The Origin, Structure & Working of the League of Nations

THE ORIGIN STRUCTURE & WORKING OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS BY C.

HOWARD-ELLIS

LONDON

GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN MUSEUM STREET

IKFAT BRITAIN

BY Hlh

Rl\

Pint

f

KRMlK PRl'W IHIUJJ^

fwbliMin

tttsftl

To H. G. WELLS BERNARD SHAW, G. LOWES DICKINSON and BERTRAND RUSSELL the Prophets

of a Neiv Age,

dedicated, in the

Hope

this

that

it

Book

may

prove a Useful Monograph on the Obstetrics

Womb

of

of Time

the

is

BIBLIOGRAPHY AHKKNAXY, S M / 'irngi* AM^t mi, IL iL* The (ent.\i\ of Ike World War (ii BAXI-.K, Piui,ti% Thf League of .\\ttuws at Wort;. Hviu.R, PHILIP, Disarmament.

vols.)-

BAKKR, Piuui*,

'1 he PrttfwuL SI*ANNARI>, Woodmv Wilson end World Settlement (3 vols.). B \KXICS, <J. \., Hixtmy of the International Labour Organization.

B\KI*K,

RAY

HA&KTT, JOHN Sra.xcftR, 7/w foagw of JW^WMV BKHRKNS, BKIWLVUTON' K. Tlie International Labour BU.IKSKI, L., Wjtfnntnienia t D&kwmnty (a vols.). f

BIHKKNHKAI> %

THE KARL

OF, International

Law

Office.

(6th ed-)-

H. N., -4 l#gue of Nation*. BHAILSKORD^ IL N M O/w ttfJKndle&t Age. BKIF.KI.Y, Jf. 1*.. 7 /if Lmt $f Motions.

itar\n.$K>Ri>,

>Ki>ti.K C. DKMSI.K,

/I

6ftwJ History of International Intertmtrsf.

7'//r

UIKiK

World of States*

ANTONU) DK,

77 ROTH, TVw Leagu* qf Nations To-day* WIUJAMS> ROTII, T/f/ faa#ue> The Protocol, and th? WILSON, FLORENCE, 77n? Origins qf ttie League (fowtnant* Woor.p, LEONARD, International Government, WRLX^J,

LEAGUE OF NATIONS OFFICJAI. aeries of pamphlet* on the oixanimititm and ;trlivili*? of the League issued by the Information Section of the Secretariat.

The Official Journal, The Records of the Assembly from November tgfsto to Oit7 ordinary meetings and one extraoitlinary meeting).

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAUP

BlKUOCiRAMlY

7

INTROIH'CTION

17

SECTION T THE WORLD WAR AND THE DAWN OF PEACE oui n

K

I.

INTERNATIONAL ANARCHY AND The

ITS

FRUITS

-

*

23

Riw

of .Science* International Relations -Nationalism and State Sovereignty-- Nineteenth-Century Industrial Develop* went, Empires ami Alliance***- International Conference.* and Machinery The World War Why the War came: -How the War came-- The Root of the Matter (pp. 1*3-35). ......

1 1

.

THE PEACE OF

PARIS

AND THE

WAR MIND

36

Austrian War AinuAllied War Ainu The Peace Terms Lessons of the Peace Settlement- Tht; American, British and French Record* -The Underlying Causes The War Mind Hanging the. Kaiser and Punishing War CriminalsTreating Germany Hkc a Mad Dog- (rushing and Dismembering the

(iernum and

German Empire; Germans a* Wolves The War Mind ana "* Peace of Pan*' The Need for the Peace Mind (pp. 36-53)

the

**

TIL Tim LEAGUE AND THE

POST- WAR

WORLD

*

.

54

The

Forces unchained by the War Reaction and the Fear of Revolution - Nationalism and the Need for Internationalism The Dictated Peace and the Necessity for Compromise and Adjustment"* -The Genesis of the League Inter-AUtcd Dictation versus International Co-operation The Failure of Dictation The Growth of the League (pp. 54-59)*

IV.

Tim NATURE AND

NECESSITY OF THE LEAGUE

60

War and The

the Alternative- The Peace-Organising Tendency League ; (a} Its Essence j (b) Its Background Change and

Human

Nature

Ctivili'/atiott

The

League

ami

War

The

League

and

(pp. 6o-{>4),

SECTION II "THE SOLEMN LEAGUE AND COVENANT" V.

Tim OoNmruTioN AND MEMBERSHIP OF THE LEAGUE OF

Tin*,

COVENANT (The

British

Root

The American

Root - French Idea* War Development* The PhilHmore Report ami Draft tkdottci HOUW'JI DraftFirst Wilson Draft General Smut** Draft and the Odl Han -The Second Wilson Draft The Third WUntm Draft The The League *f Nations *

Fim

British Draft

The

(iotiitniwioti

Terms of Reference The Draft Covenant

Sesaion -- Publication

of

the

Itx

Hurst-Miller Draft

67

cuv //A t

CHAKTKR

V.

THE GoNSTntmoN,

ETC.- -continued

Conference of the Neutrals -lite Ammt*:m Amcminirttts Sr*nmi Monroe ]>utrm7"IT*MIV The Nature of thr Connexion -The jr AititJ*- X tion --Disputes, Sasir, Dan/.ig, Mandates Mmuritirt

TKF, LKAGUK,

t

-

Connexion

^

and stereotyping the titatos Qjw) (pp. iocj-1 14). A LHAttl'K Ol- (lOVrKNMf'NU ;** A A l^KAGUK OP PBOPLK9 Th A IMI'ORTANOKC^ IIIK AssrMiu.v ANt>
Under Secretaries-General and

their

Oflif

the Governments- And to Government DepartmentsDangers and Possible Lines of Development (a) Dangers () Lines of Development) (pp. 171-305). :

VIII.

;

THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION

*

SOCIAL PKACIK AND INTERNATIONAL PEACE (pp. 2206-408). ORKUK OF TUB INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION (Voices in the Wilderness,

18x5-1850 Switzerland the Pioneer, 1855-2890 Berlin Conference, 1890 -The Zurich and Brussels ConThe International Association for Labour Legislaferences, 1897

The

Its Constitution; Aims; Growth; First Meeting, Second Meeting, 1902; Third, Fourth and Fifth Meetings, 903- 1 906 The White Phosphorus Convention* 1906 Regular Biennial Conferences, 1906-1913 The Effect of the World War The American Federation of Labour, 1914 The French Confederation of Labour and the Leeds Conference, 1915 and

1900:

tion, iftoi

;

1

Allied and International Labour Conferences, 19x7 1916 and 1918) (pp. 208-214),, v THE PEACE CONFERENCE of (America's R61e The Attitude the Commission) (pp. 814-2x7). PART XIII, of the Versailles Treaty (Article 427 (pp, 217-219).

The Preamble)

NATORK AND COMPETENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION (Nature: (a) Heir to the International Association for Labour Legislation; (b) A Response to the Demands of Labour; (c) A Part of the General System of Go-operation and Conciliation Sources and Extent of Competence: (a) Agricultural Labour; (b) Intellectual Workers; (i) Emigrants and Immigrants; (d) Production and Labour) (pp* 220-224). ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONS (Organization Functions) (pp, a4*2a6) PROVISIONS FOR SETTJUNG DISPUTES, Articles 409-420 (Submission for Ratification Failure to ratify Obligations resulting from Ratification) (pp. 226-331).

RELATIONS WITH THE LEAGUE (General Organization and Finance Procedure--Constitutional Amendments and Interpretations) (pp. ^31-233).

(Identical for League and Labour Organization Possibility of joining the Labour Organization while remaining outside the League Impossibility of leaving the Labour Organization while remaining in the League Possibility of remaining in the Labour Organization while leaving the League --Membership in relation to Procedure for

MEMBERSHIP

in coiMtitution

(pp, 333-836).

(Composition and Meetings The Government Delegates -The. workers* Representatives: (a) The Group System; (4) The Attitude of Labour; ($) The IX. O., Fascism and Communism; (d) The Nature of Labour RepresentationThe Employers* Group Procedure (a) The Constitutional Basis; (6) Growth and General Lines; (c) Credentials, Officers and Committee*; (4) The Director's Report; (e) Draft

TUB GENERAL CONFERENCE

:

206

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1Si

1*F,

CHAPTKR

VIII. INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION

continued

Conventions and Recommendations; (/) Resolutions and Amendments; (g) Closure; (ft) Financial Questions ; (*) Records and Counting of Votes) (pp. 336-251). THE GOVERNING BODY (Composition: (a) The State* of Chief Industrial Importance; (b) How they were determined; of the Non-European States; (d) The io,-s (c) The Demands for Knnrtinns Amendment; (*) The "" Necessity Enlargement

and Me Framing

theOffit., , to the Conference) (pp. 251-258)

Body

THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE (The

Duties

Director

of the Office Organization: (a) The Director's Cabinet and Secretariat; (b) The Deputy Director; (c) The Diplomatic Division ; Liaison (d) The Research Division; (*) The Intelligence and Division) (pp. 258-264).

CONCLUSION

(p. 265).

The Dark A^es OF INTERNATIONAL LAW (Rome State System: () Its Members; (b) Thr

ORIGINS

The

.....

LAW

IX. INTERNATIONAL Modern

Concept of Sovereignty "

;

(c)

Sovereignty and International

Law

The Naturalist " Attitude) (pp. 66-7i). NATURALISM AND POSITIVISM (Results and Evolution of Natural* ism The Appearance of Positivism Its Advantages Awl -Cretins

Drawbacks Private Law and International Neo-Naturalism Law Where Naturalists and Positivists meet) (pp. a 71 -a 77). THE SOURCES OP INTERNATIONA LAW (According to West lake Hall And Birkenhead Suggested New Definitions And New ;

r.

Conceptions Conclusion) (pp. 277-283), THE SUBJECTS OP INTERNATIONAL LAW

(States:

International Definition; (b) Classification -Public Other Collective Bodies The Ultra- Modern School) (pp.

THE SETTLEMENT OF in

Judges

{) Their Unions 28^485).

DISPUTES AND INTERNATIONAL LAW (States Oases ( Commissions of Negotiation

Own

their

Conciliation Good Offices and Mediation *- InterArbitration American anil (a) Antiquity; (b) The French Revolutions ; The Habit grows The Hague (