Ê «>ÊÌ
-/," "9ÊÊ Ê -/,"*9- #HRONOLOGYAND'LOSSARYWITH$ATA4ABLES
$IBQUFS5JUMF
JJJ
Ê «>ÊÌ...
99 downloads
1038 Views
4MB Size
Report
This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form
Ê «>ÊÌ
-/," "9ÊÊ Ê -/,"*9- #HRONOLOGYAND'LOSSARYWITH$ATA4ABLES
$IBQUFS5JUMF
JJJ
Ê «>ÊÌ
-/," "9Ê Ê -/,"*9- -
+ENNETH2,ANG #HRONOLOGYAND'LOSSARYWITH$ATA4ABLES
+ENNETH2,ANG $EPARTMENTOF0HYSICSAND!STRONOMY 2OBINSON(ALL 4UFTS5NIVERSITY -EDFORD -! 53! KENLANG TUFTSEDU
$PWFSJMMVTUSBUJPO4HE#RAB.EBULASUPERNOVAREMNANT-OR.'# ISANEXPANDINGCLOUDOFINTER STELLARGASTHATWASEJECTEDBYTHESUPERNOVAEXPLOSIONOFAMASSIVESTAR ABOUTSOLARMASSES IN!$ 4HElLAMENTARYGASESAREEXPANDINGATAVELOCITYOFMILLIONMETERSPERSECOND4HERED YELLOWWISPSOF GASSHINEPRIMARILYINTHELIGHTOFHYDROGEN WHILETHEBLUE WHITELIGHTISTHENON THERMALRADIATIONOFHIGH SPEEDELECTRONSSPIRALINGINMAGNETIClELDS4HESOUTH WESTERNMOSTBOTTOM RIGHT OFTHETWOCENTRALSTARS ISTHEREMNANTNEUTRONSTAROFTHESUPERNOVAEXPLOSION ANDARADIOPULSARWITHAPERIODOFSECONDS 4HISFAMOUSSUPERNOVAREMNANTISALSOASOURCEOFINTENSEEMISSIONATRADIOAND8 RAYWAVELENGTHS#OUR TESYOF2UDOLPH3CHILD (ARVARD 3MITHSONIAN#ENTERFOR!STROPHYSICS
,IBRARYOF#ONGRESS#ONTROL.UMBER )3". )3".
E )3".
0RINTEDONACID FREEPAPER Ú3PRINGER3CIENCE"USINESS-EDIA ,,# !LLRIGHTSRESERVED4HISWORKMAYNOTBETRANSLATEDORCOPIEDINWHOLEORINPARTWITHOUTTHEWRITTENPER MISSIONOFTHEPUBLISHER3PRINGER3CIENCE"USINESS-EDIA ,,# 3PRING3TREET .EW9ORK .9 53! EXCEPTFORBRIEFEXCERPTSINCONNECTIONWITHREVIEWSORSCHOLARLYANALYSIS5SEINCONNECTIONWITHANY FORMOFINFORMATIONSTORAGEANDRETRIEVAL ELECTRONICADAPTATION COMPUTERSOFTWARE ORBYSIMILARORDIS SIMILARMETHODOLOGYNOWKNOWNORHEREAFTERDEVELOPEDISFORBIDDEN4HEUSEINTHISPUBLICATIONOFTRADE NAMES TRADEMARKS SERVICEMARKS ANDSIMILARTERMS EVENIFTHEYARENOTIDENTIlEDASSUCH ISNOTTOBETAKEN ASANEXPRESSIONOFOPINIONASTOWHETHERORNOTTHEYARESUBJECTTOPROPRIETARYRIGHTS 0RINTEDIN3INGAPORE !PEX+9/ SPRINGERCOM
$%$)#!!02/66)$%.:!
13&'"$&
" $PNQBOJPO UP "TUSPOPNZ BOE "TUSPQIZTJDT JT B DPNQSFIFOTJWF GVOEBNFOUBM VQ UPEBUF SFGFSFODF CPPL *U JT êMMFE XJUI WJUBM JOGPSNBUJPO BOE CBTJD GBDUT GPS BNBUFVS BTUSPOPNFSTBOEQSPGFTTJPOBMBTUSPQIZTJDJTUT BOEGPSBOZPOFJOUFSFTUFEJOUIF6OJWFSTF GSPNUIF&BSUIBOEPUIFSQMBOFUTUPUIFTUBST HBMBYJFTBOECFZPOE"MUIPVHITFSJPVT BOEUIPSPVHI UIFMBOHVBHFBOEJEFBTXJMMBUUSBDUUIFHFOFSBMSFBEFS BTXFMMBTTUVEFOUT BOEQSPGFTTJPOBMT "$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDTDPOTJTUTPGUXPNBJOQBSUT B$ISP OPMPHZBOEB(MPTTBSZѮF$ISPOPMPHZJTBDPODJTFIJTUPSZ BSSBOHFEDISPOPMPHJDBMMZ XIJDIQSPWJEFTUIFDPNQMFUFTUPSZPGDPTNJDEJTDPWFSZGSPNFBSMZ$IJOFTFBOE(SFFL BTUSPOPNZUPUIFMBUFTUêOEJOHTPGNPEFSOBTUSPQIZTJDTBOESPCPUJDTQBDFDSBѫ*UQSP WJEFTBTFOTFPGEFTUJOBUJPOBOEëPXJOPVSHSPXJOHBXBSFOFTTPGUIF6OJWFSTF&BDI FOUSZJOUIFVOGPMEJOHOBSSBUJWFJTXSJUUFOJOBDPODJTF MJHIUBOEGSJFOEMZTUZMFUIBUXJMM CF BQQSFDJBUFE CZ BMM XJUIPVU CFJOH XFJHIUFE EPXO XJUI JODPNQSFIFOTJCMF TQFDJBM J[FEUFSNT"OEUIFSFBEFSDBOFJUIFSUSBDFPVUPVSIJTUPSJDBMKPVSOFZPGSFBMJ[BUJPO PS TBNQMFUIFFOUSJFTBUSBOEPN EJQQJOHJOBOEPVUPGUIFGBTDJOBUJOHJEFBTBOEêOEJOHT ѮF TUPSZ MJOF PG TDJFODF JT POF PG JOEJWJEVBMT BT XFMM BT EJTDPWFSJFT BOE JEFBT 4PPVS$ISPOPMPHZJODMVEFTUIFQFPQMFXIPIBWFNBEFNBKPSTDJFOUJêDDPOUSJCVUJPOT UIBUBSFSFMBUFEUPBTUSPOPNZBOEBTUSPQIZTJDT/PCFM1SJ[FXJOOFSTGPSBMMUIFSFMFWBOU EJTDPWFSJFTBSFBMTPJODMVEFE JOUIFZFBSPGUIFBXBSE ѮF$ISPOPMPHZBMTPDPOUBJOTMJOFESBXJOHTTFMFDUFEUPEFNPOTUSBUFBLFZEJTDPW FSZ JODMVEJOHUIFBCVOEBODFBOEPSJHJOPGUIFFMFNFOUTJOUIF4VO BOOVBMQBSBMMBY UIFCMBDLCPEZSBEJBUJPOTQFDUSVN UIF#PISBUPN EBSLNBUUFSBSPVOEBTQJSBMHBMBYZ UIFFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDTQFDUSVN HMPCVMBSDMVTUFSTBOEUIFFYUFOUPGUIF.JMLZ8BZ (SFBU 8BMMTPGHBMBYJFT UIF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN UIF)VCCMFEJBHSBNmPSJHJOBMBOE SFDFOU UIFNBTTMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPOPGTUBST QSFDFTTJPOPG.FSDVSZTQFSJIFMJPO UIF QSPUPOQSPUPODIBJO SFUSPHSBEFQMBOFUBSZMPPQT UIF3PDIFMJNJU TQBDFDVSWBUVSF BOE ѮPNBT8SJHIUTNPEFMPGUIF.JMLZ8BZ ѮF (MPTTBSZ EFêOFT BMM UFSNT BOE BDSPOZNT UIBU EFBM XJUI PVS DFMFTUJBM TDJFODF GSPNJNQPSUBOUDPODFQUTUPJOEJWJEVBMPCKFDUTPSPCTFSWBUPSJFTBOETQBDFNJTTJPOT*U JTBSSBOHFEBMQIBCFUJDBMMZBOEDPNQMFNFOUFECZOVNFSPVTUBCMFTPGGVOEBNFOUBMEBUB -JOFESBXJOHTBSFBMTPVTFEUPGPSDFGVMMZDPNQBDUBTDJFOUJêDJOTJHIU XJUIDMFBSMBCFMT BOEDBQUJPOT *OEJWJEVBMOBNFTBSFOPUHJWFOJOUIF(MPTTBSZ CVUUIFSFBEFSDBOVTFUIF"VUIPS*OEFY UPêOEUIFJSTJHOJêDBOUDPOUSJCVUJPOJOUIF$ISPOPMPHZѮFFYDFQUJPOBMMZUIPSPVHI 4VC KFDU*OEFYDSPTTSFGFSFODFTDPODFQUT EJTDPWFSJFT JEFBT QFPQMF IJTUPSZBOEUJNFJOCPUIUIF
WJJJ
1SFGBDF
$ISPOPMPHZBOE(MPTTBSZѮFDPNCJOFESFTVMUJTBVOJRVF DPNQSFIFOTJWF TUBOEBMPOFSFG FSFODFWPMVNFJOXIJDIUIFSFBEFSDBORVJDLMZMPDBUFJOGPSNBUJPO XIJMFBMTPEJTDPWFSJOH OFXBOEVOFYQFDUFELOPXMFEHF"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDTJTUIFSFGPSF BOJOEJTQFOTBCMFCPPLGPSBOZMJCSBSZBOEBMMQFSTPOTJOUFSFTUFEJOBTUSPOPNZBOEBTUSPQIZT JDT BTXFMMBTUIFSFMBUFEêFMETPGDPTNPMPHZ HFPMPHZBOEQIZTJDT "TUSPOPNZJTUIFPMEFTUPGBMMTDJFODFT XJUIPSJHJOTEBUJOHCBDLBUMFBTUTFWFSBM UIPVTBOEZFBSTѮF$ISPOPMPHZUIFSFGPSFCFHJOTXJUIFBSMZBTUSPOPNZGSPN$IJOBUP *OEJB BOEDPOUJOVFTXJUIUIFBODJFOU(SFFLTѮFXPSEBTUSPOPNZDPNFTGSPNUXP (SFFL XPSET BTUSPO NFBOJOH iTUBSu BOE OPNPT GPS iMBXu 4P PVS DPODJTF IJTUPSJDBM $ISPOPMPHZJODMVEFTUIFEJTDPWFSJFTPGUIFMBXTPGQIZTJDTUIBUIFMQEFTDSJCFUIFFOFSHZ JOHSFEJFOUT NBHOFUJTN NPUJPO PSJHJOBOEEFTUJOZPGDPTNJDPCKFDUTѮFTFEFWFMPQ NFOUTJODMVEFUIFRVBOUVNUIFPSZPGUIFWFSZTNBMM XJUIJUTFYDMVTJPOBOEVODFSUBJOUZ QSJODJQMFT BUPNJDTUSVDUVSFBOETVCBUPNJDQBSUJDMFT FMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOBOE UIFTQFFEPGMJHIU BOEUIFTQFDJBMBOEHFOFSBMUIFPSJFTPGSFMBUJWJUZ .BKPSTDJFOUJê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ѫ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ѫ IBWF QMBZFE BO JNQPSUBOU SPMF JO BTUSPOPNJDBM EJTDPWFSZ JO SFDFOU EFDBEFT .FO XFSF TFOU UP UIF .PPO IFMQJOH VT VOEFSTUBOE JUT PSJHJO BOE FWPMV UJPO4QBDFDSBѫIBWFUSBWFMFEUISPVHIPVUUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN PCUBJOJOHDMPTFVQWJFXT UIBUIBWFDIBOHFEUIFQMBOFUTGSPNNPWJOHQPJOUTPGMJHIUUPGBTDJOBUJOHXPSMETBOE USBOTGPSNFEUIFJSTBUFMMJUFTJOUPVOJRVFPCKFDUTXJUIDPNQMFYBOEEJTQBSBUFTVSGBDFT 3PCPU TQBDFDSBѫ IBWF MBOEFE PO .BST BOE 7FOVT BOE QSPCFT IBWF CFFO ESPQQFE JOUPUIFBUNPTQIFSFTPG+VQJUFSBOE4BUVSOTMBSHFTUTBUFMMJUF 5JUBO4QBDFDSBѫIBWF BMTPPCUBJOFEJNBHFTPGUIFJDZOVDMFVTPGUISFFDPNFUTBOETDSVUJOJ[FEUIFCBUUFSFE CSPLFOTVSGBDFTPGTFWFSBMBTUFSPJET ѮF )VCCMF 4QBDF 5FMFTDPQF IBT CFFO MPѫFE BCPWF UIF &BSUIT PCTDVSJOH BUNP TQIFSFUPWJFXDPTNJDPCKFDUTJOWJTJCMFMJHIUXJUIBDMBSJUZOFWFSBDIJFWFECFGPSF 9SBZUFMFTDPQFTIBWFTJNJMBSMZCFFOQSPQFMMFEJOUPTQBDF êSTUJOSPDLFUTBOEUIFO BCPBSEMPOHMJWFETBUFMMJUFTѮFZIBWFPQFOFEBOFXXJOEPXUPUIFQSFWJPVTMZVOLOPXO XPSMETPGNJMMJPOEFHSFFHBTFT CMBDLIPMFTBOEIPUNBUUFSIJEEFOJOUIFTQBDFCFUXFFO HBMBYJFT$PTNJDHBNNBSBZTIBWFBMTPCFFOEFUFDUFEVTJOHTQBDFCPSOFJOTUSVNFOUT
1SFGBDF
JY
JODMVEJOHHBNNBSBZCVSTUTUIBUCSJFëZFNJUNPSFFOFSHZUIBOUIFSFTUPGUIF6OJWFSTF DPNCJOFE .PSFSFDFOUMZ TVCTUBOUJBMBNPVOUTPGEBSLNBUUFSIBWFCFFOJOGFSSFEGSPNSBQJE NPUJPOTPGTUBSTPSHBMBYJFT PVUXFJHIJOHBMMPGUIFTFTIJOJOHWJTJCMFPCKFDUT.ZTUFSJPVT EBSLFOFSHZIBTBMTPCFFOGPVOE êMMJOHBQQBSFOUMZFNQUZTQBDF4DJFOUJTUTIBWFFWFO TQFDVMBUFEUIBUFWFSZUIJOHJOUIFPCTFSWBCMF6OJWFSTFDPVMEIBWFPSJHJOBUFEGSPNUIF OPUIJOHOFTTPGTQBDF EVSJOHBSBQJEHSPXUITQVSU PSJOëBUJPO TPPOBѫFSUIF#JH#BOH PSCZBIPTUPGNJDSPTDPQJD PTDJMMBUJOHTUSJOHTBUFBSMJFSUJNFTDMPTFSUPUIF#JH#BOH ѮF(MPTTBSZQSPWJEFTBOBMQIBCFUJDBMMJTUJOHPGUIFUFSNT OBNFTBOEBDSPOZNTSFM FWBOUUP"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT BMPOHXJUIBEJTDVTTJPOPGUIFJS NFBOJOHT BOE BQQMJDBUJPOT )FSF UIF SFBEFS DBO êOE UIBU MPOHGPSHPUUFO EFêOJUJPO UPHFUIFSXJUIBOJOUSPEVDUPSZCBDLHSPVOEUPUIFDPODFQU*OGPSNBUJWFUBCMFTBDDPNQBOZ UIF(MPTTBSZ TPNFPGUIFNDSFBUFEGPSUIJTCPPLBOEPUIFSTFYUSBDUFEGSPNUIFBVUIPST XJEFMZVTFESFGFSFODFCPPLT "TUSPQIZTJDBM'PSNVMBF* **BOE"TUSPQIZTJDBM%BUB QVC MJTIFECZ4QSJOHFS ѮFTFUBCMFTJODMVEFUIFBUNPTQIFSFT FTDBQFWFMPDJUJFT NBHOFUJDê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ëBSFT TUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO BOEUIF4VO5BCMFTPGCSJHIUDFMFTUJBM PCKFDUTBSFBMTPJODMVEFEJOUIF(MPTTBSZ QSPWJEJOHQIZTJDBMQBSBNFUFSTBOEUIFDFMFTUJBM DPPSEJOBUFTSFRVJSFEUPPCTFSWFUIFNѮFZJODMVEFUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPOT UIFCSJHIUFTUHBM BYJFT FNJTTJPOOFCVMBF UIF-PDBM(SPVQPGHBMBYJFT UIF.FTTJFSPCKFDUT QMBOFUBSZOFCV MBF UIF CSJHIUFTU TUBST UIF OFBSFTU TUBST TVQFSOPWBF BOE TVQFSOPWB SFNOBOUT 0UIFS UBCMFTJODMVEFTQBDFNJTTJPOTCZ/"4" &4"BOE*4"4 /PCFM1SJ[FXJOOFSTSFMBUFEUP BTUSPOPNZBOEBTUSPQIZTJDT BOEUIFNBKPSPQUJDBM PSWJTJCMFMJHIU UFMFTDPQFT ѮF(MPTTBSZBEEJUJPOBMMZDPOUBJOTMJOFESBXJOHT DBSFGVMMZTFMFDUFEUPDPOWFZBO JEFB JODMVEJOH UIF BTUFSPJE CFMU CSFNTTUSBIMVOH DPNFUT m BOBUPNZ BOE USBKFDUPSZ XJUIUBJMT DPSPOBHSBQI UIF&BSUITMBZFSFEBUNPTQIFSF BOFMMJQTF *PTJOUFSBDUJPOXJUI +VQJUFS BO JOUFSGFSPNFUFS +VQJUFST XJOET ,FQMFST MBXT UIF ,JSLXPPE HBQT B MVOBS FDMJQTF UIF NBHOFUPTQIFSF UIF .PPOT QIBTFT UIF 0PSU DMPVE QVMTBST m SBEJP BOE 9SBZ UIFTFBTPOT BTPMBSFDMJQTF TPMBSëBSF TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI 44 TVOTQPUDZDMF TZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPO UFMFTDPQFTBOEUIFUJEFT ѮBOLT UP (BZMF (SBOU BU 5VѫT 6OJWFSTJUZ GPS QSFQBSJOH TPNF DSVDJBM UBCMFT UP -JCSBSJBO3FHJOB'3BCPJOBU5VѫT6OJWFSTJUZGPSIFMQJOPCUBJOJOHTPNFPGUIFEBUFT UIBU XFSF TP IBSE UP MPDBUF BOE UP 4VF -FF GPS QSPEVDJOH UIF XPOEFSGVM MJOF ESBX JOHT ѮF QSFQBSBUJPO PG " $PNQBOJPO UP "TUSPOPNZ BOE "TUSPQIZTJDT $ISPOPMPHZ BOE (MPTTBSZ XJUI %BUB 5BCMFT XBT NBEF QPTTJCMF UISPVHI GVOEJOH CZ /"4" (SBOU //((#(XJUI/"4"T"QQMJFE*OGPSNBUJPO4ZTUFNT3FTFBSDI1SPHSBN ,FOOFUI3-BOH 5VѫT6OJWFSTJUZBOE"OHVJMMB #8* +BOVBSZTU
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv CHRONOLOGY: A CONCISE HISTORY OF COSMIC DISCOVERY . . . . . . . 1 2800 BC to 1600 AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1600 to 1700 AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1900 to 2010 AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 GLOSSARY WITH DATA TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 AUTHOR INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 SUBJECT INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
-*450' '*(63&4
$)30/0-0(: 'JH
3FUSPHSBEFMPPQTJO1UPMFNZT6OJWFSTF
'JH
3FUSPHSBEFMPPQTJOB$PQFSOJDBO6OJWFSTF
'JH
5IPNBT8SJHIUTNPEFMPGUIF.JMLZ8BZ
'JH
"OOVBMQBSBMMBY
'JH
%PQQMFSFGGFDU
'JH
3PDIFMJNJU
'JH
&MFDUSPNBHOFUJDTQFDUSVN
'JH
#MBDLCPEZSBEJBUJPO
'JH
#PISBUPN
'JH
0SJHJOBM)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN
'JH
1SFDFTTJPOPG.FSDVSZTQFSJIFMJPO
'JH
4QBDFDVSWBUVSF
'JH
&EHFPOWJFXPGPVS(BMBYZ
'JH
4UFMMBSNBTTMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPO
'JH
%JTDPWFSZEJBHSBNPGUIFFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF
'JH
1SPUPOQSPUPODIBJO
'JH
"CVOEBODFBOEPSJHJOPGUIFFMFNFOUTJOUIF4VO
'JH
%BSLNBUUFSFOWFMPQTBTQJSBMHBMBYZ
'JH
(SFBUXBMMTPGHBMBYJFT
(-044"3: 'JH
"TUFSPJECFMU
'JH
#SFNTTUSBIMVOH
'JH
$FMFTUJBMDPPSEJOBUFT
'JH
$PNFUoBOBUPNZ
'JH
$PNFUoUSBKFDUPSZBOEUBJMT
'JH
$POKVODUJPO FMPOHBUJPO BOEPQQPTJUJPO
YJW
-JTUPG'JHVSFT
'JH
$PSPOBHSBQI
'JH
&BSUITMBZFSFEBUNPTQIFSF
'JH
&MMJQTF
'JH
)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBNoDPNQPTJUF
'JH
)VCCMFEJBHSBN
'JH
*OUFSGFSPNFUFS
'JH
*PTnVYUVCFBOEQMBTNBUPSVT
'JH
+VQJUFSTXJOECMPXODMPVET
'JH
,FQMFSTmSTUBOETFDPOEMBXT
'JH
,FQMFSTUIJSEMBX
'JH
,JSLXPPEHBQT
'JH
-BHSBOHJBOQPJOUT
'JH
-VOBSFDMJQTF
'JH
.BHOFUPTQIFSF
'JH
.PPOQIBTFT
'JH
0PSUDPNFUDMPVE
'JH
1SFDFTTJPO
'JH
1VMTBSoSBEJP
'JH
1VMTBSo9SBZ
'JH
4FBTPOT
'JH
4PMBSFDMJQTF
'JH
4PMBSnBSFNPEFM
'JH
4QFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI
'JH
44
'JH
4VOTQPUDZDMF
'JH
4ZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPO
'JH
5FMFTDPQFT
'JH
5JEFT
-*450' 5"#-&4
5BCMF
"TUFSPJEToMBSHFTU
5BCMF
"UNPTQIFSFTo7FOVT .BSTBOE&BSUI
5BCMF
"UNPTQIFSFToHJBOUQMBOFUTBOE4VO
5BCMF
"VSPSBoFNJTTJPOMJOFT
5BCMF
$PNFUTo(SFBU
5BCMF
$PNFUToTIPSUQFSJPE
5BCMF
$PNFUToTUSVDUVSF
5BCMF
$POTUFMMBUJPOT
5BCMF
$PSPOBoFNJTTJPOMJOFT
5BCMF $PSPOBoIPMFTBOEMPPQT 5BCMF $PTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO 5BCMF $PTNJDSBZTonVYBUUIFUPQPGUIFBUNPTQIFSF 5BCMF $SBC/FCVMB 5BCMF &BSUI 5BCMF &BSUIoBCVOEBOUFMFNFOUT 5BCMF &NJTTJPOOFCVMBF 5BCMF &TDBQFWFMPDJUZo4VOBOEQMBOFUT 5BCMF 'SBVOIPGFSBCTPSQUJPOMJOFTJOTVOMJHIU 5BCMF (BMBYJFToCSJHIU 5BCMF (BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT 5BCMF (SFFOIPVTFHBTFToQSPEVDFECZIVNBOBDUJWJUZ 5BCMF )BMMFZT$PNFU 5BCMF )ZESPHFOMJOFT 5BCMF *OUFSTUFMMBSNPMFDVMFT 5BCMF +VQJUFS 5BCMF -PDBM(SPVQ 5BCMF .BHOFUJDmFMEToQMBOFUT 5BCMF .BJOTFRVFODFTUBST 5BCMF .BST 5BCMF .BSToTBUFMMJUFT
YWJ
-JTUPG5BCMFT
5BCMF .BSToPQQPTJUJPOT 5BCMF .FSDVSZ 5BCMF .FTTJFSPCKFDUT 5BCMF .FUFPSTIPXFST 5BCMF .FUFPSTIPXFSToDPNFUT 5BCMF .JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZ 5BCMF .PPO 5BCMF /"4"BOE&4"oTQBDFNJTTJPOT 5BCMF /FQUVOF 5BCMF /PCFM1SJ[FXJOOFST 5BCMF 1MBOFUToPSCJUT 5BCMF 1MBOFUToQIZTJDBMQSPQFSUJFT 5BCMF 1MBOFUBSZOFCVMBF 5BCMF 3BEJPBDUJWFJTPUPQFT 5BCMF 3JOHTo4BUVSO 5BCMF 4BUFMMJUFToMBSHF 5BCMF 4BUVSO 5BCMF 4PMBSFDMJQTFToUPUBM 5BCMF 4PMBSXJOE 5BCMF 4UBSToCSJHIUFTU 5BCMF 4UBSToOFBSFTU 5BCMF 4UFMMBSDMBTTJmDBUJPO 5BCMF 4VO 5BCMF 4VOoFMFNFOUT 5BCMF 4VQFSOPWBFoIJTUPSJDBM 5BCMF 4VQFSOPWB" 5BCMF 5FMFTDPQFToCJHHFTUPQUJDBM 5BCMF 6SBOVT 5BCMF 7FOVT
$)30/0-0(: "$0/$*4&)*4503:0'$04.*$ %*4$07&3:
$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ
#$UP"% D#$ 4UPOFIFOHFJTCVJMUJO&OHMBOE*UXBTQSPCBCMZBOBTUSPOPNJDBMPCTFSWBUPSZXJUISFMJ HJPVT GVODUJPOT UIF NPUJPOT PG UIF 4VO BOE .PPO DBO CF GPMMPXFE XJUI UIF BJE PG DBSFGVMMZBMJHOFESPDLT D#$ "MVOBSDBMFOEBSJTEFWFMPQFEJO.FTPQPUBNJBJOXIJDIOFXNPOUITCFHJOBUFBDIOFX .PPOBOEUIFZFBSJTEBZTMPOH #$ ѮF$IJOFTFNBLFUIFFBSMJFTUSFDPSEFETJHIUJOHPGBDPNFU D#$ ѮF3JH7FEB UIFPMEFTUPGUIF)JOEVTBDSFEUFYUT JODMVEFTUIFJEFBUIBUUIF&BSUIJT BHMPCF*OUIFTBNFNJMMFOOJVN UIFTVCTFRVFOU:BKVS7FEBNFOUJPOTUIBUUIF&BSUI DJSDMFTUIF4VO #$ $IJOFTFBTUSPOPNFSTNBLFUIFêSTUSFDPSEJOHPGBOFDMJQTFPGUIF.PPO D#$ ѮF 4IBOH EZOBTUZ JO $IJOB FTUBCMJTIFT UIF TPMBS ZFBS BU EBZT JOUSPEVDJOH B DBMFOEBSXJUINPOUITPGEBZTFBDI #$ $IJOFTFBTUSPOPNFSTNBLFUIFêSTUSFDPSEJOHPGBOFDMJQTFPGUIF4VO #$ "TTZSJBOBSDIJWJTUTSFDPSEBOFDMJQTFPGUIF4VOPO+VOF#$UIFTBNFFWFOUJT SFDPSEFEJOUIF#JCMF "NPT #$ "DPOUJOVPVTSFDPSEPGTPMBSBOEMVOBSFDMJQTFTJTCFHVOJO.FTPQPUBNJB #$ (SFFLQIJMPTPQIFSѮBMFTPG.JMFUVT D¢D#$ DPSSFDUMZQSFEJDUTUIFFDMJQTF PGUIF4VOPO.BZ#$)FBMTPQSPQPTFTUIBUXBUFSJTUIFNBUFSJBMDPOTUJUVFOU PGBMMUIJOHT
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
D#$ (SFFLNBUIFNBUJDJBOBOEQIJMPTPQIFS1ZUIBHPSBT D¢D#$
CPSOPOUIF JTMBOE PG 4BNPT QSPQPTFT UIF OPUJPO PG B TQIFSJDBM &BSUI )F BMTP TVQQPTFE UIBU DPODFOUSJD USBOTQBSFOU DSZTUBMMJOFTQIFSFTDBSSZUIF4VO .PPO QMBOFUTBOETUBSTJO QFSGFDUDJSDMFT SPUBUJOHBUDPOTUBOUTQFFEBSPVOEUIFDFOUSBMMZQMBDFE VONPWJOH&BSUI "TRVPUFECZ"SJTUPUMFJOIJT.FUBQIZTJDT 1ZUIBHPSBTTBJE iUIFSFJTNVTJDJOUIFTQBD JOHPGUIFTQIFSFTu D#$ ѮF(SFFLQIJMPTPQIFS)FSBDMJUVTPG&QIFTVT D¢D#$ NBJOUBJOTUIBUQFS NBOFODFJTBOJMMVTJPO BOEUIBUBMMUIJOHTBSFëPXJOH JOBTUBUFPGCFDPNJOH)FBMTP UIPVHIUUIBUNPTUQFPQMFTMFFQXBMLUISPVHIMJGF OPUVOEFSTUBOEJOHXIBUJTHPJOHPO BCPVUUIFN D#$ ѮF(SFFLQIJMPTPQIFS"OBYBHPSBT D¢D#$ CPSOJO$MB[PNFOBF -ZEJB OPX5VSLFZ
QSPQPTFTUIBUUIF.PPOTIJOFTCZSFëFDUFETVOMJHIU BOEJTUIVTBCMFUP FYQMBJOUPUBMFDMJQTFTPGUIF4VOBOE.PPO)FXBTJNQSJTPOFEGPSDMBJNJOHUIBUUIF 4VOXBTBiSFEIPUTUPOFu BOEOPUBHPE BOEUIBUUIF.PPOSFëFDUTUIF4VOTMJHIU (SFFLQIJMPTPQIFS&NQFEPDMFT DmD#$
PG"DSBHBT "HSJHFOUVN JO4JDJMZ JTPOFPGUIFFBSMJFTUUPQSPQPTFUIBUUFSSFTUSJBMPCKFDUTBSFNBEFVQPGGPVSFMFNFOUT PSCBTJDQSJODJQMFTmêSF BJS XBUFS BOEFBSUI)FWJFXFEUIFTFBTVOJUFEPSEJWJEFECZ BUUSBDUJPOBOESFQVMTJPO PSNPSFQPFUJDBMMZ MPWFBOETUSJGF D#$ (SFFLQIJMPTPQIFS-FVDJQQVTPG.JMFUVT DmD#$ JTUIFêSTUUPQSPQPTFUIF BUPNJDUIFPSZ JOXIJDINBUUFSJTDPNQPTFEPGWFSZTNBMM JOWJTJCMFQBSUJDMFTOPXDBMMFE BUPNT)JTQVQJM%FNPDSJUVT D¢D#$ TVCTFRVFOUMZEFWFMPQTUIFUIFPSZ D#$ (SFFLQIJMPTPQIFS%FNPDSJUVT D¢D#$
CPSOJO"CEFSB ѮSBDF TUBUFTUIBU BMMNBUUFSDPOTJTUTPGBOJOêOJUFOVNCFSPGFUFSOBM JOWJTJCMFBOEJOEJWJTJCMFQBSUJDMFT XIJDIIFDBMMFEBUPNPO PSBUPNT BOEUIBUUIFTQBDFCFUXFFOUIFBUPNTJTBWBDVVN PSWPJE XIJDIHJWFTUIFBUPNTBQMBDFUPNPWFJOUP D#$ ѮF(SFFLNBUIFNBUJDJBOBOEBTUSPOPNFS&VEPYVTPG$OJEVT ¢#$ CVJMET BO PCTFSWBUPSZ BOE DPOTUSVDUT B NPEFM PG OFTUFE HFPDFOUSJD SPUBUJOH TQIFSFT UP FYQMBJOUIFNPUJPOTPGUIF4VO .PPO BOEQMBOFUTBTWJFXFEGSPN&BSUI XIJDIXBT BU UIF DFOUFS PG UIF TZTUFN #Z VTJOH B UPUBM PG UXFOUZTFWFO DPODFOUSJD TQIFSFT IF XBTBCMFUPDBMDVMBUFUIF4VOTBOOVBMNPUJPOUISPVHIUIF[PEJBD UIF.PPOTNPUJPO JODMVEJOHJUTXPCCMF BOEUIFQMBOFUTNPUJPOT JODMVEJOHUIFSFUSPHSBEFNPWFNFOUTPG TPNFPGUIFN
$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ
#$ $IJOFTF BTUSPOPNFST NBLF UIF FBSMJFTU LOPXO SFDPSE PG B HVFTU TUBS TVCTFRVFOUMZ LOPXOBTBOFYQMPEJOHTUBSPSTVQFSOPWB D#$ (SFFLQIJMPTPQIFS"SJTUPUMF ¢#$ SFKFDUTUIFOPUJPOPGBWBDVVN TJODFBO PCKFDUNPWJOHJOBWBDVVNXPVMEIBWFOPTFOTFPGEJSFDUJPOBOENJHIUNPWFJNQPT TJCMZGBTU (SFFLQIJMPTPQIFS"SJTUPUMF ¢#$ QSPWFTUIF&BSUIJTTQIFSJDBM TJODFJUBMXBZT DBTUTBDJSDVMBSTIBEPXPOUIF.PPOEVSJOHMVOBSFDMJQTFT1BSNFOJEFT DmD #$
PG&MFBJOTPVUIFSO*UBMZ JTTBJEUPIBWFCFFOUIFêSTU(SFFLQIJMPTPQIFSLOPXO UPIBWFBTTFSUFEUIBUUIF&BSUIJTTQIFSJDBM CVUBOBMUFSOBUJWFUSBEJUJPOTUBUFTUIBUJU XBT1ZUIBHPSBT D¢D#$ 1BSNFOJEFTBMTPQSPQPTFEUIBUNPWFNFOUJTJMMV TPSZ CFMPOHJOHUPUIFEPNBJOPGUIFTFOTFT BOEUIBUUIFVMUJNBUFSFBMJUZXBTJOWBSJBOU JNNPCJMFBOEVODIBOHJOHѮF*OEJBOTPG"TJBBMTPQSPQPTFEUIBUUIF&BSUIJTBHMPCF BSPVOE#$ (SFFLQIJMPTPQIFS"SJTUPUMF ¢#$ QSFTFOUTBHFPDFOUSJD PS&BSUIDFOUFSFE DPTNPMPHZ PG SPUBUJOH USBOTQBSFOU TQIFSFT JO %F DBFMP PS $PODFSOJOH UIF )FBWFOT ѮFPVUFSNPTUTQIFSFDPOUBJOTUIFêYFETUBST UIFOGPMMPXTUIFTQIFSFTPG4BUVSO +VQJ UFS .BST UIF4VO 7FOVT .FSDVSZ BOEDMPTFTUUPUIF&BSUI UIF.PPO&BDIPGUIFTF IBTTFWFSBMPUIFSTQIFSFTUPBDDPVOUGPSBMMUIFJSNPWFNFOUT5PFYQMBJOUIFDJSDVMBS NPUJPOPGUIFIFBWFOMZTQIFSFT "SJTUPUMFQSPQPTFTBêѫIFMFNFOU UIFBFUIFSPSRVJO UFTTFODF JOBEEJUJPOUPUIFGPVSOBUVSBMFMFNFOUT FBSUI BJS XBUFSBOEêSF XIJDIFJUIFS GBMMPSSJTF #BCZMPOJBOBTUSPOPNFSTIBWFMFBSOFEFOPVHIBCPVUUIF.PPOTNPUJPOUIBUUIFZDBO QSFEJDUUIFPDDVSSFODFPGMVOBSFDMJQTFT D#$ (SFFLQIJMPTPQIFSBOEBTUSPOPNFS)FSBLMJEFTPG1POUVT ¢#$ QSPQPTFTUIBU UIF&BSUIUVSOTPOJUTBYJT GSPNXFTUUPFBTU PODFFWFSZIPVST XIJMFUIFTUBSTBSF BUSFTU)FBMTPUIPVHIUUIBUUIFPCTFSWFENPUJPOTPG.FSDVSZBOE7FOVTTVHHFTUUIBU UIFZPSCJUUIF4VOSBUIFSUIBOUIF&BSUI BOEDPOTJEFSFEFBDIQMBOFUUPCFBXPSMEXJUI BO&BSUIMJLFCPEZBOEXJUIBOBUNPTQIFSF D#$ (SFFL QIJMPTPQIFS &QJDVSVT PG 4BNPT ¢ #$ BSHVFT UIBU UIF JOOVNFSBCMF BUPNTJOBOJOêOJUF6OJWFSTFXPVMEDPNFUPHFUIFSUPDSFBUFPUIFSXPSMET FJUIFSSFTFN CMJOHPVS&BSUIPSEJĒFSFOUGSPNJU ѮF(SFFLNBUIFNBUJDJBO&VDMJEPG"MFYBOESJB MJWFED#$ XSJUFTѮF&MFNFOUT BCPPLPGQMBOFBOETPMJEHFPNFUSZ XIJDIGPSNFEUIFCBTJTGPSNBUIFNBUJDBMTUVEZ GPSUIFOFYU ZFBST*UXBTOPUVOUJMUIFUIDFOUVSZUIBUBEJĒFSFOUGPSNPGOPO &VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZXBTDPOTJEFSFE
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
D#$ (SFFLNBUIFNBUJDJBOBOEBTUSPOPNFS"SJTUBSDIPTÌ>Ê/>LiÃ
(MPTTBSZ"
"
"CFSSBUJPO "UJMUJOHPGUIFBQQBSFOUQPTJUJPOPGBTUBSJOUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIFNPUJPOPG
UIFPCTFSWFSѮFTJ[FPGUIFFĒFDUEFQFOETPOUIFWFMPDJUZPGUIF&BSUI UIFWFMPDJUZPG MJHIU BOEUIFBOHMFCFUXFFOUIFEJSFDUJPOPGPCTFSWBUJPOBOEUIFEJSFDUJPOPGNPUJPO XJUIBNBYJNVNWBMVFPGTFDPOETPGBSDѮF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS+BNFT#SBEMFZ ¢ EJTDPWFSFETUFMMBSBCFSSBUJPOJO QSPWJOHUIBUUIF&BSUIJTOPUêYFEJO TQBDF CVUNPWFTUISPVHIJU XIJMFBMTPTIPXJOHUIBUMJHIUUSBWFMTBUBêOJUFWFMPDJUZ XIJDI IFFTUJNBUFEBT LJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOEVTJOHIJTPCTFSWFEWBMVFPGBCFSSBUJPO "CTPMVUF MVNJOPTJUZ ѮFUPUBMSBEJBOUFOFSHZPGBDFMFTUJBMPCKFDUFNJUUFEQFSVOJU
UJNF BOEBNFBTVSFPGJUTJOUSJOTJDCSJHIUOFTT%FOPUFECZ- UIFBNPVOUPGFOFSHZ SBEJBUFEQFSVOJUUJNF NFBTVSFEJOVOJUTPGXBUUT0OF+PVMFQFSTFDPOEJTFRVBMUP POFXBUUPGQPXFS BOEUPUFONJMMJPOFSHQFSTFDPOEѮFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZPGUIF UIFSNBMSBEJBUJPOGSPNBCMBDLCPEZJTHJWFOCZUIF4UFGBO#PMU[NBOOMBXJOXIJDI- PS35FĒ XIFSFP UIF4UFGBO#PMU[NBOODPOTUBOU S +PVMFN,T UIFSBEJVTJT3BOEUIFFĒFDUJWFUFNQFSBUVSFJT5FĒ 4FFBQQBSFOU MVNJOPTJUZ CSJHIUOFTT MVNJOPTJUZBOE4UFGBO#PMU[NBOOMBX "CTPMVUF NBHOJUVEF ѮF BCTPMVUF NBHOJUVEF PG B DFMFTUJBM PCKFDU JT UIF BQQBSFOU NBHOJUVEFUIFPCKFDUXPVMEIBWFBUBTUBOEBSEEJTUBODFPGQBSTFDTGSPNUIF&BSUI ѮFBCTPMVUFNBHOJUVEFJTEFOPUFECZUIFTZNCPM. BOEUIFBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEFCZ NѮFBCTPMVUFNBHOJUVEFNBZCFEFSJWFEGSPNUIFBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEFBOEUIFQBS BMMBYCZUIFGPSNVMB.NMPHP XIFSFPJTUIFBOOVBMQBSBMMBYJOTFDPOETPG BSDѮFBOOVBMQBSBMMBYJTUIFSFDJQSPDBMPGUIFEJTUBODF % JOVOJUTPGQBSTFDT TP. NMPH% XJUI%JOQBSTFDTѮFBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGUIF4VOJT NBHOJUVEFT BOE JUT BQQBSFOU WJTVBM NBHOJUVEF JT NBHOJUVEFT ѮF BCTPMVUF NBHOJUVEFTPGNPTUTUBSTMJFCFUXFFOBOE4FFBOOVBMQBSBMMBY NBHOJUVEF QBSBMMBY TUBST BOEWJTVBMNBHOJUVEF "CTPMVUFUFNQFSBUVSF ѮFUFNQFSBUVSFBTNFBTVSFEPOBTDBMFXIPTF[FSPQPJOU JTBCTPMVUF[FSP UIFQPJOUBUXIJDIBMMNPUJPOBUUIFNPMFDVMBSMFWFMDFBTFTѮFVOJU PGBCTPMVUFUFNQFSBUVSFJTUIFEFHSFFLFMWJO EFOPUFECZ,PSKVTU,BOEXSJUUFELFMWJO XJUIPVUBDBQJUBM,ѮFGSFF[JOHUFNQFSBUVSFPGXBUFSJT,BOEUIFCPJMJOHUFN QFSBUVSFPGXBUFSJT,"CTPMVUF[FSPJT,ѮFFRVJWBMFOUUFNQFSBUVSFJOEFHSFFT $FMTJVTJT$, BOEUIFFRVJWBMFOUUFNQFSBUVSFJOEFHSFFT'BISFOIFJUJT' , 4FF$FMTJVT 'BISFOIFJUBOE,FMWJO "CTPMVUF[FSP ѮFMPXFTUQPTTJCMFUFNQFSBUVSF EFHSFFT$FMTJVTBOEEFHSFFT POUIF,FMWJOTDBMF4FFBCTPMVUFUFNQFSBUVSF "CTPSQUJPO ѮFQSPDFTTCZXIJDIUIFJOUFOTJUZPGSBEJBUJPOEFDSFBTFTBTJUQBTTFTUISPVHI
BNBUFSJBMNFEJVNѮFFOFSHZMPTUCZUIFSBEJBUJPOJTUSBOTGFSSFEUPUIFNFEJVN "CTPSQUJPOMJOF "iEBSLuMJOFPGEFDSFBTFESBEJBUJPOJOUFOTJUZBUBQBSUJDVMBSXBWF
MFOHUI PG UIF FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD TQFDUSVN QSPEVDFE XIFO SBEJBUJPO GSPN B EJTUBOU TPVSDFQBTTFTUISPVHIBHBTDMPVEDMPTFSUPUIFPCTFSWFS"OBCTPSQUJPOMJOFDBOCF GPSNFEXIFOBDPPM UFOVPVTHBT CFUXFFOBIPU SBEJBUJOHTPVSDFBOEBOPCTFSWFS
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
BCTPSCTFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOPGUIBUXBWFMFOHUI BTJOUIFTQFDUSBPGTUBSTXIPTF IPU JOUFSOBM SBEJBUJPO JT BCTPSCFE CZ UIF DPPMFS PVUFS TUFMMBS MBZFST ѮJT TQFDUSBM GFBUVSF MPPLT MJLF B MJOF XIFO UIF SBEJBUJPO JOUFOTJUZ JT EJTQMBZFE BT B GVODUJPO PG XBWFMFOHUITVDIBEJTQMBZJTDBMMFEBTQFDUSVN%JĒFSFOUBUPNT JPOTBOENPMFDVMFT QSPEVDF DIBSBDUFSJTUJD QBUUFSOT PG BCTPSQUJPO MJOFT BOE PCTFSWBUJPOT PG UIFTF MJOFT FOBCMFJEFOUJêDBUJPOPGUIFDIFNJDBMJOHSFEJFOUTPGUIFHBTCFUXFFOUIFMJHIUTPVSDF BOEUIFPCTFSWFS"CTPSQUJPOMJOFTDBOBMTPCFVTFEUPEFUFSNJOFUIFWFMPDJUZPGUIF TPVSDF VTJOHUIF%PQQMFSFĒFDUѮFBCTPSQUJPOMJOFTJOUIF4VOTTQFDUSVNBSFPѫFO DBMMFE 'SBVOIPGFS MJOFT 4FF %PQQMFS FĒFDU 'SBVOIPGFS MJOF TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI BOE TQFDUSVN "DDFMFSBUJPO "OJODSFBTFJOBOPCKFDUTTQFFEBOEWFMPDJUZPWFSUJNF "DDSFUJPO ѮFGPSNBUJPOPGBMBSHFCPEZBTUIFSFTVMUPGDPMMJTJPOTPGTNBMMQBSUJDMFT
PSUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMBUUSBDUJPOPGTNBMMFSCPEJFTѮFDBQUVSFPGHBTPSEVTUCZBTJOHMF CPEZUPGPSNBMBSHFSPOF MJLFBNPPO QMBOFUPSTUBS"MTPUIFQSPDFTTCZXIJDIBTUBS BDDVNVMBUFTNBUUFSBTJUNPWFTUISPVHIBDMPVEPGJOUFSTUFMMBSHBT "DDSFUJPOEJTL "ëBUUFOFE SPUBUJOHEJTLPGHBTJOPSCJUBSPVOEBCMBDLIPMFPSBZPVOH TUBSѮFNBUFSJBMJOBOBDDSFUJPOEJTLTVSSPVOEJOHBCMBDLIPMFTQJSBMTJOUPUIFCMBDL IPMF FNJUUJOH9SBZTPOUIFXBZJOUIFHBTDBOCFSFQMFOJTIFECZNBUFSJBMQVMMFEGSPN BWJTJCMFTUFMMBSDPNQBOJPO1MBOFUTNBZCFGPSNFEJOUIFBDDSFUJPOEJTLPGBZPVOHTUBS ѮFTFEJTLTDPOUBJOEVTUUIBUJTEFUFDUFEBUJOGSBSFEXBWFMFOHUIT "DIFSOBS ѮFOJOUICSJHIUFTUTUBS MPDBUFEJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO&SJEBOVT BOEUIFSF
GPSFBMTPLOPXOBT"MQIB&SJEBOJ"DIFSOBSJTBCMVFNBJOTFRVFODF PSEXBSG TUBSPG TQFDUSBMUZQF#XJUIBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BEJTUBODFPGMJHIU ZFBST BOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BOEBMVNJOPTJUZPGBCPVU UJNFTUIBU PGUIF4VO4FF#TUBS TUBSTBOETUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO "DSVY ѮF CSJHIUFTU PG UIF TUBST JO UIF DPOTUFMMBUJPO $SVY QPQVMBSMZ LOPXO BT UIF 4PVUIFSO$SPTT"DSVY BMUFSOBUFMZOBNFE"MQIB$SVDJT JTMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPG MJHIUZFBST *U JT B WJTVBM EPVCMF TUBS XJUI B DPNCJOFE BQQBSFOU WJTVBM NBHOJUVEF PG BOEBDPNCJOFEBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGm0OFNFNCFSPGUIFEPVCMF TUBSTZTUFNJTBCMVF#TVCHJBOUXJUIBOBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZPG UJNFTUIBUPG UIF4VO BOEUIFPUIFSNFNCFSJTBCMVF#EXBSGTUBSXJUIBOBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZPG UJNFTUIFTPMBSWBMVF4FF$SVY "DUJWF HBMBDUJD OVDMFVT " WFSZ CSJHIU DPNQBDU SFHJPO GPVOE BU UIF DFOUFS PG BO
BDUJWFHBMBYZѮFCSJHIUOFTTPGBOBDUJWFHBMBDUJDOVDMFVTJTBUUSJCVUFEUPBOBDDSFUJPO EJTLBSPVOEBTVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF2VBTBSTBSFUIFNPTUMVNJOPVTUZQFPGBDUJWF HBMBDUJDOVDMFVT4FFBDDSFUJPOEJTL CMBDLIPMF RVBTBS SBEJPHBMBYZ 4FZGFSUHBMBYZ BOE TVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF "DUJWFSFHJPO "SFHJPOJOUIFTPMBSBUNPTQIFSF GSPNUIFQIPUPTQIFSFUPUIFDPSPOB UIBUEFWFMPQTXIFOTUSPOHNBHOFUJDêFMETFNFSHFGSPNJOTJEFUIF4VOѮFNBHOFUJ[FE SFBMNJO BSPVOEBOEBCPWFTVOTQPUTJTDBMMFEBOBDUJWFSFHJPO3BEJBUJPOGSPNBDUJWF SFHJPOT JT FOIBODFE XIFO DPNQBSFE UP OFJHICPSJOH BSFBT JO UIFDISPNPTQIFSF BOE
(MPTTBSZ"
DPSPOB PWFSUIFXIPMFFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDTQFDUSVN GSPN9SBZTUPSBEJPXBWFT"DUJWF SFHJPOTNBZMBTUGSPNTFWFSBMIPVSTUPBGFXNPOUITѮFZBSFUIFTJUFTPGJOUFOTFFYQMP TJPOT DBMMFETPMBSëBSFT XIJDIMBTUBGFXNJOVUFTUPIPVSTѮFOVNCFSPGBDUJWFSFHJPOT WBSJFTJOTUFQXJUIUIFZFBSTVOTQPUDZDMF4FFëBSF TPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF BOETVOTQPU DZDMF "EBQUJWFPQUJDT "NFUIPEGPSPCUBJOJOHTIBSQWJTVBMJNBHFTPGDPTNJDPCKFDUTCZDPS SFDUJOHGPSUIFEJTUPSUJPOPGMJHIUBTJUUSBWFMTUISPVHIUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSFѮJTDBOCF BDDPNQMJTIFECZSBQJEMZBEKVTUJOHUIFTIBQFBOEBMJHONFOUPGBUFMFTDPQFNJSSPS "EWBODFE9SBZBTUSPQIZTJDTGBDJMJUZ 4FF$IBOESB9SBZ0CTFSWBUPSZ "FUIFS "OJOWJTJCMFNFEJVNUIBUXBTUIPVHIUUPEJĒVTFBMMTQBDF QSPWJEJOHTPNF UIJOHGPSMJHIUUPQSPQBHBUFJO"MTP UIFêѫI VODIBOHJOHIFBWFOMZFMFNFOUJO"SJTUPU MFTDPTNPMPHZUIFPUIFSGPVSBSFFBSUI BJS êSFBOEXBUFS XIJDIBMMDIBOHFXJUIUJNF 4FFFUIFSBOEMVNJOJGFSPVTFUIFS "GUFSHMPX ѮFGBEJOHêSFCBMMPGBHBNNBSBZCVSTUUIBUJTPCTFSWBCMFBUMFTTFOFS
HFUJD MPOHFSXBWFMFOHUIT TVDIBT9SBZT PQUJDBMSBEJBUJPOBOESBEJPSBEJBUJPO"ѫFS BOJOJUJBM CSJFGFYQMPTJPO BHBNNBSBZCVSTUHFOFSBUFTUIFBѫFSHMPX XIJDIJTWJTJCMF GPSTFWFSBMXFFLTPSNPOUIT "MCFEP "NFBTVSFPGUIFGSBDUJPOPGTVOMJHIUSFëFDUFECZBCPEZJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN
3PDLZPCKFDUTIBWFBMPXBMCFEP XIJMFDMPVETPSXBUFSJDFIBWFBIJHIBMCFEP "MEFCBSBO "MTPLOPXOBT"MQIB5BVSJ UIFCSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO5BVSVT
"MEFCBSBOJTBOPSBOHF,HJBOUTUBSUIBUJTMJHIUZFBSTBXBZGSPNUIF&BSUI XJUIBO BQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGBCPVU BOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BOEBO BCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZBCPVUUJNFTUIBUPGUIF4VO4FFTUBST BOE,TUBS "MHPM ѮFêSTUWBSJBCMFTUBSUPCFEJTDPWFSFE BOEUIFCSJHIUFTUFDMJQTJOHCJOBSZTUBS
*UJTMPDBUFEJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO1FSTFVT BOEBMTPLOPXOBTFJUIFSUIFi%FNPO4UBSuPS #FUB1FSTFJѮFêSTUSFDPSEFEPCTFSWBUJPOTPG"MHPMTWBSJBCJMJUZXFSFNBEFJOCZ UIF*UBMJBOBTUSPOPNFS(FNJOJBOP.POUBOBSJ ¢
BOEJOUIF&OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS+PIO(PPESJDLF ¢ êSTUTVHHFTUFEUIBUUIFWBSJBCJMJUZSFTVMUFE GSPNBCJOBSZTUBSTZTUFNJOXIJDIPOFPGJUTTUBSTQBTTFTJOGSPOUPGUIFPUIFS CSJHIUFS DPNQPOFOUѮFQBJSPGTUBSTJTMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBSTXJUIBDPNCJOFE BQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGBOEBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGm&WFSZ EBZTPOFTUBSQBTTFTJOGSPOUPGUIFPUIFS BOEFDMJQTFTJU BOEMJHIUUIBUXFPCTFSWFGSPN UIFCJOBSZTUBSTZTUFNEJNTUPQFSDFOUPGJUTPSJHJOBMCSJHIUOFTT"MHPMJTBQSPUPUZQF GPSBDMBTTPGFDMJQTJOHCJOBSJFTLOPXOBT"MHPMUZQFWBSJBCMFT4FFFDMJQTJOHCJOBSZ "MNBHFTU " DPNQSFIFOTJWF DPMMFDUJPO PG BTUSPOPNJDBM XPSLT CZ UIF &HZQUJBO
BTUSPOPNFS1UPMFNZ D¢D
PS$MBVEJVT1UPMFNBFVT XIJDIIFDBMMFE.BUI FNBUJDBM4ZOUBYJTBXFE"SBCJDUSBOTMBUPSTPGUIFOJOUIDFOUVSZDBMMFEJUѮF(SFBUFTU $PNQPTJUJPOm"MNBHFTUF PS BTJUCFDBNFLOPXO UIF"MNBHFTU1UPMFNZQSFTFOUFE BO&BSUIDFOUFSFE PSHFPDFOUSJD EFTDSJQUJPOPGUIFNPUJPOTPGUIFQMBOFUTUIBUTVD DFFEFETPXFMMUIBUJUXBTTUJMMCFJOHVTFEUPQSFEJDUUIFMPDBUJPOTPGUIFQMBOFUTJO
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
UIFTLZNPSFUIBOBUIPVTBOEZFBSTBѫFS1UPMFNZTEFBUIѮF"MNBHFTUBMTPJODMVEFE UIFDFMFTUJBMMBUJUVEFBOEMPOHJUVEFBOECSJHIUOFTTPGOFBSMZTUBSTPCUBJOFENVDI FBSMJFS CZ UIF (SFFL BTUSPOPNFS )JQQBSDIVT D ¢ #$ *O UIF &OH MJTIBTUSPOPNFS&ENPOE)BMMFZ ¢ DPNQBSFEIJTPCTFSWFEQPTJUJPOTPG CSJHIU TUBST XJUI UIPTF GPVOE JO UIF "MNBHFTU DPODMVEJOH UIBU UISFF PG UIFN IBE DIBOHFEQPTJUJPOTCZCFUXFFOBOENJOVUFTPGBSDTJODF)JQQBSDIVTUJNF BOE XFSFBQQBSFOUMZNPWJOH4FFQSPQFSNPUJPO "MQIB $FOUBVSJ ѮF "MQIB $FOUBVSJ TZTUFN DPOTJTUT PG UISFF DPPSCJUJOH EXBSG PS
NBJOTFRVFODF TUBSTmUXPCSJHIUBOEPOFGBJOUѮFUXPCSJHIUFTUTUBST EFTJHOBUFE "MQIB$FOUBVSJ"BOE"MQIB$FOUBVSJ# BSFMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST JO UIFTPVUIFSOTLZ XJUIBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFTPGmBOEBOEBCTPMVUFWJTVBM NBHOJUVEFTPGBOEѮFCSJHIUFTUNFNCFSPGUIFQBJSJT3JHJM,FOUBVSVT UIF i$FOUBVST'PPUuUIJTTUBSJTBMTPTPNFUJNFTDBMMFE"MQIB$FOUBVSJ"*UJTUIFCSJHIU FTU TUBS JO UIF DPOTUFMMBUJPO $FOUBVSVT BOE UIF UIJSE CSJHIUFTU TUBS JO UIF OJHIU TLZ -JLFUIF4VO "MQIB$FOUBVSJJTB(EXBSG PSNBJOTFRVFODF TUBS*UBQQFBSTCSJHIU JODPNQBSJTPOXJUIPUIFSTUBSTCFDBVTFJUJTSFMBUJWFMZOFBSNBOZPUIFSFYDFQUJPOBMMZ CSJHIUTUBSTBSFGBSUIFSBXBZCVUTIJOFXJUIHSFBUFSMVNJOPTJUZѮFDMPTFTUTUBSUPPVS 4PMBS4ZTUFNJTUIFGBJOUSFEEXBSGDPNQPOFOUPGUIF"MQIB$FOUBVSJTZTUFN LOPXOBT 1SPYJNB$FOUBVSJ XJUIBQBSBMMBYPGTFDPOETPGBSDBOEBEJTUBODFPGMJHIU ZFBSTGSPNUIF&BSUI PSBCPVU UJNFTNPSFEJTUBOUUIBOUIF4VO4FFBOOVBM QBSBMMBY QBSBMMBY 1SPYJNB$FOUBVSJ BOETUBST "MQIBEFDBZ ѮFEJTJOUFHSBUJPOPGBOBUPNJDOVDMFVT JOXIJDIBOBMQIBQBSUJDMFJTFNJU
UFE DBSSZJOHBXBZUXPQSPUPOTBOEUXPOFVUSPOTGSPNUIFOVDMFVT4FFBMQIBQBSUJDMF "MQIBQBSUJDMF ѮFOVDMFVTPGBIFMJVNBUPN DPOTJTUJOHPGUXPQSPUPOTBOEUXPOFV
USPOTѮFIFMJVNOVDMFVTIBTBDIBSHFUXJDFUIBUPGBQSPUPOBOEBNBTTKVTU PS QFSDFOU MFTTUIBOUIFNBTTPGGPVSQSPUPOTѮFBMQIBQBSUJDMFJTBIFMJVNJPO4FF IFMJVNBOEJPO "MUBJS "MTPLOPXOBT"MQIB"RVJMBF UIFCSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO"RVJMB XJUI BOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST BOBCTPMVUFWJTVBM NBHOJUVEFPG BOEBOJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZPGUJNFTUIBUPGUIF4VO"MUBJSJTB EXBSG PSNBJOTFRVFODF TUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF"4FF"TUBSBOETUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO "MUJUVEF ѮFBOHVMBSEJTUBODFPGBDFMFTUJBMPCKFDUBCPWFUIFPCTFSWFSTIPSJ[PONFB TVSFEBMPOHUIFHSFBUDJSDMFQBTTJOHUISPVHIUIFPCKFDUBOEUIF[FOJUI "NNPOJB "OJOUFSTUFMMBSNPMFDVMFBOEPOFPGUIFUISFFNBJOiJDFTuUIBUFYJTUFEJOUIF
PVUFS4PMBS4ZTUFNEVSJOHJUTGPSNBUJPO0OFNPMFDVMFPGBNNPOJB EFTJHOBUFE/) DPOTJTUTPGPOFBUPNPGOJUSPHFO / BOEUISFFBUPNTPGIZESPHFO ) "NPSBTUFSPJE 4FFOFBS&BSUIBTUFSPJE "OESPNFEB "MBSHFDPOTUFMMBUJPOPGUIF/PSUIFSO)FNJTQIFSF BEKPJOJOHUIF4RVBSF
PG1FHBTVT
(MPTTBSZ"
"OESPNFEBHBMBYZ ѮFOFBSFTUTQJSBMHBMBYZ BUBEJTUBODFPGNJMMJPOMJHIUZFBST GSPN&BSUI BMTPLOPXOBT.PS/($BOEUIF"OESPNFEB/FCVMB*UJTTJNJ MBS JO TIBQF BOE TJ[F UP PVS PXO .JMLZ 8BZ (BMBYZ ѮF "OESPNFEB HBMBYZ JT UIF NPTUEJTUBOUPCKFDUWJTJCMFUPUIFVOBJEFEFZF TFFOGSPNUIF/PSUIFSO)FNJTQIFSFBTB GV[[Z MVNJOPVTQBUDIJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPOPG"OESPNFEB BOEJTBCPVUCZEFHSFFTJO BOHVMBSFYUFOU5XPFMMJQUJDBMHBMBYJFT .BOE/($ BDDPNQBOZUIF"OESPNFEB HBMBYZ BOEUIFZBMMTIBSFNFNCFSTIJQXJUIPVSPXO(BMBYZJOUIF-PDBM(SPVQѮF "OESPNFEB HBMBYZ JT DVSSFOUMZ BQQSPBDIJOH PVS (BMBYZ UIF .JMLZ 8BZ 4FF HBMBYZ MPDBMHSPVQBOETQJSBMHBMBYZ "OHMP"VTUSBMJBO 0CTFSWBUPSZ -PDBUFE BU 4JEJOH 4QSJOH .PVOUBJO JO /FX 4PVUI
8BMFT BO PCTFSWBUPSZ KPJOUMZ PQFSBUFE CZ UIF 6OJUFE ,JOHEPN BOE UIF "VTUSBMJBO HPWFSONFOUT*UDPOUBJOTBNFUFS JODI "OHMP"VTUSBMJBO5FMFTDPQFBOEUIF NFUFS JODI 6,4DINJEUUFMFTDPQF ¯OHTUSÚN " VOJU PG XBWFMFOHUI EFTJHOBUFE CZ UIF TZNCPM ª BOE FRVBM UP
NFUFST PS PG B DFOUJNFUFS BOE OBOPNFUFST "O ªOHTUSÕN JT PO UIF PSEFSPGUIFTJ[FPGBOBUPN#MVFMJHIUIBTBXBWFMFOHUIPGBCPVUª ZFMMPXMJHIU ª BOESFEMJHIUªѮFVOJUJTOBNFEBѫFSUIF4XFEJTIBTUSPOPNFS"OEFST +POBTªOHTUSÕN ¢ XIPJOQVCMJTIFE3FTFBSDIFTPGUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN JOXIJDIIFQSFTFOUFENFBTVSFNFOUTPGUIFXBWFMFOHUITPGNPSFUIBOBIVOESFEEBSL BCTPSQUJPOMJOFTJOUIF4VOTTQFDUSVNVTJOHUIJTVOJUPGNFBTVSFNFOU "OHVMBSNPNFOUVN ѮFQSPEVDUPGBOHVMBSWFMPDJUZBOENBTTGPSBOPCKFDUJOSPUBUJPO "OHVMBSSFTPMVUJPO 4FFSFTPMVUJPO "OJTPUSPQZ ѮF DIBSBDUFSJTUJD PS RVBMJUZ PG CFJOH EFQFOEFOU VQPO EJSFDUJPO 4FF
JTPUSPQJD "OOVBM QBSBMMBY )BMGUIFBQQBSFOUBOHVMBSEJTQMBDFNFOUPGBOFBSCZTUBSPCTFSWFE BHBJOTU UIF NPSF EJTUBOU TUBST BU JOUFSWBMT PG TJY NPOUIT GSPN PQQPTJUF TJEFT PG UIF &BSUIT PSCJU ѮF BOOVBM QBSBMMBY JT BMTP LOPXO BT UIF USJHPOPNFUSJD QBSBMMBY ѮF EJTUBODF PG B OFBSCZ TUBS JO QBSTFDT JT HJWFO CZ UIF SFDJQSPDBM PG JUT BOOVBM QBSBMMBY JOTFDPOETPGBSD PSBSDTFDPOETѮFêSTUTUBSUPIBWFJUTEJTUBODFNFBTVSFECZUIJT NFUIPEXBT$ZHOJ JOCZUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS'SJFESJDI8JMIFMN#FTTFM ¢ "DDVSBUFQBSBMMBYNFBTVSFNFOUTPG TUBSTIBWFCFFOEFUFSNJOFE XJUIBQSFDJTJPOPGTFDPOETPGBSDVTJOHJOTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEUIF)*11"3$04 TBUFMMJUF4FF"MQIB$FOUBVSJ #BSOBSET4UBS )*11"3$04 ,BQUFZOT4UBS QBSBMMBY QBS TFD 1SPYJNB$FOUBVSJ BOE$ZHOJ "OUBSFT "MTPLOPXOBT"MQIB4DPSQJJ UIFCSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO4DPSQJVT
"OUBSFTJTBCSJHIU SFE.TVQFSHJBOUTUBS MPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST XJUIBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGBOEBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGm XIJDIJTJOUSJOTJDBMMZ UJNFTCSJHIUFSUIBOUIF4VOBUWJTJCMFXBWFMFOHUITѮF TUBSJTBCPVUUIFTBNFDPMPSBOEBQQBSFOUCSJHIUOFTTBT.BST SFTVMUJOHJOUIFOBNF"OU "SFT (SFFLGPSiMJLF.BSTu'SPNUIFNFBTVSFEBOHVMBSEJBNFUFSBOEEJTUBODF BSBEJVT PGPWFSUJNFTUIBUPGUIF4VOJTPCUBJOFE XIJDIJTBMNPTU"6 PSBMNPTUUJNFT UIFNFBOEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUIF&BSUIBOEUIF4VO
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
"OUFOOBF "QBJSPGJOUFSBDUJOHHBMBYJFT BMTPLOPXOBT/($BOE/($ JO UIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$PSWVT "OUISPQJDQSJODJQMF 'JSTUQSPQPTFEJOCZUIF#SJUJTIQIZTJDJTU#SBOEPO$BSUFS
¢
XPSLJOH JO 'SBODF UIF "OUISPQJD 1SJODJQMF TUBUFT UIBU UIF 6OJWFSTF XF PCTFSWFJTOFDFTTBSJMZDPNQBUJCMFXJUIPVSFYJTUFODFBTPCTFSWFST*OPUIFSXPSET UIF 6OJWFSTFXFJOIBCJUIBTQSPQFSUJFTUIBUIBWFNBEFJUQPTTJCMFGPSMJGFUPEFWFMPQ "OUJFMFDUSPO ѮF BOUJQBSUJDMF PG BO FMFDUSPO BMTP DBMMFE B QPTJUSPO 4FF BOUJNBUUFS
BOUJQBSUJDMF BOEQPTJUSPO "OUJNBUUFS .BUUFSNBEFPGQBSUJDMFTXJUIJEFOUJDBMNBTTBOETQJOBTUIPTFPGPSEJOBSZ
NBUUFS CVUXJUIPQQPTJUFDIBSHFѮFBOUJNBUUFSQBSUJDMFPGUIFFMFDUSPOJTUIFQPTJUSPO PS iQPTJUJWF FMFDUSPOu "OUJNBUUFS IBT CFFO QSPEVDFE CZ DPTNJD SBZT TUSJLJOH BUPNT JOUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF JOUFSSFTUSJBMQBSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUPST BOEEVSJOHëBSFTPOUIF 4VO8IFOBQBSUJDMFPGBOUJNBUUFSDPMMJEFTXJUIUIFDPSSFTQPOEJOHQBSUJDMFPGPSEJOBSZ NBUUFSUIFZBOOJIJMBUFFBDIPUIFS QSPEVDJOHFOFSHFUJDSBEJBUJPODBMMFEHBNNBSBZT 4FFBOUJQBSUJDMF BOEQPTJUSPO "OUJOFVUSJOP ѮFBOUJQBSUJDMFPGBOFVUSJOP4FFBOUJNBUUFS BOUJQBSUJDMF BOEOFVUSJOP "OUJQBSUJDMF "QBSUJDMFFRVBMJONBTTBOENPTUPUIFSQSPQFSUJFTUPBOFMFNFOUBSZQBS UJDMF CVUPQQPTJUFJODIBSHFѮFBOUJQBSUJDMFPGBOFMFDUSPOJTUIFQPTJUSPOPSiQPTJUJWF FMFDUSPOu BOEUIFBOUJQBSUJDMFPGUIFOFVUSJOPJTBOBOUJOFVUSJOP8IFOBQBSUJDMFNFFUT XJUIJUTBOUJQBSUJDMF UIFZBOOJIJMBUFFBDIPUIFS QSPEVDJOHFOFSHFUJDSBEJBUJPODBMMFE HBNNBSBZT4FFBOUJNBUUFSBOEQPTJUSPO "QFSUVSF ѮFEJBNFUFSPGUIFMJHIUHBUIFSJOHMFOTPSNJSSPSPGBUFMFTDPQF BNFBTVSF
PGJUTMJHIUHBUIFSJOHBCJMJUZ "QFSUVSFTZOUIFTJT "UFDIOJRVF QJPOFFSFECZUIF&OHMJTISBEJPBTUSPOPNFS.BSUJO 3ZMF ¢
JOXIJDIBOBSSBZPGSBEJPEJTIFTJTDPOOFDUFEFMFDUSPOJDBMMZBOE VTFEXJUIUIF&BSUITSPUBUJPOUPTZOUIFTJ[FUIFSFTPMVUJPOPGBNVDIMBSHFSUFMFTDPQF 4FF"VTUSBMJB5FMFTDPQF .&3-*/ .VMMBSE3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZ /BUJPOBM 3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZ 7FSZ-BSHF"SSBZ 7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF"SSBZ BOE8FTU FSCPSL4ZOUIFTJT3BEJP5FMFTDPQF "QPMMPBTUFSPJE 4FFOFBS&BSUIBTUFSPJE "QPMMP.JTTJPOT 4JY"QPMMPTQBDFDSBѫUSBOTQPSUFEUXFMWFIVNBOTUPUIF.PPOBOE
CBDLCFUXFFOBOEѮFZMFѫTFJTNPNFUFSTUPNFBTVSFUIFMVOBSJOUFSJPSBOE MBTFSDPSOFSSFëFDUPSTVTFEUPEFUFSNJOFUIF.PPOTJODSFBTJOHEJTUBODFGSPN&BSUI BOESFUVSOFEBUPUBMPGLJMPHSBNTPGSPDLTUIBUDPOUBJOFEOPXBUFSBOEIBEOFWFS CFFOFYQPTFEUPJU CVUXFSFVTFEUPEFDJQIFSUIF.PPOTIJTUPSZBOEQSPWJEFDMVFTUP JUTPSJHJOѮF"QPMMPBTUSPOBVU /FJM""SNTUSPOH ¢ XBTUIFêSTUIVNBO UPTUFQPOUIF.PPO GSPNUIF-VOBS.PEVMF&BHMFPO+VMZ4FF.PPO "QQBSFOU MVNJOPTJUZ ѮF UPUBM BNPVOU PG FOFSHZ QFS TFDPOE QFS VOJU SFDFJWJOH BSFBEFUFDUFEGSPNBDFMFTUJBMPCKFDUѮFBQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZJTFRVBMUPUIFBCTPMVUF
(MPTTBSZ"
MVNJOPTJUZEJWJEFECZUIFTRVBSFPGUIFEJTUBODF4FFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ CSJHIUOFTT JOWFSTFTRVBSFMBX BOEMVNJOPTJUZ "QQBSFOUNBHOJUVEF "NFBTVSFPGUIFSFMBUJWFCSJHIUOFTTPGBTUBS PSPUIFSDFMFTUJBM PCKFDU BTQFSDFJWFECZBOPCTFSWFSPO&BSUI*UJTEFOPUFECZUIFTZNCPMN"QQBSFOU NBHOJUVEFEFQFOETPOCPUIUIFBCTPMVUFBNPVOUPGMJHIUFOFSHZFNJUUFE PSSFëFDUFE BOE UIF EJTUBODF UP UIF PCKFDU ѮF TNBMMFTU BQQBSFOU NBHOJUVEFT DPSSFTQPOE UP UIF HSFBUFTUCSJHIUOFTTѮFBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEFPGUIF4VOJTm UIFBQQBSFOUNBHOJ UVEFPGUIFGVMM.PPOJTm BOEUIFBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEFPGUIFQMBOFU7FOVTXIFOJU JTCSJHIUFTUJTm4FFBCTPMVUFNBHOJUVEF NBHOJUVEF QBSBMMBYBOEWJTVBMNBHOJUVEF "SBDIOJE " WPMDBOJD GFBUVSF PO 7FOVT DBVTFE CZ SJTJOH IPU NBUFSJBM UIBU QSPEVDFT DJSDVMBSBOESBEJBMGSBDUVSFTJOUIFTVSGBDF OJDLOBNFEBSBDIOJET GSPNUIF(SFFLBOE NPEFSO-BUJOXPSETGPSiTQJEFSu "SDEFHSFF "VOJUPGBOHVMBSNFBTVSFPGXIJDIUIFSFBSFJOBGVMMDJSDMF"OBSD
EFHSFFJTEFOPUFECZUIFTZNCPM "SD NJOVUF "VOJUPGBOHVMBSNFBTVSFFRVBMUPPOFTJYUJFUIPGBEFHSFFPGBOHVMBS
NFBTVSF PSUPPGBOBSDEFHSFFѮFSFBSFBSDNJOVUFTJOBSDEFHSFF"OBSD NJOVUFJTEFOPUFECZUIFTZNCPM BOEJUJTBMTPDBMMFEBNJOVUFPGBSDѮF.PPOJT BSDNJOVUFTBDSPTT "SDTFDPOE "VOJUPGBOHVMBSNFBTVSFFRVBMUP PGBOBSDEFHSFFBOEPGBO
BSDNJOVUF"OBSDTFDPOEJTEFOPUFECZUIFTZNCPM BOEJUJTBMTPDBMMFEBTFDPOEPG BSDѮFSFBSFTFDPOETPGBSDJOPOFSBEJBO BOEPSBEJBOTJOBGVMMDJSDMF PGEFHSFFT XIFSFUIFDPOTUBOUP+VQJUFSJTTFDPOETPGBSDBDSPTT "SDUVSVT ѮFCSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIFOPSUIFSOIFNJTQIFSFBOEUIFGPVSUICSJHIUFTUTUBS POUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSF"SDUVSVTIBTCFFODBMMFEUIFi#FBS8BUDIFSu TJODFJUGPMMPXT 6STB.BKPS UIF(SFBU#FBS BSPVOEUIFOPSUIFSOQPMF BOEUIFOBNF"SDUVSVTEFSJWFT GSPNBSLUPT UIF(SFFLXPSEGPSiCFBSu"SDUVSVTJTBMTPLOPXOBT"MQIB#PÕUJT UIF CSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO#PÕUFT*UJTBOPSBOHF,HJBOUTUBSBUBEJTUBODFPG MJHIUZFBST XJUIBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGmBOEBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJ UVEFPGm4FF,TUBS TUBSTBOETUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO "SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZ ѮFXPSMETMBSHFTUSBEJPUFMFTDPQFMPDBUFEOFBS"SFDJCP 1VFSUP 3JDP EFEJDBUFEJOBOESFTVSGBDFEJO*UTNFUBMSFëFDUJOHTVSGBDFIBTBTQIFS JDBMTIBQFXJUIBEJBNFUFSPGNFUFST GFFU
BOEGPDVTFTJODPNJOHSBEJPXBWFT UPBNPWFBCMFTUSVDUVSFQPTJUJPOFEBCPVUNFUFST GFFU BCPWFѮFUSBOTNJTTJPO BOESFDFQUJPOPGSBEBSTJHOBMTGSPNUIF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZJOUIFTSFTVMUFEJO BOBDDVSBUFEFUFSNJOBUJPOPGUIFBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJUBOEUIFêSTUDPSSFDUNFBTVSFNFOUT PGUIFSPUBUJPOQFSJPETPG.FSDVSZBOE7FOVTѮF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZJTVTFEUP TUVEZSBEJPFNJTTJPOGSPNBMMLJOETPGDPTNJDPCKFDUT TVDIBTQVMTBST JODMVEJOHUIF EJTDPWFSZJOPGUIF#JOBSZ1VMTBS 143 VTFEUPQSPWJEFFWJEFODFGPS HSBWJUBUJPOBMSBEJBUJPO BOEUIFEJTDPWFSZJOPGUIFQVMTBS143 XIJDI IBT BU MFBTU UXP &BSUITJ[FE QMBOFUT PSCJUJOH JU 4FF CJOBSZ QVMTBS FYUSBTPMBS QMBOFU
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
HSBWJUBUJPOBM SBEJBUJPO .FSDVSZ NJMMJTFDPOE QVMTBS 143 143 143 SBEBSBTUSPOPNZ BOE7FOVT "TUBS "IPU XIJUFTUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF" XJUIBEJTLUFNQFSBUVSFNVDIIPUUFSUIBO
UIF4VO TVDIBT4JSJVT "MUBJS 'PNBMIBVU 7FHB BOE%FOFC4FF"MUBJS %FOFC 'PNBM IBVU )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN 4JSJVT TQFDUSBMDMBTTJêDBUJPO BOE7FHB "TUFSPJE "SFMBUJWFMZTNBMM MPXNBTT TPMJEPCKFDUPGJSSFHVMBSTIBQFUIBUPSCJUTUIF4VO BOETIJOFTCZSFëFDUFETVOMJHIUѮF4JDJMJBOBTUSPOPNFS(JVTFQQF1JB[[J ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUIFêSTUBTUFSPJEBDDJEFOUBMMZ PO+BOVBSZ UIFê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Ѯ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
UPUIFUIDFOUVSZ*UXBTVTFEUPTIPXUIFBQQFBSBODFPGUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSFBUBHJWFO NPNFOUBOEUPEFUFSNJOFUIFBMUJUVEFBCPWFUIFIPSJ[POPGUIF4VO TUBST PSPUIFS DFMFTUJBMPCKFDUT&WFOUVBMMZSFQMBDFECZUIFTFYUBOU4FFTFYUBOU "TUSPNFUSZ ѮFCSBODIPGBTUSPOPNZDPODFSOFEXJUIUIFNFBTVSFNFOUPGQPTJUJPOT
BOENPUJPOTPGDFMFTUJBMPCKFDUT4FFQBSBMMBYBOEQSPQFSNPUJPO
4!",% !STEROIDSnLARGEST A !STEROID
4YPE
2ADIUS KM
-ASSB KG
#ERES 0ALLAS
# " 6
D
6ESTA
-ASS $ENSITY KGMn
2OTATION 3EMI MAJOR 0ERIOD !XIS HOURS !5
A4HESIZEISINUNITSOFKILOMETERS ABBREVIATEDKM THEMASSISINUNITSOFKILOGRAMS ABBREVIATEDKG ANDTHE
MASSDENSITYISINUNITSOFKILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER ABBREVIATEDKGM¥
B4HEMASSDETERMINATIONSAREFROMTHEWORKOF%-3TANDISHATTHE*ET0ROPULSION,ABORATORYWHEREHE
USESOBSERVATIONSOF-ARSTOSOLVEFORTHEMASSESOFTHELARGERASTEROIDS C0ALLASISNOTQUITESPHERICAL!TRI AXIALELLIPSOIDlTTOOCCULTATIONOBSERVATIONSHASDIAMETERSOFKM KM ANDKMWITHAMEANDIAMETEROFKM
(MPTTBSZ"
"TUSPOPNJDBMVOJU "CCSFWJBUFE"6 BVOJUPGBTUSPOPNJDBMEJTUBODFTFTQFDJBMMZXJUIJO
UIF4PMBS4ZTUFN FRVBMUPUIFNFBOEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUIF&BSUIBOEUIF4VO BCPVU NJMMJPOLJMPNFUFSTPSNJMMJPONJMFTѮFBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJUIBTBNPSFFYBDU WBMVFPGNFUFST XIJDIJTFRVBMUPMJHIUTFDPOETѮF BTUSPOPNJDBM VOJU JT BMTP EFêOFE BT UIF EJTUBODF GSPN UIF 4VO BU XIJDI B NBTTMFTT QBSUJDMFJOBOVOQFSUVSCFEPSCJUXPVMEIBWFBOPSCJUBMQFSJPEPGEBZT .FSDVSZ UIFOFBSFTUQMBOFUUPUIF4VO MJFTBUBOBWFSBHFEJTUBODFPG"6GSPNUIF 4VO+VQJUFSTNFBOEJTUBODFGSPNUIF4VOJT"6"MJHIUZFBSJTBNVDIMBSHFSVOJU PGEJTUBODF FRVBMUP"6
'*( !STEROIDBELT4HEEXACTLOCATIONSOFlVETHOUSANDASTEROIDS ORMINORPLANETS WHOSEORBITSAREACCURATELYKNOWN4HEVASTMAJORITYOFTHEASTEROIDSORBITTHE3UNINTHE MAINBELTLOCATEDBETWEENTHEORBITSOF-ARSAND*UPITER!FEWOFTHEMPASSINSIDETHEORBIT OF%ARTH WHILEOTHERSMOVEABOUTDEGREESAHEADOFANDBEHIND*UPITERINSIMILARORBITS
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
"TUSPOPNZ ѮFTDJFOUJêDTUVEZPGQMBOFUT TUBST HBMBYJFTBOEUIF6OJWFSTF JODMVEJOH UIFJSNPUJPOT QPTJUJPOT TJ[FT DPNQPTJUJPO BOEUIFQSPDFTTFTCZXIJDIUIFZGPSNFE BOEFWPMWF "TUSPQIZTJDT ѮFTUVEZPGUIFQIZTJDBMQSPQFSUJFTPGDFMFTUJBMPCKFDUT "UFOBTUFSPJE 4FFOFBS&BSUIBTUFSPJE "UNPTQIFSF ѮFNJYUVSFPGHBTFTUIBUTVSSPVOETBQMBOFU OBUVSBMTBUFMMJUF BOEUIF PVUFSNPTUHBTFPVTMBZFSTPGBTUBS IFMEOFBSUIFNCZUIFJSHSBWJUZ4JODFHBTIBTBOBU VSBMUFOEFODZUPFYQBOEJOUPTQBDF POMZCPEJFTUIBUIBWFBTVēDJFOUMZTUSPOHHSBWJ UBUJPOBMQVMMDBOSFUBJOBUNPTQIFSFTѮFBCJMJUZPGBQMBOFUPSTBUFMMJUFUPSFUBJOBO BUNPTQIFSFEFQFOETPOJUTNBTT BOEPOUIFHBTUFNQFSBUVSF EFUFSNJOFECZCPUIJUT EJTUBODFGSPNUIF4VOBOEUIFBUNPTQIFSFTHSFFOIPVTFFĒFDU)PUUFS MJHIUFSHBTNPM FDVMFTNPWFGBTUFS BOEBSFNPSFMJLFMZUPFTDBQFGSPNBQMBOFUPSTBUFMMJUFMFTTNBTTJWF PCKFDUTTVDIBTPVS.PPOBSFMFTTMJLFMZUPSFUBJOBOBUNPTQIFSFѮFUFSNBUNPTQIFSF JTVTFEGPSUIFUFOVPVTPVUFSNBUFSJBMPGUIF4VOCFDBVTFJUJTSFMBUJWFMZUSBOTQBSFOUBU WJTJCMFXBWFMFOHUITѮFTPMBSBUNPTQIFSFJODMVEFT GSPNUIFEFFQFTUMBZFSTPVUXBSE UIFQIPUPTQIFSF UIFDISPNPTQIFSF BOEUIFDPSPOBѮF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSFJTUSBOT QBSFOUBOEDPOTJTUTNBJOMZPGNPMFDVMBSOJUSPHFO QFSDFOU BOENPMFDVMBSPYZHFO QFSDFOU XJUIUSBDFBNPVOUTPGDBSCPOEJPYJEF QFSDFOU BOEXBUFSWBQPS WBSJBCMF BGFXUJNFTQFSDFOU 4FF&BSUI FTDBQFWFMPDJUZ .BST BOE7FOVT "UNPTQIFSJDXJOEPX "XBWFMFOHUICBOEJOUIFFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDTQFDUSVNGPSXIJDI SBEJBUJPOJTBCMFUPQBTTUISPVHIUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSFXJUISFMBUJWFMZMJUUMFBUUFOVB UJPOCZBCTPSQUJPO TDBUUFSJOHPSSFëFDUJPOѮFSFBSFUXPNBJOXJOEPXT¢UIFPQUJDBM XJOEPXPGWJTJCMFMJHIUBOEUIFSBEJPXJOEPX "UPN ѮFTNBMMFTUQBSUJDMFPGBDIFNJDBMFMFNFOUUIBUTUJMMIBTUIFDIBSBDUFSJTUJDTBOE QSPQFSUJFTPGUIBUFMFNFOU"OBUPNJTDPNQPTFEPGBEFOTFBOENBTTJWFOVDMFVT DPO UBJOJOHQSPUPOTBOEOFVUSPOT TVSSPVOEFECZFMFDUSPOTѮFIZESPHFOBUPNIBTPOF QSPUPOBOEOPOFVUSPOTJOJUTOVDMFVT"OFVUSBMBUPNIBTBTNBOZFMFDUSPOTBTUIFSF BSFQSPUPOT BOETPJTXJUIPVUOFUDIBSHF"OJPOJ[FEBUPNIBTGFXFSFMFDUSPOTUIBO QSPUPOT BOEUIFSFGPSFBQPTJUJWFDIBSHFѮFBUPNJDOVNCFSJTFRVBMUPUIFOVNCFS 4!",% !TMOSPHERESn6ENUS -ARSAND%ARTH 6ENUS
-ARS
%ARTH
VARIABLE TO TO
VARIABLE ATSEALEVEL TO
#ONSTITUENTA
#ARBONDIOXIDE #/ .ITROGEN . !RGON !R 7ATERVAPOR (/ /XYGEN / 3URFACEPRESSUREBAR 3URFACETEMPERATURE+
A0ERCENTAGECOMPOSITIONOFATMOSPHERICCONSTITUENT
(MPTTBSZ"
PGQSPUPOTJOUIFBUPNTOVDMFVT XIJMFUIFBUPNJDNBTTOVNCFSJTFRVBMUPUIFUPUBM OVNCFSPGQSPUPOTBOEOFVUSPOTJOUIFOVDMFVTѮF'SFODIQIZTJDJTU+FBO#BQUJTUF 1FSSJO ¢ EFNPOTUSBUFEUIFFYJTUFODFPGBUPNTCZDBSFGVMNFBTVSFNFOUTPG #SPXOJBONPUJPOJO4FFBUPNJDOVNCFS #SPXOJBONPUJPO FMFNFOU BOEJPO "UPNJDNBTTOVNCFS ѮFUPUBMOVNCFSPGQSPUPOTBOEOFVUSPOTJOUIFOVDMFVTPG
BOBUPNѮFBUPNJDNBTTOVNCFSJTEFTJHOBUFECZUIFDBQJUBMMFUUFS" BOEJUJTBMTP LOPXOBTUIFNBTTOVNCFSPGUIFBUPN)ZESPHFOIBTBNBTTOVNCFSPGPOF IFMJVN GPVS DBSCPOUXFMWF BOEPYZHFOTJYUFFO "UPNJDNBTTVOJU "VOJUPGNBTTUIBUJTFRVBMUPPOFUXFMѫIUIFNBTTPGBDBSCPO
BUPN XJUIBWBMVFPGLJMPHSBNT"OFVUSPOBOEQSPUPOIBWFNBTTFT PGBCPVUBUPNJDNBTTVOJUT "UPNJDOVNCFS ѮFOVNCFSPGQSPUPOTJOUIFOVDMFVTPGBOBUPNѮFBUPNJDOVNCFS JTEFTJHOBUFECZUIFDBQJUBMMFUUFS;*UJTBMTPFRVBMUPUIFFMFNFOUTQPTJUJPOJOUIFQFSJPEJD UBCMF)ZESPHFOIBTBOBUPNJDOVNCFSPGPOF IFMJVNUXP DBSCPOTJY BOEPYZHFOFJHIU "6 "CCSFWJBUJPOGPSBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJU4FFBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJU "VSPSB "EJTQMBZPGSBQJEMZWBSZJOH DPMPSFEMJHIUVTVBMMZTFFOGSPNNBHOFUJDQPMBS SFHJPOTPGBQMBOFUѮFMJHIUJTHJWFOPĒCZDPMMJTJPOTCFUXFFODIBSHFEQBSUJDMFTBOE UIFBUPNT JPOTBOENPMFDVMFTJOBQMBOFUTVQQFSBUNPTQIFSFPSJPOPTQIFSF"VSPSBT BSFWJTJCMFPO&BSUIBTUIFBVSPSBCPSFBMJT PSOPSUIFSOMJHIUT OFBSUIF/PSUI1PMF BOE UIFBVSPSBBVTUSBMJT PSTPVUIFSOMJHIUT OFBSUIF4PVUI1PMFѮFZJODMVEFUIFHSFFOBOE SFEFNJTTJPOMJOFTGSPNPYZHFOBUPNTBOEOJUSPHFONPMFDVMFTUIBUIBWFCFFOFYDJUFE CZIJHITQFFEFMFDUSPOT5FSSFTUSJBMBVSPSBTPDDVSBUIFJHIUTPGBSPVOEUPUIPV TBOELJMPNFUFST XIJDIJTXJUIJOUIF&BSUITJPOPTQIFSF "VSPSBMPWBM 0OFPGUIFUXPPWBMTIBQFE[POFTBSPVOEUIF&BSUITHFPNBHOFUJDQPMFT JOXIJDIUIFBVSPSBTBSFPCTFSWFENPTUPѫFOѮFZBSFMPDBUFEBUMBUJUVEFTPGBCPVU EFHSFFTOPSUIBOETPVUI BOEBSFBCPVUEFHSFFTXJEFѮFJSQPTJUJPOBOEXJEUICPUIWBSZ XJUIHFPNBHOFUJDBOETPMBSBDUJWJUZѮFBVSPSBMPWBMTBSFEFUFDUFEGSPN&BSUIPSCJUJOH TBUFMMJUFT(SPVOECBTFEPCTFSWFSTEFUFDUPOMZBTFDUJPOPGBOPWBM BTTIJNNFSJOHSJCCPOT BOEDVSUBJOTPGMJHIU
4!",% !TMOSPHERESnGIANTPLANETSAND3UNA #ONSTITUENT
3UN
*UPITER
3ATURN
5RANUS
.EPTUNE
(YDROGEN ( (ELIUM (EATOM 7ATER (/ -ETHANE #( !MMONIA .(
A4HE
PERCENTAGE ABUNDANCE BY NUMBER OF MOLECULES FOR THE 3UN COOLED TO PLANETARY TEMPERA TURES SO THAT THE ELEMENTS COMBINE TO FORM THE COMPOUNDS LISTED AND FOR THE OUTER ATMOSPHERES OF THE GIANT PLANETS BELOW THE CLOUDS $ASHES INDICATE UNOBSERVED COMPOUNDS #OURTESY OF !NDREW 0)NGERSOLL
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4!",% !URORAnEMISSIONLINES 7AVELENGTHNM
%MITTINGATOM IONORMOLECULE
!LTITUDEKM
6ISUAL#OLOR
.NITROGENION
n n n n n
VIOLET PURPLE VIOLET PURPLE GREEN RED RED RED RED RED RED
.NITROGENION /OXYGENATOM /OXYGENATOM /OXYGENATOM .NITROGENMOLECULE .NITROGENMOLECULE .NITROGENMOLECULE .NITROGENMOLECULE
"VTUSBMJB 5FMFTDPQF "O BQFSUVSF TZOUIFTJT SBEJP UFMFTDPQF JO /FX 4PVUI 8BMFT DPOTJTUJOHPGTJYNFUFS GPPU EJTIFTTQSFBEPWFSBLJMPNFUFSCBTFMJOF BOPUIFS NFUFS GPPU EJTIBU.PQSB BCPVULJMPNFUFSTUPUIFTPVUI BOEUIFNFUFS GFFU SBEJP UFMFTDPQF BU UIF 1BSLFT 0CTFSWBUPSZ MPDBUFE LJMPNFUFST GBSUIFS TPVUI 4FF BQFSUVSF TZOUIFTJT "VTUSBMJB 5FMFTDPQF /BUJPOBM 'BDJMJUZ JOUFSGFSPNFUFS 1BSLFT 0CTFSWBUPSZ SBEJP UFMFTDPQF SBEJP JOUFSGFSPNFUFS BOE 7FSZ -POH #BTFMJOF *OUFSGFSPNFUSZ "VTUSBMJB5FMFTDPQF/BUJPOBM'BDJMJUZ "CCSFWJBUFE"5/' UIFNBJOSBEJPBTUSPOPNZ JOTUJUVUFPG"VTUSBMJB BOEBEJWJTJPOPGUIF$PNNPOXFBMUI4DJFOUJêDBOE*OEVTUSJBM 3FTFBSDI0SHBOJ[BUJPO PS$4*30GPSTIPSUѮF"VTUSBMJB5FMFTDPQF/BUJPOBM'BDJMJUZ PQFSBUFTUIF"VTUSBMJB5FMFTDPQF XIJDIDPOTJTUTPGJUT$PNQBDU"SSBZBU/BSSBCSJBOE UIF1BSLFTBOE.PQSBSBEJPUFMFTDPQFTѮFTFUFMFTDPQFTDBOCFVTFEUPHFUIFSGPSBQFS UVSFTZOUIFTJTBOE7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ4FFBQFSUVSFTZOUIFTJT 1BSLFT 0CTFSWBUPSZBOE7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ "VUVNOBM FRVJOPY ѮF QPJOU XIFSF UIF 4VO DSPTTFT UIF DFMFTUJBM FRVBUPS JO UIF
BVUVNO POPSOFBS4FQUFNCFS4FFFRVJOPY 8 "DSPOZN GPS "EWBODFE 9SBZ "TUSPQIZTJDT 'BDJMJUZ 4FF $IBOESB 9SBZ
0CTFSWBUPSZ
(MPTTBSZ#
# #BDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO 4FFDPTNJDCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO #BJMZTCFBET "TUSJOHPGCSJHIUMJHIUTPCTFSWFEBUUIFFYUSFNFFEHFPGUIF4VOTEJTL TFFO EVSJOH B UPUBM FDMJQTF PG UIF 4VO KVTU CFGPSF PS BѫFS UPUBMJUZ ѮFZ BSF DBVTFE CZ TVOMJHIU TIJOJOH UISPVHI UIF WBMMFZT PO UIF .PPOT FEHF PS MJNC XIJMF NPVO UBJOTPOUIFMJNCCMPDLPUIFSSBZTPGTVOMJHIUѮF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS'SBODJT#BJMZ ¢ êSTUEFTDSJCFEUIFNJOIJTBDDPVOUPGUIFUPUBMFDMJQTFPGUIF4VOPO .BZ BOEIFODFUIFOBNF#BJMZTCFBET4FFTPMBSFDMJQTF #BMNFS TFSJFT " NBUIFNBUJDBM GPSNVMB EFWJTFE JO CZ UIF 4XJTT NBUIFNBUJDT
UFBDIFS+PIBOO#BMNFS ¢ UPHJWFUIFXBWFMFOHUIT PSGSFRVFODJFT PGUIF WJTJCMFTQFDUSBMMJOFTPGUIFIZESPHFOBUPNTFFOJOUIFMJHIUPGUIF4VOBOEPUIFSTUBST ѮFêSTU#BMNFSMJOFJTDBMMFEUIFSFEIZESPHFOBMQIBMJOF EFTJHOBUFE)ʂ BUBXBWF MFOHUIPGOBOPNFUFST XIJDIJTVTFEUPEFUFDUUIFDISPNPTQIFSFBDSPTTUIFGBDF PGUIF4VOѮFTFSJFTPGXBWFMFOHUITXBTFYQMBJOFEJOXIFOUIF%BOJTIQIZTJ DJTU/JFMT#PIS ¢ TVQQPTFEUIBUUIFMPOFFMFDUSPOJOUIFIZESPHFOBUPN SFWPMWFTBCPVUUIFOVDMFBSQSPUPOJOTQFDJêDPSCJUTXJUIEFêOJUFRVBOUJ[FEWBMVFTPG FOFSHZѮF#BMNFSTFSJFTJTSBEJBUFE PSBCTPSCFE XIFOBOFMFDUSPOKVNQTCFUXFFO UIFTFBMMPXFEPSCJUT4FF#PISBUPN DISPNPTQIFSF 'SBVOIPGFSMJOFT IZESPHFOBMQIB MJOF -ZNBOTFSJFT TQFDUSBMMJOFBOETQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI #BSOBSET4UBS "GBTUNPWJOHSFE.EXBSGTUBSXJUIUIFMBSHFTUQSPQFSNPUJPO USBW
FMJOHBDSPTTUIFTLZBUTFDPOETPGBSDQFSZFBS BOEUIFDMPTFTUTUBSUPUIF4VOBѫFS UIF "MQIB $FOUBVSJ TZTUFN "T JUT OBNF JNQMJFT UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS &EXBSE #BSOBSE ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUIFTUBSJO#BSOBSET4UBSIBTBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBM NBHOJUVEFPG BOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BOEBOJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZ POMZUIBUPGUIF4VO*UJTUIFTFDPOEDMPTFTUTUBSUPUIF&BSUI XJUIBQBSBMMBYPG TFDPOETPGBSDBOEBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBSTPOMZUIF"MQIB$FOUBVSJUSJQMF TUBSTZTUFN DPOUBJOJOH1SPYJNB$FOUBVSJ JTDMPTFS"UJUTEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST UIFQSPQFSNPUJPOPG#BSOBSET4UBSUSBOTMBUFTJOUPBTQFFEPGLJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE BDSPTTUIFMJOFPGTJHIU$PNCJOFEXJUIJUTSBEJBMWFMPDJUZPGLJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE PCUBJOFE GSPN UIF %PQQMFS FĒFDU PG JUT TQFDUSBM MJOFT #BSOBSET 4UBS NPWFT UISPVHI TQBDFBULJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE BSBUFXIJDIJTTFWFOUJNFTUIBUPGUIFBWFSBHFTUBS 4FF%PQQMFSFĒFDU QBSBMMBYBOEQSPQFSNPUJPO #BSSJOHFS.FUFPSJUF$SBUFS 4FF.FUFPS$SBUFS #BSZDFOUFS ѮFDFOUFSPGNBTTPGUXPPSNPSFDFMFTUJBMCPEJFTmUIFQPJOUBCPVUXIJDI
UIFZSFWPMWF4FFDFOUFSPGNBTT #BSZPO " NBTTJWF FMFNFOUBSZ QBSUJDMF XJUI IBMGJOUFHSBM TQJO UIBU SFTQPOET UP UIF
TUSPOHOVDMFBSGPSDF1SPUPOTBOEOFVUSPOT XIJDIDPNQSJTFNPTUPGUIFNBTTPGPSEJ OBSZNBUUFS BSFCBSZPOT&BDICBSZPOJTDPNQPTFEPGUISFFRVBSLT
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
#BSZPOJDNBUUFS .BUUFSNBEFPVUPGCBSZPOT JODMVEJOHBOZUIJOHDPNQPTFEPGFMF NFOUTJOUIFQFSJPEJDUBCMF CVUQFSIBQTBDDPVOUJOHGPSPOMZQFSDFOUPGUIFNBUUFS FOFSHZ DPOUFOU PG UIF 6OJWFSTF ѮF iPSEJOBSZu NBUUFS UIBU XF TFF BSPVOE VT GSPN QFPQMFBOEUSFFTUPQMBOFUTBOETUBST XIJDIBSFDPNQPTFEPGCBSZPOT/POCBSZPOJD NBUUFS DPOTJTUT PG TVCBUPNJD QBSUJDMFT UIBU BSF OPU CBSZPOT QFSIBQT BDDPVOUJOH GPS EBSLNBUUFSUIBUNBZBNPVOUUPQFSDFOUPGUIFNBUUFSJOUIF6OJWFSTFѮFPUIFS QFSDFOUJTBUUSJCVUFEUPTPNFTPSUPGNZTUFSJPVTEBSLFOFSHZ4FFDPMEEBSLNBUUFS EBSL FOFSHZ EBSLNBUUFS IPUEBSLNBUUFS BOEOPOCBSZPOJDNBUUFS #FUBEFDBZ ѮFEJTJOUFHSBUJPOPGBSBEJPBDUJWFOVDMFVT JOXIJDIBOFVUSPOUVSOTJOUP
BQSPUPOCZFKFDUJOHBOFMFDUSPO IJTUPSJDBMMZDBMMFEBCFUBQBSUJDMF BOEBOBOUJOFVUSJOP ѮFSFTVMUJOHOVDMFVTIBTBDIBSHFPOFHSFBUFSUIBOUIFJOJUJBMPOF #FUB QBSUJDMF "O FMFDUSPO FNJUUFE GSPN BO BUPNJD OVDMFVT BT B SFTVMU PG B OVDMFBS SFBDUJPOPSJOUIFDPVSTFPGSBEJPBDUJWFEFDBZ4VDIQBSUJDMFTXFSFPSJHJOBMMZDBMMFECFUB SBZT4FFOFVUSJOP #FUB1JDUPSJT "O"UZQFTUBSMJHIUZFBSTGSPNUIF&BSUI XJUIBEJTLPGEVTUTVS
SPVOEJOHJU #FUFMHFVTF ѮFBQQBSFOUMZCSJHIUFTUTUBSPOUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSF BSFE.4VQFSHJBOU
TUBS MPDBUFEMJHIUZFBSTBXBZJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO0SJPO BOEBMTPLOPXOBT"MQIB 0SJPOJT*UIBTBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGBOEBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEF PGm*OUIF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU.JDIFMTPO ¢ BOEUIF"NFSJ DBOBTUSPOPNFS'SBODJT(1FBTF ¢ SFQPSUFEUIBUUIFZIBEVTFEBOPQUJDBM JOUFSGFSPNFUFS UP PCUBJO BO BOHVMBS EJBNFUFS PG BCPVU TFDPOET PG BSD GPS #FUFM HFVTF XIJDIBUBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBSTDPSSFTQPOETUPBQIZTJDBMSBEJVTPGBCPVU NJMMJPOLJMPNFUFSTBOEUJNFTUIFSBEJVTPGUIF4VO*OPVS4PMBS4ZTUFN UIFTUBS XPVMEFYUFOEUPBSBEJVTPGBCPVU"6PSUISFFUJNFTUIFEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUIF4VOBOE UIF&BSUI8IFOVTJOHVQBMMJUTUIFSNPOVDMFBSGVFM UIJTNBTTJWFTUBSXJMMFYQMPEFBTB TVQFSOPWB #JFMBT$PNFU "GPSNFSDPNFUEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF"VTUSJBOBSNZPēDFSBOE BTUSPOPNFS8JMIFMNWPO#JFMB ¢ ѮFDPNFUIBEBQFSJPEPGZFBST CSPLFJOUPUXPQJFDFTXIFOJUDBNFDMPTFUPUIF4VOJO BOEIBTOPUCFFOTFFOTJODF ѮF"OESPNFEJENFUFPSTIPXFSPGXBTQSPEVDFEXIFOUIF&BSUIDSPTTFE UIFPSCJUBMQBUIPGUIFEJTJOUFHSBUFEDPNFU TIPXJOHUIBUNFUFPSTIPXFST PSTIPPUJOH TUBST BSFQSPEVDFEXIFOTNBMMQJFDFTPGDPNFUTFOUFSUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF #JH#BOH ѮFCFHJOOJOHPGUIFPCTFSWBCMF6OJWFSTF BOEBOFWFOUUIBUQSPQFMMFEUIF
6OJWFSTFJOUPFYQBOTJPOBCPVUCJMMJPOZFBSTBHP XIFOBMMUIFNBTTPGUIF6OJWFSTF XBTDPNQSFTTFEUPBWFSZIJHIEFOTJUZBOEBOFYUSFNFMZIJHIUFNQFSBUVSFFYDFFEJOH CJMMJPOLFMWJOѮFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPOJTDPOTJEFSFEUPCFUIF SFTJEVBMSBEJBUJPOPGUIF#JH#BOH4FFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOE #JH#BOHOVDMFPTZOUIFTJT ѮFDSFBUJPOPGMJHIUFMFNFOUT TVDIBTIZESPHFO EFVUF
SJVNBOEIFMJVN JOUIFêSTUGFXNJOVUFTBѫFSUIF#JH#BOH4FFOVDMFPTZOUIFTJT #JMMJPO 0OFUIPVTBOENJMMJPO XSJUUFO PS
(MPTTBSZ#
#JOBSZQVMTBS ѮFSBEJPQVMTBSEFTJHOBUFE143 XJUIBQFSJPEPGNJM MJTFDPOET BOEBDPNQBOJPOTUBSUIBUJTBMTPBOFVUSPOTUBSѮFCJOBSZQVMTBSXBTEJT DPWFSFEJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOSBEJPBTUSPOPNFST3VTTFMM")VMTF ¢ BOE +PTFQI)5BZMPS+S ¢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ѮFNJOJNVNFOFSHZOFFEFEUPTQMJUBOBUPNJDOVDMFVTJOUPJUTDPO
TUJUVFOUT #JQPMBS PVUnPX ѮF IJHITQFFE KFUUJOH PG HBT JO PQQPTJUF EJSFDUJPOT GSPN EJTL TIBQFETZTUFNT VTVBMMZFNJUUFEGSPNUIFSPUBUJPOBMQPMFTJOEJSFDUJPOTQFSQFOEJDVMBS UPUIFQMBOFPGUIFEJTL #MBDLCPEZ "IFBUFECPEZUIBUBCTPSCTUIFFOUJSFSBEJBUJPOJODJEFOUPOJU BQFSGFDU BCTPSCFSPGSBEJBUJPOѮFJOUFOTJUZPGUIFSBEJBUJPOFNJUUFECZBCMBDLCPEZBOEUIF XBZJUWBSJFTXJUIXBWFMFOHUIEFQFOETPOMZPOUIFUFNQFSBUVSFPGUIFCPEZBOEDBOCF QSFEJDUFECZRVBOUVNUIFPSZѮF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU(VTUBW,JSDIIPĒ ¢ JOUSPEVDFE UIF JEFB PG B QFSGFDU BCTPSCFS PG SBEJBUJPO UIF CMBDLCPEZ JO 4FF CMBDLCPEZSBEJBUJPO BOECMBDLCPEZTQFDUSVN #MBDLCPEZSBEJBUJPO ѮFSBEJBUJPOUIBUXPVMECFFNJUUFECZBCMBDLCPEZ BIFBUFE PCKFDUUIBUBCTPSCTBMMUIFFOFSHZUIBUTUSJLFTJU XJUIBOJOUFOTJUZBOETQFDUSVNEFUFS NJOFECZUIFUFNQFSBUVSFBMPOF#MBDLCPEZSBEJBUJPOJTBMTPDBMMFEUIFSNBMSBEJBUJPO BOEUIFJOUFOTJUZBOETQFDUSBBSFEFUFSNJOFECZUIFDSJUFSJPOPGUIFSNBMFRVJMJCSJVN ѮFTQFDUSVNPGUIFSBEJBUJPOFNJUUFECZBCMBDLCPEZJTBDPOUJOVPVTTQFDUSVN BOEUIF XBWFMFOHUI PG HSFBUFTU FNJTTJPO JT JOWFSTFMZ QSPQPSUJPOBM UP UIF CPEZT UFNQFSBUVSF ѮFUPUBMBNPVOUPGFOFSHZFNJUUFECZBCMBDLCPEZJTQSPQPSUJPOBMUPUIFQSPEVDUPG JUTBSFBBOEUIFGPVSUIQPXFSPGJUTUFNQFSBUVSF4FFCMBDLCPEZ CMBDLCPEZTQFDUSVN DPOUJOVPVTTQFDUSVN FĒFDUJWFUFNQFSBUVSF 1MBODLTDPOTUBOU 4UFGBO#PMU[NBOOMBX BOEUIFSNBMSBEJBUJPO #MBDLCPEZ TQFDUSVN ѮFSBEJBUJPOJOUFOTJUZBUEJĒFSFOUXBWFMFOHUITGPSBCMBDL CPEZ ѮF XBWFMFOHUI PG HSFBUFTU FNJTTJPO JT JOWFSTFMZ QSPQPSUJPOBM UP UIF CPEZT UFNQFSBUVSF ѮF GPSNVMBGPSUIFFOFSHZPGUIFSBEJBUJPOGSPNB CMBDLCPEZBUBOZ HJWFO XBWFMFOHUI PS GSFRVFODZ BOE UFNQFSBUVSF XBT EFSJWFE JO CZ UIF (FS NBOQIZTJDJTU.BY1MBODL ¢
XIPBTTVNFEUIBUUIFFOFSHZDPOTJTUTPG UIFTVNPGJOEJWJEVBMRVBOUBQBSUJDMFT XIPTFRVBOUVNFOFSHZJTQSPQPSUJPOBMUPUIF GSFRVFODZ XJUI B DPOTUBOU PG QSPQPSUJPOBMJUZ OPX LOPXO BT 1MBODLT DPOTUBOU4FF 1MBODLTDPOTUBOU
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
#MBDLIPMF "OFYUSFNFMZEFOTFPCKFDUXIPTFHSBWJUZJTTPJOUFOTFUIBUOFJUIFSNBUUFSOPS SBEJBUJPODBOFTDBQF PSJOPUIFSXPSETUIFPCKFDUTFTDBQFWFMPDJUZFYDFFETUIFWFMPDJUZ PGMJHIU UIFGBTUFTUUIJOHJOUIF6OJWFSTF4UFMMBSCMBDLIPMFTGPSNXIFOUIFNPTUNBTTJWF TUBST CPSOXJUIBCPVUGPSUZUJNFTUIFNBTTPGUIF4VO SVOPVUPGGVFMBOEDPMMBQTF $ZHOVT9JTBOFYBNQMFPGTVDIBTUFMMBSCMBDLIPMF4VQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMFT XJUI NBTTFTFRVJWBMFOUUPNJMMJPOTPGUJNFTUIFNBTTPGUIF4VOPSNPSF BSFGPVOEJOUIF DFOUFSPGHBMBYJFT"TXJSMJOHEJTLPGNBUFSJBM DBMMFEBOBDDSFUJPOEJTL NBZTVSSPVOE BCMBDLIPMF BOEKFUTPGNBUUFSNBZBSJTFGSPNJUTWJDJOJUZѮFSFJTBTJOHVMBSJUZBUUIF DFOUFSPGBCMBDLIPMF XIFSFUIFNBUUFSJTDPNQSFTTFEJOUPBOJOêOJUFMZTNBMMWPMVNF BOEBOJOêOJUFMZMBSHFNBTTEFOTJUZ4FFBDDSFUJPOEJTL $ZHOVT9 FTDBQFWFMPDJUZ FWFOU IPSJ[PO 4DIXBS[TDIJMESBEJVT TJOHVMBSJUZ TUFMMBSCMBDLIPMFBOETVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF #MB[BS (BMBYJFTXJUIFYDFQUJPOBMMZBDUJWFOVDMFJѮFOBNFJTEFSJWFEGSPN#--BDFSUBF
PCKFDUBOERVBTBS4FF#--BDFSUBFPCKFDUBOERVBTBS #--BDFSUBFPCKFDU "HBMBYZXJUIBIJHIMZMVNJOPVT BDUJWFOVDMFVT TVDIBTUIFQSP
UPUZQF#--BDFSUBFѮFJSSBEJBUJPO GSPNSBEJPXBWFTUP9SBZT JTWBSJBCMFPWFSUJNF TDBMFTBTTIPSUBTBGFXIPVST #MVFHJBOU "HJBOUTUBSXJUITQFDUSBMUZQF0PS# #MVFTIJGU ѮF%PQQMFSTIJѫJOUIFXBWFMFOHUIPGBTQFDUSBMMJOFUPXBSEBTIPSUFS CMVFS
XBWFMFOHUI DBVTFEXIFOUIFTPVSDFPGSBEJBUJPOBOEJUTPCTFSWFSBSFNPWJOHUPXBSE FBDIPUIFSѮFHSFBUFSUIFCMVFTIJѫJT UIFGBTUFSBOPCKFDUJTNPWJOHUPXBSEVT4FF %PQQMFSTIJѫ #MVFTVQFSHJBOU "IPU ZPVOHTVQFSHJBOUTUBSXJUITQFDUSBMUZQF0PS# TVDIBTUIF TUBS3JHFMJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO0SJPO4FF3JHFM #PEFTMBX 4FF5JUJVT#PEFMBX #PISBUPN *OUIF%BOJTIQIZTJDJTU/JFMT#PIS ¢ QSPQPTFEBNPEFM
OPXLOPXOBTUIF#PISBUPN JOXIJDIUIFMPOFFMFDUSPOJOBIZESPHFOBUPNSFWPMWFT BCPVUUIFBUPNJDOVDMFVT BQSPUPO JOTQFDJêDPSCJUTXJUIEFêOJUF RVBOUJ[FEWBMVFTPG FOFSHZ BOEBOFMFDUSPOPOMZFNJUTPSBCTPSCTSBEJBUJPOXIFOKVNQJOHCFUXFFOUIFTF BMMPXFEPSCJUTѮFNPEFMFYQMBJOTUIFXBWFMFOHUITPGUIFWJTJCMFSBEJBUJPOFNJUUFECZ UIFIZESPHFOBUPNTJOUIF4VO EFTDSJCFEJOUIFNBUIFNBUJDBMGPSNVMBEFSJWFEJO CZUIF4XJTTNBUIFNBUJDTUFBDIFS+PIBOO#BMNFS ¢ 4FF#BMNFSTFSJFT #PMTIPJ 5FMFTLPQ "[JNVUBMOZJ "NFUFS JODI WJTJCMFMJHIUUFMFTDPQFMPDBUFE PO.PVOU1BTUVLIPWJOUIF$BVDBTVTSBOHF JOPQFSBUJPOTJODF*UJTQBSUPGUIF ;FMFODIVLTLBZB0CTFSWBUPSZ BOEPQFSBUFECZUIF4QFDJBM"TUSPQIZTJDBM0CTFSWBUPSZ PGUIF3VTTJBO"DBEFNZPG4DJFODFT #PMU[NBOOT DPOTUBOU ѮF DPOTUBOU PG QSPQPSUJPOBMJUZ CFUXFFO FOFSHZ QFS EFHSFF PGGSFFEPNBOEUFNQFSBUVSF EFOPUFECZUIFTZNCPML#PMU[NBOOTDPOTUBOUIBTUIF WBMVFL+PVMFTQFSEFHSFF,FMWJOѮFDPOTUBOUJTOBNFEBѫFSUIF "VTUSJBOQIZTJDJTU-VEXJH#PMU[NBOO ¢ XIPVTFEJUJOUPSFMBUFUIF NFBOUPUBMFOFSHZBOEUIFUFNQFSBUVSFPGNPMFDVMFTJOUIFSNBMFRVJMJCSJVN
(MPTTBSZ#
'*( "REMSSTAHLUNG7HENAHOTELECTRONMOVESRAPIDLYANDFREELY OUTSIDEANATOM ITINEVITABLYMOVESNEARAPROTONINTHEAMBIENTGAS 4HEREISANELECTRICALATTRACTIONBETWEENTHEELECTRONANDPROTONBECAUSE THEYHAVEEQUALANDOPPOSITECHARGE ANDTHISPULLSTHEELECTRONTOWARDTHE PROTON BENDINGTHEELECTRONSTRAJECTORYANDALTERINGITSSPEED4HEELECTRON EMITSELECTROMAGNETICRADIATIONKNOWNASCSFNTTUSBIMVOHFROMTHE'ERMAN WORDFORhBRAKINGRADIATIONv
#SFNTTUSBIMVOH 3BEJBUJPOUIBUJTFNJUUFEXIFOBOFOFSHFUJDFMFDUSPOJTEFëFDUFEBOE BDDFMFSBUFECZBOJPO*UJTBMTPDBMMFEBGSFFGSFFUSBOTJUJPOCFDBVTFUIFFMFDUSPOJTGSFF CPUICFGPSFBOEBѫFSUIFFODPVOUFS SFNBJOJOHJOBOVOCPVOEIZQFSCPMJDPSCJUXJUI PVUCFJOHDBQUVSFECZUIFJPO#SFNTTUSBIMVOHJT(FSNBOGPSiCSBLJOHSBEJBUJPOu #SJHIUOFTT ѮFBNPVOUPGMJHIUDPNJOHGSPNBOPCKFDU VTVBMMZNFBOJOHUIFMVNJ OPVTJOUFOTJUZPSBNPVOUPGFOFSHZQFSTFDPOEѮFJOUSJOTJDCSJHIUOFTT PSJOUSJOTJD MVNJOPTJUZ JT UIF BNPVOU PG MJHIU BO PCKFDU HJWFT PĒ XIJMF UIF BQQBSFOU CSJHIUOFTT PSBQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZJTUIFBNPVOUPGMJHIUXFTFF XIJDIIBTCFFOEJNNFECZUIF JOWFSTFTRVBSFPGUIFEJTUBODFUPUIFPCKFDUѮFJOUSJOTJDCSJHIUOFTTJTBMTPLOPXOBT UIFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ4FFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ BQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZ JOWFSTFTRVBSF MBX BOEMVNJOPTJUZ #SPXOEXBSG "TUBSUIBUGPSNTMJLFUIF4VOBOEPUIFSTUBST CZUIFDPMMBQTFBOEGSBH
NFOUBUJPOPGBOJOUFSTUFMMBSHBTDMPVE CVUJTOPUNBTTJWFFOPVHIUPFOBCMFUIFIZESP HFOGVTJPOSFRVJSFEGPSBTUBSUPTIJOFGSPNJOTJEF PSUPJHOJUFJUTIZESPHFOCVSOJOH "CSPXOEXBSGIBTBNBTTPGCFUXFFOBOETPMBSNBTTFTMFTTNBTTJWFPCKFDUT BSFHJBOUQMBOFUTBOENPSFNBTTJWFPOFTBSFOPSNBMTUBST"CSPXOEXBSGNJHIUCF BCMFUPCVSOEFVUFSJVNJOJUTWFSZFBSMZZPVUI NBLJOHJUTIJOFCZJUTFMG4FFIZESPHFO CVSOJOHBOETPMBSNBTT #SPXOJBO NPUJPO ѮF DPOUJOVBM SBOEPN NPUJPO PG TNBMM TPMJE QBSUJDMFT TVT QFOEFEJOBMJRVJEPSBHBT EJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF4DPUUJTICPUBOJTU3PCFSU#SPXO ¢ XIFOVTJOHBNJDSPTDPQFUPPCTFSWFWFSZêOFQPMMFOHSBJOTTVTQFOEFE JOXBUFSѮF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ FYQMBJOFEUIJT#SPXO JBONPUJPO BTJUJTOPXDBMMFE JO QSPQPTJOHUIBUUIFNPMFDVMFTPGXBUFSXPVME NPWFBCPVUBUSBOEPNBOEUIFSFGPSFSBOEPNMZLOPDLBTVēDJFOUMZTNBMMQBSUJDMFJOUP #SPXOJBO NPUJPO *O UIF 'SFODI QIZTJDJTU +FBO #BQUJTUF 1FSSJO ¢ EFNPOTUSBUFEUIFFYJTUFODFPGBUPNTCZDBSFGVMNFBTVSFNFOUTPG#SPXOJBONPUJPO
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
# TUBS " IPU CMVF TUBS PG TQFDUSBM UZQF # XJUI B EJTL UFNQFSBUVSF IPUUFS UIBO UIF
4VO TVDIBT"DIFSOBSBOE3FHVMVT #UZQFEXBSG PSNBJOTFRVFODF TUBST BOE3JHFM B #UZQFTVQFSHJBOUTUBS&WFOIPUUFSCMVFTUBSTBSFEFTJHOBUFETQFDUSBMUZQF04FF"DIFS OBS )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN 3FHVMVT 3JHFM BOETUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO #VCCMF /FCVMB " GBJOU FNJTTJPO OFCVMB JO UIF DPOTUFMMBUJPO $BTTJPQFJB BQQFBSJOH BTBCVCCMFTVSSPVOEJOHBTFWFOUINBHOJUVEFTUBS CVUXJUIPVUUIFDIBSBDUFSJTUJDTPGB QMBOFUBSZOFCVMBѮF#VCCMF/FCVMBIBTBOBOHVMBSEJBNFUFSPGNJOVUFTPGBSD4FF FNJTTJPOOFCVMBBOEQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB #VMHF ѮFTQIFSJDBMTUSVDUVSFBUUIFDFOUFSPGBTQJSBMHBMBYZUIBUJTNBEFVQQSJNBSJMZ
PGPMETUBST HBT BOEEVTUѮF.JMLZ8BZTCVMHFJTSPVHIMZ MJHIUZFBSTBDSPTT JUJTPMEBOEEFOTF
(MPTTBSZ$
$ $BMDJVN)BOE,MJOFT 4QFDUSBMMJOFTPGJPOJ[FEDBMDJVN EFOPUFECZ$B** JOUIFWJP
MFUQBSUPGUIFTQFDUSVNBUOBOPNFUFST ) BOEOBOPNFUFST , ѮFZBSF DPOTQJDVPVTGFBUVSFTJOUIFTQFDUSBPGNBOZTUBST JODMVEJOHUIF4VOѮFEFTJHOBUJPOT )BOE,XFSFHJWFOCZUIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU+PTFQIWPO'SBVOIPGFS ¢ JO BOEBSFTUJMMDPNNPOMZVTFEѮF4VOTDISPNPTQIFSFBOEJUTNBHOFUJDDISPNP TQIFSJDOFUXPSLBSFEFUFDUFEBDSPTTUIFGBDFPGUIF4VOVTJOHUIFDBMDJVN)BOE,MJOFT XJUI B TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI 4FF DISPNPTQIFSF DISPNPTQIFSJD OFUXPSL 'SBVOIPGFS MJOFT QMBHFBOETQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI $BMJGPSOJB/FCVMB "OFNJTTJPOOFCVMBJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO1FSTFVT XIJDIJTEFTJH OBUFE/($BOEJMMVNJOBUFECZUIFTUBSʏ1FSTFJѮF$BMJGPSOJB/FCVMBSFDFJWFTJUT OBNFGSPNJUTTIBQF XIJDISFTFNCMFTUIF6OJUFE4UBUFTTUBUFPG$BMJGPSOJBѮFOFCVMB JTBCPVUEFHSFFTBDSPTT4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMB $BMMJTUP ѮF TFDPOE MBSHFTU BOE PVUFSNPTU PG +VQJUFST GPVS MBSHFTU NPPOT EJTDPW FSFEJOCZUIF*UBMJBOBTUSPOPNFS(BMJMFP(BMJMFJ ¢ VTJOHUIFOFXMZ JOWFOUFEUFMFTDPQF$BMMJTUPIBTBSBEJVTPGLJMPNFUFSTBOEBNBTTEFOTJUZPG LJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFS*UJTBQSJNJUJWFXPSMEXIPTFTVSGBDFPGJDFBOESPDLJTUIF NPTUIFBWJMZDSBUFSFEJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN$BMMJTUPIBTBWBSJBCMFNBHOFUJDêFME BQQBS FOUMZHFOFSBUFEJOBOJOUFSOBMTIFMMPGMJRVJEXBUFSBT+VQJUFSTQPXFSGVMNBHOFUJDêFME TXFFQTCZ4FF(BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT $BMUFDI "CCSFWJBUJPOGPSUIF$BMJGPSOJB*OTUJUVUFPG5FDIOPMPHZ MPDBUFEJO1BTBEFOB $BMJGPSOJB $BOPQVT ѮFTFDPOECSJHIUFTUTUBSPOUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSF WJTJCMFGSPNUIF4PVUIFSO
)FNJTQIFSF MPDBUFE JO UIF DPOTUFMMBUJPO $BSJOB BOE BMTP LOPXO BT "MQIB $BSJOBF ѮFZFMMPXXIJUF'TVQFSHJBOUTUBSJTMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST XJUIBO BQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGmBOEBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGm DPSSF TQPOEJOHUP UJNFTUIFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZPGUIF4VO $BQFMMB ѮFUIJSECSJHIUFTUTUBSTFFOGSPNUIF/PSUIFSO)FNJTQIFSFBOEUIFTJYUI
CSJHIUFTUTUBSPOUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSF$BQFMMBJTUIFCSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO "VSJHB XJUIUIFEFTJHOBUJPO"MQIB"VSJHBF MZJOHMJHIUZFBSTBXBZGSPNUIF&BSUI BOE DPOTJTUJOH PG UXP ZFMMPX ( BOE ( HJBOU TUBST JO UJHIU PSCJU TFQBSBUFE CZ "6BOEXJUIBEBZQFSJPE BDPNCJOFEBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BOEB DPNCJOFEBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGmѮFCSJHIUFS(HJBOUJTUJNFTNPSF MVNJOPVTUIBOUIF4VO BOEUIFEJNNFS(HJBOUIBTUJNFTUIF4VOTMVNJOPTJUZѮF OBNF$BQFMMBNFBOTiUIF4IF(PBUuJOPME-BUJO BOEUIFHPBUJTDBSSJFEJOUIFDPOTUFM MBUJPO"VSJHB UIF$IBSJPUFFS $BSCPO ѮFFMFNFOUXJUIBUPNJDOVNCFSTJYBOEBUPNJDNBTTOVNCFSUXFMWF$BS
CPOJTQSPEVDFEEVSJOHIFMJVNCVSOJOHJOSFEHJBOUTUBSTBOEJTFKFDUFEJOUPJOUFSTUFMMBS
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
TQBDFXIFOUIFTFTUBSTGPSNQMBOFUBSZOFCVMBF$BSCPOBMTPDPNFTGSPNIJHINBTT TUBSTUIBUFYQMPEFBTTVQFSOPWBF4FFIFMJVNCVSOJOH QMBOFUBSZOFCVMB SFEHJBOUBOE TVQFSOPWB $BSCPOBDFPVTDIPOESJUFNFUFPSJUF "SBSFDMBTTPGNFUFPSJUFTUIBUDPOUBJOBQQSFDJB CMFBNPVOUTPGDBSCPOBOEXBUFS XJUIVOVTVBMMZMPXNBTTEFOTJUJFTJOUIFSBOHF UPLJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFSѮFZBSFUIPVHIUUPCFBNPOHUIFNPTUQSJNJUJWF BOEMFBTUBMUFSFETBNQMFTPGTPMJETJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN4FFNFUFPSJUF $BSCPOEJPYJEF "NPMFDVMF TZNCPMJ[FECZ$0 DPNQPTFEPGPOFBUPNPGDBSCPO EFOPUFECZ$ BOEUXPBUPNTPGPYZHFO FBDIBCCSFWJBUFECZ0$BSCPOEJPYJEFHBT JTUIFNBJODPOTUJUVFOUPGUIFBUNPTQIFSFTPG7FOVTBOE.BST CVUPOMZBGSBDUJPOPG UIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF$BSCPOEJPYJEFJTBHSFFOIPVTFHBTUIBUUSBQTTPMBSFOFSHZBOE XBSNTUIFTVSGBDFTPGUIF&BSUIBOE7FOVT4FFHSFFOIPVTFFĒFDU .BST BOE7FOVT $BSCPO NPOPYJEF " NPMFDVMF TZNCPMJ[FE CZ $0 DPNQPTFE PG POF BUPN PG DBS
CPO EFOPUFECZ$ BOEPOFBUPNPGPYZHFO EFOPUFECZ0$BSCPONPOPYJEFJTUIF NPTUBCVOEBOUJOUFSTUFMMBSNPMFDVMFBѫ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ѮF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU$BSM'SJFESJDIWPO8FJ[TÅDLFS ¢ QVC MJTIFEBEFTDSJQUJPOPGUIF$/0DZDMFJO BOEJOUIFGPMMPXJOHZFBSUIF"NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU)BOT#FUIF ¢ TIPXFEUIBUUIF$/0DIBJOPGOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOT QSPWJEFTUIFUFNQFSBUVSFEFQFOEFOUFOFSHZHFOFSBUJPOUIBUBDDPVOUTGPSUIFMVNJOPT JUZPGNBJOTFRVFODFTUBSTNPSFNBTTJWFUIBOUIF4VO4FFIZESPHFOCVSOJOH $BTTFHSBJOUFMFTDPQF "OBSSBOHFNFOUGPSEJWFSUJOHUIFMJHIUSFDFJWFECZUIFQBSB CPMJDQSJNBSZNJSSPSPGBSFëFDUJOHUFMFTDPQFCZVTJOHBDPOWFYTFDPOEBSZNJSSPSUP SFëFDUUIFMJHIUUISPVHIBDFOUSBMIPMFJOUIFQSJNBSZUPBGPDVT DBMMFEUIF$BTTFHSBJO GPDVT POUIFBYJTPGUIFUFMFTDPQFѮF'SFODIQSJFTU-BVSFOU$BTTFHSBJO ¢ JOWFOUFEUIJTBSSBOHFNFOUJO4FFSFëFDUJOHUFMFTDPQFBOEUFMFTDPQF $BTTJOJ)VZHFOT .JTTJPO /"4" MBVODIFE UIF $BTTJOJ)VZHFOT TQBDFDSBѫ PO 0DUPCFS*OTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEUIFTQBDFDSBѫ XIJDISFBDIFE4BUVSOJO+VMZ IBWFJNQSPWFEPVSVOEFSTUBOEJOHPGUIFQMBOFU4BUVSO JUTSJOHT JUTNBHOFUPTQIFSF JUTQSJODJQBMNPPO5JUBOBOEJUTPUIFSNPPOT/"4"T$BTTJOJ0SCJUFSXJMMPSCJU4BU VSOBOEJUTNPPOTGPSGPVSZFBST BOE&4"T)VZHFOT1SPCFEPWFUISPVHIUIFUIJDL IB[ZBUNPTQIFSFPG4BUVSOTNPPO5JUBOBOEMBOEFEPOJUTTVSGBDFPO+BOVBSZ EFUFDUJOHTJHOTPGëPXJOH MJRVJENFUIBOFѮF$BTTJOJ0SCJUFSXBTOBNFEBѫFS(JBO (JPWBOOJ %PNFOJDP +FBO %PNJOJRVF $BTTJOJ ¢
UIF *UBMJBOCPSO 'SFODIBTUSPOPNFSXIPJOXBTUIFêSTUUPEJTUJOHVJTIUXP[POFTXJUIJOXIBUXBT UIPVHIUUPCFBTJOHMFSJOHBSPVOE4BUVSO EJWJEFECZBEBSLHBQOPXLOPXOBT$BTTJ
(MPTTBSZ$
OJTEJWJTJPOѮF)VZHFOT1SPCFJTOBNFEBѫFS$ISJTUJBBO)VZHFOT ¢
B %VUDIBTUSPOPNFSXIPJOEJTDPWFSFE5JUBO 4BUVSOTMBSHFTUNPPO $BUBDMZTNJDCJOBSZ "CJOBSZTUBSTZTUFNDPOTJTUJOHPGBEFHFOFSBUFXIJUFEXBSGTUBS BOEBDPNQBOJPOUIBUJTVTVBMMZBDPPMNBJOTFRVFODFTUBSPGMBUFTQFDUSBMUZQF( , PS.ѮFZIBWFPSCJUBMQFSJPETPGUPIPVSTѮFNBTTPGUIFDPNQBOJPOTUBSêMMT JUT3PDIFMPCF DBVTJOHHBTUPëPXGSPNJUPOUPUIFXIJUFEXBSG QSPEVDJOHBOPWBPVU CVSTUCZUIFTVEEFOOVDMFBSGVTJPOPGIZESPHFO4FFOPWBBOEXIJUFEXBSG $BUT&ZF/FCVMB "QMBOFUBSZOFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE/($ MPDBUFEJOUIFDPOTUFMMB
UJPO%SBDP*UJTBCPVUTFDPOETPGBSDJOEJBNFUFSBOEPGOJOUINBHOJUVEFѮF$BUT &ZF/FCVMBJTOBNFEGPSJUTPWBMTIBQFBOEHSFFODPMPS*OUIF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS 8JMMJBN)VHHJOT ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUISFFCSJHIUFNJTTJPOMJOFTJOUIFPCKFDU JOEJDBUJOHBHBTFPVTDPNQPTJUJPOBOEQSPWJOHUIBUOPUBMMOFCVMBFDPOTJTUPGTUBST4FF QMBOFUBSZOFCVMB $$% "DSPOZNGPSB$IBSHF$PVQMFE%FWJDF BOFMFDUSPOJDJNBHJOHTZTUFNJOWFOUFE BUUIF#FMM5FMFQIPOF-BCPSBUPSJFTJO"$$%DPOTJTUTPGBTRVBSFBSSBZPGDMPTFMZ TQBDFEFMFDUSPEFT XIJDIDPOWFSUJODJEFOUMJHIUJOUPBOFMFDUSPOJDDIBSHFѮFDIBSHFT GSPNBMMUIFFMFDUSPEFTBSFiDPVQMFEuUPHFUIFSBOESFBECZDPNQVUFSTUPDSFBUFEJHJUBM JNBHFTGSPNUIFN4JODFB$$%QSPEVDFTFMFDUSJDBMMZDIBSHFETJHOBMTGSPNNPTUPG UIFMJHIUGBMMJOHPOJU JUIBTCFFOVTFEUPHSFBUMZJNQSPWFUIFMJHIUHBUIFSJOHQPXFSPG UFMFTDPQFT CPUIBTUSPOPNJDBMBOENJMJUBSZѮFNJMJUBSZOPXVTFT$$%TJOIJHIëZJOH BJSDSBѫBOETQZTBUFMMJUFT TFOEJOHCBDLJNBHFTPGFOFNZCBUUMFêFMETBOEJOTUBMMBUJPOT "OETJODF$$%TDBOIPMEBDIBSHFDPSSFTQPOEJOHUPWBSJBCMFTIBEFTPGMJHIU UIFZBSF BMTPVTFEBTJNBHJOHEFWJDFTGPSEJHJUBMTDBOOFST GBYNBDIJOFT QIPUPDPQJFST CBSDPEF SFBEFST BOECPUIEJHJUBMBOEWJEFPDBNFSBT $FMFTUJBM DPPSEJOBUFT ѮFQPTJUJPOPGBOPCKFDUPOUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSFѮFSJHIU BTDFOTJPO TZNCPMJ[FE CZ ʂ PS 3" JT UIF DFMFTUJBM MPOHJUVEF NFBTVSFE FBTUXBSE BMPOHUIF DFMFTUJBM FRVBUPS GSPN UIF 7FSOBM &RVJOPY BMTP DBMMFE UIF 'JSTU 1PJOU PG "SJFTѮFEFDMJOBUJPO TZNCPMJ[FECZʅPS%FD JTUIFDFMFTUJBMMBUJUVEF NFBTVSFE GSPNUIFDFMFTUJBMFRVBUPSBMPOHBHSFBUDJSDMFFJUIFSUPUIFOPSUI QPTJUJWF PSUPUIF TPVUI OFHBUJWF 0XJOH UP QSFDFTTJPO UIF QPTJUJPO PG UIF 7FSOBM &RVJOPY NPWFT XFTUXBSEBMPOHUIFFDMJQUJDBUBSBUFPGBCPVUTFDPOETPGBSD PSTFDPOETPG UJNFFBDIZFBS BOEBTBSFTVMUUIFDFMFTUJBMDPPSEJOBUFTBSFDPOUJOVPVTMZDIBOHJOHBUB TMPXSBUF"QFSJPEJDPTDJMMBUJPOPGUIF&BSUITSPUBUJPOBMBYJT LOPXOBTOVUBUJPO BMTP DBVTFTBDIBOHFJODFMFTUJBMDPPSEJOBUFTѮFZBSFUIFSFGPSFTQFDJêFECZUIFZFBSPS FQPDIUIFZXFSFEFUFSNJOFE BOEDPSSFDUFEUPUIFEBUFPGPCTFSWBUJPOGPSQSFDFTTJPO BOE OVUBUJPO 4FF EFDMJOBUJPO FRVJOPY OVUBUJPO QSFDFTTJPO SJHIU BTDFOTJPO BOE 7FSOBM&RVJOPY $FMFTUJBMFRVBUPS ѮFQSPKFDUJPOPGUIF&BSUITFRVBUPSPOUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSF $FMFTUJBM TQIFSF "O JNBHJOBSZ TQIFSF XJUI UIF &BSUI BU UIF DFOUFS DPOUBJOJOH BMM DFMFTUJBMPCKFDUTTVDIBTTUBST HBMBYJFT BOERVBTBSTѮFFDMJQUJDJTUIFQSPKFDUJPOPGUIF &BSUITPSCJUBMQMBOFPOUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSF JODMJOFEBUBOBOHMFPGEFHSFFTUPUIF DFMFTUJBMFRVBUPSBOEJOUFSTFDUJOHJUBUUIFUXPFRVJOPYFTѮFQPTJUJPOTPGBOPCKFDU
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
'*( #ELESTIALCOORDINATES3TARS GALAXIESANDOTHERCOSMICOBJECTSAREPLACEDUPONAN IMAGINARYCELESTIALSPHERE4HECELESTIALEQUATORDIVIDESTHESPHEREINTONORTHERNANDSOUTHERN HALVES ANDTHEECLIPTICIS THEANNUALPATHOFTHE3UN
! ! ONTHECELESTIALSPHERE 4HECELESTIALEQUATOR ! INTERSECTSTHEECLIPTICAT " ! THE6ERNAL%QUINOXAND THE!UTUMNAL%QUINOX "!" "# %VERYCOSMICOBJECTHAS ! TWOCELESTIALCOORDI NATES4HEYARETHERIGHT ASCENSION DESIGNATEDBY ! THEANGLEALPHA A ORBY "!
"! 2! ANDTHEDECLINA TION DENOTEDBYTHEANGLE DELTA D OR$EC2IGHT ! "# ! ASCENSIONISMEASURED ! !! EASTWARDALONGTHE ! CELESTIALEQUATORFROMTHE 6ERNAL%QUINOXTOTHE FOOTOFTHEGREATCIRCLE "! ! THATPASSESTHROUGHTHE OBJECT$ECLINATIONISTHE ANGULARDISTANCEFROMTHE CELESTIALEQUATORTOTHEOBJECTALONGTHEGREATCIRCLETHATPASSESTHROUGHTHEOBJECT POSITIVETO THENORTHANDNEGATIVETOTHESOUTH0RECESSIONRESULTSINASLOWMOTIONOFTHE6ERNAL%QUINOX PRODUCINGASTEADYCHANGEINTHECELESTIALCOORDINATES
POUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSFBSFDBMMFEUIFSJHIUBTDFOTJPOBOEUIFEFDMJOBUJPO4FFFRVJOPY EFDMJOBUJPO SJHIUBTDFOTJPO BOE7FSOBM&RVJOPY $FMTJVT "VOJUPGUFNQFSBUVSFEFOPUFECZ$PSCZ$GPSEFHSFFT$FMTJVT"CTPMVUF [FSPPOUIF$FMTJVTUFNQFSBUVSFTDBMFJTBU$ UIFGSFF[JOHQPJOUPGXBUFSJTBU$ BOE UIF CPJMJOH QPJOU PG XBUFS JT BU $ ѮF FRVJWBMFOU UFNQFSBUVSF JO EFHSFFT LFMWJOJTHJWFOCZ,$ѮFFRVJWBMFOUUFNQFSBUVSFJOEFHSFFT'BISFOIFJUJT HJWFOCZ'$ѮFUFNQFSBUVSFVOJUJTOBNFEGPSUIF4XFEJTIBTUSPOPNFS "OEFST$FMTJVT ¢
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
(MPTTBSZ$
$FOUFSGPS"TUSPQIZTJDT ѮF)BSWBSE4NJUITPOJBO$FOUFSGPS"TUSPQIZTJDT BCCSFWJ
BUFE$G" DPNCJOFTUIFSFTPVSDFTBOESFTFBSDIGBDJMJUJFTPGUIF)BSWBSE$PMMFHF0CTFS WBUPSZBOEUIF4NJUITPOJBO"TUSPQIZTJDBM0CTFSWBUPSZ)FBERVBSUFSFEBU$BNCSJEHF .BTTBDIVTFUUT UIF $FOUFS GPS "TUSPQIZTJDT IBT IVOESFET PG TDJFOUJTUT FOHBHFE JO SFTFBSDIJOBTUSPOPNZ BTUSPQIZTJDT UIF&BSUI TQBDFTDJFODFT BOETDJFODFFEVDBUJPO $FOUFSPGNBTT ѮFQPJOUBSPVOEXIJDIUXPHSBWJUBUJPOBMMZMJOLFEPCKFDUTSFWPMWF*G UIFUXPPCKFDUTBSFPGFRVBMNBTT UIFOUIFDFOUFSPGNBTTMJFTFYBDUMZIBMGXBZCFUXFFO UIFNѮFNPSFVOFRVBMUIFNBTTFT UIFDMPTFSUIFDFOUFSPGNBTTJTUPUIFNPSFNBT TJWFPCKFDUѮFDFOUFSPGNBTTJTBMTPLOPXOBTUIFCBSZDFOUFS $FOUJHSBEF "OPMEFSOBNFGPSUIF$FMTJVTVOJUPGUFNQFSBUVSF EFSJWFEGSPNUIFGBDUUIBU
UIFSFBSFEFHSFFTCFUXFFOUIFGSFF[JOHBOECPJMJOHUFNQFSBUVSFTPGXBUFS4FF$FMTJVT $FQIFJE 4FF$FQIFJEWBSJBCMF $FQIFJEWBSJBCMF "WFSZCSJHIU QVMTBUJOHTUBSXJUIBXFMMEFêOFESFMBUJPOCFUXFFOJUT
BCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZBOEQFSJPEPGQVMTBUJPO VTFGVMGPSPCUBJOJOHEJTUBODFTPVUUPBCPVU NJMMJPO MJHIUZFBST *U JT B ZFMMPX QVMTBUJOH WBSJBCMF TVQFSHJBOU TUBS UIBU QFSJPEJ DBMMZFYQBOETBOEDPOUSBDUT QSPEVDJOHBSFHVMBSWBSJBUJPOJOJUTJOUSJOTJDCSJHIUOFTTPS BCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZѮFMPOHFSUIFTUBSTQFSJPEPGWBSJBUJPOUIFHSFBUFSUIFTUBSTNFBO JOUSJOTJDCSJHIUOFTTPSBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ5PEFUFSNJOFB$FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTEJTUBODF POFNFBTVSFTUIFWBSJBUJPOQFSJPE JOGFSTUIFTUBSTBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ BOEDPNQBSFT JUUPUIFBQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZ$FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTBSFTPCSJHIUUIBUUIFZDBOCFTFFOJO PUIFSHBMBYJFT FTUBCMJTIJOHEJTUBODFTUPOFBSCZHBMBYJFTPVUTJEFPVS.JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZ $FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTUBSTUBLFUIFJSOBNFGSPNUIFêSTUPGUIFUZQFUPCFEJTDPWFSFE %FMUB $FQIFJ UIF WBSJBCJMJUZ PG XIJDI XBT OPUFE CZ &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS +PIO (PPESJDLF ¢ JOѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS)FOSJFUUB4XBO-FBWJUU ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUIFQFSJPEMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPOPG$FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTUBSTJO4FFBCTPMVUF MVNJOPTJUZ BQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZ JOWFSTFTRVBSFMBX BOEQFSJPEMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPO $FSFT ѮFêSTUBTUFSPJEUPCFEJTDPWFSFE POUIFOJHIUPG+BOVBSZCZUIF4JDJM
JBOBTUSPOPNFSBOENPOL(JVTFQQF1JB[[J ¢ )FOBNFEJU$FSFTBѫFSUIF QBUSPOHPEEFTTPG4JDJMZ$FSFTIBTBSBEJVTPGLJMPNFUFSTBOEBNBTTEFOTJUZPG LJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFS4FFBTUFSPJE $&3/ "DSPOZN GPS $FOUSF &VSPQÊFO QPVS MB 3FDIFSDIF /VDMÊBJSF UIF &VSPQFBO
0SHBOJ[BUJPOGPS/VDMFBS3FTFBSDI CBTFEJO(FOFWB 4XJU[FSMBOE $FSSP 5PMPMP *OUFS"NFSJDBO 0CTFSWBUPSZ "CCSFWJBUFE $5*0 BO PCTFSWBUPSZ PO
$FSSP5PMPMPQFBLBCPVULJMPNFUFSTFBTUPG-B4FSFOB $IJMF*UTMBSHFTUUFMFTDPQFT BSFUIFNFUFS JODI SFëFDUPS OBNFEBѫFSUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS7JDUPS. #MBODP ¢
BOE TJODF UIF NFUFS JODI 40VUIFSO "TUSPQIZTJDBM 3FTFBSDI BCCSFWJBUFE40"3 UFMFTDPQF $G" "DSPOZNGPS$FOUFSGPS"TUSPQIZTJDT4FF$FOUFSGPSBTUSPQIZTJDT $(30\ "DSPOZNGPSUIF$PNQUPO(BNNB3BZ0CTFSWBUPSZ4FF$PNQUPO(BNNB
3BZ0CTFSWBUPSZ
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
>`À>ÊÃÃ\ 4FF$IBOESB9SBZ0CTFSWBUPSZ $IBOESBTFLIBS MJNJU ѮF NBYJNVN NBTT PG B XIJUF EXBSG TUBS BCPVU TPMBS NBTTFT " DPMMBQTJOH TUBS PG NBTT HSFBUFS UIBO UIJT WBMVF XJMM CFDPNF B OFVUSPO TUBSPSBCMBDLIPMF*GBXIJUFEXBSGSFDFJWFTNBUFSJBMGSPNBDPNQBOJPOTUBSBOE FYDFFETUIF$IBOESBTFLIBSMJNJU UIFXIJUFEXBSGDBOFYQMPEFBTBUZQF*BTVQFS OPWBѮJTVQQFSNBTTMJNJUGPSXIJUFEXBSGTXBTêSTUEFSJWFECZUIF(FSNBOQIZTJ DJTU8JMIFMN"OEFSTPO ¢ BOEUIF&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU&ENVOE$4UPOFS ¢
JOBOESFTQFDUJWFMZ CVUJUJTPѫFOOBNFEGPSUIF*OEJBO CPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU4VCSBINBOZBO$IBOESBTFLIBS ¢
XIP TVCTFRVFOUMZEFSJWFEEFUBJMFEFRVJMJCSJVNDPOêHVSBUJPOTJOXIJDIEFHFOFSBUFFMFD USPO HBTFT TVQQPSU UIFJS PXO HSBWJUZ 4FF CMBDL IPMF OFVUSPO TUBS TVQFSOPWB BOE XIJUFEXBSG $IBOESB 9SBZ 0CTFSWBUPSZ /"4" MBVODIFE UIF $IBOESB 9SBZ 0CTFSWBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE$90 PO+VMZ GSPNUIF4QBDF4IVUUMF$PMVNCJB*UJOWFTUJHBUFTUIF IJHIFOFSHZ 9SBZSFHJPOTPGUIF6OJWFSTFGSPNPCKFDUTTVDIBTBDUJWFHBMBDUJDOVDMFJ CMBDLIPMFT DMVTUFSTPGHBMBYJFT EBSLNBUUFS HBMBYJFT OFVUSPOTUBST QVMTBST RVBTBST TVQFSOPWBSFNOBOUT TVQFSOPWBF BOEXIJUFEXBSGTѮF9SBZPCTFSWBUPSZXBTQSFWJ PVTMZLOPXOBTUIF"EWBODFE9SBZ"TUSPQIZTJDT'BDJMJUZ PS"9"'GPSTIPSU BOEXBT SFOBNFEBѫFSUIF*OEJBO"NFSJDBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTUBOE/PCFMMBVSFBUF 4VCSBINBOZBO $IBOESBTFLIBS ¢ $IBSHFDPVQMFEEFWJDF 4FF$$% $IBSHFEQBSUJDMFT 'VOEBNFOUBMDPNQPOFOUTPGTVCBUPNJDNBUUFS TVDIBTQSPUPOT PUIFSJPOTBOEFMFDUSPOT XIJDIIBWFFMFDUSJDBMDIBSHFѮFDIBSHFETVCBUPNJDQBSUJDMFT BSFTVSSPVOEFECZFMFDUSJDBMGPSDFêFMETUIBUBUUSBDUQBSUJDMFTPGPQQPTJUFDIBSHFBOE SFQFMUIPTFPGMJLFDIBSHF$IBSHFEQBSUJDMFTBSFFJUIFSOFHBUJWF FMFDUSPO PSQPTJUJWF QSPUPO BOEBSFSFTQPOTJCMFGPSBMMFMFDUSJDBMQIFOPNFOB $IFSFOLPW SBEJBUJPO -JHIU PS PUIFS GPSNT PG FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO FNJUUFE XIFOBDIBSHFEQBSUJDMFIBTBWFMPDJUZUIBUFYDFFETUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUJOBNFEJVN" OFVUSJOPDBOCFEFUFDUFECZUIFDPOFPGCMVF$IFSFOLPWMJHIUFNJUUFEXIFOBOFVUSJOP FOUFSTBMBSHFVOEFSHSPVOEUBOLPGXBUFSBOEBDDFMFSBUFTBOFMFDUSPOCZDPMMJTJPOUPB WFMPDJUZMBSHFSUIBOUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUJOXBUFSѮF$IFSFOLPWFĒFDUJTOBNFEGPSUIF 3VTTJBOQIZTJDJTU1BWFM"$IFSFOLPW ¢
XIPêSTUPCTFSWFEJUJO4FF ,BNJPLBOEF 4VECVSZ/FVUSJOP0CTFSWBUPSZ BOE4VQFS,BNJPLBOEF $IMPSJOFFYQFSJNFOU ѮFTVCUFSSBOFBOOFVUSJOPEFUFDUPSMPDBUFEJOUIF)PNFTUBLF (PME.JOFOFBS-FBE 4PVUI%BLPUB JOXIJDIBOFVUSJOPTUSJLFTBDIMPSJOFOVDMFVTJO BIVHFUBOLPGDMFBOJOHëVJEUPQSPEVDFBOVDMFVTPGSBEJPBDUJWFBSHPOѮF"NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU3BZNPOE%BWJT+S ¢ VTFEUIFFYQFSJNFOUUPEFUFDUOFVUSJOPTGSPN UIF4VOGPSNPSFUIBOBRVBSUFSPGBDFOUVSZ CFHJOOJOHJO BMXBZTEFUFDUJOHBCPVU POFUIJSEPGUIFFYQFDUFEBNPVOUPGTPMBSOFVUSJOPT4FF)PNFTUBLF BOETPMBSOFV USJOPQSPCMFN $ISPNBUJDBCFSSBUJPO *OUSPEVDUJPOPGTQVSJPVTDPMPSTCZBMFOT
(MPTTBSZ$
$ISPNPTQIFSF ѮF MBZFS PS SFHJPO PG UIF TPMBS BUNPTQIFSF MZJOH BCPWF UIF QIPUP TQIFSFBOECFOFBUIUIFUSBOTJUJPOSFHJPOBOEUIFDPSPOBѮF4VOTUFNQFSBUVSFSJTFTUP BCPVULFMWJOJOUIFDISPNPTQIFSFѮFOBNFMJUFSBMMZNFBOTBiTQIFSFPGDPMPSu ѮFDISPNPTQIFSFJTOPSNBMMZJOWJTJCMFCFDBVTFPGUIFHMBSFPGUIFQIPUPTQIFSFTIJOJOH UISPVHIJU CVUJUJTCSJFëZWJTJCMFOFBSUIFCFHJOOJOHPSFOEPGBUPUBMTPMBSFDMJQTFBTB TQJLZSFESJNBSPVOEUIF.PPOTEJTL"UPUIFSUJNFT UIFDISPNPTQIFSFDBOCFTUVE JFECZTQFDUSPTDPQZ PCTFSWJOHJUBDSPTTUIFTPMBSEJTLJOUIFSFEMJHIUPGUIFIZESPHFO BMQIBMJOFPSUIFDBMDJVN)BOE,MJOFT4PMBSêMBNFOUT QMBHF QSPNJOFODFTBOETQJDVMFT BSFBMMTFFOJOUIFDISPNPTQIFSF"UIJOUSBOTJUJPOSFHJPOTFQBSBUFTUIFDISPNPTQIFSF BOEUIFDPSPOB4FFDBMDJVN)BOE,MJOFT DISPNPTQIFSJDOFUXPSL DPSPOB êMBNFOU IZESPHFOBMQIBMJOF QIPUPTQIFSF QMBHF QSPNJOFODF TQJDVMF BOEUSBOTJUJPOSFHJPO $ISPNPTQIFSJDOFUXPSL "MBSHFTDBMFDFMMVMBSQBUUFSOWJTJCMFJOTQFDUSPIFMJPHSBNT
UBLFO JO UIF DBMDJVN ) BOE , MJOFT ѮF OFUXPSL BQQFBST BU UIF CPVOEBSJFT PG UIF QIPUPTQIFSFTVQFSHSBOVMBUJPODFMMT BOEDPOUBJOTNBHOFUJDêFMETUIBUIBWFCFFOTXFQU UPUIFFEHFTPGUIFDFMMTCZUIFëPXPGNBUFSJBMJOUIFDFMMT4FFDBMDJVN)BOE,MJOFT TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI BOETVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO $ISPOPNFUFS "WFSZBDDVSBUFDMPDLEFTJHOFEGPSEFUFSNJOJOHMPOHJUVEFBUTFBѮJT
JTEPOFCZDPNQBSJOHUIFMPDBMUJNFPCTFSWFEBTUSPOPNJDBMMZXJUIUIFDPSSFTQPOEJOH UJNFBUUIFQPSUPGFNCBSLBUJPOBTHJWFOCZUIFDISPOPNFUFS4VDIBNBSJOFDISPOPN FUFS XBT êSTU CVJMU CZ UIF &OHMJTI IPSPMPHJTU BOE JOTUSVNFOU NBLFS +PIO )BSSJTPO ¢ JO BOETVCTFRVFOUMZVTFEBUTFBUPPCUBJOMPOHJUVEFXJUIBOBDDV SBDZPGBCPVUPOFNJOVUFPGBSD4FFMPOHJUVEF BOE3PZBM(SFFOXJDI0CTFSWBUPSZ $JSDMF "DMPTFEQMBOFDVSWFFWFSZXIFSFFRVJEJTUBOUGSPNJUTDFOUFS"OFMMJQTFQPT
TFTTJOHCVUPOFGPDVT $JSDVNTUFMMBSEJTL 4FFQSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTL $MFNFOUJOFTQBDFDSBGU "KPJOUQSPKFDUPGUIF4USBUFHJD%FGFOTF*OJUJBUJWFBOE/"4" UIF$MFNFOUJOFTQBDFDSBѫXBTMBVODIFEPO+BOVBSZ FOUFSJOHMVOBSPSCJUPO 'FCSVBSZ *OTUSVNFOUT BCPBSE $MFNFOUJOF NBQQFE UIF HMPCBM TVSGBDF DPN QPTJUJPOBOEUPQPHSBQIZPGUIF.PPO BOEPCUBJOFEQPTTJCMFFWJEFODFGPSXBUFSJDFBU UIFMVOBSQPMFTѮFTQBDFDSBѫXBTOBNFEBѫFSUIFNJOFSTEBSMJOHEBVHIUFSJOUIFPME (PME3VTICBMMBE4FF.PPO $MJNBUF Ѯ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ѮF OFBSFTU SJDI DMVTUFST PG HBMBYJFT DPOUBJOJOH BCPVU B UIPVTBOE HBMBYJFT
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
FBDI BSFUIF7JSHP$MVTUFS NJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTBXBZ BOEUIF$PNB$MVTUFS NJM MJPOMJHIUZFBSTBXBZ4FFEBSLNBUUFS TVQFSDMVTUFS BOE7JSHP$MVTUFS $.# "DSPOZNGPS$PTNJD.JDSPXBWF#BDLHSPVOE $.#3 "DSPOZNGPS$PTNJD.JDSPXBWF#BDLHSPVOE3BEJBUJPO $.& "DSPOZNGPS$PSPOBM.BTT&KFDUJPO4FFDPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPO $/0DZDMF "DSPOZNGPS$BSCPO/JUSPHFO0YZHFODZDMF4FFDBSCPOOJUSPHFOPYZHFO
DZDMF $0 4FFDBSCPONPOPYJEF $0 4FFDBSCPOEJPYJEF $PBMTUBDL " MBSHF QSPNJOFOU EBSL OFCVMB JO UIF DPOTUFMMBUJPO $SVY UIF 4PVUIFSO $SPTT*UTBOHVMBSEJNFOTJPOTBSFCZEFHSFFT4FFEBSLOFCVMB
" \ "DSPOZNGPS$0TNJD#BDLHSPVOE&YQMPSFS4FF$0TNJD#BDLHSPVOE&YQMPSFS $PMEEBSLNBUUFS )ZQPUIFUJDBMTVCBUPNJDQBSUJDMFTUIBUNPWFTMPXMZDPNQBSFEXJUI
UIFTQFFEPGMJHIU4FFEBSLNBUUFSBOEIPUEBSLNBUUFS $PMMJEJOHHBMBYJFT 5XPHBMBYJFTUIBUQBTTDMPTFFOPVHIUPHSBWJUBUJPOBMMZEJTSVQUFBDI
PUIFSTTIBQFѮFDPMMJTJPOSJQTTUSFBNFSTPGTUBSTGSPNUIFHBMBYJFT USJHHFSTTUBSCJSUI BOEDBOVMUJNBUFMZSFTVMUJOCPUIHBMBYJFTNFSHJOHJOUPPOF4FFBOUFOOBF $PNFU "OPCKFDUNBEFPGJDF EVTUBOESPDL PSEJSUZTOPXCBMM JOPVS4PMBS4ZTUFN
XIJDIJTNVDITNBMMFSUIBOBQMBOFUBOEBCPVUUFOLJMPNFUFSTBDSPTT PSCJUJOHUIF4VO VTVBMMZGBSCFZPOEUIFQMBOFUTBOEPѫFOJOBIJHIMZFDDFOUSJDPSCJU*OUIF%VUDI BTUSPOPNFS+BO0PSU ¢ VTFEUIFPCTFSWFEUSBKFDUPSJFTPGMPOHQFSJPEDPN FUT XJUI PSCJUBM QFSJPET HSFBUFS UIBO ZFBST UP TIPX UIFZ DPNF GSPN B SFNPUF TQIFSJDBMTIFMM OPXLOPXOBTUIF0PSUDPNFUDMPVE MPDBUFEBCPVUBRVBSUFSPGUIF XBZUPUIFOFBSFTUTUBS*OUIFTBNFZFBS UIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS'SFE-8IJQQMF ¢ QSPQPTFEUIFJDZDPOHMPNFSBUF PSEJSUZTOPXCBMM DPNFUNPEFM JOXIJDI UIFTPMJEOVDMFVTPGBDPNFUJTKVTUBHJHBOUJDCBMMPGJDF EVTUBOESPDL BOEDMPTFVQ PCTFSWBUJPOTPG)BMMFZT$PNFU CZUIF(JPUUPTQBDFDSBѫJO DPOêSNFEUIJTNPEFM *O +VMZ $PNFU 4IPFNBLFS-FWZ DPMMJEFE XJUI +VQJUFS 8IFO B DPNFU DPNFT XJUIJO BCPVU UISFF UJNFT UIF &BSUIT EJTUBODF GSPN UIF 4VO TPNF PG JUT JDZ TVSGBDF WBQPSJ[FTUIFDPNFUUIFOEFWFMPQTBEJĒVTF MVNJOPVTDPNBPGEVTUBOEHBT BOE OPS NBMMZ POFPSNPSFUBJMTѮFTFUBJMTDBOCFDPNFMPOHFSUIBOUIFEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUIF &BSUIBOEUIF4VOѮFDVSWFEEVTUUBJMTBSFQVTIFEBXBZGSPNUIF4VOCZUIFQSFTTVSF PG TPMBS SBEJBUJPO BOE UIF TUSBJHIU JPO UBJMT BSF TXFQU BXBZ CZ UIF TPMBS XJOE .PTU DPNFUTBSFJOWJTJCMF TUPSFEGBSGSPNUIFQMBOFUBSZTZTUFNJOUXPMBSHFSFTFSWPJSTUIF ,VJQFSCFMUCFZPOEUIFPSCJUPG/FQUVOF BOEUIF0PSUDPNFUDMPVEBUOFBSJOUFSTUFMMBS EJTUBODFT 4FF #JFMBT $PNFU %FFQ 4QBDF &ODLFT $PNFU (JPUUP .JTTJPO )BMMFZT $PNFU ,VJQFSCFMU MPOHQFSJPEDPNFU 0PSUDPNFUDMPVE 4IPFNBLFS-FWZ$PNFU TIPSUQFSJPEDPNFU TPMBSXJOE BOE4UBSEVTU $PNFU#FJMB 4FF#JFMBT$PNFU
(MPTTBSZ$
$PNFU&ODLF 4FF&ODLFT$PNFU $PNFU)BMMFZ 4FF)BMMFZT$PNFU $PNFU4IPFNBLFS-FWZ 4FF4IPFNBLFS-FWZ$PNFU $PNFU4XJGU5VUUMF 4FF4XJѫ5VUUMF$PNFU $PNQUPO (BNNB 3BZ 0CTFSWBUPSZ\ /"4" MBVODIFE UIF $PNQUPO (BNNB 3BZ
0CTFSWBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE$(30 PO"QSJM BOEJUSFFOUFSFEUIF&BSUITBUNP TQIFSFPO+VOF*UXBTUIFTFDPOEPG/"4"TGPVSHSFBUPCTFSWBUPSJFTJTTQBDF EFTJHOFEUPTUVEZUIF6OJWFSTFJOBOJOWJTJCMF IJHIFOFSHZGPSNPGSBEJBUJPOLOPXO BT HBNNB SBZT *OTUSVNFOUT BCPBSE $(30 EFUFDUFE NPSF UIBO HBNNBSBZ 4!",% #OMETS 'REATA .AME
0ERIHELION$ATE
$AYS 6ISIBLEB
0ERIHELION "RIGHTEST $ISTANCEC !PPARENT !5 -AGNITUDED
'REAT#OMET2 'REAT#OMET& 'REAT-ARCH#OMET$ #OMET$ONATI,
3EPT 3EPT &EB 3EPT
TO TO
'REAT#OMET* 'REAT3OUTHERN#OMET" #OMET#OGGIA( 'REAT3EPTEMBER#OMET2
*UNE *AN *ULY 3EPT
TO
#OMET#OMET' 'REAT*ANUARY#OMET! 0#OMET(ALLEY #OMET3KJELLERUP -ARISTANY 8 #OMET)KEYA 3EKI3 #OMET"ENNETT9 #OMET7EST6 #OMET(YAKUTAKE" #OMET(ALE "OPP/
!PR *AN !PR $EC
TO TO
/CT -AR &EB -AY !PR
TO TO
A!DAPTEDFROM$ONALD+9EOMANS'REAT#OMETSIN(ISTORY ATTHE7EBSITEHTTPSSDJPLNASAGOVGREAT? COMETSHTML B$AYSVISIBLETOTHENAKEDEYEUNAIDEDBYBINOCULARSORATELESCOPE C4HEPERIHELIONDISTANCEISTHEDISTANCEFROMTHE3UNATTHECLOSESTAPPROACHTOTHESTAR GIVENINASTRONOMI CALUNITS OR!5 ROUGHLYTHEMEANDISTANCEBETWEENTHE%ARTHANDTHE3UNANDABOUTBILLION OR METERS D4HEAPPARENTMAGNITUDEISAMEASUREOFTHEAPPARENTBRIGHTNESSOFACELESTIALOBJECT INWHICHBRIGHTER OBJECTSHAVESMALLERMAGNITUDES3IRIUS! THEBRIGHTESTSTAROTHERTHANTHE3UN HASANAPPARENTVISUALMAG NITUDEOF4HENEARESTSTAROTHERTHANTHE3UNISABOUTONTHEMAGNITUDESCALE WHILE6ENUSHASAN APPARENTMAGNITUDEOFWHENBRIGHTESTANDATITSBRIGHTEST*UPITERAPPEARSATMAGNITUDE
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4!",% #OMETSnSHORTPERIODA .AME
/RBIT 0ERIOD YEARS
0ERIHELION $ATEB YEAR
0(ALLEY 0%NCKE 0D!RREST 04EMPEL
THCENTURY
0"ORRELLY 0'IACOBINI :INNER 0'RIGG 3JKELLERUP 0#ROMMELIN
07IRTANEN 04EMPEL 4UTTLE 03CHWASSMANN 7ACHMANN 07ILD 07ILSON (ARRINGTOND
0ERIHELION /RBITAL $ISTANCE )NCLINATION !BSOLUTE !5 DEGREES -AGNITUDEC
A!DAPTEDFROM,ANG +ENNETH2 "TUSPQIZTJDBM%BUB1MBOFUTBOE4UBST.EW9ORK 3PRINGER 6ERLAG
AND'ARY-+RONKSCOMET7EBSITEHTTPCOMETOGRAPHYCOM3HORT PERIODCOMETSTHATHAVEEITHERBEEN VISITEDBYSPACECRAFTINTHEPASTORHAVEBEENCONSIDEREDFORENCOUNTERSINTHEFUTURE LISTEDINTHEORDEROF THEIRRECOGNITION ORPERIODICCOMETNUMBER B4HEGIVENPERIHELIONDATEISTHElRSTTOOCCURINTHESTCENTURY ANDTHEPERIHELIONDISTANCEISIN!5 ROUGHLYTHEMEANDISTANCEBETWEENTHE%ARTHANDTHE3UNANDABOUTBILLION OR METERS C4HEABSOLUTEMAGNITUDEISAMEASUREOFTHEINTRINSICBRIGHTNESSOFACOMET ANDASMALLERMAGNITUDEINDI CATESABRIGHTERCOMET D!LSOASTEROID
'*( #OMETnANATOMY4HE NUCLEUSOFACOMETISUSUALLYINVISIBLE UNLESSASPACECRAFTISSENTINTOTAKEA GLIMPSE!COMETlRSTBECOMESVISIBLE WHENITDEVELOPSACOMAOFGASAND DUST7HENTHECOMETPASSESCLOSERTO THE3UN LONGIONANDDUSTTAILSSOME TIMESBECOMEVISIBLE STREAMINGOUTOF THECOMAINTHEDIRECTIONOPPOSITETO THE3UN7HENLOOKINGATACOMETIN ULTRAVIOLETLIGHT THEHYDROGENATOMSIN ITSHUGEHYDROGENCLOUDAREDETECTED
(MPTTBSZ$
'*( #OMETnTRAJECTORYANDTAILS4HEPATHANDCHANG INGSHAPEOFATYPICALCOMETASITENTERSTHEINNER3OLAR3YSTEM .OTETHATTHETAILOFTHECOMETISORIENTEDAWAYFROMTHE3UN INDEPENDENTOFTHEDIRECTIONOFTRAVELOFTHECOMET
4!",% #OMETS STRUCTURE &EATURE
3IZEA
#OMPOSITION
!PPEARANCE
.UCLEUS #OMA
TO METERS 5PTO!5
6ERYDARK 3LIGHTLYYELLOW
(YDROGENCLOUD $USTTAIL )ONTAIL
5PTO!5 5PTO!5 5PTO!5
$UST ICEANDROCK .EUTRALUN IONIZED MOLECULESANDDUST (YDROGENATOMS $USTPARTICLES )ONIZEDMOLECULES
5LTRAVIOLETRADIATION 9ELLOW CURVED "LUE STRAIGHT
A/NE!5 ROUGHLYTHEAVERAGEDISTANCEBETWEENTHE%ARTHANDTHE3UN ISABOUTBILLION OR METERS
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
CVSTUT BTXFMMBTHBNNBSBZTGSPNCMBDLIPMFT QVMTBST RVBTBSTBOETVQFSOPWBFѮF HBNNBSBZPCTFSWBUPSZXBTOBNFEBѫFSUIF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU"SUIVS)$PNQ UPO ¢
XIPJTSFNFNCFSFEGPSEJTDPWFSJOHUIF$PNQUPOFĒFDUJO B QIFOPNFOPOJOXIJDIFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDXBWFTTVDIBT9SBZTVOEFSHPBOJODSFBTFJO XBWFMFOHUIBѫFSIBWJOHCFFOTDBUUFSFECZFMFDUSPOT4FFHBNNBSBZCVSTU $POF /FCVMB "EBSL UBQFSJOHOFCVMBJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO.POPDFSPTTVSSPVOEJOH
UIFPQFOTUBSDMVTUFS/($ $POKVODUJPO ѮFBMJHONFOUPGUIF&BSUIXJUIUXPPUIFSCPEJFTJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN
5XPPUIFSQMBOFUTBSFTBJEUPCFJODPOKVODUJPOXIFOUIFZBSFDMPTFUPHFUIFSJOUIF
'*( #ONJUNCTION ELONGATION ANDOPPOSITION7HENTHE 3UN THE%ARTHANDANOTHERPLANETAREALIGNED THATPLANETISIN CONJUNCTION6ENUSAND-ERCURYAREINFERIORPLANETS WITHORBITS BETWEENTHATOFTHE%ARTHANDTHE3UN ANDTHEYAREININFERIORCON JUNCTIONWHENTHEYLIEBETWEENTHE%ARTHANDTHE3UN!LLOFTHE OTHERMAJORPLANETSARESUPERIORPLANETS WITHORBITSOUTSIDETHAT OFTHE%ARTH ANDTHEYAREINCONJUNCTIONWHENONTHEOTHERSIDE OFTHE3UNFROMTHE%ARTH4HESUPERIORPLANETSARECLOSESTTOTHE %ARTHWHENINOPPOSITION ALIGNEDEXACTLYOPPOSITETHE3UNFROM THE%ARTH4HEELONGATIONISTHEANGULARDISTANCEBETWEENTHE3UN ANDTHEPLANET ASVIEWEDFROMTHE%ARTH ANDTHEGREATESTELONGA TIONSOF-ERCURYAND6ENUSAREABOUTDEGREESANDDEGREES RESPECTIVELY
(MPTTBSZ$
TBNFQBSUPGUIFTLZ"OPUIFSQMBOFUJTJODPOKVODUJPOXJUIUIF4VOXIFOUIFQMBOFU JTPOBMJOFUIBUQBTTFTUISPVHIUIF&BSUIBOEUIF4VO FJUIFSPOUIFPQQPTJUFTJEFPG UIF4VOGSPNUIF&BSUI JOTVQFSJPSDPOKVODUJPO PSPOUIFTBNFTJEFPGUIF4VOBTUIF &BSUI JOJOGFSJPSDPOKVODUJPO4FFTZ[ZHZ $POTUFMMBUJPO "HSPVQPGTUBSTUIBUGPSNTBEJTUJODUJWFQBUUFSOPSJNBHJOBSZêHVSF USBDFE PO UIF TLZ XJUI B OBNF MJOLFE UP JUT TIBQF UIBU JT PѫFO EFSJWFE GSPN (SFFL NZUIPMPHZ5XFMWFPGUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPOTBSFVTFEUPEFTDSJCFUIF[PEJBDѮFMJTUPG DPOTUFMMBUJPOTHJWFOJO1UPMFNZT"MNBHFTUIBTHSPXOUPBNPEFSOMJTUPGDPOTUFMMB UJPOT XIJDIWBSZJOTJ[FѮFTUBSTJOBDPOTUFMMBUJPODBOCFBUWFSZEJĒFSFOUEJTUBODFT TPUIFHSPVQJOHMBDLTQIZTJDBMTJHOJêDBODF4FF[PEJBD $POUJOFOUBM ESJGU ѮF JEFB UIBU UIF DPOUJOFOUT BSF NPWJOH PS ESJѫJOH BDSPTT UIF HMPCFѮF(FSNBONFUFPSPMPHJTUBOEHFPMPHJTU"MGSFE8FHFOFS ¢ EFWFM PQFEUIFUIFPSZPGDPOUJOFOUBMESJѫ QSPQPTJOHUIBUUIFDPOUJOFOUTXFSFQBSUPGBTJOHMF MBOENBTT DBMMFE1BOHFB B(SFFLXPSENFBOJOHiBMMMBOETuUIBUGSBHNFOUFEJOUPUPEBZT DPOUJOFOUT XIJDITUBSUFEESJѫJOHBQBSUNJMMJPOZFBSTBHPѮJTXPVMEFYQMBJOUIF DMPTF KJHTBXêU CFUXFFO UIF DPBTUMJOFT PO FJUIFS TJEF PG UIF "UMBOUJD 0DFBO BOE UIF HFPMPHJDBMBOEGPTTJMTJNJMBSJUJFTCFUXFFO#SB[JMBOE"GSJDB"NFDIBOJTNGPSESJWJOH UIFDPOUJOFOUTBDSPTTUIFHMPCFXBTMBUFSSFBMJ[FEXJUIUIFEJTDPWFSZUIBUDPOUJOFOUTBSF SJEJOHPOUIFCBDLTPGMBSHFQMBUFT XIJDIBSFQVTIFETJEFXBZTCZDIVSOJOHNPUJPOT EFFQJOTJEFUIF&BSUITIPUJOUFSJPSBOEUIFTQSFBEJOHTFBëPPS4FFQMBUFUFDUPOJDTBOE TFBëPPSTQSFBEJOH $POUJOVPVTTQFDUSVN "OVOCSPLFOEJTUSJCVUJPOPGSBEJBUJPOPWFSBCSPBESBOHFPG XBWFMFOHUIT4FFDPOUJOVVNBOETQFDUSVN $POUJOVVN ѮBUQBSUPGBTQFDUSVNUIBUIBTOFJUIFSBCTPSQUJPOOPSFNJTTJPOMJOFT CVUPOMZBTNPPUIXBWFMFOHUIEJTUSJCVUJPOPGSBEJBOUJOUFOTJUZ4FFDPOUJOVPVTTQFD USVNBOETQFDUSVN $POWFDUJPO ѮFUSBOTQPSUPGFOFSHZGSPNBMPXFS IPUUFSSFHJPOUPBIJHIFS DPPMFS
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ѮFPQBDJUZ JOUIFDPOWFDUJWF[POFJTTPMBSHFUIBUFOFSHZDBOOPUCFUSBOTQPSUFECZSBEJBUJPO $PQFSOJDBOJTN ѮFIZQPUIFTJTUIBUUIF&BSUIBOEUIFPUIFSQMBOFUTPSCJUUIF4VO $PSF ѮFDFOUSBMSFHJPOPGBQMBOFU TUBSPSPUIFSDFMFTUJBMPCKFDU*OTPMBSBOETUFMMBS
BTUSPOPNZ UIFDPSFJTUIFDFOUSBMMPDBUJPOXIFSFFOFSHZJTHFOFSBUFECZOVDMFBSSFBD UJPOT4FFGVTJPOBOEQSPUPOQSPUPODIBJO
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4!",% #ONSTELLATIONSA ,ATIN.AME
2! H
$EC
!REA
!NDROMEDA
!NDROMEDAE
!ND
!NTLIA !PUS
!NTLIAE !PODIS
!NTS !PS
!QUARIUS !QUILA
!QUARII !QUILAE
!QR !QL
#HAINED MAIDEN !IR0UMP "IRDOF 0ARADISE 7ATER"EARER %AGLE
!RA !RIES !URIGA "OÚTES #AELUM
!RAE !RIETIS !URIGAE "OÚTIS #AELI
!RA !RI !UR "OO #AE
!LTAR 2AM #HARIOTEER (ERDSMAN #HISEL
#AMELOPARDALIS #ANCER #ANES6ENATICI
#AM #NC #6N
#ANIS-AJOR #ANIS-INOR
#AMELOPARDIS #ANCRI #ANUM 6ENATICORUM #ANIS-AJORIS #ANIS-INORIS
#-A #-I
'IRAFFE #RAB (UNTING $OGS "IG$OG ,ITTLE$OG
#APRICORNUS #ARINA #ASSIOPEIA #ENTAURUS #EPHEUS
#APRICORNI #ARINAE #ASSIOPEIAE #ENTAURI #EPHEI
#AP #AR #AS #EN #EP
3EA'OAT 3HIPS+EELB ,ADYIN#HAIR #ENTAURC +INGOF %THIOPIA
#ETI
#ET
#HAMAELEON #IRCINUS #OLUMBA #OMA"ERENICES
#HAMAELEONTIS #IRCINI #OLUMBAE #OMAE "ERENICES
#HA #IR #OL #OM
7HALE 3EA -ONSTER #HAMAELEON #OMPASSES $OVE "ERENICES (AIRC
#ORONA!USTRALIS
#R!
#ORONA"OREALIS
#ORVUS #RATER #RUX
#ORONAE !USTRALIS #ORONAE "OREALIS #ORVI #RATERIS #RUCIS
#RV #RT #RU
#YGNUS
#YGNI
#YG
#ETUS
'ENITIVE
!BBREV
#R"
4RANSLATION
3OUTHERN #ROWN .ORTHERN #ROWN #ROW #UP 3OUTHERN #ROSS 3WAN
(MPTTBSZ$
4!",% #ONSTELLATIONSACONTINUED 2! H
$EC
!REA
'ENITIVE
!BBREV
4RANSLATION
$ELPHINI
$EL
$ORADUS
$OR
$RACO %QUULEUS
$RACONIS %QUULEI
$RA %QU
$OLPHIN 0ORPOISE 3WORDlSH $ORADOlSH $RAGON ,ITTLE(ORSE
%RIDANUS
%RIDANI
%RI
&ORNAX 'EMINI
&ORNACIS 'EMINORUM
&OR 'EM
'RUS (ERCULES
'RUIS (ERCULIS
'RU (ER
(OROLOGIUM (YDRA
(OROLOGII (YDRAE
(OR (YA
(YDRUS )NDUS ,ACERTA
(YDRI )NDI ,ACERTAE
(YI )ND ,AC
,EO ,EO-INOR ,EPUS ,IBRA
,EONIS ,EONIS-INORIS ,EPORIS ,IBRAE
,EO ,-I ,EP ,IB
,UPUS
,UPI
,UP
,YNX ,YRA -ENSA
,YNCIS ,YRAE -ENSAE
,YN ,YR -EN
-ICROSCOPIUM -ONOCEROS
-ICROSCOPII -ONOCEROTIS
-IC -ON
-USCA .ORMA
-USCAE .ORMAE
-US .OR
/CTANS /PHIUCHUS
/CTANTIS /PHIUCHI
/CT /PH
/RION
/RIONIS
/RI
&LY 3QUARE ,EVEL /CTANT 3ERPENT BEARER (UNTER
0AVO
0AVONIS
0AV
0EACOCK
,ATIN.AME
$ELPHINUS $ORADO
2IVER %RIDANUSC &URNACE (EAVENLY 4WINS #RANE +NEELING 'IANT #LOCK 7ATER -ONSTER 3EA3ERPENT )NDIAN ,IZARD ,ION ,ITTLE,ION (ARE "ALANCE 3CALES 7OLF ,YNX ,YRE (ARP 4ABLE -OUNTAIN -ICROSCOPE 5NICORN
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4!",% #ONSTELLATIONSACONTINUED 2! H
$EC
!REA
'ENITIVE
0EGASUS
0EGASI
0EG
0ERSEUS 0HOENIX 0ICTOR
0ERSEI 0HOENICIS 0ICTORIS
0ER 0HE 0IC
0ISCIUM 0ISCIS!USTRINI
0SC 0S!
0UPPIS 0YXIS
0UPPIS 0YXIDIS
0UP 0YX
2ETICULUM
2ETICULI
2ET
&ISH 3OUTHERN &ISH 3HIPS3TERNB 3HIPS #OMPASSB .ET
3AGITTA 3AGITTARIUS 3CORPIUS 3CULPTOR 3CUTUM
3AGITTAE 3AGITTARII 3CORPII 3CULPTORIS 3CUTI
3GE 3GR 3CO 3CI 3CT
!RROW !RCHER 3CORPION 3CULPTOR 3HIELD
3ERPENS 3EXTANS 4AURUS 4ELESCOPIUM 4RIANGULUM
3ERPENTIS 3EXTANTIS 4AURI 4ELESCOPII 4RIANGULI
3ER 3EX 4AU 4EL 4RI
3ERPENT 3EXTANT "ULL 4ELESCOPE 4RIANGLE
4RIANGULUM !USTRALE 4UCANA 5RSA-AJOR 5RSA-INOR 6ELA
4R!
4RIANGULI !USTRALIS 4UCANAE 5RSAE-AJORIS 5RSAE-INORIS 6ELORUM
4UC 5-A 5-I 6EL
3OUTHERN 4RIANGLE 4OUCAN "IG"EAR ,ITTLE"EAR 3HIPS3AILB
6IRGO
6IRGINIS
6IR
6OLANS 6ULPECULA
6OLANTIS 6ULPECULAE
6OL 6UL
,ATIN.AME
0ISCES 0ISCES!USTRINUS
!BBREV
4RANSLATION
7INGED (ORSE #HAMPION 0HOENIX 0AINTER%ASEL
-AIDEN 6IRGIN &LYING&ISH ,ITTLE&OX
A!DAPTEDFROM,ANG +ENNETH2 "TUSPQIZTJDBM%BUB1MBOFUTBOE4UBST 3PRINGER 6ERLAG PP B0REVIOUSLYFORMEDCONSTELLATION!RGO.AVIS THE!RGONAUTSSHIP C0ROPERNAMES
(MPTTBSZ$
4!",% #ORONAEMISSIONLINESA 7AVELENGTHNANOMETERS
%MITTING)ON
#A8)) &E8))) .I86) &E8) #A8))) .I8)) .I8)))
7AVELENGTHNANOMETERS
GREENLINE YELLOWLINE REDLINE
%MITTING)ON
&E8)6 #A86 &E8 .I86 &E86 &E8) .I86
A#ACALCIUM &EIRON AND.INICKEL3UBTRACTONEFROMTHE2OMANNUMERALTOGETTHENUMBEROF MISSINGELECTRONS
4!",% #ORONAnHOLESANDLOOPS &EATURE
#ORONAL(OLES !CTIVE2EGION,OOPS 8 RAYBRIGHTPOINT
,ARGEST%XTENT KM
4EMPERATURE +
%LECTRON$ENSITY Mm
TO TO
TO TO
TO
$PSPOB "TIJNNFSJOHIBMPPGQFBSMXIJUFMJHIUTFFONPNFOUBSJMZBUUIFMJNC PS BQQBSFOUFEHF PGUIF4VOEVSJOHBUPUBMTPMBSFDMJQTF DBMMFE UIFDPSPOB GSPNUIF -BUJOXPSEGPSiDSPXOuѮFPVUFSNPTU IJHIUFNQFSBUVSFSFHJPOPGUIFTPMBSBUNP TQIFSF BCPWF UIF DISPNPTQIFSF BOE USBOTJUJPO SFHJPO DPOTJTUJOH PG BMNPTU GVMMZ JPOJ[FEHBTDPOUBJOFEJODMPTFENBHOFUJDMPPQT DBMMFEDPSPOBMMPPQT PSFYQBOEJOH PVU BMPOH PQFO NBHOFUJD êFME MJOFT UP GPSN UIF TPMBS XJOE *O UIF 4XFEJTI BTUSPOPNFS #FOHU &EMÊO ¢ BOE UIF (FSNBO BTUSPOPNFS 8BMUFS (SP USJBO ¢ TIPXFEUIBUFNJTTJPOMJOFTGSPNUIFTPMBSDPSPOBXFSFGPSCJEEFO USBOTJUJPOTPGBUPNTUIBUBSFIJHIMZJPOJ[FEBUBOVOFYQFDUFEMZIJHI NJMMJPOEFHSFF UFNQFSBUVSF*OUIF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU&VHFOF/1BSLFS ¢ TIPXFE UIBUUIFNJMMJPOEFHSFFFMFDUSPOTBOEQSPUPOTJOUIFDPSPOBXJMMPWFSDPNFUIF4VOT HSBWJUZBOEBDDFMFSBUFUPTVQFSTPOJDTQFFET OBNJOHUIFSFTVMUBOUSBEJBMPVUëPXUIF TPMBSXJOE&WFOOFBSUIF4VO UIFDPSPOBJTBIJHIMZSBSFêFE MPXEFOTJUZHBT XJUI FMFDUSPOEFOTJUJFTPGMFTTUIBOFMFDUSPOTQFSDVCJDNFUFS IFBUFEUPUFNQFSBUVSFT PGNJMMJPOTPGEFHSFFTѮFDPSPOBJTCSJFëZWJTJCMFUPUIFVOBJEFEFZFEVSJOHBUPUBM FDMJQTFPGUIF4VO GPSBUNPTUNJOVUFTBUPUIFSUJNFTJUDBOCFPCTFSWFEJOWJT JCMFXIJUFMJHIUCZVTJOHBTQFDJBMJOTUSVNFOUDBMMFEBDPSPOBHSBQIѮFWJTJCMFMJHIU DPSPOBNBZCFEJWJEFEJOUPUIFJOOFS,PSFMFDUSPODPSPOB XJUIBDPOUJOVPVTTQFD USVN BOEUIFPVUFS'PSEVTUDPSPOBUIBUEJTQMBZT'SBVOIPGFSBCTPSQUJPOMJOFTѮF &DPSPOBJTUIFFNJTTJPOMJOFDPSPOBѮFDPSPOBDBOBMXBZTCFPCTFSWFEBDSPTTUIF TPMBSEJTLBU9SBZBOESBEJPXBWFMFOHUITѮFTIBQFPGUIFDPSPOBJTEFUFSNJOFECZ UIFEJTUSJCVUJPOPGTPMBSNBHOFUJDêFMET XIJDIWBSJFTXJUIUIFTPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
'*( #ORONAGRAPH3UNLIGHTENTERSFROMTHELEFT ANDISFOCUSEDBYANOBJECTIVE LENS , ONANOCCULTINGDISK BLOCKINGTHEINTENSEGLAREOFTHEPHOTOSPHERE,IGHT FROMTHECORONA WHICHISOUTSIDETHEPHOTOSPHERE BYPASSESTHISOCCULTINGDISKANDIS FOCUSEDBYASECONDLENS , FORMINGANIMAGEOFTHECORONA/THEROPTICALDEVICESARE PLACEDALONGTHELIGHTPATHTODIVERTANDREMOVEEXCESSLIGHT
4FF DPSPOBHSBQI DPSPOBM IPMF DPSPOBM MPPQ DPSPOBM NBTT FKFDUJPO TPMBS BDUJWJUZ DZDMF BOETPMBSXJOE $PSPOBF -BSHF FMFWBUFEDJSDVMBSTUSVDUVSFTPO7FOVTUIBUBSFQVTIFEVQGSPNCFMPX
CZSJTJOHNPMUFOSPDLUSZJOHUPHFUPVU GSPNDPSPOB UIF-BUJOXPSEGPSiDSPXOu $PSPOBHSBQI "OJOTUSVNFOU VTFEJODPOKVODUJPOXJUIBUFMFTDPQF UIBUNBLFTJUQPT
TJCMFUPNBTLUIFMJHIUGSPNUIF4VOPSPUIFSTUBS JOPSEFSUPPCTFSWFHBT EVTUPSMBSHFS PCKFDUTWFSZDMPTFUPUIFTUBS"DPSPOBHSBQIJTVTFEUPPCTFSWFUIFGBJOUTPMBSDPSPOB JOXIJUFMJHIU PSJOBMMUIFDPMPSTDPNCJOFE BUUJNFTPUIFSUIBOEVSJOHBTPMBSFDMJQTF ѮFCSJHIUMJHIUPGUIF4VOTQIPUPTQIFSFJTCMPDLFEPVUCZBOPDDVMUJOHEJTL QSPWJEJOH BOBSUJêDJBMFDMJQTF XJUIBEEJUJPOBMQSFDBVUJPOTGPSSFNPWJOHBMMUSBDFTPGTUSBZMJHIU ѮF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS#FSOBSE-ZPU ¢ JOWFOUFEUIFDPSPOBHSBQIJO &WFOXJUIBDPSPOBHSBQIMPDBUFEBUBIJHITJUFXIFSFUIFTLZJTWFSZDMFBS TDBUUFSJOHPG MJHIUCZUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSFJTBQSPCMFN$PSPOBHSBQITUIFSFGPSFXPSLCFTUXIFO QMBDFEPOTBUFMMJUFTBCPWFUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF $PSPOBMIPMF "OFYUFOEFESFHJPOJOUIFTPMBSDPSPOBXIFSFUIFEFOTJUZBOEUFNQFSB
UVSFBSFMPXFSUIBOPUIFSQMBDFTJOUIFDPSPOB BOEUIFDPSPOBMFNJTTJPOMJOFTBOEUIF FYUSFNFVMUSBWJPMFUBOETPѫ9SBZDPSPOBMFNJTTJPOBSFBCOPSNBMMZGBJOUPSBCTFOUѮF XFBL EJWFSHJOHBOEPQFONBHOFUJDêFMEMJOFTJODPSPOBMIPMFTFYUFOESBEJBMMZPVUXBSE BOEEPOPUJNNFEJBUFMZSFUVSOCBDLUPUIF4VOѮFIJHITQFFEQBSUPGUIFTPMBSXJOE TUSFBNTPVUGSPNDPSPOBMIPMFTѮFMPXEFOTJUZPGUIFHBTNBLFTUIFTFQBSUTPGUIF DPSPOBBQQFBSEBSLJOFYUSFNFVMUSBWJPMFUBOETPѫ9SBZJNBHFTPGUIF4VO BTJGUIFSF XFSFBIPMFJOUIFDPSPOB$PSPOBMIPMFTBSFOFBSMZBMXBZTQSFTFOUOFBSUIFTPMBSQPMFT BOEDBOBMTPPDDVSBUMPXFSTPMBSMBUJUVEFT $PSPOBM MPPQ " NBHOFUJD MPPQ UIBU QBTTFT UISPVHI UIF DPSPOB BOE KPJOT SFHJPOT DBMMFEGPPUQPJOUT PGPQQPTJUFNBHOFUJDQPMBSJUZJOUIFVOEFSMZJOHQIPUPTQIFSF$PSP OBM MPPQT DBO IBWF FYDFQUJPOBMMZ TUSPOH NBHOFUJD êFMET BOE UIFZ PѫFO DPOUBJO UIF EFOTF NJMMJPOEFHSFFDPSPOBMHBTUIBUFNJUTJOUFOTF9SBZSBEJBUJPO4FFGPPUQPJOU
(MPTTBSZ$
$PSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPO "CCSFWJBUFE$.& UIFUSBOTJFOUFKFDUJPOPGQMBTNBBOENBH
OFUJD êFMET GSPN UIF 4VOT DPSPOB JOUP JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ TQBDF EFUFDUFE CZ XIJUFMJHIU DPSPOBHSBQIT"MBSHFCPEZPGNBHOFUJDBMMZDPOêOFE DPSPOBMNBUFSJBMCFJOHSFMFBTFE GSPN UIF DPSPOB " DPSPOBM NBTT FKFDUJPO DPOUBJOT CJMMJPO UP CJMMJPO UPOT PS NJMMJPONJMMJPOUPNJMMJPONJMMJPOLJMPHSBNT PGHBT BOEDBOUSBWFMUISPVHIJOUFS QMBOFUBSZ TQBDF BU B IJHI TVQFSTPOJD TQFFE PG VQ UP LJMPNFUFST QFS TFDPOE *U JTPѫFOBTTPDJBUFEXJUIBOFSVQUJWFQSPNJOFODF BOETPNFUJNFTXJUIBTUSPOHTPMBS ëBSF$PSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPOTQSPEVDFJOUFOTFTIPDLXBWFT BDDFMFSBUFWBTURVBOUJUJFT PGFOFSHFUJDQBSUJDMFT HSPXMBSHFSUIBOUIF4VOJOBGFXIPVST BOEXIFOEJSFDUFEBU &BSUIDBODBVTFJOUFOTFHFPNBHOFUJDTUPSNT EJTSVQUDPNNVOJDBUJPOT EBNBHFTBUFM MJUFTBOEQSPEVDFQPXFSTVSHFTPOFMFDUSJDBMUSBOTNJTTJPOMJOFT4FFHFPNBHOFUJDTUPSN BOEQSPNJOFODF $PSPOBM TUSFBNFS " NBHOFUJDBMMZ DPOêOFE MPPQMJLF DPSPOBM TUSVDUVSF JO UIF MPX DPSPOBTUSBEEMJOHBNBHOFUJDOFVUSBMMJOFPOUIFTPMBSQIPUPTQIFSFѮFTFIJHIEFOTJUZ CSJHIUDPSPOBMTUSVDUVSFTIBWFSBZMJLFTUBMLTUIBUFYUFOESBEJBMMZPVUXBSEUPMBSHFEJT UBODFTJOUIFPVUFSDPSPOB/FBSUIFNJOJNVNJOUIFZFBSTPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF DPSP OBMTUSFBNFSTBSFMPDBUFENPTUMZOFBSUIFTPMBSFRVBUPSBOEBQQFBSUPCFUIFTPVSDFPG UIFTMPXTQFFETPMBSXJOE4FFIFMNFUTUSFBNFS TPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMFBOETPMBSXJOE $PSPOBMUSBOTJFOU 4FFDPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPO $PSPOJVN "TVQQPTFEMZVOLOPXODIFNJDBMFMFNFOUFNJUUJOHVOJEFOUJêFEFNJTTJPO MJOFTJOUIFTQFDUSVNPGUIFTPMBSDPSPOB*O UIF4XFEJTIBTUSPOPNFS#FOHU&EMÊO ¢ BOEUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS8BMUFS(SPUSJBO ¢ TIPXFEUIBU UIFNZTUFSJPVTMJOFTBSFQSPEVDFECZIJHIMZJPOJ[FEGPSNTPGLOPXOFMFNFOUT TVDIBT JSPO JOUIFVOFYQFDUFEMZIJHI NJMMJPOEFHSFFUFNQFSBUVSFPGUIFTPMBSDPSPOB $PSQVTDVMBSSBEJBUJPO $IBSHFEQBSUJDMFT NBJOMZQSPUPOTBOEFMFDUSPOT FNJUUFECZ UIF4VOѮFTUSFBNPGFMFDUSJDBMMZDIBSHFEQBSUJDMFTXBTIZQPUIFTJ[FEJOUIFTBOE MBUFSSFOBNFEUIFTPMBSXJOE4FFTPMBSXJOE $0TNJD #BDLHSPVOE &YQMPSFS /"4" MBVODIFE UIF$0TNJD#BDLHSPVOE&YQMPSFS BCCSFWJBUFE$0#& PO/PWFNCFSJOTUSVNFOUPQFSBUJPOTXFSFUFSNJOBUFEPO %FDFNCFS ѮFTF JOTUSVNFOUT NFBTVSFE UIF BOHVMBS EJTUSJCVUJPO BOE TQFD USVNPGUIFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO TIPXJOHUIBUJUIBTBMPXMFWFM BOJTPUSPQZBOEBCMBDLCPEZTQFDUSVN XJUIBUFNQFSBUVSFPGLFMWJO $PTNJDCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO 4FFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO $PTNJD NJDSPXBWF CBDLHSPVOE SBEJBUJPO *TPUSPQJD NJDSPXBWF FNJTTJPO DPNJOH
XJUI BMNPTU FRVBM JOUFOTJUZ GSPN BMM EJSFDUJPOT JO TQBDF EJTDPWFSFE JO CZ UIF (FSNBOCPSO"NFSJDBOSBEJPFOHJOFFS"SOP"1FO[JBT ¢ BOEUIF"NFSJDBO SBEJPBTUSPOPNFS3PCFSU88JMTPO ¢ XIJMFEFUFSNJOJOHUIFTPVSDFTPGFYDFTT OPJTF JO B IPSO BOUFOOB BU UIF #FMM 5FMFQIPOF -BCPSBUPSJFT .FBTVSFNFOUT GSPN UIF $0TNJD#BDLHSPVOE&YQMPSFSTQBDFDSBѫ SFQPSUFEJO EFNPOTUSBUFEUIBUUIFDPT NJD NJDSPXBWF CBDLHSPVOE SBEJBUJPO IBT B CMBDLCPEZ TQFDUSVN DPSSFTQPOEJOH UP B UFNQFSBUVSFPGLFMWJO*UJTSFNOBOUSBEJBUJPOGSPNUIFIPU FBSMZ6OJWFSTF
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4!",% #OSMICMICROWAVEBACKGROUNDRADIATION 2ADIATIONPARAMETERS A B 0ARAMETER
.AME
6ALUE
44CMB NG R 4
4EMPERATURE 0HOTONDENSITY -ASS ENERGYDENSITY $IPOLEANISOTROPY
4 4 6 2! $EC M C
$IPOLEANISOTROPY4EMPERATURE 6ELOCITYOFSOLARMOTIONTOWARDBACKGROUND $IRECTIONOFSOLARMOTION RIGHTASCENSION $IRECTIONOFSOLARMOTION DECLINATION $IRECTIONOFSOLARMOTION GALACTIC
$4 4 41RMS
!NISOTROPY DIPOLEREMOVED 1UADRUPOLEMOMENT
+ CM GCM + + KMS HM33 +
#OSMOLOGICALPARAMETERS B .AME
-EANING
( T
(UBBLE#ONSTANT !GEOF5NIVERSE
TDEC
$ECOUPLING4IME
6ALUE
#URRENT%XPANSION2ATE 4IMESINCE"IG"ANG
YEARSBILLIONYEARS 4IME2ADIATION/RIGINATED YEARS
!FTER"IG"ANG ALSO2ECOMBINATION4IMEANDREDSHIFT
TR
2EIONIZATION4IME
6TOT 6, 6M 6B 6D
/MEGA $ARK%NERGY 4OTAL-ATTER "ARYONIC-ATTER $ARK-ATTER
&IRST3TARS/RIGINATED !FTER"IG"ANG -ATTERAND%NERGY$ENSITY !MOUNTOF$ARK%NERGY !MOUNTOF4OTAL-ATTER !MOUNTOF"ARYONS !MOUNTOF$ARK-ATTER
MILLIONYEARS
A!DAPTEDFROM,ANG +ENNETH2 "TUSPQIZTJDBM'PSNVMBF** 4QBDF 5JNF.BUUFSBOE$PTNPMPHZ ѮJSE&EJUJPO .EW9ORK 3PRINGER 6ERLAG PP B&ROMTHE7ILKINSON-ICROWAVE!NISOTROPY0ROBETOGETHERWITHOTHERASTRONOMICALOBSERVATIONS ADAPTED FROM#HARLES,"ENNETTETAL "TUSPQIZTJDBM+PVSOBM4VQQMFNFOU 4HEPARAMETER7ISTHERATIO OFTHESPECIlEDQUANTITYTOTHECRITICALAMOUNTREQUIREDTOKEEPTHEEXPANSIONOFTHE5NIVERSEONTHEBRINK OFCLOSURE!N6ISCONSISTENTWITHINmATIONANDA5NIVERSETHATISDESCRIBEDBY%UCLIDEANGEOMETRY WITHOUTSPACECURVATURE
(MPTTBSZ$
SFMFBTFE ZFBSTBѫFSUIF#JH#BOH BUUIFUJNFPGEFDPVQMJOHPGSBEJBUJPOGSPN DPTNJDNBUUFS BOETVCTFRVFOUMZUIJOOFEBOEDPPMFEBTUIF6OJWFSTFFYQBOEFE*O TDJFOUJTUT SFQPSUFE NFBTVSFNFOUT PG B GBJOU BOJTPUSPQZ PS UFNQFSBUVSF WBSJBUJPOT JO UIFSBEJBUJPOEFUFDUFEXJUIUIF8JMLJOTPO.JDSPXBWF"OJTPUSPQZ1SPCF BCCSFWJBUFE 8."1 TQBDFDSBѫ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¢ *OUIF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU3PCFSU.JMMJLBO ¢ DPODMV TJWFMZTIPXFEUIBUUIFZDPNFGSPNPVUFSTQBDF HJWJOHUIFNUIFOBNFDPTNJDSBZT*O UIF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU"SUIVS)$PNQUPO ¢ EFNPOTUSBUFEUIBUUIF iSBZTu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ѮFMBUUFS IBWFIJTUPSJDBMMZCFFODBMMFETPMBSDPTNJDSBZT4FFFMFDUSPOWPMUGPSF7 $PTNPHPOZ ѮFTUVEZPGUIFPSJHJOPGUIF6OJWFSTFBOEPCKFDUTJOJU $PTNPMPHJDBMDPOTUBOU "DPOUSPWFSTJBMQBSBNFUFSJOUSPEVDFEJOUPUIF(FOFSBMѮFPSZ
PG3FMBUJWJUZCZUIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ JOUPQSPWJEF BOBOUJHSBWJUZGPSDFPGDPTNJDSFQVMTJPOUIBUPQQPTFTUIFBUUSBDUJWFGPSDFPGHSBWJUB 4!",% #OSMICRAYSnmUXATTHETOPOFTHE ATMOSPHEREA 4YPE
(YDROGENPROTONS (ELIUMALPHAPARTICLES %LECTRONS #ARBON .ITROGEN /XYGEN
&LUX PARTICLESM S
A4HEmUXISINUNITSOFNUCLEIMSFORPARTICLESWITHEN
ERGIESGREATERTHANBILLION E6PERNUCLEON ARRIVINGATTHETOPOFTHEATMOSPHEREFROMDIRECTIONSWITHIN DEGREESOFTHEVERTICAL
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
UJPO CVUBCBOEPOFECZ&JOTUFJOJOBѫFSUIFEJTDPWFSZPGUIFFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF ѮFDPTNPMPHJDBMDPOTUBOUJTEFTJHOBUFECZFJUIFSʌPSȋ UIFMPXFSPSVQQFSDBTF(SFFL MFUUFSTMBNCEB*UXBTSFTVSSFDUFEBTBQPTTJCMFFYQMBOBUJPOGPSBEJĒFSFODFCFUXFFOUIF FYQBOTJPOBHFPGUIF6OJWFSTFBOEUIFBHFPGUIFPMEFTUBTUSPOPNJDBMPCKFDUT BOEBMTP BTBQPTTJCMFFYQMBOBUJPOGPSEBSLFOFSHZ4FFDSJUJDBMNBTTEFOTJUZ EBSLFOFSHZ )VCCMF DPOTUBOU )VCCMFUJNF BOEPNFHB $PTNPMPHJDBMQSJODJQMF ѮFBTTVNQUJPOUIBUUIF6OJWFSTFJTCPUIIPNPHFOFPVTBOE
JTPUSPQJD PSUIFTBNFJOBMMEJSFDUJPOT POBTVēDJFOUMZMBSHFTDBMF JOUSPEVDFEJO CZUIF&OHMJTIBTUSPQIZTJDJTU&EXBSE".JMOF ¢ ѮFIJHIMFWFMPGJTPU SPQZJOUIFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPOTVQQPSUTUIFDPTNPMPHJDBMQSJO DJQMFCVUUIFSFBSFBOJTPUSPQJDDMVTUFSTBOEWPJETJOUIFEJTUSJCVUJPOPGHBMBYJFTBTGBSBT UFMFTDPQFTDBOTFF TUSFUDIJOHBDSPTTCJMMJPOTPGMJHIUZFBST*OUIF"VTUSJBOCPSO BTUSPQIZTJDJTUT UIFO BU $BNCSJEHF 6OJWFSTJUZ )FSNBOO #POEJ ¢ BOE ѮPNBT (PME ¢ QSPQPTFE UIF QFSGFDU DPTNPMPHJDBM QSJODJQMF FYUFOEJOH UIFQSJODJQMFUPUFNQPSBMBTXFMMBTTQBUJBMIPNPHFOFJUZBOEVTJOHJUBTBCBTJTGPSUIF 4UFBEZ4UBUFDPTNPMPHZ4FFIPNPHFOFPVT JTPUSPQJD QFSGFDUDPTNPMPHJDBMQSJODJQMF BOE4UFBEZ4UBUF $PTNPMPHJDBMSFETIJGU 4FFSFETIJѫ $PTNPMPHZ $POKFDUVSFTBCPVUUIFCFHJOOJOH DPNQPTJUJPO FWPMVUJPO GBUF BOETUSVD UVSFPGUIF6OJWFSTFBTBXIPMF TPNFUJNFTHSPVOEFEJOPCTFSWBUJPOBMGBDUTCVUPѫFO IJHIMZTQFDVMBUJWF4FF#JH#BOH JOëBUJPO BOE4UFBEZ4UBUF $PVEÏ GPDVT " êYFE GPDVT BMPOH UIF QPMBS BYJT PG B UFMFTDPQF XJUI BO FRVBUPSJBM NPVOU"TZTUFNPGTFDPOEBSZNJSSPSTJTVTFEUPEJSFDUMJHIUSFëFDUFEGSPNUIFQSJNBSZ NJSSPS BSPVOE UP UIF êYFE DPVEÊ GPDVT CFIJOE JU XIFSF MBSHF NBTTJWF JNNPWBCMF JOTUSVNFOUT TVDIBTBTQFDUSPHSBQI BSFMPDBUFE'SPNUIF'SFODIXPSEDPVEÊ NFBO JOHiCFOUMJLFBOFMCPXu $PVMPNC CBSSJFS ѮF FMFDUSJD êFME SFQVMTJPO FYQFSJFODFE EVSJOH UIF BQQSPBDI
PGUXPDIBSHFETVCBUPNJDQBSUJDMFT FBDIPGQPTJUJWFDIBSHFPSCPUIXJUIOFHBUJWF DIBSHF8IFOUIF$PVMPNCCBSSJFSPGUXPQSPUPOTJTPWFSDPNFCZUIFUVOOFMFĒFDU OVDMFBSSFBDUJPOTUIBUQSPEVDFUIF4VOTFOFSHZBOESBEJBUJPODBOPDDVS4FFUVOOFM FĒFDU $SBC/FCVMB ѮFOFCVMB. PS/($ JOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO5BVSVT BSFNOBOUPG BUZQF**TVQFSOPWBFYQMPTJPOUIBUPDDVSSFEPO+VMZ*UJTBCPVU MJHIUZFBST BXBZ BOEDPOUBJOTBSBEJPQVMTBS PSSPUBUJOHOFVUSPOTUBS BUJUTDFOUFS TQJOOJOH UJNFTBTFDPOEѮF&OHMJTIBNBUFVSBTUSPOPNFS+PIO#FWJT ¢ EJTDPWFSFE UIFOFCVMBJOѮF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS$IBSMFT.FTTJFS ¢ JOEFQFO EFOUMZGPVOEJUJO MJTUJOHJUBTUIFêSTUFOUSZJOIJTGBNPVTDBUBMPHVFѮF*SJTI BTUSPOPNFS8JMMJBN1BSTPOT ¢
UIFUIJSE&BSMPG3PTTF HBWFJUJUTQSFTFOU OBNF UIF$SBCOFCVMBBѫFSTLFUDIJOHJUUPSFTFNCMFBDSBCJO*OUIF"NFSJ DBOBTUSPOPNFS+PIO$%VODBO ¢ DPNQBSFEQIPUPHSBQIJDQMBUFTUBLFO ZFBSTBQBSU BOEGPVOEUIBUUIF$SBC/FCVMBXBTFYQBOEJOHBUBOBWFSBHFPGBCPVU TFDPOETPGBSDQFSZFBS CFHJOOJOHSPVHIMZZFBSTCFGPSF*OUIF"NFSJDBO
(MPTTBSZ$
4!",% #RAB.EBULAA %XPANSION#ENTER %XPLOSION 0ROGENITOR3TAR-ASS %JECTED-ASS .EUTRON3TAR-ASS 0ULSAR0OSITION 0ULSAR0ERIOD 0ULSAR0ERIOD$ERIVATIVE !NGULAR%XTENT $ISTANCE ,INEAR2ADIUS -AXIMUM2ADIAL6ELOCITY -AXIMUM0ROPER-OTION -AXIMUM%XPANSION6ELOCITY 2ADIO&LUX$ENSITY 3PECTRAL)NDEX 8 RAY,UMINOSITY 4OTAL,UMINOSITY
2! $EC $ATE -EJC -. 2! $EC 0 D0DU V $ 2 6RMAX MAX 6EXP 3 A ,X ,
HMSS v !$ -~MAINSEQUENCE TO-~ -~ H M S S SS KPC PCPC KMS YR KMS *YAT'(Z INTEGRATEDRADIO ERGS ERGS
A!DAPTEDFROM,ANG +ENNETH2 "TUSPQIZTJDBM%BUB1MBOFUTBOE4UBST .EW9ORK 3PRINGER 6ERLAG
P4HEMASSVALUESAREINUNITSOFTHE3UNSMASS-~GRAMS
BTUSPOPNFS&EXJO)VCCMF ¢ JEFOUJêFEUIF$SBC/FCVMBXJUIBiHVFTUTUBSu SFDPSEFECZUIF$IJOFTFJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO5BVSVTJO"%*OUIF$SBC/FC VMBXBTJEFOUJêFEBTBTUSPOHTPVSDFPGSBEJPSBEJBUJPO OBNFEBOEMJTUFEBT5BVSVT" BOEMBUFSBT$9SBZTXFSFEFUFDUFEGSPNUIF$SBC/FCVMBJO BOEUIF$SBC 3BEJP1VMTBS143 XJUIBQFSJPEPGNJMMJTFDPOET XBTEJTDPWFSFEJO ѮFTZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPOPGUIF$SBC/FCVMBFYUFOETGSPNUIFSBEJPEPNBJOJOUPUIF WJTJCMFѮF$IBOESB9SBZ0CTFSWBUPSZIBTQSPWJEFEEFUBJMFE9SBZPCTFSWBUJPOTPG UIF$SBC/FCVMB1VMTBS4FF$IBOESB9SBZ0CTFSWBUPSZ 143 TVQFSOPWB SFNOBOU BOETZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPO $SBC/FCVMB1VMTBS %FTJHOBUFE143 BSBEJPQVMTBSXJUIBQFSJPEPGNJM MJTFDPOETUIBUIBTBMTPCFFOPCTFSWFEBUWJTJCMFMJHIU SBEJP BOE9SBZXBWFMFOHUIT $SBUFS 3PVOEGFBUVSFTFYDBWBUFEGSPNUIFTVSGBDFPGBOBTUFSPJE TBUFMMJUFPSQMBOFU CZUIFFYQMPTJWFJNQBDUPGBDPMMJEJOHNFUFPSJUFBSSJWJOHGSPNJOUFSQMBOFUBSZTQBDF $SBUFSTIBWFSBJTFE DJSDVMBSSJNTBOEBëPPSEFQSFTTFECFMPXUIFTVSSPVOEJOHUFS SBJOѮFGPSDFPGBMBSHFNFUFPSJUFDSFBUFTBDFOUSBMQFBLJOUIFëPPSPGUIFCJHHFTU DSBUFST&WFSZTPMJEQMBOFUPSTBUFMMJUFDPOUBJOTJNQBDUDSBUFST CVUJOEJĒFSFOUBNPVOUT
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
UIBUEFQFOEPOUIFBHFTPGUIFJSTVSGBDFTPMEFSTVSGBDFTIBWFNPSFDSBUFST*NQBDU DSBUFST PO UIF .PPO .FSDVSZ BOE UIF JDZ TBUFMMJUFT PG UIF HJBOU QMBOFUT SFDPSE BO BODJFOU JOUFOTFSBJOPGNFUFPSJUFTBCPVUGPVSCJMMJPOZFBSTBHP BOEBDPOUJOVFE MFTT JOUFOTFDPTNJDCPNCBSENFOUTJODFUIFOѮFMBSHFTUMVOBSDSBUFSTBSFDBMMFEJNQBDU CBTJOTUIFZXFSFêMMFEXJUIEBSLNPMUFOMBWBSJTJOHGSPNUIFMVOBSJOUFSJPSBѫFSUIF JNQBDU4FF.PPO $SJUJDBMNBTTEFOTJUZ ѮFBWFSBHFNBTTEFOTJUZPGNBUUFSJOBIPNPHFOFPVT JTPUSPQJD 6OJWFSTFSFRVJSFEUPKVTUCBSFMZDPOUJOVFJUTFYQBOTJPOGPSFWFS QSPWJEFEUIBUUIFSFJTOP EBSLFOFSHZBOEUIFDPTNPMPHJDBMDPOTUBOUJT[FSP*UBNPVOUTUPBCPVUUFOIZESPHFO BUPNTQFSDVCJDNFUFSPGTQBDF*GUIF6OJWFSTFIBEBNBTTEFOTJUZHSFBUFSUIBOJUTDSJUJ DBMWBMVF UIFOUIF6OJWFSTFXPVMETUPQFYQBOEJOHJOUIFGVUVSF BOEUIFODPMMBQTFCBDL POJUTFMGѮFSFJTOPPCTFSWBUJPOBMFWJEFODFGPSTVDIBEFOTF6OJWFSTF BOEJGJUFYJTUTJU XPVMEIBWFUPDPOTJTUNBJOMZPGEBSL JOWJTJCMFOPOCBSZPOJDNBUUFSѮFPNFHBQBSBN FUFSJTFRVBMUPUIFSBUJPPGUIFBDUVBMNBTTEFOTJUZPGUIF6OJWFSTFUPUIFDSJUJDBMEFOTJUZ TPPNFHBFRVBMTPOFXIFOUIFBDUVBMNBTTEFOTJUZJTKVTUFRVBMUPUIFDSJUJDBMEFOTJUZ4FF DMPTFE6OJWFSTF EBSLNBUUFS OPOCBSZPOJDNBUUFS PNFHB BOEPQFO6OJWFSTF $SVY " DPOTUFMMBUJPO JO UIF TPVUIFSO IFNJTQIFSF QPQVMBSMZ LOPXO BT UIF 4PVUIFSO
$SPTT XJUIGPVSCSJHIUTUBST "MQIB PS"DSVY #FUB (BNNBBOE%FMUB BSSBOHFEJOBQBU UFSOUIBUSFTFNCMFTUIFFOETPGBDSPTTPSUIFFOETPGUIFTUJDLTJOBLJUF*UTCSJHIUFTUTUBS "DSVY JTMPDBUFEBUEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBSTJUJTBWJTJCMFEPVCMFTUBSXJUIBDPNCJOFE BQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGBOEBDPNCJOFEBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG $SVYJTUIFTNBMMFTUDPOTUFMMBUJPOJOUIFTLZ BOEJUDPOUBJOTUIFEBSLOFCVMB$PBMTUBDL BOEUIFPQFODMVTUFS/($ LOPXOBTUIF+FXFM#PYGSPNUIFWBSJFEDPMPSTPGJUT TUBST4FF"DSVY $PBMTUBDL BOE+FXFM#PY $VSWBUVSFPGTQBDF ѮFEJTUPSUJPOPGTQBDF EFTDSJCFECZOPO&VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZ
JOUIFOFJHICPSIPPEPGNBUUFS POFPGUIFDPOTFRVFODFTPG&JOTUFJOT(FOFSBMѮFPSZ PG 3FMBUJWJUZ ѮJT DVSWBUVSF NBLFT SBZT PG MJHIU GPMMPX DVSWFE QBUIT XIFO QBTTJOH OFBSBNBTTJWFPCKFDU JODMVEJOHUIF4VOBOEDMVTUFSTPGHBMBYJFT4FF(FOFSBMѮFPSZ PG3FMBUJWJUZ $90 "DSPOZNGPSUIF$IBOESB9SBZ0CTFSWBUPSZ $ZDMPUSPO 4FFQBSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUPS $ZHOVT" ѮFSBEJPHBMBYZ$ZHOVT" BMTPEFTJHOBUFE$ JTUIFTFDPOECSJHIU
FTUSBEJPTPVSDFJOUIFTLZ MPDBUFEJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$ZHOVTѮF"NFSJDBOSBEJP FOHJOFFS (SPUF 3FCFS ¢ EJTDPWFSFE UIF SBEJP TPVSDF JO *O UXP(FSNBOCPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST8BMUFS#BBEF ¢ BOE3VEPMQI .JOLPXTLJ ¢ VTFEBDDVSBUFQPTJUJPOTTVQQMJFECZ&OHMJTISBEJPBTUSPOP NFSTBOEUIFJODI NFUFS )BMFUFMFTDPQFPO.PVOU1BMPNBSUPJEFOUJGZUIF EJTDSFUF SBEJP TPVSDF XJUI B EJTUBOU HBMBYZ BCPVU NJMMJPO MJHIUZFBST BXBZ EJT DPWFSJOHUIFQSPUPUZQFPGSBEJPHBMBYJFTXIPTFSBEJPMVNJOPTJUJFTBSFDPNQBSBCMFUP UIFJSPQUJDBM PSWJTJCMFMJHIUPOFT-JLFNBOZPUIFSSBEJPHBMBYJFT $ZHOVT"DPOTJTUT PGUXPSBEJPMPCFTUIBUFYUFOEBCPVU MJHIUZFBSTUPFJUIFSTJEFPGUIFPQUJDBM
(MPTTBSZ$
HBMBYZ +FUT FNBOBUJOH GSPN UIF DPSF PG UIF WJTJCMFMJHIU DPVOUFSQBSU QFSIBQT GSPN BTVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF DBSSZFOFSHFUJDFMFDUSPOTNPWJOHBUUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU XIJDIGFFEUIFUXPMPCFTUIBUTIJOFCZTZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPO4FFSBEJPHBMBYZBOE TZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPO $ZHOVT -PPQ " WBTU OFCVMPVT SFHJPO BCPVU EFHSFFT BDSPTT *UT CSJHIUFTU QBSU JT LOPXOBTUIF7FJM/FCVMB EFTJHOBUFE/($ BOEPUIFSQBSUTPGUIF$ZHOVT-PPQ UIBUBSFBMTPTFFOJOWJTJCMFMJHIUBSFLOPXOBT/($ BOE $ZHOVT9 "OJOUFOTF9SBZTPVSDFJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$ZHOVT XJUIBCMVFTUFMMBS DPNQBOJPOTFFOJOWJTJCMFMJHIUѮFNJMMJTFDPOEUJNFWBSJBUJPOTPGUIF9SBZSBEJB UJPOGSPN$ZHOVT9XFSFEJTDPWFSFEJOGSPNPCTFSWBUJPOTXJUIUIF6IVSV TBUFMMJUF$ZHOVT9JTUIPVHIUUPCFBTUFMMBSCMBDLIPMF êSTUJEFOUJêFEJOCZ UIF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFST#-PVJTF8FCTUFS ¢ BOE1BVM.VSEJO ¢ BOEDPOêSNFEJOCZUIF$BOBEJBOBTUSPOPNFS$IBSMFT#PMUPO ¢ ѮF VOTFFOCMBDLIPMFJTBDDSFUJOHNBUFSJBMGSPNJUTWJTJCMFDPNQBOJPO QSPEVDJOH9SBZT BTUIFNBUFSJBMTQJSBMTJOUPUIFCMBDLIPMFѮFDPNQBOJPOWJTJCMFTUBSJTBCMVF0 TVQFSHJBOUMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPG MJHIUZFBSTXJUIBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJ UVEFPGBOEBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGm*UIBTBOFTUJNBUFENBTTPG TPMBS NBTTFT BOE B MVNJOPTJUZ PG BCPVU UJNFT UIBU PG UIF 4VO ѮF PSCJUBM QBSBNFUFSTBOENBTTPGUIFCMVFTVQFSHJBOUJOEJDBUFUIBUUIFVOTFFOCMBDLIPMFDPN QBOJPOIBTBNBTTMBSHFSUIBOTPMBSNBTTFT PSNPSFNBTTJWFUIBOFJUIFSBOFVUSPO TUBSPSXIJUFEXBSG4FFCMBDLIPMF OFVUSPOTUBS TUFMMBSCMBDLIPMF 6IVSV.JTTJPO BOEXIJUFEXBSG
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
% %BSLFOFSHZ *ONFNCFSTPGUIF4VQFSOPWB$PTNPMPHZ1SPKFDUBOEUIF)JHI;
4VQFSOPWB 4FBSDI JOEFQFOEFOUMZ SFQPSUFE UIBU PCTFSWBUJPOT PG UZQF *B TVQFSOPWBF JOEJDBUFUIBUEBSLFOFSHZJTDPVOUFSBDUJOHUIFQVMMPGHSBWJUZBOEBQQBSFOUMZDBVTJOH UIFFYQBOTJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTFUPBDDFMFSBUFBOEJODSFBTFJOTQFFE%BSLFOFSHZDPVME BDDPVOUGPSBTNVDIBTQFSDFOUPGUIFNBUUFSFOFSHZDPOUFOUPGUIF6OJWFSTFPOMZ QFSDFOUJTOPXTVQQPTFEUPSFTJEFJOVOTFFOEBSLNBUUFSBOEKVTUQFSDFOUJOBUPNJD NBUUFS4FFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO DPTNPMPHJDBMDPOTUBOU EBSLNBU UFS RVJOUFTTFODFBOETVQFSOPWBF %BSL IBMP ѮF JOWJTJCMF NBTTJWF PVUFS SFHJPO PG UIF .JMLZ 8BZ UIBU TVSSPVOET UIFMVNJOPVTEJTLѮFEBSLIBMPDPOTJTUTNPTUMZPGEBSLNBUUFSBOEPVUXFJHITUIF SFTUPGPVS(BMBYZCZBGBDUPSPGBMNPTUUFO4FFEBSLNBUUFS HBMBDUJDIBMP (BMBYZ BOE.JMLZ8BZ %BSLNBUUFS *OWJTJCMF OPOMVNJOPVTNBUUFSUIBUJTJOGFSSFECZNFBTVSJOHJUTHSBWJ
UBUJPOBMJOëVFODFPOUIFNPUJPOTPGWJTJCMFHBT TUBSTPSHBMBYJFT6OTFFOEBSLNBU UFSTVSSPVOETCSJHIUTQJSBMHBMBYJFTJOIBMPFTBOEFYJUTJOUIFTQBDFCFUXFFOHBMBYJFT XJUIJODMVTUFSTPGHBMBYJFT*OUIF4XJTTBTUSPOPNFS'SJU[;XJDLZ ¢ TIPXFEUIBUUIF$PNBDMVTUFSPGHBMBYJFTNVTUDPOUBJOUFOUJNFTNPSFJOWJTJCMFEBSL NBUUFSUIBOUIFNBTTJOWJTJCMFHBMBYJFTUPLFFQUIFDMVTUFSTHBMBYJFTGSPNëZJOHBQBSU *OUIF"VTUSBMJBOSBEJPBTUSPOPNFS,FOOFUI$'SFFNBO ¢ OPUJDFEUIBU UIFIZESPHFOHBTJOUIFPVUFSQBSUTPGTQJSBMHBMBYJFT PCTFSWFECZUIFJSUXFOUZPOFDFO UJNFUFSMJOFSBEJBUJPO JTNPWJOHVOFYQFDUFEMZGBTU TVHHFTUJOHUIBUFBDITQJSBMHBMBYZ JTFOWFMPQFECZBIBMPPGEBSLNBUUFSBUMFBTUUFOUJNFTNPSFNBTTJWFUIBOUIFWJTJCMF DPNQPOFOUTѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS7FSB$3VCJO ¢ BOEIFSDPMMFBHVFT NBEF TJNJMBS DPODMVTJPOT JO UIF FBSMZ T GSPN PCTFSWBUJPOT PG UIF GBTUNPWJOH WJTJCMFMJHIUNBUFSJBMJOUIFPVUFSQBSUTPGTQJSBMHBMBYJFT/POCBSZPOJDEBSLNBUUFS DPVMEBDDPVOUGPSBCPVUQFSDFOUPGUIFNBUUFSDPOUFOUPGUIF6OJWFSTF SFNBJOJOH VOTFFOBUBOZXBWFMFOHUIPGFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPO CVUJUTDPNQPTJUJPOSFNBJOT VOLOPXO4FFCBSZPOJDNBUUFS DPMEEBSLNBUUFS EBSLFOFSHZ IPUEBSLNBUUFS OPO CBSZPOJDNBUUFS BOEUXFOUZPOFDFOUJNFUFSMJOF %BSLOFCVMB %FOTFDMPVETPGHBTBOEEVTUJOUIF.JMLZ8BZUIBUBSFOPUJMMVNJOBUFE
ѮF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS &EXBSE #BSOBSE ¢ QSPWJEFE B QIPUPHSBQIJD BUMBTPGUIFEBSLNBSLJOHT BTIFDBMMFEUIFN JO XJUIBTFDPOEBUMBTQVCMJTIFEJO BѫFSIJTEFBUI*OUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS.BYJNJMJBO8PMG ¢ TIPXFE UIBU UIF EBSL OFCVMBF BSF PCTDVSJOH DMPVET DPOUBJOJOH TPMJE EVTU QBSUJDMFT XIJDIBCTPSCUIFMJHIUPGEJTUBOUTUBST*OUIFTBOET "NFSJDBOSBEJPBTUSPO PNFSTEJTDPWFSFEOVNFSPVTNPMFDVMFTJOUIFDPME EBSLOFCVMBF TVDIBTBNNPOJB DBSCPONPOPYJEF GPSNBMEFIZEFBOEXBUFS1SFTFOUEBZTUBSGPSNBUJPOUBLFTQMBDFJO NBTTJWFNPMFDVMBSDMPVETBTTPDJBUFEXJUIEBSLOFCVMBF4FF$PBMTUBDL HJBOUNPMFDVMBS DMPVE )PSTFIFBE/FCVMB BOE,FZIPMF/FCVMB
(MPTTBSZ%
%BZ ѮFMFOHUIPGUJNFUIBUBQMBOFUUBLFTUPTQJOPODFPOJUTBYJT PѫFONFBTVSFEJO VOJUTPG&BSUIEBZT0OF&BSUIEBZJTFRVBMUPIPVSTBOEUP NJOVUFT#ZEFêOJ UJPO POF+VMJBODFOUVSZIBT EBZTBOEPOFEBZJTEFêOFEBT TFDPOETPG *OUFSOBUJPOBM"UPNJD5JNFѮFSPUBUJPOPGUIF&BSUIXJUISFTQFDUUPUIF4VOJTDBMMFE 6OJWFSTBM5JNFPS4PMBS5JNF BOEUIFSPUBUJPOPGUIF&BSUIXJUISFTQFDUUPUIFTUBSTJT DBMMFE4JEFSFBM5JNF PS4UBS5JNF"NFBOTPMBSEBZJTFRVBMUPIPVSTNJOVUFT TFDPOETPGNFBOTJEFSFBMUJNF BOEBNFBOTJEFSFBMEBZJTFRVBMUPIPVST NJOVUFTTFDPOETPGNFBOTPMBSUJNFѮVT NFBOTJEFSFBMUJNFHBJOT NJOVUFTTFDPOETQFSEBZPONFBOTPMBSUJNF XIJDINFBOTUIBUSFMBUJWF UPUIF4VOUIFTUBSTSJTFBOETFUGPVSNJOVUFTFBSMJFSFBDIEBZѮFMFOHUIPGUIFEBZ JODSFBTFTBUUIFSBUFPGBCPVUTFDPOETQFSDFOUVSZBTUIFSFTVMUPGUJEBMGSJDUJPO4FF *OUFSOBUJPOBM"UPNJD5JNF TJEFSFBMUJNF UJEFT BOE6OJWFSTBM5JNF %FDFMFSBUJPOQBSBNFUFS "NFBTVSFPGUIFSBUFBUXIJDIUIFFYQBOTJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTF
NBZ CF TMPXJOH EPXO PXJOH UP UIF CSBLJOH FĒFDU PG UIF HSBWJUBUJPOBM QVMM CFUXFFO HBMBYJFT %FDMJOBUJPO ѮF DFMFTUJBM MBUJUVEF PG B DPTNJD PCKFDU EFOPUFE CZ ʅ UIF MPXFS DBTF (SFFLMFUUFSEFMUB PSCZ%FDѮFEFDMJOBUJPOJTUIFBOHVMBSEJTUBODFBMPOHBHSFBUDJSDMF GSPNUIFDFMFTUJBMFRVBUPSJOBOPSUI QPTJUJWF PSTPVUI OFHBUJWF EJSFDUJPO4FFDFMFT UJBMDPPSEJOBUFT %FDPVQMJOHUJNF ѮFUJNF BCPVU ZFBSTBѫFSUIF#JH#BOH XIFOUIFFYQBOE JOH6OJWFSTFIBEDPPMFEFOPVHI BOECFDPNFTVēDJFOUMZSBSFêFE GPSUIFêSTUBUPNTUP GPSN SFTVMUJOHGSPNUIFEFDSFBTFJODPTNJDNBTTEFOTJUZBTUIF6OJWFSTFFYQBOEFEJOUP BMBSHFWPMVNFѮFPCTFSWFEDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPOXBTSFMFBTFEBU UIJTUJNF XIFOUIFSBEJBUJPOQIPUPOTEFDPVQMFEGSPNSFHVMBSJOUFSBDUJPO PSDPOTUBOU DPMMJTJPOT XJUIQBSUJDMFTPGNBUUFS4FFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO %FFQ*NQBDU "/"4"NJTTJPOMBVODIFEPO+BOVBSZ NBLJOHBEFFQDSBUFS
JO$PNFU5FNQFMPO+VMZ UPMFBSONPSFBCPVUDPNFUTBOEUIFGPSNBUJPOPG UIF4PMBS4ZTUFN %FFQ4QBDF/FUXPSL /"4"TJOUFSOBUJPOBMOFUXPSLPGBOUFOOBT BCCSFWJBUFE%4/ XIJDITVQQPSUTJOUFSQMBOFUBSZTQBDFDSBѫNJTTJPOT TFMFDUFE&BSUIPSCJUJOHNJTTJPOT BOESBEJPBOESBEBSBTUSPOPNZPCTFSWBUJPOTGPSUIFFYQMPSBUJPOPGUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN BOEUIF6OJWFSTF %FFQ4QBDF -BVODIFEPO0DUPCFSUIF%FFQ4QBDFTQBDFDSBѫëJHIUUFTUFE BO JPO FOHJOF BOE PUIFS BEWBODFE UFDIOPMPHJFT BOE XBT SFEJSFDUFE UP BO FODPVO UFSXJUI$PNFU#PSSFMMZPO4FQUFNCFS UBLJOHJNBHFTPGUIFDPNFUOVDMFVT BOE TIPXJOH UIBU JU JT BO JSSFHVMBS DIVOL PG JDF BOE SPDL DPWFSFE CZ EBSL TMBH UIBU SFëFDUTPOMZBCPVUGPVSQFSDFOUPGUIFJODJEFOUTVOMJHIUѮFTQBDFDSBѫXBTSFUJSFEPO %FDFNCFS %FHFOFSBUF NBUUFS ѮF TUBUF PG NBUUFS FYJTUJOH JO UIF JOUFSJPST PG TUBST JO UIF êOBM TUBHF PG UIFJS FWPMVUJPO XIFO UIFZ OP MPOHFS QSPEVDF FOFSHZ CZ OVDMFBS SFBD UJPOTJOUIFJSDPSFT"XIJUFEXBSGTUBSJTTVQQPSUFECZEFHFOFSBUFFMFDUSPOQSFTTVSF
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
XIJMFOFVUSPOEFHFOFSBDZTVQQPSUTBOFVUSPOTUBSѮJTQSFTTVSFEPFTOPUEFQFOEPO UFNQFSBUVSFBOEJTPOMZBGVODUJPOPGNBTTEFOTJUZ*UJTBDPOTFRVFODFPGUIF&YDMVTJPO 1SJODJQMF QSPQPTFEJOCZUIF"VTUSJBOQIZTJDJTU8PMGHBOH1BVMJ ¢ *OUIF&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU3BMQI)'PXMFS ¢ êSTUTIPXFEUIBUBXIJUF EXBSGTUBSJTTVQQPSUFECZFMFDUSPOEFHFOFSBDZQSFTTVSF4FFFYDMVTJPOQSJODJQMF OFV USPOTUBS BOEXIJUFEXBSG %FHSFF ѮFVOJUPGBOHVMBSNFBTVSFNFOU FRVBMUPPGBGVMMDJSDMFѮFSFBSF EFHSFFTGSPNUIF[FOJUIUPUIFIPSJ[PO BOEUIFBOHMFTVCUFOEFECZUIF4VOBOEUIF .PPOJTBCPVUPOFIBMGPGBEFHSFF"EFHSFFJTBMTPBVOJUPGUFNQFSBUVSF BTJOEFHSFFT $FMTJVT 'BISFOIFJUPS,FMWJO4FFBSDEFHSFF $FMTJVT 'BISFOIFJU BOE,FMWJO %FJNPT ѮFTNBMMFSBOEPVUFSNPTUPGUIFUXPUJOZTBUFMMJUFTPG.BST EJTDPWFSFECZ UIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS"TBQI)BMM ¢ JO*UJTOBNFE%FJNPT (SFFL GPSiëJHIU QBOJDPSUFSSPSu BѫFSPOFPGUIFBUUFOEBOUTPGUIF(SFFLHPEPGXBS "SFT JO )PNFST*MMJBEѮFEJNFOTJPOTPG%FJNPTBSFLJMPNFUFST XJUIBNFBO NBTTEFOTJUZPGBCPVULJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFS %FMUB$FQIFJ "QVMTBUJOHTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$FQIFVT XIJDIJTUIFQSPUPUZQF GPS B DMBTT PG WBSJBCMF TUBST LOPXO BT UIF $FQIFJET ѮF &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS +PIO (PPESJDLF ¢ OPUFEUIFWBSJBCJMJUZPG%FMUB$FQIFJJO-PDBUFEBUB EJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST %FMUB$FQIFJWBSJFTCFUXFFOBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEFBOE BOEBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGmUPm XJUIBQFSJPEPGEBZTIPVST NJOVUFTBOETFDPOET4FF$FQIFJEWBSJBCMF %FOFC ѮFCSJHIUFTULOPXO"TUBSJOPVS(BMBYZ TIJOJOHJOUIFUBJMPGUIFDPOTUFMMB
UJPO$ZHOVT UIF4XBOm%FOFCNFBOTiUBJMuJO"SBCJD"MTPLOPXOBT"MQIB$ZHOJ JU JTBXIJUF"TVQFSHJBOUTUBSXJUIBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BEJTUBODFPG MJHIUZFBST BOEBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGm%FOFCJTUIFNPTUMVNJOPVT XIJUFDMBTT"TUBSLOPXOJOPVS(BMBYZ TIJOJOHOFBSMZBRVBSUFSNJMMJPOUJNFTCSJHIUFS UIBOUIF4VO %FOTJUZ "OPCKFDUTNBTTEJWJEFECZJUTWPMVNF BMTPLOPXOBTUIFNBTTEFOTJUZ4FF
NBTTEFOTJUZ %FVUFSJVN ѮFSBSF IFBWZJTPUPQFPGIZESPHFODPOUBJOJOHCPUIBQSPUPOBOEBOFV USPOJOJUTOVDMFVT BMTPLOPXOBTIFBWZIZESPHFO"OBUPNPGMJHIUIZESPHFO XIJDI JTNVDINPSFBCVOEBOUUIBOEFVUFSJVN DPOUBJOTPOFQSPUPOBOEOPOFVUSPOJOJUT OVDMFVT%FVUFSJVNXBTEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF"NFSJDBODIFNJTU)BSPME$MBZUPO 6SFZ ¢ 4FFIZESPHFO BOEJTPUPQF %JBNFUFS ѮF MFOHUI PG BO JNBHJOBSZ TUSBJHIU MJOF QBTTJOH UISPVHI UIF DFOUFS PG B
TQIFSJDBMPCKFDU FRVBMUPUXJDFUIFSBEJVTPGUIFTQIFSF %JGGFSFOUJBMSPUBUJPO 3PUBUJPOPGUIFEJĒFSFOUQBSUTPGBOPOTPMJECPEZPSDPMMFDUJPO PGCPEJFTBUEJĒFSFOUSBUFTѮFPVUFSMBZFSTPGUIFHJBOUQMBOFUTBOEUIF4VOFYIJCJU EJĒFSFOUJBMSPUBUJPO XJUIUIFJSNJEEMFFRVBUPSJBMSFHJPOTNPWJOHGBTUFSUIBOUIFQPMBS POFT4UBSTBOEJOUFSTUFMMBSHBTBMTPSPUBUFEJĒFSFOUJBMMZ SFWPMWJOHBCPVUUIFHBMBDUJD DFOUFS JO JOEFQFOEFOU PSCJUT BU TQFFET UIBU DBO EJĒFS ѮF QBSUJDMFT JO UIF SJOHT PG
(MPTTBSZ%
4BUVSOSFWPMWFBSPVOEUIFQMBOFUBUTQFFETUIBUEFDSFBTFXJUIJODSFBTJOHEJTUBODF KVTU BTNPSFEJTUBOUQMBOFUTNPWFBCPVUUIFNBTTJWF4VOXJUITMPXFSTQFFETBOEMPOHFS PSCJUBMQFSJPET4UBSTUIBUBSFOFBSFSUIFHBMBDUJDDFOUFSBMTPSFWPMWFBCPVUJUBUGBTUFS TQFFETUIBONPSFEJTUBOUTUBST %JGGFSFOUJBUJPO ѮFQSPDFTTCZXIJDIUIFEFOTFSNBUFSJBMTPGBQMBOFUBSZCPEZTJOL
UPXBSEUIFDFOUFSXIJMFUIFMFTTEFOTFNBUFSJBMTSJTFUPXBSEUIFTVSGBDF%JĒFSFOUJBUJPO PGUIF&BSUISFTVMUFEJOBEFOTFJSPOSJDIDPSFBOEBNBOUMFBOEDSVTUDPNQPTFEPGMFTT EFOTF TJMJDBUFSPDLT %JGGVTFOFCVMB "MVNJOPVTDMPVEPGHBTJOJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDFUIBUDBOOPUCFSFTPMWFE
JOUP JOEJWJEVBM TUBST &NJTTJPO OFCVMBF PS ) ** SFHJPOT QMBOFUBSZ OFCVMBF BOE SFëFDUJPOOFCVMBFBSFFYBNQMFTPGEJĒVTFOFCVMBF4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMB )**SFHJPO QMBOFUBSZOFCVMB BOESFëFDUJPOOFCVMB %JNFOTJPO "HFPNFUSJDBMBYJTPSEJSFDUJPOJOTQBDFPSUJNF %JQPMF .BHOFUJDêFMETUIBUJODMVEFCPUIBOPSUIBOEBTPVUINBHOFUJDQPMF %JTL ѮFWJTJCMFQBSUPGUIF4VOPSPUIFSDPTNJDPCKFDU %JTUBODFNPEVMVT ѮFEJTUBODFNPEVMVT Nm. PGBDFMFTUJBMPCKFDUJTUIFEJĒFSFODF CFUXFFOUIFBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEF N BOEUIFBCTPMVUFNBHOJUVEF .*UJTSFMBUFEUPJUT EJTUBODF % JOQBSTFDTCZUIFFRVBUJPONm. MPH% m E.TUBS "SFEEXBSGTUBSBUUIFMPXFSFOEPGUIFNBJOTFRVFODFPGUIF)FSU[TQSVOH
3VTTFMMEJBHSBN"E.FTUBSJTBSFEEXBSGXJUIIZESPHFOMJOFTJOFNJTTJPO4FFEXBSG TUBS ëBSFTUBS )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN .TUBS BOESFEEXBSGTUBS %PQQMFS FGGFDU ѮF DIBOHF JO UIF PCTFSWFE XBWFMFOHUI PS GSFRVFODZ PG TPVOE PS FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO EVF UP UIF SFMBUJWF NPUJPO CFUXFFO UIF PCTFSWFS BOE UIF FNJUUFSBMPOHUIFPCTFSWFSTMJOFPGTJHIUѮFDIBOHFJTUPMPOHFSXBWFMFOHUITXIFO UIFTPVSDFPGXBWFTBOEUIFPCTFSWFSBSFNPWJOHBXBZGSPNFBDIPUIFS BOEUPTIPSUFS XBWFMFOHUIT XIFO UIFZ BSF NPWJOH UPXBSE FBDI PUIFS ѮF %PQQMFS FĒFDU QSPEVDFT UIFDIBOHFJOQJUDIPGBTJSFOBTBOBNCVMBODFTQFFETQBTU*OBTUSPOPNZ UIF%PQQMFS FĒFDUJTVTFEUPEFUFDUBOENFBTVSFSFMBUJWFNPUJPOBMPOHUIFMJOFPGTJHIU EFUFSNJOJOH UIFSBEJBMWFMPDJUZGSPNUIF%PQQMFSTIJѫJOXBWFMFOHUIѮFFĒFDUJTOBNFEBѫFSUIF "VTUSJBOQIZTJDJTU$ISJTUJBO%PQQMFS ¢
XIPêSTUEFTDSJCFEJUJO4FF CMVFTIJѫ %PQQMFSTIJѫ SBEJBMWFMPDJUZ BOESFETIJѫ %PQQMFS TIJGU " DIBOHF JO UIF BQQBSFOU XBWFMFOHUI PS GSFRVFODZ PG UIF SBEJBUJPO FNJUUFEGSPNBNPWJOHTPVSDF DBVTFECZJUTSFMBUJWFNPUJPOBMPOHUIFMJOFPGTJHIU FJUIFSUPXBSEPSBXBZGSPNUIFPCTFSWFS"OPCKFDUNPWJOHBXBZGSPNUIFPCTFSWFS XJMMBQQFBSUPCFFNJUUJOHSBEJBUJPOBUBMPOHFSXBWFMFOHUI PSMPXFSGSFRVFODZ UIBO JGBUSFTUPSOPONPWJOH"%PQQMFSTIJѫJOUIFTQFDUSVNPGBOBTUSPOPNJDBMPCKFDUJT DPNNPOMZEFTDSJCFEBTBSFETIJѫXIFOJUJTUPXBSETMPOHFSXBWFMFOHUIT PCKFDUSFDFE JOH BOEBTBCMVFTIJѫXIFOJUJTUPXBSETTIPSUFSXBWFMFOHUIT PCKFDUBQQSPBDIJOH "NFBTVSFNFOUPGUIF%PQQMFSTIJѫNBLFTJUQPTTJCMFUPEFUFSNJOFUIFSBEJBMWFMPDJUZ PSWFMPDJUZBMPOHUIFMJOFPGTJHIUѮFSFETIJѫTDBVTFECZUIFFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTFDBO
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
CFBUUSJCVUFEUPBTUSFUDIJOHPGTQBDF LOPXOBTUIFDPTNPMPHJDBMSFETIJѫ XIJDIJTOPU B%PQQMFSTIJѫEVFUPSBEJBMWFMPDJUZ4FFCMVFTIJѫ DPTNPMPHJDBMSFETIJѫ SBEJBMWFMPD JUZ BOESFETIJѫ %PVCMFTUBS 5XPTUBSTUIBUBQQFBSDMPTFUPFBDIPUIFSJOUIFTLZ8IFOUIFZBSFDMPTF
UPFBDIPUIFSJOTQBDF UIFUXPTUBSTSFWPMWFBSPVOEFBDIPUIFS BOEUIFEPVCMFTUBSJT LOPXOBTBCJOBSZTUBS4FFCJOBSZTUBS %4/ "DSPOZNGPS%FFQ4QBDF/FUXPSL4FF%FFQ4QBDF/FUXPSL %VNCCFMM /FCVMB " MBSHF QMBOFUBSZ OFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE . BOE /($ JO
UIF DPOTUFMMBUJPO 7VMQFDVMB ѮF 'SFODI BTUSPOPNFS $IBSMFT .FTTJFS ¢ EJTDPWFSFEJUJOѮF%VNCCFMM/FCVMBIBTBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BOHVMBSEJNFOTJPOTPGCZNJOVUFTPGBSD BOEBOFTUJNBUFEEJTUBODFPGBCPVU MJHIUZFBST*UPCUBJOTJUTOBNFGSPNUIFCJQPMBSFYQVMTJPOPGNBUFSJBMGSPNUIFUI NBHOJUVEFDFOUSBMTUBS4FFQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB %VTU 4NBMM TPMJE QBSUJDMFT GPVOE JO JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ BOE JOUFSTUFMMBS TQBDF XJUI TJ[FT
PGCFUXFFOBOENFUFSTUIBUBSFDPNQBSBCMFUPUIFXBWFMFOHUIPGWJT JCMFMJHIU*OUFSTUFMMBSEVTUSFëFDUTBOESFEEFOTWJTJCMFTUBSMJHIU BOEJOMBSHFRVBOUJUJFT BCTPSCTFOFSHFUJDVMUSBWJPMFUMJHIUUIBUNJHIUPUIFSXJTFEFTUSPZJOUFSTUFMMBSNPMFDVMFT *OUFSQMBOFUBSZ EVTU SFëFDUT TVOMJHIU BDDPVOUJOH GPS UIF ' DPSPOB 4FF ' DPSPOB BOE [PEJBDBMMJHIU %XBSGHBMBYZ "SFMBUJWFMZTNBMMHBMBYZPGMPXMVNJOPTJUZXIFODPNQBSFEUPPUIFS
HBMBYJFT%XBSGHBMBYJFTBSFVTVBMMZFMMJQUJDBMPSJSSFHVMBS BOEUIFSFBSFTFWFSBMEXBSG FMMJQUJDBMHBMBYJFTJOUIF-PDBM(SPVQTPGHBMBYJFT4FF-PDBM(SPVQ %XBSGTUBS ѮFNPTUDPNNPOUZQFPGTUBSJOUIF(BMBYZ DPOTUJUVUJOHQFSDFOUPG
JUTTUBSTBOEQFSDFOUPGJUTNBTT"MMEXBSGTUBSTBSFMPDBUFEPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODF PG UIF )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMM EJBHSBN BOE BSF UIFSFGPSF GVTJOH IZESPHFO OVDMFJ JOUP IFMJVNOVDMFJJOUIFJSDPSF"NBJOTFRVFODFEXBSGTUBSTIPVMEOPUCFDPOGVTFEXJUI UIFNVDITNBMMFSXIJUFEXBSGTUBS XIJDIJTOPUPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODFBOEEPFTOPU TIJOFCZOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOTѮF4VOJTBUZQJDBMEXBSGTUBS4FFDBSCPOOJUSPHFOPYZHFO DZDMF )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN IZESPHFOCVSOJOH NBJOTFRVFODF QSPUPOQSPUPO DIBJO SFEEXBSG BOEXIJUFEXBSG %ZOBNJDT 4UVEZPGUIFNPUJPOBOEFRVJMJCSJVNPGTZTUFNTVOEFSUIFJOëVFODFPGGPSDF %ZOBNP "O FMFDUSJD HFOFSBUPS UIBU FNQMPZT B TQJOOJOH NBHOFUJD êFME UP QSPEVDF
FMFDUSJDJUZѮFEZOBNPNFDIBOJTNHFOFSBUFTNBHOFUJDêFMETUISPVHIUIFJOUFSBDUJPO PGUIFDPOWFDUJPOPGDPOEVDUJOHNBUUFSXJUISPUBUJPOBOESPUBUJPOBMTIFBS"EZOBNP DPOWFSUTUIFLJOFUJDFOFSHZPGBNPWJOHFMFDUSJDBMDPOEVDUPSUPUIFFOFSHZPGFMFDUSJD DVSSFOUTBOEBNBHOFUJDêFME*UVTFTUIFNPUJPOPGBDPOEVDUJOH DPOWFDUJOHëVJEUP HFOFSBUFPSTVTUBJOBNBHOFUJDêFMEѮFUFSSFTUSJBMNBHOFUJDêFMEJTTVQQPTFEUPCF HFOFSBUFECZTVDIBEZOBNP MPDBUFEJOUIF&BSUITNPMUFODPSFѮF4VOTNBHOFUJD êFMEJTBMTPTVTUBJOFECZBOJOUFSOBMEZOBNP QFSIBQTMPDBUFEBUBSFHJPOPGSPUBUJPOBM TIFBSKVTUCFMPXUIFDPOWFDUJPO[POF
(MPTTBSZ&
& &BHMF/FCVMB "CSJHIUFNJTTJPOOFCVMBMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGBCPVU MJHIUZFBST
JOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO4FSQFOT*UNFBTVSFTNJOVUFTPGBSDBDSPTT BOETVSSPVOETUIFPQFO TUBSDMVTUFSEFTJHOBUFEBT.PS/($ѮF&BHMF/FCVMBJTJUTFMGEFTJHOBUFE*$ ѮF&BHMF/FCVMBJTUIFTJUFPGTUBSGPSNBUJPO FTQFDJBMMZJOEBSL UXJTUJOHDPMVNOTPGHBT BOEEVTUOJDLOBNFE&MFQIBOU5SVOLTPS1JMMBSTPG$SFBUJPO4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMB &BSUI ѮFUIJSEQMBOFUGSPNUIF4VO XIJDIXFMJWFPOѮF&BSUIIBTBNFBOSBEJVTPG LJMPNFUFST BNFBONBTTEFOTJUZPGLJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFS BOEBOBHFPG CJMMJPOZFBSTѮFNFBOEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUIF&BSUIBOEUIF4VOJTPOF"TUSPOPNJDBM 6OJU EFOPUFECZ"6ѮF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSFJTNBJOMZDPNQPTFEPGNPMFDVMBSOJUSP HFO BUQFSDFOU BOENPMFDVMBSPYZHFO BUQFSDFOUѮFHSFFOIPVTFFĒFDU DBVTFE CZSFMBUJWFMZTNBMMBNPVOUTPGBUNPTQIFSJDDBSCPOEJPYJEFBOEXBUFSWBQPS XBSNTUIF TVSGBDFPGUIF&BSUIUPBOBWFSBHFUFNQFSBUVSFPGBCPVULFMWJO EFHSFFT$FMTJVT BOEEFHSFFT'BISFOIFJU
BOEXJUIPVUUIJTFĒFDUUIFTVSGBDFUFNQFSBUVSFXPVMECF LFMWJO CFMPXUIFGSFF[JOHQPJOUPGXBUFSBULFMWJO(MPCBMXBSNJOHQSPEVDFE CZIVNBOBDUJWJUZ TVDIBTUIFCVSOJOHPGDPBM HBTBOEPJMUPQSPEVDFDBSCPOEJPY JEF XJMMDPOUJOVFUPJODSFBTFUIF&BSUITTVSGBDFUFNQFSBUVSFCZUIFHSFFOIPVTFFĒFDU -JRVJEPDFBOTDPWFSQFSDFOUPGUIF&BSUITTVSGBDF CVUOFX PDFBOTGPSNBOEPME POFTDMPTFBTUIFDPOUJOFOUTEJTQFSTFBOEUIFOSFBTTFNCMFѮFCPUUPNPGUIFPDFBOT JTDPOUJOVBMMZSFOFXFEBTOFXTFBëPPSTQJMMTPVUPGNJEPDFBOWPMDBOPFT QSPEVDJOH BTQSFBEJOHPDFBOëPPSUIBUESJWFTUIFESJѫJOHDPOUJOFOUTѮFDPOUJOFOUTNPWFTJEF XBZTPOUIFCBDLPGQMBUFTUIBUHSJOEBHBJOTUFBDIPUIFSUPQSPEVDFFBSUIRVBLFT DPMMJEF UPCVJMENPVOUBJOT BOEEJWFJOUPUIF&BSUIUPQSPEVDFWPMDBOPFTUIBUNBLFDPOUJOFOUT HSPXBUUIFJSFEHFT4FFBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJU DPOUJOFOUBMESJѫ HMPCBMXBSNJOH HSFFO IPVTFFĒFDU QMBUFUFDUPOJDT BOETFBëPPSTQSFBEJOH &DDFOUSJDJUZ .FBTVSFPGUIFEFQBSUVSFPGBOPSCJUGSPNBQFSGFDUDJSDMF PSIPXFMMJQUJ DBMBOPSCJUJT"DJSDVMBSPCJUIBTBOFDDFOUSJDJUZPGBOFMMJQUJDBMPSCJUIBTBOFDDFO USJDJUZCFUXFFOBOE BOEUIFDMPTFSUIJTWBMVFJTUP UIFMPOHFSBOEUIJOOFS UIFFMMJQTFJT"QBSBCPMJDPSCJUIBTBOFDDFOUSJDJUZPG BOEBIZQFSCPMJDPSCJUIBTBO FDDFOUSJDJUZHSFBUFSUIBO &DMJQTF ѮFQBSUJBMPSUPUBMPCTDVSBUJPOPGUIFMJHIUGSPNBOBTUSPOPNJDBMPCKFDUCZ
BOPUIFSTVDIPCKFDU*OBTPMBSFDMJQTF UIF.PPOQBTTFTCFUXFFOUIF4VOBOEUIF&BSUI CMPDLJOHUIF4VOTMJHIU*OBMVOBSFDMJQTF UIF&BSUIQBTTFTCFUXFFOUIF.PPOBOEUIF 4VO CMPDLJOHUIFTPMBSMJHIUUIBUUIF.PPOSFëFDUTѮFFDMJQTFPGBTUBSCZUIF.PPO PSCZBQMBOFUPSPUIFSCPEZJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFNJTDBMMFEBOPDDVMUBUJPO"UPUBMTPMBS FDMJQTFDBOPDDVSPOMZBUUIFOFX.PPO BOEJUIBTBNBYJNVNEVSBUJPOPGNJOVUFT %VSJOHUIFCSJFGNPNFOUTPGBUPUBMTPMBSFDMJQTF EBSLOFTTGBMMT BOEUIFPVUFSQBSUTPG UIF4VO UIFDISPNPTQIFSFBOEUIFDPSPOB BSFTFFO"UBOZHJWFOQPJOUPOUIF&BSUIT TVSGBDF B UPUBM TPMBS FDMJQTF PDDVST PO UIF BWFSBHF PODF FWFSZ ZFBST 4FF MVOBS FDMJQTFBOETPMBSFDMJQTF
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4!",% %ARTH -ASS -EAN2ADIUS %QUATORIAL2ADIUS -EAN-ASS$ENSITY 2OTATION0ERIOD
KILOGRAMS KILOMETERS KILOMETERS KILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER HOURSMINUTESSECONDS SECONDS YEARDAYSSEC ONDS METERS!5 DEGREES YEARS PERCENTNITROGEN PERCENTOXYGEN BARATSEALEVEL TOKELVIN TESLAATTHEEQUATOR TESLAMETERSCUBED
/RBITAL0ERIOD -EAN$ISTANCEFROM3UN /RBITAL%CCENTRICITY 4ILTOF2OTATIONAL!XIS OR/BLIQUITY !GE !TMOSPHERE 3URFACE0RESSURE 3URFACE4EMPERATURE -AGNETIC&IELD3TRENGTH -AGNETIC$IPOLE-OMENT
4!",% %ARTHnABUNDANTELEMENTS %LEMENT
)RON /XYGEN 3ILICON -AGNESIUM .ICKEL
3YMBOL
&E / 3I -G .I
!VERAGEABUNDANCE PERCENTBYMASS
&DMJQTJOHCJOBSZ "EPVCMFPSCJOBSZTUBSJOXIJDIBUMFBTUPOFPGUIFUXPTUBSTQBTTFT JOGSPOUPGBOEPSCFIJOEUIFPUIFS DSPTTJOHUIFMJOFPGTJHIUGSPN&BSUI TPUIBUUIF TZTUFNTUPUBMPCTFSWFEMJHIUQFSJPEJDBMMZGBEFT"MHPMJTBOFDMJQTJOHCJOBSZ4FF"MHPM CJOBSZTUBS EPVCMFTUBS BOE&QTJMPO"VSJHBF &DMJQUJD ѮF QSPKFDUJPO PG UIF &BSUIT PSCJU BSPVOE UIF 4VO PO UIF DFMFTUJBM TQIFSF
NBSLJOHUIF4VOTBQQBSFOUZFBSMZQBUIBHBJOTUUIFCBDLHSPVOETUBSTѮFFDMJQUJDQMBOF JTUIFQMBOFPGUIF&BSUITPSCJUBSPVOEUIF4VO*UJTJODMJOFEUPUIFQMBOFPGUIFDFMFTUJBM FRVBUPSCZBCPVUEFHSFFT BOEJOUFSTFDUTUIFDFMFTUJBMFRVBUPSBUUIFUXPFRVJOPYFT ѮF QMBOFUT NPTU BTUFSPJET BOE NPTU PG UIF TIPSUQFSJPE DPNFUT BSF JO PSCJUT XJUI TNBMM PS NPEFSBUF JODMJOBUJPOT SFMBUJWF UP UIF FDMJQUJD QMBOF 4FF BVUVNOBM FRVJOPY DFMFTUJBMFRVBUPS FRVJOPY 7FSOBM&RVJOPY BOE[PEJBD &GGFDUJWFUFNQFSBUVSF ѮFUFNQFSBUVSFBOPCKFDUXPVMEIBWFJGJUFNJUTCMBDLCPEZ SBEJBUJPOBUUIFTBNFFOFSHZBOEBUUIFTBNFXBWFMFOHUITBTUIFPCKFDUѮFFĒFDUJWF
(MPTTBSZ&
#" !
" !
#
"" ! &%!
#!#" !
!""$!!
! " !
!#$!
'*( %ARTHSLAYEREDATMOSPHERE4HEPRESSUREOFOURATMOSPHERESJHIU TDBMF DECREASESWITHALTITUDEMFѫTDBMF 4HISISBECAUSEFEWERPARTICLESARE ABLETOOVERCOMETHE%ARTHSGRAVITATIONALPULLANDREACHHIGHERALTITUDES4HE TEMPERATURECPUUPNTDBMF ALSODECREASESSTEADILYWITHHEIGHTINTHEGROUND HUGGINGTROPOSPHERE BUTTHETEMPERATUREINCREASESINTWOHIGHERREGIONSTHAT AREHEATEDBYTHE3UN4HEYARETHESTRATOSPHERE WITHITSCRITICALOZONELAYER ANDTHEIONOSPHERE4HESTRATOSPHEREISMAINLYHEATEDBYULTRAVIOLETRADIATION FROMTHE3UN ANDTHEIONOSPHEREISCREATEDANDMODULATEDBYTHE3UNS8 RAY ANDEXTREMEULTRAVIOLETRADIATION
UFNQFSBUVSF JT EFOPUFE CZ UIF TZNCPM 5FĒ BOE UIF FĒFDUJWF UFNQFSBUVSF PG UIF 4VO JTFRVBMUPLFMWJO"TUBSTFĒFDUJWFUFNQFSBUVSFJTBHPPEBQQSPYJNBUJPOUPUIF BDUVBMUFNQFSBUVSFPGJUTWJTJCMFEJTL4FFCMBDLCPEZSBEJBUJPO &GGFMTCFSH3BEJP5FMFTDPQF "SBEJPUFMFTDPQFXJUIBEJBNFUFSPGNFUFST GFFU
DPNQMFUFEJO MPDBUFEOFBS#POO (FSNBOZ BOEPQFSBUFECZUIF.BY1MBODL*OTUJ UVUGÛS3BEJPBTUPOPNJFѮF&ĒFMTCFSH3BEJP5FMFTDPQFSFNBJOFEUIFXPSMETMBSHFTU GVMMZTUFFSBCMFSBEJPUFMFTDPQFVOUJM"VHVTUXIFOUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT/BUJPOBM3BEJP "TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZDPNQMFUFEUIFDPOTUSVDUJPOPGJUT NFUFS JODI 3PCFSU$#ZSE(SFFO#BOL3BEJP5FMFTDPQF JO(SFFO#BOL 8FTU7JS HJOJB ѮF &ĒFMTCFSH 3BEJP 5FMFTDPQF JT VTFE FJUIFS BMPOF PS BT B DPNQPOFOU PG B HMPCBM SBEJP JOUFSGFSPNFUFS 4FF /BUJPOBM 3BEJP "TUSPOPNZ 0CTFSWBUPSZ SBEJP UFMF TDPQF BOE7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ &JOTUFJO0CTFSWBUPSZ /"4"MBVODIFEUIF&JOTUFJO0CTFSWBUPSZ UIFêSTUGVMMZJNBH
JOH9SBZUFMFTDPQFQVUJOTQBDF PO/PWFNCFS XIFSFJUPSCJUFE&BSUIBOE
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
PCUBJOFEEBUBVOUJM"QSJMѮFUFMFTDPQFIBEBOBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPOPGBGFXTFD POETPGBSD BêFMEPGWJFXPGUFOTPGNJOVUFTPGBSD BOEBTFOTJUJWJUZTFWFSBMIVOESFE UJNFTHSFBUFSUIBOBOZ9SBZNJTTJPOCFGPSFJUѮF&JOTUFJO0CTFSWBUPSZQSPWJEFE UIFêSTUIJHISFTPMVUJPO9SBZTUVEJFTPGTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOUT EJTDPWFSFEVOFYQFDU FEMZJOUFOTFDPSPOBMFNJTTJPOGSPNOPSNBMTUBST SFTPMWFEOVNFSPVT9SBZTPVSDFT JOOFBSCZHBMBYJFT BOEEFUFDUFE9SBZKFUTGSPN$FOUBVSVT"BOE.BMJHOFEXJUI SBEJPKFUTѮFPCTFSWBUPSZJTOBNFEBѫFSUIF(FSNBOCPSO6OJUFE4UBUFTQIZTJDJTU "MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ XIPSFWPMVUJPOJ[FEPVSVOEFSTUBOEJOHPGTQBDF NBUUFS BOEUJNF &MFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPO 3BEJBUJPOUIBUDBSSJFTFOFSHZBOENPWFTUISPVHIWBDV PVTTQBDFJOQFSJPEJDXBWFTBUUIFTQFFEPGMJHIU QSPQBHBUJOHCZUIFJOUFSQMBZPGPTDJM MBUJOHFMFDUSJDBMBOENBHOFUJDêFMETѮFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUJTVTVBMMZEFTJHOBUFECZUIF MFUUFSDBOEIBTBWBMVFPGLJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE&MFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJB UJPOJODMVEFTWJTJCMFMJHIU SBEJPXBWFT JOGSBSFESBEJBUJPO VMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO 9SBZT BOEHBNNBSBZT&MFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPO JODPNNPOXJUIBOZXBWF IBTBXBWF MFOHUI EFOPUFECZʌ BOEBGSFRVFODZ EFOPUFECZʎUIFJSQSPEVDUJTFRVBMUPUIFWFMPD JUZPGMJHIU PSʌʎD TPUIFXBWFMFOHUIEFDSFBTFTXIFOUIFGSFRVFODZJODSFBTFTBOE WJDFWFSTBѮFFOFSHZBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFSBEJBUJPOJODSFBTFTJOEJSFDUQSPQPSUJPOUP GSFRVFODZ BOEUIJTFOFSHZ LOPXOBTUIFQIPUPOFOFSHZBOEEFOPUFECZ& JTHJWFO CZ&IʎIDʌ XIFSF1MBODLTDPOTUBOUI+PVMFTFDPOEѮFSF JTBDPOUJOVVNPGFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPO¢GSPNMPOHXBWFMFOHUISBEJPXBWFTPG MPXGSFRVFODZBOEMPXFOFSHZ UISPVHIWJTJCMFMJHIUXBWFT UPTIPSUXBWFMFOHUI9SBZT BOE HBNNB SBZT PG IJHI GSFRVFODZ BOE IJHI FOFSHZ4FF FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD TQFDUSVN HBNNBSBZSBEJBUJPO 1MBODLTDPOTUBOU SBEJPSBEJBUJPO VMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO WJTJCMF SBEJBUJPO BOE9SBZSBEJBUJPO &MFDUSPNBHOFUJDTQFDUSVN "MMUZQFTBOEXBWFMFOHUITPGFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPO GSPNUIFNPTUFOFSHFUJDBOETIPSUFTUXBWFT UIFHBNNBSBZT UPUIFMFBTUFOFSHFUJDBOE MPOHFTUPOFT UIFSBEJPXBWFT'SPNTIPSUXBWFMFOHUITUPMPOHPOFT UIFFMFDUSPNBH OFUJDTQFDUSVNJODMVEFTHBNNBSBZT 9SBZT VMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO WJTJCMFMJHIU JOGSB SFESBEJBUJPOBOESBEJPXBWFTWJTJCMFMJHIUDPNQSJTFTKVTUPOFTNBMMTFHNFOUPGUIJT NVDICSPBEFSTQFDUSVN4FFHBNNBSBZSBEJBUJPO PQUJDBMTQFDUSVN SBEJPSBEJBUJPO VMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO WJTJCMFSBEJBUJPO BOE9SBZSBEJBUJPO &MFDUSPO "O FMFNFOUBSZ OFHBUJWFMZ DIBSHFE TVCBUPNJD QBSUJDMF UIBU TVSSPVOET UIF
QPTJUJWFMZDIBSHFEOVDMFVTPGBOBUPN CVUDBOFYJTUJOJTPMBUJPOPVUTJEFBOBUPNѮF &OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU+PTFQI+PIOi++uѮPNTPO ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUIFOFHBUJWFMZ DIBSHFE iDPSQVTDMFTu JO XIJMF JOWFTUJHBUJOH DBUIPEF SBZT ѮF %VUDI QIZTJDJTU )FOESJL-PSFOU[ ¢ OBNFEUIFNiFMFDUSPOTu BUFSNQSFWJPVTMZJOUSPEVDFE CZUIF*SJTIQIZTJDJTU(FPSHF+PIOTUPOF4UPOFZ ¢ ѮFJOUFSBDUJPOTCFUXFFO FMFDUSPOTPGOFJHICPSJOHBUPNTDSFBUFUIFDIFNJDBMCPOETUIBUMJOLBUPNTUPHFUIFSBT NPMFDVMFT"OFVUSBM PSVODIBSHFE BUPNIBTBTNBOZFMFDUSPOTBTQPTJUJWFMZDIBSHFE QSPUPOT XIJDISFTJEFJOUIFOVDMFVT"OJPOJ[FEBUPNJTVTVBMMZQPTJUJWFMZDIBSHFEBOE IBTGFXFSFMFDUSPOTUIBOQSPUPOT'SFFFMFDUSPOTIBWFCSPLFOBXBZGSPNUIFJSBUPNJD CPOETBOEBSFOPUCPVOEUPBUPNT"UUIFIPUUFNQFSBUVSFTJOTJEFUIF4VOBOEPUIFS TUBST BOEJOUIFTPMBSDPSPOBBOETPMBSXJOE UIFFMFDUSPOTIBWFCFFOTFUGSFFPGUIFJS
(MPTTBSZ&
BUPNJDCPOETѮFNBTTPGBOFMFDUSPOJTLJMPHSBNT PSPGUIF NBTTPGBQSPUPO4FFJPOBOEQSPUPO &MFDUSPOOFVUSJOP ѮFUZQFPGOFVUSJOPUIBUJOUFSBDUTXJUIUIFFMFDUSPO*UJTUIFPOMZ
LJOEPGOFVUSJOPQSPEVDFECZUIFOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOTUIBUNBLFUIF4VOTIJOF4FFOFV USJOPBOETPMBSOFVUSJOPQSPCMFN &MFDUSPOWPMU "VOJUPGFOFSHZ EFOPUFECZF7 PѫFOVTFEGPSNFBTVSJOHUIFFOFSHJFTPG QBSUJDMFTBOEFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPO"OFMFDUSPOWPMUJTEFêOFEBTUIFFOFSHZBDRVJSFE CZBOFMFDUSPOXIFOJUJTBDDFMFSBUFEUISPVHIBQPUFOUJBMEJĒFSFODFPGWPMUJOBWBDVVN F7+PVMF XIFSFPOF+PVMFJTFRVBMUPNJMMJPOFSH3BEJBUJPOXJUI BOFOFSHZPGPOFFMFDUSPOWPMUIBTBXBWFMFOHUIPGOBOPNFUFSTBOEBGSFRVFODZPG )FSU[ѮFFOFSHJFTPG9SBZTBSFFYQSFTTFEJOUIPVTBOETPGFMFDUSPOWPMUT BCCSFWJBUFELF7.JMMJPOTBOECJMMJPOTPGFMFDUSPOWPMUT SFTQFDUJWFMZEFOPUFECZ.F7BOE (F7 BSFVTFEBTVOJUTGPSWFSZFOFSHFUJDDIBSHFEQBSUJDMFT TVDIBTDPTNJDSBZT"OFMFD USPOXJUIBLJOFUJDFOFSHZPGBGFX.F7JTUSBWFMJOHBUBMNPTUUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU &MFNFOU "DIFNJDBMMZIPNPHFOFPVTTVCTUBODFUIBUDBOOPUCFEFDPNQPTFECZDIFN
JDBMNFBOTѮFBUPNTPGBQBSUJDVMBSFMFNFOUBMMIBWFUIFTBNFOVNCFSPGQSPUPOTJO UIFJSOVDMFVT CVUUIFOVNCFSPGOFVUSPOTDBOWBSZ HJWJOHSJTFUPEJĒFSFOUJTPUPQFT PGUIFTBNFFMFNFOUѮFSFBSFOBUVSBMMZPDDVSSJOHFMFNFOUT XJUIUIFOVNCFSPG QSPUPOT PSBUPNJDOVNCFS SBOHJOHGSPNGPSIZESPHFOUPGPSVSBOJVN4FFBUPNJD OVNCFSBOEJTPUPQF &MMJQTF "DMPTFE QMBOFDVSWFJOXIJDIUIFTVNPGUIFEJTUBODFTPGFBDIQPJOUBMPOHJUT QFSJQIFSZGSPNUXPPUIFSQPJOUT JUTGPDJ JTBDPOTUBOUѮFPSCJUTPGQMBOFUT TBUFMMJUFT BOEDPNFUTDBOCFEFTDSJCFECZFMMJQTFT
'*( %LLIPSE%ACHPLANETMOVESINANELLIPSEWITHTHE3UNATONE FOCUS4HELENGTHOFALINEDRAWNFROMTHE3UN TOAPLANETANDTHENTOTHE EMPTYFOCUS DENOTEDBYTHEDASHEDLINE ISALWAYSB ORTWICETHESEMI MAJORAXIS B4HEECCENTRICITY ORELONGATION OFTHEPLANETARYELLIPSEHAS BEENGREATLYOVERDONEINTHISlGUREPLANETARYORBITSLOOKMUCHMORELIKE ACIRCLE
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
&MMJQUJDBM HBMBYZ " HBMBYZ PG FMMJQUJDBM PS SPVOE TIBQF &MMJQUJDBM HBMBYJFT BSF DPN QSJTFENPTUMZPGPMETUBSTBOEDPOUBJOWFSZMJUUMFEVTUBOEMPXUFNQFSBUVSFHBTUIBUDBO OPXGPSNTUBST"OFYBNQMFPGBOFMMJQUJDBMHBMBYZJT. JOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO7JSHP 4FF7JSHPDMVTUFS &NJTTJPOMJOF "CSJHIUTQFDUSBMGFBUVSFBUBQBSUJDVMBSXBWFMFOHUIPSOBSSPXCBOETPG XBWFMFOHUIT FNJUUFEEJSFDUMZCZBIPU MVNJOPVTHBTFPVTTPVSDF TVDIBTBOFNJTTJPO OFCVMBPSQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB SFWFBMJOHCZJUTXBWFMFOHUIBDIFNJDBMDPOTUJUVFOUPGJUT HBT4FFBCTPSQUJPOMJOF FNJTTJPOOFCVMB BOEQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB &NJTTJPOOFCVMB "EJĒVTF MVNJOPVTDMPVEPGHBTJOJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDFUIBUEJTQMBZT
FNJTTJPOMJOFTJOJUTWJTJCMFMJHIUTQFDUSVNѮF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS8JMMJBN)VHHJOT
4!",% %MISSIONNEBULAEA .AME
- .'#
2! H M
$EC
VB
$ISTANCE LIGHT YEARS
"UBBLE.EBULA .'# #ALIFORNIA.EBULA .'# #ONE.EBULA .'# %AGLE.EBULA )# 3URROUNDSOPENCLUSTER- .'# %TA#ARINAE.EBULA .'# 3URROUNDS(OMUNCULUS.EBULA .'# AND+EYHOLE.EBULA ,AGOON.EBULA - !LSOKNOWNAS.'# CENTRALREGION(OURGLASS.EBULAANDSTARCLUSTER.'# .ORTH!MERICA .'# .EBULA /MEGA.EBULA - !LSOKNOWNAS.'# (ORSESHOE.EBULA AND3WAN.EBULA /RION.EBULA - !LSOKNOWNAS.'# NORTHWESTERNPARTIS- .'# 0ELICAN.EBULA )# 2OSETTE.EBULA .'# !LSOINCLUDES.'# SURROUNDSSTARCLUSTER.'# .'# 4ARANTULA.EBULAC !LSOKNOWNAS$ORADUSAND'REAT,OOPED.EBULA 4RIlD.EBULA - !LSOKNOWNAS.'# A!DAPTEDFROM,ANG +ENNETH2 "TUSPQIZTJDBM%BUB1MBOFUTBOE4UBST .EW9ORK 3PRINGER 6ERLAG
PP B!NGULARDIAMETERUINMINUTESOFARC DESIGNATED C4HE4ARANTULA.EBULAISALSOKNOWNAS$ORADUS ANDITISLOCATEDINTHE,ARGE-AGELLANIC#LOUD
(MPTTBSZ&
¢ EJTDPWFSFE TVDI FNJTTJPO MJOFT JO GSPN UIF 0SJPO /FCVMB ѮF %VUDI BTUSPOPNFS )FSNBO;BOTUSB ¢ FYQMBJOFE UIF IZESPHFO FNJTTJPO MJOFTCZTVQQPTJOHUIBUUIFIZESPHFOBUPNTBSFJPOJ[FECZUIFVMUSBWJPMFUMJHIUPGCSJHIU TUBSTFNCFEEFEJOBOFNJTTJPOOFCVMB BOEUIBUWJTJCMFMJHIUJTFNJUUFEXIFOUIFGSFF FMFDUSPOT SFDPNCJOF XJUI UIF QSPUPOT UP NBLF IZESPHFO BUPNT &NJTTJPO OFCVMBF BSFUIFSFGPSFPѫFODBMMFEJPOJ[FEIZESPHFOSFHJPOT EFOPUFEBT)**SFHJPOTBOEQSP OPVODFE)UXPSFHJPOT"TTIPXOJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS*SB4#PXFO ¢
PUIFSFNJTTJPOMJOFTDBOBSJTFGSPNJPOJ[FEBUPNTPGPYZHFOBOEOJUSP HFO VOEFSHPJOH iGPSCJEEFOu USBOTJUJPOT JO UIF MPXEFOTJUZ OFCVMBF TVDI USBOTJUJPOT BSF WFSZ JNQSPCBCMF JO UIF IJHIFSEFOTJUZ MBCPSBUPSZ TJUVBUJPO ѮF NBTT EFOTJUZ PG UIFUFOVPVTFNJTTJPOOFCVMBFJTUZQJDBMMZPOMZBCPVUPOFHSBNJOBNJMMJPODVCJDLJMP NFUFST BOEUIFHSFFODPMPSPGTPNFPGUIFNJTEVFUPUIFPYZHFOFNJTTJPOMJOFT4FF #VCCMF /FCVMB $BMJGPSOJB /FCVMB $POF /FCVMB &BHMF /FCVMB &UB $BSJOBF /FCVMB (VN/FCVMB )**SFHJPO -BHPPO/FCVMB /PSUI"NFSJDBO/FCVMB 0SJPO/FCVMB 1FMJ DBO/FCVMB 3PTFUUF/FCVMB 5BSBOUVMB/FCVMB 5SJêE/FCVMB BOEVMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO &NJTTJPOTQFDUSVN "TFSJFTPGCSJHIUFNJTTJPOMJOFT4FFFNJTTJPOMJOFBOEGPSCJE
EFOMJOF &ODLFT$PNFU "QFSJPEJDDPNFUXJUIUIFTIPSUFTULOPXOQFSJPE PGZFBST*UJT
OBNFEBѫFSUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS+PIBOO&ODLF ¢ XIPêSTUDPNQVUFE JUTPSCJUѮF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS1JFSSF.FDIBJO ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUIFDPNFU JO BOE'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS+FBO-PVJT1POT ¢ GPVOEJUBHBJOJO *O UIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS'SFE-8IJQQMF ¢ FYQMBJOFEUIFBDDFM FSBUJPO PG $PNFU &ODLF JO UFSNT PG IJT JDZ DPOHMPNFSBUF PS EJSUZ TOPXCBMM DPNFU NPEFM8IFOUIFDPNFUTPSCJUCSJOHTJUDMPTFUPUIF4VO JUTVCMJNBUFTJUTTVSGBDFJDF BOEQSPEVDFTKFUTPGHBTBOEEVTUXIFOUIFDPNFUJTSPUBUJOHUIFTFKFUTXJMMFJUIFSQVTI UIFDPNFUBIFBEPSEFMBZJUTKPVSOFZ &OFSHZ ѮFBCJMJUZPSDBQBDJUZUPEPXPSL &QJDZDMF "DJSDVMBSPSCJUBSPVOEBQPJOUUIBUJUTFMGPSCJUTBOPUIFSQPJOU VTFEJO1UPM FNBJDDPTNPMPHZ4FF1UPMFNBJDDPTNPMPHZ &QTJMPO "VSJHBF "OFDMJQTJOHCJOBSZTUBSXJUIUIFMPOHFTULOPXOQFSJPE ZFBST
XJUIBOBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEFPG CVUEVSJOHFDMJQTFѮFQSJNBSZDPNQPOFOUJT BZFMMPXXIJUF'TVQFSHJBOU BOEOPMJHIUJTEFUFDUFEGSPNUIFTFDPOEBSZDPNQPOFOU 4FFFDMJQTJOHCJOBSZ &QTJMPO&SJEBOJ "OPSBOHF,EXBSGTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO&SJEBOVTXJUIBOBQQBS
FOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGUIBUNBLFTJUWJTJCMFUPUIFVOBJEFEFZF"UMJHIUZFBST BXBZ &QTJMPO&SJEBOJJTUIFOJOUIDMPTFTUTUBSUPUIF&BSUI XJUIBOBQQBSFOUBCTPMVUF NBHOJUVEFPG"UMFBTUPOF+VQJUFSTJ[FEQMBOFUPSCJUTUIF4VOMJLFTUBS XIJDIBMTP DPOUBJOTMBSHFTUBSTQPUTBOEFYIJCJUTBZFBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF &RVBUPS "O JNBHJOBSZ MJOF BSPVOE UIF DFOUFS PG B CPEZ XIFSF FWFSZ QPJOU PO UIF MJOFJTBOFRVBMEJTUBODFGSPNUIFQPMFTѮFFRVBUPSEFêOFTUIFCPVOEBSZCFUXFFOUIF OPSUIFSOBOETPVUIFSOIFNJTQIFSFT4FFIFNJTQIFSF
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
&RVJMJCSJVN ѮF VODIBOHJOH TUBUF PG B TZTUFN SFTVMUJOH GSPN UIF CBMBODF CFUXFFO DPNQFUJOHGPSDFTPSQSPDFTTFT &RVJOPY &JUIFSPGUIFUXPQPJOUTXIFSFUIF4VODSPTTFTUIFDFMFTUJBMFRVBUPSBOEMJFT JOUIF&BSUITFRVBUPSJBMQMBOF XIFOUIF4VOSJTFTEVFFBTUBOETFUTEVFXFTUBOEUIF EBZBOEOJHIUBSFFRVBMMZMPOHѮF7FSOBM PSTQSJOH &RVJOPYPDDVSTXIFOUIF4VO DSPTTFTUIFFRVBUPSGSPNTPVUIUPOPSUIPOPSOFBS.BSDIFBDIZFBSѮF7FSOBM &RVJOPYJTBMTPDBMMFEUIF'JSTUQPJOUPG"SJFTѮFPUIFSFRVJOPYJTUIFBVUVNOBMFRVJ OPY XIJDIPDDVSTPOPSOFBS4FQUFNCFSXIFOUIF4VODSPTTFTUIFFRVBUPSGSPN OPSUIUPTPVUIѮFMPDBUJPOTPGUIFTQSJOH PS7FSOBM BOEGBMM PSBVUVNOBM FRVJOPYFT BSFTMPXMZNPWJOH PSQSFDFTTJOH XFTUXBSEBSPVOEUIFTUFMMBSCBDLHSPVOEBUUIFSBUF PGBCPVUTFDPOETPGBSDQFSZFBS4FFBVUVNOBMFRVJOPY QSFDFTTJPO TFBTPO BOE 7FSOBM&RVJOPY &SH "VOJUPGFOFSHZFRVBMUPUIFXPSLEPOFCZBGPSDFPGEZOFBDUJOHPWFSBEJTUBODF PGDFOUJNFUFS"OFOFSHZPGPOF+PVMFJTFRVBMUP PSNJMMJPO FSH &SPT "OBTUFSPJEEJTDPWFSFEPO"VHVTUCZUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS(VTUBW 8JUU ¢ BOEJOEFQFOEFOUMZQIPUPHSBQIFECZUIF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS"VHVTUF $IBSMPJT ¢ UIFTBNFOJHIU/VNCFSFEJOPSEFSPGBTUFSPJETXJUIFTUBC MJTIFEPSCJUT &SPTJTUIFêSTUBTUFSPJEGPVOEUPUSBWFMNBJOMZJOTJEFUIFPSCJUPG.BST BQQSPBDIJOHXJUIJONJMMJPOLJMPNFUFSTPGUIF&BSUI BOEBOFYBNQMFPGBOFBS&BSUI BTUFSPJEѮF/&"34IPFNBLFSTQBDFDSBѫPSCJUFE&SPTGPSBZFBS CFHJOOJOHPO 'FCSVBSZ UBLJOHJNBHFTPGJUTCBUUFSFETIBQF FTUBCMJTIJOHJUTEJNFOTJPOTBT LJMPNFUFST BOETIPXJOHUIBUJUJTBIPNPHFOFPVT TPMJESPDLXJUIBNBTTEFO TJUZPGLJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFS4FF/&"34IPFNBLFS &4" "DSPOZNGPS&VSPQFBO4QBDF"HFODZ4FF&VSPQFBO4QBDF"HFODZ &TDBQF WFMPDJUZ ѮF NJOJNVN PVUXBSE WFMPDJUZ UIBU B TNBMM PCKFDU NVTU BUUBJO UP
PWFSDPNFUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMBUUSBDUJPOPGBMBSHFSCPEZBOEMFBWFPOBUSBKFDUPSZUIBU EPFTOPUCSJOHJUCBDLBHBJOѮFFTDBQFWFMPDJUZ EFOPUFECZ7FTD EFQFOETPOUIFNBTT EFOPUFECZ. BOEUIFSBEJVT TQFDJêFEBT3 PGUIFMBSHFSCPEZ BOEJTHJWFOCZ7FTD XIFSFUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMDPOTUBOU(/NLH*GB SPDLFUMFBWFTUIF&BSUIJUNVTUNPWFGBTUFSUIBOUIF&BSUITFTDBQFWFMPDJUZ XIJDIJT LJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE PSNJMFTQFSIPVS &40 "DSPOZN GPS &VSPQFBO 4PVUIFSO 0CTFSWBUPSZ 4FF &VSPQFBO 4PVUIFSO 0CTFSWBUPSZ &UB$BSJOBF 0OFPGUIFNPTUNBTTJWFTUBSTJOUIF(BMBYZ MPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGBCPVU MJHIUZFBST XJUIBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGmBOEBOJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZ NPSFUIBONJMMJPOUJNFTCSJHIUFSUIBOUIF4VO&UB$BSJOBFJTTJUVBUFEJOUXPEVTU MPCFT OFBSMZBMJHIUZFBSBDSPTT XIJDIBSFUPHFUIFSLOPXOBTUIFi)PNVODVMVTuGSPN UIFJSWBHVFSFTFNCMBODFUPBIVNBOêHVSFѮFZXFSFNPTUMJLFMZGPSNFEJOXIFO UIFTUBSQSPEVDFEUIF(SFBU&SVQUJPO SFBDIJOHBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGBOE SJWBMJOH 4JSJVT JO JOUFOTJUZ &UB $BSJOBF IBT OPX GBEFE UP B SFMBUJWFMZ GBJOU BQQBSFOU WJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG4FF)PNVODVMVT/FCVMB
(MPTTBSZ&
4!",% %SCAPEVELOCITYn3UNANDPLANETS 4EMPERATUREA +
3UN 4ERRESTRIALPLANETS -ERCURY 6ENUS %ARTH -ARS 'IANTPLANETS *UPITER 3ATURN 5RANUS .EPTUNE
%SCAPE6ELOCITY KMSm
n n
A4EMPERATUREOFTHEVISIBLESOLARDISK THEPHOTOSPHERE SURFACETEMPERATURE FORTHETERRESTRIALPLANETS ANDATMOSPHERICTEMPERATURESFORTHEGIANTPLANETS ATTHELEVELWHERETHEATMOSPHERICPRESSUREISONEBAR
&UB$BSJOBF/FCVMB "CSJHIUFNJTTJPOOFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE/($ TVSSPVOEJOH UIFTUBS&UB$BSJOBFѮFFNJTTJPOOFCVMBJTBCPVUEFHSFFTBDSPTTBOEEJWJEFECZB EBSL 7TIBQFE PCTDVSJOHEVTUMBOF*UDPOUBJOTUIFCSJHIU)PNVODVMVT/FCVMBBOE UIFEBSL,FZIPMF/FCVMBF4FFEBSLOFCVMB FNJTTJPOOFCVMB &UB$BSJOBF )PNVODVMVT /FCVMB BOE,FZIPMF/FCVMB &UIFS ѮF NFEJVN UIBU MJHIU BOE HSBWJUBUJPO XFSF PODF TVQQPTFE UP QSPQBHBUF UISPVHI4FFBFUIFSBOEMVNJOJGFSPVTFUIFS &VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZ ѮFHFPNFUSZPGOPODVSWFETQBDFJOXIJDIQBSBMMFMMJOFTBMXBZT SFNBJOFRVJEJTUBOUGSPNFBDIPUIFS OBNFEGPSUIF(SFFFLNBUIFNBUJDJBO&VDMJEPG "MFYBOESJB MJWFED#$
XIPEFTDSJCFEUIFHFPNFUFSZJOIJTCPPLѮF&MFNFOUT &VDMJEFBO HFPNFUSZ JT UIF UISFFEJNFOTJPOBM BOBMPH PG B ëBU TVSGBDF PS B QMBOF *O OPO&VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZ TQBDFJTDVSWFE BOEQBSBMMFMMJOFTDBONFFUPSEJWFSHFJOUIF UISFFEJNFOTJPOBMBOBMPHPGBTQIFSFPSBIZQFSCPMB4FFHFPNFUSZBOEOPO&VDMJEFBO HFPNFUSZ &VDMJEFBO 6OJWFSTF " VOJWFSTF XJUIPVU OPUJDFBCMF TQBUJBM DVSWBUVSF PO UIF MBSHFTU TDBMFT BOEIFODFXJUIBOPODVSWFETIBQFEFTDSJCFECZ&VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZ &VSPQB ѮFTNBMMFTUPG+VQJUFST(BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT BOEUIFTFDPOEDMPTFUUPUIFQMBOFU EJTDPWFSFE JO CZ UIF *UBMJBO BTUSPOPNFS (BMJMFP (BMJMFJ ¢ *U IBT B SBEJVTPGLJMPNFUFSTBOEBNBTTEFOTJUZPGLJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFSѮF CSJHIU TNPPUITVSGBDFPG&VSPQBJTDPWFSFEXJUIXBUFSJDF BOEIBTGFXJNQBDUDSBUFST JOEJDBUJOHBSFMBUJWFMZZPVOHBHF%JSUZMJRVJEXBUFSPSTPѫXBUFSJDFSJTFVQGSPNB HMPCBMJOUFSOBMTFBXJUIJO&VSPQB êMMJOHMPOH EFFQGSBDUVSFTJOUIFTBUFMMJUFTJDZDPW
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
FSJOH BOE MVCSJDBUJOH MBSHF SBѫMJLF CMPDLT PG XBUFS JDF UIBU ëPBU BDSPTT UIF TVSGBDF &VSPQB BMTP IBT B WBSJBCMF NBHOFUJD êFME QSPCBCMZ JOEVDFE JO JUT JOUFSOBM PDFBO PG MJRVJEXBUFSXIFO+VQJUFSTNBHOFUJDêFMETXFFQTCZ4FF(BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT &VSPQFBO4PVUIFSO0CTFSWBUPSZ "OJOUFSHPWFSONFOUBM &VSPQFBOPSHBOJ[BUJPOGPS
BTUSPOPNJDBM SFTFBSDI JO UIF TPVUIFSO IFNJTQIFSF XJUI IFBERVBSUFST JO (BSDIJOH OFBS.VOJDI (FSNBOZ*UIBTFMFWFONFNCFSDPVOUSJFT#FMHJVN %FONBSL 'JOMBOE 'SBODF (FSNBOZ *UBMZ 1PSUVHBM UIF/FUIFSMBOET 4XFEFO 4XJU[FSMBOEBOEUIF6OJUFE ,JOHEPNѮF&VSPQFBO4PVUIFSO0CTFSWBUPSZPQFSBUFTBTUSPOPNJDBMPCTFSWBUPSJFTBU -B4JMMBBOE$FSSP1BSBOBM $IJMFѮFNBKPSUFMFTDPQFTBUUIF-B4JMMB0CTFSWBUPSZBSF UIFNFUFS JODI BOENFUFS JODI SFëFDUPST BOEUIF/FX5FDIOPMPHZ 5FMFTDPQF XIJDIQJPOFFSFEUIFVTFPGBDUJWFPQUJDTUPDPOUJOVPVTMZTIBQFJUTNFUFS JODI SFëFDUPS ѮF 7FSZ -BSHF 5FMFTDPQF BCCSFWJBUFE 7-5 BU $FSSP 1BSBOBM JODMVEFTGPVSVOJUUFMFTDPQFT FBDINFUFST JODIFT JOEJBNFUFS PQFSBUJOHBU WJTJCMFBOEJOGSBSFEXBWFMFOHUITѮFZDBOCFPQFSBUFEJOEJWJEVBMMZ PSUPHFUIFSBTBO JOUFSGFSPNFUFS 'PVS BVYJMJBSZ UFMFTDPQFT FBDI PG NFUFS JODIFT JO EJBNFUFS XJMMBMTPCFDPOOFDUFEUPUIJT7FSZ-BSHF5FMFTDPQF*OUFSGFSPNFUFS5XPUFMFTDPQFT JOUFOEFEGPSJNBHJOHTVSWFZTGSPN1BSBOBMBSFUIFNFUFS JODI 7-54VSWFZ 5FMFTDPQF BCCSFWJBUFE745 BOEUIFNFUFS JODI 7JTJCMFBOE*OGSBSFE5FMF TDPQFGPS"TUSPOPNZ PS7*45"GPSTIPSU4FF/FX5FDIOPMPHZ5FMFTDPQFBOE7FSZ -BSHF5FMFTDPQF &VSPQFBO4QBDF"HFODZ "OPSHBOJ[BUJPOPG&VSPQFBOOBUJPOT GPVOEFEJO UPQSPNPUFTQBDFSFTFBSDIBOEUFDIOPMPHZGPSQFBDFGVMQVSQPTFT*UJTIFBERVBSUFSFE JO1BSJT BOEUIFNFNCFSDPVOUSJFTBSF"VTUSJB #FMHJVN %FONBSL 'JOMBOE 'SBODF (FSNBOZ *SFMBOE *UBMZ UIF/FUIFSMBOET /PSXBZ 4QBJO 4XFEFO 4XJU[FSMBOE BOEUIF 6OJUFE,JOHEPN &67 "DSPOZNGPS&YUSFNF6MUSB7JPMFU BQPSUJPOPGUIFFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDTQFDUSVN
GSPNBQQSPYJNBUFMZUPNFUFST PSUP ªOHTUSÕNT JOXBWFMFOHUI 4FFFYUSFNFVMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO F7 "CCSFWJBUJPOPGFMFDUSPOWPMU4FFFMFDUSPOWPMU &WFOUIPSJ[PO ѮFIPSJ[POJOUIFHFPNFUSZPVUTJEFBCMBDLIPMF XJUIJOXIJDIZPV DBOTFFOPFWFOUT KVTUBTUIF&BSUITIPSJ[POJTUIFCPVOEBSZGPSPVSWJTJPO"OPCTFSWFS PVUTJEFBCMBDLIPMFDBOOPUDPNNVOJDBUFXJUIBOZUIJOHJOTJEFUIFFWFOUIPSJ[POѮF SBEJVTPGUIFFWFOUIPSJ[POJTLOPXOBTUIF4DIXBS[TDIJMESBEJVT4FFCMBDLIPMFBOE 4DIXBS[TDIJMESBEJVT &WFSTIFEFGGFDU ѮFSBEJBMëPXPGHBTFTXJUIJOUIFQFOVNCSBPGBTVOTQPU EJTDPWFSFE
JOCZUIF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS+PIO&WFSTIFE ¢ GSPNUIF%PQQMFSTIJѫJO UIFTQFDUSVNPGBTVOTQPUѮFëPXJTPVUXBSEBUUIFMFWFMPGUIFQIPUPTQIFSF CVUJOXBSE BOEEPXOXBSEBUIJHIFSMFWFMTJOUIFTPMBSBUNPTQIFSF4FFQIPUPTQIFSFBOETVOTQPU &YDJUBUJPO "OBUPNJDQSPDFTTJOXIJDIBOBUPNPSJPOJTSBJTFEUPBIJHIFSFOFSHZ
TUBUF XIFOPOFPGJUTFMFDUSPOTHPFTGSPNPOFPSCJUUPBOPUIFSGBSUIFSPVUGSPNUIF OVDMFVTPGUIFBUPN
(MPTTBSZ&
&YDMVTJPO1SJODJQMF /PUXPFMFDUSPOTDBOPDDVQZUIFTBNFRVBOUVNTUBUF BOEOPUXP
OFVUSPOTDBOPDDVQZUIFTBNFRVBOUVNTUBUFѮJTQSJODJQMFXBTêSTUBOOPVODFEJO CZUIF"VTUSJBOQIZTJDJTU8PMGHBOH1BVMJ ¢
BOEJTIFODFBMTPLOPXO BTUIF1BVMJFYDMVTJPOQSJODJQMF*UHJWFTSJTFUPUIFEFHFOFSBUFFMFDUSPOQSFTTVSFUIBU DBOTVQQPSUBXIJUFEXBSGTUBSBOEUIFEFHFOFSBUFOFVUSPOQSFTTVSFUIBUDBOTVQQPSUB OFVUSPOTUBS4FFEFHFOFSBUFNBUUFS &YPCJPMPHZ *OWFTUJHBUJPOTJOUPUIFQPTTJCJMJUZPGMJGFPVUTJEFUIF&BSUI &YPQMBOFU 4FFFYUSBTPMBSQMBOFU &YQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF ѮFDPOUJOVBMJODSFBTF XJUIUJNF JOUIFBNPVOUPGTQBDFTFQB SBUJOHHBMBYJFTGSPNVTBOEGSPNFBDIPUIFS BUBSBUFQSPQPSUJPOBMUPUIFJSEJTUBODFT EJTDPWFSFE JO CZ UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS &EXJO )VCCMF ¢ ѮF HBMBYJFT BSF SFDFEJOH GSPN VT BU WFMPDJUJFT UIBU BSF QSPQPSUJPOBM UP UIFJS EJTUBODF B SFMBUJPOEJTQMBZFEJOUIF)VCCMFEJBHSBNBOELOPXOBTUIF)VCCMFMBXѮFFYQBOE JOH6OJWFSTFJTBUUSJCVUFEUPUIF#JH#BOH PDDVSSJOHBCPVUCJMMJPOZFBSTBHP4FF#JH #BOH )VCCMFDPOTUBOU )VCCMFEJBHSBN BOE)VCCMFMBX &YUSBTPMBS QMBOFU "OZ QMBOFU MPDBUFE PVUTJEF UIF 4PMBS 4ZTUFN BOE PSCJUJOH B TUBS
PUIFSUIBOUIF4VOBMTPDBMMFEBOFYPQMBOFU0OFQVMTBS 143 IBTUXP&BSUI TJ[FEQMBOFUTPSCJUJOHJU BOENPSFUIBO4VOMJLFTUBSTIBWFBUMFBTUPOF+VQJUFSTJ[FE QMBOFUJOUJHIUPSCJUBSPVOEUIFN4FF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZ 1FHBTJ 6STBF.BKPSJT NJMMJTFDPOEQVMTBSBOE143 &YUSFNF 6MUSB7JPMFU &YQMPSFS "CCSFWJBUFE&67& B/"4"NJTTJPOMBVODIFEPO +VOF XIJDIPCTFSWFEDPTNJDTPVSDFTBUFYUSFNFVMUSBWJPMFU PS&67 XBWFMFOHUIT CFUXFFOBOEªOHTUSÕNTPSBOEOBOPNFUFST GPSZFBST VOUJM+BOVBSZ *UDPNQMFUFEBOBMMTLZTVSWFZ SFTVMUJOHJODBUBMPHVFTPGNPSFUIBOBUIPVTBOE DPTNJD&67TPVSDFTBOEUIFEJTDPWFSZPGNPSFUIBOOFX&67TPVSDFT BOEDBS SJFEPVUEFUBJMFE&67TQFDUSPTDPQZPGTQFDJêDTPVSDFT &YUSFNF VMUSBWJPMFU SBEJBUJPO "CCSFWJBUFE &67 UIF TIPSUXBWFMFOHUI QBSU PG UIF
VMUSBWJPMFUQPSUJPOPGUIFFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDTQFDUSVNXIJDIFYUFOETGSPNBQQSPYJNBUFMZ UPNFUFST PSUPOBOPNFUFSTBOEUP ªOHTUSÕNT JOXBWF MFOHUI
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
' 'BCFS+BDLTPOSFMBUJPO "DPSSFMBUJPOCFUXFFOUIFJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZPGBOFMMJQUJDBM HBMBYZBOEJUTWFMPDJUZEJTQFSTJPO EJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST 4BOESB.'BCFS ¢ BOE3PCFSU&+BDLTPO ¢ ѮF'BCFS+BDLTPOSFMBUJPOJT VTFE UP EFUFSNJOF UIF EJTUBODFT PG FMMJQUJDBM HBMBYJFT UISPVHI UIF JOGFSSFE JOUSJOTJD MVNJOPTJUZBOEUIFPCTFSWFEBQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZ4FFJOWFSTFTRVBSFMBX 'BDVMBF #SJHIUSFHJPOTPGUIFQIPUPTQIFSF BTTPDJBUFEXJUITVOTQPUT TFFOJOXIJUF MJHIUBOEWJTJCMFPOMZOFBSUIFMJNCPGUIF4VOѮFZBSFCSJHIUFSUIBOUIFTVSSPVOEJOH NFEJVNEVFUPUIFJSIJHIFSUFNQFSBUVSFTBOEHSFBUFSEFOTJUJFT'BDVMBFBQQFBSTPNF IPVSTCFGPSFUIFBTTPDJBUFETVOTQPUT JOUIFTBNFQMBDF CVUDBOSFNBJOGPSNPOUIT BѫFSUIFTVOTQPUTIBWFHPOFѮFXPSEGBDVMBJT-BUJOGPSiMJUUMFUPSDIu"QMBHFBQQFBST JOUIFDISPNPTQIFSFKVTUBCPWFBGBDVMB4FFQMBHF 'BISFOIFJU "VOJUPGUFNQFSBUVSFEFOPUFECZ'PSCZ'GPSEFHSFFT'BISFOIFJU*UJT
OBNFEBѫFSUIF1PMJTICPSO%VUDIQIZTJDJTU(BCSJFM%BOJFM'BISFOIFJU ¢
XIPJOWFOUFEUIFêSTUBDDVSBUFUIFSNPNFUFSBOEEFWJTFEUIF'BISFOIFJUTDBMFPGUFN QFSBUVSF ѮF GSFF[JOH UFNQFSBUVSF PG XBUFS JT ' BOE UIF CPJMJOH UFNQFSBUVSF PG XBUFSJT'ѮFFRVJWBMFOUUFNQFSBUVSFJOEFHSFFTLFMWJOJT, ' BOEUIFFRVJWBMFOUUFNQFSBUVSFJOEFHSFFT$FMTJVTJT$ ' 4FF$FMTJVT BOE,FMWJO 'FZONBO EJBHSBN "TDIFNBUJDSFQSFTFOUBUJPOPGBOJOUFSBDUJPOCFUXFFOQBSUJDMFT JOWFOUFECZUIF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU3JDIBSE'FZONBO ¢ 'JCSJMT %BSL FMPOHBUFE GFBUVSFT TFFO JO IZESPHFOBMQIB TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBNT PG UIF
DISPNPTQIFSF GPSNJOH B MJOFBS QBUUFSO UIPVHIU UP EFMJOFBUF UIF NBHOFUJD êFME 4FFDISPNPTQIFSF IZESPHFOBMQIBMJOF BOETQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI 'JFME .BUIFNBUJDBMEFTDSJQUJPOPGBGPSDFJOFBDIQPJOUPGTQBDFBSPVOEJUTTPVSDF 'JFMEPGWJFX ѮFBOHVMBSBSFBPGUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSFUIBUJTEFUFDUFECZBUFMFTDPQF
ѮFUFMFTDPQFDBOPOMZEFUFDUPCKFDUTJOJUTêFMEPGWJFX 1FHBTJ "ZFMMPX(EXBSGTUBSMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBSTGSPN&BSUI
JOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO1FHBTVT*UIBTBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGBOEBOBCTP MVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGѮFNBJOTFRVFODFTUBS1FHBTJJTUIFêSTU4VOMJLFTUBS LOPXOUPIBWFBQMBOFUB+VQJUFSTJ[FEQMBOFUJOBWFSZDMPTFPSCJUBOEEJTDPWFSFEJO CZUIF4XJTTBTUSPOPNFST.JDIFM.BZPS ¢ BOE%JEJFS2VFMP[ ¢ 4FFFYUSBTPMBSQMBOFU 'JMBNFOU "NBTTPGSFMBUJWFMZDPPMBOEEFOTFNBUFSJBMTVTQFOEFEBCPWFUIFQIPUP
TQIFSFJOUIFMPXDPSPOBCZNBHOFUJDêFMET HFOFSBMMZBMPOHBNBHOFUJDJOWFSTJPO PS OFVUSBM MJOFTFQBSBUJOHSFHJPOTPGPQQPTJUFNBHOFUJDQPMBSJUZJOUIFVOEFSMZJOHQIP UPTQIFSF'JMBNFOUTBQQFBSBTEBSL FMPOHBUFEGFBUVSFTXIFOPCTFSWFEPOUIFEJTLJO UIFMJHIUPGIZESPHFOBMQIBPSJPOJ[FEDBMDJVN"EBSLêMBNFOUJTTFFOJOQSPKFDUJPO
(MPTTBSZ'
BHBJOTUUIFCSJHIUTPMBSEJTL8IFOEFUFDUFEBCPWFUIFMJNCPGUIF4VO BêMBNFOUJT TFFOJOFNJTTJPOBHBJOTUUIFEBSLTLZ BOEJUJTUIFODBMMFEBQSPNJOFODF4FFDISPNP TQIFSF IZESPHFOBMQIBMJOF BOEQSPNJOFODF 'JSFCBMM "OFYDFQUJPOBMMZCSJHIUNFUFPS4FFNFUFPS NFUFPSJUF BOENFUFPSPJE 'JSTUQPJOUPG"SJFT 4FF7FSOBM&RVJOPY 'JTTJPO ѮFTQMJUUJOH PSCSFBLJOHBQBSU PGBIFBWZBUPNJDOVDMFVTJOUPUXPPSNPSF MJHIUFSBUPNJDOVDMFJ SFMFBTJOHFOFSHZ'JTTJPOJTTQPOUBOFPVTEVSJOHUIFEFDBZPGB SBEJPBDUJWFFMFNFOU BOEJUDBOCFJOEVDFECZQBSUJDMFCPNCBSENFOU'JTTJPOQPXFST BUPNJDCPNCT BOEPDDVSTJONBONBEFOVDMFBSQPXFSSFBDUPSTPO&BSUI 'JWFNJOVUFPTDJMMBUJPOT 7FSUJDBMPTDJMMBUJPOTPGUIFTPMBSQIPUPTQIFSFXJUIBQFSJPE PGêWFNJOVUFT JOUFSQSFUFEJOUFSNTPGUSBQQFETPVOEXBWFTѮFêWFNJOVUFPTDJMMB UJPOTBSFEFUFDUFEJOUIF%PQQMFSFĒFDUPGTPMBSBCTPSQUJPOMJOFTGPSNFEJOUIFQIP UPTQIFSF BOE JO MJHIU WBSJBUJPOT PG UIF QIPUPTQIFSF ѮF "NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU3PCFSU -FJHIUPO ¢ BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTEJTDPWFSFEMPDBMJ[FEêWFNJOVUFPTDJMMBUJPOT XIJMFJOWFTUJHBUJOHNPUJPOTPGUIFQIPUPTQIFSFJOm0CTFSWBUJPOTPGUIFPTDJM MBUJPOTIBWFCFFOVTFEUPJOGFSUIFDPNQPTJUJPO NPUJPOT TUSVDUVSFBOEUFNQFSBUVSFPG UIFTPMBSJOUFSJPSUISPVHIUIFUFDIOJRVFPGIFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ4FFBDPVTUJDXBWFT %PQ QMFS FĒFDU (MPCBM 0TDJMMBUJPO /FUXPSL (SPVQ IFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ QIPUPTQIFSF 40MBS BOE)FMJPTQIFSJD0CTFSWBUPSZ BOETVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO 'MBSF " TVEEFO BOE WJPMFOU SFMFBTF PG NBUUFS BOE FOFSHZ GSPN UIF 4VO PS BOPUIFS TUBSJOUIFGPSNPGFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPO FOFSHFUJDQBSUJDMFT XBWFNPUJPOTBOE TIPDLXBWFT MBTUJOHNJOVUFTUPIPVSTѮFGSFRVFODZBOEJOUFOTJUZPGëBSFTPOUIF4VO JODSFBTFOFBSUIFNBYJNVNPGUIFTPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF BOEUIFZPDDVSJOTPMBSBDUJWF SFHJPOT.BOZSFEEXBSGTUBSTBMTPFNJUëBSFT BOEUIFZBSFDBMMFEëBSFTUBST4PMBSëBSFT BDDFMFSBUFDIBSHFEQBSUJDMFTJOUPJOUFSQMBOFUBSZTQBDFѮFJNQVMTJWFPSëBTIQIBTFPG ëBSFTVTVBMMZMBTUTGPSBGFXNJOVUFT EVSJOHXIJDINBUUFSDBOSFBDIUFNQFSBUVSFTPG IVOESFET PG NJMMJPOT PG EFHSFFT ѮF ëBSF TVCTFRVFOUMZ GBEFT EVSJOH UIF HSBEVBM PS EFDBZQIBTFMBTUJOHBCPVUBOIPVS.PTUPGUIFSBEJBUJPOJTFNJUUFEBT9SBZT CVUëBSFT BSFBMTPPCTFSWFEBUWJTJCMFIZESPHFOBMQIBXBWFMFOHUITBOESBEJPXBWFMFOHUITѮFZ BSFQSPCBCMZDBVTFECZUIFTVEEFOSFMFBTFPGMBSHFBNPVOUTPGNBHOFUJDFOFSHZ VQUP +PVMF JOBSFMBUJWFMZTNBMMWPMVNFJOUIFTPMBSDPSPOB4FFBDUJWFSFHJPO CVSTU ëBSF TUBS HSBEVBMëBSF JNQVMTJWFëBSF TPMBSëBSF UZQF* UZQF** UZQF*** BOEUZQF*7SBEJP CVSTUT BOE9SBZëBSFDMBTT 'MBSFTUBS "WBSJBCMFTUBS VTVBMMZBSFEEXBSGTUBS XIJDITVEEFOMZBOEVOQSFEJDUBCMZ FNJUT ëBSFT MBTUJOH B GFX NJOVUFT PS IPVST TPNFUJNFT PVUTIJOJOH UIF FOUJSF TUBS BU WJTJCMFMJHIUPSSBEJPXBWFMFOHUIT4FFE.TUBS EXBSGTUBS ëBSF .TUBS SFEEXBSGTUBS BOE67$FUJ 'MBTITQFDUSVN ѮFFNJTTJPOMJOFTQFDUSVNPGUIFTPMBSDISPNPTQIFSFUIBUJTTFFOGPS BGFXTFDPOETKVTUCFGPSFBOEBѫFSUPUBMJUZEVSJOHBOFDMJQTFPGUIF4VO4FFDISPNP TQIFSF FNJTTJPOMJOF BOEFNJTTJPOTQFDUSVN
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
'MBU6OJWFSTF 4FF&VDMJEFBO6OJWFSTF 'MBUOFTTQSPCMFN ѮFGBDUUIBUUIF6OJWFSTFNBZCFOFJUIFSESBNBUJDBMMZPQFOOPS
OPUJDFBCMZDMPTFE CVUBQQFBSTUPCFBMNPTUQFSGFDUMZCBMBODFECFUXFFOUIFTFUXPHFP NFUSJDBMTIBQFTBOEEFTDSJCFECZ&VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZ4FFDMPTFE6OJWFSTF &VDMJEFBO 6OJWFSTF BOEPQFO6OJWFSTF 'MVY ѮFSBUFPGëPXUISPVHIBSFGFSFODFTVSGBDFUIFëVYEFOTJUZJTUIFëVYNFBTVSFE QFSVOJUBSFB 'PDBMMFOHUI ѮFEJTUBODFCFUXFFOBMFOTPSDVSWFENJSSPSBOEJUTGPDVT 'PDBM SBUJP ѮFSBUJPPGUIFGPDBMMFOHUIPGBMFOTPSDVSWFENJSSPSUPJUTEJBNFUFS "GPDBMSBUJPPG JTXSJUUFOBTG 'PNBMIBVU "CSJHIU XIJUF"EXBSG PSNBJOTFRVFODF TUBSUIBUIBTBDJSDVNTUFMMBS SJOHPGEVTUêSTUEFUFDUFEBUJOGSBSFEXBWFMFOHUITѮFTUBS'PNBMIBVUIBTBOBQQBSFOU WJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BEJTUBODFPGBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTGSPNUIF&BSUI BOBCTP MVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BOEBOJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZPGBCPVUUJNFTUIBUPG UIF4VO*UJTUIFCSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO1JTDJT"VTUSJOVT BOEIFODFIBTUIF BMUFSOBUJWFOBNFPG"MQIB1JTDJT"VTUSJOVT 'PSCJEEFO MJOFT &NJTTJPOMJOFTOPUOPSNBMMZPCTFSWFEVOEFSMBCPSBUPSZDPOEJUJPOT
CFDBVTF UIFZ IBWF B MPX QSPCBCJMJUZ PG PDDVSSFODF PѫFO SFTVMUJOH GSPN B USBOTJUJPO CFUXFFOBNFUBTUBCMFFYDJUFETUBUFBOEUIFHSPVOETUBUF6OEFSUZQJDBMDPOEJUJPOTPO &BSUI BOBUPNJOBNFUBTUBCMFTUBUFXJMMMPTFFOFSHZUISPVHIBDPMMJTJPOCFGPSFJUJTBCMF UPEFDBZUPUIFHSPVOETUBUFBOEFNJUMJOFSBEJBUJPO6OEFSBTUSPQIZTJDBMDPOEJUJPOT JODMVEJOHUIFTPMBSDPSPOBBOEIJHIMZSBSFêFEOFCVMBF UIFNFUBTUBCMFTUBUFDBOMBTUMPOH FOPVHIGPSUIFiGPSCJEEFOuMJOFTUPCFFNJUUFE4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMBBOEFNJTTJPOMJOF 'PSDF "HFODZSFTQPOTJCMFGPSBDIBOHFJOBTZTUFN &SJEBOJ "EPVCMFTUBSTZTUFNMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST XIPTFGBJOU DPNQPOFOU LOPXOBT&SJEBOJ#JTPOFPGUIFêSTUXIJUFEXBSGTUBSTUPCFEJTDPWFSFE ѮFCSJHIUFSDPNQPOFOU &SJEBOJ" JTB,EXBSG PSNBJOTFRVFODF TUBSBCPVUIBMG BTMVNJOPVTBTUIF4VO XJUIBBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGBOEBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBM NBHOJUVEFPGѮFXIJUFEXBSG&SJEBOJ#IBTBIJHIEJTLUFNQFSBUVSFPG LFMWJOBOEBMPXBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZPGKVTUQFSDFOUPGUIF4VOT JNQMZJOHBSBEJVT PGUIBUPGUIF4VOBOEDPNQBSBCMFUPUIFSBEJVTPGUIF&BSUIѮF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS 8BMUFS "EBNT ¢ SFQPSUFE UIF " TQFDUSBM DMBTTJêDBUJPO BOE IJHIUFNQFSBUVSFPG&SJEBOJ#JOѮFXIJUFEXBSGIBTJUTPXODPNQBOJPO &SJEBOJ$ BEJNNFSUINBHOJUVEFDMBTT.PSEJOBSZEXBSG4FF4UFGBO#PMU[NBOO MBXBOEXIJUFEXBSG 6STBF.BKPSJT "ZFMMPX(UZQFNBJOTFRVFODFTUBSXJUIB+VQJUFSTJ[FEQMBOFUPSCJU JOHJUFWFSZUISFFZFBSTUIFTUBSJTMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBSTGSPNUIF&BSUI 4FFFYUSBTPMBSQMBOFU 'PTTJM (FPMPHJDBMSFNBJOTPGBQSFWJPVTMZMJWJOHUIJOH
(MPTTBSZ'
4!",% &RAUNHOFERLINES 7AVELENGTHANANOMETERS
&RAUNHOFERLETTER#OLOR B
+ (EXTREMEVIOLET H G 'VIOLET
D
D &BLUE B B B %GREEN $YELLOW D $YELLOW #RED "RED !EXTREMERED
%LEMENTNAME SYMBOLC
)ONIZEDCALCIUM #A)) )ONIZEDCALCIUM #A)) (YDROGEN (D DELTATRANSITION .EUTRALCALCIUM #A) #(MOLECULE (YDROGEN (G GAMMA TRANSITION .EUTRALIRON &E) (YDROGEN (B BETATRANSITION .EUTRALMAGNESIUM -G) .EUTRALMAGNESIUM -G) .EUTRALMAGNESIUM -G) .EUTRALIRON &E) .EUTRALSODIUM .A) .EUTRALSODIUM .A) (YDROGEN (A ALPHATRANSITION -OLECULAROXYGEN / INOURAIR -OLECULAROXYGEN / INOURAIR
A4HEWAVELENGTHSAREINNANOMETERUNITS WHERENANOMETERMETERS!STRONOMERSHAVEOFTENUSED THE¯NGSTRÚMUNITOFWAVELENGTH WHERE¯NGSTRÚM¯NANOMETERS B4HELETTERSWEREUSEDBY*OSEPHVON&RAUNHOFER AROUNDTODESIGNATETHESPECTRALLINES BEFORETHEYWERECHEMICALLYIDENTIlED&RAUNHOFERDIDNOTRESOLVETHENUMBEREDCOMPONENTSOFTHE$AND BLINES4HELINES!AND"AREPRODUCEDBYMOLECULAROXYGENINTHETERRESTRIALATMOSPHERE C!2OMANNUMERAL)AFTERANELEMENTSYMBOLDENOTESANEUTRAL ORUN IONIZEDATOM WITHNOELECTRONSMISS ING WHEREASTHE2OMANNUMERAL))DENOTESASINGLYIONIZEDATOMWITHONEELECTRONMISSING D5N IONIZEDHELIUM (E) WASDISCOVEREDINEMISSIONDURINGASOLARECLIPSEINATAWAVELENGTHOF NANOMETERS NEARTHETWOSODIUMLINES4HEHELIUMLINEISSOMETIMESDESIGNATEDAS$
'SBVOIPGFS MJOFT ѮF EBSL BCTPSQUJPO GFBUVSFT JO UIF TPMBS TQFDUSVN DBVTFE CZ BCTPSQUJPOBUTQFDJêDXBWFMFOHUITJOUIFDPPMFSMBZFSTPGUIF4VOTBUNPTQIFSF JODMVE JOHUIFQIPUPTQIFSFBOEDISPNPTQIFSF"MUIPVHIUIFZXFSFêSTUPCTFSWFEJOCZ UIF&OHMJTIDIFNJTUBOEQIZTJDJTU8JMMJBN)ZEF8PMMBTUPO ¢
UIFZXFSF êSTU DBSFGVMMZ TUVEJFE GSPN CZ UIF (FSNBO QIZTJDJTU BOE PQUJDJBO +PTFQI WPO 'SBVOIPGFS ¢
XIPDBUBMPHVFEUIFXBWFMFOHUITPGNPSFUIBOPGUIFN BTTJHOJOH3PNBOMFUUFSTUPUIFNPTUQSPNJOFOU TVDIBTUIF)BOE,MJOFTPGJPOJ[FE DBMDJVN UIF%MJOFPGOFVUSBMTPEJVN UIF&MJOFPGJSPO BOEUIF$BOE'MJOFTPGIZESP HFO4FFBCTPSQUJPOMJOF )BOE,MJOFT IZESPHFOBMQIBMJOF BOETQFDUSVN 'SFE - 8IJQQMF 0CTFSWBUPSZ "O PCTFSWBUPSZ MPDBUFE OFBS "NBEP "SJ[POB PO
.PVOU)PQLJOT OBNFEGPSUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS'SFE-8IJQQMF m *UPQFSBUFTUIFNFUFS JODI .VMUJQMF.JSSPS5FMFTDPQF OPXBTJOHMFNJSSPS
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
KPJOUMZXJUIUIF6OJWFSTJUZPG"SJ[POB BOEIBTTNBMMFSUFMFTDPQFTPGBCPVUNFUFSJO EJBNFUFS PQFSBUJOHBUWJTJCMFMJHIUPSJOGSBSFEXBWFMFOHUIT 'SFFFMFDUSPO "OFMFDUSPOUIBUIBTCSPLFOGSFFPGJUTBUPNJDCPOEBOEJTUIFSFGPSFOPU CPVOEUPBOBUPN 'SFRVFODZ ѮFOVNCFSPGDSFTUTPGBXBWFQBTTJOHBêYFEQPJOUFBDITFDPOEVTVBMMZ
NFBTVSFEJOVOJUTPG)FSU[ XIFSFPOF)FSU[JTFRVBMUPPOFPTDJMMBUJPOQFSTFDPOE4FF )FSU[ )[ BOE.)[ ' TUBS "ZFMMPXXIJUFTUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF' XIJDIJTTMJHIUMZIPUUFSUIBOUIF4VO
ѮF CSJHIUFTU 'UZQF TUBST JO UIF OJHIU TLZ BSF $BOPQVT BOE 1SPDZPO 4FF $BOPQVT 1SPDZPO BOETUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO 'VTJPO ѮFKPJOJOHUPHFUIFSPGUXPPSNPSFMJHIUBUPNJDOVDMFJUPQSPEVDFBIFBWJFS
BUPNJD OVDMFVT SFMFBTJOH FOFSHZ 'VTJPO QPXFST IZESPHFO CPNCT BOE NBLFT TUBST TIJOF JODMVEJOHUIF4VO4FFDBSCPOOJUSPHFOPYZHFODZDMF QSPUPOQSPUPODIBJO BOE UIFSNPOVDMFBSGVTJPO
(MPTTBSZ(
( (BMBDUJDBTUSPOPNZ ѮFTUVEZPGPVS.JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZ (BMBDUJDDFOUFS ѮFDFOUSBMIVCPSOVDMFVTPGPVS(BMBYZ MPDBUFEBCPVUMJHIU
ZFBSTPSQBSTFDTGSPN&BSUI (BMBDUJDDMVTUFS 4FFPQFODMVTUFS (BMBDUJD DPTNJD SBZT $PTNJD SBZ QBSUJDMFT UIBU FOUFS UIF &BSUIT BUNPTQIFSF GSPN JOUFSQMBOFUBSZTQBDF(BMBDUJDDPTNJDSBZTPSJHJOBUFGSPNPVUTJEFPVS4PMBS4ZTUFN CVU GSPNXJUIJOPVS(BMBYZ4FFDPTNJDSBZTBOETPMBSDPTNJDSBZT (BMBDUJDEJTL "ëBUUFOFE QMBUFTIBQFE SPUBUJOHEJTLPGHBTBOEZPVOHTUBSTJOBTQJSBM HBMBYZ JOXIJDIUIFTQJSBMBSNTBSFGPVOE.PTUPGBTQJSBMHBMBYZTTUBSTBOEJOUFSTUFMMBS NBUUFSSFTJEFJOUIJTEJTL4FFHBMBDUJDQMBOFBOE.JMLZ8BZ (BMBDUJDIBMP "TQIFSJDBMBHHSFHBUJPOPGNFUBMQPPSTUBSTBOEHMPCVMBSTUBSDMVTUFST DFOUFSFEPOUIFOVDMFVTPGUIFHBMBYZBOEFYUFOEJOHCFZPOEUIFHBMBDUJDEJTLѮFSFJT BMTPBNPSFFYUFOTJWFEBSLIBMPUIBUDPOTJTUTPGJOWJTJCMFEBSLNBUUFSѮFTUFMMBSIBMP PGPVS(BMBYZ DPOUBJOJOHUIFHMPCVMBSDMVTUFST JTNBJOMZDMPTFSUPUIFHBMBDUJDDFOUFS UIBOUIF4VO XIJMFUIFSBEJVTPGUIFEBSLIBMPTVSSPVOEJOHPVS(BMBYZ UIF.JMLZ8BZ FYUFOETTPNFMJHIUZFBSTGSPNUIFHBMBDUJDDFOUFS4FFEBSLIBMP EBSLNBUUFS HBMBDUJDEJTL BOEHMPCVMBSDMVTUFS (BMBDUJDQMBOF ѮFQMBOFUIBUDPOUBJOTUIFEJTLPGUIF.JMLZ8BZPSUIFEJTLPGBOZ
PUIFSTQJSBMHBMBYZ4FFHBMBDUJDEJTLBOE.JMLZ8BZ (BMBDUJDOVDMFVT ѮFDFOUSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOPGNBUUFSJOBHBMBYZ UZQJDBMMZOPNPSF
UIBOBGFXMJHIUZFBSTBDSPTT4FFBDUJWFHBMBDUJDOVDMFVTBOETVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF (BMBYZ "DPMMFDUJPOPGNJMMJPOT CJMMJPOT PSUIPVTBOETPGCJMMJPOTPGTUBSTBOEWBSZJOH BNPVOUTPGJOUFSTUFMMBSHBTBOEEVTU XIJDIBSFIFMEUPHFUIFSJOTQBDFCZUIFGPSDFPG HSBWJUZ *O UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS &EXJO )VCCMF ¢ TIPXFE UIBU DFSUBJOOFCVMBFMJFCFZPOEUIFDPOêOFTPGPVS.JMLZ8BZ XIJDIIFDBMMFEFYUSBHBMBDUJD OFCVMBFBOEUIBUBSFOPXLOPXOBTHBMBYJFTѮFSFBSFUISFFNBKPSDMBTTJêDBUJPOTPG HBMBYJFTmTQJSBM FMMJQUJDBMBOEJSSFHVMBS êSTUEFTDSJCFEJOCZ)VCCMF&MMJQUJDBM HBMBYJFTBSFSPVOEPSFMMJQUJDBMTZTUFNT XIJMFTQJSBMHBMBYJFTBSFëBUUFOFEEJTLTIBQFE TZTUFNTJOXIJDIZPVOHTUBSTBOEJOUFSTUFMMBSHBTBOEEVTUBSFDPODFOUSBUFEJOTQJSBM BSNTDPJMJOHPVUGSPNBDFOUSBMCVMHFPSOVDMFVTѮFHBMBYZUIBUXFSFTJEFJO LOPXO BTUIF.JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZ PSKVTU(BMBYZGPSTIPSU JTBTQJSBMHBMBYZ*UJTEFTJHOBUFEXJUI BDBQJUBM(UPEJTUJOHVJTIJUGSPNBMMPGUIFPUIFSHBMBYJFT0VS(BMBYZJTBCPVU MJHIUZFBSTJOEJBNFUFSѮF4VOJTMPDBUFEBUUIFFEHFPGPOFPGUIFTQJSBMBSNT BCPVU MJHIUZFBSTGSPNUIFDFOUFSPGPVS(BMBYZ"MMPGUIFHBMBYJFTBSFQBSUJDJQBUJOH JOUIFFYQBOTJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTF EJTDPWFSFECZ)VCCMFJO JOXIJDIUIFSFJTB DPOUJOVPVTJODSFBTFJOUIFEJTUBODFTTFQBSBUJOHHBMBYJFTGSPNVTBOEGSPNPOFBOPUIFS
$EC
2!
HM HM HM HM HM
HM HM HM HM HM
HM HM HM HM
HM
HM HM
'ALAXY
.'# .'#- .'#- .'#- .'#
.'# 3-# .'# .'#- .'#-
.'#- .'# .'# .'# &ORNAX! ,-#
.'# .'#
4!",% 'ALAXIESnBRIGHTA
$IAM
!XIAL 2ATIO
"4
"6
3CD))) 3!"BC) ))
3"M )R))) )6
3!B)) 3"A 3"CD))) )6 3!"APEC
3!"C)) )M)6 6 3CD)) )6 3C CD)) ))) 3!C))
3"CM))) 3PH %P 3B) )) % 3!"CD ))) )6
4YPE
6RB
$IST -PC
-"
FACEON FACEON
FACEON
6ROT
,OG -TOT
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
HM H HM
HM HM HM HM HM
HM HM
HM HM HM
HM HM HLM HM
.'#- .'#- .'#
.'# .'#- .'#- .'# .'#-
.'#- .'#- 3OMBRERO .'# .'#- .'#-
.'#- .'# .'#- .'# #EN!
$EC
2!
'ALAXY
$IAM
!XIAL 2ATIO
"4
"6
3AB)) 3"CD)6 3!BC)) ))) 3P
3"CD))) 3% 3!AB))
C$ %P 3AAB
3!"BC)) 3!"B)) 3!"BC)) ))) )"3M)6 % 3
3!AB) )) )AMORPHOUS 3
4YPE
6RB
$IST -PC
-"
,OG -TOT
6ROT
(MPTTBSZ(
HM HM HM HM HM
HM
.'#- .'#- .'#- .'# .'#
.'#
$IAM
!XIAL 2ATIO
" 4
"
3!D)6
3!BC) ))P 3"C)) 3!"CD) 3BC)) 3CD))
4YPE
6RB
$IST -PC
-"
FACEON FACEON
6ROT
,OG -TOT
CENTEROFOUR'ALAXYANDITISINUNITSOFKILOMETERSPERSECOND4HEDISTANCES $IST AREINUNITSOF-EGAPARSEC ABBREVIATED-PC WHERE-PCMILLIONLIGHT YEARS THEABSOLUTEBLUEMAGNITUDEISDENOTEDBY-" THEROTATIONVELOCITY 6ROT ISINKILOMETERSPERSECONDANDTHELOGARITHMOFTHETOTALMASS ,OG-TOT ISINUNITSOF THESUNSMASS-GRAMS
A!DAPTEDFROM#OX !RTHUR.ED !LLENS!STROPHYSICS1UANTITIES&OURTH%DITION .EW9ORK 3PRINGER PG4HERADIALVELOCITY 6 ISWITHRESPECTTOTHE R
$EC
2!
'ALAXY
4!",% 'ALAXIESnBRIGHTACONTINUED
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
(MPTTBSZ(
ѮFEJTUBODFTCFUXFFOHBMBYJFTBSFVTVBMMZNFBTVSFEJOVOJUTPG.FHBQBSTFDT BCCSFWJ BUFE.QDBOEFRVBMUPNJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTѮ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ѮF*UBMJBOBTUSPOPNFS(BMJMFP(BMJMFJ ¢ EJTDPWFSFE
+VQJUFSTGPVSMBSHFTUNPPOTJO+BOVBSZ VTJOHUIFOFXMZJOWFOUFEUFMFTDPQFѮFTF PCKFDUTBSFOPXDPMMFDUJWFMZDBMMFEUIF(BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT BOEUIFZSFUBJOUIFJOEJWJEVBM OBNFT HJWFO UP UIFN CZ UIF (FSNBO BTUSPOPNFS4JNPO .BSJVT ¢
BMTP JO *O PSEFS PG JODSFBTJOH EJTUBODF GSPN UIF HJBOU QMBOFU UIFZ BSF *P &VSPQB (BOZNFEF BOE $BMMJTUP BMM UIF OBNFT PG NZUIPMPHJDBM DPOTPSUT PG ;FVT UIF (SFFL FRVJWBMFOUPGUIF3PNBOHPE+VQJUFS"MMGPVSNPPOTXFSFTVCKFDUUPEFUBJMFETDSVUJOZ XJUIJOTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEUIF(BMJMFPTQBDFDSBѫ CFUXFFOBOE JODMVEJOHUIF WPMDBOPFTPO*P UIFJOUFSOBMPDFBOPGMJRVJEXBUFSPO&VSPQB BOEUIFNBHOFUJDêFME HFOFSBUFEXJUIJO(BOZNFEF4FF$BMMJTUP &VSPQB (BOZNFEF BOE*P (BMJMFP.JTTJPO ѮF(BMJMFPTQBDFDSBѫXBTMBVODIFECZ/"4"GSPNUIF4QBDF4IVUUMF
"UMBOUJTPO0DUPCFS BOEBSSJWFEBU+VQJUFSPO%FDFNCFS PSCJUJOHUIF 4!",% 'ALILEANSATELLITESA 3ATELLITE
)O %UROPA 'ANYMEDE #ALLISTO
$ISTANCEFROM *UPITERCENTER *OVIANRADII
2* 2* 2* 2*
/RBITAL 0ERIODB DAYS
-EAN 2ADIUS KM
-ASS KG
-EAN -ASS$ENSITY KGM¥
A4HE MEAN DISTANCES FROM THE CENTER OF *UPITER ARE IN UNITS OF *UPITERS EQUATORIAL RADIUS 2 *
KILOMETERS 4HE RADII ARE GIVEN IN UNITS OF KILOMETERS ABBREVIATED KM THE MASS IS GIVEN IN KILOGRAMS ABBREVIATEDKG ANDTHEMASSDENSITYISINUNITSOFKILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER DENOTEDKGM¥"YWAYOF COMPARISON THERADIUSOFOUR-OONISKILOMETERSANDTHE-OONSMEANMASSDENSITYISKGM¥ 4HEPLANET-ERCURYHASARADIUSOFKILOMETERSANDAMEANDENSITYOFKGM¥ B4HEORBITALPERIODOF%UROPAISABOUTTWICETHATOF)O ANDTHEORBITALPERIODOF'ANYMEDEISNEARLYTWICE THATOF%UROPA
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
HJBOUQMBOFUBOEWBTUMZJODSFBTJOHPVSVOEFSTUBOEJOHPG+VQJUFSBOEUIFGPVS(BMJMFBOTBU FMMJUFT *P &VSPQB (BOZNFEFBOE$BMMJTUPѮFNJTTJPOJTOBNFEBѫFSUIF*UBMJBOBTUSPO PNFS(BMJMFP(BMJMFJ ¢ XIPEJTDPWFSFEUIFGPVSMBSHFNPPOTPG+VQJUFS OPX LOPXOBTUIF(BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT JOѮFNJTTJPOXBTUFSNJOBUFEPO4FQUFNCFS (BNNB "VOJUPGNBHOFUJDêFMETUSFOHUIFRVBMUP(BVTT 5FTMB BOEPOF
OBOP5FTMB (BNNBSBZ 4FFHBNNBSBZSBEJBUJPO (BNNBSBZCVSTU *OUFOTFSBEJBUJPOPGDPTNJDHBNNBSBZTMBTUJOHGPSBGFXTFDPOET
PSNJOVUFT OFWFSDPNJOHGSPNUIFTBNFQMBDFUXJDF XIPTFEJTDPWFSZVTJOHUIF7FMB TBUFMMJUFTPGUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT%FQBSUNFOUPG%FGFOTFXBTBOOPVODFEJOCZ3BZ 8 ,MFCFTBEFM ¢
*BO # 4USPOH ¢
BOE 3PZ " 0MTPO ¢ ѮF HBNNBSBZ CVSTUT BSF FNJUUFE GSPN EJTUBOU HBMBYJFT TPNFUJNFT QSPEVDJOH BCPVU BT NVDIFOFSHZJOBGFXTFDPOETBTUIFWJTJCMFMJHIUFOFSHZFNJUUFECZBMMUIFTUBSTJOBMM UIFHBMBYJFTUIBUXFDBOPCTFSWF (BNNBSBZ SBEJBUJPO ѮF NPTU FOFSHFUJD GPSN PG FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO XJUI QIPUPOFOFSHJFTJOFYDFTTPGLF7PS.F7ѮFXBWFMFOHUIPGHBNNBSBZSBEJB UJPO JT MFTT UIBO OBOPNFUFS PS NFUFST UIF TIPSUFTU QPTTJCMF #FDBVTF UIF &BSUITBUNPTQIFSFBCTPSCTUIFSBEJBUJPOBUUIBUFOEPGUIFFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDTQFDUSVN HBNNBSBZTUVEJFTPGDPTNJDPCKFDUTBSFDPOEVDUFEGSPNTBUFMMJUFTTVDIBTUIF$PNQ UPO(BNNB3BZ0CTFSWBUPSZ4FF$PNQUPO(BNNB3BZ0CTFSWBUPSZBOEFMFDUSP NBHOFUJDTQFDUSVN (BOZNFEF ѮFMBSHFTUPG+VQJUFST(BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT EJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF*UBMJBO
BTUSPOPNFS(BMJMFP(BMJMFJ ¢ (BOZNFEFIBTBSBEJVTPGLJMPNFUFST BOEBNBTTEFOTJUZPGLJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFS*UJTUIFMBSHFTUTBUFMMJUFJOUIF 4PMBS4ZTUFNBOECJHHFSUIBOUIFQMBOFU.FSDVSZ(BOZNFEFIBTBOJOUSJOTJDNBHOFUJD êFME EJTDPWFSFEXJUIJOTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEUIF(BMJMFPTQBDFDSBѫJOUIFMBUFTBOE JUJTUIFPOMZTBUFMMJUFUIBUOPXHFOFSBUFTJUTPXONBHOFUJTN4FF(BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT (BT QSFTTVSF ѮF PVUXBSE QSFTTVSF DBVTFE CZ UIF NPUJPOT PG HBT QBSUJDMFT BOE
JODSFBTJOHXJUIUIFJSUFNQFSBUVSF(BTQSFTTVSFTVQQPSUTNBJOTFRVFODFTUBSTMJLFUIF 4VOBHBJOTUUIFJOXBSEGPSDFPGUIFJSJNNFOTFHSBWJUZ (BVTT ѮFDHT PSDFOUJNFUFSHSBNTFDPOE VOJUPGNBHOFUJDêFMETUSFOHUI OBNFE
BѫFSUIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTUBOEBTUSPOPNFS,BSM'SJFESJDI(BVTT ¢
XIP TIPXFEJOUIBUUIF&BSUITEJQPMBSNBHOFUJDêFMENVTUPSJHJOBUFJOTJEFUIFQMBOFU ѮF 4* PS 4ZTUFNF *OUFSOBUJPOBM VOJU PG NBHOFUJD êFME TUSFOHUI JT UIF 5FTMB XIFSF 5FTMB (BVTT (BVTT ѮF 5FTMB JT OBNFE BѫFS UIF $SPBUJBOCPSO "NFSJDBOFMFDUSJDBMFOHJOFFS/JLPMB5FTMB ¢
XIPXBTBQJPOFFSJOUIFVTF PGBMUFSOBUJOHDVSSFOUFMFDUSJDJUZ4FFHBNNBBOE5FTMB (BVTTJBOEJTUSJCVUJPO 4FF.BYXFMMJBOEJTUSJCVUJPO (FNJOHB "CSJHIUHBNNBSBZTPVSDFEJTDPWFSFEJOJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO(FN JOJXJUIJOTUSVNFOUTBCPBSE/"4"TTFDPOE4NBMM"TUSPOPNZ4BUFMMJUF BCCSFWJBUFE
(MPTTBSZ(
4"4ѮFOBNF(FNJOHBXBTDIPTFOCFDBVTFJUJTBOBCCSFWJBUJPOGPSUIFi(FNJOJ HBNNBSBZTPVSDFuBOECFDBVTF(FNJOHBNFBOTiOPUUIFSFuJOUIF.JMBOFTFEJBMFDU PG *UBMZ 'PS OFBSMZ ZFBST UIF OBUVSF PG (FNJOHB XBT VOLOPXO ѮFO JO JOTUSVNFOUT BCPBSE UIF 304"5 TBUFMMJUF EFUFDUFE WBSJBCMF 9SBZ FNJTTJPO XJUI B QFSJPEPGTFDPOET TVHHFTUJOHUIBU(FNJOHBJTBO9SBZQVMTBSѮFQVMTF PS SPUBUJPOBMQFSJPE BOEUIFSBUFBUXIJDI(FNJOHBJTTMPXJOHEPXO JOEJDBUFUIBUUIF SPUBUJOHOFVUSPOTUBSGPSNFEBCPVU ZFBSTBHP QSFTVNBCMZEVSJOHBTVQFS OPWBFYQMPTJPOѮFPQUJDBMDPVOUFSQBSUJTWFSZGBJOU PGBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEF XJUIBQSPQFSNPUJPOUIBUJTDPOTJTUFOUXJUIBEJTUBODFPGBCPVUMJHIUZFBST /PSBEJPQVMTBSIBTCFFOEFUFDUFE (FNJOJ 0CTFSWBUPSZ 5XJONFUFS JODI PQUJDBMJOGSBSFEUFMFTDPQFT POFJO UIFOPSUIBOEUIFPUIFSJOUIFTPVUI XIJDIUPHFUIFSBDDFTTUIFFOUJSFTLZѮF(FNJOJ 4PVUI5FMFTDPQFJTMPDBUFEBU$FSSP1BDIÓO $IJMF BOEUIF(FNJOJ/PSUI5FMFTDPQF JTMPDBUFEPO)BXBJJT.BVOB,FBѮFZXFSFCVJMUBOEBSFPQFSBUFECZBQBSUOFSTIJQ PG DPVOUSJFT UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT 6OJUFE ,JOHEPN $BOBEB $IJMF "VTUSBMJB #SB[JM BOE"SHFOUJOBѮFJOUFSOBUJPOBMIFBERVBSUFSTPGUIF(FNJOJ0CTFSWBUPSZJTMPDBUFEJO )JMP )BXBJJBUUIF6OJWFSTJUZPG)BXBJJJO)JMPT6OJWFSTJUZ1BSL BOEJUJTNBOBHFECZ UIF"TTPDJBUJPOGPS6OJWFSTJUJFTGPS3FTFBSDIGPS"TUSPOPNZ (FNJOJUFMFTDPQFT 4FF(FNJOJ0CTFSWBUPSZ (FOFSBM 5IFPSZ PG 3FMBUJWJUZ "UIFPSZJOXIJDIHSBWJUZJTJOUFSQSFUFEJOUFSNTPG UIFDVSWBUVSFJOUIFHFPNFUSZPGTQBDFUJNFCZNBTTFOFSHZ QPTUVMBUFEJOmCZ UIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ *UJODMVEFTUIFBTTVNQUJPOUIBU HSBWJUBUJPOBMNBTTJTFRVBMUPJOFSUJBMNBTTѮF(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZFYQMBJOFE UIFBOPNBMPVTQSFDFTTJPOPG.FSDVSZTQFSJIFMJPO BOEQSFEJDUFEUIFCFOEJOHPGTUBS MJHIUCZUIF4VO UIFFYJTUFODFPGHSBWJUBUJPOBMMFOTFT BOEUIFFYJTUFODFPGHSBWJUBUJPOBM SBEJBUJPO4FFCJOBSZQVMTBS HSBWJUBUJPOBMMFOT HSBWJUBUJPOBMSBEJBUJPO NBTT BOEOPO &VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZ (FOFTJTNJTTJPO /"4"MBVODIFEUIF(FOFTJTTQBDFDSBѫPO0DUPCFS EFTJHOFE
UPDPMMFDUTBNQMFTPGUIFTPMBSXJOEBOESFUVSOUIFNUPUIF&BSUIJOBDBQTVMFXJUIB NJEBJSDBQUVSFJO XIJDIGBJMFE (FPDFOUSJD $FOUFSFEPOUIF&BSUI*OHFPDFOUSJDDPTNPMPHZUIF&BSUIJTTJUVBUFEBU UIFDFOUFSPGUIF6OJWFSTF (FPNBHOFUJDmFME ѮFNBHOFUJDêFMEJOBOEBSPVOEUIF&BSUIѮFTUSFOHUIPGUIF
NBHOFUJDêFMEBUUIF&BSUITTVSGBDFJTBQQSPYJNBUFMZ5FTMB PS(BVTT BU UIFFRVBUPSBOE5FTMB PS(BVTT BUUIF/PSUI1PMF5PBêSTUBQQSPYJ NBUJPO UIF&BSUITNBHOFUJDêFMEJTMJLFUIBUPGBCBSNBHOFU PSBEJQPMF DVSSFOUMZ EJTQMBDFEBCPVULJMPNFUFSTGSPNUIFDFOUFSPGUIF&BSUIUPXBSETUIF1BDJêD0DFBO BOEUJMUFEBUEFHSFFTUPUIFSPUBUJPOBYJT (FPNBHOFUJD TUPSN " SBQJE XPSMEXJEF EJTUVSCBODF JO UIF &BSUIT NBHOFUJD êFME
UZQJDBMMZMBTUJOHBGFXIPVST DBVTFECZUIFBSSJWBMJOUIFWJDJOJUZPGUIF&BSUIPGBDPSP OBM NBTT FKFDUJPO " TVCTUPSN JTB NBHOFUJD EJTUVSCBODF PCTFSWFE JO 1PMBS 3FHJPOT POMZ BOEJTBTTPDJBUFEXJUIDIBOHFTJOEJSFDUJPOPGUIFJOUFSQMBOFUBSZNBHOFUJDêFMEBT
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
JUFODPVOUFSTUIF&BSUI"VSPSBMBDUJWJUZBOEEJTSVQUJPOPGSBEJPDPNNVOJDBUJPOTBSF DPNNPOEVSJOHJOUFOTFHFPNBHOFUJDTUPSNT4FFDPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPOBOENBHOFUJD TUPSN (FPNFUSZ ѮFNBUIFNBUJDTPGMJOFTESBXOUISPVHITQBDF4FF&VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZ
BOEOPO&VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZ (FPTZODISPOPVTPSCJU ѮFPSCJUPGBTBUFMMJUFUIBUUSBWFMTBCPWFUIF&BSUITFRVBUPS
GSPNXFTUUPFBTUBUBOBMUJUVEFXIFSFUIFTBUFMMJUFTPSCJUBMWFMPDJUZJTFRVBMUPUIFSPUB UJPOBMWFMPDJUZPGUIF&BSUI*OUIJTPSCJU BTBUFMMJUFSFNBJOTOFBSMZTUBUJPOBSZBCPWFB QBSUJDVMBSQPJOUPOUIFQMBOFU4VDIBOPSCJUIBTBOBMUJUVEFPGBCPVULJMPNFUFST 4FFTZODISPOPVTPSCJU (JBOU NPMFDVMBS DMPVE "O JOUFSTUFMMBS DMPVE PG HBT BOE EVTU DPOTJTUJOH NPTUMZ PG
NPMFDVMBS IZESPHFO CVU DPOUBJOJOH PUIFS NPMFDVMFT MJLF BNNPOJB DBSCPO NPOPY JEF GPSNBMEFIZEFBOEXBUFS XIJDIBSFVQUPMJHIUZFBSTBDSPTTBOEBTNBTTJWFBT UJNFTUIFNBTTPGUIF4VO4UBSTBSFOPXCFJOHCPSOJOHJBOUNPMFDVMBSDMPVET 4FFEBSLOFCVMBF JOUFSTUFMMBSNPMFDVMFT NPMFDVMBSDMPVE BOEQSPUPTUBS (JBOUQMBOFU "MBSHFQMBOFUXJUIBTJ[FBOENBTTOPUJDFBCMZCJHHFSUIBOUIPTFPGUIF &BSUIѮFGPVSHJBOUQMBOFUTJOPVS4PMBS4ZTUFNBSF+VQJUFS 4BUVSO 6SBOVTBOE/FQ UVOF .PSF UIBO +VQJUFSTJ[FE QMBOFUT IBWF CFFO EJTDPWFSFE JO UJHIU PSCJU BCPVU SFMBUJWFMZ OFBSCZ 4VOMJLF TUBST 4FF FYPQMBOFU 1FHBTJ 6STBF .BKPSJT +VQJUFS /FQUVOF 4BUVSO BOE6SBOVT (JBOUTUBS "MBSHF NBTTJWF IJHIMVNJOPTJUZTUBSUIBUTIJOFTSPVHIMZBIVOESFEUJNFT
NPSF CSJHIUMZ UIBO UIF 4VO BOE EFTJHOBUFE CZ MVNJOPTJUZ DMBTTFT ** *** BOE *7 GPS CSJHIU OPSNBMBOETVCHJBOUT"HJBOUTUBSIBTFWPMWFEPĒBOEBCPWFUIFNBJOTFRVFODF PGUIF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN"HJBOUTUBSJTMBSHFSUIBOBNBJOTFRVFODF PS EXBSG TUBSPGUIFTBNFUFNQFSBUVSF CVUHJBOUTPGJOUFSNFEJBUFUFNQFSBUVSFBSFTNBMMFS UIBOUIFIPUUFTUNBJOTFRVFODFTUBST"NBJOTFRVFODFTUBSXJMMFWPMWFJOUPBHJBOUTUBS XIFOJUIBTEFQMFUFEUIFIZESPHFOGVFMJOJUTDPSF(JBOUTUBSTCFMPOHUPBMBUFBOESFMB UJWFMZTIPSUQFSJPEPGTUFMMBSFWPMVUJPO BOEBSFUIFSFGPSFSFMBUJWFMZSBSFTUBST#FDBVTF PGUIFJSIJHIMVNJOPTJUZ HJBOUTUBSTBSFOFWFSUIFMFTTRVJUFDPNNPOBNPOHUIFCSJHIU FTUTUBST TVDIBT"MEFCBSBO "SDUVSVTBOE$BQFMMB4FF"MEFCBSBO "SDUVSVT $BQFMMB )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN NBJOTFRVFODF BOETUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO (JPUUP .JTTJPO &4"MBVODIFEUIF(JPUUPTQBDFDSBѫPO+VMZ*UFODPVOUFSFE
$PNFU)BMMFZPO.BSDI PCUBJOJOHJNBHFTPGJUTEBSL JSSFHVMBSKFUTQFXJOH OVDMFVTBOENFBTVSJOHUIFBNPVOUPGXBUFSBOEEVTUFNJUUFEѮFNJTTJPOJTOBNFE BѫFSUIF'MPSFOUJOFQBJOUFS(JPUUPEJ#POEPOF D¢D
XIPTFGSFTDPFTJO UIF"SFOB$IBQFMJO1BEVB *UBMZJMMVTUSBUFUIFMJWFTPG+FTVT$ISJTUBOEPGUIF7JSHJO .BSZ JODMVEJOHUIFCJSUIPG+FTVTXJUIBDPNFUJOUIFTLZ (MPCBM0TDJMMBUJPO/FUXPSL(SPVQ "CCSFWJBUFE(0/( BOFUXPSLPGTJYJEFOUJDBM TPMBSUFMFTDPQFTMPDBUFEBSPVOEUIFXPSMEBOEPQFSBUFECZUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT/BUJPOBM 4PMBS0CTFSWBUPSZѮFUFMFTDPQFTGPMMPXUIF4VOBTUIF&BSUISPUBUFT QSPWJEJOHBMNPTU DPOUJOVPVT NPOJUPSJOH PG UIF 4VOT êWFNJOVUF PTDJMMBUJPOT PS QVMTBUJPOT BOE UIF BTTPDJBUFETPVOEXBWFTUIBUQFOFUSBUFUIF4VOTJOUFSJPS#FHJOOJOHPQFSBUJPOTJO
(MPTTBSZ(
UIF(MPCBM0TDJMMBUJPO/FUXPSL(SPVQIBTQSPWJEFEWBMVBCMFJOGPSNBUJPOBCPVUUIF DPNQPTJUJPO NPUJPOT TUSVDUVSFBOEUFNQFSBUVSFPGUIF4VOTJOUFSJPSVTJOHUIFUFDI OJRVFPGIFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ4FFêWFNJOVUFPTDJMMBUJPOT IFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ BOE/BUJPOBM 4PMBS0CTFSWBUPSZ (MPCBMXBSNJOH "QPUFOUJBMMZEBOHFSPVTJODSFBTFJOUIFUFNQFSBUVSFPGUIF&BSUIEVF
UPBOJODSFBTFPGIFBUUSBQQJOHHBTFT MJLFDBSCPOEJPYJEF JOUIFBUNPTQIFSF SFTVMUJOH GSPNIVNBOBDUJWJUZTVDIBTUIFCVSOJOHPGUIFGPTTJMGVFMTDPBM HBTBOEPJM*OUIF 4XFEJTIDIFNJTU4WBOUF"SSIFOJVT ¢ TIPXFEUIBUBEPVCMJOHPGUIF&BSUIT BUNPTQIFSJDDBSCPOEJPYJEFQSPEVDFTBHMPCBMXBSNJOHPGUPEFHSFFT$FOUJHSBEF UPEFHSFFT'BISFOIFJU
DPNQBSBCMFUPNPEFSOFTUJNBUFT.FBTVSFNFOUTCFHVO JOCZUIF"NFSJDBOTDJFOUJTU$IBSMFT,FFMJOH ¢ IBWFEFNPOTUSBUFE BOFYQPOFOUJBMSJTFJOUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSJDDBSCPOEJPYJEFPWFSUIFTVCTFRVFOUUXP EFDBEFT BOEUIBUCZCVSOJOHDPBM HBTBOEPJMIVNBOTIBWFJODSFBTFEUIFBNPVOUPG DBSCPOEJPYJEFJOUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSFCZQFSDFOUTJODFUIFJOEVTUSJBMSFWPMVUJPO 4FFHSFFOIPVTFFĒFDU (MPCVMBSDMVTUFS "EFOTFMZQBDLFE HSBWJUBUJPOBMMZCPVOEBHHSFHBUJPOPGUIPVTBOE
UP B UFO NJMMJPO TUBST XJUIJO B SFHJPO UIBU JT BCPVU MJHIUZFBST BDSPTT (MPCVMBS DMVTUFSTDPOUBJO1PQVMBUJPO**TUBSTUIBUBSFBUMFBTUCJMMJPOZFBSTPMEBOEIBWFBMPX BCVOEBODFPGIFBWZFMFNFOUT(MPCVMBSDMVTUFSTBSFVTVBMMZTQIFSJDBMMZTIBQFE BOEDBO CFGPVOEJOUIFIBMPTPGTQJSBMHBMBYJFT"TTIPXOJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS )BSMPX4IBQMFZ ¢
UIFHMPCVMBSDMVTUFSTJOPVS.JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZBSFEJT USJCVUFEJOBSPVHIMZTQIFSJDBMTZTUFNUIBUJTDFOUFSFEGBSGSPNUIF4VOBOEFOWFMPQT UIFëBUUFOFETUFMMBSEJTLPGUIF.JMLZ8BZ0VS(BMBYZIBTBCPVULOPXOHMPCVMBS DMVTUFST EJTUSJCVUFEJOBTQIFSJDBMIBMPBUEJTUBODFTBTGBSBTMJHIUZFBSTGSPN UIFHBMBDUJDDFOUFS CVUNPTUPGUIFNMJFOPGVSUIFSGSPNUIFHBMBDUJDDFOUFSUIBOUIF 4VOѮFJSFYUSFNFBHFBOEEJTUSJCVUJPOJOUIFHBMBDUJDIBMPJOEJDBUFUIBUHMPCVMBSDMVT UFSTPSJHJOBUFEXIFOPVS(BMBYZXBTGPSNJOHCZUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMDPOUSBDUJPOPGBWFSZ MBSHFDPODFOUSBUJPOPGHBTFPVTNBUFSJBM#SJHIUHMPCVMBSDMVTUFSTJOPVS(BMBYZJODMVEF 0NFHB$FOUBVSJ 5VDBOBF BOE.ѮFMBSHFTUFMMJQUJDBMHBMBYJFTNBZIBWFUIPV TBOETPGHMPCVMBSDMVTUFST4FFHBMBDUJDIBMP 1PQVMBUJPO**TUBS BOETUFMMBSQPQVMBUJPOT (.5 "CCSFWJBUJPOGPS(SFFOXJDI.FBO5JNF4FF(SFFOXJDI.FBO5JNF TPMBSUJNF
BOE6OJWFSTBM5JNF (PEEBSE 4QBDF 'MJHIU $FOUFS /"4"T (PEEBSE 4QBDF 'MJHIU $FOUFS BCCSFWJBUFE (4'$ JTMPDBUFEJO(SFFOCFMU .BSZMBOE KVTUBGFXNJMFTOPSUIFBTUPG8BTIJOHUPO %$ ѮF DFOUFS NBOBHFT NBOZ PG /"4"T &BSUI PCTFSWBUJPO BTUSPOPNZ BOE TQBDF QIZTJDTNJTTJPOT4FF/BUJPOBM"FSPOBVUJDTBOE4QBDF"ENJOJTUSBUJPO (0/( "DSPOZNGPS(MPCBM0TDJMMBUJPO/FUXPSL(SPVQ4FF(MPCBM0TDJMMBUJPO/FU
XPSL(SPVQ (SBOVMBUJPO "NPUUMFE DFMMVMBSQBUUFSOWJTJCMFBUIJHITQBUJBMSFTPMVUJPOJOUIFXIJUF MJHIUPGUIFQIPUPTQIFSFѮFTPMBSHSBOVMBUJPOFYIJCJUTBOPOTUBUJPOBSZ PWFSUVSOJOH NPUJPO BWJTJCMFNBOJGFTUBUJPOPGIPUHBTFTSJTJOHGSPNUIF4VOTJOUFSJPSCZDPOWFD UJPO4FFHSBOVMFBOETVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
(SBOVMF 0OFPGBCPVUBNJMMJPOCSJHIUSFHJPOT PSDFMMT UIBUDPWFSUIFWJTJCMFTPMBS EJTL BU BOZ JOTUBOU BOE UIBU DPNQSJTF UIF HSBOVMBUJPO EFUFDUFE JO IJHISFTPMVUJPO XIJUFMJHIUPCTFSWBUJPOTPGUIFQIPUPTQIFSFѮFCSJHIUDFOUFSPGFBDIHSBOVMF PSDPO WFDUJPODFMM JTUIFIJHIFTUQPJOUPGBSJTJOHDPMVNOPGIPUHBTѮFEBSLFEHFTPGFBDI HSBOVMFBSFUIFDPPMFEHBT XIJDIJTEFTDFOEJOHCFDBVTFJUJTEFOTFSUIBOUIFIPUUFSHBT ѮFNFBOBOHVMBSEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUIFCSJHIUDFOUFSTPGBEKBDFOUHSBOVMFTJTBCPVU TFDPOETPGBSD DPSSFTQPOEJOHUPBCPVULJMPNFUFSTBUUIFQIPUPTQIFSF*OEJWJEVBM HSBOVMFTBSFPѫFOQPMZHPOBMTIBQFESFHJPOT BOEUIFZBQQFBSBOEEJTBQQFBSPOUJNF TDBMFTPGBCPVUUFONJOVUFT4FFHSBOVMBUJPO (SBWJUBUJPOBMDPMMBQTF ѮFDPMMBQTFPGBDPTNJDPCKFDU TVDIBTBOJOUFSTUFMMBSDMPVE PSBTUBS PSFWFOUIFFOUJSF6OJWFSTF XIFOUIFSFJTOPUIJOHUPTVēDJFOUMZTVQQPSUJU BHBJOTUUIFDPNCJOFEHSBWJUBUJPOBMBUUSBDUJPOPGJUTDPNQPOFOUQBSUT (SBWJUBUJPOBMMFOT *OUIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ QSF EJDUFEUIBUUIF4VODVSWFTTQBDFJOJUTWJDJOJUZ CFOEJOHBMJHIUSBZQBTTJOHUIF4VOT FEHFCZTFDPOETPGBSDѮFQSFEJDUFEHSBWJUBUJPOBMCFOEJOHPGTUBSMJHIUQBTTJOH OFBSUIF4VOXBTêSTUNFBTVSFEEVSJOHUIFUPUBMTPMBSFDMJQTFPG.BZ SFQPSUFE UIBUZFBSCZUIF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFST'SBOL8%ZTPO ¢
"SUIVS&EEJOH UPO ¢ BOE$IBSMFT%BWJETPO ¢ *UXBTOUVOUJMUIBU&JO TUFJOQVCMJTIFEFBSMJFSDBMDVMBUJPOTPGUIFDPNQMFUF DPTNJDHSBWJUBUJPOBMMFOTFĒFDU JO SFTQPOTFUPQSPEEJOHCZBOBNBUFVSTDJFOUJTU TIPXJOHUIBUUIFBQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZ PG B EJTUBOU TUBS DPVME CF NBHOJêFE CZ UIF HSBWJUBUJPOBM MFOT FĒFDU PG B OFBSCZ TUBS ѮF EJTDPWFSZ PG EPVCMF USJQMF BOE RVBESVQMF JNBHFT PG EJTUBOU RVBTBST JO UP QVUUIFDPODFQUPGDPTNJDHSBWJUBUJPOBMMFOTFTPOBêSNPCTFSWBUJPOBMGPPUJOH "TTVHHFTUFEJOCZUIF4XJTTBTUSPOPNFS'SJU[;XJDLZ ¢
EBSLNBUUFS JOBNBTTJWFDMVTUFSPGHBMBYJFTDBOBDUBTBHSBWJUBUJPOBMMFOT EJWFSUJOHBOEGPDVTJOH UIFMJHIUPGNPSFEJTUBOUHBMBYJFTѮFDMVTUFSPGHBMBYJFTDBOQSPEVDFNVMUJQMFJNBHFT PSBSDTBOETPNFUJNFTDBVTFUIFCBDLHSPVOEHBMBYZPSRVBTBSUPMPPLCSJHIUFSUIBOJU XPVME PUIFSXJTF BQQFBS *O UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFST 3PHFS -ZOET ¢ BOE7BIÊ1FUSPTJBO ¢ SFQPSUFEPCTFSWBUJPOTJOEJDBUJOHUIBUBDMVTUFSPGHBMBYJFT BDUTBTBHSBWJUBUJPOBMMFOT TQSFBEJOHUIFMJHIUPGSFNPUFCBDLHSPVOEHBMBYJFTJOUPBO BSSBZPGMVNJOPVTBSDTBOEQSPWJEJOHJOGPSNBUJPOBCPVUEBSLNBUUFSJOUIFDMVTUFSPG HBMBYJFT4FFNJDSPMFOTJOH (SBWJUBUJPOBMSBEJBUJPO ѮF(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ JOUSPEVDFECZUIF(FSNBO
QIZTJDJTU"MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ QSFEJDUTUIBUBOZOPOTQIFSJDBM EZOBNJDBMMZ DIBOHJOH NBTTJWF TZTUFN NVTU QSPEVDF HSBWJUBUJPOBM XBWFT XIJDI DBSSZ FOFSHZ BU UIFTQFFEPGMJHIU"TXJUIFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDXBWFT UIFBNQMJUVEFPGHSBWJUBUJPOBMXBWFT GBMMTPĒBTUIFJOWFSTFPGUIFEJTUBODFGSPNUIFJSTPVSDFѮFFYQFDUFEFĒFDUTPGHSBWJ UBUJPOBMSBEJBUJPOXFSFEFUFDUFEJOUIFEFDSFBTJOHPSCJUBMQFSJPEPGUIFCJOBSZQVMTBS EJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOSBEJPBTUSPOPNFST3VTTFMM")VMTF ¢ BOE +PTFQI)5BZMPS+S ¢ ѮFCJOBSZQVMTBSDPOTJTUTPGBQBJSPGDPNQBDUOFVUSPO TUBSTUIBUBSFTMPXMZNPWJOHUPXBSEFBDIPUIFS QSPEVDJOHBEFDSFBTFJOUIFPSCJUBMQFSJPE XJUI B SBUF PG FOFSHZ MPTT UIBU JT DPOTJTUFOU XJUI HSBWJUBUJPOBM SBEJBUJPO )PXFWFS OP JOTUSVNFOUIBTEJSFDUMZPCTFSWFEHSBWJUZXBWFTBTUIFZSJQQMFUISPVHIUIFGBCSJDPGTQBDF
(MPTTBSZ(
UJNF4IPSUMJWFECVSTUTPGEFUFDUBCMFHSBWJUBUJPOBMXBWFT MBTUJOHKVTUBGFXNJOVUFTPS MFTT NJHIUCFQSPEVDFECZWJPMFOUFWFOUTJOUIFEJTUBOU6OJWFSTF TVDIBTUIFDPMMJTJPO PGUXPCMBDLIPMFT UIFDPBMFTDFODFBOENFSHJOHPGUXPOFVUSPOTUBST UIFHSBWJUBUJPOBM DPMMBQTF BTTPDJBUFE XJUI UIF GPSNBUJPO PG B CMBDL IPMF PS OFVUSPO TUBS PS UIF TIPDL XBWFTHFOFSBUFEEVSJOHQPXFSGVMTUFMMBSFYQMPTJPOTDBMMFETVQFSOPWBFѮFZNJHIUCF EFUFDUFE JO UIF GVUVSF XJUI JOTUSVNFOUT MJLF UIF -BTFS *OUFSGFSPNFUFS (SBWJUBUJPOBM XBWF0CTFSWBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE-*(0 XIJDICFHBOPQFSBUJPOJO4FFCJOBSZQVM TBSBOE-BTFS*OUFSGFSPNFUFS(SBWJUBUJPOBMXBWF0CTFSWBUPSZ (SBWJUBUJPOBMXBWFT 4FFHSBWJUBUJPOBMSBEJBUJPO (SBWJUZ ѮFVOJWFSTBMGPSDFPGBUUSBDUJPOCFUXFFOBMMQBSUJDMFTPGNBUUFS"DDPSEJOHUP
UIF&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU*TBBD/FXUPO ¢
UIFGPSDFPGHSBWJUBUJPOBMBUUSBDUJPO CFUXFFOUXPPCKFDUTJTEJSFDUMZQSPQPSUJPOBMUPUIFNBTTPGFBDIPCKFDUBOEEFDSFBTFT CZUIFTRVBSFPGUIFEJTUBODFTFQBSBUJOHUIFNѮFGPSDF EFOPUFECZ' CFUXFFOUXP NBTTFT EFOPUFE.BOE. BOETFQBSBUFECZEJTUBODF % JTHJWFOCZ'(..% XIFSFUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMDPOTUBOU(/FXUPONLH*OIJT(FOFSBM ѮFPSZ PG 3FMBUJWJUZ UIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU "MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ JOUFSQSFUFE HSBWJUZBTBDPOTFRVFODFPGUIFDVSWBUVSFPGTQBDFJOEVDFECZUIFQSFTFODFPGBNBTTJWF PCKFDU4FFDVSWBUVSFPGTQBDF BOE(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ (SBWJUZ 1SPCF # " HZSPTDPQF FYQFSJNFOU MBVODIFE CZ /"4" PO "QSJM
EFTJHOFEGPSQSFDJTFUFTUTPGUIF(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ (SFBU BUUSBDUPS " EJTUBOU DPODFOUSBUJPO PG FOPSNPVT NBTT EJTDPWFSFE JO CZ
UIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS"MBO%SFTTMFS ¢ BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFT UIBUJTBQQBSFOUMZ QVMMJOHBMMUIFHBMBYJFTXJUIJONJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTJOUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIFDPOTUFMMB UJPOT)ZESBBOE$FOUBVSVTѮF(SFBU"UUSBDUPSMJFTBCPVUNJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTBXBZ XJUIBOFTUJNBUFENBTTFRVJWBMFOUUPBCPVUHBMBYJFTMJLFPVS.JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZ (SFBUDJSDMF ѮFMJOFUSBDFEPVUPOUIF&BSUICZBQMBOFQBTTJOHUISPVHIUIFDFOUFSPG
UIFHMPCF EJWJEJOHJUJOUPUXPFRVBMIFNJTQIFSFTѮFOBNFDPNFTGSPNUIFGBDUUIBU OPHSFBUFSDJSDMFTDBOCFESBXOPOBTQIFSF"HSFBUDJSDMFIBMGXBZCFUXFFOUIF/PSUI BOE4PVUI1PMFTJTDBMMFEUIFFRVBUPS CFDBVTFJUJTFRVBMMZEJTUBOUCFUXFFOCPUIQPMFT (SFBU0CTFSWBUPSJFT /"4"TGPVSPSCJUJOHTBUFMMJUFTDBSSZJOHUFMFTDPQFTEFTJHOFEUP TUVEZUIF6OJWFSTFJOCPUIWJTJCMFMJHIUBOEOPOWJTJCMFGPSNT PGSBEJBUJPOѮFêSTU JOUIFTFSJFTXBTUIF)VCCMF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF MBVODIFEPO"QSJMBOEPQFSBU JOH NBJOMZ JO WJTJCMF MJHIU UIF TFDPOE XBT UIF $PNQUPO(BNNB3BZ0CTFSWBUPSZ MBVODIFEJOUP&BSUIPSCJUPO"QSJM UIFUIJSEXBTUIF$IBOESB9SBZ0CTFS WBUPSZ MBVODIFE+VMZ BOEUIFGPVSUIJTUIFJOGSBSFE4QJU[FS4QBDF5FMFTDPQF MBVODIFEPO"VHVTU4FF$IBOESB9SBZ0CTFSWBUPSZ $PNQUPO(BNNB3BZ 0CTFSWBUPSZ )VCCMF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF BOE4QJU[FS4QBDF5FMFTDPQF (SFBU3FE4QPU "MBSHFPWBMBSFBJOUIFTPVUIFSOIFNJTQIFSFPG+VQJUFS XIJDIJTMBSHFS
UIBO UXP &BSUI EJBNFUFST BOE IBT CFFO PCTFSWFE XJUI TNBMM UFMFTDPQFT GPS DFOUVSJFT ѮF(SFBU3FE4QPUJTBTXJSMJOH IJHIQSFTTVSFTUPSNDMPVE LOPXOBTBOBOUJDZDMPOF USBQQFECFUXFFODPVOUFSëPXJOHFBTUXFTUBOEXFTUFBTUKFUXJOETUIBUGVOOFMTNBMMFS
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
FEEJFTUPXBSEUIFTQPU IFMQJOHUPSPMMJUBSPVOEѮF(SFBU3FE4QPUDBODPOTVNFTNBMMFS FEEJFTUIBUQBTTJOJUTWJDJOJUZ FYUSBDUJOHUIFJSFOFSHZBOEWBSZJOHGSPNBCPVUUP LJMPNFUFSTXJEFCZUPLJMPNFUFSTMPOHѮFFBSMJFTUTJHIUJOHTPGB MBSHFTQPUJOUIFBUNPTQIFSFPG+VQJUFSIBWFCFFODSFEJUFEUPUIF&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU3PCFSU )PPLF ¢ JOBOEUP*UBMJBOCPSO'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS(JBO (JPWBOOJ %PNFOJDP +FBO%PNJOJRVF $BTTJOJ ¢ UIFGPMMPXJOHZFBSѮFNPTUQSPN JOFOUTUPSNDMPVEmUIF(SFBU3FE4QPUmBQQFBSTJOSFDPSETBOEESBXJOHTEBUJOHCBDLUP CZUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS4BNVFM)FJOSJDI4DIXBCF ¢ (SFFOnBTI "NPNFOUBSZHSFFOBQQFBSBODFPGUIFVQQFSNPTUQBSUPGUIF4VOTEJTL MBTUJOHBGFXTFDPOETKVTUCFGPSFTVOTFUPSKVTUBѫFSTVOSJTF XIJDISFTVMUTGSPNBUNP TQIFSJDSFGSBDUJPOBOEDBOCFPCTFSWFEJOUIFUSPQJDTBUUIFPDFBOTIPSJ[PO (SFFOIPVTFFGGFDU ѮFXBSNJOHPGBQMBOFUTTVSGBDFCZIFBUUSBQQFECZHBTFTJOJUT
BUNPTQIFSF PXJOHUPUIFJSJOGSBSFEPQBDJUZѮF'SFODINBUIFNBUJDJBO+PTFQI +FBO #BQUJTUF 'PVSJFS ¢ êSTUQSPQPTFEUIFNFDIBOJTNJO XIJMFXPOEFSJOH IPXUIF4VOTIFBUDPVMECFSFUBJOFEUPLFFQUIF&BSUIIPU*ODPNJOHTVOMJHIUJTBCTPSCFE BUUIFTVSGBDFBOESFSBEJBUFEBUMPOHFSXBWFMFOHUIT BTJOGSBSFEIFBUSBEJBUJPO"TUIF *SJTIQIZTJDJTU+PIO5ZOEBMM ¢ TIPXFEJO TJHOJêDBOUIFBUJTBCTPSCFE JOUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSFCZDBSCPOEJPYJEFBOEXBUFSWBQPSѮFTFHSFFOIPVTFHBTFT BSFOPUUSBOTQBSFOUUPUIFJOGSBSFE BOEUIFIFBUJTSFëFDUFECBDLUPUIFHSPVOEѮF OBUVSBMHSFFOIPVTFFĒFDUXBSNTUIFTVSGBDFPGUIF&BSUICZBCPVUEFHSFFT$FMTJVT BOELFFQTUIFPDFBOTGSPNGSFF[JOH)PXNVDIIFBUJOHUIFHSFFOIPVTFFĒFDUDBVTFT EFQFOETPOIPXPQBRVFUIFBUNPTQIFSFJTUPJOGSBSFESBEJBUJPO0O7FOVT UIFEFOTF DBSCPOEJPYJEFBUNPTQIFSFIBTSBJTFEUIFTVSGBDFUFNQFSBUVSFUPBSPVOELFMWJO IPUFOPVHIUPNFMUMFBE$PODFSOIBTNPVOUFEUIBUHMPCBMXBSNJOHPGUIF&BSUIXJMM SFTVMUGSPNJODSFBTFEDPODFOUSBUJPOTPGDBSCPOEJPYJEFBOEPUIFSTPDBMMFEiVOOBUVSBMu HSFFOIPVTFHBTFTSFMFBTFECZIVNBOBDUJWJUZ QBSUJDVMBSMZUIFCVSOJOHPGGPTTJMGVFMTTVDI BTDPBMBOEPJM.FBTVSFNFOUTCFHVOJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOTDJFOUJTU$IBSMFT,FFMJOH ¢ IBWFEFNPOTUSBUFEBOFYQPOFOUJBMSJTFJOUIFBNPVOUPGDBSCPOEJPYJEFJO UIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSFPWFSUIFTVCTFRVFOUUXPEFDBEFT4FFHMPCBMXBSNJOH (SFFOXJDI.FBO5JNF "CCSFWJBUFE(.5 UIFNFBOTPMBSUJNFGPSUIFNFSJEJBOPG (SFFOXJDI &OHMBOE EFTJHOBUFEJOBTUIFQSJNFNFSJEJBOPG[FSPMPOHJUVEFGPS UJNFLFFQJOH BOE OBWJHBUJPO QVSQPTFT 'PS TDJFOUJêD QVSQPTFT UIF (SFFOXJDI .FBO 5JNFJTXJEFMZLOPXOBT6OJWFSTBM5JNF PS65GPSTIPSU4FF3PZBM(SFFOXJDI0CTFS WBUPSZ 4PMBS5JNF BOE6OJWFSTBM5JNF (SFHPSJBOUFMFTDPQF "SFëFDUJOHUFMFTDPQFVTJOHBQBSBCPMJDQSJNBSZNJSSPSBOEB DPODBWF FMMJQUJDBMTFDPOEBSZNJSSPSUIBUSFëFDUTMJHIUCBDLUISPVHIBIPMFJOUIFQSJ NBSZNJSSPS OPUJODPNNPOVTFUPEBZCVUPGIJTUPSJDBMJOUFSFTUTJODFJUXBTEFTDSJCFE CZUIF4DPUUJTINBUIFNBUJDJBO+BNFT(SFHPSZ ¢ JO êWFZFBSTCFGPSF UIF&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU*TBBD/FXUPO ¢ DPOTUSVDUFEIJTêSTUSFëFDUJOHUFMF TDPQFDPOTJTUJOHPGBTQIFSJDBMQSJNBSZNJSSPSBOEBëBUTFDPOEBSZNJSSPSUPSFëFDU UIF MJHIU UP UIF TJEF OPX JO DPNNPO VTF XJUI B QBSBCPMJD QSJNBSZ 4FF /FXUPOJBO UFMFTDPQF SFëFDUPS SFëFDUJOHUFMFTDPQFBOEUFMFTDPQF
(MPTTBSZ(
4!",% 'REENHOUSEGASESnPRODUCEDBYHUMANACTIVITYA
'REENHOUSEGAS
0RE INDUSTRIAL 2ECENT #ONCENTRATIONB #ONCENTRATIONB '70#
,IFETIME YEARS
#ARBON$IOXIDE ABBREVIATED#/
PPMV
PPMV
n VARIABLE
-ETHANE ABBREVIATED#(
PPBV
PPBV
.ITROUS/XIDE ABBREVIATED./
PPBV
PPBV
#HLOROmUOROCARBONS # #
ZERO ZERO
PPTV PPTV
3ULFUR(EXAmUORIDE ABBREVIATED3&
ZERO
PPTV
3OURCES "URNINGCOAL OIL ANDNATURALGAS DE FORESTATION CEMENT MANUFACTURE ,IVESTOCK RICE GROWING NATURALGAS ANDOILPRODUCTION COALMINING .ITROGENFERTILIZERS CHEMICALMANU FACTURING WASTE TREATMENT 2EFRIGERATION AEROSOLCANS FOAM INSULATION INDUSTRIAL SOLVENTS %LECTRICALEQUIPMENT INSULATION MAGNE SIUMPRODUCTION MEDICALTREATMENTS
A&ROM HTTPCDIACESDORNLGOVPNSCURRENT?GHGHTML7ATER VAPOR PRODUCES SIXTY TO SEVENTY PERCENT OF THE
%ARTHSGLOBALWARMING BUTITISNOTINCLUDEDHEREBECAUSEWATERVAPORISNOTDIRECTLYPRODUCEDBYHUMAN ACTIVITY B!VERAGESOFTHEMEASUREDAMOUNTS ALLBYVOLUME VWHEREPPMPARTSPERMILLION PPBPARTS PERBILLION PPTPARTSPERTRILLION C4HE'70 ORTHE'LOBAL7ARMING0OTENTIAL ISUSEDTOCONTRASTTHERADIATIVEEFFECTSOFDIFFERENTGREENHOUSE GASESRELATIVETOCARBONDIOXIDE6ALUESARETHERATIOOFGLOBALWARMINGFROMONEUNITMASSOFAGASTOTHATOF ONEUNITMASSOFCARBONDIOXIDEOVERYEARS
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
(4'$ "DSPOZNGPS(PEEBSE4QBDF'MJHIU$FOUFS4FF(PEEBSE4QBDF'MJHIU$FOUFS (TUBS "ZFMMPXTUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF( TVDIBT"MQIB$FOUBVSJ $BQFMMB 6STBF.BKPSJT 1FHBTJ BOEUIF4VO.PTU(TUBSTBSFEXBSG PSNBJOTFRVFODF TUBSTTJNJMBSUPUIF4VO XJUIEJTLUFNQFSBUVSFTPGCFUXFFOBOELFMWJO4FF"MQIB$FOUBVSJ $BQFMMB 6STBF.BKPSJT )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN 1FHBTJ 4VO BOETUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO (VN/FCVMB "OFOPSNPVT OFBSDJSDVMBSFNJTTJPOOFCVMBJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPOT1VQ QJT BOE 7FMB BCPVU EFHSFFT JO BOHVMBS EJBNFUFS *U JT OBNFE BѫFS UIF "VTUSBMJBO SBEJPBTUSPOPNFS$PMJO4(VN ¢ XIPNBQQFEUIFTPVUIFSOTLZGPSSBEJP TPVSDFTBOEFNJTTJPOOFCVMB EJTDPWFSJOHUIF(VN/FCVMBJOUIFQSPDFTTѮF(VN /FCVMBNBZCFBOBODJFOUTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU XJUIBOBHFFYDFFEJOHBNJMMJPOZFBST BEJTUBODFFTUJNBUFEBUMJHIUZFBST BOEBEJBNFUFSPGBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTѮF NVDINPSFSFDFOU7FMBTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU QFSIBQTZFBSTPMEBOEDPOUBJOJOH UIF7FMBQVMTBS MJFTXJUIJOUIF(VN/FCVMB4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMB TVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU 7FMBQVMTBS BOE7FMBTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU (VOO1FUFSTPOFGGFDU ѮFBCTPSQUJPOPGUIFMJHIUPGEJTUBOURVBTBSTCZJOUFSHBMBDUJD
NBUUFS*OUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST+BNFT&(VOO ¢ BOE#SVDF1FUFS TPO ¢ TIPXFEUIBUUIFBCTFODFPGBUPNJDIZESPHFOBCTPSQUJPOJORVBTBSSBEJB UJPOQMBDFTTUSJOHFOUMJNJUTUPUIFBNPVOUPGJOUFSHBMBDUJDVOJPOJ[FEIZESPHFO*O UIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS"SUIVS'%BWJETFO ¢ NFBTVSFEUIFBCTPSQUJPO PGVMUSBWJPMFURVBTBSSBEJBUJPOCZTJOHMZJPOJ[FEIFMJVNJOJOUFSHBMBDUJDTQBDF (ZS "CCSFWJBUJPOGPSHJHBZFBS FRVBMUPBCJMMJPOZFBSTPSUPZFBST
(MPTTBSZ)
) )BEBS "MTPLOPXOBT#FUB$FOUBVSJѮFTFDPOECSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO
$FOUBVSVT UIFTUBS)BEBSIBTBOBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEFPG BEJTUBODFPGMJHIU ZFBST BOEBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG¢ )BMFT MBX ѮF MFBEJOH PS XFTUFSONPTU TQPUT PG BOZ TVOTQPU HSPVQ JO POF IFNJ TQIFSFPGUIF4VOIBWFUIFTBNFNBHOFUJDQPMBSJUZ XIJMFUIFGPMMPXJOH PSFBTUFSONPTU TQPUTIBWFUIFPQQPTJUFNBHOFUJDQPMBSJUZѮFEJSFDUJPOPGBOZCJQPMBSHSPVQJOUIF TPVUIFSOIFNJTQIFSFJTUIFSFWFSTFPGUIBUJOUIFOPSUIFSOIFNJTQIFSF"MMPGUIFTQPUT NBHOFUJDQPMBSJUJFTSFWFSTFFBDIZFBSTPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF )BMGMJGF ѮFUJNFJUUBLFTGPSIBMGPGBHJWFORVBOUJUZPGSBEJPBDUJWFNBUFSJBMUPEFDBZ
ѮFIBMGMJGFGPSVSBOJVN XIJDIEFDBZTJOUPMFBE JTNJMMJPOZFBST )BMMFZT$PNFU ѮFCSJHIU QFSJPEJDDPNFUOBNFEBѫFSUIF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS&ENPOE )BMMFZ ¢ )BMMFZGPVOEUIBUUIFPSCJUPGUIFDPNFUIFPCTFSWFEJOXBT TJNJMBSUPUIPTFPGDPNFUTPCTFSWFEJO CZUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS+PIBOOFT,FQMFS ¢ BOEJOCZBOPUIFS(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS1FUSVT"QJBOVT ¢ "MMUISFFDPNFUTNPWFEBSPVOEUIF4VOJOSFUSPHSBEFPSCJUTXJUIBTJNJMBSPSJFOUBUJPO )BMMFZBMTPLOFXUIBUUIF(SFBU$PNFUPGIBEUSBWFMFEJOUIFSFUSPHSBEFEJSFDUJPO BOEJOIFDPODMVEFEUIBUBMMGPVSDPNFUTXFSFSFUVSOTPGUIFTBNFDPNFUJOBDMPTFE FMMJQUJDBMPSCJUBSPVOEUIF4VOXJUIBQFSJPEPGBCPVU&BSUIZFBST)BMMFZDPOêEFOUMZ QSFEJDUFEJUTSFUVSOJO OPUJOHUIBUIFXPVMEOPUMJWFUPTFFJU8FOPXLOPXUIBUUIJT DPNFUIBTSFUVSOFEUPGBTDJOBUFUIFXPSMEPOBUMFBTUUIJSUZUXPDMPTFBQQSPBDIFTUPUIF 4VO FWFSTJODF#$*O.BSDIUIF(JPUUPTQBDFDSBѫëFXDMPTFFOPVHIUPJNBHF UIFOVDMFVTPG)BMMFZT$PNFU TIPXJOHUIBUJUIBTBOJSSFHVMBSTIBQF XJUIEJNFOTJPOTPG LJMPNFUFST BEBSLTVSGBDFDSVTU BOEKFUTPGEVTUBOEJDFPOJUTTVOMJUTJEF"U UIFUJNF UIFDPNFUXBTFNJUUJOHBCPVUUPOT PSLJMPHSBNT PGHBTBOEUPOT PGEVTUFWFSZTFDPOE4FFDPNFUBOE(JPUUP.JTTJPO )BMP 4FFHBMBDUJDIBMP )BMQIB 4FFIZESPHFOBMQIBMJOF )BSE9SBZT &MFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOXJUIQIPUPOFOFSHJFTPGCFUXFFOLF7BOE
LF7BOEXBWFMFOHUITCFUXFFOBCPVUBOENFUFST )BZBTIJUSBDL ѮFFWPMVUJPOBSZQBUIJOUIF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBNPGBTUBSUIBU JTGPSNJOHBTUIFSFTVMUPGHSBWJUBUJPOBMDPOUSBDUJPO MZJOHBCPWFBOEUPUIFSJHIUPGUIF TUBSTFWFOUVBMMPDBUJPOPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODF*UXBTêSTUEFTDSJCFEJOCZUIF+BQ BOFTFBTUSPQIZTJDJTU$IVTIJSP)BZBTIJ ¢
XIPSFBMJ[FEUIBUTUSPOHDPOWFDUJPO XPVMEFOBCMFBDPOUSBDUJOHTUBSUPSFMFBTFJUTFOFSHZNVDIGBTUFSUIBOCZSBEJBUJPO BOE UIBU DPOTFRVFOUMZ QSFNBJOTFRVFODFTUBSTXPVMECFDPOTJEFSBCMZNPSFMVNJOPVTUIBO UIFJSDPVOUFSQBSUTBMSFBEZPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODF"T)BZBTIJTIPXFE UIFFWPMVUJPOBSZ USBDLPGBDPOUSBDUJOHTUBSNPWFTWFSUJDBMMZEPXOXBSEVOUJMUIFDPOWFDUJPO[POFSFUSFBUT
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT 4!",% (ALLEYS#OMETA "# "# !$ A A
-AY .OVEMBER !UGUST /CTOBER *ANUARY -ARCH -AY !PRIL &EBRUARY *UNE 3EPTEMBER -ARCH /CTOBER -AY &EBRUARY *ULY 3EPTEMBER -ARCH !PRIL 3EPTEMBER /CTOBER .OVEMBER *UNE !UGUST /CTOBER 3EPTEMBER -ARCH .OVEMBER !PRIL &EBRUARY *ULY -ARCH
A$ATE OF PERIHELION PASSAGE WHERE THE PERIHELION OF A COMET IS THE POINT IN ITS ORBIT THAT IS CLOSEST TO THE 3UN 4HE FUTURE TWO PERIHELION PASSAGES OF (ALLEYS COMETAREPREDICTEDDATESALLOFTHEOTHERSHAVEBEEN RECORDED
(MPTTBSZ)
UPXBSEUIFTUFMMBSTVSGBDF BOECFDPNFTTVēDJFOUMZUIJOUIBUUIFTUBSTFWPMVUJPOBSZUSBDL UVSOTMFѫXBSEVOUJMJUSFBDIFTUIFNBJOTFRVFODF)JTUIFPSFUJDBMEFTDSJQUJPOBDDPVOUFE GPSUIF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBNTPGFYUSFNFMZZPVOHDMVTUFSTPCUBJOFECZUIF"NFS JDBO BTUSPOPNFS .FSMF ' 8BMLFS ¢ JO UP 4FF )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMM EJBHSBN )FBWZXBUFS "GPSNPGXBUFSJOXIJDIUIFBCVOEBOU MJHIU IZESPHFOBUPNT ) BSF
SFQMBDFECZMFTTBCVOEBOU EFVUFSJVNBUPNT BIFBWZGPSNPGIZESPHFOEFOPUFECZ% UPGPSN%0IFSF0EFOPUFTBOBUPNPGPYZHFO )FMJPDFOUSJD $FOUFSFEPOUIF4VO*OIFMJPDFOUSJDDPTNPMPHZ UIF4VOJTTJUVBUFEBU
UIFDFOUFSPGUIF6OJWFSTF )FMJPNFUFS "SFGSBDUJOHUFMFTDPQFXJUIUIFMFOTDVUFYBDUMZJOIBMGUPHJWFUXPJNBHFT 8IFOUIFUXPIBMWFTBSFNPWFEBQBSU UIFJSTFQBSBUJPODBOCFVTFEUPQSFDJTFMZNFB TVSFBOHMFT"IFMJPNFUFSXBTêSTUVTFEUPNFBTVSFUIFBOHVMBSEJBNFUFSPGUIF4VO IFODFUIFOBNFIFMJPNFUFS BOEUPNFBTVSFUIFBOHMFTCFUXFFODFMFTUJBMCPEJFTѮF #SJUJTIPQUJDJBO+PIO%PMMPOE ¢ NBEFUIFêSTUIFMJPNFUFSJOBOEPOF XBTVTFEJOCZUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS'SJFESJDI8JMIFMN#FTTFM ¢ UPNFBTVSFUIFBOOVBMQBSBMMBYPGUIFTUBS$ZHOJ NBLJOHUIFêSTUEFUFSNJOBUJPOPG UIFEJTUBODFPGBOZTUBSPUIFSUIBOUIF4VO4FFBOOVBMQBSBMMBYBOE$ZHOJ )FMJPQBVTF ѮFQMBDFXIFSFUIFTPMBSXJOEQSFTTVSFCBMBODFTPUIFSQSFTTVSFTGPVOE JOJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDFѮFIFMJPQBVTFJTMPDBUFEBCPVUBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJUTGSPNUIF 4VOPSBUBCPVUUJNFTUIFEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUIF&BSUIBOEUIF4VO )FMJPTFJTNPMPHZ ѮFTUVEZPGUIFJOUFSJPSPGUIF4VOCZUIFBOBMZTJTPGTPVOEXBWFT UIBUQSPQBHBUFUISPVHIUIFTPMBSJOUFSJPSBOENBOJGFTUUIFNTFMWFTCZPTDJMMBUJPOTBUUIF QIPUPTQIFSFѮFTFPTDJMMBUJPOTIBWFQFSJPETPGBSPVOEêWFNJOVUFTBOEBSFPCTFSWFE TQFDUSPTDPQJDBMMZBT%PQQMFSTIJѫTJOUIFBCTPSQUJPOMJOFTQFDUSVNѮFUFDIOJRVFPG IFMJPTFJTNPMPHZIBTCFFOVTFEUPJOGFSUIFDPNQPTJUJPO NPUJPOT TUSVDUVSFBOEUFN QFSBUVSFPGUIFTPMBSJOUFSJPS)FMJPTFJTNPMPHZJTBIZCSJEOBNFDPNCJOJOHUIF(SFFL XPSET)FMJPTGPSUIFi4VOuBOETFJTNPTGPSiUSFNPSPSRVBLFu4FFêWFNJOVUFPTDJMMB UJPOT (MPCBM0TDJMMBUJPO/FUXPSL(SPVQ BOE40MBSBOE)FMJPTQIFSJD0CTFSWBUPSZ )FMJPTQIFSF "WBTUSFHJPO DBWJUZ PSCVCCMFDBSWFEPVUPGJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDFCZUIF TPMBSXJOE BOEFYUFOEJOHUPBCPVUBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJUTGSPNUIF4VOPSUPBCPVU UJNFTUIFNFBOEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUIF&BSUIBOEUIF4VOѮFIFMJPTQIFSFJTUIF SFHJPO PG JOUFSTUFMMBS TQBDF TVSSPVOEJOH UIF 4VO XIFSF UIF 4VOT NBHOFUJD êFME BOE UIF DIBSHFE QBSUJDMFT PG UIF TPMBS XJOE DPOUSPM QMBTNB QSPDFTTFT ѮF IFMJPTQIFSF JT JNNFSTFEJOUIFMPDBMJOUFSTUFMMBSNFEJVN BOEEFêOFTUIFFYUFOUPGUIF4VOTJOëVFODF ѮFIFMJPTQIFSFDPOUBJOTPVS4PMBS4ZTUFN BOEFYUFOETXFMMCFZPOEUIFQMBOFUTUPUIF IFMJPQBVTF BOPVUFSCPVOEBSZUIBUNBSLTUIFQMBDFXIFSFUIFTPMBSXJOEQSFTTVSFCBM BODFTPUIFSQSFTTVSFTGPVOEJOJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDF4FFIFMJPQBVTF )FMJPTUBU "NPWFBCMFëBUNJSSPSVTFEUPSFëFDUTVOMJHIUJOUPBêYFETPMBSUFMFTDPQF )FMJVN "ѫFSIZESPHFO UIFTFDPOENPTUBCVOEBOUFMFNFOUJOUIF4VOBOEUIF6OJ
WFSTFѮFOVDMFVTPGBIFMJVNBUPNJTDBMMFEBOBMQIBQBSUJDMFJUDPOUBJOTUXPQSP UPOTBOEUXPOFVUSPOT)FMJVNXBTêSTUPCTFSWFEBTBTQFDUSBMMJOFEVSJOHUIFTPMBS
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
FDMJQTFPO"VHVTU CZUIF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS+VMFT+BOTTFO ¢ BOE UIF#SJUJTIBTUSPOPNFS/PSNBO-PDLZFS ¢
BOEOBNFEIFMJVNCZ-PDLZFS BѫFSUIF(SFFL4VOHPE)FMJPT)FMJVNXBTOPUGPVOEPO&BSUIVOUJM XIFOUIF 4DPUUJTIDIFNJTU8JMMJBN3BNTBZ ¢ EJTDPWFSFEJUBTHBTFPVTFNJTTJPOGSPN BIFBUFEVSBOJVNNJOFSBM.PTUPGUIFIFMJVNJOUIF6OJWFSTFXBTNBEFJOUIFJNNF EJBUFBѫFSNBUIPGUIF#JH#BOHUIBUHBWFSJTFUPUIFFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF CVUIFMJVN JTBMTPTZOUIFTJ[FEGSPNIZESPHFOJOUIFDPSFTPGNBJOTFRVFODFTUBST)FMJVNJTPOF PGUIFSBSF JOFSUOPCMFHBTFT)FMJVNIBTUXPJTPUPQFT UIFNPSFDPNNPOIFMJVN DPOUBJOJOHUXPQSPUPOTBOEUXPOFVUSPOTJOJUTOVDMFVT BOEUIFSBSFIFMJVNXJUI UXP QSPUPOT BOE POF OFVUSPO 4FF #JH #BOH DBSCPOOJUSPHFOPYZHFO DZDMF JTPUPQF OPCMFHBTFT OVDMFPTZOUIFTJT BOEQSPUPOQSPUPODIBJO )FMJVNCVSOJOH ѮFSFMFBTFPGFOFSHZCZGVTJOHIFMJVNJOUPDBSCPOXJUIJOBTUBS )FMJY /FCVMB "MBSHFQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE/($ JOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO "DRVBSJVTѮF)FMJY/FCVMBIBTBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGBOEJTBMNPTUIBMG BEFHSFFBDSPTT PSBCPVUUIFBOHVMBSTJ[FPGUIF.PPOBOEUIF4VO*UJTJMMVNJOBUFECZ BIPUUINBHOJUVEFDFOUSBMTUBS BOEMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGBCPVUMJHIUZFBST UIF OFBSFTUQMBOFUBSZOFCVMBUP&BSUI4FFQMBOFUBSZOFCVMBF )FMNFU TUSFBNFS /BNFE BѫFS TQJLFE IFMNFUT PODF DPNNPO JO &VSPQF IFMNFU
TUSFBNFSTGPSNJOUIFMPXDPSPOBPWFSUIFNBHOFUJDJOWFSTJPO PSOFVUSBM MJOFTJO MBSHFBDUJWFSFHJPOT XJUIBMPOHMJWFEQSPNJOFODFDPNNPOMZFNCFEEFEJOUIFCBTF PGUIFTUSFBNFSѮFGPPUQPJOUTPGUIFTUSFBNFSBSFJOSFHJPOTPGPQQPTJUFQPMBSJUZTP UIFTUSFBNFSJUTFMGTUSBEEMFTUIFQSPNJOFODF)JHIFSVQ UIFNBHOFUJDêFMEJTESBXO PVUJOUPJOUFSQMBOFUBSZTQBDFXJUIJOMPOH OBSSPXTUBMLT(BTëPXJOHPVUBMPOHUIFTF PQFO NBHOFUJD êFMET NJHIU IFMQ UP DSFBUF UIF TMPXTQFFE TPMBS XJOE 4FF DPSPOBM TUSFBNFS )FSCJH)BSP PCKFDU /FCVMPVT NBUFSJBM FKFDUFE BU IJHI WFMPDJUZ GSPN ZPVOH
TUBST JOEFQFOEFOUMZEJTDPWFSFECZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS(FPSHF)FSCJH ¢ BOE UIF .FYJDBO BTUSPOPNFS (VJMMFSNP )BSP ¢ JO BOE SFTQFDUJWFMZ )FSDVMFT9 "OJOUFOTF9SBZTPVSDFJOUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO)FSDVMFT XIPTFTFDPOE9SBZQVMTBUJPOTXFSFEJTDPWFSFEJOCZJOTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEUIF 6IVSVTBUFMMJUFѮF9SBZQVMTBUJPOQFSJPEJTEFDSFBTJOHBTUJNFHPFTPO*UJTBSPUBUJOH OFVUSPOTUBSUIBUJTTQFFEJOHVQ HBJOJOHSPUBUJPOBMFOFSHZCZBDDSFUJOHNBUFSJBMGSPN BOFBSCZDPNQBOJPOTUBS4FFQVMTBS BOE6IVSV.JTTJPO )FSTDIFM 4QBDF 0CTFSWBUPSZ\ "O &4" NJTTJPO UIBU JT JO EFWFMPQNFOU XJUI BO
FYQFDUFEMBVODIJO'FCSVBSZ*UTNFUFSNJSSPSXJMMDPMMFDUGBSJOGSBSFEBOE TVCNJMMJNFUFSSBEJBUJPOGSPNEJTUBOU ZPVOHHBMBYJFTѮFPCTFSWBUPSZJTOBNFEBѫFS UIF &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS 8JMMJBN )FSTDIFM ¢ XIP EJTDPWFSFE UIF QMBOFU 6SBOVTBOENBEFNBOZQJPOFFSJOHTUVEJFTPGTUBSTBOEOFCVMBF )FSU[ "VOJUPGGSFRVFODZFRVBMUPPOFDZDMFQFSTFDPOE BCCSFWJBUFE)[0OFLJMP IFSU[ BCCSFWJBUFEL)[ JTPOFUIPVTBOE)[ POFNFHBIFSU[ BCCSFWJBUFE.)[ JTBNJM MJPO)[ BOEPOFHJHBIFSU[ BCCSFWJBUFE()[ JTPOFUIPVTBOENJMMJPO)[
(MPTTBSZ)
)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN "CPTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZPGTUBSTQMPUUFEBHBJOTUUIFJSTQFD USBM UZQF DPMPS JOEFY PS FĒFDUJWF UFNQFSBUVSF BCCSFWJBUFE )3 EJBHSBN #SJHIUOFTT JODSFBTFTGSPNCPUUPNUPUPQ BOEUFNQFSBUVSFEFDSFBTFTGSPNMFѫUPSJHIU UISPVHIUIF TQFDUSBMTFRVFODF0 # " ' ( , ..PTUTUBST JODMVEJOHUIF 4VO MJF PO UIF NBJO TFRVFODF XIJDIJTBEJBHPOBMCBOEUIBUFYUFOETGSPNUIFCSJHIUCMVFTUBSTJOUIFVQQFS MFѫUPUIFGBJOUSFEPOFTJOUIFMPXFSSJHIUPGUIF)3EJBHSBN4VDITUBSTBSFBMTPDBMMFE EXBSGTUBSTѮFHJBOUTUBSTMJFJOBMVNJOPVTCBOEBCPWFUIFNBJOTFRVFODFѮFXIJUF EXBSGTUBSTPDDVQZUIFCPUUPNMFѫPGUIF)3EJBHSBNUIFTFUJOZTUBSTBSFDPNQBSBCMF UPUIF&BSUIJOTJ[FѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS)FOSZ/PSSJT3VTTFMM ¢ QVC MJTIFE BO FBSMZ WFSTJPO PG UIJT EJBHSBN JO UIF %BOJTI BTUSPOPNFS &KOBS )FSU[ TQSVOH ¢ QSFWJPVTMZQMPUUFETVDIEJBHSBNTGPSUIF1MFJBEFTBOE)ZBEFTTUBS DMVTUFSTJO4FFEXBSGTUBS HJBOUTUBS )BZBTIJUSBDL JOTUBCJMJUZTUSJQ NBJOTFRVFODF BOEXIJUFEXBSGTUBS )&44* "DSPOZNGPSUIF)JHI&OFSHZ4PMBS4QFDUSPTDPQJD*NBHFS4FF3)&44* )JHIFOFSHZQIZTJDT 4FFQBSUJDMFQIZTJDT )*HI1SFDJTJPO1"3BMMBY$0MMFDUJOH4BUFMMJUi &4"MBVODIFEJUT)*HI1SFDJTJPO1"3
BMMBY$0MMFDUJOH4BUFMMJUF BCCSFWJBUFE)*11"3$04 PO"VHVTUBOEPQFSBUFE JUVOUJM"VHVTU*UXBTUIFêSTUTQBDFNJTTJPOEFEJDBUFEUPBTUSPNFUSZ NFBTVSJOH UIFBDDVSBUFQPTJUJPOT EJTUBODFT NPUJPOT CSJHIUOFTTBOEDPMPSTPGTUBST*OTUSVNFOUT BCPBSE)*11"3$04NFBTVSFEUIFQBSBMMBYBOEQSPQFSNPUJPOTPGTUBSTXJUI BQSFDJTJPOPGUPTFDPOETPGBSD VQUPUJNFTCFUUFSUIBOQPTTJCMFGSPN UIFHSPVOEѮFBDSPOZNBMTPBMMVEFTUPUIF(SFFLBTUSPOPNFS)JQQBSDIVTPG/JDFB MJWFED#$
XIPSFDPSEFEBDDVSBUFTUBSQPTJUJPOTNPSFUIBOUXPNJMMFOOJBQSFWJ PVTMZ4FFQBSBMMBYBOEQSPQFSNPUJPO )*11"3$04 "DSPOZNGPSUIF)*HI1SFDJTJPO1"3BMMBY$0MMFDUJOH4BUFMMJUF4FF)*HI
1SFDJTJPO1"3BMMBY$0MMFDUJOH4BUFMMJUF )*SFHJPO "DMPVEPGOFVUSBM PSVOJPOJ[FE BUPNJDIZESPHFOHBTJOJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDF
QSPOPVODFE)POFSFHJPO4VDIDMPVETEPOPUFNJUWJTJCMFMJHIU BOEIFODFBSFJOWJTJCMF BUPQUJDBMXBWFMFOHUIT CVUUIFZEPFNJUSBEJPXBWFTUIBUBSFDFOUJNFUFSTMPOH4FF OFVUSBMIZESPHFOBOEUXFOUZPOFDFOUJNFUFSMJOF ) ** SFHJPO "O JOUFSTUFMMBS DMPVE PG JPOJ[FE BUPNJD IZESPHFO PS QSPUPOT BOE FMFD
USPOT QSPOPVODFE)UXPSFHJPO"O)**SFHJPOJTQSPEVDFECZUIFVMUSBWJPMFUSBEJB UJPO PG OFBSCZ IPU TUBST 4FF FNJTTJPO OFCVMB JPOJ[FE IZESPHFO 0SJPO OFCVMB BOE 4USÕNHSFOSBEJVT )JHIWFMPDJUZTUBS 3BSFTUBSTXJUIFYUSFNFMZIJHISBEJBMWFMPDJUJFT PWFSLJMPNF UFST QFS TFDPOE "T êSTU FYQMBJOFE JO CZ UIF 4XFEJTI BTUSPOPNFS #FSUJM -JOE CMBE ¢
UIFIJHIWFMPDJUZTUBSTBSFJOUIFHBMBDUJDIBMPBOESFWPMWJOHTMPXMZ BSPVOEUIFHBMBDUJDDFOUFS JODPNQBSJTPOXJUIUIF4VOBOEOFBSCZTUBSTUIBUBSFJO UIFQMBOFPGPVS(BMBYZBOESFWPMWJOHSBQJEMZBCPVUUIFHBMBDUJDDFOUFS$POTFRVFOUMZ IJHIWFMPDJUZTUBSTBSFNPWJOHSFMBUJWFMZTMPXMZ BOEPOMZBQQFBSUPIBWFBIJHIWFMPDJUZ CFDBVTFUIF4VOBOE&BSUIBSFNPWJOHGBTU"OPUIFSUZQFPGSVOBXBZTUBSIBTBOFYDFQ
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
'*( (ERTZSPRUNG 2USSELLDIAGRAMnCOMPOSITE3TARSOFDIFFERENTABSOLUTE LUMINOSITY ,SJHIUBYJTJOVOJUTPGUIF4VOTBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ-b ANDABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE - MFѫBYJT AREPLOTTEDASAFUNCTIONOFTHEEFFECTIVETEMPERATURE 4EFF OF THEIRVISIBLEDISKCPUUPNBYJT 4HEVASTMAJORITY ROUGHLYPERCENT OFSTARSOCCUPY THEMAINSEQUENCEOFTHE(ERTZSPRUNG 2USSELLDIAGRAM RUNNINGDIAGONALLYFROMTHE HOT LUMINOUSUPPERLEFTTOTHECOOLER LESS LUMINOUSLOWERRIGHT4HEHOT MASSIVE SUPERGIANTSUPQMFѫ ARETHEMOSTLUMINOUSSTARS4HEWHITEDWARFSTARSMPXFSNJEEMF ARELOW LUMINOSITYSTARSABOUTTHESIZEOFTHE%ARTH
(MPTTBSZ)
UJPOBMMZIJHIWFMPDJUZEVFUPJUTPXONPUJPOUISPVHITQBDF SBUIFSUIBOUIFNPUJPOPG UIFPCTFSWFSPO&BSUI4FFSVOBXBZTUBS )JSBZBNBGBNJMJFT (SPVQTPGBTUFSPJETUIBUTIBSFWFSZTJNJMBSPSCJUT XJUIDPNNPO
PSCJUBMJODMJOBUJPOTBOEEJTUBODFTGSPNUIF4VO TVHHFTUJOHUIBU UIFZBSFUIFCSPLFO GSBHNFOUT PG MBSHFS PCKFDUT ѮFZ XFSF EJTDPWFSFE JO CZ UIF +BQBOFTF BTUSPOP NFS,JZPUTVHV)JSBZBNB ¢
XIPDBMMFEFBDIHSPVQBGBNJMZCFDBVTFIF CFMJFWFEUIFNFNCFSTTIBSFEBDPNNPOPSJHJOBTUIFDIJMESFOPGBCJHHFSQBSFOUCPEZ )FBMTPOBNFEBOVNCFSPGGBNJMJFTBѫFSUIFJSMBSHFTUNFNCFSBTUFSPJET TVDIBTUIF &PT 'MPSB ,PSPOJTBOEѮFNJTGBNJMJFT4FFBTUFSPJET )PCCZ&CFSMZ UFMFTDPQF "OPQUJDBMPSWJTJCMFMJHIUUFMFTDPQFDPOTJTUJOHPGIFY
BHPOBM NJSSPS TFHNFOUT KPJOFE UPHFUIFS UP DSFBUF BO FĒFDUJWF BQFSBUVSF XJUI B NFUFS JODI EJBNFUFS ѮF )PCCZ&CFSMZ UFMFTDPQF JT MPDBUFE PO .U 'PXMLFT 5FYBT BOEJUCFHBOPQFSBUJPOJO0DUPCFSѮFUFMFTDPQFJTOBNFEBѫFS8JMMJBN1 )PCCZ m BOE3PCFSU&&CFSMZ m
"NFSJDBOTVQQPSUFSTPGQVCMJDFEVDB UJPO BOEJUJTBKPJOUQSPKFDUPGêWFVOJWFSTJUJFT )PNFTUBLF ѮF 4PVUI %BLPUB HPME NJOF XIFSF UIF DIMPSJOF OFVUSJOP EFUFDUPS JT MPDBUFE4FFDIMPSJOFFYQFSJNFOU )PNPHFOFJUZ )BWJOHUIFTBNFQIZTJDBMQSPQFSUJFTBUBMMQPJOUTPGTQBDF JOBTZTUFN PSJOUIF6OJWFSTF )PNVODVMVT /FCVMB " DMPVE PG EVTU TVSSPVOEJOH UIF TUBS &UB $BSJOBF BOE TIFE CZUIFTUBSJOPVUCVSTUTEBUJOHCBDLUPѮF)PNVODVMVT/FCVMBIBTBOBOHVMBS FYUFOUPGBCPVUTFDPOETPGBSDѮFOBNFIPNVODVMVTDPNFTGSPNJUTTIBQF XIJDISFTFNCMFTBIVNBOêHVSF4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMB &UB$BSJOBF BOE&UB$BSJOBF /FCVMB )PSJ[PO ѮFNBYJNVNEJTUBODFUIBUBOPCTFSWFSDBOTFF )PSJ[POQSPCMFN 'FXPGUIFQBSUJDMFTPGUIFFBSMZ6OJWFSTFXPVMEIBWFIBEUJNFUPCF
JODBVTBMDPOUBDUXJUIPOFBOPUIFSBUUIFPVUTFUPGDPTNJDFYQBOTJPO4FFJOëBUJPO )PSTFIFBE/FCVMB "EBSLOFCVMBJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO0SJPO XJUIUIFTIBQFPGUIF
IFBEBOENBOFPGBIPSTF QSPKFDUFEJOTJMIPVFUUFBHBJOTUUIFFNJTTJPOOFCVMB*$ ѮF BOHVMBS EJNFOTJPOT PG UIF )PSTFIFBE /FCVMB BSF NJOVUFT PG BSD DPSSF TQPOEJOHUPBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTBDSPTT4FFEBSLOFCVMB )PU EBSL NBUUFS 4VCBUPNJDQBSUJDMFTUIBUNPWFBMNPTUBTGBTUBTMJHIU TVDIBTUIF OFVUSJOP4FFDPMEEBSLNBUUFS EBSLNBUUFS BOEOFVUSJOP )PVSHMBTT/FCVMB "QMBOFUBSZOFCVMBJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO.VTDB EFTJHOBUFE.Z$O *UJTPOMZTFDPOETPGBSDBDSPTTBOEIBTBOIPVSHMBTTTIBQFXIFOJNBHFEGSPNUIF )VCCMF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF4FFQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB )3 EJBHSBN "DSPOZN GPS )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMM EJBHSBN 4FF )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMM
EJBHSBN
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
)45 "DSPOZNGPSUIF)VCCMF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF4FF)VCCMF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF )VCCMFDPOTUBOU ѮFSBUFBUXIJDIUIF6OJWFSTFFYQBOETBOEUIFSFDFTTJPOWFMPDJUJFT
PGHBMBYJFTJODSFBTFXJUIEJTUBODF EFOPUFECZUIFTZNCPM)XIFSFUIF[FSPTVCTDSJQU EFOPUFTUIFWBMVFBUUIFQSFTFOUUJNFѮF)VCCMFDPOTUBOUJTBCPVULJMPNFUFSTQFS TFDPOEQFS.FHBQBSTFD4FF)VCCMFEJBHSBN )VCCMFMBX BOE)VCCMFUJNF )VCCMF EJBHSBN 1MPU PG UIF SBEJBM WFMPDJUJFT PS SFETIJѫT PG HBMBYJFT BHBJOTU UIFJS EJTUBODFT êSTU NBEF JO CZ UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS &EXJO )VCCMF ¢ ѮJT XBT UIF êSTU FWJEFODF PG UIF FYQBOTJPO PG UIF 6OJWFSTF ѮF )VCCMFDPOTUBOUJTFRVBMUPUIFTMPQFPGUIF)VCCMFEJBHSBN4FFFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF BOE)VCCMFDPOTUBOU )VCCMFMBX "SFMBUJPOTIJQUIBUTUBUFTUIBUUIFGBSUIFSBXBZGSPNVTBHBMBYZJT UIFGBTUFS
JUJTSFDFEJOHGSPNVTѮFMJOFBSJODSFBTFPGHBMBYZSFDFTTJPOWFMPDJUZ EFOPUFECZ7S XJUIHBMBYZEJTUBODF TQFDJêFECZ% BDDPSEJOHUPUIFSFMBUJPO7S)% XIFSF)JT UIF)VCCMFDPOTUBOU"MUIPVHIUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS&EXJO)VCCMF ¢ EJEOPUTQFDJêDBMMZTUBUFJU UIJTSFMBUJPOJTOPXLOPXOBTUIF)VCCMFMBX4FF)VCCMF DPOTUBOUBOE)VCCMFEJBHSBN
'*( (UBBLEDIAGRAM4HISPLOTOFGALAXYDISTANCEVERSUSRECESSIONVELOCITYISANALO GOUSTOTHATOBTAINEDBY%DWIN(UBBLE¥ INHISDISCOVERYOFTHEEXPANSION OFTHE5NIVERSE&IG 4HESLOPEOFTHE LINEARlTTPMJEMJOF TO THEDATAEPUT MEASURES THEEXPANSIONRATEOF THE5NIVERSE AQUAN TITYCALLEDTHE(UBBLE CONSTANT DESIGNATED( 4HEDATASHOWNHERE OBTAINEDBY7ENDY &REEDMAN¥ AND HERCOLLEAGUES SUM MARIZEELEVENYEARSOF EFFORTSTOSPECIFYTHIS CONSTANTBYUSINGTHE )VCCMF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF TOMEASURETHEDIS TANCESANDVELOCITIESOF #EPHEIDVARIABLESTARSIN GALAXIES4HEDISTANCE $ ISINUNITSOFAMILLION PARSECS OR-PC WHERE-PCISEQUIVALENTTOMILLIONLIGHT YEARS ANDTHERADIALVELOCITY 6R ISGIVENINUNITSOFKILOMETERSPERSECOND DENOTEDASKMS 4HEVELOCITYANDDISTANCEARE RELATEDBY(UBBLESLAW6R($ WHERE(IS(UBBLESCONSTANT4HElTTOTHESEDATA INDICATETHAT(KMS -PC ANDTHATTHISCONSTANTLIESWELLWITHINTHELIMITSOF ANDINTHESAMEUNITSEBTIFEMJOFT
(MPTTBSZ)
)VCCMF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF /"4"MBVODIFEUIF)VCCMF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF BCCSFWJBUFE
)45 PO"QSJMGSPNUIF4QBDF4IVUUMF%JTDPWFSZ XJUITFSWJDJOHNJTTJPOTCZ TIVUUMFBTUSPOBVUTJO%FDFNCFS 'FCSVBSZ %FDFNCFS BOE'FCSVBSZ *UJTUIFMBSHFTUWJTJCMFMJHIUUFMFTDPQFFWFSQVUJOUPTQBDFUPMPPLBUUIF$PTNPT XJUI B NFUFS JODI QSJNBSZ NJSSPS ѮF )45 IBT PCTFSWFE OFXMZ GPSNFE HBMBYJFTXIFOUIF6OJWFSTFXBTIBMGJUTQSFTFOUBHF DPOUSJCVUJOHUPPVSVOEFSTUBOEJOH PGUIFBHFBOEFWPMVUJPOPGUIF$PTNPT XBUDIFETVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMFTDPOTVNJOH UIFNBUFSJBMBSPVOEUIFN BOEIFMQFEBTUSPOPNFSTEFUFSNJOFIPXBNZTUFSJPVTiEBSL FOFSHZuIBTUBLFOPWFSUIFFYQBOTJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTFѮFUFMFTDPQFXBTOBNFEGPS UIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS&EXJO)VCCMF ¢ XIPEFNPOTUSBUFEUIBUTQJSBM OFCVMBFBSFHBMBYJFTMJLFPVSPXOBOEGPVOEUIFêSTUFWJEFODFGPSUIFFYQBOTJPOPGUIF 6OJWFSTFѮF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF4DJFODF*OTUJUVUF BCCSFWJBUFE454D* JTUIFBTUSPOPNJDBM SFTFBSDIDFOUFSSFTQPOTJCMFGPSPQFSBUJOHUIF )VCCMF4QBDF5FMFTDPQFBTBOJOUFSOB UJPOBMPCTFSWBUPSZ )VCCMFUJNF ѮFSFDJQSPDBMPGUIF)VCCMFDPOTUBOU EFOPUFECZ) XIJDIHJWFTBO
FTUJNBUFPGUIFBHFPGUIFFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF PSUIFUJNFTJODFUIF#JH#BOH POUIF BTTVNQUJPOUIBUUIFSFIBTCFFOOPTMPXJOHPGUIFFYQBOTJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTFBOEUIBU UIFSFJTOPDPTNPMPHJDBMDPOTUBOU*GUIFSFJTOPDPTNPMPHJDBMDPOTUBOU UIFFYQBOEJOH 6OJWFSTF JT TMJHIUMZ ZPVOHFS UIFO UIF )VCCMF UJNF CVU UIF PCTFSWBCMF 6OJWFSTF DBO CFNVDIPMEFSJGUIFSFJTBOPO[FSPWBMVFPGUIFDPTNPMPHJDBMDPOTUBOU4FF#JH#BOH DPTNPMPHJDBMDPOTUBOU BOE)VCCMFDPOTUBOU
)VCCMFT WBSJBCMF OFCVMB " GBOTIBQFE SFëFDUJPO OFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE /($ XIPTFFYUSFNFWBSJBCJMJUZXBTEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS&EXJO )VCCMF ¢ ѮFOFCVMBFYUFOETOPSUIXBSEGSPNUIF"F#FTUBS3.POPD FSPUJT XIJDIJTMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTBOEFYIJCJUTFNJTTJPO GFBUVSFTJOJUTTQFDUSBѮFZPVUIGVM IJHINBTTTUBS FTUJNBUFEUPCFBCPVUUFOUJNFTUIF NBTTPGUIF4VO JTBDDSFUJOHNBTTGSPNBEJTLPGNPMFDVMBSIZESPHFO SFWFBMFEUISPVHI SBEJPSBEJBUJPOGSPNDBSCPONPOPYJEF UIBUFYUFOETQFSQFOEJDVMBSUPUIFGBOTIBQFE OFCVMBPWFSMJHIUZFBSTGSPNUIFDFOUSBMTUBS )VZHFOT1SPCF &4"TFMFNFOUPGUIF$BTTJOJ)VZHFOT.JTTJPOMBVODIFECZ/"4"
PO0DUPCFS XJUIBOJOJUJBMFODPVOUFSXJUI4BUVSOJO+VMZѮF)VZHFOT 1SPCFEFTDFOEFEJOUPUIFIB[ZBUNPTQIFSFPG5JUBO 4BUVSOTMBSHFTUNPPO BOEMBOEFE POUIFTBUFMMJUFTTVSGBDFPO+BOVBSZ êOEJOHFWJEFODFGPSëPXJOHMJRVJENFUI BOFUIFSFѮF)VZHFOT1SPCFXBTOBNFEBѫFS$ISJTUJBBO)VZHFOT ¢
B %VUDIBTUSPOPNFSXIPEJTDPWFSFE5JUBOJO4FF$BTTJOJ)VZHFOT.JTTJPO )ZBEFT ѮFOFBSFTUPQFOTUBSDMVTUFS MPDBUFEJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO5BVSVTѮF)ZBEFT
JTNJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTBXBZGSPNUIF&BSUI BOEJTBCPVUNJMMJPOZFBSTPME4FF PQFODMVTUFS )ZESPHFO ѮF MJHIUFTU TJNQMFTU BOE NPTU BCVOEBOU FMFNFOU JO UIF 4VO BOE JO UIF
6OJWFSTF BOEUIFêSTUFMFNFOUJOUIFQFSJPEJDUBCMF DPOTJTUJOHPGPOFQSPUPOBOEPOF FMFDUSPO"MMPGUIFIZESPHFOJOUIF6OJWFSTFXBTQSPEVDFEEVSJOHUIFFBSMJFTUNPNFOUT PGUIF#JH#BOH)ZESPHFOJTEFUFDUFEJOUIFWJTJCMFMJHIUTQFDUSBPGUIF4VOBOEPUIFS
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
TUBSTBUXBWFMFOHUITTQFDJêFECZUIF#BMNFSTFSJFT BOEBUVMUSBWJPMFUXBWFMFOHUITCZUIF -ZNBOTFSJFT*OUFSTUFMMBSSFHJPOTPGOFVUSBM VOJPOJ[FEIZESPHFOBUPNTBSFDBMMFE)* SFHJPOT BOEUIFZFNJUSBEJPSBEJBUJPOBUDFOUJNFUFSTXBWFMFOHUICSJHIUTUBSTJPOJ[F OFBSCZJOUFSTUFMMBSIZESPHFO QSPEVDJOH)**SFHJPOT"IZESPHFONPMFDVMFDPOTJTUTPG UXPIZESPHFOBUPNT BOENPMFDVMBSIZESPHFOJTUIFNPTUBCVOEBOUNPMFDVMFJOJOUFS TUFMMBSTQBDF.PTUPGUIFNBTTPGBIZESPHFOBUPNJTJOJUTOVDMFVT UIFQSPUPO XIPTF NBTTJTLJMPHSBNTPSUJNFTUIFNBTTPGBOFMFDUSPO"SBSF IFBWZ JTPUPQFPGBUPNJDIZESPHFO LOPXOBTEFVUFSJVN DPOUBJOTPOFQSPUPOBOEPOFOFVUSPO JOJUTOVDMFVT)ZESPHFOJTTPMJHIUUIBUJUJTGPVOEJOPOMZTNBMMBNPVOUTJO&BSUITBUNP TQIFSF CVUJUJTUIFNBJODPOTUJUVFOUPGUIFNBTTJWFHJBOUQMBOFUT+VQJUFSBOE4BUVSO4FF BMQIBQBSUJDMF #BMNFSTFSJFT #JH#BOH EFVUFSJVN FMFDUSPO 'SBVOIPGFSMJOFT )*SFHJPO )**SFHJPO IZESPHFONPMFDVMF -ZNBOTFSJFT BOEUXFOUZPOFDFOUJNFUFSMJOF )ZESPHFOBMQIBMJOF ѮFTQFDUSBMMJOFPGOFVUSBMIZESPHFOJOUIFSFEQBSUPGUIFWJT
JCMF TQFDUSVN EFOPUFE CZ )ʂ -JHIU FNJUUFE PS BCTPSCFE BU B XBWFMFOHUI PG OBOPNFUFST EVSJOH BO BUPNJD USBOTJUJPO JO IZESPHFO UIF MPXFTU FOFSHZ USBOTJUJPO JO JUT #BMNFS TFSJFT *U JT UIF EPNJOBOU FNJTTJPO GSPN UIF TPMBS DISPNPTQIFSF ѮF XBWFMFOHUIBMTPDPSSFTQPOETXJUIBEBSLMJOFQSPEVDFECZIZESPHFOBCTPSQUJPOJOUIF QIPUPTQIFSF EFTJHOBUFEXJUIUIFMFUUFS$JOCZUIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTUBOEPQUJ DJBO+PTFQIWPO'SBVOIPGFS ¢ 4FF#BMNFSTFSJFT DISPNPTQIFSF êMBNFOU 'SBVOIPGFSMJOFT QMBHF QSPNJOFODF TQFDUSBMMJOF TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI BOETQJDVMF )ZESPHFOCVSOJOH ѮFUIFSNPOVDMFBSGVTJPOPGIZESPHFOOVDMFJJOUPIFMJVNOVDMFJ
BOE UIF QSPDFTT CZ XIJDI BMM NBJOTFRVFODF TUBST HFOFSBUF FOFSHZ 4UBST TQFOE NPTU PGUIFJSMJGFUJNFCVSOJOHIZESPHFO BOETVDITUBSTBSFUIFNPTUDPNNPOLJOEPGTUBS "TUBSXJUIUIFNBTTPGUIF4VOTQFOETBSPVOEUFOCJMMJPOZFBSTJOUIJTTUBHFNPSFNBT TJWFTUBSTTQFOEMFTTUJNF4UBSTNPSFNBTTJWFUIBOTPMBSNBTTFTCVSOIZESPHFOCZ UIF$/0DZDMFIZESPHFOCVSOJOHCZMFTTNBTTJWFTUBSTQSPDFFETCZUIFQSPUPOQSPUPO
4!",% (YDROGENnLINESA 3ERIES M
,YMAN N
"ALMER N
0ASCHEN N
"RACKETT N
0FUND N
A7AVELENGTHSOFTHEMTONTRANSITIONSOFHYDROGENFORLOWQUANTUMNUMBERSMANDN4HEWAVELENGTHSARE
GIVENINNANOMETERSWHERENANOMETER¥METERS
(MPTTBSZ)
DIBJO4FFDBSCPOOJUSPHFOPYZHFODZDMF EXBSGTUBS NBJOTFRVFODF BOEQSPUPOQSPUPO DIBJO )ZESPHFO NPMFDVMF " NPMFDVMF EFTJHOBUFE CZ UIF TZNCPM ) DPNQPTFE PG UXP
IZESPHFOBUPNT FBDIEFTJHOBUFECZUIFDBQJUBMMFUUFS))ZESPHFONPMFDVMFTBSFUIF NPTUBCVOEBOUNPMFDVMFTJOJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDF"MUIPVHIUIFZEPOPUFNJUSBEJPXBWFT UIFJS EJTUSJCVUJPO DBO CF EFUFSNJOFE CZ PCTFSWJOH UIF SBEJP FNJTTJPO GSPN DBSCPO NPOPYJEF4FFDBSCPONPOPYJEFBOENPMFDVMBSDMPVE
)ZESPTUBUJDFRVJMJCSJVN ѮFDPOEJUJPOPGTUBCJMJUZJOBOBUNPTQIFSFPSTUFMMBSJOUF SJPSUIBUFYJTUTXIFOUIFJOXBSEHSBWJUBUJPOBMGPSDFPGUIFPWFSMZJOHNBUFSJBMJTFYBDUMZ CBMBODFECZUIFPVUXBSEGPSDFPGUIFHBTBOESBEJBUJPOQSFTTVSFѮFQSFTTVSFBUFBDI MFWFMJOUIFHBTTVQQPSUTUIFXFJHIUPGBMMUIFPWFSMZJOHNBUFSJBM )ZQPUIFTJT "QPTTJCMFFYQMBOBUJPOPGTPNFUIJOH XIJDIJTMFTTDPNQSFIFOTJWFBOE MFTTXFMMFTUBCMJTIFEUIBOBUIFPSZ )[ "CCSFWJBUJPOGPS)FSU[ BVOJUPGGSFRVFODZFRVJWBMFOUUPDZDMFTQFSTFDPOE4FF )FSU[
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
* *"4 "DSPOZNGPSUIF*OTUJUVUPEJ"TUSPêTJDB4QB[JBMF *UBMZ *"6 "DSPOZN GPS UIF *OUFSOBUJPOBM "TUSPOPNJDBM 6OJPO 4FF *OUFSOBUJPOBM "TUSP OPNJDBM6OJPO *$ "CCSFWJBUJPO GPS UIF UXP *OEFY $BUBMPHVFT QSPEVDFE JO BOE CZ UIF
%BOJTICPSO *SJTI BTUSPOPNFS +PIO -PVJT &NJM i+-&u %SFZFS ¢ BT TVQQMFNFOUT UP IJT /FX (FOFSBM $BUBMPHVF BCCSFWJBUFE /($ PG OFCVMBF BOE TUBS DMVTUFST QVCMJTIFE JO .PEFSO BTUSPOPNFST TUJMM EFTJHOBUF HBMBYJFT BOE PUIFS DPTNJDPCKFDUTCZUIFJSOVNCFSTJOUIF/($BOE*$DBUBMPHVFT4FF/($ *DF"HF "QFSJPEPGDPPM ESZDMJNBUFPO&BSUIDBVTJOHBMPOHUFSNCVJMEVQPGFYUFOTJWF JDFTIFFUTGBSGSPNUIFQPMFTѮFNBKPSJDFBHFTMBTUGPSBCPVUZFBSTUIFZBSFTFQ BSBUFECZXBSNFSJOUFSHMBDJBMQFSJPETUIBUMBTUSPVHIMZZFBSTѮFNBKPSJDFBHFT TFFNUPCFUSJHHFSFECZSIZUINJDWBSJBUJPOTJOUIFHMPCBMEJTUSJCVUJPOPGTVOMJHIUXJUI QFSJPETPG BOEUIPVTBOEZFBST4FFMJUUMFJDFBHFBOE.JMBOLPWJUDIDZDMFT *NQBDUDSBUFS 4FFDSBUFS *OEFUFSNJOBDZQSJODJQMF4FFVODFSUBJOUZQSJODJQMF *OEFY$BUBMPHVF 4FF*$ *OFSUJB ѮFUFOEFODZPGBOZNBTTUPSFNBJOFJUIFSBUSFTUPSJODPOTUBOUNPUJPOVOMFTT
BDUFEVQPOCZBGPSDF *OnBUJPO "IZQPUIFUJDBM FYUSFNFMZSBQJEFYQBOTJPOPGUIFWFSZFBSMZ6OJWFSTFJNNF EJBUFMZBѫFSUIF#JH#BOHBOECFGPSFBOZNBUUFSXBTGPSNFE JOXIJDIUIFFYQBOTJPO PDDVSSFENVDINPSFSBQJEMZUIBOJUEPFTUPEBZ BUBOFYQPOFOUJBMSBUIFSUIBOBMJOFBS SBUF"OFYQPOFOUJBMFYQBOTJPO CBTFEPORVBOUVNHSBWJUZ XBTQSPQPTFEJOCZUIF 3VTTJBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU"MFYFJ"4UBSPCJOTLZ ¢ *OUIF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU "MBO)(VUI ¢ OPUJDFEUIBUTVDIBOFYQBOTJPO XIJDIIFOBNFEJOëBUJPO NBZ CFJNQMJFEGSPNFMFNFOUBSZQBSUJDMFUIFPSZ BOEUIBUUIFSBQJE FYQPOFOUJBMFYQBOTJPO XPVMETPMWFUIFëBUOFTTBOEIPSJ[POQSPCMFNT4PNFEJēDVMUJFTXJUIUIF(VUINPEFM XFSFPWFSDPNFJOCZUIF3VTTJBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU"OESFJ%-JOEF ¢
XIP QSPQPTFEBDIBPUJDJOëBUJPOUIFPSZ"OZTVDIUIFPSZSFRVJSFTUIBUUIFNBTTEFOTJUZ PG UIF 6OJWFSTF JT FRVBM UP UIF DSJUJDBM EFOTJUZ JG UIFSF JT OP DPTNPMPHJDBM DPOTUBOU TPUIF6OJWFSTFNVTUCFEFTDSJCFECZ&VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZ*UBMTPSFRVJSFTTVCTUBOUJBM RVBOUJUJFTPGOPOCBSZPOJDNBUUFS4FFDPTNPMPHJDBMDPOTUBOU DSJUJDBMEFOTJUZ ëBUOFTT QSPCMFN IPSJ[POQSPCMFN BOEOPOCBSZPOJDNBUUFS *OGSBSFE 4FFJOGSBSFESBEJBUJPO *OGSB3FE"TUSPOPNJDBM4BUFMMJUF /"4"T*OGSB3FE"TUSPOPNJDBM4BUFMMJUF BCCSFWJ BUFE*3"4 XBTMBVODIFEPO+BOVBSZ TDBOOJOHNPTUPGUIFTLZBOENBLJOH PCTFSWBUJPOTPGTFMFDUFEPCKFDUTBUJOGSBSFEXBWFMFOHUIT*UPQFSBUFEGPSOJOF
(MPTTBSZ*
NPOUIT DBUBMPHVJOHPCKFDUTBOEEJTDPWFSJOHTUBSCVSTUHBMBYJFTBOEQSPUP QMBOFUBSZEJTLTUIBUTVSSPVOEZPVOHTUBST4FFQSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTL TUBSCVSTUHBMBYZ BOE7FHB *OGSBSFESBEJBUJPO &MFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOXJUIXBWFMFOHUITTMJHIUMZMPOHFSUIBO
SFEMJHIU JOUIFSBOHFCFUXFFOUIFWJTJCMFSFETQFDUSVNBOESBEJPXBWFTBOESPVHIMZ CFUXFFOBOENFUFSTJOXBWFMFOHUIѮF(FSNBOCPSO&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS 8JMMJBN)FSTDIFM ¢ EJTDPWFSFESBEJBOUIFBU PSJOGSBSFESBEJBUJPO JO XIFO IF FYBNJOFE UIF TPMBS TQFDUSVN VTJOH B QSJTN BOE UIFSNPNFUFS OPUJOH UIBU UIF IPUUFTU SBEJBUJPO XBT GPVOE XIFO UIF UIFSNPNFUFS XBT QMBDFE CFZPOE UIF SFE FOEPGUIFWJTJCMFTQFDUSVNPGTVOMJHIU*OGSBSFESBEJBUJPOJTJOWJTJCMFUPUIFIVNBO FZFBOEDPTNJDJOGSBSFESBEJBUJPOJTBCTPSCFEBMNPTUDPNQMFUFMZJOUIFMPXFSMBZFSTPG UIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF QSJNBSJMZCZXBUFSWBQPS'PSUIJTSFBTPO JOGSBSFEBTUSPOPNZ PCTFSWBUJPOTIBWFUPCFDPOEVDUFEGSPNUIFIJHIFTUNPVOUBJOTJUFT PSGSPNBJSDSBѫPS TBUFMMJUFT3FMBUJWFMZDPPMPCKFDUT TVDIBTEVTUBOEQMBOFUT SBEJBUFBHSFBUFSQFSDFOUBHF PGUIFJSFOFSHZJOJOGSBSFESBEJBUJPOUIBOSFMBUJWFMZIPUPCKFDUTTVDIBTTUBST*OGSBSFE SBEJBUJPOQFOFUSBUFTJOUFSTUFMMBSEVTUNVDINPSFSFBEJMZUIBOWJTJCMFMJHIUEPFT *OTUBCJMJUZTUSJQ ѮFOBSSPXSFHJPOJOUIF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBNXIFSFQVM
TBUJOHTUBSTBSFMPDBUFE4FF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN */5&(3"- "DSPOZNGPS*/5&SOBUJPOBM(BNNB3BZ"TUSPQIZTJDT-BCPSBUPSZ4FF
*/5&SOBUJPOBM(BNNB3BZ"TUSPQIZTJDT-BCPSBUPSZ *OUFOTJUZJOUFSGFSPNFUFS "NFUIPEPGJOUFSGFSPNFUSZJOXIJDIFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJ
BUJPOGSPNBDPTNJDPCKFDUJTSFDPSEFEBUUIFTBNFUJNFBUUXPPSNPSFJOEFQFOEFOU UFMFTDPQFT BOE DPSSFMBUFE BѫFS EFUFDUJPO UP DSFBUF BO JOUFSGFSPNFUFS ѮF UFDIOJRVF XBTQJPOFFSFEBUSBEJPXBWFMFOHUITCZUIF&OHMJTISBEJPBTUSPOPNFS3PCFSU)BOCVSZ #SPXO ¢ JOUIFFBSMZT#SPXOCVJMUBWJTJCMFMJHIU NJSSPSJOUFOTJUZ JOUFSGFSPNFUFS OFBS /BSSBCSJ "VTUSBMJB BOE VTFE JU JO UP NFBTVSF UIF BOHVMBS EJBNFUFSPGUIFTUBS4JSJVTѮFJOUFOTJUZJOUFSGFSPNFUFSXBTVTFEUPNFBTVSFUIFBOHV MBSEJBNFUFSTPGTFWFSBMNBJOTFRVFODFTUBSTCFUXFFOBOE *OUFSGFSPNFUFS "UFMFTDPQFUIBUDPNCJOFTUIFTJHOBMTGSPNUXPPSNPSFTNBMMFSUFMF TDPQFT TPUIFSBEJBUJPOGSPNPOFJOUFSGFSFTXJUIUIFSBEJBUJPOGSPNUIFPUIFST IFODF UIFOBNFJOUFSGFSPNFUFSGPSBOiJOUFSGFSFODFNFUFSu"OJOUFSGFSPNFUFSZJFMETNVDI TIBSQFSWJFXTPGDPTNJDPCKFDUTUIBOFJUIFSPOFPGJUTDPNQPOFOUTNBMMFSUFMFTDPQFT XJUIBOBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPODPNQBSBCMFJOTJ[FUPUIFTFQBSBUJPOCFUXFFOJUTDPNQPOFOUT *O UIF "NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU "MCFSU .JDIFMTPO ¢ BOE UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS 'SBODJT ( 1FBTF ¢ QVCMJTIFE UIFJS PQUJDBM PS WJTJCMFMJHIU JOUFSGFSPNFUFS NFBTVSFNFOU PG UIF BOHVMBS TJ[F PG #FUFMHFVTF UIF êSTU EFUFSNJOB UJPOPGUIFTJ[FPGBOZTUBSPUIFSUIBOUIF4VO.PEFSOPQUJDBMJOUFSGFSPNFUFSTJODMVEF UIF,FDL5FMFTDPQF*OUFSGFSPNFUFSBOEUIF7FSZ-BSHF5FMFTDPQF*OUFSGFSPNFUFSѮJT UFDIOJRVFJTBMTPVTFEUPPCUBJOBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPOTBTêOFBTTFDPOETPGBSDBU SBEJPXBWFMFOHUITVTJOH7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ4FF#FUFMHFVTF JOUFOTJUZ JOUFSGFSPNFUFS ,FDL5FMFTDPQFT 7FSZ-BSHF"SSBZ 7FSZ-BSHF5FMFTDPQF 7FSZ-POH #BTFMJOF"SSBZ BOE7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
'*( )NTERFEROMETER7HENINCOMINGRADIATIONAPPROACHESTHE %ARTHATANANGLE THECRESTSOFTHERADIATIONWILLARRIVEATTWOSEPARATED TELESCOPESATSLIGHTLYDIFFERENTTIMES4HISDELAYINARRIVALTIMEISTHE DISTANCE8DIVIDEDBYTHEVELOCITYOFLIGHT)F8ISANEXACTMULTIPLEOFTHE WAVELENGTH THENTHEWAVESDETECTEDATTHETWOTELESCOPESWILLBEINPHASE ANDADDUPWHENCOMBINED)FNOT THEYWILLBEOUTOFPHASEANDINTERFERE 4HEANGULARRESOLUTIONOFSUCHANINTERFEROMETER ORINTERFERENCEMETER IS EQUALTOTHEWAVELENGTHDIVIDEDBYTHEEFFECTIVEBASELINE7HENTHEOBJECT BEINGOBSERVEDISDIRECTLYOVERHEAD THEEFFECTIVEBASELINEISEQUALTOTHE DISTANCEBETWEENTHETWOTELESCOPES *OUFSGFSPNFUSZ ѮFVTFPGBOJOUFSGFSPNFUFSUPDPNCJOFUIFSBEJBUJPOSFDFJWFEGSPN
BDPTNJDPCKFDUCZUXPPSNPSFUFMFTDPQFT4FFJOUFSGFSPNFUFS *OUFSHBMBDUJDNBUUFS .BUUFSJOUIFTQBDFCFUXFFOHBMBYJFT DSFBUJOHBCTPSQUJPOPGUIF MJHIUGSPNEJTUBOUHBMBYJFTPSRVBTBSTBOEQSPEVDJOH9SBZFNJTTJPOGSPNDMVTUFSTPG HBMBYJFT4FF(VOO1FUFSTPOFĒFDUBOE6IVSV.JTTJPO *OUFSOBUJPOBM "TUSPOPNJDBM 6OJPO "CCSFWJBUFE*"6 UIF*OUFSOBUJPOBM"TUSPOPNJ
DBM6OJPOXBTGPVOEFEJO*UTNJTTJPOJTUPQSPNPUFBOETBGFHVBSEUIFTDJFODFPG BTUSPOPNZJOBMMJUTBTQFDUTUISPVHIJOUFSOBUJPOBMDPPQFSBUJPO*UTJOEJWJEVBMNFNCFST BSFQSPGFTTJPOBMBTUSPOPNFSTBMMPWFSUIFXPSME BUUIF1I%MFWFMPSCFZPOEBOEBDUJWF JO QSPGFTTJPOBM SFTFBSDI BOE FEVDBUJPO JO BTUSPOPNZ ѮF TDJFOUJêD BOE FEVDBUJPOBM BDUJWJUJFT PG UIF *"6 BSF PSHBOJ[FE JOUP 4DJFOUJêD %JWJTJPOT NPSF TQFDJBMJ[FE $PNNJTTJPOTBOE8PSLJOHBOE1SPHSBN(SPVQT *OUFSOBUJPOBMBUPNJDUJNF ѮFGVOEBNFOUBMVOJUPGUJNFJTUIFBUPNJDTFDPOE XIJDI JT EFêOFE GSPN XPSMEXJEF PCTFSWBUJPOT PG BUPNJD DMPDLT DPNCJOFE CZ UIF #VSFBV *OUFSOBUJPOBMEFM)FVSF 1BSJT#ZEFêOJUJPO BEBZIBTTFDPOETPG*OUFSOBUJPOBM "UPNJD5JNF PSJO'SFODI 5FNQT"UPNJRVF*OUFSOBUJPOBMBOEBCCSFWJBUFE5"*4FF 6OJWFSTBM5JNF
(MPTTBSZ*
*/5&SOBUJPOBM (BNNB 3BZ "TUSPQIZTJDT -BCPSBUPSZ &4" MBVODIFE JUT */5&SOB
UJPOBM(BNNB3BZ"TUSPQIZTJDT-BCPSBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE*/5&(3"- PO0DUPCFS EFEJDBUFEUPUIFTQFDUSPTDPQZBOEJNBHJOHPGDFMFTUJBMHBNNBSBZTPVSDFT *OUFSOBUJPOBM 6MUSBWJPMFU &YQMPSFS /"4"T *OUFSOBUJPOBM 6MUSBWJPMFU &YQMPSFS
BCCSFWJBUFE*6& TBUFMMJUFPCUBJOFEPWFSVMUSBWJPMFUTQFDUSBPGDPTNJDPCKFDUT CFUXFFO+BOVBSZBOE4FQUFNCFS *OUFSQMBOFUBSZ NBHOFUJD mFME ѮF4VOTNBHOFUJDêFMEDBSSJFEJOUPJOUFSQMBOFUBSZ TQBDFCZUIFFYQBOEJOHTPMBSXJOE*UIBTBNBHOFUJDêFMETUSFOHUIPGBCPVU 5FTMB PSOBOP5FTMBBOE(BVTT BUUIF&BSUITPSCJUBMEJTUBODFPGBCPVU BTUSPOPNJDBMVOJUGSPNUIF4VOѮFJOUFSQMBOFUBSZNBHOFUJDêFMEJTDBSSJFESBEJBMMZ PVUXBSECZUIFTPMBSXJOE CVUTJODFUIFNBHOFUJDêFMEPSJHJOBUFTBUUIF4VO XIFSFUIF NBHOFUJDGPPUQPJOUTBSFMPDBUFE TPMBSSPUBUJPOUXJTUTUIFJOUFSQMBOFUBSZNBHOFUJDêFME JOUPBTQJSBMTUSVDUVSFXJUIUIFTIBQFPGBO"SDIJNFEFBOTQJSBM *OUFSQMBOFUBSZNBUUFS 4FFJOUFSQMBOFUBSZNFEJVN *OUFSQMBOFUBSZ NFEJVN ѮFNFEJVNPSNBUFSJBMJOUIFTQBDFCFUXFFOUIFQMBOFUT
JOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN*UJTDPNQPTFEPGFMFDUSJDBMMZDIBSHFEQBSUJDMFT NBJOMZFMFDUSPOT BOEQSPUPOT FKFDUFEGSPNUIF4VOWJBUIFTPMBSXJOE EVTUQBSUJDMFTGSPNDPNFUT BOE OFVUSBMHBTGSPNUIFJOUFSTUFMMBSNFEJVN *OUFSQMBOFUBSZTDJOUJMMBUJPO 'MVDUVBUJPOTJOUIFTJHOBMSFDFJWFEGSPNBEJTUBOUSBEJP TPVSDFPCTFSWFEBMPOHBMJOFPGTJHIUDMPTFUPUIF4VOѮFTDJOUJMMBUJPOJTDBVTFECZ JSSFHVMBSJUJFTJOUIFTPMBSXJOE *OUFSTUFMMBS DMPVE " NBTT PG HBT BOE EVTU UIBU MJFT JO UIF TQBDF CFUXFFO UIF TUBST DPOUBJOJOHHSFBURVBOUJUJFTPGFJUIFSBUPNJDPSNPMFDVMBSIZESPHFO BTXFMMBTPUIFS NPMFDVMFT BOETPNFUJNFTUIFTJUFPGSFDFOUMZGPSNFETUBSTBOEQMBOFUT *OUFSTUFMMBSEVTU 4NBMM TPMJEQBSUJDMFTJOUIFTQBDFCFUXFFOUIFTUBSTJOPVS(BMBYZ XJUI B TJ[F DPNQBSBCMF UP UIF XBWFMFOHUI PG MJHIU BOE TJNJMBS UP TNPLF *OUFSTUFMMBS EVTUBCTPSCT SFEEFOTBOESFëFDUTUIFMJHIUGSPNEJTUBOUTUBST4FFEVTU SFEEFOJOH BOE SFëFDUJPOOFCVMB *OUFSTUFMMBS NBUUFS .BUFSJBM JO UIF TQBDF CFUXFFO UIF TUBST 4FF ) * SFHJPO ) ** SFHJPO JOUFSTUFMMBSDMPVE JOUFSTUFMMBSEVTU JOUFSTUFMMBSNFEJVN JOUFSTUFMMBSNPMFDVMFT BOENPMFDVMBSDMPVE *OUFSTUFMMBSNFEJVN ѮFHBTBOEEVTUJOUIFTQBDFCFUXFFOUIFTUBSTJOPVS(BMBYZ
*UJTNBJOMZDPNQPTFEPGIZESPHFOBUPNT NPMFDVMFT BOETPMJEEVTUQBSUJDMFT.PTUPG UIFIZESPHFOBUPNTBSFJOBDPPM VOJPOJ[FEGPSNBUBUFNQFSBUVSFPGUPLFMWJO CVUVMUSBWJPMFUTUBSMJHIUJPOJ[FTUIFIZESPHFOBUPNTOFBSIPU CSJHIUTUBST$PME EFOTF NPMFDVMBSDMPVETDPOTJTUNBJOMZPGIZESPHFONPMFDVMFT FBDIXJUIBNBTTPGVQUPB NJMMJPOTPMBSNBTTFT CVUUIFTFDMPVETBMTPDPOUBJOIVOESFETPGPUIFSNPMFDVMFTJODMVE JOHBNNPOJB DBSCPONPOPYJEF GPSNBMEFIZEF BOEXBUFS4FF)*SFHJPO )**SFHJPO JOUFSTUFMMBSEVTU JOUFSTUFMMBSNPMFDVMFT BOENPMFDVMBSDMPVE
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4!",% )NTERSTELLARMOLECULESA #HEMICAL 3YMBOL
/( #/ (/ (#. .( (#/
.AMEOF -OLECULE
9EAROF $ISCOVERY
&REQUENCYA
7AVELENGTHA
(YDROXYL #ARBON-ONOXIDE 7ATER (YDROGEN#YANIDE !MMONIA &ORMALDEHYDE
-(Z '(Z '(Z '(Z '(Z -(Z
CM MM CM MM CM CM
A4HETRANSITIONFREQUENCIESAREGIVENIN-EGA(ERTZ ABBREVIATED-(Z OR'IGA(ERTZ ABBREVIATED'(Z/NE -(Z(ZORAMILLION(ERTZAND'(Z(ZORABILLION(ERTZ4HETRANSITIONWAVELENGTHSARE GIVENINUNITSOFCENTIMETERS CM ORMILLIMETERS MMCM
*OUFSTUFMMBSNPMFDVMFT ѮFNPTUBCVOEBOUBUPNTJOUIF$PTNTPT TVDIBTIZESPHFO )
DBSCPO $ OJUSPHFO / BOE PYZHFO 0 DPNCJOF UP GPSN NPMFDVMFT XJUIJO DPME EBSL JOUFSTUFMMBS DMPVET ѮF NPTU BCVOEBOU DPTNJD NPMFDVMF JT NPMFDVMBS IZESP HFO ) CVUBNNPOJB /) DBSCPONPOPYJEF $0 IZESPHFODZBOJEF )$/ XBUFS )0 GPSNBMEFIZEF )$0 BOEIZESPYZM 0) BSFBMTPGPVOE4FFEBSLOFCVMB HJBOU NPMFDVMBSDMPVE BOENPMFDVMBSDMPVE *OUFSTUFMMBSTQBDF ѮFTQBDFMPDBUFECFUXFFOUIFTUBST *OUSJOTJD CSJHIUOFTT ѮF BNPVOU PG SBEJBUJPO BO PCKFDU FNJUT BT PQQPTFE UP IPX
CSJHIUUIFPCKFDUMPPLTGSPN&BSUI4FFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ *OWFSTFTRVBSFMBX ѮFBQQBSFOU PSPCTFSWFE JOUFOTJUZPGSBEJBUJPOEJNJOJTIFTCZ UIFTRVBSFPGUIFEJTUBODFGSPNJUTTPVSDFBMTPBSFEVDUJPOJOHSBWJUBUJPOBMBUUSBDUJPO CZUIFTBNFGBDUPS4FFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZBOEBQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZ *OWJTJCMFSBEJBUJPO ѮPTFLJOETPGSBEJBUJPOUPXIJDIUIFIVNBOFZFJTOPUTFOTJUJWF GPSFYBNQMF SBEJPXBWFT 9SBZTBOEHBNNBSBZTѮFIVNBOFZFJTTFOTJUJWFUPWJT JCMFMJHIU BMTPLOPXOBTPQUJDBMSBEJBUJPOTJODFPQUJDTBSFVTFEUPEFUFDUJU4FFPQUJDBM SBEJBUJPOBOEWJTJCMFMJHIU *P ѮFJOOFSNPTUPG+VQJUFSTGPVS(BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT EJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF*UBMJBO
BTUSPOPNFS (BMJMFP (BMJMFJ ¢ *P IBT B SBEJVT PG LJMPNFUFST BOE B NBTTEFOTJUZPGLJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFS5JEBMGPSDFTGSPN+VQJUFSTRVFF[F*PT SPDLZJOUFSJPSJOBOEPVU NBLJOHJUNPMUFOJOTJEFBOEQSPEVDJOHWPMDBOPFTUIBUXFSF EJTDPWFSFEJOXIFOUIF7PZBHFSTQBDFDSBѫëFXCZ+VQJUFS*PJTUIFNPTUWPMDB OJDBMMZBDUJWFCPEZJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN*UTWPMDBOPFTQSPEVDFSFEBOEZFMMPXëPXTPG TVMGVSPVTMBWBBOEFYQFMQMVNFTPGTVMGVSEJPYJEFHBT+VQJUFSTQPXFSGVMNBHOFUJDêFME TXFFQTQBTU*P QJDLJOHVQBUPO PSLJMPHSBNT PGTVMGVSBOEPYZHFOJPOTFWFSZ TFDPOE BOEEJSFDUJOHUIFNJOUPBEPVHIOVUTIBQFESJOHLOPXOBTBQMBTNBUPSVT*PJT BMTPDPOOFDUFEUP+VQJUFSCZBëVYUVCFUIBUDBSSJFTBWBTUDVSSFOUPGNJMMJPOBNQFSFT CFUXFFOUIFTBUFMMJUFBOEUIFQMBOFUTQPMFT QSPEVDJOHBVSPSBMJHIUTPOCPUIUIFTBUFMMJUF BOEUIFHJBOUQMBOFU4FF(BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFTBOEUJEFT
(MPTTBSZ*
'*( )OSmUXTUBEANDPLASMATORUS!NELECTRICCURRENTOFlVEMILLIONAMPERES mOWSALONG)OSmUXTUBE CONNECTING)OTOTHEUPPERATMOSPHEREOF*UPITER4HEPLASMA TORUS CENTEREDNEAR)OSORBIT ISlLLEDWITHENERGETICSULFURANDOXYGENIONS"ECAUSETHE PLANETSROTATIONALAXISISTILTEDWITHRESPECTTOTHEMAGNETICAXIS THEORBITOFTHESATELLITE )OEBTIFEMJOF ISINCLINEDTOTHEPLASMATORUS *PO "OBUPNUIBUIBTMPTUPOFPSNPSFFMFDUSPOT PSJOMFTTDPNNPOJOTUBODFTHBJOFE BOFMFDUSPO"OJPOIBTBOFUFMFDUSJDBMDIBSHF#ZDPOUSBTU BOFVUSBMBUPNIBTBOFRVBM OVNCFS PG OFHBUJWFMZ DIBSHFE FMFDUSPOT BOE QPTJUJWFMZ DIBSHFE QSPUPOT HJWJOH UIF BUPNB[FSPOFUFMFDUSJDBMDIBSHF *POJ[BUJPO ѮF QSPDFTT JO XIJDI B OFVUSBM BUPN PS NPMFDVMF JT HJWFO B OFU FMFDUSJDBM DIBSHFѮFBUPNJDQSPDFTTJOXIJDIJPOTBSFQSPEVDFECZSFNPWJOHBOFMFDUSPOGSPNBO BUPN JPOPSNPMFDVMF UZQJDBMMZCZDPMMJTJPOTXJUIBUPNTPSFMFDUSPOT LOPXOBTDPMMJTJPOBM JPOJ[BUJPO PSCZJOUFSBDUJPOXJUIFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPO DBMMFEQIPUPJPOJ[BUJPO *POJ[BUJPOQPUFOUJBM ѮFBNPVOUPGFOFSHZSFRVJSFEUPSFNPWFUIFMFBTUUJHIUMZCPVOE FMFDUSPOGSPNBOFVUSBMBUPNPSNPMFDVMFJTDBMMFEUIFêSTUJPOJ[BUJPOQPUFOUJBM EFOPUFE CZ* BOEJUJTVTVBMMZNFBTVSFEJOFMFDUSPOWPMUT PSF7ѮFBEEJUJPOBMFOFSHZOFFEFEUP SFNPWFUIFOFYUMFBTUUJHIUMZCPVOEFMFDUSPOJTUIFTFDPOEJPOJ[BUJPOQPUFOUJBM BOETPPO *POJ[FE 4UBUFPGBOBUPNIBWJOHGFXFS PSNPSF FMFDUSPOTUIBOUIFOVNCFSPGQSPUPOT MFBWJOHJUXJUIBOFMFDUSJDBMDIBSHF *POJ[FEIZESPHFO "IZESPHFOBUPNUIBUIBTMPTUJUTFMFDUSPO)ZESPHFOJOJOUFSTUFM MBSTQBDFJTJPOJ[FECZOFBSCZIPU0BOE#TUBST GPSNJOH)**SFHJPOTTVDIBTUIF0SJPO /FCVMB4FF)**SFHJPO 0SJPO/FCVMB BOE4USÕNHSFOSBEJVT *POPTQIFSF ѮFVQQFSSFHJPOPGBQMBOFUTBUNPTQIFSFJOXIJDIUIFSFBSFGSFFFMFD USPOTBOEJPOTQSPEVDFEXIFOTPMBSVMUSBWJPMFUBOE9SBZSBEJBUJPOJPOJ[FTUIFDPOTUJU VFOUTPGUIFBUNPTQIFSF.PTUPGUIF&BSUITJPOPTQIFSFMJFTCFUXFFOIFJHIUTPGBCPVU BOELJMPNFUFSTBCPWFUIFHSPVOE UIPVHIUIFFYUFOUWBSJFTDPOTJEFSBCMZXJUI
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
UJNF TFBTPOBOETPMBSBDUJWJUZѮF%SFHJPO CFUXFFOBOELJMPNFUFST IBTMPX FMFDUSPOEFOTJUZѮF&BOE'SFHJPOT BUBCPVUBOEUPLJMPNFUFST GPSN UIFNBJOQBSUPGUIFJPOPTQIFSFѮFSFëFDUJOHQPXFSPGUIFJPOPTQIFSFNBLFTMPOH SBOHFCSPBEDBTUJOHBOEUFMFDPNNVOJDBUJPOQPTTJCMFBUSBEJPGSFRVFODJFTVQUPBCPVU .)[ PSXBWFMFOHUITMPOHFSUIBONFUFST *3"4 "DSPOZNGPSUIF*OGSB3FE"TUSPOPNJDBM4BUFMMJUF4FF*OGSB3FE"TUSPOPNJ
DBM4BUFMMJUF *SPO &MFNFOU XJUI BUPNJD OVNCFS DSFBUFE NPTUMZ CZ UZQF *B TVQFSOPWBF ѮF &BSUITDPSFDPOTJTUTNPTUMZPGJSPO BOEJSPOBMTPNBLFTZPVSCMPPESFE *SPONFUFPSJUF "CPVUQFSDFOUPGUIFNFUFPSJUFTUIBUIBWFCFFOTFFOUPGBMMBOEUIFO
SFDPWFSFEBSFDIVOLTPGNFUBMDBMMFEJSPONFUFPSJUFT DPNQPTFEPGQFSDFOUOJDLFM BOEJSPOBOEXJUIBIJHINBTTEFOTJUZPGCFUXFFO BOE LJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJD NFUFS8IFOQPMJTIFEBOEFUDIFEXJUIBDJE BOJSPONFUFPSJUFEJTQMBZTBEJTUJODUJWF 8JENBOTUÅUUFOQBUUFSOQSPEVDFECZSFHJPOTPGDSZTUBMMJOFTUSVDUVSF.PTUPGUIFPUIFS GBMMFONFUFPSJUFT QFSDFOU BSFTUPOZNFUFPSJUFT4FFNFUFPSJUF TUPOZNFUFPSJUF BOE 8JENBOTUÅUUFOQBUUFSO *SSBEJBODF ѮFTPMBSJSSBEJBODFJTUIFBNPVOUPGTPMBSFOFSHZSFDFJWFEBUUIF&BSUI
PVUTJEFJUTBUNPTQIFSFQFSVOJUBSFBQFSVOJUUJNF XJUIVOJUTPGXBUUTQFSTRVBSFNFUFS 4FFTPMBSDPOTUBOU *SSFHVMBS HBMBYZ " HBMBYZ UIBU BQQFBST EJTPSHBOJ[FE BOE EJTPSEFSFE "O JSSFHVMBS HBMBYZMBDLTTZNNFUSZBOEJTXJUIPVUBEJTUJODUTQJSBMPSFMMJQUJDBMTIBQF *4"4 "DSPOZNGPSUIF*OTUJUVUFPG4QBDFBOE"TUSPOBVUJDBM4DJFODF +BQBO *TMBOE6OJWFSTFIZQPUIFTJT ѮFBTTFSUJPOUIBUTQJSBMOFCVMBFBSFIVHFTUFMMBSBHHSF HBUFTTFQBSBUFEGSPNCPUIUIF.JMLZ8BZBOEFBDIPUIFSCZWBTUEJTUBODFT *TPUPQF "UPNIBWJOHUIFTBNFOVNCFSPGQSPUPOTJOJUTOVDMFVTBTPUIFSBUPNTPGBO
FMFNFOU CVUBEJĒFSFOUOVNCFSPGOFVUSPOT XJUIUIFSFTVMUUIBUJUTNBTTEJĒFSTUIPVHI JU NBZ IBWF UIF TBNF OVNCFS PG FMFDUSPOT 0OF PG UXP PS NPSF GPSNT PG UIF TBNF DIFNJDBMFMFNFOU XIPTFBUPNTBMMIBWFUIFTBNFBUPNJDOVNCFS PSOVNCFSPGQSP UPOTJOUIFJSOVDMFVT CVUBEJĒFSFOUOVNCFSPGOFVUSPOTBOEUIFSFGPSFBEJĒFSFOUNBTT PSBUPNJDNBTTOVNCFSѮFUFSN QSPQPTFEJOCZUIF&OHMJTIDIFNJTU'SFEFSJDL 4PEEZ ¢
EFSJWFTGSPNUIF(SFFLJTPTGPSiFRVBMuBOEUPQPTGPSiQMBDF uBOE SFë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
(MPTTBSZ+
+ +BNFT $MFSL .BYXFMM 5FMFTDPQF "CCSFWJBUFE +$.5 B TVCNJMMJNFUFSXBWF UFMF TDPQF XJUIBEJBNFUFSPGNFUFST JODIFT
MPDBUFEOFBSUIFTVNNJUPG.BVOB ,FB )BXBJJBOEDBQBCMFBUXPSLJOHBUXBWFMFOHUITCFUXFFOBOENFUFST PSCFUXFFOBOENJMMJNFUFST*UJTOBNFEGPSUIF4DPUUJTIQIZTJDJTU+BNFT$MFSL .BYXFMM ¢ XIPJOMBJEUIFGPVOEBUJPOGPSBMMTVCTFRVFOUTUVEJFTPG FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO TIPXJOH UIBU JU DPOTJTUT PG FMFDUSJD BOE NBHOFUJD XBWFT UIBUPTDJMMBUFBUSJHIUBOHMFTUPFBDIPUIFSBOEUPUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUSBWFMѮF+$.5 JTBGBDJMJUZPGUIF6OJUFE,JOHEPN $BOBEB BOEUIF/FUIFSMBOET PQFSBUFEPOUIFJS CFIBMG CZ UIF +PJOU "TUSPOPNZ $FOUFS JO )JMP )BXBJJ 4FF .BVOB ,FB 0CTFSWBUP SJFT +BNFT8FCC4QBDF5FMFTDPQF "OPSCJUJOHJOGSBSFEPCTFSWBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE+845
XJUIBNFUFS JODI QSJNBSZNJSSPS VOEFSTUVEZCZ/"4"XJUIBQSPQPTFE MBVODIEBUFPG"VHVTU*UJTCFJOHQMBOOFEBTBDPMMBCPSBUJWFQSPKFDUXJUI&4" BOE JTGPSFTFFOBTBTVDDFTTPSUPUIF)VCCMF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF*OJUJBMMZOBNFEUIF/FYU(FO FSBUJPO4QBDF5FMFTDPQF PS/(45GPSTIPSU JUIBTCFFOSFOBNFEGPS+BNFT&8FCC ¢
UIF /"4" BENJOJTUSBUPS XIP HVJEFE UIF BHFODZ EVSJOH UIF "QPMMP NPPOMBOEJOHT +FU1SPQVMTJPO-BCPSBUPSZ ѮF+FU1SPQVMTJPO-BCPSBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE+1- NBOBHFT
NPTU/"4"4PMBS4ZTUFNNJTTJPOT TVDIBTUIF$BTTJOJ)VZHFOT (BMJMFP .BST&YQMP SBUJPO3PWFST0QQPSUVOJUZBOE4QJSJU .BST(MPCBM4VSWFZPS BOE.BST0EZTTFZ .JTTJPOT BTXFMMBT/"4"T%FFQ4QBDF/FUXPSL BOE/"4"T4QJU[FS4QBDF5FMFTDPQF BOE ("-BYZ&WPMVUJPO&9QMPSFS ѮF +FU 1SPQVMTJPO -BCPSBUPSZ JT MPDBUFE JO 1BTB EFOB $BMJGPSOJB BOEJUJTNBOBHFEGPS/"4"CZUIF$BMJGPSOJB*OTUJUVUFPG5FDIOPMPHZ 4FF/BUJPOBM"FSPOBVUJDTBOE4QBDF"ENJOJTUSBUJPO +FXFM#PY ѮFPQFOTUBSDMVTUFS/($MPDBUFEMJHIUZFBSTBXBZJOUIFEJSFD UJPOPGUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$SVY XJUITUBSTPGWBSJFEDPMPSTMJLFKFXFMT4FF$SVY +PESFMM#BOL0CTFSWBUPSZ ѮF+PESFMM#BOL0CTFSWBUPSZJTQBSUPGUIF6OJWFSTJUZPG .BODIFTUFS &OHMBOE BOEXBTGPVOEFECZ&OHMJTISBEJPBTUSPOPNFS#FSOBSE-PWFMM ¢ JO*UJODMVEFTBNFUFS GFFU SBEJPUFMFTDPQF XIJDICFHBOPQFSB UJPOJO XBTVQHSBEFEJOBOE BOEOBNFEUIF-PWFMM5FMFTDPQFJO *UIBTQMBZFEBOJNQPSUBOUSPMFJOUIFFBSMZZFBSTPGSBEJPBTUSPOPNZBOEIFMQFEQJP OFFSMPOHCBTFMJOFJOUFSGFSPNFUSZ4FF.&3-*/ SBEJPJOUFSGFSPNFUFS SBEJPUFMFTDPQF BOE7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ +1- "DSPOZNGPSUIF+FU1SPQVMTJPO-BCPSBUPSZ4FF+FU1SPQVMTJPO-BCPSBUPSZ +VMJBODFOUVSZ ѮF+VMJBODFOUVSZIBTEBZTJOZFBST +VMJBO EBZ OVNCFS ѮF OVNCFS PG EBZT UIBU IBWF FMBQTFE TJODF OPPO (SFFOXJDI
.FBO5JNFPO+BOVBSZ#$ XIJDIJTEFêOFEBTEBZ[FSPѮFTUBOEBSEFQPDI
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
'*( *UPITERSWIND BLOWNCLOUDS4HETRADITIONALNOMENCLATUREOF*UPITERSLIGHTAND DARKBANDSOFCLOUDSMFѫ ISGIVENINABBREVIATEDFORMDFOUFS 4HEDARKBANDSARECALLED BELTS DENOTEDBYh"v THELIGHTBANDSAREKNOWNASZONES ORh:v ANDTHERESTOFEACHNAME ISBASEDONCLIMATICREGIONSATTHECORRESPONDINGLATITUDESON%ARTH.ORTH LETTERh.vISAT THETOP ANDSOUTH DENOTEDBYh3v ISATTHEBOTTOM4HEEQUATORIAL ORh%v BANDSAREINTHE MIDDLE THETROPICAL h42v BANDSONEACHSIDEOFTHEEQUATOR ANDTHETEMPERATE h4v ONES ATMID LATITUDES&ARNORTHERNLATITUDESAREDENOTEDBYh..v FARSOUTHERNLATITUDESBYh33v ANDTHEPOLARREGIONSBYh0v4HEIMAGEOF*UPITERSJHIU WASTAKENFROMTHE$BTTJOJSPACE CRAFTON$ECEMBER WHEN*UPITERSMOON%UROPACASTASHADOWONTHEPLANET4HE ARROWSPOINTINTHEDIRECTIONOFWINDmOW ANDTHEIRLENGTHCORRESPONDSTOTHEWINDVELOCITY WHICHCANREACHMETERSPERSECONDNEARTHEEQUATOR
UIBUJTOPXVTFEJOOFXTUBSDBUBMPHVFTJTXJUIB+VMJBO%BUFPG4FF (SFFOXJDI.FBO5JNFBOEQSFDFTTJPO +VQJUFS ѮFêѫINBKPSQMBOFUGSPNUIF4VO BOEUIFMBSHFTUQMBOFUJOUIF4PMBS4ZT UFN XJUI B NBTT FRVBM UP UJNFT UIF NBTT PG UIF &BSUI BOE TPMBS NBTTFT ѮFQMBOFU+VQJUFSPSCJUTUIF4VOBUBNFBOEJTUBODFPGBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJUTXJUIBO PSCJUBMQFSJPEPG&BSUIZFBSTBOEBOPSCJUBMTQFFEPGNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE"MM XFTFFPO+VQJUFSBSFDMPVET TXFQUJOUPQBSBMMFMCBOETPGCSJHIU[POFTBOEEBSLCFMUT CZ UIF QMBOFUT SBQJE SPUBUJPO BOE DPVOUFSëPXJOH FBTUXFTU XJOET BT XFMM BT BOUJ DZDMPOJD TUPSNT TVDI BT UIF (SFBU 3FE 4QPU XIJUF PWBMT BOE TNBMMFS FEEJFT +VQJUFS JTBOJODBOEFTDFOUHMPCFUIBUSBEJBUFTUJNFTUIFFOFSHZJUSFDFJWFTGSPNUIF4VO QSPCBCMZBTIFBUMFѫPWFSGSPNXIFOUIFHJBOUQMBOFUGPSNFEѮFNPTUBCVOEBOUFMF NFOUJO+VQJUFSJTIZESPHFO XIJDIFYJTUTJOMJRVJENPMFDVMBSBOEMJRVJENFUBMMJDGPSN XJUIJOUIFQMBOFU3PUBUJPOBMMZESJWFO FMFDUSJDBMDVSSFOUTXJUIJOBTIFMMPGMJRVJENFUBM MJDIZESPHFOHFOFSBUF+VQJUFSTQPXFSGVMNBHOFUJDêFME UIFMBSHFTUQFSNBOFOUTUSVDUVSF JO UIF 4PMBS 4ZTUFN FWFO TVSQBTTJOH UIF 4VO JO TJ[F ѮF QMBOFU BOE JUT GPVS MBSHFTU NPPOTXFSFFYBNJOFEJODMPTFVQEFUBJMJO XIFOUIF7PZBHFSBOETQBDFDSBѫ ëFXCZUIFQMBOFU BOEGSPNUPXIFOUIF(BMJMFPTQBDFDSBѫPSCJUFE+VQJUFS *OTUSVNFOUTBCPBSE7PZBHFSDPODMVTJWFMZEFNPOTUSBUFEUIBU+VQJUFSIBTBUIJOSJOH
(MPTTBSZ+
4!",% *UPITER A -ASS %QUATORIAL2ADIUSATBAR 0OLAR2ADIUSATBAR -EAN-ASS$ENSITY 2OTATION0ERIOD /RBITAL0ERIOD -EAN$ISTANCEFROM3UN !GE !TMOSPHERE %NERGY"ALANCE %FFECTIVE4EMPERATURE 4EMPERATUREAT BARLEVEL #ENTRAL4EMPERATURE -AGNETIC$IPOLE-OMENT %QUATORIAL-AGNETIC&IELD3TRENGTH
KILOGRAMS-% KILOMETERS2% KILOMETERS KILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER HOURSHOURSMINUTESSECONDS %ARTHYEARS METERS!5 YEARS PERCENTMOLECULARHYDROGEN PERCENTHELIUM KELVIN KELVIN KELVIN $% TESLAOR"%
A4HESYMBOLS-
% 2% $%AND"%DENOTERESPECTIVELYTHEMASS RADIUS MAGNETICDIPOLEMOMENT ANDMAG NETIClELDSTRENGTHOFTHE%ARTH/NEBARISEQUALTOTHEATMOSPHERICPRESSUREATSEALEVELON%ARTH4HEEN ERGYBALANCEISTHERATIOOFTOTALRADIATEDENERGYTOTHETOTALENERGYABSORBEDFROMSUNLIGHT ANDTHEEFFECTIVE TEMPERATUREISTHETEMPERATUREOFABLACKBODYTHATWOULDRADIATETHESAMEAMOUNTOFENERGYPERUNITAREA
DPNQPTFEPGWFSZTNBMMQBSUJDMFT*O+VMZ$PNFU4IPFNBLFS-FWZDPMMJEFEXJUI +VQJUFS 4FF $BMMJTUP &VSPQB (BMJMFBO TBUFMMJUFT (BOZNFEF (SFBU 3FE 4QPU *P BOE 4IPFNBLFS-FWZ$PNFU +845 "DSPOZNGPS+BNFT8FCC4QBDF5FMFTDPQF4FF+BNFT8FCC4QBDF5FMFTDPQF
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
, ,PS, "CCSFWJBUJPOGPSEFHSFFTPOUIF,FMWJOTDBMFPGUFNQFSBUVSF4FF,FMWJO ,BNJPLBOEF " NBTTJWF VOEFSHSPVOE OFVUSJOP EFUFDUPS JO +BQBO êMMFE XJUI XBUFS SFQMBDFECZUIF4VQFS,BNJPLBOEFEFUFDUPS4FF4VQFS,BNJPLBOEF ,BQUFZOT4UBS "GBJOUSFE.EXBSGTUBSXJUIBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG MPDBUFEJOUIFTPVUIFSODPOTUFMMBUJPOPG1JDUPS"TUIFOBNFJNQMJFT UIF%VUDI"TUSPO PNFS+BDPCVT,BQUFZO ¢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ѮF,FDL*UFMFTDPQF CFHBOTDJFODFPCTFSWBUJPOTJO.BZ ,FDL**CFHBOJO0DUPCFSѮF,FDL JOUFSGFSPNFUFS XJMM DPNCJOF UIF MJHIU PG UIF UXP UFMFTDPQFT UP PCUBJO UIF SFTPMWJOH QPXFSPGBTJOHMFPQUJDBMUFMFTDPQFXJUIBNFUFS JODI NJSSPSBOEBOBOHVMBS SFTPMVUJPOBTêOFBTTFDPOETPGBSDѮFUFMFTDPQFTBSFOBNFEBѫFSUIF"NFSJDBO QIJMBOUISPQJTU8JMMJBN.ZSPO,FDL ¢
GPVOEFSPGUIF4VQFSJPS0JM$PN QBOZ XIPJOFTUBCMJTIFEUIF8.,FDL'PVOEBUJPOUIBUGVOEFEUIFDPOTUSVDUJPO BOETVQQPSUTUIFPQFSBUJPOPGUIFUFMFTDPQFTѮF$BMJGPSOJB"TTPDJBUJPOGPS3FTFBSDI JO"TUSPOPNZPQFSBUFTUIF8.,FDL0CTFSWBUPSZ4FF.BVOB,FB0CTFSWBUPSJFT ,FMWJO "VOJUGPSNFBTVSJOHBCTPMVUFUFNQFSBUVSFBCCSFWJBUFE,PS,GPSEFHSFFTPO UIF,FMWJOTDBMF BOEOBNFEGPSUIF*SJTIQIZTJDJTU8JMMJBNѮPNTPO ¢
-PSE,FMWJOPG-BSHT0OUIF,FMWJOTDBMF UIFDPMEFTUQPTTJCMFUFNQFSBUVSFJTEFHSFFT LFMWJO XIFSF BUPNJD PS NPMFDVMBS NPUJPO TUPQT 8BUFS GSFF[FT BU LFMWJO SPPN UFNQFSBUVSFJTBCPVULFMWJO BOEUIFCPJMJOHQPJOUPGXBUFSJTLFMWJO5PDPO WFSUBUFNQFSBUVSFJOLFMWJOUPUIFFRVJWBMFOUUFNQFSBUVSFJOEFHSFFT$FMTJVT TVCUSBDU PS$, BOEUIFFRVJWBMFOUUFNQFSBUVSFJOEFHSFFT'BISFOIFJUJT ' , 4FFBCTPMVUFUFNQFSBUVSF $FMTJVT BOE'BISFOIFJU ,FQMFS.JTTJPO "NJTTJPO DVSSFOUMZVOEFSTUVEZCZ/"4" EFTJHOFEUPEFUFDUSPDLZ &BSUITJ[FEQMBOFUTBSPVOEPUIFSTUBST*UXBTOBNFEGPS+PIBOOFT,FQMFS ¢
UIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFSXIPEJTDPWFSFEUIFUISFFMBXTPGQMBOFUBSZNPUJPOUIBUOPX IBWFIJTOBNF ,FQMFSTMBXT ѮFUISFFGVOEBNFOUBMMBXTHPWFSOJOHUIFNPUJPOTPGUIFQMBOFUTBSPVOE
UIF4VO êSTUXPSLFEPVUCZUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS+PIBOOFT,FQMFS ¢ CFUXFFOBOE BOECBTFEPOPCTFSWBUJPOTNBEFCZUIF%BOJTIBTUSPOPNFS
(MPTTBSZ,
'*( +EPLERSlRSTANDSECONDLAWS4HE'ERMANASTRONOMER *OHANNES+EPLER¥ PUBLISHEDHISlRSTTWOLAWSOFPLANETARY ORBITALMOTIONIN(ISlRSTLAWSTATESTHATTHEORBITOFAPLANETABOUT THE3UNISANELLIPSEWITHTHE3UNATONEFOCUS4HEOTHERFOCUSOFTHE ELLIPSEISEMPTY!CCORDINGTO+EPLERSSECONDLAW THELINEJOININGAPLANET TOTHE3UNSWEEPSOUTEQUALAREASINEQUALTIMES4HISISALSOKNOWNAS THELAWOFEQUALAREAS)TISREPRESENTEDBYTHEEQUALITYOFTHETHREESHADED AREAS!"3 #$3AND%&3)TTAKESASLONGTOTRAVELFROM!TO"ASFROM# TO$ANDFROM%TO&!PLANETMOVESMOSTRAPIDLYWHENITISNEARESTTHE 3UNBUQFSJIFMJPO APLANETSSLOWESTMOTIONOCCURSWHENITISFARTHEST FROMTHE3UNBUBQIFMJPO
5ZDIP#SBIF ¢ ѮFZBSF ѮFPSCJUPGFBDIQMBOFUJTBOFMMJQTFXJUIUIF 4VOBUPOFGPDVT "MJOFGSPNUIF4VOUPBQMBOFUTXFFQTPVUFRVBMBSFBTJOFRVBM UJNF ѮFTRVBSFPGBQMBOFUTPSCJUBMQFSJPEJTQSPQPSUJPOBMUPUIFDVCFPGJUTBWFSBHF EJTUBODFGSPNUIF4VOѮFTFDPOEMBXNFBOTUIBUBQMBOFUNPWFTBUBTMJHIUMZGBTUFS TQFFEXIFOJUTPSCJUJTDMPTFTUUPUIF4VOѮJTMBXJTLOPXOBTUIFMBXPGBSFBTѮF UIJSEMBXJOEJDBUFTUIBUNPSFEJTUBOUQMBOFUTNPWFBSPVOEUIF4VOBUTMPXFSTQFFETBOE UBLFMPOHFSUJNFTUPDPNQMFUFFBDIPSCJU ,FQMFSTTUBSBOETVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU "CSJMMJBOUTUBSXIFOEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF (FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS+PIBOOFT,FQMFS ¢
XJUIBNBYJNVNWJTVBMBQQBSFOU NBHOJUVEFPGm BCPVUUIFCSJHIUOFTTPG+VQJUFS"UBOFTUJNBUFEEJTUBODFPG MJHIUZFBST ,FQMFSTTUBSIBEBNBYJNVNBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGm CVUOPX JUJTBMNPTUJOWJTJCMFPQUJDBMMZ*UXBTUIFMBTUTUFMMBSFYQMPTJPO PSTVQFSOPWB TFFOJO PVS (BMBYZ BOE UIF FYQBOEJOH SFNOBOU PG UIF FYQMPTJPO DBMMFE,FQMFST TVQFSOPWB SFNOBOU JTBTUSPOHTPVSDFPGSBEJPBOE9SBZSBEJBUJPOUPEBZ LF7 "CCSFWJBUJPO GPS LJMP FMFDUSPO WPMUT PS POF UIPVTBOE FMFDUSPO WPMUT " VOJU PG
FOFSHZXJUILF7+PVMFTѮFXBWFMFOHUIPGSBEJBUJPOXJUIB QIPUPOFOFSHZJOLF7JTNFUFSTFOFSHZJOLF74FFFMFDUSPOWPMU
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
'*( +EPLERSTHIRDLAW4HEORBITALPERIODSOFTHEPLANETSARE PLOTTEDAGAINSTTHEIRSEMI MAJORAXES USINGALOGARITHMICSCALE 4HESTRAIGHTLINETHATCONNECTSTHEPOINTSHASASLOPEOF THEREBY VERIFYING+EPLERSTHIRDLAWTHATSTATESTHATTHESQUAREOFTHEORBITAL PERIODSINCREASESWITHTHECUBESOFTHEPLANETARYDISTANCES4HE 'ERMANASTRONOMER*OHANNES+EPLER¥ PUBLISHEDTHIS THIRDLAWIN4HISTYPEOFRELATIONAPPLIESTOANYSETOFBODIES INELLIPTICALORBITS INCLUDING*UPITERSFOURLARGESTSATELLITESSHOWN INTHEINSET ,FZIPMF/FCVMB "EBSLOFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE/($ XIJDIJTJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO
$BSJOBBOEJTTFFOJOTJMIPVFUUFBHBJOTUUIFCSJHIU&UB$BSJOBF/FCVMB4FFEBSLOFCVMB BOE&UB$BSJOBF/FCVMB ,JMPNFUFS "VOJUPGEJTUBODF BCCSFWJBUFELN*UJTFRVBMUPPOFUIPVTBOENFUFSTBOE UPNJMFT ,JMPNFUFSQFSTFDPOE "VOJUPGTQFFEFRVBMUPNJMFTQFSIPVS ,JOFUJDFOFSHZ ѮFFOFSHZUIBUBOPCKFDUQPTTFTTFTBTBSFTVMUPGJUTNPUJPO ,JSDIIPGGTMBX ѮFSBUJPPGUIFFNJTTJPOBOEBCTPSQUJPODPFēDJFOUTPGBCMBDLCPEZ
JTFRVBMUPJUTCSJHIUOFTTBSFMBUJPOOBNFEGPSUIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU(VTUBW,JSDIIPĒ ¢ XIPBOOPVODFEJUJO ,JSLXPPE HBQT 3FHJPOT JO UIF BTUFSPJE CFMU CFUXFFO UIF PSCJUT PG .BST BOE +VQJ
UFS XIJDI DPOUBJO WFSZ GFX BTUFSPJET ѮF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS %BOJFM ,JSLXPPE ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUIFTFHBQTJOѮF,JSLXPPEHBQTBSFMPDBUFEBUQMBDFT XIFSFBOBTUFSPJEXPVMEIBWFBOPSCJUBMQFSJPEUIBUJTBSBUJPOBMGSBDUJPO TVDIBT BOE PG +VQJUFST PSCJUBM QFSJPE BOE SFQFBUFE HSBWJUBUJPOBM JOUFSBDUJPOT XJUI +VQJUFSTFFNTUPIBWFUPTTFEUIFBTUFSPJETPVUPGUIFTFQMBDFT"DPNQMFUFFYQMBOBUJPO
(MPTTBSZ,
%#"&($'%
&
%&
("%&
%'
(!%# &'%#&
&'"%#!("
'*( +IRKWOODGAPS4HENUMBEROFASTEROIDSATDIFFERENTDIS TANCESFROMTHE3UN-OSTOFTHEASTEROIDSAREFOUNDINTHEASTEROID BELTTHATLIESBETWEENAND!5FROMTHE3UN4HEGAPSOF MISSINGASTEROIDSARENAMEDFORTHE!MERICANASTRONOMER$ANIEL +IRKWOOD¥ WHODISCOVEREDTHEMIN2EPEATED GRAVITATIONALINTERACTIONSWITH*UPITERSEEMTOHAVETOSSEDASTEROIDS OUTOFTHE+IRKWOODGAPSWITHORBITALPERIODSOF ANDOF*UPITERSORBITALPERIOD4HESEFRACTIONSAREPLACED ABOVETHERELEVANTGAPINTHElGURE
PG UIF ,JSLXPPE HBQT XBT PCUBJOFE JO UIF T XIFO UIF "NFSJDBO TDJFOUJTU +BDL 8JTEPN ¢ TIPXFE UIBU +VQJUFS JOEVDFT B DIBPUJD [POF JO UIF WJDJOJUZ PG UIF ,JSLXPPEHBQT FWFOUVBMMZSFNPWJOHBOBTUFSPJEGSPNUIFN ,JUU1FBL/BUJPOBM0CTFSWBUPSZ 'PVOEFEJO UIF,JUU1FBL/BUJPOBM0CTFS
WBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE ,1/0 TVQQPSUT UFMFTDPQFT GPS OJHIUUJNF PQUJDBM BOE JOGSBSFE BTUSPOPNZBOEEBZUJNFTUVEZPGUIF4VO*UJTMPDBUFEOFBS5VDTPO "SJ[POB BOEJT QBSUPGUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT/BUJPOBM0QUJDBM"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZѮFMBSHFTUUFMF TDPQFBU,1/0JTUIFNFUFS JODI .BZBMMUFMFTDPQF PQFOFEJO,1/0 JT BMTP UIF TJUF PG UIF .D.BUI 4PMBS 5FMFTDPQF UIF XPSMET MBSHFTU TPMBS UFMFTDPQF PQFOFE JO JU IBT B NFUFS JODI NJSSPS BOE JT QBSU PG UIF /BUJPOBM 4PMBS0CTFSWBUPSZ4FF/BUJPOBM0QUJDBM"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZBOE/BUJPOBM4PMBS 0CTFSWBUPSZ LQD "CCSFWJBUJPOGPSLJMPQBSTFDT PSPOFUIPVTBOEQBSTFD BVOJUPGEJTUBODFXJUILQD NFUFST ,1/0 "CCSFWJBUJPO PG ,JUU 1FBL /BUJPOBM 0CTFSWBUPSZ 4FF ,JUU 1FBL /BUJPOBM
0CTFSWBUPSZ
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
,TUBS "OPSBOHFTUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF, XIPTFWJTJCMFEJTLJTTMJHIUMZDPPMFSUIBOUIF 4VO&YBNQMFTPG,TUBSTBSFUIFEXBSG PSNBJOTFRVFODF TUBS&QTJMPO&SJEBOJBOEUIF HJBOUTUBST"MEFCBSBO "SDUVSVTBOE1PMMVY4FF"MEFCBSBO "SDUVSVT &QTJMPO&SJEBOJ )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN BOETUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO ,VJQFSBJSCPSOFPCTFSWBUPSZ "KFUBJSDSBѫ PQFSBUFECZ/"4" VTFEUPNBLFDPTNJD JOGSBSFEPCTFSWBUJPOTGPSNPSFUIBOZFBST FOEJOHJUTTFSWJDFJO0DUPCFS*UXBT OBNFEGPSUIF%VUDICPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS(FSBSE1,VJQFS ¢ ,VJQFS CFMU " DPMMFDUJPO PG CJMMJPO UP CJMMJPO UP PS NPSF JDZ CPE
JFT PSCJUJOH UIF 4VO JO MPXFDDFOUSJDJUZ MPXJODMJOBUJPO PSCJUT CFZPOE /FQUVOF FYUFOEJOHPVUQPTTJCMZUPBCPVUBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJUTѮF,VJQFSCFMUQSPWJEFT UIF 4PMBS 4ZTUFN XJUI TPNF TIPSUQFSJPE DPNFUT XIJDI SFWPMWF BSPVOE UIF 4VO XJUI QFSJPET MFTT UIBO &BSUI ZFBST ѮF ,VJQFS CFMU JT OBNFE BѫFS UIF %VUDI CPSO "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS (FSBSE 1 ,VJQFS ¢
XIP XBT POF PG UIF êSTU UP QSPQPTF JUT FYJTUFODF ѮF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFST +BOF 9 -VV ¢ BOE %BWJE $ +FXJUU ¢ EJTDPWFSFE UIF êSTU USBOT/FQUVOJBO ,VJQFSCFMU PCKFDUJOIVOESFETPGTVDIPCKFDUTIBWFOPXCFFOGPVOEBOETDJFOUJTUTFTUJNBUF UIBUUIF,VJQFSCFMUNBZDPOUBJOBTNBOZBTPCKFDUTXJUIBSBEJVTPGBCPVU LJMPNFUFST/FQUVOFTMBSHFTUTBUFMMJUF 5SJUPO NBZIBWFCFFODBQUVSFEGSPNUIF ,VJQFSCFMUѮFPSCJUPGUIFTNBMMQMBOFU1MVUPDSPTTFTJOTJEFBOEPVUTJEFUIFPSCJUPG /FQUVOF BOENJHIUCFSFHBSEFEBTBOPUIFSNFNCFSPGUIF,VJQFSCFMU4FFDPNFU 1MVUP BOE5SJUPO
(MPTTBSZ-
-BHPPO/FCVMB "CSJHIUFNJTTJPOOFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE.PS/($ JOUIFDPO TUFMMBUJPO4BHJUUBSJVT TVSSPVOEJOHUIFTUBSDMVTUFS/($#PUIUIFOFCVMBBOETUBS DMVTUFSBSFMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTѮF-BHPPO/FCVMBNFBTVSFT CZNJOVUFTPGBSDBDSPTT*USFDFJWFTJUTOBNFGSPNBEBSLMBOFUIBUDVUTBDSPTTUIF CSJHIUOFCVMBXJUIUIFTIBQFPGBMBHPPOѮFCSJHIU)PVSHMBTT/FCVMBJTGPVOEJOUIF DFOUSBMSFHJPOTPGUIF-BHPPO/FCVMB4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMBBOE)PVSHMBTT/FCVMB -BHSBOHJBOQPJOU 0OFPGUIFêWFQPJOUTBUXIJDIBOBSUJêDJBMTBUFMMJUFPSBTNBMMDPTNJD PCKFDU TVDIBTBOBTUFSPJEPSOBUVSBMTBUFMMJUF DBOSFNBJOJOBQPTJUJPOPGFRVJMJCSJVN XJUISFTQFDUUPUXPNVDINPSFNBTTJWFCPEJFTPSCJUJOHFBDIPUIFSѮF*UBMJBOCPSO 'SFODINBUIFNBUJDJBO+PTFQI-BHSBOHF ¢ êSTUEFSJWFEUIFêWF-BHSBOHJBO QPJOUTJOXIFOJOWFTUJHBUJOHUIFNVUVBMHSBWJUBUJPOPGUIF&BSUI 4VOBOE.PPO ѮF5SPKBOBTUFSPJETBSFMPDBUFEBMPOH+VQJUFSTPSCJUBUUIFGPVSUIBOEêѫI-BHSBOHJBO QPJOUT EFOPUFE-BOE- XIFSFUIFHSBWJUZPG+VQJUFSBOEUIF4VOBSFFRVBMѮF40MBS BOE)FMJPTQIFSJD0CTFSWBUPSZJTMPDBUFEBUUIFJOOFS-BHSBOHJBOQPJOU EFTJHOBUFE- PGUIF&BSUI4VOTZTUFN*UJTMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFGSPNUIF&BSUIPGBCPVU PS CJMMJPO NFUFSTUPXBSETUIF4VO PSBCPVUPOFPOFIVOESFEUIPGUIFXBZGSPNUIF &BSUIUPUIF4VO XIFSFUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMQVMMPGUIF&BSUIBOE4VOCBMBODF"TQBDF DSBѫBUUIFJOOFS-BHSBOHJBOQPJOUXJMMPSCJUUIF4VOXJUIUIF&BSUIXJUIPVUSFWPMWJOH BCPVUUIF&BSUI BOEUIFSFGPSFOFWFSFYQFSJFODFTOJHIU4FF40MBSBOE)FMJPTQIFSJD 0CTFSWBUPSZBOE5SPKBOBTUFSPJE -"/- "DSPOZNGPSUIF-PT"MBNPT/BUJPOBM-BCPSBUPSZ -BSHF .BHFMMBOJD $MPVE "CCSFWJBUFE -.$ UIF OFBSFTU JSSFHVMBS HBMBYZ UIBU PSCJUT UIF .JMLZ 8BZ MPDBUFE MJHIUZFBST BXBZ /BNFE GPS UIF 1PSUVHVFTF FYQMPSFS 'FSEJOBOE .BHFMMBO ¢ XIPTF DSFX SFQPSUFE TFFJOH UIF UXP .BHFMMBOJD $MPVETGSPNUIF4PVUIFSO)FNJTQIFSFEVSJOHUIFêSTUDJSDVNOBWJHBUJPOPGUIF&BSUI DPNQMFUFE JO ѮF -BSHF .BHFMMBOJD $MPVE DPOUBJOT UIF MBSHFTU LOPXO FNJTTJPO OFCVMB UIF5BSBOUVMB/FCVMB BOEUIF-.$JTBMTPUIFTJHIUPG4VQFSOPWB" UIFêSTU OBLFEFZFTVQFSOPWBTJODF4FF.BHFMMBOJD$MPVET 4VQFSOPWB" BOE5BSBO UVMB/FCVMB -BT$BNQBOBT0CTFSWBUPSZ "OPQUJDBM PSWJTJCMFMJHIU PCTFSWBUPSZOFBS-B4FSFOB
$IJMF SVOCZUIF$BSOFHJF*OTUJUVUJPOPG8BTIJOHUPOѮFMBSHFTUUFMFTDPQFTOPXJO PQFSBUJPO BSF UIF UXP NFUFS JODI .BHFMMBO 5FMFTDPQFT CVJMU VOEFS DPM MBCPSBUJPO CFUXFFO UIF $BSOFHJF 0CTFSWBUPSJFT UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG "SJ[POB )BSWBSE 6OJWFSTJUZ UIF6OJWFSTJUZPG.JDIJHBOBOEUIF.BTTBDIVTFUUT*OTUJUVUFPG5FDIOPMPHZ ѮFêSTU.BHFMMBO5FMFTDPQFCFHBOPQFSBUJPOJO4FQUFNCFSBOEUIFTFDPOEJO 4FQUFNCFS"(JBOU.BHFMMBO5FMFTDPQF DPOTJTUJOHPGNJSSPST FBDINFUFST JODIFT JOEJBNFUFS JTQMBOOFE -BTFS *OUFSGFSPNFUFS (SBWJUBUJPOBM8BWF 0CTFSWBUPSZ "CCSFWJBUFE -*(0 B
GBDJMJUZEFEJDBUFEUPUIFEFUFDUJPOPGDPTNJDHSBWJUBUJPOBMXBWFT DPOTJTUJOHPGUXP
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
'*( ,AGRANGIANPOINTS4HEREARElVE,AGRANGIANPOINTSWHERE ACELESTIALBODYCANREMAININPOSITIONOFEQUILIBRIUMWITHRESPECTTOTWO MUCHMOREMASSIVEBODIES DESIGNATED- AND- ORBITINGEACHOTHER 4HESEPOINTSARENAMEDFORTHE)TALIAN BORN&RENCHMATHEMATICIAN*OSEPH ,OUISDE,AGRANGE¥ WHOINVESTIGATEDTHEMIN!T THESEPOINTSTHEFORCESACTINGONTHESMALLERBODYCANCELOUT"ODIESAT POINTS, , AND, ONTHELINEJOINING-AND- ARELESSSTABLETHAN BODIESAT,AND, WHICHFORMEQUILATERALTRIANGLESWITH-AND-
XJEFMZTFQBSBUFEJOTUBMMBUJPOTXJUIJOUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT PQFSBUFEJOVOJTPOBTBTJOHMF PCTFSWBUPSZ&BDIGBDJMJUZIBTMBTFSCFBNTUIBUNFBTVSFUIFEJTUBODFCFUXFFONBTTFT XJUI TVē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
.PVOU )BNJMUPO OFBS 4BO +PTF $BMJGPSOJB CFUXFFO BOE GSPN B CFRVFTU CZUIF$BMJGPSOJBCVTJOFTTNBO+BNFT-JDL ¢ -JDL0CTFSWBUPSZJTPXOFE BOEPQFSBUFECZUIF6OJWFSTJUZPG$BMJGPSOJBBOEDVSSFOUMZNBOBHFECZUIF6OJWFSTJUZ PG$BMJGPSOJB 4BOUB$SV[*UTNFUFS JODI UFMFTDPQFXBTDPNQMFUFEJO BOEOBNFEUIF4IBOFUFMFTDPQFJOJOIPOPSPGUIFBTUSPOPNFS$IBSMFT%POBME 4IBOF ¢ XIPIFMQFEBDRVJSFGVOEJOHGPSUIFUFMFTDPQFGSPNUIF$BMJGPS
(MPTTBSZ-
OJB -FHJTMBUVSF ѮF NFUFS JODI SFGSBDUPS IBT CFFO JO PQFSBUJPO TJODF UIF PCTFSWBUPSZPQFOFEJO*OUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS+BNFT&EXBSE,FFMFS ¢ CFHBOTZTUFNBUJDQIPUPHSBQIZPGOFCVMBFVTJOHUIFNFUFSSFGSBD UPS FTUJNBUJOHUIBUPWFSPOFIVOESFEUIPVTBOETQJSBMOFCVMBFDPVMECFEFUFDUFEUIJT XBZѮFUFMFTDPQFXBTTVCTFRVFOUMZVTFEJOBDPPQFSBUJWFQSPKFDUXJUIUIFJODI .PVOU 8JMTPO UFMFTDPQF UP EFUFSNJOF UIF SFETIJѫT BOE NBHOJUVEFT PG IVOESFET PG FYUSBHBMBDUJDOFCVMBF QVCMJTIFEJO0CTFSWBUJPOTBU-JDL0CTFSWBUPSZIBWFNPTU SFDFOUMZQMBZFEBSPMFJOUIFEJTDPWFSZPGFYUSBTPMBSQMBOFUT -JHIU ѮFLJOEPGSBEJBUJPOUPXIJDIUIFIVNBOFZFJTTFOTJUJWF4FFPQUJDBMSBEJBUJPO
WFMPDJUZPGMJHIU BOEWJTJCMFTQFDUSVN -JHIUFMFNFOU "OFMFNFOUPGWFSZMPXBUPNJDOVNCFS TVDIBTIZESPHFO IFMJVNBOE MJUIJVN XIJDIIBWFBUPNJDOVNCFSTPGPOF UXPBOEUISFF4FFBUPNJDOVNCFS -JHIUTFDPOE ѮFEJTUBODFUIBUMJHIUUSBWFMTUISPVHIBWBDVVNJOPOFTFDPOE FRVBM
UPLJMPNFUFSTBOESPVHIMZNJMFT -JHIUUJNF ѮFUJNFJUUBLFTMJHIUUPUSBWFMGSPNBDFMFTUJBMPCKFDUUPUIF&BSUI*UUBLFT NJOVUFTGPSMJHIUUPSFBDIUIF&BSUIGSPNUIF4VO BOEZFBSTGPSMJHIUUPUSBWFM UPUIF&BSUIGSPN1SPYJNB$FOUBVSJ UIFOFBSFTUTUBSPUIFSUIBOUIF4VO -JHIUZFBS ѮFEJTUBODFUIBUMJHIUUSBWFMTUISPVHIBWBDVVNJOPOFZFBS0OFMJHIU
ZFBSJTFRVJWBMFOUUPNFUFSTPSUSJMMJPOLJMPNFUFST UP NJMFT UP BTUSPOPNJDBM VOJUT BOE UP QBSTFDT 1SPYJNB $FOUBVSJ JT UIF OFBSFTUTUBS PUIFSUIBOUIF4VO XJUIBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST -*(0 "CCSFWJBUJPO GPS -BTFS *OUFSGFSPNFUFS (SBWJUBUJPOBM8BWF 0CTFSWBUPSZ 4FF
-BTFS*OUFSGFSPNFUFS(SBWJUBUJPOBM8BWF0CTFSWBUPSZ -JOFFMFNFOU ѮFTRVBSFEEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUXPOFBSCZQPJOUTPGTQBDFUJNF -JUUMF*DF"HF "QSPMPOHFEQFSJPEPGVOVTVBMMZDPMEXFBUIFSJO&VSPQF GSPNBCPVU UP PWFSMBQQJOHUXPQFSJPETPGVOVTVBMMZMPXTVOTQPUOVNCFSTDBMMFEUIF.BVOEFS .JOJNVN UP BOEUIF4QÕSFS.JOJNVN UP %VSJOHUIF-JUUMF*DF "HF BMQJOFHMBDJFSTFYQBOEFE UIF3JWFSѮ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
/THER.AME
5'# $$/ $$/
.'# .'# .'# )# )#
$$/
5'#! 5+3 #ASSIOPEIA
%'" 3AG$)' !ND6))
$$/ $$/
3EXTANS! 3EXTANS" 3AGITTARIUS &ORNAX 0EGASUS
$$/
$$/ .'# - $$/ 5'#
7,- .'# .'# )#
- .'# -ILKY7AY -7 - .'# ,-# 3-# .'#
'ALAXY
4!",% ,OCAL'ROUP A
9EAROF $ISCOVERY
$ECLINATION
2!
HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM
D)RR D)RR D3PH
D)RR D)RR D3PH . D3PH D)RRD3PH
D3PHD%P D3PHD% RR)6 6 D)RR )RR6
)RR)6 6 % %PD3PH . )RR)6 6 D)RR
3B) )) 3BC 3C)) ))) )RR))) )6 )RR)6 6
4YPE
- ,'# -
. . -7 -7 ,'#
- - ,'# ,'# -
,'# - - . -
- -7 - -7 -7
3UBGROUP
$ISTANCE -LY
6R
,UMINOSITY ,b
-ASS -b
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
$$/ $$/
$$/
!QUARIUS
0EGD3PH 0ISCES
9EAROF $ISCOVERY
$ECLINATION
2!
HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HLM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM
D3PH D3PH D3PH
D)RRD3PH D)RRD3PH D3PH D3PH D3PH
D)RRD3PH D3PH D)RRD3PH D3PH D3PH
D3PH D)RR D)RR D3PH D3PH
D)RR D3PH
4YPE
-7 -7 -7
-7 ,'# ,'# -7 -7
. - - - -
- '2 -7 - -7
,'# -7
3UBGROUP
$ISTANCE -LY
6R
,UMINOSITY ,b
-ASS -b
(MPTTBSZ-
A!DAPTEDFROM0AUL-URDINED %NCYCLOPEDIAOF!STRONOMYAND!STROPHYSICS .EW9ORK .ATURE0UBLISHING'ROUP P4HEMEMBERSOFTHE,OCAL'ROUP ARELISTEDINORDEROFDECREASINGINTRINSICBRIGHTNESS/THERTHAN!NDROMEDAOR- 4RIANGULUMOR- ANDTHE,ARGEAND3MALL-AGELLANIC#LOUDS ,-#AND 3-# MOSTOFTHEMEMBERSOFTHE,OCAL'ROUPAREDWARFGALAXIES DESIGNATEDBYAhDvINTHE4YPECOLUMN ANDTHEABSOLUTE ORINTRINSIC LUMINOSITYANDMASSAREIN UNITSOFAMILLIONTIMESTHESOLARVALUESOF,bERGSAND-bGRAMS
#ARINA 5RSA-INOR $RACO
0HOENIX $$/ 4UCANA ,EO)) 3EXTANS
!NTLIA !ND6) ,'3 !ND))) !ND6
$$/ $$/
5'#!
5+3 ,EO)
!ND) '2 ,EO! !ND)) 3CULPTOR
/THER.AME
'ALAXY
4!",% ,OCAL'ROUPACONTINUED
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
-POHJUVEF %JTUBODFBMPOHUIF&BSUITFRVBUPS NFBTVSFEFBTUPSXFTUGSPNUIFDJS
DMF PG MPOHJUVEF JOUFSTFDUJOH (SFFOXJDI &OHMBOE UP UIF FRVBUPSJBM JOUFSTFDUJPO PG UIF DJSDMF PG MPOHJUVEF UIBU QBTTFT UISPVHI UIF QPJOU " DJSDMF PG MPOHJUVEF QBTTFT BSPVOEUIF&BSUIGSPNQPMFUPQPMFQFSQFOEJDVMBSUPUIFFRVBUPS4FF3PZBM(SFFO XJDI0CTFSWBUPSZ -POHQFSJPE DPNFU " DPNFU XIPTF PSCJUBM QFSJPE BSPVOE UIF 4VO JT HSFBUFS UIBO ZFBST-POHQFSJPEDPNFUTPSJHJOBUFJOUIF0PSUDPNFUDMPVE4FFDPNFUBOE0PSU DPNFUDMPVE -PPLCBDL UJNF ѮFUJNFBUXIJDIUIFSBEJBUJPOXFTFFGSPNBOPCKFDUXBTFNJU UFECZUIBUPCKFDU FRVBMUPUIFPCKFDUTEJTUBODFEJWJEFECZUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUJOB 6OJWFSTFEFTDSJCFECZ&VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZѮFSBEJBUJPOXFTFFGSPNNPSFEJTUBOU PCKFDUTXBTFNJUUFEBMPOHFSUJNFBHP BOEIFODFBUBOFBSMJFSFQPDIJOUIFFWPMVUJPO PGUIF6OJWFSTF -PSFOU[DPOUSBDUJPO %FDSFBTFJOUIFMFOHUIPGBOPCTFSWFEPCKFDUBMPOHUIFEJSFDUJPO PGJUTNPUJPO BTQFSDFJWFECZBOFYUFSOBMPCTFSWFSXIPEPFTOPUTIBSFJUTNPUJPOѮF FĒFDU JT POMZ OPUJDFBCMF BU TQFFET BQQSPBDIJOH UIF WFMPDJUZ PG MJHIU ѮF UIFPSZ XBT QSPQPTFEJOCZUIF%VUDIQIZTJDJTU)FOESJL-PSFOU[ ¢ UPBDDPVOU GPS UIF OFHBUJWF SFTVMU PG UIF .JDIFMTPO.PSMFZ FYQFSJNFOU 4FF .JDIFMTPO.PSMFZ FYQFSJNFOUBOE4QFDJBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ -PSFOU[GBDUPS "QBSBNFUFS PѫFOEFOPUFECZUIFTZNCPMʄ FRVBMUPUIFBNPVOUPG
MFOHUIDPOUSBDUJPO NBTTJODSFBTFBOEUJNFEJMBUJPOBUIJHITQFFET*GWJTUIFPCKFDUT WFMPDJUZBOEDEFOPUFTUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU UIFOUIF-PSFOU[GBDUPSJTFRVBMUPΨ WD TPJUJTFRVBMUPBU[FSPWFMPDJUZBOECFDPNFTWFSZMBSHFXIFOUIFWFMPDJUZ BQQSPBDIFTUIFTQFFEPGMJHIU -PXFMM0CTFSWBUPSZ "OPQUJDBM PSWJTJCMFMJHIU PCTFSWBUPSZOFBS'MBHTUBĒ "SJ[POB
GPVOEFEJOCZUIFXFBMUIZ#PTUPOJBO1FSDJWBM-PXFMM ¢
QSJNBSJMZUP PCTFSWF.BSTBOEUPTFBSDIGPSTJHOTPGMJGFPOUIFSFEQMBOFUѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPO PNFS 7FTUP 4MJQIFS ¢ VTFE UIF NFUFS JODI SFGSBDUPS BU -PXFMM 0CTFSWBUPSZ JOTUBMMFEJO UPEJTDPWFSUIFMBSHFPVUXBSEWFMPDJUJFTPGTQJSBMOFCV MBF QVCMJTIFECZIJNJOѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS$MZEF8JMMJBN5PNCBVHI ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUIFTNBMMQMBOFU1MVUPPO'FCSVBSZBTUIFSFTVMUPGB TZTUFNBUJDTFBSDIVTJOHBNFUFS JODI QIPUPHSBQIJDUFMFTDPQFBUUIF-PXFMM 0CTFSWBUPSZ4FF1MVUP -VNJOPTJUZ ѮFBNPVOUPGFOFSHZSBEJBUFEQFSVOJUUJNFCZBHMPXJOHPCKFDU PѫFO
NFBTVSFEJOVOJUTPGXBUUTѮJTJOUSJOTJDCSJHIUOFTTPGBOPCKFDUJTBMTPDBMMFEUIFBCTP MVUFMVNJOPTJUZ BOEJUEJĒFSTGSPNIPXCSJHIUUIFPCKFDUMPPLT XIJDIJTLOPXOBTUIF BQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZ0OF+PVMFQFSTFDPOEJTFRVBMUPPOFXBUUPGQPXFS BOEUPUFO NJMMJPOFSHTQFSTFDPOEѮFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ - PGUIFUIFSNBMFNJTTJPOGSPNB XIFSFP CMBDLCPEZJTHJWFOCZUIF4UFGBO#PMU[NBOOMBXJOXIJDI-PS35FGG UIF4UFGBO#PMU[NBOODPOTUBOU S +PVMFN ,T UIF SBEJVT JT 3 BOE UIF FĒFDUJWF UFNQFSBUVSF JT 5FGG ѮF CSJHIUOFTT PG SBEJBUJPO GBMMT PĒ XJUIUIFJOWFSTFTRVBSFPGUIFEJTUBODF % TPUIFBQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZM-% BOEBO
(MPTTBSZ-
'*( ,UNARECLIPSE$URINGALUNARECLIPSETHEINITIALLYFULL-OONPASSES THROUGHTHE%ARTHSSHADOW!TOTALLUNARECLIPSEOCCURSWHENTHEENTIRE-OON MOVESINTOTHEUMBRA!PARTIALLUNARECLIPSEOCCURSWHENTHE-OONSORBIT TAKESITONLYPARTIALLYTHROUGHTHEUMBRAORONLYTHROUGHTHEPENUMBRA
PCKFDUPGBHJWFOBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZMPPLTGBJOUFSXIFOJUJTMPDBUFEGBSUIFSBXBZ4FF BCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ BQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZ CSJHIUOFTT JOWFSTFTRVBSFMBX BOE4UFGBO #PMU[NBOOMBX -VOB .JTTJPOT " TFSJFT PG MVOBS QSPCFT MBVODIFE CZ UIF 4PWJFU 6OJPO -VOB MBVODIFEPO4FQUFNCFS XBTUIFêSTUTQBDFDSBѫUPEJSFDUMZTBNQMFUIFTPMBS XJOE BOE-VOB MBVODIFEPO0DUPCFS PCUBJOFEUIFêSTUQIPUPHSBQITPGUIF JOWJTJCMF CBDLTJEFPGUIF.PPO*O -VOBBOE-VOBSFTQFDUJWFMZCFDBNFUIF êSTUTQBDFDSBѫUPBDIJFWFBTPѫMBOEJOHPOUIF.PPOBOEUPFOUFSJOUPMVOBSPSCJU*O -VOBNBEFUIFêSTUBVUPNBUJDSFUVSOPGBMVOBSTPJMTBNQMFUP&BSUI -VOBSFDMJQTF %VSJOHBMVOBSFDMJQTF UIF.PPOTPSCJUBMNPUJPODBSSJFTUIFJOJUJBMMZ
GVMM.PPOUISPVHIUIF&BSUITTIBEPXѮJTPDDVSTPODFPSUXJDFJOBUZQJDBMZFBS BOE DBOCFTFFOGSPNBOZXIFSFPO&BSUIXIFSFUIF.PPOJTBCPWFUIFIPSJ[PO PSGSPN BCPVU IBMG UIF &BSUI ѮF .PPO EPFT OPU CFDPNF UPUBMMZ EBSL EVSJOH B UPUBM MVOBS FDMJQTF CVU JOTUFBE UVSOT SFE TJODF JU JT QBSUJBMMZ JMMVNJOBUFE CZ TVOMJHIU SFGSBDUFE UISPVHIUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF -VOBS 1SPTQFDUPS /"4" MBVODIFE UIF -VOBS 1SPTQFDUPS TQBDFDSBѫ PO +BOVBSZ
XIJDIPSCJUFEUIF.PPOGSPN+BOVBSZUP+VMZ EFUFSNJOJOHUIF HMPCBMEJTUSJCVUJPOPGJUTFMFNFOUT NBHOFUJDêFMEBOEHSBWJUZ EFUFDUJOHUIFMVOBSDPSF BOEPCUBJOJOHTPNFFWJEFODFGPSXBUFSJDFBUUIF.PPOTQPMFT4FF.PPO -ZNBOTFSJFT "TFSJFTPGVMUSBWJPMFUTQFDUSBMMJOFTPGUIFIZESPHFOBUPN OBNFEBѫFS UIF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTUѮFPEPSF-ZNBO ¢ XIPêSTUPCTFSWFEUIFVMUSB WJPMFUTQFDUSVNPGIZESPHFOJOBOEBOOPVODFEJOUIBUUIFXBWFMFOHUITPG UISFF PG UIFN BSF EFTDSJCFE CZ UIF TBNF GPSNVMB UIBU TQFDJêFT UIF #BMNFS TFSJFT PG IZESPHFOUSBOTJUJPOT TFFOJOWJTJCMFMJHIUѮFRVBOUJ[FEFMFDUSPOPSCJUTPGUIF#PIS BUPNFYQMBJOUIF#BMNFSBOE-ZNBOTFSJFT*OUIFTQFDUSBPGRVBTBST UIF-ZNBOTFSJFT JTSFETIJѫFEJOUPWJTJCMFMJHIUXBWFMFOHUIT4FF#BMNFSTFSJFTBOE#PISBUPN
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
. . "CCSFWJBUJPOGPSUIF.FTTJFSDBUBMPHVFPGKVTUPWFSCSJHIUOFCVMPVTPCKFDUTBOE
TUBSDMVTUFST QVCMJTIFEJOBOECZUIF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS$IBSMFT.FTTJFS ¢ ."$)0 "DSPOZNGPS."TTJWF$PNQBDU)BMP0CKFDU EBSLTUBSTPSQMBOFUTUIBUNBZ
NBLFVQUIF.JMLZ8BZTEBSLIBMP4FFEBSLIBMPBOEEBSLNBUUFS .BHFMMBOJD $MPVET 5XP OFBSCZ JSSFHVMBS HBMBYJFT UIBU PSCJU PVS (BMBYZ UIF .JMLZ
8BZѮFZBSFLOPXOBTUIF-BSHF.BHFMMBOJD$MPVE BCCSFWJBUFE-.$ BOEUIF4NBMM .BHFMMBOJD $MPVE PS 4.$ GPS TIPSU ѮF -BSHF .BHFMMBOJD $MPVE JT MJHIU ZFBSTGSPN&BSUI#PUIHBMBYJFTDBOCFPCTFSWFEXJUIUIFVOBJEFEFZFGSPNUIF&BSUIT 4PVUIFSO )FNJTQIFSF CVU DBOOPU CF TFFO GSPN UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT ѮFZ BSF OBNFE GPSUIF1PSUVHVFTFFYQMPSFS'FSEJOBOE.BHFMMBO ¢ XIPTFDSFXSFQPSUFE TFFJOH UIFN EVSJOH UIF êSTU DJSDVNOBWJHBUJPO PG UIF HMPCF DPNQMFUFE JO ѮF -BSHF .BHFMMBOJD $MPVE DPOUBJOT UIF 5BSBOUVMB /FCVMB POF PG UIF MBSHFTU FNJTTJPO OFCVMBFLOPXO BOEUIF-.$JTBMTPUIFTJHIUPG4VQFSOPWB" UIFêSTUOBLFEFZF TVQFSOPWBTJODF4FFJSSFHVMBSHBMBYZ -BSHF.BHFMMBOJD$MPVE 4NBMM.BHFMMBOJD $MPVE 4VQFSOPWB" BOE5BSBOUVMB/FCVMB .BHFMMBO.JTTJPO /"4"MBVODIFEJUT.BHFMMBOTQBDFDSBѫUP7FOVTPO.BZ
*UBSSJWFEBUUIFQMBOFUPO"VHVTUBOEPSCJUFEUIFQMBOFUGPVSZFBST VTJOHSBEBS UPNBQQFSDFOUPGUIFQMBOFUTTVSGBDFXJUIBOVOQSFDFEFOUFEEFUBJMPGNFUFS WFSUJDBMSFTPMVUJPOBOELJMPNFUFSIPSJ[POUBMSFTPMVUJPOѮF.BHFMMBOSBEBSJNBHFT SFWFBMFESVHHFEIJHIMBOET QMBJOTTNPPUIFEPVUCZHMPCBMMBWBëPXT VCJRVJUPVTWPMDB OPFT BOETQBSTF QSJTUJOFJNQBDUDSBUFST .BHFMMBO5FMFTDPQFT 4FF-BT$BNQBOBT0CTFSWBUPSZ .BHOFUJDEZOBNP 4FFEZOBNP .BHOFUJDmFME "NBHOFUJDGPSDFêFMEBSPVOEUIF4VO BQMBOFU BOEBOZPUIFSNBH
OFUJ[FECPEZ HFOFSBUFECZFMFDUSJDBMDVSSFOUTѮF4VOTMBSHFTDBMFNBHOFUJDêFME MJLF UIBUPG&BSUI FYIJCJUTBOPSUIBOETPVUIQPMFMJOLFECZMJOFTPGNBHOFUJDGPSDF CVUUIF 4VOBMTPDPOUBJOTOVNFSPVTEJQPMBSTVOTQPUTMJOLFECZNBHOFUJDMPPQT .BHOFUJD mFME MJOFT *NBHJOBSZ MJOFT UIBU JOEJDBUF UIF TUSFOHUI BOE EJSFDUJPO PG B
NBHOFUJDêFMEѮFMJOFTBSFESBXODMPTFSUPHFUIFSXIFSFUIFêFMEJTTUSPOHFS$IBSHFE QBSUJDMFTNPWFGSFFMZBMPOHNBHOFUJDêFMEMJOFT CVUDBOOPUNPWFBDSPTTUIFN .BHOFUJDQPMBSJUZ 4FFQPMBSJUZ .BHOFUJDQSFTTVSF "UZQFPGQSFTTVSFJOIFSFOUJONBHOFUJDêFMET BDUJOHPOBQMBTNB BOEHJWFOCZ#ʍXIFSF#JTUIFNBHOFUJDêFMETUSFOHUIBOEUIFQFSNFBCJMJUZPGGSFF TQBDFJTʍ/"
0LANET
-ERCURY %ARTH *UPITER 3ATURN 5RANUS .EPTUNE
-AGNETIC&IELD ATTHE%QUATOR "n4
4ILT COF-AGNETIC !XISDEGREES
22% 2* 23 25 2.
/FFSETFROM 0LANET#ENTER 20
22% 2* 23 25 2.
"OW 3HOCK $ISTANCE 2-020
2- 2% 2* 23 25 2.
0LANET %QUATORIAL 2ADIUS 20KM
DIPOLARMAGNETIClELD WITHRESPECTIVEUPPERLIMITSOFANDTESLA BMAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT " 2 IS GIVEN IN UNITS OF THE %ARTHgS MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT OF 4 M (ERE WE USE THE 3) UNIT FOR MAG O 0 NETIC lELD STRENGTH THE TESLA ABBREVIATED 4 4HE CGS UNIT OF MAGNETIC lELD STRENGTH THE GAUSS OR ' FOR SHORT CAN BE COMPUTED FROM ONE TESLA 4GAUSS'4HENANOTESLAORN4 ISALSOUSED WITHN44 ANDTHENANOTESLAHASHISTORICALLYALSOBEENCALLEDTHEGAMMA!DIPOLEMOMENT OF4M'CM WHEREMANDCMRESPECTIVELYDENOTEMETERANDCENTIMETER4HEEQUIVALENTUNITOF'CM!MISALSOUSED WHERETHECURRENT ISINUNITSOFAMPERES ABBREVIATED! C4HETILTISTHEANGLEBETWEENTHEMAGNETICAXISANDTHEROTATIONAXIS
A4HEMAGNETIClELDSTRENGTHSAREGIVENATTHESURFACEOF-ERCURYANDTHE%ARTHANDATTHECLOUDTOPSFORTHEGIANTPLANETS6ENUSAND-ARSHAVENODETECTEDGLOBAL
-AGNETIC$IPOLE -OMENTB %ARTH
4!",% -AGNETIClELDSnPLANETSA
(MPTTBSZ.
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
.BHOFUJD SFDPOOFDUJPO " DIBOHF JO UIF UPQPMPHZ PG UIF NBHOFUJD êFME XIFSF UIF NBHOFUJDêFMEMJOFTSFPSJFOUUIFNTFMWFTWJBOFXDPOOFDUJPOT%VSJOHNBHOFUJDSFDPO OFDUJPO TPNFNBHOFUJDêFMEMJOFTBSFCSPLFOBOEUIFOSFKPJOFEJOBOFXDPOêHVSB UJPOѮJTDBOPDDVSXIFOUXPPQQPTJUFMZEJSFDUFENBHOFUJDêFMETNPWFUPXBSEFBDI PUIFSBOESFDPOOFDUBUUIFQMBDFUIBUUIFZUPVDI.BHOFUJDSFDPOOFDUJPOJTBOJNQPS UBOUNFDIBOJTNGPSSFMFBTJOHNBHOFUJDFOFSHZUPIFBUUIF4VOTDPSPOBBOEUPQPXFS FYQMPTJWFQIFOPNFOBPOUIF4VO TVDIBTDPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPOTBOETPMBSëBSFT .BHOFUJD TUPSN " EJTUVSCBODF JO UIF &BSUIT NBHOFUJD êFME PCTFSWFE BMM PWFS UIF &BSUIEVFUPDPMMJTJPOCZBDPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPO"TVCTUPSNJTBNBHOFUJDEJTUVSCBODF PCTFSWFEJO1PMBS3FHJPOTPOMZ4FFHFPNBHOFUJDBDUJWJUZBOEHFPNBHOFUJDTUPSN .BHOFUJTN 0OFBTQFDUPGFMFDUSPNBHOFUJTN BGVOEBNFOUBMGPSDFPGOBUVSF XIFSFCZ
BNBHOFUJ[FEPCKFDUDBOGPSDFBDIBSHFEQBSUJDMFJOUPBOFXEJSFDUJPOPGNPUJPOBOE BUUSBDUPSSFQFMPUIFSNBHOFUJ[FEPCKFDUT .BHOFUPHSBN "DPNQVUFSJNBHF QJDUVSFPSNBQPGUIFTUSFOHUI EJSFDUJPOBOEEJT USJCVUJPOPGNBHOFUJDêFMETBDSPTTUIFTPMBSQIPUPTQIFSF CBTFEPO;FFNBOFĒFDUNFB TVSFNFOUT4FFNBHOFUPHSBQIBOE;FFNBOFĒFDU .BHOFUPHSBQI "OJOTUSVNFOUVTFEUPNBQUIFTUSFOHUI EJSFDUJPOBOEEJTUSJCVUJPO
PGNBHOFUJDêFMETBDSPTTUIFTPMBSQIPUPTQIFSFVTJOHUIF;FFNBOFĒFDU/PSNBMMZ UIF MPOHJUVEJOBM PSMJOFPGTJHIU NBHOFUJDêFMEJTNFBTVSFE CVUUIFUSBOTWFSTFDPNQP OFOUJTBMTPNFBTVSFEXJUIBWFDUPSNBHOFUPHSBQI"NBHOFUPHSBNJTBNBQPGUIF NFBTVSFENBHOFUJDêFME4FFNBHOFUPHSBNBOE;FFNBOFĒFDU .BHOFUPTQIFSF ѮFSFHJPOPGTQBDFTVSSPVOEJOHBQMBOFUJOXIJDIUIFQMBOFUTNBH
OFUJDêFMEQSFEPNJOBUFTPWFSUIFTPMBSXJOE BOEDPOUSPMTUIFNPUJPOTPGDIBSHFEQBS UJDMFTJOJUѮFNBHOFUPTQIFSFJTTIBQFECZJOUFSBDUJPOTCFUXFFOBQMBOFUTNBHOFUJD êFMEBOEUIFTPMBSXJOEѮFNBHOFUPTQIFSFTIJFMETUIFQMBOFUGSPNUIFTPMBSXJOE QSFWFOUJOHPSJNQFEJOHUIFEJSFDUFOUSZPGUIFTPMBSXJOEQBSUJDMFTJOUPUIFNBHOFUJD DBWJUZ 4FF CPX TIPDL NBHOFUPQBVTF NBHOFUPTIFBUI NBHOFUPUBJM BOE 7BO "MMFO CFMUT .BHOFUPUBJM ѮF QPSUJPO PG B QMBOFUT NBHOFUPTQIFSF GPSNFE PO UIF QMBOFUT EBSL OJHIU TJEF CZ UIF QVMMJOH BDUJPO PG UIF TPMBS XJOE ѮF NBHOFUPUBJM JT BO FMPOHBUFE FYUFOTJPOPGUIFQMBOFUTNBHOFUJDêFMETPOUIFTJEFPGUIFQMBOFUPQQPTJUFUPUIF4VO .BHOFUPUBJMTDBOFYUFOEIVOESFETPGQMBOFUBSZSBEJJ .BHOJmDBUJPO ѮFJODSFBTFJOBOHVMBSTJ[FPGBOPCKFDUXIFOWJFXFEXJUIBUFMFTDPQF
ѮFNBHOJêDBUJPOPGBUFMFTDPQFJTVTVBMMZQSFDFEFECZBNVMUJQMJDBUJPOTJHO .BHOJUVEF " NFBTVSF PG UIF CSJHIUOFTT PG B TUBS PS PUIFS DFMFTUJBM PCKFDU 0O UIF
NBHOJUVEFTDBMF UIFMPXFTUNBHOJUVEFTSFGFSUPPCKFDUTPGHSFBUFTUCSJHIUOFTT*OUIF OE DFOUVSZ #$ UIF (SFFL BTUSPOPNFS )JQQBSDIVT D ¢D #$ DMBTTJêFE UIFTUBSTJOUPTJYNBHOJUVEFTUIFCSJHIUFTUTUBSTBSFPGUIFêSTUNBHOJUVEFXIJMFUIPTF PGTJYUINBHOJUVEFBSFKVTUWJTJCMFUPUIFVOBJEFEIVNBOFZF*OUIFUIDFOUVSZBTDBMF PGNBHOJUVEFTXBTBEPQUFEJOXIJDIBTUBSPGêSTUNBHOJUVEFJTFYBDUMZUJNFTBT CSJHIUBTPOFPGTJYUINBHOJUVEFѮFSBUJPPGCSJHIUOFTTCFUXFFOPOFNBHOJUVEFBOE
(MPTTBSZ.
'*( -AGNETOSPHERE4HE%ARTHSMAGNETIClELDCARVESOUTAHOLLOWINTHESOLARWIND CREATINGAPROTECTIVECAVITYCALLEDTHEMAGNETOSPHERE4HE%ARTH ITSATMOSPHEREANDIONO SPHERE ANDTHETWO6AN!LLENRADIATIONBELTSALLLIEWITHINTHISMAGNETICCOCOON3IMILARMAG NETOSPHERESAREFOUNDAROUNDOTHERMAGNETIZEDPLANETS!BOWSHOCKFORMSATABOUTTEN%ARTH RADIIONTHESUNLITSIDEOFOURPLANET)TSLOCATIONISHIGHLYVARIABLESINCEITISPUSHEDINANDOUT BYTHEGUSTYSOLARWIND4HEMAGNETOPAUSEMARKSTHEOUTERBOUNDARYOFTHEMAGNETOSPHERE ATTHEPLACEWHERETHESOLARWINDTAKESCONTROLOFTHEMOTIONSOFCHARGEDPARTICLES4HESOLAR WINDISDEmECTEDAROUNDTHE%ARTH PULLINGTHETERRESTRIALMAGNETIClELDINTOALONGMAGNETO TAILONTHENIGHTSIDE%LECTRONSANDPROTONSINTHESOLARWINDAREDEmECTEDATTHEBOWSHOCK MFѫ ANDmOWALONGTHEMAGNETOPAUSEINTOTHEMAGNETICTAILSJHIU %LECTRIlEDPARTICLESCAN BEINJECTEDBACKTOWARDTHE%ARTHAND3UNWITHINTHEPLASMASHEETDFOUFS
UIFOFYUJTUIVTUIFêѫISPPUPG PSѮFBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEFJTUIFCSJHIUOFTT PGBOPCKFDUBTTFFOGSPN&BSUI"CTPMVUFNBHOJUVEFJTUIFUSVFCSJHIUOFTTPGBOPCKFDU UBLJOHJOUPBDDPVOUJUTEJTUBODFGSPN&BSUIJUJTEFêOFEBTUIFBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEF BOPCKFDUXPVMEIBWFBUUIFBSCJUSBSZEJTUBODFPGUFOQBSTFDTѮFCSJHIUOFTTPGBTUBS BTPCTFSWFEGSPNUIF&BSUI BOEIFODFJUTBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEF EFQFOETPOCPUIJUT BCTPMVUFNBHOJUVEFBOEJUTEJTUBODFѮFBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGUIF4VOJT NBHOJUVEFTBOEJUTBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFJTNBHOJUVEFT4FFBCTPMVUF NBHOJUVEF BQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEF BOEWJTVBMNBHOJUVEF .BJOTFRVFODF ѮFSFHJPOJOUIF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBNUIBUFYUFOETEJBHP OBMMZGSPNUIFVQQFSMFѫUPUIFMPXFSSJHIU PSGSPNUIFIJHIMVNJOPTJUZ IJHIUFN QFSBUVSF TUBST UP UIF MPXMVNJOPTJUZ MPXUFNQFSBUVSF TUBST ѮF TUBST PO UIF NBJO TFRVFODFBSFLOPXOBTEXBSGTUBST CVUUIFZBSFBMTPDBMMFENBJOTFRVFODFTUBSTѮFZ BSFUIFNPTUDPNNPOUZQFTPGTUBSJOUIF(BMBYZ DPOTUJUVUJOHQFSDFOUPGJUTTUBST BOEQFSDFOUPGJUTNBTTѮF4VOJTBNBJOTFRVFODF PSEXBSG TUBS4UBSTTQFOEUIF NBKPSJUZPGUIFJSMJGFUJNFTPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODF EVSJOHXIJDIUIFZQSPEVDFFOFSHZ
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4!",% -AIN SEQUENCESTARSA 3PECTRAL4YPE
/ " " ! & ' + - -
%FFECTIVE 4EMPERATURE +
-ASS --b
,UMINOSITY ,,b
2ADIUS 22b
,IFETIME YEARS
A4HEMASS - ISINUNITSOFTHE3UNSMASS-
b GRAMS THEABSOLUTELUMINOSITYISINUNITS OFTHE3UNSABSOLUTELUMINOSITY ,bERGS7 ANDTHERADIUS 2 INUNITSOF THE3UNSRADIUS 2bM4HELIFETIMESARETHEAMOUNTOFTIMEREQUIREDTOEXHAUSTTHENUCLEAR HYDROGENFUELTHATSUPPLIESTHEENERGYOFSTARSONTHEMAIN SEQUENCE
GSPNUIFGVTJPOPGIZESPHFOJOUPIFMJVNJOUIFJSDPSFTѮF[FSPBHFNBJOTFRVFODF JTXIFSFTUBSTMJFXIFOUIFZêSTUTUBSUUPCVSOIZESPHFOѮFQPTJUJPOPGBTUBSPOUIF NBJOTFRVFODFEFQFOETPOJUTNBTT UIFNPTUNBTTJWFTUBSTCFJOHUIFCSJHIUFTUѮF NPSFNBTTJWFBTUBS UIFTPPOFSJUFWPMWFTPĒUIFNBJOTFRVFODF4FFEXBSGTUBSBOE )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN .BJOTFRVFODF TUBS " TUBS MJLF UIF 4VO UIBU GVTFT IZESPHFO OVDMFJ JOUP IFMJVN OVDMFJJOJUTDPSF BOEMJFTPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODFPGUIF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN ѮFNBJOTFRVFODFTUBSTDBOIBWFBOZTQFDUSBMUZQF BOEBSFEFTJHOBUFECZMVNJOPTJUZ DMBTT7ѮFZBSFBMTPLOPXOBTEXBSGT PSEXBSGTUBST TJODFUIFZBSFTNBMMFSUIBOUIF HJBOUPSTVQFSHJBOUTUBST/JOFUZQFSDFOUPGBMMTUBSTBSFNBJOTFRVFODFTUBST4FF"MQIB $FOUBVSJ "MUBJS )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN NBJOTFRVFODF 4JSJVT TUFMMBSDMBTTJêDB UJPO BOE7FHB .BKPS QMBOFU "OZ POF PG UIF FJHIU MBSHFTU QMBOFUT PG UIF 4PMBS 4ZTUFN JOPSEFS PG
JODSFBTJOHEJTUBODFGSPNUIF4VOUIFZBSF.FSDVSZ 7FOVT &BSUI .BST +VQJUFS 4BUVSO 6SBOVTBOE/FQUVOFѮFBTUFSPJETBSFLOPXOBTNJOPSQMBOFUT"MUIPVHI1MVUPXBT PODFSFHBSEFEBTBNBKPSQMBOFU XFOPXLOPXUIBUJUJTKVTUPOFPGNBOZTNBMMFSCPEJFT PSCJUJOHUIF4VOJOUIF,VJQFSCFMUPVUTJEFUIFPSCJUPG/FQUVOF4FF,VJQFSCFMU .BSJB -BSHFEBSL TNPPUIGFBUVSFTPOUIF.PPO DSFBUFECFUXFFOBOECJMMJPO ZFBST BHP XIFO NBHNB GSPN UIF .PPOT JOUFSJPS êMMFE MBSHF JNQBDU CBTJOT GPSNFE CFUXFFOBOECJMMJPOZFBSTBHP BOETPMJEJêFEJOUPMBWBѮFXPSENBSJBJT-BUJO GPSiTFBTu BOEUIFTJOHVMBSGPSNPGUIFXPSEJTNBSF4FF.PPOBOEWPMDBOJTN .BSJOFS .JTTJPOT " TFSJFT PG 6OJUFE 4UBUFT /"4" TQBDF QSPCFT UP UIF QMBOUT ѮF
.BSJOFSTQBDFDSBѫ MBVODIFEPO"VHVTU NFBTVSFEUIFEFOTJUZBOEWFMPDJUZ PGUIFTPMBSXJOEPOJUTXBZUP7FOVT BOEJO%FDFNCFSDPOêSNFEUIFFNJTTJPOPG
(MPTTBSZ.
JOUFOTFNJDSPXBWFTGSPNUIFQMBOFUTFYDFQUJPOBMMZIPUTVSGBDFѮF.BSJOFSTQBDF DSBѫëFXCZ.BSTJO+VMZ QIPUPHSBQIJOHDSBUFSTPOUIFSFEQMBOFUTTVSGBDF.BSJ OFSëFXCZ7FOVTJO0DUPCFS DPOêSNJOHUIFIJHIUFNQFSBUVSFBOEQSFTTVSF BUUIFTVSGBDFPGUIFQMBOFU/"4"MBVODIFEUIF.BSJOFSTQBDFDSBѫUP.BSTPO .BZ*UCFDBNFUIFêSTUTQBDFDSBѫUPPSCJUBQMBOFU DJSDMJOHBSPVOEUIFSFEQMBOFU GPSOFBSMZBZFBS GSPN/PWFNCFSUP0DUPCFS BOEPCUBJOJOHDMPTFVQ JNBHFTPGUPXFSJOHWPMDBOPFT WBTUDBOZPOT TVDIBTUIF7BMMFT.BSJOFSJTOBNFEGPSUIF TQBDFDSBѫ BOEUIFQMBOFUTUXPTNBMMTBUFMMJUFT 1IPCPTBOE%FJNPT.BSJOFSëFXCZ 7FOVTJO'FCSVBSZ BOEDPOUJOVFEUP.FSDVSZ XIJDIJUFODPVOUFSFEUISFFUJNFT JO.BSDIBOE4FQUFNCFSBOE.BSDI SFWFBMJOHJUTIFBWJMZDSBUFSFE .PPO MJLFTVSGBDF4FF%FJNPT .BST 1IPCPT TPMBSXJOE 7BMMFT.BSJOFSJT BOE7FOVT .BSJOFS7BMMFZ 4FF7BMMFT.BSJOFSJT .BST ѮFGPVSUINBKPSQMBOFUGSPNUIF4VOѮFSFEQMBOFU.BSTJTBCPVUIBMGUIFTJ[F PGUIF&BSUIBOEMPDBUFEUJNFTBTGBSGSPNUIF4VOBTUIF&BSUIJT.BSTOPXIBT BUIJO DPMEDBSCPOEJPYJEFBUNPTQIFSF BOEBGSP[FOTVSGBDF CVUUIFSFJTBCVOEBOU FWJEFODFUIBUMJRVJEXBUFSPODFëPXFEBDSPTTUIFQMBOFU*UIBTQPXFSGVMBOEQFSWB TJWF XJOET QPMBS DBQT SFNOBOU NBHOFUJTN BOE UPXFSJOH WPMDBOPFT .BST IBT UXP TNBMMNPPOT OBNFE1IPCPTBOE%FJNPT1IPCPTJTIFBEJOHUPXBSEFWFOUVBMDPMMJTJPO XJUI.BST4FF%FJNPT .BSJOFS .BSJOFS7BMMFZ .BST&YQMPSBUJPO3PWFS.JTTJPOT .BST(MPCBM4VSWFZPS .BST0EZTTFZ .BST1BUIêOEFS 0MZNQVT.POT 1IPCPT SFE QMBOFU 4ZSUJT.BKPS BOE7JLJOH.JTTJPOT .BST &YQMPSBUJPO 3PWFS .JTTJPOT /"4"T UXJO SPWFST 4QJSJU BOE 0QQPSUVOJUZ
MBVODIFEPO+VOFBOE+VMZ SFTQFDUJWFMZ4QJSJUMBOEFEJO(VTFW$SBUFSPO +BOVBSZ BOE 0QQPSUVOJUZ MBOEFE JO .FSJEJBOJ 1MBOVN PO +BOVBSZ PCUBJOJOHFWJEFODFUIBUMJRVJEXBUFSPODFëPXFEBDSPTT.BST .BST&YQSFTT &4"MBVODIFEJUT.BST&YQSFTTTQBDFDSBѫUP.BSTPO+VOF XJUI
BOPSCJUFSUIBUIBTPCUBJOFEJNBHFTPGUIFQMBOFUTTVSGBDFBOEBOVOTVDDFTTGVM#FBHMF MBOEFS .BST (MPCBM 4VSWFZPS /"4" MBVODIFE JUT .BST (MPCBM 4VSWFZPS PO /PWFNCFS
QMBDJOHJUJOUPPSCJUBSPVOEUIFSFEQMBOFUPO4FQUFNCFS)JHISFTPMVUJPO JNBHFT CFHJOOJOHPO"QSJM QSPWJEFEBCVOEBOUFWJEFODFGPSQBTUBOESFDFOU XBUFSëPX EVTUTUPSNTBOEWPMDBOJDBDUJWJUZѮFHMPCBMUPQPHSBQIZXBTEFUFSNJOFE XJUI B MBTFS BMUJNFUFS BOE B NBHOFUPNFUFS EFUFSNJOFE UIF HMPCBM EJTUSJCVUJPO PG SFNOBOUNBHOFUJDêFMETQSFTFSWFEJOUIFBODJFOUIJHIMBOEDSVTU .BST0EZTTFZ /"4"MBVODIFEJUT.BST0EZTTFZTQBDFDSBѫPO"QSJM QMBDJOH JUJOUPPSCJUBSPVOEUIFSFEQMBOFUPO0DUPCFS*UIBTNBQQFEUIFBNPVOUBOE EJTUSJCVUJPOPGDIFNJDBMFMFNFOUTBOENJOFSBMTPOUIF.BSUJBOTVSGBDF BOEQSPWJEFE FWJEFODFGPSTVCTUBOUJBMTVCTVSGBDFXBUFSJDF .BST1BUImOEFS ѮF.BST1BUIêOEFSMBOEFSBOEJUTSPWJOHWFIJDMF 4PKPVSOFS XFSF
MBVODIFECZ/"4"PO%FDFNCFS BOEMBOEFEPO$ISZTF1MBOJUJBOFBSUIFNPVUI PGBOPVUëPXDIBOOFMPO+VMZ êOEJOHFWJEFODFUIBUMJRVJEXBUFSPODFëPXFE
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4!",% -ARSA -ASS -EAN2ADIUS -EAN-ASS$ENSITY 3URFACE!REA 2OTATION0ERIODOR,ENGTHOF 3IDEREAL$AY /RBITAL0ERIOD -EAN$ISTANCEFROM3UN /RBITAL%CCENTRICITY 4ILTOF2OTATIONAL!XIS THE/BLIQUITY $ISTANCEFROM%ARTH !NGULAR$IAMETERAT#LOSEST!PPROACH !GE !TMOSPHERE !VERAGE'LOBAL3URFACE0RESSURE 3URFACE0RESSUREAT6IKINGAND 3ITES 3URFACE4EMPERATURE2ANGE !VERAGE3URFACE4EMPERATURE -AGNETIC&IELD3TRENGTH2EMNANT -AGNETIC$IPOLE-OMENT
KILOGRAMS-% KILOMETERS2% KILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER SQUAREMETERS!% HOURSMINUTESSECONDS SECONDS %ARTHDAYS-ARSSOLARDAYS METERS!5 DEGREES METERSTOMETERS TOSECONDSOFARC YEARS PERCENTCARBONDIOXIDE PERCENTNITRO GEN PERCENTARGON BARS0ASCALS TOBARSANDTO BARS TOKELVIN KELVIN ¥TESLA"% LESSTHAN¥THATOF%ARTH
A!DAPTEDFROM((+IEFFER "-*AKOSKY #73NYDERAND-3-ATTHEWSEDS -ARS 5NIVERSITYOF !RIZONA0RESS 4UCSON4HESYMBOLS- % 2 % ! % AND" %RESPECTIVELYDENOTETHEMASS RADIUS SURFACE AREA ANDMAGNETIClELDSTRENGTHOFTHE%ARTH
BDSPTT.BSTBOETVHHFTUJOHUIBUUIFQMBOFUTBUNPTQIFSFXBTPODFUIJDLFS XBSNFSBOE XFUUFSUIBOBUQSFTFOU CVUQFSIBQTTFWFSBMCJMMJPOZFBSTBHP .BTDPO "O BCCSFWJBUJPO GPS NBTT DPODFOUSBUJPOT PO UIF .PPO EJTDPWFSFE GSPN QSFDJTFSBEJPUSBDLJOHPGTQBDFDSBѫXIPTFPSCJUTXFSFEFëFDUFEXIFOQBTTJOHPWFSUIF NBTDPOT.BTDPOTBSFCVSJFEVOEFSWJSUVBMMZBMMPGUIFNBSJBPOUIFOFBSTJEFPGUIF .PPO BOEUIFZBSFBMTPGPVOECFOFBUIJNQBDUCBTJOTPOCPUIUIFOFBSBOEGBSTJEF PGUIF.PPOѮFNBTDPOTBSFNPTUMJLFMZUIFVQXBSECVMHJOHPGIJHIEFOTJUZNBOUMF SPDLTUIBUSPTFBѫFSJNQBDUTGSPNMBSHFNFUFPSJUFTCMBTUFEBXBZUIFMJHIUFSDSVTU .BTFS "DSPOZN GPS NJDSPXBWF BNQMJêDBUJPO CZ TUJNVMBUFE FNJTTJPO PG SBEJBUJPO
)ZESPYZM 0) BOEXBUFS )0 NPMFDVMFTJOJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDFDBOBDUBTNBTFST .BTT "NFBTVSFPGUIFUPUBMBNPVOUPGNBUUFSDPOUBJOFEXJUIJOBOPCKFDU1IZTJDJTUT
EJTUJOHVJTICFUXFFOXFJHIU XIJDIEFQFOETPOUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMQVMMPGBMBSHFSNBTT BOENBTT XIJDIEPFTOPUWBSZѮFNPSFNBTTBOPCKFDUIBT UIFTUSPOHFSJTJUTHSBWJUB UJPOBMQVMMPOPUIFSPCKFDUT*OFSUJBMNBTTJOEJDBUFTBOPCKFDUTSFTJTUBODFUPDIBOHFTJO JUTTUBUFPGNPUJPO XIJMFHSBWJUBUJPOBMNBTTJOEJDBUFTJUTSFTQPOTFUPUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBM
(MPTTBSZ.
4!",% -ARSnSATELLITESA -ASSKG 2ADIIOFTRIAXIALELLIPSOIDKM -EANMASSDENSITYKGM -EANDISTANCEFROM-ARS KM B 3IDEREALPERIOD-ARTIANDAYS C
0HOBOS
$EIMOS
2-
2-
A!DAPTEDFROM((+IEFFER "-*AKOSKY #73NYDERAND-3-ATTHEWSEDS -ARS 5NIVERSITYOF
!RIZONA0RESS 4UCSON4HEMASSISINKILOGRAMS ABBREVIATEDKG THERADIUSANDDISTANCEAREINKILO METERS ABBREVIATEDKM ANDTHEMASSDENSITYISINKILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER ABBREVIATEDKGM B4HERADIUSOF-ARSIS2 KILOMETERS C/NE-ARSDAYHOURSMINUTESSECONDS SOTHEORBITALPERIODSOF0HOBOSAND$EIMOSARE HOURSMINUTESSECONDSANDHOURSMINUTESSECONDS RESPECTIVELY"OTHSATELLITESARE LOCKEDINTOSYNCHRONOUSROTATIONWITHAROTATIONPERIODEQUALTOTHEIRORBITALPERIODS
4!",% -ARSnOPPOSITIONSA /PPOSITION $ATE
2IGHT!SCENSION $ECLINATION HOURSMINUTES DEGREESMINUTES
$IAMETER SECONDSOFARC
$ISTANCE B METERS
*UNE !UGUST .OVEMBER $ECEMBER *ANUARY
-ARCH !PRIL -AY *ULY /CTOBER
$ECEMBER *ANUARY &EBRUARY -ARCH
-AY *UNE 3EPTEMBER
A!NOPPOSITIONOCCURSWHENTHE%ARTHMOVESBETWEEN-ARSANDTHE3UN ANDTHETWOPLANETSARECLOSEST
!DAPTEDFROM7ILLIAM3HEEHAN4HE0LANET-ARS 5NIVERSITYOF!RIZONA0RESS 4UCSON !PPENDIX PP B4HEDISTANCEBETWEENTHE%ARTHAND-ARSATOPPOSITIONINUNITSOFTENBILLION METERS"ECAUSETHE -ARTIANORBITISMOREELLIPTICALTHAN%ARTHS THEDISTANCEBETWEENTHETWOPLANETSATDIFFERENTOPPOSITIONS VARIESASMUCHASBILLIONMETERS
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
GPSDF*OUIF(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZHSBWJUBUJPOBMBOEJOFSUJBMNBTTBSFFRVBMUP FBDIPUIFS4FF(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZBOETPMBSNBTT .BTTEFOTJUZ ѮFBNPVOUPGNBUUFSQFSVOJUWPMVNF PSBOPCKFDUTNBTTEJWJEFECZ JUTWPMVNF TPNFUJNFTKVTUDBMMFEUIFEFOTJUZѮFNBTTEFOTJUZPGXBUFSJTLJMP HSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFS"JSIBTBMPXEFOTJUZ XIJMFSPDLTIBWFBIJHIPOF(JBOUTUBST IBWFBMPXNBTTEFOTJUZ XIJMFDPNQBDUXIJUFEXBSGTPSOFVUSPOTUBSTIBWFBWFSZMBSHF NBTTEFOTJUZ .BTTFOFSHZFRVJWBMFODF .BTT EFOPUFECZN DBOCFUSBOTGPSNFEJOUPFOFSHZ &
BOEFWFSZFOFSHZIBTBNBTT BDDPSEJOHUPUIFGPSNVMB&ND XIFSFDJTUIFWFMPD JUZ PG MJHIU êSTU EFSJWFE JO JUT FYBDU GPSN CZ UIF (FSNBO QIZTJDJTU "MCFSU &JOTUFJO ¢ JO .BTTMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPO ѮFSFMBUJPOCFUXFFOUIFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ EFOPUFECZ - BOEUIFNBTT TQFDJêFECZ. GPSTUBSTPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODFPGUIF)FSU[TQSVOH 3VTTFMMEJBHSBN êSTUEFSJWFEJOCZUIF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS"SUIVS&EEJOHUPO ¢ *UJTFYQSFTTFEBT-DPOTUBOU.Y XIFSFUIFFYQPOFOUYMJFTCFUXFFO BOE .BTTOVNCFS 4FFBUPNJDNBTTOVNCFS .BTTUPMJHIUSBUJP ѮFBNPVOUPGNBTTPGBOPCKFDUEJWJEFECZJUTBCTPMVUFMVNJOPT
JUZ VTVBMMZNFBTVSFEJOTPMBSVOJUT .BVOB,FB0CTFSWBUPSJFT "UMFBTUUIJSUFFOXPSLJOHUFMFTDPQFTBSFMPDBUFEOFBSUIF
TVNNJUPGUIFFYUJODU.BVOB,FBWPMDBOPBUBIFJHIUPGBCPVU NFUFSTBCPWFTFB MFWFM PO UIF JTMBOE PG )BXBJJ /JOF PG UIF UFMFTDPQFT PQFSBUF BU PQUJDBM BOE JOGSBSFE XBWFMFOHUIT UISFFPGUIFNBSFGPSTVCNJMMJNFUFSBTUSPOPNZ BOEPOFJTGPSSBEJPBTUSPO PNZ ѮF VOJRVF FYUSFNFMZ ESZ BOE DMPVEGSFF TJUF JT PO MBOE MFBTFE GSPN UIF 4UBUF PG )BXBJJ CZ UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG )BXBJJ BOE EFWFMPQFE GPS BTUSPOPNZ PCTFSWBUJPOT CZ JUT*OTUJUVUFPG"TUSPOPNZѮFUFMFTDPQFTJODMVEFUIFUXJO,FDLNFUFS JODI UFMFTDPQFT UIFMBSHFTUWJTJCMFMJHIUUFMFTDPQFTJOUIFXPSME BOEUIFNFUFS JODI +BNFT$MFSL.BYXFMM5FMFTDPQFXIJDIPQFSBUFTJOUIFTVCNJMMJNFUFSXBWFMFOHUISFHJPO PGUIFFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDTQFDUSVN0UIFSMBSHFPQUJDBMJOGSBSFEUFMFTDPQFTPO.BVOB,FB JODMVEFUIFNFUFS JODI +BQBOFTF4VCBSV5FMFTDPQFBOEPOFPGUIFNFUFS JODI (FNJOJ UFMFTDPQFT m UIF PUIFS POF JT JO $FSSP 1BDIÓO $IJMF 4FF (FNJOJ 0CTFSWBUPSZ +BNFT$MFSL.BYXFMM5FMFTDPQF ,FDLUFMFTDPQFT BOE7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF "SSBZ .BVOEFS .JOJNVN ѮF ZFBS QFSJPE CFUXFFO BOE XIFO GFX TVO TQPUT XFSF PCTFSWFE *U JT OBNFE BѫFS UIF &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS & 8BMUFS .BVOEFS ¢
XIPJOQSPWJEFEBGVMMBDDPVOUPGUIFNJTTJOHTVOTQPUT QSFWJPVTMZ OPUJDFECZUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS(VTUBW'84QÕSFS ¢ "QSPMPOHFE QFSJPEPGVOVTVBMMZDPMEXFBUIFSJO&VSPQF LOPXOBTUIF-JUUMF*DF"HF PWFSMBQTUIF .BVOEFS.JOJNVNBOEBOPUIFSQFSJPEPGVOVTVBMMZMPXTVOTQPUOVNCFST UIF4QÕSFS .JOJNVNGSPNUP TVHHFTUJOHUIBUBEFDSFBTFJOTVOTQPUTBOEBTTPDJBUFE TPMBSBDUJWJUZNBZCFBTTPDJBUFEXJUIDPMEFSUFNQFSBUVSFTPO&BSUI4FF-JUUMF*DF"HF
(MPTTBSZ.
.BYXFMMJBOEJTUSJCVUJPO %JTUSJCVUJPOPGQBSUJDMFWFMPDJUJFTGPSBHBTJOUIFSNBMFRVJ MJCSJVN DIBSBDUFSJ[FECZBXFMMEFêOFEUFNQFSBUVSF 5 BOESPPUNFBOTRVBSFWFMPDJUZ 7SNT L5. GPSBQBSUJDMFPGNBTT. XIFSF#PMU[NBOOTDPOTUBOUL +PVMF QFS EFHSFF LFMWJO ѮF EJTUSJCVUJPO JT OBNFE GPS UIF 4DPUUJTI QIZTJDJTU +BNFT$MFSL.BYXFMM ¢
XIPEFSJWFEJUJO .D%POBME 0CTFSWBUPSZ ѮF BTUSPOPNJDBM PCTFSWBUPSZ PG UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 5FYBT MPDBUFE JO UIF %BWJT .PVOUBJOT OFBS "VTUJO 5FYBT ѮF PCTFSWBUPSZ JODMVEFT UIF )PCCZ&CFSMZUFMFTDPQF4FF)PCCZ&CFSMZUFMFTDPQF .EXBSG "NBJOTFRVFODFTUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF.4FF.TUBS .FHBIFSU[ "VOJUPGGSFRVFODZ BCCSFWJBUFE.)[*UJTFRVBMUPPOFNJMMJPO)FSU[
4FF)FSU[ .FHBQBSTFD "VOJUPGJOUFSHBMBDUJDEJTUBODFT0OF.FHBQBSTFD PS.QD JTFRVJWB
MFOUUPBNJMMJPOQBSTFDT NFUFSTBOENJMMJPOMJHIUZFBST .FHBUPO ѮFFOFSHZSFMFBTFEJOUIFFYQMPTJPOPGPOFNJMMJPOUPOTPG5/5 FRVBMUP
+PVMFT PSFSHT .FSDVSZ ѮF JOOFSNPTU QMBOFU PG UIF 4PMBS 4ZTUFN BOE UIF TNBMMFTU PG UIF GPVS JOOFS UFSSFTUSJBMQMBOFUT%VFUPJUTTNBMMTJ[FBOEQSPYJNJUZUPUIF4VO .FSDVSZJT WFSZEJēDVMUUPPCTFSWFGSPNUIF&BSUI*UTUSVFSPUBUJPOQFSJPEXBTOUFTUBCMJTIFE VOUJM XIFO "NFSJDBO TDJFOUJTUT (PSEPO ) 1FUUFOHJMM ¢ BOE 3PMG # %ZDF ¢ TFOUSBEBSQVMTFTUP.FSDVSZGSPNUIF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZJO1VFSUP 3JDP VTJOH UIF SFUVSO TJHOBM UP TIPX UIBU .FSDVSZT SPUBUJPO QFSJPE JT &BSUI EBZT PSPGJUTPSCJUBMZFBSPG&BSUIEBZT*OmUIF.BSJOFSTQBDFDSBѫ ëFX CZ UIF QMBOFU UISFF UJNFT SFWFBMJOH JUT DSBUFSFE .PPOMJLF TVSGBDF4FF SBEBS BTUSPOPNZ 4!",% -ERCURYA -ASS -EAN2ADIUS -EAN-ASS$ENSITY 2OTATION0ERIOD /RBITAL0ERIOD -EAN$ISTANCEFROM3UN !GE !TMOSPHERE 3URFACE0RESSURE 3URFACE4EMPERATURE -AGNETIC&IELD3TRENGTH -AGNETIC$IPOLE-OMENT
KILOGRAMS-% KILOMETERS2% KILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER %ARTHDAYS %ARTHDAYS METERS!5 YEARS 6ERYTENUOUSHELIUM SODIUM POTASSIUM BARS TOKELVIN TESLAATTHEEQUATOR"% TESLAMETERSCUBED
A4HESYMBOLS- 2 AND" RESPECTIVELYDENOTETHEMASS RADIUSANDMAGNETIClELDSTRENGTHOFTHE%ARTH % % %
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
.&3-*/ "DSPOZN GPS .VMUJ&MFNFOU 3BEJP-JOLFE *OUFSGFSPNFUFS /FUXPSL XIJDIDPOTJTUTPGTJYSBEJPUFMFTDPQFTMJOLFEUPUIF+PESFMM#BOL0CTFSWBUPSZ XJUIB NBYJNVN CBTFMJOF PG LJMPNFUFST 4FF JOUFSGFSPNFUFS +PESFMM #BOL 0CTFSWBUPSZ BOE7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ .FTTJFSPCKFDU "OZPGUIFFNJTTJPOOFCVMBF TUBSDMVTUFSTBOEHBMBYJFTUIBUBQQFBSJO
UIFêOBMDBUBMPHVFQVCMJTIFECZUIF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS$IBSMFT.FTTJFS ¢ JO"TUSPOPNFSTTUJMMEFTJHOBUFUIFTFPCKFDUTCZUIFDBQJUBMMFUUFS.GPMMPXFECZ UIFOVNCFSJO.FTTJFSTMJTU4PNFPGUIFCFTULOPXO.FTTJFSPCKFDUTJODMVEF . ѮF$SBC/FCVMB BTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU4FF$SBC/FCVMB . ѮF"OESPNFEB/FCVMB BTQJSBMHBMBYZUIBUMJFTNJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTBXBZ
GSPNUIF&BSUI4FF"OESPNFEBHBMBYZBOE-PDBM(SPVQ . "O FMMJQUJDBM HBMBYZ UIBU JT JO PSCJU BSPVOE "OESPNFEB . 4FF -PDBM
(SPVQ . ѮF5SJBOHVMVNPS1JOXIFFMHBMBYZ BTQJSBMHBMBYZMPDBUFENJMMJPOMJHIU ZFBSTBXBZGSPNUIF&BSUI*UJTUIFUIJSEMBSHFTUNFNCFSPGUIF-PDBM(SPVQ BѫFS "OESPNFEBBOEUIF.JMLZ8BZ4FF-PDBM(SPVQ . ѮF 0SJPO /FCVMB B SFHJPO PG TUBS GPSNBUJPO JO UIF DPOTUFMMBUJPO 0SJPO
4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMBBOE0SJPO/FCVMB . ѮF8IJSMQPPM(BMBYZ BTQJSBMHBMBYZJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$BOFT7FOBUJDJ . "HJBOUFMMJQUJDBMHBMBYZJOUIF7JSHPDMVTUFS4FFSBEJPHBMBYZBOETVQFSNBT TJWFCMBDLIPMF .FUBM *OBTUSPOPNZ BNFUBMJTBOZFMFNFOUIFBWJFSUIBOIFMJVN*OUIJTEFêOJUJPO FMFNFOUTMJLFPYZHFOBOEOFPOBSFNFUBMT BTJTJSPO .FUBMMJDJUZ "OPCKFDUTBCVOEBODFPGNFUBMT PѫFOUIFBCVOEBODFPGJSPOTJODFJUJT
FBTZUPNFBTVSF4FFNFUBM .FUFPS ѮFCSJMMJBOUUSBJMPGMJHIUBDSPTTUIFOJHIUTLZQSPEVDFEXIFOBTNBMM TPMJE
PCKFDU GSPN TQBDF B NFUFPSPJE FOUFST UIF &BSUIT VQQFS BUNPTQIFSF BU IJHI TQFFE .PTUNFUFPSTBSFGSBHJMFGSBHNFOUTPGDPNFUTBOEOFWFSSFBDIUIFHSPVOEѮPTFUIBU EPSFBDIUIFHSPVOEBSFDBMMFENFUFPSJUFT BOEUIFZBSFSPDLZGSBHNFOUTPGBTUFSPJET "UDFSUBJOUJNFTPGUIFZFBS NFUFPSTBSFNPSFOVNFSPVTUIBOVTVBM BOEUIFTFNFUFPS TIPXFSTPDDVSXIFOUIF&BSUIQBTTFTUISPVHIUIFPSCJUPGBDPNFU4FFNFUFPSTIPXFS BOENFUFPSJUF .FUFPS$SBUFS "DSBUFSOFBS'MBHTUBĒ "SJ[POB BMTPLOPXOBTUIF"SJ[POB.FUFPS
$SBUFSBOEUIF#BSSJOHFS.FUFPSJUF$SBUFS BѫFSUIFNJOJOHFOHJOFFS%BOJFM.PSFBV #BSSJOHFS ¢ XIP VOTVDDFTTGVMMZ USJFE UP NJOF UIF TJUF GPS MBSHF RVBOUJ UJFT PG JSPO *O UIF FBSMZ T UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS &VHFOF . 4IPFNBLFS ¢ EFNPOTUSBUFEUIFTJNJMBSJUZCFUXFFOUIFDSBUFSBOEUIPTFQSPEVDFEEVS JOHOVDMFBSUFTUFYQMPTJPOTJO/FWBEB EFNPOTUSBUJOHJUTPSJHJOCZFYUFSOBMJNQBDUѮF DJSDVMBSDSBUFSJTBCPVUNFUFSTJOEJBNFUFSBOENFUFSTEFFQ*UJTBUUSJCVUFEUP
(MPTTBSZ.
4!",%-ESSIER/BJECTSA -ESSIER .'# )#
4YPEB
#ON
2! HM
$EC
M6
.AME
#RAB 'LOB 'LOB 'LOB 'LOB
4AU !QR #6N 3CO 3ER
n n
#RAB.EBULA
/P#L /P#L .EB 'LOB 'LOB
3CO 3CO 3GR /PH /PH
n n n n n
"UTTERmY ,AGOON.EBULA
/P#L 'LOB 'LOB 'LOB 'LOB
3CT /PH (ER /PH 0EG
n n n
7ILD$UCK#LUSTER (ERCULES
/P#L .EB /P#L 'LOB .EB
3ER 3GR 3GR /PH 3GR
n n n n n
%AGLE.EBULA /MEGAOR3WAN.EBULA 4RIlD.EBULA
)
/P#L 'LOB /P#L /P#L /P#L
3GR 3GR 3GR 3GR 3GR
n n n n n
/P#L 0LAN 'LOB /P#L 'LOB
3CT 6UL 3GR #YG #AP
n n n
$UMBBELL.EBULA
'AL3B 'AL% 'AL3C /P#L /P#L
!ND !ND 4RI 0ER 'EM
!NDROMEDA.EBULA
/P#L /P#L /P#L /P#L STARS
!UR !UR !UR #YG 5-A
7INNECKE
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4!",% CONTINUED -
)#
#ON
2! HM
/P#L .EB .EB /P#L /P#L
#-A /RI /RI #NC 4AU
n n n
/P#L /P#L /P#L 'AL% /P#L
0UP 0UP (YA 6IR -ON
'AL3C /P#L 'LOB 'LOB 'LOB
#6N #AS #OM 3GR 3GR
7HIRLPOOL
'LOB 0LAN 'AL3"B 'AL% 'AL%
,YR ,YR ,YR 6IR 6IR
2ING.EBULA
'AL3C 'LOB 'AL3B 'AL3B 'AL3A
6IR /PH #6N #OM ,EO
3UNmOWER "LACK%YE
'AL3B /P#L 'LOB 'LOB 'LOB
,EO #NC (YA 3GR 3GR
'LOB 'LOB /P#L 'AL3C 'LOB
3GE !QR !QR 0SC 3GR
0LAN 'AL3B .EB 'LOB 'LOB
0ER #ET /RI ,EP 3CO
-ESSIER .'#
4YPEB
$EC
M6
.AME
/RION.EBULA /RION.EBULA 0RAESEPE"EEHIVE 0LEIADES
STARS ,ITTLE$UMBBELL
(MPTTBSZ.
4!",% CONTINUED -
)#
4YPEB
#ON
2! HM
'AL3B 'AL)RR 'AL3C 'AL% 'AL3O
5-A 5-A (YA 6IR #OM
'AL% 'AL%P 'AL%P 'AL% 'AL3B
6IR 6IR #OM 6IR 6IR
'AL3 'LOB /P# 'AL3B 'AL3"B
#OM (ER 0UP #6N ,EO
'AL3A 0LAN 'AL3B 'AL3C 'AL3C
,EO 5-A #OM #OM #OM
'AL3C 'AL3A /P#L 'AL3A 'AL%
5-A $RA #AS 6IR ,EO
'AL3B 'LOB 'AL3B 'AL3"C
#6N /PH 5-A 5-A
-ESSIER .'#
$EC
M6
.AME
2ADIOGALAXY
/WL.EBULA
0INWHEEL
3OMBRERO
A!DAPTEDFROM4HE/BSERVERS(ANDBOOK 2OYAL!STRONOMICAL3OCIETYOF#ANADA
B/P#LOPENCLUSTER'LOBGLOBULARCLUSTER0LANPLANETARYNEBULA.EBEMISSIONNEBULA 'ALGALAXYWITHCLASSIlCATION
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
UIFJNQBDUPGBOJDLFMJSPONFUFPSJUFBCPVUNFUFSTBDSPTT XIJDIDPMMJEFEXJUIUIF &BSUIBCPVUZFBSTBHP .FUFPSJUF "OFYUSBUFSSFTUSJBMDIVOLPGSPDLBOENFUBM XIJDITVSWJWFTJUTêFSZEFTDFOU
UISPVHIUIFBUNPTQIFSFUPSFBDIUIFHSPVOE.PSFUIBOUIPVTBOENFUFPSJUFTIBWF CFFOSFDPWFSFEGSPNUIFJDFBU"OUBSDUJDB NBOZPGUIFNTQFOEJOHBCPVUIBMGBNJMMJPO ZFBSTFNCFEEFEJOUIFJDFNBOZGFXFSNFUFPSJUFTIBWFCFFOGPVOEBUPUIFSMPDBUJPOT PO&BSUI3BEJPBDUJWFEBUJOHJOEJDBUFTUIBUNFUFPSJUFTGPSNFEBCPVUCJMMJPOZFBST BHP.PTUNFUFPSJUFTBSFGSBHNFOUTPGBTUFSPJET CVUBTNBMMOVNCFSBSFGSPN.BST DBMMFE4/$NFUFPSJUFT PSGSPNUIF.PPOѮFSFBSFUISFFNBJODMBTTFTPGNFUFPSJUFT UIFTUPOZNFUFPSJUFT NBJOMZDPNQPTFEPGTJMJDBUFT UIFJSPONFUFPSJUFT DPOTJTUJOHPG JSPOBOEOJDLFM BOETUPOZJSPOT DPNQPTFEPGBCPVUIBMGTJMJDBUFTBOEIBMGJSPOBOE OJDLFM"MNPTUBMMPGUIFTFLJOETPGNFUFPSJUFTIBWFBHSFBUFSNBTTEFOTJUZUIBOBUZQJDBM SPDLPOUIF&BSUITTVSGBDF.PTUPGUIFNFUFPSJUFTBSFTUPOFT BOEBCPVUQFSDFOUPG UIFTFBSFDMBTTJêFEBTDIPOESJUFT BOBNFEFSJWFEGSPNUIFBODJFOU(SFFLXPSE DIPO ESPT NFBOJOHiHSBJOuPSiTFFEuѮFDIPOESJUFTDPOUBJOTNBMMTQIFSJDBMNBTTFTPGNBUF SJBMLOPXOBTDIPOESVMFTѮFPUIFSQFSDFOUPGUIFTUPOZNFUFPSJUFTBSFBDIPOESJUFT XIJDITIPXTJHOTPGQBTUJHOFPVTBDUJWJUZѮFSBSFDBSCPOBDFPVTDIPOESJUFNFUFPSJUFT BSFDPNQPTFEPGGSBHJMF MPXEFOTJUZNBUFSJBMBOEDPOUBJOBQQSFDJBCMFBNPVOUTPGDBS CPOBOEXBUFS4FFDBSCPOBDFPVTDIPOESJUFNFUFPSJUF JSPONFUFPSJUF 4/$NFUFPSJUF TUPOZNFUFPSJUF BOE8JENBOTUÅUUFOQBUUFSO .FUFPSPJE "TPMJEPCKFDUJOTQBDF TNBMMFSUIBOBOBTUFSPJE"NFUFPSPJECFDPNFT
BNFUFPSXIFOJUMJHIUTVQJOUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSFBOEBNFUFPSJUFJGJUSFBDIFTUIF HSPVOE .FUFPSTIPXFS $PNFUTTUSFXQBSUJDMFTBMPOHUIFJSPSCJUBMQBUIBTUIFZMPPQBSPVOE
UIF4VO BOEXIFOUIF&BSUIQBTTFTUISPVHIPOFPGUIFTFNFUFPSTUSFBNTBNFUFPS TIPXFSPDDVST SFDVSSJOHBUBCPVUUIFTBNFUJNFFWFSZZFBSѮF*UBMJBOBTUSPOPNFS (JPWBOOJ4DIJBQBSFMMJ ¢ êSTUQSPQPTFEJOUIBUNFUFPSTIPXFSTBSF UIFSFTVMUPGUIFEJTJOUFHSBUJPOPGDPNFUT FTUBCMJTIJOHBDPOOFDUJPOCFUXFFOUIF1FS TFJE NFUFPS TIPXFS BOE $PNFU 4XJѫ5VUUMF EJTDPWFSFE JO ѮF NFUFPST JO B TIPXFSBQQFBSUPDPNFGSPNUIFTBNFQPJOUJOUIFTLZ UIFSBEJBOU BOEUIFNFUFPS TIPXFSJTOBNFEBѫFSUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPOJOXIJDIJUTSBEJBOUMJFT.FUFPSTIPXFSTBSF TPNFUJNFT DBMMFE TIPPUJOH TUBST PS GBMMJOH TUBST CVU UIFZ IBWF OPUIJOH UP EP XJUI TUBSTBOEBSFDPNQPTFEPGGSBHJMFDPNFUNBUFSJBMUIBUCVSOTVQ JOUIFBUNPTQIFSF BOE OFWFS SFBDIFT UIF HSPVOE 4FF -FPOJET NFUFPS 1FSTFJET 2VBESBOUJET BOE 4XJѫ5VUUMF$PNFU .FUFPSTUSFBN .FUFPSPJETDJSDMJOHUIF4VOJOBDPNNPOPSCJU VTVBMMZUIFEFCSJTPG
BDPNFUXJUIUIFTBNFPSCJU"NFUFPSTIPXFSPDDVSTXIFOUIF&BSUIQBTTFTUISPVHIB NFUFPSTUSFBN4FFNFUFPSPJE .FUIBOF "NPMFDVMFEFOPUFECZUIFTZNCPM$) XIFSF$JTBOBUPNPGDBSCPOBOE )JTBIZESPHFOBUPN8FDPPLBOEIFBUTPNFIPNFTXJUIHBTFPVTNFUIBOF BOEJUJT GPVOEJOBCVOEBODFXJUIJO6SBOVT /FQUVOF BOEJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDF
(MPTTBSZ.
4!",% -ETEORSHOWERSA 2ADIANT0OSITIONB -ETEORS 0ER(OURC
-AXIMUM$ATE
2!
$EC
1UADRANTIDS !LPHA!URIGIDS 6IRGINIDS ,YRIDS %TA!QUARIDS
*ANUARY &EBRUARY !PRIL !PRIL -AY
HM HM HM HM HM
*ANUARY *AN&EB -ARCH!PRIL !PRIL !PRIL-AY
!LPHA3CORPIIDS /PHIUCHIDS !LPHA#YGNIDS #APRICORNIDS !LPHA#APRICORNIDS
!PRIL *UNE *ULY *ULY !UGUST
HM HM HM HM HM
!PRIL-AY -AY*UNE *UNE!UGUST *ULY!UG *ULY!UG
$ELTA!QUARIDS )OTA!QUARIDS 0ISCIS!USTRALIDS 0ERSEIDS !LPHA!URIGIDS
*ULY !UGUST *ULY !UGUST !UGUST
HM HM HM HM HM
*ULY!UG *ULY!UGUST *ULY!UGUST *ULY!UG !UGUST/CTOBER
0ISCIDS /RIONIDS 4AURIDS ,EONIDS 'EMINIDS 5RSIDS
3EPTEMBER /CTOBER .OVEMBER .OVEMBER $ECEMBER $ECEMBER
HM HM HM HM HM HM
3EPT/CT /CT.OV /CT.OV .OVEMBER $ECEMBER $ECEMBER
3HOWER
6ISIBILITY$ATES
A!DAPTEDFROM"ONE .-ETEORS #AMBRIDGE -ASS 3KY0UBLISHING#O P AND,ANG +ENNETH
2 !STROPHYSICAL$ATA0LANETSAND3TARS.EW9ORK 3PRINGER6ERLAG P B4HECELESTIALCOORDINATESOFTHERADIANTARERIGHTASCENSION ABBREVIATEDAS2! INHOURS HR ANDMINUTES
M ANDDECLINATION OR$ECFORSHORT INDEGREES C4HEMAXIMUMHOURLYFREQUENCYOFMETEORSISUNDERTHEASSUMPTIONTHATTHERADIANTISATTHEZENITH BUTTHIS RATECANVARYFROMYEARTOYEARBECAUSEOFTHENON UNIFORMDISTRIBUTIONOFTHERELEVANTMETEOROIDSTREAM
.F7 "VOJUPGFOFSHZFRVBMUPPOFNJMMJPOFMFDUSPOWPMUTBOE+PVMF
ѮJT VOJU JT VTFE UP EFTDSJCF UIF UPUBM FOFSHZ PG IJHIWFMPDJUZ QBSUJDMFT PS FOFSHFUJD SBEJBUJPOQIPUPOT4FFDPTNJDSBZT FMFDUSPOWPMU BOEHBNNBSBZSBEJBUJPO .)[ "CCSFWJBUJPOGPS.FHB)FSU[ PSBNJMMJPO)FSU[4FF)FSU[BOE.FHBIFSU[ .JDIFMTPO.PSMFZFYQFSJNFOU (FSNBOCPSO"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU.JDIFMTPO
¢ BOE"NFSJDBODIFNJTU&EXBSE.PSMFZ ¢ VTFBOJOUFSGFSPN FUFSJOUPUSZUPEFUFDUBOZEJĒFSFODFJOUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUJOUXPEJSFDUJPOTBU SJHIUBOHMFTUPFBDIPUIFS GBJMJOHUPNFBTVSFBOZEJĒFSFODFBOETIPXJOHUIBUUIFWFMPD
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4!",% -ETEORSHOWERSnCOMETSA -ETEOR3HOWERB
#OMET
,YRIDS %TA!QUARIDS 3CORPIIDS 3AGITTARIIDS "OOTIDS 0ERSEIDS
4HATCHER#' 0 (ALLEY 0 %NCKE 00ONS 7INNECKE 0 3WIFT 4UTTLE
!URIGIDS $RACONIDS /RIONIDS %PSILON'EMINIDS 4AURIDS
+IESS#. 0'IACOBINI :INNER 0 (ALLEY )KEYA#. 0 %NCKE
!DROMEDIDS ,EONIDS 'EMINIDS -ONOCEROTIDS 5RSIDS
0 "IELA 0 4EMPLE 4UTTLE 0HAETHONC -ELLISH#& 04UTTLE
A-ETEORSHOWERSTHATOCCURWHENTHE%ARTHINTERSECTSTHEORBITOFTHECOMETGIVENHERE!DAPTEDFROM,ANG +ENNETH2 "TUSPQIZTJDBM%BUB1MBOFUTBOE4UBST.EW9ORK 3PRINGER6ERLAG P B4HEVISIBILITYDATESOFTHESESHOWERSWEREGIVENIN4ABLE C0HAETHONISCATALOGEDASANASTEROID BUTITMAYBEANINACTIVECOMETNUCLEUS
JUZPGMJHIUJTOPUBĒFDUFECZUIFNPUJPOPGUIF&BSUIUISPVHIBIZQPUIFUJDBMBFUIFS4FF BFUIFS FUIFS MVNJOJGFSPVTFUIFS BOE4QFDJBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ .JDSPMFOTJOH ѮFHSBWJUBUJPOBMEJTUPSUJPOBOEBNQMJêDBUJPOPGBTUBSTMJHIUDBVTFECZBO
PCKFDU TVDIBTBQMBOFU QBTTJOHCFUXFFOUIFTUBSBOEBOPCTFSWFSѮFPCKFDUDVSWFTMJHIU SBZTGSPNUIFTUBSBOEDPODFOUSBUFTUIFNUPXBSETUIFPCTFSWFS4FFHSBWJUBUJPOBMMFOT .JDSPO " VOJU PG MFOHUI FRVBM UP B NJMMJPOUI PS PG B NFUFS 7JTJCMF MJHIU IBT
XBWFMFOHUITPGCFUXFFOBOENJDSPOT .JDSPXBWF &MFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO XJUI XBWFMFOHUIT CFUXFFO BOE DFOUJ NFUFST PSGSFRVFODJFTGSPNUP()[ BUUIFTIPSUXBWFMFOHUIFOEPGUIFSBEJP TQFDUSVN .JDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOE 4FFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO .JMBOLPWJUDIDZDMFT ѮSFFSIZUINJDëVDUVBUJPOTJOUIFXPCCMFBOEUJMUPGUIF&BSUIT SPUBUJPOBMBYJTBOEUIFTIBQFPGUIF&BSUITPSCJUUIBUTFUUIFNBKPSJDFBHFTJONPUJPO CZBMUFSJOHUIFTFBTPOBMEJTUSJCVUJPOPGUIF4VOTMJHIUBOEIFBUPO&BSUIѮFZBSFUIF ZFBSQSFDFTTJPOBMXPCCMFPGUIF&BSUITSPUBUJPOBMBYJT UIFZFBSWBSJB UJPOJOUIF&BSUITBYJBMUJMU BOEUIFZFBSDIBOHFJOUIFFDDFOUSJDJUZPSTIBQF PGUIF&BSUITPSCJUѮFTFDZDMFTBSFOBNFEBѫFSUIF:VHPTMBWJBOBTUSPOPNFS.JMVUJO
(MPTTBSZ.
.JMBOLPWJUDI ¢ XIPEFWFMPQFEUIFSFMFWBOUNBUIFNBUJDBMUIFPSZCFUXFFO BOE4FFJDFBHF .JMF "VOJUPGEJTUBODFFRVBMUPLJMPNFUFSTBOEGFFU .JMLZ 8BZ ѮF CBOE PG MJHIU UIBU TUSFUDIFT BDSPTT PVS OJHIU TLZ QSPEVDFE CZ UIF
MJHIUPGOVNFSPVTTUBSTBTXFMPPLPVUUISPVHIUIFEJTLPGPVS(BMBYZѮFTUBSMJHIUJT PCTDVSFEJOQMBDFTCZDMPVETPGJOUFSTUFMMBSHBTBOEEVTU .JMLZ 8BZ (BMBYZ ѮF (BMBYZ UIBU DPOUBJOT UIF .JMLZ 8BZ BOE UIF 4VO EJTUJO HVJTIFEGSPNPUIFSHBMBYJFTCZBDBQJUBM(ѮF.JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZJTBTQJSBMHBMBYZ XJUIBNBTTJWFDFOUFSMPDBUFEBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTGSPNUIF4VO XIJDIJTMPDBUFEJO POFPGUIFTQJSBMBSNTѮF(BMBYZDPOUBJOTIVOESFETPGCJMMJPOTPGTUBST NPTUMZMPDBUFE JOBEJTLUIBUJTBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTBDSPTT"EBSLIBMPUIBUTVSSPVOETUIFEJTL PGPVS(BMBYZBDDPVOUTGPSBCPVUUFOUJNFTBTNVDINBTTBTUIFEJTLJUTFMGѮF.JMLZ 8BZ(BMBYZ PS(BMBYZGPSTIPSU CFMPOHTUPUIF-PDBM(SPVQPGHBMBYJFT4FFEBSLIBMP HBMBDUJDEJTL (BMBYZ BOE-PDBM(SPVQ .JMMJPO 0OFUIPVTBOEUIPVTBOE XSJUUFOBTPS .JMMJTFDPOE QVMTBS " QVMTBS XJUI B SBQJE QFSJPE PG BCPVU POF NJMMJTFDPOE PS TFDPOE *O UIF "NFSJDBO SBEJP BTUSPOPNFS %POBME $ #BDLFS ¢ EJTDPW FSFE UIF êSTU NJMMJTFDPOE QVMTBS EFTJHOBUFE 143 XJUI B QFSJPE PG NJMMJTFDPOET"OPUIFSNJMMJTFDPOEQVMTBS 143XJUIBQFSJPEPGNJMMJTFD POET XBT EJTDPWFSFE JO CZ UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS "MFLTBOEFS 8PMT[D[BO ¢ BDDVSBUFUJNJOHPCTFSWBUJPOTPGUIJTQVMTBSSFTVMUFEJOUIFEJTDPWFSZPGUXP &BSUITJ[FEQMBOFUTPSCJUJOH143ѮFQVMTBS143 XJUIBTPNFXIBU MPOHFSQFSJPEPGNJMMJTFDPOET XBTEJTDPWFSFEJOCZ"NFSJDBOSBEJPBTUSPOPNFST 3VTTFMM")VMTF ¢ BOE+PTFQI)5BZMPS+S ¢ QSFDJTFUJNJOHPCTFSWBUJPOT PGJUTSBEJPQVMTFTJOEJDBUFEUIBUUIFCJOBSZQVMTBSJTMPTJOHFOFSHZBUUIFSBUFFYQFDUFECZ HSBWJUBUJPOBMSBEJBUJPO"MMUISFFQVMTBSTXFSFEJTDPWFSFEBUUIF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZ 4FF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZ FYUSBTPMBSQMBOFU HSBWJUBUJPOBMSBEJBUJPO 143 143 BOE143 .JNPTB "MTP LOPXO BT #FUB $SVDJT B CMVFXIJUF HJBOU TUBS PG TQFDUSBM UZQF # BQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEF BEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST BOEBOBCTPMVUFNBHOJUVEF PG4FFTUBST .JOLPXTLJNFUSJD ѮFMJOFFMFNFOU ET JOTQBDFUJNFXJUIPVUHSBWJUZ EFSJWFEJO CZUIF-JUIVBOJBOCPSO(FSNBONBUIFNBUJDJBO)FSNBOO.JOLPXTLJ ¢
BOEHJWFOCZETDEUEYEZE[ XIFSFDJTUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU EUJTUIF UJNF BOEEY EZ BOEE[BSFUIFUISFFTQBDFDPPSEJOBUFT4FF4QFDJBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ BOEWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU .JOPSQMBOFU 4FFBTUFSPJE .JOVUFPGBSD 4FFBSDNJOVUF .JSB "SFE.HJBOUTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$FUVT XIPTFBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEF
SBOHFTGSPNUPBOECBDLUPBHBJOFWFSZEBZT.JSB UIFi.JSBDMF4UBSu JTBMTP
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4!",% -ILKY7AY'ALAXY 2ADIUSOFGALACTICDISKKPCLIGHT YEARS DIAMETERLIGHT YEARS 4HICKNESSOFGALACTICDISKKPCLIGHT YEARS 3UNSDISTANCEFROMGALACTICCENTER2 KPC WHEREKPCLIGHT YEARS 3UNSROTATIONVELOCITYABOUTGALACTICCENTER6ROTKMS 3UNSROTATIONPERIODABOUTGALACTICCENTER0YEARS /ORTSCONSTANTS! KMSKPCAND" KMSKPC 'ALACTIC#ENTER2! HMS$EC ng .ORTH'ALACTIC0OLE2! HMS$EC ng !BSOLUTE-AGNITUDE- !BSOLUTE,UMINOSITY," ,bOR,"y,b WHERETHE3UNSABSOLUTELUMINOSITY,b*SERGS -ASS --bWITHIN2KPCLIGHT YEARS ORAMASSEQUIVALENTTOBILLIONSTARSLIKETHE3UN WHERETHE3UNSMASS-bGRAMS WITHAMASS LUMINOSITYRATIOOF-,"-b,bTO2KPC
--bWITHIN2KPCLIGHT YEARS WITHAMASS LUMINOSITYRATIOOF-,"TO2KPC
4OTALMASS--bWITHIN2KPCORLIGHT YEARS WITHATOTALMASSABOUTTENTIMESTHEMASSOFTHEVISIBLESTELLARCOMPONENT ANDADARK INVISIBLEHALOOFABOUTPERCENTOFTHETOTALMASS
4OTALMASS LUMINOSITYRATIO-,"y-b,bTO2KPC
A!DAPTEDFROM,ANG +ENNETH2 "TUSPQIZTJDBM'PSNVMBF**4QBDF 5JNF .BUUFSBOE$PTNPMPHZ
ѮJSE&EJUJPO .EW9ORK 3PRINGER 6ERLAG PP
OBNFE0NJDSPO$FUJ BOEIBTCFFOBEEJUJPOBMMZQSPDMBJNFEiUIF"NB[JOH0OFuBOE iUIF8POEFSGVMuѮF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS%BWJE'BCSJDJVT ¢ EJTDPWFSFE UIFTUBSTWBSJBUJPOJOXIFOCSJHIUFTU .JSBJTWJTJCMFUPUIFOBLFEFZFBOEXIFO EJNNFTUJUDBOOPUCFTFFOXJUIUIFVOBJEFEFZF"UJUTEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST JUT BOHVMBSEJBNFUFSPGTFDPOETPGBSDDPSSFTQPOETUPBQIZTJDBMSBEJVTPG"6PS UJNFTUIFBWFSBHFEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUIF&BSUIBOEUIF4VOBOEBCPVUEPVCMFUIFTJ[FPG UIFPSCJUPG.BSTѮFBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG.JSBWBSJFTGSPNmUPm XJUIBO BCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZSBOHJOHGSPNUPOFBSMZUJNFTUIF4VOTMVNJOPTJUZ.JSB JTUIFQSPUPUZQFGPSUIPVTBOETPGMPOHQFSJPE.JSBWBSJBCMFT XIJDIWBSZJOCSJHIUOFTT BTUIFTUBSTQVMTBUFTMPXMZ .JTTJOHNBTT "MUFSOBUJWFUFSNGPSEBSLNBUUFS4FFEBSLNBUUFS .*5 "DSPOZNGPSUIF.BTTBDIVTFUUT*OTUJUVUFPG5FDIOPMPHZ MPDBUFEJO$BNCSJEHF
.BTTBDIVTFUUT .J[BS "EPVCMFTUBSJO6STB.BKPS BMTPLOPXOBT;FUB6STBF.BKPSJT PGBQQBSFOU
WJTVBMNBHOJUVEF*UTEJTUBOUDPNQBOJPO "MDPS XJUIBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEF
(MPTTBSZ.
PG DBOCFTFFOXJUIUIFVOBJEFE PSOBLFE FZF.J[BS "MDPSBOEUIFDPNQBOJPOUP .J[BSBSFBMMTQFDUSPTDPQJDCJOBSJFT4FFTQFDUSPTDPQJDCJOBSZ ..5 "DSPOZN GPS .VMUJQMF .JSSPS 5FMFTDPQF 4FF 'SFE - 8IJQQMF 0CTFSWBUPSZ BOE.VMUJQMF.JSSPS5FMFTDPQF .PMFDVMBS DMPVE "O VOVTVBMMZ EFOTF BOE MBSHF JOUFSTUFMMBS OFCVMB PG HBT BOE EVTU
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ѮFTNBMMFTUVOJUPGBDIFNJDBMDPNQPVOE"NPMFDVMFJTDPNQPTFEPGUXP
PSNPSFBUPNT CPVOEUPHFUIFSCZJOUFSBDUJPOPGUIFJSFMFDUSPOT .POUI ѮFQFSJPEPGSFWPMVUJPOPGUIF.PPOBSPVOEUIF&BSUIѮFTJEFSFBMNPOUI
SFDLPOFEGSPNêYFETUBSUPêYFETUBS JTNFBOTPMBSEBZT BOEUIJTJTFRVBMUP UIFSPUBUJPOQFSJPEPGUIF.PPOBCPVUJUTBYJTѮFTZOPEJDNPOUIJTUIFNFBOJOUFSWBM CFUXFFODPOKVODUJPOTPGUIF.PPOBOEUIF4VO BOEDPSSFTQPOETUPUIFDZDMFPGMVOBS QIBTFTѮFTZOPEJDNPOUI GSPNPOFOFX.PPOUPUIFOFYUOFX.PPO JTFRVBMUP NFBOTPMBSEBZTѮF(SFHPSJBODBMFOEBSJTEJWJEFEJOUPNPOUIT XJUIB (SFHPSJBODBMFOEBSZFBSFRVBMUPEBZT4FFTJEFSFBMUJNF .PPO "OBUVSBMPCKFDUUIBUSFWPMWFTBSPVOEBQMBOFU"NPPOJTBOBUVSBMTBUFMMJUF
ѮF&BSUIIBTPOFNPPO XIJDIJTVTVBMMZDBMMFEUIF.PPOXJUIBDBQJUBM.ѮF.PPO JTLJMPNFUFSTBDSPTT PSSPVHIMZPOFRVBSUFSUIFTJ[FPGUIF&BSUI BOEJUSFWPMWFT BSPVOEUIF&BSUIPODFFWFSZEBZT3PDLTSFUVSOFEGSPNUIF.PPOCZUIF"QPMMP NJTTJPOT GSPNUP JOEJDBUFUIBUNPTUPGUIFIJHIMBOEDSBUFSTXFSFDSFBUFE CZBOJOUFOTFCPNCBSENFOUBCPVUCJMMJPOZFBSTBHPBOEUIBUUIFMVOBSNBSJBXFSF êMMFEXJUIMBWBGSPNUIF.PPOTJOUFSJPSCFUXFFOBOECJMMJPOZFBSTBHPѮF$MF NFOUJOFBOEPS-VOBS1SPTQFDUPSTQBDFDSBѫIBWFQSPWJEFEJOGPSNBUJPOPOUIFMJRVJE DPSF TVSGBDFDPNQPTJUJPO UPQPHSBQIZ BOENBHOFUJTNPGUIF.PPO BTXFMMBTQPTTJCMF FWJEFODFGPSXBUFSJDFJOQFSNBOFOUMZTIBEFESFHJPOTBUUIFMVOBSQPMFTѮF.PPOT HSBWJUZ ESBXT UIF &BSUIT PDFBOT JOUP UXP UJEBM CVMHFT QSPEVDJOH UIF UJEFT BOE UIF .PPOBDUTBTBCSBLFPOUIF&BSUITSPUBUJPO DBVTJOHUIFMFOHUIPGUIFEBZUPTUFBEJMZ JODSFBTFBUUIFSBUFPGTFDPOETQFSDFOUVSZBOEUIF.PPOUPNPWFBXBZGSPNUIF &BSUIBUUIFSBUFPGNFUFSTQFSZFBSѮF.PPOXBTNPTUMJLFMZGPSNFECZUIFHJBOU JNQBDUPGB.BSTTJ[FECPEZXJUIUIF&BSUIFBSMZJOJUTIJTUPSZ4FF"QPMMP.JTTJPOT $MFNFOUJOFTQBDFDSBѫ DSBUFS -VOBS1SPTQFDUPS NBSJB BOEUJEFT .PSHBO,FFOBODMBTTJmDBUJPO 4FFTUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO .PVOU1BMPNBS0CTFSWBUPSZ 4FF1BMPNBS0CTFSWBUPSZ
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4!",% -OONA -ASS -EAN2ADIUS -EAN-ASS$ENSITY 2OTATION0ERIOD /RBITAL0ERIOD THE3IDEREAL-ONTH 3YNODIC-ONTH -EAN$ISTANCEFROM%ARTH )NCREASEIN-EAN$ISTANCE -EAN/RBITAL3PEED !NGULAR2ADIUSAT-EAN$ISTANCE'EOCENTRIC !NGULAR2ADIUSAT-EAN$ISTANCE4OPOCENTRIC !GE
KILOGRAMS-% KILOMETERS2% KILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER DAYSSIDEREALMONTH DAYSlXEDSTARTOlXEDSTAR DAYSNEW-OONTONEW-OON METERS METERSPERYEAR METERSPERSECOND MINUTESSECONDSOFARC MINUTESSECONDSOFARC YEARS
A(ERE-
%AND2%RESPECTIVELYDENOTETHEMASSANDRADIUSOFTHE%ARTH
.PVOU 4USPNMP 0CTFSWBUPSZ -PDBUFE PO .PVOU 4USPNMP OFBS $BOCFSSB "VTUSB
MJB UIFPCTFSWBUPSZXBTFTUBCMJTIFEJOBTѮF$PNNPOXFBMUI4PMBS0CTFSWBUPSZ BOEPQFSBUFETJODFCZUIF"VTUSBMJBO/BUJPOBM6OJWFSTJUZBTUIF.PVOU4USPNMP 0CTFSWBUPSZ"EFWBTUBUJOHXJMEêSFPO+BOVBSZEFTUSPZFEBMMPGJUTNBKPSUFMF TDPQFT CVUSFEFWFMPQNFOUJTOPXVOEFSXBZ .PVOU 8JMTPO 0CTFSWBUPSZ -PDBUFEPO.PVOU8JMTPO BQFBLJOUIF4BO(BCSJFM NPVOUBJOTOFBS1BTBEFOB $BMJGPSOJB UIF.PVOU8JMTPO0CTFSWBUPSZJTUIFTJUFPGUIF .PVOU 8JMTPO 4PMBS 0CTFSWBUPSZ GPVOEFE JO UIF JODI NFUFS SFëFDU JOH UFMFTDPQF DPNQMFUFE JO BOE UIF JODI NFUFS SFëFDUJOH UFMFTDPQF XIJDIXBTGVOEFECZUIF"NFSJDBOCVTJOFTTNBO+PIO%)PPLFS ¢ BOE DPNQMFUFEJOѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS&EXJO)VCCMF ¢ VTFEUIF JODI)PPLFSUFMFTDPQFUPTIPXUIBUTQJSBMBOEFMMJQUJDBMOFCVMBFBSFHBMBYJFT BOE UPPCUBJOUIFêSTUFWJEFODFGPSUIFFYQBOTJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTF .4'$ "DSPOZNGPSUIF.BSTIBMM4QBDF'MJHIU$FOUFS4FF.BSTIBMM4QBDF'MJHIU$FOUFS . TUBS " SFE TUBS PG TQFDUSBM UZQF . XIPTF WJTJCMF EJTL JT DPMEFS BOE SFEEFS UIBO UIF4VO.UZQFTUBSTPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODFBSFDBMMFESFEEXBSGT BOEUIFZBSFUIF NPTUDPNNPODMBTTPGTUBSJOUIF.JMLZ8BZ BDDPVOUJOHGPSBCPVUQFSDFOUPGBMM TUBSTJOPVS(BMBYZѮFWJTJCMFTQFDUSVNPGBO.TUBSJTDIBSBDUFSJ[FECZBCTPSQUJPO CBOET PG UJUBOJVN PYJEF NPMFDVMFT . TUBST PO UIF NBJO TFRVFODF BSF TNBMMFS MFTT NBTTJWFBOEDPPMFSUIBOUIF4VOѮFZIBWFNBTTFTMFTTUIBOTPMBSNBTTFT CVSO IZESPHFOJOUIFJSDPSFCZUIFQSPUPOQSPUPODIBJO BOEIBWFDPOWFDUJWF[POFTUIBUDBO FYUFOEUISPVHIPVUUIFFOUJSFTUBSGPSUIFMPXFTUNBTTѮFZBMTPFNJUMFTTMJHIUUIBO UIF4VO BOEBSFTPEJNUIBUOPUBTJOHMFPOFJTWJTJCMFUPUIFVOBJEFE OBLFEFZF3FE .UZQFHJBOUPSTVQFSHJBOUTUBSTBSFIVOESFETPSUIPVTBOETPGUJNFTCSJHIUFSUIBOUIF 4VO1SPYJNB$FOUBVSJJTBSFEEXBSGTUBS .JSBJTBSFEHJBOUTUBS BOE"OUBSFTBOE #FUFMHFVTFBSFSFETVQFSHJBOUTUBST4FF"OUBSFT #FUFMHFVTF E.TUBS ëBSFTUBS HJBOU
(MPTTBSZ.
% $
&!! ' "# $
"#$ %"$"
"# $
" %"$"
"$
' !%#
!%#
%!!
## "! "$
'*( -OONPHASES,IGHTFROMTHE3UNILLUMINATESONEHALFOFTHE-OON WHILETHEOTHERHALFISDARK!STHE-OONORBITSTHE%ARTH WESEEVARYINGAMOUNTS OFITSILLUMINATEDSURFACE4HEPHASESSEENBYANOBSERVERON%ARTHCPUUPN COR RESPONDTOTHENUMBEREDPOINTSALONGTHELUNARORBIT4HEPERIODFROMNEW-OONTO NEW-OONISDAYS THELENGTHOFTHEMONTH!STHE%ARTHCOMPLETESITSDAILY ROTATION ALLNIGHTTIMEOBSERVERSSEETHESAMEPHASEOFTHE-OON
TUBS )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN NBJOTFRVFODF .JSB .TUBS QSPUPOQSPUPODIBJO 1SPYJNB$FOUBVSJ SFEEXBSGTUBS TUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO BOETVQFSHJBOUTUBS .48FGGFDU ѮFUSBOTGPSNBUJPOPGBOFVUSJOPPGPOFUZQFPSëBWPSJOUPBOFVUSJOPPG
BOPUIFSLJOEXIJMFUSBWFMJOHUISPVHINBUUFS OBNFEBѫFS-JODPMO8PMGFOTUFJO ¢ XIP PSJHJOBUFE UIF UIFPSZ JO BOE 4UBOJTMBW .JLIFZFW m BOE "MFYFJ : 4NJSOPW ¢ XIPGVSUIFSEFWFMPQFEJUBCPVUBEFDBEFMBUFSѮF.48FĒFDUDPVME FYQMBJOUIFTPMBSOFVUSJOPQSPCMFNJGTPNFPGUIFFMFDUSPOOFVUSJOPTQSPEVDFEJOUIF
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
DPSFPGUIF4VOPTDJMMBUFJOUPNVPOPSUBVOFVUSJOPTPOUIFJSXBZPVUPGUIF4VO UIFSFCZ CFDPNJOHJOWJTJCMFUPNPTUOFVUSJOPEFUFDUPST4FFOFVUSJOPPTDJMMBUJPO BOETPMBSOFV USJOPQSPCMFN .VMMBSE3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZ "SBEJPBTUSPOPNZPCTFSWBUPSZPGUIF6OJ
WFSTJUZPG$BNCSJEHFBU-PSET#SJEHFOFBS$BNCSJEHF &OHMBOE SFOPXOFEGPSJUTEJTDPW FSZPGQVMTBSTBOEJUTQJPOFFSJOHXPSLJOBQFSUVSFTZOUIFTJTѮF3ZMF5FMFTDPQF OBNFE GPSUIF&OHMJTISBEJPBTUSPOPNFS.BSUJO3ZMF ¢
JTBOBSSBZPGFJHIUQBSB CPMJDEJTIFTFBDINFUFST GFFU JOEJBNFUFS POBLJMPNFUFS FBTUXFTUCBTFMJOF PSJHJOBMMZCVJMUJOGPSIJHISFTPMVUJPOJNBHJOHPGSBEJPHBMBYJFTBOERVBTBSTBOE VQHSBEFEGPSNBQQJOHUIFNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOEѮFOBNFBDLOPXMFEHFTGVOEJOH CZ.VMMBSE-JNJUFE4FFBQFSUVSFTZOUIFTJTBOEQVMTBS .VMUJQMF .JSSPS 5FMFTDPQF "CCSFWJBUFE ..5 B WJTJCMFMJHIU UFMFTPDQF XJUI B QSJ
NBSZ NJSSPS PG NFUFS JODI EJBNFUFS MPDBUFE PO .U )PQLJOT "SJ[POB *U PSJHJOBMMZDPOTJTUFEPGTFWFSBMTNBMMFSNJSSPST CVUJTOPXBTJOHFNJSSPSѮF'SFE- 8IJQQMF 0CTFSWBUPSZ BOE UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG "SJ[POB PQFSBUF UIF ..5 4FF 'SFE - 8IJQQMF0CTFSWBUPSZ .VPO "O FMFNFOUBSZ QBSUJDMF EFOPUFE CZ UIF TZNCPM ʍ " NVPO JT TJNJMBS UP BO
FMFDUSPOFYDFQUUIBUUIFNVPOIBTBNBTTUIBUJTUJNFTUIBUPGBOFMFDUSPO BOEB CSJFGMJGF"NVPOEFDBZTJOUPOFVUSJOPTBOEBOFMFDUSPOJOKVTUTFDPOET .VPOTNBZIBWFBQPTJUJWFPSBOFHBUJWFDIBSHF.VPOOFVUSJOPTJOUFSBDUXJUINVPOT BOEUIFBOUJNVPOJTUIFBOUJQBSUJDMFPGUIFNVPO
(MPTTBSZ/
/ /BLFEFZFPCTFSWBUJPO 7JTVBMPCTFSWBUJPOPGDPTNJDPCKFDUTXJUIPVUBUFMFTDPQFPS
PUIFSPQUJDBMJOTUSVNFOU BMTPDBMMFEVOBJEFEPCTFSWBUJPOT /BOP5FTMB "VOJUPGNBHOFUJDêFMETUSFOHUI BCCSFWJBUFEO5*UJTFRVBMUP5FTMB
UP(BVTT BOEUPHBNNB4FF(BVTTBOE5FTMB /"4" "DSPOZN GPS UIF /BUJPOBM "FSPOBVUJDT BOE 4QBDF "ENJOJTUSBUJPO 6OJUFE 4UBUFT4FF/BUJPOBM"FSPOBVUJDTBOE4QBDF"ENJOJTUSBUJPO /BUJPOBM "FSPOBVUJDT BOE 4QBDF "ENJOJTUSBUJPO "CCSFWJBUFE /"4" UIF 6OJUFE
4UBUFTHPWFSONFOUTQBDFBHFODZGPSNFEJO*UJTSFTQPOTJCMFGPSDJWJMJBONBOOFE BOESPCPUJDBDUJWJUJFTJOTQBDF JODMVEJOHMBVODIWFIJDMFT TDJFOUJêDTBUFMMJUFT BOETQBDF QSPCFT/"4")FBERVBSUFSTBSFJO8BTIJOHUPO %$/"4"PQFSBUFTUIF"NFT3FTFBSDI $FOUFSOFBS4BO'SBODJTDP $BMJGPSOJBUIF(PEEBSE4QBDF'MJHIU$FOUFS BCCSFWJBUFE (4'$ JO(SFFOCFMU.BSZMBOEUIF+FU1SPQVMTJPO-BCPSBUPSZ PS +1-GPSTIPSU OFBS 1BTBEFOB $BMJGPSOJBUIF+PIO',FOOFEZ4QBDF$FOUFSBU$BQF$BOBWFSBM 'MPSJEB UIF-ZOEPO#+PIOTPO4QBDF$FOUFS JO)PVTUPO 5FYBTBOEUIF.BSTIBMM4QBDF'MJHIU $FOUFS BCCSFWJBUFE.4'$ JO)VOUTWJMMF "MBCBNBѮ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ê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
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4!",% .!3!AND%3!SPACEMISSIONS A !POLLO-ISSIONS3IX!POLLOSPACECRAFTTRANSPORTEDTWELVEASTRONAUTSTOTHE-OONANDBACK BETWEENAND4HEYRETURNEDATOTALOFKILOGRAMSOFROCKSTHATWEREUSEDTO DECIPHERTHE-OONSHISTORYANDPROVIDECLUESTOITSORIGIN4HE!POLLOASTRONAUT .EIL! !RMSTRONGn WASTHElRSTHUMANTOSTEPONTHE-OON FROMTHE,UNAR-ODULE%AGLE ON*ULY #ASSINI (UYGENS-ISSION.!3!LAUNCHEDTHE#ASSINI (UYGENSSPACECRAFTON/CTOBER )NSTRUMENTSABOARDTHESPACECRAFT WHICHREACHED3ATURNIN*ULY WILLIMPROVE OURUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEPLANET3ATURN ITSRINGS ITSMAGNETOSPHERE ANDITSSATELLITES.!3!S #ASSINI/RBITERWILLORBIT3ATURNANDITSMOONSFORFOURYEARS/N*ANUARY %3!S (UYGENS0ROBEDOVEINTOTHETHICK HAZYATMOSPHEREOF3ATURNSMOON4ITANANDLANDEDON ITSSURFACE DISCOVERINGSIGNSOFmOWINGLIQUID PROBABLYMETHANE4HESPACECRAFTISNAMEDFOR THE)TALIAN BORN&RENCHASTRONOMER'IAN'IOVANNI $OMENICO*EAN$OMENIQUE #AS SINIn WHODISCOVERED#ASSINISGAPIN3ATURNSRINGS ANDTHE$UTCHASTRONOMER #HRISTIAAN(UYGENSn WHODISCOVERED4ITAN 3ATURNSLARGESTMOON #HANDRA8 RAY/BSERVATORY.!3!DEPLOYEDTHE#HANDRA8 RAY/BSERVATORY ABBREVIATED #8/ ON*ULY FROMTHE3PACE3HUTTLE#OLUMBIA)TINVESTIGATESTHEHIGH ENERGY 8 RAYREGIONSOFTHE5NIVERSEFROMCOSMICOBJECTSSUCHASACTIVEGALACTICNUCLEI BLACKHOLES CLUSTERSOFGALAXIES DARKMATTER GALAXIES NEUTRONSTARS PULSARS QUASARS SUPERNOVAREMNANTS SUPERNOVAE ANDWHITEDWARFS4HE8 RAYOBSERVATORYWASNAMEDAFTERTHE)NDIAN BORN!MERI CANASTROPHYSICISTAND.OBELLAUREATE 3UBRAHMANYAN#HANDRASEKHAR¥ #OMPTON'AMMA2AY/BSERVATORY.!3!LAUNCHEDTHE#OMPTON'AMMA2AY/BSERVA TORY ABBREVIATED#'2/ ON!PRIL FROMTHE3PACE3HUTTLE!TLANTIS ANDITRE ENTERED THE%ARTHSATMOSPHEREON*UNE)TWASTHESECONDOF.!3!SFOURGREATOBSERVATORIES INSPACE DESIGNEDTOSTUDYTHE5NIVERSEINANINVISIBLE HIGH ENERGYFORMOFRADIATIONKNOWN ASGAMMARAYS)TDETECTEDMORETHANGAMMA RAYBURSTS ASWELLASGAMMARAYSFROM BLACKHOLES PULSARS QUASARSANDSUPERNOVAE4HEGAMMARAYOBSERVATORYWASNAMEDAFTERTHE !MERICANPHYSICIST!RTHUR#OMPTONn WHOISREMEMBEREDFORDISCOVERINGTHE #OMPTONEFFECT APHENOMENONINWHICHELECTROMAGNETICWAVESSUCHAS8 RAYSUNDERGOAN INCREASEINWAVELENGTHAFTERHAVINGBEENSCATTEREDBYELECTRONS #/SMIC"ACKGROUND%XPLORER.!3!LAUNCHEDTHE#/SMIC"ACKGROUND%XPLORER ABBREVI ATED#/"% ON.OVEMBERINSTRUMENTOPERATIONSWERETERMINATEDON$ECEMBER 4HESEINSTRUMENTSMEASUREDTHEANGULARDISTRIBUTIONANDSPECTRUMOFTHECOSMICMICRO WAVEBACKGROUNDRADIATION SHOWINGTHATITHASAFAINTANISOTROPYANDABLACKBODYSPECTRUM WITHATEMPERATUREOFKELVIN %INSTEIN/BSERVATORY.!3!LAUNCHEDTHE%INSTEIN/BSERVATORY THElRSTFULLYIMAGING8 RAY TELESCOPEPUTINSPACE ON.OVEMBER WHEREITORBITED%ARTHANDOBTAINEDDATAUNTIL !PRIL)TPROVIDEDTHElRSTHIGH RESOLUTION8 RAYSTUDIESOFSUPERNOVAREMNANTS DISCOV EREDUNEXPECTEDLYINTENSECORONALEMISSIONFROMMAIN SEQUENCESTARS RESOLVEDNUMEROUS 8 RAYSOURCESINNEARBYGALAXIES ANDDETECTED8 RAYJETSFROM#ENTAURUS!AND- ALIGNED WITHRADIOJETS4HEOBSERVATORYISNAMEDAFTERTHE'ERMAN BORN!MERICANPHYSICIST!LBERT %INSTEINn WHOREVOLUTIONIZEDOURUNDERSTANDINGOFSPACE MATTERANDTIME 'ALILEO-ISSION4HE'ALILEOSPACECRAFTWASLAUNCHEDBY.!3!ONBOARDTHE3PACE3HUTTLE !TLANTISON/CTOBER ANDARRIVEDAT*UPITERON$ECEMBER ORBITINGTHEGIANT PLANETANDVASTLYINCREASINGOURUNDERSTANDINGOF*UPITERANDTHEFOUR'ALILEANSATELLITES )O %UROPA 'ANYMEDEAND#ALLISTO4HEMISSIONISNAMEDAFTERTHE)TALIANASTRONOMER'ALILEO 'ALILEIn WHODISCOVERED*UPITERSFOURLARGESTMOONS NOWKNOWNASTHE'ALILEAN SATELLITES4HEMISSIONWASTERMINATEDON3EPTEMBER CONTINUED
(MPTTBSZ/
4!",% .!3!AND%3!SPACEMISSIONS 'IOTTO-ISSION%3!LAUNCHEDTHE(JPUUPSPACECRAFTON*ULY)TENCOUNTERED#OMET (ALLEYON-ARCH OBTAININGIMAGESOFITSDARK IRREGULARJET SPEWINGNUCLEUSAND MEASURINGTHEAMOUNTOFWATERANDDUSTEMITTED4HEMISSIONISNAMEDAFTERTHE&LORENTINE PAINTER'IOTTODI"ONDONECnC ()GH0RECISION0!2ALLAX#/LLECTING3ATELLITE%3!LAUNCHEDITS()GH0RECISION0!2ALLAX #/LLECTING3ATELLITE ABBREVIATED()00!2#/3 ON!UGUSTANDOPERATEDITUNTIL!UGUST )TWASTHElRSTSPACEMISSIONDEDICATEDTOASTROMETRY MEASURINGTHEACCURATEPOSITIONS DISTANCES MOTIONS BRIGHTNESSANDCOLORSOFSTARS()00!2#/3MEASUREDTHEPARALLAXANDPROPER MOTIONSOFSTARSWITHAPRECISIONOFTOSECONDSOFARC UPTOTIMESBETTER THANPOSSIBLEFROMTHEGROUND4HEACRONYMALSOALLUDESTO(IPPARCHUSOF.ICAEAC"#n C"# WHORECORDEDACCURATESTARPOSITIONSMORETHANTWOMILLENNIAPREVIOUSLY (UBBLE3PACE4ELESCOPE4HEWORLDSlRSTSPACE BASEDOPTICAL ORVISIBLE LIGHT ASTRONOMI CALTELESCOPE THE(UBBLE3PACE4ELESCOPE WITHA METER INCH PRIMARYMIRROR WAS LAUNCHEDON!PRILFROMTHE3PACE3HUTTLE$ISCOVERY WITHSERVICINGMISSIONSBY SHUTTLEASTRONAUTSIN$ECEMBER &EBRUARY $ECEMBER AND&EBRUARY)T HASOBSERVEDNEWLYFORMEDGALAXIESWHENTHE5NIVERSEWASHALFITSPRESENTAGE CONTRIBUTINGTO OURUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEAGEANDEVOLUTIONOFTHE#OSMOS WATCHEDSUPER MASSIVEBLACKHOLES CONSUMINGTHEMATERIALAROUNDTHEM ANDHELPEDASTRONOMERSDETERMINEHOWAMYSTERIOUS hDARKENERGYvHASTAKENOVERTHEEXPANSIONOFTHE5NIVERSE4HETELESCOPEWASNAMEDFORTHE !MERICANASTRONOMER%DWIN(UBBLEn WHODEMONSTRATEDTHATSPIRALNEBULAEARE GALAXIESLIKEOUROWN-ILKY7AYANDFOUNDTHElRSTEVIDENCEFORTHEEXPANSIONOFTHE5NIVERSE (UYGENS0ROBE4FF#ASSINI (UYGENS-ISSION -AGELLAN-ISSION.!3!LAUNCHEDITS-AGELLANSPACECRAFTTO6ENUSON-AY)TAR RIVEDATTHEPLANETON!UGUSTANDORBITEDTHEPLANETFORFOURYEARS USINGRADARTOMAP PERCENTOFTHEPLANETSSURFACEWITH METERVERTICALRESOLUTIONAND KILOMETERSPATIAL RESOLUTION4HE-AGELLANRADARIMAGESREVEALEDRUGGEDHIGHLANDS PLAINSSMOOTHEDOUTBY GLOBALLAVAmOWS UBIQUITOUSVOLCANOES ANDSPARSE PRISTINEIMPACTCRATERS)TISNAMEDFORTHE 0ORTUGUESEEXPLORER&ERDINAND-AGELLANn WHOSESHIP6ICTORIACOMPLETEDTHE lRSTCIRCUMNAVIGATIONOFTHE%ARTHIN -ARS%XPLORATION2OVER-ISSIONS.!3!STWINROVERS 3PIRITAND/PPORTUNITY LAUNCHEDON *UNEAND*ULY RESPECTIVELY3PIRITLANDEDIN'USEV#RATERON*ANUARYAND /PPORTUNITYLANDEDIN-ERIDIANI0LANUMON*ANUARY OBTAININGEVIDENCETHATLIQUID WATERONCEmOWEDACROSS-ARS -ARS'LOBAL3URVEYOR.!3!LAUNCHEDITS-ARS'LOBAL3URVEYORON.OVEMBER PLACING ITINTOORBITAROUNDTHEREDPLANETON3EPTEMBER(IGHRESOLUTIONIMAGES BEGINNINGON !PRIL OBTAINEDABUNDANTEVIDENCEFORPASTANDRECENTWATERmOW DUSTSTORMSANDVOLCANIC ACTIVITY4HEGLOBALTOPOGRAPHYWASDETERMINEDWITHALASERALTIMETER ANDAMAGNETOMETERDETER MINEDTHEGLOBALDISTRIBUTIONOFREMNANTMAGNETIClELDSPRESERVEDINTHEANCIENTHIGHLANDCRUST -ARS/DYSSEY.!3!LAUNCHEDITS-ARS/DYSSEYSPACECRAFTON!PRIL PLACINGITINTOORBITAROUNDTHEREDPLANETON/CTOBER)THASMAPPEDTHEAMOUNTAND DISTRIBUTIONOFCHEMICALELEMENTSANDMINERALSONTHE-ARTIANSURFACE ANDPROVIDEDEVIDENCE FORSUBSTANTIALSUBSURFACEWATERICE .EAR%ARTH!STEROID2ENDEZVOUS3HOEMAKER-ISSION.!3!LAUNCHEDITS.EAR%ARTH !STEROID2ENDEZVOUT ABBREVIATED.%!2 MISSIONON&EBRUARY ANDITARRIVEDATTHE NEAR %ARTHASTEROID%ROSON6ALENTINESDAY&EBRUARY)TWASRENAMED.%!2 3HOEMAKERAFTERLAUNCH INHONOROFTHEASTRONOMER GEOLOGIST%UGENE-3HOEMAKER n APIONEERINGEXPERTONASTEROIDANDCOMETIMPACT.%!23HOEMAKERCIRCLEDTHE ASTEROID%ROSFORAYEAR DETERMININGITSDETAILEDSIZE SHAPE MASSANDMASSDENSITY AND SHOWINGTHATITHASABATTERED HOMOGENEOUSSTRUCTURE CONTINUED
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4!",% .!3!AND%3!SPACEMISSIONS 2ÚNTGENMISSION!N8 RAYOBSERVATORYDEVELOPEDTHROUGHACOOPERATIVEPROGRAMAMONG 'ERMANY THE5NITED3TATES ANDTHE5NITED+INGDOM LAUNCHEDBY.!3!ON*UNE ANDENDINGALMOSTNINEYEARSLATER ON&EBRUARY4HESPACECRAFT ABBREVIATED2/3!4 FOR2/NTGEN3!4ELLITE CARRIEDOUTANALL SKYSURVEYOFCOSMIC8 RAYS ANDOBTAINEDDETAILED INFORMATIONABOUTTHE8 RAYEMISSIONFROMCOMETS 44AURISTARS GLOBULARCLUSTERS NEU TRONSTARS SUPERNOVAREMNANTS PLANETARYNEBULAE NEARBYNORMALGALAXIES ACTIVEGALACTIC NUCLEI ANDCLUSTERSOFGALAXIES4HEMISSIONWASNAMEDAFTER7ILHELM+ONRAD2ÚNTGEN THE'ERMANPHYSICISTWHODISCOVERED8 RAYSIN 3/LARAND(ELIOSPHERIC/BSERVATORY.!3!LAUNCHEDTHE3/LARAND(ELIOSPHERIC/BSERVA TORY ABBREVIATED3/(/ ON$ECEMBERWITHOPERATIONSCONTINUINGINTO)TISA COOPERATIVEPROJECTBETWEEN%3!AND.!3!TOSTUDYTHE3UNFROMITSDEEPCORE THROUGHITS OUTERATMOSPHEREANDTHESOLARWINDOUTTOADISTANCETENTIMESBEYONDTHE%ARTHSORBIT)THAS OBTAINEDIMPORTANTNEWINFORMATIONABOUTTHESTRUCTUREANDDYNAMICSOFTHESOLARINTERIOR THE HEATINGMECHANISMOFTHE3UNSMILLION DEGREEOUTERATMOSPHERE THESOLARCORONA ANDTHE ORIGINANDACCELERATIONOFTHESOLARWIND 3PITZER3PACE4ELESCOPE.!3!LAUNCHEDTHE3PITZER3PACE4ELESCOPE ABBREVIATED334 ON !UGUST WITHANEXPECTEDMINIMUM YEARMISSIONLIFETIME)TISANINFRAREDTELE SCOPEWITHAN METER INCH PRIMARYMIRROR OBTAININGIMAGESANDSPECTRAOFTHEIN FRAREDENERGY ORHEAT RADIATEDBYCOSMICOBJECTSATWAVELENGTHSBETWEENANDMICRONS WHEREMICRONISONE MILLIONTHOFAMETER ANDPROVIDINGINFORMATIONONTHEFORMATION COMPOSITIONANDEVOLUTIONOFPLANETS STARSANDGALAXIES4HEMISSIONWASINITIALLYDESIGNATED THE3PACE)NFRA 2ED4ELESCOPE&ACILITY OR3)24&FORSHORT ANDRENAMEDFORTHE!MERICAN ASTROPHYSICIST,YMAN3PITZER *R 5HURU-ISSION4HE5HURUSATELLITEWASLAUNCHEDFROM+ENYAON$ECEMBER ONTHE SEVENTHANNIVERSARYOF+ENYANINDEPENDENCE WHENITWASNAMED5HURU THE3WAHILIWORD FORhFREEDOMv)TPROVIDEDACOMPREHENSIVE ALL SKYSURVEYOFCOSMIC8 RAYSOURCES INCLUD INGBLACKHOLESANDNEUTRONSTARSINBINARYSTELLARSYSTEMS SUPERNOVAREMNANTS 3EYFERTGALAX IES ANDCLUSTERSOFGALAXIES)TDISCOVERED8 RAYEMISSIONFROMBLACKHOLESANDPULSARS AND THEDIFFUSE8 RAYEMISSIONFROMCLUSTERSOFGALAXIES WHICHACCOUNTSFORSOMEOFTHESO CALLED DARKMATTERINTHE5NIVERSE4HEMISSIONENDEDIN-ARCH 5LYSSES-ISSION4HE5LYSSESSPACECRAFTWASAJOINTUNDERTAKINGOF%3!AND.!3! LAUNCHED BYTHE3PACE3HUTTLE$ISCOVERYON/CTOBER$URINGANENCOUNTERWITH*UPITERON &EBRUARY THEGIANTPLANETSGRAVITATIONALlELDWASUSEDTOACCELERATETHESPACECRAFT ANDHURLITABOVETHE3UNSPOLES BUTNEVERATADISTANCECLOSERTOTHE3UNTHANTHE%ARTHIS 5LYSSESPASSEDOVERTHESOLARSOUTHPOLEIN3EPTEMBERANDTHENORTHPOLEIN*ULY ANDTHENAGAINOVERTHESOUTHPOLEIN.OVEMBERANDTHENORTHPOLEIN$ECEMBER #OMPARISONSOF6MZTTFTOBSERVATIONSWITHTHOSEFROMOTHERSPACECRAFT SUCHAS9OHKOHAND 3/(/ SHOWEDTHATMUCH IFNOTALL OFTHEHIGH SPEEDSOLARWINDCOMESFROMOPENMAG NETIClELDSINPOLARCORONALHOLES ATLEASTDURINGTHEMINIMUMOFTHE3UNS YEARCYCLEOF MAGNETICACTIVITY 6IKING-ISSION.!3!S6IKING-ISSIONTO-ARSWASCOMPOSEDOFTWOSPACECRAFT 6IKING AND6IKING EACHCONSISTINGOFANORBITERANDALANDER4HEORBITERSIMAGEDTHEENTIRE SURFACEOF-ARSATARESOLUTIONOFTOMETERS SHOWINGVOLCANOES LAVAPLAINS IMMENSE CANYONS CRATEREDAREAS WIND FORMEDFEATURESANDEVIDENCEFORCATASTROPHICmOODSOFWATER ACROSSTHE-ARTIANSURFACEINTHEPAST4HELANDERSFOUNDNODETECTABLEORGANICMOLECULESON THE-ARTIANSURFACE WHICHMEANSTHATTHISPARTOFTHESURFACENOWCONTAINSNOCELLS LIVING DORMANTORDEAD CONTINUED
(MPTTBSZ/
4!",% .!3!AND%3!SPACEMISSIONS 7ILKINSON-ICROWAVE!NISOTROPY0ROBE.!3!LAUNCHEDITS7ILKINSON-ICROWAVE !NISOTROPY0ROBE ABBREVIATED7-!0 ON*UNE PUBLISHINGDElNITIVEFULLSKYMAPS OFTHEFAINTANISOTROPY ORTEMPERATUREVARIATIONS OFTHECOSMICMICROWAVEBACKGROUNDRADIA TIONINEARLY7HENCOMBINEDWITHTHERESULTSOFOTHERDIVERSECOSMICMEASUREMENTS THE8."1DATASUGGESTTHATTHE5NIVERSEISBILLIONYEARSOLD THATTHElRSTSTARSBEGAN TOSHINEABOUTMILLIONYEARSAFTERTHE"IG"ANG THATTHERADIATIONINTHE8."1IMAGES ORIGINATEDATTHEDECOUPLINGTIME YEARSAFTERTHE"IG"ANG THATTHE(UBBLECONSTANT HASAVALUEOFKILOMETERSPERSECONDPER-EGAPARSEC ANDTHATTHE5NIVERSEISCOMPOSEDOF PERCENTATOMS PERCENTCOLDDARKMATTERANDPERCENTDARKENERGY4HEPROBEISNAMED INHONOROF$AVID47ILKINSONn OF0RINCETON5NIVERSITY APIONEERINCOSMIC MICROWAVEBACKGROUNDRESEARCHANDTHE."1INSTRUMENTSCIENTIST 9OHKOH-ISSION4HE*APANESE)NSTITUTEOF3PACEAND!STRONAUTICAL3CIENCE ABBREVIATED )3!3 LAUNCHEDITS3OLAR !SPACECRAFTON!UGUST RENAMINGIT9OHKOH WHICHMEANS hSUNBEAMvIN%NGLISH9OHKOHCOLLECTEDHIGH ENERGYRADIATIONFROMTHE3UNATSOFT8 RAYAND HARD8 RAYWAVELENGTHS WITHHIGHANGULARANDSPECTRALRESOLUTION FORMORETHANADECADE PROVIDINGNEWINSIGHTSTOTHEMECHANISMSOFSOLARmAREENERGYRELEASEANDTHEHEATINGOFTHE MILLION DEGREESOLARCORONA)TWASACOLLABORATIVEEFFORTOF*APAN THE5NITED3TATESANDTHE 5NITED+INGDOM A4HIS ABBREVIATED LIST DOES NOT INCLUDE ALL .!3! OR %3! -ISSIONS BUT THESE PAST CURRENT AND FUTURE
SPACECRAFTARELISTEDALPHABETICALLYINOUR(MPTTBSZ
NFUFST GFFU
BOE CFHBO PQFSBUJPO JO "VHVTU *U JT UIF XPSMETMBSHFTUGVMMZTUFFSBCMFSBEJPUFMFTDPQFBOEJTOBNFEGPSB6OJUFE4UBUFT4FOBUPS GSPN8FTU7JSHJOJB 3PCFSU$#ZSE ¢ 4FF&ĒFMTCFSH3BEJP5FMFTDPQF SBEJP JOUFSGFSPNFUFS SBEJPUFMFTDPQF 7FSZ-BSHF"SSBZ BOE7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF"SSBZ /BUJPOBM 4PMBS 0CTFSWBUPSZ "CCSFWJBUFE /40 UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT /BUJPOBM 4PMBS
0CTFSWBUPSZJODMVEFTUISFFGBDJMJUJFTEFEJDBUFEUPPCTFSWJOHUIF4VOXJUIIJHISFTPMV UJPOBUPQUJDBM PSWJTJCMFMJHIU XBWFMFOHUITm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ѮFSFBSFUISFFQPQVMBUJPOTPGOFBS&BSUIBTUFSPJET UIF"UFOT "QPM MPTBOE"NPST OBNFEGPSBSFQSFTFOUBUJWFBTUFSPJEJOFBDIDMBTT "NPS "QPMMPBOE"UFO#PUIUIF"UFOBOE"QPMMPBTUFSPJETNPWFPOFDDFOUSJDPSCJUT UIBUDBODSPTTUIF&BSUITQBUIJOTQBDFѮF"UFOTBSFBMXBZTDMPTFUPUIF4VO OFWFS NPWJOHPVUBTGBSBTUIFPSCJUPG.BSTѮFFMPOHBUFEPSCJUTPGUIF"QPMMPPCKFDUTMPPQ GSPNUIFNBJOCFMUUPXJUIJOUIF&BSUITPSCJUѮF"NPSTDPNFDMPTFTUUPUIF4VO BU UIFJSPSCJUQFSJIFMJPO CFUXFFOUIFPSCJUTPG.BSTBOEUIF&BSUI4FFBTUFSPJE
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
/FBS &BSUI "TUFSPJE 3FOEF[WPVT 4IPFNBLFS .JTTJPO /"4" MBVODIFE JUT /FBS
&BSUI"TUFSPJE3FOEF[WPVT BCCSFWJBUFE/&"3 TQBDFDSBѫPO'FCSVBSZ BOEJU BSSJWFEBUUIFOFBS&BSUIBTUFSPJE&SPTPO7BMFOUJOFT%BZ'FCSVBSZ*UXBT UIFêSTUTQBDFDSBѫUPPSCJUBOBTUFSPJE BOEUIFêSTUUPMBOEPOPOFѮFTQBDFDSBѫXBT SFOBNFE/&"34IPFNBLFSBѫFSMBVODI JOIPOPSPGUIFBTUSPOPNFSHFPMPHJTU&VHFOF . 4IPFNBLFS ¢
B QJPOFFSJOH FYQFSU PO BTUFSPJE BOE DPNFU JNQBDU /&"3 4IPFNBLFS DJSDMFE UIF BTUFSPJE &SPT GPS B ZFBS EFUFSNJOJOH JUT EFUBJMFE TJ[F TIBQF NBTTBOENBTTEFOTJUZ BOETIPXJOHUIBUJUIBTBCBUUFSFE IPNPHFOFPVT TUSVDUVSF4FF&SPT /&"3 4IPFNBLFS "DSPOZN GPS /FBS &BSUI "TUFSPJE 3FOEF[WPVT 4IPFNBLFS
4FF/FBS&BSUI"TUFSPJE3FOEF[WPVT4IPFNBLFS.JTTJPO /FCVMB "SFHJPOPGHBTBOEEVTUJOJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDF JODMVEJOHUIFFNJTTJPOOFCVMBF UIFQMBOFUBSZOFCVMBFBOEUIFSFëFDUJPOOFCVMBFѮFXPSEOFCVMBJT-BUJOGPSiDMPVEu "OFNJTTJPOOFCVMBFNJUTCSJHIUTQFDUSBMMJOFTBUWJTJCMFXBWFMFOHUIT QMBOFUBSZOFCV MBFBSFTIFMMTPGHBTFKFDUFECZTUBST BOEBSFëFDUJPOOFCVMBTIJOFTCZSFëFDUJOHUIFMJHIU PGOFBSCZTUBST&NJTTJPOOFCVMBF TVDIBTUIF0SJPO/FCVMB BSFUIFTJUFTPGDVSSFOU TUBSBOEQMBOFUGPSNBUJPO%BSLOFCVMBFBSFOPUJMMVNJOBUFEFJUIFSFYUFSOBMMZPSJOUFS OBMMZѮFSFNOBOUTPGFYQMPEJOHTUBST DBMMFETVQFSOPWBSFNOBOUT BSFBMTPLOPXOBT OFCVMBFѮF$SBC/FCVMBJTBGBNPVTFYBNQMFPGBTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU(BMBYJFTXFSF BMTPPODFDBMMFETQJSBMOFCVMBFPSFMMJQUJDBMOFCVMBF CFGPSFUIFJSFOPSNPVTTJ[FTBOE EJTUBODFTXFSFEJTDPWFSFE BOEUIFOGPSBCSJFGUJNFLOPXOBTFYUSBHBMBDUJDOFCVMBF 4FF$SBC/FCVMB FNJTTJPOOFCVMB )**SFHJPO 0SJPO/FCVMB QMBOFUBSZOFCVMB SFëFD UJPOOFCVMB BOETVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU /FQUVOF ѮFFJHIUINBKPSQMBOFUGSPNUIF4VO BOEUIFTNBMMFTUBOENPTUEJTUBOUPG
UIFGPVSHJBOUQMBOFUTJUNBSLTUIFJOOFSFEHFPGUIF,VJQFS#FMU/FQUVOFJTJOWJTJCMF UPUIFOBLFEFZF BOEDBOPOMZCFTFFOUISPVHIBUFMFTDPQF*O UIF7PZBHFS TQBDFDSBѫëFXCZ/FQUVOF EJTDPWFSJOHUIFQMBOFUTFYDFTTIFBU SBHJOHXJOET HSFBU EBSLTQPU BOEUIJO EBSL XJEFMZTQBDFESJOHT/FQUVOFSBEJBUFTUJNFTUIFFOFSHZ JUSFDFJWFTGSPNUIF4VO BOEUIJTJOUFSOBMIFBUESJWFTBOBDUJWFBUNPTQIFSFXJUIIJHI TQFFEXJOETBOEBTIPSUMJWFE(SFBU%BSL4QPU.PTUPGUIFJOUFSJPSPG/FQUVOFQSPCBCMZ DPOTJTUTPGBWBTUJOUFSOBMPDFBOPGXBUFS NFUIBOFBOEBNNPOJBѮFQMBOFUTNBHOFUJD BYJTJTUJMUFECZEFHSFFTGSPNUIFSPUBUJPOBMBYJT QFSIBQTCFDBVTFJUJTHFOFSBUFE JOBOJOUFSOBMTIFMMPGJPOJ[FEXBUFS/FQUVOFTMBSHFTUTBUFMMJUF 5SJUPO SFWPMWFTBCPVU UIFQMBOFUJOBEJSFDUJPOPQQPTJUFUPUIBUJOXIJDI/FQUVOFTQJOT BOENJHIUIBWFCFFO GPSNFEFMTFXIFSFCFGPSFCFJOHDBQUVSFECZ/FQUVOF5SJUPOIBTCSJHIUQPMBSDBQTPG OJUSPHFOBOENFUIBOFJDF BOEHFZTFSTPSWPMDBOPFTPGJDFUIBUNBZOPXCFFSVQUJOH POJUTTVSGBDF/FQUVOFXBTEJTDPWFSFEJOXIFOUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS+PIBOO (PUUGSJFE(BMMF ¢ BOEIJTTUVEFOU)FJOSJDI-PVJTE"SSFTU ¢ MPDBUFEJUOFBSUIFQPTJUJPOQSFEJDUFECZUIF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS6SCBJO+FBO+PTFQI -FWFSSJFS ¢ POUIFCBTJTPGJUTHSBWJUBUJPOBMQFSUVSCBUJPOPGUIFPSCJUPGUIF QMBOFU6SBOVTѮF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS+PIO$PVDI"EBNT ¢ QFSGPSNFE TJNJMBSDBMDVMBUJPOT BMTPQSFEJDUJOHUIFFYJTUFODFPGUIFVOLOPXOQMBOFUBUBCPVUUIF TBNFUJNFBT-FWFSSJFS4FF,VJQFSCFMUBOE5SJUPO
4!",% .EPTUNE A -ASS 2ADIUS -EAN-ASS$ENSITY 2OTATION0ERIOD /RBITAL0ERIOD -EAN$ISTANCEFROM3UN !TMOSPHERE %NERGY"ALANCE %FFECTIVE4EMPERATURE 4EMPERATUREAT BARLEVEL #ENTRAL4EMPERATURE -AGNETIC$IPOLE-OMENT %QUATORIAL-AGNETIC&IELD3TRENGTH
(MPTTBSZ/
KILOGRAMS-% KILOMETERS2% KILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER HOURS %ARTHYEARS !5 PERCENTHYDROGEN PERCENTHELIUM KELVIN KELVIN KELVIN $% TESLA
A4HE%ARTHSMASS -% ISKILOGRAMS THE%ARTHSEQUATORIALRADIUS 2% ISKILOMETERS THEASTRONOMICALUNIT DENOTED!5 ISTHEMEANDISTANCEBETWEENTHE%ARTHANDTHE3UNWITHAVALUEOF METERS4HEENERGYBALANCEISTHERATIOOFTOTALRADIATEDENERGYTOTHETOTALENERGYABSORBEDFROM SUNLIGHT THEEFFECTIVETEMPERATUREISTHETEMPERATUREOFABLACKBODYTHATWOULDRADIATETHESAMEAMOUNTOF ENERGYPERUNITAREA APRESSUREOFONEBARISEQUALTOTHEATMOSPHERICPRESSUREATSEALEVELON%ARTH AND$% ISTHEMAGNETICDIPOLEMOMENTOFTHE%ARTH
/FVUSBMIZESPHFO "OFMFDUSJDBMMZOFVUSBMIZESPHFOBUPN XIJDIIBTBQSPUPOGPSB OVDMFVTBOEPOFTVSSPVOEJOHFMFDUSPO)*SFHJPOTBSFDPNQPTFEPGOFVUSBMIZESPHFO HBT BOEUIFZFNJUSBEJPXBWFTUIBUBSFDFOUJNFUFSTMPOH4FF)*SFHJPOBOEUXFOUZ POFDFOUJNFUFSMJOF /FVUSJOP " TVCBUPNJD QBSUJDMF XJUI OP FMFDUSJD DIBSHF BOE WFSZ MJUUMF NBTT UIBU
SFTQPOET UP UIF XFBL OVDMFBS GPSDF CVU OPU UP UIF TUSPOH OVDMFBS BOE FMFDUSPNBH OFUJDGPSDFT*OUIF"VTUSJBOQIZTJDJTU8PMGHBOH1BVMJ ¢ QSPQPTFEBO VODIBSHFEBOEVOTFFOQBSUJDMFUPSFNPWFFOFSHZEVSJOHSBEJPBDUJWFCFUBEFDBZ BOE UIF*UBMJBOQIZTJDJTU&OSJDP'FSNJ ¢ EFWFMPQFEUIFJEFBJO HJWJOH UIFQVUBUJWFQBSUJDMFJUTOBNFOFVUSJOP *UBMJBOGPSiMJUUMFOFVUSBMPOFu/FVUSJOPTUSBWFM BUWFSZOFBSUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUBOEJOUFSBDUWFSZXFBLMZXJUIPUIFSNBUUFSѮFZBSF FNJUUFE EVSJOH SBEJPBDUJWJUZ BOE HFOFSBUFE EVSJOH UIFSNPOVDMFBS SFBDUJPOT JO UIF 4VOBOEPUIFSTUBSTѮFSFBSFUISFFUZQFT PSëBWPSTPGOFVUSJOPT OBNFEUIFFMFDUSPO NVPOBOEUBVOFVUSJOPTBѫFSUIFQBSUJDMFTUIFZJOUFSBDUXJUI7BTURVBOUJUJFTPGFMFD USPOOFVUSJOPTBSFDSFBUFEBTUIFSFTVMUPGOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOTJOUIF4VOTDPSF0UIFS UZQFTPGOFVUSJOPTBSFQSPEVDFEJONBONBEFQBSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUPST OVDMFBSSFBDUPST BOECZDPTNJDSBZTFOUFSJOHUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF4FFCFUBEFDBZ IPUEBSLNBUUFS OFVUSJOPBTUSPOPNZ QSPUPOQSPUPODIBJO SBEJPBDUJWJUZ TPMBSOFVUSJOPQSPCMFN BOE XFBLOVDMFBSGPSDF
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
/FVUSJOPPTDJMMBUJPO ѮFDIBOHFPGPOFUZQFPSëBWPSPGOFVUSJOPUPBOPUIFSXIJMF USBWFMJOHUISPVHINBUUFSPSBWBDVVN/FVUSJOPTDPNFJOUISFFëBWPST UIFFMFDUSPO NVPOBOEUBVOFVUSJOPT4FF.48FĒFDUBOETPMBSOFVUSJOPQSPCMFN /FVUSPO "TVCBUPNJDQBSUJDMFXJUIOPFMFDUSJDDIBSHFGPVOEJOBMMBUPNJDOVDMFJFYDFQU UIBUPGIZESPHFOѮF&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU+BNFT$IBEXJDL ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUIF OFVUSPO JO XIFO CPNCBSEJOH BUPNT XJUI FOFSHFUJD QBSUJDMFT ѮF OFVUSPO IBT TMJHIUMZNPSFNBTTUIBOBQSPUPOѮFNBTTPGUIFOFVUSPOJTBUPNJDNBTT VOJUTBOELJMPHSBNTѮFOFVUSPOJTUJNFTIFBWJFSUIBOBOFMFD USPO8IFOTFUGSFFGSPNBOBUPNJDOVDMFVT PSDSFBUFEPVUTJEFPOF BOFVUSPOEFDBZT JOUPBQSPUPO BOFMFDUSPOBOEBOBOUJFMFDUSPOOFVUSJOPXJUIBOFVUSPOIBMGMJGFPGPOMZ TFDPOETPSNJOVUFT BOEBNFBOMJGFPGKVTUTFDPOET4FFNBTTOVNCFS BOEOVDMFPO /FVUSPO TUBS " WFSZ EFOTF TUBS XJUI B SBEJVT PG BCPVU LJMPNFUFST BOE B UZQJDBM NBTTPGUJNFTUIFNBTTPGUIF4VO DPOTJTUJOHPGOFVUSPOTBOETVQQPSUFECZEFHFO FSBUF OFVUSPO QSFTTVSF /FVUSPO TUBST BSF UIF DPMMBQTFE DPSFT PG TUBST NPSF NBTTJWF UIBOUIF4VO QSPEVDFEJOUIFêOBMFWPMVUJPOBSZTUBHFTPGUIFTFTUBSTBOEBTTPDJBUFE XJUITVQFSOPWBFYQMPTJPOT3PUBUJOHOFVUSPOTUBSTBSFPCTFSWFEBTSBEJPQVMTBST BOE BSFBMTPUIPVHIUUPCFDPNQPOFOUTPGTPNF9SBZCJOBSZTUBST4FF$SBC/FCVMB QVMTBS BOETVQFSOPWB /FX(FOFSBM$BUBMPHVF 4FF/($ /FX5FDIOPMPHZ5FMFTDPQF "CCSFWJBUFE/55 UIF/FX5FDIOPMPHZ5FMFTDPQFJTBO PQUJDBMJOGSBSFEUFMFTDPQFSVOCZUIF&VSPQFBO4PVUIFSO0CTFSWBUPSZBU-B4JMMB $IJMF *UIBTBNFUFS JODI NJSSPSXIPTFTIBQFJTDPOUSPMMFECZBDUJWFPQUJDT4FF &VSPQFBO4PVUIFSO0CTFSWBUPSZ /FXUPOJBOUFMFTDPQF "SFëFDUJOHUFMFTDPQFJOXIJDIUIFJODPNJOHMJHIUJTSFëFDUFE BOEGPDVTFECZBNJSSPSѮJTUZQFPGUFMFTDPQFJTOBNFEBѫFSUIF&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU *TBBD/FXUPO ¢ XIPêSTUCVJMUPOFJO/FXUPOTUFMFTDPQFIBEBQSJ NBSZDPODBWFTQIFSJDBMNJSSPSBOEBëBUTFDPOEBSZNJSSPS BOHMFEBUEFHSFFT UP SFEJSFDU MJHIU UP POF TJEF BU B QMBDF OPX DBMMFE UIF /FXUPOJBO GPDVT .PTU NPEFSO UFMFTDPQFTVTFBQBSBCPMJDNJSSPSUPHBUIFSBOEGPDVTMJHIU4FFSFëFDUJOHUFMFTDPQF /FYU(FOFSBUJPO4QBDF5FMFTDPQF 4FF+BNFT8FCC4QBDF5FMFTDPQF /($ "DSPOZNGPSUIF/FX(FOFSBM$BUBMPHVFPG/FCVMBFBOE$MVTUFSTPG4UBST BDBUB
MPHVFPGPCKFDUTUIBUXBTQVCMJTIFEJOCZUIF%BOJTICPSO*SJTIBTUSPOPNFS +PIO-PVJT&NJMi+-&u%SFZFS ¢
XJUIUXPTVQQMFNFOUBSZ*OEFY$BUB MPHVFT BCCSFWJBUFE*$ DPOUBJOJOHBOPUIFSPCKFDUTQVCMJTIFEJOBOE /($PS*$OVNCFSTBSFOPXVTFEUPEFTJHOBUFDPTNJDPCKFDUT JODMVEJOHHBMBYJFTUIBU XFSFPODFUIPVHIUUPCFOFCVMBF4FF*$ /(45 "DSPOZNGPS/FYU(FOFSBUJPO4QBDF5FMFTDPQF4FF+BNFT8FCC4QBDF5FMF
TDPQF /JUSPHFO ѮF FMFNFOU XJUI BUPNJD OVNCFS TFWFO BOE UIF EPNJOBOU JOHSFEJFOU PG
UIFBUNPTQIFSFPGUIF&BSUIBOE4BUVSOTTBUFMMJUF5JUBO/JUSPHFOJTQSPEVDFEJOHJBOU
(MPTTBSZ/
TUBST BOEDBTUJOUPJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDFXIFOSFEHJBOUTUBSTFYQBOEBOEGPSNQMBOFUBSZ OFCVMBF4FFHJBOUTUBSBOEQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB /0"" "DSPOZNGPSUIF/BUJPOBM0DFBOJDBOE"UNPTQIFSJD"ENJOJTUSBUJPO 6OJUFE
4UBUFT /0"0 "DSPOZNGPSUIF/BUJPOBM0QUJDBM"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZ 6OJUFE4UBUFT4FF /BUJPOBM0QUJDBM"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZ /PCFM1SJ[F "OJOUFSOBUJPOBMBXBSEHJWFOZFBSMZTJODFGPSBDIJFWFNFOUTJOQIZT
JDT DIFNJTUSZ QIZTJPMPHZPSNFEJDJOF MJUFSBUVSFBOEQFBDF4JHOJêDBOUBDDPNQMJTI NFOUTJOBTUSPOPNZBOEBTUSPQIZTJDTIBWFCFFOBXBSEFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO1IZTJDT ѮFBXBSETBSFCFTUPXFECZUIF/PCFM'PVOEBUJPO XIJDIXBTFOEPXFEPO/PWFN CFSJOUIFMBTUXJMMPGUIF4XFEJTIJOEVTUSJBMDIFNJTUBOEQIJMBOUISPQJTU"MGSFE /PCFM ¢
XIPJOWFOUFEEZOBNJUF /PCMF HBTFT ѮF SBSF BOE JOFSU HBTFT PS FMFNFOUT IFMJVN OFPO BSHPO LSZQUPO
YFOPO BOESBEPO XIJDIBSFBMNPTUBMXBZTNPOPBUPNJDBOESBSFMZVOEFSHPDIFNJDBM SFBDUJPOT /POCBSZPOJD NBUUFS )ZQPUIFUJDBM NBUFSJBM UIBU DPOTJTUT PG FYPUJD TVCBUPNJD QBS
UJDMFTUIBUBSFOPUCBSZPOT%BSLNBUUFSNJHIUCFDPNQPTFEPGOPOCBSZPOJDQBSUJDMFT UIBUDPVMECFDPMEBOETMPXPSIPUBOEGBTU*OëBUJPOSFRVJSFTTVCTUBOUJBMRVBOUJUJFTPG OPOCBSZPOJDNBUUFS"CPVUQFSDFOUPGUIFFOFSHZNBUUFSDPOUFOUPGUIF6OJWFSTF DPVMEDPOTJTUPGDPME OPOCBSZPOJDEBSLNBUUFS4FFCBSZPO DPMEEBSLNBUUFS EBSL NBUUFS JOëBUJPO BOEIPUEBSLNBUUFS /PO&VDMJEFBO HFPNFUSZ (FPNFUSZ UIBU EFTDSJCFT DVSWFE TQBDF UIF UISFF
EJNFOTJPOBMBOBMPHPGBTQIFSFPSBIZQFSCPMB4FF&VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZ /POUIFSNBMQBSUJDMF "QBSUJDMFUIBUJTOPUQBSUPGBUIFSNBMHBT"TJOHMFUFNQFSB
UVSFDBOOPUEFTDSJCFUIFTFQBSUJDMFT4FFUIFSNBMHBT /POUIFSNBM SBEJBUJPO ѮF FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO QSPEVDFE CZ B OPOUIFSNBM
FMFDUSPOUSBWFMJOHBUBTQFFEDMPTFUPUIBUPGMJHIUJOUIFQSFTFODFPGBNBHOFUJDêFME 4VDISBEJBUJPOJTDBMMFETZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPOBѫFSUIFNBONBEFQBSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUPS XIFSFJUXBTêSTUTFFO.PSFHFOFSBMMZ UIFUFSNOPOUIFSNBMSBEJBUJPOEFOPUFTBOZ FMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOGSPNBOBTUSPOPNJDBMCPEZUIBUJTOPUUIFSNBMJOPSJHJO4FF CMBDLCPEZSBEJBUJPOBOEUIFSNBMSBEJBUJPO /PSUI"NFSJDB/FCVMB "OFNJTTJPOOFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE/($ JOUIFDPOTUFM MBUJPO$ZHOVT BOEOBNFEGPSUIFSFTFNCMBODFPGJUTTIBQFUPUIFDPOUJOFOUPG/PSUI "NFSJDBѮF/PSUI"NFSJDB/FCVMBNFBTVSFTNJOVUFTPGBSDBDSPTT BOE JTBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTEJTUBOU"OBTTPDJBUFEFNJTTJPOOFCVMBJTUIF1FMJDBO/FCVMB 4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMBBOE1FMJDBO/FCVMB /PSUIFSOMJHIUT "QPQVMBSOBNFGPSBOBVSPSBXIFOPCTFSWFEGSPNOPSUIFSOMBUJUVEFT /PSUI4UBS ѮFCSJHIUTUBSUPXBSEXIJDIUIF&BSUITOPSUIFSOSPUBUJPOBMBYJTQPJOUT ѮF/PSUI4UBSJTOPX1PMBSJT CVUUIF&BSUITBYJTQPJOUTJOPUIFSEJSFDUJPOTEVSJOHJUT TMPXZFBSQSFDFTTJPO4FF1PMBSJTBOEQSFDFTTJPO
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4!",% .OBEL0RIZE7INNERS 9EAR
0ERSON
A
7ILHELM2ÚNTGENn 'ERMANPHYSICIST
A
(ENDRIK,ORENTZn 0IETER:EEMANn $UTCHPHYSICISTS !NTOINE"ECQUERELn 0IERRE#URIEn -ARIE#URIEn &RENCHPHYSICISTS 7ILLIAM2AMSAYn %NGLISHCHEMIST
A
B
A
!LBERT-ICHELSONn !MERICANPHYSICIST
B
%RNEST2UTHERFORDn %NGLISHPHYSICIST
A
'UGLIELMO-ARCONIn )TALIANELECTRICALENGINEER +ARL&ERDINAND"RAUNn 'ERMANPHYSICIST 7ILHELM7IENn 'ERMANPHYSICIST -ARIE#URIEn &RENCHPHYSICISTANDCHEMIST
A B
A A
-AX0LANCKn 'ERMANPHYSICIST !LBERT%INSTEINn 'ERMANPHYSICIST
B
&REDRICK3ODDYn %NGLISHCHEMIST
B
&RANCIS!STONn %NGLISHCHEMIST
!CCOMPLISHMENT
&ORTHEDISCOVERYOFTHEREMARKABLERAYS SUBSEQUENTLYNAMEDAFTERHIMANDNOW CALLED8 RAYS &ORTHEIRRESEARCHINTOTHEINmUENCEOFMAG NETISMUPONRADIATIONPHENOMENA &ORHISDISCOVERYOFSPONTANEOUSRADIOACTIVITY &ORTHEIRINVESTIGATIONSOFRADIOACTIVITY
)NRECOGNITIONOFHISSERVICESINTHEDISCOVERY OFTHEINERTGASEOUSELEMENTSINAIR ANDHIS DETERMINATIONOFTHEIRPLACEINTHEPERIODIC SYSTEM &ORHISOPTICALPRECISIONINSTRUMENTSANDTHE SPECTROSCOPICANDMETROLOGICALINVESTIGATIONS CARRIEDOUTWITHTHEIRAID &ORHISINVESTIGATIONSINTOTHEDISINTEGRATION OFTHEELEMENTS ANDTHECHEMISTRYOFRADIO ACTIVESUBSTANCES &ORTHEIRCONTRIBUTIONSTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOF WIRELESSTELEGRAPHY
&ORHISDISCOVERYOFTHELAWSGOVERNINGHEAT RADIATION )NRECOGNITIONOFHERSERVICESBYTHEDISCOV ERYOFTHEELEMENTSRADIUMANDPOLONIUM BYTHEISOLATIONOFRADIUMANDTHESTUDYOF THENATUREANDCOMPOUNDSOFTHISREMARKABLE ELEMENT &ORHISDISCOVERYOFENERGYQUANTA &ORHISSERVICESTOTHEORETICALPHYSICS AND ESPECIALLYFORHISDISCOVERYOFTHELAWOFTHE PHOTOELECTRICEFFECT &ORHISCONTRIBUTIONSTOOURKNOWLEDGEOF RADIOACTIVESUBSTANCESANDHISINVESTIGATIONS INTOTHEORIGINANDNATUREOFISOTOPES &ORHISDISCOVERY BYMEANSOFHISMASS SPECTROGRAPH OFISOTOPES INALARGE NUMBEROFNON RADIOACTIVEELEMENTS ANDHISENUNCIATIONOFTHE WHOLE NUMBERRULE CONTINUED
(MPTTBSZ/
4!",% .OBEL0RIZE7INNERS 9EAR
A A A A
A
0ERSON
.IELS"OHRn $UTCHPHYSICIST !RTHUR(#OMPTONn !MERICANPHYSICIST *AMES#HADWICKn %NGLISHPHYSICIST 6ICTOR&RANZ(ESSn !USTRIANPHYSICIST #ARL!NDERSONn !MERICANPHYSICIST %NRICO&ERMIn )TALIANPHYSICIST
A
%RNEST,AWRENCEn !MERICANPHYSICIST
A
7OLFGANG0AULIn !USTRIAN BORN3WISSPHYSICIST %DWARD!PPLETONn %NGLISHPHYSICIST
A
A
A
A
A
A
%MILIO3EGRÒn )TALIAN BORN!MERICANPHYSICIST /WEN#HAMBERLAINn !MERICANPHYSICIST 2UDOLF-ÚSSBAUERn 'ERMANPHYSICIST
#HARLES(4OWNESn !MERICANPHYSICIST .ICOLAY"ASOVn !LEKSANDR0ROKHOROV 2USSIANSCIENTISTS (ANS"ETHEn !MERICANPHYSICIST (ANNES!LFVÏNn 3WEDISHASTROPHYSICIST
!CCOMPLISHMENT
&ORHISINVESTIGATIONOFTHESTRUCTUREOFATOMS ANDOFTHERADIATIONEMANATINGFROMTHEM &ORHISDISCOVERYOFTHEEFFECTNAMEDAFTER HIM &ORTHEDISCOVERYOFTHENEUTRON &ORHISDISCOVERYOFCOSMICRADIATIONNOW CALLEDCOSMICRAYS &ORHISDISCOVERYOFTHEPOSITRON &ORHISDEMONSTRATIONSOFTHEEXISTENCEOF NEWRADIOACTIVEELEMENTSPRODUCEDBYNEU TRONIRRADIATION ANDFORHISRELATEDDISCOVERY OFNUCLEARREACTIONSBROUGHTABOUTBYSLOW NEUTRONS &ORTHEINVENTIONANDDEVELOPMENTOFTHE CYCLOTRONANDFORRESULTSOBTAINEDWITHIT ESPECIALLYWITHREGARDTOARTIlCIALRADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS &ORTHEDISCOVERYOFTHE%XCLUSION0RINCIPLE ALSOCALLEDTHE0AULI0RINCIPLE &ORHISINVESTIGATIONSOFTHEPHYSICSOFTHE UPPERATMOSPHERE ESPECIALLYFORTHEDIS COVERYOFTHESO CALLED!PPLETONLAYERNOW CALLEDTHEIONOSPHERE &ORTHEIRDISCOVERYOFTHEANTIPROTON
&ORHISRESEARCHESCONCERNINGTHERESONANCE ABSORPTIONOFGAMMARADIATIONANDHISDIS COVERYINTHISCONNECTIONOFTHEEFFECTWHICH BEARSHISNAME &ORFUNDAMENTALWORKINTHElELDOFQUAN TUMELECTRONICS WHICHHASLEDTOTHECON STRUCTIONOFOSCILLATORSANDAMPLIlERSBASED ONTHEMASER LASERPRINCIPLE &ORHISCONTRIBUTIONSTOTHETHEORYOFNUCLEAR REACTIONS ESPECIALLYHISDISCOVERIESCONCERN INGTHEENERGYPRODUCTIONINSTARS &ORFUNDAMENTALWORKANDDISCOVERIESIN MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICSWITHFRUITFUL APPLICATIONSINDIFFERENTPARTSOFPLASMA PHYSICS CONTINUED
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4!",% .OBEL0RIZE7INNERS 9EAR
0ERSON
A
-ARTIN2YLEn %NGLISHRADIOASTRONOMER
A
!NTONY(EWISHn %NGLISHRADIOASTRONOMER
A
!RNO!0ENZIAS !MERICANRADIOENGINEER 2OBERT77ILSONn !MERICANRADIOASTRONOMER 3UBRAMANYAN #HANDRASEKHARn )NDIAN BORN!MERICAN ASTROPHYSICIST 7ILLIAM!&OWLERn !MERICANASTROPHYSICIST
A
A
A
.ORMAN&2AMSEYn !MERICANPHYSICIST
A
2USSELL!(ULSEn *OSEPH(4AYLOR*Rn !MERICANRADIOASTRONOMERS
A
&REDERICK2EINESn !MERICANPHYSICIST -ARIO*-OLINAn &3HERWOOD2OWLAND !MERICANCHEMISTS 0AUL*#RUTZENn $UTCHCHEMIST 2AYMOND$AVIS*Rn !MERICANASTROPHYSICIST -ASATOSHI+OSHIBAn *APANESEASTROPHYSICIST 2ICCARDO'IACCONIn )TALIAN BORN!MERICANASTRONOMER
B
A
A
!CCOMPLISHMENT
&ORHISPIONEERINGOBSERVATIONSANDINVEN TIONSINRADIOASTROPHYSICS PARTICULARLYTHE APERTURESYNTHESISTECHNIQUE &ORHISPIONEERINGRESEARCHINRADIOASTRO PHYSICS PARTICULARLYFORHISDECISIVEROLEIN THEDISCOVERYOFPULSARS &ORTHEIRDISCOVERYOFTHECOSMICMICROWAVE BACKGROUNDRADIATION
&ORHISTHEORETICALSTUDIESOFTHEPHYSICAL PROCESSESOFIMPORTANCETOTHESTRUCTUREAND EVOLUTIONOFSTARS &ORHISTHEORETICALANDEXPERIMENTALSTUDIES OFTHENUCLEARREACTIONSOFIMPORTANCEINTHE FORMATIONOFTHECHEMICALELEMENTSINTHE 5NIVERSE &ORTHEINVENTIONOFTHESEPARATEDOSCILLATORY lELDSMETHODANDITSUSEINTHEHYDROGEN MASERANDOTHERATOMICCLOCKS &ORTHEIRDISCOVERYOFANEWTYPEOFPULSAR A DISCOVERYTHATHASOPENEDUPNEWPOSSIBILI TIESFORTHESTUDYOFGRAVITATION &ORTHEDETECTIONOFTHENEUTRINO &ORTHEIRWORKINATMOSPHERICCHEMISTRY PARTICULARLYCONCERNINGTHEFORMATIONAND DECOMPOSITIONOFOZONE
&ORTHEIRPIONEERINGCONTRIBUTIONSTO ASTROPHYSICS INPARTICULARFORTHEDETECTIONOF COSMICNEUTRINOS &ORPIONEERINGCONTRIBUTIONSTOASTROPHYSICS WHICHHAVELEDTOTHEDISCOVERYOFCOSMIC 8 RAYSOURCES
A.OBEL0RIZEIN0HYSICSWITHSPECIALSIGNIlCANCEFOR!STRONOMYAND!STROPHYSICS B.OBEL0RIZEIN#HEMISTRYWITHSPECIALSIGNIlCANCEFOR!STRONOMYAND!STROPHYSICS
(MPTTBSZ/
/PWB "OFYJTUJOHTUBS PѫFOWFSZGBJOU UIBUTVEEFOMZBOEVOQSFEJDUBCMZCSJHIUFOTCZ
BCPVUNBHOJUVEFTBOEUIFOHSBEVBMMZGBEFTUPJUTQSFWJPVTEJNDPOEJUJPO"OPWB JTBNFNCFSPGBDMPTF EPVCMFTUBSTZTUFNJOXIJDINBTTëPXTGSPNPOFTUBS BNBJO TFRVFODFTUBSPGMBUFTQFDUSBMUZQF( ,PS. UPBOPUIFSPOF VTVBMMZBXIJUFEXBSG QSPEVDJOHBOFYQMPTJPOPOUIBUTUBSUIBUNBLFTJUTIJOFCSJHIUMZGPSNPOUITѮFFYQMP TJPOEPFTOPUEFTUSPZFJUIFSTUBS BOEUIFOPWBJTOFWFSBTJOUSJOTJDBMMZMVNJOPVTBTB TVQFSOPWB4JODFUIFXIJUFEXBSGDBOUIFOTVEEFOMZCFDPNFCSJHIUFOPVHIUPCFTFFO XJUIUIFVOBJEFEFZF TVDIFWFOUTHBWFUIFJNQSFTTJPOUIBUBOFXTUBSIBEBQQFBSFE XIFSFOPOFXBTCFGPSFѮJTFYQMBJOTUIFOBNFOPWB UIF-BUJOXPSEGPSiOFXu CVUUIFZ BSFSFBMMZPMETUBST4FFDBUBDMZTNJDCJOBSZ /3"0 "DSPOZNGPSUIF/BUJPOBM3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZ 6OJUFE4UBUFT4FF /BUJPOBM3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZ /3- "DSPOZNGPSUIF/BWBM3FTFBSDI-BCPSBUPSZ 6OJUFE4UBUFT /4' "DSPOZNGPSUIF/BUJPOBM4DJFODF'PVOEBUJPO 6OJUFE4UBUFT /VDMFBS FOFSHZ ѮF FOFSHZ PCUBJOFE CZ OVDMFBS SFBDUJPOT UIF TPVSDF PG UIF 4VOT
MVNJOPTJUZ /VDMFBSmTTJPO "SFBDUJPOJOXIJDIBIFBWZBUPNJDOVDMFVTJTCSPLFOBQBSUJOUPUXP PSNPSFMJHIUFSOVDMFJ SFMFBTJOHFOFSHZѮJTQSPDFTTQPXFSTNBONBEFOVDMFBSSFBD UPSTPO&BSUI4FFêTTJPO /VDMFBSGPSDF ѮFGPSDFUIBUCJOETQSPUPOTBOEOFVUSPOTXJUIJOBUPNJDOVDMFJ BOE XIJDIJTFĒFDUJWFPOMZBUEJTUBODFTMFTTUIBONFUFST /VDMFBSGVTJPO ѮFQSPDFTTCZXIJDIUXPPSNPSFMJHIUBUPNJDOVDMFJGVTFUPHFUIFSUP
NBLFBIFBWJFSBUPNJDOVDMFVT SFMFBTJOHFOFSHZѮJTQSPDFTTPDDVSTBUUIFIJHIUFN QFSBUVSFTBOEQSFTTVSFTGPVOEOFBSUIFDFOUFSTPGTUBST BOEJUNBLFTNPTUTUBSTTIJOF JODMVEJOHUIF4VO"MMNBJOTFRVFODFTUBSTTIJOFCZUIFOVDMFBSGVTJPOPGMJHIUIZESP HFOOVDMFJJOUPIFBWJFSIFMJVNOVDMFJ XJUIUIFNBTTEJĒFSFODFSFMFBTFEBTFOFSHZ4FF DBSCPOOJUSPHFOPYZHFODZDMF GVTJPO BOEQSPUPOQSPUPODIBJO /VDMFPO "QBSUJDMFJOPSGSPNUIFOVDMFVTPGBOBUPN FJUIFSBQSPUPOPSBOFVUSPO 4FFBUPNJDNBTTOVNCFS /VDMFPTZOUIFTJT ѮF USBOTGPSNBUJPO PG POF DIFNJDBM FMFNFOU PS JTPUPQF JOUP BOPUIFSCZOBUVSBMMZPDDVSSJOHOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOT)FBWJFSFMFNFOUTBSFCVJMUVQGSPN MJHIUFSPOFTCZGVTJPOSFBDUJPOT XIJMFêTTJPOSFBDUJPOTCSFBLVQIFBWZFMFNFOUTJOUP MJHIUFSPOFT'VTJPOSFBDUJPOTJOTJEFTUBSTIBWFDSFBUFEFMFNFOUTIFBWJFSUIBOIFMJVN "MUIPVHIIFMJVNJTBMTPTZOUIFTJ[FEGSPNIZESPHFOJOTJEFTUBST NPTUPGUIFIFMJVNJO UIF6OJWFSTFXBTDSFBUFECZOVDMFPTZOUIFTJTEVSJOHUIFêSTUGFXNJOVUFTGPMMPXJOHUIF #JH#BOH4FF#JH#BOHOVDMFPTZOUIFTJTBOEQSJNPSEJBMOVDMFPTZOUIFTJT /VDMFVT ѮFDFOUSBM NBTTJWFQBSUPGBOBUPNѮFBUPNJDOVDMFVTJTDPNQPTFEPGQSP
UPOTBOE FYDFQUGPSIZESPHFO OFVUSPOTCPVOEUPHFUIFSCZUIFTUSPOHOVDMFBSGPSDF BOEDPOUBJOJOHOFBSMZBMMPGBOBUPNTNBTT"OBUPNTOFHBUJWFMZDIBSHFEFMFDUSPOTTVS
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
SPVOEUIFOVDMFVT XIJDIIBTBQPTJUJWFFMFDUSJDBMDIBSHFѮFDFOUSBMSFHJPOPGBHBMBYZ JTBMTPLOPXOBTUIFOVDMFVTPGUIFHBMBYZ /VMMJOH ѮFVTFPGJOUFSGFSPNFUSZUPSFNPWFUIFCSJHIUMJHIUPGBTUFMMBSEJTLJOPSEFS
UPMPPLGPSQPTTJCMFQMBOFUTDMPTFUPJU4FFJOUFSGFSPNFUFSBOEJOUFSGFSPNFUSZ /VUBUJPO *OUIF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS+BNFT#SBEMFZ ¢ BOOPVODFE
IJTEJTDPWFSZPGBQFSJPEJDPTDJMMBUJPOPGUIF&BSUITSPUBUJPOBMBYJT XIJDIJTTVQFSJN QPTFEPOUIFQSFDFTTJPOPGUIFBYJT#SBEMFZDBMMFEUIFPTDJMMBUJPOBOVUBUJPOBOEBUUSJC VUFEJUUPUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMJOUFSBDUJPOPGUIF.PPOXJUIUIF&BSUITFRVBUPSJBMCVMHF /VUBUJPOIBTBWBSJFUZPGQFSJPETVQUPZFBST BOEUIFZFBSUFSNIBTBWBMVFPG BCPVUTFDPOETPGBSD4IPSUFSQFSJPEJDJUJFTPGTNBMMFSBNQMJUVEFBSFBUUSJCVUFEUP UIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMJOUFSBDUJPOPGUIF4VOXJUIUIF&BSUITFRVBUPSJBMCVMHFѮFDFMFTUJBM DPPSEJOBUFTPGBOPCKFDUIBWFUPCFDPSSFDUFEGPSOVUBUJPOBTXFMMBTQSFDFTTJPO4FF DFMFTUJBMDPPSEJOBUFTBOEQSFDFTTJPO
(MPTTBSZ0
0 0#BTTPDJBUJPO "HSPVQPGNBTTJWF MVNJOPVT0BOE#TUBST*OUIF"SNFOJBO
BTUSPOPNFS7JLUPS"NCBSUTVNJBO ¢ OPUJDFEUIBUUIFTFBTTPDJBUJPOTDBO OPUCFCPVOEUPHFUIFSCZUIFJSPXOHSBWJUBUJPO BOEUIBUUIFZNVTUCFTMPXMZEJTQFST JOHBOEIBWFBSFMBUJWFMZZPVOHBHFѮF%VUDIBTUSPOPNFS"ESJBOO#MBBVX ¢ TVCTFRVFOUMZ NFBTVSFE UIF FYQBOTJPO WFMPDJUJFT PG TPNF 0# BTTPDJBUJPOT JOGFSSJOH UIBUJUUPPLBCPVUBNJMMJPOZFBSTGPSUIFNUPEJTQFSTFUPUIFJSQSFTFOUTJ[F4JODFUIJT JTDPNQBSBCMFUPUIFBHFPGUIFJOEJWJEVBMTUBST UIFBTTPDJBUJPOTBOEUIFJSDPNQPOFOU TUBSTNVTUIBWFGPSNFEUPHFUIFS 0CMJRVJUZPGUIFFDMJQUJD ѮFBOHMFCFUXFFOUIFQMBOFPGUIFFDMJQUJDBOEUIFDFMFTUJBM
FRVBUPS BCPVUEFHSFFT4FFDFMFTUJBMDPPSEJOBUFTBOEFDMJQUJD 0DDVMUBUJPO ѮF UFNQPSBSZ EJTBQQFBSBODF FJUIFS DPNQMFUF PS QBSUJBM PG B DFMFTUJBM CPEZXIFOBOPUIFSOFBSFSPOFNPWFTCFUXFFOJUBOEBOPCTFSWFSBOEDVUTPĒJUTMJHIU "QMBOFUNBZPDDVMUBTUBSPSJUTPXOTBUFMMJUFT BOEUIF.PPOPDDVMUTOFCVMBF TUBSTBOE DPTNJDSBEJPTPVSDFT*OUIF%BOJTIBTUSPOPNFS0MF3ÕNFS ¢ VTFEUIF JODPOTUBOUJOUFSWBMCFUXFFO+VQJUFSTPDDVMUBUJPOPGJUTTBUFMMJUF*PUPFTUJNBUFUIFWFMPDJUZ PGMJHIU*OUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS+BNFT-&MMJPU ¢ VOFYQFDUFEMZEJTDPW FSFEUIFSJOHTPG6SBOVTKVTUCFGPSFBOEBѫFSPCTFSWJOHUIFQMBOFUTPDDVMUBUJPOPGBTUBS 0MCFSTQBSBEPY "DDPSEJOHUP0MCFSTQBSBEPY UIFTLZJOBOJOêOJUF VOJGPSN6OJ WFSTFTIPVMECFDPWFSFECZTUBSTTIJOJOHBTCSJHIUMZBTPVS4VO TPUIFEBSLOJHIUTLZ TIPVME CF BT CSJHIU BT UIF EBZ ѮF QBSBEPY JT OBNFE GPS UIF (FSNBO BTUSPOPNFS )FJOSJDI8JMIFMN0MCFST ¢ XIPEJTDVTTFEJUJO*UJTSFTPMWFECZUIF FYQBOTJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTF XIJDISFETIJѫTUIFNPTUJOUFOTFMJHIUPGEJTUBOUHBMBYJFTPVU PGUIFWJTJCMFQBSUPGUIFTQFDUSVN4FF%PQQMFSFĒFDU 0MZNQVT.POT ѮFMBSHFTUWPMDBOPPO.BST SJTJOHNPSFUIBOLJMPNFUFSTBCPWFJUT
TVSSPVOEJOHT BMNPTUUISFFUJNFTUIFFMFWBUJPOPG.PVOU&WFSFTUBOEêWFUJNFTIJHIFS UIBO)BXBJJT.BVOB-PBWPMDBOPѮFXPSE.POTJT-BUJOGPSiNPVOUBJOu BOE0MZN QVTXBTUIFBCPEFPGUIF(PETJO(SFFLNZUIPMPHZ 0NFHB " QBSBNFUFS EFTJHOBUFE CZ UIF DBQJUBM (SFFL MFUUFS PNFHB PS ձ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
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
0NFHB$FOUBVSJ "HMPCVMBSTUBSDMVTUFSBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTBXBZJOUIFEJSFD
UJPOPGUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$FOUBVSVT8JUIBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG JUJTUIF CSJHIUFTUHMPCVMBSTUBSDMVTUFSJOUIFTLZ DPOUBJOJOHQFSIBQTBNJMMJPOTUBSTJOBWPMVNF MJHIUZFBSTBDSPTT 0NFHB /FCVMB "OFNJTTJPOOFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE/($PS. MPDBUFEJOUIF
DPOTUFMMBUJPO4BHJUUBSJVT0UIFSOBNFTGPSUIF0NFHB/FCVMBBSFUIF)PSTFIFBE/FC VMBBOEUIF4XBO/FCVMB BMMJOUFSQSFUBUJPOTPGJUTTIBQFѮF0NFHB/FCVMBNFBTVSFT CZNJOVUFTPGBSDBDSPTTBOEMJFTBUBEJTUBODFPGBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTѮF4XJTT BTUSPOPNFS1IJMJQQF-PZTEF$IÊTFBVY ¢ EJTDPWFSFEJUJO BOEUIF 'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS$IBSMFT.FTTJFS ¢ SFEJTDPWFSFEJUJO4FFFNJT TJPOOFCVMBBOE)PSTFIFBE/FCVMB 0PSUDPNFUDMPVE "WBTUTQIFSJDBMDMPVEPGDPNFUTCFMPOHJOHUPUIFPVUFSQBSUTPG
UIF4PMBS4ZTUFNѮF0PSUDPNFUDMPVEDPOUBJOTBNJMMJPONJMMJPO PS UPUFONJM MJPONJMMJPO PS DPNFUTBOEFYUFOETPVUUPSPVHIMZBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJUT PSQBSTFDT GSPNUIF4VO GBSCFZPOEUIF,VJQFSCFMUѮF0PSUDPNFUDMPVETVQ QMJFTUIF4PMBS4ZTUFNXJUIMPOHQFSJPEDPNFUT XIJDISFWPMWFBSPVOEUIF4VOXJUI QFSJPETHSFBUFSUIBO&BSUIZFBST*UJTOBNFEGPSUIF%VUDIBTUSPQIZTJDJTU+BO0PSU ¢
XIPVTFEUIFPSCJUTPGMPOHQFSJPEDPNFUTUPEFNPOTUSBUF JO UIBU UIFZPSJHJOBUFEJOTVDIBDMPVEѮF&TUPOJBOBTUSPOPNFS &SOTU¸QJL ¢ IBEQSFWJPVTMZTIPXO JO UIBUTVDIBSFNPUFDPNFUDMPVEJTTUBUJTUJDBMMZTUBCMF BHBJOTUTUFMMBSQFSUVSCBUJPOT4FFDPNFU ,VJQFSCFMU BOEMPOHQFSJPEDPNFU
'*( /ORTCOMETCLOUD-ORETHANBILLIONCOMETSHIBERNATEIN THEREMOTE/ORTCOMETCLOUD SHOWNHEREINCROSSSECTION)TISLOCATED INTHEOUTERFRINGESOFTHESOLARSYSTEM ATDISTANCESOFABOUT !5FROMTHE3UN"YCOMPARISON THEDISTANCETOTHENEARESTSTAR 0ROXIMA#ENTAURI ISMILLION!5 WHILE.EPTUNEORBITSTHE3UNAT AMERE!54HEPLANETARYREALMTHEREFOREAPPEARSASANINSIGNIlCANT DOTWHENCOMPAREDTOTHECOMETCLOUD ANDHASTOBEMAGNIlEDBYA FACTOROF INORDERTOBESEEN4HISCOMETRESERVOIRISNAMEDAFTER THE$UTCHASTRONOMER*AN(/ORTn WHO IN lRST POSTULATEDITSEXISTENCE
(MPTTBSZ0
0QBDJUZ " NFBTVSF PG UIF BCJMJUZ PG B HBTFPVT BUNPTQIFSF UP BCTPSC SBEJBUJPO BOE CFDPNFPQBRVFUPJU"USBOTQBSFOUHBTIBTMJUUMFPSOPPQBDJUZ0QBDJUZBMTPEFOPUFT UIFNFBOBCTPSQUJPOPGSBEJBUJPO XIJDIJTVTFEXJUIBEJĒVTJPOFRVBUJPOUPDBMDVMBUF UIFQIPUPOMVNJOPTJUZëPXJOUIF4VOPSPUIFSTUBST 0QFO DMVTUFS " HSPVQ PG ZPVOH TUBST JO UIF TQJSBM BSNT PG PVS .JMLZ 8BZ (BMBYZ XIJDIUZQJDBMMZDPOUBJOTTFWFSBMIVOESFE1PQVMBUJPO*TUBSTJOBWPMVNFUIBUJTTFWFSBM MJHIUZFBSTBDSPTT"OPQFODMVTUFSJTBMTPLOPXOBTBHBMBDUJDDMVTUFS TJODFJUJTMPDBUFE JOUIFHBMBDUJDQMBOFѮF)ZBEFT 1MFJBEFTBOE1SBFTFQFBSFPQFODMVTUFST*OUIF 4XJTTCPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS3PCFSU+5SVNQMFS ¢ VTFEPCTFSWBUJPOT PGUIFEJTUBODFT TJ[FTBOESFEEFOJOHPGPQFOTUBSDMVTUFSTUPDPOWJODJOHMZEFNPOTUSBUF UIFJOUFSTUFMMBSBCTPSQUJPOPGTUBSMJHIUUISPVHIPVUUIFHBMBDUJDQMBOF4FF)ZBEFT 1MFJB EFT 1PQVMBUJPO*TUBS 1SBFTFQF BOETUFMMBSQPQVMBUJPOT 0QFO6OJWFSTF "OFWFSFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTFJOXIJDIUIFNBTTEFOTJUZPGUIF6OJ
WFSTFJTMFTTUIBOUIFDSJUJDBMEFOTJUZ PSPNFHBJTMFTTUIBOPOF4QBDFIBTIZQFSCPMJD DVSWBUVSFJOBOPQFO6OJWFSTF4FFDSJUJDBMNBTTEFOTJUZBOEPNFHB 0QQPSUVOJUZ3PWFS 4FF.BST&YQMPSBUJPO3PWFSNJTTJPO 0QQPTJUJPO " NBKPS QMBOFU JT JO PQQPTJUJPO XIFO JU JT BMJHOFE XJUI UIF &BSUI BOE UIF4VO BOEUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIFQMBOFUJTFYBDUMZPQQPTJUFUPUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIF4VO 7FOVTBOE.FSDVSZDBOOPUCFJOPQQPTJUJPO CFDBVTFUIFJSPSCJUTBSFDMPTFSUPUIF4VO UIBOUIF&BSUITPSCJUѮFPUIFSQMBOFUT TVDIBT.BST BSFDMPTFTUUPUIF&BSUIBUPQQP TJUJPO NBLJOHJUBGBWPSBCMFUJNFGPSPCTFSWBUJPOT4FFTZ[ZHZ 0QUJDBMBTUSPOPNZ ѮFTUVEZPGWJTJCMFMJHIUGSPNPCKFDUTJOTQBDF4FFWJTJCMFMJHIU 0QUJDBMEFQUI "NFBTVSFPGUIFSBEJBUJPOBCTPSCFEBTJUQBTTFTUISPVHIBNFEJVN "USBOTQBSFOUNFEJVNIBTBOPQUJDBMEFQUIPG[FSPѮFNFEJVNJTPQUJDBMMZUIJOXIFO UIFPQUJDBMEFQUIJTMFTTUIBOPOF BOEPQUJDBMMZUIJDLXIFOHSFBUFSUIBOPOF 0QUJDBM SBEJBUJPO &MFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO UIBU JT WJTJCMF UP UIF IVNBO FZF XJUI XBWFMFOHUIT PG BQQSPYJNBUFMZ UP OBOPNFUFST 4FF PQUJDBM TQFDUSVN PQUJDT QIPUPTQIFSF BOEWJTJCMFMJHIU 0QUJDBM TQFDUSVN 4QFDUSVN PG B TPVSDF UIBU TQBOT UIF WJTJCMF XBWFMFOHUI SBOHF
BQQSPYJNBUFMZGSPNUPOBOPNFUFST4FFWJTJCMFMJHIU 0QUJDT ѮFTDJFODFUIBUEFTDSJCFTUIFMFOTFTBOENJSSPSTUIBUBSFVTFEUPGPDVTBOE DPMMFDUWJTJCMFMJHIU 0SCJU ѮFQBUIPGBDFMFTUJBMCPEZNPWJOHVOEFSUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMJOëVFODFPGBMBSHFS
DFMFTUJBMCPEZ4BUFMMJUFTPSCJUUIFJSQMBOFU UIFQMBOFUTPSCJUUIF4VO BOEUIFUXPDPN QPOFOUTPGBCJOBSZTUBSTZTUFNPSCJUUIFJSDPNNPODFOUFSPGNBTT 0SCJUBM QFSJPE ѮF UJNF B CPEZ UBLFT UP SFWPMWF BSPVOE BOPUIFS POF ѮF &BSUIT PSCJUBMQFSJPEBSPVOEUIF4VOJTPOFZFBS BOENPSFEJTUBOUQMBOFUTSFWPMWFXJUIMPOHFS PSCJUBMQFSJPETJOBDDPSEBODFXJUI,FQMFSTUIJSEMBX4FF,FQMFSTMBXT
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
0SCJUJOH4PMBS0CTFSWBUPSZ "CCSFWJBUFE040 BTFSJFTPGFJHIUPSCJUJOHPCTFSWBUP
SJFTMBVODIFECFUXFFOBOECZ/"4"UPTUVEZUIF4VOJOUIFVMUSBWJPMFUBOE 9SBZXBWFMFOHUITGSPNBCPWFUIFBUNPTQIFSF 0SJPO/FCVMB "OFNJTTJPOOFCVMBWJTJCMFUPUIFOBLFEFZFBTBEJĒVTFHMPXNBSLJOH UIFTXPSEJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO0SJPO BOEEFTJHOBUFE.PS/($*UJTBDMPVE PGJOUFSTUFMMBSHBTBOEEVTUJMMVNJOBUFECZUIFVMUSBWJPMFUMJHIUPGCSJHIUZPVOHTUBSTJO UIF5SBQF[JVNѮF0SJPO/FCVMBJTMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGBCPVUMJHIUZFBST ѮFOPSUIXFTUFSOQBSUPGUIF0SJPO/FCVMBJTEFTJHOBUFE.PS/($ BOEJT TFQBSBUFEGSPN.CZBEBSLMBOFPGEVTUOBNFEUIF'JTI.PVUIGSPNJUTTIBQF4UBS GPSNBUJPOJTTUJMMVOEFSXBZJOUIF0SJPOOFCVMBBOEJOUIFEFOTFNPMFDVMBSDMPVEJO XIJDIJUJTFNCFEEFE4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMB )**SFHJPO OFCVMB QSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTL BOE5SBQF[JVN 0TDJMMBUJOH 6OJWFSTF " DMPTFE 6OJWFSTF XIPTF FYQBOTJPO XJMM FWFOUVBMMZ TUPQ
GPMMPXFE CZ DPMMBQTF BOE QFSIBQT B #JH#BOH SFCPVOE JOUP BOPUIFS FYQBOTJPO 4FF DMPTFE6OJWFSTF 0TUBS "MVNJOPVT CMVFTUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF0 XJUIBEJTLUFNQFSBUVSFUIBUJTNVDI
IPUUFSUIBOUIF4VO PSFWFOB#TUBS"CTPSQUJPOMJOFTPGJPOJ[FEIFMJVNDIBSBDUFSJ[F UIFWJTJCMFTQFDUSVNPGBO0TUBSѮFZBSFUIFIPUUFTU CSJHIUFTUBOENPTUNBTTJWFTUBST PO UIF NBJO TFRVFODF XJUI BO FĒFDUJWF UFNQFSBUVSF PG CFUXFFO BOE EFHSFFT LFMWJO BO BCTPMVUF MVNJOPTJUZ PG UP B NJMMJPO UJNFT UIBU PG UIF 4VO BOEBNBTTCFUXFFOBOETPMBSNBTTFTѮFZBSFSFMBUJWFMZSBSFBOETIPSUMJWFE SFNBJOJOHPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODFGPSMFTTUIBOBNJMMJPOZFBST4FF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMM EJBHSBNBOETUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO 0XM/FCVMB "QMBOFUBSZOFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE.BOE/($ MPDBUFEJOUIFDPO TUFMMBUJPO6STB.BKPSѮF0XM/FCVMBJTNJOVUFTPGBSDBDSPTTBOEHFUTJUTOBNFGSPN UXPBEKBDFOUEBSLQBUDIFT MJLFFZFT UIBUIBWFUIFBQQFBSBODFPGBOPXMTGBDF*UIBTBO BQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGBOEBMJFTBUBEJTUBODFPGBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTѮF DFOUSBMTUBSIBTBNBHOJUVEFPG4FFQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB 0YZHFO &MFNFOUPGBUPNJDOVNCFSFJHIUBOEBUPNJDNBTTOVNCFSTJYUFFO EFOPUFE
CZUIFTZNCPM0BOEUIFUIJSENPTUBCVOEBOUFMFNFOUJOUIF6OJWFSTFBѫ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
OPSNBMUXP BOEIFODFEFOPUFE0 XIFSF0JTBOPYZHFOBUPN*UJTDSFBUFECZUIF BDUJPOPGVMUSBWJPMFUTVOMJHIUPOUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF BOEUIJTP[POFMBZFSTIJFMET UIF &BSUIT TVSGBDF GSPN EFBEMZ VMUSBWJPMFU SBEJBUJPO GSPN UIF 4VO ѮF EFUFDUJPO PG
(MPTTBSZ0
TVCTUBOUJBMBNPVOUTPGP[POFJOBQMBOFUTBUNPTQIFSFXPVMETVHHFTUUIFQSFTFODFPG MJGF XIJDINJHIUCFOFFEFEUPQSPEVDFUIFPYZHFO4FFP[POFIPMFBOEP[POFMBZFS 0[POFEFQMFUJPO 4FFP[POFIPMF 0[POFIPMF "OFYDFQUJPOBMMZMPXDPODFOUSBUJPOPGP[POFUIBUGPSNTBCPWFUIF4PVUI
1PMFJOUIFMPDBMXJOUFSѮFP[POFIPMFXBTDPODMVTJWFMZEFNPOTUSBUFEJO BTUIF SFTVMUPGZFBSTPGDPOUJOVPVTNFBTVSFNFOUTPGUIFP[POFDPOUFOUBCPWF)BMMFZ#BZ "OUBSDUJDB CFHVOCZUIF#SJUJTITDJFOUJTU(PSEPO.JMMFS#PVSOFi(.#u%PCTPO ¢ JO5XP"NFSJDBODIFNJTUT .BSJP+.PMJOB ¢ BOE'4IFS XPPE 3PXMBOE ¢ TIPXFE JO UIBU UIF DIPSJOF JO NBONBEF DIFNJDBMT DBMMFEDIMPSPëVPSPDBSCPOT PS$'$TGPSTIPSU XPVMEEFTUSPZFOPSNPVTBNPVOUTPG P[POFJOUIFBUNPTQIFSFѮF$'$TXFSFMJNJUFEBOEFWFOUVBMMZCBOOFECZBOJOUFSOB UJPOBMUSFBUZLOPXOBTUIF.POUSFBM1SPUPDPM êSTUTJHOFEJOBOETUSFOHUIFOFEJO MBUFSZFBST4FFP[POFMBZFS 0[POFMBZFS "SFHJPOJOUIFMPXFSQBSUPG&BSUITTUSBUPTQIFSF MPDBUFEBUBCPVU
UPLJMPNFUFSTBCPWFTFBMFWFM XIFSFUIFHSFBUFTUDPODFOUSBUJPOPGP[POFBQQFBST ѮFP[POFMBZFSTIJFMETUIF&BSUITTVSGBDFGSPNUIF4VOTFOFSHFUJDVMUSBWJPMFUSBZT
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
1 1BJSBOOJIJMBUJPO .VUVBMEFTUSVDUJPOPGBOFMFDUSPOBOEQPTJUSPOXJUIUIFGPSNBUJPO PGFOFSHFUJDHBNNBSBZTUIBUIBWFBQIPUPOFOFSHZPGLF7 1BMMBT ѮF TFDPOE BTUFSPJE UP CF EJTDPWFSFE CZ UIF (FSNBO BTUSPOPNFS )FJOSJDI
8JMIFMN 0MCFST ¢
XJUI EJNFOTJPOT PG LJMPNFUFST B NFBOSBEJVTPGLJMPNFUFST BOEBNBTTEFOTJUZPGLJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFS 4FFBTUFSPJE 1BMPNBS 0CTFSWBUPSZ "OPCTFSWBUPSZMPDBUFEPO.PVOU1BMPNBS NJMFTTPVUI
FBTUPGUIF.PVOU8JMTPO0CTFSWBUPSZ XIJDIJTPXOFEBOEPQFSBUFECZUIF$BMJGPS OJB *OTUJUVUF PG 5FDIOPMPHZ ѮF MBSHFTU UFMFTDPQF BU UIF 1BMPNBS 0CTFSWBUPSZ JT UIF NFUFS JODI )BMFUFMFTDPQF DPNQMFUFE JO BOE OBNFE BѫFS UIF "NFSJ DBOBTUSPOPNFS(FPSHF&MMFSZ)BMF ¢ ѮFJODIUFMFTDPQFQMBZFEBO JNQPSUBOUSPMFJOUIFEJTDPWFSZPGRVBTBST"XJEFêFMENFUFS JODI 4DINJEU UFMFTDPQFPO.PVOU1BMPNBSXBTVTFEGPSUIFBMMTLZ1BMPNBS0CTFSWBUPSZ4LZ4VSWFZ TQPOTPSFE CZ UIF /BUJPOBM (FPHSBQIJD *OTUJUVUF BOE DPNQMFUFE JO JUT SFE BOE CMVFQMBUFTXFSFJNQPSUBOUJOJEFOUJGZJOHUIFWJTJCMFMJHIUDPVOUFSQBSUTPGUIFêSTUSBEJP HBMBYJFTBOERVBTBST4FFRVBTBSTBOE4DINJEUUFMFTDPQF 1BSBMMBY ѮFTNBMMBOHVMBSEJTQMBDFNFOUPGUIFBQQBSFOUQPTJUJPOPGBQMBOFUPSTUBS XIFOWJFXFEGSPNEJĒFSFOUMPDBUJPOT PѫFOEFTJHOBUFECZUIFTZNCPMPѮFEJTUBODF PGBQMBOFUDBOCFJOGFSSFEGSPNQBSBMMBYPCTFSWBUJPOTBUXJEFMZTFQBSBUFEMPDBUJPOTPO UIF&BSUIѮFHFPDFOUSJDQBSBMMBYJTEFêOFEBTUIFBOHVMBSTJ[FPGUIF&BSUITFRVBUP SJBMSBEJVTBUUIFEJTUBODFPGUIFPCKFDUVOEFSDPOTJEFSBUJPOѮFTPMBSQBSBMMBYJTUIF 4VOTHFPDFOUSJDQBSBMMBY EFêOFEBTUIFBOHVMBSTJ[FPGUIF&BSUITFRVBUPSJBMSBEJVT GSPNBEJTUBODFPGBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJU XJUIBWBMVFPGTFDPOETPGBSD4UFMMBS QBSBMMBYJTEFUFSNJOFEGSPNUIFBOHVMBSEJTQMBDFNFOUPGBOFBSCZTUBSXJUISFTQFDUUP EJTUBOUPOFTXIFOPCTFSWFEBUJOUFSWBMTPGTJYNPOUITPOPQQPTJUFTJEFTPGUIF&BSUIT PSCJU4VDIBQBSBMMBYJTLOPXOBTUIFBOOVBMQBSBMMBYѮFEJTUBODFPGUIFTUBSDBOCF JOGFSSFEGSPNUIFNFBTVSFEBOOVBMQBSBMMBYBOEUIFBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJUѮFMBSHFSUIF QBSBMMBY UIFDMPTFSUIFTUBSMJFTUP&BSUIѮFQBSBMMBY PSEJTUBODF PGBTUBSDBOBMTPCF JOGFSSFEGSPNJUTTQFDUSBMUZQF XIJDIJOEJDBUFTJUTBCTPMVUFPSJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZ BOE BQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZVTJOHUIFJOWFSTFTRVBSFMBXѮFQBSBMMBYPGBCPVUTUBST IBTCFFONFBTVSFEXJUIJOTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEUIF)*11"3$04TBUFMMJUF XJUIBQSFDJ TJPOPGTFDPOETPGBSD4FFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ "MQIB$FOUBVSJ BOOVBMQBSBMMBY BQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZ BTUSPOPNJDBMVOJU #BSOBSET4UBS )*11"3$04 JOWFSTFTRVBSF MBX ,BQUFZOT 4UBS 1SPYJNB $FOUBVSJ $ZHOJ TPMBS QBSBMMBY BOE TQFDUSPTDPQJD QBSBMMBY 1BSLFT 0CTFSWBUPSZ " SBEJP BTUSPOPNZ PCTFSWBUPSZ JO /FX 4PVUI 8BMFT XIPTF
NBJOUFMFTDPQF BNFUFS GFFU EJTI XBTDPNQMFUFEJOBOEVTFEUPSFDFJWF SBEJPDPNNVOJDBUJPOTEVSJOHUIFIJTUPSJD"QPMMPMBOEJOHPOUIF.PPO PO+VMZ
(MPTTBSZ1
BOEUIF)VZHFOT1SPCFMBOEJOHPO5JUBOPO+BOVBSZѮFSBEJPUFMFTDPQF IBTBMTPCFFOBDUJWFJOQVMTBSSFTFBSDI EJTDPWFSJOHBCPVUPGUIFN BOEBTBDPN QPOFOUJO7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZѮF"VTUSBMJB5FMFTDPQF/BUJPOBM'BDJM JUZ BEJWJTJPOPGUIF$PNNPOXFBMUI4DJFOUJêDBOE*OEVTUSJBM3FTFBSDI0SHBOJ[BUJPO PQFSBUFT UIF 1BSLFT 0CTFSWBUPSZ 4FF "QPMMP .JTTJPOT "VTUSBMJB 5FMFTDPQF /BUJPOBM 'BDJMJUZ )VZHFOT1SPCF QVMTBS SBEJPJOUFSGFSPNFUFS SBEJPUFMFTDPQF BOE7FSZ-POH #BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ 1BSTFD "VOJUPGEJTUBODFVTFEJOTUFMMBSBTUSPOPNZ EFêOFEBTUIFEJTUBODFBUXIJDI POFBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJU PSUIFNFBO&BSUI4VOTFQBSBUJPO TVCUFOETBOBOHMFPGPOFTFD POEPGBSDѮFEJTUBODFPGBOFBSCZTUBSJOQBSTFDTJTHJWFOCZUIFSFDJQSPDBMPGJUTBOOVBM QBSBMMBYJOTFDPOETPGBSD0OFQBSTFDJTFRVJWBMFOUUPNFUFST MJHIU ZFBST BOE BTUSPOPNJDBM VOJUT ѮF OFBSFTU TUBS PUIFS UIBO UIF 4VO JT 1SPYJNB$FOUBVSJXJUIBEJTUBODFPGQBSTFDT%JTUBODFTDPNQBSBCMFUPUIFFYUFOU PGPVS(BMBYZBSFNFBTVSFEJOVOJUTPGLJMPQBSTFDT BCCSFWJBUFELQD XIFSFLQD POFUIPVTBOEQBSTFDTQBSTFDT BOEJOUFSHBMBDUJDEJTUBODFTBSFTQFDJêFEJOVOJUT PG.FHBQBSTFDT BCCSFWJBUFE.QD XJUI.QDQBSTFDTNJMMJPOQBSTFDT 4FFBOOVBMQBSBMMBY 1BSUJDMF 'VOEBNFOUBMVOJUPGNBUUFSBOEFOFSHZ JODMVEJOHTVCBUPNJDQBSUJDMFTUIBU
BSFTNBMMFSUIBOUIFBUPN 1BSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUPS "EFWJDFUIBUVTFTFMFDUSJDêFMETUPQSPQFMDIBSHFE TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMFTUPHSFBUFOFSHJFT*OUIF&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU+PIO$PDLDSPѫ ¢ BOE UIF *SJTI QIZTJDJTU &SOFTU 8BMUPO ¢ VTFE B QBSUJDMF BDDFMFSBUPS UP QSPEVDFUIFêSTUUSBOTNVUBUJPOPGBOBUPNJDOVDMFVTXJUIBSUJêDJBMMZBDDFMFSBUFEBUPNJD QBSUJDMFT GPSXIJDIUIFZTIBSFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO1IZTJDT*OUIF"NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU&SOFTU0-BXSFODF ¢ JOWFOUFEUIFêSTUDJSDVMBSQBSUJDMFBDDFMFSB UPS LOPXOBTUIFDZDMPUSPO DBQBCMFPGBDDFMFSBUJOHQBSUJDMFTUPWFSZIJHIFOFSHZ BOE MFBEJOHUPUIFEJTDPWFSZPGOVNFSPVTSBEJPBDUJWFJTPUPQFT"UWFMPDJUJFTOFBSUIFWFMPD JUZPGMJHIU UIFQBSUJDMFTJODSFBTFUIFJSNBTTBOEMPTFTZODISPOJ[BUJPOXJUIUIFBDDFM FSBUJPOQSPDFTT XIJDIJTDPSSFDUFEJOTZODISPUSPOQBSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUPSTJOEFQFOEFOUMZ JOWFOUFECZ7MBEJNFS7FLTMFS ¢ BOE&EXJO.D.JMMBO ¢ 4FF TZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPO 1BSUJDMFQIZTJDT ѮFCSBODIPGQIZTJDTUIBUEFBMTXJUIUIFTNBMMFTULOPXOTUSVDUVSFT PGNBUUFSBOEFOFSHZ 1BUImOEFS 4FF.BST1BUIêOEFS 1BVMJFYDMVTJPOQSJODJQMF 4FFFYDMVTJPOQSJODJQMF 1FMJDBO/FCVMB "OFNJTTJPOOFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE*$ JOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$ZHOVT
BEKBDFOUUPUIF/PSUI"NFSJDB/FCVMB EFTJHOBUFE/($4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMBBOE /PSUI"NFSJDB/FCVMB 1FOVNCSB ѮF MJHIUFS QFSJQIFSZ PG B TVOTQPU TFFO JO XIJUF MJHIU TVSSPVOEJOH UIF
EBSLFSVNCSB"MTPUIFPVUFSQBSUPGBTIBEPXDBTUEVSJOHBOFDMJQTF XIFSFPOMZB QBSUJBMFDMJQTFJTTFFO4FFMVOBSFDMJQTF TPMBSFDMJQTF TVOTQPUBOEVNCSB
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
1FSGFDUDPTNPMPHJDBMQSJODJQMF 0OBTVēDJFOUMZMBSHFTDBMFUIF6OJWFSTFJTUIFTBNF
JOBMMEJSFDUJPOTBOEGPSBMMUJNFTѮJTQFSGFDUDPTNPMPHJDBMQSJODJQMFXBTJOUSPEVDFE JOCZ)FSNBOO#POEJ ¢ BOEѮPNBT(PME ¢
UXP"VT USJBOCPSOBTUSPQIZTJDJTUTUIFOBU$BNCSJEHF6OJWFSTJUZ XIFOQSPQPTJOHUIF4UFBEZ 4UBUF DPTNPMPHZ XIJDI IBT TJODF CFFO EJTDPVOUFE 4FF DPTNPMPHJDBM QSJODJQMF BOE 4UFBEZ4UBUF 1FSJBTUSPO 4FFQFSJIFMJPO 1FSJIFMJPO 'PSBQMBOFU DPNFUPSPUIFSPCKFDUPSCJUJOHUIF4VO UIFQPJOUJOUIFPSCJU UIBUJTDMPTFTUUPUIF4VOѮFQFSJBTUSPOJTUIFDMPTFTUQPJOUGPSBCPEZPSCJUJOHBTUBS PUIFSUIBOUIF4VO4FFBQIFMJPO 1FSJPE ѮFUJNFUPDPNQMFUFPOFDZDMFPGBOZQFSJPEJDQIFOPNFOPO TVDIBTPOFPSCJU PGBQMBOFUPSPOFQVMTBUJPOPGBWBSJBCMFTUBS 1FSJPEMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPO "SFMBUJPOTIJQCFUXFFOUIFQFSJPEPGMJHIUWBSJBUJPOBOE
UIFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZPGBWBSJBCMFTUBS$FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTUBSTIBWFBQFSJPEMVNJOPTJUZ SFMBUJPO JO XIJDI UIF MPOHFS UIF QVMTBUJPO QFSJPE UIF NPSF JOUSJOTJDBMMZ MVNJOPVT UIFTUBSѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS)FOSJFUUB4XBO-FBWJUU ¢ EJTDPWFSFE UIJTQFSJPEMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPOJO"$FQIFJETUBSTEJTUBODFDBOCFEFUFSNJOFE VTJOHUIJTSFMBUJPOXJUIJUTPCTFSWFEBQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZBOEJUTWBSJBUJPOQFSJPE4FF $FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTUBS 1FSTFJET 0OFPGUIFCFTUNFUFPSTIPXFST PDDVSSJOHCFUXFFO+VMZBOE"VHVTU XJUIBNBYJNVNPO"VHVTU QPQVMBSMZLOPXOBTUIFOJHIUPGUIFTIPPUJOHTUBST*O UIF.JEEMF"HFT UIFTIPXFSXBTLOPXOBTUIFUFBSTPG4U-BXSFODF XIPXBTNBSUZSFE PO"VHVTUѮFSBEJBOUPGUIF1FSTFJETNFUFPSTIPXFSPDDVSTJOUIFDPOTUFMMB UJPO1FSTFVT BOEJUJTBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFPSCJUBMEFCSJTPG$PNFU14XJѫ5VUUMF 4FFNFUFPSTIPXFS 1IBTF ѮFJMMVNJOBUFEQPSUJPOPGUIF.PPOPSUIFQMBOFUT BTTFFOGSPNUIF&BSUIѮF QIBTFTPGUIF.PPOPDDVSJOBSFQFBUJOHQBUUFSOUIBUEFQFOETPOJUTPSCJUBMQPTJUJPO BOEUIFZBSFLOPXOBTUIFOFX DSFTDFOU IBMG HJCCPVTBOEGVMMQIBTFT4FF.PPO 1IPCPT ѮFMBSHFTUBOEJOOFSNPTUPGUIFUXPUJOZTBUFMMJUFTPG.BST EJTDPWFSFECZUIF "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS"TBQI)BMM ¢ JO1IPCPTJTUIF(SFFLXPSEGPS iGFBSu BOEUIFOBNFPGPOFPGUIFBUUFOEBOUTPGUIF(SFFLHPEPGXBS "SFT JO)PNFST *MMJBEѮFTBUFMMJUF1IPCPTIBTEJNFOTJPOTPGLJMPNFUFSTBOEBNFBO NBTT EFOTJUZ PG LJMPHSBNT QFS DVCJD NFUFS 1IPCPT NPWFT BSPVOE .BST UISFF UJNFTGBTUFSUIBOUIFQMBOFUSPUBUFT BOEJUJTOPXNPWJOHUPXBSE.BST*OBCPVU NJMMJPOZFBST 1IPCPTXJMMFJUIFSDSBTIJOUPUIFTVSGBDFPG.BSTPSCFUPSOBQBSUCZUIF QMBOFUTHSBWJUZUPNBLFBSJOHBSPVOE.BST1IPCPTDPVMECFBDBQUVSFEBTUFSPJE 1IPUPEJTTPDJBUJPO ѮFCSFBLEPXOPGNPMFDVMFTJOUPUIFJSDPNQPOFOUBUPNTEVFUP UIFBCTPSQUJPOPGMJHIU FTQFDJBMMZVMUSBWJPMFUTVOMJHIU 1IPUPJPOJ[BUJPO ѮF JPOJ[BUJPO PG BO BUPN CZ UIF BCTPSQUJPO PG B QIPUPO PG FMFD USPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPO*POJ[BUJPODBOUBLFQMBDFPOMZJGUIFQIPUPODBSSJFTBUMFBTUUIF
(MPTTBSZ1
FOFSHZDPSSFTQPOEJOHUPUIFJPOJ[BUJPOQPUFOUJBMPGUIFBUPNѮFJPOJ[BUJPOQPUFOUJBM JTUIFNJOJNVNFOFSHZSFRVJSFEUPPWFSDPNFUIFGPSDFCJOEJOHUIFFMFDUSPOXJUIJOUIF BUPN4FFJPOJ[BUJPOBOEJPOJ[BUJPOQPUFOUJBM 1IPUPO "DPSQVTDMF QBSUJDMF PSRVBOUVN PGMJHIUPSPUIFSFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPO
"QIPUPOJTBEJTDSFUFVOJUPSRVBOUJUZPGFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDFOFSHZBTTPDJBUFEXJUIXBWFT PGFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPO1IPUPOTIBWFOPFMFDUSJDDIBSHFBOEUSBWFMBUUIFTQFFEPG MJHIU4IPSUXBWFMFOHUI PSIJHIGSFRVFODZ QIPUPOTDBSSZNPSFFOFSHZUIBOMPOHXBWF MFOHUI PSMPXGSFRVFODZ QIPUPOT4FFQIPUPOFOFSHZBOE1MBODLTDPOTUBOU 1IPUPOEFDPVQMJOH 4FFEFDPVQMJOH 1IPUPOFOFSHZ ѮFFOFSHZPGSBEJBUJPOPGBQBSUJDVMBSGSFRVFODZPSXBWFMFOHUIѮF
QIPUPOFOFSHZJTFRVBMUPUIFQSPEVDUPG1MBODLTDPOTUBOU +T BOEUIF GSFRVFODZPGUIFSBEJBUJPO4IPSUXBWFMFOHUI PSIJHIGSFRVFODZ QIPUPOTIBWFNPSF FOFSHZUIBOMPOHXBWFMFOHUI PSMPXGSFRVFODZ QIPUPOT4FF1MBODLTDPOTUBOU 1IPUPTQIFSF ѮBU QBSU PG UIF 4VO GSPN XIJDI WJTJCMF MJHIU PSJHJOBUFT ѮF QIPUP
TQIFSFFNJUTXIJUFMJHIU PSBMMUIFDPMPSTDPNCJOFE*UJTUIFJOUFOTFMZCSJHIU WJTJCMF QPSUJPOPGUIF4VO BOEUIFQMBDFXIFSFNPTUPGUIF4VOTFOFSHZFTDBQFTJOUPTQBDF UIF MPXFTUMBZFSPGUIF4VOTBUNPTQIFSFWJFXFEJOXIJUFMJHIUѮFQIPUPTQIFSFPGBOZTUBS JTUIFSFHJPOUIBUHJWFTSJTFUPJUTWJTJCMFDPOUJOVVNSBEJBUJPO"CPVULJMPNFUFST UIJDL UIFTPMBSQIPUPTQIFSFJTB[POFXIFSFUIFHBTFPVTMBZFSTDIBOHFGSPNCFJOHDPN QMFUFMZPQBRVFUPSBEJBUJPOUPCFJOHUSBOTQBSFOUѮFFĒFDUJWFUFNQFSBUVSFPGUIF4VOT QIPUPTQIFSFJTLFMWJOѮFDPOUJOVVNSBEJBUJPOPGUIFQIPUPTQIFSFJTBCTPSCFE BUDFSUBJOXBWFMFOHUITCZTMJHIUMZDPPMFSHBTKVTUBCPWFJU QSPEVDJOHUIFEBSL'SBVO IPGFSMJOFT4VOTQPUT GBDVMBF HSBOVMFTBOEUIFTVQFSHSBOVMBUJPOBSFPCTFSWFEJOUIF QIPUPTQIFSF BOENBHOFUPHSBNTEFTDSJCFUIFNBHOFUJDêFMEJOUIFQIPUPTQIFSFѮF JOBOEPVUIFBWJOHNPUJPOT PSPTDJMMBUJPOT PGUIFQIPUPTQIFSFBSFVTFEUPEFDJQIFS UIFJOUFSOBMEZOBNJDTBOETUSVDUVSFPGUIF4VOѮFUSBOTQBSFOUDISPNPTQIFSFMJFTKVTU BCPWFUIFQIPUPTQIFSF BOEUIFUSBOTQBSFOUDPSPOBJTGPVOEBCPWFUIFDISPNPTQIFSF 4FFDISPNPTQIFSF DPSPOB 'SBVOIPGFSMJOF HSBOVMF IFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ NBHOFUPHSBN TVOTQPU TVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO BOEXIJUFMJHIU 1IPUPTZOUIFTJT ѮFDIFNJDBMQSPDFTTXIFSFCZHSFFOQMBOUTVTFTVOMJHIUUPNBOVGBD UVSFDBSCPIZESBUFTGSPNDBSCPOEJPYJEFBOEXBUFSBOESFMFBTFPYZHFOBTBCZQSPEVDU 1JD EV .JEJ 0CTFSWBUPSZ "O PCTFSWBUPSZ MPDBUFE JO UIF 'SFODI 1ZSÊOÊFT BU BO BMUJUVEFPGNFUFST GFFU
BOEPQFSBUFECZUIF6OJWFSTJUZPG5PMPVTF*UIBTB NFUFS JODI SFëFDUPS XIJDIXBTVTFEGPSJNQPSUBOUFBSMZJOWFTUJHBUJPOTPGUIF .PPOBOEQMBOFUT 1JOXIFFM(BMBYZ "GBDFPOTQJSBMHBMBYZEFTJHOBUFE.BOE/($ MPDBUFE BUBEJTUBODFPGBCPVUNJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTѮF5SJBOHVMVNTQJSBMHBMBYZ EFTJHOBUFE . JTBMTPTPNFUJNFTDBMMFEUIF1JOXIFFM(BMBYZ4FF.FTTJFS0CKFDUTBOE5SJBOHV MVN(BMBYZ 1MBHF 'SPNUIF'SFODIXPSEGPSiCFBDIu BQMBHFJTBCSJHIU EFOTFSFHJPOJOUIFDISP
NPTQIFSFGPVOEBCPWFTVOTQPUTPSPUIFSBDUJWFBSFBTPGUIFTPMBSQIPUPTQIFSF*UBMXBZT
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
BDDPNQBOJFTBOEPVUMJWFTTVOTQPUHSPVQT1MBHFTBQQFBSNVDICSJHIUFSJOUIFNPOP DISPNBUJDMJHIUPGUIFIZESPHFOBMQIBMJOFPSUIFDBMDJVN)BOE,MJOFTUIBOUIFTVS SPVOEJOHQBSUTPGUIFDISPNPTQIFSF1MBHFTBSFBTTPDJBUFEXJUIGBDVMBF XIJDIPDDVS KVTUCFMPXUIFNJOUIFQIPUPTQIFSF BOEBSFGPVOEJOSFHJPOTPGFOIBODFENBHOFUJD êFME4FFDBMDJVN)BOE,MJOFT DISPNPTQIFSF GBDVMBF )BOE,MJOFT BOEIZESPHFO BMQIBMJOF 1MBODL FQPDI "MTP DBMMFE UIF 1MBODL UJNF UIF êSTU JOTUBOU GPMMPXJOH UIF #JH #BOH XIFO UIF DPTNJD NBUUFS EFOTJUZ XBT TP IJHI UIBU UIF HSBWJUBUJPOBM GPSDF BDUFE BT TUSPOHMZBTUIFPUIFSGVOEBNFOUBMGPSDFT 1MBODL.JTTJPO "DPMMBCPSBUJWF&4"BOE/"4"NJTTJPOUIBUJTJOEFWFMPQNFOU XJUI B QSPKFDUFE MBVODI JO UIF ZFBS 1MBODL XJMM TVSWFZ UIF FOUJSF TLZ BOE QSPEVDF NBQTPGJUBUOJOFEJĒFSFOUGSFRVFODJFT QSPWJEJOHEFUBJMFEJOGPSNBUJPOPOUIFUISFF EFHSFFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPOBTXFMMBTUIFPSJHJOBOEFWPMVUJPOPG UIFPCTFSWBCMF6OJWFSTFѮFNJTTJPOJTOBNFEBѫFSUIF(FSNBOUIFPSFUJDBMQIZTJDJTU .BY1MBODL ¢
XIPEFSJWFEUIFTQFDUSVNPGCMBDLCPEZSBEJBUJPO JOUSP EVDJOHUIFRVBOUBPGFOFSHZIFXBTBXBSEFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO1IZTJDTGPSUIJT BDIJFWFNFOU 1MBODLUJNF 4FF1MBODLFQPDI 1MBODLTDPOTUBOU "GVOEBNFOUBMDPOTUBOUHJWJOHUIFSBUJPCFUXFFOUIFFOFSHZBOE
GSFRVFODZPGBOFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDQIPUPO PSRVBOUVNPGMJHIU êSTUVTFECZUIF(FSNBO QIZTJDJTU.BY1MBODL ¢ JOEFSJWJOHUIFGPSNVMBGPSUIFSBEJBUJPOTQFDUSVN PGBQFSGFDUBCTPSCFS PSCMBDLCPEZ1MBODLTDPOTUBOUJTEFOPUFECZUIFTZNCPMI BOE IBTBWBMVFPGI+PVMFTFDPOEPSIFSHTFDPOE 1MBOFU "OPCKFDUPSCJUJOHUIF4VOPSBOPUIFSTUBS XIJDISFëFDUTUIFMJHIUUIBUTUSJLFT
JU"QMBOFUJTOPUMBSHFFOPVHIUPHFOFSBUFFOFSHZUISPVHIOVDMFBSGVTJPOBUJUTDPSF XIJDINFBOTUIBUJUIBTUPCFMFTTNBTTJWFUIBOBCPVUUFOUJNFT+VQJUFSTNBTT5PCF 4!",% 0LANETSnORBITS 3EMI MAJOR !XIS A0!5
/RBITAL0ERIOD 00 YEARS A
-EAN/RBITAL 6ELOCITYKMSn B
-ERCURY 6ENUS %ARTH -ARS
*UPITER 3ATURN 5RANUS .EPTUNE 0LUTO
0LANET
A/NETROPICALYEARSECONDSDAYS BKMS METERSPERSECOND
(MPTTBSZ1
4!",% 0LANETSnPHYSICALPROPERTIESA 4ERRESTRIAL0LANETS
-ERCURY
6ENUS
%ARTH
-ARS
!NGULAR$IAMETERSECONDSOFARC B
%QUATORIAL2ADIUS 20KM
%QUATORIAL2ADIUS 202%
-ASS -0KG -ASS -0-% -EAN-ASS$ENSITYKGM
'IANT0LANETS
*UPITER
3ATURN
5RANUS
.EPTUNE
!NGULAR$IAMETERSECONDSOFARC B %QUATORIAL2ADIUS 20KM %QUATORIAL2ADIUS 202% -ASS -0KG -ASS -0-% -EAN-ASS$ENSITYKGM
A!DAPTEDFROM,ANG +ENNETH2 4HE#AMBRIDGE'UIDETOTHE3OLAR3YSTEM .EW9ORK #AMBRIDGE5NI
VERSITY0RESS P B4HELARGESTANGULARDIAMETERSEENFROMTHE%ARTHWHENTHEPLANETISATITSCLOSESTAPPROACHTO%ARTH
DBMMFEBQMBOFU UIFPCKFDUNVTUIBWFBMBSHFFOPVHINBTTUPCFGPSDFECZJUTHSBWJUZJOUP CFDPNJOHNPSFPSMFTTTQIFSJDBMJOTIBQF XIJDINFBOTUIFPCKFDUNVTUCFNPSFNBT TJWFUIBOUIFMBSHFTUBTUFSPJECVUBTUFSPJETBSFTPNFUJNFTDBMMFENJOPSQMBOFUT4PNF EFêOJUJPOTEFNBOEUIBUBQMBOFUTIPVMEIBWFBOBUNPTQIFSF"QMBOFUJTGPSNFECZUIF BDDSFUJPOPGQMBOFUFTJNBMTXJUIJOBQSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTD UIFSPUBUJOHEFCSJTMFѫBѫFSB TUBSIBTGPSNFE4FFBTUFSPJE QMBOFUFTJNBM BOEQSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTL 1MBOFUBSZOFCVMB "TIFMMPGJMMVNJOBUFEHBTUIBUTVSSPVOETPMEBOEEZJOHTUBSTѮF êSTUQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE/($ XBTEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF(FSNBO CPSO&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS8JMMJBN)FSTDIFM ¢
EFTDSJCJOHJUBTiQMBOFUBSZu CFDBVTFJUTSPVOE EJTLMJLFTIBQFSFTFNCMFEBQMBOFUBTTFFOJOBTNBMMUFMFTDPQF CVU UIFSF JT OP QIZTJDBM DPOOFDUJPO XJUI QMBOFUT *O UIF &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS 8JM MJBN)VHHJOT ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUISFFFNJTTJPOMJOFTSBEJBUFEGSPNUIFQMBO FUBSZOFCVMBOPXLOPXOBT/($ TIPXJOHUIBUJUJTNBEFPGMPXEFOTJUZHBT 0OF PG MJOFT XBT BUUSJCVUFE UP IZESPHFO CVU UIF PUIFS UXP TVHHFTUFEUIFFYJTUFODF PGBOVOEJTDPWFSFEFMFNFOUUIBUCFDBNFLOPXOBTiOFCVMJVNu*U XBTOUVOUJM UIBUUIF%VUDIBTUSPOPNFS)FSNBO;BOTUSB ¢ VTFERVBOUVNUIFPSZUP FYQMBJOUIFIZESPHFOMJOFTPGEJĒVTFOFCVMBF JODMVEJOHUIFQMBOFUBSZOFCVMBF XIPTF IZESPHFOBUPNTBSFJPOJ[FECZUIFVMUSBWJPMFUMJHIUPGCSJHIU DFOUSBMTUBSTGPMMPXFE CZ UIF SFDPNCJOBUJPO PG GSFF FMFDUSPOT BOE QSPUPOT UP SBEJBUF IZESPHFO MJOFT BOE NBLFIZESPHFOBUPNT*OUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS*SB4#PXFO ¢ TIPXFE UIBU UIF OFCVMJVN MJOFT BSJTF GSPN JPOJ[FE BUPNT PG PYZHFO BOE OJUSPHFO VOEFSHPJOHiGPSCJEEFOuUSBOTJUJPOTJOUIFMPXEFOTJUZHBT"QMBOFUBSZOFCVMBJTVTV
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
BMMZFKFDUFEGSPNBEZJOHSFEHJBOUTUBS3BEJBUJPOGSPNUIFOFXMZFYQPTFE IPUCMVF DPSFFYDJUFTUIFHBTJOUIFQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB DBVTJOHJUUPHMPXѮFDFOUSBMTUBSTPG QMBOFUBSZOFCVMBFBSFIPUBOECMVF JOUSBOTJUJPOCFUXFFOBSFEHJBOUTUBSBOEBXIJUF EXBSG $PNNPOMZ LOPXO QMBOFUBSZ OFCVMBF BSF UIF %VNCCFMM /FCVMB m . BOE /($ UIF)FMJY/FCVMBm/($ UIF0XM/FCVMBm.BOE/($ UIF 3JOH/FCVMBJO-ZSBm.BOE/($BOEUIF4BUVSO/FCVMBm/($4FF $BUT&ZF/FCVMB %VNCCFMM/FCVMB )FMJY/FCVMB )PVSHMBTT/FCVMB 0XM/FCVMB 3JOH/FCVMBBOE4BUVSO/FCVMB 1MBOFUFTJNBM "TNBMMCPEZGSPNBGFXNFUFSTUPTFWFSBMLJMPNFUFSTJOTJ[F GPSNFE
GSPNEVTUBOEJDF JGQSFTFOU DPOUBJOFEJOBQSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTL UIFSPUBUJOHEFCSJT MFѫBѫFSBTUBSIBTGPSNFE1MBOFUTGPSNGSPNUIFBDDSFUJPOPSHBUIFSJOHUPHFUIFSPG QMBOFUFTJNBMTBOECZDPMMJTJPOBOEHSBWJUBUJPOBMBUUSBDUJPOPGQSPUPQMBOFUTGPSNFECZ UIFQMBOFUFTJNBMT4FFQSPUPQMBOFU QSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTL BOETPMBSOFCVMB 1MBTNB "DPNQMFUFMZJPOJ[FEHBT DPOTJTUJOHPGFMFDUSPOTUIBUIBWFCFFOQVMMFEGSFF
PG BUPNT BOE JPOT JO XIJDI UIF UFNQFSBUVSF JT UPP IJHI GPS OFVUSBM VOJPOJ[FE BUPNTUPFYJTUѮFIJHIUFNQFSBUVSFTSFTVMUJOBUPNTMPTJOHUIFJSOPSNBMDPNQMF NFOUPGFMFDUSPOTUPMFBWFQPTJUJWFMZDIBSHFEJPOTCFIJOE BOEJUJTUPPIPUGPSUIFGSFF FMFDUSPOTBOEJPOTUPKPJOUPHFUIFSBOEGPSNQFSNBOFOUBUPNTѮFJOUFSJPSPGUIF 4VOBOEPUIFSNBJOTFRVFODFTUBSTJTBQMBTNBDPOTJTUJOHNBJOMZPGFMFDUSPOTBOE QSPUPOT UIF OVDMFJ PG IZESPHFO BUPNT 1MBTNB IBT CFFO DBMMFE UIF GPVSUI TUBUF PG NBUUFS JOBEEJUJPOUPTPMJE MJRVJE BOEHBT4JODFUIFUPUBMOFHBUJWFFMFDUSJDBMDIBSHF PGUIFGSFFFMFDUSPOTJTFRVBMUPUIFUPUBMQPTJUJWFDIBSHFPGUIFJPOT QMBTNBJTFMFDUSJ DBMMZOFVUSBMPWFSBTVēDJFOUMZMBSHFWPMVNF.PTUPGUIFNBUUFSJOUIF6OJWFSTFJTJO UIFQMBTNBTUBUF 1MBTNB CFUB ѮF SBUJP PG HBT QSFTTVSF UP UIF QSFTTVSF PG UIF NBHOFUJD êFME XJUIJO BQMBTNBѮFHBTQSFTTVSFJODSFBTFTXJUIUFNQFSBUVSF BOEUIFNBHOFUJDQSFTTVSFJT QSPQPSUJPOBMUPUIFTRVBSFPGUIFNBHOFUJDêFMETUSFOHUI 1MBTNBTQIFSF "SFHJPOPGIJHIEFOTJUZ DPMEQMBTNB DPOTJTUJOHPGQSPUPOTBOEFMFD
USPOT XIJDITVSSPVOETUIF&BSUIBCPWFUIFJPOPTQIFSFBUBMUJUVEFTHSFBUFSUIBO LJMPNFUFSTѮFQMBTNBTQIFSFFYUFOETPVUUPCFUXFFOUISFFBOETFWFO&BSUISBEJJ 1MBUFUFDUPOJDT "DDPSEJOHUPUIJTUIFPSZ UIF&BSUITPVUFSTIFMMJTTVCEJWJEFEJOUPB
NPTBJDPGMBSHFSJHJEQMBUFTUIBUBSFJODPOUJOVBMNPUJPO QSPEVDJOHFBSUIRVBLFTBOE CVJMEJOHNPVOUBJOTBUUIFJSCPVOEBSJFTCZUFDUPOJDT GSPNUIF(SFFLXPSEGPSiDBSQFO UFSuPSiCVJMEJOHuѮFNPWJOHQMBUFTDBSSZDPOUJOFOUTPOUIFJSCBDLT BDDPVOUJOHGPS DPOUJOFOUBMESJѫ BOEBSFQVTIFEBMPOHCZUIFTQSFBEJOHTFBëPPSѮF$BOBEJBOHFPMP HJTU+PIO5V[P8JMTPO ¢ JOUSPEVDFEUIFDPODFQUPGQMBUFUFDUPOJDTJO 4FFDPOUJOFOUBMESJѫBOETFBëPPSTQSFBEJOH 1MFJBEFT "OFBSCZPQFODMVTUFSPGTUBSTJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO5BVSVTUIBUMJFTBCPVU
MJHIUZFBSTBXBZѮF1MFJBEFTJTBMTPLOPXOBTUIF4FWFO4JTUFSTXIPTFTFWFOCSJHIU CMVFXIJUF#TUBSTBSFOBNFEBѫFSUIFTFWFOEBVHIUFSTPGUIFHPE"UMBTBOEUIFNPSUBM 1MFJPOFJO(SFFLNZUIPMPHZ*OPSEFSPGCSJHIUOFTT UIFZBSF"MDZPOF &MFDUSB .BJB .FSPQF 5BZHFUB $FMBFOP BOE4FSPQFѮFCSJHIUTUBSTBSFSFMBUJWFMZZPVOH XJUIBO
(MPTTBSZ1
4!",% 0LANETARYNEBULAEA
.'#)#
.AME
(B (E )# )# )#
$OUBLE"UBBLE 3TINGRAY
-Y#N -Z .'# .'# .'# .'# .'# .'# .'# .'# .'# .'# .'# .'# .'# .'# .'#
3PIROGRAPH 2ETINA (OURGLASS !NT %SKIMO %YEOF*UPITER /WL "LUE0LANETARY
,ITTLE'HOST #ATgS%YE 2ING "LINKING%YE $UMBBELL 3ATURN (ELIX
2! HMS
$EC
MV
$IAM $IST 6EXP KPC KMS
A#OURTESYOF!RSEN2(AJIAN 53.AVAL/BSERVATORY4HECENTRALSTARHASMAGNITUDE M 4HEEXPANSION V
VELOCITY 6EXP ISGIVENFORTHELIGHTOF;/)))=;.))=INKILOMETERSPERSECOND ABBREVIATEDKMS THEANGULAR DIAMETERISINSECONDSOFARC DENOTED ANDTHEDISTANCEISINUNITSOFKILOPARSEC ORKPC WHEREKPC LIGHT YEARS
FTUJNBUFE BHF PG BCPVU NJMMJPO ZFBST TUJMM FONFTIFE JO B DMPVE PG EVTUZ HBT UIBU SFëFDUT UIF TUBSMJHIU BOE DSFBUFT UIF 1MFJBEFT PS .FSPQF SFëFDUJPO OFCVMB 4FF PQFO DMVTUFSBOESFëFDUJPOOFCVMB 1MVSBMJUZ PG XPSMET )ZQPUIFTJT UIBU UIF 6OJWFSTF DPOUBJOT JOIBCJUFE QMBOFUT PUIFS
UIBOUIF&BSUI 1MVUP " TNBMM QMBOFU EJTDPWFSFE BU UIF PVUFS FEHF PG UIF QMBOFUBSZ TZTUFN PO 'FCSVBSZCZ$MZEF8JMMJBN5PNCBVHI ¢ VTJOHUIFNFUFS JODI QIPUPHSBQIJDUFMFTDPQFBUUIF-PXFMM0CTFSWBUPSZ1MVUPNPWFTJOBIJHIMZFMPO HBUFEPSCJUUIBUDBSSJFTJUCFUXFFOBOE"6GSPNUIF4VO XJUIJOBOEPVUTJEFUIF PSCJUPG/FQUVOFѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS8JMMJBN)FOSZ1JDLFSJOH ¢
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
QSFEJDUFEUIFFYJTUFODFPGTVDIBQMBOFUJO DBMMJOHJU1MBOFU0 BOEJUXBTBMTP QSFEJDUFECZUIFXFBMUIZ"NFSJDBO1FSDJWBM-PXFMM n JO EVCCJOHJU 1MBOFU9#PUI1JDLFSJOHBOE-PXFMMTVHHFTUFEUIBUTVDIBQMBOFUNJHIUCFQSPEVD JOHOPUJDFBCMFQFSUVSCBUJPOTJOUIFBQQBSFOUNPUJPOPG6SBOVTCFZPOEUIPTFDBVTFE CZ/FQUVOF)PXFWFS BѫFSBDDPVOUJOHGPSUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMFĒFDUTPG/FQUVOF VTJOH B QSFDJTF NBTT PCUBJOFE XIFO 7PZBHFS FODPVOUFSFE UIF QMBOFU JO UIF TNBMM VOFYQMBJOFEEJĒFSFODFTCFUXFFOUIFQSFEJDUFEBOEPCTFSWFEMPDBUJPOTPG6SBOVTEJT BQQFBSFEѮJTNFBOTUIBU/FQUVOFJTUIFPVUFSNPTUNBKPSQMBOFUJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN *O+BNFT8$ISJTUZ ¢ PGUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT/BWBM0CTFSWBUPSZ OPUJDFEB WBSZJOHFMPOHBUJPOPOJNBHFTUBLFOUPSFêOFUIFPSCJUPG1MVUP SFBMJ[JOHUIBUUIFDIBOH JOHPSJFOUBUJPOPGUIFFMPOHBUJPOJNQMJFEUIBU1MVUPIBTBTBUFMMJUFBOEBOOPVODJOHUIF EJTDPWFSZPO+VMZ3PCFSU4)BSSJOHUPO ¢
BOPUIFSBTUSPOPNFSBU UIF/BWBM0CTFSWBUPSZ DBMDVMBUFEUIBU1MVUPBOEJUTNPPOXPVMEVOEFSHPBTFSJFTPG NVUVBMFDMJQTFTBOEPDDVMUBUJPOT CFHJOOJOHJOFBSMZѮFêSTUTVDDFTTGVMPCTFSWB UJPOPGPOFPGUIFTFFWFOUT PO'FCSVBSZ GVMMZDPOêSNFEUIFFYJTUFODFPGUIF TBUFMMJUF XIJDIXBTPēDJBMMZOBNFE$IBSPO*UNPWFTBSPVOE1MVUPBUBEJTUBODFPG LJMPNFUFST PODFFWFSZ&BSUIEBZT$IBSPOTTMPXSFWPMVUJPOBCPVU1MVUPJTB SFTVMUPG1MVUPTTNBMMNBTTmPOMZQFSDFOU PGUIF&BSUITNBTT1MVUPJTBMTP SFMBUJWFMZTNBMM XJUIBSBEJVTPGBCPVULJMPNFUFSTPSBCPVUPOFêѫIUIFTJ[FPG UIF&BSUI4P1MVUPJTNPTUMJLFMZKVTUPOFPGNBOZTJNJMBSTNBMMPCKFDUTMPDBUFEJOUIF ,VJQFSCFMUKVTUPVUTJEFUIFPSCJUPG/FQUVOF4FF,VJQFSCFMU 1PMBSJT ѮF CSJHIU TUBS UPXBSE XIJDI UIF OPSUIFSO FOE PG UIF &BSUIT SPUBUJPO BYJT OPXQPJOUT BMTPDBMMFEUIF/PSUI4UBS*UJTMPDBUFEBUUIFFOEPGUIFIBOEMFPGUIF-JUUMF %JQQFSJO6STB.JOPS BOEJTIFODFBMTPEFTJHOBUFEBT"MQIB6STBF.JOPSJT1PMBSJTJT BZFMMPXXIJUF'TVQFSHJBOUTUBSXJUIBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG"UBEJT UBODFPGMJHIUZFBST 1PMBSJTIBTBOBCTPMVUFNBHOJUVEFPGm TIJOJOHUJNFT NPSFCSJHIUMZUIFOUIF4VO1PMBSJTJTUIFTLZTCSJHIUFTU$FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTUBS CVUJU DIBOHFTCZBNFSFNBHOJUVEFT XJUIBQFSJPEPGEBZT BOFĒFDUUIBUJTJOWJTJCMF UPUIFVOBJEFEFZF1PMBSJTJTBCPVUIBMGBEFHSFFBXBZGSPNUIFOPSUIDFMFTUJBMQPMF UP XIJDIUIFSPUBUJPOBYJTQPJOUT CVUQSFDFTTJPOJTCSJOHJOH1PMBSJTDMPTFSUPUIFQPMF BOE JUXJMMCFDMPTFTUBSPVOEUIFZFBS"MTPBTUIFSFTVMUPGUIFZFBSQSFDFTTJPO UIF&BSUITSPUBUJPOBYJTJTTMPXMZNPWJOHBDSPTTUIFTLZ BOEJOZFBSTUIFDFMFTUJBM OPSUIQPMFXJMMCFMPDBUFEOFBSUIFCSJHIUTUBS7FHBBOEEFHSFFTBXBZGSPN1PMBSJT 4FF/PSUI4UBS QPMFTUBS BOEQSFDFTTJPO 1PMBSJUZ ѮFEJSFDUJPOBMJUZPGBNBHOFUPSNBHOFUJDêFME CFJOHOPSUIPSTPVUITFFLJOH "DDPSEJOHUPPOFDPOWFOUJPO NBHOFUJDMJOFTPGGPSDFFNFSHFGSPNSFHJPOTPGQPTJUJWF OPSUIQPMBSJUZBOESFFOUFSSFHJPOTPGOFHBUJWFTPVUIQPMBSJUZ)PXFWFS BNBHOFUJOB DPNQBTTJTNBSLFETPUIBUJUQPJOUTUPXBSEUIF&BSUITNBHOFUJD/PSUI1PMF 1PMBSJ[BUJPO 8IFOSBEJBUJPOJTQPMBSJ[FEJUTFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDWJCSBUJPOTBSFOPUSBO EPNMZPSJFOUFE CVUJOTUFBEIBWFBQSFGFSSFEEJSFDUJPO PTDJMMBUJOHJOBQMBOF4ZODISP USPOSBEJBUJPOJTQPMBSJ[FE 1PMF TUBS ѮFOFBSFTUOBLFEFZFTUBSUPUIFQSPKFDUJPOPGUIF&BSUITSPUBUJPOBMBYJT
POUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSF PSUIFDMPTFTUCSJHIUTUBSUPUIFOPSUIPSTPVUIDFMFTUJBMQPMF
(MPTTBSZ1
1PMBSJTJTOPXUIF/PSUI1PMFTUBS CVUJOBCPVUZFBSTJUXJMMCF7FHB4FF1PMBSJT BOEQSFDFTTJPO 1PMMVY "HJBOU,TUBSMJHIUZFBSTBXBZJOUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO(FN
JOJ1PMMVY BMTPOBNFE#FUB(FNJOPSVN IBTBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BOEIBTBOJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZUJNFTUIBUPG UIF4VO 1PQVMBUJPO*TUBS "SFMBUJWFMZZPVOHTUBSDPOUBJOJOHBIJHIBCVOEBODFPGNFUBMTUIBU
UFOETUPCFMPDBUFEJOUIFBSNTBOEEJTLPGTQJSBMHBMBYJFTѮF4VOJTB1PQVMBUJPO*TUBS 4FFTUFMMBSQPQVMBUJPOT 1PQVMBUJPO**TUBS "SFMBUJWFMZPMETUBSXIPTFBCVOEBODFPGIFBWZFMFNFOUTJTNVDI
MFTTUIBOUIBUPGUIF4VOBOEPUIFS1PQVMBUJPO*TUBST DPOTJTUJOHBMNPTUTPMFMZPGIZESP HFOBOEIFMJVNѮFZUFOEUPCFMPDBUFEJOFMMJQUJDBMHBMBYJFT UIFDFOUSBMSFHJPOTPG TQJSBMHBMBYJFTBOEHMPCVMBSTUBSDMVTUFST4FFHMPCVMBSDMVTUFS BOETUFMMBSQPQVMBUJPOT 1PTJUSPO " QPTJUJWFMZ DIBSHFE BOUJQBSUJDMF PG UIF FMFDUSPO OBNFE B QPTJUSPO GPS B iQPTJUJWFFMFDUSPOuѮFQPTJUSPOJTBTVCBUPNJDQBSUJDMFXJUIUIFNBTTPGUIFFMFDUSPO CVUBOFRVBMQPTJUJWFFMFDUSJDDIBSHF4FFBOUJNBUUFSBOECFUBEFDBZ 1PUFOUJBMFOFSHZ ѮFFOFSHZUIBUBOPCKFDUQPTTFTTFTBTBSFTVMUPGJUTQPTJUJPO 1PZOUJOH3PCFSUTPOFGGFDU *OUIF&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU+PIO1PZOUJOH ¢
TVHHFTUFEUIBUUIF4VOTSBEJBUJPODBVTFTTNBMMQBSUJDMFTPSCJUJOHUIF4VOUPHSBEVBMMZ BQQSPBDIJUBOEFWFOUVBMMZQMVOHFJOUPUIF4VO8IFOEVTUQBSUJDMFTCFUXFFOBNJDSPO BOEBDFOUJNFUFS PSCFUXFFOBOENFUFST JOTJ[FBCTPSCFOFSHZGSPNUIF 4VOBOESFSBEJBUFJU UIFZMPTFLJOFUJDFOFSHZBOEUIFJSPSCJUBMSBEJVTCFDPNFTTMJHIUMZ TNBMMFSѮF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU)PXBSE3PCFSUTPO ¢ EFWFMPQFEUIJTJEFB JO EFSJWJOHUIJTTPDBMMFE1PZOUJOH3PCFSUTPOFĒFDUGSPNUIFUIFPSZPGSFMBUJWJUZ 1SBFTFQF "OPQFOTUBSDMVTUFS EFTJHOBUFE. XIJDIJTBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTBXBZ JOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$BODFS*UJTBMTPLOPXOBTUIF#FFIJWFPSNBOHFS4FFPQFODMVTUFS 1SFDFTTJPO ѮFHZSBUJPOPGUIF&BSUITSPUBUJPOBMBYJTJOTQBDFXJUIBQFSJPEPGBCPVU ZFBST EJTDPWFSFEJOUIFTFDPOEDFOUVSZ#$CZUIF(SFFLBTUSPOPNFS)JQQBS DIVT D¢D#$ ѮFQSFDFTTJPOJTQSPEVDFECZUIFUJEBMBDUJPOPGUIF.PPO BOE4VOPOUIFFRVBUPSJBMCVMHFPGUIFTQJOOJOH&BSUI DBVTJOHJUUPXPCCMFMJLFBUPQ "TBSFTVMU UIF&BSUITBYJTPGSPUBUJPOTXFFQTPVUBDPOFJOTQBDF XJUIBOPQFOJOHBOHMF FRVBMUPUIFPCMJRVJUZPGUIFFDMJQUJD PSBCPVUEFHSFFT DPNQMFUJOHPOFDJSDVJUJO BCPVUZFBSTѮJTQSFDFTTJPODBVTFTBOFBTUUPXFTUNPWFNFOUPGUIFFRVJOPYFT BMPOHUIFFDMJQUJD BUUIFSBUFPGBCPVUTFDPOETPGBSDQFSZFBS PSTFDPOETPG UJNFQFSZFBS BOEJUJTUIFSFGPSFTPNFUJNFTDBMMFEUIFQSFDFTTJPOPGUIFFRVJOPYFT"T UIFSFTVMUPGQSFDFTTJPO UIFDFMFTUJBMDPPSEJOBUFTPGDPTNJDPCKFDUTBSFTMPXMZDIBOH JOH TPUIFTUBSTUIBUXFOPXTFFJONJEXJOUFSBSFOPUUIFPOFTTFFOCZUIFBODJFOUTJO NJEXJOUFS BMUIPVHIUIFTIJѫJTUPPTMPXUPCFOPUJDFECZUIFOBLFEFZFJOBOJOEJWJE VBMTMJGFUJNF"QFSJPEJDPTDJMMBUJPOPGUIF&BSUITSPUBUJPOBMBYJT LOPXOBTOVUBUJPO JT TVQFSJNQPTFEVQPOJUTQSFDFTTJPO4FFDFMFTUJBMDPPSEJOBUF FRVJOPY OVUBUJPO 1PMBSJT SJHIUBTDFOTJPO BOE7FSOBM&RVJOPY
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
'*( 0RECESSION4HEPOLEOFTHE%ARTHSROTATIONTRACESOUTACIRCLEONTHESKYONCEEVERY YEARS SWEEPINGOUTACONEWITHANANGULARRADIUSOFABOUTDEGREES4HE'REEK ASTRONOMER(IPPARCHUSLIVEDC "# DISCOVEREDTHISPRECESSIONINTHE NDCENTURY"#4HENORTHCELESTIAL POLENOWLIESNEARTHEBRIGHTSTAR 0OLARIS BUTASTHERESULTOFPRECESSION THEROTATIONALAXISWILLPOINTTOWARDS ANOTHERBRIGHTNORTHSTAR 6EGA IN ROUGHLYYEARS4HISMOTION OFTHE%ARTHSROTATIONALAXISALSO
CAUSESAPRECESSIONOFTHEEQUINOXES ANDTHEREFOREASLOWCHANGEINTHE CELESTIALCOORDINATESOFANYCOSMIC OBJECT4HE6ERNAL%QUINOXWILLMOVE THROUGHALLTHESIGNSOFTHEZODIACIN ABOUTYEARS
1SJNF GPDVT ѮFGPDBMQPJOUPGUIFPCKFDUJWFMFOTPSQSJNBSZNJSSPSPGBUFMFTDPQF
XJUIPVUBOZPUIFSPQUJDBMDPVOUFSQBSUTVDIBTBTFDPOEBSZNJSSPS 1SJNPSEJBMOVDMFPTZOUIFTJT ѮFDSFBUJPOPGMJHIUFMFNFOUTKVTUNJOVUFTBѫFSUIF#JH #BOH JODMVEJOHBMMPGUIFIZESPHFOBOEEFVUFSJVNOPXQSFTFOUJOUIF6OJWFSTFBOE NPTUPGUIFIFMJVN4FFOVDMFPTZOUIFTJT 1SPDZPO ѮFFJHIUICSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIFTLZ XJUIBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG MZJOHBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTJOUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$BOJT.JOPSѮF OBNF1SPDZPOJTEFSJWFEGSPNUIFBODJFOU(SFFLGPSiCFGPSFUIFEPHuPXJOHUPUIFGBDU UIBU1SPDZPOSJTFTCFGPSFUIFEPHTUBS4JSJVT1SPDZPOJTBMTPLOPXOBT"MQIB$BOJT .JOPSJTBOEUIFi-JUUMF%PH4UBSuPSi-FTTFS%PH4UBSuGSPNUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPOOBNF $BOJT.JOPS NFBOJOHi-JUUMF%PHu1SPDZPOJTBTVCHJBOUTUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF' BO BCTPMVUFNBHOJUVEFPG BOEBOJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZTFWFOUJNFTUIBUPGUIF4VO 1SPDZPOJTBTQFDUSPTDPQJDCJOBSZTUBSXJUIBQFSJPEPGZFBSTBOEBXIJUFEXBSG DPNQBOJPO 1SPNJOFODF "SFHJPOPGIJHIEFOTJUZ DPPM LFMWJOHBTFNCFEEFEJOUIFMPXFS QBSUPGUIFMPXEFOTJUZ IPU NJMMJPOEFHSFFTPMBSDPSPOB"QSPNJOFODFJTBQQBSFOUMZ TVTQFOEFEBCPWFUIFQIPUPTQIFSFCZNBHOFUJDêFMET*UDBOCFTFFOBUUIFMJNCPGUIF 4VOEVSJOHBTPMBSFDMJQTFPSXJUIBDPSPOBHSBQI"QSPNJOFODFJTBêMBNFOUWJFXFE PO UIF MJNC PG UIF 4VO JO UIF MJHIU PG UIF IZESPHFOBMQIB MJOF " RVJFTDFOU QSPNJ OFODFPDDVSTBXBZGSPNBDUJWFSFHJPOTBOEDBOMBTUGPSXFFLTPSNBOZNPOUIT"O BDUJWFQSPNJOFODFJTBTIPSUMJWFE IJHITQFFEFSVQUJPOBTTPDJBUFEXJUIBDUJWFSFHJPOT TVOTQPUTBOEëBSFT"OFSVQUJWFQSPNJOFODFJTPѫFOBTTPDJBUFEXJUIBDPSPOBMNBTT FKFDUJPO4FFBDUJWFSFHJPO DPSPOBHSBQI DPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPO êMBNFOU BOEIZESPHFO BMQIBMJOF 1SPQFS NPUJPO ѮF BQQBSFOU NPUJPO PG B TUBS BDSPTT UIF MJOF PG TJHIU BOE PO UIF
DFMFTUJBMTQIFSF PѫFOEFTJHOBUFEXJUIUIFTZNCPMʍ1SPQFSNPUJPOJTQFSQFOEJDVMBS
(MPTTBSZ1
UPUIFMJOFPGTJHIUUPUIFTUBS8IFOBTUBSTEJTUBODFJTLOPXO UIFQSPQFSNPUJPODBO CFDPOWFSUFEJOUPBUSBOTWFSTFWFMPDJUZѮ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
FWFSZBUPNPSTFUGSFFGSPNJU*OUIF/FX;FBMBOECPSO#SJUJTIQIZTJDJTU&SOFTU 3VUIFSGPSE ¢ BOOPVODFE UIBU UIF NBTTJWF OVDMFJ PG BMM BUPNT BSF DPN QPTFEPGUIFQPTJUJWFMZDIBSHFEIZESPHFOOVDMFJ XIJDIIFOBNFEQSPUPOTѮFOVDMFVT PGBIZESPHFOBUPNJTBQSPUPOѮFBUPNJDOVNCFS EFOPUFECZ; TQFDJêFTUIFOVN CFSPGQSPUPOTJOUIFOVDMFVTPGBOZBUPNѮFQSPUPOIBTBNBTTPG LJMPHSBNT BOEBNBTTFOFSHZFRVJWBMFOUUP.F7"QSPUPOJTUJNFTNPSF NBTTJWFUIBOBOFMFDUSPO4FFBUPNJDOVNCFSBOEOVDMFPO 1SPUPOQSPUPODIBJO "CCSFWJBUFEQQDIBJO BTFRVFODFPGUIFSNPOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOTJO
XIJDIIZESPHFOOVDMFJ PSQSPUPOT BSFUSBOTGPSNFEJOUPIFMJVNOVDMFJѮF(FSNBOCPSO "NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU)BOT#FUIF ¢ QSPQPTFEUIFEFUBJMTPGUIFQSPUPOQSPUPO DIBJOPGUIFSNPOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOTJOm*UJTUIFNBJOTPVSDFPGFOFSHZJOUIF4VOBOE PGBMMNBJOTFRVFODFTUBSTXJUIBNBTTMFTTUIBOUJNFTUIF4VOTNBTT*OUIFêSTUTUBHF PGUIFQSPUPOQSPUPODIBJO UXPQSPUPOTDPNCJOFUPGPSNBEFVUFSJVNOVDMFVT SFMFBTJOH BQPTJUSPO BOFVUSJOPBOESBEJBUJPO*OUIFTFDPOETUBHFUIFEFVUFSJVNOVDMFVTDPNCJOFT XJUIBQSPUPOUPGPSNBOJTPUPQFPGIFMJVN EFOPUFE )F BHBJOSFMFBTJOHSBEJBUJPO*O UIFMBTUTUBHF UXP)FOVDMFJDPNCJOFUPGPSNUIFOPSNBMIFMJVNOVDMFVT EFOPUFE)F SFMFBTJOHUXPQSPUPOTBOESBEJBUJPO0WFSBMM GPVSQSPUPOTBSFDPOWFSUFEJOUPPOFIFMJVN OVDMFVT XJUIUIFNBTTEJĒFSFODFSFMFBTFEBTFOFSHZ4FFIZESPHFOCVSOJOH 1SPUPOQSPUPOSFBDUJPO 4FFQSPUPOQSPUPODIBJO 1SPUPQMBOFU " CPEZ GPSNFE CZ UIF BDDSFUJPO PG QMBOFUFTJNBMT XJUIJO B QSPUPQMBO
FUBSZEJTLѮFDPMMJTJPOBOEHSBWJUBUJPOBMDPBMFTDFODFPGQSPUPQMBOFUTSFTVMUFEJOUIF GPSNBUJPOPGQMBOFUT XJUIJOPVS4PMBS4ZTUFNBOEBSPVOEPUIFSTUBST4FFQMBOFUFTJNBM BOEQSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTL 1SPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTL "EJTLPGEVTUBOEHBTSPUBUJOHBCPVUBZPVOHTUBS SFQSFTFOU
JOHUIFFBSMZTUBHFTPGQMBOFUGPSNBUJPOUISPVHIUIFHBUIFSJOHUPHFUIFSPGQMBOFUFTJ NBMTBOEQSPUPQMBOFUTѮFQSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTLPGUIF4PMBS4ZTUFNJTLOPXOBTUIF TPMBSOFCVMB1SPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTLTIBWFCFFOEFUFDUFEBUJOGSBSFEXBWFMFOHUIT êSTU JOXJUIUIF*OGSB3FE"TUSPOPNJDBM4BUFMMJUF BOETJODFXJUIUIF4QJU[FS 4QBDF 5FMFTDPQF *OTUSVNFOUT BCPBSE UIF )VCCMF 4QBDF 5FMFTDPQF IBWF EJTDPWFSFE OVNFSPVTQSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTLTBUWJTJCMFMJHIUXBWFMFOHUIT QBSUJDVMBSMZTVSSPVOE JOHZPVOHTUBSTJOUIF0SJPO/FCVMB4FF0SJPO/FCVMB QMBOFUFTJNBM QSPUPQMBOFU TPMBSOFCVMBBOE7FHB
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
1SPUPTUBS "OFNCSZPOJDTUBSJOUIFQSPDFTTPGGPSNBUJPO XIJDIJTMVNJOPVTPXJOH UPUIF SFMFBTF PG HSBWJUBUJPOBM QPUFOUJBM FOFSHZ GSPN UIF JOGBMM PG OFCVMB NBUFSJBM "QSPUPTUBS IBT OPU ZFU CFHVO UP TIJOF CZ OVDMFBS GVTJPO JO JUT DPSF 1SPUPTUBST BSF GPSNFEXIFOEFOTFDMVNQTPGHBTBOEEVTUDPMMBQTFXJUIJONBTTJWFNPMFDVMBSDMPVET ѮFZBSFFYDFQUJPOBMMZCSJHIUBUJOGSBSFEXBWFMFOHUIT0CTFSWBUJPOTBUJOGSBSFEXBWF MFOHUITDBOEFUFDUQSPUPTUBSTXJUIJOEBSLDMPVET4FFNPMFDVMBSDMPVE 1SPYJNB $FOUBVSJ ѮFDMPTFTUTUBSUPUIF&BSUIPUIFSUIBOUIF4VO XJUIBQBSBMMBY
PGTFDPOETPGBSDBOEMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBSTGSPNUIF&BSUI 1SPYJNB$FOUBVSJJTBSFE.EXBSGTUBS XJUIBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG "MTPLOPXOBT"MQIB$FOUBVSJ$ UIFTUBS1SPYJNB$FOUBVSJJTUIFOFBSFTUBOEGBJOUFTU PGUIFUISFFTUBSTJOUIF"MQIB$FOUBVSJTZTUFN MPDBUFEKVTUMJHIUZFBSTDMPTFSUIBO UIFDFOUSBM CSJHIUFSQBJS4FF"MQIB$FOUBVSJBOEQBSBMMBY 143 "DSPOZNGPSQVMTBS 143 "QVMTBSJOUIF$SBC/FCVMBTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU TQJOOJOHUJNFTB
TFDPOE EJTDPWFSFEJO 143 ¦ "QVMTBSXJUIBQFSJPEPGNJMMJTFDPOET EJTDPWFSFEJOJOUIF
7FMBTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU 143 " QVMTBS JO UIF DPOTUFMMBUJPO 7JSHP UIBU IBT B MFBTU UXP &BSUITJ[FE
QMBOFUTEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOSBEJPBTUSPOPNFST"MFLTBOEFS8PMT[D[BO ¢ BOE%BMF"'SBJM ¢ ѮFQVMTBSJTMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGBCPVU MJHIUZFBSTGSPNUIF&BSUI BOEXBTUIFêSTUTUBS PUIFSUIBOUIF4VO UPCFLOPXOUP IBWFBQMBOFUPSCJUJOHJU4FF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZ 143 " CJOBSZ QVMTBS EJTDPWFSFE JO CZ UIF "NFSJDBO SBEJP BTUSPOP NFST3VTTFMM")VMTF ¢ BOE+PTFQI)5BZMPS+S ¢
DPOTJTUJOHPGPOF QVMTBSBOEBOPUIFSOFVUSPOTUBSSFWPMWJOHBCPVUFBDIPUIFS*UIBTCFFOVTFEUPUFTUUIF (FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ BOEUPQSPWJEFFWJEFODFGPSUIFFYJTUFODFPGHSBWJUBUJPOBM SBEJBUJPO4FF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZBOECJOBSZQVMTBS 143 ѮFêSTUNJMMJTFDPOEQVMTBSUPCFEJTDPWFSFE JOCZUIF"NFSJ
DBOSBEJPBTUSPOPNFS%POBME$#BDLFS ¢ VTJOHUIF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZѮF SBEJPQVMTFTSFQFBUXJUIBQFSJPEPGNJMMJTFDPOET4FF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZ BOE NJMMJTFDPOEQVMTBS 143 ѮFêSTUQVMTBSUPCFEJTDPWFSFE CZUIF*SJTIBTUSPOPNFS+PDFMZO#FMM ¢ JOXIJMFBHSBEVBUFTUVEFOUXPSLJOHVOEFSUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIF&OHMJTI SBEJPBTUSPOPNFS"OUPOZ)FXJTI ¢ 1UPMFNBJD DPTNPMPHZ "EFTDSJQUJPOPGUIFBQQBSFOUNPUJPOTPGUIFQMBOFUT .PPO BOE4VOBSPVOEUIF&BSUI4FFFQJDZDMF 1VMTBS "OPCKFDUFNJUUJOHQFSJPEJDQVMTFTPGSBEJPSBEJBUJPO CFMJFWFEUPCFBSPUBU JOH OFVUSPO TUBS GPSNFE BT UIF BѫFSNBUI PG B TVQFSOPWB FYQMPTJPO " QVMTBS JT OPU QVMTBUJOH CVUJUJOTUFBEBDUTMJLFBMJHIUIPVTFUIBUTFOETBCFBNPGSBEJBUJPOTXFFQJOH QBTU&BSUIFWFSZUJNFJUTQJOTѮFSFQFUJUJPOQFSJPEPGQVMTBSTJTFYUSFNFMZSFHVMBS
(MPTTBSZ1
'*( 0ULSARnRADIO!SPINNINGNEUTRONSTARHASAPOWERFULMAGNETIC lELDWHOSEAXISINTERSECTSTHENORTHANDSOUTHMAGNETICPOLES4HEROTAT INGlELDSGENERATESTRONGELECTRICCURRENTSANDACCELERATEELECTRONS WHICH EMITANINTENSE NARROWBEAMOFRADIORADIATIONFROMEACHMAGNETICPOLE "ECAUSETHEMAGNETIClELDAXISISINCLINEDTOTHENEUTRONSTARSROTATION AXIS THESEBEAMSWHEELAROUNDTHESKYASTHENEUTRONSTARROTATES ONCE PERREVOLUTION)FONEOFTHEBEAMSSWEEPSACROSSTHE%ARTH ABRIGHTPULSE OFRADIOEMISSION CALLEDAPULSAR ISOBSERVEDONCEPERROTATIONOFTHE NEUTRONSTAR!WINDOFCHARGEDPARTICLESALSOSTREAMSFROMTHEPOLESBUT GETSSWEPTAROUNDTOSPRAYINALLDIRECTIONSASTHElELDROTATES
SFRVJSJOHBUPNJDDMPDLTUPEFUFDUBOZDIBOHFTѮF*SJTIBTUSPOPNFSBOEHSBEVBUFTUV EFOU +PDFMZO #FMM ¢ BOE IFS SFTFBSDI BEWJTPS UIF &OHMJTI SBEJP BTUSPOPNFS "OUPOZ )FXJTI ¢ EJTDPWFSFE UIF êSTU QVMTBS JO BU UIF .VMMBSE 3BEJP "TUSPOPNZ 0CTFSWBUPSZ JO $BNCSJEHF &OHMBOE ѮFZ XFSF TUVEZJOH SBQJE ëVDUVB UJPOTPGFYUSBHBMBDUJDSBEJPTPVSDFTUIJTUXJOLMJOHPSTDJOUJMMBUJPOJTQSPEVDFECZUIF TPMBSXJOEѮFêSTUSBEJPQVMTBSUPCFEJTDPWFSFEJTEFTJHOBUFE143GPSJUT DFMFTUJBMDPPSEJOBUFT BOEJUIBEBQFSJPEPGTFDPOET*O"NFSJDBO BTUSPQIZTJDJTU ѮPNBT (PME ¢ QSPQPTFE UIBU QVMTBST BSF IJHIMZ NBHOF UJ[FE SBQJEMZSPUBUJOHOFVUSPOTUBST QSFEJDUJOHUIBUQVMTBSTXJUINVDITIPSUFSQFSJPET XPVMECFGPVOEBOEUIBUUIFJSQVMTBSQFSJPETXJMMMFOHUIFOBTUIFOFVUSPOTUBSMPTFT SPUBUJPOBMFOFSHZ)JTQSFEJDUJPOTXFSFDPOêSNFEJOXIFOBQVMTBSXBTEJTDPW FSFETQJOOJOHUJNFTBTFDPOEJOUIF$SBC/FCVMBTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU BOETVCTF
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
'*( 0ULSARn8 RAY-ATERIALFROMANORMALVISIBLE LIGHTSTARSPILLSOVERONTOITS COMPANION ANINVISIBLENEUTRONSTAR4HEmOWOFGASISDIVERTEDBYTHEPOWERFULMAGNETIC lELDSOFTHENEUTRONSTAR WHICHCHANNELSTHEIN FALLINGMATERIALONTOTHEMAGNETICPOLARCAPS 4HEIMPACTOFTHEGASONTHESTARSSURFACECREATESAPAIROF8 RAYHOTSPOTSALIGNEDALONG THEMAGNETICAXISATEACHMAGNETICCAP"ECAUSETHEMAGNETIClELDAXISISINCLINEDTOTHE NEUTRONSTARSROTATIONAXIS THE8 RAYRADIATIONFROMTHEHOTSPOTSSWEEPSACROSSTHESKYONCE PERREVOLUTION PRODUCINGTHEAPPEARANCEOFPERIODIC8 RAYPULSATIONSIFONEOFTHEHOTSPOTS INTERSECTSTHEOBSERVERSLINEOFSIGHT
RVFOUMZGPVOEUPIBWFBOJODSFBTJOHQFSJPE*OUIF"NFSJDBOSBEJPBTUSPOPNFST 3VTTFMM")VMTF ¢ BOE+PTFQI)5BZMPS+S ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUIFCJOBSZ SBEJPQVMTBS143 XIJDIDPOTJTUTPGUXPOFVUSPOTUBST POFSBEJPMPVEBOEUIF PUIFSSBEJPRVJFU JOPSCJUBCPVUBDPNNPODFOUFSPGNBTT"DDVSBUFUJNJOHPCTFSWB UJPOTPGUIFSBEJPQVMTBSJOEJDUFEUIBUUIFUXPOFVUSPOTUBSTBSFTMPXMZBQQSPBDIJOH FBDIPUIFS MPTJOHPSCJUBMFOFSHZBUUIFSBUFFYQFDUFEJGUIFZBSFFNJUUJOHHSBWJUBUJPOBM XBWFT*OUIF"NFSJDBOSBEJPBTUSPOPNFS%POBME$#BDLFS ¢ EJTDPWFSFE UIFêSTUNJMMJTFDPOEQVMTBS EFTJHOBUFE143 XJUIBQFSJPEPGNJMMJTFD POET "OPUIFS NJMMJTFDPOE QVMTBS 143 XJUI B QFSJPE PG NJMMJTFDPOET XBTEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS"MFLTBOEFS8PMT[D[BO ¢ BDDVSBUFUJNJOHPCTFSWBUJPOTPGUIJTQVMTBSSFTVMUFEJOUIFEJTDPWFSZPGUXP&BSUI TJ[FEQMBOFUTPSCJUJOH143*OTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEUIF6IVSVTBUFMMJUF MBVODIFE JO EJTDPWFSFESFQFBUJOHQVMTFTPG9SBZSBEJBUJPO XJUIQFSJPETPGBCPVUBTFDPOE ѮFTF9SBZQVMTBST TVDIBT$FOUBVSVT9BOE)FSDVMFT9 BSFCJOBSZTUBSTXJUI UIFOFVUSPOTUBSDPNQPOFOUQVMMJOHJONBUUFSGSPNBOFBSCZWJTJCMFMJHIUDPNQBOJPO 9SBZTBSFFNJUUFECZUIFHBTGBMMJOHJOUPUIFOFVUSPOTUBS"TUIFSFTVMUPGUIJTBDDSFUJPO PG NBUUFS UIF SPUBUJOH OFVUSPO TUBST BSF HBJOJOH SPUBUJPOBM FOFSHZ BOE TQFFEJOH VQ XJUITIPSUFSQVMTBUJPOQFSJPEBTUJNFHPFTPO*OEJWJEVBMSBEJPQVMTBSTTVDIBTUIF$SBC /FCVMB BOE 7FJM /FCVMB QVMTBST IBWF BMTP CFFO EFUFDUFE BU 9SBZ XBWFMFOHUIT XJUI UIF$IBOESB9SBZ0CTFSWBUPSZ4FF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZ CJOBSZQVMTBS $FOUBVSVT 9 $SBC /FCVMB FYUSBTPMBS QMBOFU HSBWJUBUJPOBM SBEJBUJPO )FSDVMFT 9 NJMMJTFD POEQVMTBS .VMMBSE3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZ OFVUSPOTUBS 143 143 143 BOE6IVSV.JTTJPO
(MPTTBSZ1
1VMTBUJOHTUBS "WBSJBCMFTUBSUIBUQVMTBUFT CSJHIUFOJOHBOEEJNNJOHBTJUNPWFTJO
BOEPVUѮF$FQIFJEBOE33-ZSBFTUBSTBSFFYBNQMFTPGQVMTBUJOHTUBSTѮFCSJHIU $FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTUBSTIBWFBQFSJPEMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPOUIBUJTVTFGVMGPSEFUFSNJOJOH UIFEJTUBODFTPGUIFTUBST BOEUIFHBMBYJFTPSHMPCVMBSTUBSDMVTUFSTUIFZBSFMPDBUFEJO 4FF$FQIFJEWBSJBCMF %FMUB$FQIFJ QFSJPEMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPO BOE33-ZSBF
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
2 2VBOESBOUJET "TUSPOHNFUFPSTIPXFSPDDVSSJOHEVSJOHUIFêSTUXFFLPG+BOVBSZ XJUI B NBYJNVN PO UP +BOVBSZ BOE B SBEJBOU JO UIF DPOTUFMMBUJPO #PÕUFT ѮF NFUFPSTIPXFSTOBNFJTEFSJWFEGSPNBOPMEDPOTUFMMBUJPO2VBESBOT.VSBMJT XIJDIJT OPMPOHFSPēDJBMMZSFDPHOJ[FE4FFNFUFPSTIPXFS 2VBOUVN NFDIBOJDT ѮF UIFPSZ PG BUPNJD BOE TVCBUPNJD TZTUFNT CBTFE PO UIF OPUJPOPGRVBOUJ[FEFOFSHZJOSBEJBUJPO UIFQIPUPOT BOEJOUIFBOHVMBSNPNFOUVN BOEFOFSHZMFWFMTPGFMFDUSPOTJOBUPNT BSJTJOHGSPNUIFGBJMVSFPGDMBTTJDBMDPODFQUTPG XBWFTPSQBSUJDMFTJOEJWJEVBMMZUPEFTDSJCFTVDITZTUFNT4FFVODFSUBJOUZQSJODJQMF 2VBOUVNUVOOFMJOH 4FFUVOOFMFĒFDU 2VBTBS "SFMBUJWFMZDPNQBDU WFSZEJTUBOU BOEFYUSFNFMZMVNJOPVTPCKFDUUIBUFNJUT SBEJBUJPOPWFSBXJEFSBOHFPGXBWFMFOHUITGSPN9SBZUPPQUJDBMBOESBEJPXBWFMFOHUIT "RVBTBSDBOHFOFSBUFPWFSBUSJMMJPOUJNFTBTNVDISBEJBUJPOBTUIF4VO GSPNBSFHJPO DPNQBSBCMFJOTJ[FUPUIF4PMBS4ZTUFNѮFXPSEiRVBTBSuJTEFSJWFEGSPNRVBTJTUFMMBS SBEJPTPVSDFT CFDBVTFUIJTUZQFPGPCKFDUXBTEJTDPWFSFECZEFUFSNJOJOHUIFEJTUBODFT PSSFETIJѫT UPUXPQPXFSGVMSBEJPTPVSDFT EFOPUFE$BOE$ BOEUIFTNBMM BOHVMBSFYUFOUPGUIFJSTUBSMJLFJNBHFTBUêSTUTVHHFTUFEUIBUUIFZXFSFTUBST2VBTBST BSFBDUVBMMZWFSZDPNQBDUFYUSBHBMBDUJDPCKFDUTXJUIFYDFQUJPOBMMZMBSHFSFETIJѫTBOE EJTUBODFTPGCJMMJPOTPGMJHIUZFBST TPNFUJNFTFNJUUJOHOPEFUFDUBCMFSBEJPSBEJBUJPO BOEUIPVHIUUPCFUIFOVDMFJPGZPVOHHBMBYJFTѮFêSTURVBTBSUPCFEJTDPWFSFEXBT $ XIPTFMBSHFSFETIJѫXBTEJTDPWFSFECZUIF%VUDICPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS .BBSUFO4DINJEU ¢
VTJOHBOBDDVSBUFSBEJPQPTJUJPOPCUBJOFECZUIF&OHMJTI SBEJPBTUSPOPNFS$ZSJM)B[BSE ¢ BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTEVSJOHBMVOBSPDDVMUBUJPO PG$2VBTBSTBSFUIFCSJHIUFTUUZQFPGBDUJWFHBMBDUJDOVDMFVTBOEBSFNPTUMJLFMZ QPXFSFECZBTVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMFѮFSBEJBUJPOXFOPXEFUFDUGSPNUIFEJTUBOU RVBTBSTXBTFNJUUFEMPOHBHPXIFOUIF6OJWFSTFXBTZPVOH4FFBDUJWFHBMBDUJDOVDMFVT HBNNBSBZCVSTU BOETVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF 2VJOUFTTFODF ѮFêѫI IFBWFOMZFMFNFOUJOBODJFOU(SFFLDPTNPMPHZ XIJDITVQQMF
NFOUTUIFGPVSUFSSFTUSJBMFMFNFOUTFBSUI BJS êSFBOEXBUFS2VJOUFTTFODFJTBMTPUIF OBNFHJWFOUPBIZQPUIFUJDBMBOUJHSBWJUZGPSDFUIBUNBZBDDFMFSBUFUIF6OJWFSTF4FF EBSLFOFSHZ
(MPTTBSZ3
3 3BEBS "GPSNPGSBEJPPCTFSWBUJPOJOXIJDIBTJHOBMJTFNJUUFEBOEUIFSFëFDUFETJH OBMJTSFDFJWFEBOETUVEJFE"DSPOZNGPS3"EJP%FUFDUJPO"OE3BOHJOHѮF4DPUUJTI FOHJOFFS3PCFSU8BUTPO8BUU ¢ QBUFOUFEIJTêSTUiSBEJPMPDBUPSuJO BOEQBSUJDJQBUFEJOUIFTVCTFRVFOUEFWFMPQNFOUPGSBEBS XIJDICFDBNFGVMMZSFBMJ[FE CZ"NFSJDBOBOE#SJUJTITDJFOUJTUTEVSJOH8PSME8BS** m "ѫFSUIFXBS SBEBS XBT VTFE UP NFBTVSF UIF EJTUBODF SPUBUJPO BOE UPQPHSBQIZ PG UIF .PPO BOE OFBSCZQMBOFUT4FF.FSDVSZ SBEBSBTUSPOPNZ BOE7FOVT 3BEBSBTUSPOPNZ ѮFVTFPGSBEBSUPEFUFSNJOFUIFEJTUBODF SPUBUJPO BOESBEJPSFëFD UJPODIBSBDUFSJTUJDTPGDPTNJDPCKFDUT%JTUBODFDBOCFEFUFSNJOFEGSPNUIFUJNFEFMBZ CFUXFFOUIFUSBOTNJTTJPOPGBSBEBSQVMTFBOEUIFSFDFQUJPOPGUIFiFDIPuKVTUNVMUJQMZ UIFUJNFEFMBZCZUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUBOEEJWJEFCZUXP3PUBUJPODBOCFJOGFSSFEGSPN UIF%PQQMFSFĒFDUCSPBEFOJOHPGUIFXBWFMFOHUIPGUIFSFUVSOFESBEBSTJHOBM3BEJPFOHJ OFFSTXJUIUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT"SNZ4JHOBM$PSQT-BCPSBUPSZêSTUSFDPSEFESBEBSFDIP TJHOBMTGSPNUIF.PPOPO+BOVBSZ BQQSPYJNBUFMZTFDPOETBѫFSUSBOTNJTTJPO UIF )VOHBSJBO FMFDUSJDBM FOHJOFFS ;PMUBO #BZ ¢ SFQFBUFE UIF BDDPNQMJTI NFOUBNPOUIMBUFS3BEBSNFBTVSFNFOUTPGUIFQMBOFUT7FOVTBOE.FSDVSZGSPNUIF "SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZ êSTUSFQPSUFECZUIF"NFSJDBOTDJFOUJTU*SXJO*4IBQJSP ¢ JOGPS7FOVTBOECZUIF"NFSJDBOTDJFOUJTUT(PSEPO)1FUUFOHJMM ¢ BOE 3PMG#%ZDF ¢ JOGPS.FSDVSZ JOEJDBUFUIBU.FSDVSZSPUBUFTXJUIBQFSJPE PG&BSUIEBZT KVTUPGJUTPSCJUBMQFSJPEPG&BSUIEBZTBOEUIBU7FOVT SPUBUFT XJUI B QFSJPE PG &BSUI EBZT JO UIF SFUSPHSBEF EJSFDUJPO MPOHFS UIBO 7FOVTPSCJUBMQFSJPEPG&BSUIEBZTѮFEJTUBODFPG7FOVT BOEIFODFUIFBTUSP OPNJDBM VOJU PS NFBO EJTUBODF GSPN UIF &BSUI UP UIF 4VO XBT BMTP BDDVSBUFMZ EFUFS NJOFE CZ SBEBS NFBTVSFNFOUT JO UIF T GSPN UIF "SFDJCP 0CTFSWBUPSZ BOE GSPN /"4"T(PMETUPOFUSBDLJOHTUBUJPOBOEUIF+PESFMM#BOL0CTFSWBUPSZ#FHJOOJOHJO UIFSBEBSJOTUSVNFOUBCPBSEUIF.BHFMMBOTQBDFDSBѫTQFOUNPSFUIBOGPVSZFBSTNBQ QJOHPVUUIFTVSGBDFPG7FOVTJOHSFBUEFUBJM4FF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZ BTUSPOPNJDBMVOJU .BHFMMBO.JTTJPO .FSDVSZ SBEBS BOE7FOVT 3BEJBMWFMPDJUZ ѮFTQFFEBUXIJDIBOPCKFDUJTBQQBSFOUMZNPWJOHFJUIFSUPXBSE
PSBXBZGSPNBOPCTFSWFSBMPOHUIFMJOFPGTJHIUѮF%PQQMFSFĒFDUNFBTVSFTUIF SBEJBMWFMPDJUZ BOEUIFMBSHFSUIF%PQQMFSTIJѫJOXBWFMFOHUIUIFHSFBUFSUIFSBEJBM WFMPDJUZѮFSBEJBMWFMPDJUZJTBSFMBUJWFWFMPDJUZ DPOTJTUJOHPGCPUIUIFPCTFSWFST NPUJPO BMPOH UIF MJOF PG TJHIU BOE UIF PCKFDUT NPUJPO BMPOH UIF MJOF PG TJHIU 5P EFUFSNJOFBOPCKFDUTUSVFWFMPDJUZJOTQBDF JUJTOFDFTTBSZUPLOPXUIFPCTFSWFST NPUJPO BMPOH UIF MJOF PG TJHIU BOE BMTP UP LOPX UIF PCKFDUT USBOTWFSTF WFMPDJUZ XIJDIJTBDSPTTUIFMJOFPGTJHIU4FF%PQQMFSFĒFDU %PQQMFSTIJѫ QSPQFSNPUJPO BOESFETIJѫ 3BEJBO "EJNFOTJPOMFTTVOJUPGBOHVMBSNFBTVSFFRVBMUPTFDPOETPG
BSDѮFSFBSFPSBEJBOTJOBGVMMDJSDMFPGEFHSFFT XIFSFP
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4!",% 2ADIOACTIVE)SOTOPES 2ADIOACTIVE0ARENT ;.AME3YMBOL -ASS.O=
2UBIDIUM2B 2HENIUM2E ,UTETIUM,U 4HORIUM4H 5RANIUM5 0OTASSIUM+ 5RANIUM5 3AMARIUM3M 0LUTONIUM0U )ODINE) 0ALLADIUM0D -ANGANESE-N !LUMINUM!L
3TABLE$AUGHTER ;.AME3YMBOL -ASS.O=
3TRONTIUM3R /SMIUM/S (AFNIUM(F ,EAD0B ,EAD0B !RGON!R ,EAD0B .EODYMIUM.D 4HORIUM4H 8ENON8E 3ILVER!G #HROMIUM#R -AGNESIUM-G
(ALF LIFE YEARS
3BEJBOU ѮFQPJOUPOUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSFGSPNXIJDIBNFUFPSTIPXFSTFFNTUPDPNF EFTJHOBUFECZUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPOUIBUQPJOUJTJO 3BEJBUJPO " QSPDFTT UIBU DBSSJFT FOFSHZ UISPVHI TQBDF 4FF FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
SBEJBUJPO 3BEJBUJPO CFMU "SJOHTIBQFESFHJPOBSPVOEBQMBOFUJOXIJDIFMFDUSJDBMMZDIBSHFE QBSUJDMFTmFMFDUSPOT QSPUPOT BOEPUIFSJPOTmBSFUSBQQFE GPMMPXJOHTQJSBMUSBKFDUPSJFT BSPVOEUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIFNBHOFUJDêFMEPGUIFQMBOFUѮFNBJOSBEJBUJPOCFMUTTVS SPVOEJOHUIF&BSUIBSFLOPXOBTUIF7BO"MMFOCFMUT DPOUBJOJOHFMFDUSPOTPSQSPUPOT UIBUBSFNBJOMZGSPNUIFTPMBSXJOE4JNJMBSSFHJPOTFYJTUBSPVOEPUIFSQMBOFUTXJUI NBHOFUJD êFMET TVDI BT +VQJUFS ѮF &BSUI BMTP IBT BO JOOFS SBEJBUJPO CFMU DPOUBJO JOH JPOT PG NBUFSJBM GSPN JOUFSTUFMMBS TQBDF 4FF 7BO "MMFO CFMUT BOE 4PVUI "UMBOUJD "OPNBMZ 3BEJBUJPOQSFTTVSF ѮFQSFTTVSFFYFSUFECZFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOPSQIPUPOT
3BEJBUJPO QSFTTVSF DBO DPNQFUF XJUI HBT QSFTTVSF JO TVQQPSUJOH HJBOU TUBST BOE JU CMPXT UIF EVTU UBJMT PG DPNFUT BXBZ GSPN UIF 4VO *O UIF &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS "SUIVS &EEJOHUPO ¢ TIPXFE UIBU SBEJBUJPO QSFTTVSF NVTU TUBOE XJUI HSBWJUBUJPOBOEHBTQSFTTVSFBTUIFUIJSENBKPSGBDUPSJONBJOUBJOJOHUIFFRVJMJCSJVN PGBTUBS*OIFEFSJWFEUIFNBTTMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPOPGTUBSTBTTVNJOHUIBUUIFZ XFSFTVQQPSUFECZHBTBOESBEJBUJPOQSFTTVSF4FFHBTQSFTTVSFBOENBTTMVNJOPTJUZ SFMBUJPO 3BEJBUJWF [POF "O JOUFSJPS MBZFS PG UIF 4VO MZJOH CFUXFFO UIF FOFSHZHFOFSBUJOH DPSFBOEUIFDPOWFDUJWF[POF XIFSFFOFSHZUSBWFMTPVUXBSECZSBEJBUJPO
(MPTTBSZ3
3BEJP 4FFSBEJPSBEJBUJPO 3BEJPBDUJWFEFDBZ 4FFSBEJPBDUJWJUZ 3BEJPBDUJWJUZ ѮFTQPOUBOFPVTEFDBZPGDFSUBJOSBSF VOTUBCMF IFBWZOVDMFJJOUPNPSF TUBCMFMJHIUOVDMFJ XJUIUIFSFMFBTFPGFOFSHZBOEUIFFNJTTJPOPGQBSUJDMFT JODMVEJOH FMFDUSPOT IFMJVNOVDMFJBOEOFVUSJOPTѮFQSPDFTTCZXIJDIDFSUBJOLJOETPGBUPNJD OVDMFJOBUVSBMMZEFDPNQPTFPSEFDBZ XJUIUIFTQPOUBOFPVTFNJTTJPOPGTVCBUPNJDQBS UJDMFTBOEHBNNBSBZT BOEHPWFSOFECZUIFXFBLOVDMFBSGPSDF4FFBMQIBEFDBZ CFUB EFDBZ HBNNBSBZSBEJBUJPO JTPUPQF OFVUSJOP BOEXFBLOVDMFBSGPSDF 3BEJPBTUSPOPNZ ѮFJOWFTUJHBUJPOPGUIFSBEJPSBEJBUJPOPGDPTNJDPCKFDUT4FFDPT NJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO RVBTBS SBEJPHBMBYZ SBEJPSBEJBUJPO TZODISP USPOSBEJBUJPO BOEUXFOUZPOFDFOUJNFUFSMJOF 3BEJPHBMBYZ "HBMBYZUIBUFNJUTJOUFOTFSBEJPSBEJBUJPO PѫFOGSPNUXPMPCFTBQQBS FOUMZIVSMFEPVUGSPNBDFOUSBMFMMJQUJDBMHBMBYZѮFCJHHFTUSBEJPHBMBYJFTIBWFMPCFT TFQBSBUFECZBCPVUNJMMJPOMJHIUZFBST DPNQBSBCMFJOTJ[FUPBUZQJDBMDMVTUFSPGHBM BYJFT"SBEJPHBMBYZTIJOFTCZUIFTZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPOPGFOFSHFUJDFMFDUSPOTTQJSBM JOHBCPVUBNBHOFUJDêFMEBOEUSBWFMJOHOFBSUIFTQFFEPGMJHIU*OUIF"NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS3PHFS%#MBOEGPSE ¢ BOE&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS.BSUJO3FFT ¢ QSPQPTFEUIBUUIFSBEJPMPCFTPGSBEJPHBMBYJFTBSFGFECZKFUTPGIJHIFOFSHZFMFDUSPOT TFOUPVUBMPOHUIFSPUBUJPOBYJTPGBSPUBUJOH TVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMFJOUIFFMMJQUJDBM HBMBYZ4FFCMBDLIPMF $ZHOVT" TVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF BOETZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPO 3BEJPJOUFSGFSPNFUFS ѮFFMFDUSPOJDDPNCJOBUJPOPGSBEJPTJHOBMTEFUFDUFECZUXPPS NPSFSBEJPUFMFTDPQFTGSPNUIFTBNFDPTNJDPCKFDUBUUIFTBNFUJNF VTJOHUIFJOUFSGFS FODFPGUIFTJHOBMTUPDSFBUFUIFBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPOPGBSBEJPUFMFTDPQFBTMBSHFBTUIF TFQBSBUJPO PG UIF UXP PS NPSF DPNQPOFOU SBEJP UFMFTDPQFT4FF "VTUSBMJB 5FMFTDPQF JOUFSGFSPNFUSZ +PESFMM#BOL0CTFSWBUPSZ .&3-*/ .VMMBSE3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ0CTFS WBUPSZ /BUJPOBM3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZ 1BSLFT0CTFSWBUPSZ 7FSZ-BSHF"SSBZ 7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF"SSBZ BOE7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ 3BEJP SBEJBUJPO ѮF QBSU PG UIF FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD TQFDUSVN XIPTF SBEJBUJPO IBT UIF MPOHFTU XBWFMFOHUIT BOE TNBMMFTU GSFRVFODJFT PG BMM UZQFT XJUI XBWFMFOHUIT SBOHJOH GSPN BCPVU NFUFS UP NFUFST BOE GSFRVFODJFT SBOHJOH CFUXFFO .)[ BOE ()[ ѮF (FSNBO QIZTJDJTU )FJOSJDI 3VEPMG )FSU[ ¢ EJTDPWFSFE MPOHXBWFMFOHUISBEJPXBWFTJO HFOFSBUJOHUIFNXJUIBOPTDJMMBUJOHFMFDUSJDDVS SFOU BOE EFNPOTUSBUJOH UIBU UIFZ DBO CF TFOU UISPVHI UIF BJS USBWFMJOH BU UIF WFMPD JUZPGMJHIUѮF"NFSJDBOSBEJPFOHJOFFS,BSM+BOTLZ ¢ EJTDPWFSFEDPTNJD SBEJPFNJTTJPOJO BOEUIF"NFSJDBOSBEJPFOHJOFFS(SPUF3FCFS ¢ SFQPSUFEIJTEJTDPWFSZPGEJTDSFUF DPTNJDSBEJPTPVSDFTJOѮFSBEJPXBWFMFOHUI TQFDUSVN JODMVEFT NJMMJNFUFS XBWFT GSPN UP NFUFST JO XBWFMFOHUI BOE NJDSPXBWFTXJUIXBWFMFOHUITGSPNUPNFUFST6OMJLFWJTJCMFMJHIU SBEJPXBWFT QFOFUSBUFJOUFSTUFMMBSEVTUBOEDBOCFEFUFDUFEGSPNUISPVHIPVUPVS(BMBYZ FTQFDJBMMZ BUUIFDFOUJNFUFSMJOFPGOFVUSBMIZESPHFO%JTUBOUHBMBYJFTBMTPFNJUJOUFOTFSBEJP SBEJBUJPO4FFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO RVBTBS SBEJPHBMBYZ SBEJPSBEJ BUJPO TZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPO BOEUXFOUZPOFDFOUJNFUFSMJOF
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
3BEJPUFMFTDPQF "MBSHFSBEJPBOUFOOBEFTJHOFEUPDPODFOUSBUFSBEJPXBWFTBOEQFS NJUEFUFDUJPOPGGBJOUSBEJPTJHOBMTSFBDIJOHVTGSPNFNJTTJPOOFCVMBF HBMBYJFT JOUFS TUFMMBSIZESPHFO QMBOFUT QVMTBST RVBTBST SBEJPHBMBYJFTBOEUIF4VOBOEPUIFSTUBST "MBSHFTJOHMFEJTIPSQBSBCPMJDSFëFDUPSTFOETUIFJODPNJOHSBEJPXBWFTUPBGPDVT XIFSFUIFZBSFDPOWFSUFEJOUPFMFDUSPOJDTJHOBMT"MBSHFSSBEJPUFMFTDPQFDPMMFDUTNPSF FOFSHZ EFUFDUJOH GBJOUFS TPVSDFT BOE IBT HSFBUFS BOHVMBS SFTPMVUJPO QFSNJUUJOH UIF EFUFDUJPO PG êOFS EFUBJM #FUUFS SFTPMVUJPO DBO CF PCUBJOFE CZMJOLJOH UIF FMFDUSPOJD TJHOBMTPGUXPPSNPSFEJTIFTUPGPSNBSBEJPJOUFSGFSPNFUFSXJUIBOBOHVMBSSFTPMV UJPODPNQBSBCMFUPBTJOHMFBOUFOOBBTCJHBTUIFMBSHFTUTFQBSBUJPOPGUIFEJTIFT"O FYBNQMFJTUIF7FSZ-BSHF"SSBZ4FF&ĒFMTCFSH3BEJP5FMFTDPQF JOUFSGFSPNFUSZ +PESFMM #BOL0CTFSWBUPSZ .VMMBSE3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZ /BUJPOBM3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ 0CTFSWBUPSZ 1BSLFT0CTFSWBUPSZ BOE7FSZ-BSHF"SSBZ 3BNBUZ)JHI&OFSHZ4PMBS4QFDUSPTDPQJD*NBHFS /"4"MBVODIFEUIF3BNBUZ)JHI &OFSHZ 4PMBS 4QFDUSPTDPQJD *NBHFS BCCSFWJBUFE 3)&44* PO 'FCSVBSZ XJUI BOBOUJDJQBUFEUXPZFBSMJGFUJNF*UPCUBJOFEIJHISFTPMVUJPOJNBHJOHTQFDUSPTDPQZPG TPMBSëBSFTBUIBSE9SBZTBOEHBNNBSBZXBWFMFOHUIT JOPSEFSUPTUVEZTPMBSëBSF QBSUJDMF BDDFMFSBUJPO BOE ëBSF FOFSHZ SFMFBTF *U EFUFSNJOFE UIF GSFRVFODZ MPDBUJPO BOEFWPMVUJPOPGJNQVMTJWFëBSFFOFSHZSFMFBTFJOUIFDPSPOBBOEMPDBUFEUIFTJUFTPG QBSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUJPOBOEFOFSHZEFQPTJUJPOBUBMMQIBTFTPGTPMBSëBSFTѮFTQBDFDSBѫ XBTOBNFEBѫFS3FVWFO3BNBUZ ¢
BQJPOFFSJOUIFêFMETPGTPMBSQIZTJDT HBNNBSBZBTUSPOPNZ OVDMFBSQIZTJDTBOEDPTNJDSBZT 3FDPNCJOBUJPO ѮFDBQUVSFPGBOFMFDUSPOCZBQSPUPOPSBOZPUIFSJPOXJUIBQPTJ
UJWFFMFDUSJDBMDIBSHF*UJTUIFJOWFSTFQSPDFTTUPJPOJ[BUJPO 3FEEFOJOH ѮFTDBUUFSJOHBXBZPGCMVFMJHIUUIBUPDDVSTXIFOMJHIUQBTTFTUISPVHI
EVTU DBVTJOH UIF PCTFSWFE MJHIU UP CF SFEEFS UIBO UIBU FNJUUFE 3FEEFOJOH CZ UIF &BSUITBUNPTQIFSFJTSFTQPOTJCMFGPSUIFSFEDPMPSPGBTVOTFU BTXFMMBTUIFGVMMSFE .PPOTFFOEVSJOHBUPUBMMVOBSFDMJQTF BOESFEEFOJOHCZJOUFSTUFMMBSEVTUNBLFTNPSF EJTUBOUTUBSTBQQFBSSFEEFS8IFOSBEJBUJPOQBTTFTUISPVHIBMPOHFSQBUI DPOUBJOJOHB HSFBUFSBNPVOUPGEVTU UIFBNPVOUPGSFEEFOJOHJTJODSFBTFE 3FEEXBSG 4FFSFEEXBSGTUBS 3FEEXBSGTUBS "DPPM MPXNBTTTUBSUIBUMJFTOFBSUIFMPXFSFOEPGUIFNBJOTFRVFODF
JOUIF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN UZQJDBMMZPGTQFDUSBMDMBTT.ѮFZIBWFUIFMPXFTU NBTTBOEUFNQFSBUVSFPGBMMTUBSTUIBUTIJOFCZUIFSNPOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOT XJUIBNBTT MFTTUIBOBCPVUTPMBSNBTTFT BSBEJVTMFTTUIBOBCPVUIBMGUIFSBEJVTPGUIF4VO BOE BOFĒFDUJWFUFNQFSBUVSFMFTTUIBOLFMWJOѮFSFEEXBSG PSEXBSG. TUBSTBSFUIF NPTUDPNNPODMBTTPGTUBSJOPVS(BMBYZ BDDPVOUJOHGPSBCPVUQFSDFOUPGBMMTUBST 4FFE.TUBS )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN .TUBS BOETQFDUSBMDMBTTJêDBUJPO 3FE HJBOU " TUBS XJUI B WBTU FYQBOEFE MPXEFOTJUZ BUNPTQIFSF PѫFO B IVOESFE
UJNFTBTMBSHFBTUIF4VO XJUIBSFMBUJWFMZDPPMEJTLUFNQFSBUVSFXIFODPNQBSFEXJUI PUIFSHJBOUTUBST3FEHJBOUTMJFJOUIFVQQFSSJHIUIBOEQBSUPGUIF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMM EJBHSBN3FEHJBOUTUBSTIBWFBTQFDUSBMUZQFPG. BOEIFODFBSFEDPMPS.JSBJTBSFE
(MPTTBSZ3
HJBOUTUBS BOEUIF4VOXJMMFWFOUVBMMZCFDPNFPOF4FFHJBOUTUBS )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMM EJBHSBN .JSB BOE.UZQFTUBS 3FEQMBOFU 1PQVMBSOBNFGPSUIFQMBOFU.BSTѮFBODJFOUTBTTPDJBUFEUIFCMPPESFE
DPMPSXJUIXBSGBSF BOEUIF(SFFLTBOE3PNBOTOBNFEUIFQMBOFUBѫFSUIFJSHPETPG XBSm"SFTBOE.BST SFTQFDUJWFMZ4FF.BST 3FETIJGU "O JODSFBTF JO XBWFMFOHUI PG FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO BU WJTJCMFMJHIU PS
PQUJDBM XBWFMFOHUITUIFTIJѫJTUPXBSEMPOHFS SFEEFSXBWFMFOHUITѮFSFETIJѫPGBTUBS HBMBYZ PSPUIFSDPTNJDPCKFDUJTBUUSJCVUFEUPUIF%PQQMFSTIJѫPGUIFSBEJBUJPOGSPNB TPVSDFUIBUJTNPWJOHBXBZGSPNUIFPCTFSWFSBMPOHUIFMJOFPGTJHIU BOEUIFMBSHFSUIF SFETIJѫ UIFGBTUFSUIFTUBSJTNPWJOHBXBZGSPNVTѮFSFETIJѫJTHJWFOUIFTZNCPM[ BOE JTFRVBMUPUIFDIBOHFJOXBWFMFOHUIPGBQBSUJDVMBSTQFDUSBMMJOFEJWJEFECZJUTXBWFMFOHUI XIFOOPUNPWJOHPSBUSFTUѮFSBEJBMWFMPDJUZ BMPOHUIFMJOFPGTJHIU JTHJWFOCZUIF QSPEVDUPGUIFSFETIJѫ[BOEUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUDLJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE QSPWJEFEUIBUUIFSBEJBMWFMPDJUZJTNVDIMFTTUIBOUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU3FETIJѫTHSFBUFS UIBOBSFQPTTJCMF CVUUIFSBEJBMWFMPDJUJFTBSFBMXBZTMFTTUIBOUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU ѮFFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTFXBTEJTDPWFSFECZOPUJDJOHUIFJODSFBTFPGHBMBYZSFETIJѫTXJUI EJTUBODF OPXLOPXOBTUIF)VCCMFMBXѮFFYQBOTJPOPGTQBDFDBOQSPEVDFBSFETIJѫ CZTUSFUDIJOHMJHIUXBWFTGSPNBEJTUBOUHBMBYZXIJMFUIFZUSBWFMUP&BSUIѮJTUZQFPG SFETIJѫJTTPNFUJNFTDBMMFEBDPTNPMPHJDBMSFETIJѫUPEJTUJOHVJTIJUGSPNPOFDBVTFECZ NPWFNFOUѮFGBSUIFSBHBMBYZ UIFMPOHFSJUTMJHIUXBWFTIBWFUSBWFMFEUISPVHITQBDF BOEUIFNPSFTUSFUDIFEBOESFETIJѫFEUIFZIBWFCFDPNF4FF%PQQMFSFĒFDU %PQQMFS TIJѫ FYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF )VCCMFEJBHSBN )VCCMFMBX BOESBEJBMWFMPDJUZ 3FE TVQFSHJBOU "TVQFSHJBOUTUBSXJUITQFDUSBMUZQF. BOEUIFMBSHFTUTUBSJOUIF
6OJWFSTF"OUBSFTBOE#FUFMHFVTFBSFSFETVQFSHJBOUT 3FnFDUJOHUFMFTDPQF "MTPLOPXOBTBSFëFDUPS BUFMFTDPQFUIBUHBUIFSTWJTJCMFMJHIU
PS JOGSBSFE SBEJBUJPO BOE GPSNT BO JNBHF CZ UIF SFëFDUJPO PG MJHIU GSPN B QSJNBSZ DPODBWFNJSSPS VTVBMMZQBSBCPMJDJOTIBQF3FëFDUJOHUFMFTDPQFTEJĒFSJOUIFBSSBOHF NFOUPGUIFJSTFDPOEBSZNJSSPST4FF$BTTFHSBJOUFMFTDPQF $PVEÊGPDVT BOE/FXUP OJBOUFMFTDPQF 3FnFDUJPOOFCVMB "OFCVMBJOXIJDIUIFTUBSMJHIUJTSFëFDUFEPĒUIFEVTUQBSUJDMFT"T EJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS7FTUP.4MJQIFS ¢
UIF WJTJCMFMJHIUTQFDUSBPGXIBUXFOPXDBMMiSFëFDUJPOuOFCVMBFFYIJCJUBCTPSQUJPOMJOFT JEFOUJDBM UP UIPTF GPVOE JO UIFJS DFOUSBM TUBST JOEJDBUJOH UIBU UIFZ BSF SFëFDUJOH UIF TUBSMJHIU"OFYBNQMFPGBCSJHIUSFëFDUJPOOFCVMBJTGPVOEBSPVOEUIFTUBS.FSPQFJO UIF1MFJBEFTPQFOTUBSDMVTUFS4FF1MFJBEFT 3FGSBDUJOH UFMFTDPQF "MTP LOPXO BT B SFGSBDUPS B UFMFTDPQF UIBU HBUIFST SBEJBUJPO
BOEGPSNTBOJNBHFCZUIFSFGSBDUJPOPGMJHIUUISPVHIBMFOT DBMMFEUIFPCKFDUJWFѮF êSTUUFMFTDPQFTXFSFSFGSBDUJOHUFMFTDPQFT4FFUFMFTDPQF 3FHPMJUI "MBZFSPGEVTU êOFHSBJOFENBUFSJBM QFCCMFTBOESPDLGSBHNFOUTGPSNFE POUIF.PPO BTUFSPJET BOEPUIFSCPEJFTJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFNCZFPOTPGCPNCBSENFOU CZ TNBMM NFUFPSJUFT UIBU CSFBL BQBSU UIF TVSGBDF SPDL ѮF UFSN SFHPMJUI JT GSPN UIF (SFFLXPSEGPSiSPDLMBZFSu
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
3FHVMVT " CMVFXIJUF NBJO TFRVFODF PS EXBSG TUBS PG BQQBSFOU WJTVBM NBHOJUVEF BOETQFDUSBMUZQF#*UJTBMTPOBNFE"MQIB-FPOJT CFJOHUIFCSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIF EJSFDUJPOPGUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO-FPѮFOBNF3FHVMVTNFBOTi-JUUMF,JOHu BEFTJHOBUJPO BQQBSFOUMZHJWFOCZUIF1PMJTIBTUSPOPNFS/JDPMBVT$PQFSOJDVT ¢ "UB EJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST JUIBTBQBSBMMBYPGTFDPOETPGBSD BOBCTPMVUFNBHOJ UVEFPGmBOEBOJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZBCPVUUJNFTUIBUPGUIF4VO 3FMBUJWJTUJD "QQSPBDIJOHUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU1BSUJDMFTNPWJOHBUSFMBUJWJTUJDTQFFET
EFNPOTUSBUFFĒFDUTQSFEJDUFECZUIF4QFDJBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ TVDIBTMFOHUIDPO USBDUJPO NBTTJODSFBTFBOEUJNFEJMBUJPO4FF4QFDJBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ 3FMBUJWJUZ 4FF(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZBOE4QFDJBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ 3FTPMVUJPO ѮFEFHSFFUPXIJDIUIFêOFEFUBJMTJOBOJNBHFBSFTFQBSBUFEBOEEFUFDUFE PSTFFO"MTPLOPXOBTBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPOBOESFTPMWJOHQPXFS UIFTNBMMFTUBOHVMBS TJ[FEJTUJOHVJTIBCMFCZBUFMFTDPQF XIJDIEFUFSNJOFTUIFBCJMJUZPGBUFMFTDPQFUPEJT DFSOêOFEFUBJMPGBDFMFTUJBMPCKFDUѮFBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPO EFOPUFECZʉ JOSBEJBOT JTHJWFOCZUIFSBUJPPGUIFXBWFMFOHUI ʌ UPUIFEJBNFUFS % PGUIFQSJNBSZNJSSPSPS SFëFDUPS XJUIʉʌ%SBEJBOT5PDPOWFSUUPTFDPOETPGBSD PSBSDTFDPOET SBEJBO TFDPOETPGBSDѮFIVNBOFZFIBTBOBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPO PSSFTPMWJOH QPXFS PGBCPVUNJOVUFPGBSDѮFSFTPMWJOHQPXFSPGBOPQUJDBMUFMFTDPQF PQFSBUJOH BUWJTJCMFMJHIUXBWFMFOHUIT JTGPVOECZEJWJEJOHCZUIFBQFSUVSFJONJMMJNFUFST PS CZEJWJEJOHCZUIFBQFSUVSFJOJODIFTUIFBQFSUVSFJTUIFEJBNFUFSPGUIFPCKFD UJWFMFOTPSUIFQSJNBSZNJSSPS)PXFWFS UIFSFTPMVUJPOPGTVDIBOPQUJDBMUFMFTDPQFJT MJNJUFEUPBCPVUTFDPOEPGBSDEVFUPBUNPTQIFSJDUVSCVMFODF BOEUIJTNFBOTUIBUB UFMFTDPQFXJUIBNJSSPSPSMFOTMBSHFSUIBOBCPVUNFUFSTJOEJBNFUFSIBTBOFĒFD UJWFBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPOPGTFDPOEPGBSDXIFOPCTFSWJOHGSPNUIFHSPVOE CVUUIFGVMM BOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPOJTQPTTJCMFJGUIFUFMFTDPQFJTJOTQBDFѮFBUNPTQIFSFEPFTOPUMJNJU UIFSFTPMVUJPOPGBSBEJPUFMFTDPQF4FFTDJOUJMMBUJPOBOETFFJOH 3FTPMWJOHQPXFS 4FFSFTPMVUJPO 3FUSPHSBEFMPPQ ѮFUFNQPSBSZBQQBSFOUNPUJPOPGBQMBOFUJOBEJSFDUJPOPQQPTJUF UP JUT OPSNBM QSPHSFTT BDSPTT UIF TLZ Ѯ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
&BSUITPSCJUBSPVOEUIF4VO PSDMPDLXJTFBTPQQPTFEUPBOUJDMPDLXJTFXIFOWJFXFE GSPNBCPWFUIF4VOTOPSUIQPMF7FOVTBOE6SBOVTIBWFSFUSPHSBEFSPUBUJPO CVUBMM UIFPUIFSQMBOFUTSPUBUFJOUIFTBNFEJSFDUJPOUIBUUIFZPSCJUUIF4VOBOEBMMUIFNBKPS QMBOFUTPSCJUJOUIFTBNFEJSFDUJPOBTUIF&BSUI 3FWPMWF ѮFPSCJUBMNPUJPOPGPOFPCKFDUBSPVOEBOPUIFSѮF.PPOSFWPMWFTBSPVOE UIF&BSUI BOEUIF&BSUISFWPMWFTBSPVOEUIF4VO
(MPTTBSZ3
3)&44* "DSPOZNGPS3BNBUZ)JHI&OFSHZ4QFDUSPTDPQJD*NBHFS4FF3BNBUZ)JHI
&OFSHZ4QFDUSPTDPQJD*NBHFS 3JHFM " CMVFXIJUF # TVQFSHJBOU TUBS UIF TFWFOUI CSJHIUFTU TUBS JO UIF TLZ BOE UIF CSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO0SJPO3JHFMJTBMTPLOPXOBT#FUB0SJPOJT BMUIPVHI JUJTCSJHIUFSUIBO#FUFMHFVTF EFTJHOBUFE"MQIB0SJPOJT UIFTFDPOECSJHIUFTUTUBSJO 0SJPO3JHFMJTMJHIUZFBSTEJTUBOU XJUIBQBSBMMBYPGTFDPOETPGBSD*UIBTBO BQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BOEBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGm XJUIBO JOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZPGBCPVUUJNFTUIBUPGUIF4VOBOEUIFNPTUJOUSJOTJDBMMZ MVNJOPVTTUBSLOPXO4FF#TUBSBOETUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO 3JHIUBTDFOTJPO ѮFDFMFTUJBMMPOHJUVEFPGBDPTNJDPCKFDUNFBTVSFEFBTUXBSEBMPOHUIF DFMFTUJBMFRVBUPSGSPNUIF7FSOBM&RVJOPY BMTPLOPXOBTUIF'JSTU1PJOUPG"SJFT UPUIF GPPUPGUIFHSFBUDJSDMFUIBUJOUFSTFDUTUIFPCKFDUѮFSJHIUBTDFOTJPOJTPѫFOEFOPUFECZ ʂ UIFMPXFSDBTF(SFFLMFUUFSBMQIB PSCZ3"ѮFSJHIUBTDFOTJPOJTFYQSFTTFEJOIPVST NJOVUFTBOETFDPOETPGUJNF XJUIUXFOUZGPVSIPVSTJOUIFDPNQMFUFDJSDMFPGEFHSFFT ѮFMPDBMTJEFSFBMUJNFJTFRVBMUPUIFSJHIUBTDFOTJPOPGBOPCKFDUPOUIFPCTFSWFSTNFSJE JBO"TUIFSFTVMUPGQSFDFTTJPO UIFSJHIUBTDFOTJPOJODSFBTFTXJUIUJNFBUUIFSBUFPGBCPVU TFDPOETPGUJNFQFSZFBS4FFDFMFTUJBMDPPSEJOBUFT EBZ QSFDFTTJPO BOETJEFSFBMUJNF 3JHJM,FOUBVSVT 4FF"MQIB$FOUBVSJ 3JOH "DPMMFDUJPOPGTNBMMQBSUJDMFTJOPSCJUBMNPUJPOBCPVUBQMBOFU GPSNJOHFJUIFSB UIJOSJOHPSBXJEFSEJTLUIBUOPXIFSFUPVDIFTUIFQMBOFU*OUIF%VUDIBTUSPOP NFS$ISJTUJBBO)VZHFOT ¢ JEFOUJêFEUIFêSTUQMBOFUBSZSJOH DJSDMJOH4BU VSO .PTU QMBOFUBSZ SJOHT BSF JOTJEF UIF 3PDIF MJNJU MPDBUFE BU BCPVU UJNFT JUT SBEJVT*OUIF'SFODINBUIFNBUJDJBO&EPVBSE3PDIF ¢ TIPXFEUIBU BQMBOFUTUJEBMGPSDFTXJMMUFBSBOZMBSHFTBUFMMJUFJOUPQJFDFTJGJUJTXJUIJOUIF3PDIF MJNJU XIJMFBMTPQSFWFOUJOHTNBMMCPEJFTGSPNDPBMFTDJOHUPGPSNBMBSHFSNPPO*O UIF4DPUUJTIQIZTJDJTU+BNFT$MFSL.BYXFMM ¢ TIPXFEUIBUUIFSJOHT PG4BUVSOSFNBJOTVTQFOEFEJOTQBDFCFDBVTFUIFZBSFOPUTPMJE CVUJOTUFBEDPNQPTFE 4!",% 2INGSn3ATURN 2ING
7IDTH KM
#LOSEST $ISTANCE KM
$ISTANCE 2ANGEA 23
0ARTICLE 3IZE M
$ #
TO TO
TO
"
TO
TO
!
TO
TO
&
' %
TO
TO
TO
A4HEDISTANCERANGEISGIVENINUNITSOF3ATURNSAPPARENTEQUATORIALRADIUS 2
BARPRESSURELEVEL THERADIUSISKILOMETERS
/PTICAL $EPTH
TO TO TO
-ASS KG
3KILOMETERS!TTHE
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
PGBWBTUOVNCFSPGTNBMMQBSUJDMFT FBDIQVSTVJOHJUTJOEJWJEVBMPSCJUBSPVOE4BUVSO JOUIFQMBOFPGUIFQMBOFUTFRVBUPS*OUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS+BNFT,FFMFS ¢ VTFEUIF%PQQMFSFĒFDUUPTIPXUIBUUIFJOOVNFSBCMFQBSUJDMFTUIBUNBLF VQ 4BUVSOT SJOHT BDU BT UJOZ TBUFMMJUFT XJUI UIF JOOFS QBSUT NPWJOH BU B GBTUFS TQFFE UIBOUIFPVUFSPOFTѮFUIJOSJOHPG+VQJUFSXBTEJTDPWFSFEJOXIFOBDBNFSB BCPBSEUIFSFUSFBUJOH7PZBHFSTQBDFDSBѫMPPLFECBDLBUUIFTIBEPXFETJEFPG+VQJUFS ѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS+BNFT-&MMJPU ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUIFUIJO XJEFMZTQBDFE SJOHTPG6SBOVTJO XIFOBTUBSQBTTFECFIJOEUIFQMBOFU4JNJMBSTUFMMBSPDDVMUB UJPOTQSPWJEFEDPOUSPWFSTJBMFWJEFODFGPSUIJO XJEFMZTQBDFESJOHTPG/FQUVOF XIJDI XFSFDPODMVTJWFMZEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIFDBNFSBTBCPBSEUIF7PZBHFSTQBDFDSBѫ 4FF+VQJUFS /FQUVOF 3PDIFMJNJU 4BUVSO BOE6SBOVT 3JOH/FCVMB "QMBOFUBSZOFCVMBEFTJHOBUFE.BOE/($ JOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO
-ZSB*UIBTBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG NFBTVSFTCZTFDPOETPGBSD BOE IBTBEJTUBODFPGBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTѮF3JOH/FCVMBEFSJWFTJUTOBNFGSPNJUT IPMMPXBQQFBSBODFMJLFBTNPLFSJOH*UTCMVFDFOUSBMTUBSJTPOMZêѫFFOUINBHOJUVEF 4FFQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB 3.POPDFSPUJT 4FF)VCCMFTWBSJBCMFOFCVMB 3PDIFMJNJU "TTIPXOCZUIF'SFODINBUIFNBUJDJBO&EPVBSE3PDIF ¢ JO
BMBSHFTBUFMMJUFXJMMCFUPSOUPQJFDFTCZUIFEJĒFSFOUJBMHSBWJUBUJPOBMGPSDFTPGB QMBOFUJGUIFTBUFMMJUFJTXJUIJOBEJTUBODFPGUJNFTUIFQMBOFUTSBEJVTGSPNUIFQMBOFU DFOUFS OPXLOPXOBTUIF3PDIFMJNJUѮFTFGPSDFTBMTPQSFWFOUTNBMMQBSUJDMFTGSPN DPBMFTDJOHUPGPSNBMBSHFNPPOXJUIJOUIJTEJTUBODF 3PDIFMPCF *OUIF'SFODINBUIFNBUJDJBO&EPVBSE3PDIF ¢ JOWFT
UJHBUFEUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMJOUFSBDUJPOPGCJOBSZTUBSTZTUFNT TIPXJOHUIBUFBDITUBSIBT JUTPXO[POFPGHSBWJUBUJPOBMJOëVFODF XIJDIJTOPXDBMMFEB3PDIFMPCF8IFOUIF UXPTUBSTBSFDMPTFUPHFUIFS UIFJS3PDIFMPCFTUPVDIBUBQPJOUXIFSFUIFJSHSBWJUBUJPOBM GPSDFT FYBDUMZ DBODFM *G UIF MBSHFTU DPNQBOJPO TUBS FYQBOET BOE êMMT JUT 3PDIF MPCF NBUUFSJTUSBOTGFSSFEUPUIFPUIFSTUBSXIFOUIFPUIFSDPNQBOJPOJTBOFVUSPOTUBSPSB CMBDLIPMF UIFJOGBMMJOHNBUUFSDBOHFOFSBUF9SBZT4FFCMBDLIPMF BOEQVMTBS 3ÚOUHFO .JTTJPO "O 9SBZ PCTFSWBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE 304"5 GPS 30OUHFO 4"5FM MJUF EFWFMPQFEUISPVHIBDPPQFSBUJWFQSPHSBNBNPOH(FSNBOZ UIF6OJUFE4UBUFT BOEUIF6OJUFE,JOHEPN MBVODIFECZ/"4"PO+VOFBOEFOEJOHBѫFSBMNPTU OJOFZFBST PO'FCSVBSZ*UDBSSJFEPVUBOBMMTLZTVSWFZPGDPTNJD9SBZT BOEPCUBJOFEEFUBJMFEJOGPSNBUJPOBCPVUUIF9SBZFNJTTJPOGSPNDPNFUT ZPVOH5 5BVSJTUBST HMPCVMBSDMVTUFST OFVUSPOTUBST TVQFSOPWBSFNOBOUT QMBOFUBSZOFCVMBF OFBSCZOPSNBMHBMBYJFT BDUJWFHBMBDUJDOVDMFJ BOEDMVTUFSTPGHBMBYJFTѮFNJTTJPO XBTOBNFEBѫFS8JMIFMN,POSBE3ÕOUHFO ¢
UIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTUXIP EJTDPWFSFE9SBZTJO SFDFJWJOHUIFêSTU/PCFM1SJ[FGPS1IZTJDTJOGPSUIJT BDIJFWFNFOU 304"5 "DSPOZNGPSUIF3¸OUFO4"5FMMJUF4FF3ÕOUHFONJTTJPO 3PTFUUF /FCVMB "O FNJTTJPO OFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE /($ m BOE /($ MPDBUFEBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTBXBZJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO.POPDFSPTѮF3PTFUUF/FC
(MPTTBSZ3
VMBTVSSPVOETUIFTUBSDMVTUFSLOPXOBT/($ XIPTFTUBSTJMMVNJOBUFUIFOFCVMB BOEIBWFCMBTUFEPVUBDBWJUZBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTBDSPTTJOUIFDFOUSBMQBSUPGUIFOFC VMB4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMB 3PTTJ 9SBZ 5JNJOH &YQMPSFS /"4" MBVODIFE UIF 3PTTJ 9SBZ 5JNJOH &YQMPSFS
BCCSFWJBUFE 395& PO %FDFNCFS PCUBJOJOH BCPVU B EFDBEF PG TVCTFRVFOU PCTFSWBUJPOTPGWBSJBCMFDPTNJD9SBZTPVSDFTXJUIIJHIUJNFSFTPMVUJPOBOEQSPWJEJOH OFXJOTJHIUTUPCMBDLIPMFT HBNNBSBZCVSTUT OFVUSPOTUBSTBOEQVMTBSTѮFTQBDFDSBѫ JTOBNFEGPSUIF*UBMJBOCPSO 6OJUFE4UBUFTQIZTJDJTU#SVOP#3PTTJ m
B QJPOFFSJOTUVEJFTPGDPTNJDSBZT 9SBZBTUSPOPNZBOETQBDFQMBTNBQIZTJDT 3PUBUJPO ѮFTQJOPGBOPCKFDUBCPVUJUTPXOBYJTѮF&BSUISPUBUFTPODFBEBZ 3PZBM (SFFOXJDI 0CTFSWBUPSZ ѮF 3PZBM 0CTFSWBUPSZ PG &OHMBOE GPVOEFE CZ
$IBSMFT** ¢ JOBU(SFFOXJDI &OHMBOE BQQPJOUJOH+PIO'MBNTUFFE ¢ BTIJTêSTU"TUSPOPNFS3PZBMJO.BSDIPGUIBUZFBSѮF0CTFSWBUPSZXBT CVJMUUPJNQSPWFOBWJHBUJPOBUTFBBOEUPêOEUIFFBTUXFTUQPTJUJPO PSMPOHJUVEF XIJMF BUTFBBOEPVUPGTJHIUPGMBOE CZBTUSPOPNJDBMNFBOT*O UIF(SFFOXJDI.FSJE JBOXBTDIPTFOUPCFUIF1SJNF.FSJEJBOPGUIF8PSME XJUIFYBDUMZ[FSPEFHSFFTMPO HJUVEF EJWJEJOHUIFFBTUFSOBOEXFTUFSOIFNJTQIFSFTPGUIF&BSUI*UJTEFêOFECZUIF QPTJUJPOPGUIF0CTFSWBUPSZTMBSHF5SBOTJU$JSDMFUFMFTDPQFCVJMUJOCZUIFTFWFOUI "TUSPOPNFS3PZBM(FPSHF#JEEFMM"JSZ ¢ 4JODFUIFMBUFUIDFOUVSZ UIF 1SJNF.FSJEJBOBU(SFFOXJDIIBTTFSWFEBTUIFDPPSEJOBUFCBTFGPSUIFDBMDVMBUJPOPG (SFFOXJDI.FBO5JNF BMTPDBMMFE6OJWFSTBM5JNF"ѫFS8PSME8BS** m
UIF3PZBM0CTFSWBUPSZNPWFEUP)FSTUNPODFVYJO4VTTFYJOJUNPWFEUP$BN CSJEHF BOEXBTDMPTFEJOXJUIJUTGVODUJPOTUSBOTGFSSFEUPUIF3PZBM0CTFSWBUPSZ &EJOCVSHI4FFDISPOPNFUFS (SFFOXJDI.FBO5JNF MPOHJUVEF BOE6OJWFSTBM5JNF 3PZBM0CTFSWBUPSZ &EJOCVSHI "OPCTFSWBUPSZJO&EJOCVSHI 4DPUMBOE XIJDIJTBO BENJOJTUSBUJWFDFOUFSGPSBTUSPOPNZJOUIF6OJUFE,JOHEPN 33-ZSBF "QVMTBUJOH IFMJVNCVSOJOHHJBOUTUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF' XIPTFBQQBS
FOU WJTVBM NBHOJUVEF DIBOHFT CFUXFFO BOE XJUI B QFSJPE PG IPVST NJOVUFT BOE TFDPOET "U JUT EJTUBODF PG MJHIUZFBST 33 -ZSBF TIJOFT XJUI BOBWFSBHFMVNJOPTJUZUJNFTUIBUPGUIF4VO*UJTUIFQSPUPUZQFGPSUIF33-ZSBF WBSJBCMFTUBST 3VOBXBZ4UBS "TUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF0PS#XJUIBOFYDFQUJPOBMMZIJHIWFMPDJUZ*O
UIF%VUDIBTUSPOPNFS"ESJBBO#MBBVX ¢ QSPQPTFEUIBUUIFTFTUBSTBSF FTDBQFENFNCFSTPGCJOBSZTUBSTZTUFNTJOXIJDIPOFTUBSIBTCFDPNFBTVQFSOPWB )FOPUFEUIBUUIFSVOBXBZTUBSTBSFNBTTJWFTUBSTXIPTFIJHIWFMPDJUJFTBSFDPNQBSBCMF UPUIFPSCJUBMWFMPDJUJFTFYQFDUFEGSPNNBTTJWFCJOBSZTUBSTZTUFNT BOEUIBUUIFNPSF NBTTJWFDPNQPOFOUXPVMERVJDLMZFWPMWFUPUIFTVQFSOPWBTUBHFBOEUIFSFCZSFMFBTF UIFPUIFSNFNCFSBTBIJHIWFMPDJUZTUBS 395& "DSPOZNGPS3PTTJ9SBZ5JNJOH&YQMPSFS4FF3PTTJ9SBZ5JNJOH&YQMPSFS
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4 4BHJUUBSJVT" "TUSPOHSBEJPTPVSDFBUUIFDFOUFSPGPVS(BMBYZ BOEQSPCBCMZBNBT TJWFCMBDLIPMF"TUIFOBNFTVHHFTUT JUJTMPDBUFEJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO4BHJUUBSJVT 4BUFMMJUF " OBUVSBM PS BSUJêDJBM PCKFDU PSCJUJOH BOPUIFS PCKFDU PG MBSHFS TJ[F BOE NBTT"OBUVSBMTBUFMMJUFUIBUPSCJUTBQMBOFUJTBMTPLOPXOBTBNPPO BOENBONBEF 4!",% 3ATELLITESnLARGEA .AME
%!24( -OON *50)4%2 )O %UROPA 'ANYMEDE #ALLISTO 3!452. -IMAS %NCELADUS 4ETHYS $IONE 2HEA 4ITAN (YPERION )APETUS 0HOEBE 52!.53 -IRANDA !RIEL 5MBRIEL 4ITANIA /BERON .%045.% 4RITON .EREID
-EAN 2ADIUSB KM
-ASS KG
-EAN-ASS $ENSITY KGM
$ISTANCE FROM0LANET #ENTER M
2
2
0ERIODOF 2EVOLUTIONC 9EAROF DAYS $ISCOVERY
A4HEPHYSICALPARAMETERSOFTHENATURALSATELLITESAREGIVENONTHE7EBATHTTPSSDJPLNASAGOVSATPROPSHTML
B4HERADIIAREGIVENINUNITSOFKILOMETERS ABBREVIATEDKM THEMASSISINKILOGRAMS ABBREVIATEDKG ANDTHE MASSDENSITYINKILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER ABBREVIATEDKGM"YWAYOFCOMPARISON THEEQUATORIALRADIUS OFTHEPLANET-ERCURYISKILOMETERS SO'ANYMEDEAND4ITANAREBOTHBIGGERTHAN-ERCURY C4HELETTER2FOLLOWINGTHEPERIODDENOTESASATELLITEREVOLVINGABOUTITSPLANETINTHERETROGRADEDIRECTION OPPOSITETOTHATOFTHEPLANETSROTATIONANDORBITALMOTIONABOUTTHE3UN
(MPTTBSZ4
&BSUIPSCJUJOH TBUFMMJUFT BSF DBMMFE BSUJêDJBM TBUFMMJUFT " TBUFMMJUF HBMBYZ PSCJUT B MBSHFSHBMBYZ.FSDVSZBOE7FOVTIBWFOPTBUFMMJUFT UIF&BSUIIBTPOF UIF.PPO XJUIBDBQJUBM. BOE.BSTIBTUXPTNBMMTBUFMMJUFT OBNFE1IPCPTBOE%FJNPTѮF GPVSMBSHFTUTBUFMMJUFTPG+VQJUFSBSFLOPXOBTUIF(BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT OBNFE$BMMJTUP &VSPQB (BOZNFEFBOE*P4BUVSOTMBSHFTUTBUFMMJUFJTOBNFE5JUBO BOE/FQUVOFT MBSHFTU TBUFMMJUF JT DBMMFE 5SJUPO ѮF HJBOU QMBOFUT IBWF NBOZ TNBMM TBUFMMJUFT 4FF $BMMJTUP %FJNPT &VSPQB (BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT (BOZNFEF *P .PPO 1IPCPT 5JUBO BOE5SJUPO 4BUVSO ѮFTJYUINBKPSQMBOFUGSPNUIF4VO BOEUIFSFNPUFTUQMBOFULOPXOCFGPSF UIFJOWFOUJPOPGUIFUFMFTDPQF4BUVSOJTUIFTFDPOEMBSHFTUPGUIFGPVSHJBOUQMBOFUT BOEUIFPOMZQMBOFUXJUITVDINBHOJêDFOUSJOHT4BUVSOIBTUIFMPXFTUNBTTEFOTJUZ PGBOZQMBOFUJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN BOEJUJTQSJNBSJMZDPNQPTFEPGUIFMJHIUFTUFMFNFOU IZESPHFO JOMJRVJENPMFDVMBSBOEMJRVJENFUBMMJDGPSN4BUVSOSBEJBUFTBMNPTUUXJDF UIFFOFSHZJUSFDFJWFTGSPNUIF4VO BOENPTUPGUIFQMBOFUTFYDFTTIFBUJTHFOFSBUFECZ IFMJVNSBJOJOHEPXOJOUPJUTJOOFSNFUBMMJDIZESPHFOTIFMM*OUIF%VUDIBTUSPOP NFS$ISJTUJBBO)VZHFOT ¢
EJTDPWFSFE5JUBO 4BUVSOTMBSHFTUNPPO BOE JO IF SFBMJ[FE UIBU 4BUVSO JT TVSSPVOEFE CZ B SJOH QVCMJTIJOH JO B -BUJO BOBHSBNUIBU XIFOJOUFSQSFUFE FYQMBJOFE4BUVSOTWBSZJOH IBOEMFTIBQFEBQQFBSBODF CZi*UJTTVSSPVOEFECZBUIJO ëBUSJOH OPXIFSFUPVDIJOHJUBOEJODMJOFEUPUIFFDMJQ UJDu*OUIF*UBMJBOCPSO 'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS(JBO (JPWBOOJ %PNFOJDP +FBO %PNJOJRVF $BTTJOJ ¢ XBTUIFêSTUUPEJTUJOHVJTIUXP[POFTXJUIJOXIBU XBTUIPVHIUUPCFBTJOHMFSJOHBSPVOE4BUVSO EJWJEFECZBEBSLHBQOPXLOPXOBT 4!",% 3ATURNA -ASS %QUATORIAL2ADIUSATBAR 0OLAR2ADIUSATBAR -EAN-ASS$ENSITY 2OTATION0ERIOD /RBITAL0ERIOD -EAN$ISTANCEFROM3UN !GE !TMOSPHERE %NERGY"ALANCE %FFECTIVE4EMPERATURE 4EMPERATUREAT BARLEVEL #ENTRAL4EMPERATURE -AGNETIC$IPOLE-OMENT %QUATORIAL-AGNETIC&IELD3TRENGTH
KILOGRAMS-% KILOMETERS2% KILOMETERS KILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER HOURSMINUTESSECONDSHOURS %ARTHYEARS METERS!5 YEARS PERCENTMOLECULARHYDROGEN PERCENTHELIUM KELVIN KELVIN KELVIN $% ¥TESLAOR"%
A4HESYMBOLS- 2 $ " DENOTERESPECTIVELYTHEMASS RADIUS MAGNETICDIPOLEMOMENTANDMAGNETIClELD % % 0 % STRENGTHOFTHE%ARTH/NEBARISEQUIVALENTTOTHEATMOSPHERICPRESSUREATSEALEVELON%ARTH4HEENERGYBALANCE ISTHERATIOOFTOTALRADIATEDENERGYTOTHETOTALENERGYABSORBEDFROMSUNLIGHT ANDTHEEFFECTIVETEMPERATUREIS THETEMPERATUREOFABLACKBODYTHATWOULDRADIATETHESAMEAMOUNTOFENERGYPERUNITAREA
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
$BTTJOJTEJWJTJPO$BTTJOJBMTPDPSSFDUMZTVHHFTUFEUIBU4BUVSOTSJOHTBSFDPNQPTFEPG NZSJBEUJOZTBUFMMJUFT BMUIPVHIJUXBTOPUVOUJMUIFNBUIFNBUJDBMXPSLPG+BNFT$MFSL .BYXFMM ¢ JOUIBUIFXBTQSPWFEUPCFDPSSFDU4BUVSOBOEJUTSJOHT XFSFFYQMPSFEJODMPTFVQEFUBJMVTJOHJOTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEUIF7PZBHFSBOETQBDF DSBѫ XIJDI SFTQFDUJWFMZ ëFX CZ UIF QMBOFU JO BOE ѮF $BTTJOJ)VZHFOT TQBDFDSBѫBSSJWFEBU4BUVSOJO+VMZ UPCFHJOBGPVSZFBSTUVEZXJUIUIF$BTTJOJ 0SCJUFSѮF)VZHFOT1SPCFMBOEFEPOUIFTVSGBDFPG5JUBOPO+BOVBSZ4FF $BTTJOJ)VZHFOT.JTTJPO )VZHFOT1SPCF SJOHT BOE5JUBO 4BUVSO /FCVMB ѮFQMBOFUBSZOFCVMBEFTJHOBUFE/($MPDBUFEJOUIFDPOTUFM
MBUJPO"RVBSJVT XJUIIBOEMFMJLFQSPUVCFSBODFTUIBUHJWFJUUIFBQQFBSBODFPG4BUVSO ѮF4BUVSO/FCVMBIBTBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG4FFQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB 4"9 "DSPOZNGPSUIF4BUFMMJUFQFS"TUSPOPNJB9 4DINJEUUFMFTDPQF "UFMFTDPQFXJUIBXJEFêFMEPGWJFX VTFGVMGPSFBSMZTVQFSOPWB
TFBSDIFT BOE GPS XIPMFTLZ QIPUPHSBQIJD TVSWFZT TVDI BT UIF 1BMPNBS 0CTFSWBUPSZ 4LZ 4VSWFZ XJUI B NFUFS JODI 4DINJEU UFMFTDPQF ѮF &TUPOJBO BTUSPOPNFS #FSOIBSE4DINJEU ¢ JOWFOUFEJUJO4FF"OHMP"VTUSBMJBO0CTFSWB UPSZBOE1BMPNBS0CTFSWBUPSZ 4DIXBS[TDIJME NFUSJD ѮF MJOF FMFNFOU PVUTJEF B NBTTJWF OPOSPUBUJOH TQIFSJ
DBMMZTZNNFUSJDCPEZJOBWBDVVN EFTDSJCJOHUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMTQBDFDVSWBUVSFCZ UIBU NBTT *U XBT EFSJWFE JO CZ UIF (FSNBO BTUSPOPNFS,BSM 4DIXBS[TDIJME ¢ 4DIXBS[TDIJMESBEJVT ѮFDSJUJDBMSBEJVTUIBUNBSLTUIFFWFOUIPSJ[POPGBCMBDLIPMF
GSPNXIJDIOPUIJOHDBOFTDBQF OPUFWFOMJHIU8IFOBWFSZNBTTJWFCPEZVOEFSHPFT HSBWJUBUJPOBMDPMMBQTFUPBTJ[FTNBMMFSUIBOUIF4DIXBS[TDIJMESBEJVT JUCFDPNFTBCMBDL IPMFѮF4DIXBS[TDIJMESBEJVT 34(.D XIFSF(JTUIFHSBWJUBUJPODPOTUBOU .JT UIFNBTTBOEDJTUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUѮFSBEJVTJTOBNFEGPSUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS ,BSM4DIXBS[TDIJME ¢
XIPJOêSTUEFSJWFEUIFFYBDUFRVBUJPOTGPS UIFDVSWFETQBDFPVUTJEFBOJTPMBUFE TQIFSJDBM OPOSPUBUJOHNBTT4FFCMBDLIPMFTBOE FWFOUIPSJ[PO 4DJOUJMMBUJPO ѮFUXJOLMJOHPGUIFTUBSTDBVTFECZXJOECMPXODMPVETPSPUIFSOPO
VOJGPSNEFOTJUZEJTUSJCVUJPOTJOPVSBUNPTQIFSF BOEUIFëVDUVBUJPOTPGEJTUBOUSBEJP TPVSDFT DBVTFE CZ UIF TPMBS XJOE PS XJOET JO JOUFSTUFMMBS TQBDF ѮF TUBST UXJOLMF DBVTJOHBOBQQBSFOUDIBOHFJOUIFJSDPMPSBOECSJHIUOFTT CVUUIF.PPOBOEQMBOFUT MJLF7FOVTEPOPUTDJOUJMMBUFCFDBVTFPGUIFJSMBSHFSBOHVMBSFYUFOU4DJOUJMMBUJPOJOUIF &BSUITBUNPTQIFSFMJNJUTUIFBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPOPGFWFOUIFCFTUHSPVOECBTFEPQUJDBM PSWJTJCMFMJHIU UFMFTDPQFUPBCPVUPOFTFDPOEPGBSD CVUUIJTEPFTOPUBĒFDUUIFSFTPMV UJPOPGBSBEJPUFMFDPQF4FFSFTPMVUJPOBOETFFJOH 4DPSQJVT 9 ѮF êSTU FYUSBTPMBS 9SBZ TPVSDF EJTDPWFSFE JO CZ UIF *UBMJBO CPSO "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS 3JDDBSEP (JBDDPOJ ¢ BOE IJT DPMMFBHVFT *U JT B MPXNBTT9SBZCJOBSZTPVSDF DPOTJTUJOHPGBWJTJCMFMJHIUDPNQBOJPOBOEUIF9SBZ TPVSDF QSFTVNBCMZ BO BDDSFUJOH OFVUSPO TUBS JO PSCJU BSPVOE B DPNNPO DFOUFS PG NBTTXJUIBQFSJPEPGEBZT
(MPTTBSZ4
4%44 "DSPOZNGPS4MPBO%JHJUBM4LZ4VSWFZ4FF4MPBO%JHJUBM4LZ4VSWFZ 4FBnPPSTQSFBEJOH ѮFTFBëPPSJTGPSNFEJOBWPMDBOJDSJѫJOBNJEPDFBOSJEHF
TQSFBETTJEFXBZT BOEUVSOTDPMEBOEIFBWZBTJUNPWFTBXBZGSPNJUTTPVSDFJOUXP EJSFDUJPOT FWFOUVBMMZTJOLJOHBOEEJTBQQFBSJOHJOBEFFQPDFBOUSFODIѮF"NFSJDBO HFPMPHJTU)BSSZ))FTT ¢ êSTUTVHHFTUFEUIFOPUJPOPGTFBëPPSTQSFBEJOH JOUIFFBSMZTѮF#SJUJTIHFPQIZTJDJTUT'SFEFSJDL7JOF ¢ BOE%SVN NPOE .BUUIFXT ¢ QSPWJEFE DPODSFUF FWJEFODF PG TFBëPPS TQSFBEJOH XIFOUIFZEJTDPWFSFEBTZNNFUSJDQBUUFSOPGNBHOFUJDêFMESFWFSTBMTJOUIFSPDLTPO UIFëPPSPGUIF"UMBOUJD0DFBOPOFJUIFSTJEFPGUIFNJEPDFBOSJEHF 4FBTPO "QFSJPEJDDIBOHFJOUIFXFBUIFSDPOEJUJPOTPOBQMBOFUDBVTFECZUIFUJMUPG JUTSPUBUJPOBMBYJTBOEJUTPSCJUBSPVOEUIF4VOѮFBOOVBMPSCJUPGUIF&BSUIBSPVOE UIF4VOQSPEVDFTTVNNFSBOEXJOUFSXIFOUIFSFMFWBOUIFNJTQIFSFJTQPJOUFEUPXBSE PSBXBZGSPNUIF4VO.BSTIBTTJNJMBSTFBTPOT XIJDIMBTUBCPVUUXJDFBTMPOHBTUIF &BSUIT TFBTPOT TJODF UIF .BSUJBO ZFBS PS UIF PSCJUBM QFSJPE PG .BST JT OFBSMZ UXP &BSUIZFBST0O&BSUIXFUSBEJUJPOBMMZEJWJEFUIFZFBSJOUPGPVSTFBTPOT TQSJOH TVN NFS BVUVNOBOEXJOUFS FBDIMBTUJOHBCPVUUISFFNPOUIT*OUIFOPSUIFSOIFNJTQIFSF UIFê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ѮFSFBSF¤TFDPOETPGBSDJOPOFSBEJBO BOEPSBEJBOTJOBGVMM DJSDMFPGEFHSFFT XIFSFUIFDPOTUBOUP 4FFJOH 'MVDUVBUJPOTJOBWJTJCMFMJHIUJNBHFEVFUPSFGSBDUJWFJOIPNPHFOFJUJFTJOUIF
&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF4FFJOHJTDBVTFECZUIFSBOEPNUVSCVMFOUNPUJPOJOUIF&BSUIT BUNPTQIFSF*ODPOEJUJPOTPGHPPETFFJOH JNBHFTBSFTIBSQBOETUFBEZJOQPPSTFFJOH UIFZ BSF FYUFOEFE BOE CMVSSFE BOE BQQFBS UP CF JO DPOTUBOU NPUJPO 4FFJOH VTVBMMZ MJNJUTUIFBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPOPGHSPVOECBTFEPQUJDBMUFMFTDPQFTUPBCPVUPOFTFDPOE PGBSD4FFTDJOUJMMBUJPO 4FWFO 4JTUFST ѮF TFWFO CSJHIUFTU TUBST JO UIF 1MFJBEFT BO PQFO TUBS DMVTUFS JO UIF
DPOTUFMMBUJPO5BVSVT4FF1MFJBEFT 4FYUBOU *OTUSVNFOUFNQMPZFEUPNFBTVSFUIFFMFWBUJPOPGBTUSPOPNJDBMPCKFDUTBCPWF UIFIPSJ[PO 4FZGFSUHBMBYZ "TQJSBMHBMBYZDIBSBDUFSJ[FECZIJHITQFFENPUJPOTJOJUTDFOUFSѮF
êSTUTVDIHBMBYJFTXFSFEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS$BSM,4FZ GFSU ¢ "4FZGFSUHBMBYZIBTBNPEFSBUFMZCSJHIU DPNQBDUBDUJWFHBMBDUJD OVDMFVT QSFTVNBCMZQPXFSFECZBTVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF"OFYBNQMFPGB4FZGFSU HBMBYZJTUIFTQJSBMHBMBYZEFTJHOBUFE.PS/($4FFBDUJWFHBMBDUJDOVDMFVTBOE TVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
'*( 3EASONS!STHE%ARTHORBITSTHE3UN THE%ARTHSROTATIONALAXISINA GIVENHEMISPHEREISTILTEDTOWARDORAWAYFROMTHE3UN4HISVARIABLETILTPRO DUCESTHESEASONSBYCHANGINGTHEANGLEATWHICHTHE3UNSRAYSSTRIKEDIFFERENT PARTSOFTHE%ARTHSSURFACE4HEGREATESTSUNWARDTILTOCCURSINTHESUMMER WHENTHE3UNSRAYSSTRIKETHESURFACEMOSTDIRECTLY)NTHEWINTER THERELEVANT HEMISPHEREISTILTEDAWAYFROMTHE3UNANDTHE3UNSRAYSOBLIQUELYSTRIKETHE SURFACE7HENITISSUMMERINTHENORTHERNHEMISPHERE ITISWINTERINTHESOUTH ERNHEMISPHEREANDWJDFWFSTB.OTICETHATTHERADIUSOFTHE%ARTHAND3UNAND THE%ARTHSORBITARENOTDRAWNTOSCALE
4IPDLXBWF "TVEEFOEJTDPOUJOVPVTDIBOHFJOEFOTJUZBOEQSFTTVSFQSPQBHBUJOHJO BHBTPSQMBTNBBUTVQFSTPOJDWFMPDJUZѮFSFJTBMTPBDIBOHFJOQBSUJDMFëPXTQFFEBOE JOUIFNBHOFUJDBOEFMFDUSJDêFMETUSFOHUITBTTPDJBUFEXJUIBTIPDL 4IPFNBLFS-FWZ$PNFU "DPNFUEJTDPWFSFEPO.BSDICZ$BSPMZO4IPF NBLFS ¢
&VHFOF4IPFNBLFS ¢ BOE%BWJE)-FWZ ¢
UIF OJOUI JO B TFSJFT PG PCKFDUT UIF USJP GPVOE USBWFMJOH BSPVOE UIF 4VO JO TIPSUQFSJPE PSCJUT ѮFZ XFSF PCTFSWJOH UIF GSBHNFOUT PG B DPNFU UIBU QBTTFE UPP DMPTF UP +VQJ UFSPO+VMZ BOEXBTCSPLFOJOUPQJFDFTCZUIFEJĒFSFOUJBMHSBWJUBUJPOBMGPSDFT PG UIF HJBOU QMBOFU 0SCJUBM DBMDVMBUJPOT JOEJDBUFE UIBU UIF USBJO PG DPNFU GSBHNFOUT XPVMEQMVOHFJOUP+VQJUFSCFUXFFOBOE+VMZ BOEBTUSPOPNFSTUISPVHIPVU UIFXPSMEXJUOFTTFEUIFDPMMJTJPOT XIJDIDSFBUFEFYQMPTJWFêSFCBMMTBOEEBSLTDBSTPO +VQJUFS 4IPSUQFSJPEDPNFU "DPNFUXIPTFPSCJUBMQFSJPEBSPVOEUIF4VOJTMFTTUIBO
ZFBST.BOZTIPSUQFSJPEDPNFUTPSJHJOBUFJOUIF,VJQFSCFMU4FFDPNFUBOE,VJQFS CFMU
(MPTTBSZ4
4JEFSFBM .FBTVSFEPSEFUFSNJOFEXJUISFGFSFODFUPUIFTUBST 4JEFSFBMQFSJPE ѮFPSCJUBMPSSPUBUJPOQFSJPEPGBQMBOFU UIF4VO PSPUIFSDFMFTUJBM
CPEZXJUISFTQFDUUPBCBDLHSPVOETUBST4FFTZOPEJDQFSJPE 4JEFSFBMUJNF -PDBMUJNFEFUFSNJOFEGSPNUIFSPUBUJPOPGUIF&BSUIXJUISFTQFDUUP
UIFêYFETUBST4JEFSFBMUJNFJTFRVBMUPUIFSJHIUBTDFOTJPOPGBOPCKFDUPOUIFPCTFSW FSTNFSJEJBOѮFMPDBMTJEFSFBMUJNFJTIPVSTXIFOUIF7FSOBM&RVJOPYDSPTTFTUIF PCTFSWFSTNFSJEJBOѮFTJEFSFBMEBZJTFRVBMUPIPVSTNJOVUFTTFDPOET PGNFBOTPMBSUJNF PSOFBSMZNJOVUFTTIPSUFSUIBOUIFNFBOTPMBSEBZ"TBSFTVMU UIFTUBSTSJTFBOETFUGPVSNJOVUFTFBSMJFSFBDIEBZSFDLPOFESFMBUJWFUPUIF4VOѮF TJEFSFBMNPOUIJTUIFUJNFGPSPOFSFWPMVUJPOPGUIF.PPOBSPVOEUIF&BSUISFMBUJWF UPBêYFETUBS FRVBMUPNFBOTPMBSEBZT"TJEFSFBMZFBSJTUIFUJNFSFRVJSFE GPSUIF&BSUIUPDPNQMFUFPOFSFWPMVUJPOBSPVOEUIF4VOSFMBUJWFUPUIFêYFETUBST BOE JUJTFRVBMUPNFBOTPMBSEBZT4FFDFMFTUJBMDPPSEJOBUFT EBZ NPOUI SJHIU BTDFOTJPO BOEZFBS 4JEJOH4QSJOH0CTFSWBUPSZ "OPCTFSWBUPSZGPVOEFECZUIF"VTUSBMJBO/BUJPOBM6OJ WFSTJUZJOBU4JEJOH4QSJOH /FX4PVUI8BMFT XJUIBNFUFS JODI UFMFTDPQF ѮF "OHMP"VTUSBMJBO 0CTFSWBUPSZ JT BMTP MPDBUFE BU UIF TJUF 4FF "OHMP"VTUSBMJBO 0CTFSWBUPSZ 4*. "DSPOZNGPS4QBDF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ.JTTJPO4FF4QBDF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ.JTTJPO 4JOHVMBSJUZ "QMBDFJOTQBDFPSJOUJNFXIFSFUIFGPSNVMBGPSTPNFQIZTJDBMRVBOUJUZ CFDPNFTJOêOJUF*UXBTPODFUIPVHIUUIBUUIF4DIXBS[TDIJMESBEJVTNBSLFEBTJOHVMBS JUZPGBCMBDLIPMF CVUJUXBTSFNPWFEUPUIFDFOUFSPGUIFIPMFCZBDIBOHFJODPPSEJ OBUFTZTUFNT4FFCMBDLIPMFBOE4DIXBS[TDIJMESBEJVT 4JSJVT ѮF BQQBSFOUMZ CSJHIUFTU TUBS JO UIF OJHIU TLZ B XIJUF " EXBSG PS NBJO
TFRVFODF TUBS XJUI BO BQQBSFOU WJTVBM NBHOJUVEF PG m ѮF (SFFL OBNF 4JSJVT NFBOT iTFBSJOHu iTDPSDIJOHu BOE iTQBSLMJOHu ѮF PUIFS OBNFT GPS 4JSJVT BSF "MQIB $BOJT.BKPSJTBOEUIFi%PH4UBSu EVFUPJUTMPDBUJPOJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$BOJT.BKPSJT 0SJPOTCJHHFS)VOUJOH%PHѮFêSTUHMJNQTFPG4JSJVTJOUIFNPSOJOHUXJMJHIUGPSF UPMEUIFSJTJOHPGUIF/JMFJO&HZQUT0ME,JOHEPN XIPTFTZNCPMXBTBEPH4JSJVT TIJOFTXJUIBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG PSBCPVUUJNFTNPSFMVNJOPVT UIBO UIF 4VO TP 4JSJVT BQQFBST TP CSJHIU CFDBVTF JU JT SFMBUJWFMZ OFBSCZ MPDBUFE BU B EJTUBODFPGKVTUMJHIUZFBST4JSJVTJTBMTPBEPVCMFTUBS XIPTFGBJOUDPNQPOFOUJT BXIJUFEXBSGTUBSEFTJHOBUFEBT4JSJVT#*OUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS'SJFESJDI 8JMIFMN #FTTFM ¢ BUUSJCVUFE QFSJPEJD WBSJBUJPO JO UIF QSPQFS NPUJPO PG UIFCSJHIUDPNQPOFOU EFTJHOBUFE4JSJVT" UPUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMBUUSBDUJPOPGBOVOTFFO DPNQBOJPO TUBS DBMMFE 4JSJVT # XIJDI XBT êSTU EFUFDUFE JO CZ UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS"MWBO$MBSL ¢ *UXBTTPIBSEUPêOECFDBVTF4JSJVT#JT UJNFTGBJOUFSUIBOOFBSCZ4JSJVT"*OUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS8BMUFS4"EBNT ¢ TIPXFEUIBU4JSJVT#JTBIPUTUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF"ѮFIJHIUFNQFSB UVSFBOEMPXJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZNFBOUUIBUUIFGBJOUDPNQBOJPOTUBSIBEUPCFWFSZ TNBMM POMZBCPVUUIFTJ[FPGUIF&BSUI4VDITUBSTCFDBNFLOPXOBTXIJUFEXBSGTUBST 4FF4UFGBO#PMU[NBOOMBXBOEXIJUFEXBSG
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4*35' "DSPOZNGPSUIF4QBDF*OGSB3FE5FMFTDPQF'BDJMJUZ4FF4QJU[FS4QBDF5FMFTDPQF $ZHOJ ѮFêSTUTUBSPUIFSUIBOUIF4VOUPIBWFJUTEJTUBODFNFBTVSFE,OPXOBT
UIF i'MZJOH 4UBSu EVF UP JUT MBSHF QSPQFS NPUJPO PG NPSF UIBO TFDPOET PG BSD QFS ZFBS $ZHOJ XBT QSFTVNBCMZ OFBSCZ ѮF QBSBMMBY BOE IFODF UIF EJTUBODF PG $ZHOJXBTBOOPVODFEJOCZUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS'SJFESJDI8JMIFMN#FTTFM ¢
XIPPCUBJOFEBQBSBMMBYPGTFDPOETPGBSD WFSZDMPTFUPUIFNPEFSO WBMVFPGTFDPOETPGBSD DPSSFTQPOEJOHUPUIFEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBSTѮF TUBSJTBEPVCMFPSBOHFEXBSGUIBUMJFTJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$ZHOVT XIPTFDPNQPOFOU, TUBSTIBWFBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFTPGBOE 4MPBO %JHJUBM 4LZ 4VSWFZ ѮF 4MPBO %JHJUBM 4LZ 4VSWFZ BCCSFWJBUFE 4%44 VTFT
TPQIJTUJDBUFE FMFDUSPOJD JOTUSVNFOUT XJUI B EFEJDBUFE NFUFS JODI SFëFDUPS MPDBUFEBUUIF"QBDIF1PJOU0CTFSWBUPSZJOUIF4BDSBNFOUP.PVOUBJOTPG/FX.FYJDP UPNBQPOFRVBSUFSPGUIFFOUJSFTLZ EFUFSNJOJOHUIFQPTJUJPOBOEBCTPMVUFCSJHIUOFTT PGNPSFUIBONJMMJPODFMFTUJBMPCKFDUTѮF4%44BMTPEFUFSNJOFTUIFEJTUBODFT PS SFETIJѫT UPNPSFUIBOBNJMMJPOHBMBYJFTBOERVBTBSTѮFEJTUSJCVUJPOPGHBMBYJFTJO EJĒFSFOU EJSFDUJPOT BOE EFQUIT PS SFETIJѫT SFWFBMT B DIBJO PG HBMBYJFT EVCCFE UIF 4MPBO(SFBU8BMM UIBUJTCJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTBDSPTT UPHFUIFSXJUIIVHFWPJET PS TFFNJOHMZFNQUZQMBDFTXJUIGFXHBMBYJFT 4NBMM.BHFMMBOJD$MPVE ѮFTFDPOEMBSHFTUBOEUIFTFDPOEOFBSFTU PGUIFJSSFHVMBS
HBMBYJFT UIBU PSCJU UIF .JMLZ 8BZ m UIF MBSHFTU BOE OFBSFTU JT UIF -BSHF .BHFMMBOJD $MPVEѮF4NBMM.BHFMMBOJD$MPVEJTMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBSTJO UIFTPVUIFSOTLZѮF.BHFMMBOJD$MPVETBSFOBNFEGPSUIF1PSUVHVFTFFYQMPSFS'FS EJOBOE.BHFMMBO ¢
XIPTFDSFXSFQPSUFETFFJOHUIFNGSPNUIF4PVUIFSO )FNJTQIFSF EVSJOH UIF êSTU DJSDVNOBWJHBUJPO PG UIF HMPCF DPNQMFUFE JO 4FF -BSHF.BHFMMBOJD$MPVEBOE.BHFMMBOJDDMPVET 4NJUITPOJBO"TUSPQIZTJDBM0CTFSWBUPSZ ѮF4NJUITPOJBO"TUSPQIZTJDBM0CTFSWB UPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE 4"0 JT B SFTFBSDI JOTUJUVUF PG UIF 4NJUITPOJBO *OTUJUVUJPO KPJOFE XJUIUIF)BSWBSE$PMMFHF0CTFSWBUPSZUPGPSNUIF)BSWBSE4NJUITPOJBO$FOUFSGPS "TUSPQIZTJDT BCCSFWJBUFE$G"*UJTIFBERVBSUFSFEBU$BNCSJEHF .BTTBDIVTFUUT4FF $FOUFSGPS"TUSPQIZTJDT 4.. "DSPOZNGPS4PMBS.BYJNVN.JTTJPO4FF4PMBS.BYJNVN.JTTJPO 4/ "DSPOZNGPS4VQFS/PWB4FFTVQFSOPWB 4/$NFUFPSJUF "CPVUBEP[FOJHOFPVTNFUFPSJUFTJEFOUJêFEUPIBWFDPNFGSPN.BST POUIFCBTJTPGUIFJSFMFNFOUBCVOEBODFBOEUSBQQFEHBTFT.PTUPGUIFNTPMJEJêFE GSPNNPMUFONBUFSJBMMFTTUIBOCJMMJPOZFBSTBHPѮFZIBWFCFFODPMMFDUJWFMZOBNFE UIF4/$NFUFPSJUFTBѫFSUIFJOJUJBMTPGUIFMPDBUJPOTXIFSFUIFZXFSFêSTUPCTFSWFEUP GBMMGSPNUIFTLZmOFBS4IFSHPUUZ *OEJBJO /BLIMB &HZQUJO BOE$IBTTJHOZ 'SBODFJO 4/" 4FF4VQFSOPWB"
(MPTTBSZ4
4/0 "DSPOZN GPS UIF 4VECVSZ /FVUSJOP 0CTFSWBUPSZ $BOBEB 4FF 4VECVSZ /FV
USJOP0CTFSWBUPSZ 4/3 "DSPOZNGPS4VQFS/PWB3FNOBOU4FFTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU 4PGU9SBZT &MFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOXJUIQIPUPOFOFSHJFTPGUPLF7BOEXBWF MFOHUITCFUXFFOBCPVUBOENFUFST 40)0 "DSPOZNGPSUIF40MBSBOE)FMJPTQIFSJD0CTFSWBUPSZ4FF40MBSBOE)FMJP
TQIFSJD0CTFSWBUPSZ 4PMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF "DZDMJDBMWBSJBUJPOJOTPMBSBDUJWJUZXJUIBQFSJPEPGBCPVU ZFBSTCFUXFFONBYJNB PSNJOJNB PGTPMBSBDUJWJUZ8BYJOHBOEXBOJOHPGWBSJPVT GPSNTPGTPMBSBDUJWJUZ TVDIBTTVOTQPUT ëBSFT BOEDPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPOT DIBSBDUFS J[FUIFTPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF0WFSUIFDPVSTFPGBOZFBSDZDMF TVOTQPUTWBSZCPUI JOOVNCFS BOE MBUJUVEF ѮF DPNQMFUF DZDMF PG UIF TPMBS NBHOFUJD êFME JT ZFBST "EZOBNPESJWFOCZEJĒFSFOUJBMSPUBUJPOBOEDPOWFDUJPONBZNBJOUBJOUIFTPMBSDZDMF "DUJWJUZDZDMFTTJNJMBSUPUIFTPMBSDZDMFBSFBQQBSFOUMZUZQJDBMPGTUBSTXJUIDPOWFDUJPO [POFT4FFCVUUFSëZEJBHSBN )BMFMBX TPMBSNBYJNVN TPMBSNJOJNVN 4QÕSFSTMBX BOETVOTQPUDZDMF 40MBS BOE )FMJPTQIFSJD 0CTFSWBUPSZ /"4"MBVODIFEUIF40MBSBOE)FMJPTQIFSJD
0CTFSWBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE40)0 PO%FDFNCFS*USFBDIFEJUTQFSNBOFOUQPTJ UJPOPO'FCSVBSZ XJUIPQFSBUJPOTDPOUJOVJOHJOUP40)0PSCJUTUIF4VO BUUIFêSTU - -BHSBOHJBOQPJOUXIFSFUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMGPSDFTPGUIF&BSUIBOE4VO BSFFRVBM*UJTBDPPQFSBUJWFQSPKFDUCFUXFFO&4"BOE/"4"UPTUVEZUIF4VOGSPNJUT EFFQDPSF UISPVHIJUTPVUFSBUNPTQIFSFBOEUIFTPMBSXJOEPVUUPBEJTUBODFUFOUJNFT CFZPOEUIF&BSUITPSCJU*UIBTPCUBJOFEJNQPSUBOUOFXJOGPSNBUJPOBCPVUIFMJPTFJT NPMPHZ UIFTUSVDUVSFBOEEZOBNJDTPGUIFTPMBSJOUFSJPS UIFIFBUJOHNFDIBOJTNPGUIF 4VOTNJMMJPOEFHSFFPVUFSBUNPTQIFSF UIFTPMBSDPSPOB BOEUIFPSJHJOBOEBDDFMFSB UJPOPGUIFTPMBSXJOE4FF-BHSBOHJBOQPJOU 4PMBS BUNPTQIFSF ѮF PVUFS MBZFST PG UIF 4VO GSPN UIF QIPUPTQIFSF UISPVHI UIF DISPNPTQIFSF USBOTJUJPOSFHJPOBOEDPSPOBѮFUFSNBUNPTQIFSFJTVTFEUPEFTDSJCF UIFPVUFSNPTUHBTFPVTMBZFSTPGUIF4VOCFDBVTFUIFZBSFSFMBUJWFMZUSBOTQBSFOUBUWJT JCMFXBWFMFOHUIT4FFBUNPTQIFSF 4PMBS# "NJTTJPOPGUIF+BQBOFTFTQBDFBHFODZ UIF*OTUJUVUFPG4QBDFBOE"TUSPOBV UJDBM 4DJFODF BCCSFWJBUFE *4"4 QSPQPTFE BT B GPMMPXPO UP UIF +BQBO6OJUFE 4UBUFT 6OJUFE ,JOHEPN :PILPI PS 4PMBS" DPMMBCPSBUJPO *4"4 IBT TDIFEVMFE UIF MBVODI PG4PMBS#GPS4FQUFNCFSѮFTQBDFDSBѫDPOTJTUTPGBDPPSEJOBUFETFUPGPQUJDBM FYUSFNFVMUSBWJPMFUBOE9SBZJOTUSVNFOUTUPNFBTVSFUIFEFUBJMFEEFOTJUZ UFNQFSB UVSFBOEWFMPDJUZTUSVDUVSFTJOUIFQIPUPTQIFSF USBOTJUJPOSFHJPOBOEMPXDPSPOBXJUI IJHITQBUJBM TQFDUSBMBOEUFNQPSBMSFTPMVUJPO SFTVMUJOHJOOFXJOGPSNBUJPOBCPVUUIF 4VOTWBSZJOHNBHOFUJDêFMETBOEUIFJSSFMBUJPOTIJQUPTPMBSFSVQUJPOTBOEBUNPTQIFSF FYQBOTJPO 4PMBS DPOTUBOU ѮF UPUBM BNPVOU PG TPMBS FOFSHZ JOUFHSBUFE PWFS BMM XBWFMFOHUIT
SFDFJWFEQFSVOJUUJNFBOEVOJUBSFBBUUIFNFBO4VO&BSUIEJTUBODFPVUTJEFUIF&BSUIT
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
BUNPTQIFSF*UTWBMVFJT+PVMFQFSTFDPOEQFSTRVBSFNFUFS XIJDIJTFRVJWBMFOUUP XBUUQFSTRVBSFNFUFS XJUIBOVODFSUBJOUZPGJOUIFTBNFVOJUTѮFTPMBS DPOTUBOUJTOPUDPOTUBOU CVUJOTUFBEWBSJFTJOUBOEFNXJUIUIFZFBSTPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF CZBCPVUQFSDFOUGSPNNBYJNVNUPNJOJNVN5FNQPSBSZEJQTPGVQUPQFSDFOU BOEBGFXEBZTEVSBUJPOBSFEVFUPUIFQSFTFODFPGMBSHFTVOTQPUTPOUIFWJTJCMFTPMBSEJTL ѮFMBSHFOVNCFSPGTVOTQPUTOFBSUIFQFBLJOUIFZFBSDZDMFJTBDDPNQBOJFECZB SJTFJONBHOFUJDBDUJWJUZ XIJDIDSFBUFTBOJODSFBTFJOUIFMVNJOPVTPVUQVUPGQMBHFTUIBU FYDFFETUIFDPPMJOHFĒFDUTPGTVOTQPUT4FFQMBHF TPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF BOETVOTQPU 4PMBS DPSF ѮFSFHJPOBUUIFDFOUFSPGUIF4VOXIFSFOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOTSFMFBTFWBTU
RVBOUJUJFTPGFOFSHZ 4PMBSDPSPOB 4FFDPSPOB 4PMBSDZDMF ѮFBQQSPYJNBUFMZZFBSWBSJBUJPOJOTPMBSBDUJWJUZ BTXFMMBTUIFOVN
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nBSF "TVEEFOBOEWJPMFOUSFMFBTFPGNBUUFSBOEFOFSHZXJUIJOBTPMBSBDUJWF
SFHJPO JO UIF GPSN PG FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO FOFSHFUJD QBSUJDMFT XBWF NPUJPOT BOETIPDLXBWFT MBTUJOHNJOVUFTUPIPVST"TVEEFOCSJHIUFOJOHJOBOBDUJWFSFHJPO PCTFSWFEJODISPNPTQIFSJDBOEDPSPOBMFNJTTJPOTUIBUUZQJDBMMZMBTUTUFOTPGNJOVUFT ѮFGSFRVFODZBOEJOUFOTJUZPGTPMBSëBSFTJODSFBTFOFBSUIFNBYJNVNPGUIFZFBS TPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF4PMBSëBSFTBDDFMFSBUFDIBSHFEQBSUJDMFTJOUPJOUFSQMBOFUBSZTQBDF ѮF JNQVMTJWF PS ëBTI QIBTF PG ëBSFT VTVBMMZ MBTUT GPS B GFX NJOVUFT EVSJOH XIJDI NBUUFS DBO SFBDI UFNQFSBUVSFT PG IVOESFET PG NJMMJPOT PG EFHSFFT ѮF ëBSF TVCTF RVFOUMZ GBEFT EVSJOH UIF HSBEVBM PS EFDBZ QIBTF MBTUJOH BCPVU BO IPVS .PTU PG UIF SBEJBUJPO JT FNJUUFE BT 9SBZT CVU ëBSFT BSF BMTP PCTFSWFE BU WJTJCMF IZESPHFOBMQIB XBWFMFOHUITBOESBEJPXBWFMFOHUITѮFZBSFQSPCBCMZDBVTFECZUIFTVEEFOSFMFBTFPG MBSHFBNPVOUT VQUP+PVMF PGNBHOFUJDFOFSHZJOBSFMBUJWFMZTNBMMWPMVNFJOUIF TPMBSDPSPOB4FFBDUJWFSFHJPO ëBSF BOETPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF 4PMBSNBTT ѮFBNPVOUPGNBTTJOUIF4VO FRVBMUPLJMPHSBNT BOEUIF
VOJUJOXIJDITUFMMBSBOEHBMBYZNBTTFTBSFFYQSFTTFE 4PMBS.BYJNVN.JTTJPO /"4"MBVODIFEUIF4PMBS.BYJNVN.JTTJPO BCCSFWJBUFE
4.. PO'FCSVBSZ XJUIBOJOPSCJUSFQBJSGSPNUIF4QBDF4IVUUMF$IBMMFOHFS
(MPTTBSZ4
4!",% 3OLARECLIPSESnTOTAL A
$ATE
-AXIMUM $URATION MINUTES
*UNE
$ECEMBER
.OVEMBER !PRIL -ARCH
!UGUST
*ULY *ULY .OVEMBER .OVEMBER -ARCH
-ARCH
!UGUST
*ULY $ECEMBER
$ECEMBER !PRIL
!PRIL
!UGUST !UGUST
*ULY .OVEMBER
.OVEMBER -ARCH -ARCH
0ATHOFTOTALITY
!TLANTIC/CEAN !NGOLA :AMBIA :IMBABWE -OZAMBIQUE -ADAGASCAR !NGOLA "OTSWANA :AMBIA :IMBABWE 3OUTH!FRICA -O ZAMBIQUE SOUTH)NDIAN/CEAN SOUTHERN!USTRALIA !NTARCTICA %ASTERN0ACIlC/CEAN %ASTERN"RAZIL !TLANTIC/CEAN 'HANA 4OGO "ENIN .IGE RIA .IGER #HAD ,IBYA %GYPT 4URKEY 2USSIA .ORTHERN#ANADA 'REENLAND !RCTIC/CEAN 2USSIA -ON GOLIA #HINA )NDIA .EPAL "HUTAN "URMA #HINA 0ACIlC/CEAN 3OUTH0ACIlC/CEAN %ASTER)SLAND #HILE !RGENTINA .ORTHERN!USTRALIA SOUTH0ACIlC/CEAN !TLANTIC/CEAN 'ABON #ONGO :AIRE 5GANDA +ENYA .ORTH!TLANTIC/CEAN &AEROE)SLANDS !RCTIC/CEANS 3VALBARD )NDONESIA3UMATRA "ORNEO 3ULAWESI (ALMAHERA 0ACIlC /CEAN 0ACIlC/CEAN 5NITED3TATES/REGON )DAHO 7YOMING .EBRASKA -ISSOURI )LLINOIS +ENTUCKY 4ENNESSEE .ORTH #AROLINA 3OUTH#AROLINA !TLANTIC/CEAN 3OUTH0ACIlC/CEAN #HILE !RGENTINA 0ACIlC/CEAN #HILE !RGENTINA SOUTH!TLANTIC/CEAN 3OUTH!FRICA !NTARCTICA 3OUTH)NDIAN/CEAN 7ESTERN!USTRALIA )NDONESIA 0ACIlC /CEAN 0ACIlC/CEAN -EXICO 5NITED3TATES4EXAS /KLAHOMA !RKANSAS -ISSOURI +ENTUCKY )LLINOIS )NDIANA /HIO 0ENNSYLVANIA .EW9ORK 6ERMONT .EW(AMPSHIRE -AINE SOUTHEASTERN#ANADA !TLANTIC/CEAN 'REENLAND )CELAND 3PAIN !TLANTIC/CEAN -OROCCO 3PAIN !LGERIA ,IBYA %GYPT 3AUDI!RABIA 9EMEN 3OMALIA 3OUTH)NDIAN/CEAN !USTRALIA .EW:EALAND 3OUTH7EST!FRICA "OTSWANA 3OUTH!FRICA SOUTH)NDIAN /CEAN SOUTHEASTERN!USTRALIA #ENTRAL0ACIlC/CEAN !LASKA !RCTIC/CEAN !TLANTIC/CEAN .IGERIA #AMEROON #HAD 3UDAN %GYPT 3AUDI!RABIA )RAN !FGHANISTAN 0AKISTAN )NDIA #HINA CONTINUED
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4!",% 3OLARECLIPSESnTOTAL A
$ATE
-AXIMUM $URATION MINUTES
3EPTEMBER *ULY n$ECEMBER
$ECEMBER !PRIL
!PRIL !UGUST !UGUST
!UGUST
$ECEMBER
.OVEMBER -AY -ARCH
0ATHOFTOTALITY
#HINA +OREA *APAN 0ACIlC/CEAN !USTRALIA .EW:EALAND SOUTH0ACIlC/CEAN )NDIAN/CEAN WESTERNANDSOUTHERN!USTRALIA .EW:EA LAND 0ACIlC/CEAN !NTARCTICA 3OUTH!TLANTIC/CEAN !NGOLA #ONGO 5GANDA +ENYA 3OMALIA )NDONESIA -ALAYSIA 0HILIPPINES 0ACIlC/CEAN 'REENLAND #ANADA 5NITED3TATES-ONTANA .ORTH$AKOTA 5NITED3TATES#ALIFORNIA .EVADA 5TAH #OLORADO +ANSAS /KLAHOMA !RKANSAS -ISSISSIPPI !LABAMA 'EORGIA &LORIDA (AITI $OMINICAN2EPUBLIC 6ENEZUELA 'UYANA 3URINAME &RENCH'UYANA "RAZIL %ASTERN"RAZIL !TLANTIC/CEAN .AMIBIA "OTSWANA 3OUTH !FRICA SOUTH)NDIAN/CEAN 3OUTH0ACIlC/CEAN #HILE !RGENTINA SOUTH!TLANTIC /CEAN .AMIBIA "OTSWANA )NDIAN/CEAN )NDONESIA 3OUTH0ACIlC/CEAN 0ACIlC/CEAN -EXICO 5NITED3TATES,OUISIANA !LABAMA &LORIDA 'EORGIA 3OUTH#AROLINA !TLANTIC/CEAN
A4OTAL ECLIPSES OF THE 3UN ADAPTED FROM 4OTALITY %CLIPSES OF THE 3UN BY - ,ITTMANN AND + 7ILLCOX (ONOLULU5NIVERSITYOF(AWAII0RESS !PPENDIX PPn
PO"QSJMBOEBNJTTJPOFOEPO/PWFNCFS4..PCUBJOFEJNQPSUBOU OFXJOTJHIUTUPQPXFSGVMFSVQUJPOTPOUIF4VOLOPXOBTTPMBSëBSFTBOEDPSPOBMNBTT FKFDUJPOT EVSJOHBNBYJNVNJOUIFZFBSTPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF 4PMBSOFCVMB ѮFEJTLTIBQFEDMPVEPGHBTBOEEVTUPVUPGXIJDIUIF4VOBOEQMBO FUBSZTZTUFNGPSNFE 4PMBS OFVUSJOP QSPCMFN .BTTJWF TVCUFSSBOFBO OFVUSJOP EFUFDUPST êOE POMZ POF
UIJSEUPPOFIBMGUIFOVNCFSPGTPMBSOFVUSJOPTUIBUUIFPSFUJDBMDBMDVMBUJPOTQSFEJDU ѮFTPMBSOFVUSJOPQSPCMFNIBTCFFOFYQMBJOFECZBUSBOTGPSNBUJPOPGTPMBSOFVUSJOPT JOUPBOVOEFUFDUBCMFGPSNPOUIFJSXBZPVUPGUIF4VO4FF.48FĒFDU OFVUSJOPPTDJM MBUJPO BOE4VECVSZ/FVUSJOP0CTFSWBUPSZ 4PMBSQBSBMMBY ѮFBOHVMBSTJ[FPGUIF&BSUITSBEJVTBUBEJTUBODFPGPOFBTUSPOPNJDBM
VOJU BNPVOUJOHUPTFDPOETPGBSD4FFBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJUBOEQBSBMMBY 4PMBS 4ZTUFN ѮF 4PMBS 4ZTUFN DPOTJTUT PG UIF 4VO JUT QMBOFUT UIF JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ
NFEJVN UIFTPMBSXJOE BOEUIFTNBMMFSCPEJFTPSCJUJOHUIF4VO JODMVEJOHBTUFSPJET
(MPTTBSZ4
'*( 3OLARECLIPSE$URINGASOLARECLIPSE THE-OONCASTSITSSHADOW UPONTHE%ARTH.OPORTIONOFTHE3UNSPHOTOSPHERECANBESEENFROMTHE UMBRALREGIONOFTHE-OONSSHADOWTNBMMHSBZTQPU BUTTHE3UNSLIGHT ISONLYPARTIALLYBLOCKEDINTHEPENUMBRALREGIONMBSHFSIBMGDJSDMF !TOTAL SOLARECLIPSE OBSERVABLEONLYFROMTHEUMBRALREGION TRACESANARROWPATH ACROSSTHE%ARTHSSURFACE
'*( 3OLARmAREMODEL!SOLARmAREISPOWEREDBYMAGNETICENERGYRELEASEDFROMA MAGNETICINTERACTIONSITEABOVETHETOPOFTHECORONALLOOPSHOWNHERE%LECTRONSAREACCEL ERATEDTOHIGHSPEED GENERATINGABURSTOFRADIO ENERGYASWELLASIMPUL SIVELOOP TOPHARD8 RAY " EMISSION3OMEOFTHESE
NON THERMALELECTRONS ARECHANNELEDDOWNTHE ! MAGNETICLOOPANDSTRIKE THECHROMOSPHEREAT
NEARLYTHESPEEDOFLIGHT EMITTINGHARD8 RAYSAT THELOOPFOOTPOINTS7HEN BEAMSOFACCELERATED PROTONSENTERTHEDENSE
LOWERATMOSPHERE THEY CAUSENUCLEARREACTIONS THATRESULTINGAMMA RAY " SPECTRALLINESANDENER GETICNEUTRONS-ATERIAL " INTHECHROMOSPHEREIS HEATEDVERYQUICKLYAND RISESINTOTHELOOP ACCOM PANIEDBYASLOW GRADUALINCREASEINSOFT8 RAYRADIATION4HISUPWELLINGOFHEATEDMATERIALIS CALLEDCHROMOSPHERICEVAPORATION
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
DPNFUT BOEPCKFDUTJOUIF,VJQFSCFMUBOEUIF0PSUDPNFUDMPVEѮFQMBOFUTBOE4VO XFSFGPSNFEUPHFUIFSGSPNUIFDPMMBQTFPGBSPUBUJOH JOUFSTUFMMBSDMPVEPGHBTBOEEVTU LOPXOBTUIFTPMBSOFCVMB4FFBTUFSPJE DPNFU ,VJQFSCFMU 0PSUDPNFUDMPVE QMBOFU TPMBSOFCVMB BOETPMBSXJOE 4PMBS 5&SSFTUSJBM 3&MBUJPOT 0CTFSWBUPSZ /"4" QMBOT UP MBVODI UIF UXP JEFOUJDBM
TQBDFDSBѫPGUIF4PMBS5&SSFTUSJBM3&MBUJPOT0CTFSWBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE45&3&0 JO 0OFTQBDFDSBѫXJMMMFBE&BSUIJOJUTPSCJU BOEPOFXJMMCFMBHHJOHUIFDPNCJOFE JNBHFTBOESBEJPUSBDLJOHGSPNUIFUXPTQBDFDSBѫXJMMQSPWJEFBUISFFEJNFOTJPOBM WJFXPGDPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPOTGSPNUIFJSPOTFUBUUIF4VOUPUIFPSCJUPGUIF&BSUI JNQSPWJOHPVSVOEFSTUBOEJOHPGUIFTFTPMBSFYQMPTJPOTBOEBJEJOHTQBDFXFBUIFSGPSF DBTUDBQBCJMJUJFT 4PMBS 5JNF 5JNF LFQU CZ UIF SJTJOH BOE TFUUJOH PG UIF 4VO WJFXFE GSPN UIF SPUBU JOH&BSUI NPSFUFDIOJDBMMZLOPXOBT(SFFOXJDI.FBO5JNFBOE6OJWFSTBM5JNF4FF (SFFOXJDI.FBO5JNF 3PZBM(SFFOXJDI0CTFSWBUPSZ BOE6OJWFSTBM5JNF 4PMBSXJOE "TUFBEZëPXPGFOFSHFUJDDIBSHFEQBSUJDMFT NBJOMZFMFDUSPOTBOEQSPUPOT
BOEFOUSBJOFENBHOFUJDêFMETNPWJOHPVUGSPNUIF4VOJOBMMEJSFDUJPOTJOUPJOUFSQMBO FUBSZTQBDFBUTVQFSTPOJDTQFFE*OUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS-VEXJH#JFSNBOO ¢ QSPQPTFEUIBUUIFTUSBJHIUJPOUBJMTPGDPNFUT XIJDIBMXBZTQPJOUBXBZ GSPNUIF4VO BSFBDDFMFSBUFECZBDPOUJOVPVT FMFDUSJêFEëPXPGDIBSHFEQBSUJDMFTGSPN UIF4VO*OUIF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU&VHFOF/1BSLFS ¢ TIPXFEUIBUUIF NJMMJPOEFHSFFFMFDUSPOTBOEQSPUPOTJOUIFDPSPOBXJMMPWFSDPNFUIF4VOTHSBWJUZBOE BDDFMFSBUF UP TVQFSTPOJD TQFFET OBNJOH UIF SFTVMUBOU SBEJBM PVUëPX UIF TPMBS XJOE )FBMTPQSPQPTFEUIBUUIFTPMBSXJOEDBSSJFTUIF4VOTNBHOFUJDêFMEXJUIJU GPSNJOH B TQJSBM NBHOFUJD QBUUFSO JO JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ TQBDF BT UIF 4VO SPUBUFT .FBTVSFNFOUT GSPNUIF4PWJFU-VOBTQBDFDSBѫJODPOêSNFEUIFFYJTUFODFPGUIFTPMBSXJOECZ EJSFDUNFBTVSFNFOUTPGJUTQSPUPOT BOEJOmUIF"NFSJDBO.BSJOFSTQBDFDSBѫ EFUFSNJOFEJUTEFOTJUZ BCPVUNJMMJPOFMFDUSPOTBOENJMMJPOQSPUPOTQFSDVCJDNFUFS OFBS &BSUI BOE NFBTVSFE JUT TQFFE ѮF TPMBS XJOE IBT B GBTU DPNQPOFOU PS IJHI TQFFETUSFBN XJUIBWFMPDJUZPGBCPVULJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE BOEBTMPXTQFFE DPNQPOFOUNPWJOHBUBCPVUIBMGUIJTTQFFE*O DPNQBSJTPOTPGPCTFSWBUJPOTXJUI UIF6MZTTFTTQBDFDSBѫ XIJDIQBTTFEPWFSUIF4VOTQPMFT XJUIUIPTFPGUIF:PILPIBOE 40)0TPMBSTQBDFDSBѫEFNPOTUSBUFEUIBUNVDI JGOPUBMM PGUIFIJHITQFFETPMBSXJOE DPNFTGSPNPQFONBHOFUJDêFMETJOQPMBSDPSPOBMIPMFT BUMFBTUEVSJOHUIFNJOJNVN JOUIF4VOTZFBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF BOEUIBUUIFTMPXXJOEJTDPOêOFEUPMPXMBUJUVEFT OFBSBOFRVBUPSJBMTUSFBNFSCFMUѮFTPMBSXJOEDBSSJFTBXBZBCPVUPGUIF4VOT NBTTQFSZFBS"MUIPVHIUIFTPMBSXJOEJTEJWFSUFEBSPVOEUIF&BSUITNBHOFUPTQIFSF TPNFPGJUTQBSUJDMFTFOUFSUIFNBHOFUPTQIFSF4FFBVSPSB DPSPOB DPSPOBMIPMF DPSPOBM TUSFBNFS IFMJPTQIFSF IJHITQFFETUSFBN NBHOFUPTQIFSF BOE7BO"MMFOCFMUT 4PMTUJDF ѮF TVNNFS BOE XJOUFS TPMTUJDFT BSF UIF FYUSFNF OPSUIFSO BOE TPVUIFSO
QPTJUJPOPGUIF4VOEVSJOHJUTZFBSMZQBUIBNPOHUIFTUBST XIFOUIF4VOSFBDIFTJUT HSFBUFTUEFDMJOBUJPOPGEFHSFFTOPSUIBOETPVUIѮFUXPEBUFTXIFOUIF4VOJT GBSUIFTUGSPNUIFFRVBUPS0OUIFTVNNFSTPMTUJDF PDDVSSJOHBSPVOE+VOF UIF4VO JTGBSUIFTUOPSUIBOEUIFEBZMJHIUIPVSTJOUIFOPSUIFSOIFNJTQIFSFBSFMPOHFTU0O
(MPTTBSZ4
4!",% 3OLARWINDA 0ARAMETER
0ARTICLE$ENSITY . 6ELOCITY 6 &LUX & 4EMPERATURE 4 0ARTICLE4HERMAL%NERGY K4 0ROTON+INETIC%NERGY MP6 4HERMAL%NERGY$ENSITY .K4 0ROTON%NERGY$ENSITY .MP6 -AGNETIC&IELD3TRENGTH "
-EAN6ALUE
MILLIONPARTICLESPERCUBICMETERMILLION ELECTRONSANDMILLIONPROTONS KMSANDKMS TOPARTICLESPERSQUAREMETERPERSECOND +PROTONS TO+ELECTRONS *E6 * E6KE6 *M *M 4N4'
A-EANVALUESOFSOLAR WINDPARAMETERSATTHEMEANDISTANCEOFTHE%ARTHFROMTHE3UN ORATONEASTRONOMI CALUNIT !5 WHERE!5MTHE3UNSRADIUS 2b IS2bM"OLTZMANNS CONSTANTK*+RELATESTEMPERATUREANDTHERMALENERGY4HEPROTONMASSMP KG
UIFXJOUFSTPMTUJDF PDDVSSJOHBSPVOE%FDFNCFS UIF4VOJTGBSUIFTUTPVUIBOEUIF EBZMJHIUIPVSTJOUIFOPSUIFSOIFNJTQIFSFBSFTIPSUFTU4FFEFDMJOBUJPOBOETFBTPO 4PNCSFSP(BMBYZ Ѯ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ѮF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF4DJFODF*OTUJUVUF BCCSFWJBUFE 454D* JTUIFBTUSPOPNJDBMSFTFBSDIDFOUFSSFTQPOTJCMFGPSPQFSBUJOHUIF)VCCMF4QBDF 5FMFTDPQFBTBOJOUFSOBUJPOBMPCTFSWBUPSZѮF454D*JTMPDBUFEBUUIF)PNFXPPEDBN QVTPG+PIOT)PQLJOT6OJWFSTJUZ 4QBDFUJNF "GPVSEJNFOTJPOBMEFTDSJQUJPOXJUIUISFFEJNFOTJPOTPGTQBDFBOEPOF
PGUJNF FNQMPZFEJOUIF4QFDJBMBOE(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ4FF4QFDJBMѮFPSZPG 3FMBUJWJUZBOE(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4QBDFXFBUIFS 7BSZJOHDPOEJUJPOTJOJOUFSQMBOFUBSZTQBDFBOEUIF&BSUITNBHOFUP
TQIFSFDPOUSPMMFECZUIFWBSJBCMFTPMBSXJOE 4QFDJBM5IFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ &YQMBOBUJPOPGUIFQSPQFSUJFTPGPCKFDUTNPWJOHBUIJHI
TQFFET BQQSPBDIJOHUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU QSPQPTFEJOCZUIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU "MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ ѮFIJHITQFFEPCKFDUTFYIJCJUBOJODSFBTFJONBTT B -PSFOU[DPOUSBDUJPOPGMFOHUI BOEBTMPXJOHPGUJNF PSUJNFEJMBUJPO XIFODPNQBSFE UPOPONPWJOHPCKFDUTBUSFTUѮF4QFDJBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZSFTUTVQPOUIFQPTUVMBUFT ѮF 1SJODJQMF PG 3FMBUJWJUZ XIJDI TUBUFT UIBU UIF MBXT PG OBUVSF BOE UIF SFTVMUT PG FYQFSJNFOUTQFSGPSNFEJOBOJOFSUJBMGSBNFBSFJOEFQFOEFOUPGUIFVOJGPSNWFMPDJUZPG UIFTZTUFNѮFSFFYJTUTJOOBUVSFBMJNJUJOH JOWBSJBOUTQFFE UIFTQFFEPGMJHIU BVOJ WFSTBM DPOTUBOU 4FF -PSFOU[ DPOUSBDUJPO .JDIFMTPO.PSMFZ FYQFSJNFOU .JOLPXTLJ NFUSJD UJNFEJMBUJPO BOEWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU 4QFDUSBMDMBTTJmDBUJPO 4FFTUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO 4QFDUSBMMJOF "GFBUVSFPCTFSWFEJOUIFTQFDUSBPGTUBSTBOEPUIFSMVNJOPVTPCKFDUTBUB TQFDJêDGSFRVFODZPSXBWFMFOHUI FJUIFSJOCSJHIUFNJTTJPOPSJOEBSLBCTPSQUJPO"TQFD USBMMJOFMPPLTMJLFBMJOFJOBEJTQMBZPGSBEJBUJPOJOUFOTJUZBTBGVODUJPOPGXBWFMFOHUIPS GSFRVFODZ"UPNTQSPEVDFUIJTTQFDUSBMGFBUVSFBTUIFZBCTPSCPSFNJUMJHIU BOEJUDBOCF VTFEUPEFUFSNJOFUIFDIFNJDBMJOHSFEJFOUTPGUIFSBEJBUJOHTPVSDF4QFDUSBMMJOFTBSFBMTP VTFEUPJOGFSUIFSBEJBMWFMPDJUZBOENBHOFUJDêFMEPGUIFSBEJBUPS4FFBCTPSQUJPOMJOF %PQQMFSFĒFDU FNJTTJPOMJOF SBEJBMWFMPDJUZ TQFDUSVN BOE;FFNBOFĒFDU 4QFDUSBMUZQF 4FFTQFDUSBMDMBTTJêDBUJPO 4QFDUSPHSBQI "MTPLOPXOBTBTQFDUSPNFUFS BTQFDUSPHSBQITQSFBETMJHIUPSPUIFS
FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO JOUP JUT DPNQPOFOU XBWFMFOHUIT DPMMFDUJWFMZ LOPXO BT B TQFDUSVN BOESFDPSETUIFSFTVMUFMFDUSPOJDBMMZPSQIPUPHSBQIJDBMMZ4QFDUSBBSFOPX PѫFOSFDPSEFEXJUI$IBSHF$PVQMFE%FWJDFT PS$$%T GSPNXIJDIBDPNQVUFSDBO BOBMZ[FJOGPSNBUJPOJOEJHJUBMGPSN)JHIEJTQFSTJPOJOTUSVNFOUTTQSFBEUIFTQFDUSBM MJOFTXJEFMZTPUIBUBQBSUJDVMBSXBWFMFOHUIDBOCFTUVEJFEJOEFUBJM"OFYBNQMFPG TVDI B IJHIEJTQFSTJPO EFWJDF JT UIF TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI 4FF $IBSHF $PVQMFE %FWJDF BOETQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI 4QFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI "UZQFPGTQFDUSPHSBQIVTFEUPJNBHFUIF4VOJOUIFMJHIUPGPOF QBSUJDVMBSXBWFMFOHUIPOMZ JOWFOUFEJOEFQFOEFOUMZJOCZUIF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS )FOSJ%FTMBOESFT ¢ BOECZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS(FPSHF&MMFSZ)BMF ¢ 4QFDUSPNFUFS 4FFTQFDUSPHSBQI 4QFDUSPTDPQF "OJOTUSVNFOUUIBUTQSFBETFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOJOUPJUTWBSJPVT XBWFMFOHUIT FTQFDJBMMZUIFDPNQPOFOUDPMPSTPGWJTJCMFMJHIUѮFEJTQMBZ LOPXOBTB TQFDUSVN DBOCFVTFEUPEFUFSNJOFUIFJOHSFEJFOUT NBHOFUJDêFMETBOENPUJPOTPGUIF DPTNJDTPVSDFPGUIFSBEJBUJPO4FFTQFDUSBMMJOF 4QFDUSPTDPQJDCJOBSZ "EPVCMFTUBSXIPTFUXPDPNQPOFOUTBSFJOGFSSFEGSPNUIFQFSJ PEJD%PQQMFSTIJѫTPGUIFBCTPSQUJPOMJOFTJOUIFJSDPNCJOFETQFDUSVNѮF(FSNBO
(MPTTBSZ4
'*( 3PECTROHELIOGRAPH!SMALLSECTIONOFTHEIMAGEATTHEFOCAL PLANEOFATELESCOPEISSELECTEDWITHANARROWENTRYSLIT 3 ANDLIGHT PASSESTOADIFFRACTIONGRATING PRODUCINGASPECTRUM!SECONDSLIT 3 ATTHEFOCALPLANESELECTSASPECIlCWAVELENGTHFROMTHESPECTRUM )FTHEPLATECONTAININGTHETWOSLITSISMOVEDHORIZONTALLY THENTHE ENTRANCESLITPASSESADJACENTSTRIPSOFTHEIMAGE4HELIGHTLEAVINGTHE MOVINGEXITSLITTHENBUILDSUPANIMAGEOFTHE3UNATASPECIlCWAVE LENGTH
BTUSPOPNFS)FSNBOO$BSM7PHFM ¢ EJTDPWFSFETQFDUSPTDPQJDCJOBSZTUBST XIFOTUVEZJOHUIFQFSJPEJDEJTQMBDFNFOUTPGUIFTQFDUSBMMJOFTPGUIFFDMJQTJOHCJOBSZ TUBST"MHPMBOE4QJDB4FF"MHPMBOE%PQQMFSFĒFDU 4QFDUSPTDPQJD QBSBMMBY ѮFEFUFSNJOBUJPOPGBTUBSTQBSBMMBY PSEJTUBODF GSPNJUT TQFDUSBMUZQFBOEBQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZѮFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZDBOCFJOGFSSFEGSPN UIFTQFDUSBMUZQF BOEJUGBMMTPĒBTUIFJOWFSTFTRVBSFPGUIFEJTUBODFUPHJWFUIFBQQBS FOUMVNJOPTJUZ4FFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ BQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZ JOWFSTFTRVBSFMBX QBSBM MBY BOETUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO 4QFDUSPTDPQZ ѮFNFBTVSFNFOUBOETUVEZPGBTQFDUSVN JODMVEJOHUIFXBWFMFOHUI BOEJOUFOTJUZPGFNJTTJPOBOEBCTPSQUJPOMJOFT UPEFUFSNJOFUIFDIFNJDBMDPNQPTJUJPO NPUJPOPSNBHOFUJDêFMEPGUIFSBEJBUJOHTPVSDF4FFTQFDUSVN
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4QFDUSVN ѮFEJTUSJCVUJPOPGUIFJOUFOTJUZPGFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOXJUIXBWF MFOHUI&MFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPO BSSBOHFEJOPSEFSPGXBWFMFOHUIGSPNMPOHXBWF MFOHUI MPX GSFRVFODZ SBEJP FNJTTJPOT UP TIPSU XBWFMFOHUI IJHI GSFRVFODZ HBNNB SBZTBMTP BOBSSPXFSCBOEPGXBWFMFOHUIT DBMMFEUIFWJTJCMFTQFDUSVN BTXIFOTVO MJHIUJTEJTQFSTFECZBQSJTNPSSBJOCPXJOUPJUTDPNQPOFOUDPMPST"DPOUJOVPVTTQFD USVNJTBOVOCSPLFOEJTUSJCVUJPOPGSBEJBUJPOPWFSBCSPBESBOHFPGXBWFMFOHUIT TVDI BTUIFTFQBSBUJPOPGXIJUFMJHIUJOUPJUTDPNQPOFOUDPMPSTGSPNSFEUPWJPMFU$POUJOV PVTTQFDUSBBSFPѫFOQVODUVBUFEXJUIFNJTTJPOPSBCTPSQUJPOMJOFT DBMMFEMJOFTQFD USB XIJDIDBOCFFYBNJOFEUPSFWFBMUIFDPNQPTJUJPO NPUJPOBOENBHOFUJDêFMEPG UIFSBEJBUJOHTPVSDF4FFBCTPSQUJPOMJOF %PQQMFSFĒFDU %PQQMFSTIJѫ FNJTTJPOMJOF 'SBVOIPGFSMJOFT TQFDUSBMMJOF TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI BOE;FFNBOFĒFDU 4QFFEPGMJHIU 4FFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU 4QFFEPGTPVOE 4FFWFMPDJUZPGTPVOE 4QJDB "CMVFXIJUFNBJOTFRVFODF PSEXBSG TUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF#BOEBQQBSFOU WJTVBMNBHOJUVEF BMTPLOPXOBT"MQIB7JSHJOJT"UBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST JUIBTBQBSBMMBYPGTFDPOETPGBSD BOBCTPMVUFNBHOJUVEFPGmBOEBOJOUSJOTJD MVNJOPTJUZBCPVUUJNFTUIBUPGUIF4VO4QJDBBMTPIBTBDPNQBOJPOEXBSGTUBS PGTQFDUSBMUZQF#UIBUJTMFTTUIBOQFSDFOUBTMVNJOPVTBT4QJDB BOETFQBSBUFEGSPN 4QJDBCZPOMZ"6PSTPMBSSBEJJѮFOBNFNFBOTiUIF4QJLFuPSi&BSPG8IFBUu XIJDIUIF7JSHJO.BSZIPMETJOBODJFOUQPSUSBZBMTPGUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO7JSHJOJT 4QJDVMF /BSSPX QSFEPNJOBOUMZSBEJBM TQJLFMJLFTUSVDUVSFTFYUFOEJOHGSPNUIFTPMBS DISPNPTQIFSFJOUPUIFDPSPOB PCTFSWFEJOIZESPHFOBMQIBMJOFTBOEDPODFOUSBUFEBU UIFDFMMCPVOEBSJFTPGUIFTVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO"TQJDVMFMBTUTCFUXFFOêWFUPêѫFFONJO VUFTBOEIBTBWFMPDJUZPGBCPVULJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOEѮFZBSFBCPVULJMPNFUFS UIJDLBOENPSFUIBO LJMPNFUFSTMPOH4FFDISPNPTQIFSF IZESPHFOBMQIBMJOF BOETVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO 4QJSBM BSNT " QJOXIFFM TUSVDUVSF DPNQPTFE PG EVTU HBT BOE ZPVOH TUBST XIJDI XJOETJUTXBZPVUGSPNUIFDFOUFSPGBTQJSBMHBMBYZ 4QJSBMHBMBYZ "HBMBYZDPOUBJOJOHTQJSBMBSNTDPJMJOHBOEXJOEJOHPVUGSPNBDFO
USBMCVMHFPSOVDMFVT GPSNJOHBëBUUFOFE EJTLTIBQFESFHJPO"UZQJDBMTQJSBMHBMBYZ IBTBTQIFSJDBMDFOUSBMCVMHFPGPMEFSTUBSTTVSSPVOEFECZBëBUUFOFEHBMBDUJDEJTLUIBU DPOUBJOTBTQJSBMQBUUFSOPGZPVOHTUBST BTXFMMBTJOUFSTUFMMBSHBTBOEEVTU0VS.JMLZ 8BZ(BMBYZBOEUIF"OESPNFEBHBMBYZ . BSFTQJSBMHBMBYJFT BTBSFUIF1JOXIFFM BOE4PNCSFSPHBMBYJFT 4QJSBM OFCVMB )JTUPSJDBM OBNF GPS B UZQF PG PCKFDU UIBU CFDBNF LOPXO BT B TQJSBM
HBMBYZ4FFTQJSBMHBMBYZ 4QJSJU 4FF.BST&YQMPSBUJPO3PWFS.JTTJPO 4QJU[FS 4QBDF 5FMFTDPQF /"4" MBVODIFE UIF4QJU[FS4QBDF5FMFTDPQF BCCSFWJBUFE 445 PO"VHVTU XJUIBOFYQFDUFEZFBSNJTTJPOMJGFUJNF*UJTBOJOGSBSFE UFMFTDPQFXJUIBONFUFS JODI QSJNBSZNJSSPS PCUBJOJOHJNBHFTBOETQFDUSB
(MPTTBSZ4
PGUIFJOGSBSFEFOFSHZ PSIFBU SBEJBUFECZDPTNJDPCKFDUTBUXBWFMFOHUITCFUXFFO BOENJDSPOT XIFSFNJDSPOJTPOFNJMMJPOUIPGBNFUFSѮF4QJU[FS4QBDF5FMF TDPQFQSPWJEFTJOGPSNBUJPOPOUIFGPSNBUJPO DPNQPTJUJPOBOEFWPMVUJPOPGQMBOFUT TUBSTBOEHBMBYJFTѮFNJTTJPOXBTJOJUJBMMZEFTJHOBUFEUIF4QBDF*OGSB3FE5FMFTDPQF 'BDJMJUZ PS4*35'GPSTIPSU BOESFOBNFEBѫFSUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU-ZNBO 4QJU[FS +S ¢ 4QÚSFSNJOJNVN "QFSJPEPGMPXTVOTQPUBDUJWJUZJOUIFêѫFFOUIDFOUVSZ BCPVU"% m
OBNFEBѫFSUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS(VTUBW'SJFESJDI8JMIFMN4QÕSFS ¢ XIPBMTPDBMMFEBUUFOUJPOUPUIF.BVOEFSNJOJNVNBTFBSMZBT4FF .BVOEFSNJOJNVN 4QÚSFSTMBX ѮFBQQFBSBODFPGTVOTQPUTBUMPXFSTPMBSMBUJUVEFTPWFSUIFDPVSTFPG
UIFZFBSTPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF ESJѫJOHGSPNNJEMBUJUVEFTPGUPEFHSFFTOPSUI BOETPVUIUPXBSETUIFFRVBUPSBTUIFDZDMFQSPHSFTTFTѮFTVOTQPUNJHSBUJPOUPMPXFS BWFSBHF MBUJUVEFT XBT êSTU EJTDPWFSFE JO CZ UIF &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS 3JDIBSE $BSSJOHUPO ¢
PWFS BO JODPNQMFUF QBSU PG POF TPMBS DZDMF BOE JOWFTUJ HBUFEJOHSFBUFSEFUBJMCZUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS(VTUBW'SJFESJDI8JMIFMN4QÕSFS ¢ 4FFTPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF TVOTQPU BOETVOTQPUDZDMF 44 "OFNJTTJPOMJOFTUBSUIBUFYIJCJUTWBSZJOHXBWFMFOHUITDIBOHFT XJUITJNVMUB
OFPVTSFETIJѫTBOECMVFTIJѫT EJTDPWFSFECZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS#SVDF.BSHPO ¢ BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTJO*GUIFXBWFMFOHUIDIBOHFTBSFBUUSJCVUFEUPUIF %PQQMFSFĒFDUPGTPVSDFNPUJPO UIFOUIFTUBSTFFNFEUPCFCPUIDPNJOHBOEHPJOH XJUITQFFETPGVQUPUIPVTBOELJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE#VUUIFTUBSJUTFMGJTOUNPWJOH NBUUFSJTJOTUFBECFJOHFKFDUFEJOUXPOBSSPX DPMMJNBUFEKFUTPGNBUUFSGSPNBDFOUSBM OFVUSPOTUBS"CSJHIUNBTTJWFDPNQBOJPOTUBS XJUIBNBTTPGUPTPMBSNBTTFT JT MPTJOHJUTPVUFSMBZFSTJOBTUFMMBSXJOEUIBUë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ѮF UFNQFSBUVSF BOE MVNJOPTJUZ PG B TUBS JT EFUFSNJOFE CZ JUT NBTT ѮF NPTU NBTTJWF TUBST BSF BCPVU TPMBS NBTTFT PS POF IVOESFE UJNFT IFBWJFS UIBO UIF4VOѮFNJOJNVNTUFMMBSNBTTJTBCPVUTPMBSNBTTFT PSBCPVUUJNFTUIF NBTTPG+VQJUFSMFTTNBTTJWFTUBSTEPOPUIBWFFOPVHINBTTBOETVēDJFOUQSFTTVSFBOE UFNQFSBUVSF UP JOJUJBUF OVDMFBS SFBDUJPOT JO UIFJS DPSFT 4FF DBSCPOOJUSPHFOPYZHFO DZDMF GVTJPO HJBOUTUBS )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN NBJOTFRVFODF NBTTMVNJOPTJUZ SFMBUJPO BOEQSPUPOQSPUPODIBJO
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
'*( 334HEBIZARREANDUNIQUEOBJECT 33 CONSISTSOFANEUTRONSTARANDA MASSIVEVISIBLE LIGHTSTARINORBITABOUTEACHOTHERWITHA DAYPERIOD4HEMASSIVESTARIS LOSINGGASINASTELLARWIND ANDTHENEUTRONSTARPULLSSOMEOFTHISMATERIALINTOANACCRETION DISKTHATEMITS8 RAYS(OWEVER THEIN FALLINGMATTERCANNOTBEACCRETEDFASTENOUGH AND THEEXCESSMATERIALISSHOTOUTFROMTHECENTEROFTHEACCRETIONDISKINTWOOPPOSITELYDIRECTED JETS"ULLET LIKECONCENTRATIONSOFGASSPEWOUTALONGTHEJETS MOVINGATAQUARTERTHESPEED OFLIGHT4HESPECTRALLINESOF33COMEFROMTHETWINHIGH SPEEDJETSOFGAS WHICHCREATE SIMULTANEOUSREDANDBLUEWAVELENGTHSHIFTSANDMAKETHESTARLOOKLIKEITISCOMINGAND GOINGATTHESAMETIME4HEACCRETIONDISKISTIPPEDSLIGHTLYANDPRECESSESLIKEATOP MAKING THEJETSSWINGSTEADILYAROUNDACONEEVERYDAYS4HECOMPONENTOFVELOCITYDIRECTED ALONGANOBSERVERSLINEOFSIGHTVARIESWITHTHESAMEPERIOD SOTHEOBSERVERSEESBOTHA REDSHIFTEDANDABLUESHIFTEDLINE WITHWAVELENGTHSTHATCHANGEWITHTIME 4UBSCVSTUHBMBYZ "HBMBYZVOEFSHPJOHBOFYDFQUJPOBMMZIJHISBUFPGTUBSGPSNBUJPO %JTDPWFSFE JO XJUI JOTUSVNFOUT BCPBSE UIF *OGSB3FE "TUSPOPNJDBM 4BUFMMJUF BCCSFWJBUFE*3"4 TUBSCVSTUHBMBYJFTBSFNVDICSJHIUFSBUJOGSBSFEXBWFMFOHUIT XIFO DPNQBSFEUPUIFJSWJTJCMFMJHIUPVUQVU UIBOPUIFSHBMBYJFT 4UBS DMVTUFS (SBWJUBUJPOBMMZ CPVOE BHHSFHBUJPO PG TUBST NVDI TNBMMFS BOE NVDI
MFTTNBTTJWFUIBOBHBMBYZ4UBSDMVTUFSTBSFPGUXPUZQFTUIFPQFODMVTUFST DPOUBJOJOH IVOESFETPG1PQVMBUJPOT*TUBST BOEUIFNPSFNBTTJWFHMPCVMBSDMVTUFSTDPOTJTUJOHPG CFUXFFOUFOUIPVTBOEBOEUFONJMMJPOPMEFS1PQVMBUJPOT**TUBSTXJUIJOBWPMVNFUIBU JTBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTBDSPTT0QFODMVTUFSTBSFGPVOEJOUIFEJTLPGPVS(BMBYZBOE HMPCVMBSDMVTUFSTJOUIFHBMBDUJDIBMP4FFHMPCVMBSDMVTUFSBOEPQFODMVTUFS 4UBSEVTU /"4"MBVODIFEUIF4UBSEVTUTQBDFDSBѫPO'FCSVBSZ"ѫFSOFBSMZ
GPVSZFBSTPGTQBDFUSBWFM JUFODPVOUFSFE$PNFU8JME PO+BOVBSZ XIFSFJU PCUBJOFEDMPTFVQJNBHFTPGUIFDPNFUOVDMFVTBOEDPMMFDUFEEVTUBOEDBSCPOCBTFE TBNQMFTVTJOHBTVCTUBODFDBMMFEBFSPHFMѮFDBSHPXBTQBSBDIVUFEJOBSFFOUSZDBQTVMF UPUIF&BSUITTVSGBDFPO+BOVBSZ
!RCTURUS
2IGIL+ENTAURUS
6EGA
#APELLAE
0ROCYON
!CHERNAR
"ETELGEUSE
2IGEL
#ANOPUS
M
3IRIUS
H
3TAR
S
2!
4!",% 3TARSnBRIGHTESTA
$EC
$B LYR
!LPHA/RI
!LPHA%RI
!LPHA#-I
!LPHA!UR "ETA/RI
!LPHA,YR
!LPHA#EN
!LPHA"OO
!LPHA#AR
!LPHA#-A
'REEK ,ETTER .AME
-)A
"6
&)6
'))) ")A
!6
'6
+)))
&))
!6
WD
'))) "
+6
WD
3PECTRAL #LASSC ! "
V
6ISUALD -AGNITUDE ! "
!BSOLUTE -AGNITUDE ! "
(MPTTBSZ4
-IMOSA
!CRUX
S
$EC
$B LYR
!LPHA#RU
"ETA#RU
!LPHA#YG
!LPHA0S!
"ETA'EM
!LPHA6IR
!LPHA3CO
!LPHA4AU
"ETA#EN !LPHA!QL
'REEK ,ETTER .AME
")6
")))
!)A
!6
+)))
"6
-)B
+)))
"))) !)6 6
"6
+6
"6
-6
3PECTRAL #LASSC ! "
6ISUALD -AGNITUDE ! "
'REATEST3TARS .EW9ORK #OPERNICUS"OOKS 3PRINGER 6ERLAG !PPENDIX# P ,ANG +ENNETH2 !STROPHYSICAL$ATA .EW9ORK 3PRINGER P AND-URDIN 0AULED %NCYCLOPEDIAOF!STRONOMYAND !STROPHYSICS .EW9ORK .ATURE0UBLISHING'ROUP 3EEALSO34!23ATHTTPWWWASTROUIUCEDU^KALERSOWSOWLISTHTML B4HEDISTANCES $ AREINLIGHT YEARS ABREVIATEDLYR C4HELUMINOSITYCLASSESARE)A3UPERGIANTOFHIGHLUMINOSITY )B3UPERGIANTOFLOWERLUMINOSITY ))nBRIGHTGIANT ))).ORMALGIANT )63UBGIANT 6-AINnSEQUENCESTAR ORDWARFSTAR 6)3UBDWARF D4HESTARSARELISTEDINORDEROFINCREASINGAPPARENTVISUALMAGNITUDEORDECREASINGAPPARENTBRIGHTNESSFORTHEBRIGHTEST COMPONENT!IFTHESTARISABINARYSTARTHEOTHERCOMPONENTIS" E#APELLAHASATHIRDCOMPONENT#WITHASPECTRALCLASS-6 AVISUALMAGNITUDEOFANDANABSOLUTEVISUALMAGNITUDEOF
A!DAPTEDFROM+ALER *AMES" 3TARS .EW9ORK 3CIENTIlC!MERICAN,IBRARY !PPENDIX P 4HE(UNDRED
&OMALHAUT
$ENEB
3PICA
!NTARES
0OLLUX
!LDEBARAN
(ADAR !LTAIR
M
H
3TAR
2!
4!",% 3TARSnBRIGHTESTA
!BSOLUTE -AGNITUDE ! "
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
(MPTTBSZ4
4!",% 3TARSnNEAREST A !PPARENT MAGNITUDEB
!BSOLUTE MAGNITUDE
$ISTANCE LIGHT YEARS
' - ' +L -
C
V V
- - ! $! -
56#ETI" 2OSS 2OSS d%RIDANI ($
V
- - - + -
2OSS ,n #YGNI! 0ROCYON! 0ROCYON"
V V
- - + & $&
#YGNI" ($ ($ '8!NDROMEDAE! '8!NDROMEDAE"
V V
+ + + -L -
' d)NDI T#ETI ,n
- + ' -
3TAR
3UN 0ROXIMA#ENTAURI A#ENTAURI! A#ENTAURI" "ARNARDgS3TAR 7OLF ,ALANDE 3IRIUS! 3IRIUS" 56#ETI!
3PECTRAL TYPE
V
A!DAPTED FROM )AN 2IDPATH AND *OHN 7OODRUFF 0HILIPS !STRONOMY $ICTIONARY ,ONDON 'EORGE 0HILIP
,TD P BѮFWMEANSVARIABLE C4HEMEANDISTANCEOFTHE3UNISLIGHT YEARS
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4UBS TUSFBNJOH *O UIF %VUDI BTUSPOPNFS +BDPCVT ,BQUFZO ¢
BOOPVODFEUIBUUIFOFBSCZTUBSTBSFBQQBSFOUMZNPWJOHJOUXPMBSHF JOUFSNJOHMFEBOE PQQPTJUFMZ EJSFDUFE TUSFBNT QBTTJOH UISPVHI FBDI PUIFS BU B SFMBUJWF WFMPDJUZ PG BCPVU LJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE0OFTUBSTUSFBNDBSSJFTSPVHIMZIBMGUIFOFBSCZTUBSTUPXBSE UIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO4BHJUUBSJVTBUBTQFFEPGBCPVULJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE XIJMFUIFPUIFS TUSFBNDBSSJFTUIFSFNBJOJOHDMPTFTUTUBSTBXBZGSPNUIJTEJSFDUJPOBUBDPNQBSBCMFTQFFE "TFYQMBJOFECZUIF4XFEJTIBTUSPOPNFS#FSUJM-JOECMBE ¢ JO UIFUXP TUBSTUSFBNTBSFFYQMBJOFEJGBMMUIFTUBSTJOUIF.JMLZ8BZBSFXIJSMJOHJOEJĒFSFOUJBMSPUB UJPOBCPVUBSFNPUFHBMBDUJDDFOUFSJO4BHJUUBSJVT4FFEJĒFSFOUJBMSPUBUJPO 4UFBEZ4UBUF$PTNPMPHZ ѮFPSZPGBOFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTFXIPTFPWFSBMMQSPQFSUJFT BSFVODIBOHJOHJOTQBDFBOEUJNF BOEXIJDIXBTUIFSFGPSFOFWFSJOBTUBUFPGBQQSF DJBCMZIJHIFSEFOTJUZBOEIBEOP#JH#BOH"MUIPVHIUIF6OJWFSTFEPFTOPUFWPMWFBOE NVTUSFNBJOGPSFWFSJOUIFTBNF4UFBEZ4UBUF XJUIPVUCFHJOOJOHPSFOE JOEJWJEVBM HBMBYJFTDBOFWPMWFBOEUIF6OJWFSTFDBOFYQBOE.BUUFSJTDPOTUBOUMZCFJOHDSFBUFE PVU PG BQQBSFOUMZ FNQUZ TQBDF JO PSEFS UP NBJOUBJO BO VODIBOHJOH NBTT EFOTJUZ BT UIF6OJWFSTFFYQBOETѮJTUIFPSZ QSPQPTFEJOCZUXP"VTUSJBOCPSOTDJFOUJTUT UIFO BU $BNCSJEHF 6OJWFSTJUZ )FSNBOO #POEJ ¢ BOE ѮPNBT (PME ¢
BOEUIF&OHMJTIBTUSPQIZTJDJTU'SFE)PZMF ¢
JTOPUDPOTJT UFOUXJUIUIFPCTFSWFEUISFFEFHSFFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPOBOEUIF PCTFSWFEDPTNJDBCVOEBODFPGIFMJVN XIJDIBSFCPUIBUUSJCVUFEUPUIF#JH#BOH4FF #JH#BOH #JH#BOHOVDMFPTZOUIFTJT BOEDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO 4UFGBO#PMU[NBOODPOTUBOU ѮFDPOTUBOUPGQSPQPSUJPOBMJUZ EFOPUFECZUIFTZNCPM
S SFMBUJOHUIFSBEJBOUëVYQFSVOJUBSFBGSPNBCMBDLCPEZUPUIFGPVSUIQPXFSPGJUT FĒFDUJWFUFNQFSBUVSFѮFDPOTUBOUS+PVMFN,T4FF4UF GBO#PMU[NBOOMBX 4UFGBO#PMU[NBOO MBX ѮF BCTPMVUF MVNJOPTJUZ PG UIF UIFSNBM FNJTTJPO GSPN B XIFSFP CMBDLCPEZJTHJWFOCZUIF4UFGBO#PMU[NBOOMBXJOXIJDI-PS35 FGG UIF 4UFGBO#PMU[NBOO DPOTUBOU S +PVMF N , T UIFSBEJVTJT3BOEUIFFĒFDUJWFUFNQFSBUVSFJT5FGG ѮJTMBXJTOBNFEGPSUIF"VTUSJBO QIZTJDJTU+PTFG4UFGBO ¢
XIPTIPXFEJOUIBUUIFSBEJBOUFOFSHZPGB UIFSNBMTPVSDFJODSFBTFTXJUIUIFGPVSUIQPXFSPGUIFUFNQFSBUVSF BOEUIF"VTUSJBO QIZTJDJTU-VEXJH#PMU[NBOO ¢ XIPEFSJWFEUIFFYQSFTTJPOJO CBTFE POUIFUIFPSZPGBCMBDLCPEZ4FFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ CMBDLCPEZ BOEMVNJOPTJUZ 4UFMMBSBDUJWJUZ &NJTTJPOGSPNBTUBSJOFYDFTTPGUIBUFYQFDUFEGSPNBQVSFMZSBEJBUJWF
BUNPTQIFSF TVHHFTUJOHBEEJUJPOBMIFBUJOHTPVSDFTSFMBUFEUPNBHOFUJDêFMET4FFëBSFT ëBSFTUBS BOETPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF 4UFMMBS CMBDL IPMF " CMBDL IPMF GPSNFE GSPN UIF EFBUI PG B NBTTJWF TUBS EVSJOH B
TVQFSOPWBFYQMPTJPO4FFCMBDLIPMF 4UFMMBS DMBTTJmDBUJPO ѮF TFRVFODF PG TUFMMBS TQFDUSBM UZQFT BSSBOHFE BDDPSEJOH UP UIFQSFTFODFPSBCTFODFPGDFSUBJOMJOFTJOUIFTQFDUSB EFTJHOBUFEBT0 # " ' ( , BOE.*UEFTDSJCFTBTFRVFODFPGUFNQFSBUVSFBOEDPMPS GSPNUIFIPU CMVF0BOE# TUBSTUPUIFDPPM SFE.POFT*OUIF*UBMJBOBTUSPOPNFS"OHFMP1JFUSP4FDDIJ
(MPTTBSZ4
4!",% 3TELLARCLASSIlCATIONA #LASS
/ " ! & ' + -
$OMINANT ,INES
#OLOR
(E)) (E) ( -ETALS( #A))-ETALS #A))#A) 4I/#A)
"LUE "LUE 7HITE 7HITE 9ELLOW 7HITE 9ELLOW /RANGE /RANGE 2ED
#OLOR)NDEX
%FFECTIVE 4EMPERATURE +
%XAMPLES
X0ER d/RI 2IGEL 3PICA 6EGA 3IRIUS 0ROCYON 3UN A#EN! !RCTURUS "ETELGEUSE
A!N(DENOTESHYDROGEN (EISHELIUM #AISCALCIUM AND4I/ISATITANIUMOXIDEMOLECULE4HE2OMANNU
MERAL)DENOTESANEUTRAL UN IONIZEDATOM THENUMBER))DESCRIBESANIONIZEDATOMMISSINGONEELECTRON
¢ DMBTTJêFE BCPVU TUBST CZ UIFJS DPMPS BOE WJTVBM TQFDUSB EJWJEJOH UIFNJOUPGPVSNBJOHSPVQTXJUIUIFDPMPSTXIJUF ZFMMPX PSBOHFBOESFE BOEXJUI UIFSFTQFDUJWFTQFDUSBMGFBUVSFTPGTUSPOHBCTPSQUJPOMJOFTPGIZESPHFO TUSPOHDBMDJVN MJOFT TUSPOHNFUBMMJDMJOFTBOECSPBEBCTPSQUJPOMJOFTJOUIFWJPMFU*Om UIF "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS"OOJF+VNQ$BOOPO ¢
XPSLJOHPOQIPUPHSBQIJD QMBUFTVOEFSUIFEJSFDUJPOPG&EXBSE$1JDLFSJOH ¢
DMBTTJêFEPWFS TUBST GPS UIF )FOSZ %SBQFS $BUBMPHVF EJTUJOHVJTIJOH UIF TUBST PO UIF CBTJT PG UIFBCTPSQUJPOMJOFTJOUIFJSQIPUPHSBQIJDTQFDUSB BOEBSSBOHJOHNPTUPGUIFNJOB TNPPUIBOEDPOUJOVPVTTQFDUSBMTFRVFODF0 # " ' ( , .)FSDPMMFBHVF "OUPOJB $ .BVSZ ¢ FWFOUVBMMZ FYBNJOFE BCPVU BT NBOZ TUBST BT $BOOPO BOE JOUIFQSPDFTTEJTDPWFSFEUIBUUIFTQFDUSBMDMBTTJêDBUJPOSFRVJSFEBUXPEJNFOTJPOBM TDIFNF8IFOUIFEJTUBODFTBOEBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUJFTPGTUBSTXFSFEFUFSNJOFE UIF "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS)FOSZ/PSSJT3VTTFMM ¢ EJTDPWFSFE JO UIBU UXP XFMMEFêOFE DMBTTFT PG TUBST UIF EXBSGT BOE HJBOUT BSF EFTDSJCFE CZ B QMPU PG UIFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUJFTPGTUBSTBHBJOTUTQFDUSBMUZQF4VDIBQMPUJTOPXLOPXOBT UIF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN"MTPJO UIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS8BMUFS4 "EBNT ¢ BOEUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS"SOPME,PIMTDIÛUUFS ¢ JOUSPEVDFETQFDUSBMDSJUFSJBGPSUIFEFUFSNJOBUJPOPGBCTPMVUFTUFMMBSMVNJOPTJUZ NBL JOHJUQPTTJCMFUPEFUFSNJOFUIFMVNJOPTJUJFTPGCPUIEXBSG PSNBJOTFRVFODF BOE HJBOUTUBST BOEUPFTUJNBUFUIFEJTUBODFTPGNJMMJPOTPGTUBSTGSPNUIFJSTQFDUSBBOE BQQBSFOUCSJHIUOFTTBMPOF*OUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST8JMMJBN8.PSHBO ¢
1IJMJQ$,FFOBO ¢ BOE&EJUI,FMMNBO ¢ QVCMJTIFE "O"UMBTPG4UFMMBS4QFDUSBUIBUFTUBCMJTIFEGPSNBMSVMFTGPSEFTDSJCJOHBTUBSCZTQFDUSBM UZQF XIJDIEFêOFTUIFEJTLUFNQFSBUVSF BOEMVNJOPTJUZDMBTT XJUIUIFEFTJHOBUJPO* GPSTVQFSHJBOUT **GPSCSJHIUHJBOUT ***GPSOPSNBMHJBOUT *7GPSTVCHJBOUT 7GPSEXBSG PSNBJOTFRVFODFTUBST BOE7*GPSTVCEXBSGTѮJTTZTUFN LOPXOBTUIF.,TZTUFN JT OPX XJEFMZ VTFE 4FF " TUBS # TUBS ' TUBS ( TUBS )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMM EJBHSBN ,TUBS .TUBSBOE0TUBS
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4UFMMBS FWPMVUJPO )PX B TUBS DIBOHFT XJUI UJNF QSPEVDJOH IFBWJFS BUPNJD OVDMFJ GSPNMJHIUPOFTJOUIFQSPDFTTѮFQSFTFOUEBZCJSUIQMBDFPGTUBSTJTEBSL HJBOUDMPVET PGNPMFDVMBSIZESPHFOXIPTFUPUBMNBTTJTCFUXFFOBOEPOFNJMMJPOUJNFTUIF NBTTPGUIF4VO*GTVDIBDMPVECFDPNFTTVē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ѮFZUIVTQSPWJEFVTXJUI OPJOGPSNBUJPOBCPVUTUFMMBSFWPMVUJPO4PNFPGUIFNBTTJWFTUBST UIBUXFSFCPSOMPOH BHP IBWFIBEFOPVHIUJNFUPCVSOVQUIFJSBWBJMBCMFIZESPHFOGVFMBOEBEWBODFUPUIF OFYUTUBHFPGUIFTUFMMBSMJGFDZDMF8IBUIBQQFOTOFYUJTEFTDSJCFEJOUIF)FSU[TQSVOH 3VTTFMMEJBHSBNTPGHMPCVMBSTUBSDMVTUFST XIPTFWBSJPVTLJOLTBOECFOETIBWFCFFO EFDJQIFSFEVTJOHDPNQMFYUIFPSFUJDBMNPEFMTBOEIJHITQFFEDPNQVUFST"ѫFSTQFOE JOHNPTUPGJUTMJGFPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODF BUFTTFOUJBMMZDPOTUBOUFĒFDUJWFUFNQFSBUVSF BOEMVNJOPTJUZ BOBHJOHTUBSDPOTVNFTUIFBWBJMBCMFIZESPHFOJOJUTDPSF DPOWFSUJOHJU BMMJOUPIFMJVNѮFDPSFUIFODPOUSBDUT MJCFSBUJOHHSBWJUBUJPOBMFOFSHZ BOEUIFFOWF MPQFFYQBOETJOUPBHJBOUTUBSѮFTUBSTPVUFSMBZFSTDPPMBOECFDPNFSFEPSZFMMPX CVU JUTDFOUSBMUFNQFSBUVSFJODSFBTFTVOUJMJUJTIPUFOPVHIUPCVSOIFMJVN7FSZNBTTJWF TUBSTOFBSUIFUPQPGUIFNBJOTFRVFODFCFDPNFTVQFSHJBOUTUIPTFXJUINBTTFTDPNQB SBCMFUPUIF4VOCFDPNFSFEHJBOUTѮFTVQFSHJBOUTRVJDLMZDPOTVNFUIFJSTVDDFTTJWF JOUFSOBMGVFMTPVSDFTBUFWFSJODSFBTJOHDFOUSBMUFNQFSBUVSFTBOESBUFTUIFIFMJVNJT DPOWFSUFEJOUPDBSCPO BOEUIFOUIFDBSCPOBTITFSWFTBTGVFM BOETPPOVQUIFDIBJOPG UIFOVDMFBSTQFDJFTѮFHJBOUTBSFOPUTVēDJFOUMZNBTTJWFUPCVSOBOZUIJOHCVUIFMJVN *OUFOTFXJOETGSPNBHJBOUTUBSCMPXTPNFPGJUTPVUFSBUNPTQIFSFCBDLJOUPJOUFSTUFM MBSTQBDFѮFVMUJNBUFGBUFPGBTUBSBMTPEFQFOETVQPOJUTNBTT8IFOHJBOUTUBSTXJUI BNPEFSBUF 4VOMJLFNBTTVTFVQUIFJSIFMJVNGVFM UIFZDPMMBQTFVOUJMUIFZBSFBCPVU UIFTJ[FPGUIF&BSUI PSPOMZBCPVUPOFIVOESFEUI PS PGUIF4VOTSBEJVTѮF DPMMBQTFETUBSJTDBMMFEBXIJUFEXBSGTUBS GPSJUIBTBTNBMMTJ[FBOEJUJTJOJUJBMMZXIJUF JODPMPS%ZJOHTUBSTXJUINPEFSBUFNBTTDBOCMPXPĒBTQIFSJDBMQVĒPGHBT LOPXO BTBQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB CFGPSFTFUUMJOHEPXOUPUIFJSêOBMTUBUF.PSFNBTTJWFTUBSTIBWF BOFYQMPTJWFEFBUI"ѫFSUIFJSDPSFIBTCFDPNFIPUFOPVHIUPQSPEVDFJSPO UIFSFJT OPUIJOHMFѫUPTVQQPSUUIFTUBSѮFDPSFDPMMBQTFTUPCFDPNFBOFVUSPOTUBSPSBCMBDL IPMF BOEUIFPVUFSMBZFSTBSFCMPXOPVUXBSEEVSJOHBTVQFSOPWBFYQMPTJPO TFFEJOH JOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDFXJUIIFBWZFMFNFOUTUIBUBSFJODPSQPSBUFEJOUPUIFOFYUHFOFSBUJPO PGTUBST4FFHJBOUNPMFDVMBSDMPVE HJBOUTUBS HMPCVMBSDMVTUFS HSBWJUBUJPOBMDPMMBQTF )BZBTIJ USBDL )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMM EJBHSBN NBJO TFRVFODF OVDMFPTZOUIFTJT QMBO FUBSZOFCVMB TUBS TVQFSHJBOU TVQFSOPWB BOEXIJUFEXBSG 4UFMMBSQBSBMMBY 4FFQBSBMMBY
(MPTTBSZ4
4UFMMBSQPQVMBUJPOT "DMBTTJêDBUJPOPGTUBSTBDDPSEJOHUPUIFJSBHF DPNQPTJUJPO BOE
MPDBUJPOTJOUIF(BMBYZ EJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF(FSNBOCPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS 8BMUFS#BBEF ¢ :PVOH CMVJTI 1PQVMBUJPO * TUBST BSF GPVOE JO UIF TQJSBM BSNTBOEQMBOFPGPVS(BMBYZPMEFSSFEEJTI1PQVMBUJPO**TUBSTBSFQSFEPNJOBOUMZWJT JCMFJOUIFIBMP JODMVEJOHHMPCVMBSDMVTUFST BOEDFOUSBMOVDMFVTPGPVS(BMBYZ1PQVMB UJPO*TUBSTDPOUBJONPSFIFBWZFMFNFOUTUIBO1PQVMBUJPO**TUBSTѮF1PQVMBUJPO** TUBSTEBUFCBDLUPUIFGPSNBUJPOPGUIF(BMBYZGSPNHSBWJUBUJPOBMDPMMBQTF XIJMFUIF 1PQVMBUJPO*TUBSTPSJHJOBUFEBѫFSUIFSPUBUJOHHBMBDUJDEJTLBOEêSTUHFOFSBUJPOPGTUBST XFSFGPSNFEѮF1PQVMBUJPO*TUBSTDPOUBJOIFBWZFMFNFOUTQSPEVDFEJOTJEFGPSNFS TUBSTBOEEJTQFSTFEJOUPJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDFCZTUFMMBSXJOETBOETVQFSOPWBFYQMPTJPOT 4FF1PQVMBUJPO*BOE1PQVMBUJPO** 4UFMMBS XJOE ѮF PVUXBSE ëPX PG DIBSHFE QBSUJDMFT NPTUMZ QSPUPOT BOE FMFDUSPOT GSPN B TUBS :PVOH TUBST FWPMWJOH UPXBSE UIF NBJO TFRVFODF IBWF QPXFSGVM TUFMMBS XJOET VQUPBUIPVTBOEUJNFTTUSPOHFSUIBOUIF4VOTTPMBSXJOE0METUBSTFWPMWJOH JOUPSFEHJBOUTBMTPIBWFTUSPOHTUFMMBSXJOETѮFWFMPDJUZPGTUFMMBSXJOETSBOHFGSPNB GFXIVOESFEUPTFWFSBMUIPVTBOELJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE4FFTPMBSXJOE 4UFQIBOT2VJOUFU "HSPVQPGêWFQFDVMJBSHBMBYJFTJOUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIFDPOTUFM MBUJPO1FHBTVT EFTJHOBUFE/($ " # BOE UIFêSTUGPVS IBWF UIF TBNF SFETIJѫ PS EJTUBODF TVHHFTUJOH B QIZTJDBM DPOOFDUJPO ѮF HSPVQ JT OBNFEGPSUIF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS&EPVBSE4UFQIBO ¢
XIPEJTDPWFSFEJU JO 45&3&0 "DSPOZN GPS 4PMBS 5&SSFTUSJBM 3&MBUJPOT 0CTFSWBUPSZ 4FF 4PMBS 5&SSFT
USJBM3&MBUJPOT0CTFSWBUPSZ 4UFXBSE 0CTFSWBUPSZ ѮF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG "SJ[POB JO 5VDTPO PQFSBUFT UIF 4UFXBSE
0CTFSWBUPSZ XIJDIJODMVEFTUIFNFUFS JODI #PLUFMFTDPQFBU,JUU1FBL*UQBS UJDJQBUFTJOOVNFSPVTDPMMBCPSBUJWFQSPKFDUTPO.PVOU(SBIBN OFBS4BĒPSE "SJ[POB JODMVEJOH UIF NFUFS JODI )FJOSJDI )FSU[ 4VCNJMMJNFUFS 5FMFTDPQF UIF NFUFS JODI 7BUJDBO"EWBODFE5FDIOPMPHZ5FMFTDPQF BOEUIFUXPNFUFS JODI DPNQPOFOUTPGUIF-BSHF#JOPDVMBS5FMFTDPQFUIBUJTVOEFSDPOTUSVDUJPO Ѯ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
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4USPOHOVDMFBSGPSDF 'VOEBNFOUBMGPSDFPGOBUVSFUIBUIPMETOFVUSPOTBOEQSPUPOT
UPHFUIFS GPSNJOHUIFOVDMFVTPGBOBUPN 454D* "DSPOZNGPSUIF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF4DJFODF*OTUJUVUF4FF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF4DJFODF
*OTUJUVUF 4VCBSV UFMFTDPQF " +BQBOFTF PQUJDBM BOE JOGSBSFE UFMFTDPQF XJUI B QSJNBSZ NJSSPS
UIBU JT NFUFST JODIFT JO EJBNFUFS MPDBUFE OFBS UIF TVNNJU PG .BVOB ,FB )BXBJJѮF4VCBSVUFMFTDPQFJTBQSPKFDUPGUIF"TUSPOPNJDBM0CTFSWBUPSZPG+BQBO BOE JUJTOBNFEGPSUIFZPVOHTUBSDMVTUFSUIF1MFJBEFT XIPTF+BQBOFTFOBNFJTi4VCBSVu 4VCBUPNJD 4NBMMFSJOTJ[FUIBOBOBUPN 4VCBUPNJDQBSUJDMF 4FFQBSUJDMFBOETVCBUPNJD 4VCNJMMJNFUFS SBEJBUJPO &MFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOBUXBWFMFOHUITMFTTUIBOBNJM
MJNFUFS PSNFUFST BOEMPOHFSUIBONJMMJNFUFSPSNFUFST 4VCTPOJD .PWJOHBUBTQFFEMFTTUIBOUIBUPGTPVOE PSXJUIBWFMPDJUZUIBUJTTMPXFS
UIBOUIFWFMPDJUZPGTPVOE*OBJSPO&BSUI UIFWFMPDJUZPGTPVOEJTBCPVUNFUFST QFSTFDPOE CVUUIFWFMPDJUZPGTPVOEEFQFOETPOCPUIUIFUFNQFSBUVSFBOEDPNQPTJ UJPOPGUIFHBT4FFWFMPDJUZPGTPVOE 4VECVSZ/FVUSJOP0CTFSWBUPSZ "CCSFWJBUFE4/0 BNBTTJWFVOEFSHSPVOEOFVUSJOP EFUFDUPSJO$BOBEBêMMFEXJUIIFBWZXBUFS0CTFSWBUJPOTGSPN4/0IBWFDPOêSNFE UIBUTPMBSOFVUSJOPTDIBOHFGPSNPOUIFXBZGSPNUIF4VOUPUIF&BSUI BOEUIBUUIF BNPVOUPGOFVUSJOPTFNJUUFECZUIF4VOJTJOBDDPSEBODFXJUIUIFPSFUJDBMFYQFDUBUJPOT 4FF.48FĒFDUBOETPMBSOFVUSJOPQSPCMFN 4VO ѮFDFOUSBMTUBSPGUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN BSPVOEXIJDIBMMUIFQMBOFUT BTUFSPJETBOE
DPNFUTSFWPMWFJOUIFJSPSCJUT GPSNFEUPHFUIFSXJUIUIFQMBOFUTCJMMJPOZFBSTBHP ѮF4VOJTBZFMMPXEXBSGTUBSPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODF PGTQFDUSBMUZQF(XJUIBOFĒFD UJWFUFNQFSBUVSFPGLFMWJOѮFBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGUIF4VOJT BOE JUTBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFJTѮF4VOIBTBSBEJVTPGNJMMJPOLJMPNFUFST PSUJNFTUIF&BSUITSBEJVT BNBTTPGLJMPHSBNT PSUJNFTUIF NBTTPGUIF&BSUI BOEBNFBONBTTEFOTJUZPGLJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFSѮF4VO IBTBOBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZPG+PVMFQFSTFDPOE BOEJTNVDINPSFMVNJ OPVTUIBOUIFBWFSBHFTUBS PVUTIJOJOHQFSDFOUPGUIFTUBSTJOUIF.JMLZ8BZѮF UPUBMBNPVOUPGTPMBSFOFSHZSFDFJWFEQFSVOJUUJNFBOEVOJUBSFBBUUIFNFBO&BSUI 4VOEJTUBODF PSBUPOFBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJU JTDBMMFEUIFTPMBSDPOTUBOUBOEBNPVOUTUP +PVMFQFSTFDPOEQFSTRVBSFNFUFSѮFNFBOEJTUBODFPGUIF4VOGSPNUIF&BSUIJT POFBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJU XIJDIJTNJMMJPOLJMPNFUFSTѮFWJTJCMFMJHIUTQFDUSVN PG UIF QIPUPTQIFSF FYIJCJUT EBSL BCTPSQUJPO MJOFT BMTP LOPXO BT 'SBVOIPGFS MJOFT XIJDIDBOCFFYBNJOFEUPEFUFSNJOFUIFJOHSFEJFOUTPGUIF4VO*UTQSJODJQBMDIFNJDBM DPOTUJUVFOUTBSFIZESPHFOBOEIFMJVN XIJDIBDDPVOUGPSBOEQFSDFOUPGUIF BUPNT SFTQFDUJWFMZ BOEGPSSFTQFDUJWFNBTTGSBDUJPOTPGBOEQFSDFOUѮF 4VOTFOFSHZTPVSDFJTUIFOVDMFBSGVTJPOPGIZESPHFOJOUPIFMJVNCZUIFQSPUPOQSPUPO DIBJO UBLJOHQMBDFOFBSUIFDFOUFSPGUIF4VO XIJDIIBTBUFNQFSBUVSFPGNJMMJPO LFMWJO0WFSMZJOHUIJTDPSFJTUIFSBEJBUJWF[POFXIFSFUIFIJHIFOFSHZSBEJBUJPO QSP
(MPTTBSZ4
4!",% 3UNA -EANDISTANCE !5 M FROMRADARMEASUREMENTSOFTHEDISTANCETO6ENUSAND+EPLERSTHIRDLAW ,IGHTTRAVELTIMEFROM3UNTO%ARTH SECONDS M%ARTHRADII 2ADIUS 2b FROMDISTANCEANDANGULAREXTENT 6OLUME MMILLION%ARTHS KG%ARTHMASSES -ASS -b FROMDISTANCEAND%ARTHSORBITALPERIODUSING+EPLERSTHIRDLAW %SCAPEVELOCITYATPHOTOSPHERE MS -EANDENSITY KGM 3OLARCONSTANT Fb *SM7M *S7 ,UMINOSITY ,b ERGS FROMSOLARCONSTANT DISTANCEAND3TEFAN "OLTZMANNLAW 0RINCIPALCHEMICALCONSTITUENTS "Y.UMBER "Y-ASS FROMANALYSISOF&RAUNHOFERLINES OF!TOMS FRACTION (YDROGEN PERCENT 8PERCENT (ELIUM PERCENT 9PERCENT !LLOTHERS PERCENT :PERCENT BILLIONYEARS !GEFROMAGEOFOLDESTMETEORITES $ENSITYCENTER KGM 0RESSURECENTER 0A PHOTOSPHERE 0ABAR 4EMPERATURECENTER + PHOTOSPHERE + CHROMOSPHERE + TRANSITIONREGION + CORONA + 2OTATION0ERIODEQUATOR DAYS LATITUDE DAYS LATITUDE DAYS -AGNETIClELDSUNSPOTS FROM:EEMANEFFECT TO4' POLAR 4' A-ASSDENSITYISGIVENINKILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER ORKGMTHEDENSITYOFWATERISKGM4HE UNITOFPRESSUREIS0ASCAL ABBREVIATED0A WHERE0ABARANDONEBARISTHEPRESSUREOFTHE %ARTHSATMOSPHEREATSEALEVEL
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
EVDFEJOUIFDPSFGVTJPOSFBDUJPOT DPMMJEFTXJUIFMFDUSPOTBOEJPOTUPCFSFSBEJBUFEJO UIFGPSNPGMFTTFOFSHFUJDSBEJBUJPO0VUTJEFUIFSBEJBUJWF[POFJTBDPOWFDUJWF[POFJO XIJDIDVSSFOUTPGHBTëPXVQXBSEUPSFMFBTFFOFSHZBUUIFQIPUPTQIFSFCFGPSFëPXJOH EPXOXBSEUPCFSFIFBUFEѮFWJTJCMFEJTL PSQIPUPTQIFSF GSPNXIJDIUIFMJHIUXF TFFDPNFT JTTPNFIVOESFETPGLJMPNFUFSTUIJDL BOEXIJUFMJHIUJNBHFTPGUIFQIPUP TQIFSFSFWFBMUIFHSBOVMFTBOETVQFSHSBOVMBUJPOUIBUNBSLUIFUPQPGDPOWFDUJPODFMMT *UUBLFTBCPVUUIPVTBOEZFBSTGPSSBEJBUJPOUPXPSLJUTXBZPVUGSPNUIF4VOTDPSF UPUIFCPUUPNPGUIFDPOWFDUJWF[POF BOEPOMZBCPVUEBZTGPSUIFIFBUFENBUFSJBM UPDBSSZFOFSHZUISPVHIUIFDPOWFDUJWF[POFUPUIFQIPUPTQIFSF4VOMJHIUUSBWFMTGSPN UIFQIPUPTQIFSFUPUIF&BSUIJOTFDPOETѮFJOUFSOBMTUSVDUVSFPGUIF4VODBOCF EFUFSNJOFE CZ PCTFSWJOH UIF êWFNJOVUF PTDJMMBUJPOT JO UIF QIPUPTQIFSF VTJOH UIF UFDIOJRVF PG IFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ ѮF (0/( OFUXPSL PG &BSUICBTFE JOTUSVNFOUT BOE JOTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEUIF40MBSBOE)FMJPTQIFSJD0CTFSWBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE40)0 IBWF CFFOVTFEJOIFMJPTFJTNPMPHZѮFDPOWFDUJWF[POFBOEQIPUPTQIFSFVOEFSHPEJĒFSFO UJBMSPUBUJPO JOXIJDIUIFFRVBUPSJBMNJEEMFSFHJPOTSPUBUFGBTUFSUIBOUIFQPMBSSFHJPOT BUUIFFRVBUPSUIFSPUBUJPOQFSJPEJTEBZTBOEBUEFHSFFTMBUJUVEFJUJTEBZT ѮFBUNPTQIFSJDMBZFSJNNFEJBUFMZBCPWFUIFQIPUPTQIFSFJTUIFDISPNPTQIFSFѮF UFOVPVT NJMMJPOEFHSFFPVUFSNPTUMBZFST GPSNJOHUIFTPMBSDPSPOB FYQBOEPVUXBSE UPGPSNUIFTPMBSXJOEѮF6MZTTFTTQBDFDSBѫIBTFYBNJOFEUIFTPMBSXJOEBMMBSPVOE UIF 4VO JODMVEJOH BCPWF JUT QPMBS SFHJPOT GPS UIF êSTU UJNF TIPXJOH UIBU UIF IJHI TQFFEXJOEFNBOBUFTGSPNQPMBSDPSPOBMIPMFTѮFDPSPOBJTWJTJCMFFEHFPOEVSJOHB UPUBMFDMJQTFPGUIF4VOPSXJUIBDPSPOBHSBQIJUDBOCFTFFOBDSPTTUIFGBDFPGUIF4VO BU9SBZXBWFMFOHUIT BTXBTEPOFXJUIUIF:PILPITQBDFDSBѫ40)0IBTCFFOVTFEUP FYBNJOFUIFTPMBSBUNPTQIFSFGSPNUIFQIPUPTQIFSFUPUIF&BSUI JODMVEJOHQPXFSGVM FYQMPTJPOTPOUIF4VO LOPXOBTDPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPOTBOEëBSFT XIJDIUSBWFMPVU JOUPJOUFSQMBOFUBSZTQBDFBOEBSFUSJHHFSFEBOEQPXFSFECZUIF4VOTNBHOFUJDêFMET ѮFTFNBHOFUJDêFMETBSFHFOFSBUFECZEZOBNPBDUJPOJOTJEFUIF4VO BUUIFCBTFPG UIFDPOWFDUJWF[POF SJTJOHUPQFSWBEFUIFTPMBSBUNPTQIFSFBOEQSPEVDFTVOTQPUTBOE UIFDPSPOBMMPPQTUIBUDPOOFDUUIFNѮF;FFNBOFĒFDUJTVTFEUPNFBTVSFUIFEJSFD UJPOBOETUSFOHUIPGUIFNBHOFUJDêFMEJOUIFQIPUPTQIFSF TIPXJOHUIBUUIFNBHOF UJTNJOTVOTQPUTJTUIPVTBOETPGUJNFTNPSFJOUFOTFUIBOUIF&BSUITNBHOFUJDêFME 4FF BCTPSQUJPO MJOF DISPNPTQIFSF DPOWFDUJWF [POF DPSPOB DPSPOBHSBQI DPSPOBM IPMF DPSPOBMMPPQ DPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPO ëBSF 'SBVOIPGFSMJOF (0/( HSBOVMBUJPO IFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN NBJOTFRVFODF QIPUPTQIFSF QSPUPO QSPUPODIBJO TPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF 40MBSBOE)FMJPTQIFSJD0CTFSWBUPSZ TPMBSDPOTUBOU TPMBSFDMJQTF TPMBSXJOE TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI TVOTQPU TVOTQPUDZDMF TVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO 6MZTTFT :PILPI BOE;FFNBOFĒFDU 4VOTQPU " EBSL UFNQPSBSZ DPODFOUSBUJPO PG TUSPOH NBHOFUJD êFMET JO UIF 4VOT
QIPUPTQIFSF"TVOTQPUJTDPPMFSUIBOJUTTVSSPVOEJOHTBOEUIFSFGPSFBQQFBSTEBSLFS "UZQJDBMTQPUIBTBDFOUSBMVNCSBTVSSPVOEFECZBQFOVNCSB BMUIPVHIFJUIFSGFB UVSFDBOFYJTUXJUIPVUUIFPUIFS*OUIFVNCSB UIFFĒFDUJWFUFNQFSBUVSFDBOCFBCPVU LFMWJODPNQBSFEXJUILFMWJOJOUIFTVSSPVOEJOHQIPUPTQIFSF4VOTQPUTBSF BTTPDJBUFEXJUITUSPOHNBHOFUJDêFMETPGUP5FTMB BOEWBSZJOTJ[FGSPNBCPVU UPLJMPNFUFSTBDSPTTѮFZPDDBTJPOBMMZHSPXUPBCPVULJMPNFUFST
(MPTTBSZ4
4!",% 3UNnABUNDANTELEMENTS 3YMBOL
!TOMIC .UMBER:
!BUNDANCEA LOGARITHMIC
$ATEOF$ISCOVERY ON%ARTH
(YDROGEN (ELIUM #ARBON .ITROGEN /XYGEN
( (E # . /
;=
B ANCIENT
.EON 3ODIUM -AGNESIUM !LUMINUM 3ILICON
.E .A -G !L 3I
;=
0HOSPHORUS 3ULFUR #HLORINE !RGON 0OTASSIUM
0 3 #L !R +
;=
ANCIENT
#ALCIUM #HROMIUM -ANGANESE )RON .ICKEL
#A #R -N &E .I
ANCIENT
%LEMENT
A,OGARITHMOFTHEABUNDANCEINTHESOLARPHOTOSPHERE NORMALIZEDTOHYDROGEN ORANABUNDANCE OF)NDIRECTSOLARESTIMATESAREMARKEDWITH;=4HEDATAARECOURTESYOF.ICOLAS'REVESSE 5NIVERSITÏDE,IÒGE B(ELIUMWASDISCOVEREDONTHE3UNIN BUTITWASNOTFOUNDON%ARTHUNTIL
JOTJ[F CFDPNJOHWJTJCMFUPUIFVOBJEFEFZFѮFJSEVSBUJPOWBSJFTGSPNBGFXIPVST UPBGFXXFFLT PSNPOUITGPSUIFWFSZCJHHFTUѮFOVNCFSBOEMPDBUJPOPGTVOTQPUT EFQFOEPOUIFZFBSTPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMFPSTVOTQPUDZDMFѮFZVTVBMMZPDDVSJOQBJST PSHSPVQTPGPQQPTJUFNBHOFUJDQPMBSJUZUIBUNPWFJOVOJTPOBDSPTTUIFGBDFPGUIF4VO BTJUSPUBUFTѮFMFBEJOH PSQSFDFEJOH TQPUJTDBMMFEUIF1TQPUUIFGPMMPXJOHPOFJT UFSNFEUIF'TQPU4FF)BMFTMBX QFOVNCSB TPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF 4QÕSFSTMBX TVOTQPU DZDMF VNCSB BOE;FFNBOFĒFDU 4VOTQPUDZDMF ѮFSFDVSSJOH FMFWFOZFBSSJTFBOEGBMMJOUIFOVNCFSBOEQPTJUJPOPG TVOTQPUTEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS4BNVFM)FJOSJDI4DIXBCF ¢ ѮFDPOWFOUJPOBMPOTFUGPSUIFTUBSUPGBTVOTQPUDZDMFJTUIFUJNFXIFO UIF TNPPUIFE OVNCFS PG TVOTQPUT UIF NPOUI NPWJOH BWFSBHF IBT EFDSFBTFE UP JUTNJOJNVNWBMVF"UUIFDPNNFODFNFOUPGBOFXDZDMFTVOTQPUTFSVQUBSPVOEMBUJ UVEFTPGUPEFHSFFTOPSUIBOETPVUI0WFSUIFDPVSTFPGUIFDZDMF TVCTFRVFOU TQPUTFNFSHFDMPTFSUPUIFFRVBUPS DPOUJOVJOHUPBQQFBSJOCFMUTPOFBDITJEFPGUIF
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
'*( 3UNSPOTCYCLE4HELOCATIONOFSUNSPOTSVQQFSQBOFM ANDTHEIRTOTALAREACPUUPN QBOFM HAVEVARIEDINAN YEARCYCLEFORTHEPASTYEARS BUTTHISACTIVITYCYCLEVARIES BOTHINCYCLELENGTHANDMAXIMUMAMPLITUDE)NTHE'ERMANASTRONOMER3AMUEL(EIN RICH3CHWABE¥ lRSTMEASUREDTHEPERIODICITY ATABOUTTENYEARS!SSHOWNINTHE UPPERPANEL THESUNSPOTSFORMATABOUTDEGREESLATITUDEATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHECYCLEAND THENMIGRATETONEARTHE3UNSEQUATORATTHEENDOFTHECYCLE3UCHANILLUSTRATIONISSOME TIMESCALLEDAhBUTTERmYDIAGRAMvBECAUSEOFITSRESEMBLANCETOTHEWINGSOFABUTTERmY4HE TOTALAREAOFTHESUNSPOTSCPUUPNQBOFM GIVENHEREASAPERCENTOFTHEVISIBLEHEMISPHERE FOLLOWSASIMILAR YEARCYCLE#OURTESYOF$AVID(ATHAWAY .!3!-3
FRVBUPSBOEêOJTIJOHBUBSPVOEEFHSFFTOPSUIBOETPVUIѮJTQBUUFSODBOCFEFNPO TUSBUFEHSBQIJDBMMZBTBCVUUFSëZEJBHSBN"MMGPSNTPGTPMBSBDUJWJUZWBSZJOTUFQXJUI UIFFMFWFOZFBSTVOTQPUDZDMF JODMVEJOHUIFOVNCFSBOEGSFRVFODZPGDPSPOBMNBTT FKFDUJPOTBOETPMBSëBSFTBOEUIF9SBZJOUFOTJUZPGUIF4VO4FFDPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPO ëBSF TPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF TPMBSëBSFT 4QÕSFSTMBX BOE9SBZT 4VQFSDMVTUFS "DPMMFDUJPOPGDMVTUFSTPGHBMBYJFT UZQJDBMMZBCPVUPOFIVOESFENJMMJPO
PS MJHIUZFBSTBDSPTTBOEDPOUBJOJOHUFOTPGUIPVTBOETPGHBMBYJFTѮF.JMLZ8BZ BOEUIFFOUJSF-PDBM(SPVQBSFQBSUPGUIF-PDBM4VQFSDMVTUFS XIJDIBMTPJODMVEFTUIF 7JSHPDMVTUFS4FFDMVTUFSPGHBMBYJFTBOE-PDBM(SPVQ 4VQFSHJBOU 0OF PG UIF MBSHFTU BOE CSJHIUFTU TUBST EFTJHOBUFE CZ MVNJOPTJUZ DMBTT *
BOEVQUPUIPVTBOETPGUJNFTCSJHIUFSUIBOBHJBOUTUBSPGUIFTBNFTQFDUSBMUZQFѮFZ BSF MPDBUFE BU UIF UPQ PG UIF )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMM EJBHSBN 4FF "OUBSFT #FUFMHFVTF %FOFC )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN BOE3JHFM 4VQFSHSBOVMBUJPO "TZTUFNPGDPOWFDUJWFDFMMT DBMMFETVQFSHSBOVMFT XJUIEJBNFUFST PGBCPVULJMPNFUFSTBOEMJGFUJNFTPGUPEBZT XIJDIDPWFSUIFWJTJCMFEJTLPG UIF4VO UIFQIPUPTQIFSFѮFTVQFSHSBOVMBUJPOXBTEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF"NFSJ DBOQIZTJDJTU3PCFSU-FJHIUPO ¢ BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTVTJOHBOJOTUSVNFOU EFWFMPQFECZUIFN XIJDIQSPEVDFEBOJNBHF DBMMFEB%PQQMFSHSBN PGNPUJPOTJO UIFQIPUPTQIFSFѮFHBTëPXTIPSJ[POUBMMZGSPNUIFDFOUFSUPUIFFEHFPGFBDITVQFS
(MPTTBSZ4
HSBOVMF DBSSZJOHUIFQIPUPTQIFSFNBHOFUJDêFMEUPUIFFEHFTPGUIFTVQFSHSBOVMFTBOE GPSNJOHQPMZHPOBMTIBQFETUSVDUVSFTDBMMFEUIFNBHOFUJDOFUXPSLUIBUJTBMTPEFUFDUFE BTCSJHIUDBMDJVNFNJTTJPOJOUIFPWFSMZJOHDISPNPTQIFSFѮFTQJDVMFTBSFBMTPDPO DFOUSBUFEBUUIFCPVOEBSJFTPGUIFTVQFSHSBOVMFDFMMT4FFDISPNPTQIFSJDOFUXPSLBOE TQJDVMF 4VQFS ,BNJPLBOEF "NBTTJWFVOEFSHSPVOEOFVUSJOPEFUFDUPSJO+BQBOêMMFEXJUI QVSFXBUFS SFQMBDJOHUIF,BNJPLBOEFEFUFDUPS4FF,BNJPLBOEF 4VQFSMVNJOBMNPUJPO "OBQQBSFOUNPUJPOPGBDPTNJDPCKFDUUIBUFYDFFETUIFWFMPDJUZ
PGMJHIU7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZPGRVBTBSTBOESBEJPHBMBYJFTIBWFSFWFBMFE TVQFSMVNJOBMNPUJPO XIJDIJTBUUSJCVUFEUPSFMBUJWJTUJDIJHITQFFEKFUTUIBUBSFEJSFDUFE UPXBSEUIFPCTFSWFSBOENPWJOHBUOFBSMZUIFTQFFEPGMJHIU CVUOPUFYDFFEJOHJU4FF 7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ 4VQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF "CMBDLIPMFQPTTFTTJOHBTNVDINBTTBTBNJMMJPOUPBCJM
MJPOTUBSTMJLFUIF4VO4VQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMFTSFTJEFJOUIFDFOUFSTPGHBMBYJFTBOE BSFUIFFOHJOFTUIBUQPXFSBDUJWFHBMBDUJDOVDMFJ SBEJPHBMBYJFTBOERVBTBST"TVQFS NBTTJWFCMBDLIPMFJTMPDBUFEJOUIFFMMJQUJDBMHBMBYZ. XIJDIJTBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIF SBEJPHBMBYZOBNFE7JSHP"PS$ѮFTVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMFJO.GFFETUIF SBEJPHBMBYZXJUIKFUTUIBUBSFEFUFDUFEBUWJTJCMFMJHIU SBEJPBOE9SBZXBWFMFOHUIT 4FFBDUJWFHBMBDUJDOVDMFVT CMBDLIPMF SBEJPHBMBYZ RVBTBS BOE7JSHPDMVTUFS 4VQFSOPWB "CCSFWJBUFE4/ UIFFYQMPTJPOPGBTUBSUIBUEFTUSPZTUIFTUBS'PSBXFFL
PSTP BTVQFSOPWBNBZPVUTIJOFBMMUIFPUIFSTUBSTJOJUTHBMBYZ CFDPNJOHBUIPVTBOE NJMMJPO PSBCJMMJPO UJNFTCSJHIUFSUIBOUIF4VOBOEBUIPVTBOEUJNFTCSJHIUFSUIBO BOPWB5ZQF*BTVQFSOPWBFBSFFYQMPTJPOTPGXIJUFEXBSGTUBSTUIBUSFDFJWFNBUFSJBM GSPNBOFBSCZDPNQBOJPOTUBSBOEFYDFFEUIF$IBOESBTFLIBSMJNJU5ZQF*C *DBOE** TVQFSOPWBFBSFFYQMPTJPOTPGNBTTJWFTUBSTUIBUIBWFEFQMFUFEUIFJSOVDMFBSGVFMѮF JOXBSEDPMMBQTFBOEJNNFOTFIFBUBOEQSFTTVSFBUUIFDPSFSFTVMUJOBTUFMMBSFYQMPTJPO UIBUFKFDUTNPTUPGUIFNBTTPGUIFTUBSJOUPJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDF GPSNJOHBTVQFSOPWBSFN OBOU"OFVUSPOTUBSDBOCFGPSNFEBUUIFDFOUFSPGTVDIBTVQFSOPWBѮF$SBC/FCVMB . JTUIFFYQBOEJOHSFNOBOUPGBTVQFSOPWBPCTFSWFEJOCZ$IJOFTFBTUSPOP NFSTUIFTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOUJTDFOUFSFEPOBOFVUSPOTUBS XIJDIJTBMTPBQVMTBS4UBST HSFBUFSUIBOSPVHIMZTJYTPMBSNBTTFTNBZFWPMWFTPGBTUUIBUUIFZCFDPNFVOTUBCMFBOE FYQMPEFUPGPSNB5ZQF*C *DPS5ZQF**TVQFSOPWB5ZQF*B *C BOE*DTVQFSOPWBFIBWF OPIZESPHFOJOUIFJSTQFDUSB XIFSFBTUZQF**TVQFSOPWBFEPIBWFIZESPHFOJOUIFJS TQFDUSB*OUIF%BOJTIBTUSPOPNFS5ZDIP#SBIF ¢ PCTFSWFEBTVQFS OPWBJOUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$BTTJPQFJB BOEJOUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOP NFS+PIBOOFT,FQMFS ¢ PCTFSWFEPOFJO0QIJVDIVTѮFêSTUTVQFSOPWB UPCFWJTJCMFUPUIFVOBJEFEFZFTJODFPDDVSSFEPO'FCSVBSZJOUIF-BSHF .BHFMMBOJD$MPVE BOEJTEFTJHOBUFE4VQFSOPWB" PS4/"4VQFSOPWBFDBO OFWFSUIFMFTT CF SPVUJOFMZ PCTFSWFE JO PUIFS HBMBYJFT VTJOH EFEJDBUFE UFMFTDPQFT BOE FMFDUSPOJDEFUFDUJPOFRVJQNFOU4FF$IBOESBTFLIBSMJNJU $SBC/FCVMB ,FQMFSTTUBS BOE TVQFSOPWB SFNOBOU OFVUSPO TUBS OPWB TVQFSOPWB " TVQFSOPWB SFNOBOU 5ZDIPTTUBSBOETVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU UZQF*BTVQFSOPWBBOEUZQF**TVQFSOPWB
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4!",% 3UPERNOVAEnHISTORICALA $ATE!$
2EMNANT.AME
D
2#7 #4"!OR" 0+3 #RAB # # 4YCHO # +EPLER # #AS! #
-AXIMUM !PPARENT 6ISUAL -AGNITUDEMAG
4IME6ISIBLE 4O5NAIDED %YEMONTHS
$ISTANCEB KPC
2ADIUSC PC
A!DAPTED FROM ,ANG +ENNETH 2 !STROPHYSICAL $ATA 0LANETS AND 3TARS .EW 9ORK 3PRINGER 6ERLAG
P 'ALACTICANDCELESTIALCOORDINATESAREGIVENONPAGESTOOFTHATBOOK B4HE DISTANCE IS GIVEN IN KILOPARSECS ABBREVIATED KPC WHERE KPC LIGHT YEARS 'OOD DISTANCE
ESTIMATESHAVETHEIRUNCERTAINTIESGIVEN WHILELESSCERTAINBUTREASONABLEDISTANCESDONOTHAVETHEERRORS GIVEN C4HERADIUSISINPARSECS ABBREVIATEDPC WHEREPCLIGHT YEARSKILOMETERS D4HE RADIO SOURCE #ASSIOPEIA! ALSO KNOWN AS # IS THOUGHT TO BE A SUPERNOVA REMNANT WHOSE EXPLOSIONDATEISINFERREDFROMABACKWARDEXTRAPOLATIONOFITSEXPANSIONVELOCITY OFKMS ITSRA DIUS ANDTHEASSUMPTIONTHATITHASNOTDECELERATED.OSUPERNOVAEXPLOSIONHASBEENRECORDEDINHISTORICAL DOCUMENTS PERHAPSBECAUSEITWASHIDDENBYINTERSTELLARDUST
4VQFSOPWB" ѮFUZQF**TVQFSOPWBFYQMPTJPOPGBCMVFTVQFSHJBOUTUBSJOUIF -BSHF.BHFMMBOJD$MPVEPO'FCSVBSZ UIFêSTUTVQFSOPWBUPCFWJTJCMFUPUIF VOBJEFE PSOBLFE FZFTJODF%VCCFE4/" UIFTVQFSOPWBXBTEJTDPWFSFE CZ*BO4IFMUFO ¢ ѮFTPMBSNBTTTUBSFYQMPEFEXJUIBQFBLBQQBSFOUWJTVBM NBHOJUVEFPG"UJUTEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST UIFNBYJNVNBCTPMVUFWJTJCMF MVNJOPTJUZXBTmBOEUIFQFBLJOUSJOTJDWJTJCMFMVNJOPTJUZXBTNJMMJPOUJNFT UIBUPGUIF4VO6OEFSHSPVOEOFVUSJOPEFUFDUPSTSFDPSEFEOFVUSJOPTSFMFBTFEEVSJOH UIFDPMMBQTFPGUIFTUFMMBSDPSF BCPVUUISFFIPVSTCFGPSFUIFêSTUWJTJCMFTJHIUJOHPGUIF TVQFSOPWBѮFOFVUSJOPMVNJOPTJUZCSJFëZFRVBMFEUIFWJTJCMFMVNJOPVTPVUQVUPGBMM UIFTUBSTJOUIF6OJWFSTF4FFTVQFSOPWBBOEUZQF**TVQFSOPWB 4VQFSOPWB SFNOBOU "CCSFWJBUFE 4/3 UIF FYQBOEJOH TIFMM PG NBUUFS UISPXO PĒ JOUPTQBDFEVSJOHUIFPVUCVSTUPGBTVQFSOPWBѮFTFSFNOBOUTBSFPѫFOTUSPOHSBEJP TPVSDFT FNJUUJOH TZODISPUSPO SBEJBUJPO UIF FKFDUFE NBUFSJBM BMTP DPMMJEFT XJUI UIF TVSSPVOEJOHJOUFSTUFMMBSHBTBOEIFBUTJUVQUPBCPVUBNJMMJPOLFMWJO FNJUUJOHJOUFOTF 9SBZT4FF$SBCOFCVMB TVQFSOPWBBOETZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPO 4VQFSTPOJD .PWJOH BU B TQFFE HSFBUFS UIBO UIBU PG TPVOE PS XJUI B WFMPDJUZ UIBU FYDFFETUIFWFMPDJUZPGTPVOE*OBJSPO&BSUI UIFWFMPDJUZPGTPVOEJTBCPVUNFUFST QFSTFDPOE CVUUIFWFMPDJUZPGTPVOEEFQFOETPOCPUIUIFUFNQFSBUVSFBOEDPNQPTJ UJPOPGUIFHBT4FFWFMPDJUZPGTPVOE
(MPTTBSZ4
4!",% 3UPERNOVA!3.! A 0ROGENITOR3TAR
.AME ,OCATION 2IGHT!SCENSION $ECLINATION $ISTANCE $ISTANCE-ODULUS 3PECTRAL4YPE !PPARENT6ISUAL-AGNITUDE #OLOR)NDEX 6ISUAL!BSORPTION "OLOMETRIC#ORRECTION "OLOMETRIC!BSOLUTE-AGNITUDE !BSOLUTE,UMINOSITY %FFECTIVE4EMPERATURE 2ADIUS )NITIAL-AIN3EQUENCE-ASS %VOLVED(ELIUM#ORE-ASS %VOLVED(YDROGEN%NVELOPE-ASS .EUTRINO"URST +AMIOKANDE))$ETECTOR %VENT3TART4IME .UMBEROF!NTI .EUTRINOS$ETECTED %NERGY2ANGEOF!NTI .EUTRINOS "URST$URATION )RVINEn-ICHIGANn"ROOKHAVEN )-" $ETECTOR %VENT3TART4IME .UMBEROF!NTI .EUTRINOS$ETECTED %NERGY2ANGEOF!NTI .EUTRINOS "URST$URATION .EUTRINO"URST 4OTAL!NTI .EUTRINO%NERGY 4OTAL.EUTRINO%NERGY 4OTAL.EUTRINO,UMINOSITY !VERAGE.EUTRINO4EMPERATURE .UMBEROF.EUTRINOS0RODUCED .EUTRINO&LUXAT%ARTH
3K3ANDULEAK ,-#,ARGE-AGELLANIC#LOUD 2! HMS $EC $KPCLIGHT YEARS M-MAG 3P")ABLUESUPERGIANT 6MAG "6MAG !VMAG "# -BOL ,XERGSy,b 4EFF+ 2CM2b --b -(E-b -(-b
THMS54MIN ON &EB . $%TO-E6 $TS THMS54MS ON &EB . $%TO-E6 $TS %ERG %ERG ,ERGS ,b 4-E6+ .NEUTRINOS &XCM DPOUJOVFE
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4!",% 3UPERNOVA!3.! CONTINUED .EUTRINO"URST )NFERRED.EUTRINO-ASS,IMIT ME6 #ORE#OLLAPSE4IME $TSMS #OLLAPSED2EMNANT-ASS --b #OLLAPSED2EMNANT2ADIUS 2KM 'RAVITATIONAL0OTENTIAL%NERGY2ELEASED %XERG B 6ISIBLE%XPLOSION /PTICAL$ISCOVERY 6MAGON&EB THOURS )AN3HELTON %XPLOSIVE/PTICAL"RIGHTENING 6MAGON&EB THOURS -BOLMAG ,ERGS,b 3ECONDARY6ISUAL-AXIMUM
6MAGON-AY TDAYS -BOLMAG ,ERGS,b
A!DAPTEDFROM,ANG +ENNETH2 !STROPHYSICAL$ATA0LANETSAND3TARS .EW9ORK 3PRINGER6ERLAG PP (ERE,b 2b -bRESPECTIVELYDENOTETHEABSOLUTELUMINOSITY RADIUSANDMASSOFTHE3UN B4IMETFROMNEUTRINOBURSTATT &EB
4XJGU /"4"MBVODIFEUIF4XJѫTQBDFDSBѫPO/PWFNCFS*UTUISFFJOTUSV NFOUTXPSLUPHFUIFSUPPCTFSWFHBNNBSBZCVSTUTBOEBѫFSHMPXTBUHBNNBSBZ 9SBZ BOE WJTJCMF MJHIU XBWFMFOHUIT QSPWJEJOH OFX JOTJHIUT UP UIF PSJHJO BOE FWPMVUJPO PG UIFTFQPXFSGVM FYQMPTJWFCVSTUT 4XJGU5VUUMF$PNFU "ѫFS)BMMFZT$PNFU UIFTFDPOECSJHIUFTUQFSJPEJDDPNFU EJT
DPWFSFEJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST-FXJT4XJѫ ¢ BOE)PSBDF 5VUUMF ¢ "TOPUJDFEJOCZUIF*UBMJBOBTUSPOPNFS(JPWBOOJ4DIJBQB SFMMJ ¢
UIF1FSTFJENFUFPSTIPXFSPDDVSTXIFOUIF&BSUITPSCJUJOUFSTFDUT UIFPSCJUPG$PNFU4XJѫ5VUUMF XIJDIIBTEJTUSJCVUFENFUFPSPJETBMPOHJUTPSCJU4FF NFUFPSTIPXFSBOENFUFPSTUSFBN 4ZNCJPUJDTUBS "CJOBSZTUBSTZTUFNJOXIJDIBDPPM SFEHJBOUTUBSTIFETNBTTPOUPB
NPSFDPNQBDU IPUUFSDPNQBOJPOTUBSѮFHJBOUTUBSTBSFPGMBUFTQFDUSBMUZQF( ,PS. BOEUIFIPUDPNQPOFOUTNBZCFNBJOTFRVFODFTUBSTPSBOBDDSFUJOHXIJUFEXBSGTUBS 4ZODISPOPVTPSCJU ѮFPSCJUPGBTBUFMMJUFXIPTFPSCJUBMQFSJPEJTFRVBMUPUIFSPUBUJPO
QFSJPEPGUIFQMBOFUJUJTSPUBUJOH"SUJêDJBMTBUFMMJUFTJOTZODISPOPVTPSCJUBSPVOEUIF &BSUISFNBJOBCPWFUIFTBNFMPDBUJPOPOUIFQMBOFU4FFHFPTZODISPOPVTPSCJU 4ZODISPOPVTSPUBUJPO "TBUFMMJUFJOTZODISPOPVTSPUBUJPOIBTBSPUBUJPOQFSJPEUIBU
JTFRVBMUPJUTPSCJUBMQFSJPE BOEJUBMXBZTQSFTFOUTUIFTBNFGBDFUPXBSEUIFQMBOFUJU
(MPTTBSZ4
'*( 3YNCHROTRONRADIATION(IGH SPEEDELECTRONSMOVINGAT VELOCITIESNEARTHATOFLIGHTEMITANARROWBEAMOFSYNCHROTRONRADIATION ASTHEYSPIRALAROUNDAMAGNETIClELD4HISEMISSIONISSOMETIMESCALLED NON THERMALRADIATIONBECAUSETHEELECTRONSPEEDSAREMUCHGREATERTHAN THOSEOFTHERMALMOTIONATANYPLAUSIBLETEMPERATURE4HENAMEhSYNCHRO TRONvREFERSTOTHEMAN MADE RING SHAPEDSYNCHROTRONPARTICLEACCELERATOR WHERETHISTYPEOFRADIATIONWASlRSTOBSERVEDASYNCHRONOUSMECHANISM KEEPSTHEPARTICLESINSTEPWITHTHEACCELERATIONASTHEYCIRCULATEINTHE RING
JTSFWPMWJOHBSPVOE0VS.PPOJTJOTZODISPOPVTSPUBUJPO BMXBZTQSFTFOUJOHJUTOFBS TJEFUPUIF&BSUIѮFGPVSMBSHFTUNPPOTPG+VQJUFS UIF(BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT BSFBMTPJO TZODISPOPVTSPUBUJPO 4ZODISPUSPOQBSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUPS 4FFQBSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUPS 4ZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPO &MFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOFNJUUFECZBOFMFDUSPOUSBWFMJOH BMNPTUBUUIFTQFFEPGMJHIUJOUIFQSFTFODFPGBNBHOFUJDêFME4VDISBEJBUJPOJTMJO FBSMZQPMBSJ[FEѮFOBNFBSJTFTCFDBVTFJUXBTêSTUPCTFSWFEJOXIFOFMFDUSPOT XFSFBDDFMFSBUFEJOUIF(FOFSBM&MFDUSJDTZODISPUSPOQBSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUPSѮF&OHMJTI QIZTJDJTU(FPSHF"4DIPUU ¢ EJTDVTTFETVDIBSBEJBUJPOQSPDFTTCZFMFD USPOTJOBQBQFSQVCMJTIFEJOBOEJOIJTCPPLPO&MFDUSPNBHOFUJD3BEJB UJPOѮFBDDFMFSBUJPOPGUIFFMFDUSPOTDBVTFTUIFNUPFNJUSBEJBUJPOUIBUJTTUSPOHMZ QPMBSJ[FEBOEJODSFBTFTJOJOUFOTJUZBUMPOHFSXBWFMFOHUITѮFXBWFMFOHUISFHJPOJO XIJDIUIFFNJTTJPOPDDVSTEFQFOETPOUIFFOFSHZPGUIFFMFDUSPO¢.F7FMFDUSPOT SBEJBUFNPTUMZJOUIFSBEJPSFHJPO*OUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS,BSM0,JFQFO IFVFS ¢ DPSSFDUMZ QSPQPTFE UIBU UIF SBEJP FNJTTJPO PG UIF .JMLZ 8BZ JT EVF UP UIF OPOUIFSNBM TZODISPUSPO SBEJBUJPO PG DPTNJD SBZ FMFDUSPOT TQJSBMJOH BCPVU BO JOUFSTUFMMBS NBHOFUJD êFME ѮF 3VTTJBO BTUSPQIZTJDJTU*PTJG 4 4ILMPWTLJJ ¢ QSPQPTFEUIBUCPUIUIFPQUJDBM PSWJTJCMFMJHIU BOESBEJPFNJTTJPOPG UIF $SBC /FCVMB TVQFSOPWB SFNOBOU BSF EVF UP TZODISPUSPO SBEJBUJPO BOE UISFF ZFBST MBUFS IJT 3VTTJBO DPMMFBHVF 7JUBMJJ - (JO[CVSH ¢ QSPQPTFE UIBU DPT
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
NJDSBZTBSFBDDFMFSBUFEJOUIFTUFMMBSFYQMPTJPOTLOPXOBTTVQFSOPWBF4ZODISPUSPO SBEJBUJPOXBTTVCTFRVFOUMZVTFEUPFYQMBJOUIFJOUFOTFSBEJPFNJTTJPOPGSBEJPHBM BYJFTBOERVBTBST*OUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS3PHFS%#MBOEGPSE ¢ BOE&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS.BSUJO3FFT ¢ QSPQPTFEUIBUUIFSBEJPMPCFTPGSBEJP HBMBYJFTBSFGFECZKFUTPGIJHIFOFSHZFMFDUSPOTTFOUPVUBMPOHUIFSPUBUJPOBYJTPGB SPUBUJOH TVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF4FFCMBDLIPMF $SBC/FCVMB QBSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUPS SBEJPHBMBYZ BOETVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU 4ZOPEJD NPOUI ѮF QFSJPE CFUXFFO UXP JEFOUJDBM QIBTFT PG UIF .PPO FRVBM UP
NFBOTPMBSEBZT 4ZOPEJD QFSJPE ѮF QFSJPE PG BQQBSFOU SPUBUJPO PS PSCJUBM SFWPMVUJPO BT PCTFSWFE
GSPNUIF&BSUI 4ZSUJT .BKPS "EBSLUSJBOHVMBSGFBUVSF OPXLOPXOBT4ZSUJT.BKPS1MBOJUJB PSUIF
(VMGPG4JSUF1MBJOT UIBUFYUFOETGSPNUIFTPVUIQPMBSDBQPO.BSTUPBDSPTTJUTFRVBUPS ѮF%VUDIBTUSPOPNFS$ISJTUJBBO)VZHFOT ¢ êSTUTLFUDIFE4ZSUJT.BKPS JO BOEVTFEIJTPCTFSWBUJPOTPGUIFGFBUVSFUPDPODMVEFUIBUUIFSPUBUJPOQFSJPE PG.BSTJTBCPVUIPVST 4Z[ZHZ "TZ[ZHZPDDVSTXIFOUIF&BSUIBOE4VOBSFBMJHOFEXJUIBUIJSEDFMFTUJBM
CPEZ TVDIBTUIF.PPOPSBQMBOFU"TZ[ZHZPDDVSTBUUIFDPOKVODUJPOPSPQQPTJUJPO PGBQMBOFUBOEBUGVMMBOEOFX.PPO4FFDPOKVODUJPOBOEPQQPTJUJPO
(MPTTBSZ5
5 5"* "DSPOZNGPS5FNQT"UPNJRVF*OUFSOBUJPOBM4FFJOUFSOBUJPOBMBUPNJDUJNF 5BSBOUVMB/FCVMB "OFNJTTJPOOFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE/($BOEBMTPLOPXOBT
%PSBEVT MPDBUFEJOUIF-BSHF.BHFMMBOJD$MPVEBUBEJTUBODFPGBCPVUMJHIU ZFBSTJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO%PSBEVTѮF5BSBOUVMB/FCVMBNFBTVSFTIBMGBEFHSFFBOE BCPVUMJHIUZFBSTBDSPTT GBSCJHHFSBOECSJHIUFSUIBOBOZFNJTTJPOOFCVMBJOPVS (BMBYZѮF5BSBOUVMB/FCVMBIBTBOFTUJNBUFENBTTPGBCPVUUJNFTUIFNBTTPG UIF4VO BOEJUHFUTJUTOBNFGSPNJUTTQJEFSZBQQFBSBODF4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMB 5FDUPOJDT ѮFDSVTUBMEFGPSNBUJPOTPGBQMBOFUDBVTFECZJOUFSOBMIFBUSJTJOHUPUIF TVSGBDFѮFDIVSOJOHDPOWFDUJPOPGJOUFSOBMNPMUFOSPDLESJWFTUFDUPOJDQMBUFTTJEF XBZTBDSPTTUIF&BSUI QSPEVDJOHDPOUJOFOUBMESJѫBOEFBSUIRVBLFT)PUSJTJOHNBUF SJBMXJUIJO7FOVTQSPEVDFTWPMDBOPFT SJѫT BOECVDLMFE GSBDUVSFEGFBUVSFTLOPXOBT BSBDIOJET BOE DPSPOBF 5FDUPOJDT JT UIF (SFFL XPSE GPS iDBSQFOUFS PS CVJMEJOHu 4FF BSBDIOJE DPOUJOFOUBMESJѫ DPSPOBF FBSUIRVBLF BOEQMBUFUFDUPOJDT 5FMFTDPQF "O JOTUSVNFOU GPS DPMMFDUJOH BOE NBHOJGZJOH FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO GSPNBDPTNJDPCKFDU"SFGSBDUJOHUFMFTDPQFVTFTBMFOTUPDPMMFDUMJHIU XIJMFBSFëFDUJOH UFMFTDPQFVTFTBNJSSPSѮF%VUDITQFDUBDMFNBLFS)BOT-JQQFSTIFZ D¢ BQQMJFE GPS B QBUFOU PO POF PG UIF êSTU UFMFTDPQFT JO CVU TVDI TQZHMBTTFT TPPO CFDBNF RVJUF DPNNPO BOE OP QBUFOU XBT BXBSEFE ѮF *UBMJBO BTUSPOPNFS (BMJMFP (BMJMFJ ¢ CVJMUIJTPXOUFMFTDPQFT BOEXBTUIFêSTUUPVTFUIFN JO GPS BTUSPOPNJDBM PCTFSWBUJPOT 5FMFTDPQFT PG EJĒFSFOU EFTJHO PQFSBUF BU NPTU FMFD USPNBHOFUJDXBWFMFOHUIT JODMVEJOHUIF9SBZ VMUSBWJPMFU WJTJCMF JOGSBSFEBOESBEJP SFHJPOTPGUIFTQFDUSVN4FF$BTTFHSBJOUFMFTDPQF (SFHPSJBOUFMFTDPQF )VCCMF4QBDF 5FMFTDPQF ,FDLUFMFTDPQFT /FXUPOJBOUFMFTDPQF SBEJPUFMFTDPQF SFëFDUJOHUFMFTDPQF SFGSBDUJOHUFMFTDPQF 4DINJEUUFMFTDPQF 4PMBSBOE)FMJPTQIFSJD0CTFSWBUPSZ 4QJU[FS 4QBDF5FMFTDPQF 6MZTTFT 7FSZ-BSHF"SSBZ BOE:PILPI 5FNQFSBUVSF "NFBTVSFPGUIFIFBUPGBOPCKFDUBOEUIFBWFSBHFLJOFUJDFOFSHZPGUIF
SBOEPNMZNPWJOHQBSUJDMFTJOJU 5FSNJOBUPS ѮF CPVOEBSZ CFUXFFO UIF JMMVNJOBUFE BOE EBSL IFNJTQIFSFT PG UIF .PPO BOPUIFSTBUFMMJUF PSBQMBOFUXIFOWJFXFEGSPNUIF&BSUI 5FSSFTUSJBMQMBOFUT ѮFGPVSSPDLZQMBOFUTJOUIFJOOFSQBSUPGUIFTPMBSTZTUFN.FS
DVSZ 7FOVT &BSUIBOE.BST 5FTMB ѮF4ZTUFNF*OUFSOBUJPOBM PS4* VOJUPGNBHOFUJDëVYEFOTJUZ OBNFEBѫFS/JLPMB
5FTMB ¢
B $SPBUJBOCPSO "NFSJDBO QJPOFFS JO UIF êFMET PG BMUFSOBUJOH DVSSFOUFMFDUSJDJUZ BOEFMFDUSJDBMQPXFSHFOFSBUJPOBOEEJTUSJCVUJPOѮF5FTMBJTBNFB TVSFPGUIFTUSFOHUIPGBNBHOFUJDêFMEѮFDFOUJNFUFSHSBNTTFDPOE PSDHT VOJU
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
'*( 4ELESCOPES,IGHTWAVESTHATFALLONTHE%ARTHFROMADISTANTOBJECTAREPARALLELTO ONEANOTHER ANDAREFOCUSEDTOAPOINTBYTHELENSORMIRROROFATELESCOPE%ARLYTELESCOPES WEREREFRACTORSMFѫ 4HECURVEDSURFACESOFTHECONVEXOBJECTIVELENSBENDTHEINCOMING PARALLELLIGHTRAYSBYREFRACTION ANDBRINGTHEMTOAFOCUSATTHECENTEROFTHEFOCALPLANE WHERETHELIGHTRAYSMEETANDANIMAGEISCREATED!SECOND SMALLERLENS CALLEDTHEEYE PIECE WASUSEDTOMAGNIFYTHEIMAGEINTHEEARLYREFRACTORSLATERVERSIONSPLACEDPHOTO GRAPHICORELECTRONICDETECTORSATTHEFOCALPLANE)NTHE%NGLISHPHYSICIST)SAAC.EWTON ¥ CONSTRUCTEDTHElRSTREmECTINGTELESCOPESJHIU WHICHUSESALARGE CONCAVE OR PARABOLIC PRIMARYMIRRORTOCOLLECTANDFOCUSLIGHT!SMALL mATSECONDARYMIRROR INCLINEDAT ANANGLEOFDEGREESTOTHETELESCOPEAXIS REmECTSTHELIGHTSIDEWAYS ATAPLACENOWKNOWN ASTHE.EWTONIANFOCUS/THERLIGHT DEmECTINGMIRRORARRANGEMENTSCANBEUSEDTOOBTAINANY DESIREDFOCALLENGTH WHICHVARIESWITHTHECURVATUREANDPOSITIONOFSMALLCONVEXMIRRORS
(OBBY %BERLY 3UBARU
!NTU +UEVEN -ELIPAL 9EPUN 'ILLETT 'EMINI3OUTH
--4
7ALTER"AADE ,ANDON#LAY
"OLSHOI4ELESKOP !ZIMUTALNYI (ALE 7ILLIAM(ERSCHEL 3/UTHERN!STROPHYSICAL 2ESEARCH 3/!2 6ICTOR"LANCO
METER INCH METER INCH
METER INCH
METER INCH
METER INCH
METER INCH
METER INCH
METER INCH METER INCH METER INCH
METER METER INCH
+ECK) +ECK))
.AME
METER METER INCH
-IRROR$IAMETER B
4!",% 4ELESCOPESnBIGGESTOPTICALA
#ERRO4OLOLO #HILE#ERRO4OLOLO )NTER !MERICAN/BSERVATORY DPOUJOVFE
-AUNA+EA (AWAIITWOTELESCOPESTHATOPERATEINDEPENDENTLYANDCANBE CONNECTEDASANINTERFEROMETER%ACHTELESCOPEMIRRORCONSISTSOFHEXAGONAL SEGMENTS4HE7-+ECK/BSERVATORYISOPERATEDBYTHE#ALIFORNIA!SSOCIATION FOR2ESEARCHIN!STRONOMY -T&OWLKES 4EXAS!JOINTPROJECTOFlVEUNIVERSITIES -AUNA+EA (AWAII!PROJECTOFTHE .ATIONAL!STRONOMICAL/BSERVATORYOF*APAN #ERRO0ARANAL #HILE%UROPEAN3OUTHERN/BSERVATORY FOURINDEPENDENTTELESCOPES THATWILLBECONNECTEDASANINTERFEROMETERCALLEDTHE6ERY,ARGE4ELESCOPE -AUNA+EA (AWAII'EMINI.ORTH#ERRO0ACHØN #HILE'EMINI3OUTH4WIN TELESCOPESMANAGEDBYTHE!SSOCIATIONOF5NIVERSITIESFOR2ESEARCHFOR !STRONOMY -T(OPKINS !RIZONA&ORMERLYTHE-ULTIPLE-IRROR4ELESCOPE OR--4 NOWA SINGLEMIRROR OPERATEDBYTHE&RED,7HIPPLE/BSERVATORYANDTHE5NIVERSITYOF !RIZONA ,A3ERENA #HILE-AGELLAN) ,A3ERENA #HILE-AGELLAN)) 4WINTELESCOPESATTHE,AS#AMPANAS/BSERVATORY -OUNT0ASTUKHOV:ELENCHUKSKA/BSERVATORY 3PECIAL!STROPHYSICAL/BSERVATORY 2USSIAN!CADEMYOF3CIENCES 0ALOMAR-OUNTAIN #ALIFORNIA ,A0ALMA #ANARY)SLANDS/SSERVATORIODEL2OQUEDELOS-UCHACHOS 3PAIN #ERRO0ACHØN #HILE#ERRO4OLOLO)NTER !MERICAN/BSERVATORY "RAZIL 53
,OCATION#OMMENTS
(MPTTBSZ5
!NGLO !USTRALIAN -AYALL 5NITED+INGDOM)NFRA 2ED 4ELESCOPE5+)24 M4ELESCOPE #ANADA &RANCE (AWAII 4ELESCOPIO.AZIONALE'ALILEO
.AME
,A3ILLA #HILE%UROPEAN3OUTHERN/BSERVATORY -AUNA+EA (AWAII ,A0ALMA #ANARY)SLANDS)TALIAN
3IDING3PRING-OUNTAIN .EW3OUTH7ALES +ITT0EAK !RIZONA.ATIONAL/PTICAL!STRONOMY/BSERVATORY -AUNA+EA (AWAII$EDICATEDTOINFRARED
,OCATION#OMMENTS
B$IAMETEROFTHEEFFECTIVEAPERTUREOFTHEPRIMARYMIRROR GIVINGITSLIGHT COLLECTINGAREA
A,ARGESTTELESCOPESOPERATINGATOPTICAL ORVISIBLE LIGHT WAVELENGTHS ANDALSOSOMETIMESATINFRAREDWAVELENGTHS"IGGERTELESCOPESAREUNDERCONSTRUCTION
METER INCH METER INCH METER INCH
METER INCH METER INCH METER INCH
-IRROR$IAMETER B
4!",% 4ELESCOPESnBIGGESTOPTICALACONTINUED
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
(MPTTBSZ5
PGNBHOFUJDêFMETUSFOHUI PѫFOVTFEJOBTUSPQIZTJDT JTUIF(BVTT XIFSF5FTMB (BVTT(BVTT4FFHBNNBBOE(BVTT 5IFPSZ "IZQPUIFTJTVTFEUPFYQMBJOTPNFGBDUT 5IFSNBMCSFNTTUSBIMVOH &NJTTJPOPGSBEJBUJPOCZFOFSHFUJDFMFDUSPOTFODPVOUFSJOH UIFêFMEPGBQPTJUJWFJPOJOBHBTUIBUJTJOUIFSNBMFRVJMJCSJVN4FFCSFNTTUSBIMVOH BOEUIFSNBMFRVJMJCSJVN 5IFSNBMFOFSHZ &OFSHZBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFNPUJPOTPGNPMFDVMFT BUPNT PSJPOT 5IFSNBMFRVJMJCSJVN "QIZTJDBMTZTUFNJOXIJDIBMMQBSUTIBWFFYDIBOHFEIFBUBOE BSFDIBSBDUFSJ[FECZUIFTBNFUFNQFSBUVSFBUBMMQPJOUT*OTVDIFRVJMJCSJVN BTJOHMF UFNQFSBUVSF DIBSBDUFSJ[FT UIF WFMPDJUZ EJTUSJCVUJPO 4FF (BVTTJBO EJTUSJCVUJPO BOE .BYXFMMJBOEJTUSJCVUJPO 5IFSNBM HBT " DPMMFDUJPO PG QBSUJDMFT UIBU DPMMJEF XJUI FBDI PUIFS BOE FYDIBOHF
FOFSHZGSFRVFOUMZ HJWJOHBEJTUSJCVUJPOPGQBSUJDMFFOFSHJFTUIBUDBOCFDIBSBDUFSJ[FE CZBTJOHMFUFNQFSBUVSF4FFOPOUIFSNBMQBSUJDMF 5IFSNBMQBSUJDMF "QBSUJDMFUIBUJTQBSUPGBUIFSNBMHBT4FFOPOUIFSNBMQBSUJDMF 5IFSNBM SBEJBUJPO &MFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO FNJUUFE CZ B HBT JO UIFSNBM FRVJMJC
SJVNѮFSNBMSBEJBUJPOBSJTFTCZWJSUVFPGBOPCKFDUTIFBU PSUFNQFSBUVSF&OFSHFUJD FMFDUSPOT UIBU BSF OPU OFDFTTBSJMZ JO UIFSNPEZOBNJD FRVJMJCSJVN FNJU OPOUIFSNBM SBEJBUJPO4FFCMBDLCPEZSBEJBUJPOBOEOPOUIFSNBMSBEJBUJPO 5IFSNPEZOBNJDT ѮFTUVEZPGUIFCFIBWJPSPGIFBUBOEPUIFSSFMBUFEGPSNTPGFOFSHZ JODIBOHJOHTZTUFNT 5IFSNPOVDMFBS GVTJPO ѮF GVTJPO PG BUPNJD OVDMFJ BU IJHI UFNQFSBUVSFT UP GPSN NPSFNBTTJWFOVDMFJXJUIUIFTJNVMUBOFPVTSFMFBTFPGFOFSHZѮFSNPOVDMFBSGVTJPOJT UIFQPXFSTPVSDFBUUIFDPSFPGUIF4VO4FFGVTJPO 5JEFT ѮF.PPOTHSBWJUBUJPOBMBUUSBDUJPOESBXTUIF&BSUITPDFBOTJOUPUIFTIBQFPG
BOFHH DBVTJOHUXPIJHIUJEFTBTUIFQMBOFUTSPUBUJPODBSSJFTUIFDPOUJOFOUTQBTUUIF UXPUJEBMCVMHFTFBDIEBZѮF4VOTHSBWJUZBMTPDPOUSJCVUFTUPUIFUJEFT CVUUIF.PPOT DPOUSJCVUJPOJTUJNFTUIBUPGUIF4VO"TUIFUJEFTëPPEBOEFCC UIFZQSPEVDFGSJD UJPOBOEEJTTJQBUFFOFSHZBUUIFFYQFOTFPGUIF&BSUITSPUBUJPO DBVTJOHUIFMFOHUIPG UIFEBZUPJODSFBTFCZBCPVUTFDPOETQFSDFOUVSZѮJTJOUFSBDUJPOBMTPSFTVMUTJO BOPVUXBSENPUJPOPGUIF.PPOPGBCPVUNFUFSTQFSZFBSѮFIFJHIUPGUIFUJEFT BOEUIFQIBTFPGUIF.PPOEFQFOEPOUIFSFMBUJWFPSJFOUBUJPOTPGUIF&BSUI .PPOBOE 4VO8IFOUIFUJEFSBJTJOHGPSDFTPGUIF4VOBOE.PPOBSFJOUIFTBNFEJSFDUJPO UIFZ SFJOGPSDF FBDI PUIFS NBLJOH UIF IJHIFTU IJHI UJEFT BOE UIF MPXFTU MPX UJEFT ѮFTF TQSJOHUJEFTPDDVSBUOFXPSGVMM.PPOѮFSBOHFPGUJEFTJTMFBTUXIFOUIF.PPOJTBU êSTUPSUIJSERVBSUFS QSPEVDJOHUIFOFBQUJEFTXIFOUIFUJEFSBJTJOHGPSDFTPGUIF4VO BOE.PPOBSFBUSJHIUBOHMFTUPFBDIPUIFS5JEFTDBOBMTPCFQSPEVDFEJOUIFTPMJE CPEZPGBOPCKFDU TVDIBT+VQJUFSTUJEBMJOBOEPVUëFYJOHPGJUTTBUFMMJUF*P IFBUJOHUIF TBUFMMJUFTJOUFSJPSBOEQSPEVDJOHJUTWPMDBOPFT4FF*P BOE.PPO
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
'*( 4IDES4HEHEIGHTOFTHETIDESANDTHEPHASEOFTHE-OONDEPEND ONTHERELATIVEPOSITIONSOFTHE%ARTH -OONAND3UN7HENTHETIDE RAIS INGFORCESOFTHE3UNAND-OONAREINTHESAMEDIRECTION THEYREINFORCE EACHOTHER MAKINGTHEHIGHESTHIGHTIDESANDTHELOWESTLOWTIDES4HESE SPRINGTIDESUPQ OCCURATNEWORFULL-OON4HERANGEOFTIDESISLEAST WHENTHE-OONISATlRSTORTHIRDQUARTER ANDTHETIDERAISINGFORCESOFTHE 3UNAND-OONAREATRIGHTANGLESTOEACHOTHER4HETIDALFORCESARETHEN INOPPOSITION PRODUCINGTHELOWESTHIGHTIDESANDTHEHIGHESTLOWTIDES OR THENEAPTIDESCPUUPN 4HEHEIGHTOFTHETIDESHASBEENGREATLYEXAGGER ATEDINCOMPARISONTOTHESIZEOFTHE%ARTH
5JNF " EJNFOTJPO UIBU EJTUJOHVJTIFT CFUXFFO QBTU QSFTFOU BOE GVUVSF 4FF EBZ (SFFOXJDI.FBO5JNF *OUFSOBUJPOBM"UPNJD5JNF NPOUI 6OJWFSTBM5JNF BOEZFBS 5JNF EJMBUJPO ѮF TMPXJOH EPXO PG UIF UJNF TFQBSBUJOH UXP FWFOUT PO B NPWJOH PCKFDU BTEFUFDUFECZBOFYUFSOBMPCTFSWFSOPUQBSUJDJQBUJOHJOUIFNPUJPO5JNFEJMB UJPOXPVMENBLFBNPWJOHDMPDLBQQFBSUPHPTMPXFS BOEJUDBOOPUJDFBCMZMFOHUIFO UIFBQQBSFOUMJGFUJNFPGFMFNFOUBSZQBSUJDMFTѮFFĒFDUCFDPNFTJNQPSUBOUBUTQFFET BQQSPBDIJOHUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU4FF4QFDJBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ 5JUBO ѮF MBSHFTU TBUFMMJUF PG 4BUVSO EJTDPWFSFE JO CZ UIF %VUDI BTUSPOPNFS
$ISJTUJBBO )VZHFOT ¢ 5JUBO IBT B SBEJVT PG LJMPNFUFST KVTU PWFS UXJDFUIFSBEJVTPGUIF&BSUIT.PPOBOEJUJTUIFTFDPOEMBSHFTUTBUFMMJUFJOUIF4PMBS 4ZTUFNѮFNBTTEFOTJUZPG5JUBOJTLJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFS OFBSMZUXJDFUIBU PGXBUFS TPJUJTNPTUMJLFMZDPNQPTFEPGOFBSMZFRVBMBNPVOUTPGXBUFSJDFBOESPDL *OJOTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEUIF7PZBHFSTQBDFDSBѫTIPXFEUIBU5JUBOIBTBTVCTUBO UJBMBUNPTQIFSFXIPTFTVSGBDFQSFTTVSFJTBCPVUUJNFTUIFBJSQSFTTVSFBUTFBMFWFM PO&BSUI/JUSPHFONPMFDVMFTBSFUIFNBJODPOTUJUVFOUTPG5JUBOTBUNPTQIFSF BTUIFZ
(MPTTBSZ5
BSFJOUIF&BSUITBJS BOENFUIBOFJTUIFTFDPOENPTUBCVOEBOUJOHSFEJFOUPG5JUBOT BUNPTQIFSF BUUPQFSDFOUѮFTVSGBDFUFNQFSBUVSFPG5JUBOJTLFMWJO BUXIJDI NFUIBOFDBOCFTPMJE MJRVJEPSHBT TPNFUIBOFDPVMEQMBZUIFTBNFSPMFPO5JUBOBT XBUFSEPFTPO&BSUI QSPEVDJOHDMPVET SBJOT SJWFSTBOETFBT"WFJMPGPSBOHFTNPH IJEFTUIFTVSGBDFPG5JUBOGSPNWJFX CVUUIF)VZHFOT1SPCFEFTDFOEFEUPJUTTVSGBDF PO+BOVBSZ PCUBJOJOHFWJEFODFGPSëPXJOHMJRVJE QFSIBQTEVFUPSJWFSTPSTFBT PGNFUIBOF4FF)VZHFOT1SPCF 5JUJVT#PEFMBX ѮFBQQSPYJNBUF SFMBUJWFEJTUBODFTPGUIFQMBOFUTGSPNUIF4VOJT HJWFOCZUIFTFRVFODF w BEEJOHBOEEJWJEJOHCZѮF(FSNBO NBUIFNBUJDJBO+PIBOO%BOJFM5JUJVT ¢ êSTUOPUJDFEUIFMBXJO BOE UIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS+PIBOO&MFSU#PEF ¢ TVCTFRVFOUMZQPQVMBSJ[FE JUѮFGPSNVMBQSFEJDUFEUIFEJTUBODFPG6SBOVTBOEUIFêSTUBTUFSPJET XIJDIXFSF EJTDPWFSFEBѫFSUIFMBXXBTTUBUFE BOEJUBMTPQSFEJDUFEUIFBQQSPYJNBUFEJTUBODFPG /FQUVOF 53"$& "DSPOZNGPS5SBOTJUJPO3FHJPO"OE$PSPOBM&YQMPSFS4FF5SBOTJUJPO3FHJPO "OE$PSPOBM&YQMPSFS 5SBOTJU ѮFTMJHIUEJNNJOHPGTUBSMJHIUDBVTFECZBQMBOFUQBTTJOHCFUXFFOJUBOEUIF &BSUIѮFQMBOFUT.FSDVSZBOE7FOVTPDDBTJPOBMMZUSBOTJUUIF4VOѮFXPSEUSBOTJU JTBMTPVTFEGPSUIFQBTTBHFPGBDFMFTUJBMPCKFDUBDSPTTUIFPCTFSWFSTNFSJEJBOPSUIF QBTTBHFPGBTBUFMMJUFBDSPTTBQMBOFU XIFOWJFXFEGSPN&BSUI 5SBOTJUJPO3FHJPO"OE$PSPOBM&YQMPSFS /"4"MBVODIFEJUT5SBOTJUJPO3FHJPO"OE $PSPOBM&YQMPSFS BCCSFWJBUFE53"$& TQBDFDSBѫJO"QSJM*UQSPWJEFEJNBHFTPG UIFTPMBSBUNPTQIFSFBUUFNQFSBUVSFTGSPNUIPVTBOEUPNJMMJPOLFMWJOXJUIIJHI UFNQPSBMSFTPMVUJPOBOETFDPOEPGBSDBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPOVTJOHPCTFSWBUJPOTBUVMUSB WJPMFU BOE FYUSFNF VMUSBWJPMFU XBWFMFOHUIT 53"$& TIPXFE UIBU UIF NJMMJPOEFHSFF DPSPOBJTDPNQSJTFEPGUIJONBHOFUJDMPPQTUIBUBSFOBUVSBMMZEZOBNJDBOEDPOUJOV PVTMZFWPMWJOH 5SBQF[JVN " NVMUJQMF TUBS TZTUFN UIBU MJFT BU UIF DFOUFS PG UIF 0SJPO /FCVMB BOE JMMVNJOBUFTJUѮFOBNFDPNFTGSPNUIFQBUUFSOGPSNFECZGPVSPGJUTCSJHIUFTUTUBST XIJDIIBWFBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFTPG BOEBOEBSFWJTJCMFJOBTNBMM UFMFTDPQFѮF5SBQF[JVNTUBSTBSFWFSZIPU BCPVULFMWJO BOEFNJUNPTUPGUIFJS FOFSHZBTVMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPOUIBUNBLFTUIF0SJPO/FCVMBHMPX"MBSHFSUFMFTDPQF SFWFBMTUIFQSFTFODFPGUXPPUIFS GBJOUFSTUBSTѮFUFDIOJDBMEFTJHOBUJPOGPSUIF5SBQF [JVNJTѮFUB0SJPOJT PSʉ0SJPOJT4FF0SJPO/FCVMB 5SJBOHVMBUJPO .FBTVSFNFOUPGUIFEJTUBODFPGBQMBOFUPSOFBSCZTUBSCZTJHIUJOHJUT BQQBSFOUQPTJUJPOBHBJOTUCBDLHSPVOEPCKFDUTGSPNUXPPSNPSFTFQBSBUFMPDBUJPOT4FF QBSBMMBY 5SJBOHVMVN (BMBYZ " OFBSCZ TQJSBM HBMBYZ JO UIF DPOTUFMMBUJPO 5SJBOHVMVN EFTJH OBUFE.BOETPNFUJNFTDBMMFEB1JOXIFFM(BMBYZѮF5SJBOHVMVN(BMBYZMJFT NJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTBXBZ IBTBEJBNFUFSPGBCPVUMJHIUZFBST DPOUBJOJOHBCPVU CJMMJPOTUBST BCPVUIBMGUIFTJ[FBOEPOFUFOUIUIFUPUBMNBTTPGUIF.JMLZ8BZ(BM
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
BYZѮF5SJBOHVMVN(BMBYZJTUIFUIJSEMBSHFTUNFNCFSPGUIF-PDBM(SPVQ BѫFSUIF "OESPNFEBHBMBYZBOEPVS.JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZ4FF-PDBM(SPVQBOE.FTTJFS0CKFDUT 5SJmE/FCVMB "OFNJTTJPOOFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE.PS/($ MPDBUFEBCPVU MJHIUZFBST BXBZ JO UIF EJSFDUJPO PG UIF DPOTUFMMBUJPO 4BHJUUBSJVT ѮF 5SJêE /FCVMB NFBTVSFTCZNJOVUFTPGBSDBDSPTT BOEJUHFUTJUTOBNFGSPNUIFEBSLMBOFTUIBU USJTFDUJU4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMB 5SJHPOPNFUSJDQBSBMMBY "OPUIFSOBNFGPSBOOVBMQBSBMMBY*UJTBNFUIPEPGEFUFS
NJOJOH UIF EJTUBODF UP B OFBSCZ TUBS CZ USJBOHVMBUJPO GSPN B CBTFMJOF PG UXJDF UIF BTUSPOPNJDBM VOJU VTJOH PCTFSWBUJPOT TFQBSBUFE CZ TJY NPOUIT 4FF BOOVBM QBSBMMBY BTUSPOPNJDBMVOJU BOEQBSBMMBY 5SJMMJPO "NJMMJPONJMMJPO BOEBUIPVTBOECJMMJPOPS 5SJQMFBMQIB QSPDFTT /VDMFBS SFBDUJPOT UIBU QFSNJU UIF GPSNBUJPO PG DBSCPO OVDMFJ
GSPNUSJQMFDPMMJTJPOTPGIFMJVNOVDMFJ PSBMQIBQBSUJDMFT JOUIFDPSFTPGHJBOUTUBSTѮF QSPDFTTXBTêSTUTVHHFTUFECZUIF&TUPOJBOBTUSPOPNFS&SOTU¸QJL ¢ JO BOEJOEFQFOEFOUMZQSFTFOUFEJOHSFBUFSEFUBJMUIFGPMMPXJOHZFBS JO CZUIF "NFSJDBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU&EXJO&4BMQFUFS ¢ *OUIF&OHMJTIBTUSPQIZTJ DJTU'SFE)PZMF ¢ TIPXFEUIBUDBSCPODBOPOMZCFQSPEVDFEJOTVCTUBOUJBM BNPVOUTXJUIJOHJBOUTUBSTJGBSFTPOBOUSFBDUJPOJTJOWPMWFE BOEUIFQSFEJDUFEFYDJUFE TUBUFPGDBSCPOXBTPCTFSWFEJOUIFUFSSFTUSJBMMBCPSBUPSZBGFXZFBSTMBUFSCZUIF"NFSJ DBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU8JMMJBN"i8JMMZu'PXMFS m BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFT 5SJUPO ѮFMBSHFTUTBUFMMJUFPG/FQUVOF EJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS 8JMMJBN-BTTFMM ¢ TPPOBѫFSUIFEJTDPWFSZPGUIFQMBOFUJOUIFTBNFZFBS 5SJUPOJTUIFPOMZMBSHFTBUFMMJUFJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFNUPDJSDMFBQMBOFUJOUIFSFUSPHSBEF EJSFDUJPO PQQPTJUFUPUIFQMBOFUTEJSFDUJPOPGSPUBUJPO BOEJUTPSCJUBMQMBOFJTIJHIMZ JODMJOFECZEFHSFFTUPUIFQMBOFUTFRVBUPSJBMQMBOFѮFSFUSPHSBEFBOEJODMJOFE PSCJU TVHHFTU UIBU 5SJUPO EJE OPU PSJHJOBUF XJUI /FQUVOF CVU XBT DBQUVSFE JOUP JUT VOVTVBM PSCJU GSPN UIF OFBSCZ ,VJQFS CFMU CZ /FQUVOFT HSBWJUBUJPOBM GPSDFT XIJDI BSFOPXTMPXMZQVMMJOH5SJUPOJOUPXBSEBDPMMJTJPOXJUIUIFQMBOFUJOUIFWFSZEJTUBOU GVUVSF8JUIBSBEJVTPGLJMPNFUFST 5SJUPOJTBCPVUUISFFRVBSUFSTUIFTJ[FPGUIF &BSUIT.PPO BOEJUTNBTTEFOTJUZJTLJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFS.FBTVSFNFOUT GSPNUIF7PZBHFSTQBDFDSBѫJOJOEJDBUFEUIBU5SJUPOIBTBTVSGBDFUFNQFSBUVSF PGLFMWJO UIFDPMEFTUNFBTVSFETVSGBDFPGBOZOBUVSBMCPEZJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN BOE UIBU5SJUPOIBTBWFSZUFOVPVT OJUSPHFOSJDIBUNPTQIFSF CSJHIUQPMBSDBQTPGOJUSPHFO BOENFUIBOFJDF GSP[FOMBLFTëPPEFECZQBTUWPMDBOPFTPGJDF BOEUPXFSJOHHFZTFST UIBUNBZOPXCFFSVQUJOHPOJUTTVSGBDF4FF,VJQFSCFMU 5SPKBO BTUFSPJE 0OF PG UIF BTUFSPJET UIBU NPWF BMPOH +VQJUFST PSCJU QSFDFEJOH BOE
GPMMPXJOHUIFHJBOUQMBOFUOFBSPOFPGUIFUXPQPJOUTXIFSFUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMGPSDFPG +VQJUFSBOEUIF4VOBSFFRVBM LOPXOBTUIFGPSUIBOEêѫI-BHSBOHJBOQPJOUTѮFHSBWJ UBUJPOBMQFSUVSCBUJPOTPGUIFJOOFSQMBOFUTQSPEVDFTMJHIUTXJOHJOHNPUJPOTBCPVUUIFTF UXP QPJOUT ѮF êSTU LOPXO 5SPKBO BTUFSPJE XBT "DIJMMFT EJTDPWFSFE JO CZ UIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS.BYJNJMJBO8PMG ¢ )VOESFETPGUIFNBSFOPX
(MPTTBSZ5
LOPXO"TXJUI"DIJMMFT UIFZBSFBMMOBNFEBѫFSIFSPFTPGUIF5SPKBO8BS BOEUIFZBSF UIFSFGPSFDPMMFDUJWFMZLOPXOBTUIF5SPKBOBTUFSPJET4FFBTUFSPJEBOE-BHSBOHJBOQPJOU 5SPQJDBMZFBS "MTPLOPXOBTUIFTPMBSZFBS UIFUSPQJDBMZFBSJTUIFUJNFGPSUIF&BSUI
UPSFWPMWFPODFBSPVOEUIF4VOSFMBUJWFUPUIF7FSOBM&RVJOPY BOEFRVBMUP NFBOTPMBSEBZT%VFUPQSFDFTTJPO UIFUSPQJDBMZFBSJTBCPVUNJOVUFTTIPSUFSUIBO UIFTJEFSFBMZFBS4FFQSFDFTTJPO TJEFSFBMUJNF 7FSOBM&RVJOPY BOEZFBS 5SPQPTQIFSF -PXFTUMFWFMPGUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF XIFSFNPTUPGUIFXFBUIFSUBLFT
QMBDF GSPNUIFHSPVOEUPBCPVULJMPNFUFSTBCPWFUIFTVSGBDFѮFUFNQFSBUVSFPG UIFUSPQPTQIFSFEFDSFBTFTGSPNLFMWJOBUUIFHSPVOEUPLFMWJOBUJUTUPQѮF USPQPTQIFSF JT BOZ SFHJPO PG B QMBOFUBSZ BUNPTQIFSF JO XIJDI DPOWFDUJPO OPSNBMMZ UBLFTQMBDF4FFDPOWFDUJPO 55BVSJ ѮFQSPUPUZQFGPSBEJTUJODUDMBTTPGTUBSTUIBUBSFFNCFEEFEJOOFCVMPVTDMPVET PG HBT BOE EVTU BOE UIBU FYIJCJU JSSFHVMBS BOE VOQSFEJDUBCMF DIBOHFT PG MJHIU êSTU EFTDSJCFEJOEFUBJMJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS"MGSFE+PZ ¢ ѮF 55BVSJTUBSTBQQFBSUPCFJOBOFBSMZTUBHFPGTUFMMBSMJGF TUJMMJOHSBWJUBUJPOBMDPOUSBDUJPO PSKVTUTFUUMJOHEPXOPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODFPGUIF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN55BVSJ IBTBWBSJBCMFBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG MJFTBUBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST BOE IBTBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGBCPVU4FF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN 5VMMZ'JTIFSSFMBUJPO "DPSSFMBUJPOCFUXFFOUIFJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZPGBOJTPMBUFETQJ SBMHBMBYZBOEJUTSPUBUJPOBMWFMPDJUZBTNFBTVSFEGSPNUIFXJEUIPGUIFDFOUJNFUFS IZESPHFO MJOF ѮJT SFMBUJPO EJTDPWFSFE JO CZ UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFST 3 #SFOU5VMMZ ¢ BOE+3JDIBSE'JTIFS ¢
DBOCFVTFEUPEFUFSNJOFUIF EJTUBODFT PG HBMBYJFT GSPN UIFJS BQQBSFOU MVNJOPTJUZ BOE UIF BCTPMVUF PS JOUSJOTJD MVNJOPTJUZJOGFSSFEGSPNUIF5VMMZ'JTIFSSFMBUJPO4FFJOWFSTFTRVBSFMBXBOEUXFOUZ POFDFOUJNFUFSMJOF 5VOHVTLB FYQMPTJPO "O BUNPTQIFSJD FYQMPTJPO UIBU PDDVSSFE PO +VOF
CFUXFFO BOE LJMPNFUFST BCPWF UIF 1PELBNFOOBZB 5VOHVTLB 3JWFS JO DFOUSBM 4JCFSJB ѮF FOFSHZ QSPEVDFE XBT FRVJWBMFOU UP UIF BFSJBM FYQMPTJPO PG UIF OVDMFBS CPNCUIBUMFWFMFE)JSPTIJNB +BQBOѮF5VOHVTLBFYQMPTJPOIBTCFFOBUUSJCVUFEUP DPMMJTJPOXJUIBOBTUFSPJEBCPVUNFUFSTBDSPTT XIJDIXPVMEIBWFTVēDJFOUJOUFSOBM TUSFOHUIUPQFOFUSBUFUIJTEFFQMZJOUPUIFBUNPTQIFSFBOEFYQMPEFXJUIPVUDSFBUJOHB DSBUFSJOUIFHSPVOECFMPX 5VOOFMFGGFDU "RVBOUVNNFDIBOJDBMFĒFDUUIBUQFSNJUTBOFOFSHFUJDOVDMFBSQBSUJDMF
UPFTDBQFUIFOVDMFVTPGBSBEJPBDUJWFBUPN*UBMTPFOBCMFTUXPDPMMJEJOHQSPUPOTJO UIF4VOUPPWFSDPNFUIFFMFDUSJDBMSFQVMTJPOCFUXFFOUIFN SFTVMUJOHJOUIFJSOVDMFBS GVTJPOѮFUVOOFMFĒFDUJOWPMWFTBRVBOUVNMFBQPWFS PSVOEFS BOPUIFSXJTFJOTVS NPVOUBCMFCBSSJFS 5VSCVMFODF ѮFDIBPUJDNBTTNPUJPOTBTTPDJBUFEXJUIDPOWFDUJPO 5XFOUZPOFDFOUJNFUFSMJOF *OUIF%VUDIBTUSPOPNFS)FOESJL$i)FOLuWBO EF)VMTU ¢ QSFEJDUFEUIBUUIFFMFDUSPOJOFBDIDPME JOUFSTUFMMBSIZESPHFO
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
BUPNDPVMEVOEFSHPBUSBOTJUJPOCFUXFFOUIFUXPQPTTJCJMJUJFTPGJUTTQJO HJWJOHSJTF UP FNJTTJPO PS BCTPSQUJPO MJOFT BU B XBWFMFOHUI PG UXFOUZPOF DFOUJNFUFST *O )BSWBSEHSBEVBUFTUVEFOU)BSPME*i%PDu&XFO ¢ BOEIJTBEWJTPS"NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU &EXBSE . 1VSDFMM ¢ EFUFDUFE UIF UXFOUZPOF DFOUJNFUFS MJOF GSPNJOUFSTUFMMBSOFVUSBMIZESPHFOVTJOHBOPWFMiTXJUDIFEGSFRVFODZuEFUFDUJPONPEF TVHHFTUFECZ1VSDFMMѮFZEFMBZFEQVCMJDBUJPOPGUIFJSEJTDPWFSZVOUJMJUXBTDPOêSNFE CZUIF%VUDIBTUSPOPNFST,BSM.ÛMMFS ¢ BOE+BO0PSU ¢ BOEJOB DBCMFGSPN"VTUSBMJBOSBEJPBTUSPOPNFST0CTFSWBUJPOTPGUIFUXFOUZPOFDFOUJNFUFS MJOFIBWFUSBDFEPVUUIFTQJSBMBSNTPGPVS.JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZBOEVTFEUPJOGFSTVC TUBOUJBMBNPVOUTPGEBSLNBUUFSJOUIFFYUFOTJWFIBMPTPGPVS(BMBYZBOEPUIFSTQJSBM HBMBYJFT4FFEBSLNBUUFS 5ZDIPTTUBSBOETVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU "iOFXTUBSuPCTFSWFEJOCZUIF%BOJTI BTUSPOPNFS5ZDIP#SBIF ¢ JOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$BTTJPQFJBBUBQMBDFXIFSF OPTUBSIBECFFOTFFOCFGPSF*UXBTCSJHIUFSUIBO7FOVT OFBSBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJ UVEFPGm BOEWJTJCMFJOGVMMEBZMJHIU NPTUMJLFMZBTVQFSOPWBPGUZQF*B"MUIPVHI UIFFYQMPEFETUBSGBEFEGSPNWJTJCJMJUZJO BTUSPOPNFSTTUJMMPCTFSWFUIFSBEJPBOE 9SBZFNJTTJPOPGUIFFYQBOEJOHEFCSJT DBMMFE5ZDIPTTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU4FFTVQFS OPWB TVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU BOEUZQF*TVQFSOPWB 5ZQF*BTVQFSOPWB ѮFFYQMPTJPOPGBXIJUFEXBSGTUBSUIBUSFDFJWFTNBUFSJBMGSPN
BOFBSCZDPNQBOJPOTUBS FYDFFETUIF$IBOESBTFLIBSMJNJU BOECMPXTVQ DPNQMFUFMZ BOOJIJMBUJOHJUTFMG5ZQF*BTVQFSOPWBFIBWFOPIZESPHFOJOUIFJSTQFDUSB*OUXP HSPVQTPGBTUSPOPNFSTSFQPSUFEUIBUPCTFSWBUJPOTPGUZQF*BTVQFSOPWBFJOEJDBUFUIBU UIFFYQBOTJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTFJTOPXTQFFEJOHVQ XJUITPNFTPSUPGNZTUFSJPVTEBSL FOFSHZDPVOUFSBDUJOHUIFQVMMPGHSBWJUZ4FF$IBOESBTFLIBSMJNJU EBSLFOFSHZ TVQFS OPWBBOE5ZDIPTTUBSBOETVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU 5ZQF ** TVQFSOPWB ѮFFYQMPTJPOPGBOJTPMBUFE NBTTJWFTUBSXJUINPSFUIBOFJHIU TPMBSNBTTFT XIJDISVOTPVUPGGVFM IVSMJOHNPTUPGUIFTUBSJOUPJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDFBT BTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOUѮFDPMMBQTJOHDPSFPGUIFUZQF**TVQFSOPWBDBOCFDPNFBOFV USPOTUBSPSBCMBDLIPMF5ZQF**TVQFSOPWBFIBWFIZESPHFOJOUIFJSTQFDUSB4FF$SBC /FCVMB OFVUSPOTUBS TVQFSOPWB TVQFSOPWB" BOETVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU
(MPTTBSZ6
6 6IVSV.JTTJPO ѮF6IVSVTBUFMMJUFXBTMBVODIFEGSPN,FOZBPO%FDFNCFS POUIFTFWFOUIBOOJWFSTBSZPG,FOZBOJOEFQFOEFODF XIFOJUXBTOBNFE6IVSV UIF 4XBIJMJXPSEGPSiGSFFEPNu6IVSVQSPWJEFEBDPNQSFIFOTJWF BMMTLZTVSWFZPGDPT NJD9SBZTPVSDFT JODMVEJOHCMBDLIPMFTBOEOFVUSPOTUBSTJOCJOBSZTUFMMBSTZTUFNT TVQFSOPWBSFNOBOUT 4FZGFSUHBMBYJFT BOEDMVTUFSTPGHBMBYJFT*UEJTDPWFSFEUIFEJĒVTF 9SBZFNJTTJPOGSPNDMVTUFSTPGHBMBYJFT XIJDIBDDPVOUTGPSTPNFPGUIFTPDBMMFEEBSL NBUUFSJOUIF6OJWFSTFѮFNJTTJPOFOEFEJO.BSDI4FF$FOUBVSVT9 $ZHOVT 9 )FSDVMFT9BOE4DPSQJVT9 6MUSBWJPMFU SBEJBUJPO "CCSFWJBUFE 67 FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO XJUI B TMJHIUMZ IJHIFSGSFRVFODZBOETPNFXIBUTIPSUFSXBWFMFOHUIUIBOWJTJCMFCMVFMJHIUѮF(FS NBO QIZTJDJTU +PIBOO 8JMIFMN 3JUUFS ¢ EJTDPWFSFE VMUSBWJPMFU MJHIU JO XIFO FYBNJOJOH UIF TQFDUSVN PG TVOMJHIU BU XBWFMFOHUIT KVTU B CJU TIPSUFS UIBO UIF XBWFMFOHUI PG WJPMFU MJHIU 6MUSBWJPMFU SBEJBUJPO IBT XBWFMFOHUIT CFUXFFO BCPVU¢BOENFUFST PSGSPNUPOBOPNFUFST XJUIUIFFYUSFNF VMUSBWJPMFU MZJOH JO UIF TIPSU XBWFMFOHUI QBSU PG UIJT SBOHF ѮF &BSUIT BUNPTQIFSF BCTPSCTNPTUDPTNJDVMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO TPUIPSPVHITUVEJFTPGUIFVMUSBWJPMFUPVUQVU PGDPTNJDPCKFDUTNVTUCFDPOEVDUFEGSPNTQBDF4VDIPCTFSWBUJPOTIBWFOPUMFEUP BTNBOZEJTDPWFSJFTPGUPUBMMZOFXDPTNJDPCKFDUTBTUIFêSTUEFUFDUJPOTPGUIFSBEJP BOE9SBZ6OJWFSTF0CTFSWBUJPOTPGUIFFYUSFNFVMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPOGSPNUIF4VO XFSFQJPOFFSFECZ/"4"T0SCJUJOH4PMBS0CTFSWBUPSJFT MBVODIFEGSPNUP BOEDPOUJOVFEUPUIFDPOUFNQPSBSZJOTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEUIF40MBSBOE)FMJPTQIFSJD 0CTFSWBUPSZ PS 40)0 GPS TIPSU ѮF *OUFSOBUJPOBM 6MUSBWJPMFU &YQMPSFS MBVODIFE JOBOEBCCSFWJBUFE*6& NBEFZFBSTPGVMUSBWJPMFUPCTFSWBUJPOTPGTUBSTBOEPUIFS DPTNJDPCKFDUT GPMMPXFECZUIF&YUSFNF6MUSB7JPMFU&YQMPSFS BCCSFWJBUFE&67&BOE MBVODIFEJO)PU CMVFTUBSTQSPEVDFTVCTUBOUJBMBNPVOUTPGVMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO XIJDIJPOJ[FTUIFTVSSPVOEJOHJOUFSTUFMMBSIZESPHFO QSPEVDJOHBOFNJTTJPOOFCVMBPS )**SFHJPO4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMB &YUSFNF6MUSB7JPMFU&YQMPSFS FYUSFNFVMUSBWJPMFU SBEJBUJPO ) ** SFHJPO *OUFSOBUJPOBM6MUSBWJPMFU&YQMPSFS 0SCJUJOH4PMBS0CTFSWB UPSZ 40MBSBOE)FMJPTQIFSJD0CTFSWBUPSZ BOE4USÕNHSFOSBEJVT 6MZTTFT.JTTJPO ѮF6MZTTFTTQBDFDSBѫXBTBKPJOUVOEFSUBLJOHPG&4"BOE/"4"
MBVODIFECZUIF4QBDF4IVUUMF%JTDPWFSZPO0DUPCFSUPTUVEZUIFJOUFSQMBOFUBSZ NFEJVNBOEUIFTPMBSXJOEBUEJĒFSFOUTPMBSMBUJUVEFT*UQSPWJEFEUIFêSTUPQQPSUVOJUZ GPSNFBTVSFNFOUTUPCFNBEFPWFSUIFQPMFTPGUIF4VO VTJOHUIFHSBWJUZBTTJTUUFDI OJRVFUPUBLFJUPVUPGUIFQMBOFPGUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN"ѫFSBOFODPVOUFSXJUI+VQJUFS JO'FCSVBSZ UIFTQBDFDSBѫNPWFECBDLUPXBSETUIF4VOUPQBTTPWFSUIFTPMBS TPVUIQPMFJO4FQUFNCFSBOEUIFOPSUIQPMFJO+VMZ BOEUIFOBHBJOPWFS UIFTPVUIQPMFJO/PWFNCFSBOEUIFOPSUIQPMFJO%FDFNCFS$PNQBSJTPOT PG6MZTTFTPCTFSWBUJPOTXJUIUIPTFGSPNPUIFSTQBDFDSBѫ TVDIBT:PILPIBOE40)0 TIPXFEUIBUNVDI JGOPUBMM PGUIFIJHITQFFETPMBSXJOEDPNFTGSPNPQFONBHOFUJD
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
êFMETJOQPMBSDPSPOBMIPMFT BUMFBTUEVSJOHUIFNJOJNVNPGUIF4VOTZFBSDZDMFPG NBHOFUJDBDUJWJUZ 6NCSB ѮFEBSLJOOFSDPSFPGBTVOTQPUXJUIBQFOVNCSB PSBTVOTQPUMBDLJOHBQFO
VNCSB WJTJCMFJOXIJUFMJHIU"MTPUIFJOOFSQBSUPGUIFTIBEPXDBTUEVSJOHBOFDMJQTF XIFSFBUPUBMFDMJQTFJTWJTJCMF4FFMVOBSFDMJQTF QFOVNCSB TPMBSFDMJQTF BOETVOTQPU 6ODFSUBJOUZ QSJODJQMF 1SPQPTFE JO CZ UIF (FSNBO QIZTJDJTU8FSOFS)FJTFO CFSH ¢
UIFVODFSUBJOUZQSJODJQMFTUBUFTUIBUUIFQPTJUJPOBOENPNFOUVN PSWFMPDJUZ PGBRVBOUVNNFDIBOJDBMQBSUJDMFDBOOPUCFTJNVMUBOFPVTMZLOPXOXJUI DPNQMFUFDFSUBJOUZPSQSFDJTJPO4FFRVBOUVNNFDIBOJDT 6OJUFE ,JOHEPN *OGSB3FE 5FMFTDPQF "CCSFWJBUFE 6,*35 B NFUFS JODI
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êSNFE UIFFYJTUFODFPG1MVUPTTBUFMMJUF$IBSPO4FF1MVUP 6OJWFSTBMUJNF ѮF&BSUITSPUBUJPOXJUISFTQFDUUPUIF4VOJTUIFCBTJTPG6OJWFSTBM
5JNF BCCSFWJBUFE65 BOEBMTPDBMMFE4PMBS5JNF6OJWFSTBM5JNFJTVTFEGPSBTUSP OPNJDBMQVSQPTFTUISPVHIPVUUIFXPSME BOEJTQPQVMBSMZLOPXOBT(SFFOXJDI.FBO 5JNF PS(.5GPSTIPSUѮFUJNF65JTUIFPCTFSWFESPUBUJPOPGUIF&BSUISFMBUJWFUP UIF4VO BOE65JT65DPSSFDUFEGPSUIF&BSUITQPMBSNPUJPO5JNFTJHOBMTEJTUSJCVUF B$PPSEJOBUFE6OJWFSTBM5JNFBCCSFWJBUFE65$GPSUIF'SFODIXPSEJOHѮF65$JT BSFHVMBSTZTUFNPGUJNFCBTFEPOPCTFSWBUJPOTPGBUPNJDDMPDLTBOESPVUJOFMZLFQUJO TUFQXJUI65UPUIFOFBSFTUTFDPOE4FF(SFFOXJDI.FBO5JNFBOE3PZBM(SFFOXJDI 0CTFSWBUPSZ 6OJWFSTF "MMPCTFSWBCMFBOEQPUFOUJBMMZPCTFSWBCMFQIFOPNFOB 6SBOVT ѮFTFWFOUINBKPSQMBOFUGSPNUIF4VO BOEUIFTFDPOETNBMMFTUPGUIFGPVS HJBOUQMBOFUT EJTDPWFSFEPO.BSDICZUIF(FSNBOCPSO&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS 8JMMJBN)FSTDIFM ¢ VTJOHBIPNFNBEFSFëFDUJOHUFMFTDPQF*UJTKVTUWJT JCMFUPUIFOBLFEFZFVOEFSHPPETFFJOHDPOEJUJPOT XJUIBWJTVBMBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEF PG*ODPOUSBTUUPBMMUIFPUIFSQMBOFUTJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN 6SBOVTJTUJQQFETJEFXBZT TPJUTTQJOBYJTMJFTOFBSMZXJUIJOUIFQMBOFUTPSCJUBMQMBOF6OMJLFUIFPUIFSUISFFHJBOU QMBOFUT 6SBOVTIBTOPTUSPOH EFUFDUBCMFJOUFSOBMTPVSDFPGIFBU BOEJUTXJOETBOE TUPSNTBSFSFMBUJWFMZNJME.PTUPGUIFJOUFSJPSPG6SBOVTQSPCBCMZDPOTJTUTPGBWBTU JOUFSOBM PDFBO PG XBUFS NFUIBOF BOE BNNPOJB ѮF QMBOFUT NBHOFUJDBYJTJTUJMUFE
4!",% 5RANUSA -ASS 2ADIUS -EAN-ASS$ENSITY 2OTATION0ERIOD /RBITAL0ERIOD -EAN$ISTANCEFROM3UN !TMOSPHERE %NERGY"ALANCE %FFECTIVE4EMPERATURE 4EMPERATUREAT BARLEVEL #ENTRAL4EMPERATURE -AGNETIC$IPOLE-OMENT %QUATORIAL-AGNETIC&IELD3TRENGTH
(MPTTBSZ6
KILOGRAMS-% KILOMETERS2% KILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER HOURS %ARTHYEARS !5 PERCENTHYDROGEN PERCENTHELIUM LESSTHAN KELVIN KELVIN KELVIN $% TESLA
A4HE%ARTHSMASS -
% IS KILOGRAMS THE%ARTHSEQUATORIALRADIUS 2%ISKILOMETERS THEASTRONOMICALUNIT DENOTED!5 ISTHEMEANDISTANCEBETWEENTHE%ARTHANDTHE3UNWITHAVALUEOF METERS4HEENERGYBALANCEISTHERATIOOFTOTALRADIATEDENERGYTOTHETOTALENERGYABSORBEDFROM SUNLIGHT THEEFFECTIVETEMPERATUREISTHETEMPERATUREOFABLACKBODYTHATWOULDRADIATETHESAMEAMOUNTOF ENERGYPERUNITAREA AND$%ISTHEMAGNETICDIPOLEMOMENTOFTHE%ARTH
CZEFHSFFTUPUIFSPUBUJPOBYJT QFSIBQTEVFUPUIFPSJHJOPGJUTNBHOFUJTNJOBO JOUFSOBM TIFMM PG JPOJ[FE XBUFS ѮF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS +BNFT - &MMJPU ¢ VOFYQFDUFEMZEJTDPWFSFEUIFUIJO XJEFMZTQBDFESJOHTPG6SBOVTJO KVTUCFGPSF BOEBѫFSPCTFSWJOHBTUBSQBTTCFIJOEUIFQMBOFUѮFTFOBSSPX EBSLSJOHTXFSFDPO êSNFEXIFOUIF7PZBHFSTQBDFDSBѫBSSJWFEBU6SBOVTJO XIJMFBMTPEJTDPWFSJOH NPSFPGUIFN 65 "CCSFWJBUJPOGPS6OJWFSTBM5JNF4FF(SFFOXJDI.FBO5JNFBOE6OJWFSTBM5JNF 67 "CCSFWJBUJPOGPSVMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO4FFVMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO 67$FUJ "CJOBSZTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$FUVT DPOTJTUJOHPGUXPUINBHOJUVEF
SFEEXBSGTUBSTUIBUFYIJCJUMBSHFëBSFTFWFSZGFXIPVST67$FUJJTBUBEJTUBODFPG MJHIUZFBST BOEJTUIFQSPUPUZQFGPSBDMBTTPGWBSJBCMFTUBSTDBMMFE67$FUJTUBST BMTP LOPXOBTëBSFTUBST4FFëBSFTUBST
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
7 7BDVVN ѮF TVQQPTFEMZ FNQUZ TQBDF CFUXFFO DPTNJD PCKFDUT PS GVOEBNFOUBM QBSUJDMFT "DDPSEJOH UP RVBOUVN QIZTJDT UIF WBDVVN NJHIU CF PDDVQJFE CZ WJSUVBM QBSUJDMFT4FFWJSUVBMQBSUJDMFT 7BMMFT .BSJOFSJT "O FOPSNPVT TZTUFN PG JOUFSDPOOFDUFE DBOZPOT TUSFUDIJOH
LJMPNFUFSTBDSPTT.BST KVTUTPVUIPGJUTFRVBUPS 7BO"MMFOCFMUT 5XPDPODFOUSJD SJOHTIBQFESFHJPOTPGIJHIFOFSHZDIBSHFEQBSUJDMFT UIBUHJSEMFUIF&BSUITFRVBUPSXJUIJOUIF&BSUITNBHOFUPTQIFSF OBNFEBѫFSUIF"NFS JDBOTDJFOUJTU+BNFT"7BO"MMFO ¢
XIPEJTDPWFSFEUIFNXJUIIJTDPMMFBHVFTJO m VTJOHUIFêSTUUXPTVDDFTTGVM6OJUFE4UBUFTBSUJêDJBMTBUFMMJUFT&YQMPSFSBOE ѮFJOOFSCFMUMJFTCFUXFFOBOE&BSUISBEJJ NFBTVSFEGSPNUIF&BSUITDFOUFS BOE UIFPVUFSCFMUJTMPDBUFECFUXFFOBOE&BSUISBEJJѮFJOOFS7BO"MMFOCFMUDPO UBJOTQSPUPOTXJUIFOFSHJFTHSFBUFSUIBO.F7BOEFMFDUSPOTFYDFFEJOH.F7ѮF PVUFSCFMUBMTPDPOUBJOTQSPUPOTBOEFMFDUSPOT NPTUPGXIJDIIBWFFOFSHJFTVOEFS .F7ѮFPVUFSCFMUDPOUBJOTNBJOMZFMFDUSPOTGSPNUIFTPMBSXJOE BOEUIFJOOFSCFMU NBJOMZQSPUPOTGSPNUIFTPMBSXJOE"OPUIFSTPVSDFPGSBEJBUJPOCFMUQBSUJDMFTJTOFV USPOTQSPEVDFEXIFODPTNJDSBZTBOEFOFSHFUJDQBSUJDMFTCPNCBSE&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF TPNFPGUIFTFOFVUSPOTEFDBZJOUPQSPUPOTBOEFMFDUSPOTUIBUBSFUSBQQFECZUIF&BSUIT NBHOFUJDêFME8JUIJOUIFJOOFSCFMUJTBSBEJBUJPOCFMUDPOTJTUJOHPGQBSUJDMFTQSPEVDFE CZJOUFSBDUJPOTCFUXFFOUIFTPMBSXJOEBOEIFBWJFSDPTNJDSBZQBSUJDMFT#FDBVTFUIF &BSUITNBHOFUJDêFMEJTPĒTFUGSPNUIFQMBOFUTDFOUFSCZBCPVULJMPNFUFST UIFJOOFS CFMUEJQTEPXOUPXBSETUIF&BSUITTVSGBDFJOUIFSFHJPOPGUIF4PVUI"UMBOUJD0DFBO PĒ UIFDPBTUPG#SB[JM4FFSBEJBUJPOCFMUBOE4PVUI"UMBOUJD"OPNBMZ 7BSJBCMFTUBS "TUBSXIPTFCSJHIUOFTTWBSJFTXJUIUJNFѮFWBSJBUJPONBZCFJOUSJOTJD UPUIFTUBS TVDIBTBQVMTBUJOHTUBSXJUISFHVMBSDIBOHFTJOCSJHIUOFTT PSJUNJHIUCF EVFUPQFSJPEJDFDMJQTFTGSPNBDPNQBOJPOTUBS*OCPUIPGUIFTFDBTFT UIFSFJTBSFHV MBSWBSJBUJPOJOUIFMJHIUXFTFF XJUIBXFMMEFêOFEQFSJPE&SVQUJWF PSDBUBDMZTNJD WBSJBCMFTUBST TVDIBTOPWBF ëBSFTUBSTBOETVQFSOPWBFCSJFëZCSJHIUFOXJUIPVUBXFMM EFêOFEQFSJPEJDJUZ4FF"MHPM $FQIFJEWBSJBCMF %FMUB$FQIFJ FDMJQTJOHCJOBSZ ëBSF TUBS .JSB OPWBF 33-ZSBF BOETVQFSOPWBF 7FHB ѮF TFDPOE CSJHIUFTU TUBS TFFO GSPN UIF /PSUIFSO )FNJTQIFSF BOE UIF êѫI
CSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIFOJHIUTLZ7FHBJTUIFCSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO-ZSB BOE IFODFBMTPOBNFE"MQIB-ZSBF*UJTBXIJUF "EXBSG PSNBJOTFRVFODF TUBSXJUIBO BQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG XIJDIBQQFBSTTPCSJHIUCFDBVTFJUJTSFMBUJWFMZ OFBSCZ BUBEJTUBODFPGPOMZMJHIUZFBST*UTBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFJTBOE JUTJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZJTBCPVUUJNFTUIBUPGUIF4VO*O UIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPO PNFST )BSUNVU i(FPSHFu "VNBOO ¢ BOE 'SFEFSJDL (JMMFUU ¢ SFQPSUFEUIBU/"4"T*OGSB3FE"TUSPOPNJDBM4BUFMMJUF BCCSFWJBUFE*3"4 IBEEJTDPW FSFEJOGSBSFESBEJBUJPOGSPNBDJSDVNTUFMMBSEJTLBSPVOE7FHB FYUFOEJOHPVUUP"6 BOEQFSIBQTUIFTJUFPGQMBOFUBSZTZTUFNTJOGPSNBUJPO
(MPTTBSZ7
7FMBQVMTBS "SBEJPQVMTBS EFTJHOBUFE143¢ XJUIBQFSJPEPGNJMMJTFDPOET
EJTDPWFSFEJOJOUIF7FMBTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOUѮF7FMBQVMTBSIBTCFFOPCTFSWFE JOEFUBJMBU9SBZXBWFMFOHUITXJUIUIF$IBOESB9SBZ0CTFSWBUPSZBOEBMTPJOWJTJCMF MJHIU4FF$IBOESB9SBZ0CTFSWBUPSZBOE7FMBTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU 7FMBTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU ѮFFYQBOEJOHEFCSJTPGUIFTVQFSOPWBFYQMPTJPOPGBTUBS
JOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO7FMB XIJDIPDDVSSFEBCPVUUIPVTBOEZFBSTBHPѮF7FMBTVQFS OPWB SFNOBOU OPX TVCUFOET BO BOHMF PG BCPVU NJOVUFT PG BSD JU JT MPDBUFE BU B EJTUBODFPGBCPVUMJHIUZFBST"SBEJPQVMTBSXJUIBQFSJPEPGNJMMJTFDPOETXBT EJTDPWFSFEJOUIF7FMBTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOUJOJUJTLOPXOBTUIF7FMBQVMTBSBOE BMTPEFTJHOBUFEBT143¢ 7FMPDJUZ "RVBOUJUZUIBUNFBTVSFTUIFSBUFPGNPWFNFOUBOEUIFEJSFDUJPOPGNPWF NFOUPGBOPCKFDU 7FMPDJUZ EJTQFSTJPO ѮF TQSFBE PG WFMPDJUJFT GPS B HJWFO HSPVQ PG TUBST PS HBMBYJFT JOEJDBUJOHIPXUIFZNPWFSFMBUJWFUPPOFBOPUIFS 7FMPDJUZ PG MJHIU ѮF GBTUFTU TQFFE UIBU BOZUIJOH DBO NPWF ѮF WFMPDJUZ PG MJHIU
EFOPUFECZD FRVBMTLJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE 7FMPDJUZPGTPVOE %FOPUFECZDT UIFWFMPDJUZPGTPVOEJTQSPQPSUJPOBMUPUIFTRVBSF
SPPU PG UIF HBT UFNQFSBUVSF 5 BOE JOWFSTFMZ QSPQPSUJPOBM UP UIF TRVBSF SPPU PG UIF NFBONPMFDVMBSXFJHIU ʍ PSDT^ 5ʍ
7FOFSB .JTTJPOT "TFSJFTPGTQBDFDSBѫMBVODIFECZUIF4PWJFU6OJPOUPUIFQMBOFU 7FOVT CFUXFFO BOE 7FOFSB XBT UIF êSTU QSPCF UP CF QBSBDIVUFE JOUP BOPUIFSQMBOFUTBUNPTQIFSF DPOêSNJOHJOUIBUDBSCPOEJPYJEFJTUIFNBJOJOHSF EJFOUPGUIFBUNPTQIFSFPG7FOVT7FOFSBXBTUIFêSTUTQBDFDSBѫUPMBOEPOUIFTVS GBDFPGBOPUIFSQMBOFU NFBTVSJOHUIFIJHITVSGBDFUFNQFSBUVSFBOEQSFTTVSFJO 4VCTFRVFOU MBOEFST 7FOFSBT BOE PCUBJOFE QIPUPHSBQIT PG UIF TVSGBDFPG7FOVTBOEEFUFSNJOFEUIFDPNQPTJUJPOPGJUTSPDLT4FF7FOVT 7FOVT ѮFNPTUCSJMMJBOUPGUIFQMBOFUT BOEUIFCSJHIUFTUPCKFDUJOUIFOJHIUTLZ BѫFS UIF.PPO7FOVTJTWJTJCMFBUUIFFEHFTPGOJHIU LOPXOBTUIFTPDBMMFENPSOJOHTUBS PS FWFOJOH TUBS TFFO MPX JO UIF TLZ OFBS FJUIFS EBXO PS EVTL 7FOVT JT UIF OFBSFTU QMBOFUUP&BSUI XJUIBNBTTBOETJ[FUIBUBSFDPNQBSBCMFUPUIPTFPGUIF&BSUIѮFTVS GBDFPG7FOVTJTBMXBZTIJEEFOCZBUIJDL JNQFOFUSBCMFBUNPTQIFSFPGDBSCPOEJPYJEF XJUIDMPVETPGTVMGVSJDBDJE*OUIF"NFSJDBOTDJFOUJTU*SXJO*4IBQJSP ¢ SFQPSUFEUIBUSBEBSNFBTVSFNFOUTGSPNUIF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZJOEJDBUFUIBU7FOVT TQJOTJOBCBDLXBSE SFUSPHSBEFEJSFDUJPO PQQPTJUFUPUIBUPGJUTPSCJUBMNPUJPO XJUIB SPUBUJPOQFSJPEPG&BSUIEBZTUIBUJTMPOHFSUIBOUIFQMBOFUTPSCJUBMQFSJPEPG &BSUI EBZT *O UIF 3VTTJBO QSPCF 7FOFSB BDIJFWFE B TPѫ MBOEJOH PO 7FOVT NFBTVSJOHBTVSGBDFUFNQFSBUVSFPGLFMWJOBOEBTVSGBDFQSFTTVSFPGUJNFTUIF BUNPTQIFSJDQSFTTVSFBUTFBMFWFMPO&BSUI"TGPSFTFFOJOCZUIF(FSNBOCPSO "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS3VQFSU8JMEU ¢
UIFTVSGBDFUFNQFSBUVSFJTSBJTFEUP IJHIMFWFMTCZUIFHSFFOIPVTFFĒFDUPGUIFQMBOFUTUIJDLDBSCPOEJPYJEFBUNPTQIFSF 3BEBS NBQT PG JUT TVSGBDF GSPN UIF .BHFMMBO TQBDFDSBѫ UIBU PSCJUFE 7FOVT GPS GPVS ZFBSTJOUIFFBSMZT SFWFBMSVHHFEIJHIMBOET TNPPUIFEPVUQMBJOT FYUFOTJWFWPM
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
4!",% 6ENUS A -ASS -EAN2ADIUS -EAN-ASS$ENSITY 2OTATION0ERIOD /RBITAL0ERIOD -EAN$ISTANCEFROM3UN !GE !TMOSPHERE 3URFACE0RESSURE 3URFACE4EMPERATURE -AGNETIC&IELD3TRENGTH
KILOGRAMS-% KILOMETERS2% KILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER %ARTHDAYS RETROGRADE %ARTHDAYS METERS!5 YEARS PERCENTCARBONDIOXIDE PERCENTNITROGEN BAR KELVIN LESSTHANTESLAOR"%
A4HESYMBOLS- 2 AND" DENOTERESPECTIVELYTHEMASS RADIUSANDMAGNETIClELDSTRENGTHOFTHE%ARTH % % %
DBOPFT BOETQBSTF QSJTUJOFJNQBDUDSBUFST4FFBSBDIOJE "SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZ DPSP OBF HSFFOIPVTFFĒFDU .BHFMMBO.JTTJPO SBEBSBTUSPOPNZ BOE7FOFSB.JTTJPOT 7FSOBM&RVJOPY ѮFQPJOUXIFSFUIF4VODSPTTFTUIFDFMFTUJBMFRVBUPSHPJOHOPSUI XBSEJOTQSJOH BSPVOE.BSDIѮF7FSOBM&RVJOPYJTBMTPLOPXOBTUIFTQSJOHFRVJ OPYBOEUIF'JSTU1PJOUPG"SJFT*UJTUIF[FSPQPJOUPGUIFDFMFTUJBMDPPSEJOBUFDBMMFE SJHIUBTDFOTJPOѮFMPDBUJPOPGUIF7FSOBM&RVJOPYJTTMPXMZNPWJOH PSQSFDFTTJOH XFTUXBSEBUUIFSBUFPGTFDPOETPGBSDQFSZFBSPSBCPVUPOFTFWFOUIPGBTFDPOEPG BSDEBJMZ4FFFRVJOPY QSFDFTTJPOBOESJHIUBTDFOTJPO 7FSZ -BSHF "SSBZ "CCSFWJBUFE 7-" B SBEJP JOUFSGFSPNFUFS OFBS 4PDPSSP /FX .FYJDPDPOTJTUJOHPGUXFOUZTFWFOEJTIFTPGNFUFSTEJBNFUFS NPWFBCMFBMPOHUIF BSNTPGBHJBOU:XJUIEJTITFQBSBUJPOTPGVQUPLJMPNFUFSTѮF7-"PQFSBUFTBU XBWFMFOHUIT CFUXFFO BOE NFUFST 4FF BQFSUVSF TZOUIFTJT JOUFSGFSPNFUFS /BUJPOBM3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZ BOESBEJPUFMFTDPQF 7FSZ -BSHF 5FMFTDPQF "CCSFWJBUFE 7-5 B TZTUFN PG GPVS VOJU UFMFTDPQFT FBDI NFUFST JODIFT JOEJBNFUFSBU$FSSP1BSBOBM $IJMF PQFSBUFECZUIF&VSPQFBO 4PVUIFSO0CTFSWBUPSZѮFUFMFTDPQFTDBOCFVTFEBUWJTJCMFBOEJOGSBSFEXBWFMFOHUIT FJUIFS JOEJWJEVBMMZ PS UPHFUIFS JO B 7FSZ -BSHF 5FMFTDPQF *OUFSGFSPNFUFS BCCSFWJ BUFE7-5* XJUIBSFTPMVUJPOFRVJWBMFOUUPBNFUFS JODINJSSPS ѮFGPVSVOJU UFMFTDPQFTBSFOBNFE"OUV ,VFZFO .FMJQBM BOE:FQVO UIFOBNFTGPSUIF4VO UIF .PPO UIF4PVUIFSO$SPTT BOE4JSJVTJOUIFMPDBM.BQVDIFMBOHVBHF'PVSBVYJMJBSZ UFMFTDPQFT FBDIPGNFUFST JODIFT JOEJBNFUFSXJMMDPNQMFNFOUUIF7-5*4FF &VSPQFBO4PVUIFSO0CTFSWBUPSZBOEJOUFSGFSPNFUFS 7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF"SSBZ "CCSFWJBUFE7-#" BTZTUFNPGUFOSBEJPUFMFTDPQFBOUFO
OBT FBDI NFUFS GFFU JO EJBNFUFS DPOUSPMMFE SFNPUFMZ GSPN 4PDPSSP /FX .FYJDP CZ UIF /BUJPOBM 3BEJP "TUSPOPNZ 0CTFSWBUPSZ %FEJDBUFE JO JU JT UIF XPSMETMBSHFTUGVMMUJNFBTUSPOPNJDBMJOTUSVNFOUѮFUFMFTDPQFTBSFMPDBUFEJOTJUFT TUSFUDIJOHBDSPTTUIF6OJUFE4UBUFTGSPN.BVOB,FB )BXBJJUP4U$SPJYJOUIF6OJUFE
(MPTTBSZ7
4UBUFT7JSHJO*TMBOET TQBOOJOHNPSFUIBOLJMPNFUFST NJMFT BOEQSPWJEJOH UIFTIBSQFTUWJTJPO VQUPTFDPOETPGBSD PGBOZUFMFTDPQFPO&BSUIPSJOTQBDF 4FF BQFSUVSF TZOUIFTJT JOUFSGFSPNFUFS /BUJPOBM 3BEJP "TUSPOPNZ 0CTFSWBUPSZ BOE 7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ 7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ "CCSFWJBUFE7-#* UIFDPNCJOBUJPOPGSBEJPTJH
OBMTSFDPSEFEBUXJEFMZTFQBSBUFESBEJPUFMFTDPQFTPCTFSWJOHUIFTBNFDPTNJDPCKFDU BUUIFTBNFUJNF UPBDIJFWFBOBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPOPGBSBEJPUFMFTDPQFXJUIBEJBNFUFS FRVBMUPUIFEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUIFDPNQPOFOUUFMFTDPQFT BOEQSPWJEJOHUIFTIBSQFTU WJTJPOPGBOZTJOHMFUFMFTDPQFPO&BSUIPSJOTQBDF"OBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPOBTêOFBT TFDPOETPGBSDIBTCFFOPCUBJOFEBUSBEJPXBWFMFOHUITVTJOH7-#*PCTFSWBUJPOT XJUI SBEJP UFMFTDPQFT TFQBSBUFE CZ BT NVDI BT LJMPNFUFST NJMFT 7-#* CBTFMJOFT PSUFMFTDPQFTFQBSBUJPOT BSFFYUFOEFECFZPOEUIFEJBNFUFSPGUIF&BSUICZ DPNCJOJOHTJHOBMTGSPNSBEJPBTUSPOPNZTBUFMMJUFTBOEHSPVOECBTFESBEJPUFMFTDPQFT 4FF"VTUSBMJB5FMFTDPQF JOUFSGFSPNFUFS .&3-*/ /BUJPOBM3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ0CTFS WBUPSZ 1BSLFT0CTFSWBUPSZ BOE7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF"SSBZ 7FTUB ѮF GPVSUI BTUFSPJE UP CF EJTDPWFSFE CZ UIF (FSNBO BTUSPOPNFS )FJOSJDI
8JMIFMN 0MCFST ¢ JO XJUI B SBEJVT PG LJMPNFUFST BOE B NBTT EFOTJUZPGLJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFS7FTUBJTUIFCSJHIUFTUBOEUIJSEMBSHFTUPGUIF BTUFSPJET XIPTFTQFDUSVNTIPXTUIFBCTPSQUJPOTJHOBUVSFPGWPMDBOJDCBTBMU JOEJDBUJOH UIBUJUTTVSGBDFJTDPWFSFEXJUIMBWBëPXT4FFBTUFSPJE 7JLJOH .JTTJPO /"4"T 7JLJOH NJTTJPO UP .BST XBT DPNQPTFE PG UXP TQBDFDSBѫ
7JLJOHBOE7JLJOH FBDIDPOTJTUJOHPGBOPSCJUFSBOEBMBOEFSѮFPSCJUFSTJNBHFE UIFFOUJSFTVSGBDFPG.BSTBUBSFTPMVUJPOPGUPNFUFST TIPXJOHWPMDBOPFT MBWBQMBJOT JNNFOTFDBOZPOT DSBUFSFEBSFBT XJOEGPSNFEGFBUVSFTBOEFWJEFODFGPS DBUBTUSPQIJDëPPETPGXBUFSBDSPTTUIF.BSUJBOTVSGBDFJOUIFQBTUѮFMBOEFSTGPVOE OPEFUFDUBCMFPSHBOJDNPMFDVMFTJOUIF.BSUJBOTVSGBDF XIJDINFBOTUIBUUIJTQBSU PGUIFTVSGBDFOPXDPOUBJOTOPEFUFDUBCMFDFMMT MJWJOH EPSNBOUPSEFBE7JLJOHXBT MBVODIFEPO"VHVTUBOEBSSJWFEBU.BSTPO+VOF0O+VMZ UIF 7JLJOH -BOEFS UPVDIFE EPXO BU $ISZTF 1MBOJUJB 7JLJOH XBT MBVODIFE PO 4FQUFNCFS BOEFOUFSFE.BSTPSCJUPO"VHVTUѮF 7JLJOH-BOEFS UPVDIFEEPXOBU6UPQJB1MBOJUJBPO4FQUFNCFSѮF7JLJOHBOE0SCJUFST XFSFQPXFSFEEPXOJOBOE SFTQFDUJWFMZ BOEUIFJSMBOEFSTFOEFEDPNNV OJDBUJPOTJOBOE SFTQFDUJWFMZ BѫFSQSPWJEJOHZFBSTPGJOGPSNBUJPOBCPVU UIFMPDBMXFBUIFSPO.BST 7JSHPDMVTUFS "OFBSCZDMVTUFSPGHBMBYJFTJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO7JSHP DPOUBJOJOHBCPVU HBMBYJFT BOE B UPUBM PG CSJHIU .FTTJFS PCKFDUT ѮF 7JSHP DMVTUFS PG HBMBYJFT JODMVEFT UIF HJBOU FMMJQUJDBM HBMBYZ . BMTP EFTJHOBUFE /($ MPDBUFE BCPVU NJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTBXBZBOEBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFJOUFOTFSBEJPHBMBYZOBNFE7JSHP "PS$.DPOUBJOTBTVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMFUIBUGFFETUIFSBEJPHBMBYZ XJUI IJHITQFFEKFUTUIBUBSFEFUFDUFEBUWJTJCMFMJHIU SBEJPBOE9SBZXBWFMFOHUIT4FFCMBDL IPMF DMVTUFSPGHBMBYJFT SBEJPHBMBYZ BOETVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF 7JSJBMUIFPSFN 'PSBCPVOEHSBWJUBUJPOBMTZTUFN UIFMPOHUFSNBWFSBHFPGUIFLJOFUJD
FOFSHZJTPOFIBMGPGUIFQPUFOUJBMFOFSHZ
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
7JSUVBMQBSUJDMFT 4IPSUMJWFEQBSUJDMFTUIBUBSJTFGSPNBWBDVVN 7JTJCMFMJHIU Ѯ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ѮF BCTPMVUF PS BQQBSFOU NBHOJUVEF PG B DFMFTUJBM PCKFDU JO UIF DPMPSSFHJPOUPXIJDIUIFIVNBOFZFJTNPTUTFOTJUJWF BUXBWFMFOHUITOFBSOBOP NFUFSTPSNFUFSTѮFBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGUIF4VOJTNBHOJ UVEFTBOEJUTBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFJTNBHOJUVEFT4FFBCTPMVUFNBHOJUVEF BQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEF BOENBHOJUVEF 7-" "DSPOZNGPSUIF7FSZ-BSHF"SSBZ 6OJUFE4UBUFT4FF7FSZ-BSHF"SSBZ 7-#" "DSPOZNGPS7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF"SSBZ4FF7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF"SSBZ 7-#* "DSPOZNGPS7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ4FF7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFS GFSPNFUSZ 7-5 "DSPOZN GPS 7FSZ -BSHF 5FMFTDPQF 4FF &VSPQFBO 4PVUIFSO 0CTFSWBUPSZ BOE 7FSZ-BSHF5FMFTDPQF 7PMDBOJTN ѮF SFMFBTF PG NPMUFO NBUFSJBM DBMMFE NBHNB GSPN UIF JOUFSJPS UP UIF
TVSGBDFPGBQMBOFUPSTBUFMMJUFѮFNBHNBDPPMTUPCFDPNFMBWB7PMDBOJTNëPPEFEUIF NBSJBPOUIF.PPO BOEUIFWBTUQMBJOTPG7FOVT7PMDBOPFTBSFVCJRVJUPVTUISPVHIPVU UIF4PMBS4ZTUFN GSPN&BSUI .BSTBOE7FOVTUP+VQJUFSTTBUFMMJUF*P/FQUVOFTTBUFMMJUF 5SJUPONBZDPOUBJOWPMDBOJDHFZTFSTPGJDF4FF*P NBSJB .BST .PPO BOE7FOVT 7PZBHFSBOE 5XPBMNPTUJEFOUJDBMQMBOFUBSZQSPCFTMBVODIFECZUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT
JO7PZBHFSQBTTFE+VQJUFSJO EJTDPWFSJOHUIFWPMDBOPFTPG*PBOE+VQJUFST SJOH BOENFU4BUVSOJO EJTDPWFSJOHUIFUIJDLOJUSPHFOBUNPTQIFSFBSPVOE5JUBO 7PZBHFSBMTPQBTTFEOFBS+VQJUFSBOE4BUVSO BOEXFOUPOUPQBTT6SBOVTJOBOE /FQUVOFJO DPOêSNJOHUIFUIJO XJEFMZTQBDFESJOHTPG6SBOVTBOE/FQUVOF BOE EJTDPWFSJOHTUPSNTPO/FQUVOFBOEHFZTFSTPO/FQUVOFTTBUFMMJUF5SJUPO4FF*P +VQJUFS /FQUVOF SJOHT 4BUVSO BOE6SBOVT 7VMDBO " IZQPUIFUJDBM QMBOFU TVQQPTFEMZ SFWPMWJOH BSPVOE UIF 4VO BU TPNFXIBU MFTTUIBOIBMGPG.FSDVSZTNFBOPSCJUBMEJTUBODF7VMDBOXBTQSPQPTFECZUIF'SFODI NBUIFNBUJDJBO6SCBJO+FBO+PTFQI-FWFSSJFS ¢
BSHVJOHUIBUJUTHSBWJUB UJPOBMBUUSBDUJPOXPVMEQVMM.FSDVSZBIFBEJOJUTPSCJUBOEBDDPVOUGPSJUTVOFYQMBJOFE NPUJPOѮFQMBOFU7VMDBOXBTOFWFSGPVOE BOEJOUIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU &JOTUFJO ¢ FYQMBJOFEUIFBOPNBMPVTNPUJPOPG.FSDVSZBTBDPOTFRVFODF PGUIF4VOTDVSWBUVSFPGOFBSCZTQBDF4FF(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZBOE.FSDVSZ
(MPTTBSZ8
8 8BUFS "TVCTUBODF EFOPUFECZ)0 DPNQPTFEPGBUPNTPGIZESPHFO ) BOEPYZHFO
0 UXPPGUIFNPTUBCVOEBOUFMFNFOUTJOUIF6OJWFSTF8BUFSDBOFYJTUPO&BSUIBTB MJRVJE HBTPSJDF BOEJOJUTMJRVJEGPSNJUJTWJUBMGPSMJGF8BUFSNPMFDVMFTIBWFCFFO PCTFSWFEJOUIFBUNPTQIFSFPG.BSTBOEMBSHFBNPVOUTPGGSP[FOXBUFSBSFOPXGPVOE JOUIFTVSGBDFPG.BST8BUFSNPMFDVMFTBSFBMTPGPVOEJOJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDF
8BWFMFOHUI ѮFEJTUBODFCFUXFFOTVDDFTTJWFDSFTUTPSUSPVHITPGBOFMFDUSPNBHOFUJD
PS PUIFS XBWF 8BWFMFOHUIT BSF JOWFSTFMZ QSPQPSUJPOBM UP GSFRVFODZ ѮF MPOHFS UIF XBWFMFOHUI UIFMPXFSUIFGSFRVFODZѮFQSPEVDUPGUIFXBWFMFOHUIBOEUIFGSFRVFODZ PGFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOJTFRVBMUPUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU4FFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU 8BWFT 1SPQBHBUJPOPGFOFSHZCZNFBOTPGDPIFSFOUWJCSBUJPO 8FBLOVDMFBSGPSDF 'VOEBNFOUBMGPSDFPGOBUVSFUIBUHPWFSOTUIFQSPDFTTPGSBEJPBD
UJWJUZ4FFOFVUSJOPBOESBEJPBDUJWJUZ 8FTUFSCPSL4ZOUIFTJT3BEJP5FMFTDPQF "CCSFWJBUFE8435 BLJMPNFUFSFBTUXFTU
BSSBZPGGPVSUFFONFUFS GFFU SBEJPUFMFTDPQFTDPNCJOFEUPBDIJFWFUIFSFTPMV UJPO PG B TJOHMF MBSHF SBEJP UFMFTDPQF VTJOH UIF UFDIOJRVF PG BQFSUVSF TZOUIFTJT *U JT BMTPQBSUPGUIF&VSPQFBO7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZOFUXPSLPGSBEJPUFMF TDPQFTѮF8435JTMPDBUFEOFBS(SPOJOHFOJOUIF/FUIFSMBOET BOEJTPQFSBUFECZUIF /FUIFSMBOET'PVOEBUJPOGPS3FTFBSDIJO"TUSPOPNZ4FFBQFSUVSFTZOUIFTJTBOE7FSZ -POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ 8IJSMQPPM HBMBYZ ѮF TQJSBM HBMBYZ EFTJHOBUFE BT . BOE /($ MPDBUFE
BCPVUNJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTBXBZJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$BOFT7FOBUJDJ*UTTQJSBMTIBQF XBTEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF*SJTIBTUSPOPNFS8JMMJBN1BSTPOT ¢
UIF UIJSE&BSMPG3PTTFVTJOHIJTNFUFS JODI UFMFTDPQFLOPXOBTUIF-FWJBUIBOPG 1BSTPOTUPXO 8IJUFEXBSG "WFSZTNBMM EFOTFTUBS BCPVUUIFTJ[FPGUIF&BSUI CVUXJUIBNBTT BCPVUUIBUPGUIF4VOѮFêSTUUXPXIJUFEXBSGTUBST &SJEBOJ#BOE4JSJVT# XFSF EJTDPWFSFEJOBOE SFTQFDUJWFMZ XIFOUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS8BMUFS4 "EBNT ¢ TIPXFEUIBUUIFTFGBJOUTUBSTBSFIPU XIJUFTUBSTPGTQFDUSBMUZQF " ѮF IJHI EJTL UFNQFSBUVSF BOE MPX JOUSJOTJD MVNJOPTJUZ NFBOU UIBU UIFTF TUBST IBEUPCFWFSZTNBMM POMZBCPVUUIFTJ[FPGUIF&BSUI*OUIF&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU 3BMQI)'PXMFS ¢ TIPXFEUIBUBXIJUFEXBSGTUBSJTTVQQPSUFEBHBJOTU HSBWJUZCZEFHFOFSBUFFMFDUSPOQSFTTVSF XIJDIEPFTOPUEFQFOEPOUIFUFNQFSBUVSF BOEJTSFMBUFEUPUIFFYDMVTJPOQSJODJQMFQSPQPTFEJOCZUIF"VTUSJBOQIZTJDJTU 8PMGHBOH1BVMJ ¢ 8IFOêSTUGPSNFE BXIJUFEXBSGJTBGBJOU IPUTUBS XJUIBOFĒFDUJWFUFNQFSBUVSFTJNJMBSUPPSIPUUFSUIBOUIBUPGUIF4VO CVUCFDBVTF JU DBOOPU TVTUBJO UIFSNPOVDMFBS SFBDUJPOT JU TIJOFT CZ MFѫPWFS IFBU BOE HSBEVBMMZ DPPMTJOUPBOJOWJTJCMFCMBDLEXBSG"XIJUFEXBSGJTUIFFOEQPJOUPGUIFFWPMVUJPOGPS
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
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ѮFWJTJCMFQPSUJPOPGTVOMJHIUUIBUJODMVEFTBMMPGJUTDPMPST4VOMJHIUJOUF
HSBUFEPWFSUIFWJTJCMFQPSUJPOPGUIFTQFDUSVN GSPNUPOBOPNFUFST TPUIBUBMM DPMPSTBSFCMFOEFEUPBQQFBSXIJUFUPUIFFZF 8IJUFMJHIUnBSF "OFYDFQUJPOBMMZJOUFOTFBOESBSFTPMBSëBSFUIBUCFDPNFTWJTJCMFJO
XIJUFMJHIU PSJOBMMUIFDPMPSTPGUIF4VODPNCJOFE 8JENBOTUÊUUFOQBUUFSO 8IFOBOJSPONFUFPSJUFJTDVUBOEQPMJTIFEBOEUIFOFUDIFE
XJUI BDJE B 8JENBOTUÅUUFO QBUUFSO PG DSZTUBMMJOF TUSVDUVSF FNFSHFT ѮF TJ[FT BOE TIBQFTPGUIFTFDSZTUBMTJOEJDBUFUIBUUIFZHSFXWFSZTMPXMZ BOEUIBUUIFNBUFSJBMNVTU IBWFCFFOIPU BMNPTUUPUIFNFMUJOHQPJOU GPSUFOTPGNJMMJPOTPGZFBST TVHHFTUJOHUIBU UIFNFUFPSJUFXBTPODFJOTJEFBQBSFOUCPEZBGFXIVOESFELJMPNFUFSTJOSBEJVTBOE UIFTJ[FPGBMBSHFBTUFSPJEѮFQBUUFSOJTOBNFEGPS"MPJT+PTFQWPO8JENBOTUÅUUFO ¢
B7JFOOFTFTDJFOUJTUXIPEJTDPWFSFEJUJO 8JMLJOTPO.JDSPXBWF"OJTPUSPQZ1SPCF /"4"MBVODIFEJUT8JMLJOTPO.JDSPXBWF "OJTPUSPQZ1SPCF BCCSFWJBUFE8."1 PO+VOF QVCMJTIJOHEFêOJUJWFGVMMTLZ NBQTPGUIFGBJOUBOJTPUSPQZ PSUFNQFSBUVSFWBSJBUJPOT PGUIFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDL HSPVOESBEJBUJPOJOFBSMZ8IFODPNCJOFEXJUIUIFSFTVMUTPGPUIFSEJWFSTFDPTNJD NFBTVSFNFOUT UIF8."1EBUBTVHHFTUUIBUUIF6OJWFSTFJTCJMMJPOZFBSTPME UIBU UIFêSTUTUBSTJHOJUFEBCPVUNJMMJPOZFBSTBѫFSUIF#JH#BOH UIBUUIFSBEJBUJPOJOUIF 8."1JNBHFTJTGSPNZFBSTBѫFSUIF#JH#BOH UIBUUIF)VCCMFDPOTUBOUIBTB WBMVFPGLJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOEQFS.FHBQBSTFD BOEUIBUUIF6OJWFSTFJTDPNQPTFEPG QFSDFOUBUPNT QFSDFOUDPMEEBSLNBUUFSBOEQFSDFOUEBSLFOFSHZѮFQSPCFJT OBNFEJOIPOPSPG"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS%BWJE58JMLJOTPO ¢
BQJPOFFS JODPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESFTFBSDIBOEUIF."1JOTUSVNFOUTDJFOUJTU 8JMMJBN )FSTDIFM 5FMFTDPQF " NFUFS JODI UFMFTDPQF BU -B 1BMNB JO UIF $BOBSZ*TMBOET*UXBTVTFEJOUPEJTDPWFSUIFêSTUPQUJDBMDPVOUFSQBSUPGBHBNNB SBZCVSTUѮFUFMFTDPQFJTOBNFEGPSUIFGBNPVT&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS8JMMJBN)FSTDIFM ¢
BOEJUJTPXOFEBOEPQFSBUFECZUIF3PZBM0CTFSWBUPSZ &EJOCVSHI 8*.1 "DSPOZN GPS 8FBLMZ *OUFSBDUJOH .BTTJWF 1BSUJDMF B IZQPUIFUJDBM TVCBUPNJD
QBSUJDMFUIBUDPVMEFYQMBJOEBSLNBUUFSBOEBDDPVOUGPSNPTUPGUIFNBTTPGUIF6OJ WFSTF4FFEBSLNBUUFS 8."1 "DSPOZNGPS8JMLJOTPO.JDSPXBWF"OJTPUSPQZ1SPCF4FF8JMLJOTPO.JDSP XBWF"OJTPUSPQZ1SPCF
(MPTTBSZ8
8PMG3BZFUTUBST "UZQFPGTUBSTXIPTFWJTJCMFMJHIUTQFDUSBDPOUBJOCSPBEBOEJOUFOTF
FNJTTJPOMJOFT JOEJDBUJOHWFSZIPUEJTLUFNQFSBUVSFTPG UP EFHSFFTLFMWJO BOEJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUJFTCFUXFFOUIPVTBOEBOENJMMJPOUJNFTUIBUPGUIF4VO ѮF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFST$IBSMFT8PMG ¢ BOE(FPSHFT3BZFU ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUIFêSTUFYBNQMFTPGUIJTUZQFPGTUBSJO OPUJOHUIFJSFNJTTJPOMJOFT PGIZESPHFOBOEIFMJVN TPUIFZBSFOPXLOPXOBT8PMG3BZFUTUBST&NJTTJPOMJOFT PGOJUSPHFO DBSCPOBOEPYZHFOIBWFBMTPCFFOEJTDPWFSFE.BOZPGUIFDFOUSBMTUBSTPG QMBOFUBSZOFCVMBFBSF8PMG3BZFUTUBST 8PSMEMJOF ѮFQBUIUSBDFEPVUJOGPVSEJNFOTJPOBMTQBDFUJNFCZBHJWFOPCKFDUPS QBSUJDMF4FF.JOLPXTLJNFUSJD BOE4QFDJBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
9 9 ѮFNBTTGSBDUJPOPGIZESPHFO0CTFSWBUJPOTPGTVOMJHIUBOENFUFPSJUFTJOEJDBUF
UIBU8GPSUIFTPMBSNBUFSJBMPVUTJEFJUTDPSF0XJOHUPOVDMFBSSFBD UJPOT UIFSFJTOPXMFTTIZESPHFOJOUIF4VOTDPSF 9.. "DSPOZNGPS9SBZ.VMUJ.JSSPS4FF9SBZ.VMUJ.JSSPS¢/FXUPO 9SBZ 4FF9SBZSBEJBUJPO 9SBZCJOBSZ "EPVCMFTUBSTZTUFNUIBUPѫFODPOUBJOTBOFVUSPOTUBSPSCMBDLIPMFBOE
BOFBSCZPQUJDBM PSWJTJCMFMJHIU DPNQBOJPO BOEJTBOJOUFOTFTPVSDFPG9SBZTѮF UXPTUBSTBSFJOBDMPTFPSCJU TPNBTTGSPNUIFWJTJCMFDPNQPOFOUTQJMMTPWFSJUT3PDIF MPCFPOUPUIFPUIFSPOF IFBUJOHVQBOEFNJUUJOH9SBZTBTJUJTBDDSFUFECZUIFJOWJT JCMFDPNQBOJPOѮFIJHINBTT9SBZCJOBSZTZTUFNTDPOUBJOBNBTTJWF CSJHIUWJTJCMF MJHIU TUBS BT UIF NBTT EPOBUJOH DPNQPOFOU BOE UIFJS JOWJTJCMF DPNQPOFOUT JODMVEF CMBDLIPMFT TVDIBT$ZHOVT9 BOE9SBZQVMTBST MJLF$FOUBVSVT9BOE)FSDVMFT 9-PXNBTT9SBZCJOBSJFTBSFCJOBSZTZTUFNTXJUIBOBDDSFUJOHDPNQPOFOUUIBU JTUIPVHIUUPCFBOFVUSPOTUBS BOEBNBTT EPOBUJOHPQUJDBMTFDPOEBSZUIBUJTBMPX NBTTTUBS FRVBMUPPSMFTTUIBOUIFNBTTPGUIF4VOUIFZFYIJCJUOPOQFSJPEJD CVSTUJOH CFIBWJPSBU9SBZXBWFMFOHUIT4FFBDDSFUJPO CMBDLIPMF $FOUBVSVT9 $ZHOVT9 )FSDVMFT9 QVMTBS BOE3PDIFMPCF 9SBZ.VMUJ.JSSPS¦/FXUPOPCTFSWBUPSZ &4"MBVODIFEJUT9SBZ.VMUJ.JSSPS¢
/FXUPO BCCSFWJBUFE9..¢/FXUPO TQBDFDSBѫPO%FDFNCFS XJUIBEFTJHOFE ZFBSMJGFUJNF*UQSPWJEFT9SBZJNBHFTBOETQFDUSPTDPQZPGTFMFDUFE9SBZPCKFDUT TVDIBTBDDSFUJOHCMBDLIPMFT BDUJWFHBMBDUJDOVDMFJ DMVTUFSTPGHBMBYJFT BOETVQFSOPWBF *UJTOBNFEBѫFSUIF&OHMJTINBUIFNBUJDJBOBOEBTUSPOPNFS*TBBD/FXUPO ¢ XIPJOWFOUFETQFDUSPTDPQZBOEJTCFTUSFNFNCFSFEGPSIJTMBXTPGNPUJPOBOEHSBWJUZ 9SBZSBEJBUJPO "OFOFSHFUJDGPSNPGFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOUIBUIBTTIPSUXBWF MFOHUIT CFUXFFOUIPTFPGHBNNBSBZTBOEVMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO9SBZTXFSFEJTDPWFSFE JOCZUIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU8JMIFMN,POSBE3ÕOUHFO ¢
XIJMFDPT NJD9SBZTPVSDFTXFSFEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF*UBMJBOCPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS 3JDDBSEP(JBDDPOJ ¢ BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTXJUIJOTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEBêWFNJOVUF SPDLFUëJHIU9SBZSBEJBUJPODPWFSTUIFXBWFMFOHUISBOHFGSPNBCPVUUP NFUFSTBOEBQIPUPOFOFSHZSBOHFCFUXFFOBOELF74Pѫ9SBZTIBWFMPXFS FOFSHZ CFUXFFOBOELF7 BOEIBSE9SBZTIBWFIJHIFSFOFSHJFTSBOHJOHGSPN UPLF7#FDBVTF9SBZTBSFBCTPSCFECZUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF 9SBZBTUSPOPNZ JTQFSGPSNFEJOTQBDFVTJOHTBUFMMJUFTTVDIBTUIF$IBOESB9SBZ0CTFSWBUPSZ 6IVSV BOE:PILPI4FF$IBOESB9SBZ0CTFSWBUPSZ FMFDUSPNBHOFUJDTQFDUSVN IBSE9SBZT TPѫ9SBZT 6IVSV.JTTJPO BOE:PILPI.JTTJPO
(MPTTBSZ:
: : ѮFNBTTGSBDUJPOPGIFMJVN0CTFSWBUJPOTPGTVOMJHIUBOENFUFPSJUFTJOEJDBUFUIBU
:GPSTPMBSNBUFSJBMPVUTJEFUIFDPSF0XJOHUPOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOT UIFSF JTOPXNPSFIFMJVNJOUIF4VOTDPSF :FBS ѮFMFOHUIPGUJNFUIBUBQMBOFUUBLFTUPSFWPMWFBSPVOEJUTTUBSѮF&BSUITZFBS
JT&BSUIEBZT XIFSFPOF&BSUIEBZJTIPVSTMPOH UIFUJNFUPDPNQMFUFPOF SPUBUJPOPGPVSQMBOFU*ODPOUSBTU .FSDVSZTZFBSJTPOMZ&BSUIEBZT BOE+VQJUFST ZFBS JT &BSUI ZFBST #Z EFêOJUJPO POF +VMJBO DFOUVSZ IBT EBZT TP UIF +VMJBO ZFBS PO &BSUI IBT EBZT XIJDI JT FRVBM UP IPVST BOE UP NJOVUFTѮFTJEFSFBMZFBSJTUIFUJNFSFRVJSFEGPSUIF&BSUIUPDPNQMFUFPOFSFWPMVUJPO BSPVOEUIF4VOSFMBUJWFUPUIFêYFETUBST BOEJUJTFRVBMUPNFBOTPMBSEBZT ѮFUSPQJDBMZFBS EFêOFEBTUIFNFBOJOUFSWBMCFUXFFO7FSOBM&RVJOPYFT JTFRVBMUP NFBOTPMBSEBZTѮF(SFHPSJBODBMFOEBSZFBSJTEBZTMPOH4FF QSFDFTTJPO TJEFSFBMUJNF USPQJDBMZFBS BOE7FSOBM&RVJOPY :FSLFT 0CTFSWBUPSZ *O UIF T UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS (FPSHF &MMFSZ )BMF ¢ QFSTVBEFEBXFBMUIZ$IJDBHPêOBODJFS$IBSMFT5:FSLFT ¢ UPQSPWJEF UPCVJMEBNFUFS JODI EJBNFUFSSFGSBDUPSUFMFTDPQFGPSUIF 6OJWFSTJUZPG$IJDBHP XIJDIXPVMECFUIFMBSHFTUJOUIFXPSME*UXBTêOJTIFEJO BOEJTMPDBUFEBUUIF6OJWFSTJUZPG$IJDBHPT:FSLFT0CTFSWBUPSZJO8JMMJBNT#BZ 8JT DPOTJO SFNBJOJOHUIFXPSMETMBSHFTUSFGSBDUPSFWFOUPEBZ :PILPI.JTTJPO ѮF+BQBOFTF*OTUJUVUFPG4QBDFBOE"TUSPOBVUJDBM4DJFODF BCCSFWJ
BUFE*4"4 MBVODIFEJUT4PMBS"TQBDFDSBѫPO"VHVTU SFOBNJOHJU :PILPI XIJDINFBOTiTVOCFBNuJO&OHMJTI:PILPIDPMMFDUFEIJHIFOFSHZSBEJBUJPOGSPNUIF 4VOBUTPѫ9SBZBOEIBSE9SBZXBWFMFOHUIT XJUIIJHIBOHVMBSBOETQFDUSBMSFTPMV UJPO GPSNPSFUIBOBEFDBEF QSPWJEJOHOFXJOTJHIUTUPUIFNFDIBOJTNTPGTPMBSëBSF FOFSHZSFMFBTFBOEUIFIFBUJOHPGUIFNJMMJPOEFHSFFTPMBSDPSPOB*UXBTBDPMMBCPSBUJWF FĒPSUPG+BQBO UIF6OJUFE4UBUFTBOEUIF6OJUFE,JOHEPN4FFIBSE9SBZT )95 TPѫ 9SBZTBOE495
"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT
; ; ѮFNBTTGSBDUJPOPGFMFNFOUTIFBWJFSUIBOIZESPHFOBOEIFMJVN0CTFSWBUJPOTPG
TVOMJHIUBOENFUFPSJUFTJOEJDBUFUIBU;GPSTPMBSNBUFSJBM"DBQJUBM ;BMTPEFOPUFTUIFBUPNJDOVNCFS4FFBUPNJDOVNCFS ;FFNBODPNQPOFOUT ѮFMJOFBSMZQPMBSJ[FE P BOEDJSDVMBSMZQPMBSJ[FE S DPNQP
OFOUTXIJDIDPNQSJTFBMJOFTQMJUJOUIFQSFTFODFPGBTUSPOHNBHOFUJDêFME4FF;FFNBO FĒFDUBOE;FFNBOTQMJUUJOH ;FFNBO FGGFDU "TQMJUUJOHPGBTQFDUSBMMJOFJOUPDPNQPOFOUTCZBTUSPOHNBHOFUJD êFME OBNFEBѫFSUIF%VUDIQIZTJDJTU1JFUFS;FFNBO ¢
XIPEJTDPWFSFE UIFFĒFDUJO*GUIFDPNQPOFOUTDBOOPUCFSFTPMWFE UIFSFJTBOBQQBSFOUCSPBE FOJOHPSXJEFOJOHPGUIFTQFDUSBMMJOFѮFBNPVOUPGTQMJUUJOHNFBTVSFTUIFTUSFOHUI PGUIFNBHOFUJDêFME BOEUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIFNBHOFUJDêFMEDBOCFJOGFSSFEGSPNUIF QPMBSJ[BUJPOPGUIFDPNQPOFOUTѮF;FFNBOFĒFDUJTUIFSFCZVTFEUPEFUFSNJOFUIF EJSFDUJPO EJTUSJCVUJPOBOETUSFOHUIPGUIFMPOHJUVEJOBMNBHOFUJDêFMETJOUIFQIPUP TQIFSF*UIBTBMTPCFFOVTFEUPNFBTVSFUIFNBHOFUJDêFMETJOPUIFSTUBSTBOEJOUIF JOUFSTUFMMBSNFEJVN*OUIFTJNQMFTUDBTF EFOPUFEBTOPSNBM;FFNBOTQMJUUJOH BMJOF TQMJUTJOUPUISFFDPNQPOFOUT0OFDPNQPOFOU UIFPDPNQPOFOU JTOPUEJTQMBDFEJO XBWFMFOHUI PS GSFRVFODZ BOE JT MJOFBSMZ QPMBSJ[FE 5XP DPNQPOFOUT UIF S DPNQP OFOUT BSFTIJѫFECZFRVBMBNPVOUTUPMPXFSBOEIJHIFSXBWFMFOHUITPSGSFRVFODJFT UIF NBHOJUVEFPGUIFTIJѫCFJOHQSPQPSUJPOBMUPUIFNBHOFUJDêFMETUSFOHUI*OUIFHFOFSBM DBTF UIFSDPNQPOFOUTBSFCPUIDJSDVMBSMZBOEMJOFBSMZQPMBSJ[FE4FFNBHOFUPHSBQI ;FFNBODPNQPOFOUT BOE;FFNBOTQMJUUJOH ;FFNBOTQMJUUJOH ѮFTQMJUUJOHPGBUPNJDTQFDUSBMMJOFTJOBNBHOFUJDêFME4FF;FF NBODPNQPOFOUTBOE;FFNBOFĒFDU ;FMFODIVLTLBZB 0CTFSWBUPSZ -PDBUFE OFBS UIF ;FMFODIVLTLBZB 3JWFS JO UIF $BV DBTVT.PVOUBJOTPGTPVUIFSO3VTTJB UIF;FMFODIVLTLBZB0CTFSWBUPSZJODMVEFTUIF NFUFS JODI WJTJCMFMJHIU#PMTIPJ5FMFTLPQ"[JNVUBMOZJPO.PVOU1BTUVLIPWBOE UIF SFMBUJWFMZ OFBSCZ 3"5"/ SBEJP UFMFTDPQF DPOTJTUJOH PG B SJOH PG SFëFDUJOH QBOFMTNFUFST GFFU JOEJBNFUFS3"5"/JTBOBDSPOZNGPS3BEJP"TUSPOPN JDBM5FMFTDPQF"DBEFNZ/BVLѮF4QFDJBM"TUSPQIZTJDBM0CTFSWBUPSZPGUIF3VTTJBO "DBEFNZPG4DJFODFTPQFSBUFTCPUIUFMFTDPQFT ;PEJBD "OJNBHJOBSZCBOEJOUIFOJHIUTLZBCPVUEFHSFFTUPFBDITJEFPGUIFFDMJQUJD
XIJDIFODPNQBTTFTUIFQBUITPGBMMUIFNBKPSQMBOFUTBOEJTEJWJEFEJOUPDPOTUFM MBUJPOT FBDIEFHSFFTXJEF"RVBSJVT UIFXBUFSCFBSFS "SJFT UIFSBN $BODFS UIF DSBC $BQSJDPSO UIF HPBU (FNJOJ UIF UXJOT -FP UIF MJPO -JCSB UIF TDBMFT 1JTDFT UIFêTI 4BHJUUBSJVT UIFBSDIFS 4DPSQJVT UIFTDPSQJPO 5BVSVT UIFCVMM BOE7JSHP UIF WJSHJO"UIJSUFFOUIDPOTUFMMBUJPO 0QIJVDIVT DSPTTFTUIFFDMJQUJDCFUXFFO4DPSQJPBOE 4BHJUUBSJVTѮFBODJFOU(SFFLTOBNFEUIFTJHOTPGUIF[PEJBDGPSUIFTFDPOTUFMMBUJPOT
(MPTTBSZ;
CVUCFDBVTFPGQSFDFTTJPOUIFZOPMPOHFSDPJODJEFXJUIUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPOTPGUIFTBNF OBNF4FFQSFDFTTJPO ;PEJBDBM DMPVE $MPVEPGJOUFSQMBOFUBSZEVTUJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN MZJOHDMPTFUPUIF FDMJQUJDQMBOFѮFEVTUJOUIF[PEJBDBMDMPVEDPNFTGSPNCPUIDPNFUTBOEBTUFSPJET ;PEJBDBMMJHIU "GBJOUDPOJDBMHMPXJOUIFOJHIUTLZDBVTFECZTVOMJHIUTDBUUFSJOHPĒ JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ EVTU OFBS UIF QMBOF PG UIF FDMJQUJD " MVNJOPVT QZSBNJE PG MJHIU UIBU BQQFBSTCSJHIUFTUBOEXJEFTUJOUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIF4VO TUSFUDIJOHBMPOHUIFFDMJQUJD PS[PEJBDGSPNUIFXFTUFSOIPSJ[POBѫFSFWFOJOHUXJMJHIUPSGSPNUIFFBTUFSOIPSJ [POCFGPSFNPSOJOHUXJMJHIU*UJTWJTJCMFBUBMMTFBTPOTJOUIFUSPQJDTJOUIFBCTFODF PG NPPOMJHIU ѮF [PEJBDBM MJHIU JT BO FYUFOTJPO PG UIF EVTU DPNQPOFOU PG UIF TPMBS DPSPOB BOE SFTVMUT GSPN TDBUUFSJOH PG TVOMJHIU CZ EVTU QBSUJDMFT JO UIF QMBOF PG UIF FDMJQUJDѮF[PEJBDBMEVTUDMPVEQSPCBCMZPSJHJOBUFTGSPNCPUINBUUFSFKFDUFECZUIF 4VOBOEGSPNUIFEFDBZPGDPNFUTBOEBTUFSPJET ;POFPGBWPJEBODF ѮFSFHJPODPJODJEJOHXJUIUIFQMBOFPGPVS.JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZJO XIJDIWFSZGFXHBMBYJFTBSFGPVOE EVFUPBCTPSQUJPOPGUIFJSMJHIUCZJOUFSTUFMMBSEVTU
3&'&3&/$&4 ѮJTCPPLIBTCFFOQSFQBSFECZSFGFSFODFUPUIFGPMMPXJOHCPPLT %SFZFS +PIO " )JTUPSZ PG "TUSPOPNZ GSPN ѮBMFT UP ,FQMFS êSTU QVCMJTIFE JO SFQSPEVDFE /FX:PSL %PWFS1VCMJDBUJPOT %VIFN 1JFSSF5P4BWFUIF1IFOPONFOB"O&TTBZPOUIF*EFBPG1IZTJDBMѮFPSZGSPN1MBUPUP(BMJMFP êSTUQVCMJTIFEJO'SFODIJO &OHMJTIUSBOTMBUJPO$IJDBHP 6OJWFSTJUZPG$IJDBHP1SFTT %VIFN 1JFSSF.FEJFWBM$PTNPMPHZ êSTUQVCMJTIFEJO'SFODIJO BCSJEHFE&OHMJTIUSBOTMBUJPO $IJDBHP 6OJWFSTJUZPG$IJDBHP1SFTT )PTLJO .JDIBFM FE ѮF $BNCSJEHF *MMVTUSBUFE )JTUPSZ PG "TUSPOPNZ /FX :PSL $BNCSJEHF 6OJWFSTJUZ1SFTT ,BMFS +BNFT#ѮF)VOESFE(SFBUFTU4UBST /FX:PSL $PQFSOJDVT#PPLT 4QSJOHFS ,PZSÊ "MFYBOESF'SPNUIF$MPTFE8PSMEUPUIF*OêOJUF6OJWFSTF #BMUJNPSF +PIOT)PQLJOT6OJWFSTJUZ 1SFTT -BOH ,FOOFUI3"TUSPQIZTJDBM'PSNVMBF* ** /FX:PSL 4QSJOHFS7FSMBH -BOH ,FOOFUI3ѮF4VO'SPN4QBDF /FX:PSL 4QSJOHFS7FSMBH -BOH ,FOOFUI 3 ѮF $BNCSJEHF &ODZDMPQFEJB PG UIF 4VO /FX :PSL $BNCSJEHF 6OJWFSTJUZ 1SFTT -BOH ,FOOFUI3ѮF$BNCSJEHF(VJEFUPUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN /FX:PSL $BNCSJEHF6OJWFSTJUZ1SFTT -BOH ,FOOFUI31BSUJOHUIF$PTNJD7FJM /FX:PSL 4QSJOHFS -BOH ,FOOFUI34VO &BSUI BOE4LZ 4FDPOE&EJUJPO /FX:PSL 4QSJOHFS -BOH ,FOOFUI3BOE(JOHFSJDI 0XFO FET "4PVSDF#PPLJO"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDTm $BNCSJEHF .BTT )BSWBSE6OJWFSTJUZ1SFTT .VSEJO 1BVM FE &ODZDMPQFEJBPG"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT-POEPO *OTUJUVUFPG1IZTJDT1VCMJTI JOH 1BSL %BWJE ѮF )PX BOE UIF 8IZ "O &TTBZ PO UIF 0SJHJOT BOE %FWFMPQNFOU PG 1IZTJDBM ѮFPSZ 1SJODFUPO /FX+FSTFZ 1SJODFUPO6OJWFSTJUZ1SFTT 1PSUFS 3PZ BOE 0HJMWJF .BSJMZO FET ѮF #JPHSBQIJDBM %JDUJPOBSZ PG 4DJFOUJTUT * ** /FX :PSL 0YGPSE6OJWFSTJUZ1SFTT
3FGFSFODFT
3JEQBUI *BOBOE8PPESVĒ +PIO1IJMJQT"TUSPOPNZ%JDUJPOBSZ -POEPO (FPSHF1IJMJQ-UE 5PVMNJO 4UFQIFOBOE(PPEêFME +VOFѮF%JTDPWFSZPG5JNF $IJDBHP 6OJWFSTJUZPG$IJDBHP1SFTT .BOZPGUIFTFNJOBMBSUJDMFTJOBTUSPOPNZBOEBTUSPQIZTJDTDBOCFGPVOEJO-BOH ,FOOFUI3BOE (JOHFSJDI 0XFO FET
"4PVSDF#PPLJO"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT m $BNCSJEHF .BTT )BSWBSE6OJWFSTJUZ1SFTT BOE)FMNVU""CU FE
ѮF"TUSPQIZTJDBM+PVSOBM "NFSJDBO"TUSP OPNJDBM4PDJFUZ$FOUFOOJBM*TTVF $IJDBHP 6OJWFSTJUZPG$IJDBHP1SFTTѮFZDBOBMTPCFGPVOE PO UIF 8FC BU UIF /"4" "TUSPQIZTJDT %BUB 4ZTUFN BU UIF 63- IUUQBETXXXIBSWBSEFEVJOEFY IUNM
"65)03*/%&9
"CFMM (FPSHF ¢ "EBNT +PIO$PVDI ¢ "EBNT 8BMUFS ¢ "JSZ (FPSHF#JEEFMM ¢ "MESJO &EXJO&i#V[[u+S ¢ "MGWÊO )BOOFT ¢ "MQIFS 3BMQI" ¢ BM4Vê "CEBM3BINBO ¢ "MWBSF[ -VJT8BMUFS ¢ "MWBSF[ 8BMUFS ¢ "NCBSUTVNJBO 7JLUPS m "OBYBHPSBT D¢D#$ "OEFSTPO $BSM ¢ "OEFSTPO 8JMIFMN m ªOHTUSÕN "OEFST+POBT ¢ "OUPOJBEJ &VHÍOF. ¢ "QJBOVT 1FUSVT ¢ "QQMFUPO &EXBSE7 m "SJTUBSDIPT