Английский язык: Учебно-методическое пособие. Часть 1 (специальности 010801 - ''Радиофизика и электроника'', 010701 - ''Физика'', 010803 - ''Микроэлектроника и полупроводниковые приборы'')

В О РО НЕ Ж С К И Й ГО С У Д А РСТ В Е ННЫ Й У НИ В Е РС И Т Е Т

А Н Г ЛИ Й С К И Й Я З Ы К

У чебно-м етод и ческое пособи е

п о сп ец и ал ь н ост ям : 010801 (013800) – Р ади оф и зи к а и э лек т рон и к а 010701 (010400) – Ф и зи к а 010803 (014100) – М и к роэл ек т рон и к а и п олуп роводн и к овые п ри боры

2

В ор онеж 2005 У твер ж дено научно-методи чески м советом факультета р омано-гер манской фи лологи и Пр отокол№ 4 от12 декабр я2004 г.

С остави тели : стар ши й пр еподавательИ льи чева Н.А ., пр еподавательК ар пенко И .С ., пр еподавательВ ор обж анскаяТ .В .

Пособи е подготовлено накафедр е англи йского языкафакультетар оманогер манской фи лологи и В ор онеж ского государ ственного уни вер си тета.

Рекомендуетсядлястудентовпер вого и втор ого кур совфи зи ческого факультета.

3

ТЕС ТЫ К У ЧЕБН О -М ЕТО Д И ЧЕС К О М У ПО С О БИ Ю (И -117). ЧА С ТЬI Test 1 (Unit 1) Motion A. Reading Read the text about the concept of instantaneous velocity. Then state whether the sentences that follow the text are true or false. If you drive a car along a straight road for 150km in 2.0h, the magnitude of your average velocity is 75km/h. It is unlikely, though, that you were moving at precisely 75 km/h at every instant. For example, a car may start from rest, speed up to 90 km/h, remain at that velocity for a time, and then slow down to 20 km/h in a traffic jam. To deal with this situation we need the concept of instantaneous velocity, which is the velocity at any instant of time. This is the magnitude that a speedometer is supposed to indicate. More precisely, the instantaneous velocity at any moment is defined as the average velocity over an infinitesimally short time interval. Note that the instantaneous speed always equals the magnitude of instantaneous velocity. Why? Because the distance and the displacement become the same when they become infinitesimally small. If an object moves at a uniform (that is, constant) velocity over a particular time interval, then its instantaneous velocity at any instant is the same as its average velocity. But in many situations this is not the case. 1. If an object moves at a uniform velocity over a particular time interval, then its velocity at any instant equals its average velocity. T/F 2. When you drive a car, the speedometer indicates your average speed. T/F 3. The velocity at any instant of time may be different from the instantaneous velocity. T/F 4. The magnitude of instantaneous velocity may be different from the instantaneous speed. T/F 5. The instantaneous velocity is the displacement divided by the total travel time. T/F 6. Distance and displacement are the same when they are infinitesimally small. T/F 7. If you have driven along a straight road for 150 km in two hours, it is certain that you were moving at precisely 75 km/h at every instant. T/F B. Choose the correct item to fill in the gaps. 1. Displacement is a… … … … that has both magnitude and direction. (number, quantity, measure) 2. Velocity is used to signify both the magnitude of how fast an object is moving and the… … … … in which it is moving. (route, course, direction) 3. Average acceleration is defined as the… … … … in velocity divided by the time to make it. (change , transformation, difference) 4. The… … … … of falling objects increases as they fall. (rapidity, quickness, speed)

4

5. Air serves as a… … … … to very light objects that have a large surface area. (blockage, resistance, counteraction) 6. In many ordinary circumstances air resistance is… … … … (negative, negligible, neglectful). 7. For an object in uniform circular motion the acceleration is toward the… … … … of the circle. (centre, core, nucleus) C. Fill in the correct word derived from the words in brackets. 1. If … … … … effects can be disregarded, every freely falling object near The Earth’s surface accelerates downward at the same rate. (friction) 2. … … … … Is defined as the time rate of change of velocity. (accelerate) 3. The terms velocity and speed are often used… … … … in ordinary language. (interchange) 4. … … … … is everywhere. (move) 5. When an object is undergoing a … … … … change in position, we say the object is moving. (continue) 6. The velocity of a… … … … falling object increases 9.8 m/s each second. (free) D. Choose the correct tense. (Simple present or present continuous). 1. Tom and Mr. Pitt (have/ are having) a long conversation. I wonder what they (talk/ are talking) about. 2. Vegetarians are people who (don’t eat/ are not eating) meat. 3. The last train (leaves/ is leaving) the station in at 11.30 4. Some people still think that the sun (goes/ is going) round the earth. 5. Look! She (wears/ is wearing) the same shoes as me. 6. An alcoholic is a person who (drinks/; is drinking) too much alcohol and can’t stop. 7. I’m busy at the moment I (redecorate/ am redecorating) the sitting room. 8. Who (sits/ is sitting) in my chair? 9. You can’t see Tom now: He (has/ is having) a bath. 10. Joan (weighs/ is weighing) 50 kilos. 11. The dress (looks/ is looking) nice on you. 12. Anna is Italian. She (comes/is coming) from Italy. E. Match the questions and answers: 1. What do you do? 2. What are you doing? 3. Where do you work? 4. Where are you working? 5. Does your son play the violin? 6. Is your son playing the violin? 7. What language does she speak? 8. What language is she speaking? 9. Who drinks champagne? 10. Who’s drinking champagne?

a) Actually that’s the radio. b) French-she is from Belgium. c) I want to get this car started. d) I’m an architect. e) I’m in Cardiff this week. f) In a big insurance company. g) It sounds like Russian. h) Me – can I have some more? i) Me, when can I afford it. j) No, the piano.

5

F. Writing. Write a paragraph on one of the following topics: 1. Motion 2. Speed and velocity 3. Acceleration.

6

Test2 (Unit2) Force and Motion A. Reading. You are going to read an article about motion and force. Five sentences have been removed from it. Choose from the sentences (A-E) the one which fits each gap (1-5). Intuitively, we experience force as any kind of a push or a pull on an object. 1. . When a motor lifts an elevator or a hammer hits a nail, or the wind blows the leaves of a tree, a force is being exerted. We say that an object falls because of the force if gravity.2. . For example, you may push very hard on a heavy desk and it may not move. The more mass a body has, the harder it is to change its state of motion. 3. . It is much harder to speed it up or slow down. Observations suggest that a force applied to any object is always applied by another object. 4. . In each of these examples, a force is exerted on the body, and that force is exerted by another body. But things are not one-sided. True, the hammer exerts a force on the nail. 5. . A. A horse pulls a wagon, a hammer pushes on a nail, a magnet attracts a paper clip. B. Forces do not always give rise to motion. C. But the nail evidently exerts a force back on the hammer as well, for the hammer’s speed is rapidly reduced to zero upon contract. D. When you push a grocery cart or a stalled car, you are exerting a force on it. E. A truck has more inertia than a baseball. B. Choose the correct item to fill in the gaps. 1. To Aristotle, the natural state of an object was one of… … … … (leisure, rest, relaxation) 2. In free space where there is no… … … … and negligible gravitation, an object initially in motion maintains a constant velocity. (rubbing, scraping, friction). 3. The more… … … … a body has, the harder it is to change its state of motion. ( mass, size, weight). 4. To every action there is an equal and opposite… … … … (reply, attitude, reaction). 5. Inertia is the property that… … … … changes in motion (resists, rejects, stops). 6. Mass refers to the amount of matter an object … … … … (accommodates, holds, contains). 7. Because of the ever-present forces of friction and gravity on Earth, it is difficult to observe an object in a… … … … .state of constant velocity. (typical, natural, common) 8. Weight is related to the force of … … … … (gravity, pressure, compression) 9. An … … … … , unbalanced force is required to produce a change in velocity. (outward, exterior, external)

7

C. Fill in the correct word derived from the words in brackets. 1. Aristotle’s theory of motion prevailed some fifteen centuries after his… … … … (die) 2. Forces may act on an object in… … … .directions (differ) 3. If the forces are … … … … , that is, equal and opposite, motion doesn’t occur. (balance) 4. Inertia is the … … … … to a change in motion (resist) 5. A reasonable… … … … is that the greater inertia or mass of an object, the smaller the change in motion or velocity is when a force is applied. (assume) 6. It appeared that objects had a … … … … or a property of maintaining a state of motion. (behave) D. Put in the Present Perfect Continuous or Simple. 1. We (walk) ten kilometers. We (walk) for three hours. 2. I (make) sausage rolls for the party all the morning. I (make) 200. 3. The boy (eat) seven ice-creams today. He (not stop) eating since he arrived. 4. He (sleep) since ten o’clock. Its time he woke up. 5. Ann (garden) all afternoon. She (plant) a lot of rose bushes. 6. He (cough) a lot lately. He ought to give up smoking. 7. I (polish) this table all the morning and I’m not satisfied with it yet. 8. I (clean) the car. Doesn’t it look nice? 9. That pipe (leak) for ages. We must get it mended. 10. I (pump) up three tyres. Would you like to do the fourth? E. Put in the Present Simple or Continuous, the Present Perfect Continuous or Simple. 1. I (look) for him all day. I can’t find him. 2. He usually (drink) coffee but today he (drink) tea. 3. I (know) Lilian for two years. 4. Someone (knock) at the door. Shall I answer it? 5. What you (read) now? I (read) Crime and Punishment. 6. She (be) ill since Monday. 7. It (rain) for two days now. There will be a flood soon. 8. He (relax) at weekends. 9. He (speak) for an hour now. I expect he’ll soon be finished. 10. Not many passenger planes (fly) faster than sound. F. Writing. Write a paragraph on one of the following topics. 1. Newton’s first law of motion. The natural state at motion. 2. Force, inertia, mass and weight. 3. Newton’s second law of motion. 4. Newton’s law of gravitation: explain why any two objects will drop at the same rate no matter what they weigh, if air friction can be neglected.

8

Test 3 (Unit3) Work and Energy A. Reading. You are going to read about work and energy. Choose from the sentences (A-E) the one that expresses the gist of each paragraph. A. The definition of this concept is not very precise. B. It is the result of the action of a force. C. An object in motion possesses energy. D. Conservation is one of the most important properties of this phenomenon. E. These two concepts are both scalar quantities. 1. . The concept of energy is closely related to the concept of work. When work is done, there is a change in energy. The amount of work done is equal to the change in energy. They are both scalar quantities and thus have no direction associated with them. 2. . Energy derives its importance from two sources. First, it is a conserved quantity. Second, energy is a concept that is useful not only in the study of motion, but in all areas of physics and other sciences as well. 3. . Work has a variety of meanings in everyday language. But in physics work is given a very specific meaning to describe what is accomplished by the action of a force when it acts on an object as the object moves through a distance. For example, if you hold a heavy bag of groceries in your hands at rest, you do no work on it because there is no displacement. 4. . Energy is one of the most important concepts in science. We can define energy in the traditional way as “the ability to do work”. This simple definition is not very precise, nor is it really valid for all types of energy. However, for mechanical energy it serves to underscore the fundamental connection between work and energy. 5. . A moving object can do work on another object it strikes. A flying cannonball does work on a brick wall it knocks down; a moving hammer does work on a nail it strikes. In either case a moving object exerts a force on a second object and moves it through a distance. The energy of motion is called kinetic energy, from the Greek word kinetikos, meaning “motion”. B. Choose the correct item to fill in the gaps: 1. Work is the result of the action of… … … … on an object. (a force, weight, strength) 2. The… … … … of doing work is called power. (speed, tempo, rate) 3. An object in motion has the… … … … to do work and thus can be said to have energy. (skill, desire, ability) 4. A heavy brick held high in the air has potential energy because of its… … … … .relative to the Earth. (place, position, site) 5. Energy… … … … in many forms. (happens, occurs, comes)

9

6. Energy stored in food and fuel can be regarded as… … … … energy (potential, kinetic, prospective) 7. When a force is applied to change the velocity of an object, work is done against… … … … (immobility, inactivity, inertia). C. Fill in the correct word derived from the words in brackets: 1. Work requires not only a force but also motion or the… … … … of an object through a distance. (move) 2. The… … … … of the object presses down and we push up with an equal and opposite force. (weigh) 3. A simple example of the conservation of mechanical energy is a rock allowed to fall 4. from a… … … … .under gravity (neglecting air resistance). (high) 5. Potential energy is the energy a body has because of its position or… … … … (locate). 6. The book on the table has energy and… … … … to do work because of its position. (able) 7. Often the… … … … of energy involves a transfer of energy from one body to another. (transform) 8. 19.It is very important to see the… … … … between energy and power. (distinct) 9. Energy is sometimes called… … … … work. (store) D. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple or the Past Continuous: 1. At six o’clock this morning I (have) a wonderful dream, but then the alarm (go) off. 2. He usually wears sandals but when I last (see) him he (wear) boots. 3. I saw Sid when I (come) to work this morning. He (shop). 4. From the sounds it was clear that Mary (practice) the piano. 5. I (look) out of the window and see that we (fly) over the mountains. 6. He suddenly (realize) that he (travel) in the wrong direction. 7. The burglar (open) the safe when he (hear) footsteps. He immediately (put) out his torch and (crawl) under the bed. 8. As I (cross) the road I (step) on a banana and (fall) heavily. 9. The boys (play) cards when they (hear) their father’s step. They (hide) the cards and (take) out their lesson book. 10. He (clean) his gun when it accidentally (go) off and (kill) him. E. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple or the Present Perfect Simple: 1. My brother (write) a lot of plays. He just (finish) his second tragedy. 2. Shakespeare (write) a lot of plays. 3. I (wear) my hair long when I was at school. 4. I (not see) him for three years. I wonder where he is. 5. You (lock) the door before you left the house? 6. Cervantes (write) Don Quixote.

10

7. I (meet) him last June. 8. I can’t go out because I (not finish) my work. 9. The play just (begin). You are a little late. 10. The concert (begin) at 2:30 and (last) for two hours. Everyone (enjoy) it very much. F. Writing. Write a paragraph on the one of the following: 1. In what ways is the word “work” as used in everyday language the same as defined in physics? In what ways is it different? 2. Define the terms work, energy and power and give their units in the SI system. 3. Distinguish between kinetic energy and potential energy. 4. List the main sources and the major uses of energy in Russia.

11

Test 4 (Unit 4) Temperature and Thermometers A. Reading. You are to read the text about temperatures and thermometers. Five sentences have been removed from it. Choose from the sentences (A-E) the one which fits each gap (1-5). A. Although metals also expand with temperature, the change in length of a metal rod is generally too small to measure accurately for ordinary changes in temperature. B. Most common thermometers rely on the expansion of a material with an increase in temperature. C. Often it is in the form as a coil, one end of which is fixed while the other is attached to a pointer. D.An iron beam is longer when hot than when cold. E. At higher temperatures, solids such as iron glow orange or even white. In everyday life, temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is. A hot oven is said to have a high temperature, whereas the ice of a frozen lake is said to have a low temperature. Many properties of matter change with temperature. For example, most materials expand when heated. 1. . Concrete roads and sidewalks expand and contract slightly according to temperature, which is why compressible spacers or expansion joints are placed at regular intervals. The electrical resistance of matter changes with temperature. So too does the colour radiated by objects. 2. . Instruments designed to measure temperature are called thermometers. There are many kinds of thermometers, but their operation always depends on some property of matter that changes with temperature. 3. . In the common liquid-in-glass thermometer, the liquid expands more than the glass when the temperature is increased, so the liquid level rises in the tube. 4. . However, a useful thermometer can be made by bonding together two dissimilar metals whose rates of expansion are different. When the temperature is increased, the different amounts of expansion cause the bimetallic strip to bend. 5. . This kind of thermometer is used as ordinary air thermometers, oven thermometers, automatic-off switch in electric coffeepots. Very precise thermometers make use of electrical properties, resistance thermometers, thermocouple and thermistors. B. Choose the correct item. 1. Every temperature on the Celsius scale… … … … a particular temperature on the Fahrenheit scale. (coincides with, corresponds to, complements) 2. Humans have temperature perception in the sense of ( sight, smell, touch, taste) 3. Different materials do not… … … … in quite the same way over a wide temperature range. (increase, expand, enlarge)

12

4. The interval between the ice and steam points is… … … … divided into 180 units. (evenly, equally, fairly) 5. The lower limit of temperature is called… … … … zero. ( complete, total, absolute) 6. Nearly all substances… … … … with decreasing temperature. ( shrink, contract, shorten) 7. A thermometer is an instrument designed to… … … … temperature. ( calculate, compute, measure) 8. The… … … … point is the temperature at which pure water boils at one atmosphere of pressure (vapour, condensation, steam). C. Fill in the correct word derived from the words in brackets: 1. Because of different… … … … properties different kinds of thermometers may not agree at intermediate temperatures. (expand) 2. Ordinary thermometers can be used only over a… … … … temperature range. (limit) 3. For very low or very high temperatures,… … … … thermometers are required . (specialize) 4. This… … … … is true even for solids. (observe) 5. The mercury in a mercury-in-glass thermometer solidifies at some point, below which the thermometer will be… … … … (use) 6. … … … … from the Celsius scale to the Fahrenheit scale is easy. (convert) 7. Two common… … … … points for temperature scale are ice and steam points of water. D. Put the Simple Past , the Past Perfect Continuous or Simple. 1. When I (open) the door I saw a man on his knees. He clearly (listen) to our conversation and I (wonder) how much he (hear) 2. When I (get) to the car park, I (realize) that I (lose) my keys. 3. After he (try) on six pairs of shoes, he (decide) he liked the first one best. 4. All the roads were blocked: it (snow) all night long. 5. She (be) upset because Andrew (not telephone). 6. She (fall) ill because she (work) too hard. 7. He (be) tired because he (walk) all morning. 8. The bank (close) by the time we (get) there. 9. We (have) enough to eat at the party because Lis (make) a lot of food. 10. I (get) up and (set) off for work as usual. I (drive) for an hour before I (realize) it was Sunday. E. Choose the right tenses Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous, Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect Simple, and Past Perfect Continuous: 1. Reports are coming in that a train (crash) near Birmingham. According to eyewitnesses it (hit) a concrete block which somebody (put) on the line. 2. I (do) the housework all day today. I (clean) every room in the house. 3. When I (get) home everybody (watch) TV.

13

4. Mr. Latton (fall) asleep while driving and (crash) into a pile of sand left by workers who (repair) the road. 5. When he (leave) Felton Plastics at 3:00 this morning Mr. Latton (drive) for 72 hours without any sleep before the accident (happen). 6. I (lie) in bed thinking about getting up when the doorbell (ring). 7. We (not see) your mother for ages. 8. After he (finish) breakfast he (sit) down to write some letters. 9. She (have) a hard life, but she’s always smiling. 10. London (change) a lot since we first (come) to here. F. Write a paragraph on one of the following: 1. Give the definition of the temperature. 2. Explain how a temperature scale is constructed with reference to the three major scales. 3. Convert from one temperature scale to another, using the appropriate formulas.

14

Test 5 (unit5) Heat A. Reading. You are going to read the text about heat. Choose a sentence from the list A-E which best summarises each part (1-6) of the text. A. The mechanical equivalent of a particular amount of heat. B. Physical definition of heat. C. Heat flow is directed from an object at higher temperature to an object at lower temperature. D. Heat is a form of energy produced as the result of mechanical work. E. The meaning of the word “heat” accepted in everyday life. 1. . We use the term “heat” in everyday life as if we knew what we meant. The heating effects produced by fire, the sensation received when a piece of ice is held and the warmth produced when hands are rubbed together are well known. But it is not easy to explain what take place in each of these cases. 2. . We commonly speak of the “flow” of heat. Heat flows spontaneously from an object at higher temperature to one at lower temperature: from a stove burner to a pot of coffe, from the Sun to the Earth. Indeed, an eighteenth-century model of heat pictured heat flow as movement of a fluid substance called caloric. However, the caloric fluid was never to be detected. 3. . Count Rumford was one of the first to recognize the relation between the mechanical work and heat. He used a blunt boring tool to drill a cannon barrel immersed in water. The temperature of the cannon and water rose to the boiling point in two and one-half hours. Large quantities of heat were produced by friction. It convinced Rumford that heat was a form of energy and appeared to be due to the motion of a drill. 4. . Later James Prescott Joule, an English scientist determined the quantitative relationship between mechanical energy and heat. Joule determined that a given amount of work done was always equivalent to a particular amount of heat input. Quantitatively, 4, 186 joules (J) of work was found to be equivalent to 1 calorie (cal) of heat. 5. . As a result of these and other experiments, scientists came to interpret heat not as a substance and not even as a form of energy. Rather, heat refers to a transfer of energy: when heat flows from a hot object to a cooler one, it is energy that is being transferred from the hot to the cold object. Thus, heat is energy that is transferred from one body to another because of a difference in temperature. B. Choose the correct item o fill in the gaps: 1. The… … … … flow of the heat is always in the direction to equalize the temperature. (impulsive, spontaneous, unforced) 2. Enegry… … … … involves work. (shift, movement, transfer) 3. The… … … … forces of materials are different. (internal, inner, interior)

15

4. The… … … … heat of a substance is the amount of heat, necessary to raise the temperature of one kilogram of a substance one degree Celsius. (special, characteristic, specific) 5. The… … … … of the heat flow between two objects depends on their temperatures. (movement, direction, route) 6. If the two bodies are kept long enough… … … … , their temperatures become equal (in contract, at a distance, separately) 7. When the two bodies are kept in thermal… … … … there is no heat flow between them. (stability, symmetry, equilibrium) C. Fill in the correct word derived from the words in brackets: 1. A diet calorie is commonly written with a capital C to avoid… … … … (confuse) 2. It is necessary to raise the temperature of this substance one degree Celsius at normal atmospheric… … … … (press) 3. When water is heated… … … … , it changes to steam. (sufficient) 4. The molecules of a gas are… … … … father apart than the molecules in a liquid. (relative) 5. The… … … … of energy tells us that the work done plus the heat energy produced must equal the original amount of energy. (conserve) 6. The unit of joule is the mechanical… … … … of heat (equal) 7. If the temperature of the iron increased by 100O C, the… … … … temperature change in the aluminium would be only 48O C. (correspond) 8. Heat can be viewed as either another form of energy or as the… … … … of molecular kinetic and potential energies on a macroscopic scale. (manifest) D. Complete the sentences with your own predictions. 1. Clothes (be) very different in the year 2100. 2. Private cars (disappear) in the year 2100. 3. It (rain) next week. 4. The weather (get) much warmer in the next few years. 5. English (be) the world language in the year 2100. E. Write what is going to happen. The future event that you predict is on the way or starting to happen. 1. Look! He (dive) into the water. 2. She ( knock) a cup off the table. 3. The cat ( catch) the bird. 4. Look-out! We (crash)! 5. Look- it (rain). F. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple or the Future Simple: 1. We (not play) if it (rain). 2. If he (wash) my car, I (give) him $ 10. 3. I (wait) until you finish. 4. All right. I (apologize) if it (make) you feel better.

16

5. He wants to go to University after he (finish) school. G. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Continuous or the Future Perfect. 1. This time tomorrow I (ski) 2. Good luck with the exam. We (think) of you. 3. By next Friday I (finish) redecorating my flat. 4. By this time next year I (save) $250. 5. If I continue with my diet, I (lose) 10 kilos by the end of the month. H. Write a paragraph on one of the following: 1. Heat is energy in transit. 2. Units of heat. The difference between a calorie and a Calorie. 3. Specific heat.

17

Test 6 (Units 1-5. Revision) A. Reading. Paragraphs of the text you are going to read are jumbled. Put numbers to match them with the plan given below. A. Newton’s contribution to science. B. General biographical facts and educational background. C. The period when Newton laid the foundation for his contributions to science. D. The most productive period in Newton’s scientific career. E. Some facts about Newton as a person. F. The main landmarks of Newton’s career. G. The final date. Isaac Newton 1. . Sir Isaac Newton died in 1727 at the age of 85 and was buried with honour in Westminster Abbey. 2. . Newton was reportedly a shy man but he often got into disputes about his theories and achievements. A famous one is his dispute with Gotfried Leibniz about who first developed calculus. 3. . Newton was born on Christmas day in 1642 in the village of Woolsthorpe in Lincolnshire, England. He showed no particular genius in his early schooling, but fortunately a teacher encouraged him to pursue his education and in 1661 he entered Trinity College at Cambridge. Four years later he received his degree and planned to continue studying for a masters degree. But an epidemic of bubonic plague broke out and the university was closed. 4. . Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein are usually considered to be the two greatest scientists in history. Newton’s laws of motion were one of many contributions he made to a variety of subjects in physics. 5. . Newton was elected to Parliament and later appointed Master of the Mint, where he supervised the task of recoining the Earth currency. In 1699 he was elected one of the eight foreign members of French Academy of Science and in 1703 he was elected President of Royal Society. He was knighted by Queen Anne in 1705 and the dignified title of “Sir” was added to his name. 6. . Newton returned to Woolsthrope and in the next two years he laid the groundwork for many of his contributions in physics, mathematics and astronomy. In Newton’s own words, “I was in the prime of my age for invention, and minded mathematics and philosophy (science) more than any time since”. 7. . Over the next 20 years Newton was very productive and at the age of 45 he published his famous treatise, Philosophical Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), or Principia for short. In this book he set forth his laws of motion, along with the theory of gravitation. The publication

18

of Principia was financed by a friend, Edmund Halley who used Newton’s theories to predict the return of the comet that bears his name. B. Fill in the gaps with an appropriate word from the list below: thermal equilibrium, unbalanced, internal, measure, vector, horsepower, properties, size, power, diet calorie. 1. Acceleration is a… … … … quantity. 2. We calculate… … … … by dividing the work done by the time required to do it. 3. Many… … … … of matter change with temperature. 4. Motion occurs when the applied forces are opposite and… … … … 5. A scalar quantity has only… … … … 6. A… … … … specifies the energy value of food. 7. An… … … … force doesn’t affect the car’s velocity. 8. Watt rated the power of motors and engines in… … … … 9. Two objects were kept in contact until they reached… … … … 10. Temperature is a… … … … of how hot or cold an object is. C. Fill in the correct word derived from the words in brackets. 1. The… … … … of the velocity is always the same as the… .of the displacement. (direct) 2. There is… … … … difference in the resistance to motion between a body which has a great mass and a body whose mass is small. (notice) 3. This energy is called… … … … potential energy. (gravitate) 4. The amount of… … … … or… … … … of various substances depends on the material. (expand, contract) 5. The internal forces of the materials are… … … … We express this… … … … in terms of specific heat. (differ) D. Choose the correct answer. 1. ‘What… … … … at the moment? ‘I’m reading a book.’ A. are you doing B. you are doing C. do you do 2. When I got to the cinema, Jack… … … … for me. A. had been waiting B. waited C. was waiting 3. I felt awful after lunch. I… … … … too much. A. was eating B. had eaten C. ate 4. It’s time we turned on the central heating. It… .colder every day. A. is getting B. gets C. has got 5. What… … … … of Ted’s new book? A. are you thinking B. have you been C. do you think thinking 6. In twenty hours’ time I… … … … on my yacht. A. will have relaxed B. will be relaxing C. will relax 7. I can’t believe it, inspector. You mean that Smith… … … … from the till all this time?

19

A. stole B. has stolen C. has been stealing 8. Terry is in bed. He… … … … flu. A. has B. is having C. has been having 9. Every year I… … … … Britain to improve my English. A. am visiting B. visit C. have been visiting 10. While I… … … … the letter, the phone rang. A. opened B. have been opening C. was opening E. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form: 1. A: Where is Charles? B: He (tidy) his bedroom. 2. A: I (see) this film before. B: Well, I haven’t. Do you mind watching it again? 3. A: How did you break your arm? B: I broke it when I (ski) in France. 4. A: Did you enjoy your holiday? B: Well, it didn’t go the way I (plan) it. 5. A: Joe is going on holiday next week. B: Yes, I know. This time next week he (fly) to Rome. 6. A: Do you live in Leeds? B: No, I work in Leeds, but I (live) in York. 7. I’ll phone him just as soon as I (finish) typing all these letters. 8. By the time I qualify, I (study) law for 6 years. F. Translation. Translate one of the following texts into Russian: Text A Satellites Artificial satellites circling the Earth are now commonplace. A satellite is put into orbit by accelerating it to a sufficiently high tangential speed with the use of rockets. If the speed is too high, the spacecraft will not be confined by Earth’s gravity and will escape, never to return – if the speed is too low, it will return to Earth. Satellites are usually put into circular (or nearly circular) orbits because they require the least takeoff speed. It is sometimes asked: “What keeps a satellite up?” The answer is: its high speed. If a satellite stopped moving, it would, of course, fall directly to Earth. But at the very high speed a satellite has, it would quickly fly into space, if it weren’t for the gravitational force of the earth pulling it into orbit. In fact, a satellite is falling (accelerating toward Earth), but its high tangential speed keeps it from hitting Earth. Text B Potential Energy

20

An object is said to have energy by virtue of its motion, which we call kinetic energy. But it is also possible to have potential energy, which is the energy associated with forces that depend on the position or configuration of a body (bodies) and the surroundings. Various types of potential energy can be defined, and each type is associated with a particular force. A wound-up clock spring is an example of potential energy. The clock spring acquired its potential energy because work was done on it by the person winding the clock. As the spring unwinds, it exerts a force and does work to move the clock hands around. Perhaps the most common example of potential energy is gravitational potential energy. A heavy brick held up in the air has potential energy because of its position relative to the Earth. It has the ability to do work, for if it is released, it will fall to the ground due to the gravitational force, and can do work on say, a stake, driving it into the ground. Text C Heat Transfer: Conduction Heat is transferred from one place or body to another in the three different ways: by conduction, convention and radiation. When a metal poker is put in a hot fire, or a silver spoon is placed in a hot bowl of soup, the exposed end of the poker or spoon soon becomes hot as well, even though it is not directly in contract with the source of heat. We say that heat has been conducted from the hot end to the cold end. Heat conduction in many materials can be visualized as the result of molecular collisions. As one end of the object is heated, the molecules there move faster and faster. As they collide with their slower-moving neighbors, they transfer some of their energy to these molecules whose speeds thus increase. These in turn transfer some of their energy by collision with molecules still farther along the object. Thus energy of thermal motion is transferred by molecular collision along the object. In metals, according to modern theory, it is collision of free electrons within the metal with each other and with metal atoms that are visualized as being mainly responsible for conduction. Heat conduction takes place only if there is a difference in temperature. Indeed, it is found that the rate of heat flow through a substance is proportional to the difference in temperature between its ends. The rate of heat flow also depends on the size and shape of the object.

21

К лючи к тестам (1-5) Test 1 A. 1. True. 2. False. 3. True. 4. False. 5. False. 6. True. 7. False. B. 1. Quantity. 2. Direction. 3. Change. 4. Speed. 5. Resistance. 6. Negligible. 7. Centre. C. 1. Frictional. 2. Acceleration. 3. Interchangeably. 4. Motion. 5. Continuous. 6. Freely. D. 1. Are having, are talking. 2. Don’t eat. 3. Leaves. 4. Goes. 5. She’s wearing. 6. Drinks. 7. I’m redecorating. 8. Is sitting. 9. Is having. 10. Weighs. 11. Looks. 12. Comes. E. 1 – d); 2 – c); 3 – f); 4 – e); 5 – j); 6 – a); 7 – b); 8 – g); 9 – i); 10 – h). Test 2 A. 1 – D; 2 – B; 3 – E; 4 – A; 5 – C. B. 1. Rest. 2. Function. 3. Mass. 4. Reaction. 5. Resists. 6. Contains. 7. Natural. 8. Gravity. 9. External. C. 1. Death. 2. Different. 3. Balanced. 4. Resistance. 5. Assumption. 6. Behaviour. D. 1. Have walked, have been walking. 2. Have been making, have made. 3. Has eaten, hasn’t stopped. 4. Has been sleeping. 5. Has been gardening, has planted. 6. Has been coughing. 7. Have been polishing. 8. Have been cleaning. 9. Has been leaking. 10. Have pumped up. E. 1. Have been looking. 2. Drinks, is drinking. 3. Dave known. 4. Is knocking. 5. Are you reading, am reading. 6. Has been ill. 7. Has been raining. 8. Relaxes. 9. Has been speaking. 10. Fly. Test 3 A. 1 – E; 2 – D; 3 – B; 4 – A; 5 – C. B. 1. Force. 2. Rate. 3. Ability. 4. Position. 5. Occurs. 6. Potential. 7. Inertia. C. 1. Movement. 2. Weight. 3. Height. 4. Location. 5. Ability. 6. Transformation. 7. Distinction. 8. Stored. D. 1. Was having, went. 2. Saw, was wearing. 3. Was coming, was shopping. 4. Was prasticing. 5. Looked, saw, were flying. 6. Realized, was traveling. 7. Was opening, heard, put. 8. crossing, stepped, fell. 9. Were playing, heard, hid, took. 10. Was cleaning, went. E. 1. Has written, has just finished. 2. Wrote. 3. Wore. 4. Haven’t seen. 5. Did you lock. 6. Wrote. 7. Met. 8. Haven’t finished. 9. Has just begun. 10. began, lasted, enjoyed. Test 4 A. 1 – D; 2 – E; 3 – B; 4 – A; 5 – C.

22

B. 1. Corresponds to. 2. Touch. 3.expand. 4. Evenly. 5. Absolute. 6. Contract. 7. Measure. 8. Steam. C. 1. Expansion. 2. Limited. 3. Specialized. 4. Observation. 5. Useless. 6. Conversion. 7. Reference. D. 1. Opened, had clearly been listening, wondered, had heard. 2. Got, realized, had lost. 3. Had tried, decided. 4. Had been snowing. 5. Was, had not telephoned. 6. Fell., had been working. 7. Had been walking. 8. Had closed, got. 9. Had, had made. 10. Got., set, had been driving, realized. E. 1. Has crashed, hit, had put. 2. Have been doing, have cleaned. 3. Got., was watching. 4. Fell, crashed, had been repairing. 5. Left, had been driving, happened. 6. Was lying, rang. 7. Haven’t seen. 8. Had. finished, sat down. 9. Has had. 10. Changed. Test 5 A. 1 – E; 2 – C; 3 – D; 4 – A; 5 – B. B. 1. Spontaneous. 2. Transfer. 3. Internal. 4. Specific. 5. Direction. 6. In contract. 7. Equilibrium. C. 1. Confusion. 2. Pressure. 3. Sufficiently. 4. Relatively. 5. Conservation. 6. Equivalent. 7. Corresponding. 8. Manifestation. D. 1. Will be/ will not be. 2. Will not disappear/ will disappear. 3. Will not rain/ will rain. 4. Will get/ will not get. 5. Will. be/ will not be. E. 1. Is going to drive. 2. Is going to knock. 3. Is going to catch. 4. Are going to crash. 5. Is going to rain. F. 1. Will not play, rains. 2. Washes, will give. 3. Will wait, finish. 4. Will. apologize, make. 5. Finishes. G. 1. Will be skiing. 2. Will be thinking. 3. Will have finished. 4. Will have saved. 5. Will have lost. Test 6 A. 1 – G; 2 – E; 3 – B; 4 – A; 5 – F; 6 – C; 7 – D. B. 1. Vector. 2. Power. 3. Properties. 4. Unbalanced. 5. Size. 6. Diet calorie. 7. Internal. 8. Horsepower. 9. Thermal equilibrium. 10. Measure. C. 1. Direction (2). 2. Noticeable. 3. Gravitational. 4. Expansion, contraction. 5. Different. D. 1 – A; 2 – C; 3 – B; 4 – A; 5 – C; 6 – B; 7 – C; 8 – A; 9 – B; 10 – C. E. 1. Is tidying. 2. Haven’t seen. 3. Was skiing. 4. Had planned. 5. Will be flying. 6. Live. 7. Finish/ have finished. 8. Will have been studying.

23

К лючи к учебно-м етод и ческом у пособи ю (И -117). Часть I. Unit 1 – Motion 1. a) The motion of objects – baseballs, automobiles, joggers and even the Sun and Moon is an obvious part of everyday life. b) For example, you put your foot on the gas pedal of your car which is at rest and start forward. The velocity of the car changes, which means that the car accelerates. Another example is that of objects dropped near the surface of the Earth. They will fall with the same acceleration. 2. 1) position; 2) moving; 3) speed; 4) velocity; 5) acceleration; 6) downward; 7) constant. 3. 1 – D; 2 – F; 3 – J; 4 – B; 5 – H; 6 – E; 7 – A; 8 – I; 9 – G; 10 – C. 4. – 5. 1 – G; 2 – F; 3 – D; 4 – H; 5 – C; 6 – B; 7 – E; 8 – A. 6. 1) straight-line; 2) continuous; 3) scalar; 4) distinct; 5) average; 6) opposite; 7) total; 8) frictional; 9) centripetal; 10) basic. 7. 1) average speed; 2) centripetal acceleration; 3) frictional effects; 4) continuous change; 5) straight-line; 6) scalar quantity; 7) distinct meaning; 8) basic difference; 9) opposite direction; 10) total distance. 8. 1) rotates; 2) speed up; 3) the same; 4) downward; 5) changing; 6) size; 7) increase your speed; 8) vector; 9) opposite. 9. A 1) interchangeably; 2) changes; 3) interchangeable; 4) changeable; 5) change. B 1) moving; 2) moves; 3) movement; 4) move; 5) move; 6) movement. 10. Until the time of Galileo it was widely believed that heavier objects fall faster than lighter objects and that speed of fall is proportional to how heavy the object is. Galileo postulated that all objects would fall with the same constant acceleration in the absence of air or other resistance. He showed that this postulate predicts that for an object falling from rest, the distance traveled will be proportional to the square of the time, that is d & t 2. 11. – 12. 1 – b; 2 – d; 3 – a; 4 - c. 13. 1) divided, distance; 2) signify, moving, displacement; 3) change; 4) resistance, gravity; 5) centre, centripetal. 14. 1 – b; 2 – d; 3 – a; 4 – e; 5 – c. 15. 1) turning around; 2) distance; 3) total; 4) displacement; 5) starting; 6) average; 7) magnitude. 16. a) slow down; b) initial velocity; c) final velocity; d) change in velocity; e) average acceleration, final velocity, initial velocity. 17. a) speed; b) increase; c) brake; d) decelerate; e) application; f) stopping distance; g) multiply; h) calculate; i) conditions. 18. 1 – d; 2 – f; 3 – g; 4 – c; 5 – a; 6 – e; 7 - b. 19. 3. Matter exists in time, occupies space and has mass. 4. The science of chemistry doesn’t deal with speed and velocity. 5. Objects don’t fall downward with different acceleration.

24

6. Galaxies move with respect to one another. 7. The sun doesn’t set in the East. 8. A scalar quantity doesn’t have direction. 9. On the moon all objects fall at a slower rate than on Earth. 10. The velocity of freely falling objects doesn’t slow down. 11. Heavy objects don’t fall faster than light objects. 12. Astronauts don’t fly in submarines. 20. 2. The climate is getting warmer every day. 3. Our knowledge of the world is growing. 4. Computers are becoming faster every year. 5. More wild animals are becoming extinct these days. 6. Cities are growing bigger every year. 21. 1) I visit (repeated action); 2) it is getting colder (changing situation); 3) are you looking (action happening now); 4) doesn’t fit (Fit – is not used in the continuous form); 5) are always complaining (irritation); 6) boils, freezes (general truth); 7) is going (actions taking place now or around now); 8) prepare (repeated actions); 9) I’m driving (actions taking place around now); 10) kicks, passes, runs, passes (for sports commentaries). 22. 1-b, 2-f, 3-h, 4-e, 5-d, 6- g, 7- a, 8-c. Unit 2 - Force and motion 1. a) Either rest or motion can be the natural state of an object. A body has the tendency to maintain its state of rest or of uniform motion in straight line. b) To make an object move, we must apply to force. It may be a push or a pull. 2. 1) prevail; 2) according to; 3) concerning; 4) contrary to; 5) conclude; 6) incorporate; 7) introduce; 8) relate. 3. 1 – C; 2 – E; 3 – H; 4 – D; 5 – A; 6 – G; 7 – I; 8 – F; 9 – B. 4. – 5. a) rough; b) external; c) directly; d) an adult; e) in motion; f) slowing down; g) pull; h) unbalanced; i) informal; j) sloping; k) artificial; l) small. 6. 1) a- level, b- an inclined; 2) a- rest, motion; 3) a- smooth, b- rough; 4) a- push, b – pull; 5) a- external, b- internal; 6) a- directly, inversely. 7. 1) formal; 2) celestial; 3) level, inclined; 4) opposite, equal; 5) uniform, straight, external, unbalanced; 6) natural, constant; 7) opposite. 8. 1) causes; 2) remain; 3) resists; 4) produce; 5) action; 6) continue; 7) rolling; 8) defined, 9) concluded; 10) reasoned; 11) recognized; 12) introduced; 13) prevailed; 14) related; 15) required. 9. 1) resistance; 2) irresistible, resist; 3) resistant; 4) resist; 6) resistor;6) irresistible.

25

10. Newton’s third law of motion is sometimes called the law of action and reaction. Newton’s third law states: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. In this statement the words action and reaction refer to forces: whenever one object exerts a force upon a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first object. 11. – 12. 1) a- equals, b- acceleration, c- multiply; 2) a- directly proportional, b- inversely proportional, c- divide, d) 200 m/s2; 3) a- velocity, b- zero, c- zero; 4) a – matter, b- gravity, c- determine. 13. 1) b; 2) b. 14. 1) a. The weight of the box is mg= (10.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2 )=98.0 N; b. Two forces: its own weight and the force exerted on it by the table; c. The weight of the box acts downward and the force exerted by the table acts upward; d. Its magnitude is 98.0 N upward; e. Since the box is at rest, the net force on it must be zero ( ∑ FY =FNmg = 0); 2) a. There are three forces acting on the box now. b. The normal force is now FN =mg + 40.0N = 98.0N + 40.0N = 138.0N c. The net force is ∑ FY= FN – mg - 40.0N, and is equal to zero since the box remains at rest; 3) a. The box’s weight is still 98.0N; b. The normal force is now FN = mg - 40.0N= 98.0 - 40.0N = 58.0N; c. The box doesn’t move since your friend’s upward force is less than the weight; d. The net force is ∑ FY =FN – mg +40.0N =0. 15. a) lonely; b) smooth; c) short cut; d) stuck; e) at a loss; f) boot; g) tied; h) midpoint; i) maximum; j) exceed; k) magnify. 16. 1) for; 2) since; 30 since; 4) for; 5) for; 6) for; 7) since; 8) for; 9) since; 10) since. 17. – 18. – 19. – 20. – 21. 1) have been sitting; 2) have eaten; 3) have been weeding, haven’t rested; 4) has had; 5) has he been doing; 6) have twisted; 7) have been driving; 8) have never had; 9) has cut; 10) have been grumbling Unit 3 – Work and Energy (pp.20-29) 1. a – F; b – T; c – F (Solar energy supports all life on our planet). 2. a) Yes, they are; b) The sun is. 3. 1) action; 2) a distance; 3) ability; 4) motion; 5) rate; 6) position. 4. 1 – B; 2 – E; 3 – G; 4 – A; 5 – H; 6 – D.

26

5. – 6. 1) requires; 2) fell back; 3) expend; 4) rated; 5) possesses; 6) performing; 7) accomplish; 8) obtain; 9) press down; 10) supplies; 11) consume; 12) apply; 13) calculate. 7. 1) certain; 2) lawn; 3) net; 40 opposite; 5) change; 6) fundamental; 7)to produce; 8)tired; 9) gravitational; 10) to give; 11) product; 12) ability. 8. 1) expended; 2) related; 3) stored; 4) common; 5) rate; 6) measuring; 7) potential; 8) occurs. 9. a) 1) expenditures; 2) expense; 3) expend; 4) expensive; 5) expendable; b) 1) consumer; 2) consume; 3) consumption; c) 10 occur; 2) occurrence. 10. A. Energy is one of the most fundamental concepts in science. It’ is a quality that is possessed by objects. B. Work is the process by which energy is transformed from one object to another. The amount of energy expended is equal to the work done, so work and energy have the same units. C. The law of conservation of energy can be stated in many different ways. Examples are: the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; energy can be neither created nor destroyed; in changing from one to another, energy is always conserved. 11. – 12. 1 – d; 2 – g; 3 – a; 4 – e; 5 – b; 6 – c; 7 – f. 13. 1) a – False ( works, weight); b – True (distance); 2) a – True (opposite, height, gravity); b – False (move); 3) a – False; b – True (expends, rate, divide); 4) a – True (joules); b – False (power). 14. a) electric; b) consume; c) watts; d) compute; e) time; f) amount; g) multiply. 15. Neat, radiant, sound, chemical, nuclear. 1 3 8 11 16. 5 7 9 2 7 1 6 12 13 1 4 10 17. 1 – g; 2 – h; 3 – f; 4 – b; 5 – c; 6 – a; 7 – e; 8 – d. 18. – 19. – 20. 2) was staring, entered; 3) was watching, went out, 4) found, was playing; 5) got, was waiyiong, 6) was walking, saw; 7) were playing, heard. 21. 1) a) were drinking; b) broke out; c) came, d) called; e) was beginning; f) arrived, g) took; h) were getting out; i) succeeded; j) were still cooking;

27

2) a) developed, b) came; c) was trying; d) decided. Unit 4 – Temperature and Thermometers 1. a) It plays an important part in our daily lives. We like our coffee hot and our ice cream cold. The temperature of our living and working quarters must be carefully adjusted to our bodies’ heat demands. The daily temperature reading is perhaps the most important part of a weather report. How cold or how hot it will be affects the clothes we wear and the plans we make. b) The heat balance between various parts of earth and its atmosphere gives rise to wind, rain and other weather phenomena. The thermal pollution of rivers that can be be caused by hot water from power plants is a cause for concern. On a cosmic scale, the temperature of various stars gives clues to their ages and the origin of the universe. c) it is difficult to do without thermometers in our daily life because sense perception is unreliable. 2. a) relative; b) faster; c) use of a thermometer; d) visible; e) twice as large. 3. 1 – E; 2 – C; 3 – B; 4 – F; 5 – A; 6 – D. 4. – 5. A 1) expand – contract; 2) solid – liquid; 3) ice point – stream point; 4) hotness – coldness; 5) upper – lower; 6) equal – unequal; B 1) hotness, coldness; 2) upper, lower; 3) expand, contract; 4) equal; 5) unequal; 6) ice point; 7) stream point; 8) solid, liquid. 6. 1) measure; 2) properties; 3) designed; 4) operation; 5) scale, scale; 6) sense of touch; 7) convert; 8) accomplished; 9) equals; 10) readings. 7. A 1) molecular; 2) intermolecular; 3) thermal; 4) increasing; 5) hollow; 6) reference; 7) lowest; 8) temperature; 9) upper’ 10) equal; B 1) increasing temperature; 2) reference points; 3) intermolecular forces; 4) equal intervals; 5) temperature scale, scale; 6) thermal expansion; 7) molecular level; 8) upper limit; 9) lowest reading; 10) hollow glass tube. 8. A 1) measurement; 2) measure; 3) measurements; 4) measure; 5) measure; B 1) equivalent; 2) equation; 30 equal; 4) equals; 5) equation. 9. 1) Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is. 2) Most substances expand when heated and contract when cooled. However, the amount of expansion or contraction varies, depending on material. 3) The electrical resistance of matter changes with temperature. At high temperatures the colour radiated by objects changes too. Such solids as iron glow orange or even white. 10. – 11. A – 3; b – 1; c – 4; d – 2. 12. a) multiply; b) 27; c) add; d) 27; c) 59o F. 13. 1. a) subtracting; b) 3; c) equivalent; d) -270oC; 2. e) multiply; f) add; g) - 454o F. 14. a) heated; b) cooled; c) contraction; d) directly; e) original; f) expansion; g) 200m; h) 4,8cm; i)– 50oC; j) 12 cm.

28

15. a) jar; b) tight; c) cope; d) hot; e) hot; f) expand; g) expand; h) metal; i) metal; j)expand. 16. A. a- T, b- F (it actually decreases in volume until it reaches 4oC), c – F (water has its greatest density at 4oC), d – T, e- F, f- T B a) surface; b) greater; c) below; d) 4oC; e) surface; f) less; g) reduces; h) bottom 17. – 18. – 19. 1) was, had not been; 2) came, had forgotten; 3) had not checked, broke down; 4) had lent; 5) came, had been; 6) had already started, arrived, 70 had never heard,; 8) found, had hidden. 20. 1) Helen, because she had been repairing her car. 2) Kate, because she had been (doing some) gardening. 21. 1) She had been walking. 2) He has been swimming. 3) He has lost his wallet. 4) He had gathered enough material. 5) He had been running for hour. 6) She had cleaned the house. 7) She has been crying. Unit 5 1.a) When two objects at different temperatures are put in contact, heat spontaneously flows from the hotter one to the colder one. b) Heat flows spontaneously from an object at higher temperature to one at lower temperature. For example, when a fever thermometer is first put in a patients mouth, heat is flowing from the patient’s mouth to the thermometer; when the temperature reading stops increasing, the thermometer is then in equilibrium with the person’s mouth and they are at the same temperature. c) 1. Heat generated by the body must be transferred to outside. To prevent this we commonly wear clothes to be warm. 2. Pot holders are made of cloth, a poor thermal conductor, thus preventing heat from being conducted to the hand, causing a burn. 2. a) in contract; b) spontaneous; c) added to; d) different; e) capacity; f) change. 3. 1 – H; 2 – D; 3 – E; 4 – A; 5 – C; 6 – F. 4. – 5. 1) order; 2) small; 3) imbalance; 4) external; 5) different; 6) remove; 7) decrease. 6. 1) thermal; 2) heat; 3) ultimate; 4) energy; 5) diet; 6) temperature; 7) internal; 8) specific; 9) equal; 10) pure. 7. 1) diet calorie; 2) ultimate source; 3) pure… water; 4) thermal equilibrium; 5) equal amount; 6) temperature changes; 7) heat flow; 8) internal forces; 9)specific heat; 10) energy unit.

29

8. 1) internal; 2) small c; 3) substantial; 4) add… to; 5) different; 6) raise; 7) greater. 9. 1) flows; 2) involves; 3) causes; 4) define; 5) transferred; 6) depends on; 7) requires; 8) add; 9) refers; 10) express; 11) avoid. 10. A 1) confused; 2) confusion; 3) confuse; 4) confusing; 5) confuse B 1) definitely; 2) define; 3) definitions; 4) definite, 5) definite 11. A) Water changes to steam at a temperature of 100oC. If we keep adding heat to a quantity of water at 100oC, it continues to boil with the conversion of liquid to gas, but the temperature remains constant. B) On a molecular level, when a substance goes from a liquid to a gas, works must be done to break the molecular bonds and to separate the molecules. The heat energy must go into the work of separating the molecules and not into increasing the molecular kinetic energy, which would increase the temperature. The heat associated with a phase change is called latent heat (latent means hidden). 12. – 13. a) reduced; b) release; c) given to; d) help the plant survive. 4 2 1 5 3 14. 15. 1 – d; 2 – c; 3 – a; 4 – b. 16. a) heat; b) change; c) mass; d) times; e) express; f) corresponds; g) cost; h) month. 17. 1 – d; 2 – f; 3 – a; 4 – b; 5 – c; 6 – e. 18. a) weight; b) extra calories; c) calculation; d) height; e) climb; f) convert; g) to calculate; h) gravity; i) divided. 19. – 20. 1) threat; 2) promise; 3) offer; 4) prediction; 5)on-the-spot decision, 6) suggestion; 7) request; 8) prediction. 21. 1) returns; 2) strikes; 3) won’t start; 4) will see; 5) turn green; 6) finish; 7) play, will play; 8) will come; 9) will visit, do. 22. 1 – c; 2 – b; 3 – e; 4 – d; 5 – a; 6 – f; 7 – c. 23. 1) will buy; 2) are going to have; 3) are you doing; 40 is going to explode; 5) will get; 6) will enjoy; 7) am going to, does the film start. 24. 1 – b; 2 – a; 3 – d; 4 – c. 25. 1) will be sleeping; 2) have been driving; 3) will probably not have finished; 4) will have written; 5) will have been working; 6) will come, will you be doing, will be getting ready.

30

О сновнаяли тер атур а 1. Shipman J.T. An Introduction to Physical Science / J.T. Shipman, J.D. Wilson. – Massachusetts Toronto : D.C. Heath and company, 1990. – 630 p. Д ополни тельнаяли тер атур а 1. Giancoli D.C. Physics : Principles with Application / D.C. Giancoli. – New Jersey : Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, 1998. – 1096 p. 2. Graver B.D. Advanced English Practice / B.D. Graver. – Oxford : University Press, 1996. – 320 p. 3. Dooley J. Grammarway 2 / J. Dooley, V.Evans. – Newbury : Express Publishing, 1998. – 152 p. 4. Dooley J. Grammarway 3 / J. Dooley, V.Evans. – Newbury : Express Publishing, 2000. – 216 p. 5. Evans V. Round – Up. English Grammar Practice / V. Evans. – England : Pearson Education Limited, 2000. – 176 p. 6. Э лектронный каталог Научной би бли отеки В ор онеж ского государ ственного уни вер си тета. – (http// www.lib.vsu.ru).

31

С остави тели ст. пр . И льи чева НатальяА лексеевна пр . В ор обж анскаяТ атьяна В и ктор овна пр . К ар пенко И р и наС ер геевна Редактор Буни на Т .Д .