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V
* A
THE YANKEE NAVY By
TOM MASSON ILLUSTRATED
New York
LIFE PUBLISHING 19
and
21
COMPANY
West Thirty-First
Street
1898
&s*>
#
sP
.IA"37
Copyright.
1898, by LiFE
PUBLISHING COMPANY
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
By
Transfer
D. C, Public Library
DE,C 2 2 1938
149*79
WITHDRAWN CONTENTS. CHAPTER
I.
The Revolution. Navy — Comparative English and American — Operations of Privateers —John Paul Jones— Lake Champlain — Operations in British Waters Bonhomme Richard and Serapis— American and British Losses.
Birth of the American
Forces
CHAPTER
II.
Millions for Tribute, but not One Cent for Defense. Congress and the Navy
Navy
— The
War
— The
Dey
with France
of Algiers — Construction of the — Bainbridge and St. Laurent
Captain Truxton and the Constellation.
CHAPTER
III.
War
with the Barbary States. The Dey, the Bey and the Bashaw — Captain Bainbridge and His Visit to Constantinople — Defiant Attitude of the Bashaw of
—
—
Operations in the Mediterranean Capture of the Philadelphia Decatur's Daring Feat Reduction of Tripoli Tripoli
—
—
Richard Somers
— The
Bey
of Tunis.
CHAPTER
IV.
The War of 1812. Causes Leading to the War Chesapeake and Leopard— President and Little Belt— Constitution in Portsmouth — Opening of the War President and Belvidera
— Escape of the Constitution — Hull
and
Dacres.
CHAPTER The War of
1812
—
V.
(Continued.)
—
David Porter's First Cruise Wasp and Frolic United States and Macedonian Constitution and Java Capture of Chesapeake by Shannon Career of Argus Boxer and Enterprise.
—
—
—
—
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VI. The War of 1812— (Continued.)
—
— —
Lieutenant Woolsey at Sackett's Harbor Perry and Chauncey On Lake Ontario Battle of Lake Erie Perry's Great Victory
—
On Lake Champlain — Thomas MacDonough —-An Attempt
that
Failed.
CHAPTER
VII.
The War of 1812— (Continued.)
—
—
Young Farragut and the Pig Rodgers and Hutchinson Minor Engagements Career of the Wasp Constitution, Levant and Cyane and Her Disappearance Last Shot of the War Once More the Dey of Algiers Decatur before Tunis, 1815-1861 Minor Exploits.
Porter's Cruise in the Essex
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
CHAPTER The Object of the North
Civil
— Depleted
VHI.
War.
Condition of the Navy
Savannah and Petrel— Port Royal
CHAPTER The On
the Mississippi
Bay
Civil
— Battle
of
of the
IX.
War— (Continued.) New
— Lieutenant Cushing's
Kearsarge
— Loss
— The Merrimac and Monitor,
— The Alabama
Orleans
— Farragut Enters Mobile — The Alabama and
Glorious Deed
Claims.
CHAPTER X. War with Spain. The
— Attitude of Spain — Causes of the War —The Maine Disaster— Opening of the War Manila — Hobson's Deed — Destruction of Cervera's
Affair of the Virginius
The New Navy Battle of Fleet.
OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
LIST
A
Sea Fight
........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ...... ....... ........ Revolutionary Times.
in
Frontispiece
Esek Hopkins.
13
John Barry.
15
Nicholas Biddle.
17
John Paul Jones.
19
The
between the Bonhomme Richard and the Serap
fight
Richard Dale.
Joshua Barney.
"If necessary,
I
would have
Medal presented by Congress
told
you twice as big a
to Capt.
Truxton
William Bainbridge.
"Spread
Edward
before the astonished eyes of the Dey."
it
Preble.
21
27
29 li
3i
33
37 39 4i
Taking aboard the freight of the Tripolitan ketch
43
Decatur's conflict with the Algerian at Tripoli.
45
Isaac Hull.
52
The Guerriere being raked by The '"
Constitution bears
the Constitution.
down upon
trouble you for that hat."
I'll
Wasp and
Frolic.
Stephen Decatur.
.... .... .... —
the Guerriere.
Lawrence.
Death
of
Lawrence
Oliver Hazard Perry.
62 63 65
67
up the ship
......
" Don't give
Sergeant Spier catching the British out.
"Are you ready, boys?"
58
59
.
United States and Macedonian. Jas.
55
"All ready,
.
sir."
70 73 75
77
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
..... ...........
PAGE.
........... —
81
Perry leaves the Lawrence for the Niagara.
79
Perry's Victory
80
Battle of Erie.
MacDonough.
T.
Battle of Battle of
"
The
MacDonough pointing Lake Champlain — From the land.
Lake Champlain
sir,
Rodgers."
Constitution,
Levant and Cyane. of
Bombardment
.
93
Lawrence,
ior
.....
105
95
St.
103
of the Mississippi.
.......... ....... ........
Manassas as she appeared after receiving a
the Alississippi. Battle of
92
.
of Port Royal.
Gun and Mortar Boats
New
Mississippi River Ironclad.
Virginius.
George Dewey. T.
Sampson.
.
.
.
.
.
109
in 112
American Steamer
the
.116
...... ...... .... ........ .......... .
.
108
broadside from
Orleans.
The Spanish Man-of-War Tornado chasing
W.
84 85
.
Confederate Privateer Petrel by the
Action between the Merrimac and the Monitor.
A
83
went
sailor
.
Destruction
The
.
......... .90 ....... ........ ........ ....
am Commodore
Johnston Blakely.
Ram
.
89
David Porter. "I,
.....
American boy and the English
thirteen-year-old
at it."
the gun.
.
.
.
.
.
irg 121
Richmond Pearson Hobson.
122
Winfield Scott Schley.
123
The Yankee Navy
CHAPTER
I.
The Revolution. American Navy— Comparative English and American Forces— Operations of Privateers—John Paul Jones— Lake
Birth of the
Champlain— Operations and Serapis
P*HE
battle of
and the
-*-
— American
in British
Waters—Bonhomme Richard
and British Losses.
Lexington was fought on April
first
19, 1775,
treaty of peace with Great Britain
consummated on September
3,
During
1783.
was
this period the
American Navy was born and cut its milk-teeth. This baby was extremely restless from the time of his birth, kept everybody up night and day, and made endless trouble for his blood relations,
him out
of the way.
and reputation.
In the
who were
very, anxious to put
end he cost them a
lot of
money
This baby was troubled with seasickness
from the beginning, and not having anyone to train him, he just
came up
himself.
But he proved
to be a useful child
and
a good fighter. I
n
T
775»
w h en
this
baby was born, every respectable farmer,
mechanic, shoemaker and tradesman either
A
commanded
who
didn't join the army,
a privateer or shipped before the mast.
great proportion of them didn't
know a capstan bar from a and the commanders themselves had had little or no training. Most of them had been captains of merchant vessels, and Esek Hopkins, the first American Commodore, royal truck,
11
THE YANKEE NAVY.
12
had been a then that
it
developed the same
traits
and made no systematic
effort
Congress
soldier.
exhibits to-day,
There was no ranking system, and
to establish a navy.
if
a
naval officer did anything signally brave, he was usually
turned out of his ship to remain
The exasperating methods
of
or given a smaller one.
idle,
Congress made a traitor of
Benedict Arnold, one of the best soldiers
Army, who sulked,
When October
the
like Achilles,
British
17, 1775,
but to no good purpose.
burned Falmouth (now Portland) on
the nation was aroused, and a naval com-
The character
mission appointed.
of
it
this
commission was
As soon
changed constantly during the war. working shape
American
the
in
as
got into
it
was tampered with and reorganized, and In consequence, what-
the useful elements carefully removed.
ever the navy did was done in spite of Congress.
The
first
the winter of
was raised over an American warship 1775-6 at Philadelphia. To this day there
flag
some doubt about yellow the
silk flag,
design, but
its
it
was supposed
On
that occasion there
were present Esek Hopkins, Commander-in-chief
Abraham Whipple, Nicholas
Hopkins, captains, and John Paul Jones, is
said to have raised the flag.
This
this time the
the Alfred, the Columbus, Reprisal,
vessels
lieutenant,
B.
who
however, a small
flag
the Andrea Doria, the
Hamden, Lexington, Providence, and bought
into
is
down.
American American navy had eight men-of-war
that he never hauled an
At
Biddle, John
first
is,
Dudley
;
The most important thing about John Paul Jones
matter.
is
to be a
with a coiled rattlesnake, and underneath
motto, " Don't tread on me."
Salstonstall,
in
the
service
.sixteen
— twenty-five
in
:
Cabot, the
all,
other
and
Esek Hopkins. First
Commodore
of the United States
Navy.
THE YANKEE NAVY.
14
mounted 422 guns.
The
of-war stationed
American waters, mounting
in
British
navy had seventy-eight men2,078 guns.
Put some rapid-fire guns on a steam yacht of to-day, go along the American coast and capture twenty-five lumber schooners as they come, of
place
all sizes,
some old muzzle-
loading twelve and eighteen pounders on their decks, and
you
Such
have something akin to the Revolutionary Navy.
will
under
a navy,
modern
fire of a
battleship,
This navy during the war,
only a few minutes.
would in
last
spite of
the additions made, was nearly demolished, there being only
two or three ships privateers,
owned by
But with the aid of
the tale.
left to tell
individuals or the colonies, this
When
captured 800 British vessels.
the
navy
war broke out noth-
ing could have pleased the British merchants better, because
they confidently predicted the complete annihilation of their
formidable American competitors, but when they saw their
own merchant
melting away before their eyes they
vessels
sang a different tune.
Most
of
the battles fought by the
Americans were fought with implements captured from the British vessels.
The naval war
of the
lasted nearly ten years,
American Revolution
from June
17, 1772,
when
reality
in
the British
Providence harbor by Abra-
schooner Gaspe was captured
in
ham Whipple
men armed with paving Monk
surren-
The naval
battles
to April
8,
with sixty-four
1782,
when
the English ship General
dered to the American privateer Hyder fought between these two dates would in
itself,
and though each
them would be monotonous. fore,
with
a brief
is
Ally. fill
a
good
sized
stones,
volume
interesting enough, a recital of
We shall content ourselves,
there-
sketch of the more important engagements.
THE YANKEE NAVY.
The
principal things the Continental
guns, ammunition, clothes and money. the
soldiers with luxuries of
capture them from the enemy.
this sort,
15
Army
lacked were
In order to it
pamper
was necessary
to
So Commodore Esek Hopkins
John Barry.
sailed
away
in his fleet in
February, 1776, to the
Bahama
March took New Providence and secured a hundred cannon and some valuable stores. On his return with these spoils, after taking two vessels, the British sloopIslands,
and
in
THE YANKEE NAVY.
l6
of-war Glasgotc got mixed up with
and after doing a
fleet,
For
this
this time
Captain Nicholas Biddle,
Hinman,
the
in
Commodore Hopkins's
damage, succeeded
Commodore was
the
About
service.
lot of
afterwards retired from the
Captain John Barry, in the
in escaping.
in the Lexington,
Andrea Dona, Captain Elisha
Captain Abraham Whipple,
Cabot,
Columbus, and later in the Andrea Doria,
made
the
in
things lively
In the year 1776, 342 English mer-
for the British vessels.
chant vessels were taken.
Perhaps the most valuable captures, attended as they were by such uniform success, were made by John Paul Jones.
As
first
his
voyage
lieutenant he accompanied to
New
Commodore Hopkins on
Providence, and upon his return he was
placed in charge of the 12-gun brig Providence, and
October
10, 1776,
Cruising
off
later,
on
he was promoted to the rank of captain.
Bermuda
in the Providence,
British frigate Soleboy for a
merchant
Jones mistook the
and didn't
vessel,
dis-
Then when Jones suddenly put about,
cover his mistake until the latter was close aboard. followed a four hours' chase,
passing the Soleboy within gunshot before the Englishman
could recover himself, and got away.
many
of the escapes of
This was one
John Paul Jones, and
is
among
illustrative of
the daring and successful qualities of American seamanship.
Not many weeks
after this Captain Jones, in
command
of
the Alfred, captured three British vessels off Block Island, and in
one of them, the 10-gun transport Mellish, was discovered
10,000 British uniforms.
It is
needless to say that these were
very welcome to our impoverished army.
The next night
Jones with his prizes was discovered by a British frigate,
but
by the clever use of
false
signals
he
succeeded
in
THE YANKEE NAVY saving them,
17
only one vessel, a letter of
marque, being
captured.
Historians have rarely done justice to the services of our
Nicholas Biddle.
navy during the war
of the Revolution.
In addition to the
government ships of war, hastily improvised and
in
great part
recruited from the merchant vessels, the colonies fitted out
THE YANKEE NAVY.
IS
privateers of their own, aided in citizens,
many
instances by private
and there can be no doubt that our success
in the
war could not have been accomplished except by the cooperation of these daring navigators. They kept the army supplied with
arms, ammunition and
clothing
enemy, and many a time when the the lowest ebb,
from
captured
spirit of
the
our troops was at
some bold naval exploit served
to revive their
courage. In the
autumn
of 1776
was fought the
Champlain, on which so much depended.
who had been despatched from England
battle
Sir
Guy
Lake
of
Carleton,
for the purpose of
opening up Lake Champlain, brought over three
ships, which,
having been taken apart, were put together again on the Lake, and augmented the British
fleet
with which
intended to sweep, the Americans from the water.
was
not,
11, 1776,
however, as the British had planned. the American
fleet
British fleet under Captain
was fought.
The
fleet,
was
result
On October
under Benedict Arnold met the Pringle and a desperate battle
British fleet
by savages stationed on shore. with his
it
The
was superior, and was aided That night Arnold escaped
and the next day the chase began, and Arnold
was compelled
to destroy his vessels.
temporary disadvantage was with our
While the apparent forces, Arnold's des-
perate resistance convinced the British that they had a deter-
mined enemy, and they were permanently thwarted
in their
attempt to break down the barriers between Canada and the
United Colonies.
Shortly afterward Sir
Guy Carleton
retired
to his winter quarters.
From in the
the British standpoint, the most annoying character
Revolution was John Paul Jones.
Jones was a Scotch-
THE YANKEE NAVY. man, and
it
seemed
like the irony of fate that, as
citizen (although not
19
an American
admitted to be such by the British), he
John Paul Jones.
should afterward return to his
avenging
spirit.
own
native coast, like an
After his adventures on the American coast,
THE YANKEE NAVY.
20 in
which he made so many valuable additions
sea
force,
he proceeded
to France, as a
Previous to his appearance
Lambert Wickes,
Connygham,
American
the shores of England, Captain
off
in the Reprisal
in the Surprise
to the
base of operations.
and Lexington, and Captain
and Revenge, had played havoc with
the English merchant marine, the latter on one occasion, with
becoming modesty, actually disguising her out
in a British port.
never been equaled. first
this
circuit of the
his vessel
But Paul Jones
set a
and
made
In the early part of 1778 he
Islands
British
in
fitting
pace that has
During
the Ranger.
voyage he captured the English Drake, a superior
and terrorized the inhabitants along the Jones was
idle.
coast.
Having proved himself the
it
him with a
ship.
At
last, in
vessel,
After this
best captain in
was natural that Congress should
the service,
his
fail to
provide
February, 1779, he succeeded in
condemned hulk that had formerly been an Indian trader. He put some guns on her decks, shipped a crew of all nations, that was afterwards reinforced by some American exchanged prisoners", and sailed away to fight one of the most famous naval battles of history.
getting the Bonhomme Richard, a
Shortly after receiving his
greeted Richard Dale, first
lieutenant.
who
reinforcements, Captain Jones
offered his services
and was made
Richard Dale had a remarkable history.
Early in 1776, the Reprisal, Captain Lambert Wickes, the
American cruiser which appeared across the Atlantic. Lexington,
British waters,
In April, 1777, she
first
was sent
was joined by the
Captain Henry Johnson, and the 10-gun cutter
Dolphin, Lieutenant Nicholson.
prizes
in
which were disposed
After capturing a of
in
French
number
ports,
of
thereby
causing a protest from the British Government, the Lexington
The
fio-lit
between the
Bonhomme Richard and
the Serapis.
THE YANKEE NAVY.
22
sailed
from Morlaix
by a superior
in
vessel,
September, 1777, and was captured the
Alert.
The crew was taken
to
Plymouth, thrown into prison, and treated with great brutalRichard Dale was at
ity.
this
time master's mate of the
and was imprisoned with the
Lexington,
One day he
rest.
secured a British uniform by some extraordinary means which
he would never reveal, and putting of prison,
made
his escape
On September
22, 1779,
it
walked out
on, boldly
and joined the Bonhomme Richard. Jones ran across the Serapis, and
occurred that remarkable moonlight engagement
then
which the Bonhomme Richard,
in a
in
sinking condition, compelled
the Serapis to strike her colors.
"Have you struck?" asked the
the British
commander, when
Bonhomme Richard came alongside. "
I
have not yet begun to
ship Alliance,
critical
accompanied Jones on deliberately
fight," replied Jones.
moment in commanded by Captain
Then, at a
fired
a
the
the
battle,
French
Landais, and which had
his cruise as a consort,
drew
up,
and
broadside into the Bonhomme Richard.
The only excuse for this, aside from the apparent jealousy of the French commander, was that he was crazy. His actions, both before this.
and after the
battle,
After three hours and a half of
persistence
seemed
to indicate
fighting,
which for
and dogged determination on both
sides
has
never been equaled, the Serapis struck her colors, and John
Paul Jones became the foremost naval hero of his time,
if
not
of all time.
The
last
naval action of the war took place between the
Hyder Ally and the General Monk, Captain Rodgers. former was a Pennsylvania State cruiser of
16
guns and
The
no
THE YANKEE NAVY.
23
men, commanded by Lieutenant Joshua Barney, and the latter a British cruiser of 20 guns
was convoying a
fleet
of
and 180 men.
merchant vessels
when attacked by the General Monk, and
The Hyder Ally off Cape May
in thirty
minutes had
captured the British vessel.
During the Revolution the American 24,
loss in vessels
was
while the British was 102 ships of war, and about 800
merchant
vessels.
CHAPTER Millions for Tribute, but not
—
II.
One Cent
for Defense.
—
Congress and the Navy The Dey of Algiers Construction of the Navy The War with France Bainbridge and St. Laurent Captain Truxton and the Constellation.
—
—
THE
naval part of the Revolution
The
itself.
ships, as characters,
the last act those that remained were
curtain went
down on an empty
the three ships of
war
is
a complete play in
had their all
stage.
parts, but in
killed
off,
and the
In the last scene,
were promptly disposed
left
order to rid the country of any semblance of a navy. all
that
was
left of it
who had
survived,
merchant
service.
measure
of,
in
In 1785,
were some memories and a few
officers
them promptly taking
to the
most
of
Congress had not then reached
of stupidity, but
it
had made a
fair
its fullest
beginning.
The
history of the United States might be termed a continuous series
of
moral victories won by her best men over her
legislators.
their
At that time, the thirteen colonies having won
independence over the mother country,
Nothing further was necessary.
home and talk about what The navy was a relic of the of
no further consequence.
heart, pure 24
all
well.
The army might return
glorious deeds had past,
was
good while
it
been done. lasted, but
Every other nation had a kind
and unselfish motives, and would gladly welcome
THE YANKEE NAVY. and allow us
us on the high seas,
25
to help ourselves to
as
we could conveniently carry. Beautiful speeches were made in Congress, showing that systems of defense were needed only by monarchies. Young republics had no need of them. We were now free and much
commerce
of their
would remain
A
of others.
so,
as
through Divine Providence and the love
prominent Senator from Pennsylvania (Maclay) " This when he said among our members all
voiced the sentiments of the majority
thing of a
fleet
the session.
I
have heard
the
meantime our disinterested
became aware
the Sultan of Turkey, his
of
it
friend,
our existence.
came
American
the
another
Dey
of
Being a vassal of nature,
at the entrance of the Mediterranean,
a great source of profit to himself and con-
solation to the Sultan to gather in all the
that
It is
who was somewhat grasping by
kingdom lying
Dey found
the
break out often.
it
our republican institutions."
Algiers,
and
:
to
menace In
has been working
into his
Up
net.
to
commerce, which was
merchant ships
year 1793, however,
the
rapidly
assuming great
proportions, had been comparatively safe from the pirates of the Dey, because Portugal, raltar,
had agreed
that in 1785 a
number
of
who kept
to protect
a strong fleet at Gib-
American
vessels.
It
is
true
two of our ships were captured by pirates and our sailors made
slaves,
but at the time
our
patriotic legislators did not consider this of sufficient impor-
tance to act.
"
Eleven unfortunate
Algiers," sneered Maclay,
men now
"is the pretext
in
slavery in
for fitting out a
fleet."
As a means istic
to secure
manner, concluded
an end, England,
in 1793 that
in
her character-
our commerce must be
THE YANKEE NAVY.
26
wiped the
So her agent arranged a secret truce between
out.
Dey and
Portugal, forced the latter to recognize
it,
and
without warning our merchant marine was pounced upon.
One hundred and twelve Of
course,
Dey.
England continued
to
do
this,
chance to wipe out her one competitor.
Congressmen urged
because John Bull did
Not having
pened.
sailors back.
the
ship,
It
we ought
that
And
it.
a navy,
this
is
And our
what hap-
precisely
it.
to
buy our
A
beautiful
presents for the Dey, and
loaded with
were sent by the Yankee
In 1795 a peace
tribute.
brilliant
do the same thing
cost about one million to do
Crescent,
as a
to
to the
and give him the
we were obliged
several barrels of silver dollars,
nation
sent into slavery.
pay a small tribute
to
was more economical
It
men were
of our
was arranged with
Algiers by the annual payment of about $22,000. This, however, their
was thought by some bigoted
lovers
of
country to be a base and servile surrender of our
To knuckle down
independence. pirate, the
willing tool
thus to a
of England,
was considered hardly
compatible with our boasted freedom. started,
and the
result
was
Mohammedan
An
that a bill for a
agitation
was
new navy was
actually passed through Congress by a majority of two votes.
George Washington had urged
it
long before, but having
saved his country, his advice was not considered good.
because Congress didn't personally build the new
Just
navy
it
was a good one.
If
they had,
consisted of mutton-legged flatboats,
it
would probably have
armed with popguns.
But Joshua Humphreys, an old shipbuilder, supervised construction, structed.
and under
They were
his advice six frigates
its
were con-
the Constitution, the President, the United
THE YANKEE NAVY. States,
the
sister
Congress
ships
of
and
the
Humphreys's idea was better
and
27
forty-four guns, and the Chesapeake, Constellation,
to
thirty-six
guns
have the navy small, but
faster ships than
any
afloat.
This idea,
each.
to contain it
may
be
Richard Dale.
stated, has
Our
been steadily adhered to from that time to
this.
war have always been singly better than any afloat. These six frigates were soon augmented by sixteen other smaller vessels, so that in 1798, when the war with ships of
./
THE YANKEE NAVY.
28
France broke out, It
is
related that
tain Nicholson,
the.
United States had a respectable navy.
when
who had charge
honor of raising her
was launched, Cap-
the Constitution
instructions to this effect and went
away
During
his absence, however, the flag
wright,
Samuel
When
Bently.
wished to have the
of her,
so on her launching day he gave
flag,
to get his breakfast.
was raised by the
ship-
Captain Nicholson got back
and discovered what had been done he
is
said to have been
beside himself with anger.
Common
tradition has
it
that the
Lord looks out
children and the United States of America, and
seem
in this
instance as
posed to render
it
if
the
Dey
of Algiers
had been
It
is
were not for the Dey no navy would have been costly than they really were.
ruler,
other,
tribute
if
built,
it
and
much more
Although we had bought
off
and established peace with that potent
our ships were not
launched.
inter-
equally certain that
the few years from 1798 to 1801 would have been
Dey by
would
imperative upon us to have a navy to cope
with France and England.
the
for little it
idle
from
the
France and England being
time
at
they were
war with each
and the United States a nonentity on the seas— as they
both thought
— they did not go out of
our flag or our feelings.
their
They made fun
way
to respect
of the ships
building, and while England began her system
we were
of impressing
our seamen into her service wherever they were found, France
committed depredations on our floating property.
Our new
ships proved later that they were the best afloat
of their size,
and they were manned by our best blood, so
that in 1798,
when
much
hostilities
with France began, we were
in
better condition to meet her on the ocean than she
THE YANKEE NAVY. wotted
of.
Among
k
-9
the most prominent captains at this time
were John Barry, Samuel
Nicholson, Silas Talbot, Joshua
Barney, Richard Dale, Stephen Decatur,
Sr.,
Thomas Truxton,
and Lieutenant Bainbridge, afterwards captain.
Richard Dale
Joshua Barney.
will be
remembered
as the
first
lieutenant of the
Bonhomme
Richard when John Paul Jones fought his famous fight with the Serapis. ]
Truxton was born on Long
the Revolution
commanded
a privateer.
Island,
and during
THE YANKEE NAVY.
30
The
first
French vessel captured during
France was the privateer
this trouble
with
which was carried into
Croyable,
Philadelphia, refitted, renamed the Retaliation, and immediately
went In
under the command
to sea
of Lieutenant Bainbridge.
company with two other American
and the Norfolk, on the morning
Montezuma
vessels, the
November
of
20,
1798,
Bainbridge ran into the arms of two French frigates fnsurgente,
Laurent
Captain Barreaut, and the
— and
defend
St.
Voluntaire,
who
refused to
"You
it.
Captain
Voluntaire,
was captured and taken aboard the
where he offered take
— the
his
sword
had,
yourself.
sir,"
he
therefore
I
Laurent,
to St.
said,
beg
"no you
opportunity to
retain
to
your
sword."
meantime the other French frigate, the Insurgents chasing the two American vessels, and would have
In the
was
undoubtedly captured them had not Captain
Laurent
St.
suddenly turned to Bainbridge and asked him what their
armament was. "Oh," said Bainbridge, innocently, "the ship has twentyeight twelve-pounders and the brig twenty nine-pounders."
This was more than signaled the Insurgente Barreaut's disgust, who,
shouted out
:
" If
St.
to
Laurent bargained haul
off
when he
and
for,
return,
hailed his senior
you had not signaled me,
sir, I
and he
much
to
officer,
would have
taken those ships."
"Your
ship was
not heavy
sternly replied St. Laurent.
"
enough, Citizen Captain,"
Those
vessels are
armed with
twelve and nine-pounders."
"There
isn't a
gun on
than a six pounder.
I
either,"
howled Barreaut, "heavier
was near enough
to see."
THE YANKEE NAVY. St.
in his
Laurent turned to Bainbridge, who had a large laugh
elbow regions.
"Didn't you
tell
me," he sputtered, "those vessels had
twelve and nine-pounders
" If necessary, I
" ?
would have told you twice as big a
"I did," said Bainbridge, told
31
you twice as big a
lie."
"and
if
necessary,
lie.
I
would have
THE YANKEE NAVY.
32
meantime the American
In the
vessels were
beyond reach.
The moral of this is that when you lie, tell one that is big enough to answer the purpose. On the 16th of this same month, Captain Isaac Phillips in, the Baltimore, while convoying some merchant vessels from' L Charleston to Havana, was sighted by a British squadron of; five frigates and the seventy-four gun Camatie, Captain 1
Loring.
Loring ordered Phillips aboard, proceeded
to take'
fifty-five
men
fifty
out of his ship, afterwards returning
them, and seized
made
Phillips
a
three of the American
vigorous
merchant
was
but
protest,
of
vessels.
powerless.
Congress not only censured him, but he was dismissed from the service because he couldn't help himself.
Our naval war with France February
3,
1801,
and the scene
in the vicinity of the
West
and
previously taken.
the
Experiment,
of
Indies.
from us by the French was the
we had
lasted from
Two
fitted
most
May
28, 179S, to
of the battles
was
The only warship captured
Retaliation, which, as
related,
of our schooners, the Enterprise.
out expressly for this
service,-,
captured a great number of French vessels, and on October 12,
1800,
inferior
the Boston, vessel,
after
Captain
Little,
took the Berceau, an Bainbridge, after
a valiant defense.
being captured by the Voluntaire, was taken to Guadeloupe,;
where he and
his sailors
were nearly starved until they were
finally released.
But by far the most important work accomplished by Captain Truxton, Constellation.
On February
French frigate Insnrgente
9,
in his
of
this
war was
famous cruise
in the
1799, the Constellation took the
The Constellation was One year later Captain
off St. Kitts.
slightly superior to the Insurgente.
THE YANKEE NAVY.
33
Truxton,
in
the
Constellation,
had
his
famous
with the
Vengevessel
a
ance,
fight
slightly superior to
the Constella-
The
tion.
began
action
eight
at
o'clock at night,
and for
continued hours,
five
when
the Venge-
ance
succeeded
in
escaping.
During the en-
her
gagement
colors were twice struck,
butTrux-
ton was unable to see this.
The
Vengeance
was
badly as
the
had
crippled,
the
fire
of
Constellation
been
liberate
deand
direct.
Medal Presented by Congress to Capt. Truxton.
ent and exultation
was created by
this
Much Our battle.
excitesailors
THE YANKEE NAVY.
34
were lauded
to the skies, and,
under the extraordinary pressure
of public opinion, Congress actually voted Truxton a gold
medal and gave him command
Many
of the President.
war were afterwards to achieve celebrity, among them being Midshipmen Stephen Decatur and David Porter, and Lieutenant Isaac Hull, the of the
minor
famous Commander
officers
in this
of the Constitution in the
War
of 1812.
CHAPTER War
III.
with the Barbary States.
The Dey, the Bey and the Bashaw
—
Captain Bainbridge and His Constantinople Defiant Attitude of the Bashaw of Tripoli— Operations in the Mediterranean Capture of the Philadelphia Decatur's Daring Feat Reduction of Tripoli Richard Somers The Bey of Tunis.
—
Visit to
—
THE
Dey
of
Bashaw
—
—
Algiers was an avaricious and
So also was the Bey of Tunis.
ruler.
the
—
of Tripoli.
insatiable
Likewise was
This piratical triumvirate ruled over
the northwest corner of Africa, on the southern shores of the
Mediterranean.
them was not
Piracy with occupation.
Being vassals
so
much
to the Sultan of
a
pastime as an
Turkey, they were
obliged to reimburse him at frequent intervals, and they hesitated
not
to
rob
when
there was any vessel
in
sight.
Plunder was a state institution, the only difference between
them and other
rulers of the present
day being that they
preferred to rob other countries, while the rulers prefer to
rob their own.
When,
the Bey of Tunis and his next-door Bashaw of Tripoli, beheld the success of the Dey Algiers; when they saw the noble ship Crescent loaded therefore,
neighbor, the of
with silver dollars which had been sent as a bribe from the
Yankee nation 35
to the
Dey, they exclaimed with one voice,
THE YANKEE NAVY.
36
"What
are
"Where do we come in?" and
here for?"
ive
other expressions indicating their displeasure.
a case as urgent as
Of
by George Washington and others
influenced
course, in
had Congress previously not been
this,
navy, the Bey of Tunis, and likewise the
to
Bashaw
create a
of Tripoli,
would no doubt have been similarly placated. Then they would have asked for more, and still more. Eventually they
would have come over their ancestors might,
to the
through inherited
more successful to-day our present
United States and gifts,
and
have been even
robbing the country than some of
in
politicians.
Their dreams, however, were knocked
new
settled,
navy, and
so
it
head by our
in the
happened that through
a
few
ships,
which our legislation had almost tabooed as being monarchical
and unnecessary, we were ence, although this
the annual tribute
The
ship
still
able to preserve our independ-
had already been given a severe shock by
we paid
George
to a
barbarous power.
Washington,
commanded by Captain
William Bainbridge, sailed to the Mediterranean of i8co to convey our annual tribute to the
Captain Bainbridge was a spirited naval
in the
Dey
officer,
spring
of Algiers.
and
it
may
well be imagined that this duty was not a pleasing one in itself,
but his stern sense of discipline carried him through
the ordeal that was to come.
After Captain Bainbridge had anchored his ship
harbor of Algiers, under the guns of the practically helpless, the
Dey proceeded
fort, so that
to
in the
he was
inform him that
he considered the Americans his slaves, and they must do his bidding.
He
therefore
commanded him
to
go on an errand
to Constantinople, taking a present to the, Sultan,
and also
to
THE VANKEE NAVY.
i
37
convey some Mussulmans to that potent Turk. he directed that Bainbridge
fly
Moreover,
the Algerian flag over the
George Washington as an acknowledgment of vassalage.
William Baijjbkidge.
This
is
a delightful incident, and that
the
Dey should
have selected a ship named the George Washington as a peculiar
THE YANKEE NAVY.
38
mark of his pleasure has a tinge of irony. Particularly is this so when we consider that three years before George Washington himself,
in
that " to
a speech before Congress, said
secure respect to a neutral flag requires a naval force organized
and ready
to vindicate
flag until he got
from insult and aggression."
it
Bainbridge did as he was
He
told.
But he got even,
Constantinople.
hoisted the Algerian
beyond gunshot, and then proceeded in a
to
measure, with the Dey.
The Sultan took a great fancy to him and his ship, and gave him a firman, a document which, displayed in the Sultan's dominions, means that the bearer can do as he pleases. Bainbridge sailed back to Algiers, taking care this time to
anchor out of reach of the guns, and paid his respects
once more to the Dey.
That
ruler,
He made
however, was not
Bainbridge into being
in
It
jail.
He was about
and spread
had an instant
it
to
make good
his threat,
before the astonished eyes of the
The barbarian shrank back,
effect.
and after that Bainbridge had lot of
more.
an ungovernable rage, when Bainbridge produced
his firman
Dey.
He wanted
satisfied.
not only further demands, but threatened to throw
his
own way.
French prisoners and landed them
in
He released a his own ship in
France, although that country was at war with us at the time,
and then proceeded home, wild with rage
at the treatment
he had received.
wildfire,
Yankee
spirit
In the
was
His story spread
like
and the
fully aroused.
meantime the Bashaw
of Tripoli,
having written
over to the President of the United States that he expected as
much
if
not more than the
Dey
of Algiers,
and being impatient
of delay and rapacious to a degree, early in
180
r
declared
THE YANKEE NAVY.
40
war on the United done
to
Up
States.
nothing had been
to this time
defend ourselves from these pirates. Thomas Jefferson,
who became
President in 1801, was pledged to rigid economy,
and immediately a disposed
lot of vessels
belonging to the navy were
but the imperative necessity of greater naval
of,
strength becoming apparent, the available force was afterwards
augmented and a the pirates.
fleet
sent to the
Jefferson's idea of
Mediterranean to quell
an adequate protection of
our coasts, and as a measure of self-defense, consisted of a small
of diminutive
fleet
gunboats stored on land
dockyards, and ready to be launched
if
in
neat
enemy hove
the
in
They would scarcely live in a twenty-knot breeze, and the "enemy" would have had to look for them with a sight.
microscope.
The nation now being aroused over the defiant Bashaw of Tripoli, a fleet was dispatched Atlantic with Captain Richard Dale in command.
attitude of
comprised the President, Captain James Barron
the Essex,
the
Captain Bainbridge
and the schooner
When
the
most
violent
Bashaw
Dey
;
the Philadelphia, Captain
;
Lieutenant Andrew
Enterprise,
of Tripoli.
of
He had
The
friendship
;
fleet
Samuel Barron,
of Algiers beheld these vessels he
protestations
across the
Sterrett.
made
the
but not so the
yet to learn something, and so
was given him by Sterrett, who, on August 1st, captured off Malta the war polacre Tripoli, fourteen guns and eighty men. Twice the Tripoli's flag was lowered, and the
first
lesson
when Lieutenant Porter put murderous There proceeded
fire is
a
off in
a
boat to board her a
was opened on him. limit
to
all
things,
to rake the polacre fore
however, and
and
aft,
Sterrett
and would have
THE YANKEE NAVY sunk the vessel with every man on board of her
had not begged on
41
the
commander
his knees for quarter
and thrown
if
his flag in the sea.
This was the
first
engagement, and there being few vessels
Edward Preble. in
the Tripolitan Navy, a desultory warfare continued until
the 31st of October, 1803,
when
the Philadelphia, under Bain-
bridge, in chasing a corsair into Tripoli, struck a reef, and the
captain and crew were captured and thrown into
while the ship was rescued by the Tripolitans.
jail,
THE YANKEE NAVY.
42
With one
and
of our captains
his
crew
Bashaw, and one of our best ships
the
things were not the
confinement,
his
same
however,
Danish Consul, wrote a then
commanding our
Philadelphia might be
through
letter to fleet,
in
had been.
as they
power
in the
of
possession,
his
Bainbridge from
the assistance
the
of
Commodore Edward
Preble,
suggesting a plan whereby the
The only way
blown up.
could
this
be done was to secure some vessel of the enemy, and, disguised thus, enter the harbor at night. It
happened that
our hands. set sail
just such a vessel as
December,
In
from the Barbary
for the Sultan's harem. for Constantinople, prise,
coast, filled with sprightly
was sighted by the lookout
all
into
fell
maidens
This siren deep-laden vessel, bound
commanded by Lieutenant
captured her with
was needed
1803, a Tripolitan ketch, the Mastico,
was supplied, and one night
in
Decatur, who, giving chase,
Thus the very
on board.
of the Enter-
vessel
needed
February Lieutenant Decatur
with a picked crew, some of them disguised as Turks, entered the harbor of Tripoli in the ketch, ran up alongside of the Philadelphia,
time
before
enterprise
deeds
in
boarded she
may
her, set her
blew
up.
on
This
fire,
and escaped a short
daring
and
successful
well be classed as one of the most courageous
naval warfare.
Following the destruction of the Philadelphia, for which
Decatur was made captain, came a Tripoli,
series of five attacks
which culminated, on the 27th
on
of April, 1805, in the
Hamet Karamauli, an elder who had been deposed, and the
capture of Tripoli, with the aid of brother of the Bashaw, Stars
and Stripes waved over the
Commodore
Preble was entitled
to
city.
For
this
result
the chief honors,
and
THE YANKEE NAVY.
44
upon
United States he was appropriately
his return to the
honored.
While the American Tripoli, there
fleet
was thus engaged
was not lacking the
grit,
subduing
in
gumption and gunnery
which has always distinguished our naval heroes, and there occurred an act of bravery unsurpassed
in
naval history, and
a dire tragedy. In the
first
of the attacks,
not being of service
fleet
among the dangerous
3,
1804, the
reefs,
gunboats
them were dispatched
were used, and
six of
enemy's
the harbor.
fleet in
made on August
One
to attack the
was com-
of these boats
manded by Stephen Decatur and another by Stephen led the way, and, after a desperate
his
brother.
fight,
captured
one of the enemy's gunboats.
meantime
In the
the fact
her
his brother,
James Decatur, deceived by
that another gunboat had treacherously hauled down
flag,
stepped on board to take possession, and was shot
dead by the commander, a swarthy Tripolitan. Stephen heard that his brother was he cast
off
some way
In
killed, and, losing
no time,
the gunboat he had in tow, boarded the boat which
held his brother's murderer, and, after a desperate hand-to-
hand
conflict, shot
him
to death.
While thus engaged, a Turk
back of Decatur raised his scimiter James,
a
interposed
saved
common his
Decatur's
sailor,
own body, life.
to strike him.
perceiving received
the
the
Turk's
Reuben design,
blow himself, and
Reuben James, though badly
hurt,
afterwards recovered.
The tragedy of the war occurred on the night of September Somers, in the 4th, when Master Commandant Richard identical ketch Intrepid that
had been so useful
in
destroying
j
i
THE YANKEE NAVY.
45
the Philadelphia, after loading her with
gunpowder, took her
into the afire
i
harbor of Tripoli with the intention of setting her
among
the enemy's fleet and returning in swift rowboats.
Decatur's Conflict with the Algerian at Tripoli. his body to save the life of his Commander.
Reuben James interposes
crew went, but never came back.
The ketch
was prematurely blown up, but no one knows how
to this day.
Somers and In the
his
meantime the Bey
of
Tunis got impertinent, and,
THE YANKEE NAVY.
46
encouraged by England, announced war.
Our
fleet,
then under
his intention of declaring
Commodore Rodgers, had grown
formidable by
reinforcements, and appearing before Tunis
compelled
Bey
the
to
Congress had known
its
sue for peace, a method which, business,
years before, and saved a great
can dollars.
if
would have been pursued
many men,
ships,
and Ameri-
of our prisoners.
Peace
in the
Barbary States having been
fully dictated at
the muzzles of our guns, the next naval event of importance
was the War
\>
Even after Tripoli had practically capitulated,
however, we paid them $60,000 for the privilege of returning
some
;
J
of 181 2.
j
CHAPTER The War
IV.
of 1812.
—
Causes Leading to the War Chesapeake and Leopard President and Little Belt Constitution in Portsmouth Opening of the War President and Belvidera Escape of the Constitution Hull and Dacres.
—
—
—
THEwere
numerous and well sustained.
the United
States
—
War
events and causes leading up to the
a
of 1812
There were
in
considerable body of Tories, not yet
thoroughly weaned from the parent government, and their
upon public opinion was pronounced. It might be said that public opinion was at one time pretty evenly divided. On the one side were the large body of citizens who had fought and bled for their country's independence, and on the influence
other side the justice
mitted
still
active Tories,
who
believed that any in-
which England might force upon us should be subto.
The
influence
of
this
latter
body
citizens
of
enabled England to exercise an undue aggressiveness, and
was only when this was pushed to the extreme
limit,
impressment of our sailors and by wanton
on our
that the tide of to
make England
firing
resentment waxed strong.
It
was
it
by the ships,
difficult
perceive the exact difference between an
American and an English subject, and where the two countries had been only so recently severed, much confusion mining the nationality of 47
sailors
was bound
to arise.
in deterIt
was
THF.
48
YANKEE NAVY.
natural that England, at that time sorely in need of
her
all
should endeavor to impress every available man, and
sailors,
her naval
were not always nice
officers
in
their efforts to
secure this result, or just in their demands.
The naval War
of
1812
was a curious combination
of
insolent aggression on one side and legislative incompetence
and individual superiority on the other. The period from the peace with the Barbary States to the outbreak of the war was employed by our able legislators in doing what they could to leave us unprepared, while
war was an
plainly revealed that
we had
of the lesson
every
possible sign
inevitable result.
On
top
received from a lot of pirates, and in the
face of the most humiliating insults from a greater power,
our navy was allowed
to
go by the board, so
to speak.
place of building a few efficient ships of good
proposed already
add 188 gunboats
1807 to
in
built,
making
257 in
all.
our coast from English squadrons
size,
it
In
was
to the fleet of those
These boats were to protect !
Congressman Williams, of South Carolina, declared that the navy was "a curse to the country, and never had been anything else." When the war came, however, something had
to
be done, and
all
the available ships were put
in
commission, although Congress was of the firm conviction that
it
would be
of very little use,
and timidly tried
to
keep
the vessels in port for fear they would be forthwith grabbed
up by the enemy, whose prowess on the sea had terrorized The following vessels were in the whole maritime world. the
American Navy
The peake
at the
beginning of the war
:
President (44), Constitution (44), United States (44), Chesa(36),
Congress
(36),
Constellation
(36),
Essex
(32),
John
THE YANKEE NAVY.
Adams
(28),
Hornet
Wasp
(18),
49
Argus
(r8),
Enterprise (12), Nautilus (12), Vixen (12),
Siren
(16),
and Fz)Vr
(10).
(16),
In
all,
seventeen ships, while Great Britain had over one thousand.
Of course, England, as
at the present day,
had a vast mari-
time commerce, and a system of dependent colonies so world-
wide that
in fighting a single foe
for her to
have concentrated
it
all
would have been impossible of her ships at
That her naval superiority was manifest, however, necessary to state that,
ships,
in
one point. it
is
only
England had stationed,
from Halifax to the West Indies, over seven times the arma-
ment
of the
As
whole American Navy.
illustrations of the
methods employed by England, a
few incidents which occurred previous to the actual outbreak
Of these, the unfortunate Chesapeakewas the most prominent, and had the greatest
of hostilities will suffice.
Leopard
affair
bearing on our navy subsequently, teaching as that
it
did a lesson
was not soon forgotten.
On
the 22d of June, 1807, the United States frigate Chesa-
peake (36) dropped
down
to
Hampton Roads,
and started on her voyage
to the
got under way,
Mediterranean, to relieve
Commodore Barron had come
the Constitution at that station.
on board a short time before she started, after receiving a
commander
report from Captain Gordon, that she
was
in
readiness.
As the ship
was as unshipshape as
A squadron One fleet,
it
out to sea,
Her crew was new, her decks
everything was in confusion.
were strewn with truck of
of the Chesapeake y
sailed
all
descriptions,
ought not
of British ships
of them, the Leopard (50),
to
and everything
have been.
was lying
in
Lynnhaven Bay.
had detached herself from the
and, standing out in the offing, was quietly awaiting the
THE YANKEE NAVY.
50
She was observed by Commodore
approach of the Chesapeake.
Barron, who, turning to Captain Gordon, remarked
"I distrust that fellow's movements.
I
:
wonder what he
is
after?"
He I
the Chesa-
Captain Berkley of the Leopard hailed.
peake. "
The Leopard bore down on
soon found out.
have a dispatch for you."
The
Chesapeake lay
•
to.
came aboard with
In a short time a British officer
a note
and the information that the Leopard had been instructed
Commodore Barron commander crew to any but its own
to search the Chesapeake for deserters.
replied of
" Sir,
:
any
of its vessels to
Here
officers.
"
my government
Very
is
my
will not
muster
its
permit the
reply."
the
British
own
ship, the
well, sir," replied
lieutenant, with
a
smile.
After he had boarded his
Commander
hailed
once again.
"On
You must be aware,
board the Chesapeake !
the orders of the Vice-Admiral
No
reply
was given, but the
the short time they had, for
action.
It
made
sir,
that
must be obeyed." officers of the Chesapeake, in
every effort to clear the ship
was not believed up
however, that the Leopard would
fire,
to
the
last
although
it
moment, had been
observed that her ports were triced up.
came across the Chesapeake's bow. Then The cry to quarters was given. the guns were defective. No ammunition could be
Suddenly
Some
a shot
Then
another. of
found for others.
poured
in
a broadside.
Broadside after broadside from the Leopard
upon the helpless
Chesapeake.
Not a single shot
THE YANKEE NAVY. would have been had not seized a
gun with hauled killed
his
fired in return
I
Lieutenant Henry Allen
from the galley and discharged a
live coal
own
if
5
Then
the American
flag was Twenty-one men had thus wantonly been
down.
fingers.
and wounded.
Of course the British Government deprecated this little The Vice-Admiral was censured for his ungallant act, and shortly afterwards promoted. Commodore Barron was affair.
suspended for
five years,
the whole, however,
without pay, for his negligence.
On
proved a good lesson for the American
it
Our ships were
Navy, and very useful afterwards.
not caught
napping again.
About four years the British in their
after this,
own
it
happened that we paid back
coin for the Chesapeake
The
affair.
impressment of American seamen had, of course, gone on the interval,
until
was getting
it
Commodore Roagers was encroachments on our English frigate,
American of
her.
letters, j
!
sailor,
On
to
in
be a serious matter.
not disposed to submit to such
rights,
and when he heard that an
presumably the Guerriere, had seized an he hurried to sea
in
the President in search
conspicuous
the topsails of the President, in
was painted her name, that the British
know who she was. On the evening
of
May
vessels
14, 181
1,
might
Rodgers
hailed a strange ship that he took to be a frigate.
"What sail is that?" " What sail is that " came the answer. " What sail is that ?" repeated Rodgers. A shot came in reply. Whereupon the ?
1
with a broadside, and kept
badly damaged,
many
it
of her
up
President opened
until the other vessel
crew being
killed
was
and wounded.
THE YANKEE NAVY
52
The next morning Commodore Rodgers discovered that she was the British sloop-of-war Little Belt. A dispute afterwards arose as to who fired the first shot, and the whole matter was
*
r
'
eventually dropped, but there can be no doubt as to what i
Isaac Hull.
would have happened
if
the Little Belt had been a superior
ship.
Not many months Isaac Hull
was
called
after this
upon
harbor of Portsmouth, England. tain Hull
it
happened that Captain
to assert his
The
independence Constitution,
commanding, had been dispatched
to
in
the
with Cap-
Holland
to
THE YANKEE NAVY.
53
pay that country the interest on our debt, and she proceeded from thence to Portsmouth, where there was stationed a large force of English frigates.
and the
Captain Hull was ashore one night,
was in command of First Lieutenant when he was informed by an officer from the man-o'-war Havana that an American deserter was Constitution
Charles Morris, British
aboard that tain
vessel,
and might be had upon application.
Hull being away, Lieutenant Morris made
Cap-
efforts to get
The next day he applied to the Commander of the Havana, and then to the British Admiral, but was met with frigidity and innuendoes. While this was happening a stroke of good fortune enabled Lieutenant
the deserter back.
One
Morris to turn the tables.
Havana, with a rich
Irish brogue,
night a deserter from the
came aboard the
Constitution.
This enabled Lieutenant Morris to employ the same tactics that the British officer the
Havana
that he
him up.
stitution
was practically
Signals were rapidly
anchored close
came aboard,
sent
word
to
had a deserter, and then promptly refused
Here was a
to give
frigates
He
had used with him.
state of things at once.
at the
mercy
made from
The
Con-
of the British squadron.
the British flagship.
to the Constitution.
Two
Captain Hull then
the crew was sent to quarters and she put out
Then the Constitution was hove to and waited for one of them to come up. There was great excitement on board. The men w ere stripped for The frigate rapidly came within hail, and, to the action. to sea,
followed by the two frigates.
T
surprise of
all
on board the
Constitution, hailed her,
a few remarks, and bore away.
wait for another opportunity to
War was
exchanged
Thus Captain Hull had to show the power of his ship.
formally declared on June
18, 1812,
and the
first
THE YANKEE NAVY.
54
Rodgers put
sea
to
United States, the
had
A
was not encouraging.
battle
the
in
few days
President,
after,
accompanied by the
Hornet, and- the Argus, and
Congress, the
his unfortunate fight with the Belvidera,
more
dissatisfaction than
Commodore
The
ever.
which caused
President sighted
and drawing away from the
Belvidera off Nantucket,
the
rest of
the
fleet, chased that vessel unsuccessfully. During the engagement one of the President's guns burst, killing sixteen men. The Belvidera escaped, and the American squadron
continued on a long cruise, returning to port on August
without
29th,
accomplishing
anything.
This was a
bad
beginning, and the effect on Congress and the country at
Our
large very dispiriting. often
enough
in
navy had been decried
little
the halls of Congress, and timid legislators
inveighed against the policy of allowing our ships to put to sea
in
the face of
enemy.
formidable and hitherto invincible
so
But subsequent events proved that we were always
able to hold our
own and
many
in
instances to
whip forces
greatly superior, opposed to us on the ocean.
The
Constitution,
peake on July
with a new crew, sailed from the Chesa-
12, 1812,
and on the 17th began that famous
chase which showed Isaac Hull's great ability.
along
the
he
coast,
attempted to close
in
sighted
a
British
Heading up which
squadron,
For three days and nights the
on him.
enemy were close in his wake, and every device to make a ship move through water was tried by Hull and immediately imitated
by the British
frigates.
Guerriere, that the Constitution
conditions.
and her
The
sails
Constitution
met
Among them was later on
was towed by
the
under different boats, kedged,
soused with water, and thus inch by inch was
,
THE YANKEE NAVY.
56
contested, until finally, availing herself of a favorable squall,
away from her
she slipped
The
pursuers.
British captains did not recover for
many
a long
from their surprise and chagrin over the manner the Constitution
Yankee
— which flying
frigate,
masthead
they had referred to as a a
piece
Captain Hull, after put into Boston, and
began
to look as
to
meet Dacres
both met
at
an entertainment.
your ship
Look money on "
"
if I
the imbecility of
to sea again.
He
to his fancy.
the Guerrihre.
Dacres was
Hull.
ability of a war, Hull said:
of
of
if
was not
was instructed to wait orders, but this
He wanted
bunting at her
them.
Congress would prevent him from going
also anxious to run across
which
" fir-built
from the British squadron,
his escape
it
striped
of
— finally got away from
"
in
day
In
Before the war they had joking about the prob-
"Well, Dacres, take good care
when she is alone." Dacres, "would you like to bet
ever run alongside of her
here, Hull," replied
the outcome ?"
No," said Hull,
"
I
don't care to bet money, but
I'll
go a
hat." "
Done
" said
!
Dacres.
Hull was therefore anxious to bring about a
result,
and
own hands, he sailed out of Boston Harbor on August 2d. He cruised south of Cape Sable, then east of Halifax, around Nova Scotia to the Gulf of St.
taking matters into his
Lawrence, taking a few
prizes,
and then south again.
On
August 19th he sighted a British frigate. " Good " said Hull. " I hope it's Dacres." !
The drew
frigate hoisted the British colors,
near,
when
the
enemy opened
fire.
and the two
vessels
'
THE YANKEE NAVY.
we
" Shall "
Not
The "
return the
fire
?
"
asked Lieutenant Morris.
yet," said Hull.
then bore upon the stranger's quarter.
Constitution
Let her have
it
" !
shouted Hull.
Commander
So excited was that able
and down on the quarterdeck, and fit,
he
I
them up the
split
" If
57
his trousers
jumped up
being a tight
side.
Dacres," he muttered
that's
that he
to
himself, "
wish
I
I
had bet him a whole uniform."
The "
fire
between the two frigates was now
Hull her
!
"
terrific.
sang out Lieutenant Morris.
In their excitement the crew, not yet so far separated from I
old England that they didn't "
Hull her
know
a pun, repeated the cry,
" !
In fifteen minutes the enemy's
mizzenmast went,
in a
few
minutes more the foremast and mainmast followed, and the Guerricre was a hopeless wreck, having been raked fore and
by the terrible
aft
made, prepared colors
fire
then hauled
stitution
came down
to
the Constitution
of
off
for
continue
the
in a
boat and ran up alongto
her
Dacres poked his head over the after-bulwarks.
"
Have you struck
" ?
Well," replied Dacres, " our mizzenmast, foremast and
mainmast have gone.
We're not
in
good condition
tinue." "
but the British
Captain Hull's compliments to Captain Dacres," shouted
Read. "
;
the Guerricre, for then there was no doubt as
identity. "
action
guns. The Conwhen they were
just in time.
Third Lieutenant Read got side
s
repairs, and,
Have you
struck ?" asked
Read
again.
to con-
THE YANKEE NAVY. I
— don't — know," said Dacres.
"
I
59
—
You'd better made up your mind pretty quick," roared
"
Read.
"
This
is
I'll
trouble you for that hat."
no time for parley.
I
ask you again
have surrendered." " Well," replied Dacres, "
I
suppose
I
have."
if
you
THE YANKEE NAVY.
60
"Do you
"All right," said Read.
need a surgeon ?"
"Don't you need him yourself?"
"Why,
no," replied Read.
and they've been attended
"
We have only seven
wounded,
i
to."
Captain Dacres was wounded himself, but he was transferred to the Constitution. "
Let
me
gangway " " Thank ;
came over
help you, Dacres," said Hull, as he
the
you're hurt." you," said
Dacres, despondently.
"
my
Here's
sword."
"Keep
it,"
said Hull
"you deserve
;
to
keep
it
;
but
I'll
trouble you for that hat."
r
In this action the Constitution
the Guerriere, but there of the
two
Guerriere
vessels
was
is
was somewhat superior
toj
no comparison between the force,
and the amount
of
damage
so badly shattered that she
had
inflicted.
to be
blown
The^ up,
while the Constitution was practically unhurt.
This victory on the part of the United States frigate was,
due
to three things
:
grit,
gumption and gunnery.
Nothing could exceed the universal joy over Hull's
victory.
Hitherto defeat had perched on our banners both by land
and
sea,
but this showed that the war was not going to be
altogether a one-sided
affair.
CHAPTER The War
of 1812
V.
— (Continued.) —
Wasp and Frolic United States and Macedonian Constitution and Java Capture of Chesapeake by Shannon Career of Argus Boxer and Enterprise.
David Porter's First Cruise
—
—
—
DAVID
PORTER
war broke
out,
—
was commander and did not get
when the
of the Essex
to sea
with the squadron
under Rodgers that allowed the Belvidera to escape.
But
shortly before the Constitution took the Guerriere he did sail
from
New
York, and, cruising at random, took several prizes.
Then on August
13, 1812,
man, and succeeded
in
he disguised the Essex as a merchantfouling the
English sloop Alert, so
that vessel fell into his hands.
And
here
we
are introduced for the
Glasgow Farragut, who,
later, in the Civil
first
time to David
War, was heard from
with such great results.
The Essex was crowded with prisoners from the Alert and other prizes captured, and a conspiracy was formed among them
to
capture her.
But Captain Porter had been
in the habit of training his
crew to meet emergencies, and delighted to spread a sudden alarm of
fire,
to
accustom them to act quick.
Midshipman Farragut, feigning
He
quietly notified Porter. 61
sleep, discovered the plot.
Porter shouted
"
Fire
" !
and the
THK YANKEE NAVY,
62
responded
crevv
in
double-quick time.
Then
the prisoners
were quickly secured.
The Essex succeeded
made
a
in
sent her prisoners to Halifax under parole, and
getting back to the Delaware.
famous
cruise,
which
will
Wasp" and
was great fun
It
on the high
to.
"Frolic.
to beat the English at their
No
nation had ever done
it
own game before, and
the Constitution took the Guerricre John Bull opened his
when eyes
seas.
be referred
Later on she
;
In
but this was only a small beginning.
October, the sloop
Wasp,
18
guns,
commanded by
Captain Jacob Jones, started out to pick up prizes from the
Stephen Decatur.
H
THE YANKEE NAVY.
6\
West
In a
Indies.
heavy gale she sighted a
fleet of
merchant
by a sloop-of-war.
vessels protected
Moreover, the sloop seemed anxious to
fight.
Jones gave her the opportunity, and
wasn't long before
it
men
the superior gunnery of the Wasp's
disabled the enemy.
She was rapidly dismantled, and, the two vessels fouling" each other, the crew of the Wasp boarded her, and found only one
were
left,
man on deck at the wheel, and a few and who promptly surrendered. The
officers
who
majority of
her crew were killed or wounded.
This vessel proved to be the British sloop
by the British frigate It
was a grand
Poicters.
victory, however,
and proved that we could
even capture British vessels superior
own.
Frolic, of 20
Shortly after the engagement, both vessels were taken
guns.
All on account of grit,
The capture
of
armament
in
our
to
gumption and gunnery.
the Frolic was followed by a
more
still
important victory. In October, his
Commodore Rodgers
squadron on a second
with the
sailed
from Boston with
cruise, in the President, in
United States and Argus.
The
company
United States soon
parted company with the others, however, and stood the southward.
This vessel was at that time
Stephen Decatur, famous
On Sunday sighted. "
Here
in the.
war with
commanded by
morning, October 25th, a strange
my chance,"
said Decatur,
to
Tripoli.
Decatur saw that she was an English is
off
sail
was
frigate.
and he called the crew
to quarters. ;
There was
in the ship a
boy who had been considered too
small to be enrolled, but was allowed to accompany the ship.
THE YANKEE NAVY. This boy
now came
aft,
65
and attracted Captain Decatur's
attention. " Well,
The " If
I
muster
what do you want
?
"
he asked.
boy, Jack Creamer by name, took
you please,
he
sir,"
said, "
I
would
off his hat.
like to
"United States" and "Macedonian." ''
What
"
So
Jack.
be put on the
roll."
I
for
?
"
From an
old print.
said Decatur.
can get
my
share of the prize money," responded
So much for Yankee foresight.
His
request was
granted.
The two At
first
ships were
now
rapidly approaching each other.
the stranger kept at long range, but the guns of the
THE YANKEE NAVY.
66
United States reaching him easily, he began to close up.
was shown the good marksmanship
may
be remarked,
played
It
mizzenmast with a smile
we
havoc fell,
are as proud of to-day as
with
and one
enemy's
the
of the
''We have made
:
Here
of the Yankees, which,
top
we were
it
then.
The
hamper.
American gunners remarked a brig of her."
Decatur, standing near, heard him. "
Try again,"
said he,
"and
After nearly two hours'
be a sloop."
she'll
stiff
fighting, the Macedonian, for
such she proved to be, struck her colors.
She was com-
manded by Captain Carden, one of the most successful commanders in the English navy, and was admitted to be a fine frigate in
United States's 54, and had a
was 104
killed
She mounted 49 guns
every respect.
much
and wounded, that
loss
of the United States only
Captain Carden firmly believed up to the
12.
that he
to the
Her
smaller crew.
last
moment
would win, such was British confidence.
But he made the mistake of Decatur got back
to
his life.
New York
with his prize, and was
Our
greeted with the plaudits of the whole nation.
were very much alive
at that time.
One
of
them wrote
poets :
" Bold Carden thought he had us tight,
Just so did Dacres too, sirs, But brave Decatur put him right With Yankee doodle-doo, sirs. They thought they saw our ship in flame, Which made them all huzza, sirs, But when the second broadside came It made them hold their jaws, sirs."
Not able
poetry, but
it
conveyed the
At the precise hour in which 500 to a
banquet
at Gibson's City Hotel,
i
idea.
men were
New
sitting
down
York, to celebrate
'
THE YANKEE NAVY :j
the victories of
Hull
Isaac
event was taking place
was to be celebrated
off
in
67
and Stephen Decatur, another
the coast of South America, which
history to
the discomfiture of the
over-confident Briton.
On
the 26th of October, 181 2, Captain William Bainbridge
set sail
from Boston
in
the Constitution, accompanied by the
Jas.
Hornet, Master
West
Indies.
the Essex,
meet in the
and
later,
Lawrence.
Commandant James Lawrence,
Two it
to cruise in the
days before Captain Porter had sailed in
was the intention
to
have these three vessels
and, by proceeding to the Indian Ocean, to cruise
East Indies, and thus draw some of the English frigates
THE YANKEE NAVY.
68
away from our
coast.
out, as the Constitution
This design, however, was not carried
and the Hornet
Essex at the appointed rendezvous.
own way, rounding
his
The
Constitution
the
Horn
failed
meet the
to
Porter proceeded on
'
into the Pacific.
and Hornet, after touching
at Port Praya,
proceeded to the coast of Brazil, and on December 13th the Hornet, with the Constitution discreetly out of sight, appeared
Bahia,
off
St.
Salvador, and, after vainly trying to induce a
come out
British sloop-of-war there, the Bonne Citoyenne, to
and give
battle,
so ready to
blockaded that
vessel,
her captain being not
engage an American vessel
of
weight as the boasts of the British might lead one
The to sea,
Constitution,
?
about the same to believe.
then leaving the Hornet off Bahia, proceeded
and on December 29th ran across the English
I
frigate
Java.
was a one-sided
It
from the
affair
about two hours was a good job and
make
took the
It
a wreck of the enemy,
Constitution
to
and
well done.
it
start.
Indeed, she was so
badly damaged that the next day she had to be blown up.
On board
the
Java were
British naval officers.
Thomas
Lieutenant-General
Hislop, recently appointed Governor of India, and
some extra
Her captain (Lambert) died
shortly
after from his injuries.
Bainbridge sailed for Boston with the news of his victory, arriving there on February 27th, and
it is
needless to say that
he got a lively reception.
Fifty thousand dollars were voted
by Congress to the
and crew.
In
officers
commenting on
these successive victories, the London
Times had occasion to remark dissolved
!"
:
"
Oh, what
a
charm
is
hereby
\
THE YANKEE NAVY.
One
of our poets
sang
69
:
" Come, lads, draw near, and you shall hear, In truth as chaste as Dian, O How Bainbridge, true, and his bold crew !
Again have trained the lion, 'Twas off Brazil he got the pill
Which made him
O
cry, Peccavi,
!
O
But hours two the Java, new, Maintained the battle bravely,
!
" !
Etc.
Nearly a year of war and not an American frigate had struck
!
Grit,
gumption, and gunnery
In the meantime, Lawrence, at
!
the Hortiet, had remained
in
Bahia until he was chased by an English
frigate, and,
making off, he came across the English sloop-of-war Peacock, and made short work of her, the engagement lasting about fifteen
She then returned
and they had
1813),
Of to
minutes.
to
New York
(in
March,
another celebration.
course, after these brilliant victories,
have one disaster.
The
Chesapeake,
she was launched, was the victim.
it
was necessary
unlucky from the time
She was
in
Boston
and Captain Lawrence, her commander, decided
to
in
May,
go out and
meet the English Shannon, Captain Broke, who was cruising around outside, daring an American vessel
On
the
1
st of
to
meet him.
June, Lawrence sailed out in the Chesapeake
with a raw crew and met his
fate.
Early in the fight he was wounded and carried below to die;
but his last words, "Don't give up the ship!" are a
battle-cry even to this day.
In this action
were reversed.
it is
well to observe that the usual conditions
In every
American naval victory our success
THE YANKEE NAVY.
71
has been due to the high state of discipline and the extra-
Captain Broke of the
ordinary regard paid to gun practice.
Shannon had studiously employed these methods.
His crew
was not only well trained, but they had been practiced frequently at the guns.
On
the contrary, the Chesapeake,
new crew, most
fated from the start, had only just shipped a of
them
inefficient
and landlubberly.
The Shannon took British rejoicings,
ill-
the Chesapeake into Halifax harbor amid
and correspondent American despondency.
Shortly after this happened, the sloop-of-war Argus, under
Lieutenant
Commander
Allen, sailed for British waters with
the intention of repeating the exploits of John Paul Jones.
After destroying twenty British
merchantmen, the Argus
captured a ship loaded with wine. for the
crew.
While they were
intoxication, the
Alas in
a
!
It
was too much
condition of partial
Argus was taken by the English Pelican.
Allen died the next day, and on
August
21,
1813,
he was
buried at Plymouth.
There was a compensation for capture of the
September
4th.
this
loss,
however,
in the
Boxer (Blyth) by the Enterprise (Burrows), on
Both commanders were
and their remains are
in
killed in this action,
Portland, Me.
These vessels were equally matched, and the American victory
was a source
of great mortification to British minds.
CHAPTER The War
of 1812
VI.
— (Continued.) —
—
Lieutenant Woolsey at Sackett's Harbor Perry and Chauncey On Lake Ontario Battle of Lake Erie Perry's Great Victory
—
— On
Lake Champlain
— Thomas
—
MacDonough — An Attempt
that Failed.
WHILE
our navy was gaining laurels on the
On
events were happening on the great lakes. 30, 1S12,
that lake. after
It
July
Lieutenant Melancthon Woolsey, at Sackett's Harbor,
Lake Ontario, was
came
ocean,
It
in
charge of the entire American force on
consisted of the brig
with a squadron of
it
five
and the British
Oneida,
armed
vessels.
would be an easy matter, thought the
British, to
run
Harbor and capture the
Word was
sent
into Sackett's
ashore that
if
Oneida.
she were given up, the town
itself
would be
mercifully spared.
Woolsey thought
He
stationed
differently.
the Oneida at the entrance
to
the
harbor,
where her broadside would bear on the enemy, and removed the remaining guns to the shore, forming
them
While these preparations were being made, that on the shore nearby
it
into a battery.
was discovered
was an old thirty-two-pound gun,
that had been lying there for years, covered with rust.
wallowed so long that
Woolsey got 72
this
it
It
had
had been nicknamed "The Sow."
gun up and placed
it
in the battery.
'
THE YANKEE NAVY.
"We
haven't any shot to
fit it,
sir," said
73
one of
his
men.
"Never mind," said Woolsey, "take some twenty-fourpound shot and wrap some old carpet around them, and let her go."
This
is
why
the American always has the weather gauge
Oliver Hazard Perrt.
He
over others.
uses his brains to accomplish the best result,
regardless of custom or tradition.
Amid
the jeers on the British vessels, Royal George and
Prince Regent,
loaded and
now
fired.
rapidly approaching, the "old
sow" was
THE YANKEE NAVY.
74
At
moment
this
a thirty-two-pound shot from the Roxal
George came over the embankment, and bounded along until it
was caught by Sergeant
was
It
"
now
just
Here we are I'll
So
give
it
saying,
Spier.
what was most needed. " !
back to 'em. he
" I've
said Spier.
One good
rammed
taking deliberate aim,
let
it
fly.
into
At
caught 'em
out,
and
.,
turn deserves another." " old
sow,"
and,
moment
the
Royal
the this
George happened to be wearing to bring her broadside on.
The shot struck her stern, and raked her fore and aft. It killed fourteen men and wounded eighteen. That was enough. The British squadron put about and sailed away, while the boys on shore struck up "Yankee Doodle." This was the "opening gun
were
lively times there
On Albany
up
"
on the great lakes, and there
to the close of the
war
Washington's birthday, 181 2, two men to the lakes.
in 1815.
set out
from
They were Master Commandant Oliver
Hazard Perry and Captain Isaac Chauncey. These men were to create ships of war out of trees that lined the shores of Lakes Erie and Ontario. They were to rely
upon guns and men wherever they could be picked up or
sent through a trackless wilderness.
'
Against them was an
organized force of the enemy equipped with
fleets,
already afloat, and others in the process of building.
some They
*
both went to Sackett's Harbor, prepared to defend that point against the enemy, and Perry stayed there with Chauncey for
two weeks
;
but the enemy's attack was postponed, and he
started for the southern shore of
there
Lake
— a work that we are enjoying
Erie, to begin his
work
the fruits of to this day.
'
THE YANKEE NAVY.
75
What Chauncey accomplished on Lake Ontario up close of the
August
war
is
too long a story to be told in detail.
he was given
31, 1812,
the great lakes, but his to
Lake Ontario.
to the
own
command
of operations
On
on
all
war was confined James Yeo, whose
active part in the
Opposed
principal occupation while in
to
him was
command
Sir
of the English
squadron
Sergeant Spier catching the British out.
was dodging the enemy, and
at this
work he was a grand
success.
In 1813, on April
Toronto).
On May
25th, 27th,
Captain Chauncey took York (now with Perry's assistance, he took
Fort George, and on October 5th captured filled
five
gunboats
with troops and released 200 American prisoners.
number of other engagements took place on Lake Ontario
A in
1813 and 1814, but they were not important as affecting the final result.
THE YANKEE NAVY.
76
On
the 10th of September, at half-past ten in the morning,
Oliver Hazard Perry stood on the deck of the brig Lawrence, the flagship of his squadron, and unfolded a blue battle-flag.
Turning
to the crew,
who were ranged
" Boys, this flag has
on
give up the ship
Shall
"Ay, went
! '
The enemy's in all,
hoist
I
was
fleet
in
at Trafalgar.
-
Don't
'
"
a
hundred
throats,
and up
it"
There were
sight.
six vessels
Barclay, who had been wounded The American fleet consisted of
— in
all
fifty-four
The
guns and 490 men.
squadron consisted of the flagship
Detroit, the ship
Queen Charlotte, the brigs Lady Prevost and Hunter, the schooner Chippewa and the schooner 502 men.
Little Belt
— sixty-three
fight.
As the youthful Commander stood on the deck brig, his
guns and
Nearly 200 of Perry's men, however, were sick and
unable to
mind reverted
In the face of
of his little
to the events of the preceding year.
immense odds, he had succeeded
in
getting his
Then, when two of his vessels
little
fleet
together at Erie.
were
built,
he was unable to get them out into the lake, as they
drew too much water, them
his necessities
over with barges.
Then he was taken fleet
compelling him to
Then he had no men
sick with lake fever,
condition, he had written to
The enemy's
%
it ?
schooners Ariel, Tigress, Porcupine, Scorpion and Somers, and
British
)
:
nine vessels, the brigs Lawrence, Niagara and Caledonia, the
the sloop Trippe
"
masthead.
commanded by Robert
under Nelson
him, he said
the words of James Lawrence,
came from
ay, sir!"
to the royal
it
in front of
.
are
now
off
An enemy within striking men enough to man them ings.
!
Chauncey
and
to
man
in Jury,
float
them. in
this
my
feel-
:
the bar.
.
distance,
my
.
.
Conceive
vessels
ready, and
not
"
O
=3
<X>
-
THE YANKEE NAVY.
78
meantime the enemy had
In the
and Perry, and
finally
succeeding
in
to
Maiden,
his fleet, stationed at Put-in Bay, waited for the British.
Now
He
they were in sight, and his opportunity had come.
walked around by the guns and encouraged "
away
sailed
getting crews, had followed,
Are you ready, boys
"All ready,
Then the
sir,"
?
"
he asked
was the cheerful
his
men.
in turn.
reply.
battle began.
Perry, in the Lawrence, soon found himself in the midst of it,
and
his other vessels
having lagged behind, his ship bore
the brunt of the enemy's time, with three to one
mind
to leave
fire.
It
was an uneven
against him, so Perry
his flagship
and take chances
fight for a
made up
his
in getting to the
Niagara.
Shielded somewhat by the smoke, he jumped into a
boat, and,
rowed by four men, accompanied by
his fourteen-
year-old brother, and bearing his pennant and battle-flag, he
shoved
off.
That was a great sculling match
for Perry
and
his crew.
The British knew if they could pick him off they would win. One of the British gunners aimed so well that he put a hole through the boat, and Perry promptly took off his coat
and stopped
From Detroit
and
— ran
aft.
up.
moment
the
Two
won.
it
of the
he reached the Niagara the day was
enemy's ships
foul of each other,
— the
Queen Charlotte arid
and Perry raked them fore
In a short time they were
all
hors de combat,
and
surrendered.
The Lawrence in the meantime had been obliged to haul down her flag, and had drifted to leeward. Perry went back to her, hoisted
it
again, and prepared to receive his prisoners.
|
THE YANKEE NAVY.
8o
He had on of
an old suit during the engagement
the pictures to the contrary), and
(in spite
looked more like a
farmer than a naval hero.
But now he put on
his uniform,
came on board and gave
and the British
From, an old print.
Perry's Victory.
And then Perry wrote on
it
officers
up.
took an old letter from his pocket, and
in pencil to
General William Henry Harrison
:
—
We have met the enemy and they are ours two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop. Yours, with great respect and esteem, O. H. Perry. The on the
British lakes, to
had intended, after making themselves masters push on and cut
off
the
West from the
East,
THE YANKEE NAVY.
82
from Lake Erie down their little
New
to
What he
however,
did,
is
extraordinary only from other
There were any number
standpoints than the Yankee. officers in the
the
same
But Perry blocked
Orleans.
game.
result.
Perry was American, uncongressional did things.
When
he was at Erie
in his
the
over the bar.
methods, and
British
blockaded him and prevented him from getting
at
of
navy at that time who would have accomplished
his
But one day Barclay got an invitation to dinner
another point on the lake, and sailed away to eat
seized his opportunity and floated his vessels.
the other side calls luck.
which, added
squadron
two brigs
to
grit,
It
is
Perry
it.
That
is
what
in reality eternal vigilance,
gumption and gunnery, make the
average American naval hero. It
remained for Thomas MacDonough
to put the finishing
touches to the British on Lake Champlain.
was one in
of the heroes of the expedition that
burning the Philadelphia
was well qualified
in the
man
had succeeded
harbor of Tripoli, and he
for his task.
His famous battle
and a day
The
This young
off
Plattsburg took place just a year
later than Perry's great victory.
English,
having practically
lost
control
of
Lakes
Ontario and Erie, made great preparations to capture Lake
Champlain, and Sir James Yeo sent Captain Downie with a
squadron
to obtain possession.
George Provost was also sent with a force of 15,000 men to take Plattsburg, which was defended by about 3,000 Sir
Americans.
MacDonough,
after the usual delays
and discouragements,
THE YANKEE NAVY. finally
succeeded
in
building a
and on September
83
to
fleet
the enemy's
repel
flagship
the
Saratoga, he lay off Plattsburg with three other vessels
and
attack,
11,
1814,
in
his
ten galleys.
Downie,
in his flagship Confianct,
and twelve gunboats, appeared
T.
It
is
unnecessary to
with two other vessels
in sight at 8 a.
m.
MacDonough.
state that
the
British
force
was
superior to ours, not only in guns, but in men, and the result
was what might have been expected. The battle was decided by the two As the
Confiance approached,
flagships.
MacDonough kneeled on
the
THE YANKEE NAVY. Saratoga's deck
moment
and took careful aim with a twenty-four
The shot raked
pounder.
the
a cock on the Saratoga's deck
guns and crowed with
all his
and they went
at
it
Almost
Confiance.
coop by a shot from the enemy.
the men,
85
He
might.
this
at
was released from flew
up on one
This incident inspired
hammer and
tongs.
js
Battle of Lake Champlain.
The day was won, however, as
— From
not so
his
of the
-.
the land
much by pure
bravery,
by MacDonough's seamanship and foresight. These qualities have won more of our battles than any-
thing
else.
See Hull, Decatur, Bainbridge, Truxton, Porter,
Dewey and Sampson. MacDonough not only carefully arranged
Farragut,
'but
he provided kedges
in
his line of battle,
advance, so that
if
the Saratoga
THE YANKEE NAVY.
86
should lose the use of her starboard broadside, he could swing her around and bring her port broadside to bear.
The enemy's
fire
happened, and then
was so hot that at the critical
this
is
precisely
what
moment MacDonough, by
the use of a stream anchor and hawser, brought the Saratoga
around, and poured in such a deadly quickly brought to terms. his
example, but her
The
fire
that the
enemy was
Commander had
not thought far enough
ahead.
The result was Lake Champlain.
a complete victory, Sir
Plattsburg with his
to retreat,
and MacDonough became,
15,000
most prominent naval commanders
Although the British attempted lost,
and the possession
George Provost, who
attacked
they
at
at the
of
same time
men, was compelled one bound, one of the
of the time.
after this to regain
what
they did not succeed, and early the next year peace
was declared.
I
British ship tried to follow '
CHAPTER The War
of 1812
VIT.
— (Continued.) —
Essex— Young Farragut and the Pig Rodgers and Hutchinson Minor Engagements Career of the Wasp and Her Disappearance The Constitution, Levant and Cyane Last Shot of the War Once More the Dey of Algiers Decatur before Tunis, 1815-1861 Minor Exploits.
Porter's Cruise in the
—
—
•
—
—
—
DAVID
PORTER
on October
—
sailed in the Essex 1812,
from the Delaware
and did not return
until July,
Moreover, he did not bring his ship with him, but he
'1814.
'did
28,
—
bring a large
added
to later
slice
of
imperishable glory, which was
on by his descendants.
The Essex had been ordered to join the Constitution and them in the South Atlantic, he was instructed to use his own judgment. This he proceeded to do, and made up his mind to go off on his own hook. So he started around Cape Horn into the Pacific, and until March, 1814, when the Essex was finally destroyed by Hornet, but not meeting
two English men-o'-war sent out for that express purpose, Porter cruised, supplying his captured. tically
He
men and
ship from the prizes he
captured whale ships, privateers, and prac-
every English vessel he came across, until on the 19th
of June, 1813,
he entered the harbor of Guayaquil and found
himself in possession of a squadron of nine vessels,
and flying the American 87
flag.
all
armed
THE YANKEE NAVY.
88
I
One
of the
midshipmen on
Porter's ship
some
prizes that he determined to send
and young Farragut was placed this didn't
Soon after
happen by act
when he
of
his
them
to Valparaiso,
charge of one of them.
in
•
of Congress.
this Porter sailed for the
and made Nooaheeva
afterwards an
Porter was so burdened with
Admiral, as everyone knows.
But
He was
His name was Farragut.
of twelve.
was a youngster
Marquesas
Islands,
headquarters until February, 1814,
sailed for Valparaiso.
He had some difficulty in getting away from the Islands with his crew, who had become enamored of the dusky female But he
inhabitants.
away
to the tune of
finally succeeded,
"The
Girl
I
and the Essex sailed
Left Behind Me."
At Valparaiso he was blockaded by two English men-o'war, the Phivbe and the Cherub.
The Essex attempted to run the blockade, and would proba" away if it had not been for an untimely squall,
bly have got
and she was disabled and compelled
Here a desperate defense,
fight ensued,
was compelled
When
to seek safety in a bay.
and the
Essex, after a gallant
to surrender.
the crew of the Phoebe
came on board to take named "Murphy," and
possession they found on her a pig
one of the sailors brought her on board the Phoebe
"That pig belongs
"Go and so "
to
is
triumph.
me," said young Farragut.
on with you," said the
This
in
sailor.
"You
are a prisoner,
the pig." is
private property," replied Farragut.
Whereupon
was formed, and the thirteen-year-old American boy and the English sailor went at it.
A
a ring
desperate encounter ensued, but
Farragut, although
*
THE YANKEE NAVY. only a boy, succeeded pig
in
off
in
whipping
89
his adversary
Porter and the remainder of his crew, I
u.
and bore the
triumph.
now
prisoners of
war, were sent to the United States in a cartel-ship, and after
many adventures he
arrived
story of his cruise.
"We
Porter,
'
home
in July, 1814,
bringing the
have been unfortunate," wrote
"but not disgraced."
The thirteen-year-old American boy and the English
The value
of the prizes Porter took
to millions of dollars.
He was
on
sailor
went
his cruise
at
it
"'
amounted Hero
thereafter hailed as the "
of the Pacific."
Somewhat
similar
to
Porter's
smaller scale, was the cruise of President,
cruise,
but on a
Commodore Rodgers
much in
the
during the summer of 1813.
After sailing towards the West Indies and meeting with no luck, the President
headed up into the North Sea, sailed near the
THE YANKEE NAVY.
9°
Shetland Islands, put into Norway, and failing to get supplies,
Rodgers began
to capture prizes
and replenish
his stores.
David Porter.
Lieutenant Hutchinson, commanding the English High Fixer, tender to the English ship of the line
San Domingo, had
been especially warned to beware of Rodgers.
THE YANKEE NAVY. Hutchinson himself was a
trifle
uneasy
meeting that astute Commodore, for before that he had appeared at
home, plundered
at the
thought of
was only a short time Havre de Grace, Rodgers's it
and actually stolen a sword from the
it,
Commodore's house. " If Rodgers gets hold "
91
of you," said
Warren
to
Hutchinson,
he will carry you into Boston on the end of his jibboom."
On
the afternoon of September 23d, as Hutchinson was
walking the quarter-deck of the High Flyer with the sword he had stolen clanking
at his side, a strange vessel
The reason why Hutchinson
didn't
was because Rodgers happened to
Hutchinson hoisted a private signal and Rodgers
signals.
promptly
replied, at
the
same time running up the
Then Rodgers put
ensign. officers
was sighted.
know it was the President know some of the English British
a British uniform on one of his
and sent him aboard the High
Flyer, deceiving
Hutch-
inson so that the officer was soon in possession of the whole code.
He was
and induced as a brother,
told that the other vessel
was the Sea Horse
to come on board, where he greeted Rodgers and told him about the President and how much
she was wanted.
"They fish,
u
and I
like to
say," said
slips
Hutchinson, "that Rodgers
imagine
an odd
so," replied
Rodgers.
"
I
suppose you would
meet him."
"Wouldn't
I!"
exclaimed
Hutchinson;
added, thoughtfully, "in a vessel of equal
"You shall have the pleasure," know what vessel this is?" "
is
through one's fingers."
Why,
"that
is,"
he
size."
said Rodgers.
"
the Sea Horse, of course," said Hutchinson.
Do you
THE YANKEE NAVY.
92
"It happens
be the United States
to
chuckled the wily Commodore, "and
I,
j
rigate President"
"mmodore
Rodgers."
Then
the band played "
'
I, sir,
Yankee Do
am Commodore
Rodgers " :
Hutchinson was well treated by Rodgers, and three days afterwards the President and her prize reached Newport.
During the year 1814, and early in 1815, a number of minor engagements took place between our ships and the English, and
the
blockade
which
England endeavored
to
THE YANKEE NAVY. establish battles
to
^3
along our entire coast was provocative of
and much
many
loss of property, the British not hesitating
plunder where they had an opportunity.
In
July,
the
John Adams was burned on the Penobscot. Shortly before this the new sloop-of-war Wasp, under Captain Johnston
Johnston Blakely.
Blakely,
English channel, created
much
captured the British sloop Reindeer.
This
appeared
excitement, and
in
the
action lasted only thirty minutes, and on his return Blakely
was presented by Congress with a gold medal.
THE YANKEE NAVY.
94
August he went on another cruise
In
Wasp, took
in the
the Avon, which the approach of three other vessels compelled
him
abandon, and
to
captured
Brothers, took the Bacchus,
eight-gun
The
Atlanta.
Midshipman
David
and
Three
the
scuttled
and on September 12th took the
Atlanta was placed
Geisinger,
who
charge
of
October
at
in
arrived
in
Savannah, and reported the various victories of the Wasp.
From
that
day
heard from.
manner
to this, however, the
Whether she foundered
of her disappearance,
is
Wasp has never been at sea, or the precise
one of the mysteries of the
deep. In April, 1814,
Peacock,
chased
Captain Warrington,
captured the English
by two
English
in the
eighteen-gun
though
brig Epervier, and,
frigates,
escaped
with
his
prize.
Early in 1815 the President was taken by an English squadron. In March, 1815, Captain
James Biddle,
in the Hornet,
the eighteen-gun Penguin in just twenty minutes.
captured This was
considered one of the most brilliant minor engagements of the war.
But one of the most glorious battles after peace
Captain Charles Stewart 1814-15,
and on February
gave chase
at sea took
place
had been declared.
to a strange sail.
Running up
to
both
commanded when
20, 1815,
Soon
vessels,
the Constitution in off St.
Vincent, he
after he sighted a second.
the
Constitution
them together, and, securing an advantageous
engaged
position,
things so lively that in a short time one of them
made
— the Cyane—
struck.
The other vessel — the Levant— had retired, now went after her, and captured her also.
but Stewart
THE YANKEE NAVY.
96
Combined, the two were
easily superior to the Constitution.
The last shot of the War of 181 2 was fired from the Peacock, when she captured the Nautilus in the Straits of Sunda, on June 30, 1815. The Nautilus was also the first vessel taken war, having been captured by the British soon after
in the
hostilities began.
The
had informed the Dey of Algiers
British Minister
American Navy, which had proved so disastrous to country's piratical aspirations, would be swept off the
that the his
ocean by John Bull
in the
second war for our independence.
John Bull had, furthermore, assisted the effective navy,
Dey
in
acquiring an
by sending him guns and ammunition and renewed ;
the Dey, relying upon the statement, immediately
and while our navy was engaged with England
hostilities,
he
lost
no means of making
When,
therefore,
in the
unpleasant for
it
summer
squadron appeared before Algiers, and with
— the
Guerriere, the Cyane
captured flag,
was
from
and the Epervier
England
that potentate
was greatly surprised.
the it
American
three vessels
— which had been
now waved
and
us.
of 1815,
the
American
When,
also,
he
informed that the Algerian flagship, the Mashonda, and
another vessel, had already been captured by the Americans only a few days before, his surprise grew. Likewise,
when he was
notified
that all the other vessels in his
and Algiers surprise
itself
subjected
knew no bounds.
and agreed
to
Decatur then appeared result,
much
unpleasantness, his
He immediately backed
to everything that
accomplished the same
by Captain Stephen Decatur
navy might also be captured water,
Decatur demanded.
before Tunis and
Tripoli
and
and although shortly afterward
THE YANKEE NAVY. it
became necessary
another squadron
for Oliver
in
the
97
Hazard Perry
to
appear with
Mediterranean and emphasize our
attitude toward the three rulers, this practically settled the
matter, and the presence of a small squadron
was enough
to
keep peace with these barbarians.
From Civil in
the close of the second
war with England
many minor and there were many
War, our navy was engaged
various parts of the world,
of his naval experience.
Captain David Porter was actively engaged
and
brilliant
from the waters around the West Indies (1821-1825)
young Farragut received much
the
to the
exploits
In the extermination of the
instances of bravery recorded. pirates
in
in the
Foxardo
affair in 1824
the authorities at that
and resigned
in
this warfare,
acted so aggressively with
place that he was court-martialed,
to enter the service of the
Mexican Navy.
He
was afterwards appointed Consul-General to Algiers, and became later Minister to Turkey, where he died March 28, In 1832 an effective lesson was given to the Malay town 1843. of
Qualla
Battoo,
merchant
vessels,
vessels did
most
Sumatra, for treachery to one of our
and during
effective
the
war with Mexico
work on the
Pacific coast
our
and the
coast of Mexico.
Then,
in 1853-4,
occurred a triumph of diplomacy which
could have only been so well done by an American officer.
Commodore Matthew
naval
Calbraith Perry appeared at
Tokio, Japan, with a squadron, and succeeded by immense tact
in
opening Japan to our trade.
The Japanese had
hitherto remained obstinate in their exclusion, but to
modore Perry's successful overtures they
yielded,
Com-
and the
THE YANKEE NAVY.
98
friendliness of that country to the United States to this day
may
be traced to the astute Perry.
After this the navy was principally occupied in scientific expeditions, and had
a long
called into service to fight
family.
breathing
some
of the
it
was
of its
own
spell, until
members
CHAPTER The Object of the North
Civil
VIII.
War.
— Depleted Condition of the Navy — Loss of the — Port Royal —The Merrimac and Monitor.
Savannah and Petrel
THE
Civil
War
takes us
away from
the open sea, and
we
leave those stirring encounters between frigates on
the broad ocean, and have instead a continuous four-year
on the part of the North to establish a blockade of
effort
the entire Atlantic Mississippi,
and Gulf coast and the command
and on the other side a continuous
prevent this from taking place. as everyone knows,
made
it
to
It
did take place, however,
in
accomplishing this
result,
possible for the United States Constitution to continue
to be issued in
hoped.
and the navy,
of the
effort
one volume and not two, as
Jeff
Davis fondly
Previous to the opening of the war, our navy,
ence to Congress, had been reduced
to a
in obedi-
peace footing, which
means that we practically had no navy at all. All vessels on which it would be necessary to spend twenty per cent, of their value in repairs were condemned. Hence it followed that in i860 we were reduced to a nonentity upon the sea. But upon the approach of hostilities the most extraordinary efforts were
made, and the result proved that
in
swiftness of preparation
The first thing the Confederates did was to start out a number of privateers, and their blockade runners soon became extremely numerous. the United States led the world.
THE YANKEE NAVY.
IOO
Early
1861 the Savannah
in
by the Confederacy
to
and the Petrel were sent out
do what harm they could, but they
both speedily met with the same across the United
merchant
The Savannah
brig Perry and
States
took
her for a
afterward paroled as prisoners of war.
In July, 1861, the Petrel
was ordered
to sea
by the Con-
federate Government, and soon sighted a strange
happened
ran
She was captured and her crew held as
vessel.
pirates, but
fate.
to
be the United States frigate
The Captain
St.
sail,
which
Lawrence.
of the St. Lawrence, however,
had taken the
precaution to disguise his vessel as a merchantman, an old trick in
our navy, and one which the Captain of the Petrel
should have seen through.
he ran up
close,
Believing her to be a rich prize,
and when within range he was about to
when suddenly the appearance of the St. Lawrence changed. Her ports opened and three guns were let go. The Petrel was struck by an eight-inch shell and a thirty-two-pound shot, and in a few moments she was a total wreck and rapidly sank. These experiences made the privateers more careful. The object of the North was to gradually blockade all take an easy capture,
the Southern ports and prevent English blockade vessels from
entering
with
supplies,
and
to
accomplish
this
available vessels in the navy were brought into play. the
war opened
this
navy was scattered
and great exertions were made fighting trim.
them did good
Among at the
m.
the
all
all
the
When
over the world,
to get every available vessel in
Even ferryboats were
utilized,
and some of
service. first
things done was to capture the two forts
entrance of Hatteras inlet (July, 1861), and in October
THE YANKEE NAVY.
102
a
down
powerful force sailed
the coast
to
reduce
Port
Royal.
Commodore
Dupont, who commanded the squadron
S. F.
that took Port Royal, arranged his ships at
first in
and steaming past Fort Beauregard
to his
line,
turned beyond, and, describing a
circle,
a straight right,
he
came back past Fort
Walker, his ships following, keeping this up until both forts This was a glorious victory, and the North
surrendered.
cheered up
but
;
in
a
few months more the
Union was
confronted by a formidable monster, and despondency reigned
throughout the Northern States,
until
there occurred
the
famous battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac. In April,
United States vessels
1861, the
at
the Norfolk
Navy Yard had been destroyed to prevent their capture by the Confederates, and among these was the steam frigate Merrimac.
She was
raised,
however, by the Confederates, and
constructed into a terrible engine of destruction. 8th
March,
of
slowly
down
1862,
the Merrimac
left
Norfolk,
On
the
steamed
the Elizabeth River past Sewell's Point into the
south channel, and, heading for Newport News, she began her work of destruction. Off Newport States frigate
Congress
Hampton Roads
News were the United and sloop Cumberland, and down in
lay the frigate
St.
Lawrence and the steam
The Merrimac opened with her guns on the Cumberland first, then rammed the Congress and then the Cumberland. The Cumberland began to sink frigates Minnesota
and Roanoke.
but Lieutenant Morris on board refused to surrender. the ship settled, the
As
wounded were brought up on deck while The " no quarter " flag was
the battle was being fought. hoisted,
and the Cumberland sank,
firing
her guns
at
the
THE YANKEE NAVY.
104
Merrimac
to the last.
was one
It
most gallant defenses
of the
The Merrimac then turned her attention to the Congress, and after a desperate battle she was compelled to surrender. Lieutenant Smith, commanding the Congress, was killed early in the engagement. It is related that his our history.
in
father,
Capt. Joseph Smith, was attending church in Wash-
when he was informed of the loss of the Then Joe is dead," exclaimed his father.
ington "
In the meantime, the Minnesota,
endeavored to come of
them grounded
St.
Lawrence and Roanoke
to the assistance of the Congress,
They were
in shoal water.
at
by the Merrimac, assisted by some light draught this precarious position
dark,
when
Congress.
we
vessels,
subjected to a heavy
e
and
all
once attacked
and
fire
in
until
the Merrimac turned back up stream, with the in-
tention of completing her
work
of destruction the next day.
But the genius of one man prevented
this.
In
October of
the previous year, John Ericsson had begun the construction of his Monitor at
New
York.
It
seems remarkable that after
the long years of study, delay and almost insurmountable obstacles to be overcome, in
getting
Ericsson should have succeeded
his Monitor ready
for
action
before the Merrimac created such havoc. the 4th of 6th
March
she was on
unfinished
experiment.
on the very day It
was not
until
that her guns were mounted, and on the
her
condition,
way out of New York harbor in an and in many minds a most doubtful
She carried a volunteer crew of
men, and after a tempestuous voyage, foundering, she appeared evening, only a few
off
in
officers
and
which she came near
Fort Monroe at 9 o'clock
in
the
hours after the Merrimac had com-
placently left the scene of her triumph.
THE YANKEE NAVY.
106
The next day was an eventful one A new idea had been hatched and was
Two
wooden
fighting ship had passed away.
iron versus iron,
and the whole system
The crew
to be revolutionized.
their long fight with
American
the
The day
sailor,
the elements.
and
although
was now
It
of naval warfare
of the Monitor
were possessed by that indomitable
history.
to be demonstrated.
iron ovals were to be opposed to each other.
of the
by
American
in
Nevertheless, they
spirit in
was
were exhausted that
permeates
a hitherto
untried
The next day was Sunday, rest. All night long they worked time to but there was no making repairs, and in the morning they steamed out to meet The Monitor had a revolving their hitherto invincible foe. engine, they remained undaunted.
would swing
turret that did not revolve with
any
ease.
so rapidly that the gunners had to
fire
the guns on the
It
fly,
as
it were, and although chalk marks were made on the floor inside to indicate which way the vessel was headed, these
were soon obliterated, so that porthole above
the
it
was only through the narrow
guns that they could catch an occaOnce, indeed, they came
sional glimpse of outside objects.
near firing at their
own
pilot house.
For two hours there was a battle the news went around the world.
ammunition
failed,
and she
retired,
A
few days later the
Merrimac was blown up, and on the morning
this
which
but her success in repuls-
ing the Merrimac was undoubted.
31st
of
At the end of that time the Monitor s
the Monitor sank on
her
way
of
December
to Beaufort, N. C.
In
famous action between the two ironclads, the Monitor
was commanded by Lieutenant John Larimar Worden, and the Merrimac by Captain Franklin Buchanan.
CHAPTER The On
IX.
War — (Continued.)
Civil
— Battle of New Orleans — Farragut Enters Mobile — Lieutenant Cushing's Glorious Deed —The Alabama and Kearsarge— The Alabama Claims.
the Mississippi
Bay
IT
a long way from the good old
is
modern
ironclad,
seem
it is
Constitution to the
a stirring satisfaction to
was made by American invention.
that the leap erates
and
wooden
to
know
The Confed-
have put the idea into practice at
first,
and the
Yankees quickly followed and produced better boats.
When
the
war broke out
in
i86t
steamers plying the Mississippi and
there were
its tributaries,
They were covered with
were quickly
utilized.
and made
do service as gunboats, and very
proved to river,
to be.
Then began
numerous and these sheet-iron
effective
they
the conflict for the control of the
which the Confederates quickly
from below
fortified
down
Little by little they were obliged to it? mouth. w ay, with Farragut pushing up from the south and Foote pushing down from the north, until finally Vicksburg
Cairo
to give
r
was captured and the
"
backbone of the Rebellion
In this warfare between
with iron our naval
which
is
a great 107
officers
was broken.
paddle-wheel steamers covered
gained a
operative even to this day.
many
"
lot of
valuable experience,
Our own Dewey
learned
things during this war, and not the least
was
THE YANKEE NAVY.
IIO
when he was on
New
battle of
the United States steamer Mississippi at the
Orleans.
In order to gain control of the Mississippi
the Gulf ports,
was necessary
was given
this task
How
it
to capture
and
New
to blockade
Orleans, and
to Farragut.
he accomplished his purpose
an old story, but to
is
run the formidable batteries of Forts Jackson and
St.
Philip,
to say
nothing of encountering the various rams and the
fleet of
gunboats the Confederates had gathered together, was
something of a new idea
The thing was done is
it
said
Hartford,
followed
forts,
floated
shot
down
to
by
and
and as a pyrotechnic display
As Farragut's
have no equal.
to
Richmond,
the
Mississippi, Oneida, Varuna,
the
naval tactics.
in
at night,
Brooklyn,
and other ships of
it
was
literally
the
Pensacola,
his fleet,
down on them,
rained
shell
meet them, and
flagship,
passed
fireships
a hot time
that night on the Father of Waters.
George Pacific, as
Dewey, who
gained
later
he stood on the deck of the
the fate of the formidable
making an end
such laurels Mississippi,
in
the
witnessed
ram Manassas, which came near
of the Mississippi.
The Manassas suddenly shot through
the darkness and
struck the Mississippi on her port quarter, and in return she received a broadside and steamed
ran into the Brooklyn.
Then
down
the river,
where she
the Mississippi encountered her
again, and she ran ashore.
This was on April 24th, and the next day Farragut anchored in
front of
New
Orleans.
In July he captured Port
Hudson,
and the Mississippi was under control of the Union
forces.
Later on Farragut captured Mobile and damned the torpedoes.
THE YANKEE NAVY.
Resuming command
Ill
Gulf squadron,
of the
January,
in
he determined to enter Mobile Bay, and made his
1864,
preparations accordingly.
wooden
vessels
With a squadron
of
twenty-one
and four ironclads he made ready
for the
attempt, and on the 5th of August he succeeded.
In the
rigging of his flagship Hartford Farragut stationed himself,
and scorned
to
move out
of danger.
torpedoes ahead, he replied
The
ahead
Ahead
!"
:
Battle of
"
Damn
New
When the
told there
torpedoes
were
!
Go
Orleans.
of the Hartford, the
Tecumseh had struck
one of these deadly machines and had sunk, but Farragut did
not
stop.
Once
inside
the
bay he encountered
formidable ram Tennessee, but atter a desperate
was compelled
to
surrender, and Farragut's
conflict,
the
she
triumph was
complete.
Among
the most
daring exploits of
the
war was the
THE YANKEE NAVY
The Confederates had, after great difficulty, completed the ram Albemarle at Edwards Ferry on the Roanoke River. This ram one performed by Lieutenant William Barker Cushing.
proved to
be a
attempts were
source of
made
to
great
annoyance, and
several
destroy her, but Lieutenant Cushing
has the imperishable glory of accomplishing this result. the night of October
A
27, 1864,
he
set
out
in a
On
picket boat, his
Mississippi Kiver Ironclad.
intention being to land below the wharf where the Albemarle
was moored, and board and capture
In front he carried
her.
a spar with a torpedo on the end, in case he should be obliged to
blow up the ram.
discovered by a dog, intrepid crew,
made
As he approached the
who began
he was
Cushing, with his
to bark.
a dash for the ram,
vessel
and right under the
muzzle of her ten-inch gun he lowered
his
torpedo spar,
THE YANKEE NAVY. and blew her
At
up.
II3
gun was
this instant the
fired,
the daring attackers found themselves in the water.
and
Most of
them were captured, but Cushing escaped by swimming away, and succeeded in getting back to the Union squadron. His success had been complete.
Among the
War was commanded by Captain Raphael Semmes.
the most famous privateers of the Civil
Alabama,
Fostered by the British Government, and built
in
the
first
place in England, she did a great deal of damage, and from
her depredations on the high seas resulted the celebrated
Alabama claims.
On
the
19th of June she
Cherbourg by the Kearsarge and sunk. to
was caught
at
The Alabama went out
meet the Kearsarge, accompanied by an English yacht,
confident of victory. the Alabama officers
battle lasted about one hour and
was sunk by the Kearsarge.
Semmes and
his
were picked up by the English yacht and taken
England. States
The
and
The
to
arbitration tribunal appointed by the United
Great
Britain
declared that Great Britain
to
settle
owed
the
Alabama claims,
the United States fifteen
and one-half million of dollars, as a damages inflicted by the Alabama during was rather a costly experiment.
direct
result of
the Civil War.
the
This
CHAPTER War The
Virginias
Affair of the
X.
with Spain.
— Attitude
of
Spain
— Causes
of the
War — The New Navy — The Maine Disaster — Opening of the War — Battle of Manila — Hobson's Deed — Destruction of Cervera's Fleet.
THE war one able.
the
with Spain might have taken place
seemed
at
time
In the
autumn
it
American
in
the
flag.
though
in
this result
1873,
was
of this year, the ship Virginius
Island of Jamaica.
tember 26th
as
New
was
York Custom House, and flew the
She carried a number of passengers, and
General Pedro Cespedes, Lieutenant-Colonel Jesus Del
and General W. A. Ryan, a Spanish man-o'-war
when
On that
New
Tornado was cruising
vessel
was attempting
Santiago de Cuba, and captured
four
Sol,
At that time the
Yorker.
in
West Indian
the 31st of October she intercepted the Virginius
crew were taken the
off
This vessel was registered on Sep-
prominent Cuban leaders, General Bernabe Varona,
also four
waters
and
inevit-
to
to her.
make a landing near The passengers and
Santiago de Cuba, and a few days after
Cubans were taken out and shot. This in itself to make trouble. A protest was at once filed
was enough
with the Spanish Government, and the immediate release of the Virginius and her crew was demanded.
then
in 114
President Castelar,
charge of the Spanish Government, outdid himself
THE YANKEE NAVY. in
His communications were couched
rejoinders.
polite
the most unctious language, and the
would
affair
at
115
made
promises were
once be looked
in
that
In the
into, et ccetera.
meantime, while Spain was dallying with our Secretary of State
Fish,
members
Captain
of
his
were
passengers,
Fry,
of
De
Captain-General
President
Castelar learned
He
polite than ever. to
stay
the
thirty-six
twelve of the ship's
out and mercilessly slaughtered,
led
of
order
and
the Virginias,
together with
crew,
of this
course,
protested that he had sent an order
but that
proceedings,
had arrived
it
too
late.
This excuse, however, was not sufficient to bring back to
Americans who
the
had
been
Spanish restitution consists
for a time,
released
so
promises
the result
prevailed throughout
excitement
and that Spain, after backing and
the
remaining survivors of the
incident was closed. As a measure Government at first demanded that Spain flag,
but afterwards,
the Virginias had
it
?
made
after
Simply
this,
the country filling,
Virginias,
of
life
slaughtered.
ruthlessly
in specious
What was
the deed has been done. that intense
by
when sad news, he was more Of
Rhodas.
finally
and the
conciliation,
salute the
our
American
having been conceded by us that
no right to
our
fly
flag,
this
was
not
insisted upon.
To many thoughtful persons this incident, not forgotten
will
it
it
confession of guilt. in the
its
was a mistake that the men
should have been murdered.
That
it
to this
day that
upon the The Spanish Government
subsequent action of that country.
admitted that
seem
by Spain, had
effect
of the Virginias
This admission was a practical
was
machinery of government,
possible, through to
any error
hurry two-score of men
n6
THE YANKEE NAVY.
into their graves,
is
bad enough
But our subsequent
in itself.
submission so readily to the crime undoubtedly produced the belief in
Spain that they might go to almost any length be-
fore provoking us to actual resentment.
It
thus happened
two countries, the
when war was declared between the Spanish Government could scarcely believe
that such a result
was probable.
that
up
Up down
to April, 1898,
to the year 1881 our
navy had been allowed
into innocuous desuetude, so far as our
to settle
own Govern-
ment was concerned. After the Civil War,
many were wrecked and
many
of
our ships were
retired,
and
not replaced.
The Spanish Man-of-War Tornado chasing the American Steamer Virginiw.
The ebb dition to
a
result was, that in
1881 our
navy was
at its lowest
some was awakened, and Secretary Hunt appointed a board
In this year
investigate
number
of
its
interest in
requirements.
its
It
almost hopeless con-
was proposed
to build
armored and unarmored vessels together with of to-day then had its
rams and torpedo boats, and the navy
THE YANKEE NAVY.
Among
birth.
ducing
The
this
those
happy
who were most
other
instrumental in pro-
was Secretary William C. Whitney. Boston and Dolphin having been con-
result
Chicago, Atlanta,
structed,
II7
rapidly
vessels
Benjamin Tracy and Hilary
followed
under Whitney,
A. Herbert.
Public interest and pride
in
the navy were aroused, and
the appearance of the White Squadron produced the greatest
The splendid showing
enthusiasm.
of our ships
provoked
new navy became firmly On March 15, 1889, when
universal applause, and the idea of a fixed in the
minds of the people.
the Vandalia, Nipsic and Trenton
were blown ashore
the
in
harbor of Apia, the utmost consternation prevailed, and this disaster undoubtedly served to bind
which the people were bound
On March
16,
1898
— just
more
closely the tie
by
to the navy.
nine years after
— the entire nation
was overwhelmed by the startling news that the battleship
Maine (Captain Sigsbee) had been blown up the night previous in the
harbor of Havana.
public should
Sigsbee's brief telegram that the
suspend judgment was a masterly piece of
diplomacy, and showed well the
Board of Inquiry appointed
spirit
of our
ed on March 28th that the cause was unknown. sal belief,
The
The
univer-
however, was that the Maine had been deliberately
blown up through Spanish treachery. the
navy.
to investigate the disaster report-
Maine!"
was
echoed
The
everywhere.
cry,
"Remember
Congress
voted
$50,000,000, to be used at President McKinley's discretion, to
prepare the country for war.
On
came reports Cuba under Spanish to Spain that her rule in Cuba war was declared by Congress top of this
of the intolerable conditions prevailing in rule.
must
An ultimatum was cease,
sent
and on April 25th
THE YANKEE NAVY.
Il8
having existed since April
as
accept the conditions laid
when Spain refused
21st,
down by
to
the United States Govern-
The most extraordinary efforts were at once taken to place the navy on a war footing, and under the supervision of Secretary John D. Long and Assistant-Secretary Theodore Roosevelt, a great number of vessels was purchased by the Government and refitted with great rapidity. ment.
Captain William T. Sampson, appointed Rear Admiral, was placed
in
charge of the
which was rapidly assembled
fleet,
Commodore
Key West.
Winfield
go out and meet the Spanish
that
was expected
Schley was placed
Hampton Roads,
charge of the flying squadron at to
S.
fleet
at in
in readiness
under Admiral Cervera,
to sail across the Atlantic for the defense of
Havana.
Hong Kong was the Commodore George Dewey. At
Asiatic fleet under
This
fleet
command
of
consisted of the flag-
ship Olympia, Raleigh, Baltimote, Boston, Monocacy, Concord and
The
Petrel.
the Asiatic
and the
battleship Oregon, having
fleet,
was ordered
join the Atlantic
to
squadron.
longest ever undertaken
been detached
This remarkable voyage,
by a modern battleship, was
accompanied without accident, and the Oregon at
many
from
proceed around Cape Horn
safe arrival of
the
Key West was the occasion of much rejoicing and comments from the Continental press. This much to impress the nations of the world with the
favorable
feat did
manifest superiority of our ships of war. As soon as the war opened Commodore Dewey proceeded from Hong Kong to Manila. On Sunday morning. May 1, 1898, Commodore
Dewey
entered the harbor of Manila at daybreak, taking the
Spaniards by surprise.
Inside the harbor was the Spanish
THE YANKEE NAVY. fleet,
the Reina
Austria Elcano,
,
Don
Maria
Cristina, the
Castilla,
II 9
the
Don Juan
de
Antonio de Ultoa, Felaseo, General Lezo, Genera/
Marques
del Duero, Isla de
In this battle the
American
Cuba and Isla de Mindanao.
vessels
were superior
to those of
THE YANKEE NAVY.
120 all
the Spanish ships, and had silenced the batteries at Cavite,
The Spanish
compelling them to surrender. 700.
The most concise
many navy
report to his
first
was nearly
the most pronounced and
experts to be one of
perfect victories in naval history,
Dewey's
loss
history of this battle, considered by
is
best told in
Government
Commodore
:
Manila, May 1st. The squadron arrived at Manila at daybreak this morning. Immediately engaged enemy and destroyed the following Spanish vessels Reina Crislina, Castilla, Ulloa, Isla de Cuba, General Lezo, Duero, Eicano, Veiasco, Mindanao, one transport, and one water battery The squadron is uninjured, and only a few men slightly at Cavite. wounded. :
The thanks
of the nation were tendered to
Dewey, and Congress promoted him
The
result of this great victory
Spain, but great.
it
was
to be followed
to be
Commodore
Rear Admiral.
produced consternation
in
by another one equally as
Spain had despatched Admiral Cervera, with four of
her finest and fastest warships and two torpedo destroyers, across the Atlantic to Cuba.
United States vessels
in
For a time
the Caribbean
Schley, with his flying squadron,
Sampson, and Finally,
located in
every effort
May
on
30th,
the
was made
to join
corner
Admiral Cervera.
Spanish vessels were definitely
has a narrow neck
4th of June Naval Constructor
having conceived the
to
evaded the
Commodore
Sea.
was ordered
the harbor of Santiago
like a bottle,
this fleet
idea of
de Cuba.
This harbor,
difficult of access,
and on the
Richmond Pearson Hobson, blocking the mouth of the
harbor, by sinking there a steam collier, the Merrimac, carried his plan into execution.
With a crew
of seven volunteers he
took the Merrimac into the harbor, under a most
from the Spanish
batteries,
and sunk
her
in
terrific fire
the
narrow
THE YANKEE NAVY. channel, escaping to the Spanish vessels, where he and his gallant crew were taken prisoners. of the
most daring ever attempted.
Hobson's feat was one
There was
however, for the Spanish vessels to get out. of July 3rd, Cervera r
made
On
still
the
room,
morning
his attempt to escape, our
army
THE YANKEE NAVY Three of the Spanish
Maria Teresa Colon
made
ships, the Almirante Oquendo, Vizcaya
(flagship),
were quickly destroyed.
The
and
Cristobal
a desperate attempt to escape, but she was finally
Richmond Pearson Hobson.
caught after an exciting chase of nearly coast,
and beached.
fifty
miles along the
The two torpedo boat destroyers were
quickly despatched, one by
the battleship
Texas,
and
the
other by the former pleasure yacht Corsair, converted into
THE YANKEE NAVY. the
Gloucester.
This
little
boat,
in
123
charge of Lieutenant-
Commander Wainwright, who had been second
in
command
Winfield Scott Schley.
on the Maine when she was blown up, accomplished wonders, being right
in
the thick of the battle and escaping with but
THE YANKEE NAVY.
124
our loss was one man killed, One thousand three hundred Spanish were taken, among them being Admiral Cervera.
little damage. In and two injured.
prisoners
The
result
world.
of
this battle
this
battle
aroused the admiration of the
At the time Admiral Cervera attempted
escape, the flagship
eight miles away.
New
York, with
Commodore
to
make
his
Admiral Sampson, was
Winfield
S.
Schley, on
the
Brooklyn, was therefore in immediate charge of our squadron,
consisting of the Brooklyn, Ioiva, Massacnusetts, Indiana, Texas,
and the converted yacht Thus,
two such
in
Gloucester.
the short space of two months, Spain had received
telling
blows on the sea that the utter
futility of the
war she was carrying on with the United States was brought into bold relief. The Spanish home fleet, under Admiral Camara, made a start for the Philippines, but got only as far as the
Suez Canal, and upon the widely circulated news that
this country was about to send a squadron, under Commodore Watson, to appear along the coast of Spain, Admiral Camara was quickly ordered to return.
On July 26th a message from Spain was handed to our Government at Washington, through the French Embassador, embodying a request to know upon what terms the United States would consider peace. This result was brought about by the personnel of the
American navy and the demonstrated ships of war.
It
was due
to grit,
FINIS.] I
effectiveness
of
gumption and gunnery.
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