • hatkaahuuhiri™ in an elongated hole. • iriirahatkaahuhkatasa where an elongated hole is. hatkahurat (uur...) [•hßt-kß-h‰-rßt•] VT(1) part hair; put a part in hair. hiiku [•hii-k‰•] VP(4) hiccough. 1. tikuhiiku™ 2. tihiiku™ 3. tihiikuuhu™ 4. iriirahiiku hiiku™, hiikusu™ [hiæ-k‰™, hiæ-k‰-s‰™] N 1. hiccough. 2. Hiccough, one of two stars in the northern heavens who send snowstorms to earth and drive buffalo to the Pawnee. hiir [•hii(r)•] VD be grassy, grassland, as an area where native grass is growing. 2. tihii 4. iriirahiiru 5. tihiiruksta hiir (uur...) [•hii(r)•] VI(1-a) {pl., hiwaar (uur...)} 1. be good, nice in quality. 2. be attractive, good looking, nice in appearance; be pretty; be handsome.

hiirisu™ 1. tatuuhii 2. tuuhii 4. iriruuhiira 5. tuuhiirasta {dist., hawiir-i (ut...)} stop for a night, stay overnight. 1. tikuutii 2. tutii 3. tutiirihu™ 4. iriruutiira 5. tutiirista • tikuutawii I stayed (several) nights. hiiraaricakusku [hii-raa-r‡-Ùß-k‰s-k‰] N pitchfork.

hiir-i (ut...) [•hiir•†•] VP(1)

hiiraaricakusu™, hiiraaricakus

[hiæ-raa-r†-Ùß-k‰s‰™, hii-raa-r‡-Ùß-k‰s] N pitchfork.

• hiiraaricakusiri™ on a pitchfork; with a pitchfork. • hiiraaricakuskucuu™ big pitchfork.

hiiraaricakuusk (ut...) VT(1)

[•hii-raa-r†-Ùß-kuus(k)•]

pitch hay; stack hay with a pitchfork.

1. tatutiiraaricakuus 2. tutiiraaricakuus 3. tutiiraaricakuusku™ 4. iriirutiiraaricakuuska 5. tutiiraaricakuuskista

hiiraaruka™iitu™, hiiraaruka™iitus

[hiæ-raa-r‰-kß™ii-t‰™, hii-raÑ-r‰-kß-™ii-t‰s] N hayrack.

• hiiraaruka™iitkat, hiiraaruka™iituskat on the hayrack. • iririsa hiiraaruka™iitu™ there is a hayrack there. hiirahkaa™a (ir...) [•hii-rßh-kaa-™ß•] VI(3) grass to come up, as when beginning to grow. 2. tahiirahkaa™a™ 3. tahiirahkaa™aahu™ 4. iriirahiirahkaa™a 5. tahiirahkaahista

hiirahkariipaapuhus

[hiæ-rßh-kß-rii-paa-p‰-h‰s] N

baler, machine that bales hay. hiirarahuuru™ [hii-rà-rß-huu-r‰™] N {comb., hiirarahur-, hiirarahuh-} bale of hay.

• hiirarahuhkat on a bale of hay. • iriirahiirarahuhku where the bale is. hiirihuur [•hii-r†-huu(r)•] VD 1. be tall grass. 2. be thick grass. 2. tihiirihuu™ 4. iriirahiirihuuru 5. tihiirihuuruksta hiirik (uur...) [•hii-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. fix, fix nicely, as something one works on; fix up, make good; repair. 2. clean. 1. tatuuhiirit 2. tuuhiirit 3. tuuhiiriku™ 4. iriruuhiirika 5. tuuhiiriksta hiiriruu [hiæ-r†-ruu] CONJ thereupon; then. • hiiriruu ahiwiitit thereupon he sat down. hiirisu™ [hiæ-r†-s‰™] N night, as a period of a night and day that elapses when counting time; equivalent of Western reckoning by days.

389

hiiru™

hirasiri™

hiiru™

tihiihaawarii™ he is waving the feather around. • tihiitacasa there are feathers on it, as on a warbonnet. hiiwiik [•hii-wii{k/t}•] VT(1) chop weeds, grass; hoe weeds, grass. 1. tatiiwiit 2. tihiiwiit 3. tihiiwiiku™ 4. iriirahiiwiika 5. tihiiwiksta hikaawat (ut...) [•h†-kaa-wßt•] VT(2-i) pick out, select the one one likes; pick out a special or certain one, as the best or most pleasing; have one's pick. 1. tatutikaawat 2. tutikaawat 3. tutikaawati™ 4. iriirutikaawati 5. tutikaawatista hikskawicaku [h†ks-kà-w†-Ùß-k‰] N pestle. hiksta™a (ir...) [•h†ks-taa•] VI(3) breathe; take a breath. 1. tatihikstaa™ 2. tahikstaa™ 3. tahiksta™aahu™ 4. iriirahiksta™a 5. tahikstaahista hikstaahisu™ [h†ks-taÑ-h†-s‰™] N breath. hiksu™ [h‡k-s‰™] N breath. hiksu™ [h‡k-s‰™] N pestle, wooden pestle. • hiksiri™ with a pestle. • paksiri™ rahikstawi the head of the pestle. • iriirahikstawi where the pestle is. hiksukac [•h†k-s‰-kßts•] VD be short-winded. 1. tatiksukaac, tatiksuka™ac 2. tihiksukaac, tihiksuka™ac 4. iriirahiksukaacu 5. tihiksukacuksta hiksukac [•h†k-s‰-kßts•] VP(4) be short-winded. 1. tikuhiksukac 2. tihiksukac 3. tihiksukaacu™ 4. iriirahiksukac 5. tihiksukacista hikuc [h‡-k‰ts] N old buffalo bull. hiras [h‡-rßs] ADV at night, nighttime. hiras- [h†-rßs•] LOC in the lead, ahead, first; in front. • hirasat lead; go in the lead. • hirasa (ir...) come in the lead, come in front. • hiraskus be in front; be sitting in front. hirasaah [•h†-rß-saa(h)•] VI(1), VT(1) 1. be first, in the lead. 2. be the leader of, as a social or political leader. 1. tatirasaa 2. tihirasaa 3. tihirasaahu™ 4. iriirahirasaaha 5. tihirasaahista hirasat [•h†-rß-sßt•] VI(1), VT(1) lead; go in the lead, as at the head of a procession. 1. tatirasat 2. tihirasat 3. tihiraspuu™ 4. iriirahirasata 5. tihirasuhta hirasiri™ [h†-rà-s†-ri™] ADV in front, in the fore, as at the head of a procession or in the front seat of an

[hiæ-r‰™] N {comb., hiir-, hiih-} grass, dry grass, hay. • hiihkat in the grass. • tihiihwaa the grass is growing. • tihiihwikii™ac the grass is tall. • tihiihkirarii™uus it is green grass, as in the spring. hiiru™at [•hii-ru-™ßt•] VI(1) be grassland; be a hay meadow (extending in a line or strip). 2. tihiiru™at 4. iriirahiiru™ata 5. tihiiruhuhta hiitaku [hiæ-tß-k‰] ADV 1. another place; the other place. 2. another way; the other way.

hiitaruhtu™

[hiæ-tß-r‰h-t‰™] N {comb., hiitaruht-, hiitarut-} soft feather, plume.

• hiitarutkat on a plume. • iriirahiitaruhtiki where the soft (downy) feathers are. hiitka (ir...ut...) [•hiit-kß•] VT(wi) {pl., raariitka (ir...ut...)} have, be wearing a feather on one's head, as in the braid on the crown of one's head. It can optionally be placed in an upright or horizontal position. 1. tatiitiitka 2. tuutiitka 3. tuutiitkaahu™ 4. iriruutiitkawi 5. tuutiitkawista • tuuhaariitka he has feathers on his head. hiitkiisu™ [hiæt-kii-s‰™] N quill of a feather. hiitkirikawaa [hiit-k†-r‡-kß-waa] N peacock. hiitkita™uuc/uc- (ut...) [•hiit-k†-tß-™uuts/‰ts•] VT(2i) put a feather on top of the head, placed either horizontally or vertically, depending on how a male was entitled to wear it; ref. only to males, who, formerly, generally placed the feather crossways through the hair. 1. tatutiitkita™uuc 2. tutiitkita™uuc 3. tutiitkituci™ 4. iriirutiitkituci 5. tutiitkitucista hiitpaakara™uk [•hiit-paa-kß-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) pluck feathers from a bird; pluck a bird. 1. tatiitpaakaru™ 2. tihiitpaakaru™ 3. tihiitpaakaruuku™ 4. iriirahiitpaakara™u 5. tihiitpaakaruuksta hiitpaarasiku [hiit-paÑ-rß-s†-k‰] N pokeweed, pokeberry, inkberry (Phytolacca americana), the berries of which were used to decorate horses and articles of adornment. hiitpiriik [•hiit-p†-rii{k/t}•] VT(1) {dist., hiitpaakara™uk} pull out a feather, pluck a feather. 1. tatiitpiriit 2. tihiitpiriit 3. tihiitpiriiku™ 4. iriirahiitpiriika 5. tihiitpiriiksta hiitu™ [hiæ-t‰™] N feather. • hiitkat on a feather. • hiitiri™ with a feather. •

390

hirasuritik

hukaa-

automobile. [•h†-rß-s‰-r†-t†{k/t}•] VI(4), VT(4) 1. get in the lead, get ahead of others, as in a horse race. 2. get ahead of. 3. be the leader of, as a team. 1. tatirasuritit 2. tihirasuritit 3. tihirasuritiiku™ 4. iriirahirasuritit 5. tihirasuritiksta hirasuuriri™ [h†-rß-su÷-r†-ri™] ADV in front, in the fore. • siraakstawi hirasuuriri™ the forepaws of a quadruped. • siraastawi hirasuuriri™ the forefeet of a quadruped. hiriitik [•h†-rii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) get into water, lie down in water; go down in water, as a bird diving. 1. tatiriitit 2. tihiriitit 4. iriirahiriitit 5. tihiriitiksta hiru™ [h‡-r‰™] INTERJ go on! hiruu [h†-ru÷] CONJ then. • hiruu ahiicusawas then he smiled. • hiruu riiti™at then I went. Hiruuska [h†-ru÷s-kß] N War Dance. <widespread

hirasuritik

regional term of unknown origin, likely either Pawnee or Omaha-Ponca; akin to Omaha heduóka>

• tarahkaa™aahu™ Hiruuska War Dance.

Hiruuska™ipakuuhtu™

they are dancing

[h†-ru÷s-kß-™†-pß-kuuh-t‰™]

Old War Dance, a designation for the war dance as practiced in Nebraska, before Pawnee removal to Indian Territory. hisaask [•h†-saas(k)•] VT(1) {dist., hiwaasaask} 1. name, give a name to, bestow a name on. 2. call by name. 1. tatisaas 2. tihisaas 3. tihisaasku™ 4. iriirahisaaska 5. tihisaaskista • tiikiwaasaas he named them. hisii [•h†-sii•] VD 1. be prominent, outstanding, noted, famous; be popular. 2. be the main one, primary one, as a chief or a guilty person; be the right one, as a culprit. 1. tatisii™ 2. tihisii™ 4. iriirahisii™u 5. tihisiicta hiwata [•h†-wß-tß•] VL be a doorway, an entry, as to a dwelling. 2. tihiwata 4. iriirahiwatawi 5. tihiwatawista hiwatuhta [•h†-wß-t‰h-tß•] VL be a door flap on a tent, as on a tipi. 2. tihiwatuhta 4. iriirahiwatuhtawi 5. tihiwatuhtawista hiwatuhtawi™u™ [h‡-wß-t‰h-tß-wi-™u™] N door flap on a tipi. hiwatur [•h†-wß-t‰(r)•] VD be a doorway, entry, as N

to a dwelling. 2. tihiwatu™ 4. iriirahiwatuuru 5. tihiwatuuruksta

hiwatuuru™ [h‡-wß-tuu-r‰™] N

{comb., hiwatur-, hiwatuh-} doorway; entry to an earthlodge.

• hiwatuhkat in the doorway.

hiwihc (uur...) [•h†-w†(h)ts•] VI(4)

{dist., hiwaawihc (uur...)} 1. appear, show up. 2. emerge from hid-

ing. 1. tatuuhiwic 2. tuuhiwic 3. tuuhiwihcu™ 4. iriruuhiwic 5. tuuhiwihcista • tuuhiwaawihcu™ he is appearing here and there. hiwihcisat (ir...ri...uur...) [•h†-w†h-Ù†-sßt•] VT(1) go to visit someone. 1. tatiriihiwihcisat 2. taruuhiwihcisat 3. taruuhiwihcispuu™ 4. iriiraruuhiwihcisata 5. taruuhiwihcisuhta huhkakusu™ [h‰h-kà-k‰-s‰™] N 1. moccasin sole rawhide. 2. moccasin sole. • huhkakuskat on the moccasin sole. • huhkakusu™ tiracarat she cut, sliced the sole rawhide. huhtaat/ta™at [•h‰h-taat/tß-™ßt•] VI(1) pass, pass by, pass ahead, pass up; speed by, as a train. 1. tatuhtaat, tatuhta™at 2. tihuhtaat, tihuhta™at 3. tihuhtawuu™ 4. iriirahuhtaata 5. tihuhtahuhta • wiitirikatihaahuhta™at the year has already passed.

huhtawii (ut...) [•h‰h-tß-wii•] VD

{dist., huhtawiika™uk} 1. be difficult to please, hard to please; be dif-

ficult to deal with. 2. be uncooperative; be reluctant to cooperate; be unwilling to help, assist. 1. tatutuhtawi™ 2. tutuhtawi™ 4. iriirutuhtawii™u 5. tutuhtawiicta • tutuhtawiika™ut he is hard to please in all ways. huka [•h‰-kß•] VL be in (a shallow circumscribed space), as in a shallow container. 2. tihuka 4. iriirahukawi 5. tihukawista huka- [h‰-kß•] LOC in a shallow circumscribed space; inside. • iksuka™at put, stick, reach one's hand into. huka™iitu™ [hŠ-kß-™ii-t‰™] N 1. (formerly) wagon box; (contemp.) truck bed. 2. hayrack. • huka™iitkat in the bed of a truck. hukaa [•h‰-kaa•] VL be in, stuck in, embedded in, as a sharp object in one's skin. 2. tihukaa 4. iriirahukaawi 5. tihukaawista hukaa- [h‰-kaa•] LOC embedded in, in.

• ikspihaarukaa™at dig, sink one's claws into, as a bear or cat. • iksukaa™at press the hand down on. hukaa™at [•h‰-kaa-™ßt•] VI(1) go into, enter, penetrate, as a sharp, pointed object going into the ground, skin, or an object. 2. tihukaa™at 3. tihukaawuu™ 4. iriirahukaata 5. tihukaahuhta • tiriisaapihukaa™at the peg went into (the ground). hukaa™iir [•h‰-kaa-™ii(r)•] VT(1) put on, in, as a vehicle or conveyance, such as on a train, bus, wagon, airplane, or stretcher, or in an automobile; put into, load into, load onto, as a vehicle or conveyance. 1. tatukaa™ii 2. tihukaa™ii 3. tatukaa™iiru™ 4. iriiratukaa™iira 5. tihukaa™iirista • tatukaa™ii kaa™askat I put him in the car. hukaarik [•h‰-kaa-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) {du./pl., hukawaarik} 1. be standing in, as in a vehicle or conveyance, i.e., in a wagon box, wagon bed, truck bed, automobile. 2. be standing in (a circumscribed space). 1. tatukaarit 2. tihukaarit 4. iriirahukaariki 5. tihukaariksta • iriiraraarukawaariki the ones standing in it. hukaata- [h‰-kaa-tß•] LOC on the bank of a body of water, as a stream, lake, pool. • hukaata™at go, walk on the bank of a body of water. • hukaataarik be standing on the bank of a stream. • raarukaatariwiikus be a large pile on the bank of a body of water. hukaatahaahiri™ [hŠ-kaa-tß-haa-h†-ri™] ADV along a stream bank, along the bank of a body of water, along the water's edge.

hukaatahaaru™

[h‰-kaÑ-tß-haa-r‰™] N {comb., hukaatahaar-, hukaatahaah-} bank of a body of water; shore, edge of water.

• iriirahukaatahaaruhat where the stream bank is. hukaatawi™u™ [hŠ-kaa-tß-wi-™u™] N bank of a body of water; shore, edge of water. • hukaatawikat on the bank. hukaawihiri™ [hŠ-kaa-w†-h†-ri™] ADV 1. in, embedded in, as a sharp object in the ground or in the skin. 2. inside, as in a body cavity or a container.

hukahaaru™

[hŠ-kß-haa-r‰™] N {comb., hukahaar-, hukahaah-} 1. bottom land, bottoms of a stream

valley, as the low, level area on each side of a stream course, either a creek or a river. 2. wagon bed,

392

hukataahpiiraah wagon box; floor of a hayrack; truck bed, truck box; interior of an automobile. • hukahaahiri™ in the wagon bed. • iriirahukahaaruuta on the bottoms, in the bottoms. hukaka- [h‰-kß-kß•] LOC down, as a bank or precipice; down into, down on the bottom, as in a hole or in water; at the bottom, base, foot, as at a lower elevation or on a lower surface. • hukakaarik be standing at the bottom. • hukaka™at go down, as a bank. hukakaa- [h‰-kß-kaa•] LOC down, as a bank or precipice; down into, down on the bottom, as in a hole or in water; at the bottom, base, foot, as at a lower elevation or on a lower surface. • uhuurukakaawarik throw down, throw over, as a bank or precipice. hukakaawihiri™ [hŠ-kß-kaa-w†-h†-ri™] ADV below; at the bottom, the base, the foot, as at a lower elevation or on a lower surface; deep down, down on the bottom, as in a hole or in water. hukakawihiri™ [hŠ-kß-kß-w†-h†-ri™] ADV below a surface, at the bottom, as on a lower surface; deep down, as in a hole or in water. hukakus [•h‰-kß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be sitting in, as a vehicle; ride in, as a conveyance. 1. tatukaku 2. tihukaku 4. iriirahukaku 5. tihukakusta hukakusu™ [h‰-kà-k‰-s‰™] N drummers, group of singers at a drum. • hukakuskat among the drummers, singers. hukasa [•h‰-kß-sß•] VI(4) 1. be lying in, as in a vehicle or conveyance such as in a wagon box or automobile. 2. be lying on, as on a stretcher or bed. 3. be lying in, as in a container. 1. tatukasa 2. tihukasa 3. tihukasaahu™ 4. iriirahukasa 5. tihukasahista hukata [•h‰-kß-tß•] VL be a curve, corner, as at the end of a block where one must make a turn. 2. tihukata 4. iriirahukatawi 5. tihukatawista hukataahpii- [h‰-kß-taah-pii•] LOC in one's arms, cradled in one's arms. 1. tatukataahpiiraa, tatihukataahpiiraa 2. tihukataahpiiraa 4. iriirahukataahpiiraaha 5. tihukataahpiiraahista hukataahpuh [•h‰-kß-taah-p‰(h)•] VT(1) 1. hug, embrace, take into one's arms. 2. take up into one's arms, put into one's arms, as a pile of clothing. 3. cradle in one's arms, as when holding a baby. 1. tatuukuraa 2. tihuukuraa 4. iriirahuukuraaha 5. tihuukuraahista Huupirikucuu™ [huu-p†-r‡-k‰-Ùuu™] N 1. Morning Star, Mars. 2. large star. huupirit [huu-p‡-r†t] N {comb., huupirik-} star. • huupirikat among the stars. • huupirit tikicapiicu™ the star is twinkling. • huupirit tiwaawaarit the stars are there (in the sky).

Huupirit Rakiciirikiisu

[huu-p‡-r†t rß-k†-Ùii-r†-kiis‰] N Morning Star, Mars. huur (ir...) [•huu(r)•] VD be tracks, prints; be a set of tracks, prints, as of an animal or a vehicle.

2. tahuu™ 4. iriirahuuru 5. tahuuruksta [•huu-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) cook mush, prepare mush. 1. tatuuru™ 2. tihuuru™ 3. tihuuruuku™ 4. iriirahuura™u 5. tihuuruuksta huuraasu™ [huu-raÑ-s‰™] N speckled corn mush, made from parched speckled corn that is ground, sweetened, and then boiled. • huuraaskat in/on the speckled corn mush. huuraawariitu™ [huu-raÑ-wß-rii-t‰™] N sweet corn mush, made from parched sweet corn that is ground and boiled. • huuraawariitkat in/on the sweet corn mush. huuracak [•huu-rß-Ùß{k/t}•] VT(4) puncture, punch a hole in. 1. tatuuracat 2. tihuuracat 3. tihuuracaaku™ 4. iriirahuuracat 5. tihuuracaksta huurahkuuckusu™ [hu÷-rßh-kuuts-k‰-s‰™] N thick

huura™uk

+raar.kuuc+kus+u™, cooked mush sitting in a kettle + NOM>

huurak

[•huu-rß{k/t}•] VI(2) be a certain height, be so tall. 1. tatuurat 2. tihuurat 4. iriirahuuraki 5. tihuuraksta huurakii™ac [•huu-rß-kii-™ßts•] VD be tall. 1. tatuurakii™ac 2. tihuurakii™ac 4. iriirahuurakiicu 5. tihuurakiicuksta huurasaar [•huu-rß-saa(r)•] VD be named; be one's personal name. 1. tatuurasaa™ 2. tihuurasaa™ 4. iriirahuurasaaru 5. tihuurasaaruksta

huurasaaru™

[hu÷-rß-saa-r‰™] N {comb., huurasar-, huurasah-} personal name.

• tuuhuurasarii it is a good name. [huu-r†ts-kß•] LOC in front, facing. • huurickawiitik (uur...) face, turn to face. • huurickahak (uur...) pass in front of. huurickahiri™ [hu÷-r†ts-kß-h†-ri™] ADV in front, in the fore, in the lead; at the front, at the head, as of a procession or traffic. huurickakus [•huu-r†ts-kß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be sitting in front facing, in the fore facing; be sitting at the head facing. 1. tatuurickaku 2. tihuurickaku 4. iriirahuurickaku 5. tihuurickakusta huurickawiirik [•huu-r†ts-kß-wii-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) be standing in front facing. 1. tatuurickawiirit 2. tihuurickawiirit 3. tihuurickawiiriki™ 4. iriirahuurickawiiriki 5. tihuurickawiiriksta huurik [•huu-r†{k/t}•] VP(1) get burned, scorched, as from a fire or hot object; become, get overheated, as from standing too close to a fire; ref. to getting lightly or slightly burned. 1. tikuhuurit 2. tihuurit 3. tihuuriiku™ 4. iriirahuurika 5. tihuuriksta huuriktik [•huu-r†k-t†{k/t}•] VT(1) warm, warm up, heat, as food over a fire. 1. tatuuriktit 2. tihuuriktit 3. tihuuriktiku™ 4. iriirahuuriktika 5. tihuuriktiksta huuruhaahkaatiit [hu÷-r‰-haah-kaa-tiit] N dark blue flour corn, one of the Pawnees' two favorite varieties of corn, the other being rikiistipiiku™ speckled corn. • huuruhaahkaatiitkat in/on the dark blue flour

huuricka-

399

huuruht

huuwi™

corn.

huuruht

[•huu-r‰(h)t•] VD be muddy.

2. tihuuru™ut 4. iriirahuuruuhtu 5. tihuuruhtuksta

huuruksas [hu÷-r‰k-sßs] N spear, lance. • kiruu raasa huuruksas where is the spear?

huuruuhtu™

[huu-ru÷h-t‰™] N {comb., huuruht-, huurut-, huuruc-} mud; damp soil, wet soil.

• huurutkat in the mud. • tihuuructaku it is a muddy spot. • iriirahuurutku where the mud hole is. huusakahaaru™ [huu-sà-kß-haa-r‰™] N evening twilight, last light on the horizon after sunset. • tihuusakahaaruuhat it is the evening twilight. • iriirahuusakahaaruhat where the last light of day extends across the horizon. huuskic [•huus-k†ts•] VD be watery, soupy, as something cooking. 2. tihuuski™ic 4. iriirahuuskiicu 5. tihuuskicuksta huuskiicu™ [huus-kiæ-Ù‰™] N {comb., huuskic-} soupy, watery dish; soupy mush; watery gravy. • huuskickat in the watery dish. huut [•huut•] VD be swollen, puffed up, as a bruised area or protuberance on the body; be a swelling. 2. tihuu™ut 4. iriirahuutu 5. tihuutuksta • taatiksuu™ut my hand is swollen. huuta (ir...) [•huu-tß•] VI(3) wind to come from a direction. 2. tahuuta™ 3. tahuutaahu™ 4. iriirahuuta 5. tahuutahista • haawit tahuuta™ the wind is coming from the east. huuta™a (ir...) [•huu-taa•] VI(3) swell, swell up, puff up. 1. tatihuutaa™ 2. tahuutaa™ 3. tahuuta™aahu™ 4. iriirahuuta™a 5. tahuutaahista huuta™at [•huu-tß-™ßt•] VP(1) {dist., huutawarii} swell, swell up, puff up, as an injured body part. 2. tihuuta™at 3. tihuutawuu™ 4. iriirahuutaata 5. tihuutahuhta • tihuutawarii™ it is swelling in different spots. huutaa™u™ [huu-taÑ-™u™] N sod, turf; chunk of mud or earth; dirt clod. • huutaakat on the sod. • ki™isku™uu huutaa™u™ give me a dirt clod.

huutaraha™

[huu-tà-rß-hß™] N {comb., huutarahaa-}

corn gruel, ground corn cooked with buffalo tallow. • huutarahaakat in the corn gruel. huutarii™uus [hu÷-tß-rii-™uus] N blue corn mush,

400

made from parched blue corn that is ground and boiled. huutawirihuur [•huu-tß-w†-r†-huu(r)•] VD be a strong wind; wind to be strong. 2. tihuutawirihuu™ 4. iriirahuutawirihuuru 5. tihuutawirihuuruksta huutuhkaa [•huu-t‰h-kaa•] VL be inflated, as a tire. 2. tihuutuhkaa 4. iriirahuutuhkaawi 5. tihuutuhkaawista huutuhkawarik [•huu-t‰h-kß-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) {dist., huutuhkawaawarik} inflate, pump air into, as a tire, balloon, mattress. 1. tatuutuhkawarit 2. tihuutuhkawarit 3. tihuutuhkawariku™ 4. iriirahuutuhkawarika 5. tihuutuhkawariksta • tihuutuhkawaawariku™ he is inflating them. huutuhkawat [•huu-t‰h-kß-wßt•] VT(2-i) deflate, let air out, as of a tire. 1. tatuutuhkawat 2. tihuutuhkawat 3. tihuutuhkawati™ 4. iriirahuutuhkawati 5. tihuutuhkawatista huutuhkawatak [•huu-t‰h-kß-wß-tß{k/t}•] VI(4) deflate, lose air, go flat, as an inflated object. 2. tihuutuhkawatat 3. tihuutuhkawataaku™ 4. iriirahuutuhkawatat 5. tihuutuhkawataksta huutuhwica (ir...) [•huu-t‰h-w†-Ùß•] VI(3) wind to come up, to begin blowing; wind to arrive; ref. to wind or a strong breeze. 2. tahuutuhwica™ 3. tahuutuhwicaahu™ 4. iriirahuutuhwica 5. tahuutuhwicahista huuwaturika [•huu-wß-t‰-r†-kß•] VL be between, as between two objects or surfaces, as two trees, two groups, etc. 1. tatuuwaturika 2. tihuuwaturika 4. iriirahuuwaturikawi 5. tihuuwaturikawista huuwaturika- [huu-wß-t‰-r†-kß•] LOC between, as two objects or surfaces. • huuwaturika™at go between. • huuwaturikakus be sitting between. • rahuuwaturika™at take between, carry between. huuwaturikat [huu-wß-tŠ-r†-kßt] ADV between, in between, as two objects or surfaces. huuwi™ [hu÷-wi™] ADV indeed. • witiraariisa™at huuwi™ there were many indeed. huuwi™ [hu÷-wi™] N {comb., huuwi-, huuwii-} corn ball, make of ground parched corn, sugar, and lard that are formed into a flat ball.

huuwiica-

icahka-

• huuwikat on the corn ball. • huuwi™ tiiku there is a corn ball. huuwiica- [huu-wii-Ùß•] LOC on the edge, along the edge, as of a bank or a raised object.

• huuwiica™at go along the edge of a bank. • huuwiica™a (ir...) come along the edge of a bank. • huuwiicakus be sitting on the edge of a bank. huuwiicahaahiri™ [hu÷-wii-Ùß-haa-h†-ri™] ADV on the edge of a bank, ledge, drop-off; on the edge of a raised object, as a roof; on a ridge. huuwirik [•huu-w†-r†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., huuwaawirik} 1. fire to go out. 2. light to go out, as an oil lamp or electric light. 2. tihuuwirit 3. tihuuwiriiku™ 4. iriirahuuwirit 5. tihuuwiriksta • tihuuwaawirit the (different) fires went out. huuwirikiihk [•huu-w†-r†-kii(h){k/t}•] VT(1) {dist., huuwaawirikiihk} 1. put out a fire, extinguish a fire, cause a fire to go out. 2. put a light out, turn a light off, as that of a lantern, lamp, electric light. 3. turn a stove burner off. 1. tatuuwirikiit 2. tihuuwirikiit 3. tihuuwirikiihku™ 4. iriirahuuwirikiihka 5. tihuuwirikiihkista • tatuuwaawirikiihku™ I am putting out fires or lights.

I ica- [†-Ùß•] LOC indentation around, circle around. • icahak (ut...) be an indentation around, a recess around. • icarahak (ut...) be a ridge around. • icarahii (uur...) be grooved, indented, recessed around. ica- [†-Ùß•] LOC on the end, on the tip, as of a rigid elongated object like a fork. • tawaakicakus be rattles on the tip, as on the end of a snake's tail. • uhuuricakus be on the tip. ica- [†-Ùß•] LOC suspended across, as over two forked posts or supports. • icasa be lying across. • ica™uuc lay over, lay across. • waatisicasa be a line or wire extending between two objects. ica- (ut...) [†-Ùß• (‰t...)] LOC stuck in, lodged in, as a pointed object like an arrow or a pin. • icakus (ut...) be stuck in, have stuck in, as a sharp, pointed object like an arrow or pin. • hiiraaricakuusk (ut...) pitch hay; stack hay with a pitchfork. • huraaricakus (ut...) be stuck in the ground. ica™iitas-i (uur...) [•†-Ùß-™ii-tßs•†•] VI(2) trot; jog, as a horse. 1. taaticiirat 2. tiiciirat 3. ticiiriwuu™ 4. iriiraaciirata 5. tiiciirahuhta • taaticiruuwarii™ I am carrying it around on my shoulders while going. iciis (ut...) [•†-Ùiis•] VT(4) 1. know; recognize (immediately). 2. learn of, find out about, as a person. 1. tatuuticiis 2. tuuticiis 4. iriruuticiis 5. tuuticiisista iciisat (uur...) [•†-Ùii-sßt•] VP(1) tire; be tired, weary; be exhausted; a general term that refers to tiredness, whether extreme or mild. 1. tikuuriciisat 2. tuuriciisat 3. tuuriciispuu™ 4. iriruuriciisata 5. tuuriciisuhta • tiiraakiciisat they are tired. iciisparik (uur...) [•†-Ùiis-pß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) tire, tire out; make tired, cause to be tired. 1. tatuuriciisparit 2. tuuriciisparit 3. tuuriciispariku™ 4. iriruuriciisparika 5. tuuriciispariksta icir-, iciir- [†-Ù†r•, †-Ùiir•] LOC over one's shoulder; ref. to a rigid object. • haakiciraah carry a piece of wood over one's shoulder. icis (ut...) [•†-Ù†s•] VT(4) (impf. only) be related to; be one's relative. 1. tatuuticiisu™ 2. tuuticiisu™ 4. iriruuticisu icka™at [•†ts-kß-™ßt•] VI(1) {dist., ickawar} be the end, extremity, as of an object. 2. tiicka™at 4. iriiraackaata 5. tiickahuhta • iriiraackawara where the ends are, i.e., from end to end. icka™awask [•†ts-kß-™ß-wßs(k)•] VI(1) smile.

icka™iir

ickawiir

1. taaticka™awas 2. tiicka™awas 3. tiicka™awasku™ 4. iriiraacka™awaska 5. tiicka™awaskista icka™iir [•†ts-kß-™ii(r)•] VI(1) nod, nod one's head up and down. 1. tatiitickuskaku 2. tuutickuskaku 4. iriruutickuskaku 5. tuutickuskakusta ickuustuwaah [•†ts-kuus-tu-waa(h)•] VT(1-i) peel, take a peeling off. 1. taatickuustuwaa 2. tiickuustuwaa 3. tickuustuwaahi™ 4. iriiraackuustuwaaha 5. tiickuustuwaahista • tiickuustaruwaa he peeled it. icpaa [•†ts-paa•] VD {comb., icpaa-} be a row of hills or mounds in which garden seeds are planted. 2. tiicpaa 4. iriiraacpaa™u 5. tiicpaacta icpaatat [•†ts-paa-tßt•] VI(1) {dist., icpatparii} 1. go to defecate, go to relieve oneself; go to the toilet. 2. go to the edge of a village, town. 1. taaticpaatat 2. tiicpaatat 3. tiicpaatpuu™ 4. iriiraacpaatata 5. tiicpaatuhta • taaticpatparii™ I went to defecate several times.

ickitaahuruusta™uk (ut...)

icpikatakuusk

[•†ts-k†-taa-h‰-ruustß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) roll up, coil, as a long rope or wire.

1. tatuutickitaahuruustu™ 2. tuutickitaahuruustu™ 3. tuutickitaahuruustuuku™ 4. iriruutickitaahuruusta™u 5. tuutickitaahuruustuuksta ickuhkakus (ir...ut...) [•†ts-k‰h-kß-k‰(s)•] VT(4) be wearing a roach headdress; have a roach headdress on. 1. tatiitickuhkaku 2. tuutickuhkaku 4. iriruutickuhkaku 5. tuutickuhkakusta ickuhkakuusk (ut...) [•†ts-k‰h-kß-kuus(k)•] VT(1) put a roach headdress on. 1. tatuutickuhkakuus 2. tuutickuhkakuus 3. tuutickuhkakuusku™ 4. iriruutickuhkakuuska 5. tuutickuhkakuuskista ickuraca™uuc/uc- [•†ts-k‰-rß-Ùß-™uuts/‰ts•] VT(2-i) fringe, put fringes on, decorate with fringes, as a shawl. 1. taatickuraca™uuc 2. tickuraca™uuc 3. tickuracuci™ 4. iriiraackuracuci 5. tiickuracucista

406

(ut...)

[•†ts-p†-kß-tß-kuus(k)•]

put an apron on. 1. tatuuticpikatakuus; wititatuuticpikatakuus 2. tuuticpikatakuus; witituuticpikatakuus 3. tuuticpikatakuusku™; witituuticpikatakuusku™ 4. iriruuticpikatakuuska; iriiwitiruuticpikatakuuska 5. tuuticpikatakuuskista; witituuticpikatakuuskista ictaariksisu™ [‡ts-taa-r†k-s†-s‰™] N wild potato, Indian potato, groundnut (Apios americana). • ictaariksisu™ iriirawaawi where the wild potatoes are growing. VT(1), VR(1)

ictahkatawihuuriiku™ [‡ts-tßh-kß-tß-w†-huu-rii-k‰™] N

fried potatoes.

• kucukskaruucuu ictahkatawihuuriiku™ give me some fried potatoes (lit. lay fried potatoes in (a bowl) for me!) ictakiicu™ [‡ts-tß-kii-Ù‰™] N {comb., ictakic-} sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). • ictakickat on the sweet potato.

icuhkata

ihtatakuusk

icuhkata [•†-Ù‰h-kß-tß•] VL be a smokehole; be the poles supporting the smoke flaps of a tipi. 2. tiicuhkata 4. iriiraacuhkatawi 5. tiicuhkatawista icusaa [•†-Ù‰-saa•] VI(4) 1. snort, as an animal. 2. puff, as a human or a train engine. 1. taaticusaa™ 2. tiicusaa™ 3. tiicusaahu™ 4. iriiraacusaa 5. tiicusaahista icusawask [•†-Ù‰-sß-wßs(k)•] VI(1) {dist., icusawaawask} smile, grin, as when laughing to oneself; snicker, titter. 1. taaticusawas 2. tiicusawas 3. tiicusawasku™ 4. iriiraacusawaska 5. tiicusawaskista • tiicusawaawasku™ he is smiling here and there. icusawask (ut...) [•†-Ù‰-sß-wßs(k)•] VT(1) smile at, grin at. 1. tatuuticusawas 2. tuuticusawas 3. tuuticusawasku™ 4. iriruuticusawaska 5. tuuticusawaskista

icuskatapakta/taa

[•†-Ù‰s-kß-tß-pßk-tß/taa•]

snore. 1. tikuucuskatapakta™ 2. tiicuskatapakta™ 3. tiicuskatapaktaahu™ 4. iriiraacuskatapaktaa 5. tiicuskatapaktaahista icuskatawii [•†-Ù‰s-kß-tß-wii•] VD be pug-nosed, have a pug nose; have a small turned-up nose. 1. taaticuskatawi™ 2. tiicuskatawi™ 4. iriiraacuskatawii™u 5. tiicuskatawiicta icuskiispakta/taa [•†-Ù‰s-kiis-pßk-tß/taa•] VI(4) be a humming or whistling sound in the nose.

2. tiicuskiispakta™ 3. tiicuskiispaktaahu™ 4. iriiraacuskiispaktaa 5. tiicuskiispaktaahista

icuskiispaktaarik

[•†-Ù‰s-kiis-pßk-taa-r†{k/t}•]

hum, make a humming sound through the nose. 1. taaticuskiispaktaarit 2. tiicuskiispaktaarit 3. tiicuskiispaktaariku™ 4. iriiraacuskiispaktaarika 5. tiicuskiispaktaariksta VT(1)

icuspaawaktiik/tik-

[•†-Ù‰s-paa-wßk-tiik/t†{k/t}•]

whisper. 1. taaticuspaawaktiit 2. tiicuspaawaktiit 3. tiicuspaawaktiiku™ 4. iriiraacuspaawaktit 5. tiicuspaawaktiksta icusta™at [•†-Ù‰s-tß-™ßt•] VI(1) {dist., icustawarii} sniff, snuff, as when wrinkling the nose and taking in short, deep breaths or when trying to clear a runny nose. 1. taaticusta™at 2. tiicusta™at 3. tiicustawuu™ 4. iVI(4)

riiraacustaata 5. tiicustahuhta • taaticustawarii™ I am sniffing around here and there. icusta™at (ut...) [•†-Ù‰s-tß-™ßt•] VT(1) sniff, take a sniff of, as when smelling someone. 1. tatuuticusta™at 2. tuuticusta™at 3. tuuticustawuu™ 4. iriruuticustaata 5. tuuticustahuhta icustaara™uk [•†-Ù‰s-taa-rß-™u{k/t}•] VI(3) hum. 1. taaticustaaru™ 2. tiicustaaru™ 3. tiicustaaruuku™ 4. iriiraacustaara™u 5. tiicustaaruuksta icuuhaarukac [•†-Ùuu-haa-r‰-kßts•] VD have cut bangs, have one's hair cut in bangs. 1. taaticuuhaaruka™ac 2. tiicuuhaaruka™ac 4. iriiraacuuhaarukaacu 5. tiicuuhaarukacuksta ihaari™ [‡-haa-ri™] INTERJ think of it! imagine! ihcickuusu™ [‡h-Ù†ts-kuu-s‰™] N potato peel. ihiitu™ [‡-hii-t‰™] INTERJ oh! oh my! my gosh!, an exclamation of surprise. ihtat [‡h-tßt] ADV some more, even more. • ihtat kukstaruu let me have some more! give me some more! ihtata- [†h-tß-tß•] LOC close to, beside, next to, alongside. • ihtatawi™at go along close to and then stop. ihtata™uukuk [•†h-tß-tß-™uu-k‰{k/t}•] VI(4) get close to, beside, next to, alongside. 1. taatihtata™uukut 2. tiihtata™uukut 3. tiihtata™uukuku™ 4. iriiraahtata™uukut 5. tiihtata™uukuksta ihtataarik [•†h-tß-taa-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) be standing beside, alongside, close to, next to, on the edge of. 1. taatihtataarit 2. tiihtataarit 3. tiihtataariki™ 4. iriiraahtataariki 5. tiihtataariksta • tiirihtataarit, tiraarihtataarit they are standing close to it. ihtatahaahiri™ [‡h-tß-tß-haa-h†-ri™] ADV close to, next to, beside, alongside, along the edge of, as a person or a vertical surface like a wall or dwelling. • tatihiit ihtatahaahiri™ I spread it out by (the exterior of) the dwelling. ihtatakus [•†h-tß-tß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be sitting close to, beside, next to, alongside. 1. taatihtataku 2. tiihtataku 4. iriiraahtataku 5. tiihtatakusta ihtatakuusk [•†h-tß-tß-kuus(k)•] VT(1) set beside; place close to, beside, next to, alongside. 1. taatihtatakuus 2. tiihtatakuus 3. tiihtatakuus-

407

ihtatasa ku™ 4. iriiraahtatakuuska 5. tiihtatakuuskista [•†h-tß-tß-sß•] VI(4) lie beside, alongside, close to, next to, as a child beside its mother or beside a vertical surface like a wall. 1. taatihtatasa 2. tiihtatasa 3. tiihtatasaahu™ 4. iriiraahtatasa 5. tiihtatasahista • tiraarihtatasa they are lying beside it. ihtatawiitik [•†h-tß-tß-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) sit down close to, beside, next to, alongside. 1. taatihtatawiitit 2. tiihtatawiitit 3. tiihtatawiitiku™ 4. iriiraahtatawiitit 5. tiihtatawiitiksta ii- [ii•] ADV-P that; there; at that time. • iiraaku that one (sitting). • iiraariki that one (standing). • iirarasahatu hii aharuuraapirihuu™ while he was growing up he loved it. • iihaataku over there. ii™uut [•ii-™uut•] VI(2) be a long distance off or away, be far off or away. 1. taatii™uut 2. tii™uut 4. iririi™uuti 5. tii™uutista iic [iits] N {comb., ihc-, i(i)c-} Indian potato, wild potato (Apios americana). • iickat among the wild potatoes. • iriiratatpaawi iic where the wild potatoes are growing. iihaataku [ii-haÑ-tß-k‰] ADV there, over there. iiharat (uur...) [•ii-hß-rßt•] VT(1) wean. 1. tatuuriiharat 2. tuuriiharat 3. tuuriihariwuu™ 4. iriruuriiharata 5. tuuriiharahuhta iihi [•ii-h†•] VD be, as a place, location, or time. 2. tiihi™ 4. iririihi™u 5. tiihicta iihiitk [•ii-hiit(k)•] VT(1) nurse. 1. tatiihiit 2. ti™iihiit 3. ti™iihiitku™ 4. iriira™iihiitka 5. ti™iihiitkista iika, iika™, iika™a [iæ-kß, iæ-kß™, iæ-kß-™ß] INTERJ oh! oh my! my! • iika™a, kuwitiihat my, he was tall! iika (ut...) [•ii-kß•] VL be in the middle, in the midst, as in a crowd of people or an enclosed space. 1. tatuutiika 2. tuutiika 4. iriruutiikawi 5. tuutiikawista iika- (ut...) [ii-kß• (‰t...)] LOC in the middle, in the center, as of a crowd or an enclosed space. • iika™at (ut...) go in the middle, walk in the center. • iika™a (ir...ut...) come in the middle. iikaarik (ut...) [•ii-kaa-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) be standing in the middle, in the midst. 1. tatuutiikaarit 2. tuutiikaarit 3. tuutiikaariki™ 4. iriruutiikaariki 5. tuutiikaariksta iikahaahiri™ [iæ-kß-haa-h†-ri™] ADV in the middle, in the midst. iikakus (ut...) [•ii-kß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. be sitting in

ihtatasa

408

iistir (ut...) the middle. 2. live in the middle.

1. tatuutiikaku 2. tuutiikaku 3. tuutiikakuusu™ 4. iriruutiikaku 5. tuutiikakusta iikasa (ut...) [•ii-kß-sß•] VI(4) be lying in the middle, as a child between its parents. 1. tatuutiikasa 2. tuutiikasa 3. tuutiikasaahu™ 4. iriruutiikasa 5. tuutiikasahista • tuuhaariikasa they are lying in the middle.

iikawaawaa™, iikawaawaa™a

[ii-kß-waÑ-waa™, iikß-waÑ-waa-™ß] INTERJ oh my goodness!

• iikawaawaa™, ii karawiti™ caahiksicaahiks oh my goodness, and he was indeed an outstanding person. iir- [iir•] N-DEP carcass; corpse. • iihkituu™u™ whole carcass. • iihtakipuh wrap a corpse tightly. • tarahiihkituu™u™ whole buffalo carcass. iira™uk [•ii-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) issue; give out, distribute, as rations. 1. tatiiru™ 2. ti™iiru™ 3. ti™iiruuku™ 4. iriira™iira™u 5. ti™iiruuksta

Iiraahkarihaaruhat

[iæ-raah-kß-r†-haa-r‰-hßt] N iirariihk [•ii-rß-rii(h){k/t}•] VT(1) 1. consider, examine

Rocky

Mountains.

thoughtfully, as a candidate for a job or position. 2. test, as to determine someone's ability or reliability. 1. tatiirariit 2. ti™iirariit 3. ti™iirariihku™ 4. iriira™iirariihka 5. ti™iirariihkista iirik (ut...) [•ii-r†{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. see, look at. 2. check on, see to, as when tending animals. 1. tatuutiirit 2. tuutiirit 3. tuutiiriku™ 4. iriruutiirit 5. tuutiiriksta iirikis [iæ-r†-k†s] N {comb., iirikis-} mouse (generic). • iirikiskat on the mouse. • iirikisihari™ young mouse. • iirikisataatu™ mouse droppings. iis- [iis•] LOC out of sight. • ha™iisa (ir...) come into water. • kaa™iisat go home; return to one's village. iisat [•ii-sßt•] VI(1) {dist., iisparii} 1. go out of sight, disappear, disappear over, as when going over a hill; vanish, as when going off into the distance. 2. go down, set, as the sun on the horizon. 1. tatiisat 2. ti™iisat 3. ti™iispuu™ 4. iriira™iisata 5. ti™iisuhta • ti™iisparii™ he is going back and forth out of sight, over a hill. iistir (ut...) [•iis-t†(r)•] VI(1-a) depend on, as for assistance; have faith in, confidence in, trust in.

iit

ikiraaruur

1. tatuutiisti 2. tuutiisti 3. tuutiistiiru™ 4. iriruutiistira 5. tuutiistirasta iit [•iit•] VI(2) nurse, suckle. 1. tatiit 2. ti™iit 3. ti™iitu™ 4. iriira™iiti 5. ti™iitista • tiiriitu™ they are nursing. iit- [iit•] LOC in a line, in a row. • ka™iitat be in a line or row. • icihta™iitat extend along the edge of a village. • raahkaata™iitat be lined along the wall in the back, as spectators in a room. iit- [iit•] N-DEP body (living or dead); corpse; carcass. • iituriirik (uur...) 1. prepare a body or corpse nicely, as for burial. 2. change the position of a body, as a baby who has lain too long in one position; lay nicely, comfortably, as when putting a baby to bed. iita (ir...) [•ii-tß•] VL know, be acquainted with, as a person or a fact. 1. tatiiriita 2. ta™iita 4. iriira™iitawi 5. ta™iitawista iitaku [iæ-tß-k‰] ADV there, right there, as some distance away. iitawiitik (ir...) [•ii-tß-wii-t†{k/t}•] VT(4) get to know, become acquainted with, as a person or a fact. 1. tatiiriitawiitit 2. ta™iitawiitit 3. ta™iitawiitiku™ 4. iriira™iitawiitit 5. ta™iitawiitiksta iitawuh [•ii-tß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) 1. describe, tell of, tell about. 2. announce, as a name or date. 3. introduce. 1. tatiitawu 2. ti™iitawu 3. ti™iitawuhu™ 4. iriira™iitawuha 5. ti™iitawista • tahaariitawuhu™ I am describing them (inan. obj.). iitawuh (ut...) [•ii-tß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) 1. tell to; describe to. 2. introduce to, tell someone who another is. 1. tatuutiitawu 2. tuutiitawu 3. tuutiitawuhu™ 4. iriruutiitawuha 5. tuutiitawista iitik [•ii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) bow, bend over forward, go down. 1. tatiitit 2. ti™iitit 3. ti™iitiku™ 4. iriira™iitit 5. ti™iitiksta • tiraariitiku™ they are bowing. iitkataku [iæt-kß-tß-k‰] N policeman; sheriff, marshal. iitkickaruuwat [•iit-k†ts-kß-ruu-wßt•] VT(2-i) {dist., iitkickaruuwaawat} milk, milk a cow. 1. tatiitkickaruuwat, taatiitkickaruuwat 2. ti™iitkickaruuwat 3. ti™iitkickaruuwati™ 4. iriira™iitkickaruuwati 5. ti™iitkickaruuwatihista • taatakiitkickaruuwaawat I milked all of them.

iitkickaruuwatiihus

[iæt-k†ts-kß-ruu-wß-tii-h‰s] N

milk cow.

iitkickasisu™

[iæt-k†ts-kß-s†-s‰™] N butter; cheese; cottage cheese. • iitkickasiskat in/on the butter. iitkiicu™ [iit-kiæ-Ù‰™] N {comb., iitkic-} milk. • iitkickat in the milk. • kukskiraruu iitkiicu™ give me the milk! iitkiraaru™ [iæt-k†-raa-r‰™] N udder. • iitkiraariri™, iitkiraahkat in/on the udder. iitpaca [iit-pà-Ùß] N nipple. • iitpacahiri™ on the nipple. • ta™iitpaca she has a bump on the nipple, as a sore, blister, bite. iitu™ [iæ-t‰™] INTERJ go ahead! proceed, as in go ahead and do it! iitu™ [iæ-t‰™] N {comb., iit-, iic-, iih-} breast, teat (of females or males). • iitiri™ on the breast. • iihaaru™ breasts. • iriisira™iictawi where her breasts are; her breasts. iituusik [•ii-tuu-s†{k/t}•] VI(4) land, as a flying object like an arrow or airplane; come to a stop, lie still, as something that is moving. 2. ti™iituusit 3. ti™iituusiiku™ 4. iriira™iituusit 5. ti™iituusiksta ikaari™ [†-kaÑ-ri™] N his, her, their grandmother. ikarikat [‡-kß-r†-kßt] ADJ, N 1. half; in the middle, in the center. 2. half dollar, fifty cent piece. • ikarikat suksukat cut it in half! • huraarikarikat halfway, midway. ikiraa- (ut...) [†-k†-raa• (‰t...)] LOC turning, twisting around. • ruukiraahak (ut...) swing around, twirl around. ikiraahak (ut...) [•†-k†-raa-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., ikiraawaahak (ut...)} 1. turn, as in another direction; turn around, twist around, turn to face the opposite direction. 2. look back behind one, as to see someone or something in one's rear. 1. tatuutikiraahat 2. tuutikiraahat 3. tuutikiraahaaku™ 4. iriruutikiraahat 5. tuutikiraahaksta • iriruutikiraawaahaku the one who is twisting his body around. ikiraarahak (ut...) [•†-k†-raa-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) turn, twist; turn around, twist around, as a wrench, pliers, or leather. 1. tatuutikiraarahat 2. tuutikiraarahat 3. tuutikiraarahaaku™ 4. iriruutikiraarahat 5. tuutikiraarahaksta ikiraaruur [•†-k†-raa-ruu(r)•] VD be in a hurry, in a rush; be rushed. 1. taatikiraaruu™ 2. tiikiraaruu™ 4. iriruukiraaruuru 5. tiikiraaruuruksta ikiraat (ut...) [•†-k†-raat•] VT(2) twist, wring, wring out, as a wet cloth. 1. tatuutikiraat 2. tuutikiraat 3. tuutikiraatu™ 4. iriruutikiraati 5. tuutikiraatista ikiraawarik [•†-k†-raa-wß-r†{k/t}•] VR(1) hurry, hurry oneself; be quick, make haste. 1. wititaatikiraawarit 2. wititiikiraawarit 3. wititiikiraawariku™ 4. iriiwitiraakiraawarika 5. wititiikiraawariksta ikiriwiiha™uk [•†-k†-r†-wii-hß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. change, transform, alter, make different. 2. change, switch, as from one to another, like moving into another dwelling or putting on a different article of clothing. 3. exchange, replace with another, as when returning an article to a store. 1. taatikiriwiihu™; taatikiriwiihu™ 2. tiikiriwiihu™ 3. tiikiriwiihuuku™ 4. iriiraakiriwiiha™u 5. tiikiriwiihuuksta ikiriwit [•†-k†-r†-w†t•] VD be different, changed, transformed. 1. taatikiriwi™it 2. tiikiriwi™it 4. iriiraakiriwiitu 5. tiikiriwituksta ikita [•†-k†-tß•] VL {dist., ikitawaa} 1. ride, as a horse. 2. be astride, as a fence rail. 1. taatikita 2. tiikita 4. iriiraakitawi 5. tiikitawista • Tiirikitawaa They Are Riding, They Are All Riding (personal name). ikita(wi)- [†-k†-tß(w†)•] LOC astride, riding, straddling, as on a horse or bicycle. • ikita™uukuk straddle; get on, mount in a straddling position. ikita™iiwiira™at [•†-k†-tß-™ii-wii-rß-™ßt•] VI(1) ride behind, ride following. 1. taatikita™iiwiira™at 2. tiikita™iiwiira™at 3. tuukita™iiwiirawuu™ 4. iriiraakita™iiwiiraata 5. tiikita™iiwiirahuhta ikitaa- (ut...) [†-k†-taa• (‰t...)] LOC turning, twisting around. • ikitaahak (ut...) turn around, turn back. • ikitaarahak (ut...) twist, turn around, as a wrench. • ruukitaahak (ut...) twirl, swing around. ikitawi™a (ir...) [•†-k†-tß-wi-™ß•] VI(3) come riding; come astride. 1. tatiirikitawi™a™ 2. tuukitawi™a™ 3. tuukitawi™aahu™ 4. iriiraakitawi™a 5. tuukitawiihista ikitawi™at [•†-k†-tß-wi-™ßt•] VI(1) {dist., ikita™iwarii} go riding, go horseback riding; ride by. 1. taatikitawi™at 2. tiikitawi™at 3. tiikita™iwuu™ 4. i-

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iksas riiraakitawiita 5. tiikitawihuhta • tiikita™iwarii™ he is riding around. ikitawiitik [•†-k†-tß-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., ikitawiiruutik} mount, as a horse; straddle. 1. taatikitawiitit 2. tiikitawiitit 3. tiikitawiitiku™ 4. iriiraakitawiitit 5. tiikitawiitiksta • tiraarikitawiiruutit different ones mounted. ikitawitawi™at [•†-k†-tß-w†-tß-wi-™ßt•] VI(1) ride with, ride among, as other riders. 1. taatikitawitawi™at 2. tiikitawitawi™at 3. tiikitawita™iwuu™ 4. iriiraakitawitawiita 5. tiikitawitawihuhta ikitawuh [•†-k†-tß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) put on a horse; put astride. 1. taatikitawu 2. tiikitawu 3. tiikitawuhu™ 4. iriiraakitawuha 5. tiikitawista ikiwir [•†-k†-w†(r)•] VI(1-a) be different, dissimilar, unlike; differ. 1. taatikiwi 2. tiikiwi 3. tiikiwiiru™ 4. iriruukiwira 5. tiikiwirasta iksa (ir...ut...) [•†k-sß•] VT(wi) be wearing on one's wrist, as a bracelet or wristwatch. 1. tatiitiksa 2. tuutiksa 4. iriruutiksawi 5. tuutiksawista

iksaakaratawi™u™

[‡k-saa-kß-rß-tß-wi-™u™]

N

pocket; pant or shirt pocket. • iksaakaratawikat in the pocket. • ikstaraakaratawi™u™ pockets. • ikstaraakaratawikat in the pockets. • iksaakaratawikat tatkawat I took it out of my pocket. iksapaaraar (ut...) [•†k-sß-paa-raa(r)•] VI(1-i) (pl. subj.) play a handgame; have a handgame. 1. tatuuhaakiksapaaraa, tatuutiksapaaraa 2. tiitiksapaaraa 3. tiitiksapaarari™ 4. iriruutiksapaaraara 5. tiitiksapaararista

iksapaarariihus, ksapaarariihus

[‡k-sß-paa-rßrii-h‰s, ksà-paa-rß-rii-h‰s] N handgame. iksapitaarahak (ut...) [•†k-sß-p†-taa-rß-hß{k/t}•]

1. turn on, as a knob on an appliance. 2. crank; wind. 3. move a hand, as on a clock.

1. tatuutiksapitaarahat 2. tuutiksapitaarahat 3. tuutiksapitaarahaaku™ 4. iriruutiksapitaarahat 5. tuutiksapitaarahaksta • tatuutiksapitaarahat skukahaahkat I turned the knob on the stove on. iksas [‡k-sßs] N tooth-edged scraper of bison leg bone, used as a flesher. • iksasiri™ with the flesher.

iksawi™iitik (ut...) iksawi™iitik (ut...) [•†k-sß-wi-™ii-t†{k/t}•] VT(4) wave at. 1. tatuutiksawi™iitit 2. tuutiksawi™iitit 3. tuutiksawi™iitiku™ 4. iriruutiksawi™iitit 5. tuutiksawi™iitiksta iksawuh (ut...) [•†k-sß-w‰(h)•] VT(1), VR(1) put a bracelet on; put on the wrist, as a bracelet. 1. tatuuriwiit 2. tuuriwiit 3. tuuriwiitku™ 4. iriruuriwiitka 5. tuuriwiitkista

K ka- [kß•] LOC in brush, grass, timber, woods. • kasa be lying in the grass. • kawi™at go through, as brush. ka- [kß•] LOC on a horizontal (bounded) surface. • ka™uuc lay on, as a baby on a cradleboard. ka (ut...) [•kß•] VL be outstanding, extraordinary, exceptional, as a warrior who stands out above others. 1. tatutka 2. tutka 4. iriirutkawi 5. tutkawista ka™as [•kß-™ßs•] VI(4) crack, break, break open, split. 2. tika™as 3. tikaasu™ 4. iriiraka™as 5. tikaasista ka™at [•kß-™ßt•] VI(1) {dist., kawarii} 1. go, walk in grass, brush, woods. 2. go through, go in, as a tunnel or gate. 1. tatka™at 2. tika™at 3. tikawuu™ 4. iriirakaata 5. tikahuhta • tikawarii™ he is walking around in the woods. ka™iihcu™ [kß-™iæh-Ù‰™] N {comb., ka™iihc-, ka™iic-} 1. straw, as used for baskets and hats. 2. straw basket, as used in the plum seed game. 3. straw hat. • ka™iickat in the straw basket. ka™iir [•kß-™ii(r)•] VT(1) 1. put in, as into a bowl or the palm of the hand. 2. put on, in, as grass, weeds, brush, or woods. 1. tatka™ii 2. tika™ii 3. tika™iiru™ 4. iriiraka™iira 5. tika™iirista ka™iis- [kß-™iis•] LOC into grass, brush, woods. • kuuhaahka™iisa (ir...) come into a meadow. ka™iisat [•kß-™ii-sßt•] VI(1) go, walk into grass, brush, woods. 1. tatka™iisat 2. tika™iisat 3. tika™iispuu™ 4. iriiraka™iisata 5. tika™iisuhta ka™iitat [•kß-™ii-tßt•] VI(1) 1. be in a line, a row. 2. be stretched out lengthwise. 3. go, walk into grass, brush, woods. 2. tika™iitat 4. iriiraka™iitata 5. tika™iituhta ka™it [kà-™†t] N salt. • ka™itkat in the salt. • sikstaruu™a™ ka™it hand me the salt! • sicikstaraa™ ka™it bring the salt!

Ka™it Iriirakiicuhat

[kà-™†t †-riæ-rß-kii-Ù‰-hßt] N

Cimarron River. ka™it rarahkaawi [kà-™†t rß-ráh-kaa-w†] N salt shaker. Ka™iwa [kà-™†-wß] N 1. Kiowa tribe. 2. Kiowa male. • Ka™iwaru among the Kiowa; in Kiowa country. • Cka™iwa Kiowa female. ka™uc [•kß-™uts•] VT(2) {iter., kaka™uc} bite. 1. tatka™uc 2. tika™uc 3. tikuucu™ 4. iriirakuuci 5. tikuucista ka™uktu™ [kß-™÷k-t‰™] N {comb., ka™ukt-, ka™ut-} down, soft feather. • ka™utkat on/in the down. ka™uuc/uc- [•kß-™uuts/‰ts•] VT(2-i) 1. lay on, as a baby on a cradleboard. 2. lay in, as in grass; lay in, as in a wrapping that one then folds up. 1. tatka™uuc 2. tika™uuc 4. iriirakuci 5. tikucista • ariisit tirahka™uuc he rolled his own (cigarette); ref. to putting tobacco in the wrapper. ka™uukii™ac [kà-™uu-kii-™ßts] N tall variety of corn. kaa [•kaa•] VL {dist., kaawaa} 1. be inside, as in a dwelling or enclosed space; be in, as in the ground. 2. be jailed. 3. be hitched to a wagon, as a team of horses. 1. tatkaa 2. tikaa 4. iriirakaawi 5. tikaawista • tikaawaa they are inside different ones. kaa- [kaa•] LOC in, inside, within, as a covered space.

-kaa• kaakus be inside; live in, as a dwelling.

-kaa- [•kaa•] N-KIN grandmother. • atika™ my, our grandmother. • aka™ your grandmother. • ikaari™ his, her, their grandmother. kaa™a (ir...) [•kaa-™ß•] VI(3) 1. come through; sprout, come up, as a plant. 2. emerge, come out, as a burrowing animal from out of the ground or a person from a mine. 1. tatihkaa™a™ 2. takaa™a™ 3. takaa™aahu™ 4. iriirakaa™a 5. takaahista kaa™a (ir...) [•kaa-™ß•] VI(3) dance. 1. tatihkaa™a™ 2. takaa™a™ 3. takaa™aahu™ 4. iriirakaa™a 5. takaahista • tarahkaa™aahu™ they are dancing. kaa™aah [•kaa-™aa(h)•] VI(1) {pl. subj., kaahurii} 1. be inside, as in a dwelling. 2. walk inside. 1. tatkaa™aa 2. tikaa™aa 4. iriirakaa™aaha 5. tikaa™aahista • tikaahurii they are inside. kaa™as [kaÑ-™ßs] N {comb., kaa™as-, kaas-} 1. train. 2. car, automobile; truck. <Engl. cars> • kaasiri™ with a car; by car. • tahaaruka™i kaa™askat hii taharat I loaded them in the truck and took (transported) them. • kaasasu™ car wheel.

kaa™asasu™, kaasasu™ [kaÑ-™ß-sß-s‰™, kaÑ-sß-s‰™] car wheel, automobile wheel. kaa™asaturaaru™ [kaa-™ß-sà-t‰-raa-r‰™] N railroad, railroad tracks, rail tracks. kaa™askucuu™ [kaÑ-™ßs-k‰-Ùuu™] N {comb., kaa™askucuu-} truck. N

• kaa™askucuukat in the truck.

kaa™at [kaÑ-™ßt] N hail. • kaa™at ti™it it is hail. • wiitaraarawa™aahu™ kaa™at it is hailing. kaa™at [kaÑ-™ßt] N January, a lunar month that overlaps with January. kaa™at [•kaa-™ßt•] VI(1) 1. go, walk inside, as in a dwelling or room; walk through, as a hallway. 2. go underground, as a burrowing animal. 1. tatkaa™at 2. tikaa™at 3. tikaawuu™ 4. iriirakaata 5. tikaahuhta kaa™ata [kaÑ-™ß-tß] N upland plover (Upland Sandpiper, Bartramia longicauda). kaa™ihwicat [•kaa-™†h-w†-Ùßt•] VI(1) arrive and enter, enter upon arriving, as a room or dwelling. 1. tatkaa™ihwicat 2. tikaa™ihwicat 3. tikaa™ihwicpuu™ 4. iriirakaa™ihwicata 5. tikaa™ihwicuhta kaa™iis- [kaa-™iis•] LOC to one's home; to one's home village.

kaahu™ • rikaa™iisat take home.

kaa™iisa (ir...)

[•kaa-™ii-sß•] VI(3) come home; come, return to one's village. 1. tatihkaa™iisa™ 2. takaa™iisa™ 3. takaa™iisaahu™ 4. iriirakaa™iisa 5. takaa™iisahista kaa™iisat [•kaa-™ii-sßt•] VI(1) go home; go, return to one's village. 1. tatkaa™iisat 2. tikaa™iisat 3. tikaa™iispuu™ 4. iriirakaa™iisata 5. tikaa™iisuhta kaac [•kaats•] VD be gray, grayish. 2. tikaa™ac 4. iriirakaacu 5. tikaacuksta kaacatk [•kaa-Ùßt(k)•] VT(1) 1. bake in hot coals, in hot ashes. 2. bake in an oven. 1. tatkaacat 2. tikaacat 3. tikaacatku™ 4. iriirakaacatka 5. tikaacatkista • tirahkaacat she baked them in hot coals. kaaciks [•kaa-Ù†ks•] VD 1. be withered, shriveled, dried and wrinkled, as a blossom, leaf, vegetable. 2. be shrunken, as material. 2. tikaaciks 4. iriirakaaciksu 5. tikaaciksuksta • tirahkaaciks they are withered. kaackaawi™u™ [kaÑts-kaa-wi-™u™] N white of the eye. • kaackaawihiri™ in/on the white of the eye. kaackaraaru™ [kaÑts-kß-raa-r‰™] N calf of the leg, which is said to be gristly; calf muscle. • kaackaraariri™ on the calf. kaackawuh [•kaats-kß-w‰(h)•] VI(1) look back, glance back. 1. tatkaackawu 2. tikaackawu 3. tikaackawuhu™ 4. iriirakaackawuha 5. tikaackawista kaacuuh [•kaa-Ùuu(h)•] VI(1) urinate. 1. tatkaacu™ 2. tikaacu™ 3. tikaacuuhu™ 4. iriirakaacuuha 5. tikaacuuhista • tihkaacuuhu™ they are urinating. kaahak [•kaa-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) walk around, pass around inside an enclosed space, as a dwelling; walk through, pass through an enclosed space, as a room or dwelling. 1. tatkaahat 2. tikaahat 3. tikaahaaku™ 4. iriirakaahat 5. tikaahaksta kaahiiku™ [kaa-hiæ-k‰™] N aged person, person in a state of old age. • cuustikaahiiku™ an aged old woman. kaahikuut [•kaa-h†-kuut•] VP(2) die of old age. 1. tikukaahikuut 2. tikaahikuut 3. tikaahikuutu™ 4. iriirakaahikuuti 5. tikaahikuutista kaahit [kaÑ-h†t] N godwit (Limosa spp.). kaahu™ [kaÑ-h‰™] N {comb., kaahuh-} mushroom.

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kaahuraahkipaasi

kaakus (ut...)

• kaahuhkat on the mushroom.

kaahuraahkipaasi

[•kaa-h‰-raah-k†-paa-s†•] VD be cool, mild weather.

2. tikaahuraahkipaasi™ 4. iriirakaahuraahkipaasi™u 5. tikaahuraahkipaasiicta kaahuraahtaahiis [•kaa-h‰-raah-taa-hiis•] VD be dry weather, as when there has been no rain. 2. tikaahuraahtahiis 4. iriirakaahuraahtaahiisu 5. tikaahuraahtaahiisuksta kaahuraar [•kaa-h‰-raa(r)•] VD be the world; be a country; be open countryside.

2. tikaahuraa 4. iriirakaahuraaru 5. tikaahuraaruksta kaahuraara (uur...) [•kaa-h‰-raa-rß•] VL be a map of the world. 2. tuuhkaahuraara 4. iriruuhkaahuraarawi 5. tuuhkaahuraarawista

kaahuraarasitik (ut...) [•kaa-h‰-raa-rß-s†-t†{k/t}•] weather to change; be a change in the weather. 2. tutkaahuraarasitit 3. tutkaahuraarasitiiku™ 4. iriirutkaahuraarasitit 5. tutkaahuraarasitiksta VI(4)

kaahuraarawiriir

(uur...) [•kaa-h‰-raa-rß-w†rii(r)•] VI(1-a) weather to be nice; be nice weather. 2. tuuhkaahuraarawirii 4. iriruuhkaahuraarawiriira 5. tuuhkaahuraarawiriirasta

kaahuraarikiriwitaar

[•kaa-h‰-raa-r†-k†-r†-w†-

taa(r)•] VI(1-i) 1. weather to change. 2. season to change. 2. tikaahuraarikiriwitaa 3. tikaahuraarikiriwitaari™ 4. iriirakaahuraarikiriwitaara 5. tikaahuraarikiriwitaarista

kaahuraariktisaar

[•kaa-h‰-raa-r†k-t†-saa(r)•]

age, get up in years, become advanced in age. 1. tatkaahuraariktisaa 2. tikaahuraariktisaa 3. tikaahuraariktisaari™ 4. iriirakaahuraariktisaara 5. tikaahuraariktisaarista VI(1-i)

kaahuraaru™ [kaÑ-h‰-raa-r‰™] N

{comb., kaahuraar-, kaahuraah-} world; country; countryside.

• kaahuraahkat in the world, countryside. • iriirakaahuraahku where the world is. kaahuraaruu (ut...) [•kaa-h‰-raa-ruu•] VI(1) 1. be the lay of the land, be the nature or form of a landscape. 2. be the weather. 3. be the season.

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2. tutkaahuraaruu™ 4. iriirutkaahuraaruu™a 5. tutkaahuraaruuksta kaahurariir (uur...) [•kaa-h‰-rß-rii(r)•] VI(1-a) {dist., kaahurariwaar (uur...)} 1. be nice country. 2. be nice weather. 2. tuuhkaahurarii 4. wiiruuhkaahurariira 5. tuuhkaahurariirasta • tuhkaahurariwaarasta the weather is going to be good. kaahuur [•kaa-huu(r)•] VD be inside. 2. tikaahuu™ 4. iriirakaahuuru 5. tikaahuuruksta kaaka™ [kaÑ-kß™] N {comb., kaakaa-} crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos); raven (Corvus corax). • kaakaakat on the crow. • ckaaka™ female crow.

kaakaaraarihta (ir...ut...)

[•kaa-kaa-raa-r†h-tß•]

be wearing a crow bustle; be wearing a feather bustle.

1. tatutkaakaaraarihtawu; wititatutkaakaaraarihtawu 2. tutkaakaaraarihtawu; wititutkaakaaraarihtawu 3. tutkaakaaraarihtawuhu™; wititutkaakaaraarihtawuhu™ 4. iriirutkaakaaraarihtawuha; iriiwitirutkaakaaraarihtawuha 5. tutkaakaaraarihtawista; wititutkaakaaraarihtawista kaakii™ [kaa-kiæ™] INTERJ 1. it is not. 2. no. kaaks [•kaaks•] VD be old, ragged, worn out, tattered, frayed. 2. tikaaks 4. iriirakaaksu 5. tikaaksuksta • tirahkaaks they are worn out. kaakuri™ [kaa-kŠ-ri™] ADV no. kaakus [•kaa-k‰(s)•] VI(4) {pl., kaawihak; dist., kaa™iwaahak} 1. be inside, as a dwelling. 2. be sitting inside, as in a room or dwelling. 3. live inside. 1. tatkaaku 2. tikaaku 3. tikaakuusu™ 4. iriirakaaku 5. tikaakusta • tikaawihat they are inside the room. kaakus (ut...) [•kaa-k‰(s)•] VI(4) have as an in-law (male speaking); be a male's in-law.

kaakus (uur...) 1. tatutkaaku 2. tutkaaku 4. iriirutkaaku 5. tutkaakusta kaakus (uur...) [•kaa-k‰(s)•] VT(4) live, stay with; live, stay in a person's home. • kaatu™ wiituuraktahuhkapaakis cuuraki because he wronged their girl. • rawa kira kaatu™ VT(3)

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now let's see.

kaatuhaaru™ [kaÑ-t‰-haa-r‰™] N

wood leg>

{comb., kaatuhaar-, kaatuhaah-} grove, woods, timber, woodland, forest.

• kaatuhaahiri™ in the grove. • iriirakaatuhaaruhat where the forest, woodland, timber is (i.e., extends). • tikaatuhaaru™at there are woods (i.e., extends). kaawakit [•kaa-wß-k†t•] VD be full, sated. 1. tatkaawaki™it 2. tikaawaki™it 4. iriirakaawakiitu 5. tikaawakituksta kaawarik [•kaa-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. put inside, as in a dwelling. 2. jail, put in jail. 1. tatkaawarit 2. tikaawarit 3. tikaawariku™ 4. iriirakaawarika 5. tikaawariksta kaawi- [kaa-w†•] LOC inside. • kaawikus be sitting inside. kaawihiri™ [kaa-w‡-h†-ri™] ADV inside, within, as in a room, an enclosure, or a container. kaawiitik [•kaa-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. sit down inside. 2. (pl. subj.) hold council; have a meeting. 1. tatkaawiitit 2. tikaawiitit 3. tikaawiitiku™ 4. iriirakaawiitit 5. tikaawiitiksta • tirahkaawiitit they sat down inside. kaawira™u™ [kaa-w‡-rß-™u™] N jealousy. kaawira™uk [•kaa-w†-rß-™u{k/t}•] VI(3) be jealous; be envious. 1. tatkaawiru™ 2. tikaawiru™ 3. tikaawiruuku™ 4. iriirakaawira™u 5. tikaawiruuksta • tihkaawiru™ they are jealous.

kaawiracarii™uus

[•kaa-w†-rß-Ùß-rii-™uus•]

VD

have blue eyes; have light colored eyes, as blue, green, or gray ones. 1. tatkaawiracarii™uus 2. tikaawiracarii™uus 4. iriirakaawiracarii™uusu 5. tikaawiracarii™uusuksta kaawirahkatiit [•kaa-w†-rßh-kß-tiit•] VD have black eyes. 1. tatkaawirahkatii™it 2. tikaawirahkatii™it 4. iriirakaawirahkatiitu 5. tikaawirahkatiituksta kaawirahpiruus [•kaa-w†-rßh-p†-ruus•] VD be cross-eyed. 1. tatkaawirahpiruus 2. tikaawirahpiruus 4. iriirakaawirahpiruusu 5. tikaawirahpiruusuksta

kaawirahpiruusaar

[•kaa-w†-rßh-p†-ruu-saa(r)•]

become, get cross-eyed. 1. tikukaawirahpiruusaa 2. tikaawirahpiruusaa VP(1-i)

kaawirarahkataar

kahaara

3. tikaawirahpiruusaari™ 4. iriirakaawirahpiruusaara 5. tikaawirahpiruusaarista

kaawirarahkataar

[•kaa-w†-rß-rßh-kß-taa(r)•] VD

have brown eyes. 1. tatkaawirarahkataa 2. tikaawirarahkataa 4. iriirakaawirarahkataaru 5. tikaawirarahkataaruksta kaawiriwis [•kaa-w†-r†-w†s•] VI(4) be a partition inside, as in a dwelling; be partitioned off. 2. tikaawiriwis 4. iriirakaawiriwis 5. tikaawiriwisista kaawiriwisisu™ [kaÑ-w†-r†-w†-s†-s‰™] N partition; partitioning wall. kaawiriwisk [•kaa-w†-r†-w†s(k)•] VT(1) partition, put up a partition. 1. tatkaawiriwiis 2. tikaawiriwiis 3. tikaawiriwiisku™ 4. iriirakaawiriwiska 5. tikaawiriwiskista kaawis [kaÑ-w†s] N Indian baloney, made of a straight gut that is cleaned, turned inside out, stuffed with meat, salt, and pepper, and tied at each end. 2. baloney; sausage; wiener. • kaawiskat in/on the baloney. kaawita [kaÑ-w†-tß] N last child, as the last born. kacak [•kß-Ùß{k/t}•] VT(4) {dist., kawaaruucak} 1. prick, as with a pointed object; stab. 2. cut, chop, as a tree or grass. 1. tatkacat 2. tikacat 3. tikacaaku™ 4. iriirakacat 5. tikacaksta • sitihkacat they pricked it. kaciihaak [•kß-Ùii-haa{k/t}•] VD be straight, be stretched or spread out straight. 2. tikaciihaa™at 4. iriirakaciihaaku 5. tikaciihaakuksta kaciihaakaar [•kß-Ùii-haa-kaa(r)•] VI(1-i) stretch out straight. 1. tatkaciihaakaa 2. tikaciihaakaa 3. tikaciihaakari™ 4. iriirakaciihaakaara 5. tikaciihaakarista kaciiharaak [•kß-Ùii-hß-raa{k/t}•] VD be straight, as an object or a person standing up; be straightened out, stretched out, spread out straight.

1. tatkaciiharaa™at 2. tikaciiharaa™at 4. iriirakaciiharaaku 5. tikaciiharaakuksta kaciiharaaku™ [kß-Ùiæ-hß-raa-k‰™] ADV afoot, on foot. • ti™at kaciiharaaku™ he went on foot; he walked. kaciikaha™ [kà-Ùii-kß-hß™] N kingfisher (Belted King-

fisher, Ceryle alcyon).

kaciiki [kà-Ùii-k†] N

{comb., kacii-} fish (generic).

• kaciikat in/on the fish. • kaciiki tiraarasa the fish are in the water. kaciikucuu™ [kß-Ùiæ-k‰-Ùuu™] N 1. large fish. 2. whale. kackaapit [kßts-kaÑ-p†t] N black pepper; bell pepper; chili pepper. • kackaapitkat in the pepper. • ki™isiraruuwa™ kackaapit pass (me) the pepper! kackiwahaaru™ [kßts-k‡-wß-haa-r‰™] N wild mint (Mentha spp.). kacpiirakari™ [kßts-piæ-rß-kß-ri™] N canaigre, dock, sorrel (Rumex hymenosepalus). kactahaar [•kßts-tß-haa(r)•] VD be grassy; be a

grassland, grassy prairie, meadow covered by short native grass, where the soil is poor, there are few weeds, and the grass is not thick. 2. tikactahaa 4. iriirakactahaaru 5. tikactahaaruksta

kactahaaru™ [kàts-tß-haa-r‰™] N

{comb., kactahaar-, kactahaah-} 1. buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides), a

short green native grass. 2. grassy prairie; shortgrass meadow. • kactahaahkat in the buffalo grass. • iriirakactahaaruuta where the buffalo grass is (i.e., extends). • tikactahaahku it is an area, meadow of short native grass. kactahkata [kßts-tàh-kß-tß] N 1. wild four-o'clock (Mirabilis nyctaginea), so called because of its yellow roots, the medicinal part. 2. goldenrod (Solidago spp.). kactaraha™ [kßts-tà-rß-hß™] N sweet cicely (Osmorhiza longistylis). kactawaas [kàts-tß-waas] N gum weed (Grindelia squarrosa), compass plant (Silphium laciniatum), rosin weed (Silphium integrifolium). kactuuwirikii™ [kßts-tu÷-w†-r†-kii™] N bush morning glory (Ipomoea leptophylla). kacu™ [kà-Ù‰™] N meadowlark (Sturnella spp.). kahaahkiic [kß-haÑh-kiits] N mule. • kahaahkiickat on the mule. kahaara [•kß-haa-rß•] VL be an odor, scent; smell, be odorous, give off an odor.

423

kahaara (ut...)

kaksaa

2. tikahaara 4. iriirakahaarawi 5. tikahaarawista kahaara (ut...) [•kß-haa-rß•] VP(wi) smell, smell an odor. 1. tikutkahaara 2. tiitkahaara 3. tiitkahaaraahu™ 4. iriirutkahaarawi 5. tiitkahaarawista kahaarawiriir (uur...) [•kß-haa-rß-w†-rii(r)•] VI(1a) smell nice; have a nice or pleasant odor. 1. tatuuhkahaarawirii 2. tuuhkahaarawirii 4. iriruuhkahaarawiriira 5. tuuhkahaarawiriirasta kahaariwis [kà-haa-r†-w†s] N cliff swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota). kahaaruhurik [•kß-haa-r‰-h‰-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) smell,

take a smell of, as when putting an object to one's nose. 1. tatkahaaruhurit 2. tikahaaruhurit 3. tikahaaruhuriiku™ 4. iriirakahaaruhurika 5. tikahaaruhuriksta kahca™iitu™ [kàh-Ùß-™ii-t‰™] N calamus, sweet flag (Acorus calamus). kahcatkahaaru™ [kßh-Ùàt-kß-haa-r‰™] N peyote, mescal (Lophophora williamsii). • wiitiraaririwuu™ kahcatkahaaru™ they are having a peyote meeting. kahcicari™is [kßh-Ù‡-Ùß-ri-™†s] N poison; venom. kahcu™ [kàh-Ù‰™] N {comb., kahc-, kac-} herb; medicine (generic); nostrum. • kahcu™ iriiraaku where the medicine is. • kahcu™ tuuhariisku™ he is mixing the medicine(s). kahta [•kßh-tß•] VP(wi) crave a certain food, be hungry for a certain food. 1. tikukahta 2. tikahta 3. tikahtaahu™ 4. iriirakahtawi 5. tikahtawista • tiirakahta they are craving it.

kahuraahkicuucis

[•kß-h‰-raah-k†-Ùuu-Ù†s•] VD

be thick woods, timber. 2. tikahuraahkicuucis 4. iriirakahuraahkicuucisu 5. tikahuraahkicuucisuksta

kahuraahkicuuciskat

[kà-h‰-raah-k†-Ùuu-Ù†s-kßt]

in thick or dense brush, woods, timber. kahuraar [•kß-h‰-raa(r)•] VD be a brushy or wooded area; be brush; be woods, be a wooded or timbered area; be a woodland. 2. tikahuraa 4. iriirakahuraaru 5. tikahuraaruksta ADV

kahuraaru™ [kà-h‰-raa-r‰™] N

424

{comb., kahuraar-, ka-

huraah-} 1. woods, woodland, forest. 2. wild, as an animal.

• kahuraahkat in the woods. • tikahuraaru™at it is a forest. • iriirakahuraahkaku in the woods; where the forest is. kahuruucuh (ut...) [•kß-h‰-ruu-Ù‰(h)•] VT(1) 1. wager with, bet with, put stakes down with, as when wagering with someone. 2. put stakes down for, bet for, as when wagering for someone. 1. tatutkahuruucu 2. tutkahuruucu 3. tutkahuruucuhu™ 4. iriirutkahuruucuha 5. tutkahuruucista kahuruus [•kß-h‰-ruus•] VD be pithy; be hollow, empty inside, as a shell or fruit with no meat inside; be porous, as an object with small holes or cavities. 2. tikahuruus 4. iriirakahuruusu 5. tikahuruusuksta

kahuukiicu™

[kà-huu-kii-Ù‰™] N

{comb., kahuukic-}

ice cream. • tiwaawa™aa kahuukiicu™ he ate the ice cream. kahuurik [•kß-huu-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. burn, scorch, as when setting someone's clothes on fire. 2. scald. 1. tatkahuurit 2. tikahuurit 4. iriirakahuurika 5. tikahuuriksta kaka™uc [•kß-kß-™uts•] VT(2) chew, chew on; bite on (several times). 1. tatkaka™uc 2. tikaka™uc 3. tikakuucu™ 4. iriirakakuuci 5. tikakuucista kakac [•kß-kßts•] VD be cut up, sliced, torn up, torn into pieces, chopped up. 2. tikaka™ac 4. iriirakakaacu 5. tikakacuksta kakatk [•kß-kßt(k)•] VT(1) slice; cut up, chop up. 1. tatkakat 2. tikakat 3. tikakatku™ 4. iriirakakatka 5. tikakatkista kakawiihak [•kß-kß-wii-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) be a dropoff, cliff; be a deep washout. 2. tikakawiihat 4. iriirakakawiihat 5. tikakawiihaksta kakiis [•kß-kiis•] VD be elated, happy, glad to see; be joyful, jubilant. 1. tatkakiis 2. tikakiis 4. iriirakakiisu 5. tikakiisuksta kakiraawuh [•kß-k†-raa-w‰(h)•] VI(1) urinate. 1. tatkakiraawu 2. tikakiraawu 3. tikakiraawuhu™ 4. iriirakakiraawuha 5. tikakiraawista kaksaa [•kßk-saa•] VI(4) {dist., kaksaawaa} shout, holler, call out. 1. tatkaksaa™ 2. tikaksaa™ 3. tikaksaahu™ 4. irii-

kaksaa (ut...) rakaksaa 5. tikaksaahista • tikaksaawaahu™ he is shouting over and over. kaksaa (ut...) [•kßk-saa•] VT(4) call, summon, as when inviting someone. 1. tatutkaksaa™ 2. tutkaksaa™ 3. tutkaksaahu™ 4. iriirutkaksaa 5. tutkaksaahista kakus [•kß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) {pl., karuuc} 1. be in, sitting in, as in a bundle or sack. 2. be on, sitting on a circumscribed space, as a blanket, road. 3. be sitting in grass, weeds, brush, woods. 4. stay or live in brush, woods. 1. tatkaku 2. tikaku 4. iriirakaku 5. tikakusta • tikaruuc they are in it. kakuusik [•kß-kuu-s†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. split into pieces; break into pieces; shatter. 2. divide, break up, as into groups or piles. 1. tatkakuusit 2. tikakuusit 3. tikakuusiku™ 4. iriirakakuusika 5. tikakuusiksta kakuusis [•kß-kuu-s†s•] VD be cracked, broken, broken into pieces, shattered, as a breakable solid object. 2. tikakuusis 4. iriirakakuusisu 5. tikakuusisuksta kakuusk [•kß-kuus(k)•] VT(1) 1. put, place, set on, as on a napkin or blanket. 2. put, place, set in grass, brush, woods. 3. put, place, set in, as in a bucket or bundle. 1. tatkakuus 2. tikakuus 3. tikakuusku™ 4. iriirakakuuska 5. tikakuuskista

kapaahcu™

[kà-paah-Ù‰™] N {comb., kapaahc-, kapac-} root (generic).

• kapackat on the root.

kapic/pi™ic

[•kß-p†ts/pi-™†ts•] VI(4) break, break into pieces. 2. tikapi™ic 4. iriirakapic 5. tikapicista kapiit [•kß-piit•] VD be real, genuine. 1. tatkapii™it 2. tikapii™it 4. iriirakapiitu 5. tikapiituksta kapirakus [•kß-p†-rß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) {pl., kapiraarik} be, have a curve, as in a road or on a limb. 2. tikapiraku 4. iriirakapiraku 5. tikapirakusta • tikapiraarit it is crooked; has curves. kapitk [•kß-p†t(k)•] VT(1) {dist., kapaapitk} break up, break into pieces. 1. tatkapit 2. tikapit 3. tikapitku™ 4. iriirakapitka 5. tikapitkista • tihkapitku™ they are breaking it into pieces. kara™uk [•kß-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) {sg., ra™uk} 1. (pl. obj.) make, build. 2. paint, decorate, as a horse or a dancer. 3. (pl. obj.) win, as stakes in a game; score, as in a game.

kararihik [+ ruu-, i-] 1. tatkaru™ 2. tikaru™ 3. tikaruuku™

karaaktuuhcu™

[kß-raÑk-tuuh-Ù‰™] N {comb., (it)karaaktuuhc-, (it)karaaktuuc-} ashes.

• tiitkaraaktuuctaahwira™uuhat she parted the ashes. • tiriwiiku karaaktuuhcu™ it is a pile of ashes. • tiitkaraaktuuctaaru™at there is a line or trail of ashes. karaaricakus [•kß-raa-r†-Ùß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be fat, corpulent, relatively large in the midriff, as someone with relatively slender limbs; be potbellied, have a potbelly. 1. tatkaraaricaku 2. tikaraaricaku 4. iriirakaraaricaku 5. tikaraaricakusta

karaaru™

[kß-raÑ-r‰™] N

{comb., karaar-, karah-}

belly, abdomen; (informal) stomach. • karaariri™ in/on the belly. • tikaraarihuu™ he has a big belly. • tikukarara™aari™ my stomach aches. karaarukuk [•kß-raa-r‰-k‰{k/t}•] VP(4) 1. belch, burp. 2. pass wind, fart. 3. let out a deep sigh. 1. tikukaraarukut 2. tikaraarukut 3. tikaraarukuku™ 4. iriirakaraarukut 5. tikaraarukuksta

karacapi™, akaracapi™

[kà-rß-Ùß-pi™, ß-kà-rß-Ùßpi™] N {comb., karacapih-} tipi.

• karacapihkat on the tipi.

karacariik (ir...ut...) [•kß-rß-Ùß-rii{k/t}•] VL 1. have a belt on; be wearing a belt. 2. be tied over the belly, as a cinch. 1. tatiitkaracariit 2. tuutkaracariit 4. iriruutkaracariipi 5. tuutkaracariipista karahaar (ir...) [•kß-rß-haa(r)•] VD 1. be neat, fastidious, particular, as in one's dress or work. 2. be proud, as in one's presentation. 1. tatihkarahaa 2. takarahaa 4. iriirakarahaaru 5. takarahaaruksta karahkaac [kà-rßh-kaats] N 1. donkey. 2. gray horse; horse with white or grayish white spots on its belly. karari™ [kß-rà-ri™] ADJ colorful, colored. kararihiir (uur...) [•kß-rß-r†-hii(r)•] VI(1-a) be nicely colored, have pretty colors; ref. to an object that has two or more colors; be colorful, multicolored. 2. tuuhkararihii 4. iriruuhkararihiira 5. tuuhkararihiirasta kararihik [+ ruu-, i-] [•kß-rß-r†-h†{k/t}•] VI(4) be colored, multicolored, colorful; have colors, as a print or cloth with a colored design.

425

Karariiwarii 2. ruutiikararihit 4. iriruuriikararihit

Karariiwarii [kß-rß-riæ-wß-rii] N North Star, Polaris.

kari [•kß-r†•] VD be many; be numerous. 2. tikari™ 4. iriirakari™u 5. tikariicta

karihaahkus

[•kß-r†-haah-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. be a patch, field, as of something growing. 2. be a thicket. 2. tikarihaahku 4. iriirakarihaahku 5. tikarihaahkusta • iriirakarihaahku raackuuki where the patch of thorny plants is, as berries, cacti, cockleburs. karihaaki™ [kà-r†-haa-ki™] INTERJ oh my! oh gosh! an exclamation when one is taken by surprise; truly! for certain! karihaar [•kß-r†-haa(r)•] VD 1. be a patch, field, as of something growing. 2. be a thicket. 2. tikarihaa 4. iriirakarihaaru 5. tikarihaaruksta karihaariihac [•kß-r†-haa-rii-hßts•] VI(4) crop to be mature, as when ready to harvest. 2. tikarihaariihac 4. iriirakarihaariihac 5. tikarihaariihacista

karihaaru™

[kà-r†-haa-r‰™] N {comb., karihaar-, karihaah-} 1. field, patch, as of something growing; crop. 2. thicket.

• karihaahkat in the field. • iriirakarihaahku where the patch is. • tikarihaarawaahat it is a big patch. karihaaru™at [•kß-r†-haa-ru-™ßt•] VI(1) be a patch, field of plants growing in rows; be a row of plants. 2. tikarihaaru™at 4. iriirakarihaaruuta 5. tikarihaaruhuhta karihac [•kß-r†-hßts•] VT(4) {dist., karuuwaahac} eat up, consume (entirely), devour. 1. tatkarihac 2. tikarihac 3. tikarihaacu™ 4. iriirakarihac 5. tikarihacista • tihkaruuwaahac they ate up everything. karihacapahtu™ [kà-r†-hß-Ùß-pßh-t‰™] N gravel. karihk [•kß-r†(h){k/t}•] VT(1) count coup on. 1. tatkarit 2. tikarit 3. tikarihku™ 4. iriirakarihka 5. tikarihkista • Tiiktiisaahkarihku™ He Is Counting Coups On The Chiefs, (personal name). karii™u™ [kß-riæ-™u™] N penis. • kariihiri™ on the penis. karii™uuka (ir...ut...) [•kß-rii-™uu-kß•] VI(wi) 1. be wearing a breechcloth, have a breechcloth on. 2. have a diaper on, wear a diaper; wear a pad for a weak bladder. 1. tatiitkarii™uuka 2. tuutkarii™uuka 4. iriruutkarii™uukawi 5. tuutkarii™uukawista

426

karitihit karii™uukawi™u™

[kà-rii-™uu-kß-wi-™u™] N 1. breechcloth. 2. diaper; pad for someone with a weak bladder. • karii™uukawikat on the breechcloth.

karii™uukawuh

(ut...)

[•kß-rii-™uu-kß-w‰(h)•]

1. put a breechcloth on. 2. diaper, put a diaper on. 1. tatutkarii™uukawu, wititatutkarii™uukawu 2. tutkarii™uukawu, wititutkarii™uukawu 3. tutkarii™uukawuhu™, wititutkarii™uukawuhu™ 4. iriruutkarii™uukawuha, iriiwitiruutkarii™uukawuha 5. tutkarii™uukawista, wititutkarii™uukawista kariikiwat (ut...) [+ raar-] [•kß-rii-k†-wßt•] VT(2-i) 1. untie, unwrap; ref. to a cloth bundle. 2. untangle, as wire, thread, a hose. 1. tatuuhahkariikiwat 2. tuuhahkariikiwat 3. tuuhahkariikiwati™ 4. iriruuhahkariikiwati 5. tuuhahkariikiwatista kariikskus [•kß-riiks-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be a herd, as of animals; be a group, as of humans. 2. tikariiksku 4. iriirakariiksku 5. tikariikskusta kariiksu™ [kß-riæk-s‰™] N bunch, herd, flock. • kariikskat in/among the herd. • tikariikstihuu™ it is a big herd. • tikariiksku there is a bunch. kariiku™ [kß-riæ-k‰™] N liver. • iriirakariikataku, iriirakataku kariiku™ his liver. kariipaak (ut...) [•kß-rii-paa{k/t}•] VP(2) be tangled, tangled up in; be entangled. 1. tikutkariipaat 2. tutkariipaat 4. iriruutkariipaaki 5. tutkariipaakista • tuuhahkaripaat they are tangled up. kariis [kà-riis] N 1. crippled, paralyzed person; deformed person. 2. awkward, clumsy person. 3. retarded person, simpleton. kariis/ris [•kß-riis/r†s•] VD 1. be crippled, partially paralyzed, as a congenital condition or the result of a stroke. 2. be deformed. 3. be retarded, not fully developed mentally, simple-minded. 4. be awkward, unskilled, clumsy. 1. tatkariis 2. tikariis 4. iriirakarisu 5. tikarisuksta karira™uk [•kß-r†-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) gather, procure, obtain many or a large amount, as objects like fruits or vegetables; buy many, as items in a store; have many, as calves. 1. tatkariru™ 2. tikariru™ 3. tikariruuku™ 4. iriirakarira™u 5. tikariruuksta karitihit [•kß-r†-t†-h†t•] VI(4) be paved, as a road; be pavement. 2. tikaritihit 4. iriirakaritihit 5. tikaritihitista VT(1), VR(1)

karitkari karitkari [•kß-r†t-kß-r†•] VD be rocky.

2. tikaritkari™ 4. iriirakaritkari™u 5. tikaritkariicta {comb., karit-, karic-, karih-} rock, stone, pebble. • karitkat on the rock. • karitiri™ with a rock. • tikarihihuu™ it is a big rock. karitkiwiktu™ [kà-r†t-k†-w†k-t‰™] N sandstone. karitpahat [kà-r†t-pß-hßt] N 1. red rock; catlinite. 2. brick. kariwii [•kß-r†-wii•] VD 1. wrinkled, as material. 2. be curled up, as an old shoe. 2. tikariwi™ 4. iriirakariwii™u 5. tikariwiicta kariwiikus [•kß-r†-wii-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be a large pile, as of objects. 2. tikariwiiku 4. iriirakariwiiku 5. tikariwiikusta kariwiira™uk [•kß-r†-wii-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. wrinkle, wrinkle up. 2. curl, curl up. 1. tatkariwiiru™ 2. tikariwiiru™ 3. tikariwiiruuku™ 4. iriirakariwiira™u 5. tikariwiiruuksta kariwis [•kß-r†-w†s•] VI(4) be across, as across a path; ref. to an object on the ground. 2. tikariwis 4. iriirakariwis 5. tikariwisista karuc [kà-r‰ts] ADJ midget; short or stunted person; runt. • ckaruc female midget. • ti™ karuc he is a midget. • asaakaruc a stunted horse or pony, as a Shetland pony. karusik [•kß-r‰-s†{k/t}•] VT(1) bluff; make back down, cause to lose one's resolve. 1. tatkarusit 2. tikarusit 3. tikarusiku™ 4. iriirakarusika 5. tikarusiksta karuuc [•kß-ruuts•] VI(2) {sg., kakus} (pl. subj.) be in (a circumscribed space), as in a bowl. 2. tikaruuc 4. iriirakaruuci 5. tikaruucista karuus [•kß-ruus•] VP(u) 1. back down; give up, surrender, as when fighting or arguing. 2. reduce, lose weight. 3. lose interest in. 4. deflate, as a tire. 1. tikukaruus 2. tikaruus 3. tikaruusu™ 4. iriirakaruusu 5. tikaruusuksta karuusa™iwarik [•kß-ruu-sß-™†-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. weaken the resolve, determination, will of someone; force to back down, yield; bluff, as an angry or aggressive person. 2. make, cause to lose weight. 3. make, cause to lose interest. 4. loosen, as a tight knot or belt. 1. tatkaruusa™iwarit 2. tikaruusa™iwarit 3. tika-

karitki [kà-r†t-k†] N

kata™a (ir...) ruusa™iwariku™ 4. iriirakaruusa™iwarika 5. tikaruusa™iwariksta karuusawi™at [•kß-ruu-sß-wi-™ßt•] VP(1) 1. weaken, become weak, lose strength. 2. lose one's resolve, back down, yield, give in, as in a conflict. 3. lose weight. 4. deflate, become deflated, as a balloon or tire. 5. calm down, as an angry person. 6. become loose, as a knot. 1. tikukaruusawi™at 2. tikaruusawi™at 3. tikaruusa™iwuu™ 4. iriirakaruusawiita 5. tikaruusawihuhta • tihaaskaruusawi™at the string came loose.

karuustaawihaakaraa™it

[kà-ruus-taa-w†-haakß-raa-™†t] N paper sack, paper bag. karuusu™ [kà-ruu-s‰™] N sack, bag.

• karuuskat in the bag. • ruutikitaku karuusu™ the bag is full. • tirahka karuusu™ they are in the bag. kasa [•kß-sß•] VI(4) 1. be lying in the grass, brush, woods. 2. be lying on a circumscribed space. 1. tatkasa 2. tikasa 4. iriirakasa 5. tikasahista • wiiruurirahkasa cigarettes, packaged cigarettes (lit. they are already lying inside (the wrapper). kasar [•kß-sß(r)•] VI(1) be forked; be a fork, branch, as in a road or stream. 2. tikasa 4. iriirakasara 5. tikasarista kasii™u™ [kà-sii-™u™] N sack, bag. • kasiikat on the bag. • tatkasiiru™ I filled a sack. • tikasiiruuc the sacks are lying there. kasis [•kß-s†s•] VD 1. be hard, solid, firm; be strong, tough, hardy, stout. 2. be stunted. 2. tikasis 4. iriirakasisu 5. tikasisuksta kasispaah [•kß-s†s-paa(h)•] VI(1-i) run; begin running, start running. 1. tatkasispaa 2. tikasispaa 3. tikasispaahi™ 4. iriirakasispaaha 5. tikasispaahista kasista™uk [•kß-s†s-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) harden; make solid, firm, hard; make strong, tough, stout. 1. tatkasistu™ 2. tikasistu™ 3. tikasistuuku™ 4. iriirakasista™u 5. tikasistuuksta kata- [kß-tß•] LOC against (a vertical surface); up an incline, on an incline, as steps, a bank, or a hill. • katakus be a spot or daub on a (vertical) surface. kata™a (ir...) [•kß-taa•] VI(3) come up, come climbing up an incline, as steps, a bank, a hill. 1. tatihkataa™ 2. takataa™ 3. takata™aahu™ 4. iriirakata™a 5. takataahista • tarahkataa™ they

427

kata™a (ir...ut...)

katahkawii™at

came up.

kata™a (ir...ut...) [•kß-taa•] VP(3)

raaruruuksta {pl. obj., rahkata™a

(ir...ut...)} 1. throw up, come up one's throat (involuntarily). 2. cough up (involuntarily).

1. tikuutkataa™ 2. tuutkataa™ 3. tuutkata™aahu™ 4. iriruutkata™a 5. tuutkataahista • tuuhahkataa™ he threw up. kata™at [•kß-tß-™ßt•] VI(1) 1. climb, go up an elevation, as a hill, stairs. 2. go on a hunt; go on a war party, ref. to parties going up onto the elevated western prairie. 1. tatkata™at 2. tikata™at 3. tikatawuu™ 4. iriirakataata 5. tikatahuhta • tirahkata™at they climbed up it. kata™iir [•kß-tß-™ii(r)•] VI(1) sing. 1. tatkata™ii 2. tikata™ii 3. tikata™iiru™ 4. iriirakata™iira 5. tikata™iirista kata™iir [•kß-tß-™ii(r)•] VT(1) put, set against a vertical surface, as a wall. 1. tatkata™ii 2. tikata™ii 4. iriirakata™iira 5. tikata™iirista kata™iwarik [•kß-tß-™†-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. swallow. 2. make a person go along a surface, go up against a surface, as when one rubs against a wall; move a person along a vertical surface. 1. tatkata™iwarit 2. tikata™iwarit 3. tikata™iwariku™ 4. iriirakata™iwarika 5. tikata™iwariksta kata™uuc/uc- [•kß-tß-™uuts/‰ts•] VT(2-i) 1. line with, cover an inside surface with, as lining the walls of a cache pit with grass. 2. put a lining in, as in an article of clothing. 3. plaster, as a wall. 1. tatkata™uuc 2. tikata™uuc 3. tikatuci™ 4. iriirakatuci 5. tikatucista kata™uukuk [•kß-tß-™uu-k‰{k/t}•] VT(4) bump against; get up against, as a vertical surface. 1. tatkata™uukut 2. tikata™uukut 3. tikata™uukuku™ 4. iriirakata™uukut 5. tikata™uukuksta kataahwaa [•kß-taah-waa•] VL be grassy; green grass to grow. 2. tikataahwaa 4. iriirakataahwaawi 5. tikataahwaawista kataar [•kß-taa(r)•] VD be grassy; be an area of green grass. 2. tikataa 4. iriirakataaru 5. tikataarista kataaraarura™uk [•kß-taa-raa-r‰-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) plant grass; plant a lawn. 1. tatkataaraaruru™ 2. tikataaraaruru™ 3. tikataaraaruruuku™ 4. iriirakataaraarura™u 5. tikataa-

428

kataarahkaa™a (ir...)

[•kß-taa-rßh-kaa-™ß•] VI(3) 1. green grass to come up, sprout. 2. be spring. 2. takataarahkaa™a™ 3. takataarahkaa™aahu™ 4. iriirakataarahkaa™a 5. takataarahkaahista kataarit [kß-taÑ-r†t] N {comb., kataarik-} quilt. • kataarikat on the quilt. kataaru™ [kà-taa-r‰™] N {comb., kataar-, kataah-} 1. green grass. 2. sweetgrass (Hierochloe odorata). • kataahkat in the green grass. • wiitikataahwaa it is grassy. • wiitikataahkiirarii™uus the grass is green. kataawaruucaku [kß-taÑ-wß-ruu-Ùß-k‰] N 1. horn, wind instrument; bugle. 2. band, orchestra. • tatpaktaariku™ kataawaruucaku I am blowing the horn. • tirahwaktaahu™ kataawaruucaku the band is playing. katahak [•kß-tß-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) move back, move away, get back, back away, as from an object or a crowd. 1. tatkatahat 2. tikatahat 3. tikatahaaku™ 4. iriirakatahat 5. tikatahaksta katahiis [•kß-tß-hiis•] VD be dull, blunt.

2. tikatahiis 4. iriirakatahiisu 5. tikatahiisuksta [•kß-tßh-kaa•] VD be inside out, wrong side out. 2. tikatahkaa™ 4. iriirakatahkaa™u 5. tikatahkaacta • tirahkatahkaa™ they are inside out. katahkaa- [kß-tßh-kaa•] LOC inside out, wrong side out. • katahkaarik turn inside out. • katahkaararaah carry wrong side out. katahkaa™ [kà-tßh-kaa™] N {comb., katahkaar(a)-} 1a. Plains Apache tribe. 1b. Plains Apache male. 2a. alien western tribe; any tribe west of the Pawnees. 2b. male member of an alien western tribe. • katahkaararu™ among the Plains Apache. katahkawii- [kß-tßh-kß-wii•] LOC backwards, over on one's back. • katahkawiiwarik throw someone over on his back. katahkawii™at [•kß-tßh-kß-wii-™ßt•] VI(1), VP(1) lean; bend, tilt backwards, bend over backwards; fall backwards, fall over backwards.

• Kicpiirahaatuskat in Sugar Creek. [•k†ts-pii-rß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be a wave, a

kicpiirakus

435

kicpiirihuur

kii™at

ripple. 2. tikicpiiraku 4. iriirakicpiiraku 5. tikicpiirakusta kicpiirihuur [•k†ts-pii-r†-huu(r)•] VD be a steady shower; be a light, steady rain. 2. tikicpiirihuu™ 4. iriirakicpiirihuuru 5. tikicpiirihuuruksta

kicpiiru™

[k†ts-piæ-r‰™] N

{comb., kicpiir-, kicpiih-}

sprinkle, shower, light rain; mist. • kicpiihkat in the shower. kicta™uk [•k†ts-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) ridicule, mock, make fun of, as when imitating a retarded person or the dress of someone. 1. tatkictu™ 2. tikictu™ 3. tikictuuku™ 4. iriirakicta™u 5. tikictuuksta kictaakaa [k‡ts-taa-kaa] N gasoline. kictaarikiicu™ [k†ts-taÑ-r†-kii-Ù‰™] N liquid paste, liquid glue; mucilage. kictahiis [•k†ts-tß-hiis•] VD creek to be dry, as during summer; water to be dried up, as in one spot during summer or a drought. 2. tikictahiis 4. iriirakictahiisu 5. tikictahiisuksta kictakaahak [•k†ts-tß-kaa-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. water to drip. 2a. be a waterfall. 2b. be a rapid, rapids, as in a stream. 2. tikictakaahat 4. iriirakictakaahat 5. tikictakaahaksta kictiihak [•k†ts-tii-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) be the bank, shore, edge of water, as of a creek, river, or pond. 2. tikictiihat 4. iriirakictiihat 5. tikictiihaksta kictiirahk [•k†ts-tii-rß(h){k/t}•] VL be an ocean. 2. tikictiirat 4. iriirakictiirahpi 5. tikictiirahpista kictirik [•k†ts-t†-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) taste a liquid, take a taste of a liquid; sample a liquid. 1. tatkictirit 2. tikictirit 3. tikictiriiku™ 4. iriirakictirika 5. tikictiriksta kictuuksu™ [k†ts-tu÷k-s‰™] N cold water; spring water; well water. kicuuca- [k†-Ùuu-Ùß•] LOC on top of, onto, as something high; up high. • kicuucakus be sitting on something high up. • kicuucawarii go around up high. • awikicuuca™iir throw onto the top of. kicuuca(wi)- [k†-Ùuu-Ùß(w†)•] LOC in a crowd. • kicuucawi™at crowd in, push one's way through a crowd. • kicuucaarik be standing in a crowd. • kicuuca™uukuk crowd in, work one's

436

way into a crowd.

kicuuciriik

(uur...) [•k†-Ùuu-Ù†-rii{k/t}•] VT(1) scrape, scrape off, as the skin of a vegetable, usually used in ref. to corn on a cob; peel off, trim, as bark on a log.

1. tatuuhkicuuciriit 2. tuuhkicuuciriit 3. tuuhkicuuciriiku™ 4. iriruuhkicuuciriika 5. tuuhkicuuciriiksta kicuucis [•k†-Ùuu-Ù†s•] VD be thick; be dense. 2. tikicuucis 4. iriirakicuucisu 5. tikicuucisuksta kicuuhiri™ [k†-Ùu÷-h†-ri™] ADV underwater, on the floor of a watercourse or body of water, as a stream, lake, or well. kicuuruht [•k†-Ùuu-r‰(h)t•] VD water to be muddy, as well water or a roiled stream. 2. tikicuuru™ut 4. iriirakicuuruuhtu 5. tikicuuruhtuksta kicuuta™a (ir...) [•k†-Ùuu-taa•] VI(3) water to rise; flood. 2. takicuutaa™ 3. takicuuta™aahu™ 4. iriirakicuuta™a 5. takicuutaahista Kicuuwiicaku [k‡-Ùuu-wii-Ùß-k‰] N Spring On The Bank; ref. to a spring that is located near the edge of a bank; an animal lodge located at Wakonda Springs, Kansas. kihcu™ [k‡h-Ù‰™] N, ADJ {comb., kihc-, kic-} 1. clown. 2. clownish, comical, silly. • ti™ kihcu™ he is a clown. kii [•kii•] VT(4) {dist., kariihk} strike, kill, as in battle; count coup on. 1. tatki™ 2. tiki™ 3. tikiihu™ 4. iriirakii 5. tikiihista • tikariit he struck them. kii- [kii•] LOC strung in a line. • raakii™at be on a string, on a line, as clothes on a clothesline or sliced meat on a drying rack. • kiikara™uk string together, braid, as ears of corn. kii™aar [•kii-™aa(r)•] VI(1-i) dodge, move quickly out of the way of. 1. tatkii™aa 2. tikii™aa 3. tikii™aari™ 4. iriirakii™aara 5. tikii™aarista kii™ac [•kii-™ßts•] VD {dist., kiicik} be long. 2. tikii™ac 4. iriirakiicu 5. tikiicuksta • tikiicit they are long. kii™at [•kii-™ßt•] VI(1) be a line, as a line of geese flying or a long straight string. 2. tikii™at 4. iriirakii™ata 5. tikiihuhta • iriiraraakii™ata the ones that are on a string, hanging up.

kiica (ir...ut...) kiica (ir...ut...)

[•kii-Ùß•] VT(wi) 1. have, be wearing around one's neck, as a necktie or kerchief. 2. have a collar on, as a horse; have a yoke on, as an ox. 3. (pl. obj.) have, be wearing around the neck, as a necklace or string of beads. 1. tatiitkiica 2. tuutkiica 3. tuutkiicaahu™ 4. iriruutkiicawi 5. tuutkiicawista

kiicahiihtu™ [kii-Ùà-hiih-t‰™] N

{comb., kiicahiht-, kiicahit-} 1. grease, oil; rendered fat: shortening, tal-

low, lard. 2. oil, motor oil; gasoline, kerosene, propane. • kiicahitkat in/on the grease. kiicat [•kii-Ùßt•] VI(1) water to move, flow. 2. tikiicat 3. tikicpuu™ 4. iriirakiicata 5. tikiicuhta kiicawarik [•kii-Ùß-wß-r†{k/t}•] VI(1) {dist., kiicawaawarik)} spurt; squirt. 2. tikiicawarit 3. tikiicawariku™ 4. iriirakiicawarika 5. tikiicawariksta • tikiicawaawarit it squirted all over. kiicawi™u™ [kiæ-Ùß-wi-™u™] N 1. necklace. 2. collar; horse collar. kiici™, kici™ [kiæ-Ùi™, k‡-Ùi™] CONJ but; meanwhile.

• kiici™ ahuciraspicat but he arrived leading it. • ahaa™ kici™ iiwiirihkaruuwaahac he came, but he ate everything all up. kiicikiraat (ut...) [•kii-Ù†-k†-raat•] VT(2) wring a neck; ref. to killing a chicken. 1. tatutkiicikiraat 2. tutkiicikiraat 3. tutkiicikiraatu™ 4. iriirutkiicikiraati 5. tutkiicikiraatista kiicka (ut...) [•kiits-kß•] VL be the tallest; be above, over others. 1. tatutkiicka 2. tutkiicka 4. iriirutkiickawi 5. tutkiickawista kiickaa [•kiits-kaa•] VL {pl. obj., rahkiickaa} be around one's neck; wear, have around one's neck, as a cape or collar. 1. tatkiickaa 2. tikiickaa 4. iriirakiickaawi 5. tikiickaawista • tahahkiickaa they are around my neck. kiickaawuh [•kiits-kaa-w‰(h)•] VT(1) put around someone's neck. 1. tatkiickaawu 2. tikiickaawu 3. tikiickaawuhu™ 4. iriirakiickaawuha 5. tikiickaawista kiickaracariwis [kiæts-kß-rß-Ùß-r†-w†s] N mountain bloomer, collared lizard (Crotaphytus collaris). kiickawi™at (ut...) [•kiits-kß-wi-™ßt•] VI(1) 1. be ahead, in front, in the lead, as in a race. 2. be taller than others, above others; stand out above

kiicu™ others.

1. tatutkiickawi™at 2. tutkiickawi™at 4. iriirutkiickawiita 5. tutkiickawihuhta kiickisu [•kiits-k†-s‰•] VD be tapered at the top. 2. tikiickisu™ 4. iriirakiickisu™u 5. tikiickisucta • tirahkiickisu™ their tops are tapered. kiickuuku™u™ [kiits-ku÷-ku-™u™] N shirt; blouse. • kiickuukukat on the shirt. • witisukskawarit kiickuuku™u™ put the shirt on! kiicpaat- [kiits-paat•] LOC out of brush, out of woods. • kiicpaatat go out of the brush. • kiicpaata (ir...) come out of the woods. • ikitawikiicpaatat go riding out of the brush. kiictarii™uus [kiæts-tß-rii-™uus] N mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). kiictawakta/taa [•kiits-tß-wßk-tß/taa•] VI(4) bell to ring. 2. tikiictawakta™ 3. tikiictawaktaahu™ 4. iriirakiictawaktaa 5. tikiictawaktaahista kiictawaktaarik [•kiits-tß-wßk-taa-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) ring a bell. 1. tatkiictawaktaarit 2. tikiictawaktaarit 3. tikiictawaktaariku™ 4. iriirakiictawaktaarika 5. tikiictawaktaariksta kiictawaku™ [kiæts-tß-wß-k‰™] N 1. bell; cowbell. 2. pear, after its bell-like shape. • tita kiictawaku™ the bell is hanging. • sukstawu kiictawaku™ hang the bell up! kiictikakiis [•kiits-t†-kß-kiis•] VT(2) embrace, hug, hold around the neck. kiispaka™u [•kiis-pß-kß-™u•] VI(3) pop. 2. tikiispaku™ 4. iriirakiispaka™u 5. tikiispakuuksta kiispakaraca™a (ir...) [•kiis-pß-kß-rß-Ùaa•] VI(3) scream. 1. tatihkiispakaracaa™ 2. takiispakaracaa™ 3. takiispakaraca™aahu™ 4. iriirakiispakaraca™a 5. takiispakaracaahista kiispakarahka™as [•kiis-pß-kß-rßh-kß-™ßs•] VI(4) scream, scream out, let out a scream or cry. 1. tatkiispakarahka™as 2. tikiispakarahka™as 3. tikiispakarahkaasu™ 4. iriirakiispakarahka™as 5. tikiispakarahka™asista kiispakta/taa [•kiis-pßk-tß/taa•] VI(4) whistle; be a whistling sound, as made by a whistle or a hawk. 1. tatkiispakta™ 2. tikiispakta™ 3. tikiispaktaahu™ 4. iriirakiispaktaa 5. tikiispaktaahista • tirahkiispaktaahu™ they are whistling. kiispaktaahus [kiæs-pßk-taa-h‰s] N whistle (generic), formerly made of the leg bone of a large bird, probably a crane. kiispaktaarik [•kiis-pßk-taa-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) blow a whistle. 1. tatkiispaktaarit 2. tikiispaktaarit 3. tikiispaktaariku™ 4. iriirakiispaktaarika 5. tikiispaktaariksta

kiispakuhuuru™

kipaasi

kiispakuhuuru™

kiiwaakstaakaa [kiæ-waaks-taa-kaa] N white goose

[kiæs-pß-k‰-huu-r‰™] N {comb., kiispakuhu(u)r-, kiispakuhuh-} sound of a whistle; whistle, whistling sound.

• tikiispakuhuruukat the whistling sound went inside. • rakukiispakuhuruukaawi the whistle that is inside. kiispatu™ [kiis-pà-t‰™] N 1. fishhook. 2. elk antler scraper, flint or metal scraper with a curved elk antler handle, as used to remove hair and thin hides. • kiispatuurakat on the fishhook. kiispihiri™ [kiis-p‡-h†-ri™] N {comb., kiispi-} hip bone, hip. • kiispikat on the hip. • iriirakiispitawi where his hip is; his hip.

kiispiraaru™

[kiæs-p†-raa-r‰™] N {comb., kiispiraar-, kiispirah-} hips, both hips.

• kiispiraariri™ on the hips. • iriirakiispiraciihat where the ends of his hips are; the ends of his hips.

kiispirariira™uk (uur...)

[•kiis-p†-rß-rii-rß-™u{k/t}•]

brand, as an animal. 1. tatuuhkiispirariiru™ 2. tuuhkiispirariiru™ 3. tuuhkiispirariiruuku™ 4. iriruuhkiispirariira™u 5. tuuhkiispirariiruuksta kiista [•kiis-tß•] VL be lame, crippled; have a crippled leg. 1. tatkiista 2. tikiista 4. iriirakiistawi 5. tikiistawista VT(3)

kiistaatu™

[kiæs-taa-t‰™] N

{comb., kiistat-, kiistac-}

shinbone; tibia, fibula. • kiistatiri™ on the shin bone. • tikukiistacta™uukut I bumped my shin against it. kiistahipiru™ [kiis-tà-h†-p†-r‰™] N shinny. kiisu™ [kiæ-s‰™] N bone. • kiisiri™ on/in the bone; with a bone. kiiwa™uctaakaa [kii-wß-™÷ts-taa-kaa] N white sage (Artemisia ludoviciana), a variety that was carried in a little bundle for its aromatic quality.

kiiwa™ut [kiæ-wß-™ut] N

{comb., kiiwa™ut-, kiiwa™uc-, kiiwuh-} sage (Artemisia spp.).

• kiiwa™utkat in the sage.

kiiwa™utkaatiit

[kii-wß-™÷t-kaa-tiit] N black sage (Artemisia tridentata), a dark variety that was placed on the floors of sweat lodges, also used as a fan. kiiwaaks [kiæ-waaks] N duck; sometimes also goose.

(Snow Goose, Chen caerulescens and/or domestic goose). kiiwaakstarii™uus [kiæ-waaks-tß-rii-™uus] N mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). kiiwariitu™ [kiæ-wß-rii-t‰™] ADJ naked. kiiwuhki [kiæ-w‰h-k†] N little wild sage, prairie sagewort (Artemisia frigida). kikaarik [•k†-kaa-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) water, give water to, as an animal; give water to, give to drink, as a person. 1. tatkikaarit 2. tikikaarit 3. tikikaariiku™ 4. iriirakikaarika 5. tikikaariksta kikak [•k†-kß{k/t}•] VI(4) 1. cry; mourn. 2. howl, as a coyote or dog. 1. tatkikat 2. tikikat 3. tikikaaku™ 4. iriirakikat 5. tikikaksta • tirahkikat they are crying. kikarihik [•k†-kß-r†-h†{k/t}•] VD be cool, as cooked food. 2. tikikarihi™it 4. iriirakikarihiiku 5. tikikarihiikuksta kikarihitk [•k†-kß-r†-h†t(k)•] VT(1) cool, cool off, as cooked food, or a person. 1. tatkikarihiit 2. tikikarihiit 3. tikikarihiitku™ 4. iriirakikarihitka 5. tikikarihitkista kikarik [•k†-kß-r†{k/t}•] VP(4) 1. cool, cool off, as a beverage, cooked food, or a person with a fever. 2. fever to subside, abate, as when one's body temperature returns to normal. 1. tikukikarit 2. tikikarit 3. tikikariiku™ 4. iriirakikarit 5. tikikariksta • tirahkikarit they cooled. kikii, kirikii [k†-kiæ, k‡-r†-kii] INTER what? • kikii rara™? what is it? (asking what an object, activity, etc., is) • kikii raasasa™? what is your name? • kikii wiirapa™? what month is this? kipaac [•k†-paats•] VD 1. be raw, uncooked, as food; be fresh, as meat freshly butchered; be rare, as when not fully cooked. 2. be raw, having subcutaneous tissue exposed, as an open wound. 2. tikipaac, tikipaa™ac 4. iriirakipaacu 5. tikipaacuksta kipaacu™ [k‡-paa-Ù‰™] N, ADJ 1. raw, uncooked, fresh, as meat, vegetables, or fruits; rare, not fully cooked. 2. raw, as an open wound. kipaar [•k†-paa(r)•] VD 1. be damp, moist; be wet, soaking wet. 2. be green, fresh, as a hide just taken off an animal or freshly cut wood. 2. tikipaa 4. iriirakipaaru 5. tikipaarista • tirahkipaa they are damp. kipaasi [•k†-paa-s†•] VD be shade; be shaded,

441

kipaasi™u™ shady, cool and shady, as a cool, shady area created by a tree, arbor, etc. 2. tikipaasi™ 4. iriirakipaasi™u 5. tikipaasiicta kipaasi™u™ [k†-paÑ-si-™u™] N 1. fan, as a hand fan or an electric fan. 2. umbrella. • kipaasikat in/on the fan; on the umbrella. • tactahit kipaasihiri™ I hit him with the umbrella. • tatkipaasiraa I am carrying an umbrella. kipaasik [•k†-paa-s†{k/t}•] VT(1) fan. 1. tatkipaasit 2. tikipaasit 3. tikipaasiku™ 4. iriirakipaasika 5. tikipaasiksta kipahki [k‡-pßh-k†] N pigweed, lamb's-quarters (Chenopodium album). kipara™uk [•k†-pß-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) dampen, moisten, wet, make wet; water. 1. tatkiparu™ 2. tikiparu™ 3. tikiparuuku™ 4. iriirakipara™u 5. tikiparuuksta kiparihuur [•k†-pß-r†-huu(r)•] VD be drenched, soaking wet, saturated. 2. tikiparihuu™ 4. iriirakiparihuuru 5. tikiparihuuruksta kipariruuhci (uur...) [•k†-pß-r†-ruuh-Ù†•] VD be soaking wet. 2. tuuhkipariruuhci™ 4. iriruuhkipariruuhci™u 5. tuuhkipariruuhciicta kipiriir [•k†-p†-rii(r)•] VD be fresh, green, tender, young, as corn that is starting to bear, just before it is ready to eat; be young, as a child. 2. tikipirii™ 4. iriirakipiriiru 5. tikipiriiruksta kipiriiru™ [k‡-p†-rii-r‰™] N fresh, green corn. kipistaatu™ [k‡-p†s-taa-t‰™] N {comb., kipistat-} rough dogwood (Cornus asperifolia), the limbs of which were used for arrow shafts. • kipistatkat among the dogwoods. kipisu™ [k‡-p†-s‰™] N 1. small sapling. 2. arrow shaft. 3. ramrod. • kipiskat on the sapling. • kipisiri™ with the arrow shaft. kira [k‡-rß] ADV perhaps, maybe; must, let. • kira kariisihaakawa™ac perhaps you will not eat. • kira kuusuci™ let it be thus. kiraar [•k†-raa(r)•] VD 1. be light in color, pastel. 2. be tan, buff, buckskin, light brown. 3. be fair, light in complexion. 1. tatkiraa™ 2. tikiraa™ 4. iriirakiraaru 5. tikiraaruksta • tirahkiraa™ they are light in color. kiraar [•k†-raa(r)•] VD be liquid in (a container).

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kirahkaa, kiirahkaa 2. tikiraa™ 4. iriirakiraaru 5. tikiraaruksta [•k†-raa-rß-r‰(h)t•] VD be soft, as jelly or ripe fruit. 2. tikiraararut 4. iriirakiraararuhtu 5. tikiraararuhtista

kiraararuht

kiraararuuhihuur

[•k†-raa-rß-ruu-h†-huu(r)•] VD

be young and fleshy, soft and plump, as of youth. 1. tatkiraararuuhihuu™ 2. tikiraararuuhihuu™ 4. iriirakiraararuuhihuuru 5. tikiraararuuhihuuruksta kiraarawataar [•k†-raa-rß-wß-taa(r)•] VD 1. be light; be the brightness of dawn; be morning daylight, as at dawn before full daylight. 2. be the brightness or light after sunset, as the evening sky before full darkness. 3. be bright, light, as reflected light or an object the sun brightens. 2. tikiraarawataa 4. iriirakiraarawataaru 5. tikiraarawataaruksta kiraarawirat [•k†-raa-rß-w†-rßt•] VI(1) drip, drip from. 2. tikiraarawirat 4. iriirakiraarawirata 5. tikiraarawirahuhta kiraaru™ [k†-raÑ-r‰™] N {comb., kiraar-, kirah-} liquid, fluid in a container. kiraawa/waahc [•k†-raa-wß/waa(h)ts•] VP(4) be sick, ill; have an ailment, illness, disease. 1. tikukiraawa™ 2. tihkiraawa™ 4. iriirihkiraawa 5. tihkiraawaacta • tiirakiraawa™ they (a group) are sick. kiraawaahcu™ [k†-raÑ-waah-Ù‰™] N sickness, illness; ailment; disease.

kiraawiik/kirawiik

[•k†-raa-wiik/k†-rß-wii{k/t}•]

1. dip a liquid; dip water, as with a dipper or from a well. 2. get water, as when filling a bucket in a stream or at a well. 3. pump water. 1. tatkirawiit 2. tikirawiit 3. tikiraawiiku™ 4. iriirakiraawiika 5. tikiraawiksta kiraawuh [•k†-raa-w‰(h)•] VT(1) 1. spill (a liquid). 2. pour out (a liquid); empty (a liquid). 3. (idiom) pour, rain hard. 1. tatkiraawu 2. tikiraawu 3. tikiraawuhu™ 4. iriirakiraawuha 5. tikiraawista kiracaakaar [•k†-rß-Ùaa-kaa(r)•] VD be gray; be faded. 2. tikiracaakaa™a 4. iriirakiracaakaaru 5. tikiracaakaaruksta kiracihkucuu™ [k‡-rß-Ù†h-k‰-Ùuu™] N ape; large monkey. kiracii™ [k‡-rß-Ùii™] N {comb., kiracih-, kiraci-} monkey. • kiracii™ tiracawarii™ the monkeys are climbing around. • kiraciihari™ young monkey VT(1)

kirahkaa, kiirahkaa [•k†-rßh-kaa,• kii-rßh-kaa] VL

kirahku {dist., kirahkawaa} be liquid in, water in, as in a pail, tea kettle, tank. 2. tikiirahkaa 4. iriirakiirahkaawi 5. tikiirahkaawista • tikirahkaawaa they have liquid in them, as several containers. kirahku [k†-ràh-k‰] N blister. kirahkus (uur...) [•k†-rßh-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be blistered, have a blister. 1. tatuuhkirahku 2. tuuhkirahku 4. iriruuhkirahku 5. tuuhkirahkusta kirahpahaat [•k†-rßh-pß-haat•] VD 1. be pink, light red, faded red. 2. be brown. 2. tikirahpahaa™at 4. iriirakirahpahaatu 5. tikirahpahaatuksta kirahwakta/taa [•k†-rßh-wßk-tß/taa•] VI(4) snap, crack; be a snapping, cracking sound, as when a stick is broken in half or an object breaks. 2. tikirahwakta™ 4. iriirakirahwaktaa 5. tikirahwaktaahista kirahwaktaarik [•k†-rßh-wßk-taa-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) snap, crack; make a snapping, cracking sound, as when breaking something brittle. 1. tatkirahwaktaarit 2. tikirahwaktaarit 3. tikirahwaktaariku™ 4. iriirakirahwaktaarika 5. tikirahwaktaariksta kirahwiriisk (ut...) [•k†-rßh-w†-riis(k)•] VT(1) mix liquids together. 1. tatutkirahwiriis 2. tutkirahwiriis 3. tutkirahwiriisku™ 4. iriirutkirahwiriiska 5. tutkirahwiriiskista kirara™uk [•k†-rß-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. make (a beverage) by boiling, steeping, or mixing ingredients; brew; steep. 2. make a flavored liquid; make broth, as when boiling meat with a large amount of water. 1. tatkiraru™ 2. tikiraru™ 3. tikiraruuku™ 4. iriirakirara™u 5. tikiraruuksta kiraraah [•k†-rß-raa(h)•] VT(1) 1. carry a liquid, have a liquid (in a container). 2. be juicy, as fruit. 1. tatkiraraa 2. tikiraraa 4. iriirakiraraaha 5. tikiraraahista • rakickaatiit tikiraraa he has coffee (in a cup). kirarii™uus [•k†-rß-rii-™uus•] VD be green.

2. tikirarii™uus 4. iriirakirarii™uusu 5. tikirarii™uusuksta kiraruuc [•k†-rß-ruuts•] VD 1. be a hump; be humped. 2. be plump and round, fleshy and

kirika™aariihk round, usu. ref. to a child. 2. tikiraruu™uc 4. iriirakiraruucu 5. tikiraruucuksta kiraruuc [•k†-rß-ruuts•] VD be shaved, have one's hair cut off. 1. tatkiraruu™uc 2. tikiraruu™uc 4. iriirakiraruucu 5. tikiraruucuksta kiraruucta™uk [•k†-rß-ruuts-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) cut the hair off, shave the head. 1. tatkiraruuctu™ 2. tikiraruuctu™ 3. tikiraruuctuuku™ 4. iriirakiraruucta™u 5. tikiraruuctuuksta kiraruucu™ [k‡-rß-ruu-Ù‰™] N buffalo hump. kiri [k‡-r†] N {comb., kirir-, kirih-} domestic cat. • kirihkaatit black cat. kirihcisu™ [k†-r‡h-Ù†-s‰™] N sweat lodge. • kirihciskat in the sweat lodge. • iriirakaawi kirihcisu™ where the sweat lodge is. kirihpaapaapic [k†-r‡h-paa-paa-p†ts] N firefly, lightning bug (family Lampyridae). kiriikickuusu™ [k†-riæ-k†ts-kuu-s‰™] N eyelid. • kiriikickuuskat on the eyelid. kiriiku™ [k†-riæ-k‰™] N {comb., kiriik-, kirik-} 1. eye. 2. chit of a seed. • kirikat on the eye. • kirikiri™ in/on the eye. • iriisiratkiriktawi where my eyes are; my eyes. • kirikucuu™ big eye. kiriiraawis [k†-riæ-raa-w†s] N automobile, car. • kiriiraawiskat in/on the car.

kiriiraawiskaa™ahu

[k‡-rii-raa-w†s-kaa-™ß-h‰]

N

automobile, car.

kiriiraawistarustaa

[k‡-rii-raa-w†s-tß-r‰s-taa]

N

automobile, car. kiriirawaki™ [k†-riæ-rß-wß-ki™] N appaloosa. kiriiru™ [k‡-rii-r‰™] N {comb., kiriir-, kiri(i)h-} rectum; anus. • kiriihiri™ on the anus. kirika™aar [•k†-r†-kß-™aa(r)•] VP(1-i) wake up, awaken. 1. tikukirika™aa 2. tikirika™aa 3. tikirika™aari™ 4. iriirakirika™aara 5. tikirika™aarista • tirahkirika™aa they woke up. kirika™aariihk [•k†-r†-kß-™aa-rii(h){k/t}•] VT(1) wake, wake up, awaken. 1. tatkirika™aariit 2. tikirika™aariit 3. tikirika™aariihku™ 4. iriirakirika™aariihka 5. tikirika™aariihkis-

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kirika™u ta

kirika™u [•k†-r†-kß-™u•] VI(3) be awake. 1. tatkiriku™ 2. tikiriku™ 3. tikirikuuku™ 4. iriirakirika™u 5. tikirikuuksta • tirahkiriku™ they are awake. kirikaa™at [•k†-r†-kaa-™ßt•] VT(1) scrutinize, examine, study, look over carefully, as a person. 1. tatkirikaa™at 2. tikirikaa™at 3. tikirikaawuu™ 4. iriirakirikaata 5. tikirikaahuhta kirikaac [k‡-r†-kaats] N, ADJ cataract; gray eyed. kirikaac [•k†-r†-kaats•] VD 1. have a cataract. 2. have a gray eye. 1. tatkirikaa™ac 2. tikirikaa™ac 4. iriirakirikaacu 5. tikirikaacuksta kirikaahuur [•k†-r†-kaa-huu(r)•] VD be kind, kindhearted, benign, benevolent, as someone who is generous and thoughtful. 1. tatkirikaahuu™ 2. tikirikaahuu™ 4. iriirakirikaahuuru 5. tikirikaahuuruksta

kirikaruus [•k†-r†-kß-ruus•] VD

{pl. (both eyes), kirikaruusik} be blind in one eye.

1. tatkirikaruus 2. tikirikaruus 4. iriirakirikaruusu 5. tikirikaruusuksta • tatkirikaruusit I am blind (in both eyes). kirikawaawi™ [k‡-r†-kß-waa-wi™] N hawk (generic). kirikii, kikii [k‡-r†-kii, k†-kiæ] INTER what?; how? • kirikii ratuutasta? what am I going to be? kirikiicu™ [k‡-r†-kii-Ù‰™] N {comb., kirikic-} jelly; jam. • kirikickat in the jam. • ki™isiruu™a™ kirikiicu™ hand me the jelly! kirikiicu™ [k‡-r†-kii-Ù‰™] N {comb., kirikic-} tear, tears, as from crying. kirikiir [•k†-r†-kii(r)•] VD gawk, stare, gaze. 1. tatkirikii 2. tikirikii 4. iriirakirikiiru 5. tikirikiiruksta kirikiiraar [•k†-r†-kii-raa(r)•] VI(1-i) (impf. only) gawk, stare. 3. tikirikiirari™ 4. iriirakirikiirari 5. tikirikiirarista kirikiirisu™ [k†-r†-kiæ-r†-s‰™] N scout. kirikiisu™ [k‡-r†-kii-s‰™] N eyebrow, brow, superciliary ridge; supraorbital bone. • kirikiisiri™ on the eyebrow. kiriks [k‡-r†ks] N bead. • kirikskat among the beads. • kiriks tiracasa it is beaded.

444

kiriktahkuuku™u™ kirikska™iitu™

[k†-r‡ks-kß-™ii-t‰™] N beaded strip, as sewn on a blanket, belt, or otter skin. • kirikska™iitkat on the beaded strip. kirikskiic [k‡-r†ks-kiits] N long tubular bead, hairpipe. kirikskiisu™ [k†-r‡ks-kii-s‰™] N long tubular bone bead, hairpipe.

kirikstahuriipiiru™

[k‡-r†ks-tß-h‰-rii-pii-r‰™]

N

beaded belt. kiriktaacpickiic [k‡-r†k-taats-p†ts-kiits] N 1. eyelash. 2. persimmon (Diospyros virginiana).

• kiriktaacpickiickat on the eyelash.

kiriktaaku™ [k‡-r†k-taa-k‰™] N ash tree (Fraxinus spp.), the wood of which was used for pipestems and bows. kiriktaarawarii [•k†-r†k-taa-rß-wß-rii•] VT(4) {nondist., kiriktaaru™at} look around at things, eye things. 1. tatkiriktaarawarii™ 2. tikiriktaarawarii™ 4. iriirakiriktaarawarii 5. tikiriktaarawariihusta • tatkiriktaaru™at I looked in that direction. kiriktacakipiitik [•k†-r†k-tß-Ùß-k†-pii-t†{k/t}•] VT(4) close, shut one's eyes. 1. tatkiriktacakipiitit 2. tikiriktacakipiitit 3. tikiriktacakipiitiku™ 4. iriirakiriktacakipiitit 5. tikiriktacakipiitiksta kiriktacaparit [•k†-r†k-tß-Ùß-pß-r†t•] VD blink, eyes to blink. 1. tatkiriktacaparit 2. tikiriktacaparit 4. iriirakiriktacapariitu 5. tikiriktacaparituksta kiriktacaparitaar [•k†-r†k-tß-Ùß-pß-r†-taa(r)•] VI(1i) blink, blink one's eyes. 1. tatkiriktacaparitaa 2. tikiriktacaparitaa 3. tikiriktacaparitaari™ 4. iriirakiriktacaparitaara 5. tikiriktacaparitaarista kiriktacariwis [k‡-r†k-tß-Ùß-r†-w†s] N raccoon (Procyon lotor). kiriktacarus [k‡-r†k-tß-Ùß-r‰s] N cattail (Typha latifolia). kspatu™ [kspà-t‰™] N {comb., kspatur-, kspatuuh-} elk

antler scraper, a curved antler handle with a blade (of flint or steel) attached to the end. • kspatuuhiri™ with the scraper. kstiiriwara [kstiæ-r†-wß-rß] N Stillwater, Okla. <Engl. Stillwater> kstituuc [kst‡-tuuts] N flicker, yellowhammer (yellow-shafted northern flicker, Colaptes a. auratus). kstituucpahat [kst‡-tuuts-pß-hßt] N reddish brown yellowhammer, flicker (red-shafted northern flicker, Colaptes auratus cafer). ksurawi™u™ [ksŠ-rß-wi-™u™] NUM sixteen. ku [k‰] ADV perhaps. • ku tawiksaapic perhaps eight. • a ku suuhuri™ and perhaps later. kuckaritki [k‰ts-kà-r†t-k†] N cast iron kettle. kuckaruusu™ [k‰ts-kà-ruu-s‰™] N empty bucket. kuckictahkata [kŠts-k†ts-tßh-kß-tß] N yellow paint, yellow ochre, a pigment made from naturally tinted clay that contains ferric oxide and other minerals; used for body painting. kuckiicu™ [k‰ts-kiæ-Ù‰™] N {comb., kuckic-} 1. white clay, as used for painting the body in rituals. 2. chalk; plaster; cement; clay. • wititaatickapicistu™ kuckiicu™ I painted my face with white clay (lit. smeared white clay on my face).

kuraa™u™ iriira™aahwaakara™u kuckiraa™

[kŠts-k†-raa™] N {comb., kuckirar-} glass; bottle; glass jar. • kuckiraa™ turarii the glass is decorated, has a colored design.

kuckirarahkaawaawi

[k‰ts-k‡-rß-rßh-kaa-waaw†] N canned goods; contents of a can, jar; ref. to canned food like fruit or vegetables. kucpaaksu™ [kŠts-paak-s‰™] N cast iron kettle. kucpaarika [kŠts-paa-r†-kß] N tea kettle; hot water pot. kuctaakaa [kŠts-taa-kaa] N tin pail, tin kettle; white pail, white kettle. kuctaaraatku™ [k‰ts-taÑ-raat-k‰™] N clay pot, earthen pot. kuctahkata [k‰ts-tàh-kß-tß] N brass kettle. kuhku [kŠh-k‰] N {comb., kuhkus-} 1. domestic pig, hog; peccary. 2. bacon.

• kuhkuskat on the pig. • kuhkuskucuu™ big hog. • kuhkusihari™ piglet, shoat. • kuhkusicapaat sow, female pig.

kuhku kisaactacapahtu™

[kŠh-k‰ k‡-saats-tß-Ùßpßh-t‰™] N sausage. kuhkuska™it [k‰h-kŠs-kß-™†t] N salt pork. kuhkustacarahuuru™ [kŠh-k‰s-tß-Ùß-rß-huu-r‰™] N

pork chops, pork steaks; bacon, sliced pork.

kukatawii™, ritkukatawii™ [k‰-kà-tß-wii™, r‡t-k‰-kßtß-wii™] N scorpion. [kŠ-kß-t†t] N buckskin horse; light-colored horse with a black mane and tail. kuksas-i (uur...) [•k‰k-sßs•†•] VI(2) run away, flee.

kukatit

1. tatuuhkuksas 2. tuuhkuksas 3. tuuhkuksasihu™ 4. iriruuhkuksasi 5. tuuhkuksasista kuksat [•k‰k-sßt•] VI(1) {dist., kuksawarii} flee, run away, run off. 1. tatkuksat 2. tikuksat 3. tikukspuu™ 4. iriirakuksata 5. tikuksuhta • tikuksawarii™ he is running away, going in different directions. kukstakuk [•k‰ks-tß-k‰{k/t}•] VI(4) run away, flee, flee running, escape running. 1. tatkukstakut 2. tikukstakut 3. tikukstakuuku™ 4. iriirakukstakut 5. tikukstakuksta kuraa™u™ [kŠ-raa-™u™] N doctor, healer; medical practitioner.

kuraa™u™ iriira™aahwaakara™u

[kŠ-raa-™u™ †-riæ-

449

kuraciihaa™u rß-™aah-waa-kß-rß-™u] N dentist. kuraciihaa™u [k‰-rß-Ùiæ-haa-™u] N our (incl. du.) child. kurahaa™u [k‰-rà-haa-™u] N his, her child. kurahkaac [kŠ-rßh-kaats] N gray horse. kurahuus [kŠ-rß-huus] N {comb., kurahuus-, kurahus-} 1. old man. 2. priest.

• kurahuusa™u™ the father (lit. the old man).

kurahuusa™u™ [k‰-rß-hu÷-sß-™u™] N the father, as of a person.

kurasiihaa™u

[k‰-rß-siæ-haa-™u] N your child. kuratiihaa™u [k‰-rß-tiæ-haa-™u] N my child. kuriicta™a (ir...) [•k‰-riits-taa•] VI(3) 1. be on fire, ablaze, blazing. 2. blaze up; catch on fire.

2. takuriictaa™ 3. takuriicta™aahu™ 4. iriirakuriicta™a 5. takuriictaahista kuriictara™a (ir...) [•k‰-riits-tß-raa•] VI(3) 1. kindle a fire, start a fire. 2. stoke a fire, build up a fire, as when rekindling it. 1. tatihkuriictaraa™ 2. takuriictaraa™ 3. takuriictara™aahu™ 4. iriirakuriictara™a 5. takuriictaraahista kuriira™uk [•k‰-rii-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) light, ignite a fire. 1. tatkuriiru™ 2. tikuriiru™ 3. tikuriiruuku™ 4. iriirakuriira™u 5. tikuriiruuksta kuriitu™ [k‰-riæ-t‰™] N {comb., kuri(i)t-} light from a blaze, fire; blaze, flame. • kuritkat in/on the blaze, flame. kurit [•k‰-r†t•] VD be lit, set on fire, ignited; be a light. 2. tikuri™it 4. iriirakuriitu 5. tikurituksta kurituukatawi™u™ [kŠ-r†-tuu-kß-tß-wi-™u™] N 1. lamp, kerosene lamp, lantern. 2. kerosene, coal oil. kuruks [kŠ-r‰ks] N bear (Ursus spp.); brown bear. • kurukskat on the bear; among the bears. • kurukskiripahki bear cub. • kuruksihari™ bear cub. • ckuruks female bear. kuruks [kŠ-r‰ks] N boil, carbuncle. kuruksicariis [kŠ-r‰k-s†-Ùß-riis] N 1. angry bear. 2. grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis). kuruksihari™ [kŠ-r‰k-s†-hß-ri™] N bear cub. [kŠ-r‰ks-kaa-tiit]

kurukskaatiit

N black bear (American Black Bear, Ursus americanus). kurukspahat [kŠ-r‰ks-pß-hßt] N brown bear (brown phase of American black bear, Ursus americanus). kurukstaakaa [kŠ-r‰ks-taa-kaa] N white bear; polar bear (Ursus maritimus). kus [•k‰(s)•] VI(4) {pl. subj., wihak; dist., wiwaahak} 1. be sitting, be seated. 2. be, be living (in a place). 3. live, be living. 1. tatku 2. tiiku 4. iriiraaku 5. tiikusta • tiwihat they are sitting. kusa™iwi™a (ir...) [•k‰-sß-™†-wi-™ß•] VI(3) rock, as in a rocking chair. 1. tatihkusa™iwi™a™ 2. takusa™iwi™a™ 3. takusa™iwi™aahu™ 4. iriirakusa™iwi™a 5. takusa™iwiihista kusaahkaakus [•k‰-saah-kaa-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be a bedroom. 2. tikusaahkaaku 4. iriirakusaahkaaku 5. tikusaahkaakusta kusaahkus [•k‰-saah-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. be a bed; be a berth, a bedroom. 2. be the site of a former dwelling, camp, as an earthlodge; be a campsite, campground. 3. be a field, playing field, as a football field. 2. tikusaahku 4. iriirakusaahku 5. tikusaahkusta kusaahwitaksu™ [k‰-saah-w‡-tßk-s‰™] N bedspread. kusaar [•k‰-saa(r)•] VD {dist., kusaarik} 1. be a bed. 2. be a seat, a place; be a station, as in a ceremony. 2. tikusaa 4. iriirakusaaru 5. tikusaaruksta • tiiruhkusaarit they have seats, places to sit.

kusaaru™ [k‰-saÑ-r‰™] N

{comb., kuusaar-, kuusaah-}

1. bed. 2. seat, place; station. 3. dance ground; playground. 4. campground, campsite. • kusaahkat on the bed. • iriirakusaahkaku where the dance ground is; where the campground is. • tikusaahku it is a campground; it is a dance ground. • tikusaahkaku it is a dance ground; it is a campground. kusaksi™ [kŠ-sßk-si™] ADV {comb., kusaksii-} left. kusaksii [•k‰-sßk-sii•] VD be left-handed. 1. tatkusaksii™ 2. tikusaksii™ 4. iriirakusaksii™u 5. tikusaksiicta kusaksiihaahiri™ [kŠ-sßk-sii-haa-h†-ri™] ADV on the left side, at the left; leftward. kusapaaru™ [kŠ-sß-paa-r‰™] N sand-cherry (Prunus

kusaraat

kustahaari (ut...)

besseyi). [•k‰-sß-raat•] VT(1) rub, rub together, as someone's hands, or two halves or parts of a hide to soften or clean it; rub together and shake out, as something one is cleaning or something wadded up and that one is trying to smooth and get the wrinkles out of. 1. tatkusaraat 2. tikusaraat 3. tikusaraatu™ 4. iriirakusaraata 5. tikusaraatista kusawarii [•k‰-sß-wß-rii•] VI(4) squirm, wiggle while seated; fidget while seated. 1. tatkusawarii™ 2. tikusawarii™ 3. tikusawariihu™ 4. iriirakusawarii 5. tikusawariihusta • tirahkusawarii™ they are squirming around in their seats. kusicka (uur...) [•k‰-s†ts-kß•] VL face, be facing. 1. tatuuhkusicka 2. tuuhkusicka 4. iriruuhkusickawi 5. tuuhkusickawista kusickawi™a (ir...ut...) [•k‰-s†ts-kß-wi-™ß•] VT(3) come toward, come walking toward, come to meet, as to greet a person. 1. tatiitkusickawi™a™ 2. tuutkusickawi™a™ 3. tuutkusickawi™aahu™ 4. iriruutkusickawi™a 5. tuutkusickawiihista

kusaraat

kusickawiitik

(uur...)

[•k‰-s†ts-kß-wii-t†{k/t}•]

1. face, turn to face, as a person; meet face to face. 2. sit down facing. 1. tatuuhkusickawiitit 2. tuuhkusickawiitit 3. tuuhkusickawiitiku™ 4. iriruuhkusickawiitit 5. tuuhkusickawiitiksta • siwitituuhkusickawiitit they (du.) came face to face. kusickawiriwuh [•k‰-s†ts-kß-w†-r†-w‰(h)•] VR(1) (du., pl. subj.) come face to face, meet face to face, encounter each other, as when coming form opposite directions. 1. siwititatkusickawiriwu 2. siwititikusickawiriwu 4. iriisiwitirakusickawiriwuha 5. siwititikusickawiriwista • siwititihkusickawiriwu they (du.) came face to face. kusihak [•k‰-s†-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) {dist., kusiwaahak} kick. 1. tatkusihat 2. tikusihat 3. tikusihaaku™ 4. iriirakusihat 5. tikusihaksta • wititihkusihaaku™ they are kicking one another. kusihwica (ir...) [•k‰-s†h-w†-Ùß•] VI(3) arrive running (coming); reach a point running, reach a location running. 1. tatihkusihwica™ 2. takusihwica™ 3. takusihwicaahu™ 4. iriirakusihwica 5. takusihwicahista kusihwicat [•k‰-s†h-w†-Ùßt•] VI(1) arrive running (going); reach a point running, reach a location VT(4)

running. 1. tatkusihwicat 2. tikusihwicat 3. tikusihwicpuu™ 4. iriirakusihwicata 5. tikusihwicuhta

kusiihuriruuhci (uur...) [•k‰-sii-h‰-r†-ruuh-Ù†•] VD 1. be an exceptionally fast runner. 2. be an exceptionally fast flier. 1. tatuuhkusiihuriruuhci™ 2. tuuhkusiihuriruuhci™ 4. iriruuhkusiihuriruuhci™u 5. tuuhkusiihuriruuhciicta kusiikaar [•k‰-sii-kaa(r)•] VP(1-i) be sitting tired; be tired of sitting. 1. tikukusiikaa 2. tikusiikaa 4. iriirakusiikaara 5. tikusiikarista kusiir (uur...) [•k‰-sii(r)•] VI(1-a) be seated comfortably, nicely. 1. tatuuhkusii 2. tuuhkusii 4. iriruuhkusiira 5. tuuhkusiirasta kusik [•k‰-s†{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. pick up, take, get. 2. choose, select. 1. tatkusit 2. tikusit 3. tikusiiku™ 4. iriirakusit 5. tikusiksta kusiksiir (uur...) [•k‰-s†k-sii(r)•] VI(1-a) be settled, well situated, comfortably situated, as in a new house or situation. 1. tatuuhkusiksii 2. tuuhkusiksii 4. iriiruraakusiksiira 5. tuuhkusiksiirasta kusisaar [•k‰-s†-saa(r)•] VI(1-i) (impf. only) play. 3. tikusisaari™ 4. iriirakusisaari 5. tikusisaarista kusisaar (ir...) [•k‰-s†-saa(r)•] VI(1-i) play. 1. tatihkusisaa 2. takusisaa 3. takusisaari™ 4. iriirakusisaara 5. takusisaarista • tarahkusisaari™ they are playing. kusisparii [•k‰-s†s-pß-rii•] VI(4) play around outside, be outside playing. 1. tatkusisparii™ 2. tikusisparii™ 3. tikusispariihu™ 4. iriirakusisparii 5. tikusispariihusta kuskitawi [•k‰s-k†-tß-w†•] VD be beautiful, lovely, pretty. 1. tatkuskitawi™ 2. tikuskitawi™ 4. iriirakuskitawi™u 5. tikuskitawiicta kustaariks [•k‰s-taa-r†ks•] VI(1) 1. stay, live, remain permanently in a location. 2. be sitting in a location for a long period of time. 1. tatkustaariks 2. tikustaariks 4. iriirakustaariksa 5. tikustaariksuksta kustahaari (ut...) [•k‰s-tß-haa-r†•] VL (du., pl. subj.) be seated close together, next to. 1. sitatkustahaari 2. situtkustahaari 4. iriisirut-

451

kustawiihcu™

kuut

kustahaariwi 5. situtkustahaariwista [k‰s-tà-wiih-Ù‰™] N son-in-law. 1. tatpaahariku 2. tipaahariku 4. iriirapaahariku 5. tipaaharikusta

[paa-h‡ks-tß-rii-pii-r‰™] N 1. tie, necktie; handkerchief tied around the neck. 2. choker, necklace that hangs close to the throat. <paahiks+tariik.wi.ir+u™, tied on the trachea + NOM> paahiksu™ [paa-h‡k-s‰™] N throat, front part of the neck. <paahiks+u™, throat + NOM; i.q. SB paahriksu™, Ar. paahnæóu™> • paahiksiri™ in/on the throat. • tikupaahiksta™aari™ my throat is sore. • iriiratpaahikstawi my throat. Paahiksukat [paa-h‡k-s‰-kßt] N 1. Sioux tribe. 2. Sioux male. <paahiks+ukatk, cuts the throat> • Cpaahiksukat Sioux female. paahisic [paÑ-h†-s†ts] N nickel, five cent piece. <Engl. five cents> paahukasa [paa-hŠ-kß-sß] N roach hairstyle, hair cut in a roach, a style favored by Pawnee men. <waa+hukasa, lying on/over a mound>

paahurahwiitik (ut...)

[•paa-h‰-rßh-wii-t†{k/t}•]

kneel on one knee, get down on one knee. 1. tatutpaahurahwiitit 2. tutpaahurahwiitit 3. tutpaahurahwiitiku™ 4. iriirutpaahurahwiitit 5. tutpaahurahwiitiksta • tutpaaraarurahwiitit he knelt on both knees. Paahutawi™u™ [paÑ-h‰-tß-wi-™u™] N March (approximately). <paa+huta.wi+u™, windy moon + NOM> Paahuuwaturikat [paÑ-huu-wß-t‰-r†-kßt] N April (approximately) (Dunbar); February (approximately) (Dorsey). <paa+huuwaturika.t, moon between> -paak- [•paak•] N-KIN grandfather. • atipat my, our grandfather. • apat your grandfather. • ipaakti™ his, her, their grandfather. paakahis (ut...) [•paa-kß-h†s•] VD 1. have tassels; tassel, be tasseling, as a corn plant. 2. be abloom, blooming, as a plant. 2. tutpaakahis 4. iriirutpaakahisu 5. tutpaakahisuksta paakahisu™ [paÑ-kß-h†-s‰™] N corn tassel. <paakaVI(4) {pl. (both knees), paaraarurahwiitik (ut...)}

his (ut...)+u™, have tassels + NOM; cf. Ar. paakAhæóu™ squash blossom>

453

paakaruutaatu™

paariisat

• paakahiskat on the tassel.

paakaruutaatu™

[paÑ-kß-ruu-taa-t‰™] N horsetail, scouring rush, joint rush (Equisetum spp.). <paakaruu+tat+u™, paakaruu + stalk/plant + NOM> paakawikat [paa-kà-w†-kßt] ADV on top of a hill, mountain. <waa+ka.wi+kat, on a hill + LOC> paakawikiickat [paa-kà-w†-kiits-kßt] ADV on a high mountain; on a high mountain top. <waa+ka.wi+kii™ac+kat, on a high hill + LOC> paakiistaarurahwiitik (ut...) [•paa-kiis-taa-r‰rßh-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) {sg. (one knee), paakiisurahwiitik (ut...)} kneel (on both knees); get down on one's knees.

1. tatutpaakiistaarurahwiitit 2. tutpaakiistaarurahwiitit 3. tutpaakiistaarurahwiitiku™ 4. iriirutpaakiistaarurahwiitit 5. tutpaakiistaarurahwiitiksta paakiisu™ [paÑ-kii-s‰™] N kneecap, patella; knee. <paa+kiis+u™, knee bone + NOM> • iriiratpaakiistawi my knee. paakipiriiru™ [paa-k‡-p†-rii-r‰™] N new moon. <paa+kipiriir+u™, new moon + NOM> paakis [paÑ-k†s] N 1. young buffalo bull; young bull. 2. Young Bull, baby name of Moses Yellow Horse. <paak+kis, paak + DIM>

paapiciscaakawi™u™

[paÑ-p†-Ù†s-Ùaa-kß-wi-™u™] N

1. metal nail. 2. screw. 3. hook. <paapicis+caaka.wi+u™, protruding metal + NOM> paapiciskaaruuc [•paa-p†-Ù†s-kaa-ruuts•] VI(2) be a bank, savings bank. <paapicis+kaa.ruuc, (pieces of) metal PL to be lying inside> 2. tipaapiciskaaruuc 4. iriirapaapiciskaaruuci 5. tipaapiciskaaruucista paapicispaatisu™ [paÑ-p†-Ù†s-paa-t†-s‰™] N wire. <paapicis+paatis+u™, metal line + NOM> paapicispahat [paÑ-p†-Ù†s-pß-hßt] N 1. copper. 2. penny. <paapicis+pahaat, red metal> paapicistaakaa [paÑ-p†-Ù†s-taa-kaa] N white metal: silver, tin, pewter. <paapicis+taakaar, white metal>

paapicistaariksisu™

[paÑ-p†-Ù†s-taa-r†k-s†-s‰™] N

1. precious metal: gold, silver. 2. coin, money. <paapicis+raariksis+u™, authentic metal + NOM> paapicistahkata [paÑ-p†-Ù†s-tßh-kß-tß] N yellow metal: gold, brass. <paapicis+rahkataar, yellow metal>

paapicistahkuuku™u™

[paÑ-p†-Ù†s-tßh-kuu-ku-™u™]

wallet, billfold; purse. <paapicis+raar+kuuku+u™, encloses metals, i.e., money + NOM> • paapicistahkuukukat in the wallet. N

paapicistiwiruucaku

[paÑ-p†-Ù†s-t†-w†-ruu-Ùß-k‰]

hammer. <paapicis+riwiruu.icakus, metal knob on the end> paapicisu™ [paÑ-p†-Ù†-s‰™] N 1. metal (generic); iron. 2. money (coin or bill). <paapicis+u™, metal + N

454

i.q. Ar. waapIsæóu™> • paapiciskat on the metal. • tawit paapicisu™ three one-dollar bills. • asku paapicisu™ ririiku there is a dollar, here is a dollar. paapiis [paÑ-piis] N grasshopper. paara [paÑ-rß] ADV nearly, almost. • paara rikutuutu™ he almost looks like him. • paara tikuhurahac I almost died. paaraar [•paa-raa(r)•] VI(1-i) hide; slip away, escape secretly. <paar+aar, become hidden> 1. tatpaaraa 2. tipaaraa 3. tipaarari™ 4. iriirapaaraara 5. tipaararista paaraar (uur...) [•paa-raa(r)•] VT(1-i) hide from, conceal oneself from. 1. tatuuhpaaraa 2. tuuhpaaraa 3. tuuhpaarari™ 4. iriruuhpaaraara 5. tuuhpaararista paaraarickuusu™ [paÑ-raa-r†ts-kuu-s‰™] N ruminant's stomach, comprising the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum; paunch; tripe, lining of the stomach of a ruminant, as a cow, horse, elk. <paaraar+ickuus+u™, paaraar + integument + NOM; cf. Ar. paanaÑnu™ sausage> • paaraarickuuskat cow's stomach NOM;

paaraarurahwiitik (ut...)

[•paa-raa-r‰-rßh-wiit†{k/t}•] VI(4) {sg. (one knee), paahurahwiitik (ut...)} kneel; get on one's knees, as when praying.

1. tatutpaaraarurahwiitit 2. tutpaaraarurahwiitit 3. tutpaaraarurahwiitiku™ 4. iriirutpaaraarurahwiitit 5. tutpaaraarurahwiitiksta • tutpaahurahwiitit he knelt on one knee.

paarawaahaahkiir

[•paa-rß-waa-haah-kii(r)•]

sneak off at different times; sneak around, hiding here and there. <paara+awaahaahkiir, leave behind sneaking + DIST> 1. tatpaarawaahaahkii™ 2. tipaarawaahaahkii™ 3. tipaarawaahaahkiiru™ 4. iriirapaarawaahaahkiira 5. tipaarawaahaahkiirista Paari [paÑ-r†] N {comb., paari-, paarih-} 1. Pawnee tribe. 2. Pawnee male. 3. Pawnee, Okla. <paaVI(1)

ri(r), prob. from the common Dhegiha Siouan name ppÑdè and variants>

• Paariru among the Pawnee, Pawnee country. • Paarihkat in Pawnee, in the Pawnee language. paariiku™ [paa-riæ-k‰™] N {comb., paari(i)k-} 1. horn (of an animal). 2. colon. 3. (contemp.) banana. <paariik+u™, horn + NOM> • paarikat in/on the horn. • paarikucuu™ a big horn. • paariiktaruus animal with furry horns. • tipaariikatasa it is the colon. paariisat [•paa-rii-sßt•] VI(1) go hunting; go on a hunting trip. <paariis+at, go (as a) hunter> 1. tatpaariisat 2. tipaariisat 3. tipaariispuu™ 4. iriirapaariisata 5. tipaariisuhta • tirahpaariisat

paariisu™ they (a group) went on a hunting trip. [paa-riæ-s‰™] N hunter. <paariis+u™, hunter

paariisu™

+ NOM; i.q. SB paareesu™; cf. Ar. paaniæóu™ hunting party> paarika [•paa-r†-kß•] VL {du., pl. (horns), paarikawaa} have a horn; be horned. <waa+arika, waa + horn>

2. tipaarika 4. iriirapaarikawi 5. tipaarikawista • tipaarikawa it is horned, it has (two) horns. paarikucuu™ [paÑ-r†-k‰-Ùuu™] N bighorn, Rocky Mountain Sheep (Ovis canadensis). <paarik+kucuu, big horn> Paarukstii™ [paÑ-r‰ks-tii™] N Holy Being, Wonderful Being, a manifestation of Tirawahat who came to earth at the beginning of the world. <waarukstii, be holy/mysterious> • rikuwitiwaku™ Paarukstii™ that is what Holy Being said. paaruris [paa-rŠ-r†s] N 1. bladder. 2. balloon. <waarur+his, blow (into), i.e., inflate + PERF; cf. Ar. waanun blow on; neswaanunæóu™ large intestine casing>

• paaruriskat in/on the bladder.

paasaat [•paa-saat•] VD be straight, as an elongated object that has no curves or irregularities. 2. tipaasaat, tipaasaa™at 4. iriirapaasaatu 5. tipaasaatuksta paasikari™ [paÑ-s†-kß-ri™] N blacksmith. <paasi+kari, many paasi, said to mean many pounds> • paasikari™ iriiraakariku blacksmith's shop. paasit [paÑ-s†t] N bat (mammal). • paasitkucuu™ big bat. paat [•paat•] VD be bloody; have blood on. 2. tipaa™at 4. iriirapaatu 5. tipaatuksta paataatu™ [paa-taÑ-t‰™] N cane pole, formerly used as a fishing pole. <paa+tat+u™, knee stalk + NOM, prob. ref. to the nodes>

paatahuuru™ [paÑ-tß-huu-r‰™] N

{comb., paatahuur-, paatahuh-; pl., paatahuraaru™} 1. blood vessel, artery, vein. 2. rubber. <paat+uhur+u™, blood + uhur + NOM>

• paatahuhkat in the vein. • kiicpaatahuuru™ vein in the neck. • sitiihihpaatahuurukat they must have cut the vein. • tipaatahurahkasa they are the blood vessels, as in one's body. paatiirara™ [paa-tiæ-rß-rß™] N new moon. <paa+tiiraraa, new moon> paatisu™ [paÑ-t†-s‰™] N {comb., waatis-, paatis-} wire; line, as a telephone line or clothesline. <waatis+u™, line + NOM; cf. Ar. waatæóu™ thread> • paatiskat on the wire. • paatisiri™ tactahit I hit him with wire. • tiwaatistaaru™at it is wired, as a fence. • caakawakiihaahpaatisu™ wire fence; barb wire. • tiwaatistaara cacikspaatisu™ it is a spider web. paatkariis [paÑt-kß-riis] N mourning dove, turtle

pahiitu™ dove (Zenaida macroura). <waat+kariis, awkward dove; i.q. Ar. wÑtó> paatu™ [paÑ-t‰™] N blood; gore. <paat+u™, blood + NOM> • paatkat in blood. • tipaatku it is a pool of blood. paawaapicisu™ [paa-waÑ-p†-Ù†-s‰™] N 1. lightning. 2. electricity. <waa+waapicis+u™, lightning + DIST + NOM>

paawaktiku, paawaktikus

[paÑ-wßk-t†-k‰, paawàk-t†-k‰s] N preacher, minister, clergyman. <waa.waktik.hus, talking + DIST + IMPF, i.e., talker>

• pakiisu™ paawaktiku minister, preacher. [paÑ-wß-rii-h‰-s‰™] N traveler; drifter. <waa+warii.hus+u™, one who roams/travels all around + NOM> paca [•pß-Ùß•] VL be a bump, lump, swelling. 2. tipaca 4. iriirapacawi 5. tipacawista paca (ir...) [•pß-Ùß•] VL, VT(wi) have a lump, bump, swelling, as a boil or sty, a bruise that forms into a bump, or a small lump; have a knot, as on a tree; have a knob. 1. tatihpaca 2. tapaca 4. iriirapacawi 5. tapacawista pacawaa [pà-Ùß-waa] N disease manifested in bumps on the body, as chicken pox. <paca+waa, lumps + DIST> paciriks [pà-Ù†-r†ks] N your uncle (mother's brother). pacit [pà-Ù†t] N flea. packis [•pßts-k†s•] VD be thin. 2. tipackiis 4. iriirapackisu 5. tipackisuksta

paawariihusu™

pacuu™u™

[pà-Ùuu-™u™] N

{comb., wacuu-, pacuu-}

quiver, arrow case. <wacuu+u™, quiver + NOM; i.q. raawacuu™u™> • pacuukat in the quiver. • racihkuraawacuura™u for us to make a quiver. pacuuka™ [pà-Ùuu-kß™] N 1. prairie turnip, breadroot (Psoralea esculenta); 2. (contemp.) turnip. <wacuukar, i.q. Ar. WAsu÷ka™, WIsu÷ka™; cf. Ar. WIsuukAhkaruuwat÷x wild turnip digging stick> pahaat [•pß-haat•] VD be red, reddish.

2. tipahaa™at 4. iriirapahaatu 5. tipahaatuksta • tirahpahaa™at they are red. pahaatkaatiit [•pß-haat-kaa-tiit•] VD be deep red, maroon, wine, oxblood. <pahaat+kaatiit, dark red> 2. tipahaatkaatii™it 4. iriirapahaatkaatiitu 5. tipahaatkaatiituksta pahaatu™ [pà-haa-t‰™] N 1. red paint; vermilion; red ocher, as used for ritual painting of the body and objects. 2. wild rose (Rosa spp.). <pahaat+u™, red + NOM> pahat [pà-hßt] N mescal bean (Lophophora williamsii). <pahaat, red> pahiitu™ [pß-hiæ-t‰™] ADV, INTERJ 1. ADV a. quietly, still. b. slowly. 2. INTERJ be quiet! be silent! be

455

pahit still! <pahit+u™, quiet + NOM> [•pß-h†t•] VD 1. be quiet, silent, still. 2. behave; be well behaved, as a quiet child. 1. tatpahi™it 2. tipahi™it 4. iriirapahiitu 5. tipahituksta • tiraapahi™it everything/everyone is quiet. pahitaar [•pß-h†-taa(r)•] VP(1-i) become quiet, still; get quiet. <pahit+aar, become quiet> 1. tikupahitaa 2. tipahitaa 3. tipahitaari™ 4. iriirapahitaara 5. tipahitaarista Pahkuta [pàh-k‰-tß] N 1. Ioway tribe. 2. Ioway male. <pahkuta, from Ioway pÑxoje, their self-designation> • Pahkutawiru among the Ioway, in Ioway country. • Cpahkuta Ioway female. pahuks [pà-h‰ks] N flying bug, insect. pahuks [pà-h‰ks] N squash, pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.); cucurbit (family Cucurbitaceae). • pahukskat on the squash. • pahukstaahiisu™ dried squash. pahuksacaciks [pà-h‰k-sß-Ùß-Ù†ks] N 1. buffalo gourd (Cucurbita foetidissima), a wild vine that produces small, striped gourd-like pods that emit a strong, foul odor. 2. underarm odor; body odor. <pahuks+acaciks, spider squash, ref. to a story in

pahit

which Spider-Woman is trampled by buffalo, becomes a root, and her cobwebs become a vine> pahuksaraasu™ [pà-h‰k-sß-raa-s‰™] N watermelon. <pahuks+araas+u™, cooked squash + NOM>

• pahuksaraaskat on the watermelon. [pà-h‰ks-kß-tß™] N squash having a thick, heavy-textured meat. <pahuks+katar, dry, thick-textured squash> pahukstaatu™ [pà-h‰ks-taa-t‰™] N 1. squash vine, pumpkin vine (Cucurbita spp.). 2. Squash Vine, a former Skiri village or band in Nebraska. 3. member of the Squash Vine band. <pahuks+tat+u™, squash stalk/plant + NOM> • titawii™ Pahukstaatu™ he is a member of Squash Vine village. pahukstaciitu™ [pß-hŠks-tß-Ùii-t‰™] N woven squash mat. <pahuks+raciit+u™, squash cradle board + NOM> • pahukstaciitkat on the squash mat. pahukstahkata [pà-h‰ks-tßh-kß-tß] N pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.). <pahuks+rahkataar, yellow squash>

pahukskata™

pahukstariwaktaahus

[pà-h‰ks-tß-r†-wßk-taah‰s] N locust, cicada. <pahuks+raar.riwaktaa.hus, flying insect making its characteristic sound + ITER> pahuru™ [pà-h‰-r‰™] N {comb., pahuruu-} owl (generic). <pahuruu, poss. onom.; i.q. Ar. WAh÷ru™, WAhuruu->

• pahuruukat among the owls. • pahuru™ tiwaktaahu™ the owl is hooting.

pahuru™ raarikawaawi

[pà-h‰-r‰™ raa-rˆ-kß-waaw†] N horned owl (Great Horned Owl, Bubo vir-

456

paksawi™at (uur...) ginianus). <pahuruu ra+arika.waa.wi, owl that has horns + DIST> pahuruukasis [pà-h‰-ruu-kß-s†s] N screech owl (Otus asio). <pahuruu+kasis, stunted owl> pahuruutaakaa [pà-h‰-ruu-taa-kaa] N white owl; snowy owl (Nyctea scandiaca). <pahuruu+taakaar, white owl> paka™u™ [pà-kß-™u™] N 1. voice; speech. 2. interpreter, translator; speaker of a language. <waka+u™, voice + NOM> pakaraahkucuu™ [pß-kß-raÑh-k‰-Ùuu™] N, ADV in a loud voice. <wakaraar+kucuu, big speech> pakaraaru™ [pà-kß-raa-r‰™] N {comb., pakaraar-, pakaraah-, wakaraar-, wakaraah-} speech, talk. <waka.raar+u™, speech + PL/ITER + NOM> pakaraaruuka™aatu™ [pà-kß-raa-ruu-kß-™aa-t‰™] N 1. echo. 2. spirit's voice; voice of a deceased person; ref. to the voice of a dead person that is sometimes heard. <wakaraar+uuka™aat+u™, shadow speech + NOM> • ti™ pakaraaruuka™aatu™ it is a spirit's voice. pakaru™ [pß-kà-r‰™] N mute person. <wakaruu, be mute> • pakaru™ ti™ he is a mute. pakcak [•pßk-Ùß{k/t}•] VT(4) shoot, hit, strike, as with a bullet or an arrow. <paks+cak, strikes head> 1. tatpakcat 2. tipakcat 3. tipakcaaku™ 4. iriirapakcat 5. tipakcaksta pakiiskitawi™u™ [pà-kiis-k†-tß-wi-™u™] N minister, preacher; priest. <pakiis+kitawi+u™, church congregation leader + NOM> pakiisu™ [pà-kii-s‰™] N 1. church member. 2. church, denomination. 3. congregation of a Christian church, Christian church membership or body. <pakiis+u™, pakiis + NOM> • pakiiskat among the church members. • titawii™ pakiisu™ he is a member of the church. • iriirakaawi pakiisu™ church house, church building. • karastawii™ pakiisu™ are you a member of the church? • pakiisu™ ti™it they are the church members. paksa™iwaata (ir...) [•pßk-sß-™†-waa-tß•] VT(3) look up, raise one's head, as from a bowed position. <paks+awi.waat.a (ir...), head to rise up quickly> 1. tatihpaksa™iwaata™ 2. tapaksa™iwaata™ 3. tapaksa™iwaataahu™ 4. iriiraapaksa™iwaata 5. tapaksa™iwaatahista paksaku [pßk-sà-k‰] N 1. tadpole. 2. catfish (family Ictaluridae). <paks+ha.kus, head sitting on water> paksatkahaaru™ [pßk-sàt-kß-haa-r‰™] N hammer. <paks+atkahaar+u™, ear(s) (on the) head + NOM, ref. to claws of a hammer> paksawi™at (uur...) [•pßk-sß-wi-™ßt•] VT(1) nod one's head, shake one's head, as up and down or side to side. <paks+awi.at (uur...), head to shake>

paksicara™aks 1. tatuuhpaksawi™at 2. tuuhpaksawi™at 3. tuuhpaksa™iwuu™ 4. iriruuhpaksawiita 5. tuuhpaksawihuhta paksicara™aks [pßk-s‡-Ùß-rß-™ßks] N insane person, crazy person. <paks+icaraks, crazy head(ed)> paksicaraks [•pßk-s†-Ùß-rßks•] VD be insane, crazy; be mentally ill; be socially abnormal. <paks+icaraks, crazy head(ed)> 1. tatpaksicara™aks 2. tipaksicara™aks 4. iriirapaksicaraksu 5. tipaksicaraksuksta paksickariwiru™ [pàk-s†ts-kß-r†-w†-r‰™] N bobcat, bay lynx (Lynx rufus). <waks+icka+riwiruu, round faced wild cat; cf. Ar. wÑx wildcat, WAxtÑs mountain lion; Ki. waktski bobcat, waksta™ tiger (i.e., mountain lion)> paksickuusu™ [pßk-s‡ts-kuu-s‰™] N scalp; scalp lock. <paks+ickuus+u™, head peeling + NOM>

• paksickuuskat on the scalp. paksiitik [•pßk-sii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) nod, move one's head forward and downward; bow one's head forward. <paks+iitik, head to bow down> 1. tatpaksiitit 2. tipaksiitit 3. tipaksiitiku™ 4. iriirapaksiitit 5. tipaksiitiksta pakska™at [•pßks-kß-™ßt•] VI(1) graduate, as from secondary school or college. <paks+ka™at, head to go in (a mortarboard)> 1. tatpakska™at 2. tipakska™at 3. tipakskawuu™ 4. iriirapakskaata 5. tipakskahuhta pakskaa [•pßks-kaa•] VL 1. be wearing a hat; wear on one's head. 2. be a graduate, as from secondary school or college; be educated. <paks+kaa, head to be inside> 1. tatpakskaa 2. tipakskaa 4. iriirapakskaawi 5. tipakskaawista pakskaac [•pßks-kaats•] VD be gray haired, have gray hair. <paks+kaac, be gray head(ed)> 1. tatpakskaa™ac 2. tipakskaa™ac 4. iriirapakskaacu 5. tipakskaacuksta pakskaatiit [pàks-kaa-tiit] N 1. Frenchman. 2. black-haired person. <paks+kaatiit, black head> • Cpakskaatiit French female. • cpakskaatiit black-haired woman. pakskatiit [•pßks-kß-tiit•] VD be black haired, have black hair. <paks+katiit, be black headed> 1. tatpakskatii™it 2. tipakskatii™it 4. iriirapakskatiitu 5. tipakskatiituksta pakskatuus [pàks-kß-tuus] N 1. flat-headed. 2a. Flathead tribe. 2b. Flathead male. 3. catfish (family Ictaluridae). <paks+katuus, flat head> • Cpakskatuus Flathead female. pakskawarik [•pßks-kß-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1), VR(1) put on one's head, as a hat or headdress; put a hat on. <paks+ka+warik, put a head in> 1. tatpakskawarit; wititatpakskawarit 2. tipakskawarit; wititipakskawarit 3. tipakskawariku™; wititipakskawariku™ 4. iriirapakskawarika; iriiwi-

pakskuuku™u™ tirapakskawarika 5. tipakskawariksta; wititipakskawariksta • witisukspakskawarit cuuhkataku put the warbonnet on! pakskicahurik [•pßks-k†-Ùß-h‰-r†{k/t}•] VT(4) scalp, scalp a head. <paks+kica.hurik, scalp a head> 1. tatpakskicahurit 2. tipakskicahurit 3. tipakskicahuriiku™ 4. iriirapakskicahurit 5. tipakskicahuriksta pakskiciis [pàks-k†-Ùiis] N 1a. bald head, baldheaded. 1b. Baldy, Bald Head, a nickname. 2. turkey vulture, buzzard (Cathartes aura). <paks+kiciis, bald head> pakskiciis [•pßks-k†-Ùiis•] VD be bald, baldheaded. <paks+kiciis, head to be bald> 1. tatpakskiciis 2. tipakskiciis 4. iriirapakskiciisu 5. tipakskiciisuksta

Pakskiciis Iriirarahkaawi

[pàks-k†-Ùiis †-riæ-rßrßh-kaa-w†] N U.S. Congress. <paks+kiciis irii+ra+raar+kaa.wi, where the bald ones are inside (i.e., in the Capitol building)> pakskiciista™uk [•pßks-k†-Ùiis-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) cut the hair off the head, shave the head. <paks+kiciis+ra™uk, make the head bald>

1. tatpakskiciistu™ 2. tipakskiciistu™ 3. tipakskiciistuuku™ 4. iriirapakskiciista™u 5. tipakskiciistuuksta pakskiisu™ [pàks-kii-s‰™] N skull, cranium. <paks+kiis+u™, head bone + NOM> • pakskiiskat on the skull.

pakskiraaricarahak (ut...)

[•pßks-k†-raa-r†-Ùßrß-hß{k/t}•] VP(4) be dizzy. <pakskiraar+icarahak (ut...), brain to twirl around>

1. tikutpakskiraaricarahat 2. tiitpakskiraaricarahat 3. tiitpakskiraaricarahaaku™ 4. iriirutpakskiraaricarahat 5. tiitpakskiraaricarahaksta

pakskiraaru™ [pàks-k†-raa-r‰™] N

{comb., pakskiraar, pakskirah-} brains. <paks+kiraar+u™, head liquid +

NOM>

• pakskirahkat on the brains. • iriirapakskirahkaawi where his brains are (inside); his brains. pakskiraruuc [pßks-k‡-rß-ruuts] N 1. bald head. 2. turkey vulture, buzzard (Cathartes aura). <paks+kiraruuc, bald head> pakskiraruuc [•pßks-k†-rß-ruuts•] VD 1. have one's hair cut short; have one's head shaved. 2. be bald. <paks+kiraruuc, head to be shaved> 1. tatpakskiraruu™uc 2. tipakskiraruu™uc 4. iriirapakskiraruucu 5. tipakskiraruucuksta pakskitii [•pßks-k†-tii•] VD be bullheaded, obstinate, stubborn; be unwilling to learn, follow advice. <paks+kitii, be obstinate headed> 1. tatpakskitii™ 2. tipakskitii™ 4. iriirapakskitii™u 5. tipakskitiicta pakskuuku™u™ [pßks-ku÷-ku-™u™] N hat, cap. <paks+kuuku+u™, head covering + NOM> • pakskuuku™u™ tatpakska I have a hat on, am

457

pakspaahukasa

parit

wearing a hat.

pakspaahukasa

NOM>

[pàks-paa-h‰-kß-sß] N roached

head, i.e., a person with a roached cut or Osage hair style. <paks+waahukasa, ridge extending across the top of the head, i.e., roached head> pakspaahukasa [•pßks-paa-h‰-kß-sß•] VI(4) have a roached head; have one's hair cut in a roach. <paks+waahukasa, be a ridge extending across the top of the head, i.e., be a roached head> 1. tatpakspaahukasa 2. tipakspaahukasa 4. iriirapakspaahukasa 5. tipakspaahukasahista pakspahat [pßks-pà-hßt] N 1. roan horse. 2. redhead. <paks+pahaat, red head> pakspasaasi [pàks-pß-saa-s†] N 1. roach hairstyle, hair cut in a roach, a style favored by Pawnee men. 2. roached head, i.e., a person with a roach cut or Osage hair style. <paks+pasaasi, Osage head; ref. to this hair style among the Osages> pakstaarukawi™ [pàks-taa-r‰-kß-wi™] N warbonnet with trailer. <paks+raar+(h)uka.wi, hanging down iteratively (from) the head; ref. to the feathers on its trailer>

• tatpakska pakstaarukawi™ warbonnet.

I am wearing a

pakstaarukawiirat

[pàks-taa-r‰-kß-wii-rßt] N warbonnet with trailer. <paks+raar+hukawiir.at, goes hanging down iteratively (from) the head> pakstacaaka [pßks-tà-Ùaa-kß] N dandruff. <paks+raar+taakaar, ITER + white + on the head> pakstariipiiru™ [pßks-tà-rii-pii-r‰™] N head wrap, as a scarf, handkerchief, or cloth tied around the head. 2. headband. 3. shawl. <paks+tariik.wi.ir+u™, head wrapping + NOM> pakstitkukiic [pßks-t‡t-k‰-kiits] N mountain lion, cougar, American panther (Felis concolor); (contemp.) lion, tiger. <waks+ritku+kii™ac, long tailed wild cat; cf. Ar. wÑx wildcat, WAxtÑs mountain lion; Ki. waktski bobcat, waksta™ tiger (i.e., mountain lion)> paksu™ [pàk-s‰™] N head. <paks+u™, head + NOM>

• paksiri™ in/on the head. • kutuu paksiri™ rakuutaa it seems he is crazy. • iriirapakstawi his head. paktiku, paktikus [pßk-t‡-k‰, pßk-t‡-k‰s] N crier, village crier, herald; announcer. <waktik.hus, announcing> • ti™ paktiku he is the crier. pakucki [pà-k‰ts-k†] N joint grass, tall native grass that is jointed. <pakuhc+kis, joint grass + DIM> pakuckucuu™ [pß-kŠts-k‰-Ùuu™] N thatch, tall prairie grass, as used to cover a grass lodge. <pakuhc+kucuu, big joint grass>

pakuhcu™

[pà-k‰h-Ù‰™] N {comb., pakuhc-, pakuc-}

joint grass, tall native grass that is jointed. <pakuhc+u™, joint grass + NOM; cf. Ar. pÑkUs oats>

pakuhuuru™

[pà-k‰-huu-r‰™] N {comb., pakuhuur-, pakuhuuh-} voice. <wak+uhuur+u™, sound image +

458

• tiwakuhuuha™iwuu™ her voice is floating down the stream.

pakuu™at, pakuuht

[•pß-kuu-™ßt,• pß-kuu(h)t] VD

be old; be ancient, antique (inanimate objects). 2. tipakuu™at 4. iriirapakuhtu, iriirapakuutu 5. tipakuutuksta pakuucaku [pà-kuu-Ùß-k‰] N top, spinning top. <wak+huucaku, bob sound, i.e., the whir of a (spinning) bob or top> pakuuhtu™ [pà-kuuh-t‰™] ADV long ago, a long time ago. <pakuuht+u™, long ago + NOM>

pakuuriitu™

[pà-kuu-rii-t‰™] N {comb., pakuurit-, pakuurih-} lung, lungs. <pakuuriit+u™, lung + NOM>

• pakuuritiri™ in the lungs. • iriirapakuurihahkataku where his lungs are; his lungs. • iriiratpakuurihahkaawi where my lungs are; my lungs.

pakuuru™ [pß-ku÷-r‰™] N

{comb., pakur-, pakuh-, wakur-, wakuh-} voice; speech, talk, utterance. <wak+hur+u™, sound place + NOM>

• pakuhkat in his speech. [pà-kuus] N 1. gourd (Bottle Gourd, Lagenaria siceraria). 2. gourd rattle; rattle, as a baby rattle. • pakuuskat on the gourd. • pakuus raracawaktahu a gourd that rattles. pakuusu™ [pà-kuu-s‰™] N belly, abdomen; stomach. <pakuus+u™, belly + NOM> • pakuusiri™ in/on the belly. • iriirapakuustawi the belly of a human; his belly. • iriiratpakuustawi my belly. • tikupakuusta™aari™ my stomach aches. Paraa™i [pà-raa-™†] N Friday. <Engl. Friday> paraakaha™ [pß-raÑ-kß-hß™] N horse-mint, wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa) <waraa+kahaa, brush scent, odor of brush or woods>

pakuus

paraakat, waraakat

[pà-raa-kßt, wà-raa-kßt] ADV

in brush; in woods. <waraa+kat, brush + LOC> • tikawarii™ paraakat he is walking around in the brush, woods. parihik [+ruu-, i-] [•pß-r†-h†{k/t}•] VI(4) {non-dist., parit} 1. be sleek, smooth; be handsome, splendid, as a well-proportioned person or object. 2. be fat, plump, as an animal or person. 2. ruutiiparihit 4. iriruuriiparihit • tipari™it, tiparit it is sleek. pariicta™u (ir...) [•pß-riits-tß-™u•] VI(3) be slippery, slick, as a wet or icy surface. <parit+ta™u (ir...), be an unpleasant smooth surface> 2. tapariictu™ 4. iriirapariicta™u 5. tapariictuuksta parit [•pß-r†t•] VD {dist., parihik (+ ruu-, i-)} be sleek, smooth, slick, as a beautiful or natural appearance. 2. tipari™it, tiparit 4. iriirapariitu 5. tipariituksta •

paruhit ruutiiparihit it is really smooth. [pà-r‰-h†t] INTERJ quickly; hurry. parus [pà-r‰s] N rabbit, hare (generic). <warus> • paruskat among the rabbits. parusaruut [pß-rŠ-sß-ruut] N yellow flour corn. <warus+aruht, soft rabbit> parusasu™ [pß-rŠ-sß-s‰™] N 1. bush-clover, rabbit foot (Lespedeza capitata). 2. yellow flour corn. <warus+as+u™, rabbit foot + NOM> parusatkahaaru™ [pà-r‰-sßt-kß-haa-r‰™] N hammer; claws of a hammer. <parus+atkahaar+u™, rabbit ears + NOM> • ki™isku™uu parusatkahaaru™ give me the hammer! paruskactahaaru™ [pß-r‰s-kàts-tß-haa-r‰™] N jackrabbit (Lepus spp.). <warus+kactahaar+u™, short grass rabbit + NOM> paruskahuraaru™ [pà-r‰s-kß-h‰-raa-r‰™] N swamp rabbit (Sylvilagus aquaticus). <warus+kahuraar+u™, woods rabbit + NOM> paruskiripacki [pß-r‰s-k‡-r†-pßts-k†] N small rabbit; cottontail (Sylvilagus spp.). <warus+kiripackis, little rabbit> parustaakaa [pß-rŠs-taa-kaa] N 1. white, winter phase of snowshoe rabbit (Lepus americanus) and whitetail jackrabbit (Lepus townsendi Bachman). 2. domestic white rabbit. <warus+taakaar, white rabbit> Pasaasi [pà-saa-s†] N 1. Osage tribe. 2. Osage male. <wasaasi, from Osage waüÑüe, their self-designation> • Pasaasiru among the Osage, Osage country. • Cpasaasi Osage female. pasaki [pà-sß-k†] N {comb., pasak-} cottonwood (Populus deltoides). <wasak+kis, cottonwood + DIM; i.q. Ar. WAxak÷su™> pasaktaakaa [pà-sßk-taa-kaa] N sycamore (Platanus occidentalis). <wasak+taakaar, white cottonwood> Pasuuhara [pß-su÷-hß-rß] N 1. Otoe tribe. 2. Otoe male. <pasuuhara, borrowing of the name Missouria, ultimately from the Illinois language> • Cpasuuhara Otoe female. • Pasuuhararu among the Otoes, Otoe country. Pasuuhararu [pà-suu-hß-rß-r‰] N Red Rock, Okla. <pasuuhara.ru, among the Otoes> patki [pàt-k†] N acorn (Quercus spp.). <wat+kis, acorn + DIM; cf. Wi. hawaac acorn> patkisu (ut...) [•pßt-k†-s‰•] VD be tapered at the base. 2. tutpatkisu™ 4. iriirutpatkisu™u 5. tutpatkisucta paturikat [pß-tŠ-r†-kßt] ADV between, in between. <waturika+t, between + LOC> pi™aakis [pæ-™aa-k†s] N sparrow hawk, American

paruhit

pihuutaris (ir...) kestrel (Falco sparverius), small prairie falcon; young eagle.

• cpi™aakis female sparrow hawk.

pic [p‡ts] ADJ hated, disliked. pic [p‡ts] N louse. • tipictaraa he has lice.

pic Ø (uur...)

[•p†ts• Ø] VD hate, dislike, abhor. 1. pic tatuu™u 2. pic tuu™u 5. pic tuuruksta • pic tatuuraat, pic tatuuraa™at I hate them. piciihi™u™ [p†-Ùiæ-hi-™u™] N winter, wintertime. piciihii [•p†-Ùii-hii•] VD be very cold, frigid, freezing weather; be winter; be wintry. 2. tipiciihi™ 4. iriirapiciihi™u 5. tipiciihiicta

piciihiriruuhci (uur...)

[•p†-Ùii-h†-r†-ruuh-Ù†•] VD

be extremely cold, frigid weather. 2. tuuhpiciihiriruuhci™ 4. iriruuhpiciihiriruuhci™u 5. tuuhpiciihiriruuhciicta piciis [p‡-Ùiis] N peach, peaches. <Engl. peaches> piciis [•p†-Ùiis•] VD be smeared, daubed, covered, as with a viscous, adhesive, or powdery substance. 1. tatpiciis 2. tipiciis 4. iriirapiciisu 5. tipiciisuksta • wiitatpiihpiciis pahaatu™ I have red paint on my arm. piciista™uk [•p†-Ùiis-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. smear on, daub; apply, as makeup. 2. paint, apply paint to, as a structure. 1. tatpiciistu™ 2. tipiciistu™ 3. tipiciistuuku™ 4. iriirapiciista™u 5. tipiciistuuksta picikat [p‡-Ù†-kßt] ADV in cold, frigid, freezing weather; in winter, during winter, during wintertime.

pickahuuru™ [p‡ts-kß-huu-r‰™] N

{comb., pickahuur-, pickahuh-} 1. mussel shell. 2. china, chinaware. <wicka.hur+u™, mussel shell + NOM; cf. Ar. WIskAhu÷nu™ shell>

• pickahuhkat on the china.

picuuwihiri™

[p‡-Ùuu-w†-h†-ri™] N indigestion, heartburn; gall stone attack. <prob. pic+huu.awi+hiri™, surface of the heart + LOC; cf. Ar. WIsoowæ™u™, WIsooWIhæni™ upper area of the abdomen>

• picuuwihiri™ tuu™ut he had a gall stone attack.

pihki [p‡h-k†] N sleet.

pihuu [•p†-huu•] VD be foggy. 2. tipihuu™ 4. iriirapihuu™u 5. tipihuucta [p‡-huu-™u™] N fog. • pihuukat in the fog. pihuutaris (ir...) [•p†-huu-tß-r†s•] VD be a heavy fog, thick fog.

2. tapihuutaris 4. iriirapihuutarisu 5. tapihuutarisuksta piicu™ [piæ-Ù‰™] N {comb., pic-} 1. heart. 2. heart, as in playing cards. • pickat, piciri™ in/on the heart. • piciri™ with the heart. • witiraatukstaa piciri™ he has heart disease. piicuca™aahu™ [piæ-Ù‰-Ùß-™aa-h‰™] N dragonfly. piicuuc [piæ-Ùuuts] N 1. needle grass (Porcupine Grass, Stipa spartea). 2. brush; comb. • piicuuckat on the brush. • piicuuc witiisuurukcahurat comb your hair with the brush! piihaahkawi™u™ [piæ-haah-kß-wi-™u™] N shoulder joint of the right arm. <wiir+haahka.wi+u™, bank of the arm + NOM> • piihaahkawihiri™ the shoulder joint of the right arm. piihkawi™u™ [piih-kà-wi-™u™] N right arm; right side. <wiir+ka.wi+u™, arm + on/in + NOM> • piihkawihiri™ right arm; with the right arm; on the right. • taatawarit piihkawihiri™ I threw it with my right arm. piikaru™us [piæ-kß-ru-™us] N {comb., piikarus-} gelding. • piikaruskaatiit black gelding. • piikaruskiraa™ dun gelding, buckskin gelding, white gelding. piikaruuwat [•pii-kß-ruu-wßt•] VT(2-i) castrate. 1. tatpiikaruuwat 2. tipiikaruuwat 3. tipiikaruuwati™ 4. iriirapiikaruuwati 5. tipiikaruuwatista piikawaa [pii-kà-waa] N 1. stallion; stud. 2. bull. • piikawaakat among the bulls, stallions. piiku™ [piæ-k‰™] N testicle; testis. • piikiri™ on the testicle. piira- (ut...) [pii-rß• (‰t...)] LOC bent over, in a vertically flexed position. • piirasa (ut...) be lying on one's stomach with one's rump protruding upward. • piirakus (ut...) be sitting bent over. • piiriitik (ut...) bend over, stoop over. piira™u™ [piæ-rß-™u™] N baby, small child, child, as from a newborn to age five. • piirakat among the children. • piirakucuu™ large baby; child (ca. two to three years of age). • piira™u™ wiitiwarii™ the baby is walking now.

Piira™u™ Rarahkaata™iispuu

[piæ-rß-™u™ rß-rßhkaa-tß-™iis-puu] N September. piiracaahuuru™ [pii-rà-Ùaa-huu-r‰™] N niece,

nephew; ref. to a man's sister's children, whom the uncle valued highly.

460

piiru™ piirahaatus [piæ-rß-haa-t‰s] N cocklebur (Xanthium spp.); cactus, prickly pear (Opuntia spp.); any burlike, thorny plant. • piirahaatuskat on the cactus. piirahaatuskatuus [piæ-rß-haa-t‰s-kß-tuus] N flatleaved cactus, prickly pear (Opuntia spp.). piirahuukitawi™u™ [piæ-rß-huu-k†-tß-wi-™u™] N great grandchild. piirakari™ [pii-rà-kß-ri™] N false indigo, plains wild indigo, black rattlepod (Baptisia bracteata). piirakipiriiru™ [pii-rß-k‡-p†-rii-r‰™] N young child, as a preteen. piirakiripahki [pii-rß-k‡-r†-pßh-k†] N baby, infant, as from birth to one to two years of age. piirariisaaru™ [piæ-rß-rii-saa-r‰™] N chief's son. piiraruuka™aatu™ [pii-rß-ru÷-kß-™aa-t‰™] N doll. piiraruus [pii-rà-ruus] N thistle (Cirsium spp.). piiraski [piæ-rßs-k†] N {comb., piiras-, piiraskisu-} boy.

• piiraskisukat among the boys. • piiraskisuwaaruksti™ holy boy; Holy Boy. piiraskiripacki [pii-rßs-k‡-r†-pßts-k†] N little boy. piirawi™u™ [piæ-rß-wi-™u™] N {pl., piiraarawi™u™} armband. <wiir+awi+u™, arm image + NOM> piiriicaahiks [pii-riæ-Ùaa-h†ks] N Indian baby, Indian child.

piiriicakusu™

[piæ-rii-Ùß-k‰-s‰™] N {pl., piiraariicakusu™} shoulder. <wiir.ra.ica+kus+u™, seated on the end of the arm + NOM; i.q. SB piireecakusu™, Ar. wireesakUxæni™>

• piiriicakusiri™ on the shoulder. • piiraariicakusiri™ on the shoulders. piiriicara™aks [pii-riæ-Ùß-rß-™ßks] N 1. a mischievous, ornery, ill-behaved child; an odd child; a crazy child. 2. Crazy Child, a legendary character. piiriitik (ut...) [•pii-rii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) bend over, stoop over. 1. tatutpiiriitit 2. tutpiiriitit 3. tutpiiriitiku™ 4. iriirutpiiriitit 5. tutpiiriitiksta Piiriku™ [piæ-r†-k‰™] N Saturday. <waa+iirik+hus+Ø (ut...), seeing different ones (when people went into town on Saturdays to shop); i.q. SB Peeriku™> piiru™ [piæ-r‰™] N {comb., wiir-, wiih-, piir-, piih-; pl., piiraaru™} arm; foreleg of an animal. <wiir+u™, arm +

piirusastawikari™

pirusas-i (uur...)

i.q. Ar. wiænu™> • piihiri™ on the arm. • piiraariri™ on the arms. • iriiratpiihtawi my arm. • iriiratpiiracawi my arms. piirusastawikari™ [piæ-r‰-sßs-tß-w†-kß-ri™] N centipede. piiruskaac [piæ-r‰s-kaats] N maggot. piiruskatuus [piæ-r‰s-kß-tuus] N bedbug (Cimex lectularis). piiruskiraararuut [piæ-r‰s-k†-raa-rß-ruut] N earthworm; angleworm. piirustaruus [piæ-r‰s-tß-ruus] N caterpillar. piiruus [piæ-ruus] N {comb., piiruus-, piirus-} crawling bug, insect, worm. • piiruuskat among the bugs. • piiruus iriiriiku there is a bug there. piiskita [piæs-k†-tß] N biscuit, sea biscuit. <Engl. biscuit> piita [piæ-tß] N, ADJ {comb., piita-, wiita-} 1. man; male. 2. manly, brave. <wiita> • piitakat among the men. • ti™ piita he is a man; he is manly, brave. • piitakipiriiru™ young man, as someone who is now legally an adult, i.e., twentyone years old. • Asawiita Male Horse (personal name). piita™u™ [piæ-tß-™u™] NUM twenty. Piitahaawiraata [pii-tß-haa-w‡-raa-tß] N 1. Pitahawirata band; (hist.) Tappage band. 2. Pitahawirata male. <wiita+haawiraat.a, man going downstream> • Cpiitahaawiraata Pitahawirata female. Piitakicahaaru™ [pii-tß-k‡-Ùß-haa-r‰™] N 1. Hidatsa tribe. 2. Hidatsa male. <wiita+kicahaar+u™, marsh man + NOM> piitakitawi™u™ [piæ-tß-k†-tß-wi-™u™] N leader, leading man. <wiita+kitawi+u™, leading man + NOM> piitara™u [pii-tà-rß-™u] N the husband. NOM;

piitararuuka™aatu™

[piæ-tß-rß-ruu-kß-™aa-t‰™]

N

statue; wax figure; mannequin. <wiita+raruuka™aat+u™, shadow man + NOM> piitarihuks [pii-tß-r‡-h‰ks] N 1. single man, bachelor. 2. widower. <wiita+rihuks, alone man> piitiisutki [pii-tiæ-s‰t-k†] N young man; ref. to a fully grown young man. <wiita+isut+kis, man + isut + DIM; i.q. SB piiteesutki, Ar. wiiteeó÷tó > pira- [p†-rß•] LOC curved, bent. • tiirahpira™a (ir...) come from around, come from behind, as a building or hill; come around a corner. pira- [p†-rß•] LOC raking, sweeping, as coals or leaves; scraping, as a hide.

• rahkatapira™a (ir...) scrape, as a hide. • ritpaahpira™a (ir...) rake coals, as in maintaining a fire. pira™a (ir...) [•p†-raa•] VT(3) rake (this way, with an instrument), spread out by raking, as when raking hot coals in preparation for cooking something on them. 1. tatihpiraa™ 2. tapiraa™ 3. tapira™aahu™ 4. iriirapira™a 5. tapiraahista piraah [•p†-raa(h)•] VT(1) {dist., piruhka™uk} (pl. obj.) pick up. 1. tatpiraa 2. tipiraa 3. tipiraahu™ 4. iriirapiraaha 5. tipiraahista • tipiruhka™ut he picked them up, as in various places.

piraahcu™, ritpiraahcu™

[p‡-raah-Ù‰™, r†t-p‡-raahÙ‰™] N tail, as the solid or shell-covered tail of a reptile, amphibian, crustacean, fish, arachnid. piraahiri™ [p†-raÑ-h†-ri™] ADV in the back. piraarik [•p†-raa-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) 1. be wadded,

crumpled up, as paper. 2. zigzag, curve back and forth, wind. 2. tipiraarit 4. iriirapiraariki 5. tipiraariksta

pirahuuru™ [p‡-rß-huu-r‰™] N

{comb., pirahuur-, pirahuh-} blizzard; drifting, swirling, or sweeping snow.

• pirahuhkat in the drifting snow.

pirakus [•p†-rß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) 1. be crooked, curved; be bent. 2. be wrinkled, crumpled, as the skin of a dead animal or rotten fruit. 2. tipiraku 4. iriirapiraku 5. tipirakusta pirariihuuru™ [p‡-rß-rii-huu-r‰™] N print, design, figure; printed document. <wirariir.huur+u™, marked place + NOM> pirat [•p†-rßt•] VI(1), VT(1) sweep. 1. tatpirat 2. tipirat 3. tipiriwuu™ 4. iriirapirata 5. tipirahuhta pirawiitik [•p†-rß-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., pirawiiruutik} 1. twist, as one's body; twist, wind, bend, curve, as an elongated object like a stick, worm, or road. 2. turn, veer in another direction, as when changing one's course. 1. tatpirawiitit 2. tipirawiitit 3. tipirawiitiku™ 4. iriirapirawiitit 5. tipirawiitiksta • tipirawiiruutit he zigzagged. piriwuu (ir...) [•p†-r†-wuu•] VP(4) (impf. only) blizzard, as when a strong wind causes swirling snow. 2. tihpiriwuu™ 4. iriirihpiriwuu 5. tihpiriwuusta piru [•p†-r‰•] VT(4) whip. 1. tatpiru™ 2. tipiru™ 4. iriirapiru 5. tipirusta pirusas-i (uur...) [•p†-r‰-sßs•†•] VT(2) whip, thrash, strap.

461

piruus

raa™at (ut...)

1. tatuuhpirusas 2. tuuhpirusas 3. tuuhpirusasihu™ 4. iriruuhpirusasi 5. tuuhpirusasista piruus [p‡-ruus] N {comb., pirus-} nasal mucus, phlegm, snot. • piruskat in the snot. piruus [•p†-ruus•] VD be crooked, bent, curved, as a deformed body part or elongated object; be bent, as a metal object like a car; be twisted. 2. tipiruus 4. iriirapiruusu 5. tipiruusuksta piruusta™uk [•p†-ruus-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) bend, bend over, make crooked; twist. 1. tatpiruustu™ 2. tipiruustu™ 3. tipiruustuuku™ 4. iriirapiruusta™u 5. tipiruustuuksta pis, wis [p‡s, w‡s] ADV, INTERJ 1. ADV quickly, hurriedly. 2. INTERJ hurry! hurry up! be quick! <wis, quickly> • wis suksat! go quickly! • pis, sicikskariihac! hurry, let us eat him! • rawa, pis, sisukskaaruru™! now, quickly, feed him! pitaksu™ [p‡-tßk-s‰™] N wrap; shawl, blanket. <witak.his+u™, robe/wrap + NOM> pitaru™ [p†-tà-r‰™] N {comb., pitaru-} ant. • pitarukat among the ants. • pitaru™ iriirarahkaawi where the ants are inside, i.e., an ant hill. pitku [p‡t-k‰] NUM {comb., pitkus-} two. Pitku Rasakuuru [p†t-k‰ rà-sß-kuu-r‰] N Tuesday. pitkusihiri™ [p‡t-k‰-s†-h†-ri™] ADV twice, two times; two by two. pitkusiksaapic [p†t-k‰-s‡k-saa-p†ts] NUM seven. pitkus-kaakii™i™ [p‡t-k‰s•kaa-kii-™i™] NUM eighteen. pitkusuraaru™ [p‡t-k‰-s‰-raa-r‰™] NUM forty.

pitkusuraaru™-ruksiri™, pitkusuraaru™-a-ruksiri™ [p‡t-k‰-s‰-raa-ruu•r‰k-s†-ri™, p‡t-k‰-s‰-raa-ruu™ •ß•r‰k-s†-ri™] NUM fifty.

• pitkusuraaru™-ruksiri™-asku fifty-one. [p†t-k‰-su÷-s†-ri™] NUM twelve. pus [pŠs] N tomcat. <Engl. puss> puskahuraaru™ [p‰s-kà-h‰-raa-r‰™] N wild cat, feral cat.

pitkusuusiri™

R ra, raa [rß, raa] CONJ now; and. • raahiirit si™aharaatarahkistu™ now, finally they argued. • ra siwiitirahirasa and they carried it in

462

front.

ra™a (ir...)

[•raa•] VT(3) {dist., raruuwa™a (ir...)} bring. 1. tatiraa™ 2. taraa™ 3. tara™aahu™ 4. iriirara™a 5. taraahista • tararuuwaa™ he is bringing things. ra™aar [•rß-™aa(r)•] VP(1-i) {dist., ruuwa™aar} hurt, pain, ache. 1. tikura™aa 2. tira™aa 3. tira™aari™ 4. iriirara™aara 5. tira™aarista • tiruuwa™aa he aches all over. ra™as-i (uur...) [•rß-™ßs•†•] VT(2) chase, run after, pursue running. 1. tatura™as 2. tura™as 3. turaasiihu™ 4. iriirura™asi 5. turaasihista ra™iihk (ut...) [•rß-™ii(h){k/t}•] VT(1) mean; say to. 1. tatuuha™iit 2. tuuha™iit 3. tuuha™iihku™ 4. iriruuhiihka 5. tuuha™iihkista ra™uk [•rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) {pl. obj., kara™uk; dist., kawaakara™uk} 1. make; construct, build. 2. give birth to, bear. 3. (impf.) paint, put paint on, decorate, as a person or horse. 1. tahu™ 2. tiru™ 3. tiruuku™ 4. iriirara™u 5. tiruuksta • tihkaruuku™ they are making them. raa- [raa•] ADV-P just. • raaruutatihisaas I just named him, gave him a name. • raaruukariisucistaa don't just tease him! • raatatuutasarit I just stood there surprised, dismayed, taken aback, speechless. -raa [•raa] N-KIN mother (only with 1st person possessor). • atira™ my, our mother. raa [•raa•] VD be, as the way a situation is; be a way, matter, as an event or an activity; be a custom, be a tradition. 2. tiraa™ 4. iriiraraa™u 5. tiraacta raa- [raa•] N-DEP 1. way, custom, tradition. 2. activity, event. 3. time. • raahiir (uur...) be nice, good, as an event, occasion, deed, act, activity, custom. • raatahaari time or day to be close. • ruuhura™uk plan or set up, as an activity like a dance, meeting, or dinner. • riicka™at reach a point or stage, as a plateau or milestone in life; reach an age, as when ending a period in life. raa™aawaa [•raa-™aa-waa•] VT(4) 1. forsake, abandon a way, as a custom or tradition. 2. refuse, reject, repudiate a way. 1. tahaa™aawa™ 2. tiraa™aawa™ 3. tiraa™aawaahu™ 4. iriiraraa™aawaa 5. tiraa™aawaahista raa™ahuk (ut...) [•raa-™ß-h‰{k/t}•] VT(4) adhere to, hold onto, maintain, as a custom or practice. 1. tatuuhaa™ahut 2. tuuhaa™ahut 3. tuuhaa™ahuuku™ 4. iriruuhaa™ahut 5. tuuhaa™ahuksta raa™at (ut...) [•raa-™ßt•] VT(1) {dist., raawarii (ut...), raawaawarii (ut...)} (inan. pl. obj.) go to get; go to fetch.

raa™iirariihk

raa™u™

1. tatuuhaa™at 2. tuuhaa™at 3. tuuhaawuu™ 4. iriruuhaata 5. tuuhaahuhta • tiihaa™at they went to get them. raa™iirariihk [•raa-™ii-rß-rii(h){k/t}•] VT(1) ponder, consider carefully, examine thoughtfully, as a serious matter or course of action. 1. tahaa™iirariit 2. tiraa™iirariit 3. tiraa™iirariihku™ 4. iriiraraa™iirariihka 5. tiraa™iirariihkista raa™iirik (ut...) [•raa-™ii-r†{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. see, look at, as an activity or custom. 2. (pl. obj.) see. 1. tatuuhaa™iirit 2. tuuhaa™iirit 3. tuuhaa™iiriiku™ 4. iriruuhaa™iirit 5. tuuhaa™iiriksta raa™iistir (ut...) [•raa-™iis-t†(r)•] VT(1-a) 1. depend on, as income, a crop. 2. have faith in, as one's power or the efficacy of a ritual. 1. tatuuhaa™iisti 2. tuuhaa™iisti 3. tuuhaa™iistiiru™ 4. iriruuhaa™iistira 5. tuuhaa™iistirasta raa™iita (ir...) [•raa-™ii-tß•] VL {dist., raa™iitawaa} 1. know, as a fact or routine; remember. 2. be conscious. 1. tatiraa™iita 2. taraa™iita 4. iriiraraa™iitawi 5. taraa™iitawista • taraa™iitawaa he knows things. raa™iitawiitik (ir...) [•raa-™ii-tß-wii-t†{k/t}•] VT(4) learn. 1. tatiraa™iitawiitit 2. taraa™iitawiitit 3. taraa™iitawiitiku™ 4. iriiraraa™iitawiitit 5. taraa™iitawiitiksta raa™iitawuh (ut...) [•raa-™ii-tß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) teach, instruct, show, show how, as to do something. 1. tatuuhaa™iitawu 2. tuuhaa™iitawu 3. tuuhaa™iitawuhu™ 4. iriruuhaa™iitawuha 5. tuuhaa™iitawista raa™iitus [•raa-™ii-t‰s•] VD be a (certain) story, account, narrative. 2. tiraa™iitu™us 4. iriiraraa™iitusu 5. tiraa™iitusuksta raa™iitusiir (uur...) [•raa-™ii-t‰-sii(r)•] VI(1-a) 1. be a good story, a nice story. 2. be good news. 2. turaa™iitusii 4. iriiruraa™iitusiira 5. turaa™iitusiirasta raa™iitusta™iir [•raa-™ii-t‰s-tß-™ii(r)•] VT(1) 1. repeat, recount a story. 2. add to, supplement a story, as when adding details or an episode. 1. tahaa™iitusta™i 2. tiraa™iitusta™i 3. tiraa™iitusta™iiru™ 4. iriiraraa™iitusta™iira 5. tiraa™iitusta™iirista raa™iitusta™uk [•raa-™ii-t‰s-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) make up, compose a story. 1. tahaa™iitustu™ 2. tiraa™iitustu™ 3. tiraa™iitustuuku™ 4. iriiraraa™iitusta™u 5. tiraa™iitustuuksta

raa™iitustarahkiskara™uk

[•raa-™ii-t‰s-tß-rßh-k†s-

kß-rß-™u{k/t}•] VI(3) {dist., raa™iitustarahkiskawaakara™uk} (du., pl. subj.) argue.

1. sitahaa™iitustarahkiskaru™ 2. sitiraa™iitustarahkiskaru™ 3. sitiraa™iitustarahkiskaruuku™ 4. iriisiraraa™iitustarahkiskara™u 5. sitiraa™iitustarahkiskaruuksta • sitahaa™iitustarahkiskawaakaruuku™ we (ex. du.) are arguing.

raa™iitustarahkista™uk

[•raa-™ii-t‰s-tß-rßh-k†s-tß™u{k/t}•] VT(3) give strong, stern, severe advice; be outspoken.

1. tahaa™iitustarahkistu™ 2. tiraa™iitustarahkistu™ 3. tiraa™iitustarahkistuuku™ 4. iriiraraa™iitustarahkista™u 5. tiraa™iitustarahkistuuksta

raa™iitustaruuwarii

[•raa-™ii-t‰s-tß-ruu-wß-rii•]

gossip, spread gossip, as when repeating words and stories. 1. tahaa™iitustaruuwarii™ 2. tiraa™iitustaruuwarii™ 3. tiraa™iitustaruuwariihu™ 4. iriiraraa™iitustaruuwarii 5. tiraa™iitustaruuwariihusta raa™iitusu™ [raa-™iæ-t‰-s‰™] N 1. word, words. 2. story, account, narrative. 3. news. • taraa™iitustaa™ he brought word. VI(4)

raa™iitusuu (ut...) [+ruu-, i-]

[•raa-™ii-t‰-suu•]

1. be a story; be the way a story is, the way a story goes. 2. be the end of a story, all of a story. 2. ruutuciraa™iitusuu™ 4. iriruuruciraa™iitusuu™a raa™iitusuuh/uh [•raa-™ii-t‰-suuh/‰(h)•] VT(1), VR(1) 1. give a story to. 2. give word to. 3. give advice to. 4. (+ refl.) pass a story to one another. 1. tahaa™iitusuu 2. tiraa™iitusuu 3. tiraa™iitusuuhu™ 4. iriiraraa™iitusuha 5. tiraa™iitusuhista raa™iiwaat (uur...) [•raa-™ii-waat•] VI(2-i) {dist., raa™iiwaawat (uur...)} 1. tell a story; narrate. 2. talk. 1. taturaa™iiwaat 2. turaa™iiwaat 3. turaa™iiwaati™ 4. iriiruraa™iiwaati 5. turaa™iiwaatista • tiirikstaa™iiwaawatuuhu™ different ones would tell stories. raa™iksu™ [raÑ-™†k-s‰™] N possessions, material goods; ref. to a bundle of such goods as shawls, blankets, towels, etc., to be given away. • tatiraraa™ raa™iksu™ I brought the material goods (to be given away). raa™itk (ut...) [•raa-™†t(k)•] VI(2-i) dream, have a dream; have a vision. 1. tatuuhaa™iit 2. tuuhaa™iit 3. tuuhiitki™ 4. iriruuhiitki 5. tuuhaa™itkista raa™u™ [raÑ-™u™] N 1. way, custom, tradition. 2. activity, event. 3. matter, issue. 4. time, period. VI(1)

463

raa™ukta (ut...)

raa™ukta (ut...) [•raa-™uk-tß•] VL 1. be connected to by blood; belong to, be a member of, as a lineage or organization; ref. to one's background, such as being a member of a chief's lineage. 2. have a child, children, offspring. 1. tatuuhaa™ukta 2. tuuhaa™ukta 4. iriruuhaa™uktawi 5. tuuhaa™uktawista • tuuhaa™ukta riisaaru™ he is connected to the chief's lineage, i.e., is a member of the chief's lineage. raa™uktawi™u™ [raÑ-™uk-tß-wi-™u™] N offspring, descendants. raa™uu (ut...) [•raa-™uu•] VI(1) {pl., raa™uuk (ut...); dist., raawa™uk (ut...)} 1. be a certain way, be thus, as a situation, activity, custom. 2. be a certain time, as when something occurs. 2. tuuhaa™uu™ 4. iriruuhaa™uu™a 5. tuuhaa™uuksta • tucukstaa™uu™ut it used to be thus. raa™uuh/uh [•raa-™uuh/‰(h)•] VT(1) 1. bestow power on, give power to, give "a way" to. 2. give a right to, give authority to, as authority to conduct a ritual. 3. blame. 1. tahaa™uu 2. tiraa™uu 3. tiraa™uuhu™ 4. iriiraruuha 5. tiruuhista raa™uupiir [•raa-™uu-pii(r)•] VD be odd, strange, peculiar, suspicious, as an incident, activity, or behavior. 2. tiraa™uupii™ 4. iriiraraa™uupiiru 5. tiraa™uupiiruksta raa™uusik [•raa-™uu-s†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., raa™uuwaasik} 1. end, die down, subside, come to an end or conclusion, as an activity; tradition, custom to die out. 2. stop, die, as a motor. 3. be careful, cautious; excercise care, as when handling an object. 2. tiraa™uusit 3. tiraa™uusiiku™ 4. iriiraraa™uusit 5. tiraa™uusiksta • tiraa™uuwaasit everything died down, subsided. -raac- [•raats•] N-KIN brother (of female). • iraacti™ her, their brother; my, our brother. • araac your brother. raaciksta (ir...ri...ut...) [•raa-Ù†ks-tß•] VT(wi) look after, watch, watch over, watch out for, guard; take care of; take charge of, as a person. 1. tatiriihaaciksta 2. tariihaaciksta 3. tariihaacikstaahu™ 4. iriirariihaacikstawi 5. tariihaacikstawista raaciksta (ut...) [•raa-Ù†ks-tß•] VL 1. be watchful, alert, vigilant; be on the lookout, on guard. 2. watch over, look after; take care of, guard; take charge of, as a possession.

464

raahaaru™ 1. tatuuhaaciksta 2. tuuhaaciksta 4. iriruuhaacikstawi 5. tuuhaacikstawista raaciksta™u (ir...) [•raa-Ù†ks-tß-™u•] VT(3) value, esteem; love, as a person; like, as a pet.

1. tatiraacikstu™ 2. taraacikstu™ 3. taraacikstuuku™ 4. iriiraraaciksta™u 5. taraacikstuuksta

raaciksta™u

(ir...ri...uur...)

[•raa-Ù†ks-tß-™u•]

value, esteem, hold dear, cherish, as an object or an activity; love, have affection for, as a person; like, as a pet.

1. tatiriiraacikstu™ 2. taruuraacikstu™ 3. taruuraacikstuuku™ 4. iriiraruuraaciksta™u 5. taruuraacikstuuksta

raacikstaapirihuur (ir...ri...uur...)

[•raa-Ù†ks-

value, esteem, think highly of, as a possession or person; love, have affection for, as a person; like, as a pet. 1. tatiriiraacikstaapirihuu™ 2. taruuraacikstaapirihuu™ 4. iriiraruuraacikstaapirihuuru 5. taruuraacikstaapirihuuruksta raacikstawaawis [raa-Ù‡ks-tß-waa-w†s] N 1. (formerly) camp policeman, camp marshal. 2. (contemp.) policeman; security guard. raackuuki [raats-ku÷-k†] N 1. thorny bush, thorny plant. 2. stickers, thorns. • iriirakarihaahku raackuuki where the patch of sharp, thorny bushes is, e.g., berries, cacti, cockleburs. raacu™ [raÑ-Ù‰™] N pubic hair. • raackat in the pubic hair. raah [•raa(h)•] VT(1) {an. pl. obj., aktaraah; inan. pl. obj., raruhka™uk} have, possess; carry. 1. tahaa 2. tiraa 3. tiraahu™ 4. iriiraraaha 5. tiraahista • tiiraa they have it. raah (uur...) [•raa(h)•] VT(1) owe, owe to; have someone's possession; have something from someone. 1. taturaa 2. turaa 4. iriirikuuraraaha 5. turaahista raahaar [•raa-haa(r)•] VD be cooking by boiling; be boiling, as meat or other food in a kettle or pot. 2. tiraahaa™a 4. iriiraraahaaru 5. tiraahaaruksta taa-p†-r†-huu(r)•] VT(u)

raahaaru™

[raÑ-haa-r‰™] N {comb., raaha(a)r-, raahaah-} boiled food; dish, bowl of boiled food.

• Ctaahariwaa Good Dishes Of Food Woman (personal name).

raahariskatuus, raahariskatuusu™

raahuhtawii (ut...)

raahariskatuus, raahariskatuusu™

1. taturaahiwaa 2. turaahiwaa 4. iriiruraahiwaara 5. turaahiwaarasta raahiwaarik (uur...) [•raa-h†-waa-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) dress up; put nice or elegant clothes on a person. 1. taturaahiwaarit 2. turaahiwaarit 3. turaahiwaariku™ 4. iriiruraahiwaarika 5. turaahiwaariksta raahiwihc (uur...) [•raa-h†-w†(h)ts•] VI(4) 1. appear, show, show up, as a tradition, habit, or behavior. 2. be exposed, in the open; come out into the open, surface, come to public notice. 3. happen, occur, transpire all at once. 2. turaahiwic 3. turaahiwihcu™ 4. iriiruraahiwic 5. turaahiwihcista raahiwihcik (uur...) [•raa-h†-w†h-Ù†{k/t}•] VT(1) expose, bring out into the open, make public, as an unknown matter or gossip. 1. taturaahiwihcit 2. turaahiwihcit 3. turaahiwihciku™ 4. iriiruraahiwihcika 5. turaahiwihciksta raahkictapiriwus [raÑh-k†ts-tß-p†-r†-w‰s] N razor. raahku [raÑh-k‰] DEM the one over there.

• ruuraahku the one way over there. [raÑh-kuu-Ù‰™] N 1. kettle of cooked food. 2. (contemp.) covered dish, casserole. • raahkuuckat in the kettle of food. • tatuuhaahkuucirahkatakuus I set the kettle of cooked food down in front. raahtaku [raÑh-tß-k‰] ADV over there. raahuhkaapaakis [•raa-h‰h-kaa-paa-k†s•] VT(u) mistreat, abuse. 1. tahaahuhkaapaakis 2. tiraahuhkaapaakis 3. tiraahuhkaapaakiisu™ 4. iriiraraahuhkaapaakisu 5. tiraahuhkaapaakisista raahuhta™at [•raa-h‰h-tß-™ßt•] VI(1) {dist., raahuhtawaawar} end, come to an end, conclude; be over, as an activity or event. 2. tiraahuhta™at 4. iriiraraahuhtaata 5. tiraahuhtahuhta • tiraahuhtawaawa things ended, are over, as traditions. raahuhtawii (ut...) [•raa-h‰h-tß-wii•] VD 1. be difficult, hard, demanding, as a task or endeavor. 2. be difficult, hard, rough, demanding, as a situation or period (of time).

raahkuucu™

465

raahura™uk 2. tuuhaahuhtawi™ 4. iriiruhaahuhtawii™u 5. tuuhaahuhtawiicta raahura™uk [•raa-h‰-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) ruin, destroy, spoil. 1. tahaahuru™ 2. tiraahuru™ 3. tiraahuruuku™ 4. iriiraraahura™u 5. tiraahuruuksta raahuraahkita [•raa-h‰-raah-k†-tß•] VL 1. be permanent, eternal, as inorganic objects. 2. (neg.) be impermanent, temporary, as organic life. 3. be continual, constant, perpetual, enduring, lasting, as an activity that recurs dependably year after year. 4. be certain, sure. 2. tiraahuraahkita 4. iriiraraahuraahkitawi 5. tiraahuraahkitawista • kaakiraahuraahkita there is no certainty; it is not permanent. raahuraar (ut...) [•raa-h‰-raa(r)•] VI(u) be the beginning, source, origin, as of a tradition or custom. 2. tuuhaahuraa™ 4. iriruuhaahuraaru 5. tuuhaahuraaruksta raahuraas/ras- [•raa-h‰-raas/rßs•] VT(2) 1. find, as a place. 2. find out about, discover, learn about, as an activity, event, or tradition. 1. tahaahuraas 2. tiraahuraas 3. tiraahuraasu™ 4. iriiraraahurasi 5. tiraahurasista raahurahac [•raa-h‰-rß-hßts•] VI(4) way to disappear, die out, as a tradition or custom. 2. tiraahurahac 3. tiraahurahaacu™ 4. iriiraraahurahac 5. tiraahurahacista raahurii (ir...uur...) [•raa-h‰-rii•] VT(4) wait for, as an activity or event; wait for a time. 1. tatiiraahurii™ 2. tuuraahurii™ 3. tuuraahuriihu™ 4. iriruuraahurii 5. tuuraahuriicta raahurii (uur...) [•raa-h‰-rii•] VI(4) wait. 1. taturaahurii™ 2. turaahurii™ 4. iriiruraahurii 5. turaahuriicta raahurii™ [raÑ-h‰-rii™] ADV far away, distant. • raahurii™ tatiira™ I came from a long way off. • raahurii™ kaakihi™ it is a far distance. raahuriitat [raa-hŠ-rii-tßt] ADV all the time, always. • ti™ raahuriitat it is always the case. raahuur [•raa-huu(r)•] VD 1. be spoiled, rotten, soured, as solid food or an animate object. 2. be ruined, broken, destroyed, as an inanimate object. 2. tiraahuu™ 4. iriiraraahuuru 5. tiraahuuruksta raahuuta™a (ir...) [•raa-huu-taa•] VP(3) worsen, become worse, as when one is sick. 1. tikuraahuutaa™ 2. taraahuutaa™ 3. taraahuu-

466

raakaaruruuc ta™aahu™ 4. iriiraraahuuta™a 5. taraahuutaahista • tiiraktaraahuutaa™ they worsened. raahuuwicaks (ir...) [•raa-huu-w†-Ùßks•] VI(1) 1. be a spontaneous, sudden, unexpected occurrence; come to pass. 2. be a coincidence; happen coincidentally. 2. taraahuuwicaks 4. iriiraraahuuwicaksa 5. taraahuuwicaksista (r)aak/(r)aa™ak (uur...) [•aak/aa-™ß{k/t}•] VL be a dam; be a pond. 2. turaa™at 4. iriiruraapi 5. turaapista raaka (ut...) [•raa-kß•] VL be outstanding, extraordinary, as an activity, event, matter; be preeminent. 2. tuuhaaka 4. iriruuhaakawi 5. tuuhaakawista raakaa™a (ir...ut...) [•raa-kaa-™ß•] VP(3) recall, recollect, remember, come to mind; reminisce, think back on; ref. to the past. 1. tikuuhaakaa™a™ 2. tuuhaakaa™a™ 3. tuuhaakaa™aahu™ 4. iriruuhaakaa™a 5. tuuhaakaahista raakaa™iisat (uur...) [•raa-kaa-™ii-sßt•] VP(1) forget, be unable to recall, as something that has left one's mind or memory. 1. tahaawiraru™ 2. tiraawiraru™ 3. tiraawiraruuku™ 4. iriiraraawirara™u 5. tiraawiraruuksta

raawirariira™uk (uur...)

[•raa-w†-rß-rii-rß-™u{k/t}•]

1. draw, make a drawing of, as a map. 2. make a design or pattern on, decorate, as clothing. 1. taturaawirariiru™ 2. turaawirariiru™ 3. turaawirariiruuku™ 4. iriiruraawirariira™u 5. turaawirariiruuksta raawis [•raa-w†s•] VD 1. be smoky. 2. be smoked, as an object that has been exposed to smoke. 2. tiraawis 4. iriiraraawisu 5. tiraawisuksta raawisaa/a [•raa-w†-saa/ß•] VI(4) smoke, as a pipe or cigarette. 1. tahaawisaa 2. tiraawisaa 3. tiraawisaahu™ 4. iriiraraawisa 5. tiraawisahista • tiiraawisaa they smoked. raawisawarik [•raa-w†-sß-wß-r†{k/t}•] VI(1) blow a puff or whiff of smoke; offer a puff or whiff of smoke, as in a smoke offering. 1. tahaawisawarit 2. tiraawisawarit 3. tiraawisawariku™ 4. iriiraraawisawarika 5. tiraawisawariksta raawiskaa™a (ir...) [•raa-w†s-kaa-™ß•] VI(3) smoke; smoke to come out, as from a pipe, chimney, smokehole. 2. taraawiskaa™ 3. taraawiskaa™aahu™ 4. iriiraraawiskaa™a 5. taraawiskaahista VT(3)

raawiskaaricaahiks

[raa-w†s-kaa-r‡-Ùaa-h†ks] N

kinnikinnick, Indian tobacco, made from dried sumac leaves.

raawiskaaru™

[raÑ-w†s-kaa-r‰™] N {comb., raawiskaar-, raawiskaah-} tobacco (generic).

• raawiskaahkat in/on the tobacco. • iriiraruuci raawiskaaru™ where the tobacco is.

raawiskahuuru™

racapirat

raawiskahuuru™

marrow bone, shank bone; thigh bone. 2. (formerly) marrow. • racatkat on the marrow bone. racakiht [•rß-Ùß-k†(h)t•] VD be crumbled, pulverized, broken into small pieces. 2. tiracakit 4. iriiraracakihtu 5. tiracakihtuksta racakihtu™ [rß-Ùà-k†h-t‰™] N commercial tobacco; cigarette tobacco, pipe tobacco. racakiisu™ [rß-Ùà-kii-s‰™] N corncob. • racakiiskat on the corncob. racakipiitik [•rß-Ùß-k†-pii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) (pl. subj.) gather, gather together, meet together, draw together, as a group that is assembling. 1. tahacakipiitit 2. tiracakipiitit 3. tiracakipiitiku™ 4. iriiraracakipiitit 5. tiracakipiitiksta racakipuh [•rß-Ùß-k†-p‰(h)•] VT(1) gather, gather up, gather together, as vegetables, clothes. 1. tahacakipu 2. tiracakipu 3. tiracakipuhu™ 4. iriiraracakipuha 5. tiracakipista racakiraaru™ [rß-Ùà-k†-raa-r‰™] N smallpox. racakus [•rß-Ùß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be a clump, bunch, group in a certain spot, as plants or people. 2. tiracaku 4. iriiraracaku 5. tiracakusta racapaaha™uk [•rß-Ùß-paa-hß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. crumble, crumble up, as a cracker. 2. chop, grind into fine pieces. 1. tahacapaahu™ 2. tiracapaahu™ 3. tiracapaahuuku™ 4. iriiraracapaaha™u 5. tiracapaahuuksta racapaht [•rß-Ùß-pß(h)t•] VD (pl. subj.) be fine pieces; be in fine pieces, be crumbled, pulverized, coarsely ground. 2. tiracapaat 4. iriiraracapahtu 5. tiracapahtuksta racapahtu™ [rß-Ùà-pßh-t‰™] N crumbs; flakes, chips, small pieces. racapatpaah [•rß-Ùß-pßt-paa(h)•] VI(1) crumble. 2. tiracapatpaa 3. tiracapatpaahu™ 4. iriiracapatpaaha 5. tiracapatpaahista racapira™a (ir...) [•rß-Ùß-p†-raa•] VT(3) scrape, as a hide. 1. tatiiracapiraa™ 2. taracapiraa™ 3. taracapira™aahu™ 4. iriiraracapira™a 5. taracapiraahista racapirat [•rß-Ùß-p†-rßt•] VT(1) 1. grate, as corn or cheese. 2. scrape, scrape off, as particles on a hide or

[raa-w‡s-kß-huu-r‰™] N {comb., raawiskahuh-} whiff, puff of smoke, as given in a smoke offering.

raawiskahuur-,

• raawiskahuhkat in the puff of smoke.

raawiskata™iwarik VT(1)

[•raa-w†s-kß-tß-™†-wß-r†{k/t}•]

inhale smoke, as when smoking.

1. tahaawiskata™iwarit 2. tiraawiskata™iwarit 3. tiraawiskata™iwariku™ 4. iriiraraawiskata™iwarika 5. tiraawiskata™iwariksta raawisu™ [raÑ-w†-s‰™] N 1. paint. 2. color. raawisurahcak [•raa-w†-s‰-rßh-Ùß{k/t}•] VI(4) blow smoke to the ground; ref. only to the gesture made in the smoke offering. 1. tahaawisurahcat 2. tiraawisurahcat 3. tiraawisurahcaaku™ 4. iriiraraawisurahcat 5. tiraawisurahcaksta raawita (ut...) [i-] [•raa-w†-tß•] VL be the end of a way, tradition; be the end, as of an activity, event, or a matter. 2. ruutuciraawita 4. wiiruuciraawitawi 5. ruutuciraawitawista raawuh [•raa-w‰(h)•] VT(1) spill, pour out (a nonliquid); empty (a non-liquid). 1. tahaawu 2. tiraawu 3. tiraawuhu™ 4. iriiraraawuha 5. tiraawista raawuu (uur...) [•raa-wuu•] VT(4) {dist., raawarii (uur...)} (impf. only) doubt; be skeptical of, disbelieve, as when one does not believe someone knows what he is doing; deny.

1. taturaawuu™ 2. turaawuu™ 4. iriiruraawuu 5. turaawuusta • taturaawarii™ I do not believe in things, in anything. raca™us (ut...) [•rß-Ùß-™us•] VP(4) be hungry. 1. tikuuhaca™us 2. tuuhaca™us 4. iriruuhaca™us 5. tuuhacuuskista • tiitaktaca™us they are hungry. racahiis [rà-Ùß-hiis] N file. racahiis [•rß-Ùß-hiis•] VD 1. be rough, as chapped skin. 2. be scaly, as a fish. 3. be jagged. 2. tiracahiis 4. iriiraracahiisu 5. tiracahiisuksta racahiista™uk [•rß-Ùß-hiis-tß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) 1. roughen, make rough. 2. make jagged. 1. tahacahiistu™ 2. tiracahiistu™ 3. tiracahiistuuku™ 4. iriiraracahiista™u 5. tiracahiistuuksta racahtu™ [rà-Ùßh-t‰™] N {comb., racaht-, racat-} 1.

477

racaraarawis (uur...) corn kernels on a cob. 1. tahacapirat 2. tiracapirat 3. tiracapiriwuu™ 4. iriiraracapirata 5. tiracapirahuhta racaraarawis (uur...) [•rß-Ùß-raa-rß-w†s•] VI(4) be fringed; have hanging fringes, strips. 2. turacaraarawis 4. iriiruracaraarawis 5. turacaraarawisista racaraatatk (ut...) [•rß-Ùß-raa-tßt(k)•] VT(1) attack, assault; jump; make a sudden physical attack on. 1. tatuuhacaraatat 2. tuuhacaraatat 3. tuuhacaraatatku™ 4. iriruuhacaraatatka 5. tuuhacaraatatkista racarahak [•rß-Ùß-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) slice; cut into slices; cut into strings, strips, fringes. 1. tahacarahat 2. tiracarahat 3. tiracarahaaku™ 4. iriiraracarahat 5. tiracarahaksta racarahuur [•rß-Ùß-rß-huu(r)•] VD be sliced, cut into slices. 2. tiracarahuu™ 4. iriiraracarahuuru 5. tiracarahuuruksta racarat [•rß-Ùß-rßt•] VT(1) slice; cut into slices; cut into strips, strings, fringes. 1. tahacarat 2. tiracarat 3. tiracariwuu™ 4. iriiraracarata 5. tiracarahuhta racariipuh (ut...) [•rß-Ùß-rii-p‰(h)•] VT(1) tie up in a bundle, as when tying the covering at the top; tie together. 1. tatuuhacariipu 2. tuuhacariipu 3. tuuhacariipuhu™ 4. iriruuhacariipuha 5. tuuhacariipista racat [•rß-Ùßt•] VD 1. be overly mature, as when a fruit or vegetable is hard, pithy, or starting to shrivel. 2. outgrow infancy, outgrow babyhood, as when a child begins to walk and talk. 1. tahaca™at 2. tiraca™at 4. iriiraracaatu 5. tiracatuksta racatkiicu™ [rà-Ùßt-kii-Ù‰™] N (contemp.) marrow. racatkiisu™ [rß-Ùàt-kii-s‰™] N marrow bone: femur, tibia, fibula, all used for extracting marrow. • racatkiisiri™ on the marrow bone. racawakta/taa [•rß-Ùß-wßk-tß/taa•] VI(4) ring, as a telephone. 2. tiracawakta™ 3. tiracawaktaahu™ 4. iriiraracawaktaa 5. tiracawaktaahista racawaktaarik [•rß-Ùß-wßk-taa-r†{k/t}•] VI(1) telephone, call on the telephone. 1. tahacawaktaarit 2. tiracawaktaarit 3. tiracawaktaariku™ 4. iriiraracawaktaarika 5. tiraca-

478

rahkaraawuh waktaariksta

racawaktaarik

(ut...)

[•rß-Ùß-wßk-taa-r†{k/t}•]

telephone, call on the telephone. 1. tatuuhacawaktaarit 2. tuuhacawaktaarit 3. tuuhacawaktaariku™ 4. iriruuhacawaktaarika 5. tuuhacawaktaariksta raciitu™ [rà-Ùii-t‰™] N cradleboard, baby board. • raciitkat on the cradleboard. VT(1)

rahaahkasa, rahaahkasahu [rß-haÑh-kß-sß, rßhaah-kà-sß-h‰] N sandwich.

• tahu™ rahaahkasahu I made a sandwich. [rà-haak-taa-kaa-r‰] N cottonwood (Populus deltoides). rahaaktaarihit [rà-haak-taa-r†-h†t] N floor. • iriirahaaktaarihit on the floor. rahaaktarikatasa [rß-haÑk-tß-r†-kß-tß-sß] N 1. crutches. 2. person who uses crutches. rahaar (uur...) [•rß-haa(r)•] VD be careful with,

particular with; take care of, as a new outfit; use carefully, sparingly. 1. taturahaa™a 2. turahaa™a 4. iriirurahaaru 5. turahaaruksta rahiira™, rihiira™ [rà-hii-rß™, r‡-hii-rß™] ADV sometimes; further, beyond. • hii tahahpiicat rahiira™ riicki, a rahiira™ kisaacki, a tahapaawaa and we roast them, sometimes intestines, or sometimes meat, and we eat them. rahiisa [rà-hii-sß] N, ADV in the morning; tomorrow. rahkacak [•rßh-kß-Ùß{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. prick, punch holes in. 2. (pl. obj.) hack, chop, as weeds. 1. tahahkacat 2. tirahkacat 3. tirahkacaaku™ 4. iriirarahkacat 5. tirahkacaksta rahkaka™us [•rßh-kß-kß-™us•] VI(4), VP(4) (pl. subj.) split, divide, separate, as into groups. 1. taahaktahkaka™us; tikuraaktahkaka™us 2. tirahkaka™us 3. tirahkakuusu™ 4. iriirarahkaka™us 5. tirahkakuusista rahkakusu™ [rßh-kà-k‰-s‰™] N parfleche. • rahkakuskat in/on the parfleche. rahkaraawuh [•rßh-kß-raa-w‰(h)•] VT(1) empty out, pour out, dump out (non-liquid), as coins, garbage from a can. 1. tahahkaraawu 2. tirahkaraawu 3. tirahkaraawuhu™ 4. iriirarahkaraawuha 5. tirahkaraawista

rahkarariihuriir (uur...) rahkarariihuriir (uur...)

rahkisiitu™ [•rßh-kß-rß-rii-h‰-rii(r)•]

VI(1-a) {dist., rahkarariihuriwaar (uur...)}

be color-

ful; be attractively colored.

2. turahkarariihurii 4. iriirurahkarariihuriira 5. turahkarariihuriirasta • turahkarariihuriwaa they are colorful, have pretty colors. rahkariipuh (ut...) [•rßh-kß-rii-p‰(h)•] VT(1) tie up a bundle, tie into a bundle. 1. tatuuhahkariipu 2. tuuhahkariipu 3. tuuhahkariipuhu™ 4. iriruuhahkariipuha 5. tuuhahkariipista rahkasii [•rßh-kß-sii•] VD {pl., rarahkasii} be wearing a garment, as a shirt, coat, dress, or blouse. 1. tahahkasii™ 2. tirahkasii™ 4. iriirarahkasii™u 5. tirahkasiicta • tirarahkasii™ they are wearing garments. rahkasii™u™ [rßh-kà-sii-™u™] N garment, dress, blouse, shirt. • rahkasiikat on the garment. • iriiraaku rahkasii™u™ where the shirt is, as one on a surface. • piita rahkasii™u™ a man's shirt. rahkasiikaawi™u™ [ràh-kß-sii-kaa-wi-™u™] N undergarment, as a man's undershirt, or a woman's underskirt or slip. • rahkasiikaawikat on the undergarment. rahkasiikiwat [•rßh-kß-sii-k†-wßt•] VT(2-i) take a garment off, as a shirt, dress, coat. 1. tahahkasiikiwat 2. tirahkasiikiwat 3. tirahkasiikiwati™ 4. iriirarahkasiikiwati 5. tirahkasiikiwatista rahkasiikucuu™ [ràh-kß-sii-k‰-Ùuu™] N 1. coat; overcoat; raincoat. 2. sweater. rahkasiipiiru™ [rßh-kà-sii-pii-r‰™] N sleeve, garment sleeve. • rahkasiipiihkat on the sleeve.

rahkasiirahuraahki

[ràh-kß-sii-rß-h‰-raah-k†] N

buckskin shirt. rahkasiiwaaks [rßh-kà-sii-waaks] N sweater. rahkata™a (ir...ut...) [•rßh-kß-taa•] VP(3) throw up, vomit, come up involuntarily.

1. tikuuhahkataa™ 2. tuuhahkataa™ 3. tuuhahkata™aahu™ 4. iriruuhahkata™a 5. tuuhahkataahista rahkata™at [•rßh-kß-tß-™ßt•] VI(1) (pl. subj.) 1. go hunting, go on a communal hunt. 2. go on the warpath, go on a war party.

2. tirahkata™at 3. tirahkatawuu™ 4. iriirarahkataata 5. tirahkatahuhta rahkataar [•rßh-kß-taa(r)•] VD be yellow, yellowish. 2. tirahkataa™a, tirahkataa 4. iriirarahkataaru 5. tirahkataaruksta rahkatahuuru™ [rßh-kà-tß-huu-r‰™] N hunting trip; communal hunt. rahkatapira™a (ir...) [•rßh-kß-tß-p†-raa•] VT(3) scrape, as a hide. 1. tatirahkatapiraa™ 2. tarahkatapiraa™ 3. tarahkatapira™aahu™ 4. iriirarahkatapira™a 5. tarahkatapiraahista

rahkatawihuuriktik

[•rßh-kß-tß-w†-huu-r†k-t†{k/t}•]

fry in a skillet, as a steak or potatoes. 1. tahahkatawihuuriktit 2. tirahkatawihuuriktit 3. tirahkatawihuuriktiku™ 4. iriirarahkatawihuuriktika 5. tirahkatawihuuriktiksta rahkatawirahak [•rßh-kß-tß-w†-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) parch. 1. tahahkatawirahat 2. tirahkatawirahat 3. tirahkatawirahaaku™ 4. iriirarahkatawirahat 5. tirahkatawirahaksta rahkatiraah [•rßh-kß-t†-raa(h)•] VT(1) parch, as corn. 1. tahahkatiraa 2. tirahkatiraa 3. tirahkatiraahu™ 4. iriirarahkatiraaha 5. tirahkatiraahista rahkicit [•rßh-k†-Ù†t•] VD be greasy, oily. 2. tirahkici™it 4. iriirarahkiciitu 5. tirahkicituksta rahkictapirat [•rßh-k†ts-tß-p†-rßt•] VT(1), VR(1) shave. 1. tahahkictapirat; wititahahkictapirat 2. tirahkictapirat; wititirahkictapirat 3. tirahkictapiriwuu™; wititirahkictapiriwuu™ 4. iriirarahkictapirata; iriiwitirarahkictapirata 5. tirahkictapirahuhta; wititirahkictapirahuhta rahkiihka™uuc/uc- [•rßh-kiih-kß-™uuts/‰ts•] VT(2-i) weave, interweave, interlace. 1. tahahkiihka™uuc 2. tirahkiihka™uuc 3. tirahkiihkuci™ 4. iriirarahkiihkuci 5. tirahkiihkucista rahkiis [•rßh-kiis•] VD be lean, bony; be gaunt, skinny, scrawny, emaciated, as a starving person or someone who is "skin and bones". 1. tahahkiis 2. tirahkiis 4. iriirarahkiisu 5. tirahkiisuksta VT(1)

rahkisiitu™

[ràh-k†-sii-t‰™] N {comb., rahkisiit-, rahki-

479

rahkiwir siic-} bird nest.

• rahkisiitkat in/on the nest. • tirahkisiictaku the bird nest is hanging there. • taruurahkisiictaku its nest is there. • rahkisiitu™ titaku there is a bird nest (in a tree). rahkiwir [•rßh-k†-w†(r)•] VT(1-a) 1. (pl. obj.) roast corn, as when preparing dried sweet corn. 2. singe, as the hair on a hog. 1. tahahkiwi 2. tirahkiwi 3. tirahkiwiiru™ 4. iriirarahkiwira 5. tirahkiwirasta rahkus [•rßh-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be a clump, bunch, cluster of growth, as a clump of grass. 2. tirahku 4. iriirarahku 5. tirahkusta

rahkusuhuriiwarik (ut...)

[•rßh-k‰-s‰-h‰-rii-wßr†{k/t}•] VT(1) thresh; winnow, as when throwing

grain up into the air so that the wind will blow the chaff away; clean by threshing or winnowing.

1. tatuuhahkusuhuriiwarit 2. tuuhahkusuhuriiwarit, tuuhaahkusuhuriiwarit 3. tuuhahkusuhuriiwariku™ 4. iriruuhahkusuhuriiwarika 5. tuuhahkusuhuriiwariksta rahpaat [•rßh-paat•] VD be bloody. 2. tirahpaa™at 4. iriirarahpaatu 5. tirahpaatuksta rahpahaaha™uk [•rßh-pß-haa-hß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) redden, make red; paint red, as with Indian paint. 1. tahahpahaahu™ 2. tirahpahaahu™ 3. tirahpahaahuuku™ 4. iriirarahpahaaha™u 5. tirahpahaahuuksta rahpahaat [•rßh-pß-haat•] VD be painted red, as one's face. 1. tahahpahaa™at 2. tirahpahaa™at 4. iriirarahpahaatu 5. tirahpahaatuksta rahpas [ràh-pßs] N omasum; manyplies, book, bible, i.e., the third stomach of a ruminant. • rahpas tikukahta™ I am hungry for, craving omasum. • suurukstaariikaru™ rahpas clean (i.e., wash) the omasum and other parts! rahpiiksu™ [ràh-piik-s‰™] N scar, scarred area. • rahpiikskat on a scar. rahpiks, rahpiiks [•rßh-p†ks,• rßh-piiks] VD be healed, scarred; have a scar, a roughly scarred area, as where a wound has healed. 1. tahahpiks 2. tirahpiks 4. iriirarahpiiksu 5. tirahpiksuksta rahuhkaapaakis [•rß-h‰h-kaa-paa-k†s•] VT(1) 1. abuse, mistreat, beat; treat miserably, meanly. 2. wrong, do wrong to, as when cheating someone.

480

rahuriruuhci (uur...) 1. tahahuhkaapaakis 2. tirahuhkaapaakis 3. tirahuhkaapaakiisu™ 4. iriirarahuhkaapaakisa 5. tirahuhkaapaakisista rahuhta™u (uur...) [•rß-h‰h-tß-™u•] VT(3) beat, defeat, as in a competition. 1. taturahuhtu™ 2. turahuhtu™ 3. turahuhtuuku™ 4. iriirurahuhta™u 5. turahuhtuuksta • tatuuraktahuhtu™ I beat them. rahukatawi™at [•rß-h‰-kß-tß-wi-™ßt•] VT(1) pass around, take around, take around and pass out, as when distributing something to a group. 1. tahahukatawi™at 2. tirahukatawi™at 3. tirahukata™iwuu™ 4. iriirarahukatawiita 5. tirahukatawihuhta rahukatawihak [•rß-h‰-kß-tß-w†-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) pass around, take around, take around and pass out, as when distributing food to a group. 1. tahahukatawihat 2. tirahukatawihat 3. tirahukatawihaaku™ 4. iriirarahukatawihat 5. tirahukatawihaksta rahura™uk (ut...) [•rß-h‰-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) doctor, treat, as a doctor ministering to a patient. 1. tatuuhahuru™ 2. tuuhahuru™ 3. tuuhahuruuku™ 4. iriruuhahura™u 5. tuuhahuruuksta • tatuutikstahuruuku™ I am doctoring his hand.

rahuraahkahuraaru™ [rß-h‰-raah-kà-h‰-raa-r‰™] N wild animal, animal that lives in the woods.

rahuraahki

[rß-hŠ-raah-k†] N {comb., rahuraar-, rahuraah-} 1. deer (Odocoileus spp.). 2. wild animal, game animal, quadruped.

• rahuraahkat among the animals. • rahuraahki iriiraraahwarii where animals roam. • rahuraahkiripahki small animal, of any kind.

rahuraariwiiruku, huraariwiiruku

[rà-h‰-raa-r†wii-r‰-k‰, hŠ-raa-r†-wii-r‰-k‰] N binoculars, field glasses; telescope. rahurahac [•rß-h‰-rß-hßts•] VT(4) 1. elope with,

run away with; ref. to a male eloping with a female. 2. kidnap, abduct. 3. take off with, take into the wilds, as when a man takes a young boy to hunt. 1. tahahurahac 2. tirahurahac 3. tirahurahaacu™ 4. iriirarahurahac 5. tirahurahacista rahuriruuhci (uur...) [•rß-h‰-r†-ruuh-Ù†•] VT(u) 1. do excessively to. 2. revile, berate, bawl out; curse. 3. abuse, mistreat; beat severely, excessively. 4. kill.

rahuritik 1. taturahuriruuhci™ 2. turahuriruuhci™ 3. turahuriruuhciihu™ 4. iriirurahuriruuhci™u 5. turahuriruuhciicta rahuritik [•rß-h‰-r†-t†{k/t}•] VT(4) gratify, please, do something pleasing for; cause to be grateful, thankful, appreciative, as by a deed. 1. tahahuritit 2. tirahuritit 3. tirahuritiiku™ 4. iriirarahuritit 5. tirahuritiksta rahuruu (ut...) [•rß-h‰-ruu•] VT(1) 1. do to. 2. doctor, treat, as a doctor ministering to a patient. 3. attack. 1. tatuuhahuruu™ 2. tuuhahuruu™ 3. tuuhahuruuku™ 4. iriruurahuruu™a 5. tuuhahuruuksta rahuuhawihak [•rß-huu-hß-w†-hß{k/t}•] VP(4) cry uncontrollably; bawl, as a baby who cannot stop crying. 1. tikurahuuhawihat 2. tirahuuhawihat 3. tirahuuhawihaaku™ 4. iriirarahuuhawihat 5. tirahuuhawihaksta rahuuka (ir...) [•rß-huu-kß•] VT(3) bring inside, as into a dwelling. 1. tatiirahuuka™ 2. tarahuuka™ 3. tarahuukaahu™ 4. iriirarahuuka 5. tarahuukahista rahuukat [•rß-huu-kßt•] VT(1) take inside, as into a dwelling. 1. tahahuukat 2. tirahuukat 3. tirahuupuu™ 4. iriirarahuukata 5. tirahuukuhta rahuuparik [•rß-huu-pß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. send inside, as into a dwelling. 2. drive into, herd into, as an animal into a corral. 1. tahahuuparit 2. tirahuuparit 3. tirahuupariku™ 4. iriirarahuuparika 5. tirahuupariksta rahuur [•rß-huu(r)•] VT(u) 1. grieve, cause grief, hurt mentally, sadden, cause mental anguish, as when a loved one dies. 2. get the best of, beat, as in a contest. 1. tahahuu™ 2. tirahuu™ 4. iriirarahuuru 5. tirahuuruksta rahuuraciksta™it [•rß-huu-rß-Ù†ks-tß-™†t•] VD be happy to see; express happiness to see; welcome, give a welcome to, as when someone arrives. 1. tahahuuraciksta™i™it 2. tirahuuraciksta™i™it 4. iriirikurahuuraciksta™iitu 5. tirahuuraciksta™iituksta rahuurawi™at [•rß-huu-rß-wi-™ßt•] VT(1) quit, stop, cease, as an activity or act; quit, stop, or cease doing. 1. tahahuurawi™at 2. tirahuurawi™at 3. tirahuura™iwuu™ 4. iriirarahuurawiita 5. tirahuurawihuhta

rahwii™a (ir...) • tiraarahuurawi™at they stopped doing it.

rahuutuhkawariku

[rß-hu÷-t‰h-kß-wß-r†-k‰] N air pump. rahuuwicaks [•rß-huu-w†-Ùßks•] VD be careful with, be particular with, as a valued object. 1. tahahuuwicaks 2. tirahuuwicaks 4. iriirarahuuwicaksu 5. tirahuuwicaksuksta rahuuwicat [•rß-huu-w†-Ùßt•] VT(1) {dist., rahuuwicparii} 1. be careful with, handle carefully; take good care of. 2. clean, care for in a prescribed manner, as when one cleans buckskin. 1. tahahuuwicat 2. tirahuuwicat 3. tirahuuwicpuu™ 4. iriirarahuuwicata 5. tirahuuwicuhta • tahahuuwicparii™ I am careful with it. rahwa [ràh-wß] N captive, prisoner; slave. rahwaahc/wa™ac [•rßh-waahts/wß-™ßts•] VI(4), VP(4) {dist., rahwaawaahc} (pl. subj.) scatter, disperse; divide, divide up. 1. tahaaktahwaac, tahaaktahwa'ac; tikuraaktahwaac 2. tirahwaac, tirahwa™ac 3. tirahwaahcu™ 4. iriirarahwa™ac 5. tirahwaahcista • tirahwaawa™ac, tiraktahwaawa™ac they scattered. rahwaahcik [•rßh-waah-Ù†{k/t}•] VT(1) (pl. obj.) scatter, disperse. 1. tahahwaahcit 2. tirahwaahcit 3. tirahwaahciku™ 4. iriirarahwaahcika 5. tirahwaahciksta rahwaktaarik [•rßh-wßk-taa-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) blow on, as a horn; sound, make sound, as a radio or television, phonograph, or piano. 1. tahahwaktaarit 2. tirahwaktaarit 3. tirahwaktaariku™ 4. iriirarahwaktaarika 5. tirahwaktaariksta • kataawaruucaku tirahwaktaariku™ he is playing the horn. rahwakuu™at [•rßh-wß-kuu-™ßt•] VD be spoiled, ornery, disobedient, as a child. 1. tahahwakuu™at 2. tirahwakuu™at 4. iriirarahwakuutu 5. tirahwakuutuksta rahwarik [•rßh-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) send, dispatch, as on a mission. 1. tahahwarit 2. tirahwarit 3. tirahwariku™ 4. iriirarahwarika 5. tirahwariksta rahwi™a (ir...) [•rßh-wi-™ß•] VT(3) rake, as coals. 1. tatirahwi™a™ 2. tarahwi™a™ 3. tarahwi™aahu™ 4. iriirarahwi™a 5. tarahwiihista rahwii™a (ir...) [•rßh-wii-™ß•] VP(3) doze off, nap, catnap (involuntarily); ref. to falling asleep while sitting up.

481

rakaahuraahkatiitu

Rakiiraruhuuturuuhat

1. tikurahwii™a™ 2. tarahwii™a™ 3. tarahwii™aahu™ 4. iriirarahwii™a 5. tarahwii™ahista rakaahuraahkatiitu [rß-kaa-h‰-raÑh-kß-tii-t‰] N, ADV north.

rakaapit

[rß-kaÑ-p†t] N

{comb., rakaapit-, kaapit-}

hackberry tree; hackberry wood (Celtis occidentalis). • rakaapitkat on the hackberry tree. • iriirahaapi kaapit where the hackberry tree is.

rakaaruuc, akaaruuc

[rß-kaÑ-ruuts, ß-kaÑ-ruuts] N chokecherry (Prunus virginiana). rakaatiit [rà-kaa-tiit] N blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica).

• rakaatiitkat on the blackjack oak.

rakapaahcu™ [rß-kà-paah-Ù‰™] N

{comb., rakapaahc, rakapac-} root (generic).

• rakapackat on the root(s). • rakapaahcu™ iriirawaawi where the roots are growing. rakaraakatuus [rà-kß-raa-kß-tuus] N plate, dinner plate. • rakaraakatuuskat on the plate. • iririsa rakaraakatuus there is a plate there. • tihuukitasa rakaraakatuus there is a plate on top, as on a table. rakaraaki [rà-kß-raa-k†] N {comb., rakaraa-} dish, bowl, plate. • rakaraakat in the dish. • iririsa rakaraaki there is a dish.

rakaraakucuu™ [rß-kß-raÑ-k‰-Ùuu™] N

{comb., rakaraakuc-} dishpan.

• rakaraakuckat in the dishpan.

rakaraaraariikara™u™

[rà-kß-raa-raa-rii-kß-rß-™u™] N dishrag. rakaraaraariksisu™ [rà-kß-raa-raa-r†k-s†-s‰™] N

wooden bowl, made from the root of a cottonwood tree. • rakaraaraariksiskat in the wooden bowl.

rakaraaraaruukita™iitu™

[rà-kß-raa-raa-ruu-k†-tß™ii-t‰™] N table.

• tikaastawaa rakaraaraaruukita™iitu™ the table has legs.

rakaraaracaahisiku [rà-kß-raa-rß-Ùaa-h†-s†-k‰] N tea towel, dish towel.

rakaraarahkuuku™u™

[rà-kß-raa-rßh-kuu-ku-™u™] N cupboard; cabinet.

• rakaraarahkuukukat in the cabinet. [rà-kß-riiks-tß] N 1. dipper, cup with a long handle. 2. Dipper constellation.

rakariiksta

482

• rakariikstakat in/on the dipper. • Rakariiksta iriiraariki where the Dipper is. rakasis [rß-kà-s†s] N bearberry bush (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), the leaves of which were used for smoking. • rakasiskat on the bearberry bush. rakataatu™ [rà-kß-taa-t‰™] N bark, tree bark.

• rakataatkat on the bark.

rakatuusu™

[rß-kà-tuu-s‰™] N board, plank.

• rakatuuskat on the board. • tataakukat rakatuusu™ I cut the board. • iririsa rakatuusu™ there is a board there. rakawicaku [rß-kß-w‡-Ùß-k‰] N grinder, as a coffee grinder. rakcaakarikuku [ràk-Ùaa-kß-r†-k‰-k‰] N key. rakcaku [rßk-Ùà-k‰] N woodpecker.

Rakiciirikistihuuru

[rà-k†-Ùii-r†-k†s-t†-huu-r‰]

N

Morning Star, Mars; also Jupiter, in certain seasons. rakickaatiit [rß-k‡ts-kaa-tiit] N brewed coffee. • ki™iskukiraruu rakickaatiit give me coffee! • rakickaatiit takiiraritu™ the coffee is hot.

rakickaatiit rakiraruku

[rß-k‡ts-kaa-tiit rß-k‡-rßr‰-k‰] N coffee pot; coffee maker. rakicpiiruus [rà-k†ts-pii-ruus] N syrup, molasses, sorghum.

• rakicpiiruuskat in the syrup. • sikskiraruu™a™ rakicpiiruus pass me the syrup!

rakictahkariipiiru™

[rà-k†ts-tßh-kß-rii-pii-r‰™]

N

twine, as formerly used for tying groceries and now packages. rakictakasu [rß-k‡ts-tß-kß-s‰] N pop, soda pop, soft drink. • iririikirahku rakictakusu there is soda pop there. rakictiirahpi [rß-k‡ts-tii-rßh-p†] N ocean. rakictiwiru™ [rà-k†ts-t†-w†-r‰™] N candy (generic). rakiicu™ [rß-kiæ-Ù‰™] N {comb., rakic-} sugar.

• rakickat in the sugar. • sikstaruu™a™ rakiicu™ pass the sugar! rakiikaruuwarii [rà-kii-kß-ruu-wß-rii] N lantern, flashlight.

Rakiiraruhuuturuuhat

[rß-kiæ-rß-r‰-huu-t‰-ruu-

rakiriiku™

rakuri™it

hßt] N Milky Way. rakiriiku™ [rà-k†-rii-k‰™] N seed, planting seed. rakiriktaa™u™ [rß-k‡-r†k-taa-™u™] N 1. knot on a tree. 2. war club.

• rakiriktaakat on the tree knot. [rß-k‡-r†-pßh-k†] N 1. little piece of wood, as a stick or twig. 2. small tree; small bush. rakis [rà-k†s] N {comb., rak-} 1. wood; stick, limb, branch; pole. 2. yard (unit of measurement), as three feet. • rakat on the piece of wood. • rakisiri™ with a piece of wood. • asku rakis one yard. • tiruuc rakis it is stove wood, firewood. -rakis [•rß-k†s] N-KIN grandchild (only with 2nd person possessor). • arakis your grandchild.

rakiripahki

rakitawi™u™

[rà-k†-tß-wi-™u™] N

{comb., haakitawi-}

limb, tree limb. • rakitawikat on the limb. • rakitawihiri™ with a limb. • tataakitawiipit I broke the limb off. • tihaakitawitakaahat akahkat the limb fell on the house.

raktaakaa, raktaakaaru™

[ràk-taa-kaa, ràk-taakaa-r‰™] N cottonwood tree (Populus deltoides). raktaarihit [rßk-taÑ-r†-h†t] N 1. floor, wooden floor. 2. platform.

• raktaarihitkat on the floor • tiisa raktaarihitkat he is lying on the floor.

raktaaruuhawiisisu™

[ràk-taa-ruu-hß-wii-s†-s‰™] N

driftwood. • raktaaruuhawiisiskat on the driftwood. • raktaaruuhawiisisiri™ with a piece of driftwood. raktaawiruus [rßk-taÑ-w†-ruus] N wagon; cart. • raktaawiruuskat on the wagon wheel.

raktaawiskaaru™

[rßk-taÑ-w†s-kaa-r‰™] N {comb., raktaawiskaar-, raktaawiskaah-} pipe, calumet.

• raktaawiskaahkat on the pipe • tihaakca raktaawiskaaru™ it is a pipe.

raktahcu™

[ràk-tßh-Ù‰™] N {comb., raktahc-, raktac-}

shield. • raktackat on the shield. raktakaawi™u™ [rßk-tß-kaÑ-wi-™u™] N pipestem. raktapahtu™ [rßk-tà-pßh-t‰™] N sawdust; ground

bark, fine pieces of bark.

Raktaraa™iwariihus

[ràk-tß-raa-™†-wß-rii-h‰s]

N

Pipe Dance, Calumet Dance. raktarahi™ [rßk-tà-rß-hi™] N war club. raktariihkaruukus [ràk-tß-riih-kß-ruu-k‰s] N 1. pencil. 2. pen; marker. • raktariihkaruukuskat on the pen, pencil. • raktariihkaruukusiri™ with a pen, pencil. raktariika™u™ [ràk-tß-rii-kß-™u™] N gate, wooden gate.

raktariikawi™u™ [ràk-tß-rii-kß-wi-™u™] N

{comb., haaktariikawi-} gate.

• raktariikawi™u™ tiruuku™; tihaaktariikawiruuku™ he is making a gate. raktarisaks [rßk-tà-r†-sßks] N tipi poles. raktawicaku [rßk-tà-w†-Ùß-k‰] N woodpecker. raktawiirat [ràk-tß-wii-rßt] N log house, log cabin. raktiihaat [ràk-tii-haat] N tipi pole. raktiiki [rßk-tiæ-k†] N grandchild; grandson, grand-

daughter, form used for both 1st and 3rd person possessor. • raktiikis my, our grandchild; his, her, their grandchild. • kurasiiru raktiiki your grandchild, (contemp.) for arakis.

raktiitu™ [rßk-tiæ-t‰™] N

{comb., haaktit-, haaktic-, haaktii-} 1. firewood, stove wood. 2. brand; small

stick, burning at one end, at a fireplace, as used to light a pipe or start a fire.

• raktiitiri™ on the burning stick; with a burning stick. • tihaaktictasa the firewood is on the fire (ref. to one piece of wood). • suksaaktiitiriit pick up the burning stick! raktiiwariku [rßk-tii-wà-r†-k‰] N measuring stick, yard stick. rakurahwi™at [rà-k‰-rßh-wi-™ßt] N sled. rakuri™it [rà-k‰-ri-™†t] N match, matches. • kiruu raruuc rakuri™it? where are the matches?

483

rakuuhuhwaarukstii™ rakuuhuhwaarukstii™

rariihuraah [rß-ku÷-h‰h-waa-r‰ks-tii™] N

steamboat.

rakuuhuuru™ [rà-kuu-huu-r‰™] N

{comb., rakuuhuur-, rakuuhuh-} boat, watercraft.

• rakuuhuhkat on the boat. • rakuuhuuru™ tihasa there is a boat in the water. rakuukita [rß-ku÷-k†-tß] NUM fourteen. rapahat [rà-pß-hßt] N red osier, red dogwood, kin-

nikinnick (Cornus amomum), the inner bark of which was used for tobacco. rapaksparaa™ [rß-pàks-pß-raa™] N bushy blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica). rapararus [rà-pß-rß-r‰s] N bushy tree; bush. rapatiis [rà-pß-tiis] N European smoking pipe, small pipe for smoking; ref. to the pipes smoked by whites and purchased in stores. • rapatiiskat in/on the pipe. • tihaakca rapatiis it is a pipe. rapiktu™ [rà-p†k-t‰™] N {comb., rapikt-, rapit-} sumac, smooth sumac (Rhus glabra). • rapitkat in/on the sumac. rapitkariwis [rß-p†t-kà-r†-w†s] N sumac spp. (Rhus spp.).

raraa™iitustaruuwarii

[rà-raa-™ii-t‰s-tß-ruø-wß-rii]

newspaper. raraarawarii [rà-raa-rß-wß-rii] N airplane. • tikari™ raraarawarii there are many planes. • tatukaku raraarawarii I am flying in an airplane. • raraarawarii tiwiitit the airplane landed. raraasita™u (ir...) [•rß-raa-s†-tß-™u•] VI(3) {dist., raraasita™uk} be cold; ref. to an inan. object.

2. tiratkahaahtiirat 4. iriiraratkahaahtiirahpi 5. tiratkahaahtiirahpista ratkahaahtiiraraa [•rßt-kß-haah-tii-rß-raa•] VD be early nightfall, the beginning of night, as just after it turns dark. 2. tiratkahaahtiiraraa™ 4. iriiraratkahaahtiiraraa™u 5. tiratkahaahtiiraraacta ratkahaar [•rßt-kß-haa(r)•] VD be night, nighttime. 2. tiratkahaa 4. iriiraratkahaaru 5. tiratkahaaruksta

ratkahaarahkituu™u™

[rßt-kß-haÑ-rßh-k†-tuu-™u™]

every night. ADV

ratkahaarawikii™ac

[•rßt-kß-haa-rß-w†-kii-™ßts•]

be late at night, as after midnight. 2. tiratkahaarawikii™ac 4. iriiraratkahaarawikiicu 5. tiratkahaarawikiicuksta ratkahaarikarikat [ràt-kß-haa-r†-kß-r†-kßt] N, ADV midnight, middle of the night. VD

ratkahaaru™

[ràt-kß-haa-r‰™] N {comb., ratkahaar-, ratkahaah-} night.

• ratkahaahkat in the night. • wiitiratkahaahuhta™at night has passed. ratkat [ràt-kßt] ADV afterwards; later; next. • ratkat hawa™ ruusi™ahiwa afterwards, also, then they (du.) went. ratkii [•rßt-kii•] VD be night. 2. tiratkii™ 4. iriiraratkii™u 5. tiratkiicta ratpit [ràt-p†t] N nit, louse egg. rawa, nawa [rà-wß, nà-wß] INTERJ 1. now, well now. 2. hello, a word of greeting. • rawa, tiki hello, sonny! • rawa hiruu icihwa now then we will go. rawakarahkawuu [rß-wß-kß-ràh-kß-wuu] N tape recorder. ri™aat [ræ-™aat] N summer. • tiiruksiihi™u ri™aat last summer. • wiitiihii™ ri™aat it is summer now. • wiitihuhta™at ri™aat summer has passed.

rickuuru™

[r‡ts-kuu-r‰™] N {comb., ri(i)ckur-, riickuh-}

fur, wool; yarn, wool yarn.

• riickuhkat sheep wool.

rickuusu™

on the fur. • arikiri™ic rickuuru™

[r‡ts-kuu-s‰™] N fuzz, light coat of fur, short hair; stubble. rictaakawihiri™ [r‡ts-taa-kß-w†-h†-ri™] ADV on the back, on its back. 1. tatuuhuuskawarit; wititatuuhuuskawarit 2. tuuhuuskawarit; witituuhuuskawarit 3. tuuhuuskawariku™; witituuhuuskawariku™ 4. iriruuhuuskawarika; iriiwitiruuhuuskawarika 5. tuuhuuskawariksta; witituuhuuskawariksta ruuskiri™is [ru÷s-k†-ri-™†s] N {comb., ruuskiriis-} green winter squash; Hubbard squash. • ruuskiriiskat among the green winter squash, as in a patch of them. ruuskuuku™u™ [ruus-ku÷-ku-™u™] N pants, trousers. • ruuskuuku™u™ tuuhuuskaa he is wearing pants; he has trousers on.

ruuskuukukaawi™u™

[ruus-ku÷-k‰-kaa-wi-™u™]

N

underwear, undergarment; briefs, shorts; panties; long underwear. ruusu™ [ru÷-s‰™] N buttocks, rump, cheeks. • ruusiri™ on the buttocks. ruuwa™as-i (uur...) [•ruu-wß-™ßs•†•] VI(2) {dist., ruuwaawa™as-i (uur...)} (pl. subj.) run off, run away, flee, scatter running, as when frightened.

1. taturaaktuuwa™as 2. tiiruuwa™as 3. tiiruuwaasihu™ 4. iririiruuwaasi 5. tiiruuwaasihista • tiiruuwaawa™as they all ran away. ruuwa™iihk (ut...) [•ruu-wß-™ii(h){k/t}•] VT(1) {dist., ruuwaawa™iihk (ut...)} revile; call names; say mean, hateful things to. <waa+ra.iihk (ut...), say various things to> 1. tatuuhuuwa™iit 2. tuuhuuwa™iit 3. tuuhuuwa™iihku™ 4. iriruuhuuwa™iihka 5. tuuhuuwa™iihkista • tuuhuuwaawa™iit he said all sorts of mean things to him. ruuwaah [•ruu-waa(h)•] VT(1-i) take off, remove from, as an object on a surface. 1. tahuuwaa 2. tiruuwaa 3. tiruuwaahi™ 4. iriiraruuwaaha 5. tiruuwaahista ruuwahuruu (ut...) [•ruu-wß-h‰-ruu•] VT(1), VR(1) dress, attire, outfit, as when putting a full set of clothes on a person or when ceremonially outfitting a person; assist in getting dressed.

1. tatuuhuuwahuruu™; wititatuuhuuwahuruu™ 2. tuuhuuwahuruu™; witituuhuuwahuruu™ 3. tuuhuuwahuruuhu™; witituuhuuwahuruuhu™ 4. iriruuhuuwahuruu™a; iriiwitiruuhuuwahuruu™a 5. tuuhuuwahuruuksta; witituuhuuwahuruuksta ruuwarii [•ruu-wß-rii•] VT(4) {sg., ruu™at} 1. carry around; go around with. 2. haul, carry around, as in a vehicle. 3. (an. pl. obj.) move around, herd around, as livestock. 1. tahuuwarii™ 2. tiruuwarii™ 3. tiruuwariihu™ 4. iriiraruuwarii 5. tiruuwariihusta • suksaktuuwarii™ herd them around! ruuwarii (uur...) [•ruu-wß-rii•] VT(4) take away from. 1. taturuuwarii™ 2. turuuwarii™ 3. turuuwariihu™ 4. iriiruruuwarii 5. turuuwariihusta

ruwaahaahkiir [+ raar-]

[•ru-waa-haah-kii(r)•]

1. undress, take off clothing. 2. strip, remove covers, as from a bed or chair. 3. remove, take out, as items from a container.

1. taharuwaahaahkii™ 2. tiraruwaahaahkii™ 3. tiraruwaahaahkiiru™ 4. iriirararuwaahaahkiira 5. tiraruwaahaahkiirista

S sa [•sa•] VI(4)

{pl., sawaa; dist., sawaawika™uk} 1. be lying, reclined. 2. be in bed. 1. tacta 2. tiisa 3. tiisaahu™ 4. iriiraasa 5. tisahista • tihcawaa they are lying there. saahki [saÑh-k†] N {comb., (a)saahkis-} seed in the

saahkisiikasa women's plum seed game. saahkisiikasa [saah-k†-siæ-kß-sß] N pecan (Carya illinoensis). • saahkisiikasa iriirahaapaawi where the pecan trees are (growing). saahpakskiisu™ [saÑh-pßks-kii-s‰™] N hickory nut (Shagbark Hickory, Carya ovata). saak- [saak•] N-DEP {comb., saak-, caak-, sak-} 1.

sun. 2. day. • iriirasaakariki where the sun is. • tiirukcaakata yesterday. • saakat day to pass. Saakiiwa [saa-kiæ-wß] N 1. Sauk tribe. 2. Sauk male. <saakiiwa, from Sauk thakiwa, their self-designation> • Saakiiwaru among the Sauk, in Sauk country. saakta™a (ir...) [•saak-taa•] VI(3) sun to come up, rise, as over the horizon. <saak+ta.a (ir...), sun to come suspended> 2. tasaaktaa™ 3. tasaakta™aahu™ 4. iriirasaakta™a 5. tasaaktaahista -saas- [•saas•] N-KIN mother (only with non-1st person possessors). • isaasti™ his, her, their mother. • asas your mother. Sahi [sà-h†] N 1. Cheyenne tribe. 2. Cheyenne male. <sahii, a widespread designation borrowed into many plains languages; cf. Lakota óahiyela, Fox óaayeena; SB sahe, Ar. óaahÝ™; óaaheerÑkAt among the Cheyenne> sahtaaku™ [sàh-taa-k‰™] N black walnut tree (Juglans nigra); walnut tree. <saht+haak+u™, walnut wood + NOM; cf. sat walnut> saksikat [sàk-s†-kßt] ADV during the day, in the daytime. <sak+si+kat, sun/day + si + LOC> sakuhka™iirus [sß-kŠh-kß-™ii-r‰s] N clock; watch, wristwatch; timepiece. <sakuur+ka.iir+hus, puts the sun in/on>

• sakuhka™iiruskat on the timepiece. • tiiku sakuhka™iirus there is a clock (sitting) there. • situutiksapitaahaaku™ sakuhka™iiruskat the hands on the clock are moving around. • tuutiksa sakuhka™iirus he is wearing a watch on his arm. sakuhkiraar [•sß-k‰h-k†-raa(r)•] VD be a bright, sunny day; be a clear, bright day; be bright daylight. <sakuur+kiraar, clear day> 2. tisakuhkiraa™ 4. iriirasakuhkiraaru 5. tisakuhkiraaruksta sakuhkiriku [sß-k‰h-k‡-r†-k‰] N American bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus); crane, heron. <sakuur+kirikus, looks at the sun; ref. to the pose that the bittern strikes when startled, stretching the neck and beak straight up to the sky >

sakurihuur sakuhkitaarik

[•sß-k‰h-k†-taa-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) be noon, straight up noon, midday, as when the sun is directly overhead. <sakuur+kita.arik, sun to be standing on top> 2. tisakuhkitaarit 4. iriirasakuhkitaariki 5. tisakuhkitaariksta sakuhkituu™u™ [sß-k‰h-k‡-tuu-™u™] N, ADV all day, the entire day. <sakuur+kituu+u™, complete day + NOM> sakuhkiwatak [•sß-k‰h-k†-wß-tß{k/t}•] VI(4) be Monday; be the beginning of a week. <sakuur+kiwatak, day to fade, i.e., be a different day or week> 2. tisakuhkiwatat 5. tisakuhkiwataksta

Sakuhkiwatat

[sß-kŠh-k†-wß-tßt] N {comb., sakuhkiwataks-} Monday. <sakuur+kiwatak(.his), faded day, i.e., beginning of a new week>

• Sakuhkiwatakskat on Monday.

sakuhtawiraa™at

[•sß-k‰h-tß-w†-raa-™ßt•] VI(1) sun to go down, set, as near sunset. <sakuur+tawiraa™at, sun to go down> 2. tisakuhtawiraa™at 3. tisakuhtawiraawuu™ 4. iriirasakuhtawiraata 5. tisakuhtawiraahuhta

sakuhtawiraahak

[•sß-k‰h-tß-w†-raa-hß{k/t}•]

be mid afternoon, late afternoon. <sakuur+tawiraa.hak, sun to pass down> 2. tisakuhtawiraahat 4. iriirasakuhtawiraahat 5. tisakuhtawiraahaksta VI(4)

sakuhtiiriwiraahak

[•sß-k‰h-tii-r†-w†-raa-hß{k/t}•]

be early afternoon, as from after noon to ca. 2:00 o'clock. <sakuur+tiiriwiraahak, sun to roll off the edge> 2. tisakuhtiiriwiraahat 4. iriirasakuhtiiriwiraahat 5. tisakuhtiiriwiraahaksta VI(4)

sakuhuukita™uukuk

[•sß-k‰-huu-k†-tß-™uuk‰{k/t}•] VI(4) be noon, i.e., when the sun reaches a position directly overhead. <sakuur+huukita.uukuk, sun to get on top>

2. tisakuhuukita™uukut 4. iriirasakuhuukita™uukut 5. tisakuhuukita™uukuksta sakuhwaarukstii™ [sà-k‰h-waa-r‰ks-tii™] N 1. Sunday. 2. week, when preceded by a qualifier. <sakuur+waarukstii, holy day> • asku sakuhwaarukstii™ one week. • tisakuu™ Sakuhwaarukstii™ it is Sunday. • kawiirasakuu™ Sakuhwaarukstii™ is it Sunday? • tiirukcaakata tuks Sakuhwaarukstii™ yesterday was Sunday. • kaakii™ Sakuhwaarukstii™; kaakisakuu™ Sakuhwaarukstii™ it is not Sunday. sakuhwiriir (uur...) [•sß-k‰h-w†-rii(r)•] VI(1-a) be a nice day. <sakuur+wi.hiir (uur...), sun nicely upright> 2. tuuhcakuhwirii 4. iriruuhcakuhwiriira 5. tuuhcakuhwiriirasta sakurahkituu™u™ [sà-k‰-rßh-k†-tuu-™u™] ADV every day. <sakuur+raar+kituu+u™, all days + NOM> sakurihuur [•sß-k‰-r†-huu(r)•] VD be a special day,

499

sakuriir (uur...) as a birthday; be a holiday, as Christmas or Memorial Day. <sakuur+rihuur, be a big day> 2. tisakurihuu™ 4. iriirasakurihuuru 5. tisakurihuuruksta sakuriir (uur...) [•sß-k‰-rii(r)•] VI(1-a) be a nice, beautiful, pretty day. <sakuur+hiir (uur...), be a nice day> 2. tuuhcakurii 4. iriruuhcakuriira 5. tuuhcakuriirasta sakuriisat [•sß-k‰-rii-sßt•] VI(1) sun to go down, to set. <sakuur+iisat, sun to go out of sight> 2. tisakuriisat 3. tisakuriispuu™ 4. iriirasakuriisata 5. tisakuriisuhta sakuuhurahac [•sß-kuu-h‰-rß-hßts•] VI(4) sun to set, go down over the horizon. <sakuur+hurahac, sun to disappear> 2. tisakuuhurahac 3. tisakuuhurahaacu™ 4. iriirasakuuhurahac 5. tisakuuhurahacista sakuur [•sß-kuu(r)•] VD be a day; be a certain day. <sak+huur, be a day/sun> 2. tisakuu™ 4. iriirasakuuru 5. tisakuuruksta • Piiriku™ tisakuu™ it is Saturday. sakuurawiriir (uur...) [•sß-kuu-rß-w†-rii(r)•] VI(1a) be a nice, beautiful, pretty day. <sakuur+awi.hiir (uur...), be a nice day> 2. tuuhcakuurawirii 4. iriruuhcakuurawiriira 5. tuuhcakuurawiriirasta sakuurikarikat [sà-kuu-r†-kß-r†-kßt] N, ADV midday, noon. <sakuur+ikarikat, middle of a day> sakuuru™ [sß-ku÷-r‰™] N {comb., saku(u)r-, sakuh-} 1. sun. 2. day. <sak.huur+u™, sun/day + NOM> • sakuhkat on the sun; over the sun, as a cloud. saparuu [sà-pß-ruu] N toadstool, poisonous mushroom. • saparuukat among the toadstools.

Sari™itihka

[sà-ri-™†-t†h-kß] N {comb., sari™itihkawi-} 1. Arapaho tribe. 2. Arapaho male. <sari™itihka, from Comanche sariit?hkat?, Arapaho (lit. dog eater)>

• Sari™itihkawiru among the Arapahos, Arapaho country. sarit [sà-r†t] N horsefly (Tabanus spp.). • saritkat among the horseflies. saru [sà-r‰] N son, sonny, a term of address for a child that indicates he is acting in a childish manner. sat, satki [sßt, sàt-k†] N {comb., sat-, saht-} walnut, nut of a walnut tree (Juglans nigra). <saht(+kis), walnut (+ DIM)> • satkat among the walnuts. sihwii™a™ [s†h-wiæ-™ß™] N green lizard (probably Prairie-lined Racerunner, Cnemidophorus sexlineatus viridis). siistaatu™ [siis-taÑ-t‰™] N 1. bulrush (Soft-stem Bulrush, Scirpus validus). 2. woven bulrush mat. <siis+tat+u™, awl plant + NOM; prob. ref. to the shape of the flowering top with a spike at the end>

500

suhukstaaru™ siistacaraa™

[siis-tà-Ùß-raa™] N {comb., siistacaraa(h)-} fork, table fork. <siis+raar+taraa(r), double awls>

• siistacaraakat on the fork. • tatkacat siistacaraahiri™ I stuck him with a fork. • tiicaku kisaacki siistacaraa™ there is a piece of meat on the end of the (long) fork.

siistacaraahkucuu™

[siæs-tß-Ùß-raah-k‰-Ùuu™] N {comb., siistacaraahkucuu-} 1. pitchfork. 2. big fork. <siistacaraa(r)+kucuu, large fork>

• siistacaraahkucuuhiri™ on a pitchfork; with a pitchfork.

siistitpaat [siæs-t†t-paat] N

{comb., siistitpaaht-, siistitpaat-} needle. <siis+tit+waaht, awl + eye (as of needle) + waaht; i.q. Ar. óiótItwaÑ™>

• siistitpaahtiri™ with a needle

siisu™ [siæ-s‰™] N awl. <siis+u™, awl + NOM> • siiskat on the awl. • siisiri™ with an awl.

siraackuskasara [s†-raÑts-k‰s-kß-sß-rß] N scissortailed flycatcher (Muscivora forficata). <si+ra+ickus+kasara, being a bifurcate tail> siraackuskiicu [s†-raÑts-k‰s-kii-Ù‰] N scissor-tailed flycatcher (Muscivora forficata). <si+ra+ickus+kii™ac.u, being two long tails; cf. SB sireeckuskeecu> siriirawikawariku [s‡-rii-rß-w†-kß-wß-r†-k‰] N basketball. <si+ra+ir+awi.kawarik+hus, one they throw it in (the goal)> siriirawikusihaku [s‡-rii-rß-w†-k‰-s†-hß-k‰] N football. <si+ra+ir+awi.kusihak+hus, one they imagekick, i.e., one they kick quickly> sistu™ [s‡s-t‰™] ADV (obsolete) again; back, as to come back or return to a starting point. • sistu™ taa™ he came back.

skacki [skàts-k†] N

{comb., (a)skac-} sinew.

• skackat on the sinew. • taataskactuwaa I took the sinew off, as off the tenderloin. spiruuskuuku™u™ [sp‡-ruus-kuu-ku-™u™] N kidney fat, i.e., the fat around the kidney. • spiruuskuukukat in/on the kidney fat. spiruusu™ [sp†-ru÷-s‰™] N {comb., (a)spiruus-} kidney. • spiruuskat in/on the kidney. stahkawi™u™ [stßh-kà-wi-™u™] N afterbirth; placenta. suhkata™iitu™ [sŠh-kß-tß-™ii-t‰™] N 1. moccasin sole rawhide, rawhide used for moccasin soles. 2. moccasin sole. • suhkata™iitkat on the moccasin sole. suhuks [sŠ-h‰ks] NUM five. suhukstaaru™ [sŠ-h‰ks-taa-r‰™] NUM hundred.

suhukstaruukita

taahpiiks

<suhuks+raar+u™, fives + NOM, i.e., five twenties>

suhukstaruukita

[sŠ-h‰ks-tß-ruu-k†-tß] NUM fifteen. <suhuks+raar+huukita, fives on top, i.e., five added (to ten)> suuhuri™ [su÷-h‰-ri™] ADV 1. over here, this way; this side, on this side. 2. later on.

• ti™ suuhuri™ it was later on.

T ta

[•tß•] VL {dist., tawaa} hang suspended; be suspended, pendent, as a curtain or picture on a wall; be on, hanging from, as a line; (dist.) be on, as limbs of the body or things growing on a bush or tree; bear fruit, as on a tree. 2. tita 4. iriiratawi 5. titawista • titawaa they are hanging suspended. ta- [tß•] LOC suspended, hanging, dangling. • takus (ut...) hang, hang down, hang from or on, as something suspended or over a line. ta™a (ir...) [•taa•] VI(3) come up, rise, as a celestial object. 2. tataa™ 3. tata™aahu™ 4. iriirata™a 5. tataahista • Cakaa™a wiitaracaa™ the Pleiades are coming up, said when the Pleiades appear in the sky. ta™at [•tß-™ßt•] VI(1) climb, climb up, as a vertical surface like a tree, pole, or mountain side. 1. tacta™at 2. tita™at 3. titawuu™ 4. iriirataata 5. titahuhta • tiracawuu™ they climbed up. ta™ihcaaku™ [tà-™†h-Ùaa-k‰™] N elm (Ulmus spp.). • ta™ihcaakat, ta™ihcaakiri™ on the elm. ta™iir [•tß-™ii(r)•] VT(1) 1. set down, as when giving a gift. 2. donate, give away. 3. add to, augment. 4. enroll; make join, as an organization. 1. tacta™ii 2. tita™ii 3. tita™iiru™ 4. iriirata™iira 5. tita™iirista ta™ipiru [•tß-™†-p†-r‰•] VT(4) strike with a whip. 1. tacta™ipiru™ 2. tita™ipiru™ 4. iriirata™ipiru 5. tita™ipirusta ta™itiir [•tß-™†-tii(r)•] VT(1) 1. press down, press down on, brush down, as cloth that has puffed up or a lid that has flipped open and one is closing; press together, as two objects. 2. close, as a book. 1. tacta™itii 2. tita™itii 3. tita™itiiru™ 4. iriirata™itiira 5. tita™itiirista ta™u (ir...) [•tß-™u•] VI(3) {dist., ta™uk (ir...)} be bitter, acrid; be sour; be hot, piquant, pungent, as peppers or highly spiced food. 2. tatu™ 4. iriirata™u 5. tatuuksta • tata™ut they are bitter, sour, hot.

ta™uuc/uc-

[•tß-™uuts/‰ts•] VT(2-i) 1. put on, as when sewing beads on a surface or pasting a pattern on clothing. 2. sprinkle on, put on, as salt on food. 1. tacta™uuc 2. tita™uuc 3. tituci™ 4. iriiratuci 5. titucista ta™uut [•tß-™uut•] VD be a thief, robber. 1. tacta™uu™ut 2. tita™uu™ut 4. iriirata™uutu 5. tita™uutuksta ta™uut [•tß-™uut•] VT(2) {dist., tawaawa™uut} steal, rob, pilfer. 1. tacta™uut 2. tita™uut 3. tita™uutu™ 4. iriirata™uuti 5. tita™uutista • tactawaawa™uut I stole them (several things). ta™uutu™ [tà-™uu-t‰™] N {comb., ta™uut-, ta™uuc-} thief; robber. taa [taÑ] N deer (generic) (Odocoileus spp.); doe. taa™at [taÑ-™ßt] N tick (order Acarina). • titaku taa™at there is a tick on him. • tirihuu™ taa™at it is a big tick. Taacpara [taÑts-pß-rß] N German male.

• Ctaacpara German female.

taahaaru™ [taÑ-haa-r‰™] N

{comb., taahaar-, taahaah} bundle.

• taahaahkat in/on the bundle.

taahihtu™

[taÑ-h†h-t‰™] N

{comb., taahiht-, taahit-}

roof. • taahitkat on the roof.

taahiis [•taa-hiis•] VD

{dist., raataawahiis} 1. be dry, dried out. 2. be dried up, shriveled; be thin, skinny. 1. tactaahiis 2. titaahiis 4. iriirataahiisu 5. titaahisuksta • witiraataawahiis, tiraataawahiis everything is dry, dried out, as during a drought. taahkaruuwat [•taah-kß-ruu-wßt•] VT(2-i) (pl. obj.) shell, hull, as nuts, beans, or anything with a hard shell. 1. tactaahkaruuwat 2. titaahkaruuwat 3. titaahkaruuwati™ 4. iriirataahkaruuwati 5. titaahkaruuwatista

taahkaruuwatiihus

[taah-kß-ru÷-wß-tii-h‰s]

N

threshing machine, thresher; combine. taahpiik [•taah-pii{k/t}•] VT(1) shell, shell corn. 1. tactaahpiit 2. titaahpiit 3. titaahpiiku™ 4. iriirataahpiika 5. titaahpiksta taahpiiks [•taah-piiks•] VD be shelled, as corn; be shelled corn, when raw, ready for making hominy or mush. 2. titaahpiiks 4. iriirataahpiiksu 5. titaahpiiksuksta

501

taahpiiraah

taatparuuc

taahpiiraah [•taah-pii-raa(h)•] VT(1) have, carry on one's back; pack. 1. tactaahpa 2. titaahpa 3. titaahpuhu™ 4. iriirataahpuha 5. titaahpista taahuruus [taÑ-h‰-ruus] N hoop, ring. • taahuruuskat on the hoop. • iriiraaku taahuruus where the ring is. taahuruus [•taa-h‰-ruus•] VD be round, circular, as a hoop; be spherical, as a ball. 2. titaahuruus 4. iriirataahuruusu 5. titaahuruusuksta taaka- (ut...) [taa-kß• (‰t...)] LOC around, in a circle. • taakahak (ut...) go around, go in a circle around. • waataakarahak (ut...) go around a hill or mountain.

taakaar [•taa-kaa(r)•] VD

{comb., taakaar-, taakaah-}

be white; be light, pale, fair. 2. titaakaa 4. iriirataakaaru 5. titaakarista

taakaaru™ [taÑ-kaa-r‰™] N

{comb., taakaar-, taakaah} bed sheet; white sheet.

• taakaahkat on the sheet.

taakakus (ut...)

[•taa-kß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be coiled, coiled up, as a snake or rope. 2. tuctaakaku 4. iriiructaakaku 5. tuctaakakusta taakara™uk [•taa-kß-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) whiten; lighten. 1. tactaakaru™ 2. titaakaru™ 3. titaakaruuku™ 4. iriirataakara™u 5. titaakaruuksta taakarahak (ut...) [•taa-kß-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) (pl. subj.) encircle, surround. 1. sitatuctaakarahat 2. sitiictaakarahat 3. sitiictaakarahaaku™ 4. iriisiriictaakarahat 5. sitiictaakarahaksta • tiitaktacaakarahat they surrounded them. taakaruucaas [taa-kà-ruu-Ùaas] N horned toad (horned lizards, Phrynosoma spp.). taakaskara™uk [•taa-kßs-kß-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) make dried meat, prepare dried meat. 1. tactaakaskaru™ 2. titaakaskaru™ 3. titaakaskaruuku™ 4. iriirataakaskara™u 5. titaakaskaruuksta

502

taakaski [taÑ-kßs-k†] N

{comb., taakas-} dried meat. • taakaskat on the dried meat. • iriiriiku taakaski there is a piece of dried meat there. taakatit [taa-kà-t†t] N blacktail, black-tailed deer, mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). taakis [taÑ-k†s] N buckskin for leggings; dried hide. • Asataakis Horse Hide (personal name). taapahat [taa-pà-hßt] N whitetail, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). taapiira- [taa-pii-rß•] LOC slanted vertically. • taapiirakus be sitting up at a slight slant. • taapiiraraah carry on one's back. • huraahtaapiiriitik land to become steep. taapiirawiitik [•taa-pii-rß-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) sit up, as from a reclined position. 1. tactaapiirawiitit 2. titaapiirawiitit 3. titaapiirawiitiku™ 4. iriirataapiirawiitit 5. titaapiirawiitiksta taapuuska [taa-pu÷s-kß] N school. • wiitiwuu™ taapuuska they are going to school. • taapuuska iirakaawi that schoolhouse, that school building. • taapuuska wiitiiku he is in school.

taaraaru™

[taa-raÑ-r‰™] N {comb., taaraar-, taaraah-}

bundle. • taaraahkitawi™u™ a leading bundle. taarik [•taa-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) (pl. subj.) be chosen, selected, as certain people to perform a task. 1. tactaarit 2. titaarit 4. iriirataariki 5. titaariksta taarikic [•taa-r†-k†ts•] VD be sticky, gooey, gummy; be gluey. 2. titaariki™ic 4. iriirataarikiicu 5. titaarikicuksta taarikiihk (ut...) [•taa-r†-kii(h){k/t}•] VT(1) 1. hang up, onto; suspend on. 2. put an earring on. 3. pack, put on, as a bundle on a horse.

1. tatuctaarikiit 2. tuctaarikiit 3. tuctaarikiihku™ 4. iriiructaarikiihka 5. tuctaarikiihkista -taat- [•taat•] N-KIN sister (of a male). • itaahi™ his, their sister; my, our sister. • ataat your sister. taatickuusu™ [taa-t‡ts-kuu-s‰™] N corn husk, shuck. taatkatakusu™ [taÑt-kß-tß-k‰-s‰™] N saddle. • taatkatakuskat on the saddle. taatparuuc [•taat-pß-ruuts•] VD be hunchbacked, humpbacked. 1. tactaatparuu™uc 2. titaatparuu™uc 4. iriirataat-

taatu™ paruucu 5. titaatparuucuksta

taatu™ [taÑ-t‰™] N

{comb., taat-, taac-, taah-} back; ref. to dorsal region of an animal.

• taatkat on the back (of an animal).

taatu™ [taÑ-t‰™] N

{comb., tat-, tac-, tah-} plant; stalk. • tatkat on the stalk, plant. • titahaahku it is a clump of stalks, a clump of plants, as a hill of corn or beans. taawat [•taa-wßt•] VT(2-i) pick out, choose, select. 1. tactaawat 2. titaawat 3. titaawati™ 4. iriirataawati 5. titaawatista • tiiraktacaawat they selected them. taawatak [•taa-wß-tß{k/t}•] VI(4) part company, separate (from), get away (from), as from a group. 1. tactaawatat 2. titaawatat 3. titaawataaku™ 4. iriirataawatat 5. titaawataksta taawatat (ut...) [+ raar-] [•taa-wß-tßt•] VI(1-a), VR(1-a) (pl. subj.) 1. be stacked up, as inanimate objects. 2. be crowded close together, bunched up, as people or animals. 2. tiihacaawatat; wititiihacaawatat 4. iririihacaawatata; iriiwitiriihacaawatata 5. tiihacaawatatasta; wititiihacaawatatasta taawatatk (ut...) [+ raar-] [•taa-wß-tßt(k)•] VT(1) pile up, one on another; stack, stack up. 1. tatuuhacaawatat 2. tuuhacaawatat 3. tuuhacaawatatku™ 4. iriruuhacaawatatka 5. tuuhacaawatatkista taawiruus [taÑ-w†-ruus] N hoop, ring, as used in the hoop and pole game. • taawiruuskat on the hoop. • taawiruusiri™ with a hoop. taawiruus [•taa-w†-ruus•] VD be round, circular, as a plate, drum, or hoop. 2. titaawiruus 4. iriirataawiruusu 5. titaawiruusuksta taha™iirariihk [•tß-hß-™ii-rß-rii(h){k/t}•] VT(1) taste, sample the taste or flavor of, test the taste of. 1. tactaha™iirariit 2. titaha™iirariit 3. titaha™iirariihku™ 4. iriirataha™iirariihka 5. titaha™iirariihkista tahaakaahc [•tß-haa-kaa(h)ts•] VD be open, opened up. 2. titahaaka™ac 4. iriiratahaakaahcu 5. titahaakaahcuksta • tiracahaaka™ac they are open, as blossoms. tahaakaahcik [•tß-haa-kaah-Ù†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. open, open up, as a book, sack, jar. 2. spread

tahata™u (ir...) apart, open out, separate, as thick foliage. 1. tactahaakaahcit 2. titahaakaahcit 3. titahaakaahciku™ 4. iriiratahaakaahcika 5. titahaakaahciksta tahaakaarakus [•tß-haa-kaa-rß-k‰(s)•] VI(4) be wide open; be open, opened out, opened up, as a trunk, suitcase, door, or eyes. 2. titahaakaaraku 4. iriiratahaakaaraku 5. titahaakaarakusta tahaari (ut...) [•tß-haa-r†•] VL be close to, beside, at the side of. 1. tatuctahaari 2. tuctahaari 4. iriiructahaariwi 5. tuctahaariwista tahaariwi- (ut...) [tß-haa-r†-w†• (‰t...)] LOC close (in space or time). • tahaariwikus (ut...) be sitting close together. • tahaariwi™at (ut...) walk, go around close together. • tahaariwiitik (ut...) get close together. tahaariwi™at [+ ruu-] [•tß-haa-r†-wi-™ßt•] VI(1) go close to, move close to, get close to, as to an object. 1. ruutactahaariwi™at 2. ruutitahaariwi™at 3. ruutitahaari™iwuu™ 4. iriruuratahaariwiita 5. ruutitahaariwihuhta tahaariwuh (ut...) [•tß-haa-r†-w‰(h)•] VT(1) (du., pl. obj.) put or place together, put or place side by side; join together. 1. tatuuhacahaariwu 2. tuuhacahaariwu 3. tuuhacahaariwuhu™ 4. iriruuhacahaariwuha 5. tuuhacahaariwista tahaawaki™ [tà-haa-wß-ki™] N fruit. tahak [•tß-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., tawaahak} be a cache pit. 2. titahat 4. iriiratahat 5. titahaksta • titawaahat there are (several or more) cache pits. tahakitawi [•tß-hß-k†-tß-w†•] VD be delicious, have an exceptionally good taste. 2. titahakitawi™ 4. iriiratahakitawi™u 5. titahakitawiicta tahara™uk (ir...) [•tß-hß-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) season, spice, flavor; sweeten. 1. tatihtaharu™ 2. tataharu™ 3. tataharuuku™ 4. iriiratahara™u 5. tataharuuksta taharakiicu™ [tß-hà-rß-kii-Ù‰™] N sweet-tasting food, i.e., food with sugar; pastry, cake, sweetroll. tahata™u (ir...) [•tß-hß-tß-™u•] VI(3) taste bitter, acrid; taste sour; taste hot, pungent, as peppers. 2. tatahatu™ 4. iriiratahata™u 5. tatahatuuksta

503

tahatii (ir...ri...ut...) tahatii (ir...ri...ut...)

[•tß-hß-tii•] VT(4) relish, like the taste of. 1. tatiriictahatii™ 2. tariictahatii™ 3. tariictahatiihu™ 4. iriirariictahatii 5. tariictahatiista tahik [•tß-h†{k/t}•] VT(wi) {dist., tahipaak} hit, strike, whip with an object or instrument, as a stick, whip, or hand; count coup on. 1. tactahit 2. titahit 3. titahipi™ 4. iriiratahipi 5. titahipista • tactahipaat I whipped him, struck him several times. tahipiruus [tà-h†-p†-ruus] N whip; dance whip. Tahkuki, Tahkutiri™ [tàh-k‰-k†, tßh-kŠ-t†-ri™] N 1. Coyote, Wolf, the trickster in tales. 2. (contemp.) mischievous child, person; ornery boy. tahpaa [•tßh-paa•] VL be green corn; ref. to corn

when the kernels have filled out and are young and tender, when corn is milky and first ready to eat; (colloq.) corn to be made. 2. titahpaa 4. iriiratahpaawi 5. titahpaawista tahuhkakatk [•tß-h‰h-kß-kßt(k)•] VT(1) thrash, beat severely, as when breaking someone's skin open with either a fist or club; bruise. 1. tactahuhkakat 2. tihtahuhkakat 4. iriirihtahuhkakatka 5. tihtahuhkakatkista tahuraaris [•tß-h‰-raa-r†s•] VT(2) tap, give a tap; knock on, rap on; touch, give a touch. 1. tactahuraaris 2. titahuraaris 3. titahuraariisu™ 4. iriiratahuraarisi 5. titahuraarisista tahurahcak [•tß-h‰-rßh-Ùß{k/t}•] VT(4) beat a drum. 1. tactahurahcat 2. titahurahcat 3. titahurahcaaku™ 4. iriiratahurahcat 5. titahurahcaksta tahurahwiitik [•tß-h‰-rßh-wii-t†{k/t}•] VT(4) touch, touch lightly. 1. tactahurahwiitit 2. titahurahwiitit 3. titahurahwiitiku™ 4. iriiratahurahwiitit 5. titahurahwiitiksta tahurar [•tß-h‰-rß(r)•] VL 1. be barely touching, be against; be bordering, abutting. 2. be barely touching the ground, as something hanging down. 3. be close, near, as a group approaching a village. 2. titahura 4. iriiratahurahwi 5. titahurahwista • tiracahura they are close to it. tahurar (ut...) [•tß-h‰-rß(r)•] VT(wi) 1. be close to, lightly touching, against, as when sitting in close quarters to someone. 2. be associated with, affiliated with, as with a person or a society; ref. to someone who is not a peer or member but is an apprentice or a helper.

1. tatuctahura 2. tuctahura 4. iriiructahurahwi 5. tuctahurahwista tahuriipiihkiriks [tà-h‰-rii-piih-k†-r†ks] N beaded belt.

tahuriipiiru™

[tà-h‰-rii-pii-r‰™] N {comb., tahuriipiir-, tahuriipiih-} belt; sash.

• tahuriipiihkat on the belt. • tihaasku tahuriipiiru™ there is a belt there (rolled up). tahuriipuh (ut...) [•tß-h‰-rii-p‰(h)•] VT(1), VR(1) put a belt on; tie a belt; buckle a belt. 1. tatuctahuriipu; wititatuctahuriipu 2. tuctahuriipu; witituctahuriipu 3. tuctahuriipuhu™; witituctahuriipuhu™ 4. iriiructahuriipuha; iriiwitiructahuriipuha 5. tuctahuriipista; witituctahuriipista tahuriwi- [tß-h‰-r†-w†•] LOC with one's head bowed, bent over. • tahuriwi™at walk with one's head bowed, go with one's head bowed. • tahuriwikus be sitting with one's head bowed, as in prayer. tahuriwiitik [•tß-h‰-r†-wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) bow, lower one's head; put one's head down, as in shame. tuuskiit [•tuus-kiit•] VD be trash; be trashy. 2. tituuskii™it 4. iriiratuuskiitu 5. tituuskiituksta tuuskiitu™ [tuus-kiæ-t‰™] N trash, as grass clippings, sticks, etc. • tuuskiitkat in/on the trash.

tuuwirik (ut...) [+ ir-]

uhuhkiraawuh (ut...)

tuuwirik (ut...) [+ ir-]

[•tuu-w†-r†{k/t}•] VT(4) (pl. subj.) surround, attack; ref. to hunters surrounding and slaughtering buffalo on a communal hunt. 2. titictuuwirit 4. iriirictuuwirit 5. tictuuwiriksta tuuwirikii™ [tuu-w‡-r†-kii™] N whirlwind, twister.

U u- [‰•] LOC

{dist., a-} extending in a line, as a mountain range or a bird flying. • uhak extend in a line. u™a (ir...) [•u-™ß•] VI(3) {dist., awa™a (ir...)} 1. come flying; fly this way. 2. fall, fall to the ground, as leaves, hail stones, snow. 3. extend, come this way in a straight line; be a streak coming this way. 2. tuu™a™ 3. tuu™aahu™ 4. iriruu™a 5. tuu™ahista • taraaru™a™ they are flying this way. u™at [•u-™ßt•] VI(1) {impf., awuu; dist., awarii} 1. fly in a line; fly over; fly by; fly off, as a bird or an airplane. 2. extend, go in a straight line; be a streak, as across the sky or an object. 2. tii™at 3. tiiwuu™ 4. iriruu™ata 5. tiihuhta • tiraaru™at they flew away. uca- [‰-Ùß•] LOC raising up, rising. • ruuca™a (ir...) raise, lift up. • kaasuca™a (ir...) raise, lift up one's leg. uca™a (ir...) [•‰-Ùaa•] VI(3) get up, rise, stand up, as from one's seat. 1. tatiirucaa™ 2. tuucaa™ 3. tuuca™aahu™ 4. iriruuca™a 5. tuucaahista • taraarucaa™ they got up. ucahaa [Š-Ùß-haa] N marsh hawk, harrier (Northern Harrier, Circus cyaneus). ucis [Š-Ù†s] INTERJ oh my! why! an exclamation of

concern, as when one's child gets hurt.

uhaahta [•‰-haah-tß•] VL be light; be a light, as one emanating from a source; be bright, luminous, shining. 2. tihaahta, tiihaahta 4. iriiraahaahtawi 5. tiihaahtawista uhaarihak [•‰-haa-r†-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) be stretched, stretched out, as elastic material like rubber or wet leather. 2. tiihaarihat 4. iriiruhaarihat 5. tiihaarihaksta uhaarihaktik [•‰-haa-r†-hßk-t†{k/t}•] VT(1) stretch out, as an elastic object like rubber. 1. taatuhaarihaktit 2. tiihaarihaktit 3. tiihaarihaktiiku™ 4. iriiruhaarihaktika 5. tiihaarihaktiksta

uhak [•‰-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) extend in a line, pass by in a line, as a mountain range or a tree line.

2. tiihat 4. iriruuhat 5. tiihaksta • iriirahaaktaaruhat where the timber line is. uhaksat [•‰-hßk-sßt•] VI(1) {dist., uhaksparii} dance, dance around, move while dancing; dance in or toward a certain direction, as toward someone. 1. taatuhaksat 2. tiihaksat 3. tiihakspuu™ 4. iriiruhaksata 5. tiihaksuhta • taatuhaksparii™ I am dancing around. uhtatahaahiri™ [Šh-tß-tß-haa-h†-ri™] ADV along the bank of water, as along the side of a creek or river. uhuhkaa- [‰-h‰h-kaa•] LOC under, underneath, as under an object or a surface. • uhuhkaa™at go under; walk under. • uhuhkaahak go under, pass under. • ruuhuhkaahak take under, carry under. uhuhkaahaahiri™ [‰-h‰h-kaa-haa-h†-ri™] ADV under, underneath, beneath. • tiiwarii™ uhuhkaahaahiri™ he is jumping around under it.

uhuhkiihaaru™

[‰-hŠh-kii-haa-r‰™] N {comb., uhuhkiihaar-, uhuhkiihaah-} 1. basement. 2. downstairs,

as in a house. 3. crawl space, as under a house. • uhuhkiihaahiri™ downstairs; underneath.

uhuhkiiskawaarasit

[•‰-h‰h-kiis-kß-waa-rß-s†t•]

1. act inappropriately, mischievously; act in a socially displeasing manner. 2. be unreliable, undependable. 1. taatuhuhkiiskawaarasi™it 2. tiihuhkiiskawaarasi™it 4. iriiruhuhkiiskawaarasiitu 5. tiihuhkiiskawaarasituksta uhuhkiraa (ut...) [•‰-h‰h-k†-raa•] VL hang, dangle, as a bell, an ornament on a tree, a long earring from an ear; be suspended from. 2. tuutuhuhkiraa 4. iriruutuhuhkiraawi 5. tuutuhuhkiraawista VD

uhuhkiraawi- (ut...)

[‰-h‰h-k†-raa-w†• (‰t...)] LOC

swinging, as a suspended object or child. • uhuhkiraawi™at (ut...) swing; dangle. • uhuhkiraa™iwarik (ut...) swing, cause to swing.

uhuhkiraawuh

(ut...)

[•‰-h‰h-k†-raa-w‰(h)•]

1. hang, hang up, suspend. 2. hang, execute by hanging. 1. tatuutuhuhkiraawu 2. tuutuhuhkiraawu 3. tuutuhuhkiraawuhu™ 4. iriruutuhuhkiraawuha 5. tuutuhuhkiraawista • tiituhuhkiraawu, sitiituVT(1)

515

uhuhkita™at (uur...)

uhurar

huhkiraawu he was hung; they hung him.

uhuhkita™at (uur...)

[•‰-h‰h-k†-tß-™ßt•] VT(1) 1.

beat, defeat; outdo, best, as in a contest or match. 2. overpower, overcome. 1. tatuuruhuhkita™at 2. tuuruhuhkita™at 3. tuuruhuhkitawuu™ 4. iriruuruhuhkitaata 5. tuuruhuhkitahuhta uhuhkitawaat- [‰-h‰h-k†-tß-waat•] LOC over, across, as a boundary or limit. • ikitawiihuhkitawaata (ir...) come riding across. • ikitawiihuhkitawaatat ride over (a boundary). • tarustuuhuhkitawaatat drag over (a boundary). uhuhkuutik [•‰-h‰h-kuu-t†{k/t}•] VI(2) commit a social transgression, a social breach; transgress the law, break the law. 1. taatuhuhkuutit 2. tiihuhkuutit 3. tiihuhkuutiku™ 4. iriruuhuhkuutiki 5. tiihuhkuutiksta uhuhta™uk (ir...) [•‰-h‰h-tß-™u{k/t}•] VD(2) 1. act spitefully, hatefully; be hateful, spiteful. 2. be feisty. 1. tatiiruhuhta™ut 2. tuuhuhta™ut 3. tuuhuhtuuku™ 4. iriruuhuhtuuki 5. tuuhuhtuukuksta uhuhtaparit [•‰-h‰h-tß-pß-r†t•] VD 1. walk fast, move quickly; scurry. 2. be quick, fast, as in one's movements; be rushed. 1. taatuhuhtaparit, taatuhuhtapari™it 2. tiihuhtapari™it 4. iriiruhuhtapariitu 5. tiihuhtaparituksta uhuhtawaruk [•‰-h‰h-tß-wß-r‰{k/t}•] VD be quick, fast in one's movements. 1. taatuhuhtawaru™ut 2. tiihuhtawaru™ut 4. iriruuhuhtawaruuku 5. tiihuhtawarukuksta uhuhtawii [•‰-h‰h-tß-wii•] VI(4) take part in, participate in, as a group's social activities; be a part of, member of, as a group. 1. taatuhuhtawi™ 2. tiihuhtawi™ 4. iriruuhuhtawi 5. tiihuhtawiicta uhuhwirahak [•‰-h‰h-w†-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) disregard, leave out, neglect. 1. taatuhuhwirahat 2. tiihuhwirahat 3. tiihuhwirahaaku™ 4. iriruuhuhwirahat 5. tiihuhwirahaksta uhuks [Š-h‰ks] N, ADJ half, part of. • uhuks ti™ it is half. uhur- [‰-h‰r•] N-DEP {comb., (u)hu(u)r-, (u)huh-} way, behavior; image, shape. • uhuhtawii take part in, participate in, as a group's social activities; be a part of, member of, as a group. • uhuraara™uk (uur...) imitate, impersonate, as a doctor impersonating his animal benefactor. • uhuurawakira™uk (ir...) act oddly,

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strangely.

uhura

[•‰-h‰-rß•] VL {dist., uhurawaa} 1. be separate, set apart, detached. 2. be distinctive, as in quality or attribute; have one's own way, habit. 1. taatuhura 2. tiihura 4. iriruuhurawi 5. tiihurawista • tiraaruhura they are separate.

uhura-, uhurara-

[‰-h‰-rß•, ‰-h‰-rß-rß•] LOC

separated, apart from others, alone. • uhurakus, uhurarakus be sitting apart, off by oneself. • uhuraarik, uhuraraarik be standing apart from others. • uhurarasa be lying off by oneself.

uhuraahwaakarikiihk [+ raar-]

[•‰-h‰-raahwaa-kß-r†-kii(h){k/t}•] VT(1) separate, divide, sort, as into different groups by color, size, etc.

1. tahaaruhuraahwaakarikiit 2. tiraaruhuraahwaakarikiit 3. tiraaruhuraahwaakarikiihku™ 4. iriiraraaruhuraahwaakarikiihka 5. tiraaruhuraahwaakarikiihkista uhuraar (ut...) [•‰-h‰-raa(r)•] VI(1-i) {dist., uhuraawaah (ut...)} 1. change direction; move, turn in a different direction. 2. change position, as the position or angle of a flying bird. 3. do. 1. tatuutuhuraa 2. tuutuhuraa 3. tuutuhuraari™ 4. iriruutuhuraara 5. tuutuhuraarista • tuutuhuraawaa he turned in various directions; he did different things. uhuraara™uk (uur...) [•‰-h‰-raa-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) imitate, impersonate, as a doctor impersonating his animal benefactor. 1. tatuutuhurahuruu™ 2. tuutuhurahuruu™ 4. iriruutuhurahuruu™a 5. tuutuhurahuruuksta uhurar [•‰-h‰-rß(r)•] VL {dist., uhurahwaa} be alone, by oneself, apart from others, solitary. 1. taatuhura 2. tiihura 4. iriruuhurahwi 5. tiihurahwista • tiraaruhurahwaa they are separated from others.

uhurariitik

uhuurickat

uhurariitik

1. taatuhuuhurahat 2. tiihuuhurahat 3. tiihuuhurahaaku™ 4. iriruuhuuhurahat 5. tiihuuhurahaksta uhuur [•‰-huu(r)•] VD {dist., uhuurik} be capable of doing properly, correctly; do correctly, properly; be skilled, proficient, adept. 1. taatuhuu™ 2. tiihuu™ 4. iriruuhuuru 5. tiihuuruksta • tiiruhuurit they do things properly. uhuur [+ raar-] [•‰-huu(r)•] VD (pl. subj.) 1. be in a row. 2. belong to, be members of, as a society. 3. be thus, be a certain way. 1. tahaktaaruhuu™ 2. tiraaruhuu™ 4. iriiraraaruhuuru 5. tiraaruhuuruksta • tiraaruhuu™ hiruuska they belong to the Hiruska (society). uhuurawi™uusik [•‰-huu-rß-wi-™uu-s†{k/t}•] VI(4) expire, pass away. 1. taatuhuurawi™uusit 2. tiihuurawi™uusit 3. tiihuurawi™uusiiku™ 4. iriruuhuurawi™uusit 5. tiihuurawi™uusiksta uhuuricarahaar [•‰-huu-r†-Ùß-rß-haa(r)•] VD act selfish, act stingy; be selfish, stingy in one's actions. 1. taatuhuuricarahaa 2. tiihuuricarahaa 4. iriruuhuuricarahaaru 5. tiihuuricarahaaruksta uhuuricawaatat [•‰-huu-r†-Ùß-waa-tßt•] VI(1) go over, cross over, go beyond, as a barrier or an obstacle; step over, as a low object; walk over, walk across, as a boundary or road. 1. tatihwaata™ 2. tawaata™ 3. tawaataahu™ 4. iriirawaata 5. tawaatahista • tarahwaata™, tarahwatpaa™ they got up. waawa™is [•waa-wß-™†s•] VT(1) pound, strike repeatedly. <waa.wa+is, hit + DIST> 1. tatpaawa™is 2. tiwaawa™is 3. tiwaawiisu™ 4. iriirawaawiisa 5. tiwaawa™isista • sitihwaawiisu™ they are pounding him. waawaapic [•waa-waa-p†ts•] VI(4) lightning to flash, lightning. <waa+waapic, flash + DIST> 2. tiwaawaapic 3. tiwaawaapicu™ 4. iriirawaawaapic 5. tiwaawaapicista waawaktiik/tik- [•waa-wßk-tiik/t†{k/t}•] VI(4) talk, speak. <waa+waktiik, announce + DIST> 1. tatpaawaktiit 2. tiwaawaktiit 3. tiwaawaktiiku™ 4. iriirawaawaktit 5. tiwaawaktiksta

waawaktiik/tik-

(ut...)

[•waa-wßk-tiik/t†{k/t}•]

1. talk to, speak to; chat with. 2. advise, counsel, instruct; encourage; preach to. 3. pray for. 1. tatutpaawaktiit 2. tutpaawaktiit 3. tutpaawaktiiku™ 4. iriirutpaawaktit 5. tutpaawaktiksta • tuutapaawaktiiku™ he is talking to them. VT(4) {pl. obj., raawaawaktiik/tik-}

waawikii™ac [•waa-w†-kii-™ßts•] VD

{pl., waawikiicik}

be a mountain; be a tall or high hill. <waa+wikii™ac, be a tall hill> 2. tiwaawikii™ac 4. iriirawaawikiicu 5. tiwaawikii-

waawuh

waktiik/tik-

cuksta • tiwaawikiicit they are mountains. [•waa-w‰(h)•] VT(1) (pl. subj.) plant, set out, as growing plants. <waa+wuh, cause to be upright + DIST> 1. tatpaawu 2. tiwaawu 3. tiwaawuhu™ 4. iriirawaawuha 5. tiwaawista -waciriks [•wß-Ù†-r†ks] N-KIN uncle (mother's brother) (with 1st and 2nd person possessors). • tiwaciriks my, our uncle. • paciriks your uncle. wak- [wßk•] N-DEP voice, sound, speech. • waktaa make, emit a noise; honk, as a horn; sound, blow, blare, as a horn. • riwaktik cry out, go through the village announcing, as a village crier does. • raawakur be one's words, be what one told or spoke, as a story, version of a story, or a speech. waka™u [•wß-kß-™u•] VI(1), VT(1) {sub. sg., pl., waaka, waki™a; non-sub. pl., waki} say. <wak+a™u, sound + ACT> 1. tatpaku™ 2. tiwaku™ 3. tiwakaahu™ 4. iriirawaaka 5. tiwaakasta • tihwaki™ they said it. waka™u [•wß-kß-™u•] VT(3) speak, as a language. <waka+u, (to) voice + TRANS> 1. tatpaku™ 2. tiwaku™ 4. iriirawaka™u wakaahta™a (ir...) [•wß-kaah-taa•] VI(3) {dist., wakaahtawa™a (ir...)} (pl. subj.) shout, holler, raise their voices; ref. to the noise of a crowd or a group at an activity; also ref. to a group singing, talking loudly, or being noisy; talk all at once, talk loudly, as a group of people. <wak.haar+ta.a (ir...), sound to come up> 1. tatihwakaahtaa™ 2. tawakaahtaa™, tarahwakaahtaa™ 3. tawakaahta™aahu™ 4. iriirawakaahta™a 5. tawakaahtaahista • tawakaahtawa™aahu™ they are raising their voices.

waawuh

wakaarawirihuur

[•wß-kaa-rß-w†-r†-huu(r)•] VD

be a loud din; be really loud, very loud; be a roar, as a cheering group in a competition when a team scores or wins. <wakaara.wi+rihuur, be a big din> 2. tiwakaarawirihuu™ 4. iriirawakaarawirihuuru 5. tiwakaarawirihuuruksta

wakaawiraariks [+ i-]

[•wß-kaa-w†-raa-r†ks•]

1. speak truthfully, as one whose words are true; be true to one's word. 2. speak decisively, conclusively, in earnest, as a chief or one whose words are final, who speaks once and no more. <wakaa.wi+raariks, be true speech> 1. tatiiwakaawiraariks 2. tiiwakaawiraariks 3. tiiwakaawiraariksu™ 4. iririiwakaawiraariksa 5. tiiwakaawiraariksista wakahuuta™a (ir...) [•wß-kß-huu-taa•] VI(3) raise one's voice; speak loudly, as when angry or trying to be heard. <waka+huuta.a (ir...), sound to swell up> 1. tatihpakahuutaa™ 2. tawakahuutaa™ 3. tawakahuutawa™aahu™ 4. iriirawakahuuta™a 5. tawaVI(1)

kahuutaahista

wakaraaru™a (ir...)

[•wß-kß-raa-ru-™ß•] VI(3) 1. call, speak, shout from a distance. 2. call, i.e., telephone, as a call that someone receives. <wakaraar+u.a (ir...), voice to come in a line> 1. tatihwakaraaru™a™ 2. tawakaraaru™a™ 3. tawakaraaru™aahu™ 4. iriirawakaraaru™a 5. tawakaraaruuhista wakaraaru™at (ut...) [•wß-kß-raa-ru-™ßt•] VT(1) {dist., wakaraarawaawarii (ut...)} 1. call out to, shout to, as to another person. 2. pray to, as to God. 1. tatutpakaraaru™at 2. tutpakaraaru™at 3. tutpakaraarawuu™ 4. iriirutpakaraaruuta 5. tutpakaraaruhuhta • tuutakpakaraarawaawarii™ he is calling out to different ones here and there. wakarahiis [•wß-kß-rß-hiis•] VD be hoarse, speak hoarsely. <waka+rahiis, voice to be hoarse; cf. Ar. rahiió be hoarse> 1. tatpakarahiis 2. tiwakarahiis 4. iriirawakarahiisu 5. tiwakarahiisuksta wakarahka™as [•wß-kß-rßh-kß-™ßs•] VI(4) burst out crying, burst into tears; cry. <wakaraar+kaas, voice to crack> 1. tatpakarahka™as 2. tiwakarahka™as 3. tiwakarahkaasu™ 4. iriirawakarahka™as 5. tiwakarahkaasista

wakarihuur

[•wß-kß-r†-huu(r)•] VD {dist., wakarihuurik} 1. be loud, as when crying or speaking;

speak loudly, boisterously. 2. be loud, boisterous, as a trait. <waka+rihuur, voice to be big> 1. tatpakarihuu™ 2. tiwakarihuu™ 4. iriirawakarihuuru 5. tiwakarihuuruksta • tiwakarihuurit he is loud. wakawaah [•wß-kß-waa(h)•] VI(1-i) interpret, translate. <waka+waa.aah, be a speaker of languages> 1. tatpakawaa 2. tiwakawaa 3. tiwakawaahi™ 4. iriirawakawaaha 5. tiwakawaahista wakawaah (ut...) [•wß-kß-waa(h)•] VT(1-i) interpret for, translate for. 1. tatutpakawaa 2. tutpakawaa 3. tutpakawaahi™ 4. iriirutpakawaaha 5. tutpakawaahista wakta/taa [•wßk-tß/taa•] VI(4) 1. make, emit a noise; honk, as a horn; sound, blow, blare, as a horn. 2. make, emit its characteristic sound or cry, as an animal, bird, or other creature. 3. groan, as in pain or agony. <wak+raa, sound + raa; i.q. Ar. wahnaa> 1. tatpakta™ 2. tiwakta™ 3. tiwaktaahu™ 4. iriirawaktaa 5. tiwaktaahista • tirahwaktaahu™ they are making their characteristic sound. waktiik/tik- [•wßk-tiik/t†{k/t}•] VI(4) announce, call out, cry out, as a village crier does. <wak+riik/rik, be

523

waktiks [+ i-] a sound + riik/rik> 1. tatpaktiit 2. tiwaktiit 3. tiwaktiiku™ 4. iriirawaktit 5. tiwaktiksta waktiks [+ i-] [•wßk-t†ks•] VI(1) 1. be truthful, honest in speech. 2. be certain, sure. 3. be faithful to one's word, keep one's word, be true to one's word. <wak+rik.his, voice to be true; i.q. Ar. wahnió; cf. raariks be true (way)> 1. tatiiwaktiks 2. tiiwaktiks 3. tiiwaktiksu™ 4. iririiwaktiksa 5. tiiwaktiksista • tirahwaktiks they are truthful.

wakuhciiharisaar

(ut...) [•wß-k‰h-Ùii-hß-r†saa(r)•] VI(1-i) joke verbally, tease verbally. <wakur+ciiharis (ut...).aar, tease in speech>

1. tatutpakuhciiharisaa 2. tutpakuhciiharisaa 3. tutpakuhciiharisaari™ 4. iriirutpakuhciiharisaara 5. tutpakuhciiharisaarista wakuhka (ut...) [•wß-k‰h-kß•] VT(4) praise, single out verbally for praise or prominence; speak praisingly of; promote, build up verbally, as when speaking to raise someone to prominence. <wakur+ka (ut...), speech to be outstanding> 1. tatutpakuhka 2. tutpakuhka 3. tutpakuhkaahu™ 4. iriirutpakuhka 5. tutpakuhkahista wakuhkawarik [•wß-k‰h-kß-wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) record a voice, as on tape or a record. <wakur+ka.warik, cause speech to go in/on> 1. tatpakuhkawarit 2. tiwakuhkawarit 3. tiwakuhkawariku™ 4. iriirawakuhkawarika 5. tiwakuhkawariksta wakuhkiisik (ir...) [•wß-k‰h-kii-s†{k/t}•] VD(2) brag, boast. <wakur+kiis (ir...)+ik, be proud in speech + DIST> 1. tatihwakuhkiisit 2. tawakuhkiisit 4. iriirawakuhkiisiki 5. tawakuhkiisikuksta wakuhkiriwis [•wß-k‰h-k†-r†-w†s•] VI(4) be devious, deceptive in one's speech. <wakur+kiriwis, be deceptive speech> 1. tatpakuhkiriwis 2. tiwakuhkiriwis 3. tiwakuhkiriwiisu™ 4. iriirawakuhkiriwis 5. tiwakuhkiriwisista wakuhta™u (ir...) [•wß-k‰h-tß-™u•] VI(3) 1. speak hatefully, spitefully, meanly; speak harshly, speak with a sharp tongue; be outspoken. 2. speak bitterly, in bitterness. <wakur+ta™u (ir...), speech to be unpleasant> 1. tatihwakuhtu™ 2. tawakuhtu™ 3. tawakuhtuuku™ 4. iriirawakuhta™u 5. tawakuhtuuksta • tawakuhta™ut he speaks hatefully. wakuhtakaahak [•wß-k‰h-tß-kaa-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) thunder. <wakur+takaa.hak, voice (i.e., thunder) to drop down> 2. tiwakuhtakaahat 3. tiwakuhtakaahaaku™ 4. iriirawakuhtakaahat 5. tiwakuhtakaahaksta wakuhtara™u [•wß-k‰h-tß-rß-™u•] VT(3) 1. repeat what another said or told; tell what another said.

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wakuriiriksik [+ i-] 2. talk about what another said. <wakur+tara™u, talk about someone's speech>

1. tatpakuhtara™u™ 2. tiwakuhtara™u™ 3. tiwakuhtara™uuhu™ 4. iriirawakuhtara™u 5. tiwakuhtara™ucta wakuhtiirariihk [•wß-k‰h-tii-rß-rii(h){k/t}•] VT(1) listen to, assess, evaluate what someone says. <wakur+tiirariihk, measure someone's speech> 1. tatpakuhtiirariit 2. tiwakuhtiirariit 3. tiwakuhtiirariihku™ 4. iriirawakuhtiirariihka 5. tiwakuhtiirariihkista wakuraah [•wß-k‰-raa(h)•] VT(1) 1. agree to, comply with; obey, heed, as a request. 2. answer, grant, as a prayer or wish. <wakur+raah, have/carry someone's words> 1. tatpakuraa 2. tiwakuraa 3. tiwakuraahu™ 4. iriirawakuraaha 5. tiwakuraahista wakuraariks [•wß-k‰-raa-r†ks•] VI(1) be honest, truthful, correct in speech. <wakur+raariks, speech to be true> 1. tatpakuraariks 2. tiwakuraariks 3. tiwakuraariksu™ 4. iriirawakuraariksa 5. tiwakuraariksista wakuraawaa [•wß-k‰-raa-waa•] VT(4) refuse, turn down, as a request. <wak+huraawaa, abandon verbally> 1. tatpakuraawa™ 2. tiwakuraawa™ 3. tiwakuraawaahu™ 4. iriirawakuraawaa 5. tiwakuraawaahista

wakurihuur

[•wß-k‰-r†-huu(r)•] VD {dist., wakurihuurik} 1. speak loudly, as when having a loud

voice; (dist.) be a loud speaker. 2. boast, brag, exaggerate, talk big, as when claiming to do more than one can do; (dist.) be a braggart; be boastful. <wakur+rihuur, be a big voice> 1. tatpakurihuu™ 2. tiwakurihuu™ 4. iriirawakurihuuru 5. tiwakurihuuruksta • tatpakurihuurit I am a braggart, a loud speaker.

wakuriicakahuur

[•wß-k‰-rii-Ùß-kß-huu(r)•] VD {dist., wakuriicakahuurik} be contentious, speak

contentiously; be argumentative; speak foolishly; speech to be foolish. <wakur+ri+icakahuur, have foolish speech> 1. tatpakuriicakahuu™ 2. tiwakuriicakahuu™ 4. iriirawakuriicakahuuru 5. tiwakuriicakahuuruksta • tiwakuriicakahuurit he is contentious. wakuriir (uur...) [•wß-k‰-rii(r)•] VI(1-a) speak well, as a skillful speaker; speak nicely. <wakur+hiir (uur...), speech to be good> 1. tatuuhwakurii 2. tuuhwakurii 4. iriruuhwakuriira 5. tuuhwakuriirasta wakuriiriksik [+ i-] [•wß-k‰-rii-r†k-s†{k/t}•] VT(4) believe. <wakur+riiriks.ik, believe in speech; cf. raahuriiriksik (ir...ur...) have faith in the sacred> 1. tatiiwakuriiriksit 2. tiiwakuriiriksit 3. tiiwakuriiriksiiku™ 4. iriiraawakuriiriksit 5. tiiwakuriiriksiksta • sitiiwakuriiriksiiku™ they believe him.

wakuruuwaawaktiik/tik-

waruuckus

wakuruuwaawaktiik/tik-

peach or an animal that has short, stubbly fur; be stubbly. 2. be bushy, as a tree with many limbs. <wa+raaruus, be fuzzy + DIST> 2. tiwararuus 4. iriirawararuusu 5. tiwararuusuksta warii [•wß-rii•] VI(4) {sg., at; du., war; dist., waawarii} 1. go around, walk around; go about, walk about. 2. be alive, living. <warii, DIST of at to go; cf. Ar. wanuu> 1. tatparii™ 2. tiwarii™ 3. tiwariihu™ 4. iriirawarii 5. tiwariihusta • sitiwarii™ they (du.) are walking around. wariiha™uk [•wß-rii-hß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) warm, make warm, keep warm. <wariit+ra™uk, cause to be warm> 1. tatpariihu™ 2. tiwariihu™ 3. tiwariihuuku™ 4. iriirawariiha™u 5. tiwariihuuksta -wariiriks [•wß-rii-r†ks] N-KIN uncle (mother's brother) (with 3rd person possessor). • iwariiriks his, her, their uncle. wariit [•wß-riit•] VD be warm, provide warmth, as a blanket or coat. 1. tatparii™it 2. tiwarii™it 4. iriirawariitu 5. tiwariituksta wariita™u (ir...) [•wß-rii-tß-™u•] VI(3) be warm, as when one is naturally warm. <warii(t)+ta™u (ir...), be unpleasantly warm> 1. tatihwariitu™ 2. tawariitu™ 3. tawariituuku™ 4. iriiraawariita™u 5. tawariituuksta warik [•wß-r†{k/t}•] VT(1) {dist., waawarik} 1. shoot at. 2. (in compounds) cause to go. <war.ik, cause to go> 1. tatparit 2. tiwarit 3. tiwariku™ 4. iriirawarika 5. tiwariksta warik [+ i-] [•wß-r†{k/t}•] VI(1), VT(1) 1. aim, aim at; shoot, shoot at, as with a gun or a bow and arrow. 2. make a play in a game of chance; shoot, throw; (hence) gamble, play a game of chance, as one in which one shoots or throws the game-piece in, e.g., the hoop and pole game. <war+ik, cause to go> 1. tatiiwarit, tatparit 2. tiiwarit 3. tiiwariku™ 4. iririiwarika 5. tiiwariksta • sitiirapariku™ they are shooting at them. warisi [•wß-r†-s†•] VD be a windbreak, shelter; be sheltered; be a sheltered area. 2. tiwarisi™ 4. iriirawarisi™u 5. tiwarisiicta waruuc [•wß-ruuts•] VD 1. be rounded, as a knoll, mound. 2. be a bulge. 3. be humped; be humpbacked. 4. be a protuberance, knot; be swollen, puffed up; be a lump, bump, as a growth on the body. 5. be ridged; be a ridge, crest. 2. tiwaruu™uc 4. iriirawaruucu 5. tiwaruucuksta waruuckus [•wß-ruuts-k‰(s)•] VI(4) {dist., waruucarik} be a mound, small hill, as earth formed into a hill in a garden; be a knoll, mound, hillock. <waruuc+kus, be sitting rounded> 2. tiwaruucku 4. iriirawaruucku 5. tiwaruuckus-

[•wß-k‰-ruu-waa-wßktiik/t†{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. sass, talk back to, as an impu-

dent child to an adult. 2. dispute, contradict, talk back to, as one who responds abrasively. <wakur+ruu.waawaktiik, voice to speak + DIST> 1. tatpakuruuwaawaktiit 2. tiwakuruuwaawaktiit 3. tiwakuruuwaawaktiiku™ 4. iriirawakuruuwaawaktit 5. tiwakuruuwaawaktiksta wakuurawi™at [•wß-kuu-rß-wi-™ßt•] VI(1) talk, chat; make small talk. <wakur+awi.at, speech to jump> 1. tatpakuurawi™at 2. tiwakuurawi™at 3. tiwakuura™iwuu™ 4. iriirawakuurawiita 5. tiwakuurawihuhta wakuurawuu (uur...) [•wß-kuu-rß-wuu•] VT(4) (impf. only) doubt, disbelieve what another says; be skeptical of what another says; deny what another says. <wakur+a.wuu, throw someone's speech> 1. tatuuhwakuurawuu™ 2. tuuhwakuurawuu™ 4. iriirikuuhwakuurawuu 5. tuuhwakuurawuusta

wakuuricakahuur

[•wß-kuu-r†-Ùß-kß-huu(r)•] VD

speak recklessly, as with no self-restraint; speak rudely; speak foolishly. <wakur+icakahuur, speech to be foolish/wild> 1. tatpakuuricakahuu™ 2. tiwakuuricakahuu™ 4. iriirawakuuricakahuuru 5. tiwakuuricakahuuruksta wakuuricakawuu [•wß-kuu-r†-Ùß-kß-wuu•] VI(4) (impf. only) speak incorrectly, erroneously, confusedly. <wakur+icaka.wuu, speech to be going astray/wildly> 1. tatpakuuricakawuu™ 2. tiwakuuricakawuu™ 4. iriirawakuuricakawuu 5. tiwakuuricakawuusta war [•wß(r)•] VI(1) {sg., at; dist., warii} (du./pl. subj.) go; walk. 1. sitatpa; tahaapa 2. sitiwa; tirahwa 4. iriisirawara; iriirarahwara war (ut...) [•wß(r)•] VI(1) {dist., waawarii (ut...)} be a prairie fire, a wild fire. 2. tutpaa™ 4. iriirutpara • tutpaawarii™ there are prairie fires. waraaciks [•wß-raa-Ù†ks•] VD 1. be angry, mad. 2. be cross. 3. be pouting. <waraa+aciks, angry feeling> 1. tatparaaciks 2. tiwaraaciks 4. iriirawaraaciksu 5. tiwaraaciksuksta waraaciks (ut...) [•wß-raa-Ù†ks•] VT(u) 1. be angry at, mad at. 2. be cross with. 1. tatutparaaciks 2. tutparaaciks 4. iriirutparaaciksu 5. tutparaaciksista

waraakat, paraakat

[wà-raa-kßt, pà-raa-kßt] ADV

in brush; in woods. <waraa+kat, brush + LOC> • tikawarii™ paraakat he is walking around in the brush, woods. wararuus [•wß-rß-ruus•] VD 1. be fuzzy, furry, as a

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waruucuuhak ta • tiwaruucarit there are mounds.

waruucuuhak

[•wß-ruu-Ùuu-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) be a ridge, crest, as of a hill; be a knoll. <waruuc+u.hak, ridge extends in a line>

2. tiwaruucuuhat 4. iriirawaruucuuhat 5. tiwaruucuuhaksta wasii [•wß-sii•] VD be thin, narrow, as wire. 2. tiwasii™ 4. iriirawasii™u 5. tiwasiicta wasii- [wß-sii•] LOC line extending across; line extending along, as running the length of an object. • wasii™at thin line to extend, go across; thin line to run the length of, stretch across. • wasiiwarik stretch across, running the length of an object. • haaspasiiwarik run a line across, put up a line, as between two points. waturika- [wß-t‰-r†-kß•] LOC between, as two objects. <watur.ika> • waturika™at go between. • waturikakus be sitting between. • waturika™uukuk get between. wi- [w†•] LOC upright; vertically, in a vertical position. • wikii™ac be high, tall. • wikasis be solidly anchored in an upright position, be solidly upright. wi™ak [+ (ku-, ruu-), i-] [•wi-™ß{k/t}•] VI(2) be a certain height, length. <wi+ak, be a certain length vertically> 2. ruutiiwi™at 4. iriirakuuwiiki wi™iira™aar (uur...) [•wi-™ii-rß-™aa(r)•] VT(1) question. 1. tatuuhwiira™aa, tatuuhwi™iira™aa 2. tuuhwiira™aa, tuuhwi™iira™aa 3. tuuhwiira™aahu™, tuuhwi™iira™aahu™ 4. iriruuhwiira™aara, iriruuhwi™iira™aara 5. tuuhwiira™aarista, tuuhwi™iira™aarista wi™iiraah (uur...) [•wi-™ii-raa(h)•] VT(1) 1. question, ask questions of, inquire of; interrogate. 2. humor, cajole, coax. 3. beg, implore, as when trying to get a person to change his mind.

1. tatuuhwi™iiraa 2. tuuhwi™iiraa 3. tuuhwi™iiraahu™ 4. iriruuhwi™iiraaha 5. tuuhwi™iiraahista wi™uu (ut...) [•wi-™uu•] VI(1) face, be facing, as a certain direction. <wi+uu (ut...), be upright facing> 1. tatutpi™uu™ 2. tutpi™uu™ 4. iriirutpi™uu™a 5. tutpi™uuksta wic- [w†ts•] LOC at a point, to a point; arriving at a point. • sakuhwica (ir...) day to arrive, as for an event or activity. wica (ir...) [•w†-Ùß•] VI(3) {dist., wicpa™a (ir...), wicpaawaa (ir...)} arrive (coming). <wic+a (ir...), come to a point> 1. tatihwica™ 2. tawica™ 3. tawicaahu™ 4. iriirawica 5. tawicahista • tarahwica™; tirahwicpaa™; ti-

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wiirahwicpaawaa™ they arrived.

wicaksaar

[•w†-Ùßk-saa(r)•] VP(1-i) 1. come to an age of consciousness, as a child reaching an age to reflect and remember. 2. regain consciousness, revive, regain one's senses, come to, as when coming out of a coma. 3. come into consciousness, come to mind; remember, recall, as something from the past. <wicaks+aar, become conscious> 1. tikuwicaksaa 2. tiwicaksaa 3. tiwicaksaari™ 4. iriirawicaksaara 5. tiwicaksaarista wicaksik [•w†-Ùßk-s†{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. revive, bring back to consciousness. 2. remind. <wicaks+ik, cause to be conscious > 1. tatpicaksit 2. tiwicaksit 3. tiwicaksiku™ 4. iriirawicaksika 5. tiwicaksiksta wicat [•w†-Ùßt•] VI(1) {dist., wicparii} 1. arrive (going). 2. (with numeral) be a certain hour, as o'clock. <wic+at, go to a point> 1. tatpicat 2. tiwicat 3. tiwicpuu™ 4. iriirawicata 5. tiwicuhta • tatpicparii™ I went to different destinations, went here and there. • pitku tirawicat it is two o'clock. wickaa, ickaa [•w†ts-kaa,• †ts-kaa] VT(1), VI(1) {dist., wickawaaka™u, wickawaaka™uk} 1. want, desire, as an object. 2. think; wish. 1. tatickaa™, tatpickaa™ 2. tiwickaa™ 3. tiwickaahu™ 4. iriirawicka™a 5. tiwickaasta • tihwickawaaku™; tihwickawaaka™ut they (each one) want different things. wihaahkusu™ [w†-haÑh-k‰-s‰™] N ball park, playing field; playground. <wihaar+kus+u™, game ground sitting + NOM>

wihaaru™

[w‡-haa-r‰™] N

{comb., wihaar-, wihaah-}

game ground, where people played hoop and pole, shinny, and other games, or where they gambled. <wi+haar+u™, upright place + NOM> • wihaahkat on the game ground. wihak [•w†-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) {sg., du. subj., kus; dist., wiwaahak} (pl. subj.) 1. be sitting, seated. 2. be, be living (in a place). 3. live, be living. <wi+hak, pass upright> 1. tahapihat 2. tiwihat 4. iriirawihat 5. tiwihaksta • tiwiwaahat they are sitting here and there. wihak [•w†-hß{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist., wiwaahak} fall over. <wi+hak, pass upright> 1. tatpihat 2. tiwihat 3. tiwihaaku™ 4. iriirawihat 5. tiwihaksta • rakutaawiruuspiwaahat when the hoop kept falling over. wii [•wii•] VD be thick, as cooking food like gravy, mush, soup. 2. tiwi™ 4. iriirawii™u 5. tiwiicta wii- [wii•] ADV-P 1. now. 2. (with subordinate forms) when, after. 3. have/has + [past participle], i.e., English present perfect construction. • sitaatawaciruutit hii wiihiruu tiiruuc kisaacki

wii-

wiiwarii

he and I went out and now there lay some meat. • wiitatiira™ I have come, i.e., I am here. • wiiraracakuska after he put the bundle on his back. • wiituuhkusawi™at now he rocked. wii- [wii•] LOC slanting (anchored), oblique position. • wiiwarii weave, sway, wobble involuntarily when walking, as a person physically weak or intoxicated. wii™a (ir...) [•wii-™ß•] VI(3) bend over; rock forward. <wii+a (ir...), come bent over> 1. tatihwii™a™ 2. tawii™a™ 3. tawii™aahu™ 4. iriirawii™a 5. tawii™ahista wii™at [•wii-™ßt•] VI(1) {dist., wiiwarii, wiiwaawarii} bend forward, bend over, lean over. <wii+at, go bent over> 1. tatpii™at 2. tiwii™at 3. tiwiiwuu™ 4. iriirawiita 5. tiwiihuhta • tiwiiwarii™ it is weaving back and forth. wiic- [wiits•] LOC toward a point, toward a location. • wiica (ir...) come closer, move this way. • riwiicat lift and move, move over, move aside, move to one side. wiicat [•wii-Ùßt•] VI(1) move, move over in a direction; move, go from one place toward another. <wiic+at, go toward a point> 1. tatpiicat 2. tiwiicat 4. iriirawiicata 5. tiwiicuhta wiicatk [•wii-Ùßt(k)•] VT(1) cook over coals, over a fire; barbecue; ref. to more than one piece of meat. <waa+icatk, cook over coals + DIST; i.q. Ar. waasatk> 1. tatpiicat 2. tiwiicat 3. tiwiicatku™ 4. iriirawiicatka 5. tiwiicatkista • tihwiicatku™ they are cooking it over coals.

wiihkaraarawarik

[•wiih-kß-raa-rß-wß-r†{k/t}•]

throw, throw out with the arm, as a ball. <wiir+karaar+a.warik, arm to cause to throw in a line> 1. tatpiihkaraarawarit 2. tiwiihkaraarawarit 3. tiwiihkaraarawariku™ 4. iriirawiihkaraarawarika 5. tiwiihkaraarawariksta wiihkaraaru™at [•wiih-kß-raa-ru-™ßt•] VT(1) throw, hurl, as a ball or rock. <wiir+karaar+u.at, arm to throw in a line> 1. tatpiihkaraaru™at 2. tiwiihkaraaru™at 3. tiwiihkaraarawuu™ 4. iriirawiihkaraaruuta 5. tiwiihkaraaruhuhta wiihkawi™uu (ut...) [•wiih-kß-wi-™uu•] VI(1) 1. be one's right arm; be one's right side. 2. be righthanded. <wiir+ka.wi+uu (ut...), to be the arm on (things)> 1. tatutpiihkawi™uu™ 2. tutpiihkawi™uu™ 4. iriirutpiihkawi™uu™a 5. tutpiihkawi™uuksta wiihkitawuh [•wiih-k†-tß-w‰(h)•] VT(1) (obs.) 1. nock an arrow. 2. aim an arrow. <wiir+kita.wuh, put the arm on top> 1. tatpiihkitawu 2. tiwiihkitawu 3. tiwiihkitawuVT(1)

hu™ 4. iriirawiihkitawuha 5. tiwiihkitawista

wiik [•wii{k/t}•] VT(1) dig up, extract. 1. tatpiit 2. tiwiit 3. tiwiiku™ 4. iriirawiika 5. tiwiiksta wiira- [wii-rß•] LOC bent over. • haapiira™a (ir...) bend a piece of wood. • kicpiirakus be a wave; be a ripple. wiira- [wii-rß•] LOC upright, sticking up, protruding. • wiiraarik be standing up, sticking up, as objects in a row. • wiirakus sit, stand, or protrude upright, as the leg of a table. wiira™uk [•wii-rß-™u{k/t}•] VT(3) make thick, thicken, as something cooking. <wii+ra™uk, cause to be thick> 1. tatpiiru™ 2. tiwiiru™ 3. tiwiiruuku™ 4. iriirawiira™u 5. tiwiiruuksta wiiraarik (ut...) [•wii-raa-r†{k/t}•] VI(2-i) be standing stooped over, bent down. 1. tatutpiiraarit 2. tutpiiraarit 3. tutpiiraariki™ 4. iriirutpiiraariki 5. tutpiiraariksta wiirahak [•wii-rß-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) 1. knock down, knock over; push over; tip over; tear down; take down, dismantle. 2. lay down, put down horizontally; ref. to something standing upright. <wii+ra.hak, bring to a bent over position> 1. tatpiirahat 2. tiwiirahat 3. tiwiirahaaku™ 4. iriirawiirahat 5. tiwiirahaksta wiiruu- [wii-ruu•] ADV-P there; now. <wii+ruu, now + there/then> • aaka, hii wiiruu riku™ahi™ oh, and now that was the one. wiiruurirahkasa [wii-ru÷-r†-rßh-kß-sß] N cigarette. <wii.ruu+ri+raar+kasa, already lying inside; ref. to the tobacco inside its wrapper> wiitik [•wii-t†{k/t}•] VI(4) {dist.; du., pl. agent, wiiruutik} 1. sit down, be seated. 2. stop, halt, as to camp. 3. settle, occupy; move into, as a dwelling. 4. land, as an airplane or a flock of birds. <wi+itik, go down in an upright position> 1. tatpiitit 2. tiwiitit 3. tiwiitiku™ 4. iriirawiitit 5. tiwiitiksta • sukstaapiiruutit (you pl.) sit down there! wiituuru™ [wii-tu÷-r‰™] N {comb., wiituur-, wiituh-} 1. level ridge, hilltop, knoll; elevated prairie, as one clear of trees or brush. 2. meadow. <wiitur+u™, level ridge + NOM; cf. SB weetuuru™ sloping prairie, Ar. weetu÷nu™ ridge of a hill>

• iirawiituuruhat that ridge (extending). • iriirawiituruuhat where the level knoll is; where the flat ridge is. • tiwiituuru™at it is a level ridge. wiiwarii [•wii-wß-rii•] VI(4) {dist., wiiwaawarii} 1. weave, tip, bend, sway back and forth. 2. bend one way and another, as when keeping time to music. <wii+warii, go around bent over> 1. tatpiiwarii™ 2. tiwiiwarii™ 4. iriirawiiwarii 5. ti-

527

wiiwarii

wiruuhuur

wiiwariihusta • tiwiiwaawarii™ it is swaying back and forth. wiiwarii [•wii-wß-rii•] VP(4) 1. weave back and forth (involuntarily). 2. wobble, wobble around. <wii+warii, go around bent over> 1. tikuwiiwarii™ 2. tiwiiwarii™ 4. iriirawiiwarii 5. tiwiiwariihusta wikasis [•w†-kß-s†s•] VD be solidly anchored in an upright position, solidly upright. <wi+kasis, be solidly upright> 2. tiwikasis 4. iriirawikasisu 5. tiwikasisuksta wikii™ac [•w†-kii-™ßts•] VD {dist., wikiicik} 1. be high, tall. 2. be deep, as snow. <wi+kii™ac, be long upright> 2. tiwikii™ac 4. iriirawikiicu 5. tiwikiicuksta • tiwikiicit they are tall. wiraaras-i (uur...) [•w†-raa-rßs•†•] VT(2) 1. chase angrily, chase after angrily, pursue angrily. 2. pursue to fight, run after to fight, as an enemy. <wiraar+as.i (uur...), run after attacking> 1. tatuuhwiraaras 2. tuuhwiraaras 3. tuuhwiraarasihu™ 4. iriruuhwiraarasi 5. tuuhwiraarasista wiraarat [•w†-raa-rßt•] VT(1) pursue, run after, chase to attack, as a running object; attack in pursuit. <wiraar+at, go attacking> 1. tatpiraarat 2. tiwiraarat 3. tiwiraariwuu™ 4. iriirawiraarata 5. tiwiraahuhta wiraarikus [•w†-raa-r†-k‰(s)•] VT(4) 1. bother, pester; nag. 2. be attacking, be there attacking. <wiraar+rikus, be sitting with attacking, as in a (specific) location> 1. tatpiraariku 2. tiwiraariku 4. iriirawiraariku 5. tiwiraarikusta

wirariihura™uk (uur...)

[•w†-rß-rii-h‰-rß-™u{k/t}•]

draw, paint a design or figure on; put a design, figure on. <wirariir (uur...)+huur+ra™uk, cause to be marked> 1. tatuuhwirariihuru™ 2. tuuhwirariihuru™ 3. tuuhwirariihuruuku™ 4. iriruuhwirariihura™u 5. tuuhwirariihuruuksta VT(3)

wirariir (uur...)

[•w†-rß-rii(r)•] VD {dist., wirariirik (uur...)} be a design, figure, as painted or printed on

an object; be a print; have a design, print, or figure on. <wi+rariir (uur...), be marked> 2. tuuhwirarii 4. iriruuhwirariiru 5. tuuhwirariiruksta • tuuhwirariirit they are designs on it. wiriik [•w†-rii{k/t}•] VT(1) 1. pull up, pull out of the ground (with the hand), as something growing, like a weed, bush, bulb; pick up by the roots; extract at its base. 2. cut off, as a plant that cannot be easily pulled up by the roots. 1. tatpiriit 2. tiwiriit 3. tiwiriiku™ 4. iriirawiriika 5. tiwiriiksta wiriis (ut...) [+ raar-] [•w†-riis•] VI(2) (pl. subj.) be mixed, mixed together, blended. <wi+riis (ut...), be

528

mixed; i.q. rariis (ut...); cf. Ar. Ùiineeó (ut...) be mixed in liquid>

2. tuuhahwiriis 4. iriruuhahwiriisi 5. tuuhahwiriisista wirikistat [•w†-r†-k†s-tßt•] VT(1) move; move over a surface, push over a surface; ref. to something upright, as a heavy gate, barn door, or heavy box being moved over the ground, a floor, or a street. <wirikis+ra.at, move over a surface> 1. tatpirikistat 2. tiwirikistat 3. tiwirikistawuu™ 4. iriirawirikistata 5. tiwirikistahuhta wirikuk [•w†-r†-k‰{k/t}•] VT(4) pull up, as a weed or stalk. <wi+ri+kuk, pull upright> 1. tatpirikut 2. tiwirikut 3. tiwirikuuku™ 4. iriirawirikut 5. tiwirikuksta wiriwis [•w†-r†-w†s•] VI(4) be a partition. <wi+iriwis, be across in a vertical position> 2. tiwiriwis 4. iriirawiriwis 5. tiwiriwisista wiruu-, piruu- [w†-ruu•, p†-ruu•] LOC sweeping, brushing, raking motion. • wiruuhak sweep, brush, or rake aside. • piruu™at move, move aside; move in a sweeping manner; ref. to a heavy object. • huraapiruu™at scrape snow off, as when cleaning a path; sweep snow off. wiruu™a (ir...) [•w†-ruu-™ß•] VT(3) 1. brush, sweep, rake this way; move, push this way (with a brushing movement), as with one's hand, a broom, or rake. 2. rake, smooth by raking, level by a raking movement, as when raking leaves. <wiruu+a (ir...), sweep this way, i.e., come sweeping> 1. tatihwiruu™a™ 2. tawiruu™a™ 3. tawiruu™aahu™ 4. iriirawiruu™a 5. tawiruuhista wiruu™at [•w†-ruu-™ßt•] VT(1) 1. sweep, brush, rake aside, as with one's hand, a broom, or rake; move, move over or back, push aside with a sweeping or brushing movement, as a pile of trash. 2. persuade, convince, induce, coax, talk into doing, as a course of action, a metaphor for sweeping aside (objections, concerns); motivate. <wiruu+at, sweep that way, i.e., go sweeping> 1. tatpiruu™at 2. tiwiruu™at 3. tiwirawuu™ 4. iriirawiruuta 5. tiwiruuhuhta wiruuhak [•w†-ruu-hß{k/t}•] VT(4) sweep, brush, rake aside, over, or back, as with one's hand, a broom, or rake; move, move over, move back, push aside, push back with a sweeping or brushing movement, as a pile of trash. <wiruu+hak, sweep passing> 1. tatpiruuhat 2. tiwiruuhat 3. tiwiruuhaaku™ 4. iriirawiruuhat 5. tiwiruuhaksta wiruuhuur [•w†-ruu-huu(r)•] VD 1. be determined, as to have one's own way; stand one's ground. 2. be stubborn, bullheaded. <wiruu+huur, wiruu + have the quality of> 1. tatpiruuhuu™ 2. tiwiruuhuu™ 4. iriirawiruuhuu-

wis, pis

wuu

ru 5. tiwiruuhuuruksta [w‡s, p‡s] ADV, INTERJ 1. quickly, hurriedly. 2. hurry! hurry up! be quick! • wis suksat! go quickly! • pis, sicikskariihac! hurry, let us eat him! • rawa, pis, sisukskaaruru™! now, quickly, feed him! wiskucuu™ [w‡s-k‰-Ùuu™] INTERJ hurry! hurry up! be quick! <wis+kucuu, hurry + AUG> wita (ut...) [•w†-tß•] VL be the last one, as in a spatial or temporal sequence. 1. tatutpita 2. tutpita 4. iriirutpitawi 5. tutpitawista wita(wi)- (ut...) [w†-tß(w†)• (‰t...)] LOC at the end, on the end; last in a row, last in a series. <wita (ut...)(+wi), the last one> • witawi™a (ir...ut...) come to the end, as of a line or row. • witawiirik (ut...) be standing on the end; be standing last, be the last one standing. • witawikus (ut...) be on the end, be last, as in a series or row; be sitting on the end. witak [•w†-tß{k/t}•] VI(4) be wearing over the shoulders; have a robe, blanket, or shawl over the shoulders; have a wrap on. 1. tatpitat 2. tiwitat 3. tiwitaaku™ 4. iriirawitat 5. tiwitaksta • tirahwitat they are wearing them over their shoulders. witaktik [•w†-tßk-t†{k/t}•] VT(1), VR(1) put over someone's shoulders, as a robe, shawl, blanket; put a wrap on. <witak+rik, cause to be wearing on the shoulders> 1. tatpitaktit; wititatpitaktit 2. tiwitaktit; wititiwitaktit 3. tiwitaktiiku™; wititiwitaktiiku™ 4. iriirawitaktika; iriiwitirawitaktika 5. tiwitaktiksta; wititiwitaktiksta witata- [w†-tß-tß•] LOC beside, next to, close to, as an object or a person. • witatakus be sitting beside, by the side of. • witatasa be lying beside, next to. • witata™uukuk get beside, by the side of.

wis, pis

Witi™ahuuha™u Piira™u™

[w‡-ti-™ß-huu-hß-™u piæ-rß™u™] N Jesus. <witi+ar+ra+ut+ra™uk piira+u™, the child He, i.e., our Father Above, made for himself> wuu [•wuu•] VI(4) {perf., at} (impf. only) be going; be walking.

1. tatpuu™ 3. tiwuu™ 4. iriirawuu 5. tiwuusta

529

Appendix 1

Illustrative Skiri Verb Conjugations Presented below are paradigms for seven Skiri verbs that illustrate a variety of stem types in their conjugated forms. Ten sets are given for each verb, each representing a modal category, together with all agentive prefixes. All forms are in the perfective aspect. Six of the ten illustrated modes are non-subordinate ones: indicative, negative indicative, contingent, assertive, absolutive, and potential. The remaining four modes are subordinate: gerundial, contingent, subjunctive, and infinitive. After each modal label (e.g., Indicative (Perfective)), there are two columns of forms. Those on the left are Skiri, and those on the right are their English translations. The Skiri terms are arranged by pronominal prefixes (agent or patient) and within each list they are ordered by pronominal number (singular, dual, and plural). For first person dual and plural forms there is also a distinction between inclusive and exclusive agents. The template below presents the constituents and their order that appear under each modal label, using as an example the indicative perfective forms of the verb kus ‘be sitting’. Number Category Singular

Person (Agent)

Skiri Form

English Gloss

1st person (I)

tatku

I am sitting

2nd person (you)

tasku

you are sitting

3 person (he/she/it)

tiiku

he/she/it is sitting

1st person inclusive (you and I)

tacihku

you and I are sitting

1 person exclusive (he/she and I)

sitatku

he and I are sitting

2nd person (you two)

sitasku

you (du.) are sitting

3 person (they two)

sitiiku

they (du.) are sitting

1st person inclusive (we, incl. you)

rd

Dual

st

rd

Plural

tataraapihat

we (incl. you) are sitting

st

tahapihat

we (not incl. you) are sitting

nd

2 person (you all)

tastapihat

you are sitting

3rd person (they)

tiwihat

they are sitting

1 person exclusive (we, not you)

531

532

APPENDIX 1

Indicative (Perfective) tatiira® tasiira® taa® tacíhwa®a® sitatíhwa®a® sitasíhwa®a® sitawa®a® tataraakaahu® tatíraakaahu® tasíraakaahu® taa®aahu®

Potential (Perfective) I came you came he came we came we came you came they came we came we came you came they came

Negative Indicative (Perfective) kaakatiira® kaakasiira® kaakaa®a® kaakaacíhwa®a® síkaakaatihwa®a® síkaakaasihwa®a® sikaakaawa®a® kaakaataraakaahu® kaakaatiraakaahu® kaakaasiraakaahu® kaakaa®aahu®, kaakaaraara®

I did not come you did not come he did not come we did not come we did not come you did not come they did not come we did not come we did not come you did not come they did not come

Contingent (Perfective) ítiira® ísiira® ra®a® icíhwa®a® si®itíhwa®a® si®isíhwa®a® sírawa®a® itaraakaahu® itiraakaahu® isiraakaahu® raa®aahu®, raraara®

I'll come you'll come he'll come we'll come we'll come you'll come they'll come we'll come we'll come you'll come they'll come

Assertive (Perfective) rítiira® rísiira® raa®a® riicíhwa®a® siriítihwa®a® siriisihwa®a® siraa®a® riítaraakaahu® riítiraakaahu® riísiraakaahu® raa®aahu®

I will come you will come he will come we will come we will come you will come they will come we will come we will come you will come they will come

Gerundial (Perfective Subordinate) iriiratiira iriirasiira irira®a iriiracihwa®a iriisiratihwa®a iriisirasihwa®a iriisirawa®a iriirataraakahu iriiratiraakahu iriirasiraakahu iriraa®ahu, iriiraraara

where I'm coming from where you're coming from where he's coming from where we're coming from where we're coming from where you're coming from where they're coming from where we're coming from where we're coming from where you're coming from where they're coming from

Contingent (Perfective Subordinate) itiira isiira ra®a icihwa®a si®itihwa®a si®isihwa®a sirawa®a itaraakahu itiraakahu isiraakahu raa®ahu, raraara

if/when I come if/when you come if/when he comes if/when we come if/when we come if/when you come if/when they come if/when we come if/when we come if/when you come if/when they come

Subjunctive (Perfective Subordinate) I came you came he came we came we came you came they came we came we came you came they came

Absolutive (Perfective) ratiira® rasiíra® ra®a® racíhwa®a® síratihwa®a® sírasihwaa® sírawaa® rataraakaahu® ratiraakaahu® rasiraakaahu® raa®aahu®

kuustirii®a® kaasirii®a® kusaa®a® kaaciriiwa®a® sikuustiriiwa®a® sikaasiriiwa®a® sikusaawa®a® kuustaaraakaahu® kuustiriiraakaahu® kaasiriiraakaahu® kusaa®aahu®, kusaaraara®

I came you came he came we came we came you came they came we came we came you came they came

aatiira aasiira aa®a aacihwa®a si®aatihwa®a si®aasihwa®a si®aawa®a aataraakahu aatiraakahu aasiraakahu aa®ahu, aaraara

should I come should you come should he come should we come should we come should you come should they come should we come should we come should you come should they come

Infinitive (Perfective Subordinate) ratihku®a rasihku®a raaku®a racihkuwa®a siratihkuwa®a sirasihkuwa®a siraakuwa®a rataakuraakahu ratihkuraakahu rasihkuraakahu raakuhu, raakuraara

for me to come for you to come for him to come for us to come for us to come for you to come for them to come for us to come for us to come for you to come for them to come

APPENDIX 1

533

Indicative (Perfective) tatuutaa tasuutaa tuutaa taciitaa sitatuutaa sitasuutaa situutaa tatuuhaakaa tatuuhaakaa tasuuhaakaa tiitaa

Potential (Perfective) I did it you did it he did it we did it we did it you did it they did it we did it we did it you did it they did it

Negative Indicative (Perfective) kaakatuutaa kaakasuutaa kaakuutaa kaakaciitaa sikaakatuutaa sikaakasuutaa sikaakuutaa kaakatuuhaakaa kaakatuuhaakaa kaakasuuhaakaa kaakiitaa

I did not do it you did not do it he did not do it we did not do it we did not do it you did not do it they did not do it we did not do it we did not do it you did not do it they did not do it

Contingent (Perfective) ituutaa isuutaa ruutaa iciitaa si®ituutaa si®isuutaa siruutaa ituhaakaa ituhaakaa isuhaakaa riitaa

I'll do it you'll do it he'll do it we'll do it we'll do it you'll do it they'll do it we'll do it we'll do it you'll do it they'll do it

Assertive (Perfective) rituutaa risuutaa ruutaa riciitaa siriituutaa siriisuutaa siruutaa rituuhaakaa rituuhaakaa risuuhaakaa riitaa

I will do it you will do it he will do it we will do it we will do it you will do it they will do it we will do it we will do it you will do it they will do it

Gerundial (Perfective Subordinate) iriiratuutaara iriirasuutaara iriiruutaara iriiraciitaara iriisiratuutaara iriisirasuutaara iriisiruutaara iriiratuuhaakaara iriiratuuhaakaara iriirasuuhaakaara iririitaara

the way I did it the way you did it the way he did it the way we did it the way we did it the way you did it the way they did it the way we did it the way we did it the way you did it the way they did it

Contingent (Perfective Subordinate) ituutaara isuutaara ruutaara iciitaara si®ituutaara si®isuutaara siruutaara ituhaakaara ituhaakaara isuhaakaara riitaara

if/when I do it if/when you do it if/when he does it if/when we do it if/when we do it if/when you do it if/when they do it if/when we do it if/when we do it if/when you do it if/when they do it

Subjunctive (Perfective Subordinate) I did it you did it he did it we did it we did it you did it they did it we did it we did it you did it they did it

Absolutive (Perfective) ratuutaa rasuutaa ruutaa raciitaa siratuutaa sirasuutaa siruutaa ratuuhaakaa ratuuhaakaa rasuuhaakaa riitaa

kuustuci®aa kaasuci®aa kuusuci®aa kaciici®aa sikuustuci®aa sikaasuci®aa sikuusuci®aa kuustuciraakaa kuustuciraakaa kaasuciraakaa kusiici®aa

I did it you did it did he do it® we did it we did it you did it they did it we did it we did it you did it they did it

atuutaara asuutaara uutaara aaciriitaara si®atuutaara si®asuutaara si®uutaara atuuhaakaara atuuhaakaara asuuhaakaara iitaara

should I do it should you do it should he do it should we do it should we do it should you do it should they do it should we do it should we do it should you do it should they do it

Infinitive (Perfective Subordinate) ratkuutaara raskuutaara rakuutaara racihkuutaara siratkuutaara siraskuutaara sirakuutaara rataakuuhaakaara ratkuuhaakaara raskuuhaakaara rihkuutaara

for me to do it for you to do it for him to do it for us to do it for us to do it for you to do it for them to do it for us to do it for us to do it for you to do it for them to do it

534

APPENDIX 1

Indicative (Perfective) taatat taasat ti®at tacihwa sitatpa sitaspa sitiwa tataraapuu® tahapuu® tastapuu® tiiwuu®, tiraarat

Potential (Perfective) I went you went he went we went we went you went they went we went we went you went they went

Negative Indicative (Perfective) kaakaatat kaakaasat kaakii®at kaakaacihwa sikaakatpa sikaakaspa sikaakiiwa kaakaataraapuu® kaakaahapuu® kaakaastapuu® kaakiiwuu®, kaakiraarat

I did not go you did not go he did not go we did not go we did not go you did not go they did not go we did not go we did not go you did not go they did not go

Contingent (Perfective) itat isat ri®at icihwa si®itpa si®ispa siriwa itarapuu® ihapuu® istapuu® riwuu®, raraarat

I'll go you'll go he'll go we'll go we'll go you'll go they'll go we'll go we'll go you'll go they'll go

Assertive (Perfective) riitat riisat rii®at riicihwa siriitpa siriispa siriiwa riitaraapuu® riihapuu® riistapuu® riiwuu®

I will go you will go he will go we will go we will go you will go they will go we will go we will go you will go they will go

Gerundial (Perfective Subordinate) iriiraatata iriiraasata iriiraata iriiracihwara iriisiratpara iriisiraspara iriisirawara iriirataraapuu iriirahapuu iriirastapuu iriraawuu

where I went where you went where he went where we went where we went where you went where they went where we went where we went where you went where they went

Contingent (Perfective Subordinate) itata isata riita icihwara si®itpara si®ispara siriwara itarapuu ihapuu istapuu riwuu

if/when I go if/when you go if/when he goes if/when we go if/when we go if/when you go if/when they go if/when we go if/when we go if/when you go if/when they go

Subjunctive (Perfective Subordinate) I did go you did go he did go we did go we did go you did go they did go we did go we did go you did go they did go

Absolutive (Perfective) raatat raasat ra®at racihwa siratpa siraspa sirawa rataraapuu® rahapuu® rastapuu® raawuu®, raraarat

kuusti®at kaasi®at kuusi®at kaaciriiwa sikuustiwa sikaasiwa sikuusiwa kuustaaraapuu® kuustiraapuu® kaasiraapuu® kusiiwuu®

I went you went he went we went we went you went they went we went we went you went they went

aatata aasata iita aacihwara si®aatpara si®aaspara si®iiwara aataraapuu aahapuu aastapuu iiwuu

should I go should you go should he go should we go should we go should you go should they go should we go should we go should you go should they go

Infinitive (Perfective Subordinate) ratkuuta raskuuta rakuuta racihkuwara siratkuwara siraskuwara sirakuwara rataakuraapuu ratkuraapuu raskuraapuu rakuuwuu, rakuraarata

for me to go for you to go for him to go for us to go for us to go for you to go for them to go for us to go for us to go for you to go for them to go

APPENDIX 1

535

Indicative (Perfective) tatuuhii tasuuhii tuuhii taciihii sitatuuhii sitasuuhii situuhii tatuuraakiwaa taturaakiwaa tasuraakiwaa tuuhiwaa

Potential (Perfective) I am good you are good he is good we are good we are good you are good they are good we are good we are good you are good they are good

Negative Indicative (Perfective) kaakatuuhii kaakasuuhii kaakuhii kaakaciihii sikaakatuuhii sikaakasuuhii sikaakuhii kaakatuuraakiwaa kaakaaturaakiwaa kaakaasuraakiwaa kaakuuhiwaa

I am not good you are not good he is not good we are not good we are not good you are not good they are not good we are not good we are not good you are not good they are not good

Contingent (Perfective) ituuhii isuuhii ruuhii iciihii si®ituuhii si®isuuhii siruuhii ituuraakiwaa ituraakiwaa isuraakiwaa ruuhiwaa

I'll be good you'll be good he'll be good we'll be good we'll be good you'll be good they'll be good we'll be good we'll be good you'll be good they'll be good

Assertive (Perfective) rituuhii risuuhii ruhii riciihii siriituuhii siriisuuhii siruuhii rituuraakiwaa riituraakiwaa riisuraakiwaa ruuhiwaa

I will be good you will be good he will be good we will be good we will be good you will be good they will be good we will be good we will be good you will be good they will be good

Gerundial (Perfective Subordinate) iriiratuuhiira iriirasuuhiira iriruuhiira iriiraciihiira iriisiratuuhiira iriisirasuuhiira iriisiruuhiira iriiratuuraakiwaara iriiraturaakiwaara iriirasuraakiwaara iriruuhiwaara

my being good your being good his being good our being good our being good your being good their being good our being good our being good your being good their being good

Contingent (Perfective Subordinate) ituuhiira isuuhiira ruuhiira iciihiira si®ituuhiira si®isuuhiira siruuhiira ituuraakiwaara ituraakiwaara isuraakiwaara ruuhiwaara

if/when I am good if/when you are good if/when he is good if/when we are good if/when we are good if/when you are good if/when they are good if/when we are good if/when we are good if/when you are good if/when they are good

Subjunctive (Perfective Subordinate) I was good you were good he was good we were good we were good you were good they were good we were good we were good you were good they were good

Absolutive (Perfective) ratuuhii rasuuhii ruuhii raciihii siratuuhii sirasuuhii siruuhii ratuuraakiwaa raturaakiwaa rasuraakiwaa ruuhiwaa

kuustuuhii kasuuhii kusuuhii kaciihii sikuustuuhii sikasuuhii sikusuuhii kuustuuraakiwaa kuusturaakiwaa kaasuraakiwaa kusuuhiwaa

I am good you are good he is good we are good we are good you are good they are good we are good we are good you are good they are good

atuuhiira asuuhiira uuhiira aciihiira si®atuuhiira si®asuuhiira si®uuhiira atuuraakiwaara aaturaakiwaara aasuraakiwaara uuhiwaara

should I be good should you be good should he be good should we be good should we be good should you be good should they be good should we be good should we be good should you be good should they be good

Infinitive (Perfective Subordinate) ratkuuhiira raskuuhiira rakuuhiira racihkuuhiira siratkuuhiira siraskuuhiira sirakuuhiira rataakuraakiwaara ratkuraakiwaara raskuraakiwaara rakuuhiwaara, rihkuhiwaara

for me to be good for you to be good for him to be good for us to be good for us to be good for you to be good for them to be good for us to be good for us to be good for you to be good for them to be good

536

APPENDIX 1

Indicative (Perfective) tatkiika® taskiika® tikiika® tacihkiika® sitatkiika® sitaskiika® sitikiika® tataraakiika® tahakiika® tastakiika® tihkiika®

Potential (Perfective) I drank it you drank it he drank it we drank it we drank it you drank it they drank it we drank it we drank it you drank it they drank it

Negative Indicative (Perfective) kaakaatkiika® kaakaaskiika® kaakiikiika® kaakaacihkiika® sikaakaatkiika® sikaakaaskiika® sikaakiikiika® kaakaataaraakiika® kaakaahakiika® kaakaastakiika® kaakihkiika®

I did not drink it you did not drink it he did not drink it we did not drink it we did not drink it you did not drink it they did not drink it we did not drink it we did not drink it you did not drink it they did not drink it

Contingent (Perfective) itkika® iskika® rikika® icihkika® si®itkika® si®iskika® sirikika® itaraakika® ihakika® istakika® rihkika®

I'll drink you'll drink he'll drink we'll drink we'll drink you'll drink they'll drink we'll drink we'll drink you'll drink they'll drink

Assertive (Perfective) riitkiika® riiskiika® riikiika® riicihkiika® siriitkiika® siriiskiika® siriikiika® riitaraakiika® riihakiika® riistakiika® rihkiika®

I will drink you will drink he will drink we will drink we will drink you will drink they will drink we will drink we will drink you will drink they will drink

Gerundial (Perfective Subordinate) iriiratkikaa iriiraskikaa iriirakikaa iriiracihkikaa iriisiratkikaa iriisiraskikaa iriisirakikaa iriirataraakikaa iriirahakikaa iriirastakikaa iriirihkikaa

where I drank it where you drank it where he drank it where we drank it where we drank it where you drank it where they drank it where we drank it where we drank it where you drank it where they drank it

Contingent (Perfective Subordinate) itkikaa iskikaa rikikaa icihkikaa si®itkikaa si®iskikaa sirikikaa itaraakikaa ihakikaa istakikaa rihkikaa

if/when I drink it if/when you drink it if/when he drinks it if/when we drink it if/when we drink it if/when you drink it if/when they drink it if/when we drink it if/when we drink it if/when you drink it if/when they drink it

Subjunctive (Perfective Subordinate) I drank it you drank it he drank it we drank it we drank it you drank it they drank it we drank it we drank it you drank it they drank it

Absolutive (Perfective) ratkiika® raskiika® rakiika® racihkiika® siratkiika® siraskiika® sirakiika® rataraakiika® rahakiika® rastakiika® rihkiika®

kuustikiika® kaasikiika® kuusikiika® kaaciriikiika® sikuustikiika® sikaasikiika® sikuusikiika® kuustaaraakiika® kuustiraakiika® kaasiraakiika® kusiriikiika®

I drank it you drank it he drank it we drank it we drank it you drank it they drank it we drank it we drank it you drank it they drank it

aatkikaa aaskikaa iikikaa aacihkikaa si®aatkikaa si®aaskikaa si®iikikaa aataraakikaa aahakikaa astakikaa ihkikaa

should I drink it should you drink it should he drink it should we drink it should we drink it should you drink it should they drink it should we drink it should we drink it should you drink it should they drink it

Infinitive (Perfective Subordinate) ratkukikaa raskukikaa rakukikaa racihkukikaa siratkukikaa siraskukikaa sirakukikaa rataakuraakikaa ratkuraakikaa raskuraakikaa rihkukikaa

for me to drink it for you to drink it for him to drink it for us to drink it for us to drink it for you to drink it for them to drink it for us to drink it for us to drink it for you to drink it for them to drink it

APPENDIX 1

537

Indicative (Perfective) tikukiraawa® takiraawa® tihkiraawa® tacakukiraawa® sitikukiraawa® sirakiraawa® sirihkiraawa® tacakuraakiraawa® tikuraakiraawa® taraakiraawa® tiirakiraawa®

Potential (Perfective) I am sick you are sick he is sick we are sick we are sick you are sick they are sick we are sick we are sick you are sick they are sick

Negative Indicative (Perfective) kaakikukiraawa® kaakaakiraawa® kaakihkiraawa® kaakaacakukiraawa® sikaakikukiraawa® sikaakaakiraawa® sikaakihkiraawa® kaakaacakuraakiraawa® kaakikuraakiraawa® kaakaraakiraawa® kaakirakiraawa®

I am not sick you are not sick he is not sick we are not sick we are not sick you are not sick they are not sick we are not sick we are not sick you are not sick they are not sick

Contingent (Perfective) rikukiraawa® rakiraawa® rihkiraawa® racakukiraawa® sirikukiraawa® sirakiraawa® sirihkiraawa® racakuraktahkiraawa® rikuraktahkiraawa® raraktahkiraawa® riiraktahkiraawa®

I'll be sick you'll be sick he'll be sick we'll be sick we'll be sick you'll be sick they'll be sick we'll be sick we'll be sick you'll be sick they'll be sick

Assertive (Perfective) rikuukiraawa® raakiraawa® riihkiraawa® riicakuukiraawa® sirikuukiraawa® siraakiraawa® siriihkiraawa® riicakuuraktahkiraawa® rikuuraktahkiraawa® raaraktahkiraawa® riiraktahkiraawa®

I will be sick you will be sick he will be sick we will be sick we will be sick you will be sick they will be sick we will be sick we will be sick you will be sick they will be sick

Gerundial (Perfective Subordinate) iriirikukiraawaa iriirakiraawaa iriirihkiraawaa iriiracakukiraawaa iriisirikukiraawaa iriisirakiraawaa iriisirihkiraawaa iriiracakuraktahkiraawaa iriirikuraktahkiraawaa iriiraraktahkiraawaa iririiraktahkirawaa

where I am sick where you are sick where he is sick where we are sick where we are sick where you are sick where they are sick where we are sick where we are sick where you are sick where they are sick

Contingent (Perfective Subordinate) rikukiraawaa rakiraawaa rihkiraawaa racakukiraawaa sirikukiraawaa sirakiraawaa sirihkiraawaa racakuraktahkiraawaa rikuraktahkiraawaa raraktahkiraawaa riiraktahkirawaa

if/when I am sick if/when you are sick if/when he is sick if/when we are sick if/when we are sick if/when you are sick if/when they are sick if/when we are sick if/when we are sick if/when you are sick if/when they are sick

Subjunctive (Perfective Subordinate) I am sick you are sick he is sick we are sick we are sick you are sick they are sick we are sick we are sick you are sick they are sick

Absolutive (Perfective) riikukiraawa® raakiraawa® rihkiraawa® riicakukiraawa® siriikukiraawa® raakiraawa® sirihkiraawa® riicakuraktahkiraawa® riikuraktahkiraawa® raraktahkiraawa® riiraktahkiraawa®

kuusikuukiraawa® kusaakiraawa® kusiriikiraawa® kaacakuukiraawa® sikuusikuukiraawa® sikusaakiraawa® sikusiriikiraawa® kaacakuuraktahkiraawa® kuusikuuraakiraawa® kusaaraktahkiraawa® kusiriktaahkiraawa®

I am sick you are sick he is sick we are sick we are sick you are sick they are sick we are sick we are sick you are sick they are sick

iikukiraawaa aakirawaa iihkirawaa aacakukiraawaa si®iikukiraawaa si®aakiraawaa si®iihkiraawaa aacakuraakiraawaa iikuraakiraawaa araakiraawaa iiraakiraawaa

should I be sick should you be sick should he be sick should we be sick should we be sick should you be sick should they be sick should we be sick should we be sick should you be sick should they be sick

Infinitive (Perfective Subordinate) rakukukiraawaa raakukiraawaa rihkukiraawaa racakukiraawaa sirakukukiraawaa siraakukiraawaa sirihkukiraawaa racakukuraktahkiraawaa rakukuraktahkiraawaa raakuraktahkiraawaa rihkuraktahkiraawaa

for me to be sick for you to be sick for him to be sick for us to be sick for us to be sick for you to be sick for them to be sick for us to be sick for us to be sick for you to be sick for them to be sick

538

APPENDIX 1

Indicative (Perfective) tahaa tastaa tiraa taciraa sitahaa sitastaa sitiraa sitaciraa sitahaa sitastaa sitiraa

Potential (Perfective) I have it you have it he have it we have it we have it you have it they have it we have it we have it you have it they have it

Negative Indicative (Perfective) kaakahaa kaakastaa kaakiraa kaakaaciraa sikaakahaa sikaakastaa sikaakiraa sikaakaaciraa sikaakahaa sikaakastaa sikaakiraa

I do not have it you do not have it he does not have it we do not have it we do not have it you do not have it they do not have it we do not have it we do not have it you do not have it they do not have it

Contingent (Perfective) ihaa istaa riraa iciraa si®ihaa si®istaa siriraa si®iciraa si®ihaa si®istaa siriraa

I'll have it you'll have it he'll have it we'll have it we'll have it you'll have it they'll have it we'll have it we'll have it you'll have it they'll have it

Assertive (Perfective) rihaa ristaa riraa riiciraa siriihaa siriistaa siriiraa siriiciraa siriihaa siriistaa siriiraa

I will have it you will have it he will have it we will have it we will have it you will have it they will have it we will have it we will have it you will have it they will have it

Gerundial (Perfective Subordinate) iriirahaaha iriirastaaha iriiraraaha iriiraciraaha iriisirahaaha iriisirastaaha iriisiraraaha iriisiraciraaha iriisirahaaha iriisirastaaha iriiriraraaha

where I have it where you have it where he has them where we have it where we have it where you have it where they have it where we have it where we have it where you have it where they have them

Contingent (Perfective Subordinate) ihaaha istaaha riraaha iciraaha si®ihaaha si®istaaha siriraaha si®iciraaha si®ihaaha si®istaaha si®iraaha

if/when I have it if/when you have it if/when he has it if/when we have it if/when we have it if/when you have it if/when they have it if/when we have it if/when we have it if/when you have it if/when they have it

Subjunctive (Perfective Subordinate) I have it you have it he has it we have it we have it you have it they have it we have it we have it you have it they have it

Absolutive (Perfective) rahaa rastaa raraa raciraa sirahaa sirastaa siraraa siraciraa sirahaa sirastaa siriraa

kuustiraa kaasiraa kuusiraa kaaciriiraa sikuustiraa sikaasiraa sikuusiraa sikaaciriiraa sikuustiraa sikaasiraa kuusiriiraraa

I had it you had it he had it we had it we had it you had it they had it we had it we had it you had it they had it

aahaaha aastaaha iiraaha aaciraaha si®aahaaha si®aastaaha si®iiraaha si®aaciraaha si®aahaaha si®aastaaha si®iiraaha

should I have it should you have it should he have it should we have it should we have it should you have it should they have it should we have it should we have it should you have it should they have it

Infinitive (Perfective Subordinate) ratkuraaha raskuraaha rakuraaha racihkuraaha siratkuraaha siraskuraaha sirakuraaha siracihkuraaha siratkuraaha siraskuraaha sirihkuraaha

for me to have it for you to have it for him to have it for us to have it for us to have it for you to have it for them to have it for us to have it for us to have it for you to have it for them to have it

Appendix 2

Verb Roots with Irregular Dual or Plural Agents The following two tables present irregular forms of basic verb roots. Roots that have suppletive forms based on agent number are presented in table 1. Roots that require the distributive morpheme in either the plural agent or dual and plural agent forms are given in table 2. Table 1. Agent Number and Suppletive Verb Roots. Verb Root and Gloss

Singular

Dual

Plural

aah

‘to be around’

aah

aah

hurii-waa

at

‘to go’

at

war

at/wuu

kus

‘to be sitting’

kus

kus

wihak

tir

‘to be together’

tir

hurii

waak

‘to say’

waaka®u

waci

waaka®u

Table 2. Verb Roots That Require the Distributive in Dual/Plural Agent Forms. Verb Root and Gloss arik

‘to be standing’

hiir (ur...) ‘to be good’

Singular

Dual

Plural

arik

waa + arik

waa + arik

hiir

hiir

hi + waa + r

sa

‘to be lying’

sa

sa + waa

sa + waa

wiitik

‘to sit down’

wiitik

wii +ruu + itik

wii + ruu + itik

539

Appendix 3

Kinship Terminology: Consanguineal and Affinal Skiri has two sets of kinship terms that distinguish between consanguineal and affinal relatives. Those sets of terms are presented in the tables below.10 Consanguineal Terms The consanguineal terms form a small, closed set of ten dependent noun roots that are inalienably possessed for three persons–first, second, and third. The kin terms are not marked for number, since that category is coded on the verb or a modifier. The affixes are as follows: atifirst person possessor: ‘my, our’ asecond person possessor: ‘your (SG), your (PL)’ i- ... -ri ® third person possessor: ‘his, her; their’ Two of the noun roots–mother and mother’s brother–have morphologically conditioned variants (see table below). The table illustrates several generalizations: • • •

The merging (or neutralization) of first- and third-person forms in sibling and grandchild terms, with the third-person form being used for first person. Thus, iraari® ‘his/her (same sex) sibling’ is also ‘my, our (same sex) sibling’. Several forms have also lost the initial a of ati- ‘my, our’, namely, the reciprocal terms for ‘mother’s brother’ and ‘nephew, niece’. There are two stem forms for ‘mother’s brother’, one of which is used for first and second person possessor and the other for third person possessor. The form for ‘your mother’s brother’, moreover, has lost the second person possessive prefix a- and has hardened the initial w of the resultant form, becoming p in word-initial position, following a regular phonological rule (see below).

There is in this set of consanguineal terms no parallel term for ‘child’. In historical sources the noun piira®u® ‘child’ (< piira- ‘child’ + -u® NOM) is sometimes cited as a kinship term designating one’s own children, those of a sibling or parallel cousin of the same sex, or matrilateral cross-cousins (i.e., children of one’s mother’s brother). However, this word is not specifically a kinship term; instead, it refers to any child, related or not related, and is not inflected for personal possession. 10. The data in this appendix come from the field notes of Alexander Lesser and Douglas R. Parks. Note that in the Skiri kinship terms cited here the underlying consonant cluster kt is written, in conformance to the convention adopted for this dictionary. In Lesser’s notes, however, he consistently writes this consonant cluster as t, which reflects a tt pronunciation. In his transcriptions of South Band forms he consistently wrote kt. 541

542

APPENDIX 3

Nevertheless, there is a descriptive verb haa (ku-...ir-...) ‘be one’s child; be one’s offspring’ that is inflected like any other descriptive verb and designates a person’s child, but it, unlike the consanguineal terms below, also denotes the offspring of animals. Moreover, it is not used as a kinship term to address one’s child. Sometimes, too, the noun tiki ‘sonny’ is cited as a kinship term for ‘son’, but it is an appelative that is used by adults when addressing boys, who may or may not be related. A parallel term is cuu®at ‘daughter, dear’ that is used when addressing girls. Table 1. Skiri Kinship Terminology: Consanguineal Terms Kin Term Root

English Translation

Basic Extended Usages

1st Possessor

2nd Possessor

3rd Possessor

-raa, -saas

mother

• mother’s sister • father’s sister and her female matrilineal descendants • father’s brother’s wife • female parallel cousin of father or mother

atira®

asas

isaasti®

-aas

father

• father’s brother • father’s sister’s male matrilineal descendants • mother’s sister’s husband • father’s male parallel cousin

ati®as

a®as

i ®aasti®

-kaa

grandmother

• maternal, paternal grandmother • sister of maternal, paternal grandparent • wife of maternal, paternal grandparent’s brother • parallel female cousin of maternal, paternal grandparent • father’s father’s sister’s and mother’s father’s sister’s female matrilineal descendants

atika®

aka®

ikaari®

-paak

grandfather

• maternal, paternal grandfather • brother of maternal, paternal grandparent • husband of maternal, paternal grandparent’s sister • parallel male cousin of maternal, paternal grandparent • father’s father’s sister’s and mother’s father’s sister’s male matrilineal descendants • father’s sister’s husband

atipat

apat

ipaakti®

-waat

male’s nephew, niece

• male’s sister’s son, daughter

tiwaat

awaat

iwaahi®

APPENDIX 3

543

-waciriks, -waariiriks

mother’s brother

• mother’s male parallel cousin • male’s father’s mother’s brother’s daughter

tiwaciriks

paciriks

iwariiriks

-taat

sister (of male)

• male’s parallel female cousin

itaahi®

ataat

itaahi®

-raar

sibling (of same sex as speaker)

• male’s parallel male cousin • female’s parallel female cousin • father’s mother’s brother’s child (of same sex as speaker)

iraari®

ara

iraari®

-raac

brother (of female)

• female’s parallel male cousin • female’s father’s mother’s brother’s son

iraacti®

araac

iraacti®

-rak-tiikis

grandchild

• brother’s grandchild • sister’s grandchild • mother’s brother’s grandchild

raktiiki

arakis

raktiiki

Affinal Terms Contrasting with the consanguineal terms are those for affinal relatives, which are verb forms that are inflected like any other verb for mode, person, number, and subordination. There are three transitive verb stems that designate affinal relationships: aktaku (ir...) kaakus (ut...) ackurus (ir...)

‘to have as a spouse’ ‘to have as an in-law’, generally used for males marrying into a family ‘to have as a female in-law, e.g., mother-, sister-, daughter-in-law’

Each of these verb stems has two inflectional sets: one is actively (VA) and the other passively (VP) inflected. The active forms denote the perspective of the senior or dominant member of the affinal relationship, who is the agent in those forms. Thus, for the spousal set of terms the agent is the husband, the one who owns his wife, and the latter is the patient. The form tatiiraktaku®, for example, which is marked for first person agent and third person patient, translates as ‘I have her as a wife’ or ‘she is my wife’. In the patientive set the wife’s perspective is denoted by the patient pronominal prefix, translating as the husband having her as a wife or the wife identifying that she is owned by her husband. So, for example, the form tikuuktaku® translates as either ‘he has me as a wife’ or ‘I am his wife’.

544

APPENDIX 3

Table 2a. Terms Designating Spouses Skiri Forms: Indicative Mode

English translation

Skiri Forms: Gerundial Mode

English Translation

aktaku (ir...) (VA) ‘to have as a wife (male speaker)’ (also extended to mother’s brother’s wife, wife’s sister, sister’s son’s wife) tatiiraktaku®

I have her as a wife; she is my wife

ratiiraktaku

the one I have as a wife; my wife

tasiiraktaku®

you have her as a wife; she is your wife

rasiiraktaku

the one you have as a wife; your wife

taaktaku®

he has her as his wife; she is his wife

raaktaku

the one he has as a wife; his wife

taciiraktaku®

you and I have her as a wife; she is our wife

raciiraktaku

the one you and I have as a wife; our wife

aktaku (ir...) (VP) ‘to have as a husband (female speaker)’ (also extended to husband’s brother, sister’s husband) tikuuktaku®

he has me as a wife; I am his wife

rakuuktaku

the one who has me as a wife; my husband

taaktaku®

he has you as a wife; you are his wife

raaktaku

the one who has you as a wife; your husband

taaktaku®

he has her as a wife; she is his wife

raaktaku

the one who has her as a wife; her husband

tacakuuktaku®

he has you and me as a wife; he is our husband

racakuuktaku

the one who has you and me as wives; our (IN.DU) husband

sitikuuktaku®

he has her and me as a wife; he is our husband

sirikuuktaku

the one who has her and me as a wife; our (EX.DU) husband

APPENDIX 3

545

Table 2b. Terms Designating In-Laws: kaakus (ut...) Skiri Forms: Indicative Mode

English translation


English Translation

kaakus (ut...) (VA) ‘to have as an in-law (male speaking)’, ref. to one’s wife’s parents and brother tatutkaaku

I have him/her as an in-law

ratutkaaku

the one I have as an in-law; my in-law

tasutkaaku

you have him/her as an in-law

rasutkaaku

the one you have as an in-law; your in-law

tutkaaku

he has him/her as an in-law

rutkaaku

the one he/she has as an in-law; his/her in-law

tacuutkaaku

you and I have him/her as an in-law

racuutkaaku

the one you and I have as an inlaw; our (IN.DU) in-law

sitatutkaaku

he and I have him/her as an in-law

sirutkaaku

the one he and I have as an inlaw; our (EX.DU) in-law

kaakus (ut...) (VP) ‘to have as a son-in-law or brother-in-law (male speaking)’ tikuutkaaku

he/she has me as a son-in-law/brother-inlaw

rikuutkaaku

the one who has me as a son-inlaw/brother-in-law; my son-inlaw/brother-in-law

tuutkaaku

he/she has you as a son-in-law/brother-inlaw

ruutkaaku

the one who has you as a sonin-law/brother-in-law; your son-in-law/brother-in-law

tiitkaaku

he/she has him as a son-in-law/brother-inlaw

riitkaaku

the one who has him as a sonin-law/brother-in-law; his brother-in-law/son-in-law

tacuutkaaku

he/she has you and me as sons-inlaw/brothers-in-law

racakuutkaaku

the one who has you and me as sons-in-law/brothers-in-law

situutkaaku

he/she has him and me as sons-inlaw/brothers-in-law

siriitkaaku

the one who has him and me as sons-in-law/ brothers-in-law

546

APPENDIX 3

Table 2c. Terms Designating Female In-Laws: ackurus (ir...) Skiri Forms: Indicative Mode

English translation


English Translation

ackurus (ir...) (VA) ‘to have as a female in-law’, i.e., as a mother-in-law, daughter-in-law (male and female speaking); sister-in-law, mother’s brother’s wife (female speaking) tatiirackurus

I have her as a female inlaw, as a daughter-inlaw/sister-in-law

ratiirackurusu

the one I have as a female in-law, as a daughter-in-law/sisterin-law

tasiirackurus

you have her as a female in-law, as a daughter-inlaw/sister-in-law

rasiirackurusu

the one who has you as a female in-law, as a daughter-in-law/sisterin-law

taackurus

she has her as a female inlaw; she is her daughter-inlaw/sister-in-law

raackurusu

the one who has her as a female in-law, as a daughter-in-law/sisterin-law

ackurus (ir...) (VP) ‘to be one’s female in-law’, i.e., as a mother-in-law, daughter-in-law; sister-in-law, mother’s brother’s wife (female speaking) tikuuckurus

she has me as a female inlaw; I am her daughter-inlaw/sister-in-law

rikuuckurusu

the one who has me as a female in-law; i.e., my mother-in-law/sister-inlaw

taackurus

she has you as a female inlaw; you are her daughterin-law/sister-in-law

raackurusu

the one who has you as a female in-law; your mother-in-law/sister-inlaw

taackurus

she has her as a female inlaw; she is her daughter-inlaw/sister-in-law

raackurusu

the one who has her as a female in-law; her daughter -in-law/sisterin-law

There is, in addition to the affinal terms in the preceding table, another kinship term that designates an affinal relationship, kustawihcu® ‘son-in-law’, but it does not fit into the standard terminological pattern for affinal relatives that are inflected verbal forms. It is a noun, and even though it is not inflected for person, it is used vocatively and referentially.

References

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