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ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE EBPOIIEfiCKAII 3KOHOMEMECKAII K0MHCCEl.H
SERIES: ENTREPRENEURSHIP and SMEs CEPHH: IIPEnIIPHHHMATEJIbCTBO EI MCII
YOUTH OF THE XXI CENTURY: REALITIES AND PERSPECTIVES MOJIOAEXb XXI BEKA: PEAJIHH H IIEPCIIEICTHBbI
UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2004
ECE/TCU/2004/1
Copyright 0United Nations, 2004
All rights reserved Printed at United Nations, Geneva (Switzerland)
(UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATIONS
I
Sales No. ER.04.II.E.18
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ISBN 92-1-0 16364-8
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The CIS Forum on Youth held on 24-26 September 2003 in Kiev, the capital of Ukraine, was an important event. It manifested both the political will and commitment of the Governments of the Commonwealth of Independent States to alleviate negative social implications of transition, focusing their attention on the social groups, which are most vulnerable and at high risk. It goes without doubt that youth is one of such groups. On-going reforms open new horizons and opportunities for the peoples of the Commonwealth of Independent States and carry the promise of more prosperous fbture for young generations. However, as we all know fiom history, reforms do not come without costs, and additional efforts are required to ensure that the benefits of change are widely spread. Let us look at some figures. By the mid of the 1990s, the contraction of production in some of the CIS countries was more than 50 percent of the 1989 level. Economic hardship, along with conflicts and tension in some parts of CIS, has been accompanied by a significant deterioration of social condition manifested in: The impoverishment of large segments of the population; The rise of social inequalities; Large-scale unemployment; Devaluation of salaries and social benefits, and, in some cases, even their complete abolishment; The wage and pension arrears of governments and enterprises; Displacement of millions of people causing refuge, resettlement; and Destruction of assets. Families with children have been hurt most. Even now, after some years of economic growth, and in spite of intensified efforts by governments, civil society organizations, and, since recently, some parts of the newly emerged corporate sector to alleviate social distress, almost millions of children and young people in the CIS countries live in poverty. Due to the crisis of social protection arrangements and deep cuts in public expenditure on education and health, the financial responsibilities of the families with regard to the education and health care of their younger members have dramatically increased. Contrary to earlier anticipations, a significant proportion of the families has not been able to withstand this shock. Many families collapsed often leaving their younger members without any parental guidance and support. The cumulative effect of the societal crisis experienced by many CIS countries was manifested in declining school enrolment rates, increasing use of child labour, threatening to wash out the earlier achievements in the area of education. Deterioration of public health, including that of children, has reached an alarming proportion, reducing the male life expectancy at birth in Russia and Ukraine by more than 10 years. The societies under stress were slow in providing an alternative framework for socializing and mainstreaming young people in new social and economic arrangements. This has been effectively exploited by various criminal groups, which took advantage of the conditions of ...
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uncertainty. The implications of such a situation have been quite visible: trafficking in children, teenagers and young people, growing drug-addiction among the young, rising juvenile crime, prostitution, violence, and other forms of social deviance, accompanied by rise of HIWAIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. Therefore, opportunities brought about by recent political and economic reforms along with developments in science and technology remain largely underutilized and the potential for growth unused. The collapse of the child socialization system has left its mark on millions of children in the CIS region. Many may not recover ever and may remain on the margin of their societies, paying for the lost years of schooling, failed parental guardianship, social deviance and psychological trauma. The CIS Forum on Youth was one of the many recent initiatives of Governments and civil society throughout the CIS region, which aimed at reversing and mitigating effects of the negative trends mentioned above. It provided CIS Governments and youth organizations with an opportunity to jointly review current trends in the youth situation and evaluate the effectiveness of policies in place. The Forum demonstrated a growing commitment of the Governments of the CIS countries to effectively address the situation of youth. This induced a strong sense of support and optimism among the entire UNECE country membership. We strongly believe that the CIS countries, with their great cultural and scientific traditions, outstanding human potential, would be able to return soon to their top positions among the advanced countries and continue to contribute to the economic, technological and social advancement of the UNECE region and of the entire world community.
Brigita Schmognerova Executive Secretary United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
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CONTENTS Preface .................................................................................................................................. List of boxes .................................................................................................................................. Acronyms and Abbreviation ...........................................................................................................
xiii xv xvii
PART ONE: CIS FORUM ON YOUTH The CIS Forum: “Youth of the XXI Century: Realities and Perspectives” UNECE secretariat ....................................................................................................................... Final report on the CIS Forum on Youth UNECE secretariat ....................................................................................................................... PART TWO: IMPACT OF TRANSITION ON YOUTH
I. Changes in the Youth Situation Transition and its social implications for youth in the CIS countries UNECE secretariat .......................................................................................................................
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MonoRexaoe 06~eCTBeHHOeABHXeHHe B POCCHH H CTpaHaX CHI? (1991-2002 rOp(b1) Youth movement in Russia and the CIS countries (I 991-2002) Oner POXHOB, ‘‘Poccki#c~~lii Cow3 MonoAem”, Pocc~iic~m iDenepaqm Oleg Rozhnov, “Russian Union of Youth”, Russian Federation .................................................
36
@OpMHpOBaHHeIIpaBOBOg ICyJIbTypbI MOJIOAeXH B YKpaEHe: lIpO6JIeMbI H lIepCIIeICTHBb1 Formation of a legal culture of the youth of Ukraine:Problems and perspectives B J I ~ H MXH OM ~eHKO, ((YKpakIHCKmCOL@iWI-AeMOKpaTM9eCKUMOJlOAeXb)),YKpaHHa VladimirKhomenko, “UkrainianSocial-Democratic Youth”, Ukraine ......................................
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Young people in the CIS countries: a global perspective Joop Theunissen, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations ........................
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11. Responding to Challenges of Transition: New Policies and Policy Instruments
OCHOBHbIe np06~1eMbIK’0CJ’~apCTBeHHOP MOJIOAeXHO~IIOJIHTHICH YKpaEHbI Main problems of the state youth policy of Ukraine Banemma AOBXeHKO, rOCyAapCTBeHHbIfiKOMHTeT no AenaM CeMbR EI MOJIOAeXH, YKpaMHa ValentinaDovzhenko, State Committeeon Family and YouthAflairs, Ukraine ..........................
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MonoRexn XXI CToaeTm: p e m m R nepcneIcTHsn1 Youth of the XXI century: Realities and perspectives
BkIKTOP &RYeHKO, MHHkICTePCTBO TpyAa kI COUHaJIbHOfi IIOIIkITHIUI, YKpaHHa Victor Diachenko,Ministry of Labour and Social PolicyJ Ukraine .............................................
CO~HaJrbHaHpa6o~aC MOJIOAe2KbIO Social work with youth Mmam BOJIbIHeL&POBeHCK2M 06JIaCTHasI rOCy~apCTBeHH2MaAMHHHCTpaI&iH, YKpaHHa Mikhail Volynets,State administrationof the Rovno region, Ukraine .........................................
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59
V
PART THREE: ADAPTING TO NEW CONDITIONS
I. Combating Youth Unemployment South Caucasus Youth Development Agency Kakha Nadiradze, Georgian World Development Bank Network, Georga ................................
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MonoAexHaa IIOJIHTHIca B Caepe 3aHRTOCTH H TpyAOyCTpOfiCTBa: O p r a H H 3 a q H R HOBbIX @OPM 3aHRTOCTH MOJIOAeXA H IIOApOCTIcOB
Youthpolicy in the area of employment: Organization of newforms of employment of youth and adolescents A6wn A ~ W~ PCE I C O B P , e c n y 6 n u ~ a ~Mononemarr c~a~ 6 ~ pTpyna, ~ a Kb~prbnc~a~ Abdul Azis Idrisov, Republican Youth Labour Exchange, Kyrgyzstan ........................................
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PemeHHe I I ~ O ~ J I MonoAexH ~M vepes o p r a ~ m a q ~BTOPHWIO~~ w S~HRTOCTH
Solving youth problems by organizing a secondaryyouth employment BRKTOP nOn%HEiH,) Total
r-
~
Youth in the CIS region
65 million young people in CEEKIS regions Characterized by period of enormous transition Increased opportunities & increased risks
46
7%
100%
1.1 billion vouth - 85% live in the South
Asia and the Pacific Africa Latin America and the Caribbean North America EuroDe
~
30% 18% 46%
1.8 billion 1.1 billion 2.8 billion 0.4 billion 6.1 billion
659 million 161 million 101 million 42 million 100 million
I
I
I
Part 2. Ten Driorities of the United Nations for vouth
6. Drug abuse 7. Delinquency 8. Leisure 9. Girls and young women 10. Participation in decision- making
1. Education 2. Employment 3. Hunger and poverty 4. Health issues 5. The environment
1. Education Globally:
- 130 million children not in school - 133 million youth are illiterate - Large gender differences
CIS:
- 41y0 enrolment rate (CEEKIS) in 1998 - Sharp reduction in basic school completion - Large numbers of dropouts - Important issues: access & quality
2. Employment Globally:
- 74 million young people were out of work in 2002 (up from 58 in 1995) - Youth constitutes 41 percent of the world’s unemployed - Last ones in, first ones out: youth unemployment 2-3 times higher than average unemployment CIS:
- Critical issue for the region (21 million (32%) of youth (CEEKIS) employed) - Very high youth unemployment rates (Unemployment: 37% in Kyrgyzstan & 33% in Tajikistan) - Link between education & employment - Gender differences
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YEN (YOUTH EMPLOYMENT NETWORK) Four strategies to reduce youth unemployment (4 Es):
1. Employability - investing in education 2. Equal opportunities - for men and women 3. Entrepreneurship - start and run businesses 4. Employment creation - as part of macroeconomic policy Source: Secretary-General’s Youth Employment Network, www.ilo.org/yen
I
3. Hunger and Povertv Globally, young people & poverty:
- Malnutrition: 38 to 110 million - On ~ $ per 1 day: 238 million
- On see next topic.
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12. Information and communication technology Traditional forms of socialization of young people are being challenged New technology brings a uniform culture of - Information - Pleasure - Autonomy A new global youth media culture?
13. HIV/AIDS Global:
- Almost 12 million young men and women live with HIV/AIDS
- 6,000 young people get infected every day - 2.5 million new cases in 2002 - Gender imbalance in infection rates CIS:
- HIV infections on the rise!!!
14. Young people and conflict Globally:
- Young people are offenders and victims - they kill and are being killed, more than any
other group. - 111 armed conflicts over the last decade - “War retards development, and development retards war” - 2 million deaths and 5 million wounded - 300,000 child soldiers fighting in some 49 countries
CIS:
- Armed conflicts since 1989 in several countries - Issues include: refugees/IDPs - Disruption in schooling for childredyouth - Ongoing instability
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15. Intergenerational issues Globally:
- An ageing society: 4 times as many old people in 2050 - Increasing old-age dependency ratio - Multi-generational societies - Who gets to decide on how to share the resources? OCIS:
- Decline in birth rate - Change in the nature of the family
Conclusion: Youth as Agents for Social Change
- Volunteerism and Community Participation
- No democracy without participation - Participation in policy-making
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11. Responding to Challenges of Transition: New Policies and Policy Instruments
Baaenmuna )$osacenuo, rocydapcmsenn bi c;i uomumem no denam c m b u u monodeacu, Yupauna (Main Problems of the State Youth Policy of Ukraine, by Valentina Dovzhenko, State Committee on Family and Youth Affairs, Ukraine)
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Muxaun Bonbiney, P O S ~ H C K obnacmnaa ~UZ i?ocydapcmsennaaadnfunucmpayw, YKpauna (Social Work with Youth, by Mikhail Volynets, State Administration of the Rovno Region, Ukraine)
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