Urinary Infections - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

URINARY INFECTIONS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES...

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URINARY

INFECTIONS

A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D.

AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

ii

ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Urinary Infections: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index.

ISBN: 0-597-84111-X

1. Urinary Infections-Popular works. I. Title.

iii

Disclaimer

This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

iv

Acknowledgements

The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on urinary infections. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

v

About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

vi

About ICON Health Publications

To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

vii

Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1

CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON URINARY INFECTIONS............................................................................... 3

Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3

The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3

Federally Funded Research on Urinary Infections......................................................................... 4

E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 5

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5

CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND URINARY INFECTIONS .............................................. 15

Overview...................................................................................................................................... 15

The Combined Health Information Database............................................................................... 15

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 16

Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 16

General References ....................................................................................................................... 19

CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON URINARY INFECTIONS ........................................................................... 21

Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21

Patents on Urinary Infections ..................................................................................................... 21

Patent Applications on Urinary Infections.................................................................................. 24

Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 25

CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON URINARY INFECTIONS ............................................................................... 27

Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 27

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 28

The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 28

Chapters on Urinary Infections ................................................................................................... 28

CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON URINARY INFECTIONS .................................................................... 31

Overview...................................................................................................................................... 31

Bibliography: Multimedia on Urinary Infections ........................................................................ 31

CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON URINARY INFECTIONS ................................................. 33

Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33

News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 33

Academic Periodicals covering Urinary Infections...................................................................... 35

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 39

Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39

NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 39

NIH Databases ............................................................................................................................. 41

Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 43

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 45

Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45

Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 45

Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 48

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 51

Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51

Preparation................................................................................................................................... 51

Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 51

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 51

ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 57

Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 57

URINARY INFECTIONS DICTIONARY ................................................................................... 59

viii Contents

INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 79

1

FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with urinary infections is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about urinary infections, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to urinary infections, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on urinary infections. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to urinary infections, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on urinary infections. The Editors

1 From

the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

3

CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON URINARY INFECTIONS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on urinary infections.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and urinary infections, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “urinary infections” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Bacteriuria and Urinary Infections in the Elderly Source: Urologic Clinics of North America. 23(1): 43-54. February 1996. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company, Periodicals Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 654-2452. Summary: This entry from a monograph on geriatric urology covers bacteriuria and urinary infections in the elderly. The authors note that the physiological dysfunctions experienced in response to the aging process increases the individual's susceptibility to infection. Urinary infections in the elderly are more commonly asymptomatic; treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria is not justified and will often present opportunities for the organism to acquire antimicrobial resistance. The authors also discuss how antimicrobial

4

Urinary Infections

selection for the treatment of symptomatic urinary infections in elderly patients is complicated by the many physiologic and environmental conditions associated with older age patients. 121 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Urinary Infections The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to urinary infections. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to urinary infections. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore urinary infections. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for urinary infections: •

Project Title: INFECTIONS

QUINOLONE

RESISTANCE

IN

NOSOCOMIAL

URINARY

Principal Investigator & Institution: Lautenbach, Ebbing; Medicine; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (adapted from the application) This award will prepare Ebbing Lautenbach M.D., M.P.H., for a career as an independent investigator in Infectious Diseases epidemiology with a particular focus on the proper use of antimicrobial agents and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. He proposes a comprehensive, interdisciplinary program that will provide him with the skills and experience necessary for independent patient-oriented research. The training component includes advanced education in clinical epidemiology and biostatistics, training in Hospital Epidemiology, and dual mentorship from an internationally recognized pharmacoepidemiologist and a highly experienced Infectious Diseases clinical researcher. The research component of the Award will focus on resistance to the fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotics among nosocomial urinary tract infections (UTIs). UTIs are by far the most common of nosocomial infections and are responsible for significant morbidity, mortality, and cost associated with hospitalization. FQ antibiotics have played an increasingly important role in the treatment of nosocomial UTIs particularly as resistance to other first line antibiotics has become widespread. The utility of FQ antibiotics in this setting is, however, seriously threatened by the emergence of resistance to these agents in recent years. Causes of FQ resistance in nosocomial UTIs are unclear and whether risk factors for FQ resistance vary across different infecting organisms has not been studied. This proposal will investigate risk factors for FQ resistance for individual pathogens as well 2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

5

as for gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens as distinct groups. These data will then be used to develop clinical prediction rules for FQ resistance in patients with UTI. Finally, the impact of FQ resistance will be investigated by comparing the outcomes of patients with FQ-resistant and FQ-susceptible infections. This work will provide a basis for the control of the emergence of FQ resistance. Future studies will be planned to evaluate the effect of interventions designed to decrease the emergence of resistance as well as the effect of the prediction rules in selecting more effective empiric antimicrobial therapy for patients with nosocomial UTI. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “urinary infections” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for urinary infections in the PubMed Central database: •

Enoxacin relieves symptoms of recurrent urinary infections more rapidly than cefuroxime axetil. by Brumfitt W, Hamilton-Miller JM, Walker S.; 1993 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=188014

•

Protocol of a prospective cohort study of the effect of different methods of drainage of neuropathic bladder on occurrence of symptomatic urinary infection, and adverse events related to the urinary drainage system in spinal cord injury patients. by Vaidyanathan S, Soni BM, Gurpreet S, Mansour P, Hughes PL, Oo T, Sett P, Parsons KF, Davies JC.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=60970

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web 3 Adapted 4

from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic

literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a

world-class library of the digital age.

5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse

sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations,

and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of

Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction

with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text

journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with

their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

6

Urinary Infections

site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with urinary infections, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “urinary infections” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for urinary infections (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A clinical comparison between Macrodantin and trimethoprim for prophylaxis in women with recurrent urinary infections. Author(s): Brumfitt W, Smith GW, Hamilton-Miller JM, Gargan RA.

Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1985 July; 16(1): 111-20.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_

uids=4044461&dopt=Abstract

•

A study of struvite precipitation and urease activity in bacteria isolated from patients with urinary infections and their possible involvement in the formation of renal calculi. Author(s): Rivadeneyra MA, Gutierrez-Calderon A, Rivadeneyra AM, Ramos-

Cormenzana A.

Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1999; 63(3): 188-92.



•

Age at diagnosis of vesicoureteric reflux after urinary infections: historical changes. Author(s): Marra G, Oppezzo C, Barberis V, Bianchetti MG.

Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2003 June; 92(6): 734-6.



•

Association of the 'secretor state' with the presence and recurrence of urinary infections in pregnant women. Author(s): Biondi C, Cotorruelo C, Balague C, Toresani I, Racca L, Di Monaco RD,

Fernandez L, Racca A.

Source: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 1999 May; 36 ( Pt 3): 391-2.



•

Bacterial colonization behaviour: a new virulence strategy in urinary infections? Author(s): McLean RJ, Nickel JC.

Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1991 November; 36(3): 269-72. Review.



•

Bacteriuria and urinary infections in the elderly. Author(s): Childs SJ, Egan RJ.

Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 1996 February; 23(1): 43-54. Review.



Studies

7

•

Bladder symptoms and urinary infections. Author(s): Hellstrom AL.

Source: Nurs Times. 1991 September 11-17; 87(37): 55. No Abstract Available.



•

Cefaclor as a prophylactic agent for recurrent urinary infections: a comparative trial with macrocrystalline nitrofurantoin. Author(s): Brumfitt W, Hamilton-Miller JM, Walker S, Roberts D.

Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1992; 18(6): 239-44.



•

Changing role of co-trimoxazole in the treatment of recurrent urinary infections: a comparison with augmentin. Author(s): Brumfitt W, Hamilton-Miller JM.

Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1985 September; 39(9): 346-51. No Abstract Available.



•

Changing treatment patterns in urinary infections. Author(s): Andriole VT.

Source: Bull N Y Acad Med. 1987 July-August; 63(6): 433-40. Review. No Abstract

Available.



•

Clinical effects of azlocillin--Pharmachim in patients with urinary infections. Author(s): Murdjev A, Bozhilov I, Tsenova Z, Margaritov A, Gikov D, Uchikova T. Source: Folia Med (Plovdiv). 1986; 28(1): 14-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3104167&dopt=Abstract

•

Consensus viewpoint on management of urinary infections. Author(s): Brumfitt W, Hamilton-Miller JM.

Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1994 May; 33 Suppl A: 147-53.



•

Contributions to the study of the favouring role of chronic urinary infections in inducing and starting drug-allergic-type reactions. Author(s): Iamandescu IB.

Source: Med Interne. 1990 January-March; 28(1): 53-60.



8

Urinary Infections

•

Cost-effectiveness of urinary dipsticks to screen asymptomatic catheter-associated urinary infections in an intensive care unit. Author(s): Tissot E, Woronoff-Lemsi MC, Cornette C, Plesiat P, Jacquet M, Capellier G. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2001 December; 27(12): 1842-7. Epub 2001 November 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11797017&dopt=Abstract

•

Current imaging of childhood urinary infections: prospective survey. Author(s): Rickwood AM, Carty HM, McKendrick T, Williams MP, Jackson M, Pilling

DW, Sprigg A.

Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 March 14; 304(6828): 663-5.



•

Do all human urinary infections with Schistosoma mattheei represent hybridization between S. haematobium and S. mattheei? Author(s): Kruger FJ, Evans AC.

Source: Journal of Helminthology. 1990 December; 64(4): 330-2.



•

Efficacy and safety profile of long-term nitrofurantoin in urinary infections: 18 years' experience. Author(s): Brumfitt W, Hamilton-Miller JM.

Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1998 September; 42(3): 363-71.



•

Enoxacin relieves symptoms of recurrent urinary infections more rapidly than cefuroxime axetil. Author(s): Brumfitt W, Hamilton-Miller JM, Walker S.

Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1993 July; 37(7): 1558-9.



•

Evaluation by immunofluorescence of the urinary bacteria, of the therapy effectiveness in urinary infections. Author(s): Gluhovschi G, Dragan I, Arcan P, Bendea R.

Source: Med Interne. 1990 October-December; 28(4): 279-88.



•

Evaluation of CPS ID2 medium for diagnosis of urinary infections. Author(s): Nunez ML, Diaz J, Lorente I, Perez J, Ruiz J.

Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official

Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1995 December; 14(12):

1111-3.



Studies

9

•

Fosfomycin trometamol in a single dose versus norfloxacin for seven days in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary infections in general practice. Author(s): Boerema JB, Willems FT.

Source: Infection. 1990; 18 Suppl 2: S80-8.



•

Frequency of pap and pil operons in Escherichia coli strains associated with urinary infections. Author(s): Perugini MR, Vidotto MC.

Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De

Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 1996 March;

29(3): 351-7.



•

Girls prone to urinary infections followed into adulthood. Indices of renal disease. Author(s): Martinell J, Lidin-Janson G, Jagenburg R, Sivertsson R, Claesson I, Jodal U. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 1996 April; 10(2): 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8703696&dopt=Abstract

•

High prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in women with urinary infections. Author(s): Berg E, Benson DM, Haraszkiewicz P, Grieb J, McDonald J.

Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic

Emergency Medicine. 1996 November; 3(11): 1030-4.



•

Imaging studies for childhood urinary infections. Author(s): Stapleton FB.

Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 January 16; 348(3): 251-2.



•

Management, treatment, and prevention of urinary infections in the spinal cord injured. Author(s): Lindan R.

Source: J Am Paraplegia Soc. 1985 January; 8(1): 19. No Abstract Available.



•

Mucosal morphology of ileal conduits with particular reference to urinary infections. Author(s): Lindell O, Makinen J, Nickels J, Lehtonen T.

Source: European Urology. 1986; 12(3): 201-6.



10 Urinary Infections

•

Nalidixic acid and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole as alternatives for short-term treatment of urinary infections. Author(s): Zaki M, Helin I.

Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1986 September; 6(3): 205-7.



•

Open randomized controlled parallel study of ofloxacin versus trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole treatment of lower respiratory tract and urinary infections. Author(s): De Simone C, Di Fabio S, Moretti S, Tzantzoglou S, Trinchieri V, Gargiulo M. Source: Chemotherapy. 1991; 37 Suppl 1: 39-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2049964&dopt=Abstract

•

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of ciprofloxacin 250 mg/12 h versus 500 mg/24 h for urinary infections. Author(s): Sanchez Navarro MD, Sayalero Marinero ML, Sanchez Navarro A.




•

Polyvinilpyrrolidone-iodine (P.V.P.-I) bladder irrigation for prevention of catheterassociated urinary infections in patients treated by T.U.R. Author(s): Giannoni R, Legramandi C, Fonte A.

Source: Arch Ital Urol Nefrol Androl. 1989 March; 61(1): 63-7.



•

Pregnancies in women with and without renal scarring after urinary infections in childhood. Author(s): Martinell J, Jodal U, Lidin-Janson G.

Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1990 March 31; 300(6728): 840-4.



•

Problems in the treatment of urinary infections caused by Streptococcus agalactiae. Author(s): Zozikov B, Girgitzova B, Minkov N.

Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1993; 25(5): 409-15.



•

Rapid diagnosis of gram negative urinary infections: identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing in 24 hours. Author(s): Dupeyron CM, Guillemin GA, Leluan GJ.

Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1986 February; 39(2): 208-11.



Studies

11

•

Reassessment of cefuroxime axetil for the treatment of recurrent urinary infections. Author(s): Brumfitt W, Hamilton-Miller JM, al-Wali W.




•

Recurrent urinary infections in women: clinical trial of cephradine as a prophylactic agent. Author(s): Brumfitt W, Hamilton-Miller JM.

Source: Infection. 1987; 15(5): 344-7.



•

Risk of preterm delivery in pregnant women with group B streptococcal urinary infections or urinary antibodies to group B streptococcal and E. coli antigens. Author(s): McKenzie H, Donnet ML, Howie PW, Patel NB, Benvie DT.

Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1994 February; 101(2): 107-13.



•

Scanning electron microscopic examinations of renal stones associated with urinary infections. Author(s): Hirano S, Ohkawa M, Hisazumi H.

Source: Nippon Jinzo Gakkai Shi. 1987 March; 29(3): 293-300. No Abstract Available.



•

Serial 99mTc dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scans after urinary infections presenting before the age of 5 years. Author(s): Verber IG, Meller ST.

Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1989 November; 64(11): 1533-7.



•

Single dose gentamicin treatment of urinary infections in children. Author(s): Grimwood K, Abbott GD, Fergusson DM.

Source: N Z Med J. 1988 August 24; 101(852): 539-41.



•

Surface properties of Escherichia coli strains responsible for urinary infections. Author(s): Romano Carratelli C, Nuzzo I, Galdiero M.

Source: Microbiologica. 1987 January; 10(1): 55-61.




•

The appropriate use of diagnostic services: (xii) Investigation of urinary infections in general practice--are we wasting facilities? Author(s): Brumfitt W, Hamilton-Miller JM.

Source: Health Trends. 1986 August; 18(3): 57-9. No Abstract Available.



•

The appropriate use of diagnostic services: (XII). Investigation of urinary infections in general practice: are we wasting facilities? Author(s): Brumfitt W, Hamilton-Miller JM.

Source: Health Bull (Edinb). 1987 January; 45(1): 5-10. No Abstract Available.



•

The Garrod lecture. Progress in understanding urinary infections. Author(s): Brumfitt W.

Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1991 January; 27(1): 9-22. Review.



•

The nitroblue tetrazolium test in the estimation of urinary and serum leukocyte metabolism in urinary infections. A preliminary note. Author(s): Gluhovschi G, Gotia S.

Source: Med Interne. 1990 July-September; 28(3): 255-9.



•

Torulopsis glabrata urinary infections: a review. Author(s): Frye KR, Donovan JM, Drach GW.

Source: The Journal of Urology. 1988 June; 139(6): 1245-9. Review.



•

Treatment of urinary infections in pregnancy using single versus 10-day dosing. Author(s): Adelson MD, Graves WL, Osborne NG.

Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1992 January; 84(1): 73-5.



•

Treatment of urinary infections. Author(s): McLigeyo SO.

Source: East Afr Med J. 1991 November; 68(11): 841-3. No Abstract Available.



•

Treatment of urinary infections: clinical perspectives. Author(s): Fontana G, Laudi M, Carlone NA, Savoia D.

Source: Chemioterapia. 1987 February; 6(1): 45-9.



Studies

13

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Urinary infections in adults--1985. Author(s): Cattell WR.

Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1985 October; 61(720): 907-13. Review.



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Urinary infections in children 1985. Author(s): Smellie JM, Normand IC.

Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1985 October; 61(720): 895-905. Review.



•

Urinary infections in intestinal urinary diversions. Author(s): d'e Stevens PJ.

Source: Nurs Rsa. 1994 August; 9(8): 36-8. No Abstract Available.



•

Urinary infections in patients with spinal cord injury. Author(s): Penders J, Huylenbroeck AA, Everaert K, Van Laere M, Verschraegen GL. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2003 October; 41(10): 549-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14504611&dopt=Abstract

•

Urinary infections in the elderly: symptomatic of asymptomatic? Author(s): Nicolle LE.

Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 1999 May; 11(3-4): 265-8.



15

CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND URINARY INFECTIONS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to urinary infections. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) is a bibliographic database produced by health-related agencies of the U.S. federal government (mostly from the National Institutes of Health) that can offer concise information for a targeted search. The CHID database is updated four times a year at the end of January, April, July, and October. Check the titles, summaries, and availability of CAM-related information by using the “Simple Search” option at the following Web site: http://chid.nih.gov/simple/simple.html. In the drop box at the top, select “Complementary and Alternative Medicine.” Then type “urinary infections” (or synonyms) in the second search box. We recommend that you select 100 “documents per page” and to check the “whole records” options. The following was extracted using this technique: •

Foods that Fight Pain: Revolutionary New Strategies for Maximum Pain Relief Source: New York, NY: Harmony Books. 1999. 347 p. Contact: Available from Harmony Books. 231 Broad Street, Nevada City, CA 95959. (530) 265-9564. PRICE: $14.00. ISBN: 0609804367. Summary: This book is intended to help people fight pain by using common foods, traditional supplements, and herbs. It explains which foods contribute to pain and how to avoid them, which foods are pain-safe but high in nutrition, and which foods can actively soothe pain by improving blood circulation, relieving inflammation, and balancing hormones. An introduction describes how food can fight pain at any of the stages of the pain process: the initial injury, the inflammatory response, the pain message traveling through the nerves, and the brain's perception of pain. Part 1 discusses conditions related to poor circulation, such as backaches and chest pain. Part 2


addresses conditions caused by food sensitivities and inflammation, including migraines, other headaches, joint ailments, stomach aches and digestive problems, and fibromyalgia. Part 3 discusses hormone-related conditions such as menstrual pain, breast pain, and cancer pain. Part 4 discusses metabolic and immune problems, including carpal tunnel syndrome, diabetes, herpes and shingles, sickle cell anemia, kidney stones, and urinary infections. Part 5 discusses the roles of exercise, rest, and sleep in pain relief; describes several stress-reducing exercises; and explains why the body rebels against certain foods. The book includes menus and recipes, a glossary of ingredients, a list of resources, a list of suggested readings, and an index.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to urinary infections and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “urinary infections” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to urinary infections: •

Observations on the effectiveness of cranberry juice in urinary infections. Author(s): MOEN DV. Source: Wis Med J. 1962 May; 61: 282-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14475007&dopt=Abstract

•

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of ciprofloxacin 250 mg/12 h versus 500 mg/24 h for urinary infections. Author(s): Sanchez Navarro MD, Sayalero Marinero ML, Sanchez Navarro A. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 July; 50(1): 67-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12096008&dopt=Abstract

•

Urethral narrowing and its treatment: a possible solution for the problems of recurrent urinary infection and the “irritable bladder”. Author(s): McCannel DA, Haile W. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1982; 14(4): 407-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7182377&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

Alternative Medicine 17

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to urinary infections; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Urethral Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urethritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Chinese Medicine Baimaogen Alternative names: Lalang Grass Rhizome; Rhizoma Imperatae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baiwei Alternative names: Blackend Swallowwort Root; Radix Cynanchi Atrati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Bianxu Alternative names: Common Knotgrass Herb; Herba Polygoni Avicularis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Cheqiancao Alternative names: Plantain Herb; Herba Plantaginis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dongkuiguo Alternative names: Cluster Mallow Fruit; Fructus Malvae Source: Chinese Materia Medica

18

Urinary Infections

Haijinsha Alternative names: Japanese Climbing Fern Spore; Spora Lygodii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Heizhongcaozi Alternative names: Fennelflower Seed; Semen Nigellae

Source: Chinese Materia Medica

Huangbo Alternative names: Amur Cork-tree; Cortex Phellodendri


Huashi Alternative names: Talc; Talcum


Jinqiancao Alternative names: Christina Loosestrife; Herba Lysimachiae


Lianqiancao Alternative names: Longtube Ground Ivy Herb; Herba Glechomae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lianqiao Alternative names: Weeping Forsythia Capsule; Fructus Forsythiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lugen Alternative names: Reed Rhizome; Rhizoma Phragmitis


Pugongying Alternative names: Dandelion; Herba Taraxaci


Qiancao Alternative names: Longtube Ground Ivy Herb; Lianqiancao; Herba Glechomae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingmazi Alternative names: Chingma Abutilon Seed; Semen Abutili


Qingyedan Alternative names: Mile Swertia Herb; Herba Swertiae Mileensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qumai Alternative names: Lilac Pink Herb; Herba Dianthi


Alternative Medicine 19

Sanbaicao Alternative names: Chinese Lizardtail Rhizome or Herb; Rhizoma seu Herba Saururi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sanwei Jili San Alternative names: Sanwei Jili Powder; Sanwei Jili San
(San Wei Ji Li San) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Shiwei Alternative names: Shearer's Pyrrosia Leaf; Folium Pyrrosiae


Tongcao Alternative names: Stachyurus or Japanese Helwingia Pith; Xiaotongcao; Medulla Stachyuri Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiaotongcao Alternative names: Stachyurus or Japanese Helwingia Pith; Medulla Stachyuri Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yuxingcao Alternative names: Heartleaf Houttuynia Herb; Herba Houttuyniae


Zexie Alternative names: Oriental Waterplantain Rhizome; Rhizoma Alismatis Source: Chinese Materia Medica •

Herbs and Supplements Cranberry Alternative names: Vaccinium macrocarpon

Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Gravel Root Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Vaccinium Macrocarpon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html.

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Urinary Infections

This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

21

CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON URINARY INFECTIONS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.7 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “urinary infections” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on urinary infections, we have not necessarily excluded non medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Urinary Infections By performing a patent search focusing on urinary infections, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 7Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

22

Urinary Infections

The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on urinary infections: •

Chemically defined vaccine against urinary infections Inventor(s): Falkow; Stanley (Seattle, WA), Lark; David (Palo Alto, CA), O'Hanley; Peter (Palo Alto, CA), Schoolnik; Gary K. (Palo Alto, CA) Assignee(s): The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University (Stanford, CA) Patent Number: 4,736,017 Date filed: April 30, 1984 Abstract: A vaccine effective in protecting mammals against urinary infections is prepared from purified Gal-Gal pilus proteins or fragments thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of immunizing humans or animals against infection. More specifically, it relates to vaccination of such subjects with amino acid sequences capable of raising antibodies against organisms infecting the urinary tract. In particular, it relates to use of vaccines which correspond in amino acid sequence to portions of a protein associated with the pili structures of pathogenic organisms. Urinary infections constitute a fairly serious medical problem in the United States and the developed world. Approximately 1-5% of the population of the United States is documented to suffer from recurrent urinary tract infection. Approximately 0.1% of these cases encounter the complication of necrotizing pyelitis. Substantially larger numbers of the population, while not afflicted with recurrent infection, are at potential risk to serious complications, even with one episode of pyelonephritis because of an underlying medical condition. Persons at risk include those who have diabetes mellitus (approximately 10 million in the United States), the elderly, persons with renal insufficiency, users of excessive quantities of analgesics, and persons whose immune systems are suppressed e.g., patients being treated with chemotherapy for neoplasms. All of these individuals are at risk for serious complications, permanent disability, and even death from urinary infections. It would be helpful to provide an effective vaccine which would protect the relevant members of the population from urinary infection. Not only would this prevent the suffering and debilitation now occasioned by the onset of actual infection, it also obviates the need for administration of antibiotics which would be required to treat it. Such avoidance lessens the selective pressure on the infectious biomass caused by excessive use of antibiotics, and delays the appearance of resistant strains. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04736017__

•

Drug combinations having synergistic effect Inventor(s): Bozzay; Laszlo (Budapest, HU), Bruckner nee Gabor; Edit (Papa, HU), Romvary; Attila (Budapest, HU), Simon; Ferenc (Budapest, HU), Varga; Janos (Budapest, HU) Assignee(s): Patentbureau Danubia (HU) Patent Number: 4,650,790 Date filed: March 28, 1985

Patents 23

Abstract: The invention relates to a synergistic antibiotic composition useful for the treatment of respiratory, gastrointestinal or urinary infections and septicaemia of domestic animals. The composition comprises tiamulin hydrogen fumarate and an aminoglycoside antibiotic or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a weight ratio of 5:1 to 1:5. The active components are admixed or diluted with a carrier, used in veterinary therapy, in a weight ratio of 1:1 to 1:50 and formulated for oral or parenteral application. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to new drug combinations having synergistic effect which cure and prevent diseases of protozoal and bacterial (Treponema hyodysenteriae, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella, Salmonella, Mycoplasma spp.) origin of cattle, calves, sheep, goats, swine, rabbits and poultry. Furthermore the invention relates to a process for the preparation of these drug combinations. It is known that the greatest economical losses in swine and poultry flocks are due to diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and of respiratory organs. Losses appear not only because of increased mortality and costs of treatment but adversely affected performance, too. Mycoplasma strains play a great part in the background of the disorders of the respiratory tract, but inflammatory signs due to secondary pathogens (e.g. Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Pasteurella, Bordetella strains) are also important. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04650790__ •

Method and composition for treating urinary tract infections Inventor(s): Griffith; Donald P. (4425 Hazelton, Houston, TX 77035), Musher; Daniel M. (4903 Heatherglen, Houston, TX 77035) Assignee(s): none reported

Patent Number: 4,024,256

Date filed: September 18, 1975 Abstract: A method for the treatment of urinary tract infections and a composition for use in such method, such method comprising administering to a patient suffering from a urinary tract infection an effective anti-bacterial dosage of a composition comprising in combination:A. a source of methenamine, e.g. methenamine; andB. a source of hydroxamate groups, e.g., acetohydroxamic acid.The source of hydroxamate groups is administered in the amount effective to potentiate the anti-bacterial effect of the source of methenamine. The method is specifically applied to the treatment of urinary infections caused by urease producing bacteria, especially bacteria of the species proteus.In addition, where colonization of the bacteria can be tolerated and where it is only necessary to eliminate the pathogenicity of the urease producing bacteria induced infection, effective treatment can be achieved by administration of only the source of hydroxamate groups, preferably acetohydroxamic acid. Also, by maintaining the urine at an acid pH in the presence of urease producing bacteria by administering a source of hydroxamate groups, struvite and apatite urinary stones normally associated with urease producing bacteria can be dissolved. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for treating urinary tract infections and a composition for use in such method; and more specifically the present invention relates to such method and composition for the treatment of urinary tract infections, specifically urinary tract infections caused by bacteria that produce urease, especially those of the species Proteus, wherein the anti-bacterial effect of methenamine is potentiated or synergized by administering a source of methenamine in combination with a source of

24

Urinary Infections

hydroxamate groups. In addition, this invention relates to a method of eliminating the pathogenicity of urease producing bacteria by administering to a patient suffering from an infection caused by urease producing bacteria a source of hydroxamate groups. Furthermore, the present invention provides a method of dissolving struvite and apatite urinary stones generally associated with urease producing bacteria by administering a source of hydroxamate groups which provides urine of physiological pH, which due to under-saturation with respect to struvite and apatite crystals can effectively dissolve the associated stones. The increasing awareness of the importance of urinary tract infections has brought about the realization that adequate drug therapy is required for the treatment of the infection. With this awareness for the need for adequate drug therapy, a corresponding awareness has developed that such adequate drug therapy is difficult to provide. For example, patients with urinary tract infections often have an associated condition of stasis, stone or obstruction in the urinary tract and the chronicity or recurrence of the urinary tract infections renders unlikely successful treatment. Where such conditions exist and where the infection reoccurs, antibiotics often lose their effect due to the rapid development or acquisition of resistant mutant organisms. Still further, when a patient has a urinary stone, while the infection might be satisfactorily treated initially with a conventional antiobiotic, the stone contains viable bacteria which serve as a source for reinfection. Accordingly, while conventional antibiotics may provide short time relief from urinary tract infections complete cure freuently cannot be achieved through the administration of the conventional antibiotic agent. However, with synthetic anti-bacterial agents, the development of resistance is much less common. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04024256__

Patent Applications on Urinary Infections As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.8 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to urinary infections: •

Device and method for managing urine release in incontinent females Inventor(s): Grundke, Reinhold; (Burghausen, DE), Liedl, Bernhard; (Munchen, DE) Correspondence: Baker Botts Llp; C/o Intellectual Property Department; The Warner, Suite 1300; 1299 Pennsylvania Ave, NW; Washington; DC; 20004-2400; US Patent Application Number: 20020026161 Date filed: February 26, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a device and method for managing uncontrolled urine release in females. The device is flexible and is worn externally on the vaginal area. This external device may further be attached to a urine collector, such as a bladder bag, and may be worn by a female person while standing, walking, sitting, or laying down. This external urine drainage device is comfortable and easy to use, avoids soiling of the laundry when worn correctly, runs a low risk of causing urinary infections or skin irritations, and is easily washable and re-usable.

8 This

has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

Patents 25

Excerpt(s): The invention concerns a device for the drainage of uncontrolled urine release in females. Lack of urinary control (incontinence) is an ailment which affects a large number of adults in varying degrees. Solutions to managing uncontrolled urination, however, are limited. For some people, certain prescription medications assist in bodily control of urine release. In cases where medications do not work, are impracticable, or are only partially successful at controlling urine release, either a catheter is inserted into the bladder to drain the urine into a collection receptacle, or the incontinent person is diapered. Both catheter use and diapering have disadvantages. The insertion and removal of a catheter requires skill and is most commonly performed by a medical practitioner, requiring a person to remain in a hospital, nursing home, or other managed care setting. Catheters have to be removed and replaced approximately every five days resulting in high costs for people who rely on permanent assistance with urine drainage. Catheters are uncomfortable and the continuous insertion and removal of catheters irritates the urethra and may cause strictures and abscesses to form. Furthermore, catheters run a risk of causing urinary tract and bladder infections. Such infections are dangerous and can even become life threatening in an aging or feeble person. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with urinary infections, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “urinary infections” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on urinary infections. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning urinary infections. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

27

CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON URINARY INFECTIONS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to urinary infections. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on urinary infections include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “urinary infections” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on urinary infections: •

Renal Disease in the Aged Source: Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. 1991. 407 p. Contact: No longer available from publisher. ISBN: 0316714011. Summary: This book provides a comprehensive review of renal disease in the elderly. For most subject areas, the authors summarize the existing information on adults in general and then provide information that is specific to the elderly. Thirteen chapters discuss anatomy and physiology, disorders of water and salt metabolism, disorders of potassium metabolism, acid-base disorders, disorders of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium metabolism, primary glomerular disease, renal involvement in systemic disease, urolithiasis and obstructive uropathy, urinary infections, acute renal failure, chronic renal failure, hypertension, and vascular disease of the kidney. Each chapter


includes a lengthy reference list, and a detailed subject index concludes the text. 2201 references.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “urinary infections” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “urinary infections” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “urinary infections” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Urinary Infection: Insights and Prospects by Bernard Francois (Editor) (1983); ISBN: 040700257X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/040700257X/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “urinary infections” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Chronic prostatitis and relapsing urinary infections Author: Meares, Edwin M.,; Year: 1968; [New York]: National Kidney Foundation, 1975

•

Urinary infections. Author: Stamey, Thomas A. (Thomas Alexander),; Year: 1965; Baltimore, Williams; Wilkins [c1972]; ISBN: 0683079085 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683079085/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Urinary Infections In order to find chapters that specifically relate to urinary infections, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and urinary infections using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the 9

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

Books

29

following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “urinary infections” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on urinary infections: •

Bladder Diverticulectomy Source: in Graham, S.D., Jr., et al., eds. Glenn's Urologic Surgery. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 1998. p. 205-209. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2300. Fax (301) 824-7390. Website: lww.com. PRICE: $199.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0397587376. Summary: A bladder diverticulum is the protrusion of mucosa through the detrusor muscle fibers as a result of a structural defect (congenital or primary diverticulum) or of chronic dysfunction of bladder voiding (diverticulum secondary to obstructive pathology of the lower urinary tract). This chapter on bladder diverticulectomy (removal of the diverticulum) is from an exhaustive textbook on urologic surgery. Diverticula are most commonly found on ultrasonography performed for the study of a prostatic syndrome in men or repeated urinary infections in women. Indications for open surgery are the presence of intradiverticular disease (tumor or lithiasis), spontaneous diverticular rupture, or complications related to the size or location of the diverticulum. With the aim of improving vesical voiding, the authors recommend the simultaneous resection of all bladder diverticula, even those of small size, if the patient must undergo open prostatectomy, cystolithotomy, ureteroneocystostomy, or Y-V plasty of the bladder neck. The author outlines the surgical techniques used, including intravesical diverticulectomy, combined intravesical and extravesical diverticulectomy, and the anticipated complications. The most serious specific complication of excision of a bladder diverticulum is an injury to the juxtavesical or pelvic ureter during dissection of large diverticulum. Less serious complications include vesical urine leakage, which may cease spontaneously if the Foley catheter is maintained for some more days, providing the obstructive pathology has been resolved. The authors conclude that the excision of the diverticulum is generally curative for that particular lesion, although correction of the underlying cause (e.g., outlet obstruction) is required to prevent formation of additional diverticulum. 5 figures. 10 references.

•

Preventing Urinary Tract Infections in Women Source: in Savitz, G. and Leslie, S.W. Kidney Stones Handbook: A Patient's Guide to Hope, Cure and Prevention. 2nd ed. Roseville, CA: Four Geez Press. 1999. p. 125-130. Contact: Available from Four Geez Press. 1911 Douglas Blvd., Suite 85-131, Roseville, CA 95661. (800) 2-Kidneys. Website: www.readerndex.com/fourgeez. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0963706861. Summary: This chapter on preventing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women is from a patient education handbook that describes how virtually every patient who follows treatment based on appropriate testing, proper interpretation, and sound medical principles can substantially reduce or eliminate all future kidney stone production. The authors emphasize the need for patients to educate themselves and to take a proactive approach to preventing new stones, in many cases to the point of educating their physicians and demanding appropriate diagnostic and treatment methods. This chapter emphasizes that UTIs can lead to kidney stones as well as to serious kidney infections

30

Urinary Infections

and renal failure. Usual symptoms include urinary frequency, burning, urgency, and lower abdominal pain. The basis for preventing urinary infections is to keep the area around the bladder opening as clean as possible, with minimal exposure to any new germs or bacteria. Keeping the urinary volume up and using antibiotics selectively are essential to prevention efforts. The authors provide a list of practical suggestions for daily hygiene, dietary changes (increasing fluids and avoiding irritating foods including caffeine), the use of estrogen, the use of prophylactic antibiotics, and how to sterilize washcloths for home use (suggested only for very resistant or severe cases of recurrent UTIs). •

Urinary Tract Source: in McGahan, J.P., ed. Interventional Ultrasound. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. 1990. p. 199-210. Contact: NO LONGER AVAILABLE. Summary: Ultrasound, alone or in combination with other imaging modalities, has a role in the diagnosis and treatment of genitourinary infections, neoplasms, and both traumatic and surgical complications. This chapter, from a book about interventional ultrasound, discusses the use of these techniques in the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract disorders. Topics include the conditions of renal cystic masses, solid renal masses, parenchymal abnormalities, fetal hydronephrosis and scrotal masses; percutaneous nephrostomy; and perinephric fluid collections. 13 figures. 40 references.

31

CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON URINARY INFECTIONS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on urinary infections. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Urinary Infections The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in urinary infections (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on urinary infections: •

Imaging patients with urinary infection [videorecording] Source: [presented by] the Radiology Dept., University of Calif., Medical Center, San Diego, California, in cooperation with the Office of Learning Resources, School of Medicine, University of Calif., San; Year: 1983; Format: Videorecording; [San Diego, Calif.]: SDRF, c1983

33

CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON URINARY INFECTIONS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover urinary infections.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on urinary infections is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “urinary infections” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance.

Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to urinary infections. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “urinary infections” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for urinary infections: •

Acupuncture may help break urinary infection cycle Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 16, 2002

34

Urinary Infections

•

Diabetes may up urinary infections in older women Source: Reuters Health eLine

Date: October 08, 2002

•

Safest to treat urinary infection during pregnancy Source: Reuters Health eLine

Date: September 19, 2002

•

US docs opt for pricey drugs for urinary infection Source: Reuters Health eLine

Date: January 14, 2002

•

Antibiotics fail to treat many urinary infections Source: Reuters Health eLine


•

New E. coli strain ID'd in urinary infections Source: Reuters Health eLine

Date: October 03, 2001

•

New test helps spot urinary infection in aged Source: Reuters Health eLine

Date: March 12, 2001

•

Bacterial resistance complicates urinary infection treatment Source: Reuters Health eLine

Date: April 14, 2000

•

Urinary Infection With U. Urealyticum Decreases Fertility Source: Reuters Medical News


The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to

Periodicals and News

35

Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “urinary infections” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “urinary infections” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to urinary infections, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “urinary infections” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Urinary Infections Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to urinary infections. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering urinary infections that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

37

APPENDICES

39

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.


•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

41

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.


•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “urinary infections” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 35359 469 951 361 10 37150

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “urinary infections” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical

Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.

16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference

Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource

documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse

Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention

(SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive

Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community

Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the

Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

43

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the

source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story.

20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a

molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each

vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how

NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

45

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on urinary infections can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internetbased services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to urinary infections. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to urinary infections. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “urinary infections”:

46

Urinary Infections

•

Other guides Bladder Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bladderdiseases.html Infections and Pregnancy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infectionsandpregnancy.html Kidney Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneydiseases.html Urinary Tract Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/urinarytractinfections.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on urinary infections. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Deciding About Circumcision Source: San Bruno, CA: StayWell Company. 1999. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from StayWell Company. Order Department, 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 94066-9821. (800) 333-3032. Fax (650) 244-4512. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.staywell.com. PRICE: $20.00 for pack of 50; plus shipping and handling. Summary: Circumcision is a simple surgical procedure in which the foreskin of the penis is removed. The procedure is most often done in the nursery before the newborn baby boy goes home from the hospital. This patient education brochure helps parents decide whether or not to have their newborn son circumcised. For a newborn, the circumcision is usually done by the obstetrician who delivered the baby, a pediatrician, a neonatologist (a doctor who cares for newborns), or a family doctor; for an older boy, the procedure is usually done by a urologist. Arguments in favor of circumcision include the following: the head of the penis is easier to wash (odor, swelling, and infection are less likely); when the foreskin is removed, it cannot get pulled back and trapped behind the head of the penis; circumcised men are less likely to get certain sexually transmitted diseases (STDs); circumcised men almost never develop cancer of the penis; and circumcision may reduce the risk of getting urinary infections. Arguments against circumcision include the following: the penis can easily be washed by pulling back the foreskin (daily washing prevents odor, swelling, and infection); the

Patient Resources

47

chance of the foreskin getting trapped behind the head of the penis is very slight; some studies show that uncircumcised men are no more likely to get STDs than circumcised men; cancer of the penis is very rare; and the procedure of circumcision has risks, including pain for the infant. The brochure encourages parents to educate themselves in order to make a decision with which they can be comfortable. The brochure is illustrated with full color line drawings. 6 figures. •

Urinary Tract Infections in Children Source: Bethesda, MD: National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information

Clearinghouse (NKUDIC). 1997. 6 p.

Contact: Available from National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC). 3 Information Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3580. (800) 891-5390 or (301) 654-4415. Fax (301)634-0716. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.niddk.nih.gov/health/kidney/nkudic.htm. PRICE: Full-text available online at no charge; single copy free; bulk orders available. Order number: KU-120. Summary: This fact sheet reviews the problem of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children. The fact sheet, written in question and answer format, covers topics including the normal anatomy and function of the urinary tract, how the urinary tract can become infected, the signs of a UTI, diagnostic tests used to confirm a UTI, treatment options, tests that may be needed after treatment to make sure the infection has cleared or to check for urinary tract abnormalities, abnormalities that lead to urinary problems (vesicoureteral reflux, urinary obstruction), and the possible long-term effects of UTIs. Symptoms of a urinary infection range from slight burning with urination or unusual smelling urine to severe pain and high fever. Untreated urinary infections can lead to serious kidney damage, including kidney scars, poor kidney growth and function, and high blood pressure (hypertension). Diagnostic and monitoring tests discussed include urinalysis, kidney and bladder ultrasound, voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), intravenous pyelogram, and nuclear scans. The fact sheet also provides practical strategies for helping a child with a UTI. The fact sheet concludes with a brief description of the National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC), a service of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) that provides information about diseases of the kidneys and urologic system. NKUDIC answers inquiries; develops, reviews, and distributes publications; and works closely with professional and patient organizations and Government agencies to coordinate resources about kidney and urologic diseases. 3 figures. (AA-M).

•

Female Urinary Tract Infections and Your Health Source: Norwich, NY: Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals. 1992. 4 p. Contact: Available from Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals. Norwich, NY 13815-0231. (607) 335-2111. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This patient education brochure describes female urinary tract infections and why they can be a health threat. Topics include female urinary tract anatomy; bacteria and the lower urinary tract; the signs and symptoms of urinary tract infections, including bladder infections; the medical evaluation of urinary tract infections; and drug therapy for urinary tract infections. The brochure concludes with a brief list of helpful hints to avoid urinary infections. 2 figures.

48

Urinary Infections

The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to urinary infections. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to urinary infections. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with urinary infections. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about urinary infections. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

Patient Resources

49

http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “urinary infections” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “urinary infections”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “urinary infections” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “urinary infections” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

51

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21 Adapted

from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.


libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

53

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/


•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

55

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/


•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

57

ONLINE GLOSSARIES

The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

59

URINARY INFECTIONS DICTIONARY

The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases,

kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH]

Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine

derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA

and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH]

Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH]

Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes

occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH]

Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps

to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH]

Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU]

Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU]

Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as

standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments.

Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and

herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy,

magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]

Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This

is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in

determining protein conformation. [NIH]

Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (

COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form

proteins. [NIH]

Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (

COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form

proteins. [NIH]

Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH]

Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of

molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU]

Analgesics: Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness or

without producing anesthesia. [NIH]

Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH]

Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of

hemoglobin. [NIH]

60

Urinary Infections

Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Augmentin: An antibiotic. [NIH] Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body.

Dictionary 61

[NIH]

Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A median nerve injury inside the carpal tunnel that results in

62

Urinary Infections

symptoms of pain, numbness, tingling, clumsiness, and a lack of sweating, which can be caused by work with certain hand and wrist postures. [NIH]

Catheters: A small, flexible tube that may be inserted into various parts of the body to inject

or remove liquids. [NIH]

Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU]

Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has

been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, gonorrhea,

and haemophilus. [NIH]

Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are

made up of one or more cells. [NIH]

Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH]

Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system,

consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH]

Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH]

Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH]

Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH]

Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH]

Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often

resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH]

Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide

range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of

resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH]

Circumcision: Excision of the prepuce or part of it. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other

interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening,

prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic

engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH]

Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the

action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH]

Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes

immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire

functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector

not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation

occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the

classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols

C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and

C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin

system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names.

Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with

lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix

'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a

bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1

to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1,

Dictionary 63

IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Concretion: Minute, hard, yellow masses found in the palpebral conjunctivae of elderly people or following chronic conjunctivitis, composed of the products of cellular degeneration retained in the depressions and tubular recesses in the conjunctiva. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or

treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH]

Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments,

etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU]

Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a

myocardial infarction. [NIH]

Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Co-trimoxazole: A combination of two anti-infection drugs, sulfamethoxazole and

trimethoprim. It is used to fight bacterial and protozoal infections. [NIH]

Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU]

Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical

64

Urinary Infections

compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU]

Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and

citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized

subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks.

The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of

data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH]

Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton

in the nucleus. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in

common. [NIH]

Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH]

Diagnostic Services: Organized services for the purpose of providing diagnosis to promote

and maintain health. [NIH]

Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU]

Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU]

Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH]

Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention

of subsidiary means. [EU]

Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH]

Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU]

Diverticula: Plural form of diverticulum. [NIH]

Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a

tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity

of another drug. [NIH]

Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH]

Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus

becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU]

Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in

all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The

numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the

chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the

latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH]

Empiric: Empirical; depending upon experience or observation alone, without using

scientific method or theory. [EU]

End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid

and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of

the failed kidneys. [NIH]

Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences,

or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health.

[NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH]

Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also

called impotence. [NIH]

Dictionary 65

Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks

containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH]

Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach.

[NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH]

Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling

reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH]

Flexion: In gynaecology, a displacement of the uterus in which the organ is bent so far

forward or backward that an acute angle forms between the fundus and the cervix. [EU]

Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH]

Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored

in the gallbladder. [NIH]

Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body

through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH]

Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid.

[NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH]

Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes

are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein.

[NIH]

Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU]

Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU]

Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU]

Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus.

[EU]

Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH]

Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the

kidney. [NIH]

Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally

occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used

therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH]

Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less

than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration

following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen

frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH]

Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH]

Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital

tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH]

Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU]

66

Urinary Infections

Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Gyrase: An enzyme that causes negative supercoiling of E. coli DNA during replication. [NIH]

Haemophilus: A genus of Pasteurellaceae that consists of several species occurring in animals and humans. Its organisms are described as gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, coccobacillus or rod-shaped, and nonmotile. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydronephrosis: Abnormal enlargement of a kidney, which may be caused by blockage of the ureter (such as by a kidney stone) or chronic kidney disease that prevents urine from draining into the bladder. [NIH]

Dictionary 67

Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH]

Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires

and strivings of the individual. [NIH]

Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH]

Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH]

Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens).

[NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and

disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH]

Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells

or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH]

Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH]

Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence)

or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH]

Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU]

Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an

area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while

sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues

caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH]

Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical

patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant

monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility.

[NIH]

Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU]

Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH]

Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the

large intestine and small intestine. [NIH]

Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH]

Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH]

Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH]

Intravenous pyelogram: IVP. A series of x-rays of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. The x-

rays are taken after a dye is injected into a blood vessel. The dye is concentrated in the urine,

68

Urinary Infections

which outlines the kidneys, ureters, and bladder on the x-rays. [NIH] Intravesical: Within the bladder. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Pelvis: The flattened, funnel-shaped expansion connecting the ureter to the kidney calices. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lithiasis: A condition characterized by the formation of calculi and concretions in the hollow organs or ducts of the body. They occur most often in the gallbladder, kidney, and lower urinary tract. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy

Dictionary 69

based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH]

Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g.

unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH]

Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU]

Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the

same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two

hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA,

can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH]

Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration,

pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH]

Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other

forms of life). [NIH]

Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU]

Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic

unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular

sheath. [NIH]

Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle

known as cardiac muscle. [NIH]

Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes

that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial

swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH]

Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action

toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatologist: Doctor who specializes in treating the diseases and disorders of newborn

babies. [NIH]

Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of

anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign

neoplasms. [NIH]

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Urinary Infections

Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by

slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and

stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH]

Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan

crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial

diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of

chronic granulomatous disease. [NIH]

Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and

gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of

choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-

term suppression. [NIH]

Norfloxacin: Quinoline-derived synthetic antibacterial agent with a very broad spectrum of

action. Oral administration yields highly bactericidal plasma, tissue, and urine levels.

Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA-gyrase and is used in gastrointestinal, eye, and urinary

infections. [NIH]

Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or

incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after

admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may

also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU]

Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a

mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through

the kidneys. [NIH]

Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by

polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the

information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the

next. [NIH]

Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides

form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary

bases in the two strains. [NIH]

Ofloxacin: An orally administered broad-spectrum quinolone antibacterial drug active

against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. [NIH]

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU]

Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior

abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is

comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar

gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH]

Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other

route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal,

intravenous, etc. [EU]

Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs.

[NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU]

Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH]

Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue

enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the

corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third

compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH]

Dictionary 71

Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Prepuce: A covering fold of skin; often used alone to designate the preputium penis. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or

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Urinary Infections

severity. [EU] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostatectomy: Complete or partial surgical removal of the prostate. Three primary approaches are commonly employed: suprapubic - removal through an incision above the pubis and through the urinary bladder; retropubic - as for suprapubic but without entering the urinary bladder; and transurethral (transurethral resection of prostate). [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteus: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in the intestines of humans and a wide variety of animals, as well as in manure, soil, and polluted waters. Its species are pathogenic, causing urinary tract infections and are also considered secondary invaders, causing septic lesions at other sites of the body. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right

Dictionary 73

ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by

pus. [EU]

Pyelitis: Inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney. It is attended by pain and tenderness in

the loins, irritability of the bladder, remittent fever, bloody or purulent urine, diarrhoea, vomiting, and a peculiar pain on flexion of the thigh. [EU] Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis, beginning in the interstitium and rapidly extending to involve the tubules, glomeruli, and blood vessels; due to bacterial infection. [EU] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU]

Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the

waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons,

alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH]

Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and

interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH]

Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects

are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH]

Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH]

Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH]

Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH]

Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial

remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete

remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be

cancer in the body. [NIH]

Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH]

Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into

the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH]

Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Retropubic: A potential space between the urinary bladder and the symphisis and body of

the pubis. [NIH]

Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of

developing a disease. [NIH]

Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH]

Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and

monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or

computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.

In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the

bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create

pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed

pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to

create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH]

74

Urinary Infections

Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Stasis: A word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH]

Dictionary 75

Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH]

Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH]

Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs

or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on

man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and

occur in the natural environment. [NIH]

Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or

tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH]

Struvite: A type of kidney stone caused by infection. [NIH]

Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU]

Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other

disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by

clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other

disease or abnormality. [EU]

Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH]

Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a

smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally

conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH]

Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in

which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH]

Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH]

Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH]

Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH]

Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of

the heart. [EU] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less

comparable to a leg. [NIH]

Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level

(absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or

intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH]

Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone,

which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH]

Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH]

Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a

specific function. [NIH]

Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances

usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH]

76

Urinary Infections

Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transurethral: Performed through the urethra. [EU] Transurethral Resection of Prostate: Resection of the prostate using a cystoscope passed through the urethra. [NIH] Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection and prevent pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urogenital Diseases: Diseases of the urogenital tract. [NIH] Urolithiasis: Stones in the urinary system. [NIH]

Dictionary 77

Urologic Diseases: Diseases of the urinary tract in both male and female. It does not include the male genitalia for which urogenital diseases is used for general discussions of diseases of both the urinary tract and the genitalia. [NIH] Urologist: A doctor who specializes in diseases of the urinary organs in females and the urinary and sex organs in males. [NIH] Urology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes and the genital tract in the male. It includes the specialty of andrology which addresses both male genital diseases and male infertility. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH]

Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond

to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also

called the birth canal. [NIH]

Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU]

Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or

unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell

cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or

characteristic of plants. [EU]

Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH]

Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU]

Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH]

Vesicoureteral: An abnormal condition in which urine backs up into the ureters, and

occasionally into the kidneys, raising the risk of infection. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and

treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH]

Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or

viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells. [NIH] Voiding cystourethrogram: An x-ray image of the bladder and urethra made during voiding. The bladder and urethra are filled with a special fluid to make the urethra clearly visible. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

79

INDEX

A Abdominal, 30, 59, 70 Abdominal Pain, 30, 59 Acute renal, 27, 59 Adenosine, 59, 61, 71 Adverse Effect, 59, 74 Alertness, 59, 61 Algorithms, 59, 61 Alimentary, 59, 67, 70 Alkaline, 59, 61 Alternative medicine, 34, 59 Amino Acid Sequence, 22, 59, 60 Amino Acids, 59, 71, 72 Ampicillin, 59, 60 Anaerobic, 59, 66, 72 Analgesics, 22, 59 Anaplasia, 59, 69 Anemia, 16, 59 Anesthesia, 59, 60 Antagonism, 60, 61 Antibacterial, 60, 70, 74 Antibiotic, 23, 24, 59, 60, 61, 62, 70, 74, 76 Antibodies, 11, 22, 60, 71 Antibody, 60, 62, 67 Antigen, 60, 62, 67 Anti-infective, 60, 68, 70 Antimicrobial, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 60, 62 Aqueous, 60 Arterial, 60, 67, 72, 75 Arteries, 60, 61, 63, 69 Asymptomatic, 3, 8, 13, 60 Augmentin, 7, 60 Azlocillin, 7, 60 B Bacteria, 6, 8, 23, 30, 47, 60, 65, 66, 69, 70, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77 Bactericidal, 60, 70 Bacteriuria, 3, 6, 60, 76 Base, 27, 60, 68 Benign, 60, 66, 69 Biliary, 61 Biliary Tract, 61 Biomass, 22, 61 Biopsy, 61, 71 Biotechnology, 5, 28, 34, 41, 61 Bladder, 5, 7, 10, 16, 24, 25, 29, 30, 46, 47, 61, 66, 67, 68, 72, 73, 76, 77

Blood Coagulation, 61 Blood pressure, 47, 61, 67, 69 Blood vessel, 61, 65, 67, 68, 73, 74, 75, 77 Bone scan, 61, 73 Branch, 55, 61, 74, 75 Broad-spectrum, 59, 61, 62, 70 C Caffeine, 30, 61 Calcium, 27, 61, 62 Calculi, 6, 61, 68 Cardiac, 61, 69 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, 16, 61 Catheters, 25, 62 Causal, 62, 74 Cefuroxime, 5, 8, 11, 62 Cell, 16, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77 Cell Division, 60, 62, 71, 74 Central Nervous System, 61, 62, 66 Cephradine, 11, 62 Chemotherapy, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 16, 22, 62 Chest Pain, 15, 62 Chronic, 7, 27, 28, 29, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70, 75 Chronic renal, 27, 62 Ciprofloxacin, 10, 16, 62 Circumcision, 46, 62 Clinical trial, 4, 11, 41, 62, 73 Cloning, 61, 62 Cofactor, 62, 72 Complement, 62, 63 Complementary and alternative medicine, 15, 16, 19, 63 Complementary medicine, 16, 63 Computational Biology, 41, 63 Computed tomography, 63, 73 Computerized axial tomography, 63, 73 Concretion, 61, 63 Consciousness, 59, 63 Contraindications, ii, 63 Coronary, 63, 69 Coronary Thrombosis, 63, 69 Corpus, 63, 70 Co-trimoxazole, 7, 63 Curative, 29, 63, 75 Cyclic, 61, 63 D Databases, Bibliographic, 41, 64

80

Urinary Infections

Deuterium, 64, 66 Diabetes Mellitus, 22, 64, 65, 66 Diagnostic procedure, 21, 35, 64 Diagnostic Services, 12, 64 Diarrhoea, 64, 73 Diastolic, 64, 67 Digestion, 59, 64, 68, 74 Direct, iii, 64, 73 Dissection, 29, 64 Diuresis, 61, 64 Diverticula, 29, 64 Diverticulum, 29, 64 Drug Interactions, 64 Duodenum, 64, 74 E Electrolyte, 64, 71 Electrons, 60, 64, 68, 73 Empiric, 5, 64 End-stage renal, 62, 64 Environmental Health, 40, 42, 64 Enzymatic, 61, 63, 64 Erectile, 64, 70 Erythrocytes, 59, 65 Esophagus, 65, 73, 74 Estrogen, 30, 65 F Family Planning, 41, 65 Flexion, 65, 73 Forearm, 61, 65, 69 G Gallbladder, 59, 61, 65, 68 Gas, 65, 66 Gastrin, 65, 66 Gastrointestinal, 23, 62, 65, 70 Gastrointestinal tract, 23, 65 Gene, 28, 61, 65, 74 Genital, 62, 65, 76, 77 Genitourinary, 30, 65, 76 Geriatric, 3, 65 Glomerular, 27, 65, 73 Glomeruli, 65, 73 Glomerulus, 65 Glucose, 64, 65, 66 Glucose Intolerance, 64, 65 Goats, 23, 65 Gonorrhea, 62, 65 Governing Board, 65, 71 Gram-negative, 5, 62, 65, 66, 70, 72 Gram-positive, 5, 62, 66, 70, 75 Growth, 47, 60, 66, 69, 71, 75, 77 Gyrase, 66, 70

H Haemophilus, 62, 66 Headache, 61, 66 Hemoglobin, 59, 65, 66 Heredity, 65, 66 Herpes, 16, 66 Herpes Zoster, 66 Hormone, 16, 65, 66, 68, 75 Host, 66, 77 Hybrid, 66 Hybridization, 8, 66 Hydrogen, 23, 60, 64, 66, 69, 70, 72 Hydronephrosis, 30, 66 Hypertension, 27, 47, 66, 67 I Id, 16, 48, 54, 56, 67 Ileal, 9, 67 Ileum, 67 Immune response, 60, 67, 77 Immune system, 22, 67, 77 Immunofluorescence, 8, 67 Incision, 67, 72 Incontinence, 25, 67 Indicative, 28, 67, 77 Infarction, 63, 67, 69 Infection, 3, 5, 9, 11, 16, 22, 23, 24, 28, 31, 33, 34, 46, 47, 63, 67, 68, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77 Infertility, 67, 77 Inflammation, 15, 17, 66, 67, 72, 73 Intensive Care, 8, 67 Interstitial, 67, 73 Intestinal, 13, 67 Intestines, 59, 65, 67, 72 Intracellular, 61, 67, 71 Intramuscular, 67, 70 Intravenous, 47, 67, 70 Intravenous pyelogram, 47, 67 Intravesical, 29, 68 Iodine, 10, 68 Ions, 60, 64, 66, 68 Irrigation, 10, 68 J Joint, 16, 62, 68 K Kb, 40, 68 Kidney Disease, 40, 46, 66, 68 Kidney Pelvis, 68, 76 Kidney stone, 16, 29, 66, 68, 75 L Lesion, 29, 68 Library Services, 54, 68

Index 81

Lipopolysaccharide, 65, 68 Lipoprotein, 65, 68 Lithiasis, 29, 68 Liver, 59, 61, 65, 68, 73 Liver scan, 68, 73 Localized, 67, 68, 71 Lymphatic, 67, 68 Lymphoid, 60, 68 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 68, 73 Median Nerve, 61, 69 MEDLINE, 41, 69 Membrane, 63, 65, 69 Metastasis, 69 MI, 57, 69 Microbiology, 8, 60, 69 Micro-organism, 69, 74 Molecular, 41, 43, 59, 61, 63, 69 Molecule, 60, 63, 69, 70 Monitor, 69, 70 Morphology, 9, 69 Mucosa, 29, 69 Muscle Fibers, 29, 69 Myocardium, 69 N Necrosis, 67, 69 Need, 3, 22, 24, 27, 28, 29, 49, 62, 69 Neonatologist, 46, 69 Neoplasms, 22, 30, 69 Neutrophils, 70 Nitroblue Tetrazolium, 12, 70 Nitrofurantoin, 7, 8, 70 Norfloxacin, 9, 70 Nosocomial, 4, 70 Nuclear, 47, 64, 69, 70 Nucleic acid, 66, 70 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 66, 70 O Ofloxacin, 10, 70 P Palliative, 70, 75 Pancreas, 59, 70 Parenteral, 23, 70 Patient Education, 29, 46, 47, 52, 54, 57, 70 Pelvic, 29, 70, 72 Penicillin, 59, 60, 70 Penis, 46, 70, 71 Peptide, 71, 72 Perception, 15, 71 Percutaneous, 30, 71 Pharmacodynamic, 10, 16, 71 Pharmacologic, 60, 71, 76

Phosphorus, 27, 61, 71 Physiologic, 4, 71 Physiology, 27, 71 Plants, 65, 69, 71, 76, 77 Plasma, 60, 65, 66, 70, 71 Plasma cells, 60, 71 Polypeptide, 59, 66, 71, 72 Potassium, 27, 71 Potentiate, 23, 71 Practice Guidelines, 42, 71 Precipitation, 6, 71 Prepuce, 62, 71 Prevalence, 9, 71 Progressive, 62, 66, 69, 71, 73 Prone, 9, 72 Prophylaxis, 6, 70, 72, 77 Prostate, 72, 76 Prostatectomy, 29, 72 Prostatitis, 28, 72 Protein C, 59, 68, 72 Protein Conformation, 59, 72 Protein S, 28, 61, 72 Proteins, 22, 59, 60, 62, 66, 69, 71, 72, 74, 76 Proteus, 23, 72 Protons, 66, 72, 73 Protozoa, 72 Protozoal, 23, 63, 72 Public Policy, 41, 72 Publishing, 5, 72 Pulmonary, 61, 72 Pulmonary Artery, 61, 72 Purulent, 73 Pyelitis, 22, 73 Pyelonephritis, 22, 73 Pyogenic, 73, 74 R Radiation, 73, 77 Radioactive, 61, 66, 68, 70, 73 Radiological, 71, 73 Randomized, 10, 73 Rectum, 65, 67, 72, 73 Recurrence, 6, 24, 73 Refer, 1, 62, 66, 70, 73 Reflux, 6, 47, 73 Remission, 73 Renal failure, 30, 73 Renal pelvis, 68, 73 Resection, 29, 73, 76 Retropubic, 72, 73 Risk factor, 4, 73 Rod, 66, 72, 73

82

Urinary Infections

S Scans, 11, 47, 73 Screening, 62, 74, 76 Sediment, 74, 76 Segregation, 60, 74 Semisynthetic, 60, 74 Septic, 72, 74 Septicaemia, 23, 74 Serum, 12, 62, 74 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 9, 46, 74 Side effect, 59, 74, 75 Signs and Symptoms, 47, 73, 74 Skeleton, 68, 74 Small intestine, 64, 66, 67, 74 Smooth muscle, 61, 74 Specialist, 48, 74 Species, 23, 66, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77 Spectrum, 70, 74 Spinal cord, 5, 9, 13, 62, 69, 74 Staging, 73, 74 Stasis, 24, 74 Stimulant, 61, 74 Stomach, 16, 59, 65, 66, 67, 73, 74 Stool, 67, 75 Streptococcal, 11, 75 Streptococcus, 10, 23, 75 Stress, 16, 75 Struvite, 6, 23, 24, 75 Subacute, 67, 75 Subclinical, 67, 75 Subcutaneous, 70, 75 Subspecies, 74, 75 Suppression, 70, 75 Symptomatic, 4, 5, 13, 75 Synergistic, 22, 23, 75 Systemic, 27, 61, 67, 75 Systemic disease, 27, 75 Systolic, 67, 75 T Teichoic Acids, 66, 75 Therapeutics, 75 Thigh, 73, 75 Threshold, 67, 75 Thrombosis, 72, 75 Thyroid, 68, 75 Tin, 62, 75

Tissue, 60, 61, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76 Toxic, iv, 75, 76 Toxicity, 64, 76 Toxicology, 42, 76 Toxins, 60, 67, 76 Transfection, 61, 76 Transplantation, 62, 76 Transurethral, 72, 76 Transurethral Resection of Prostate, 72, 76 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 10, 76 U Ultrasonography, 29, 76 Unconscious, 67, 76 Uremia, 73, 76 Ureter, 29, 66, 68, 73, 76 Urethra, 25, 70, 72, 76, 77 Urinalysis, 47, 76 Urinary tract, 4, 22, 23, 25, 29, 30, 47, 60, 68, 70, 72, 76, 77 Urinary tract infection, 4, 22, 23, 29, 47, 60, 70, 72, 76 Urine, 23, 24, 25, 29, 47, 60, 61, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70, 73, 76, 77 Urogenital, 65, 76, 77 Urogenital Diseases, 76, 77 Urolithiasis, 27, 76 Urologic Diseases, 47, 77 Urologist, 46, 77 Urology, 3, 9, 10, 12, 16, 77 V Vaccination, 22, 77 Vaccine, 22, 77 Vagina, 77 Vaginal, 24, 77 Vascular, 27, 67, 77 Vegetative, 61, 77 Vein, 67, 70, 77 Venous, 72, 77 Vertebrae, 74, 77 Vesicoureteral, 47, 77 Veterinary Medicine, 41, 77 Virulence, 6, 76, 77 Viruses, 69, 77 Voiding cystourethrogram, 47, 77 X X-ray, 63, 67, 70, 73, 77

Index 83

84

Urinary Infections

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