STUDIES IN JUDAISM IN LATE ANTIQUITY EDITED BY
JACOB NEUSNER
VOLUME TWENTY FIVE ALAN F. SEGAL
TWO POWERS IN HEAVEN
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STUDIES IN JUDAISM IN LATE ANTIQUITY EDITED BY
JACOB NEUSNER
VOLUME TWENTY FIVE ALAN F. SEGAL
TWO POWERS IN HEAVEN
LEIDEN E. J. BRILL 1977
TWO POWERS IN HEAVEN EARLY RABBINIC REPORTS ABOUT CHRISTIANITY AND GNOSTICISM
BY
ALAN F. SEGAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface List of Abbreviations Transliterations
•
ix • xv xxvi
.
PART ONE
INTRODUCTION I. Two Powers in Heaven; The History and Importance of the Problem
3
PART TWO
THE EARLY RABBINIC EVIDENCE II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X.
Conflicting Appearances of God 33 Aher, Metatron, Merkabah, and the Angel of YHWH . . 60 A Controversy between Ishmael and Akiba . . . . 74 Midrashic Warnings against "Two Powers" . . . . 84 Mishnaic Prohibitions against Unorthodox Prayer . . . 98 "Many Powers in Heaven" and Miscellaneous Reports . 109 How Many Powers Created the World? . . . . . 121 Divine Powers and Angels 135 Summary of Rabbinic Findings 147 PART THREE
THE EXTRA-RABBINIC EVIDENCE AND CONCLUSIONS XI. Philo XII. Jewish Sectarian Texts A. Apocalypticism and Mysticism B. New Testament Christianity XIII. The Church Fathers XIV. Marcion XV. Gnosticism XVI, Conclusions
,
159 182 182 205 . 220 234 244 260
VIII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Bibliography Indices I. II III. IV.
Rabbinic Writings Extra-Rabbinic Writings Scriptural References Subjects
.
.
.
.
PREFACE This study of the rabbinic heretics who believed in "two powers in heaven" began as a dissertation at Yale. The advantage of the topic, as Professors Goldin, Dahl, and I discussed it, was that it allowed me to explore some relationships between rabbinic Judaism, Merkabah mysticism, and early Christianity without becoming overly dependent on the complicated and uncharted Merkabah texts. Ironically, what seemed like a neat and carefully defined problem soon expanded in an almost unforeseen direction. It became clear that "two powers in heaven" was a very early category of heresy, earlier than Jesus, if Philo is a trustworthy witness, and one of the basic categories by which the rabbis perceived the new phenomenon of Christianity. It was one of the central issues over which the two religions separated. Furthermore, the reports of heresy began to clarify how gnosticism, Judaism, and Christianity related—a problem which has vexed scholarship for more than a century. That systematic study of che reports of "two powers" in rabbinic literature might yield some interesting clues about the history of mysticism, gnosticism, and Christianity was not a total surprise. Previous scholarship had identified the heretics inconclusively as gnostics and Christians. The work of Gershom Scholem had emphasized a relationship to early Merkabah mysticism. Not unexpectedly, the sources showed that some mysticism and apocalypticism, as well as Christianity and gnosticism, were seen as "two powers" heretics by the rabbis. The key factor was not that all qualified as heresy but that, with prudent dating of the stages of the traditions, the development of the heresy could be reconstructed. Dating the rabbinic reports was the most complicated problem. It depended on methods developed in New Testament scholarship for dating the sayings of Jesus. While the use of form criticism and tradition history has grown quite sophisticated in New Testament studies, Jewish scholars have been slower to pick up the methods. Jacob Neusner has consistently championed the use of form criticism and tradition history in Judaism. This study was influenced by his opinions but the application to the field of rabbinic polemic (where extra-rabbinic sources can be used for dating) has not been tried
X
PREFACE
before. Due to the analogous task, the examples and experience of scholars trying to define the opponents of Paul were also useful. Though it was difficult to date the rabbinic traditions accurately in many cases, the results showed that the earliest heretics believed in two complementary powers in heaven while only later could heretics be shown to believe in two opposing powers in heaven. The extra-rabbinic evidence allowed the conclusion that the traditions were earlier than the first century. Furthermore, in comparing the literature, it was possible to define a number of dangerous scriptural interpretations central to the heresy and show how the rabbis countered them by bringing in other scriptures which unambiguously stated God's unity. From this evidence it became clear that the basic heresy involved interpreting scripture to say that a principal angelic or hypostatic manifestation in heaven was equivalent to God. This heresy was combatted by the rabbis with verses from Deuteronomy and Isaiah which emphasized God's unity. Common sense tells us to expect discussions of monotheism in rabbinic Judaism. After all, strict monotheism has been one of the central characteristics of Judaism throughout the ages. However, rabbinic literature, unlike Greco-Roman Jewish literature, does not often discuss theology directly. Most scholars, noting the lack of attention to theology in rabbinic writings, emphasize the rabbinic interest in "orthopraxy" rather than "orthodoxy." A few have even suggested that there was no concept of orthodoxy in rabbinic Judaism. Part of the importance of these reports about "two powers in heaven" is that they show us that the rabbis, in common with their brethren in the diaspora, were concerned about the theological and orthodox center of Judaism when other sectarian groups of their day seemed willing to compromise Judaism's integrity. This study gives us actual evidence of one of the central issues around which rabbinic orthodoxy formed. Besides the obvious relevance of these findings for understanding the rabbinic movement, this study has ramifications for Christian historians in two important areas: (1) the development of christology and (2) the rise of gnosticism. On the subject of christology, the rabbinic information emphasizes the scriptural basis for christological discussion. According to rabbinic description, it does not seem necessary to believe that early Christians merely associated Jesus with some preexistent savior model who came equipped with a fixed title and job description. Rather, it appears that the debate between Christianity and Judaism proceeded partially on midrashic or exegetical lines.
PREFACE
XI
Ambiguous passages in scripture were clarified by each side of the debate through the use of other scriptural passages which mentioned the same vocabulary or concept. Consequently, this study supports a growing number of New Testament scholars who do not feel the need to postulate a pre-Christian "son of man" redeemer figure with which Jesus was identified. The character of the rabbinic debate makes it possible to see christology build through exegesis rather than through hypothetical, pre-existent titles. Christians, believing in his translation to heaven, could have applied to Jesus a number of passages describing either God's principal angel or some other divine but anthropomorphic manifestation described in Israel's scriptures. There is no need to postulate a previous title "son of man" or even outline a complete model of the figure. The unity could easily have been achieved in applying all the different traditions to Jesus. The title would then emerge later, as a result of the exegesis. To be sure, the New Testament never calls the Christ an angel and clearly argues that Jesus is higher than the angels. But, insistence on divine perquisites for God's principal assistant was apparently not unique to Christianity and became exactly the detail which put Christianity in the category of heresy from the rabbinic perspective. The second area in which "two powers in heaven" traditions in rabbinic literature offer some clarification is in the history of gnosticism. Here we are on less speculative ground than when trying to understand the earliest christologies. It turned out that gnosticism picked up several of the heretical Bible exegeses of earlier "two powers" heretics. The gnostic interpretation of God's principal angel was a specialized answer against the rabbinic attack. The rabbis had pointed out that God said "There is no God but me" (as in Dt. 32:39, Is. 44-47, etc.). The gnostics invented a mythical scene in which those scriptures could have been said, yet not be evidence against gnosticism. They claimed that the God of the Jews said He was unique but He was an ignorant and limited God. In claiming this, they reserved half of the texts characteristic of the principal angelic mediator for their gnostic redeemer while attributing the other half to the evil demiurge who was the god of the Jews but not the author of salvation. This stage in the debate can only be traced to the second century and logically presupposes the earlier stages. Therefore it comes later than the debate in which Christianity participated. From the rabbinic perspective, both Christianity and gnosticism were virulent and vituperative varieties of "two powers" heresy but the heresy with a complementary divine
XIÏ
PREFACE
economy arose earlier than the heresy with an opposing one. This evidence gives limited and disinterested support to the church fathers' contention that gnosticism arose later than Christianity. But it further implies that both Christianity and gnosticism arose out of Hellenistic and apocalyptic Judaism by sharing heretical traditions of scripture interpretation which speculated on a principal angelic mediator of God. Äs I said, the inquiry has had ramifications quite far removed from the rabbinic material. I am not so naive to think that my conclusions about christology or the rise of gnosticism can be accepted without comment by people more specialized in these fields. Nor was that my desire. Rather, I only outlined enough of these specialized fields to date the rabbinic material and to suggest the relationship of the rabbinic texts to Christian history. Hopefully, I learned enough of the characteristics of these disparate bodies of text to stimulate constructive rather than destructive criticism. I realize that no single individual or body of material can fully explain this most complex and difficult period of history. The important thing, I think, is to perceive the relevance of the rabbinic material for solving traditional problems of New Testament and gnostic scholarship, even while maintaining the necessity of reading those literatures for dating rabbinic material. That rabbinic and Christian communities interacted antagonistically is an obvious and unfortunate part of centuries of Western history. This study has shown me that, ironically, in spite of the enmity, the witness of each community is necessary for understanding the history of the other. Since this book started as a dissertation I have had the advantage of much significant advice. Anyone familiar with the study of Hellenistic Judaism or New Testament scholarship will recognize the debt Ï owe to Professor N. A. Dahl. I have cited his works when specifically relevant but his insight and knowledge extend far beyond explicit citation. His direction and encouragement underlie the whole. I also owe a debt of gratitude to many scholars who served as my advisers. Professor Judah Goldin, who served as co-director of the dissertation while he remained at Yale, was a considerable help. Professor Sid Leiman was a constant adviser throughout the research and writing. He was especially generous with his time and patience in commenting on the rabbinic evidence. I have also received much helpful direction from my colleagues and teachers at Princeton and Yale. Wayne Meeks and Rowan Greer read the manuscript when submitted for the degree in December 1975. I have tried to profit from their comments in
PREFACE
XIII
revising for publication. Gilles Quispel, Jarl Possum, Elaine Pagels, Ithamar Gruenwald, Donald Juel, John Gager, Richard Sarason, Matthew Black, and Jacob Neusner kindly read parts of the dissertation and offered suggestions for improvements. However my abilities are judged, these scholars have made theirs freely available to me. I owe many people thanks for helping in the production of the manuscript. My wife, Meryl, aided me at several crucial moments even while her own career continued to make its normal demands on her. Beverly Jones and Lorraine Fuhrmann have been extraordinarily persevering typists while Elaine Mustain, though she also helped with the typing, should properly be considered an editor, since she both read critically and offered trained suggestions about the text. Particular thanks goes to Jenny Lehmann at Princeton's computer center, who adapted an indexing program to my needs, and to Len Galla, who helped me enter the data. I would also like to express special gratitude to the institutions who granted me stipends for my research. The Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture helped to defray part of the costs of typing and binding the dissertation. The Princeton University Committee on Research in the Humanities and Social Science helped pay for typing and binding towards publication and made a generous grant subsidizing the printing. A further grant to subsidize publication was made by the Max Richter Foundation.
Princeton, New Jersey March 23, 1976 Adar 21 5736
ALAN
F.
SEGAL
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS (and frequently cited works) AAjR Ah. Abr. Act. Pil. Acts Adv. Haer. Adv. Marc. Aet. Agr. AJSL Albeck Alon, Toledot Am. Ant. Apoc. Abr. Apoer. and Pseudepigr. Apol. Aptowitzer
Aq. Arab, vers. Arak. Arm. ARN, ARNA, ARNB Asc. Is. Ass. Mos. A. Zar. B.B. b b. Bacher, APA Bacher, AT Bar. BASOR B.C. E. BDB Bekh. Ber. Bergmann
American Academy for Jewish Research Aboth De Abrahamo Acts of Pilate The Acts of the Apostles Adversus Haereses Adversus Marcionem De Aeternitate Mundi De Agricultura American journal of Semitical Languages and Literature Enoch Albeck and Enoch Yalon, The Six Orders of the Mishnah (Jerusalem; 1959). G. Alon, Toledot ha-Yehudim ha-eres Yisrael betekufat ha-Mishnah we-hatalmud (2 vols.) Tel Aviv: 1952-55 Amos Antiquities (as in Josephus, Jewish Antiquities) Apocalypse of Abraham R. H. Charles, ed., Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament (Oxford: 1913) Apology Kain und Abel in der Agada: den Apocrypben, der hellenistischen, christlichen und muhammedanischen Literatur, (Vienna and Leipzig: R. Lowit, 1922) Aquila Arabic version Arakhin Armenian Aboth de Rabbi Nathan, Texts A and B Ascension of Isaiah Assumption of Moses Abodah Zarah Baba Bathra Babli (Babylonian Talmud) ben or bar (son of) Wilhelm Bacher, Die Agada der Palästinensischen Amo-äer (Strassburg, 1892) W. Bacher, Aggadot Ha-Tannaim, tr. into Hebr. by A. Z. Rabbinowitz (Tel Aviv: 5682) Baruch Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research Before the Common Era F. Brown, S. R. Driver and C. A. Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (New York: 1907) Bekhoroth Berakhoth J. Bergmann, Jüdische Apologetik; im neutestamentlichen Zeitalter (Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1908)
XVI
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Bet. haMidr. Betz. Bianchi, Gnosticishno Bikk. Birnbaum BJRL B.K. B.M. Bürgen
Bub er Büchler,
Minim
CCARj
ci;. Cher. 1 Chr. 2 Chr. c. Christ. CD CG. C.G.L. Chron. Jer. Col. Conf. Congr. Cont. Ap, 1 Cor. 2 Cor. C.P.J. Dahl, 2 Cor, Dahi, "Christology Notes" Dahl, "Conflicting Scriptural Passages" Dahl
Dan. Decai. Dem. Det. Dial. d.O. D.S.
D.S.S. Dt.
Bet haMidrash Betzah (or 'Yom Tob') Bianchi, ed., Le Origine délia Gnosticismo (Leiden: 1967) Bikkurim Philip Birnbaum, ed., Daily Prayer Book (New York: 1949) Bulletin of the John Rylands Library Baba Kamm a Baba Metzia Peder Borgen, "God's Agent in the Fourth Gospel," Religions in Antiquity. Festschrift for E. R. Goodenough (Leiden: Brill, 1968) p . 137-148. Martin Buber, Eclipse of God; Studies in the Relations Between Religion and Philosophy (New York: 1957) Adolph Büchler, "The Minim of Sepphoris & Tiberius in the Second and Third Centuries" in Studies in lewis h History (London: 1956) Central Conference of American Rabbis Journal Common lira De Cherubim 1 Chronicles 2 Chronicles Julian, contra Christianas The Damascus Rule (The Zadokite Fragment) Cairo Gemza Coptic Gnostic Library at Nag Hamadi Chronicles of Jerahmeel Colossians De Confusione Lmguarum De Congressu iiruditionis gratia Contra Apionem 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum Nils Alstrup Dahl, "The Fragment 2 Corinthians 6:14-7:1 and its Context" unpublished paper N\ A. Dahl, unpublished "Christology Notes" N'. A. Dahl, unpublished notes on Conflicting Scriptural Passages N. A. Dahl, ''Der Erstgeborene Satans und der Vater des Teufeis (Polyk, 7 und Joh. 8:44)," Apophoreta: Festschrift—'Ernst liaenchen (Berlin: 1964) Daniel De Decalogo Demai Quod Deterius Potiori insidiari soleat Justin, Dialogue with Trypho Direct object Diqduke Soferim (Variae Lectionis in Mischnam et in Talmud Babylonicum) recorded by R. Rabinowitz (Brooklyn: 5720 et. seq.) Dead Sea Scrolls Deuteronomy
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Hbr. He. Eduy.
*7 Hl bogen Ep. Arist. Eph. i -.pi. Epstein, tr. p
Epstein,
MBW^WT
Eranos E.R.E. I: rub. Est. Eus. Evan g. Quart. Ex. Ezek. Ezra Festugière Finkelstein Fischei
F lace. Fossum Freedman, tr. Friedländer, Gnosticismus Fug. Gal. Gen. Gen. Apoc. Gig. Ginzberg, Legends Gitt. Golclin, Song Goodenough, Jewish Symbols Graetz, Gnosticismus Green
Gruenwald, Apocalyptic
XVII
De Ebrietate Ecclesiastes Eduyoth Encyclopedia Judaica ïsmar Elbogen, Der jüdische Gottesdienst in seiner geschichtlichen Entwicklung (Hildesheim: 1962) Epistle of Aristeas Ephesians Epiphanius The Babylonian Talmud, tr, I Epstein (London: Soncino, 1961). J. N . Epstein, MBWnVT LÏPRWT HTWYM. (Jerusalem: 1957) Eranos Jahrbuch Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Erubin Esther Eusebius Evangelical Quarterly Exodus Ezekiel Ezra R. P. Festugière, La Revelation d'Hermes Trismégiste (Paris: 19-19-54) in four volumes Sifre on Deuteronomy, ed., L. Finkelstein (New York: 1969) IL Fische!, Rabbinic Literature and Greco-Roman Philosophy: A Study of Epicurea and Rhetorica in Early Midrashic Writings (Leiden: 1973) In Flaccum Jari Fossurn, Dissertation, Utrecht Midrash Rabbah, ed. and tr. H. Freedman and K, Simon (London: Sociano, 1961) M". Friedländer, Die vorchristliche jüdische Gnosticismus (Göttingen: 3 898) De Fuga et Inventione Gal ati ans Genesis Genesis Apocryphon De Gigantibus Louis Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews, trans. Henrietta Szold (Philadelphia: 1968) Gittin J. Goldin, The Song at the Sea: Being a Commentary on a Coinmentary in Two Parts (New Haven: 1971) E. R. Goodenough, Jewish Symbols in the Greco-Roman Period (New York: 1942) H. Graetz, Gnosticismus und Judentum (Krotoschtn: 1946) A. Green, "The Children in Egypt and the Theophany at the Sea: Interpretation of an Aggadic Motif/' unpublished paper I. Gruenwald, Apocalyptic and Merkabah Mysticism: A
XVIII und Merkabah Mysticism
Gruenwald, Visions of Ezekiel Günther, St. Paul's Opponents H.A. Hab. Hag. Harnack
Hall. Heb. Hengel, Son of God Herford Hip. Hist. Jud. Holscher, Anfängliches Prägen Hör. Hos. H-R HR HSS HTR HUCA Hull. Hyp. ICC IEJ Is, JAOS Jas. Jastrow
JBL JE Jer. Jg. JJGL JJS
H Jn. 1 Jn. 2 Jn.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Study of the Jewish Esoteric Literature in the time of the Mishnah and Talmud. Unpublished dissertation (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1968/9) revised edition forthcoming from Leiden: Brill, 1978. I. Gruenwald, ed., "The Visions of Ezekiel" Temirin: Texts and Studies in Kabbalah and Hasidism, ed., I. Weinstein (Jerusalem: 1972) J. J. Günther, St. Paul's Opponents and their Background (Leiden: 1973) Hypostasis of the Archons Habakkuk Hagigah A. von Harnack, Marcion: das Evangelium com fremden Gott: eine Monographie zur Geschichte der Grundlegung der katholischen Kirche (Darmstadt: I960) Hallah Hebrews Martin Henkel, The Son of God, tr. J. Bowden (Philadelphia: Abingdon, 1976). R. Travers Herford, Christianity in Talmud and Midrash (London: 1903) Hippolytus H'tstoria Judaica U. Holscher, Anfängliches Tragen: Studien zur frühen griechischen Philosophie (Göttinnen: 1968) Horayoth Hosea H. S, Horowitz & A. Rabin, Mekhilta d Rabbi Ismael (Frankfort: 1931) History of Religions Harvard Semitic Studies Harvard Theological Review Hebrew Union College Annual Huliin Hypothetica International Critical Commentary Israel Exploration Journal Isaiah Journal of the American Oriental Society James M. Jastrow, Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli & Yerushalmi and the Midrashic Literature (New York: 1926) Journal of Biblical Literature Jewish Encyclopedia Jeremiah Judges Jahrbuch für jüdische Geschichte und Literatur Journal of Jewish Studies Joel John 1 John 2 John
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
XIX
3 John journal of Near Eastern Studies Job M. Joel, Blicke in die Reit'gionsgeschickte zu Anfang des zweiten christlichen Jahrhunderts (Breslau: 1880) Jonah Jon. De Josepho Jos. Joshua Josh. Jewish Publication Society of America /PS Journal of Religion /K journal for the Study of Judaism fSJ Jub. Jubilees Jude Jude Kasher M. M. Kasher, Torah Shelemah, 23 vols, (New York: 57Ö9 f.) Kelim Kei. Ker. Kerithoth Ker. Pet. The Preaching of Peter Ket. Ketuboth 1 Kg. L Kings 2 Kings 2 Kg. Kiddushin Kidd. Kilaim Kil. Kinn. Kinnim Koehler-Baumgartner L. Koehler & W. Baumgartner, Lexicon in Veteris Testament'! Libros (Leiden: 1948) Krauss S. Krauss, Griechische und Lateinische Lehnwörter in Talmud. Midrash & Targum (Berlin: 1898-9) Lamentations I.am. J. 2. Lauterbach, Mekilta de-Rabb't Ishmael (Philadelphia: Lauterbach 1949) J. Lauterbach, "Some Clarifications on the Mekhilta," Lauterbach, Clarifications Sefer Klausner; A Collection of Science and BellesLettres gathered for Prof, Y. Klausner on his Sixtieth jubilee, ed., N. H. Torchyner, A, A. Kubek, A. Tcherikover, B. Shortman, (Tel Aviv: 1940) Lauterbach, Jesus J. Lauterbach, " J e s u s 'm ^ e Talmud," in Rabbinic Essays by J. Lauterbach (New York: 1973). Lauterbach, Rabbinic Essays J. Lauterbach, Rabbinic Essays De Legatione ad Gaium Leg, Legum Aliegoria Leg. All. i, ii, in Leviticus Lev. S. Lieberman, Greek in Jewish Palestine: Studies in tht Lieberman, Greek Life and Manners of Jewish Palestine in the II-IV Centuries CM. (New York: 1965) S. Lieberman, "How Much Greek in Jewish Palestine?" Lieberman, How Much Biblical and other Studies, ed., A. Altmann, (CamGreek ? bridge: 1963) Liddeil & Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, 9th ed., (OxLiddell-Scott ford; 1940) Luke Lk. Loeb Classics Edition, e.g. Philo, tr. F. H. Colson and Loeb G. Whitaker and R. Marcus (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971) 3 Jn. JNES Job Joe!, Blicke
XX
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LXX m Maas. Makk. Mai, Marmorstein, Background
Septuagint mishnah Maaseroth Makkoth Malachi A. Marmorstein, "The Background of the Haggadah," HUCA, 6 (1929) A. Marmorstein, Essays in Anthropomorphism, vol. II of The Old Rabbinic Doctrine of God (New York: 1937) A. Marmorstein, The Old Rabbinic Doctrine of God (London: 1937)
Marmorstein, Essays in Anthropomorphism Marmorstein, The Old Rabbinic Doctrine of God, also ORDOG Marmorstein, RGS
Marmorstein, Studies Marmorstein, Unity Meeks, The Prophet-King Meg. Meil. Men. MGWJ Mic. Mid. Tan. Midd. Mig. Mikw. Mk. M. K a t Moore Mos, i, ii MRI MRShY M. Sh. M.T. Mt. Mut. Nah. Naz, Ned. • Neg. Neh. Neusner, Traditions of the Pharisees NHW
Nidd. NT
A. Marmorstein, Religionsgeschichtliche Studien l Heft: Die Bezeichnungen für Christen, und Gnostischen im Talmud und Midras (Schotschau: 1910) A. Marmorstein, Studies in Jewish Theology ed., J. Rabinowitz (Oxford: 1950) A. Marmorstein, The Unity of God in Rabbinic Literature, HUCA, 1 (1923). W. Mceks, The Prophet-King: Moses Traditions and the Johauuine Chri.\tology (Leiden; 1967) Megillah Meilah Menahoth Monatsschrift für die Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums Mica h Midrash Tannaim Middoth De Migratione Abrahamo Mikwaoth Mark Moed Katati G. F, Moore, Judaism (Cambridge: 1927-40) De Vita Mosis Mekhiita debe R, Ishmael Mekhüta of R. Simeon b. Yohai Maaser Sheni massoretic text Matthew De Mutatione Nominum Nahum Nazir Nedarim Negaim Nehemiah J. Neusner, "The Rabbinic Traditions about the Pharisees before 70 A.D.: The Problem of Oral Transmission," JJS, 22 (1971). J. Lewy, Neuhebräisches & chaldäisches Wörterbuch über die Talmudim & Midrashim (Leipzig: 1876) Niddah Novum Testamentum
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS N.T. NTS Num.
Ob. Odeberg, III Enoch Ohol. Op. 0nicies Orl.
Chaldaiques
ors
PA 1,2, 3, 4, or 5 PAAJR Par. Pauly-Wissowa PJL Peah PEG Pc. Pes h. Pes. K. 1 Pet. 2 Pet. P.C. PCM Phil. Philem. Philos. Plant, Post. P.R. Pr. Pruem.
PRI; Prov. Ps. Ps. Clem, Horn. Ps. Jon. I Q Apoc. 4 Q Flor. IQH IQM I i Q Melch. T Q pHab. 4 Q pNah. ÎQS 4 Q Test. Quis Her. QuispeJ, Gnostic
Studies
XXI
New Testament New Testament Studies Numbers Obadiah H. Odeberg, /// Enoch or the Hebrew Book of Enoch (Cambridge: 1928) Ohobth De Opîficio Mundi Grades Chaldaiques, (Paris: 1971) Oriah Oudtestdmentisehe Studien Palestinian amora of the first through fifth generation Proceedings of the American Academy of Jewish Research Parah Paulys Realencyclopaedie der classischen Altertumsivissenchaff,.. hrsg. von G. Wissowa, (Stuttgart, 1894 f.) Praeparaiio Evaugelica Pea h Palestine Exploration Quarterly Pe.sahim Peshitta Pesikta de Rav Kahana 1 Peter 2 Puter Patrolog'hi Graeca, ed., J. Migne, Patrologiae cursus Complétas Series Graeca (Paris, 1928-36) Papyri Graecae Magi ate, ed. K. Preisendan;; (Leipzig: 1928-31) Phiîippians Philemon Origines, Philosophumena (Same as Hip. Refutat/o) De Plantatione De Posterifate Caini Pesikta Rabbati Proverbs De Praemüs et Poems Pirqe cle Rabbi Phezer De Providentia Psalms Pseudo-Clement, Homilies Pseudo-Jonathan Genesis Apocryphon from Qumran The Blessing of Jacob from Qumran The Thanksgiving Psalms from Qumran The Wars of the Sons of Light against the Sons of Darkness, the War Scroll from Qumran The Melchisedek Fragment from Qumran The Habakkuk Commentary from Qumran The Nahum Commentary from Qumran The Manual of Discipline from Qumran The 'Testimonia' from Qumran Quis rerum divmarum Heres sit G. Quispel, Gnostic Studies, 1, (Tstambul: 1974)
XXII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Quod Deus Quod Omn. Prob. Ref.
Quod Deus sit Immutabilis Quod omnis Probus liber Rcfutatio Rabbah (indicating a commentary in the Midrash Rabbah)
... R. R. RB REJ
Rabbi, Rab
Revue Biblique Revue des Études Juives Rev. Revelations RHR Revue de l'Histoire des Religions Rom. Romans RQ Revue de Qumrau R. Sh. Rosh ha-Shanah Revised Standard Version of the Bible Ruth Ru. Sac. De Sacrifiais Abelis et Caini 1 Sam. 1 Samuel 2 Sam. 2 Samuel Sam. Pent. Samaritan Pentateuch Sanh. Sanhédrin SBL Society of Biblical Literature Scholem Festschrift Studies in Mysticism & Religion Presented to Gershom Scholem on his 10th Birthday by Pupils, Colleagues and Friends (Jerusalem: 1967) Scholem, Major Trends G. Scholem, Major Trend*, in Jewish Mysticism (New York: 1961) Scholem, Jewish Gnosticism G. Scholem, Jewish Gnosticism, Merkabah Mysticism and Talmudic Tradition (New York: 1965) Shab. Shab. Shebi ith Shebi. Shebuoth Shcbu. Shck. Shckalim Sibylline Oracles Sib. Or, M. Simon, Ver us Israel: Ëtude sur les relations entre Simon, Varus Israel Chretiens et Juifs dans L'Empire Romain (135-425) (Paris: 196-1) SJC Sophia Jesus Christi Slav, Slavonic M. Smith, ''Observations on Hekhalot Rabbati," in Biblical Smith, Observations and Other Studies, ed., A. Altmann, (Cambridge: 1963) Sob. De Sobrietate S. of S. Song of Solomon Som. i, ii De Somniis Soncino Midrash H. Freedman & M. Simon, ed. Midrash Rabbah, trans. into English (London: 1939) Sotah Sot. S. Sowers, The Hermeneutics of Philo and Hebrews: a Sowers, Hermeneutics Comparison of the Interpretation of the OT in Philo Judaeus and the Epistle to the Hebrews (Zurich: 1965) De Specialibus Legibus Spec. Leg. i, ii, ni, iv Studio. Theologica ST H. Strack & P. Billerbeck, Das Evangelium nach Matthäus Strack-Billerbeck erläutert aus Talmud und Midrash, vols., I, IÏ, HI, I V l , IV2, Y, VI (München: 1922)
nsv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Strom. Stud. Patr. Sukk. t T 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Tarn. Taan. Tanh. B. TDNT Teb. Y. Tern. Ter. Test. Abr. Test. Ash. Test. Ben. Test. Jud, Test. Lev. Test. Naph. Test. Reub. Test. Zeb. Tg. 1 Th. 2 Th. Theodor-AIbeck
i Tim. 2 Tim. Tit. TO TJ TJ II TP Toh. TWNT Ukf/. Urbach, Se/.ec.r Urbach, 5