Życie wirtualnych dzikich

Wielu osobom trudno wyobrazić sobie pracę bez Wikipedii. Choć nie zawsze stanowi pełne, wystarczające i bezbłędne źródł...

Author: Dariusz Jemielniak

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Wielu osobom trudno wyobrazić sobie pracę bez Wikipedii. Choć nie zawsze stanowi pełne, wystarczające i bezbłędne źródło wiedzy, to właśnie od niej studenci, naukowcy, czy inni użytkownicy Internetu zaczynają poszukiwania informacji na interesujący ich temat. Książka Dariusza Jemielniaka stanowi przewodnik po świecie Wikipedii, nie jest to jednak „instrukcja obsługi”, wprowadzenie w techniczne niuanse, czy też prezentacja dziejów popularnej encyklopedii. Autor przedstawia Wikipedię i ruch Wikimedia jako organizację czy nawet zjawisko społeczne, zaś jego książka jest etnograficzną podróżą po świecie tytułowych „wirtualnych dzikich”, świecie opartym na otwartej współpracy i samoorganizacji. Czytelnik ma dzięki temu okazję poznać nowe, interesujące oblicze świata organizacji zaprezentowane przez doskonale znającego realia pracy ruchu Wikimedia Autora. dr hab. Beata Glinka, prof. UW, Wydział Zarządzania Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego

Ta książka otwiera oczy. Umożliwia wyjątkowy wgląd w zamknięty świat aktywistów Wikipedii. Profesor Jemielniak jest mocno zaangażowanym Wikipedystą i jednocześnie międzynarodowym naukowcem z dziedziny zarządzania. To podwójne umocowanie pozwala mu na dotarcie do słabo znanych materiałów, które przedstawia w złożonej, pogłębionej analizie. Rezultaty jego badań są przedstawione w niniejszej książce. Otwiera ona oczy czytelnika na gry o władzę i mechanizmy zarządzania stojące za pozornie chaotyczną, anarchistyczną społecznością otwartej współpracy (...). Książka Jemielniaka jest lekturą obowiązkową dla wszystkich, którzy chcą zrozumieć przyszłość współczesnych organizacji. prof. dr hab. Andrzej K. Koźmiński, członek korespondent PAN, profesor Akademii Leona Koźmińskiego

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SPIS TREŚCI

PODZIĘKOWANIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 WPROWADZENIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Dlaczego warto badać społeczności otwartej współpracy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Świadomość zbiorowa, głąby, przegrani i inne błędne założenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Zawartość książki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

WIKIPEDIA W TELEGRAFICZNYM SKRÓCIE: LICZBY, ZASADY, EDYTORZY

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27

Wikipedia: podstawowe fakty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Podstawowe zasady i normy zachowania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Życie społeczności, status i reprezentacja samego siebie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

FORMALNE ROLE ORAZ HIERARCHIA

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55

Role społeczne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Głosowania nad przyznawaniem uprawnień administratora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Choroba licznikowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Ścieżka zdrowia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Czy system upadł? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Czy admiństwo to wielka rzecz? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Dymisjonowanie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Klika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Egalitarny system władzy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

6

ŻYCIE WIRTUALNYCH DZIKICH. NETNOGRAFIA WIKIPEDII... DLACZEGO MUSIMY UMIERAĆ ZA GDAŃSK?

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93

Rozwiązywanie wirtualnych konfliktów . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Zapraszamy na Danzig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Wieczna wojna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Pokój z pominięciem konsensusu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Trajektorie konfliktów . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Współpraca, konflikt, a może i to, i to? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

WIELKI BRAT PATRZY

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131

Kontrola przez śledzenie zmian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Kontrola przez strukturę wypowiedzi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Kontrola przez procedury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Przyczyny biurokratyzacji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

NIE UFAJ NIKOMU: PRAWDA JEST... GDZIEŚ TAM

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157

Zaufanie a społeczności open source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Sprawa Essjaya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Na czym polegał występek Essjaya? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Późniejsze debaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Zaufanie i kontrola referencji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Zaufanie do procedur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

CZY LECI Z NAMI PILOT?

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183

Odejście założyciela? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Ojciec Założyciel czy Ojcowie Założyciele? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Zmieniająca się rola Walesa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Przełomowe eksperymenty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Dziecięca pornografia? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Tryby przywództwa w społecznościach otwartej współpracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Przekroczony Rubikon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

SPIS TREŚCI MIĘDZY ANARCHIĄ A BIUROKRACJĄ: ZARZĄDZANIE W WIKIPEDII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Wewnętrzni interesariusze ruchu Wikimedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Relacje między WMF a organizacjami lokalnymi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Relacje między WMF a społecznościami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Forking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Niekompletna z definicji? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

UWAGI KOŃCOWE

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261

Nowe wolności i altruizm, czy wyzysk na nowo? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Wikipedia jako zagrożenie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Zakończenie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

DODATEK 1: METODYKA BADAŃ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Etnografia a przeniknięcie do badanej społeczności . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Narracja w pierwszej osobie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Metody badawcze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Pytania badawcze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Etnografia wirtualna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Nazewnictwo i powody, dla których badanie oparto na dwóch Wikipediach . . . . . . 284

DODATEK 2: PIĘĆ FILARÓW WIKIPEDII

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289

Wprowadzenie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Pięć filarów . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Czym Wikipedia nie jest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Podstawowe pojęcie neutralności . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Wikipedia: Prawa autorskie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Wikipedia: Wikietykieta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Podstawowe zasady etykiety Wikipedii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Wikipedia: Ignoruj wszystkie zasady . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

BIBLIOGRAFIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

7

PODZIĘKOWANIA

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ŻYCIE WIRTUALNYCH DZIKICH. NETNOGRAFIA WIKIPEDII... SR]QDQLDNRQWHNVWXSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKNZHVWLLMDNWHīG\VNXVMLSR]D:LNL SHGLĆ RVRE\]]HZQĆWU]PDMĆRJUDQLF]RQ\GRVWċSGRZLHG]\VSRâHF] QRğFL0HUWRQ NWyUDMHVWGRWHJRVWRSQLDNRQWHNVWRZDīH]D KDF]DRKHUPHW\F]QRğý1LHZLNLSHG\ğFLF]ċVWRWHīLQWHUSUHWXMĆ REVHUZRZDQHV\WXDFMHSU]H]SU\]PDWGRğZLDGF]HQLD]WUDG\F\MQ\FK RUJDQL]DFMLF]HJRVNXWNLHPPRīHE\ýEâĆGNRJQLW\ZQ\²MDNVWDUDâHP VLċZ\ND]DýMHVWWRQDSU]\NâDGW\SRZHGODRGELHUDQLDQDSLċýRUJD QL]DF\MQ\FKZVSRâHF]QRğFLZLNLSHG\VWyZSRVWU]HJDQ\FKQDMF]ċğFLHM MDNRR]QDNLJâċERNLFKNRQÁLNWyZQLH]DğMDNRZ\UD]VNUDMQHMRWZDUWRğFL LRJyOQHJRSU]\]ZROHQLDQDZROQHZ\UDīDQLHRSLQLLEH]REDZRQDUX V]HQLHKLHUDUFKLL1LQLHMV]HEDGDQLH]\VNXMHZLċFG]LċNL]DVWRVRZDQ\P PHFKDQL]PRPDXWRHWQRJUDÀF]Q\P+D\DQR.DQXKD 6WRVXMHVLċWHīGRUDG\%DUEDU\&]DUQLDZVNLHM-RUJHV E\FHOHP NZHVWLRQRZDQLDRF]\ZLVW\FKZ\MDğQLHĕREVHUZRZDQ\FK]MDZLVNL]DFKR ZDQLDWRīVDPRğFLEDGDF]DXWU]\P\ZDýÅDQWURSRORJLF]QHVSRMU]HQLHµ

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Dodatek 2

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