Yaqqim-Addu of Saggaratum: The Correspondence of a District Governor in the Kingdom of Mari (Ph.D. dissertation)

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. YAQQIM.ADDlTQF~S'A.GAR)\TI)M: tHE ¢ORRESPON.DENCE OF A DISTRICT. G0-~OR IN TI;iE KI;N.QDO~ OF-MARl . ,

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YAQQIM-ADDU OF SAGARAl'UM: .The

Correspondenc~of

a District Governor ,.t'

, in the Kingdom of Mari

... A Dissertation

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Pr>esented to

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The Faculty of the ..Graa~'ate School' of Arts' and Sciences

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Brandeis .;

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Departm~nt

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Univer~ity

of Near ,Eastern and Judaic Studies

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16

Agriculture

'. Planting' Operations (16) -,,\ -Size and Pispositi.on of Fields (19) i;"oHarvesting and Threshing (21) Agricultural Pr,oducts (28) ~. Wild P lant/Fogds (34)-=/" SurmnJ:t:y , (39) ..~ol~ (40)

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Chapter II ~,

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44

Irrigation and Flood Control '

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Crises Caused by Flooding (44).' Other Work on the ter Courses (51) Irrigatio'n (55) Summary (59) Notes (60) '/1

Chapter I I I

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Sheep (65 Cattle (71) Other Domestic Animals (74) Wild Animals (76) Summary (81) Notes (82) Ch~p~er

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87

Building Materials and Operations

Timber (87) Buiiding Stone (90) Building Operations (93) Summary (97) Notes (98) .

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vi ChSlpter V

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Professi~ns and Crafts

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Chapter VI'

Interriaticna1.,Re1ati'ons •

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" D~ploniatic: AC,t:l"vity (122) Meseengers on Assignment . (122)' . Other Persona$gsc, (127). " Military .Operati'f:~~~'

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indicates ·translator' s addition for clarity in transla tion" . ,

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INTRODUCTION a

''fhe kingdom of Mari, under Zimri~L:f.m (ca.l779-l747, B.C.),l eIJ,joy:d

h~ro day

in trO,"Ilear the middle of_he Old Babylonian

period of Mesopotami.an history. ',For several decades pefore the ' . . . .

~

brief "Pax'~abylonJca" imposed_by Bammurapi, the structure of irtter":natione;:tl politics con~isted in coalitions of, kings, each cqaliti.6n headed by the mO$t 'powerful .king of the region. Fora brief 'period Zimri-Lim placed Mari within the privileged ranks of the leaders of the coalitions, and played at the game of . .

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power_brokering

wi~h

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!jammurapi of,Babylon,withYarim,.-Limand !jam-

murapil!of YCl!llpa~J 'wi th R~m-Sin of Larsa, and others.

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Zimri~Lim's

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,gra'ndfa-ther, Yaggid-Lim,and his father, Yagdun-:Lim" had. 1?~en kings' before him. 2

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Yahdun-~i~ had been murdered in a palace 'conspiracy.

Suspicion falls upon Samsi-Adad of 'Assyria, ast,he latter thereupon . ,

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imposed his rule over the ter:t;ftoriesof Mari, installing his own

.

son, Yasmah-Adad', as king in MarL

Zimri-Lim, sonpf the, murdered

king, was eventually sponsored by Yat1.m-Lim of Yambad,. :,'1""

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help Zimri-:r.imwas able, aft~~ the death of Samsi-Adad"

With his' to drive

Yasniah-Adad fr'om Marl a~d regai~th~throne of his father.

The co-'

alition ledbY,Zimri-Lim of Mari thus replaced, for a time, thci"t led ". v.

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by Sam~i~Adad of Assyria in the circle of great powers. ':F~

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'Mari's strength under Zimri-Lim lay ,.in, her 'geographical posi.. '0

tion astride the middle Euphrates, controlling both.'the land and '~

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river rot! tes from southern Mesopotamia to northern Syria. 3

A tax

upon river traffic through Mari helped Zimri-Lim finance both, his 'building '.

"

pro~ramat

~~_-i

home 4

"and his

inte~h~ti~al Cldventure~'.

In .this political .and· economic . milieu Zimri~Lim. . establishE!tP ' , ' . . ! The king,.

his kingdOlll\a.nd in.:'this· milieu his government .functioned. dam of

Mar~roper,

i.e., excluding the ter'ritories of the vassal .Ii".·

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-kipg p , . was divided into-" dist:'rict;s, eaqp adininistered:qy_".a governor •


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Most of the lettets were addresseq. to

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the" king· 9 t¥ey were sent by district governors, '!?y officials of the-.I ' f

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y~lace

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~oreign

a"t F1ari, by ambassadors to foreign courts, by

officials, .

.. /by the queen, "and py other women of the court or the roya'l family ..

7

To \late, letters from 'three district governors have been pub-

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T,he.· let teFs of Kibri-Dagan, gov~rnor of Terqa ,. n\lmberl~9;

lished.

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two-thirds of these were ptib1ished :j.n 1950 10 the rest followed in .... ,-' , '

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, 1964. . "

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'Bahdi-Li~,'wa~both pref.e~t~~of the palace at M;;lri . ""A' . >:'~~:4

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and g.over:..

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n~r of the~ -dis-ttic t "of Mari; 750£.~is·le,tters'were p,ubl,isbep in

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~ . .3-954. 12 ""'otha t of

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Bes id~st}"the cprresporidence'of these

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go~'e~nors,~ We nOlo] have .:

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Yaqqim-Addu,~.·g&terIio~ of Sagaratum, 137 ,).etters in' a1\.

s~vJ'wer.e --

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his letters 'are nearly .all in the nature::of receipts ..'

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c.0ntinued'pass,age of that traffic. well, as B:' F. j.

'B~t to, 24

~uthor:izing

P. Artzi and,A. Malamat ,23 as

have tiiscusstict the correspondence ~.~

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'~f"~ibtu, " ••, _ .

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Zi.mri-Lim's. queen" .J. -R~ Kupper has surveyed" and highlighted imp:~rtant aspects,. of

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(

5 the correspondence of Kibri-Dagan of Terqa25 and of Bahdi-Lim of , ~

the palace and district of Mari. 26

Nothing similar has yet agpeared

for the correspondence of Yaqqim-Addu;27 it is hoped that the present study will reme.d)7 that lack.' corresponde~ce

of one governor will elucidate more fully the nature

gover~or's' po~ition and

of the

A comprehensive 'treatmenfof the

the ra.nge

ofhi~

responsibilities.

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However, the letters" of Kibri"-Dagan and Bandi-Lim are also 'discuss~d *

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when they provide'{lltnninating' comparisons, as they often do. It is necessary here to

not~

several characteristics of these

let ters,' characteri~tics whi'ch, if understood " will aid in the in-.

terpretivetask.

First. to be noted. is that these texts are letters, ,.-

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Letters most often assume prior knowl-.;'

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of

therecipient~oncerningthebackground,

details of' the subject(s) discussed. ('

status,~

current

and

While this assumption 9f prior ,

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knowledge may vary from letter to l'etter, it virtually always exceeds ,.

th~modern

the knowledge which

~~sk.

interpreter brings to .his

Ig-

norance of time of origin !-or individual let,ters prevents, with .rare .exceptions, the consfructing .of either fixed or· rela.tive chtonolo--

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. gi'es ..for the cGrpus.

The place of origin, likewise,. is most often

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unstated; many ,times it can .,be inferred from the con~ten.t of· the . 1. ~

let ter

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sometimes it cannot be. 28

AnQthercharacteristic of letters is both a blessing and 'a •

handicap.

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Letters, . in, 'varying degree, convey personality in a man";'

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ner that ds impo,ssible for, reports, 'annals, receipts,· judgments C}t !oo.,

law, et'c.

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This is h~lPful in that let ters can thus partiCllly reveal

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to the interpreter tJ:1e'thought patterns and emotional makeup of sender '\

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and addressee alike - in short,· can reveal' them' ine'their humanity. This quality evidence

,becom~s_a

carefu~ly;

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handicap if care is not taken to weigh all

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actions and attitudes of one individual as re-

fleGted in his letters must not automatically be assumed to characteiize all ~is colleagues merely because.they occup~edlike positions. The fact that the correspondence of a single individual is narro~ly

limited in time and space is also an important c'onsideration.

Batto has discus/ed this point with reference to his study on women at Mari; his observations apply here as well: The homogeneity of these,texts offers a rare ~pportunity to reconstruct an accura~e picture ~ • • • Mosaics constructed out of information collected from widely differing locales' and times may yieldn,eat and detailed scenes,' Jbut their "accuracy is necessarily disforted b'y th~ juxta-, position of such d:i.sparate elements ~When aninvestig'ator limits himself to evfdet:ice drawn from a single period and restricted locale, howevet, he often pays for this accuracy by a loss ,of detail. Some areas ¢an be ~~etched but ,vaguely because of t:he paucity of evidence, wlfile other areas ml\st be ,left completely blank. On the other hand, certain aspe~tsmaybe overdrawn as a result of the onesided, charac,ter ' of' thepreserv~d materials. 29 ,

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The investigator 'constantly must bear in mind the facL that he . '.f.

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can never hqpe to understand conip let ely the culture or even the, Ian":' guage of the people with whom he, is concerned. ,This point is So "

thoroughly unders,tood it, may well be forgotten on occasion. ' Oppenheim has voiced, 'a needed caveat: A word of warning might perhaps not be out of order in tliis cont.e?ct: -the Mari letters are' far more difficult th.;ln some of the' translators ... and, as a m~tter of fact, . some Assyrioiogists -'seem to t;hink. Smooth if sometimes painfully senseless translations Cqnnot g'108S over the count1es~f..d iff'icu1tiesand ob'scure passages. in the published nia'ferial. -Serious andpurposeful'philo'logical 'research 'on these, texts has ,1 "., ,rIo.

The comprehensive reports are Iii 'Andre Parrot , .

• et. a1., Mission archeologique de Mari (Paris:

-Librairie orient--•..•

ta1iste de Paul Geuthner, 1956-). '7

J. M. Sasson, "Some Comments on Archive Keeping at Mari" "Q Iraq

34 (1972>", 55-56. 8Some of ,the texts have been published in journals, principally Syria and Revue d,'assyrio1ogie etd'archeologie orientale.

However,

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ar the m.ajority have appeared in two series of

pub1icatio~s.

~...;:-....::;:::..,;...:..:::.-..:~:...:.:..:::..::..:=--::.::..~M:.:.a::.r::...::.ii s the series designation for both series.

The cuneiform transcriptions are i l1 cludeqat> •.-with the series Musee du tp

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Louvre~ D~partement des Ant~quites Orientales, Textes cuneiformes; ~

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ARM I-IX thus, correspond, toT. C. L. XXII-XXX, respectively.

,Beginning

with ARM XIV thecune1formtranscr:i,.ptions ~are,part o.f a new series;

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. ARM, XIV thus is also

desig~ated

Textes

cun~iformes

de Mari, 1.

Fol-

lowing genera1usage,t;he volumes of transcriptions will be designated ARM, the volumes of transliterations, translations and corinnents will be designated ARMT. 9The

~rchive

'is also preserved. .

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of the As'syrian i!lterregnum ofSamsi-Adad', s son It is similar in character and subject matter;

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, however~ it lies" outside the ,scope of this inve,stigation.

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10J. -Ro. Kupper,Correspond'ance de Kibrt-Pagangouverneur de

Terqa (ARMT III)'(Paris:

Lihrairie orientaliste Paul geuthner, 1950).

13 The cuneiform , transcriptions, ARM III, were published in 1948. "

11 G.

Dossin, et. al., Textes Divers (A~ XIII) (Pari's:

Li-

brairie orienta1iste Paul Geuthner, 1964). 12

. . J •-R. Kupper, Correspondance de Bahdi-Lim pref et du pa1ais

de Mari (ARMT VI) (Paria:

Imprimerie Nationa1e,' 1954). 'The cuneiform

transcriptions were publ~,shed in 1953.

. .. ft. ~\

. 13 Charles-F. Jean, Lettres(ARM II) .(Paris, 1941). 'The trans,

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1it.erati
.,

"Historica1'Imp1ication!; of the Corre.ctRendeying of Akkadian d~ku,"

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jNES 17 (1958), 129-141.' ~.

19 Such a ~study is J. T. Luke, ,rObservations on ARNT XIII 39,"

JCS 24 (1971), 20-2j.

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14 20Examp1es of narrowly focused studies drawing on numbers of

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texts are John MacDonald, "The Identification of baza!1atu in' the Mari Letters," oRA 69 (1975), 137-145; anq. Victor H. Matthews, "The Role of the rabi Amurrim in the Mari Kingdom," JNES 38 (1979), 129-133. An example of studies with broader concerns drawing on many texts ~ f is~ ~. Bernard Frank Batto, Studies on Women a tMari (Baltimore: ' The John~" -' >

Hopkicns University Press, 1974). 21Maur::ice Birot, "Les 1ettres de Iasim-Sumfi," Syria 41 (1}64), 25-65. , 22Made1eine turton Burke, "Lettres de Numus4a-Nahrari et de trois aut:ces correspondants a Idiniatum," Syria 41 (196~)', 67-103. 23p. Artzi and A. Ma1ama t, "The Correspondence of Sibtu, Queen ,;

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'of Mari in ARM....Je~" ,Or. 40 (1971), 75-89. °

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2'+Batto," Studies on .WQ1llen at'Mari. 25 Kupper ~ "Un gouvernementprovincia1 dans Ie royaume de Mari," 149.... 183; and J ....R. Kupper, "Correspondance de Kibri-Dagan, "Syria 41 .... .(1964), 105-116 • "

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26J.-R. Kupper t , '''Bah~j.-Lim, prefet du palais de Mari," BARB 40 " .·~t :. (1954), 572-587 .. Lewy, "T,p,:"e Historical Background of the Correspon-

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dence of Bah ....di-Lim," 324;..352; A. Harza1, "The Provincial Governor at '

,

His Title and Appointment," JNES 30" (1971), '186-217;, and A. , Marza1, "Two Officials Assisting the Provincial Governor aot Mari, II Mari:

Or. 41 (1972), 359-377, are three other studies utilizing letters l

from several of the , go~ernors.

However, as is readiJy seen even from

,

their titles, these studies are not investigations of the correspondence of one or more governors for the purpose of ascertaining the

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function and responsibilities of the governor's office. c

27 Victor Matthews/ "Government Involvement in the Re1igion.ef the --~-:-­

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Mari Kingdom," RA 72 (1978), 151-156;./and flack M. Sasson, "Treatment of Criminals at Mari," JESHO 20 (1977), 90-113, make use of a number ,

of letters from ARM XIV.

However, they are dealing with this material

from a topical per.s.p,ective. 28 Cf. here the discussions of Sasson, ""Tre~tment of Criminals at Mc1lri," pp. 90-91, and Bc;ltto, Studi~s on Women at Mari, PP'. 4-5 • .

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29Batto, Studies on Women at Mari~ p. 4 . .

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30 A~' Leo 'Oppenheim, "The Archives of' the Palace of Mari:

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Review Artic1e," JNES11 (1952), p. 130.: 31 Cf. for example, ARM XIV 54:14 •

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32ARM

XIV 23, 31,andc104.

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Chapter I

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AGRICULTURE Agriculture was the basis upon Which . ~d • 1 eXJ.ste

th~

civilization of Mari

The letters of Yaqqim-Addu, While~~do pot co~t~in

abundant references to agricultural concerns, 'do indicate that the gowernor was' involved in the oversi,..ght of

much- of

,

tpe agricultural

process, especially when the crown had a direct interest •. de~ls

Of the 137 letters in the archive of Yaqqim-Aadu, only one exclusively with agricultural

con~erns.

Twenty others mention or

discuss agri~ulture or agricultural products (though several of these are mere'mentions in other contexts). 'A

Thus, the ratio of Yaqqim- .

Addu's let·ters which deal with agriculture is 15.3%. did,

,

howev~r,

prise..

His involvement

carry into nearly every aspect of the agricultural enter-

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,?lanting Operations.' In the sequence of the agricultural year ~ . the'preparationand .'

planting of the~fields naturally come first.

The 'governor:s inyolve-

ment is seen in ARM-XIV 14, in which he described the .problem 6f an ir}:'igation canal which ·had become filled withsfltFlnd req~ired II.

dredging. 2

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If the dredging were not done soon, the plows of the ),

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palace would be idle, the~time for pla~ting would pass, and the mus-

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This text demonstrates that,. as governor, Yaqqim-Addu was re-

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spqnsible to see that, the estate of, the crown was planted on time. irri~ation

The crown supplied the land, the piows, the

,

sy~tem,

means of the canal

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and perhaps the seed.

water by v

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The muskenii sup-

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plied the labor and probably the oxen.

Since the, muskenu stood,

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as fief-holders, in a clos'~ relationship' to the crown" Yaqqim-Addu "

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..was responsible for their \V',ell-being, just as much as hewa~ respon•

sible {f or ~eeing tha1""'a' good' ~op was harvested 'on the lands of' t4e. crown. .'

Therefore, it was imperative that tl:'le dredging be done in ~

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time for the plowing" and plant;\ing to be accomplished.' ~ .\ "\'

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. While the crown,supplied ~he land, plows, aug'" water for the

mu~kenu, ARM XIV S"O discusses a~ agreement between the crpW1 and the • _

tlaneans, a triBe with

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a~~sum aWIIHa_name~ ...

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be]'l:! II

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and

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nom~dic el~~ents: 4

i~-pu-ra-am··

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du-ul~r Ii' alpi ba"

um-ma-a-mi a_rna'

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aWIlHa_nam.e~ 'i-na a_la_~~ki~b~ ka-li ~

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k'·

~-nu-ma i~~tu Ter~q~, ~

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"'·'·ma.:.!la-arbe,..-l:!-ia rat-:-'ta' ~'al~'kam ,~,

Tr". ". 2 ';awi'le a-{X}' X- r~a-am" ?

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.. ku-un ' as"ConcerningEhe!!a:~eansmy

-Translation:

lord'wroteto me

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thus:

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Haiieans are' to remain in. the vi'i'l~ges" Its, ,When I '-'

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" - -. "In exchange for the servi ceQi' oxen, the' ....-t ,

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came f~om..~~,rqa,.(~rom) before my lord, I"degig-:-. '. ~. .

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'uated" f or .eQrolline~t." twq men [in each vill~ge]" -.-..~'

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18 in discussiUg this ofcasion , Ma!thews says: / /.' The tlanean yJllages involved apparently contracted for the use pffa- team of oxen. No specific use for these animals is ~entioned,but it'is most likely that it was to do the plowing of t'heir . .f ields ..., ... • It would appear that the tribes allow~d or asked the governm~nt to help, with the plowing and planting. 6 ' , .~ ~

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This text demonstrates that cFown oxen could be used on lands .'.

~w.

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nOf belonging to the crown. -

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In this situation, with the government

.....

having contracted with the nomads to allow them, use of crown Qxen, ~ . ~.

the goVernor

.~

wa~

the offiGial in 'charge eof seeing that the' terms of·

the agreement between the 'crown and the n6mads were carried out. Q

The

of

l~tt~rs

Kibri~Dagan,

governor of Terqa,

Y. .il

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· personal involvement of the provincial governor

TY.. pical' ,~s

ing ., opcrat,ons.:,

ARM III

~J.-tam ki-ma sa be-I:!

reflect the

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overseeing plant-

. qanqJ_up_l'"p!" [ta kam-'a] -tim dam-qa~tim J~[ma-al-li-ma]?

, ria]

a-nase-er be-I!

u~-ta-bi-lam [qu-up-pi] v

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sa kam-a-tim'X [

Tr.

'.,.., . [ . ki] · r a-na' .Sa -g~-ra- t1:m

Translii'tj..on: :v·Sit:lce I,- .. ~~ived

....~l?th/

fi~~ays '. .

ago, once, and

once again, I 'hav~: sent truffles to my lord.

But

",

my lord

[wrot~'

to me] in the&e terms,"'TIie "truffles

(w'hich) you sent are not of good quality

.y

Con-

cerning the truffles, my lord not '. • • • "t"1h:ttch'they ... gathered' for me 24 I sent to my lord.

Now I have

sent the truffles (which) they gathered for me. _~ filled sixbask~tsof good quality ·truffles. -

'-,-

'sent (them) Eo my lord1 -.."..'

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[baskets] 6f

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r~ruffles

t have

.

We [are delivering] many

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to Sagaratum•.

Yaqqim-Addu himself'was responsible for overseeing the gathering of the truffles and their tra-nsportationtotlte king at Mari. \."

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This

conclusion derives from the fact that he was writing from a location

36 at which he had arrived five days earlier (11. 5-6), and the decla20-~2).

ration that he was sending many truffles .to Sagaratum (11. ,.

I

It can be seen from this letter that the royal palace at Mari had "first claim on truffles.

It seems from the letter which Yaqqimf.

Addu quoted in part that .Zimri-Lim was even something of a connois,....

seur of truffles.

Apparently, they were abundant enough,'at least

in good lears, that he could afford to be somewhat discriminating. The sec6~d letter "-, is ARM XIV 36, ·addressed not to the king, but

~

to Yaqqim-AdduJ s fr~~nd in the palace, Sunugurahalii: V

Tr.

'J!""'.

sa-tii-tam·30 kam-a-tim '),. .

v

I··

il-qu-nim-ma'sarram ..A

:-

. ."

50

.

o~

skilled in the operation

the sluice-gates.

Theaf~rst "..

.

of these

letters, both in chronological and publication order is ARM XIV 15. B~cause of a $ubstantia1 rise in the level of the tlabur,8 a sluice" \

man, conversant in the mechanical functioning of g1@es and knowledge-

.'

able in the amount of. stress vlhich co~ld be endured by various' parts of the$tructures, 9 was needed in order to .p,revent damage to the muballit-atu of the area.

As there was .not a

competent~

one in the

. ~~

district, Yaqqim-Addu asked the king to dispatch one~~~h all ·speed. ~.

.

~

~~~k.'

It is interesting that at the mo~t'crucia1 point in~h~ flooding of (

~

sluice-m~n,

the !}abur, a skilled

-~i,

the need f01rwhom might' have been

anticipated, was not available to

Yaqq~m-Addu.·

./{i\"\ .~~~~~

It is poswble to

interpret the letter to mean that a sluice-man· had b.een post,ed, but had proven. incompetent. had not

Otherwise,· either the governor or the king

anticipatedqui~kl.y~.~i1ptiS~the .

~l

.

need which arose.

ARM XIV 16 gives us the sequel to this request; from this we learn of the arriva.lofthe sluice-man I1su-ellasu at Terqa, bro'ught by no less a person~ge than Babdi-Lim, the prefect of· the palace .... i:

and governor of the district of :M:ari.This· po:i:nthighlights a.gain the governor's involvement in a.nd responsihi1i~y over water . regulation.

Along with this is mentioned the relieving of t:h~.; "younger 'v

. '

brothers of Ili-Sakim"of their responsihility' .. for the sluices. .

Evidentiy they had been pressed .. into servic~ beca.useof. som~ limited knowledge of the operation of sluice€!, until the arrival of the expert.

. ,

v·

Their knowledge can be explained by the fact that I1i~Sakim

was hims elf a s ltd ceman. 10

"-

51 .,.

Other Work on the WaterCourses While the crises precipitated QY flooding of,the Habur of neces7" sity caused other efforts to bes~spended, once th,ose crises passed o.t-her tasks also had 'to De a8dtessed.

Some of the latter were projects

,,'

oJ'

made neces:itry"'by the flooding,' but, which could not be undertaken until the' flood waters had receded.,' An example is ARM XIV 14:

5

,~

r~a;

ia-bi-il-tum ~

.

ZA-da-nim~b-ba-1u

sa me-e, a-na

.,a,.

t~"

ki Bi-sa-an

,t."I "'-'t

r i~-tu' 'u '-mi rila~du-tim .pJ-te-e:....et, 4

[ul

~-na

.,-.

rma''':'ti-ma o-til' ha-at-ta-at .....- . ~

~a na~tla-bU-tir

m14li-im

'a-na- ki-ib-ri-~ad :. . -ri-tam .

,.

,

Tr.

im-lau! 'er-re~tim ~

., r"sa-na, -as-su~um-ma , " [ l 11 e- '"., 11 <sa> ,

----- One line erased

Rev. IS

"'I,

'/

rna

-

u~sa~aq-q1.

v • • " a- rot '" ,. r u'',,,sum-ma' S1-p1-1r ',ap ,;,p1-1m :"i-

-

,".

-.

sa~a-,ti 1a in-ne-ep-p~.;.es. ,

,,/

,

"

,--

is, '. '- hal 'ep1nnat"" ,e- k'1 a - 1'" 1m

'

20

'I'k" ' i-,b'i-;r','-,r; u, awil 'mu-use-nu-um

1~re-eq';"qa

.L.L

.

\

-

••

,

I

\

i-qa-'"ab' ....;h:i.um-ma-a~mi i-na sa-hi-im -.

0"

.

'

'~'a ha~al-st-im,p!~te:le w. • '. . e-zti-uh 1a - sa-hi.;..im ~a . ha-a1-:-s:l-irl't ......-\

..

I

~.

- -

\

52

t ha-~la-a~'

25

Ter_qa

ki

i-te-eb-bi-ma

[~? ~i-p!-ir?] ria-bi-il'-tim ~a-a-ti

x x

[u-ul?]

Tr.

.

~'

~i-ma ~a-bi-im

X -u

sa' a-na nar I-si-im-

r

IIa-ah-du-Li-im i t ...bu··[ til ....

-, ,

li.-it-be-em

30

ma

r .~

, 1 a-su-rna 'I . b····l· ue-p1.-'r!"S 1a1.-1. - t"1.m" ' ' 1sa-a- ti'. I

u' -ul

i- r ll-u-ma"' i- X

r'

Translation:

The;~cond'!~t

X X X X X X .-dam- X [be-I! li-is-pu-ra-am?]

of Bisan, which carries water o

to ZA-da-n:i:m,12 has been empty for a number of days, ---.'

but

it

,

In the fibodi~g of

has never been dredged.

the .Habu!' this conduit filled to' the bank 'with mud,-. ,,-,.. :.

.

-

.

-.-

-

-

-

-

-

and the weir hi,gher than during the preceding" years

.

."

-;.

rose.

Water to the heart of • . . • " But if

'the work. is not done on thi~(~ canal, 13 the plows of 'the palace will be idle and the muskenu willb.e hungry.' ,Forbid that my'lord will say thus, "Clear it ,with 'the'people of the dist.rict. H . ': '.

);"

Besides the ".\

people6f( this), dlstrict, i a1so the dis tric t ..

.

.

-

Tetqa[willbeg:L~ conduit [not? J.

t:owork, .[and

• • '..

thew~rk]

~ ~f

9£ this

Just as the people, who on

the canaI'Isim-Yahdun-Lim began ,to ,work, let them begin to work. " out.

,.

In ten ,days let this condidt' he 'dug . . . .

:

Otherwise,' the work of this coqduit will not

53 be able to .

[Let my lord write to me.]

It is immediately apparent that the governor's resporisibilities did not end with the receding of the flood waters.

If the flood

cont,rol and irrigation system were to w.ork, silt deposited by the flood had to be cleared promptly.

We can assume that most such tasks

would have been undertaken with the manpower available within the district.

Yaqqim-Addu was confronted on

thisocca~ion,

however, with

a rather ,larger task as evidenced byhis'estimate that it would 1:'equire ten days labor , even with the help of men' from "the district of

.

Terqa.

Compounding the problem' was the haste requi,red in order that

'''' the p'lanting could be ddne on time. '

(\ -,

·t-,!

ye"'see, thep,'that it was not just on theoccas;!.on of flood . 'emerg~nciestha t governors' might call on help from other 4istricts. '-

'I:

~

... ;...

. OthEir, tlrKent tasks~ould also 'be cOll~idered for such aid.' In both ,situCitioJ1s,' however, Yaqqim-:-Addu did feel it necessar'yto outline· , ,

'.

.~

the' problem in detail in order to' justify his request for additional '/ manpower. On 'this occ,asion, he ,even"went so fat ast 0 remind ZimriLim tHat he had provided a contingent fer anotherproj'ec't, pres~ably outside his own district. ,Now it was time for hini to be repaid, ;.

in effect. Kibri-Dag,an and

Bahdi-Li~

also reported tp the king 'on projects

which they.wereoverseeing 'inthair respe~tivedistricts. ,For example, in

ARM

III7Ilibri-D~ga~

infortried the king that the workers he heeded

had arrived, ,and:' that the work on a certain weirwhic~he had undertaken should be complete in four days.

In ARMfXIII 118 he, informed

~he kingthai:.he would beg in, an unspecif ied task at the mopth of, a ,

..

'

54 ~n

canal.

ARM VI

~,

-9, 11, and 12 Bandi-Lim informed the king of

progress on several projects, including the repair of breaches in weirs. Some of this work involved the use of reeds as const~ction material.

Reeds seem often to have been used to repair breaches in

the weirs.

Yaqqim-Addu recorded ill ARM XIV 13: 24 the use of 3000

bundles of reeds as part of the effort to contain flood damage."

'

In

ARM XIV 19: 17-20 ~e -reported to the king that the people of the dis':' , an~

tricts of 'Terqa po'

Sagaratum had, come to take reeds for an unspeci"

fied,project.

. ;"

, Reeds and other growth along the watercourses constituted .an obstacle to the free flow of water when they grew too ,abundantly. It then became necess~ry for the ,gov~rnor to, see that they werecle~red Kibri-Dagan reported to the king inAR~H III 76 that he was·

away.

fir~

. going to

,In' the reeds in the bed of the canalI I~im-Yahdun-Lim. ' W

ARM'III 79 he reported on the clearing of a stritch of a canal, and requested the king to instruct Bahdi-Lim and ,Yaqqim-Addu to remain on Another task not mentioned by

the fo'b until it was completed. 14 .

.

.

'

,;

,}

,

\

"

Yaqqim-Addu, but· reported by Kibri-Dagan, was, the t;egu;I.a.tion, of the

.,

.

,

~

water level in the. reservoirs., In 'ARM III .75 he described a breach .,"

~

-',

J

in a' reserv()~r' at Zurubban ~nd ,his efforts -inr~pairih-gtit.

In ARM \

tIL 9 he repOrted. thElt 'the' sarne reservolr had become too full, and '"l" _ .•

askedperm:lssion to drairi· off some of the excess ·intothecanal...

. ,Finally,

sev~ral.letters .'-

=

,

are reports concerning the levels of the,

.

canals or rivers, bu,twfth()~t describing flood-coptrol work in. 'progress or asking forat'd..For ~xample, in ARM XIV -20 Yaqq-im-Addu' 'stated that

55 the river was rising, but that the weirs and the district were fine. ARM XIV 21 was written' to report that as the' flood was passing things wer.e iIi gpod condition. ;

'-~

Irrigation One indication of the importance of irrigation to Zimri-Lim's kingdom is the fact that, ~or all his preoccup,ationwithcflood-control work~, precipItation only twice in his letters. . Yaqqim"':Addu mentioned . \

One

occurren~e

is in the

f~rm

of hail (ARM XIV 7:6).

The other ref-

" erence (ARM XIV 107: 11 '-13') is to rain which had fallen continuously

for thr~e days and three nights. 'Rainfall in amounts such. as this was

exce~ti~nal.

Moreover, its timing was not always advantageous

for the growing. crops; hence theUeed for irrigation and flood control systems " . Only two of the .letters 'of Yaqqim~Adclu deal specifically with irrigation, though flood control

an~

irrigation works were for the

most part the same constructions serving a dual role. letters, ARM XIV 13, has ,-,--

~e~n '1

One of these

discussed:in dealing withflpod control.

But it also mentions irrigation in 1ine$' 16-18:' !!a-bu7ur. ki-ma·.nal\T.... ~i'""im,..I~ ... [ag] -t'du"~Li-iin ,

,

\

.'

_.'

'I'

u kIma narlm sa

d

. ..., r I ' IGI. KUR ..I-sa- aq-qe-em'?,.

rna-ti--ma $a-bu-um~Cl~a,:,,:qi--ti-~tiu-ul it-rbfP-[em-ma] Tr anslation:

The !!abur, -_._-like ' the~,~'~nal I~im--Yabdti.n-Lim, ,

.

~

-.,

,

_-

and like the canal"of

~-

"

•

IGI.~UR"is

1:....

irrigating the

cou.ntry., But the people concerned with it~ irriga'J.,

tion have not worked~

56

-.

The !!abur is, of course, the main Yaqqim-Add

"{ould have,been concerned.

irr.~gation

channel with wh;ich

Two canals seem to have been

the princi Ie subsidiary irrig~tion channels which served the district '

\

I t is certain t~t the,c.anal Isim-Yahdun-Lim was one.

of Sagarat m. 15

From the n tices in the letters of Yaqqim-Addu, it would sean that the canal' of IGI .,KURwas also a major construction --in that' district. \

Yaqqim-Addu i\s implication in this ·letter seems to be that part of his lI

B; Rowto~,~~~~:·RcHe·· of ,the Watercourses i:n the Growth

··i.. . .\t.

o

.

.~

I

.~

~

i.

.'

~....,

'.'

.'

~"\



.

.' .gf Mes'6~Qtamian ~j~~li~~~l\,4t~~AT 1. (1~69), 307~316;thorkildJacob.~ t·

'" 4"(',

0

dJ'

. '.

,:,r~·%',:

'1I:!l

'''. .••

~en"i~~,e"'watEfrs~o~,,~r," . ~ow~~:~~e~~:rmag~,of ..(\,~.

•

~.~

•

.

,

~, ',.i'~

(;Iv

····~t···~.~..-·

f)~'-: ~'a :.~!?

0

.'

L. '

~

1970), pp.·231-243;

',{Ii!\"

. ' '",

. ...•

.

.

'.,

Stanley D.¢tY{~~~'t",··. aterfor ~Larsa::'An OldBabylonian,~ArchiveDe'aling

,.;1""

"

'.

. . ' ." •

(CBIlliTftidg~:"Jlarvard Universi~y, Press~

Moran

Wil~iam

Tannnuz,. ed •.

.~.

r,;

": -.-

- .':\"'-.'

-c.""

.

-

~

witn. ;rri~~ti£1Wt.(i~~~~~~~ ta;

~

p

Q' .

Haris

)ll

1,-' ~

'i.r:.~.~'

lalb'Ob§"'

>. "';''',l' ' . ' . '

:

.. "... ~.~a~'S~ ,.}~~~sUn1ma:rizedim"Sa1t·and

;........ ~""l;','" '.' ,':B=am~ab.', '~~e. .9 .

~Or;-f1 .' ' . . ' .. - . - ,{

reRrinted ~il1./~~~~~,

.• •... , .

.~uret:",~~bi7Il~e'l~8{;i1~S.gh, 1251~1258,

.,;".'~':.J/f/~,'~'.~~;~(

' : , . ' '.

.,... .

a;ld'o/;~ i~i:r:~~'.,' .~~~. R:oa~~:}:fo Yesterday

. .~&,4~~,:~.:" 4 .~Q:&~.:'li"'r.~.:,.;..,;.>.'" '. ;J;~'§p), pp. ,"~'lt~ {1T9~.

...

. BaslsC"B'bo~s'~ . Inc·. '9~ ll~>~:.. ...~_,:.~ ~.It 18 ':Cliff·"

•.

Silt

0""'-

4New York: i,.

.~

. f~~~.$~:)~:J;;.,,' ..•·.i,.;·;~~i.:. .s.)~tO:Hju'dgE(:\VIH~~.tlterthe various governors

.

.

~fi~{r;~~;:"·.i~·k,"."·.}.··,,·.··. ';';Q",'~'-"~".'.~ . .. 'i f ··';· .~ .ilsc~~n~;.()1.,1g·~ . ,· qr .whe'pheithey were····· merely

n~c::~)'~~cf~f~i*lc~iige4q~f#~r,~i~iCietiCY,. (~.g. , .

...;

o

:'~WJ·t·47 ·;'~··XiV

75- cf.a.lso the boa,st

t~:i~c~~~i~~f~4~!';Q~~S~~erbf

ZimtbLim. ..--

. • 1{;.ecorded J:h ARM II 31.)

-,~t.~:~:· "f~J~~'

--

This .oc'Casioil,·

J!

:I-.;~ ~~~lift' 'his '.

o

,

responsibilities onto others, but ones in ~hich t.he task at hand ~

w~s truly too great for, the resources at his disposal .

.. , 4Maurice ~Biirot, Lettres de Yaqq!m-Addugouverneur dedSagaratum .

,

Librairie orielltaliste PaulGeuthner,1974)~

(ARMT XIV) (Paris:

p. 222, says of 'this term '~Selon lea' dictionaires, kalakkum'desig$rait t~uj0urs

(yoir aussi J .-R.KUPPER,RA 45 [1951] ~ .

une- «excavation»

•

p. 130).

En. fait, Ie mot parait plutot s' appliquer a tout «volume' ·l'

.~

de terre deplace»,que ce soi t dans Ie but:4' ameriager une excavatiort' ou pc:>ur edifier une,le.veede terre~ nasabum barrage remis en, etat 1p.a~ Yaqqim;-Addu, mais 1~ «grand» , tion' ne:lrentre pas dans

SeS

barrage dorit' la construc-ij

attributions, mais incombe

~elon

lui

a"

. Kibri':"D~g(:m (1. la' et ,16') et a. et~ interromptie ou"'~banci6nnee (1. 1'). "

.

62 Dans ce cas, Ie verbe ka$arum (1. 14') signifierait «construire» plut8t que «consolider»'."

This is probably the correct interpre-

.' tation of this matter; however, it is not certainly so, as the name, of whatever it was that was abandoned has been 'lost. i~

reference

Also,.!f the

to the "great" weir begun but not completed by Kibri-

Dagan (as proposed by Birot), then either the workpf Kibri-Dagan, or the work of Yaqqim-Addu in completing t;he weir (1. 4'), was defec-' tive, since it had already deteriorated (1. 8'). \

In supposing that

'.~

ka~arum means '''to construct" rather than "to strengthen, II' Birot seems

to be overlooking the factthat,Yaqqim-Addu stated he had already worked on th~ weir pr.eviously, and brought it into acceptable condition. ,

,

6Compare these levels.of flooding with a: rise of eight feet in one night at ,Baghdad on the Tigris in 1896, reported byH.Valentine Geere,By Nile and Euphrates (Ed'inburgh:

T. & T. Clark, 1"904), p. 14.

7Birot~'~T XIV ,p. 220,' speculates on what the correct measurement here mighthaye been, "Dne crue de 15 «demi~cannes»(soiten~

-

-

•

-

.

.

•

viron 22·m.)'estevidemment impossible

a

I

-4'

aclmettre.

Ilfaudralt done

"supposerque Ie riikkas peut; designer une autre

..

•

,\

'IIi

.

ag~ t;h~~~ieard.. "rh:e: sheep '.

-.:

'-..

' ,

qum." ,,'

I'

en t our

.~

'. of the" rtilwfun [of.] the Yamiriites'are grazing at LaST

. :'"

001

." ...- . _

.,

am.

\

(

r:A:,Ge.rtairtl . ;',0

'i< •

. ·,'he

.' , .

'

'.

~Upra:pean has ,

. >'

"

come ,."t6:.,:nie.; [th.!ls] " . " ' J " '(

,:,

(said)," ,l~h~ sheep of this nawfim [are g'razlng], ,

'.

.

1"

,

'-

"

f'

•

-,

-,

.

67

, and thus their .'. . they will gather."

Now con-

J'

cerning the elucidation of ,the affair of

th~s "

naWfim, I have dispatch~~ (an envoy).

f

(Whe~) they i

~hall

shall have explained the affair to me, I send a full'report '.[ to] my lord.

The nomads, by reason of their nomadism, were not in the same relationship to the. government as the settled population. 7

Still,

the investigat~on of the grazing of t,he Yaminite$' f~ocks was within the power of .the governor.

He ,exercised authority. foi' the king over

the nomads, whom he regarded as his subj ects, whether they regarded themselves as such· or not. Several other letters describe occasions 'upon which the nomads

sionto take their. sheep to the Upper Country because

thepa9t,~re

had run out around Sag~ratum; Yaqqim~Adp,.u ~rote'>':..

...•.••

•

'\.

... : . '

':

•.

. 'alsq, recorded the delivery of . six·:,$acrific:ia;l.. d:onkeye ·io\Allli:X:t.V, 123... ' t~o '. ,.'

. "

. \~~~,~, ',' ~".'

. .

-.: ...... ,~; ," .:' >"f~:," ",'--'"

,'.

',,'r"

,.

/'.'

.

"," ',.' '

"

Typifyin.'g- their ',rolects the", dommon~ -beast of> ·burden i:siAR:M XIV 26. '

.


Wild animals are not, 'st:rictlY,tspeaking, in,clud~d within th~ , c

husb~ndry.

limits of anima;l

t~et

However,

did provide a;

centage of the 'animal food cons1.}med at Mari.

smC1~l

"per-

Zimri-Lim's attention . . fO . !:i

to the procur;i.ng of meat for his royal larder is well illustrated' o




• 'I

•

lion in; l;1e inade:gqodlhe' ldss;lf not: ,the own~r l!Qre it~ .'

.j d r 'Wild anima Is, a,S

. Tile:

.L./ . '

~1

-.

. I";' -., •

.

-",.

,~

'."

'

food was minimal. .

i

They. wEire

1

I

preset~,if'" asmuch~.as practicabl~" for the king~' stable, .to· be enj oyed ;

i

.

f

-~

I·

.

>,

there ~s ,r deli~acies. i

{ r .

Thegovernors.we.re. involv~d in ·obtaining'.them

~

!

i

~

.. 1

and fop:-w4rdingthem; they could be9bt~lined'by design or by fortunate .

.

circum~t4t;lce. ,

.

_:"

Lions' were a ,special case.

YaqqimrAddu took. personal :charge -~

to Mar,!, aliv.e. '.

."",

.

,.-

,

,,

of

When lions were captured,

them in an effort to 'get 'th$n: fT

,

. Chapter III

,. ,

>

NOTES

'" 1Cf. tJ:le remarks of Dorothy Cross, Movable Property in the Nuzi

Documents (New Haven:

American Oriental"Society, 1937), pp .. 28-29.

2Rowton has published a series of articles dealing with the In thes~

dimorphic structure of the Old Babylonian civilization.

articles he has' focused especially on the evidence provided by the

.

Mari archives, and has drawn· compa~ison~ with the sheep nomaqs of ,

.

.

Southwestern Asia of recent centuries.

This series of articles in.,

cludes'thefbllowing:

M. B.Rowton, "Autonomy and·Nomadism in \a1est-

erp Asia," Or. 42 (1973),. 247-258;M. B.Rowton, "Dimorphic Structure and the Tribal Elite,"Studia InstitutiAnthropos 28 (1976), 219-257; M~

B.'R9wton, "Dimorphic Structure and Top o-log y, " QrAn 15 (197,6;)", .

~

.. .

'.~:!'p

. rr;

,r!

17-31; H. B., Rowton,"EnclosedNomadj,:sm," JESHO 17 (1974t,), 1,3;0; and M.B. Rowton, "Urban Autonomy in ,a Nomadic' Environmeri.t-~u JNES. 32 (1973), 201-215. : Rowton amplified and modii-ied J • .-;R',·Kupper, L~s,

,

,

i-· 'i

Nomades en Mesoeotamie au temps des roil:? de Mari :(Paris:"SociEtte d' Edition Les Belles Le~tres, 1957).

..

3Victor H. Matthews ,PastoralNomadi$m 1830-1760 B.C.) (Cambridge:

in.

..

. ,i\ ...

-

l

-. .;..

-I

"

1978), has applied anthropologicall"..'principles a,na the' work,of R~wton , to'the Maritexts in 'the first. comprehensive study tovi'ew'.the' Mari"

.

.

' . ; j " ,

"

'.

•I

the Mari Kingdotn·(~'il.

Ameri~anSchools'of Oriental' R'eSeali"Ch , ' . J . '

82

..

•

b

•

;}"I

-'

..

\

11

-;f,

83 pastoralists in a realistic light, avoiding the romanticized image . '

'

\

drawn by ,(false) analogy from the

c~el

~

.

nomads of the Arabian desert. ,

4Matthews, Pastoral Nomadism, p. 44.

M. B. Rowton, "Dimorphic

Structure and Topology," pp. 20-22, is another important discussion of this point. 5M~ B. Rowton, "Enclosed Nomadism," pp. 3-4.·

." 6This reading is uncertaiIh

Also possible is r t e' - [mi]- rim', "re-

.

,port."

.

See Maurice Birot, Lettres de Yaqqim-Addugouverneur de Sagaratum

(ARMT XIV) (Paris:

Librai-rieor.ienta1iste Paul" Geuthner, ,1974), p. 235. '\

7Cf. Rowton,"Enc1osedNomadism," pp. 27-28. .

I

.'

.

.

•

aT-he best 9-iscussion of the meaning of nawfim is Rowton, "Enclosed i

Noni,adism," pp. 18-21; he builds on the study of D., O. ·Edzard, "A1t" babylonisch. nawfim," ZA 53· (1959), 168-173/" . 9Cf. CAD, Vol. 1, Part 1 ("A"), l70a .. 10 Rowton, "Enclosed Nomadism," p.24.

Rowton's dfscussion, pp.

22-29, is very useful. ·11 It must be admitted that this is something of an oyersilnpli- ,

fication.

'Other factors are involv~d, such as the fa.ct that some of .• .

.

the tribalists regarded,the~selves as Zimri-Limis subjects, while others did not; some of the tribalists wel::e nomadic, while others were not; sometimes

Zimri~Lim

was in a position to impose his will Rowton,.,~"Dimorphic Strut-

'upon the tribalists; .sometimes he was not.

.

ture and Topo].ogy, II pp'. ~27-28, discusses the fact that . there were

.

,,'

\

"au tonomou,s tribal town.s, which stood outside the re'alm of the cen-'" .

-~.;.

~-

....

tralized bureaucracy~," but which rece'ived 1tft1e if' a~y' 11ienti~~ in the cuneiform sources.

For an exp1anC!tion of' this' fact, s'ee Rmvton, ;I

"Dimorphic Structure

nd the Tribal Elite," especially pp. 246-249.

Nevertheless, the 'pic ure sketthecf" above remains, in general terms, accurately drawn. 12The merbum was the primary official liaison between the government and the pastoral tribalists.

"

pp. 136-139. ..

•

See Matthews, Pastoral Nomadism, "

'

''i:.

13 This line coul

also be rendered, "They attacked .. their sheep."

The grammar"' would' then allow f9r the g'llard~ to have been attacking ,i

t'r

the Uprapeans 'Qr vice

ersa.

However, the context of the letter does

not, support the former alternative; neither does th~' syntax of the passage support the la ter. have done.

Matthews,.

\

Thul?, it seems best to render" it as ~.,e

astoral Nomadism, p. 136, agrees with our

rendering. '

14 See the discussi n oL,Matthews, Pastoral Nomadistn, pp'. 101-103. For 'an example ot herd! g contracts, outside of Mari but still within

.

the Old Babylonian Peri d, 'see also J. N. Postgate (with a eontribu..... tioll by S. Payne), "Some Old Babylonian Shepherds and Their Flocks," JSS 20(1975),"1-l5~ 15Mar i hJda signif' cant, textile industry.

See fc)];, example,

' '-...

ARM X 126. I6See translat:i.onan . discussion of this text supra, pp.~ li-18. I/CAD , Vol. 9 ("L"),

\

18These let tersare d .~

infra, pp.

.

19 For a slightly cliff

the rabi Amurrim,

90-91~

158-159 .

ent interprefation of the proposed role of

se~ Viet)

H. Matthews, "The

in the Mari King"dam," JNES

Ro1e~ of

the Rabi Arimrr'im

(1979)" 132.

\

..

85 WCf. CH 7, which posits a case similar to this one.

There the

penalty is death. 21

'

-"

.

E.g., Rowton, "Dimorphic Structure and the Tt:iba1 Elite," p. 241.

22 CAD, Vol. 2 ("B"), 33; comments on this term, "Since no other word exists, besides usandu "bird-catcher" or "fowler," for hunter, and on tVhe basis of the

h~r., ref.

cited mng. 1,a-2'

~

the ba' iru must

be considered a hunter as, well as a fisherman. ", ,Cf. also the verb

.

ba'aru, 'which has as one of its meanings, "to hunt; to catch animals"; cf. CAD, Vol. 2 ("B"), 3b: --'I

23Yaqq:lin~Addu's'f.inalstatement indicates that the hunt was As recently as -1896, travellers in thevi~inity of Mari

successful.

noticed an abundant6curement'of materietls ''''.

for building and 'oversight of construction and repair projects,,,. are

~ewas:'. responsimi'~" for

discussed in Yaqqim-Addu" s letters •.

, t

the mairil

~.

·tenance of the -fortificat,ion walls, fqr the good tepa~r ,nf, and ~ddiI'"'

•

:,:-'

,.

.

.

tional construction in" th~:complex of officica.l buildings, auc:}:;for"·'" " Q,

the bu~lding,an41or repair' of religious edifices. building materials, to Mari .. ,

I,he . shipmen.tff:~ ti ~

i~self·~~eIUand~d attent:i.q~;~.alsb·.,'. ~",~~:.

.,i

~

:

'

';i;

';t '

..r..;~~~

9

Timbe'r'

/. .

'~

RoWton has. shown that)'''inacces~jbility [.of the f'orest] auetio>~'~!~ ".., ...•.• . -"1'>'. +

~.

'- .

.

..'

lack of road's and lack ~

-;:;:

"1;"

. , . ' . ,.;. of se~urityt.·.

_, '.. '.' .. ,«

'.~"

. . must

".

dominant' fac'tor . • . . in the, Br6nze Age.

It:,

• "

. i , f · . .", " s:t1reLy'! have b.elm~J;he

. '.

'.'i~~*

,.n

.•. ,',

,.~~~."

The fact tnat t.here~d~·~'~ , t

.•

,

'

. '"

"

.F .~

i

only a single brief andambig'uousreferencetO' a for-lest y~

Addu's letters tends

,

--;~-

:;J~::-!-

, .

. " , " 1

tQ~up'port' i6wton '8. cpncr'usion.: Th~'tre{ere~ce c

i~ contain ed' 'in . ARM XIV 25 :

.

.

.

'. r/.u~a-b.u-um.·.·r.x X

,

ia}

10'

u-.

lat . .

,

Translation: •

-

t_·

.
-

0

Tor. Rev. 10

• l.-na qa-t im

____

, • v..., / u-ul l.-ba-as-su-u

i-na-a6-na a-nu-um-ma

-,

, '" - :'!t ha sa v 2 qapat - i mam 50 is·gu$ur~"" .

2 me 50

i~i

v

'

-

sa 10 am-ma-a

..

v

. . _ -.-mes· .l.t-tl. marl. mahtl.m

-.

t'

r.l.-na'-i' -ml.-tl.m . ' . u, .fVsu'-me1 ·l.m :,

15

X,

..

'

o

X, ki':"mii i~ba-a~-su-u

X

~

'X

X

,~

r

,

qa-ta-am- ma . ~.•

;."-

'/

,"

as-ki~pa .'

am

,

Translation:~

~ .-

My lord wrote to

.....

.•

p

.;I

0

.;

!..,J

'e in strong terms concern-

aIls, but there were no b~~ms ) "

-i!4.....

~

NoW, fifty »eams _bftwo canes (-length each, and) • ~ ~\. .c·'dv't> hundred fifty (pieces) of wood of ten cubits here.

'"

>

(length each) from the inhabitants of the· 5;Quntty on the right .and .on the left •• :-'. just:'a~~'they were,

",

to • • • the same, That a district:

J 9-sca~ion from .

o,'I'se~nt

(them) .

.

,

-as-ql.-1m a-ma-rl.-1m be-Il. ,

,

25

'. ~

" \ . f ,.

(is-pu]_rra' -am 20f?a-:-,bu-um sa g-a-la-af? v- ·.'d''''' ( . G'I/D) i ' . k!·.,1 [Ma-t'1. ki]'. 2'.'7 sa ·..-l1a T'er...qa'" d 1 u =:

'. .[u. X+]6? s'~dida i-na·;ha-al~s:!... i~ '1"' . .! . . ,OJ

,

~

[Pfl5~a' ?-tim siparrim u La-ab-wi-H~...ah-lu a [be'] -11. li-it;-ru-dam NA4h Ii ?-X-IB-~:"X

X? Tr •

"

• -,'f!Ii.-

I

.

..

}',

't.ranslafion:

Secondly.,. the king wrote 'to me before con-

cerning 'the large ston~s.

I sent a response to the

tablet [in these terms] to the king, "My lord wrote

~

•

- ~i

. . r 4

92 to me ,concerning the finding of the large stones in Lasqum.

(There are) twenty men of the district of

-

Mari, twenty-seven boat-towers from Terqa, and • • • ~rom

-six boat towers

my district (assembled for the

job) .,' My lord, _~et him send to me with Lagwi-Banlu

.

F

:(:r~ __. ~

,F

~

.~.;c~~:s .~f bronze, that they rna! • • • the stones. tI ~

•

fF.;."":· •

,Tl)~'sense of the r'est of the letter is difficult to ascertain,

, ( \ ' .,,~,; .'

h,

.

excep.j:J;~h1i.:t~9g!im-.-Addu had not recehr~d a respo.ns'e from t9~!king to z.

.

. o}"') .~ -./'-'._ -_~ " , '

The1i~e~iftom Yaqqim-A,ddu' sown,district .

,')~.

..

'"

is most likely .,

to' have be~li etither ~;ixteen or twenty-six, to put the contingent . : .-:"'~- $il~"

,roughly on a par wit:).1th8:t from the .district of Terqa.

' "' ', .

I

•

Forty or j

fiftY9W.eIl; to tow em.pty boats upstream ,on the Habl.1r ~l1dicates several ",'

.t.

.'

boats,~ or perhaps boats' lashed 'together in the manner recorded in ':;'f

.'

j,'

ARt'1 XIV 2:8 ~ i"

t,

'>..

'.,

.

\

",Cbns.~ering

''/:'

a+1 the ,operations mentioned in these fopr letters

.

as nece.s.~~rypartsof any s t(me~quar:rying ,expedition to the upstream

f:.. are a."ar ound Laf;lqum, 'it becomes evident'that sU,ch an .undertaking' was •

'-, ," , '/r"" ~;t-:;:, '/' .'

.

i"",

.

a major enterp'ri.'S'E;\~~~:t;,~tsted the energieso.f manym,en, and re.'

".f\~.".

"

"

r

,

quired: .close coordirtiftibn be:tween the various functiol1aries involved :-l~

in direc.ting the operation.

Yaqqtm~Addu incurred responsibility

~

t

i

~i -~g.,.~

-~-'

!,.

93

-1

because his district of Sa~araturn lay on the 'riv~r ro~te ove~ which any heavy cargo like building s tonesf.:wo~,l1..a ve had to come in ancien't: '~)l.'

t""_"ft6.,

.

..;.

times.

,"

Kibri-~agan's

letters mention stone only once (to be used in

,

repairing a gate, ARM III 11), and Bandi-Lim's not at all. aspects of the,transportation of the'

stone~

Since all ,

t

normally would have been

organized and report;(ia before th~ le,ftthe district, of Sagaratum, there was no reason for the other governors to discuss them in their :,..

correspondence. ,

.

Buildin$ Operations Only three of

Yaqqim-Add~'s

,-

tions,

,

~

•

"

letters discuss actual building opera, <J:1'

One. of these, ARN XIV 25:2':-9' '. concerns the'building. either

of an icehouse or of a sanctuary in'·the palace complex at Sa,garabfun. If this portion of the letter is to be regarded 'as dealing with, the .

(

roofing of the papabum,llthen the {irs'thalfof 1. 2' must be read ..

. as closing the loSt di.scussionof the construction,.. 'Of the icehouse. Glaef.3etnan would-interpret thel~tter'thiE) way: "

Yaqqim-Addu is most empha.tic tha,ttheratio be maintained at 2: 1. It is this~proporti'on'Whichleadsus tobe1.ieve that it is the papapUIIlwhichis b~ing, described ,in this 12 passage and not theql;~ suri:pim. ,,' ' _ '.",' ,

\

"Whic4,ever ofth~two~ structures i$'ii1tende~, its dimensions had been decidecl up~,n, .·andthe materialordereq'; the edifice, had even been

. 'partiallyconstructecL' .

•'1. r,

,

.

. "'.

When the king instrUcted Yaqqim-Addu t;:o enlarge

'

it ~/b.tt, the i~si'. q9mpelling, of Yaq.qim-Addu'-s a;r:gmnents against the - - . 1 - - ' .~v .....

-.. -~

.'

r

.

-.-

,

'.

~

change was the fact., that changing the dimensiolls would change the ',:.

length of beams required to support the roof of thebuilding~ To

94

acquire the longer beams required by the larger dimensions would impose a lengthy deJ,.ay on the construction process.

to

,The second letter

be concerned with construction,

&~

XIV 24,

.,'

deals with the repair of a section of ,the city~all which had fallen: u ,":"um tup-pf an-ne-e-em a-na Rj-er b.e-li-ia 4 ki" d su-up-pa-c?IIl durum su--ul-· '~. me-eh-ri-it blt Da- f gan' t

.. w .

5

(

.

,_

•

.

.

'

','

/~

.~i'.

,,~.

~u-up-pai' -it-tum

5'

89-

..; ...ki· 'f . 1", .., ga-ma-~r dU;"l.m ' se- '. tu· .1

. . 'i' h' •. .', {X')" 'i _:'.' . a'/' Ir-:Sl.', '.' '.S erqq'atl.m-

sa

xl

se-em [i]-ria-as-sa.' {X I

"

.ap-~u-ur~ma

-ka

a-na,li-bi-it-tim

" ...' y qu-ur-ru",:"bi-imqa-tam as-ku... \1n·


bea;::,' Yaudun- Lim. """'-co"

i~

For an excellent discus~ion s~e Abraham Malamat,

,"

"tamp,aigns .. ~to the Mediterranean by Iahdun'lim and Other ~arl~ Mes~pota.

,

mianRulers," AS 16 (1965),367-370; cf. also Rowton, "Woodlands," pp. ',.

'269-270.

Rowton, p.

ii's,

sUmniarizes, "~he mountainous country lacked

roads, it "lacked security, and it. 'lacked! ,populat~q~; more'overeffi-

..

,

'

~

very expehsiv~ in the Bronze Age. Even when the .... . .,¥ felledj~~h-ere remained, the problem of getting the timber

cie~t;tool~were ~;.& .»

, trees could out.

b~

.

Th'e"ve!'y ·1.nsiste'nce with which the kings boast9f obtaining tim~"~"'~-..-.....

.r"

'.

ber suggests it ~as~~viewed as no mean achievement. ~'-..

.

Tn most areas pro-

curing timber woul~.ha:ve been beyond the means pfanordinary merchant. '.

Hence it '-is not 'surprising to find that timber , ~hough immensely expensive;, nevertheless played a small role in Mesopotamian commerce." ~

_

~

.

~i

.

5These referellCeSQccurinARM XIV 45:5, 45:6, 28:8-9, 127:8 (among others), ~nd. 44:7 (with one otl)er), respec~ive_lY. 6A structure, the mUballi~t.u,w1:lose precise nature is unknown, •

t

but 'which was made of wood is discussed in ARM XIV 13.

The same term

"

was also used in two references to denote a cage used to transport i"

... .k-,.

/

f'

100 captured lions.' OI)eof these, ARM XIV 1, does not designate the m~allitt;u as being made, of wood' at all,though it presumably; was.

The other 1ton c,age ,and the structure, ment ioned in connect-ion with ~

wooden,';-~9t

the flooding -of the !!abur are designated as

by means of

the dete,rm~9ative, but by the qualifying phrase ~'a i~§e, ','of

7Andr e Pa;:~o t,

Studi.,,- Mar ~ana(Leiden :

V.

WOO?

If

~

J. Br i l l~ 19 5~}~,~~,

a la fois'vrai

3-4, summarizes these reports for the palace-" "c'est - ' ~

4

-.

par l' immen:~te (plus de deux hec tar:~~ et ~;emi,

}69 "chambres .

avec un degagement reste~

a

.

;-

~

-

"

.. '

-

~.

et 'cours,

.

" ' , "'i.' {"-,y ~ cause de la guer,re, in-acJi.ev~) et· la e,on-

..

servation (dans les zones -centraI'es, les muxs, retrouves avaien~ encore '.

•

i\'"

c{nqm~:tre$ de hClUteur:; des -installatioiis:\domeRtiques, cuisines, safles '"

-

'

de bains ,atlrai,~~t;pu •

.

'

"'~~t"

,quatremille ans

-.

,,-

:"

.

'.-

';"

~

I -

·

'..

,

fon~f ionner pre,squ'e sans repa~ationsquelque -'s

.'

>0

•

~pfes la ruine, de l' edifice) ." :'A' _, Of course; most of

this building was done'Din. brick;, still,- for such

a

'.

huge:, edifice, along

with all the other publi~ buildi~s, temples and"private residences . ~'•. fr·

~-.~..i

C",'l'!

kin,~si._of~-~--:.~t~,~ ~_

'", lc>

-

'~~~-,-."

.

.

13Victor H.. MCiltthew~, "The Role of, th€t'Rabi .AnlUrrilll in· the Mari &

.•

,

•

Kingdom;!' JNES 3~. (1979), p.' 133, t.akes this to be the froht wall of . i

.-'

\

thetem:p1e o( Da:gan ,:i.t self..

.1~S . letter· is

.

"

transliterated and translated ;infra', pp",108-1l-0 • .

.

"

.

.

'.

.'

".. -.

-l_ '".-"

. ._

"'-',-

J.

.

Chapter V.

"-.!'

"

CRAFrS

PROFESSIO~p.AND

~

/

•

,'"

I

-

The letter,s of Mari were' 'vritten fo:r- the most part by officiC;lls

.

,

acting in their capa:citi.es. ~as.'b"lreaucr~'ts." Thes~ documents reflect'

"-

the -concerns'of the state', ,and its officials, rather; thart of any class"
.,..;

.-.... -

\'

Professi9na-\i'

." •• .l

oc'

"~,~~.t'

.; 1-

,

The first major category to be co~~~dered is that 'of the profesEdons.

The p~o{ession&

are here understood as those occupations which

.

.

'-.:

required considerable training and Bxpertise and involved, in general, .~

-,

"

.men tar

ra ther than manu"al lc1hor -~in their performance.

102 .

\

I

103 .

The Physician t.

,

Notices of physicians, illness, and medicine are not abundant in the Mari letters. 2

Only one ofYaqqim-Addu's letters, ARM XIV 3, deals

with these subj ects: awll th~ physici.an reques ted by Yaqqim-Al1du. 8 . .'

\)There are two letters which mention deaths in' Yaqqim-Addu '8 house.

.

-".

,

In 'writing to the,king

hold which may beatttibutable to disease. .

."

.

.

.

.

;

(ARM XIV .10) . and the king '.~ secretary (Yaqqim-Addu' sfriend Spnuhu~aT

.

:

halu, ARM XIV 11), the governor laid the blame for· -(he deathsj of three 0'£ his 'servants on his own failure to:r~rform thesacrific~ 9f a minor

deity at th~ prescribed" time«~

But he did not specify the ~'1hseof death

(other than the god), nor-: did he indicate whether

"phYSiCia~ were

in·

attendan~e upon the thre~~

In the case of the~ubaru's illness,

as

well as at

the

death' of the three servants, Yaqqim~Addtl t:'as a.ttempting to prot~ct tho~"~.._under .i

....,

~

.

,

105 him who l-lere also in the king' s service.

His respons.'ibir'ities included

their welfare.

~

i

i

The letters of Kibri-Dagan and Babdf-Limcontain OIrly one refere~ce

to these matters.

In

ARMr

XIII 112,

Kibr~-Dagan

related that a

certai~

!?ubaru had been ill since dreaming a prophetic dream containing 'a

war'~~ ~,l'.

ing from a dei ty.

'v;

";',

;.

As that is the end of the discussion, presumably tb I

ph9tsicial1ts) on Kibri-Dagan's staff were handling the case satisfac,. i

torily ..... ' Both ,the ,pauci ty of references and the. bTev:i~ of mostJAref er-= "

err~es

correspond~ce are,proba~l~~ex~~~ined

to medical matters in the •

.,

'O":!

< , ' '_

~~";_#

'

~t,.

by the practice of having physicians a5.p~,;.~~~ to the governors' st,afj.i:~'~'
him to do a 'single, specified ';;.",

f-

mendicants as spies upon the towD€{"a.I1.d--: villages 'of the district of Sagaratum'. 24 AlU1 III 16; again it was· the district w'hich was, being s p1ed upon, rather than the go~eA~or dispatching the spies. l~

25See the remarks of- Sas~on, "Instances of Mobility among Mari Artisans,'I,~p. 46~49.The question of whether craftsmen sueh as

.

.

these were dependents of the' crown, .exercising their c,rafts in palace enterprises~ or private nbtJsi~essmenli is-' one which may not be answer-'

'.

.

able on the basis, of presently available data.

That 'some craftsmen

did work for the palace, we have seen already •

On the other hand,

..

121 the conscription of thirteen carpenters and their characterizatic,n as "carpenters of the district~' J'{pu1d imply that these nen' we.re not plying their trade in the employ of the- crown at the time of their conscription. 26Finet t ARMT XlII t P.171, suggests "fouleur" a~ another possible -if"

mei~ing of this term.

"

;1",

,~~ 27The term mub.:tbbilu may represent Sl~ acrobat .possessed of other skills along with those of the juggler; ;see CADt VoL 10 (J'M" Part II), -'-.-J

p. lS7a.

/

.:-' ..!"

"

b~ul1

before Zimri-Lim's accession to the throne, continued to the

very end of his reign, when he was defeated by Bammurapi of. Babylon. 1 ,

Thus, a large part of' 'the. corre,spondence of Zimri~Lim's era is con-

., '

I

cerne'dwith diplomatic and military consultations; maneuverings, and For example, 41% of the letters from Yaqqim-Addu in his post

acti.ons. ~

.

..:;;:

of,governor at ,Sagaratum are either wholly or partially devoted to ~

i

..,

.

these cohcerns . , The other· ggverrtors also give much attention to them.

Diplomatic Activity Diplomatic concerns vary widely, ~,

d~pending

upon such thihgs as

~

the nature of the r~lationshipshetvlf7~n the principals, and whether it is atiine of war" or.peac~.

The.Ie,tters of Yaqqim-Addu and'the other

governors whichdeaJwith diplomatic mat,tera' reflect' this variety. Messengers on Assignment OneofYaqqim-:-Addu's most f.r,equent duties as governor of the out-" lying :provinceofSa:garatumwas to r~port on messengers passing through, Ylhethe:r "foreign'emissaries

Ott the way

to Mari' (or elsewhere), '. or

messengers of Mari bou?.4 f or 'another .country •. It wq.s not uncommon

.

",)

,

.

.. "or

fqr a tablet to.be sent',for. the sole purp'ose of notifying the king of

122

...

'

123

the arrival of messengers,

AmI XIV 126 is such a letter, informing

Zimri--Lim of the arrival of several Babylonian' emissaries who had been to the land of the Turukkeans, , The other governors also informed the king of, the movement of messengers, as when'Kibri-Dagan, in AID1 III 55, announced that two Babylonian

a~d

three

~u.rdean

messengers had

arrived.Presum~bly,

Bandi-Lim would have written such information only when the king was absent from Hari.

But since he '-waR in the capital ,itself,' his re-

ports reflect its greater bus,tle of diplomatic comings and, goings, For example, in'ARM VI 15,he reported on a group of five diplomats and es,cor.ts 2 who had come together f:t"om Qatna, but were bound for three different destinations, Then,as now, information was yita:l to prosperity, even to survival.Zimri-Lim needed to know the movements of allied and. enemy ~missariesaJ..ik~,(for'both could ···.and did-tM~liq.nge: sides), and whom •

.;'-J,

?Jt1tl.hi9-.

. -,~.",.:;.-;;

,besides himself they had talked to. gers might be expected at Mari.

r: . -

..'

'-.

He needed to know when messeri-=-

Theref ore~ it wascofthe _utmos't im-

portance that his 'governors notify him o~ all travel of ' foreign diplo, mats ~ whether they were moving to, from, 'or tht,?ugh Mari. Sometimes the governorrepo'rted not merely the fact of the mes-

senge~' sarrival, -but also a, summary of the news he carried. "is the cas~in AR,¥ ,XIV 125 :.. , -

.

.

.

'u-umtup"'p:l an-n'~-e-ema~na se-er be-l{~ia ," 4 " "

5

I.,

,,

:

,

, u~sa-bi-lam Bu-ur-ga-an

)..

Sa

'be~l{-ia

, "

h

I awilutn a-lik 1- rd~', -su

.

,-"'ki

i~~tJ I~la-an-su-ra~a ' ' '

Such

124 Tr. ' a-na S a-ga-ra- t"1m ki ., ik-su-du

nim

~e4-ma-ram' [an-ne-e]-em

21

rid 1 -bu-ba {-ba}-am-ma ' · , 'as-pu-ra.... v , rC3;rn " Tr. 1at.' a-na se-er b e- 1 ].-·la

The day I sent this'~ablet to my lorq., .~tif Burqari, (a subject) of my 10r,4', and a man from

Translation:

'j

Ilan1?ura, his escort, arrived at Sagaratum.

...

demanded a report.

I·

[This] report he gave

to me, (and) I wrote to my lord.

-

fA

'

This is only one of a number of Cases 'in which Yaqqim-Addu ''\,

Q

demanded' a re'port from a messenger passing through Sagaratum. 3

If,

,

,

asio, this 'case ,the emissary were -en XPt,lte t9 M~ri. anyway, the pur, ,"

,

,

pose of the 'interrogation by the governor seems to have peertto allow' for 's,ending on ahead of the, diplomat a summary statement of the io, '+ 'forma t:~onwhich he then would brin.gin full. ,

.

Thus, if the news

,

required action by the king, his response might be more quickly .

.

J

.

, ,/

forthcoming. /Therewereoccasions on which it was necessary for the governor 1

-to rertderassistance 'to the 'messenger upon his arrival. records one such case:

y,

I tia-1u-ra-p;l _,

Tro'

~a, Ha-ia~Su";'mu... J W

"

tup-pa-tim a-ha rs~~er"

,ARM XIV 117

"

125 . be-.11-ia na-si

-

Rev. 10

aWl~am n

V sa-a-tu a-mu-ur-ma -!

ki-ma e-di-~i-su {-su}-ma i-la-ak ma-a~-~a-ri-~u·

,

.

as....ku-nam

'rna

, a-na se-er be-l:l.-ia . ,

," " , r us", -ta-re-es-su

15 '/c

Trans1a~ion:

tlalu~rapi, a messenget of gaya-Sumu, is 4

bearing tablets to my lord.

I saw this man.' As

he is t"rave11ing alone, I established guards' for him; I have sent him to my lord. ~-,

...

Bahdi-Lim also report'ed, in ARM VI 14, that he had assigned an escort to accompany a Qat,anean messenger until he reachedZ,imr,i-Lim'. ,

I

In ARM XIV 127, Yaqqiln-Addu reported that he had obeyed the king' s instructions to, strengthen the guard oian Ekallatean'emissary. He had assigned three

.

re~iable /

.

men to the messenger and sent him on .

/

,his way. That these measures were The first part

nec~ssary

is illustrated by ARM XIV 86.

o~·,thi$Jletter5 is a'report of the ,killing of t'wo of

Zimri-Lim's subjects by-four 'nomadic UprapeanswholU: they had inter...

-,.'

rupted, skinning,a,stag.. A third man of the travelling party was a ,

messenger, of Ca,rchemish; he' manag'edto escape and reach 'Yagqim-Addu, 'who sent him oIl: to Zimri-Lini.

~The governors' respollsibilities

.included protection of foreign, official, tr,ave1lers from such dangers. ,

"""

,

,

~,

'

SQmetimes" rather than helping

governor felt it

ne~essary ,"

-

r_

$.~i~ '

messengers~on

to detain them.

thE;1ir way, the

ARM XIV 97 is an

exampl~:w, ,._.,.~ :- -. /',


'''f";~1~~_''

-..

detained them in Sagaratum.·~Tl1ti~they ~1
..'"

of the message ahead of the mess,fi\l1.ger, assist him on his ;>.

~;, detain him.

or ...

4

He could not afford· mistakes, for mistakes would have

been costly to

zimr i-Lim ,

either in the goodwill of other sovereigns ,0:» ...

or worse, in being placed at a diplomatic or strategic

!'~.,.

'" disadvantage.~"

Other Personages Though, .in the nature of the case,' the governors dealt with ~.;

messengers most freqJ~ntly"their responsibilities included r,elating

.

,,'

in various Ways to other travellers as well.

,The mq,st' iblportan.t of' .>/

these were kings, who travelled for a number of reasons';

Yaqqim-Addu

once receive'd' two kings travellin,g tog'ether" as reported in ARM XIV 113: ,

5

.

, an-ne-em , . $e- r ' u· -um tUp-p1 a-na er '~-4 . '-.,..

be-Il~iafi-sa-bi-Iam

I'" , I"d ' I -11- Ma-ma

128 awIl As-na-[ki-im Tr;

~.,

I

aW1l

x

I

/'

ki

Su~du-[bi-im

l

:i !

,

i; i

]

~

----.

!

[

!

Rev. U 2 awil

X

. .,

•

]

A-mu- ud -[p1-El] ~v

10

ki

[

, .

pa-n1-su-nu sa-ab-tu

:;:~.

,- a 1· ha a,...na se-er be-l!'- ria" p11--am • ~..,.. :'1",.. ! i-re-ed-du nim

15

t_

um-ma-a-mi ma-as-su-nu .. a-na "sar-ru

{_

. ,

'l/..,'e.

....

'u.'>

tint: .

il-q~-~u-nu-ti-[ma]

.,'

. a-na ~e-er he-l{.. r ia"

Tr·.• -20

i t--ta-a 1-- k u-

Translation:

r

• ,

n.1ID

:1:

,.'"

The day I sent this tablet to my lord ,

Ili':'Mamma{theman of A~nakkum, Amud-pl~El, the

. .-'-.

).

they are

;

' .

:~.,

,

",'./> .:.~. .' ~ .- ~

~~:,--

'.

revealing is 'the fact' that:>if the originallyappoirtte.dguide/escort, '

.

t-

'

•

~-

,

~.

-

.\

for some rea~onshould·ha've fa·fled· tQ}lrrive on'tit1te, the governor.s. ~

of Sagaratum and Terqa were personal1y~t'o'asstune'th(a re§pOllsibility ~

i

of see~ng that he ar'rived safely and ,accompanied by the prol?er rank, _of officiC!l.

. .

, '.

""lliO..:...

,

. '. ""l'...-.

.'

"-,z. ~

130 was the purpqse of his trip, Kibri-Dagan did not

~a~. ,

An in.ternatiOl1al affair' of a different sort is reported in' ARM "

~}

XIV 118.

This letter, while its concern is still fundanientally ~'.j

•

I

diplomatic in nature, also involv~s and'ther dimension.

The letter

reports.,the unsuccessful at~empt of Ulluri, apparent.ly a notable .in

...

Zimri~Lim's court,

bring Kiru~. the daughter of Zimri-Lim, back to

to

,

Zimri-Li~

her father.

,

had given his daughter to tlaya-Sumu, who was

.

the king of Ilan~ura'in Idamaraz~ "in another of his politi~al moves o

to st,rengthen

hr~ control o~er that part of his realm. "e The mar-

ri§lge was not working; anot'her'letter records Kiru' s request that

..

she be'allowe'd to return home to' Mari;9'Whether

ARM XIV 118 reflects

Zimri-Lim's respotise to her requ~st cannot be determined, but that .~\

:,::.

is not ou~- ~f the *ealm' of possibility"";' ,

... ~\-~'-\' -.-

J/..-"

\

.

The importpilt pp,iht·, J.o not~4here"is that rted, :Ln. ARM

.

vI 35, . a case

.~f de$ertionunder

~if~erentci:rcumstancE:!~. ·.Whil~-Zimri";"L:i.m,was away in the 'Upper Coun,

try, a Yambad~~n rabiAmurri,m ,informed Bahdi....Lim that a number of his

troops had d,eserted.

He had recap'tured some,but: wished Babdi":'Lim ."

."

' .

'-

to write to the king· asking his aid. in pr,eventing the escape of the

139 others.~ The governor did so, arid suggested that the king could capture ..

the deserters by •r~inforcing the governors of the districts through ,~~ > ~ere

which they would be fleeing.

we see that as desertion was a

.... to Ziinri-Lim .and his allies, joint ·efforts were made

pr~bleincgmmon

deserters;~.: .

.' to apprehend .

\

-

Stationing and pr@visioning of troops.

The governors' responsi-

bilities'included troops' within their districts •. In ARM XIV 121, ,

\

(lis~

Yaqqim-:Addu'stated that at. one point 'he had had no troops in his trict~

Zimri-Limh~d assigned 100 tlarieans to him.

Though t~e ~aneans

had des~rted,. the letter reveals the posting of troops under the com-

~

!i

~. .

-".

F.oreign troops could also 'be,statiQned~in dist~ict towns. •

;-

to.

10-""'"

r ...

When

~'.

::~ .::~"

i"-.

they were , monitoring ,their conduct' .became the re~:p;onsibility of, the ' ".' i ~-

. governor.

~'--

c -". -

•

' :. . .

. - ,

,"

In -ARM XIV 69 and '70 Yaq'qim-Adclu' reported to the king6n '...... .~

.

. the compl'aints 'of units from four' differerit k.ingdoms .stationed in various towns within thedistrict.of Sagaratum. Kibri-Dagart reporte!;1 in .ARM· 11113 the refusal of 'a unit of Yam-

.

.

hadiantroops, to'leave;thepla~e where they had been forsorne time. Since theywere.notamena,bJe~'othe. direction . of the governor , the . case' required the intervention' of', tpeking. . . . ' ··A\.~imilarepisode, again .

.

. , '

-

"''.,

involving.Y~hadia:n t~obPS ,.:w~s .~reItort.e",;r~9Y Kibri~D!lgap~:i.n . Foreign tro"ps. were·

ARM ----

,'.:

."

ARM III 30 •

noi:~lw}~~~@ted

• I,

.

i~

'con~

,

hey h'ad been given advance

warning" 'Wo~ld have possessed supplies-ad quate ,'for' It ,should be noted that

By

weeks,~6r even .

'.

months . '

sp'ite of . he.ir,. re1.uctance to. attack

'

a well-prepared town, the nomads remainep. a dangerous, if only at, most rii

'to

times a potential, threat. .-'

.

.'

This is, true on several c.ounts.

For one "

oj

I ' ' (' thing, the nOmadS represented a permahen~military forc.e at a time I

. , '

, - ;,

·when standing armies -w~re.. nQt used by "'the states centered· on urban' .\

.'

-,

areas in th~ir cap.itals,. . Secondly, their normal pattern' of passing through·the land ,..a t' least twice a ye~r~n their way. to and f.romthe "

~

j

144

allowed to come into the land twice a year, and often to graze r~'-!

./':

,th~ir

"


l-na:l' a -ra-Sl-lm 'c I , . u-se-em-ma I

25

'.

145 ,

rba-~a-a~' -ka a-na dan-na-tim ki-mi-~s

,

"] - r sum v :l 'p-ra-tllD ka . ki. ..., ha a-na d an-na-t i m ka' -ma-S1., - [.1m ] [ as

. v ' im' as-s Y" i [ .2 ] r l-sa-ta-t u' a-na sv i - 'bu-ut a- '-1'' im' [ki]

..

] X kap:-ra-tim

.

•

Translatlon:

.

;}

IV

,~

as..,.ta-~p-pa-['~r-ma]

" Also, a tablet of Bahdi-Lim came to me • ....

~Hewrote)

in these terms, "Seven thp1,lsand enemy

,

.

,

,

'

troops have gone out· from camp.

.,For

five days

"

fireh~s been going in the wells of the int~rior.23

Assemble your dis.trict to -the fortif ied places .

..

I raised [t,wo] s'i~al fires; concerning th~ assem-

.

bling of the vi).lages at the fortified places, and

...

I continually, write to the elders of the towns

'(

the villages. ~

It is easily seen that the defensive preparations for ~iege i:: ...

were, ,t,he same ast~ose taken' for a raid by then~ads. ,Yaqqim-Addu' s I·

s~curing

reasonsfdr

the district would have been slightly different .~

~i~

the 'case of a siege, however.

The basicpurpo§le , of courSe ,would

st!.ll have, been to protec.t:thepeople and resources of thedist,rict ~

'Ii,

f'

However; in the case .pf asi~ge, the ini,tialassembling at fortified "

t~wns would ,serve o~ly to'prevent quick and easy carrying off of •

tr

.1'

__"~'" ,:--Jl

' .....

~~':;;

_'. .,,:..

spoils by th~ invadingenemy.force., .Tt' wc;>Uld .not deter them from , c~encin~ siege

op~a'tion~ again~toneorm?re'wailed

cities ~ 24

Whetl that. happened,- .the protection' of 'the' walls was' designed to hold -

-

~

f

off the a·ttackers until Zimri-Lim could send g"·-re'1i'ef force. \ 0"-;, '_.'

Because .,a raid ora fti~ll-scale,invasion could come without warning, it was necessary to keep fortifications in good .repair at

'-----.'

all times.

·146

Yaqqim-Addu discussed two different repair projects on . i.-

•

the outer defensive wall of Sagaratum, in ARM XIV 24 and ARM II 101. :~l~

~

..:

J

it may be that only Bahdi-Lim could do this, in his capacity as palace . ... intendent, rather than as governor. r~corded,

Yaqqim-Addu

in ARM XIV 67, his sending-of a squad to

Mari under unusual !conditions: S'

[

]

[

]-di-im

im

Three or f our lines lost,

. ~ Ab-rba'-ta- an awilGAL • KUD ,

.

d

... II k . 'f'" • • .an'4,na-tJ.l1l.asu-un-su-~~-S1-J.I1l

as-s1~ma

.

,.

-

urn-rna a-na-ku-ma . . o

'

.

I .

.

sa-ba~ambe-eh-ra-am • ... . v . - , ..'

k'

ta~ra-a-ma a-na Ma-ri 1 . D. .;;

5'

Q

at-1a-ka

.

'.

qa-qa-ar

i~na

".

v

iz-za-az-au i-bi-it-ma a:...sa":ak 'be~l{-ia. i-rku' -Iu ... \ .

.

rwa'-al:.-kimup-p{-ia an-ni-rim'

Tr.

"\:

10'

;

sa-bu-urn

'-..

,

..'. . , kii

'r

!f"

.'

Translation:

rum

/-~."

o

a'" naMa-ri .

..

,. be,,/. -eh

.

'.,,,

i-ka-as-sa-dam

Concerning the soldi'ers of the' elite . ','

and A~bahin'i the section chief , ,tsunmton~.,? ·to 1;heinforina~ion base.from whichZimri~Lfmcould formu,. .. r . ' . . late his decisions.· ~They~ere also responsible for the comfort, ,safety, _:~~.

"

"/..,

'

'

and expeditIng (or other·11spositi.on) of messengers, bQ~h foreign and

domestic~

on their'1l1issiors'

expression, nlilita,ry

When diplomacy gave 'Way to its severest

act~oIh'they "'ere

preparation t , engag~ment, and follow-up.

involved in every ,aspect of

\

Chapter VI

NOTES \

.

IFor Mari' s history under Zimri-Lim, see Hildegard Lewy ,"The --..~

Historical BacR:ground of the Correspondence of Bahdi-Lim," Orientalia

N. S.25 (1956) , 324..'.'

'.'

~>'

.. ' .

<J

.

••••

..

',,~. 0

~

J~'

1).. .

·e~.,,·.·.,:~f,L.";"'~':;~'~".2~.?.·•.'; " ~' ·a.'~j};;t '

··il .·,i~~:'!>".

",~,'

R:tv~: Tr g~twQr't,

•

",~~,,~.

0

l3

.".

(',( ii(~~"·'

~ :~"~~:·~..f!f

;

>

."f-or li€>at t1:hSP()~!t,~f~'(.~~.~~:. ·~p~~e~,,!lft~h. ,. " ',. . :.:y ". ~.ci.~··~ '.''''' . ~ ,

c

tIR:Js.;, u·',"fiii· 5, \"

." ..

•

ZiFlif-Lim ''\}ad given instr~ctioris for.. ,t.hi~· ~, .' ." " ~:? a·.. ..&'.,. ~,,/,'; . '0

,~,peisOna~H\ thetrbcurern~~t~ r£ ~,sl~~5one., ....IJ!k~Y'~l

>$'gath~fid av70rkcrew of men:~~p.a·ox~n'~Jfl-aP.wenf~··w:lth~ ~:' . ',\to load ?,t'he . "'J, :ritf~-·., .., .:.,,~;"L ~;'~'k"'-" . : ,. ~.".. . '0 .,

:~r~~~.~e:';.i .~.

".:.{: '.~> nly.oneof YaqqiIn-.:Addu·8 letters concerning the

. .;.

~he size' of I s.everalofrhislette~s

. shipm.ent of woo,d' to specify

the shipmen to

K:ibri-Dagan

,0

:iri

'als6discus'sedi .

'_

~ -.

.

Ii :..

.

:'

. :'"

,"

_

.

t _ , , ' _.

the _

_

'pro~.\1rement of -.od to ._

".

'.'.

'.

.

""":::::::::::.":::::r:::r::t~:e;&::~::;:ei:~:~:n::t::~nt:nO~OOd lI12~ Kibri-Dagan spoke of tiftybeams and t,wohundred fifty board's; ,

"

in ARM ILl; .. ' - -

.

24

("

he made refer¢llce to twenty beams of two 'canes length .-'

.

-

-.f.:

'

- -

-.'

each '~i1,d one hundred beams, leach'of ten, ~ubitstength;, in AR..~ III. 25

'>,

-

160

he discussed a quantity of fifty beams.

If these shipments of Yaqqim-

Addu and Kibri-Dagan represent typical amounts of wpod imported into Mari in any one consignment, 7 then it is easy to see why wood was not the basic building material. Tn Yaqqim-Addu's letters there is only one reference to the sending of grain in which shipment on the river is specified.

The

letter is ARM XIV 33, the report of Yaqqim-Addu's interrogation of a minor bfficialwho had just come to Sagaratum from Emar:[a$1- ~um ~e4-em .r a'

is l' - . h ; 1 ' [ki ] ·e 1ppat1m- ~a a-na I-ma-ar

-na ~e-em le-qe-em il-.li~ka

a- r ~a-all,;,;~;u-ina ki-a-am r iq' - [b~-em]

5'

.

. _ [h~] e11ppatum ... . . .' rk" se-em ma-le~,re'-ma i:-na r r'..,. [rna-at] 1?

urn-rna ·rsu' - [rna.]

r is'·

." y

~{;

.

this~

,

"-Siege towers 0

'.

.,'

wa\~~ns ,~+I: 7:,119-19~.' ':IV,: 79 , .\

•

Q

shows tha tMari. 'Q(,¢ in f,ac t ,acquired,a reputq tion ,for tl}e manufacture ". :.~ . . : .. ~ ,\ ' . \ 1'7-2- ;'. :\.-4 \

'

\ . ,

l.- \

1

@

_

\"\

. \t'"

'

....

10

~

%.

'

~ 4

..

173

I 3, \

of 'such wagons:. During' Zimri-Lim' s reign, a certain ·'Y.:ln~ub-Asar .: Seems to have" headed a' group of smiths who manufactureq these devices .

,

This fame was prOb"ably 'tvell deserved for, mor.~ .th~n

,XIII: 40,:13-14).

"

dismemberm~nt,

two centuries after its

Mari was still exporting this

.' product. (HSS:XV: 84)." i

~'The

6M. B.' °ltowton,

• "

~

~;

II

,\

Woodlands of Ancient Western Asia," JNES 26 .S:"~--\ : t \

" .;./f

".

..

,. '.

.;

Writing on a differeht'subj ect in ARM XIV 66, Yaqqim;:;(Addu pegged' it· to- • '.

,.

',.'.",

:",.

- .- . - .

w~:.I~·

.

t,'

.,

sacrif:f.~e

asoccu rr ing when he had a;rrived at Marl for·. the

..

'y

. .'

pf I$Ulr.

Kibri~I>agan,tnARM TIT 8, r,equest,edth.;:lt he be excused ~ froom an' ob.... ,

; ,.- . - j ' .

-

.,

.

serva.nce.honor'ing Dagan, because offloodfng in his dfstrictwhich ..

.

.

'

l.

..

0' . ._~

,.

'

.~,

.

r-equ':i-red -h;i's '.attenti"oo.• · Under,' o.ormal c-ir(YUIJfst_anc-e~r~ .'he .Wd'Uld hav!=·· ...

..

made t~e. trip. to M~ri. .

.

"

)

A governor could be responsiblefor·providingsilcr.ificial' ani-' ,~

.

- ,

.

.

-'

..p

.-

.

• •

'.'

,r

' .

.

".

.:'.mals, as indicated in .--' AAM:XIV S,~ddressedio Ziniri~ti.In, and ARM" .' ....' . . "'. .~~.

.'..

,

'.,'

.

' . "

'

XIV~6 ,: add~~~~-~e~ tg:-~~~~.h~iahalu:~ - th.~-~ki~~~-J ~$-~cretary andyaqql~~-,' ·,·,t,'·· . Addu '$ 6..._

:,.

" .


.,'

". p

Chapter VIII "

'NOTES .

IFor a 4iscus$ion- of this' imp,ortant artwork, Jee Marie'~Therese

Barrelet~ '~Uriepe'inture dela cour l06,du palais·.'d;·~ri~". Studia

'M~riana, 'r

•

eq .'i\J;ldre

Il~rrot ~'(L~iden: (0 • • \

•

See also·.riowtheimportant work of ,Yas.1rt M.AI-Khalesi,. The' Cour.t· of 1

-

"

-

.

. the Palms::· A FunctionaX Interpretation of the .Mari Palace (Mal~bu:. . . . .

,J


~~ 78--].8:0. .' '.' . .' ' .

.'

.

'-.

-.

-.'

,

.

180npli"op~ec'Y ~n~~.a~l"se,eH,~tb~tt· B~ :,H~.ff~ont,.'~proph·ecycill:i:be Mar.iLet,ters;"· The' Rih~ical A~'c~aeologist:~l',(~96:8):, ;101':""124; Wil~ian{ .....'.. ,

,

,

,

'L~ ~Qr:an" ",New, E~i.dence,fromM~t'fotLthe,History,of ,;Prophecy ;"Bihlica ." .' '. .... .. . ; .' .' I . ,-

• •t

o

SO' (1969) ;,.:t~~56:;·ahd':Herbert,B.lluffmQri, "The'Origfn·s. ofl>rophec.y-,". . . . . ..". . .'.' . ._. '. . • . ._', . '. _. • ,;' " .0 ". .' . . '. . ."~'

~

,Ma~na.liCl/Q,e i, ,eds. ",FrankMo()re:·tr6'~'s',,\We~rter,E.~~m'ke ,:- andPa ~t:ickD.,~, • '. ,

;.

o'

19.Ma. t thews; i'Governnlentltivolvement, I' p. . ."

-.

,_',

\.

,

"

. " ' . -'

. -

_. . --

··0·-

,

. . '-

.

•

._

•

-

_

152/:·' .

..

-

.

'-

.

~

CONCLUSION

I

This investigation has been an attempt to delineate the range

of responsibility and authority of the district governor in the' ,

kingdom of Mari', with special reference to the correspondence of ~~fM:~rnor

. 'Yaqqim-Addu,;

of Sagaratum.

To this end, it has followed

the lead of the, subjects discussed·in the letters. ., . t: . .

.

.

..

~.

",

shown·that the spectrum of subj ects covered by the respondence was broad indeed.

'e'

It: has been goyernor~'

cor-

':['here' do not 'appear to 'be any facets

of public life within their districts with which the governors were .: ... Th~ir

not concerned.

personal involvement extended to the point

·.····....--·...--'..flia-t.."..t hey...·were--.·of.t·en'···.r·equired--···t·o----b·e·" ..ab'S·ent·,--f·rom....t-hei:r.... ·d±stri,ct;--"'eap'i-',~,.,~",?" ..""".,,,,,,,,,.,

..... , ;;'

.

.

.

-(/

tals for days at a time. .

~-

\,.

La£geprojects, suc;h as flood control works, requ.ired the go¥ernors' dire,ct supervision. . Reception of travelling di.gnitaries and involvement in military matters werepaFtof their responsibil':" 'ity.

The other end of the e;pectrum is the governors' personal in-

volvement in such enterprises as hu,nting truffles and securing building stone to'be; shipped- to Mari~ •

'~l-

•

The governor~frespo.nsibilityt~keep the pala.ce.lnf armed overarched all the individtiafareas of concern.

Mal1ylettersare

purely. ·l.trft3rmcitlonal, advising the king of the details of a given •

11

••,,-: .-:

-

--~~;e.~.

-.

.

.

situation, sometimes giving~ as well the governor 'sopinion on the \.....

.

proper course of action.

Nany other letters, after. outlining the 101

problem or situation,

.

192

sked the king for instructions. .

~

Still others

are reports that his p evious instructions had been carried out.

.

Zimri-Lim required of h s governors close and constant·communication .

"

.

on matters of lesser as' ell 'as greater importance. This is not

~o

the governors were without authority to

say

act on their,..

While some requests for instructions on

relatively trivial matte:rs would suggest this, other letters relate the governors' decisions al eady ~aken and implemented on matters of considerableimp'ort ance.·

given the number of letters recov-

ered and thepresul11:ed tenur . (even by conservative estimates) of the individuals in the

must assume that

natorial decisions

m~ny

guber-

s were never committed to writing •. The

governors were accountable, blt they were not without latitude . ........ ······:..·

·..···A·...fu£.t-her.·..:i:n4.i.c.a.tio.n

.Qf· his

. free to give the king advice.

is the fact ,that the governors felt occasion, they even argued against

,

att~mptin&

an order already given by

to persuade him to

change his mind. X~_SPtna.'bJ.Y

One of .theadvantages t

the att l:" act ions , . of,the .p- .

•

0

gubernatorial office was that th to the king. it in

(i.

of communication went direct ly . privilege fully.

Yaqqim~Addu

He also used

very businesslike manner.' ·'Hisletters reflect:·no devia,tion

from .the mat~er at hand; very seld m did he even report'in general terms that the city and dis,trict w :e):well, as did the other\~overnol;'s. j

\

Though the range of subjects c veredin these letters is very ,

.f

broad, there are subjects which rec

or no attention.

are very few ref erences,. forinstanc ,to legal matters.

There

In spite of

.'

Wi

193 Yaqqim-Addu 's concern for the p;pper veneration of thego(t~, there is only one reference in his letters to cultic personnel.

Also, despite

the presence in Te.rqa and Sagaratum of palaces of Zimri-Lim, there is /

F

no 'reference in Kibri-Dagan' s or Yaqqim-Addu's letters to membE7rs of !

the royal family r.esident in either' city. While it goes without saying that Sagaratum was not as important a city as Mari, Yaqqim~Addu's district capital was also outranked by Terqa, which

w~s-

near the conf luence of the lia.bur with the EUphrates,

and thus ci/ser to the capital of the kingdom.

The district of Saga-

raturn was important from a d;f..plomati,c and military standpoint, however. If it had belonged to a hostile ruler, the kingdomof,Mari would have been threatened continually with quick defeat and dismemberment.

From

the ntmlbers of diplomatic and other personnel travelling through this district capital,. it is certain that a maj or travel route passed that .

....

way;. travellers to Mari from both east and west, as well as north, came throughSagaratum. The corresponde,I1ce of Yaqqim-Adgu in particular will be signi£icant for the study of Old Babylonian onomas~ics. ~.

However, such an _

it. .- {

.. ~

investigation must of necessity be incorporated "lnt~:'an:YtiIiomastic .• ' . -.-c:;') ; study of the ~nt·ire Mari corpus.

Therefore, it lies outS£de'the scope

"I'

~,±,WayofsUlllinary wemay.say that the district governor was probably in re'Cjl terms the most important official in Mar!' s, bureaucracy, .

_~c:-

next to the. king himself .

'.

.~

{

Capable district g-overnors were indispens.-

able to the functioning of the gov~rnment of the kingdom of Mari.

...

INDEX. OF . MARL TEXTS C Page(Note)

Letter*

ARM II

8

-

_ .."1.

59, 177

~,,-

31

.".t'

60(3)

? 33

J'

_,152(6)

----------

48

67

92

153(13)

12

67

13

139

96, 111, 1l.6

'14

148

108-·110

15

67

101-107

13(13)

101 101:5-31

-j

,..

102

67

16

120(24), 147

104

37

17

60(3) , 147

106

76, 80, 163 "

107

79, ·150, 163, 170

'i

,17:25-31 '18

2

3

5 7

21 46, 118(6)

147

59,

134 105.., 134

22-26

. 118(6)

23

1~3

88 159 89

23:5-17

,53'

24

-

3~

19....20

ARN III

,

159 -,

*Underlining indicates nrarisliterations. and translations included on pages cited. .~~ lOLL

.."-

195 25

159

76

54

27

.31, 140

77

60(3)

27:5-7, 13-23

78

161-162

. 97; 146,.1;85

28

37 . .

78:28-30

30

139

79

30:7-15, 20-39

'27 54, 118(&)

/24-26 ARM V

20 18, 71

33~7-15

.

/.5'~·' '-~

.?

40

185

.41

186

!

j.

.. ,1~:(6) , .

..

-'''':/ 1_-

it-

f

!

I~

VI

43

116

7: ' .. '

44

129

9\~"

54

45'

176

1

54

14

125

107

54~

\,

46' 0'.-

"'

.~

.;\,

112

47

..

..,

1,31

15-

123

'

.'1-

55

123

58

67

61

74

62

79170 ,.

63

186

65

'13 (14)

-'.

..

. ,127 'f: .~

..

21

1i6, 15"1 (3') \ 126

451

107,.185 's.

············70 ..

74

75

,.

71

,47;:

116

49

54

57

\.

60(3)

,.

196 58

69

,2: 24

65

107, 146

3

68

148, 165

72

-

85(26) 119(19)

3:5-21

lb3-104

163

4:5-21

165-166

75

186

5

73; 115, 163, 1]7

76

75

6

73, lis, Y-63, 177

/

76:20-21

136

;113'3-184

7:3-7 /

/

7:6)'/'

55

/

, ARM X

-{: 7

190(15)

'.',

33

/

, 153 (9)

/

19'

7:4'

;/ 7

.

/

J

/y.//

126

84(15), 172(4)

8

181 175-176

9 :5-15

104, '178, 184

10,

ARMT XIII

'70, 104, 184

11

178.. . 179

11:1-25

,

186

11:5

53 "

12:3'-14'

113

13

,

//

112

121-122

30 182

47-49., 99'(6), 118(6) 55

13: 16-18

/

126

163

13:24

134

186

14

137

116

14:5-33

16

15-17

1

80, 100{6)

2

70, 79, 80

"

-

15:5-9 16

51-53

..

112 50, 119 (19)

15

ARM XIV

54,

49

---------.sil,-·-90'

--

197 63 (10) , 70

17

IT: 9' -12'

20

18:5-10 18:2'

91-92

29:25-27

116

45

30

88,-147

47, 49

31'

15(32)"

18:2'-15'

45-46

151(3)

19:14-16

49

33:2'-l'160

19:17-20

54

34

20

54 .

21

55

22

70., 73, 147

"

.

36, 37

35: 5-22

/'

36 f

\ 34-35

37, 74

•

15(32), 21

~~23:~1

38-39 '

35

186 '.

23

170·

34:5-18

22: 4-·9

36:16-21

36

~,

56-57 96, 1~11 , 146, 168 '

24

(6) ,

24:4-:11, 1'-9'

38

76

39

75

40

75

94-95 " 40: 5-8

107-108, 168 •

29

24:6'--8'

77

41 118(6)

25 25:2'-9'

,~--~ , 87~88

25:9 '-11'

"

26... 29 26

27 28

" '~.

-'88 -

25:13'

...

88, 159

88, 147

118(6)

19

.'fo

29:20-29

- -

90

7A,

72,

90, 163

",,

-

'""

28:8-9

",:7.',,-2, ...

, 115, 159·

i

.

91, 92,: 158" \

',,-

.99 (5)\\ .

-----

.~ .----~. -.

.

.

_. ~~ __ :::;>

t.,f

.-

p~.~

•

198 45: 6

99(5)

80

47:5-8, 23

114

-I

48

48:30-35

115

81:37

27-28

81:.38-39

131 '

51:4-9

20 . 153(13)

""

"".,

.""

82: 16--1.7

.

131 15(31)

~r

116

.4~-

70 '

83

105, 106

61

19

82:5-22

74

54: 14 '

19

81:33-35

, 48: 15-16

52

17

80:4-11

72

51

71

.

,33-34

83:9-13

'

7.9, 120(23), 147

84

)

61:4-12

42(15)

61 :·2' -3 ' 62

84: /.:-11, l' -18'

' 132-133

85

106, 134

Q

141-143

90

85: 5-19

66'-67 ./'

105...106,

6,2: 19-20, . :; ;. 30..; ".;.-. . ;:.3. ;:.1

70, 125

86

J'

62:22 , 66· r

86: 4-16~

116 "

:)..77

- ~;!-

70

84(13)

" 86:25-30

78-79

135, 139,148 '

86:31-34

186

22

26, 118(6), 135

71:1'-14' 74

8\6)~ 21-22

149-150

~

139 .., .

70:13'-17' 71 '

63-69

86:17-27 -,-

67:5-7, '1'-11'

69

77-78

24-23

139

'"

92

137

9'4

146 126

97:5...:14 98

75, 131

.-'~

,

99 .

, 74:5-21

,-'

r

75

79

60,(3), 74; 137, 153-(13);·174(24) 131

. 129

101"

151(3)

102 ..

152(6)

.'

199 15(.32), 29, 14'6

'\

106

r...."

.

,55

109:11~14

112

,

,

~.;

'107: 11' -1.3 '.

~

.

'''''~",* ""', ~'

146

::110 .

,

'"", ....

104 :'15' -16'-

,

169 ' 146 129

'.

!'

~113: 5-20

127-128 ~

114

152(6)

116

152(6)

117: 5-15

124-125

'118

130

119

147 113

•

120: 15-16 121

,

•

-"":'

\".

~,.

~

,f>

119:16-18 "

-. -

..

...,:....... - ..•

".

,t..... ':.., \

~. -~~~~--

.~-'

"

169' "

.139, 153(13)

121:4-16

/

136 J

.

~

121·: 22-29

'144-145

..;



Archives royales £Ie Mari, XII: Textes ·administratifs de la 5 dU",palais(2 eme partie).· Paris, 1964-.

_~alle

.

Archives ,royales de Mar,i,>XJ:V: ,Lettres de Yaqqim-Ad,du gouverneur de Sagaratum. Textes cuneiformes de Mari, 1. ~aris, 1976.

_ _ _ _ _ _- a

Archives royales de Mari, XIV":' Lettres de Yaqqim-Addu Sagaratum, transc1"ites, traduites, et commentees. Paris, 1974. gouv~rneurde

$:;

Borger, -Ry,kle. Assyr!sch;babylonische 'Zeichenliste:. 2nd ed. Alter' orient- tlndl\.ltes Te~tament, ,Ban a' 33/33A. N'eU:kirchen-Vluyn, 1981. Bottero, Jean.. Archive,~ royales de Mari,VII: I . Textes administratifs : -'. dela saiLe .110., Musee~,du- Louvre, Departement 'des Antiquites . : Orientales, 'J;ext:es cune.:ifoJ;Il1es, XXVIII. Paris ,1956., Arch:ive$ royalesdeMari;.~VII: minis~rati's. Paris,: 1957.

____a

TeJaris, 194,1.

r

et

Archiv~s'" royales de Mari, II: tr,aduites ~ Paris, 1950.

Lettres diverse, transcrites

Kraeling" Gh.'H., and R. M. Adams, eds. City 111vincible: A Symposium on Urbanization and Cultural Development in the Ancient Near East. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1960. Kupper, Jean-Robert. -Archives royales de Ma.ri, III: Lettres. Musee du Louvre, Departement des Aritiquit,es Orientales, Textes cuneiformes, XXIV. Paris, 1~48.

....

..

,

Archives royales de' Mar!, . 111--:

Corre.spondance de Kibri-

ouverneur deTer a, "anscrite.e't tradufte. Paris: l'~~ .~. " ,:~: I '

"

•

:-.

'--,-~-,-----..,..

I

',l-:' '.e.' •

.

.'

.;

.

.:J;. -

.~

.-

Archives royalesdeMa.ri, VI:, Lettres. Musee du. LQU'yre~ Depart,ement des Anti,quites Orientales, Texte~ cune,if~es, XXVII. Paris, 1953. .

..\.(~.

Archivesro ales de Mar! VI:;· eor-res ondance~" •,Lim, prefetdu ,palats .deMari, transcri.te ettraduite. 1954 •..··

c

'.

';'5f-;

.:

-9J"'~

\! .

"

P,:,,!s,

Les nomad~s enM€sopotamie. au temps d.es rois de Ma.rL Paris:: 'Societed' editionLesBe.1lesLettr~s,,1957 ~'"

-,--~--.,;._,ed. ):{V~RencontreassyriQlogique'interna:tionale: .La civili"'; .' sation. de MarL . Paris:

LesBelles Lettres ,1967.

" , ' . .

.

-.

teeman~ ,r1.F.

E •.

--.-

j ~

. For'eignTri:idein the.QldBabylonianPeriod. . Brill, 1960.

Leiden:

.• 'Legal and Economic . Records from. the Kingdom of Larsa. Leiden; .. E.'J~Br·ill~1954.:, '.'

Luke,J.• T •. ",Pastoralism ~ndPolitics intheMari Period.", Unpublished. Ph.D. disserta.t~ori, University of Michig'an, 1965. .'

BazzaL A.. "The Organization ,of ,the Ma.ri~ta'te.", UpPublished ~h.D

iF

-dissertation, 'University',of;Chicago, .1969.... .

.-.:.

.

,",

:.

.

'.

";

Matthews, Viet-or Ha:rold~··PastoraLNomadism·. in >theMari KiI).gdom (ca. 1830-1760 B. C. ).A!nerican Schools of Oriental Resea,rchDis':" ,sertatton' .S~ries~. No.3. C~bri4ge: American Scboolsof . Orten6il'~Research~,19.78. .

-

.

.

.

- ' .

Musil, Alois. AT6pographical Itinerary, ·ed. J., K. Wright. American ~ Geographical'Society'Oriel1tal Explo:rations and Studies ~. No.3. New, York, 1927. .'

204 Oppenheim, A. Leo, etal., eds. The Assyrian Dictionary of the Ori.ental Institute 'of the University of', Chicago. Chicago: The O~iental Institute, ,1956,-.' , Parrot, Andre, ed. ,Studia Mariana. Documenta et Monumenta orientis antiqui, IV. Leiden:' E. J.- Brill, 1950. _ _ _ _ , et ale Mission a'rcheo'logique de Mari. orientaliste de Paul Geuthner, 1956-.

Paris:

Librair,ie

Pehrs6n,Robert N. 'The Social Organi,zation of 'tneMarri Baluch~ C.omp. , Fredrick Barth. Chicago : Aldine Publishing Company, 19p-,6. ,

'

.

'

,

.".,.

.'"

Polanyi,karl, ,ConradM.'Arensblkg,(:lnd Harry W. Pearson, eds. Tr&de' and M-arket in the Early, Empires': , Economies in History .:lud T,heory. Glencoe