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THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT
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BHOJPURI
TIWARI UDAl NARAIN TIW1\RI
THE I PARK
ASIATiC SOCIETY SOCiETY ASiATIC STREET IIli KOLKATA t\OLKATA 700 0 0)I n.
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'THe ORiuiN~ & DEVELOPMENT OF BHOjPURi
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THE ORIGIN A1~D
DEv~L()PMEN'~
OF
BHOJPURI
UDAl NARAIN TIWARI
THE ASIATIC SOCIETY I PARK STREET. KOLKATA 700 016
Monograph Series Vol. X
THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF BHOJPURI by UDAl NARAIN TIWARI
© Tne Asiatic Society ISBN 81 7236 1076
Firs! Published in ! 960 Reprinted in March 2001
Published by Professor Manabendu Banerjee General Secretary The Asiatic Society i Park Street
Koikata- iOO 0 i 6
Printed at Arunima Printing Works 81, Simla Street Kolkata-700 006
Rs. 350
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FOREWORD Inspired by the advice of Professor Suniti Kumar Challl~ljl:c.', Udal Narain Tiwrui produced the valuable treaUse cntltlt'd 'A Diall'ct of Bhojpuri: This work was the out.come of TiwarI's wt'll .wf!ualntann' with the various specimens of Bhojpuri dialect. lit' gathcrt,tl knowledge oHhis languagt: after touring exh'llslv(' part of tht, BhuJpun area. It is due to the initiativ(~ of Professor S. K. Chat It'rjt·t' lhat tht· book in a modiJled form, Witil the titit· of'11ll' Oligin and lkv('lopmt'ul of Bhojpuri'. was published by the Ac.;iatic Society In ) 900. '111l' book having a critical and scientific analysis of Bhojpuri is in gn'at tlt'mand to the teachers and studt.'nL'i of Linguistics. For a few yt'ars t ht' book is out of stock, but because of tht.' non-stoppnl lIt'mawl for this book from persons of diff('n'nt parts of our ('Olllltry, W(' art' glad to announce the rt.'publlcation of Tiwari's laboul'l'd lTeatioll.
Kolkata 26.03.2001
Manabcndu (I('rU'rnl
8anc~cc
S('crefu~1
PH)O~FACE
It WI\3 in the Oriental Conference at Patna when I had a chance to come in close contact with Prof. Suniti Kumar Chattcrii and other llr"at linguiaticians for the first time that .'. ardent desire to" st.udy my mothl r tongue, Bhojpurl, on scientific lir.. arose in my mind. Back fro ill Patna, I approached Dr. Dhirendrf. Varma of the University of Allahahl"l who introduced me to Dr. Babu Ram Saxena He was then writing ) :.. theais on THE EVOLUTION OF AWADHI. Dr. Saxena in coDlultati)Jl with Prof. Suniti Kumar Chatterji ruh'ised IDe to prepare a monogra;lh on the 'Bhojpurl dialect' on the lincs of his ' Lakhfmpurl '. The WI .. k that I produced afwr this advice WIll'I written out in 1932 and publild,,'(1 ill the Journal oJ the Bihar !lnd Ori8,~a R(,.1f.arch Society, Volt!. XX, XXln 'III XXI, Part III, und,,'r the title' A Diale('t of Uhujpurl' (1934.36). During the y('l\f8 1933 to 1935. ~ mll,llt' cxtt'nsive tours thruugh .• ut the Bhojpurl area-Ballii, ShihA.b~l, SAran, Champirnn, Gorakh, ur, the Nepai tarAI, Basil, Azamgarh, Ranbis, Mil'zapur and ot.h('r pil\('(';I· and colle('ted specimens of Bhojpurl. Grlunmatical peculiarities Wt'rt' noted dO\\Ta and detailed systemat.ic giammaiS of the different .1iaJectn \t·cr(~ prepared. The exact limits of the Bhojpurl-spfmking area \n'rll invtlHti~atl'tJ nnd accordingly a map was prepared whi('h is appended herewit.h. DlIfiu~ this period, the following ('ontrihutions ,,"('rt' puhlishctl in tho' Hirulusta.1I1 'jOllnl&1 of the HindustAnI Academy, Allahahaci. IImnd~': 'The Bhojpl ri Pf(nerbR' (Bhojpuri Lokoktiya) (~pril, ]939, Ilull ,July, HI:J9) , 'BhojplII'i Idioms' (BhQjpuri Muhaware) (April, 1940, Odoht'r, 1940, nnd ,TI\II1IILry, 1941), amI 'The Bhojpllri Rilldk:,' (Bhojpllri Prthrliyii) (Odolll'r-Dct'\'1111"'r, 1942). I worked for about three years under tlw ahle flUpCrvisioll of j)r, Babu Ram Saxena whQ gn.,·c me every kind of help in the (l!\rly ~tu.gt· ..; of my work, a.nd bllt for whose erH'ouro.gemcnt t hiM work ('Oil It! rWV(lr );a V(' been undertaken, . The thesis was a.ccepted by the Allahabad Univers.ity for the dcgl'll' of Doctor of Letters in 1945. It was the first thesiu on a dialect which cla.im/; t.() be the biggest dialect of our country, with about 30 miiHon speakers ill and outside India. It has inspired a number of scholars to work on other aspects of Bhojpllri-Dr. Vishwa Nath Prasad on Bhojpuri phonet,kH. Dr. Krishna. Dev Upadhyaya on Bhojpuri songs, and Dr. Satya. Vl'llta Sinha. on Bhojpurt ballads. A few other!! are still pursuin~ their I:Itudi~'" on some aspects of the dialect. The preaent thesis aspires to make lome new contributioris to Indiall dialectology. The chief among them are:(1) Historical a.nd comparative treatment of tho material!!. (2) Phonology in a manner quite different from Rnernle's treatmf'nt. (3) Affixes in fuller detail than in Roornle. ~~) !r0noUJl8 _ 1 .. (5) Uompountl8 ~ mamly new. (6) Verbs ) The sources of information utilized by me for the thesis are the matcrialfo: collected by me during my tours, plul those listed on pages 22 to 24 flf th~ thesis and a few forma in the writings of Kablr and other writers. The system of transliteration followed in the theam is that of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. For the port.ion on phonology,
( v
)
vi
. . ..Ac.
however, the scheme of the International Phonetic Association haa been adopted. I am especially indebted to P-rOf. SUfiiti KumaI' Chattefji" foi' aU thi.t I mm. My pet subjects were Mathematics and Economics. I paased my M.A. in Economics and much la.ter in Hindi and Pali. It waa Prof. Chatterji who Rave me the first lessons. in Linguistics. He gave me inspiration and time n.nd invaluable guidance during the preparation of this thesis (1940-44). He patiently read the whole work and gave me the benefit of his critical observations. He even partly corrected the proofs and suggested improvement!1 while it waa paaaing through the press. I have to thankfully acknowledge obligations to Shri Rahul Sankrityayan ", Shri S. N. Chaturv('di, utI) H. K. Ghosh of Indian Press, Allahabad, Prof. K. Chattopadhyaya, Prof. Sukumar Sen and many others for particular fa.vours conferred on me daring my studies at Caicutta and work at Allahabad. I must express my gratefulness to my colleague and friend Dr. Hardev Bahn for the a=ist&nce he gave me in proof.. oorrectLWJg. Thanks are a.lso due to a long line of philologists and teachers, whose works havo benefited me in genera.l, and to many known and unknown poets of Bhojpur Pradesh whOse composition" have enabled me to make 8. critical a.nd scientific analysi£l of Bhojpurf. 16·4·57 The University, Allahabad.
UDAl NALUN TIwARI
CONTENTS W'It. _ _ _
rage
Foreword Preface Detailed Contents
iii v
ix
Abbreviations
xix
Signs
xxi
Introduction Part I-Phonology II-Morphology Appendices Maw. ....... u..r
xxiii 1 75
204
DETAILED CONTENTS INTRODUCTION,
pp. ni-xliv
§1: Position of Bhojpurf, p. xxi; §§2, 3, 4, ;'): Name of th.. language, pp. xxi-xxiv. §§6, 7, 8. 9: Different names of Bhojpurl: Buxarias, Pa~imi, KhoUi, De'will. Mulkl, Purbiyi, Chaparahiyi. Bananl, Banga. rahl. MaUl, KiAI, pp. xxiv·xxv. §§10, 11, 12: Import.ance of Bhojpurl as a living language. pp. xxv·xxvi. §§13. 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19: Materials for the study of Bhojpurf, pp. xxvii-xxxii. §§20, 21: Linguistio houndaril'8 of Bhojpurf, pp. xxxii.xxxiii. §22: Dialect.s of Bhojpurl, I)P. xxxiii· xxxiv. §§23, 24, 25, 26, 27: Comparative study of Bhojpurl dialects; Southern Standard Bhojpurl; Northern Stanclarrl Bhojpuri-Gorakl)Jlurl and Sarwari!; Western Bhojpur!; N&e"PuriA or Sadint, Pile xxxiv=x!. §28: The modem representatives of Migadhl Apabhrarblia.-Bengali, A88l1.mC8e. riyi, Magahl, Maithill. Bhojpurl, p. xl. §29: Chatterji'8 classification of modem Migadhan speeches-Eastern, Central and Western groups; characteristics common to all Migadhan; characterilltks of West Migadhan j characteristics common to West and Contral Migadhan, pp. xl-xlii. §30: The probable time of separation of various Milgadhan groU}lH from each other, p. xlii. §§3I, 32: Vocabula.ry of Bhojpurl, pp. xlii-xli\'. §33: Orthography of Bhojpurl, p. xliv.
PART I PuONOLOO¥,
pp. 1-73
Oltapter I: Phonetiu §34: The pronunciation of the Standard Bhojpurl of Ballia (Baliyi). p. 3. §35: The phonemes of Standard Bhojpur!, p. 3. §36: Division of the sounds of Bhojpurl phonemes in tabular form~I. (a) Consonants, (6) Vowels, II, Formation of Bhojpur[ Vowels. pp. 3·4. §37: Analysil'l of Table II, p. 4. §38: Detailed description of the BOunds: the vowels (i:), (i), (l), pp. 4·5. §39: (e:), (e). p. 5. §40: (e), p. 5. 141: (cie), p. 5. §42: (a:), (a), p. 5. §43: (A), p. 6. §44: (a:), (a), p. 6. §45: (0:), (0). p. 6. §46: (u:), (u), (il), p. 7. 147: Nasalized vowels excepting (ae), pp. 7·8. §48: Vowels in contact, pp. 8.9.149: The consonants: The labial pl08ives and aspirates (p, ph, b, bft), p. 9. §60: The dental stops and aspirates (t, th, d, . 25. n03: WeakeninR of il to 0 through accent, p. 26. §104: MIA ' e " i ai', ' ay' becomes e, e before one consonant, p. 26. §105: ML.t\ C e', OL-\ e, ai, &y becomes I, e before two consonanta, p. 26. §106: The reduction of qua.ntityof 'e' in monosyllabic and on account of accent. 1>. 26. n07: OIA and MIA ~. O. before one consonant, p. 26. §108: Weakening of 0 to ~ on account of accent, p. 26. §109: OLJ\. and ML4 ~, 0 before two or more oor.sonante, p. 26. §llO: 0 becomes~, on a.ccount of sUau, p. 26. §lll: Interchangeof'i' and • e' and • u' and « o' before doubie consonants, pp. 26-27.
e', au '
Ohapter IV: Vowe18 in eM Interior oJ WorM: Vowel8 not i'" conCact ift. MIA, p.28 §ll2: Elision of vowels in the middle of words, p. 28. §Il3: Weakening or ioss of OIA and MiA i in Bhoj., p. ·28. §i i4: Loss of OiA and r.lA _yo, -1-, in Bhoj., p. 28. §115: Loss of' u' not so common in Bhoj., p. 28.
Chapter V : Reter':ior. o/l,u,rior Vo-a!;, p. 29 fIl6: Of a, p. 29. §1l7: Of A .. MIA -1-, -1-, p. 29. 1118: p. 29. §IlD: Of -fi-, p. 29. 1120: Of -eo, p. 29.1121: Of -0-, p. 29.
O£
-1-,
Ohapter VI: VotDd.t ita Oonlt.Jcl! pp. 30-37 . ··1122: TreIltment of vowela.in contact, p. 30. 1123: Threefold treatmen' af vowcls in contact in MIA lang-d• •, p. 30. flU: Glide =ue!:
DJITAILBD OONTBNTS
xi
_yo, -W-, p. 30. §125: Diphthongization of vowels in contact, p. 30: §126: y-4ruti in Jain Pk., p. 30. §127: Diphthongization of vowels in ('ontact
in Bhoj.
iiG
in BengAli and Aua.weae, p. 31. ;128: The Sk. diphthongs
• ai' and • au' in Bhoj., p. 31. §129: The vowel-group ai, aU: its contraction into diphthongal sounds, p. 31. §130:; and w glides in Bhoj., p. 31. §131: -II glides in Bhoj., p. 31. §132: -h- glide in Bhoj., p. 32. §133: Contraction of udvrtta vowels in MIA and its inheritance in Bhoj., pp. 32-33. §134: Treatment of OIA r in Bhoj., pp. 33-34. §135: Naaalizat·ion of vowels in MIA and NIA. (i) Final anuavira, (U) class nasals and interior o.nusvira in MIA, p. 34. §136: Clus nasals before stops and 8spiratf:'s in Bhoj., pp. 34-35. §137: Instances of na.salization of \'0\\"('18 in Bhoj. through clua nasals and anusvira, p. 35. §138: Retention of voiced palatal and cerebral stops and aspirates in Bhoj., p. 36. §l39: Two nasalR of MIA-its change, p~ 36. §14O: Sibilants "'ith pre(~e(fing anusvira ill Bhoj., p. 36. §141: Loss of OIA anusvlra, p. 36. §142: Spontaneous fiasa.lization in NIA, exampies in Bhoj.: nasaiizat.ion ioiiowed hy one consonant and two consonants, pp. 36-37. §143: Absence of nasalization ill MIA a.nd Bhojpurl, p. 37. §!44: N!\8!\!izlltion through intervoce.! .' m '. and -no, p. 37. Ohapter VII: I ntrusitle Vowels: A naptyxis or V iprakar,a, pp. 38·39
1145: Insertion of vowel between a combination of sounds: vipraka~ll in lA, in Bhoj., in foreign loan-words. p. 38. §146: Prothesis of vowels in ts. words, in Awadhl, in Bhoj.,. in Iw., pp. 38·39. §147: Epenthesis: anticipation of an -1- or -u- before the consonant: its example in St. Bh. and in Sadlnl, p. 39. 01w.pter V I I I : 80urcu 0/ Vowels in Bhojpuri, pp. 40-43
§148:0f'a',p.40. §149:0f'A',pp.40.41. §160:0f'I',p.41. §151: Of'l', p. 41. §152: Of'u', pp. 41-42. §153: Of'O', p. 42. §154: Of it p.42. §i55: Oi'o', '0', pp. 42-43. . 01w.pter IX : General ~ine8 o/01w.nge to Bkojpuri, pp. 44-50 (A) P1I.e OIA 001&80114""": §156: Connection of NIA phonology with MIA, p. 44. §157: Consonantal changes from OIA to MIA, p. 44. §158: Change of consonants during the MIA period, p. 44. §159: Change of (tt) and (r. r+dental) in NIA stage, p. 44. §160: The 10Rs·of intervocal stops during the second MIA stage, p. 44. §161: Condition of intervocalic stops during the early NIA period, p. 45. §162: The change of (-vy) to (-r.;-) and then to (-1»-) in Bhoj.t p. 45. §163: The los; affinal MIA vow~l= in modem Bhoj., p. 45. §164: General lines of cha.nge to Bhoj.: (i) single conaonanta. (ii) consonantalllrOu1)s. 1)1). 45-47. §I65: (B) Aspiration and de~upir&tion',--p. 47. 1166: ~Cau8e8 of aspiration, pp. '47-48: §167: Ex· ampI~ ~( aspirat!on _in_~hoi., p.~. ~1~ The ~pira~~o..~ of_final ~nd medial 't', p. 48. §169: Aspira.tion in 1w., p. 4~. t17U: JJe·aspJratiOD in Bhoj., p. 48. 1171: Voicing and unvoicing in Bhoj., pp. 48·49. 11'72: Jrletatheais-examplesinBhoj .• p. 49. 1173: Haplology, p. 49. 1174: Eoho-~orda, p. 49. 1175: Translation compounds, p. 49. §176: Compound words with native elementa, p. 50. 11'77: Blending of words, p. 00. §178: CouoDanta in contact, p. 60. 11'79: Assimilation and change of consonanta, p. 60. 1180: DilsimiJation, p. GO.
DBTAILBD OOll'l.BX'l'S
Okapler X: Tile Sourcu 0/ BAoJpur.l Ooruor&antl, pp. 1S1-73
§181: Of initial 'k', p. 51. 1182: or intorvocal and final 'k', p. 51. §183: Of initial'kb', pp. 51-52. 1184: Of intorvocal and final 'kb', p. 52. §185: Ofinitial 'g', p. 52. fl86: Of medial and final 'g', pp. 62-53. f187: Of initial 'Ill!'. p. 53. 1188: Of media! and final ' Ilh·, p. 53. 1189: Of initial 'c'. p. 53. . §100: Of medial and fini.l 'c', p. 64. f191: Of initial • ch', p. 54. §192: or medial and final • cb', p. 54. fl93: Of initial 'j'. pp. 54-55. §194: Of medial and final • j'. p. 55. §195: Of initial' Jb'. pp. 55·56. §196: Of medial and final 'jb', p. 56. §197: Of' t', p. 56. §198: Of medial and final' t', pp. 56-57. §199: Of initial 'th', p. 57. §200: Of mediai and finai 'th', pp. 5'1·58. 1201: Of initiai '4', p. 58. 1202: Of medial and final 4>r, pp. 58·59. 1203: Of initial '4h', p. 59. 1204: Of medial and final 4b == rh, pp. 59-60. §201S: or initial 't·. p. 60. 1206: or medial and final 't', pp. 60·61. 1207 :. Of initial ' th', p. 61. 1208: or medial and final 'th', pp. 61·62. §209: Of.ipjtial 'd', p. 62. §210: Of medial and final 'd'. p. 62. 1211: Of initial 'db', pp. 62·63. 1212: Of medial and final 'dh', p. 63. 1213: Of initial ' P'. p. 63. 1214: Of medial and final' p', pp. 63-64. §215: Of initial 'ph' .l>. 64. §216: Of medial and final 'ph'. p. 64. §217: Of initial 'b', pp. 64-65. 1218: Of medial 'b', p. 60. 1219: Of initiai 'bh'. p. 65. §220: Oi medial and finai 'bh'. pp. 65·66. §221: The nasal. in modern Bhoj .• p. 66. §222: The nual 6(u). ft(p) in Bhoj .• p. 66. §223: i1 in Bl;loj., p. 66. §224: OIA single intervocal -m- reduced to nasalization in Bhoj.,pp. 66·67.. §225: The reveraeproce8B of nasalization spontaneously, p.67. §226: The ft sound in Bhoj., p. 67. 1227: The sound' D ' in Bhoi .. P. 67. §228: The sources of initdal D-. P. 67. 1229: The source of initial ; pp. 67:68. §230: Tho source of initiai m-, p. 68. §231: The source of medial and final -m-, p. 68. 1232: Sources of semi-vowels' y' and' v', p. 69. §233:' v· in Kaithl character, p. 69. §234: MIA -vv- in Bhoj., p. 69. §235: OIA (·tavya-) becomes MIA -vv- becomes -1;-: in Bhoj., p. 69. §236: Liquids (1', 1), pp. 69·70. §237: The' i' ~ound, p. 70. 1238: Sourc-6i of Bhoj. • r', p. 70. §239:' r' in the interior of a,. word, p. 70. §240: Sources of initial' l' in Bhoj., p. 70. §241:' l' in the interior of words, pp. 70·71. §242: Interchange between 'D' and 'I' in initial positions. P. 71. §243: The palatal Ii and the dental 8. p. 71. §244: The cerebral becom-es gutturai' kb' in Bhoj., p. 71. §245:Source8 of Bhoj. • s', pp. 71·72. §246 : The change of single intervQcalsibUant to' h'. p.72. §247: Voiced and unvoiced' A' in Bhoj .• p. 72. §248: Sources of initial Bhoj. 'fl', p. 72. §249: Medial and final' fl' in Bhoj., p. 73. 1250: The sources of Bhoj. -At-, -It-, p. 73. §251: Prothetic I in Bhoj., p. 73. 1252: The intrusive -h- in Bhoj., p. 73. §253: Unvoiced' h' in Bhoj., p. 73.
n;.
i,'
PART II MoRPHOLOGY
OTtapCer 1 : J'omICIt'" Ajfl.zu, pp. '75-96
;254: NIA a.ftiXeiI! primary and secondary ..mxw, p. 77. (A).SuSixea: 12M (1) "jil, p. 77. 1266: (2) the &"olffix ..(a~, p. 77. §267: (3) the suliz -akkarJr, p. 77. 1258: (4) -atli', p. 78. 1259: (IS) -ad, p. '78. 1260: (6)' -..,,; 'pp. 78-79. 1261: (7) -8I1t1i' (aemi-tatsama), p. 71. 1262: (8)'-1, p. 71. §263:(I)-II,p••. 1264: (10)-11., p. 80. 1265:(11).18. p. 60. 1266: (12) -1kIt. Iktr. pp. SO-AI. 12&7: (13) ...., p. 81. ----
xiii
(10&) -IWI, -P", p. 81. §269: (16) -Ir.., p. 81. §270: (16) -Irt or -Irl, p. 81. §271: (17) -I... ... , p.___ 81. _ 1272: (18) -I-.a,-... p. 82. §273: -Iwan ... _ Oft IAI'\\ Oft . , . " . . . IAI \ ....... _ 00 ro,.,.,.(19) Ion, aL_.1 p.
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CUi.
1""'.; ,""VI -.-. p.
0"".
lJ""'V; ,""AI-lUI,.. p. 0,"".
I""V;
'''''''I -.....
&,
p.82. §277: (23) -I,.. p. 83. 1278: (20&) -i. p. 83. §279: (25) -lylllIC, pp. 83·M. §280: (26) -III. p. M. §281: (27) -I, p. M. §282: (28) -u, p. 84. -1283: (29) -ul. p. M. §2M: (30) -utJll, p. M. 1285: (31) -0. p. 85. §286: (32) -era, p. 85. §287: (33) -e.... -ell, p. 85. §288: (34) -011. p. 85. §289: (31S) -kIl. -alqf. -Ik... -ulqt. pp. 85·86. §290: (36) - __-, -..kI. -..kl, p. 86. §291: (37) awatt. p. 87. §292: (38) -aulllC. p. 87. §293: (39) -th... -Ihl. p.87. §294: (40) -ra, -rl. p. 87. §295: (41) -rA, p. 87. §296: (42) -rat -rA, -rl. pp. 87·88. §297: (43) -tl. p. 89. §298: (44) -nl. -101. p. 80. §299:' (45) -rOo p. 89. §300: (46) -I... -II. -11. ~. 89. §301: (47) -wlr... pp. 89·90. §302: (48) -will. p. 90. 1303: (49) -wi. -wI. -I. p. 00. §304: (50) - .... -sl. p. 90. §305: (lSlr-sal'Jll. -sari. p. 90. §300: (52) :'han... pp. 90·01. §307: (53) .har... p. 91. §308: (54) -bAllIC. p. 91. §300: (oa) -hlrl. p. 01. Foreign Suffixes: §310: (56) -liil. p. 91. §311: (57) -kolna. p. Oi. §3i!!: (58) -kbor. p. 92. §313: (59) -gar. p. 02. §314: (60) -alrI. p. 92. §315: (61) -cA. p. 92. §316: (62) -cl, p. 92. §317: (63) -din. -dAni. p. 92. §318: (68) -dlr. p. 93. §319: (65) -nawis... p. 93. §320: (66) -band. -bandit p. 93. §321: (67) -biJ... p. 93. §322: (68) -win. p. 93. (D) PrElfix(,3: 'radbhava and to.tsama. §323: (I) a-I 1-. p. 94. §324: (2) an-. p. 94. §325: (3) atl-. p. 94. §326: (4) awa-. aya-. a-I p. 94. §32i: (:i) ku-. p. 01. §328: (6) dur-. du-, dO-. p. 94. §329: (7) 01-. p. 94. §:J30: (8) 8U-. sa-, p.95. Foreign Prefixes: Persian: §331: (1) kam-, I)' n.;. §!J!J2: (2) khus-. p.95. §333: (3) aar-, aayar-, p. 95. §334: (·1) dar-, p. 95. §:J3li: (fj) nl-. p.95. §336: (6) phl-. p. 95. §337: (7) bad-, p. 00. §338: (8) be-. p. 96. §339: (9) bar-. p. 96. English: §340: Head. half and 8ub. p. 96.
Chapter II: Compound.", PI). 97-102 §341: Bhojpuri compounds, p. 97. §342: ClaliMifirat.ioll of HhojpnrI compounds, p. 97. §343: Copulative or Dwandwa. 01' collectivo compoumlH, pp. '97-99. -§344: Determinative or '.ratpurW}a compounrla, IJP. 99-101. §345: Bahuvrlhi or attributive compounds, pp. 101·102.
Chapter III: Deck1l8Um oj the N01tn, pp. 103-115 §346: Declination&lsystem in the' NIA and Bhojpurlla.ngua.ges, p. 103. §347: (A) Stems, pp. 103·104. §348: Forms of the stem. p. 104. §349: -wi, p. 104. §3lSO: Redundant forms, p. 104. (B) Gender: §351: Sense of gender in Bhojpurl, pp. 104·105. 1352: Neuter noun ending In -I. p. 105. §353: Gender by the agreement of adjective, p. 106. §3M: Noune denoti.-lg a.nimate beings,'p. 105. §35lS: Some DOUDI, p. 105. §356: Nouns denoting 0. collection, of livinR beiDp, p. 105. §SlS7: Maaculine forms 8,S common gender, pp. 105·106-: §308: Formation of the feminine, p. 106. 1359: Number, pp. 106·107. §360: Plural in Bhojpurf. p. 107. §361: Peri· phrastic piurai, p. i07. 1362: Case iniie:dons. p. i08. 1363: Nomi· native, p. 108. §364: Instrumental, pp. IOS·109. 1365: The Modem Bhoj. purl po8tpoaition se, ai, p. 109. §366: Locative, pp. U)9.110. 136'7: Poet.· positions -ml, -par, p. 110. §368: Genitive, p. 110. 1369: The origin aadeumplesofgenitive, pp.110.UI. 1370: The -ke genitive of Bhojpurl, p. 111. 1371: The source of dative postposition, pp. 111·112. 1372: Ablatiye, p. 112. §373: Use ofpostpositional words, pp. 112-116.
xiv
DIITAILIID OOBTDT8
Ol-pw.lV: 'I'hs .A~it.'6jpp. !!6-125 1374: Forms of adjectives in Bhojpurl, p. 116. §376: -akA, -akawl, i376: -han, -har, p. li6. i377: Disagreement between adjective and gender, p. 116. §378: The formation of feminine adjective, p. 116. §379: DeclenSion of the adjective, p. 116. 5380: Degrees of comparison, pp. B6·117. §381: Formation of comparison by uing anala, bla, p. 117. §382: Superlative: sabh mlor sabh se or sabh ml barhl ke, etc., p. 117. 1383: Emphatio forms of adjectives, p. 117. §384: Pronominal adjectives. p. 117. §385: The numeral, p. 117. (1) Cardinals: §386: pp. 117-119. 138'1: The numerais in BhojpurI, p. i20. §388: The liilA -is, p. i20. 1389 : • on' for • un', p. 120. §390: The intrusive • r'. p. 120. §391:' r' explained, p. 120. §392: Use of ' bI=' as an a{ijectiv6, p. 120. §393: Ao, tho, till, p. 120. §394: The origin of Ao, tho, etc., p. 120. §395: Formation of car· dinais above hundred, pp. i20·i2i. 1396; Cardinaia from iOi to iw•. P. 121. §397: Ca.rdinals from 101 to 118, p. 121. §398: Cardinals from 119 -to 168, p. 121. §399: Accent on -the antePenultimate, . p. 121. §400: -1-. p. 121. (2) Orl'li'la.!s. §401: The strong And redundant forms, p. 121. §402: The first four ordinals, p. 121. §403: Other ordinals: addition of -wi. p. 122. i404: Difference between the formation of gender and adjective, p. -122~ (3) §405: Multiplicative numerals, p. 122. §~: Worde for multiplication tables, p. 122. §4:07: Multiplie.a.tion t.a.ble, pp. 122.123. (4) §408: C!.t'll'\. WordsmL.to ....expre88 aggregate sums, p. 123. §409: n_ll __ ..... _____ • _ 'In" ___ ..1_ -.I.I.. JI ....... 1.1•• 'In.. .. .. ,'I. p. li6.
-1-.
~
VUlleClilvea; Oil •
.1"
~"'o).
If*~V;
~Ile
WUIUlt
ca_. uua_.
_.&..-
_
ew.,y-.
~"'o).
If*~~;
Numeral compounds, eklharl. d6harl. etc., p. 123. 1412: Numeral com· pounds, with blr.ber1.etc.,p. 123. (5)1413: Proportionala,p.123. 1"14: 'Contracted forms duAuni. etc., p. 124. (6) §415: Subtractive. numeral's, p. 124. (7) 1416: Diitributive number&, p. 124. 1417: Words for :repetition, p. 124. (8) §418: Fractional numbers. p. 124. (9) 1419: DeSnitives, p. 124. (10) 1420: Indefinitives. p. 125. 1421: Suilix elE. ekidb. p. 125. Ohapter V :
The Pf'OftOUft, pp. 126-150
1422: Pronominal forms, p. 126. §423: Personal pronouns, p. 126. (A) 1424: First person, p. 126. §425: Various Bhojpurl forms: standard and dialectical, p. 127. 1426: TypicaJ. forma in· other dialeot&, p. 127. 1'27;
Westem BhojpurI, pp. 127.128. §428: NagpuriiL or Sa.dinl, p. 128. §4:29: (B) 1430: The pronoun of the second person, p. 129. 1431: Forms of the pronoun of the second person, pp. 129·130. §432: Typica~ forms in other dialects of Bhojpurl: Northem-Standard BhofpurI, p.130. §4-33: WeeternBhojpurf, p. 131. §4-34: N~apu..wil or &din!, p. 131. §43li: Origin of the· basio forms, p. 131. (C) §-i36: The pronoun of the third ))erson, p. 131. §437: Remote demonstrative, p. 132. The demonatratives:§438: Proximate demonstratives, pp. 132.133. §439: Typi....1 forms L"l other dia'!ects of Bhojpu. .'!: Nor+..h.ern S•.A.nda.M Bhojpurf, p. 133. §4M): Western Bhojpurl, p. 133. §441: Nagpurii or Sadlnl, p. 133. 1442: Origin, p. 134. .§443; The remote dewonj("1ii'iotive: FOi'iiii, pp. 134.1SO. §444: _The typical forms. in other diale~~ !>f Bhojp~~: Northern Standard BhojpurJ. p. 13li. §oMli: Westem Bhojpurl. p. 136. lMe: Nagpurii or Sa.dinJ, p. 136. §447: Origin: The old Bhoj. forma for the i'8Diote dewoDltf.tive. pp. 138.137. §448: The re1&tive Ji:lviiOun: FOI'ID8, p. 137. I"~: Typical f0I'll1" in o~er_ dialects _~~ .Bhojpurl: N~ Standard Bhojpurl. p. 137. §460: Western Bhojpud. pp. 197.188: MOl: Namurii Or 8&dInJ. D. 138. 1462: Old Bhoi; formI: re..tiv~· ~noun •. p,"Ia8. (I') The Correlative ~oun: §4A: Forma of ~atiTe"prcao_·.; pp. IS8.1S9. 1'&': TYPic=! ferm; of Nc.-'J=m Origin, pp. 128·129.
*
DftAILBD OOltTBNTS
ltV
Standa.z:d Bhojpurl, p. 139. §455: Western Bhojpurl, p. 139. §466: Naspuni or Sadinl, p. 139. §467: The correlative pronoun: Old Bhojpurl (""ms, pp. 139-140. §458: Eumplea ohelativeor correiative, pp. i40-j.ji. (G) Interrogative pronoun: §469: Distinction between animate and in. animate forms, pp. 141-14:2. §460: Typical forms of Northern Standard Bhoj~url, p. 14:2. §461: We~~rn Bhojpurl, pp. 142·143. §-I62: Nagpuriii or &dInt, p. 143. §463:. OrIgm, pp. 143-144. §464: Indefinite prOIlOUIi. p. 144. §465. Origin, pp. 144·145. (H) §466.: sab. sabh. p. 145. §467: Origin, ~..145. (I) The reflexive pronoun: §-l68: apinA. apine, p. I·lfi. §469: .Ongm, p. 146. §470: nlJa. p. 146. (J) Honorific pronouns: §471 : Forms, p. 146. §-l72: raurl. raurl, etc., p. 146. §473: Origin, p. 14';. §474: Compound pronouns, p. 147. §475: Pronominal adjecti\'('H, p. U';. §476: Pronominal adjectives of manner or quality, p. 147. §477: Orillill. p. 147. §478: Oblique forms in I. p. 148. -§-I70-: ·Gender. JI~ 14M. §4HU: Pronominal adjectives of quantity and number, p. HS. §UU: Corn'li· ponding forms in Maithiii, p. i4B. §-i82: Origin, I'. i48. §4K:i: ~our(,(,1i ofform-groups of at, et, etc., p. 148. §484: -hat. etc" p. 14H. §·U4G: -nl. p . 149; §486: Forme of mata!!, matln, p. 149. §487: l'rono!uinll! n.dvcrbM of manner, p. 140. §488: Derivation, p. 149. §489: l'ronomilllll adverb of time, p. 149. §490: The origin of be....l. p. 14Q. §401: }'rlJliominlil adverbs of place, p. 149. §492: Origin, p. 100. §"93: Sourl'cR ofthl, hlhl. etc., p. 150. §494: Sources of JI or JI, p. 150. §495: Origin of -than, etc., p. 150.. §-l96: P~nominal adverbs of direction, p. 150. §497: Origin (If fOJ1ll8 enl, etc., p. 150. §498: bar-, p. 150.
Ohapter VI: The Verb, pp. 151-196 §499: (A) Principal Bhoj. roots, p. 151. §500: Primary rooUi, pp. 151-152. §001: Prefixed roots, pp. 152-153. §502: Primary roots and Bhoinurl. n. 153. c· .------.~--.
&503: Modification&.. n. 153. IIJ-------------~.
,&--
----
6504: Primarv mota of .,----
--~---.,
-----
--
causative origin, pp. 153-154. §505: Some examples of thia cl&118 of verbs, p. 154. §506: Sts. roots in Bhoj., p. 154. §507: A number of roots which do not look like secondary. p. 154. §508: SecOndary Of derivative roots, p. 154. §509: Source of -Aw in MIA, p. 155. §51O: Double causative: -wiw, p. 155. 1511: I: I, p. 155. §512: Causative in -Iw, p. II)/). §513: Denominatives, p. 155. 1514: Denominatives in -1-, p. 155. §lH5: Denominative roots from MIA in Bhojpurl, p. 155. §516: Roots without -1-, pp. 155-156. §517: Sanskrit denominatives in ta. or sts. in Bhojpurl, pp. 166-157. §518: Foreign denominatives, p. 157. §519: Compounded and suffixed roots, p. 157. §520: Suffixes, p. 157. §521: Absence of -I. p. 157. §522: Suffix -k-, pp. 157-158. §523: AOix -t-, p." 15ft §J>24: Roots in ' r'. p. 158. 1525: Roots in ' r'. p. 158. §526: Roots in I, p. 158. §627: Roots ill "=•• , p .. 159. §528: Roote in ..c-; p. 159. §529: Clnasifie~tion of onomatopoeti\18, p. 159. 1530: Origin of onomatopoetic roots, p. 159. i531: Onomato1)Oetica in Bhoi .• p. 159. §532: Compound verb formation, p. 159. 1533: -Examples of onomatopoetic verbs i.n Bhoj., pp. 159-160. §534: Roots re~ted, p. 160. 1535: Roots and verbal nouns in Bbojpurl, p. i60. §636: (B) Kinds oi verbs: transitive and intransitive, pp. IS0-UH. §537: Formation of traDSitive from primary intransitive roott', p. 161. §538: TraDSitive verb and its object. p. 161. §539: (C) ~oods.' p. 161. §540: Optative in -J. pp. 161.162. §541: Je, p. 162. §542: Subjunctive mood, p.162. 1M3: Impel'ative mood. p. 162. (D) Voice: §544: Passive, p. 163. fM6: lDftected paasive. p. 163. §546: Old inflected passive, pp. 163-164. §6'7: Inflected paeaive in Bhoj .• p. 164. §M8: Analytical formation oHbe
DBTAlLBD OOlft'Blf'J'S
XVI
pa=ive, p. 164. 1549: Origin of JI~ pauive, p. 164. §MO: The paseive in -1-, p. 165. §551: The -1- passive explained, p. 166. §lS62: Force of I pflo88ive in Bhoj., p. 165. §553: The p888ive·a.ctive coll8truction in Bhoj· purl, p. 165. §554: (E) The tenses of Bhojpurl verbs: simple tenses, compound tenses, pp. 165·166. (I) Simple tenses: §Mi5: The radical, p. 167. §556: Origin of the forms of tho radical p. 167. §557: First person, pp. 167·168. 11"1>8: Second person, p. 168. 1559: Third perSOll, pp. 168·169. §560: 8:>11- in ~eoond a.nd third person, p. 169. 1-561: 8future, p.169. §562: Origin, pp. 169·170. §563: Tho third person singula.r call, caUbi, p. 170. Pa.rticipia.l tenses: §564: (i) Simple paat, p. 170. §565: Past without -I, p. 170. §566: Conjuga.tion of root ydekh, pp. 170-171. 1567: Origh'1, p. 171. §568: First person, p. 171. §569: Second person, p. 171. §570: 'fhird person, pp. 171·172. §571: Past base with -i, p. i 72. §572: Form oi past tense with i- past, p. i 72. §573: 'Ibis refers to momontary action, p. 173. §574: Used conjunctively, p. 173. §575: cal, p. 173.§576: Origin, p. -173. §577: Past base-with Intransitive root: -1, p. 173. §578: Forma, p. 173. §579: (ii)'Simple future or -I; future, p. 174. §580: This refers to future action, p. 174. §581: Origin, p. 174. §582: dekhab, p. 174. §583: Past conjunctive, pp. 174·175. §584: Conditional clause, p.175. §585: Origin, p. 175. §586:Terminations, p. 175. §587: -Ii, pp. 175-176. §588: ~IA present, p. l76. §589: The substantive verb, p. 176. §590: The root aeb or leh, p. 176. §591: Its deriva.tion, pp.176.177. §592: Root: ha, ho, p. i 77. j593: Substantive verb: hai, p. i 77. §594: Forms of the emphatic verb bau!, p. 178. §595: Roots: bo and hokb, p. 178. §596: nalkhi and khe, p.178. §597: Tense·forms of ho, hokh, p. 178~ §598: Affixes of all the persons, p. 178. §599: ho and rah, p. 178. §600: The root rab, pp. 178·179. §60i: Its deriva.tion, p. 179. §602: Iis tense.forms, p. 179. §603: Forms of root rah, p. 179. §604: The fonns of the third person ordinary and contemptuous (singular, pbiral), p. 180. §605: Formation of the past progre.'!!iv6 conjunctive rah. p. 180. §606: Root: bit. pp. 180·181. §607 : Tho source of the root: OIA vrt", p. lSI. §608: Tense·forms of the root in Standard Bhoj., p. 181. §609: The root 'iiiiWi', pp. 181·182. (II) Com· pound or periphrastic tenscs: §610: Progressive tenses, p. 182. §611: Present progre!!ive, p. 182. §612: Form with -at. bAt. p. 182. §613: Thi .. refers to present and future action, p. 182. §614: Present progressive (negative) with -iiiilkhi, p. 182. §615: Past progressiVe, p. 182. §818: F-uture pro· gressive, p. 183. §617: Present progressive conjunctive, p. 183. §618: COntinuous conditional action, p. 183. §619: Past progressive conjunctive, 'D. 183. 6620: Continuous action in the 'D&8t. 'D. 183. §621: Future Dro· greasive conjunctive, p. 183. §622: Conditional progresSive a.ction in -the future, p. 183. §623: Perfect tenses. p. 183. 1624: -ai, pp. 183·184. §625: Present perfect with -bini, -iDl, p. 184:. §626: Difference between Dresent Derfect and simDle 'D&8t. 'D. 184. §a27: Present verfect (ne2ative) With -nalkhl, p. 184. -§628: Put perfect: Ile- with, etc.• p. UK. - §629: Difference. between. put perfect and =im.ple paat. p. 1M. 1630: F-.1ture perfect, pp. 184·185. §631: This refers to some particular time in future, p. 185. §632: Present periect conjunctive, p. iSo. §OSS: T-nis refers to a conditional action ~ the past. p. 185. §634: Past perfect conjunotive, p. 185. §635: Thisrefere to a conditionel completed action in the paet, p. 185. §636: Future perfect oonjunctive, p. 185. 1837 : This refera to • conditional _on to be completed in future, p. i80. §GS8: Vooaiio roots, p. 180. 163th Roots ending in -I, pp. 185·186. §MO: a>h, p. 186. §6'1: Roots ending in I, p. 186. i8'2: Boote ending in •a " p. 186. §643: Roots ending
teIlfI".
y
. ~. in.I."pp. lle-la? .§M': L-r. uIar verbe, p.117. §MIS: The verba vm!r, AIH
DBTAILED CONTBNTS
xvii
'\Ide: etc., p. 187. §M6: Radiral tenae, p. 187. §64i: -lAo p. 187. §648: v'kar, ydhar, p. 187. §&t9: Pdt ten., ilulicut.i\'e mrod in t"lJUlar form, §650: Tense-forms in modem St. Bhr>jnuri, p. IR8. §MI: v'inar~ §652: Present conditional, p. INS. §653: mual3. marab3, p. ISS. §6r'" : via, p. 188. §655: lib, jllb, p. 189. ~6.i6: Tenll('.jorrns oftht' IU'1'Rt'nt, conjunctivo, p. J89. §fJ;'i'i: Th('l infinit.ive: V de~ p, ISO. §6a~: Tl'nK('· forms for the fu' UI\', p. 190. §6,;9: Tt'IlK·!.{o"ms: prt's'mt, cflnditionl\I, fl. 190. §660: dlbit: )lllst l'onditional, fl. 190, (F) Thl'! Pa.rticipll'~: §tSI>1 : The present partit'ipll', p. Ir.O. §66:! : 'fhl' pas' (plllUtiw) pnrti(:ipll', p. 11I0. §663: (0) (',onjl1nctiw.l'. 19t. ~64: Th(' origin of -I, p. IIH. §flO,;: (H) C.•usdivE', 1'. 191. §66ti: lfollollylJ.lLh· prirnitivp nl'utl'r v('rh•. p. WI. §667: C.>gnatl· .!iphthoufo!. p, 19~. §668:' gm.li!' !tml' YTf!hi ',p. HI:!. §!\@: SurvivAl of ori~in:d passive'. p. Hl~. §1l70: Shorl vnwel for Ow inl rUllsi- iw ami long fur the tmIlMiti\'C'. p. l!):? ~(i71: J.o:xl·f'ptknll, )I. HI:!. §07:!: Double c>au8,\t.i\'l\ in Bhoj .. 1'. W:!. §lii:l: Ori~dn, p. 192. §6i4: Simpl.· root wi~h long \·,)wl·l, p. 19~. §6i;"i: Irro~\llarl!. p. I!J:!. §67f1: I>.l\1hll' CCi.U9;1~ive, JJ. lO:t §077: (I; Plt'noniina!iV(aH p. in:,§A7R: J\ffixP!'( -8-, -ya-, etc., to jimn th(! (lcnominativ('s, p. W:I, ~tii!): (.J) V.. rh" I :"\11111111, T'Jl. 193·194. *mm: V(·rhal noull in -abo p. 194. §O~I: (K) Duplil'a\l'cl Verbs, p. !!H. ~6N:!: Ib.. tt! in \llcil'H, p. W4. §6~:l: Vt'rblll nOU'l j,f I'('(·j. pl'Ocit~·. Pl'. Hl4. H);;. §6li4: (L) (!oml'0ulIll vorhM, p. JO!i. §6M!i: ('nmrnullIl verbs quo~I'(1 by Dr. ('h,\U('rji, p. 19;;. §f)/oIli: T.\')"~N IIf ('(Impc unci vl'rhll ill Bhoj.: Xomina:H allli \'('rldlol, P)I. Hl!i·1!IIi. p. 187. p. 188.
('l/(Jpt r r
r II
: .I,/vcrb.q,
)I".
Wi- 100
§68i: OI,.\ !l1111 M JA ullvllriJt!. p. Jfl7. ~fI~nl: Allvl'r"" of t,iIlU:\. fl. )!Ii. §689: IJroiiomiii:d "i(h.~t"rbs. ctliiihined Or ffi'iCat'~'I, p. In7. §fiHn: Itt.,lu.ti\~l· combined wi!h l'olTt'ljponllinJ,{ indefinitt, ad\'Mh, p. 197. §6lH: Allvl'rlJM of p!!!.('o. pp. W7-IOM §092: AdverbH of "HUm('f; p, HJI( §fm:l: Advl'!'b" of number. p. 19M. §69·': Adverbs of qlllLlltity, p. WH. §60!l: Advl'rllM of affirmation Ilnd nq~ation, p. 198. ~69tj: Nouns II lui lI.IljodivCR m. affirmo.tic)ll. p. 198. §697: PC1'8ian I\fl(l Arabit: wordM' aM Ildv('rhK in Bhoj .. p. 19~. §69S: CompoundC'cll\clVt.'rhial phraRolI. p. )90. ~690 : ConjUlll't.iv(·
participle!!, p. 100.
§iOO:
he, e, p. 199.
Ckaptn V III: Conju.nction.,·,
"p.
200-202 1701: Division of Bhoj. conjunctions, p. 200. §702: Co.(mlinAtinJ( conjunctions: Kinds, p. 200. §703.: Cumulative conjunctions. p. 200. §70t: AdverMt.iV(l col1jUll(~tions. p. 200. §70,): Dilljunr.tive cllnjun(·tionH, pp. 200·201. §706: IIIativu conjunctions. p. 201. §707: Suh.nrdin;\t inJ( conjunction II, pp. 201·202.
ellapier IX,' InlerjectifJll, p. 20:. p.
§708: Vocative interjections, p. 203. §709, a, A. blh, hi hA, c-te., ~710: Words of aalutation, p. 203.
~03;
APPBNDICES:
pp. 204-241
Appendix I-Old Bhojnurl Texts and ])oc'umenta, etc., with tmnlllatiol1, pp.~222.
Appendix II-Modem Bhojpurl Texts and Trallldntion, pp. 223-241. Appendix III-Word Index. Fp. 24.1-282.
ABBREVIATIONS A. Ap. As.
Dg. Dh., Dhoj. B., Beng. Br. Be . . • der... E. Beng. E. HincH fro (J. Go . . .
H.
H.C. IA . . . IE . . . Ind. Ant.
JASD. JRAS. K.G. Kh. Boli L.M. or Langue lJarathe
LSI. Lw •.. lI. lIag. Ap. M.D. or M. BenR'. MIA. lIi. .. Xid. Bhoj. Xod. Bhoj. or ~ew Bhoj. !tl .. Nep. N.Bh.
N.D. N. India NIA.
O.
O.D. O.Dh.
ODDL. OIA.
O.P.
O.W.R. Pa. . . Perh. Pel'll. Pen.·Ar. Pk •.. Prob.
R.V.S.
S.
tk. S.Gr. Sk ••• St. Dh.
A--.. Apabluaa\ai.... Azamgarh. Dagheb. BhojpW'r. Bengali. BrajabhRkhA. Danara.•. Derivatioll. Eoat. Bengali. Eoat Hilidl. "·rom. n ujaritl. Gorakhpur .. HindI. Hema Candr". Indo·Aryan. Illdo.Europol~n . Imlian Antiqullry. Journal of th.. AMilui.· SOl'i.·ty of HeIlJl"J. Joumal of the 1(0\,,,1 AMj"til' K()~i('tv rtr C:i'rii; liritniii and Ireland. • . Kablr OranthAwl~U ...dit ...J by Shymn SllIlclar UUM. KharibOb. I.... Jo'onnation de LI\ LlmR'ue ~1.1rRthc·. l,y ., .. lrM IlIneh. Linguistic Sun-py of Indi". Loan wonls. Marithr. MAgadhJ ApabhrlUHIl. )liddle Bengali. .Middle Indu.Aryliii. Xirzapuf. Middle DhojpW'r. Modem BhoJpuri. Nepali. Northent Htandl\rd Bhujpuri. Nepali Di('tionllry. by H. I•. T,mwr. Northorn Indi... New Indo.Aryan. Oriyi. Old UOlIg.,li. Old Bhojpurl. Origin and Dl'".elopnwlIl of n"IIV"" !.IIII II'II"!!,", loy 8. K. Chattf'rji. Old Indo.ArYI.. '. Old PeRian. Old \VCfltorn Hiijn·.r I,,;nl. Pili. Porhapll. P"rtlian. I'e1'llO·.o\rahic. Prilkrit. Probably. Itig Veda Samhit.". Sindhf.
SJran.
t.y n .....""',,·RIU...j ...H. JU.:.-... Seven GralluDars of tho Did,,.·,,, and 8;1),· Di"Il'C't" the DibAr, Lanl1ul1"~, by n ..\. f1rie1"!"".
'Srj.k~J;la.KlrH""II"·,
Saoekrit. IUAndard Bhojpuri.
xix
)
fIr
xx Ste.
Tb. T •• U ......
ABBBBVlATIOlfS 8erni·t&tMma.
Tadbbava. Tateama. 'LTJr.i='7ekti=Pr-..kL-=~&
of DL-nCd&r& P&1}4ita. edited by lid Jina Vijaya Mum. BMralfya Vidyii. number 4. V ......h. Ill...
V.B. W.B.
W.B. W. Lecture. Z.D.M.O.
V~:R;.td"kara of JyotirlAvara.Kavi &kharicirya. edited by 8. K: Chatterii and Babua Miera. 1940. West B e n g a l i . ' . Western Hindi. Wilson Philological Lectures, by R. G. Bhandarkar. Zeitechrift der DeutlChen MorgenlAndilChen 0-11· IK'haft..
S[GNS
>
in the habit of recruiting Bhojpuri aepoys in BengaL (800 William Ir\/jn~: The Army of the In{tian Moghuls, London, 1903, liP. 168-169.) In BengA.i WhN'C Bhojpuris go in their thousands, they are simpi.v l',.Ued •Hindusthini' or merely 'PaScimis', i.e. westerners, in contradistinction to the local people; ana other na.mes accepted equally by Bhojp\1ri !!ojou11lors a·re • Dcswili' and 'Kho~~ii. '. The last is used ,\ little in contempt. NaturaHy, neither the sojourning Bhojp\1ri who is of a humbie rank, llsun.11y going to earn a living in Bengal as a watchman or labourer or a small· tradE'f, nor the Bengali who employs him or with whom he has «le.a.lings; h.as any idea that their speeches Bengili a.nd Bhojpul'l ha.ve a. great deal in common. Both think that the speech of the Bhojpurl is a kind of Hindi or- HincluatbAnJ. particularly', beoaUi& the Bhojpurt if literate is literate in Hindi and not in Bhojpuri as a separate language. It IIhouJd be noted. however. anronoa the term -IWwi.li '. that when t.hey -~;-; ~-c~~t~~t,-~riih-~~; ~u~th;; i~ -Cai~~ti';:';-; ~fBenI&i: they characterize therniielv6i vis-a-vis the Be,.glli&, '~w'll' or • Mulki • and call their language • DcSwilt BOli '-the word 'DeS' and 'Mulk' meaning country. i.e. 'faiiow· countrymen' or 'Compatriots' or 'broth~ from the same s'PCech '. But in this conneotion. it should also be noted that' De8w&li' or 'Mulk" varies in connotati()Jl arid even one Western Hindi speaker addressing another Western Hindi speaker addresses him as 'DeSwill' or ':afujki' and glyes the same name to his ianguage. . 17. In the U1)J)er provinoee. the 1)OOple of BhojpurJ area are sometimes called 'Purabiyi ,- -and- their .I&nguaie 'Purbl balf'. Hobeon-Jobeon (A G!oeea."1 of Colloquial AngIo.Tndian Words and Phraeee 8!"d of Kindred T8l"IU by Henry ''ft Yule and A.. O.___Burnell, _ _ _ _ .&. ____ __ __ '- ___ I_ pp. 724J gives the folIo1ring aOOUf.,:.t"OOruu· ana ··ruorueaa· ;. .
otherpa$
~_1J
~on
'L ___
.t
~
'''I_~...1I'''''
INTRODUCTION
xxvii
'In upper India, the term means uauall,v Oudh, the &narw division ...nd Bihar. Henoe Poorbeea (Pl1rbiyA), a man of those countriea, was, in the days of the old BongAI army, or-ten used for It Rt'poy. the majority btainJ( rocruited in those provinces.' Thus it will he 8e('n that tht' • PurabiyA' and' Purbi bOil' will include tht' people of KOMIa (Awadh) and the-ir language. In fallt, the term •Purabiyi' is indefinite, vague and relative. It is the modern collnterpart of the term 'Prieya' found in the Br&hmanii.s and in Ql'et'k writers (as Praaioi) to· indicate Easterners (i.e. people to the east of t.he- •MadhYI"I_' in general). Even the inhabitants of Ko4a1a call the people of BihAr' Plirabiyi , which tht'ly themselv('s arc t; wh~' replaced the Bhojpurr idioms and phras('s by t.Iw Panjibi Ollt'" or it may be due to his association with the PanjibI saints. AeC'Clrtiing to I);ls, t.hl· latter is mainly responsible for it.. nut t.he fifllt callse I«'f'm" to hn.vlI btllln more potent. What had happened to Kabir's language, I!x:~ctly the Harne thing lu.ppcncd to the I"nguage of Buddha who WM born about t.wo LhllllsILnd years before Kabir. Sylvain Levi in a very important articln in the Jourrud .48iatique, 1912 (' Sur une Langue Pre-l'anoniqlU' Ilu BOUlltlhiMrne '), (ifllt. Muggested that behind Pili of the Southern Buddhists which ill MIIPI)(ISI,d to be the oldest Buddhist canon, there was another CiiiiOfi in tho nriginnl ('astern dialect of the Buddha himself, tr.Lc..e3 of which in words and f"rmil are seen to survive below the current Pali text. Pili ill g(!m~ra.1 hWi midland or western affinities but these eastern form" are the J'('lics of till' originlLI • Buddha-vacana '. This point has been also demonstrated by H(linrir.h Ladera (,Bruchstacke Buddhistischer Dramcn', Berlin, 1911, pp. 40, 41). . The same has happened in the case of Ka.bir also. We know tha.t hl! was not an. educated man. Naturally he had no option buL to compose ill his mother tongue the 'Bauirai-boll' or dialec:t of his IlILtivc town UanAr&H. This Baniras speech, i.e. Bhojpurl of tho day, WaK a provincial dialcd lacking the prestige of both '~raja-bhikhi ' which had inhcriu,d the trll,ditieJII of Sa.uraseni Apabhram~a, as well as of the newly developing' KharihOli' which was the Indian language current in the Muslim court. For intelligibility in the tracts to the west of the Bhujpuri area whore Kabir'l; message spread, Braj and KharlbOli were more suitable than Bhojpuri. Cor.eequentIy it was necessary t.o have ICabir'e ·'P"ADJI' and '8fikh.ilt r.~· written in Braj or Kharlbolt or in a mixture of both, so that from Western Paniib to Bengil and from the HimilaY.LQ slopes to Gujarlt and Mii.lwii and -in further Bouth, the teachings of the saint -coul,1 spread. This translation into 'Braj' and 'KharlbOll' could be caai1y done by changing thr iorma oi the words a bit here and there. It is a.Iao equally likely that Kabir himself as a •Sidhu' who had wandered a lot would be knowing the speeches of the west, viz. 'Braj'. • Kharlball', as well as 'KaDlI', and he himself wrote in these speeches. Both the alternatives are equally likely. But considering that in the text as printed from a MS. of 15(M by 8ylm Sundar Dis, we can see quite transparently Bhojpurt forma below the surface of •Braj " 'KaMli' and
=
'.Kha.w!b61I' like eastern for!!!! ....Iow the su...wface of P!ii, it mOf8 libl,· that thefirat alternative wae largely the case. • Below are given a few' eumplea from the above •Kablr GrantbAwall' of DAs which go to 8upport the above statement:<eI) The noun 8tem in Bhojpurl baa generally two form8-one short and one iong. Such furm8 are fuund in this book, e.g. khlbhawl (line 13, p. 94) pauwl (II 14. p. 96) pabarawl (.. 13. p. 96) .... a .. a....& .................
I". _ \"
.614I,},_
lnQ\
&VOI
khBtI!BwI . (II la, p. !!2) rabatawl ( II .l2. p. 165) (6) The verb in the • Past Tense' in Bhojpurt haa -al, -ale, etc. This is "Iso 'found in many places in_ihis edition, e.g. (ij juliihitJ t&iil bunl pAra na pAwala, t.he weaver could not weave (line 14, p. 104). (il) trlQul)a rablta phala ramt hama rlkhala, I kept the fruit which is beyond thnx,t>lements (line 14, p. 104). (iii) nl hama jlwata nl:l m6wlli (muwali?) mlhll neither I am .. among the alive nor among the dead (line 19, p. 108). (iv) plpl para1~ Jlhl abhlQi, the sinner got (became) unfortunate (line 17, p. 132). (e) The third person singular future verh in Bhojpurl ends in -Ihl. Th(l following are the examples from the above book:(i) .harl ~arlb" (marlbl?) tfUl hamah6 marth" (marthl ?). if God will die. I will alao die (line 21, p. 102). (il) tdrl 8wldl bl...,. rasl bablb~ (bahl~I?) naraki paAJ panl rima na kabl~ (kahlhi the five sensea will flow towards woridiy enjoyments. They wiU go to heil, but will not utter the name of'Rim' (line 13, p. 134)_
n.
That with least efforts, the poem8 of this, edition can be restored in Bhojpurl also proVeIS that moat probably the I)riginal Bhojpurl forms were repiaced by ihe forms of a William diaiect. In the foHowing exampie, a.t ftrat, the poem &8 printed in the Nigari Pra.c-iriij.i edition will be given and then the restored Bhojpurf version. The restored forms will be given in brackets:-
ltui
IlftBODl1O'1'IO:M
iaraki parake eaba (JlgatArt). hama dbarl cOra (puaraI6) hi rima. tin! (HbalC) bini (Hball). (UbaI6) goc)a kl paOwl. Ita uta dtawata katbawana (llhall). mlc)a calawanl c)ailwA h6 rima. 'I am tiJed of weaving, yet I am not relieved of it. In the southtlftl direction, when the dog barked I thought of the auspicious moment. I found all the children awake, 80 I slept away as a thief. I took tho weaving instruments (tIDI and bIDI) and the sandale of my foot. Whit., looking here and there, I took the brush that rubs the starch.' . Besides the above authentic edition of Kabrr, there are others also in which we find the Bhojpuri element more prominent. or such ones. tho Benglll edition of Prof. ~itimohan Sen of Sa.ntinikctan is pre.emincnt. In fact, the' nirguna' songs of Ko.brr arc so popular in Bhujpurl area thllt -t:ven the illiterate people remember one or two of them. f15. Dharam Die was another saint of the line of Ko.blr, wlio also composed poems and songs in Bhojpuri. We know not,bing Vl~y dennite about him but it is said that he was 0. disciplo of Kahlr and survived him by fifteen years. Some of thc poems of Kahir have oo('n add1'e88Qd to Dharam Die and thil} clearly proves his connection wit.h Kahir .. The bciok •Dharam Dis jl ki Sabdiwali' was published by the Belvl'url of Shihibid also 'Ii', locative in .ml: .al•. ·ab· and not .Ii., .Ib.; verbal noun in -al-. " "
a
§30.
When precisely the split of ~ii.gadh! Apabhram.4& into
8.
western,
a. central and an eastern group had bec~me accomplished, it is very difficult to determine. As already stated, when Hiuen.TsanJl came to eastern
India' (first half of the seventh century),· it seems there was not much difference between ).f-Ag~J.h8n as spoken in it-s own home (south Bihir) and in Bengil. But the Apabhro.msa. stage was one in which IA was sh"dding off most of its old affixes, when old inflectional system was fast disappearing out of existence. New· affixes and postpositions were coming into prominence in the decJensi.on of the noun, and the temporal and finite use of the participles was established for the verb. A few of these were already to be found in l\fii.ga.dhi Apa.b....ra.m~a. of the seventh centw7, the common source of all modem Migadhan languages. But as the modem Migadhan ianguages show, each iocai form of iate Migadhi ApabhramSa, in the Bhoil>uri tract. in Mitilili, in Mage.dha, in Beng;il. in Orissa. solved more or les8 independently its own needS in the eighth-to"eleventh centuries A.D. This period was one in w}olch the language was in a formative 'fluid' state in a.ll Aryan India; this was roughly a period when the different characteristics of Mige.dhan dialects were in all probability manifesting themselves but were not as yet fully established; -when the dialects stin looked back to the past to second MIA and the NIA cha!'8.c!.cristics were but in the process of formation. §31. The vocabula.ry of any NIA la.ngu.a.ge may with slight modifica.· tions to suit local conditions be divided into the six main sources that have been traced by Dr. Turner as contributing to the formation of the Nepali language (Introduction to the Nepali Dictionary. pp. xivff.). So far as Bhojpw.'"1 is c-onC&ued, these cla.ssmca.tiona would be as follows:-
(1) Worde of original St. or Indo~Aryan origin coming th.PQugh !Ii slow process of linguistio evolution through the MIA stage. (2) Words comJllon to many NIA languages but not traceable to that earlier source. (3) Words borrowed at one time or another from other NIA dialects. (4) Sanskrit words either in original or in modified forms to suit the phonological peculiarities of Bhojpuri. (0) Words of non.Aryan Indian origin. (6) A certain number of foreign words-Perso.Arabic, Turki, Engiish and other European. Out of these six classes (1), (2) and (4) would respectively confirm to the fcldblaotItJ, dUi and ftJI8tJmtJ classifications of the native MIA gramma· rians. The modified Sk. loan words may be equated. to the. 'semi·tal8GmCl' eiemenis according to European scholars. Of the various groups of words, the It.IIIbICIt7CI constitute the most ~ponderating elements in Bhojpurl. This is mostly due to the fact that
.;.!0lr:~ :~b~='~~!~ ~;ot been cultivated for ~
DeBi wo..-da have not been studied properly in the Indo-A.aT-n etymology,
IlCTBODUOTIOJ(
xlv
Quite .. number of such words oogin with a cerebral sound and many with .. palatal in NIA speeches. Such words nre not 1I11l'Ommun in Hhojpllrl: moreover we find many onomatopoetic words and jingics in BhojpllrI. This is also a characf.:) slightly rounded as in the name of the letters 11 (k:>:)... (kh~:). etc. (b) In monosyllabic words when followed by quiescent lora. very much rounded a.nd long, e.g. (tl Cj':;:10. you su). (tl 8G:sG, you laugh). etc. Short (:» is found in the diphthong (:)0). e.g. (8:)On). who. besides (8AwAD). so. (b9D.), who, besides (JuWAD). It..,=: .-...
,,,..\ 1",,\ \,.." \V/·
Theae are represented by~. (0:) and (0) are a little lower than"the cardinal (0). Besidea. abort (0) would appear to be advanoed midway between the back and the oentral positions. The lips are rounded to a greater extent than in the oaae of (:) but 16i!ii5 than in the Oiiiia of OiN--dinal (0) or Bengali (0). The opaning between the jaw are uarrow. Both • fOQlld in alJ poaitiona. . ~P1ee:-(o:ab). mean; (o:ra:). basket;. (o:tb).lip: (80:r). feet; (8011'), fair complaioni (80:8&1'). an inaeot; (ubo:). he aJaoi (08AI'1l:),
:=; b--~
~.=)'ID-:,n"':~~::~:)km'd :,wa~~~::5:
pc!a;, . .
-
-
PHOlOTI08
7
tHo (u:) (u) (ti). These are represented by ~, ... Tne Bhojpurl u- sounda present a parailei to the i· sOlmda. The position of (u :) is somewhat lower th6ll the cardinal (u) and a bit advanced also. Short (u) is lower than long (u:) and tends a. bit towards tho oontral. The lips are rounded. but the rounding is not 80 prominent as in the easo of oaidinal (u) or Bengali (u). Very short (6) has very ncar tho same position of the tongue as (u:, u). from which it differs in making the lips less rounded and more advanocd towards the mouth. The opening between the jaws is narrow. This vowel is a tense one. Short (u) cannot be used finally. whilo very short (ti) dOOR not occur in initial syllablea. Exarnples:-(u:khl). sugar.Mlle; (u:rJd). a kind of pulse; (du:dft). milk; (lu:lh), an arrnlet18 man; (ba:lu:), sand; (na:u:), harbor; (ukha:w), a ,field of sugar· cane ; (udfla:r). debt; (u",a :r). dC811rt(.'ti; (senur). vermilion;· (sAsur). father.in.law; (sa:s6). mothur.in.law; (a:81). today; (la:r6). a kind of 8weetml'n.t. There is a half.long (u.) which is optionally used for both (u: • u). Thus (u.the). (let him) rist!; (su.te) (let him) slt.'Cp. etc. §47. Nasalized vowels excepting (8&). An tho vowels excepting those given above can also be no.saJized.
In the articulation of the na.salized vowels. the tonguo is raised higher up than in the ca.se of tlic colTCflponding non·no.salized onos. Tho nasalization is due to the eaMping of the air through tho nose. (I:) -(1:tl). briok; (sl:llftl). horn; (sl:kI), a straw; (me:ftl:). thin. (I) -(IkArI). small pebbics; (slkAri:) chain. (-I) -(bl:ft,... I). arm. (I:) 4~I:r), the upper pa.-1i of the sugariicane;
toha:r 'ma:l: 'ka: dfftl: (WAat will your moCAer gift t)
••
. . ""
toAa:r 'ma:l ka: clW
(Will J'01Il' ..... sift 1)
20
THB OBtGIN AND nBVlILOPJIlIINT OJ' BBO.JPUB!
•
-
ra:m ke bJla:i: k;,tA8At bAr (How big is Ram's brother!) (== ordinary query)
•• ra:m ke 'bfla:i: k;>tAR-\t bAr (How big is Ram's brotherl)
• ra:m ke biia:i: k;,tAiiAt bAf (How big is Ram's brother!)
Excla.matory sentences end in a Jow tOlle:-
aft kAi'sAn sun:Ar (Ab, how lovely I)
§79. A normal Bhojpuri sentence consisting of more than one sensegroup has an intunation curve of this type-
•
•
•
•
•
In.quick matter-of-fact speech, however, the general pitch is very low, rendering the intonation of the sentence· rather monotonous. But under emotion ther-e is s4-eat viW.-iety of pitch. Typical C&Ses----
•
•
ba:kl 'flAb dukll ke eao 'Ant ba: (But to every sorrow there is an end.)
,eAb Ita: 'Di:k DAikhe 'la:QAt
(It.does not strike as nice to everybody.)
•
..
hAmni ke 8&0 'PA041t r.AlA1e .
(We had a Pao.\Iit: Iit., for-us OJl8epenon JIfIIIIIi' wu.)
CHAPTER II
OIA AND MIA VOWEL';;; IN BHOJI)VHI FINAL VOWRL8
§SO. All final vowels of OIA when they occurrt'd singly whether tlll'Y were IODg or short became weak in NIA mul havll mOl'ltly droppml ~lIT. But somo languagC's liko Sinc1hi and l\-Iuithill still pn-'SI-'rVII tral'r'M of tlll'm and Oriya. appears to have pn'!lervl'ti Un'ln intuct "\"1'11 now t·lmll/.!11 ClIII~' as ..hort I'louncil'l. Eastern Hindi /\lui wpst...·rn Hinlii hoih :'pllt'ar tn imvl' retained thcm in full up to tho sevonteenth l'l·ntllr.'".ln BC·lIgiUt. howl·n·r. finallow~ls appea·r to havt:~ bc~n ('ntirl·ly drnppf·rJ ofT as !'a.rty u,!'t tit., fift:!,!,!!. h cNltury (ODBL., §148). In Bhojpuri th,'y I\n' 'Ill th" way of flisllPII(·:lrltlll'.' but fr MIA -a > Bhllj. ,,; lik" Hindi. B'·IlJ..(iilt unci A"'lmtn.,,.I· and unlike Oriyii. final (-a) 111\'01 disappeared in HhojplII·i.I':x.llnplc·H 111'1' numerous, ouly 1\ f.·w Rfl' giv('n I,.·low ; ahir" < iihhirrl, mwll (e.) th..~ugh the influence of words like lakh, alakh, etc. (c) OIA .i, ·1
§86. The vowels .'. I when final are as a rule only half-pronounced in the dialect of Ballil. It does not mean that it is absolutely Irilent but that it is barely.audible. But in the dialect of Baniras. these have elided, e.g. (Balli!) knot < gra'l'J.\i alth! (Baniras) glth < (/f'tIn.thi (Bo.lliij Bahini < bilaginiica sister (Bani.ras) babla < bhagin, (Ballii) . sattarl seventy & fullowl!11 by ont' ('OnSI)IlILIlt. remain, c.g. khur (k,ura), hoof; purln (purtUana), old; eua (uulvik,t), nJ"{l(',Il-nut; bhOt (bkUmi), earth; churl (1c.,urikd), knifc; kOwilr (hmara); gOh (gitAa), night-soil; dhGbl (dkruva-), seedling of roots; JOI (ciyUta-), gambling; putU (MIA puUi-, OlA putikfi); sugi (Auka-;, parrot; N. upls (upavti&a), fast.
e.g.
1102.
OIA and MIA initiall,l1 before two or more consonants remain,
khad (i:,uciraj, amaii pariicies; dubar (ciurbala) , weak; silt (81iira) , thread; vukbar- (MIA V uklcho4-) , to pull; uJar (u}.Jtrala) , bright; yur (MIA vuf4a) , to fly; Vpuch- (MIA 'V'yuuh). to uk; calbl (eulli), oven; Vbujh- (budhya-), to undentand; dn (ct1rpa), powder; ypat- (tn4ya-), break; VjuJh- (yudhytJ-). to fight; ean (1i31/G). void; PUD (pu"ya).
TBlI ORIGIN AND DBVlt.LOPJIlIl(T OJ' BBOJI'UBI
1103. Through absence of accent long u in Bhojpun beOOiiieii ilion i as dildh but dOdhmOhl, Buckling; cOn but cOnawatl, lime-cue; ild but tdbUlrJ; ott.er. " l initial and ·in initial '1IUablu §104. (e), (e) < MIA (e), OIA (e),. (ai), (ay), before one consonant are retained, e.g. khep (~epa), load; khil {MIA khela) , p"'y; dlw-..r (dewY;;;), husband's younger brother; celi (MIA *cella-), disciple; clrl (ceIi), maidservant; ber (veid), time; egiirah (*earaha, OIA eict.ida.fa); stB. tij (tejan), lustre; sts. bhes (vela), dress; ta. phen (pkena), foam. ~re
§105. (I), (e) < MIA 'e', OIA e, ai, ay before two or more consonants retah-led, e.g. khet (kfetra), field; bit (vetra), cane; sethI (MIA Bettki-, OIA Ar~;"in.), merchant; jith (jye~), cIder; dekh (MIA ~kka), to see; bhera (bhedra. *bker!4.), ram; genA (ge7".du...1oa- ¥..L>\' ge7J.t/.u). ball; desi pet (MIA Mta), belly; Itni (MIA ettia), so much; hethl (MIA keUka.), below; sej (MIA 8ejja.), bed.
§106. The (e) is as usual long in monosyllabic. words but owing to reason of ac~nt in polysyllabic words, its quantity is reduced, e.g. . jlth Dut jitha6t; dlkh Dut dikha6khi; khit Dut khitwibi, dis but dlsllntar. In KharibOli, there is no short~. Therefore e > i in Kh. Balf, e.g. biji, daughter; but bittyii, daughter; dlkliaDii, to see; but dlkhitDii, to show. iJ) 0 initial and in iniCial '1IUableB
§107. OIA and MIA iJ, ,; remain in Bhojpuri before one consonant but there is usual shortening through reason of accent, e.g. kosi (ko,a.), a stone-pot; i10ril (gorujla), cattle; ghGeJi (gMfa-), horse; korl (krol!a), lap; gGsl1 (goavamin), saint; gohl (godAtlma), wheat: kon (kana). comer: VDOS- (VfJ08ava·). to rear UP; thor (8toka+4a),llttle; 'kolU (kOkila), cuckoo; j61 (yojitci) (Turner), wife.
1108. On a.ccount of accent 0 > (6) in. BhojpurJ, e.g. gborl but gbormiibl, horse-mouthed; gobG but gohiil, wheatish. §109. OIA and MIA iJ, 0 before two or more consonants remain, e.g. Aor (MIA g0l/4a), foot; oth (0fIIuJ), lip; goth (gofpaa), assembly; 40m (domba) a iowcaste; boi (MiA bolla), iune; got (goim), irinsma.nahip; deli 83r (MIA g~), a non-Aryan tribe; 80phl (MIA goppAa), cave, of. gumph{j,;· jot4 (yokCm.), yoke; 4hol (MIA tP&oUa). drum ; pothi (MIA poU1'oaa), book. §110. On a.ccount of accent, 0> 6, e.g. Air, a caste, .but A8ra1t, watchman; 4om, a caste, but 46m1hlujl, noise by 4oms. 1111. In MIA there has been a good deal of interchange between • t ' <d ',' <d ~ween 'u' Imd '0' before double OOllll()lllmta: ~y; it ia the opener BOund, i.e. ',' and '0' whiCh p1'8'f&iled. Bhojpurl aho.... tbe .....ct.. of this kind of M".aA. char.ga, 6.g. .
OIA elWIn. iiiii MIA eAiddG
>
~
>
Blaoj. chid, holo; OIA of d~r
oriain eilll4 '"> -MIA .t.mfa '"> OB tenlali (ns in littl.idll '> AI.B. Qlul. - - - 0 - - - - - - - - ----- - - - - - -...,...-- - - - - - - - - - ,,--- - - - - - - - - - . - - , ------. Bhoj. tit-Iil, tiiwarind; fiii{iloriffl > TKJUl;a;:.a Bhoj. p6kharA, -----~
p6kharl. pond, etc., muw/a>· morula> m6r. h(~nd of the street, possibly connected with dMi root iiiuf. to twist Or turn. • flr8pG
>
gikic..An.
>
til ____ • _ _ _ _ _ ...... 11.. _ _ _
~
pMMG-
~
aGel!. ~L
_~
whial[er. .... L . . L _~
__ '_
poIMCI- ;> DOO". pOlO., oooK.
CHArorvrBR IV
VOWELS IN THE INTERIOR OF WORDS §112. "Elision of vowels in the middle of worda through abaence of stress occurs sooradicallv in the earlier forms of I.A.. C.Il. 8Umf'1l4 "> 8tHJrna. gold! (ODBL., §167.) When old Bhojptll'i starved like other NIA lLwtgu&g88J int8&~or vowels, it may be presumed, were fully pronounced. But as in most other IDA, throu~h absence of stress. unstressed vowels in the 'Proximitv of stressed ones, -which were not vowels in contact, inclined to be dropped off. In BhojpurJ; i..'lt-erior syllables cannot be said t.o have been wholly elided as is tho case in BengalI. In Bhojpuri there is not the dimctristie habit which characterizes BengAli as noted by Dr. Chatterji (ODBL., §167). Thus pii4al, mad, is a word of two syllables in modern Benglli and pigal+fem. affix i == pilgU, a word also of two syllables. But in Bhojpuri it will be plgal and pillalJ. But Kh. Boll in similar cases dropped the interior consonant entiroly and L~ a number of words mid forms in Bhojpuri, where the inte...-ior vowel is absent, we have to assume Hindi influence. Moor tho ioss of a finai vowei, interior voweis in three-syllabie words were not disturbed, e.g. kalam, ·pen, baradh, ox, etc., but when the word got an extension by an addition of suffix, the interior vowel was weakened and dropped in many rose!!. In long word!! of fonr a.nd more syllables, particularly compounds, an unaccented interior vowel which generally in a compound is in the last syllable, the first clement is similarly dropped off if that first element does not end in a long vowel, e.g. v
- - - .
- g .
-
-
-
••
A
a
dhar~na
< d".ara'!J.a-,
sit-down strike; ka!m!
BineJI and Bhoj. kill, bar; Beag. ial4, diaJeotieal Beug&J.1 b6r. . -
.uaawra.
=
of
"',la
( 30 •
VOWBLS IN OONTAC1'
31
§127. In early Bhojpuri like Bengali and A88&JIl888. it may be aaaumed. there muat have been diphthongization as the principal modo of contraction of c-ontact vo,,-e;ls. But unlike Bt"ngAli Rnd AssIilDCSC, tlwt\, has not been much contraction of theat' vowels which an!' gt'ncrally k('pt separate in the language. So that there are t,,'o treatments of theso in Bbojpurl. viz. (a) Where \"()~,:>Is arc kept scp1uatc from cnch other by euphonic glides -y-. -w-. (b) Where ·there is 110 ~uphonic glide audiblo; th£'80 lIllly bcCtlllll' diphthongized and only in Il few iustllUcos furtlll'r contrlH't it III of these diphthongs bnpllt'n.
In those cases "'hero the st'cond elC'!n!'tlt· of tllt~ jludvrtt,a' group is i and u and if in such a cnse tho first cll'mlmt of till' IZrlltI}l rocciv('s atrt·NS, the second elemcnt i u becomes wookelled in moclt~rn Hhojpuri Ime! ""0 get'what are virtually diphthongs at, aw nnd in tho dilllecf of B'Uli\r;l8, which, it must be said, prefers a more lnx pronuncilltion. ay ane! aw nrc found, e.g. O. Bh. Kana. baijhala > in t.he diaiect of uaiiia. gaii. baithai but in Bana.ras gall, bait hal or gayl, baythai. So Ballui. ciur, BlLluLrlla j
ciwar.
§128. The Sk. diphthongs ai and au still retain the i and 11 elements intact and in the phonetic feelings of the standlLru Bhojpuri speakers these are never contracted sounus or monothllngs sucb RS, for example, in western Hindi in which ai and au approach tho )4~lIgliHh sound of 'a.' in 'hat' and 'man' and the 'aw' in 'law' respcctivoly. Th" Bhojpurl value being a+1 and a+u according to the rhythm of the speech: in other words, Sk. ai and au are either split up ioto a-I, a-u or lire retained &8 diphthongs I\i. and 0· §129. The vowel group ai, all in both ta. and tbs., however, can be contraoted into diphthongal sounds 1\#. IUl if the word takes.a vowel affix at the end and words with al all no longer end in a consonant, ('.g. u bacimis i maun' hOKe mlUinibibi banai bi, that scoundroi has taken up the vow of silence and has become a revered saint who does not spC!lLk (as the sign of his spiritual progress); 'caU' ml log 'c-.JtI' glwell, .in the month of 'Caitra' people sing 'caitii.' song.
and 'w' glides in a number of Bhojpurl words. ''1' glides in Bhojpurl:narljar (Mrikela), cocoanut i altlr (Argala), jackal i klylrl (keddrU:cI). flower beds; dl;1 (diba < dipa), lamp; kajar (kcleara). tvlward.: rat (raj), a title: <jlt8 (jivali), lives; bitt (t1tUa-), wind ~_ i Ini;i (maid), mother; plylri (priya-1earikii). dear i bltl 0,
e.g. bbldo (bhaddatlaa, b1uidrapada-), a month; kino (* kandai71a, kad· dama, kardama). mud; dino (* fl-iliawa, dcinava), demon. (ii) The groups l£i. M. ita with intervening glide Vi
beca.me
a in Bhojpuri., e.g.
y in late MIA
inAr (indriigllru) , well; ste. upis (upavI;8a). -fast; anhAr (andhakiira), darkness; bhujill (bhuja-ptllika.), a dagger; I1Aras (ga'P4apiila), an instrument made of iron; k~,ta.iri (1cort'\iigtJril«;,), storekeeper; juiri· (dyu,ta.Mrika) , gambler; barlt (vara.yaWd) , marriage party.
A large number of disguised compounds in -ir come under this, e.g. bhi4Ar (bMrtlflgl4ra), store-house; kohir (kumbha.ktira) , potter j camiir (carma.kara), shoe-maker j iohir (~.i:ara), bia.cksmith; sonir (8!lar~la.kara), goldsmith. (iii) MIA at> I. the affix for the verb 3rd person (conditional) -I (.ai,-ati). In script the two elements are written separately, but in actual pronunciation a diphthong exists, e.g. dekhi (* tlekhai), (if he) sees i cali (calai), (if he) walks; parhi (paiAai), (if he) reads.
(iv) a.u > d, the e.1!ix for the verb 3rd pe..P!On (i'lYlperative) : caUl (calau). p;o; dek.h6 (deJ:hau) , see j kar6 (kaf't.It.L) , do; eyre (c1tci.t!4a1&u), Of. carya 50 ccM4u'. (v) The late MIA groupe ae > a! > I : tl (.", < tm,a+.,na), you; ml (. mel
I, e.g. 11~1 (·ltJUhitJ- e ltJI,Ailcti), ~tick; mimi (* t'IIdm.ihi), aunt;
rlrl (. ere:'J4ia. < eratl{l.ktJ). castor-oU seed; aberl (late Bk. dk1aqiktJ), hunter.
(viii) lUi. lUi (liu, lili) becomes ii in Bhojpurl, e.g. dO::! (* tI.ur.a- < dvir-r.a-), twiue: bllukld ($ bAIi.Ai < W+ikd < bubhuA:,d), hunger.
* bhuk-
> ii in Bhojpurl, e.g. iorn (. g6nt.tJ-. < gOrUpa), cattle;
(iz) MiA ua. lia
bacharil (* bachar1UJ- < t'OUaniptJ-). calf; aabbarii (garbka.rilpa), young; meharlril (ruaA"!;rilpa-). wife; patharii (. PtJllha-riia-) , calf of a buffalo.
(x) MIA ea.
> e, e.g.
cbln! (cAi1,I.id < ckedtJnihi), chisel.
> 0, e.g. thorA (8t6ktJ+-4a). little.
(xi) 080
TBuTJIBNT 01'
OIA
r
§134,. '~'Jle sonant r coun1ieO as a vowel In SansJuIt. grammar dill. appears in Pk. &8 in Pill. The BengAlI and Hindi (NAgan) alphabetH poaaess f as a letter of the alphabet and it-e common pron!!!1cia.tion is rio In Bhojpuri documents r is written as rl because in Kaithf character, in which these documents have been written, there is no r. This 'ri' vlLlue for r is found all over northern India, but in the south including tho Oriyii and Marl.tbI tn.ota, the pronunciation is •ru' • What W&8 the exact pronunciation of r in OIA is very difficult to 8ay. but it is certain that r was not pronounced a.s 'ri' as it is nowadays. It was a IOnant fricative used a.s a vowel and ita pronunciation appeara to have been the same as tJle sonant r in some Slavonio languages, e.g. 'srb'. The Iranian and the old Persian preserved r without any vowel. But in Aveat.a.n. at leaat in orthography. r" oro. This last type of form,
~ fn~ ;:m~h;::l=i:r~ 7~~i~i~;:~i :~r:r-::~~; .Tnat. Mf"n_ thA Mt&bliahment of MIA. OIA r a.s vowel took UP the pMp oi;;'th;;-~~;;'l-~-;'nd-;'-t:',-u or and in-MIA normally it is
.. '01'ft'_
0
!hie vowel which prevailed and r
was ~~la~ or w~ d1"?p~,. (~I! a few cuea the l' was ntained. howevel', irubbedtJ - ",veda, nBaOlla De810CII WtJ6AcJ. etc.) Dr. Bloch after an examination of the AAokan inscriptions and the litfnry la.ngaagee on tbi8 decidee that r developed in the south· west as CI and in the D01'th and eut .. i and u (Blooh: §30; Turner: Gujritl
Phonology, 112) •
•
THB OBlGIN .6.ND DBVBLOl'MBNT OJ' BBOJPURI
BlIt o~.ng to the great intermingUng of d.i.&lec"va, it c&""ct be definite.. ly said which of the above threefold treatments of r is a characteristic vowel of a particular dialect area in modem times. In the instances aiven below, all the threefold treatments are illustrated in modern Bhojpuri: (j) OIA ·r· > ·a- in IDA. In some cases ·a- > .ii.- in NIA through compensatory lengthening, e.g. kacahari (/crtya·urka), court i Klnhi (Krltl4-), Lord Krishna i Die (nrtya) , dance; mitl (mrUik.), earth; b'r (vrta·), a fig tree; basahi (vr,abka. f.la8aka.), a bull; karl (kala' < krta). (il) r > MIA .j. > NIA .i., but sometimes i also either through com· pensatory lengthening or through stress, e.g. I1biw (ghrta), "hee: I1hfn (gkrtUi), contempt: pithf (pr,tha), back; - bichl (vrAcika." Bcorpiori-: ititi(naptrka), grandson-;- slgl(Arnga ), horn; slyer (Arufila), jacka!; gidh (gr,Mha), vulture; e!kar {ernk(k)ala, Ir1ikd·), chains.
(iii) ·r· > MIA ·u· > NIA ~U" but sometimes ii also either through compensatory lengthening or through stress, e.g. bOrh (vrddka), an old man i riikh (* vrukkk < (vrk,a), tree; sune (sj'twti), hears; muwal (mrla.aUa), to die. '
NASALIZATION
01'
VOWBLS IN MIA
AND
NIA
(I) Final dn'U8vara
§135. OIA anusvara and final ·m both became anusvira in MIA. In Apabhrarill§a ·m became a mere nasalization of the preceding vowel. This finaJ. nasalization still &ih,-iVes in some of the l\1JA lang"uagas like Gujritf and Marii.thl but it does not feature in Bhojpuri. It is also absent in its Migadhan sister Bengi.iI. OIA aDusvii.ra was just a nasal continuation of a preceding vowel so that 'Ii was reallyac1, i was ii. In MIA this nasal continuation Qeveloped into a full nasal80und a • (it), a Jf (m) or a If (n). In OIA the anUsvira cha.nged to a olass nasal, when it preceded a. stop or aepirate: aIlUlvAr& could occur only ba-fore y, 1',1, W, §, I, e and in Vedic suoh anU8vara had a special pronunoiation which is recognized in Vedic by a. special letter ~ or (~). 'rne Prikrit pronuncia.tions of lIIIo.nna.,.S ..a.
f t A .........~
IIIIoJ~GoA.,.
.f..GoMAd In
nT A.
Tn Wln~A..n Tn,.1la. •.n.'Ia""I:..... ~.
P~~~~~~';-1F (6)i;''B;~il.-1f·(n)fu· no;th;-~I~;U;-g;~~;.ny ~ci
if
(m) in sout.h TntJflL. :8A1ore hand w whioh ohanged to b. ILDUllvi!'8 became generally a\ and m respeotively, (e.g.) Bhoj. sts. slAh (~) romanized as 'singh'. and saniid ior sammtU - sambtU == Sk. sarhtHida. Moreover in BhojpurI there is no survival of an earlier pronunciation of anusvira like the- pron'Unciation of the equivalent of SaDakrit tJtJrMa, in the Oriyi the. ba,'Ua as quot.ed by Dr. Chatterji.(ODBL. 1175).
OT A . §188•. ej.. DaaaIs before stops-aDd aspirates have beoome a uauJiza· tion of pre"'!'dfDg vowel in standard BengIII and Hindr, e.g. J'dka > plk, MIA !l..lLII&m inherited from
3·
VOw.L8 Ilf OOll'1'.A.O'r
mud; . . > cfIe. _th. Caloutt. Bengill 16 - Gtn6ca _ cI_ra. mango; HindlIbcI, eto. But in Bhojpurl there haa been an Mlimilation of the following r..op 01' ioiipii'iote with the preoeding na.aa.i when this atop or aspirate waa a voiced one. This has been alsO t.he oo.ae with tho PllujAbi
and it is partly the case for Bengill. Dr. Chattorji haa shown how bt·fore the change of the class -nasal into " mere nasalization o~ 0. vowel thl'ro was a stage of a reduced nasal, e.g. da""" > d4n1a > data > ddt, teeth. Similarly cand,G > c;lindf. > c1da > eid, moon.
In Bhojpurl the reduced nasal before a voicro atop or aspirate &88('rwd itself, 80 to say, and aaaimilated to it the following consonant ao that: ctitlda > canM > can, moon, but in danta - dit "'bere tho 't' remaine. As Bhojpurl vowels like Benga.li are more or less nasalized when pre· ceded' or followed by a nasal, the anusviira becomea superfiuous Ilnd is often not used in writing. §137. Below are given inatanC8IJ of nasalization of vowols in Dhojpuri through clasa nasals and anU8vara occurring with consonants in OIA. (i) Unvoiced stops and aspirates precetled by class nasals: t,ho vowel is nasalized (after being lengthened) and the stop or the aapiro.t.o rOJDains. Unlike dialectical BengA.U and Opyi, thero is no trace in any Bhojpurl dialect of a stage of reduced nasal before complete nasalization, e.g. pIk.. (~nka); mud; dlt.. (dania), teeth; Ill'hl' (granJAa.). knot; Ik. (Gnka). number j plCJI (paw). fine; rnA'll (maw), rnised pla.t. form: Dltl (2)(lnktil. row. line : kiD. eVkamD.I. to trt'mhle: Ikus. (ankUAa), control i· tltl (tantu+t41itri): string; kltharJ (htn.tlu&.j, a rag j lIph (lampA), jump; khlrl (kAan{la), piece. (ii) Claaa na.sa1s with voiced stope and aspirates ~imilaw" -the latter to itself excepting in the CYe of J>A-1at.a!s and cerebral!!. So long as the double oonaona.nt was heard, the preceding vowel was short although long by derivation or origin, e.g. (G) With guttural voiced stops and aapirates : GftgGM > • cl1igaM > • annana > 16an, compound; jail.ghd > • jcl'/t,glta > • jdtt/i<a > jl6h, thigh.
voiced stope and aspirates : cln (caw, candrG), moon; Inlr (indrtfgclra) , well; bOnl (bintl.), droD: lenur (.rindira), vermilion: sunar C· "un· Mra, :;"MaN), beautiful j Inbl (andAika)~ storm; -klnh (_J:andha), shoulru,r; lobar (GndAa.), bUnd j blnh (bandlu&), embankment; IOnh (.ugandiaa). fragrance.
(b) Wi$h dental
(0) With labia! et...ope And -pi.rat- :
11m (lCImbG), atraight, long; kadam (kadamM). a plant; cam (C'I'mba), kiss j kamarA (l:ambclla.) , blanket; semi (Mm6i.),-'. kind of vegetable; kumhlr (recently ka1r4r) (h~!",). ,ROtter; lamhlr (ItJmbMra), support j brdha. fIIGtItI > • bcJm6Aa8G > blmbaa Also babbla"a whioh gave blbbaa; 1m (.......), mango j tlmA (tclmra), copper
36
THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OJ' BHOJ"PtJRl
1138. Examples showing i'titention of voiced palatal and cerebral atops and aapiratea : iljui'i (aiijalii, the open hands piaced side by aide and sUghtly hollowed; gljl < (ganja, of. Sk. griijaA), a kind of drug for smoking; pJjarl (pinjara-), cage; plJar (panjara), side; .IJh (MIA sanjM), evening; bljh (MIA (miijha-); ba.rren; pAre (pii~ya)i a. cI!1.88 of Brihman; .Irh (,atz4a), bull; mlr (maWa), starch; rtf (ra1,&(Ja), widow; khArllar (kl''''ro4agrl-...), dila.pida.ted. hOUi6; bblj'lr (b1M2ti4ogara), store. 1139. Where two naaals of MIA are reduoed to one," there is nasalization of the vowel (except euch as comes in through it!! being followed by a nasal and an I is changed to I, e.g. I . (at'tKJ, anya), "another i kin (kat'tKJ, ka~), ear; elm (camma,
mr'?'M). leather, §140. Sibilants with preceding' anuevLp& I remain with the •anuevira' nasalizing the preceding vowel, e.g. kid (kd*.aga-), ball-metal; biB (var,..rJa), bamboo; ds (wMJ'iiaG), meat; 41. (damAa), a kind of mosquito.
§141. OIA' anusvira' following the high vowel 'i' is lost in bls (vimiati), ct. Beng. bis, twenty; tilla (dvtlvimAati), twenty-two; tis (,rifi&.fat) , of. -tis (aa in C8utls, the common BengiJl word trU, tiN is a ata.). thirty. SPoNTA1'4"EOUB NABAL!Z.!.T!ON
§142. There ~ oa.sea in"NIA in whioh tbh. words show na.aa.liza.tion where there is no nasal in the corresponding OIA form, e.g. sip (sarpa), of. Hindi sap, snake; !t (Uf~ra), camel. This phenomenon haa bOOD termed aa 'Spontaneous Na.aa.liza.tion'. This tendenoy is found in MIA in whioh optionally, it wouid appear, a. doubie oonsonant oouid become a..JJII _ na.sal+oonsoaant, e.g. jalfxJti > jampai in place of • jappq.i, daHan • _ _ _... _ UUGIIoVU',
~"".
NIA words showing this kind of na.aa.lization are unquestionably based on M..I.A. iorms whioh developed it. Different explanations of this phenomenon have been suggested. Dr. Bloch and Dr. Turner regard thiS nasalization a.a due to the lerigth of the vowel whinh a.ccording toO Dr. Bloch epont.a.neonAly develope a. na.aa.l resonance. Differing from this view Grierson aa.ye that 'lOch spontaneous na.aa.liza.tion could occur only if it wa.a introduced in the present stage of development of the MIA venia.oula.ra in which the vowel woUld become long. But t!rle is not the 0!Y!e; for the na.ee! W!Y! mt.roducHI not tA.ter thA.n the Prikrit stage·a.nd ha.a nothing" to do with the leugth of vowel'. Dr. Cha~Tierji. is of opinion that this kind of DiiiiDliution iii due to dialeotioa.l variation: a.a in modem times WIth certain languacea and dialects in MIA also certain looaJ forma of apeeoh developed a tendency for pronunciation with the uvula. lowered 80 that there waa a.ooompanying iliiBiiliza.tiou &ii.d iQiii8 of thew ijii8iilized fOl'iiii, dialeotioa.lln origin, pa.iiied on t~ the_~da.rd ~~ of ~e a~. Th.e ~ aitua~on ~ pl'e!8.!1~ in other dialeota and that is why we have a 1088 of originaJ nasal, e.g. OlA mal_ - fllGAirhsa - • mWiriuca ::> bbl. hut • tMIYa - bls. . 80 far".. NIA iacoDoerned, theBe forma With spODta.n801l8 naaa1iMtion
&:8 of the. aame ategory u thGI8 whalGJl -allow orcfDll CIA or hirvO&-ioal
VOWELS IN CONTACT
37
naaa~tion. ~ing equally inherite~ from MIA.
All NIA do not entirely ~_~_~!~; ~~~o~~_~l~ s~!I:~ In t~e resulta of ~:his _general prinoiple 0 .... p~.L".RlU"" U.L BU.A; WOI'UB wun spontaneous nasalization occur in nne IDA speeoh. say. western Hindi. Bhojpuri but are abscnt in anoth('r sav BengiU. Gujri~f and vice versa: e.g. BengAli and GujrAtI haw 8d~ blat W.H. and BhoJ. alp. . Emmple.s in Bhojpuri (i) Nasalization followed by one consonant :sla,. C.ftd8a). breath; blh! (baku), arm i paw,. (ptidtl), foot; Vbls (VAa8), to laugh; phi.,. (* pkariasa < pcUa), srmre. (ii) N'iioiiiiliza.tiOil followed by two consonants :--
I~I ~: !ln~i! alclck~. 7.' a~), e~-:; ~~ (~~!'. acd -:- arci~),ftamo; It hI (a~p&" aHA' ... ~'AtJ, stone 01 frult ; It (.'7114), ilta < • itrha -= iI,a), bnck; GCJ( (*un.ca, ucca), high jOt,. (* u,",a, u'(4), < *uUha = fl{l(ra), camel; k!ka..'rf (. kamk04ia, kakkOtf,iii == karkOlilvi), ~ucumb~f; klkh,. C*ka1klcka, kaUka == lca~a), arm-pit; ghis- (Viikill-:' gA,,(4) , to rub; klc (*kaiica. 1cacca, ktica), glass; V clch-, to smooth with an adze (* caneh- vtvaA;9); chlh (* rMyri. c!&tiyci), shadow; plkh. (pa~8a.), feather; phlk (* phamaa < * pAakka, N.D., cf. pkaklciM-), bit i blk (vanka, vakka-. valera). a curved ornameni i bit (* !lema, !leIla, "elm), cane; 4h1th (dhir.lAa. dhr~ta). insolent; alp (sarpa) , snake; V mlg- (margati < y mrg, to seek). to ask for; ymlj- (marjati < mrj), to cleanse . --~-, Though there IS the development ot tne nasal m nOIl-IIIt.8IU oompounds in MIA and notably in NIA. there are instances of the drop..... -
§14B.
-
.....
•••
....
.....
-- - - - -
.!-
---
fiif :::';~ou:i,:;::;~ ~t!!~7ri:~i;-ii~i~(:::!)~ed down. to NIA. cr.
Emmples from Bhojpurl are : . Idchu (of. lcineid) , something; chatlk, cf. Beng. chaltikft. Hindi c1&.a(iJlc (* ,al-(4nka); pll,.kl (* pallanaa, paryankikd); bhItar (GbAyamara) , interior; Vbh1j (abhyaiij-). to drench: dArhl (dtitkiM. da4Aia < dtidhika, cf. da~,rikd). bea.rd.
NGIGlimtion.- "'rough, inlervocal ·m· aM
-'11.-
§144. The tendency to elide single intervocal stops of OIA continue~d till late MIA. In ApabhramAa. single intervocal .m- became «-. ThIR feature is found in the present·day Bhojpuri as well, e.g. klital (mmala) ,-lotus : kOftr (kumtira). an unmarried boy; aA\hr IAvamalal_ blackish: bhlwri (bkramara). bJack be~: ~~Irl (4~): akindofiruit; clwBrJi (camara); bhuthlr (bkumiMra). a caste.
OHAPTER VII
INTRUSIVE VOWET.R AIU.PTYXIS OB VIPJU.lUB~A.
§145. This is a phenomenon by which a vowel is often inaerteci between a combiDation of BOunds which are ditBoult to pronounce. This phenomenon is found in a.ll periods of lA. In Vedio rmmar this is known &8 • svarabhakti' and in Prikrit &8 'viprakar,a'. lD KIA there were a . number oi Sanskrit borrowings whioh show 'vipraka.rea'. A. few of these have been inherited by Bhojpuri also, e.g. pawialr (* pat!umtJ-n2la, paduma-Mla, padma-n4Za), the lotus stalk ; aarlso ('" itJnsaiifi, 8fJr;apa) , mustard; AruI < • tJaralia < iidar= liia, mirror. Unlike Henglil, BhoJpurI shows great partiality ior the use of words simplified hy an&ptyxis. -Examples of-'Viprak&rf&' in BhojpurJ:(i) -a- ste. dharam (dMrma), religion; jatan (gama), efforts; karam (karma), action; aarabh (garbka),· womb: janam (janma), birth; jantar (yantra), machine; takar (takm), butter-mUk; nachattar (~raj, stars ; parab (pamJ), auspicious day; barat (wala), fast; baJar (mjra), thunder; bajara6aa (vajranga), a name of Hanumil.na. who is supposed to be very strong and stout; bharam (bArama) , error; mantar (mantra), sacred speech; ratan (rtUna), jewel; aaradh (lrddha), a ceremony in honour of dead; aapan (ltNJptUJ), dream. The anaptyxis is found in the foreign loan words also, e.g. kuciaratl (qudrai) , nature; ekarir (iqrdr) , agreement: aaram. (garma) , hot; carabl (carbi) , fat; -aad' (naqd), cash; takath (fa.""..aA), throne; tULrll' (taMar), quarrel. bakhat (toaqe), time; baku (box) (Eng.) ; tarim (tram) (Eng.).
-1-, e.g. barla (tHWf(J) , year; sta. alrlmln (.frimana) , a rioh man; idrlyi (kri"o) act.ion; tlrlyA (Wi-), woman; aarlso (.tCIrftIPCI), mustard; alrlalml (IriMma), name written on the envelope.
(ii)
Loan words : ak!!! (t; aql), intellect j jUdri (zilrtJ). mention j pblklrl C.,AiqrtJ), anxiety; jablt. (dabf), control.
(iiil -U- t as in duwAr (tlvira), door; padum (~),lotus; mukud (",uiti) , 8aivation j murukh (milrkliti), f()OJ; aukul (1Ub). a :ub·caa+..e
among Brihmao ; aumlran (~), repetition of name j lubudh (lubdAtJ), to be attrac+..ed. of. M. Deng. ~. . PBoTBB818 OJ' VOWlWl
1146. The prothetio vowel wa.e very rare in MIA and excepting Plli:- illAi < • iJri MIA aJllaalira). darkneaa; barlt (OIA t1tJrtJlIdtra > MIA * WlreJliUtJ). marriage proOO88ion. (vi) M1A '+8.. A+i.I.a__ ,nT'" ua.aa ,VoLA ~'PU""'J, row 01 canales, a kmd 01- Icstival; kotblrl (OIA lco,flvigdri1etJ). store.keeper; bhlrlr (OIA bMn4dgtira), store. ~~_~_a_~\.
~
_ _ _
••
•
a
•
_
_
.•
•
1160. Bhojpurll comes from(i) OIA i as inmlnIk (~~ikytJ), jewel; gAbhlnl (ga,blai!'i), pregnant; budhl (lnultlkl). intellect.
(ii) OIA I as in-
blA (bijtJ), seed; dll (dipa), lamp. (iii) OIA a as in-
pfjara (panjara), cage; gl~tI (V~), to count; sts. imil (amlika), tamarind; lmirtl (amrtikd). a kind of Bwectment.; chiAsI (,d,+aAiti). eighty.sill:. (iv) OIA f
&II
in-
slylr (Argala), jackal; hil (4rdaya), heart; at.s. tlrlkhA thirst; klrlpA (q-pd), mercy; plrthl (prtAw). earth.
(tr~).
,181. Bhoj.1 comes from(i) MIA 1+1 _ inI, (MIA Gjjia, OIA GiB'iW), grandmother; klylrl or k!ln (MIA W,iti, OIA ke4lJril:d), flower·bed; boll (MIA boUia), speech. (ii) OIA °i' before conjunct COIi8OD&Dta &ii incltA (cit,.), leopanl; jlbbl (jiAvd), tongue,; plthi (pi,;oi:tJj,
cake. (iii) OIA r as inbhat!j4 (bArdldtJ.). nephew. tlJI (trti£IG-). third; 81~ (~a). horn.
Bhoj. u comes from (i) OIA 11 &8 in-khur (~..!f'B). hoof; cburl (J:,urikd). knife; pAbun t....,uu_. nest. '.r'"r __ -"..- ~ _ tWdoUmtJ). .,r_
f1CS2.
~-..
(ti) OIA ii as inbhul (bA_'), land; mahul (madAtlktJ), a kind of L_\tree; _ _ ••ats __ muruldl (murA:M-J.1OOI, W11iCD'8oW; 0 & _ ,.".~" uauu..... _
_
•
_
_
_
..
...
..
• ••
~"-
_ _ _ ..L _ _ _ .... _
I _ , " __
(iii) OIA i 88 inbUIll (* btmtZiJ;tJ. bi_). drop; geruA (* gfjrrdetl, gfiriktJ),
ochre colour.
THB ORIGIN &lII'D DJIVlILOPIIBNT OJ' BHOJPORI
(iv) MIA ava, ama, va all iokachul (MIA kaccAatItJ < I:acdapa), tortoise; aurl (MIA amra < OiA apara), another; saupai (1tiIA samapfKJ, OiA samarpa) , to hand' over; deukurl (detlakula) , temple; dulrf (dtJdra) , door; turant (tvara+anta), quick:' _. Bhoj. ii comes from-
§1l53. (i)
OIA ii as in(karpura) , camphor; diir (dira) , distant; un (urt&Q) , wool i cOni' (ci17}~ < curt&Q-). liuie, powder i ~ohl (godkumaj, wheat; sut (Biira). threa.d.
kapir
(ii) OlA n befor-e conjuncts-
Gc (ucca). high. (iii) OIA r before two consonantsbiirh (t1ftld1aa). old man; riikh t.o a,a1c.
("1'k~),
tree; piich (prcc1aa·),
(iv) OIA '&U'piis (~a), name of a month. §154. The sources of' e', e.-Bhoj. (i)
e comes from-
OIA e as inkhet (k,etra). field; ek (I!kka < eka). one; Jeth (jYeftka), elder. bAt ItJetra IsresO&'f&- L mercha.nt. ,--------~ "etta . • tJentaL -------" cane: ------, sethi -- .. ---,---.-.----,,----------~--
(ii)
(iii)
--.-~-,
OIA ai &8 inaerul (ge;rika), cloth of red chalk colour; til (tGjla). oil; sewlr (l(!jtxIia), water weed. OIA a as in-
sinh! (saMAi). hole made by thieves. (iv) OIA i as mSts. nim (niyama), rule i bil (mll1a) , a kind of fruit; chid (ckidm), hola
(v) OIA aya, ayo as intela (trayamti&.fat), twenty-three; terah (trayotlala), thirteen.
(In the above cases OIA aya ;> MIA aia > NIA • e ' or ' e'.) 1166.' Bhoj. 0, (i)
0
come from-
OIA 0 as in5th (ortAa), Up,; kotbL-I (ior~rikG), rllO£--6-keep6l'; ah5rt (gAofaJra), hone i kolll (konla). cuckoo.
(ii)
OIA au, aOr ~f'(J), fair i jhoU(jAfpUka), a small bag i mGd ("'tJ'k~=), pearl; or.l (~ri=), people of 0cL,.
SOUBCBS 01' VOWELS IN BHOJPURI
(iii) OIA .. &ii mdie (wiicu), beak; noh (naUa), nail.
(iv) OIA and MIA ava (aWaara) , turn; ohar (al.adh«iml. cover: V odaral (awdtfra.), iO open,- lillo! (MIA la1lgat'a!rll) , ioin clnth; osarl (MIA at1G1 #uffai > tat. 'breaks ; (ii) in apparently spontaneous change of dental to cerebra.!, e.g. patati > pat/ai > pare > part, fa.lls, through the influence ofBengili whioh preserves • f' and also of High Hindi in recent times. §US9. The most notioeable points in the matter of dia.lectioal differentiation are in the treatments of (k,) and (r, r+dental) : , (a) (q) appears as (coh) in (north-west and sOuth-west) and as (kkb) in the midland and east. Bhojpurl has (ch). (I;) In the group (r or r)+dantal, the dental beooma= a. oorebral in
the east but remains dental in the west. But mutual borrowing has been 80 gre8.t and extensive from elJl'ly times that we find very old forma from one group in the other group of dialects showing differentiation in this matter.
§160. In the second MIA ltage coming down toO a few centuries before Hemaohandra., the 8Onorization and the loss of intervocalic stopa ill carried through. After this loss, the hiatus was filled up by a. euphonio aemi-vowel y or w glide which either remaili.ed or dilappeared without trace. Intervocalio ~m- has become a mere D88alization of contiguous voweia through an intermediate stage of -it-; -JAl. boih became ihe dentai , or ~lveolar n. ( 44 )
Ou. AND JIU CONSONANTS IN BBOJPURI
§l~l. I~ ·t.~e ~hird or early NIA stage, double CODsODBnts, the rt'8UIt ?f ~ll~r .&88l~.J.latlon are sho~n~ and. t·he preoodin~ short \·owel" 111'\' Jenglinenea. TDe sam~ pr~ce88 is observable in the Jtrllup, nll8&I+('OD80. naJ?-t, where the nasality ~s pronounced l'Oin MIA -ll- > BboJPuri -1-. (e) -rv- -s found as -bb- :>--b-. (/) rTsib~lant: _assimi~ation with the sibilant which is douhled (_!\~_, -ss- .- i§i§ l~ ~ga.dhl) and IS then reduced to a single sibilant pronounced '8 t 1.11 BholPU!'!. (g) -rh- > -lb- in Mii~a~bi •. whence -1- in Bhojpuri. .(5) !a) -l+stop: .asslmllatIon of -I· leading to a single stop in BhoJpurl. (b) -Im- > MIA -mm- :> -m in Bhoinllri. (c) -ly- > -11- > -1- in -Bhojp~i~ --Ti~·~~'~e('ms to be no case of -Iy. > .yy- > -J- in Bhojpuri. (d) -1I- > MIA ·n· > Bhojpurl -1-. (e) -Iv- > MIA ·11- > Bhojpuri -1-. (6) .vy- > .~IA .v~-, .b!,>- > Bh c:ale. "aursenl and Mlgadhl represent the MpirintiM Bte. (~). publio; eta. aaaun (.fcIkna), OIll8Dl i (~). vegetable i lte. (Wia), orow: ... bile. . (1MaiIG), fait.laful.
--a- :
JMII'IIa8' ats....
kla
01.\ AND MIA. CONSONANTS III BBo.JPt7BI
(ii) b
117ft Apart from tr&nelation compou-'ltJ.. of the above type with a very clear foreign element, there are othe~ where we have the native element.s in both parts. This kind of compound can perhaps be traced back to the habit of grouping two synonyms for the sake of amplification or generalization of the meaning conveyed by one of them, e.g. hat-bAt. the market and the road, i.e. outside; ghar-dUar, the house and the gate, i.e. everywhere, etc. [For compounds see also §§341ff.] (H)
BLENDING
§1'1"1. Oftentimes both the synonymous compounds are fused into one single word where the first part of" one word is fitted into the last part of another, intermediate portions beL"lg d..ropped. The fo!lowi:tJg are the examples of blending, e.g. 1l0canA « gohti+cana, godhllma +ca'(&aka), wheat-grain; 110-Jal ( dud-daAi, miik and curd i lcih-thin > ad-Win, hajf a. picco of cloth; ballh-chAI > bag-eMl, thc skin of a tiger; kathphorwi > 1eaI-pAorw.i, tho woodpecker, etc. ~
There is regressive asaimi1a.tion when stops and aspira~ of the same cla8, occur side bv Bide. bv the 6.nt BOund &cauirin2 or 108in2 voice according &8 the second one 'in the group poBBeBSe8 or does not Possess it: and the first sound, if it is an aspirate, loses its aspiration (ODBL, p. 400). ek-g:iri > egglrl, onE! wagon-load; f/,a1e-ghar > 4Agllhar, poSt -.41: ..._ -.._ . W
v.&&&ug, gU\J.
(K)
DISSDm,ATION
§ISO.The principal types of. disaimi....tion are the de-aspiration of two aspirates in the same word, and also de-aspiration oi OIA aspirations or oi resultant MIA. aspiration (1171).
CHAPTER X
THE SOURCES OF BHOJPunl CO~SOXA~TS
Tit §181.
IOUrctI
Initial Bhoj. k. is
oJ BAojptui K
d~rived
from-
(i) OIA k· as in
kim (kanna) , deed; kaUA (Hka), crow; kolll (!-oliffl). cuokoo; kewat (kalOOrUa), a casto i kll (k MIA. 01)1)., e.g. mJaad or blaad < .n~ < flijiapeUt4, prayer. (ii) OIA -0 e.g. 0 ,
kill < W"" one-eyed man; kbaD < ."', moment; vaaa< VfGfJ4o, to 00UDt; , ..... < plaa",. hood.
68
TBII ORIGIN A.ND DBVBLOPIIBNT OJ' BBO.JPURI I.!!!\
\1lI}
r..y.&.
___
__
vUt. -Jl.Y-, e.g.
pum (putlya), merit.
(iv) OIA .n·, e.g. iliana (writtpn as agana) < angana, yard j Viii8~ (dnayati), brings; pant (¢1!iya). wa.tcr. (v) OIA ·nn·, c.g. anaj < annildya, grai~j chinirl < MIA chi1Uilia < chinna., a woman of loose cha.ra.cter. (vi) OIA ·ny·, e.g.
in (anya), another; dhan (dhanya), paddy. (vii) OJA
MIA -r,lI).·, e.g. pin (pa'1'tJ). betel·leaf; cunl (c'Il'1'tJ.), lime; kin (ka'1'tJ), ear. 'l'J).',
Bhojpnrl -nh- comcs from OJA kAnhii or kanhaiii (krltul).
-!;IJ;l',
MIA .J;lh.,'e.g.
OIA .hn-, e.g. clnh (cihna), sign. OIA .ndh.,c.g. klnh (skandka), shoulder; vbanh- (Vbandh.), to bind. In a few words n represents OIA 1, e.g. niln (lawtuJ), 8<. Loss of -li- is noticed in pased < '" panse", fivo seers; pasAd, grocer. cf. Hindi pansari < • patlya.lalika, dropping of ·n· possibly through in· f1uence of prasara, spreading out.
Bkojpurim §230. Initially m comes from(i) OIA m., e.g. IIIAclyl {mancika.}, chair; IIIGh (mukha), mouth; , mit (mitm), friend; mag (mudga), a kind of pulse; mar (1Mt'{la), RtI\1'('h • ••••
__
.0.
__ _
I~..
_
__ .
V mAkll- < mrkftJ·, smears j mAkIlaD < mf"akfatuJ, butter. (iii) OiA sm., e.g. masan (.ima8iina), the burning piace of dead body; (ii) UlA
m3ch (AmaInt), moustache. 5231. Medially and finally -m- represents (i) OIA, .mb., e.g. n~ (nimba), a tree; kamarI (kambala.), a blanket: 81am l4lamba.\. 8UDOOrt: Ilmual (iatnbu. \. a kind offruit;kadam'(kadamlK.&)••
tree: .- --.- '" ..... ,. . -
(ii)OIA .mbh., e.g. ku.um (hsumblaa), a colour. (ill) OIA iimr-=, MIA mb, 8.g_ lip (i=l.=, 4=). mango; tlmI (t4tnrtJ), copper.
(iv) OIA ·rm· > MIA ·mm-, e.g. kim (kmtntJ. larrna), work; pili (gNinnti), hot llWi. (T)
OIA -hm~. &.g. be;;;!;."
(~).
a Brahmin.
TB. 8OU'BOa 01' BHOJPURI CONSONANTS
69
§232. The initial, y a.nd v ~.e(':a.me J and b in Bhojpufl in the iiLiii6 mannE'r 8S t.hE'Y b(>cam(> in Bt>nllili. In the middle or in the end of words 'Y' normally bcC'ame (e) in Dhojpurl, alt.hough 'y' is present in Bhojpurl orthography. Thus bayaa. pAyae, bAyaa, aamay". aahAy.. are pronounced an,1 Hornetimf'aI writtnn as bafa. pAfa, bAfs, same, sabAe, etc. The spt'llinjl; pronunciation of y is soml't.imes heard on account of the influence of litemry Hindt in Bhojpurt un's, Thus YamunA, tho name of a person, and Sarayu, the name of a ri \-or. a)thou/(h normll Jly pnmounood as JamunA and Sarju, arc sometimes hl'ar Second MIA .c;l. in the numerals especially, e.g. hJrI);
(iv)
blrah, twelve (tlt1Clda.fo); eatarah, seventeen ·(aapta.dtUa); aattArl, !!eventy (~); p&rOsI; neighbour (of, HindI JItlrM < pratitJdl), etc.
1240, Bhojpurll- initially oomes from OIA 1., e.g, loY; iron (WtJ..
ze,M); III, shame (1caJja);
lira, lweetmeat (1aN-); lIkb. (lakIG), etc. IHi. in the interior of words -i- < iilpdhl -j. (or nand .ll. equating Ii\ kltat ,,... ...Jrdi.rd_ MIA. ~ ,-, OIA - - .d. -.:- ~- --_._- &Id --- -...- - lrhen_\~ ---,. 1IOIah. ----. ----(~).
--.
> MIA -n., > .c;l\t-, e.g. b ...., good (6AGtln.rbJ); mil, w:;;rJar (==Ie, n=l.-,:),
(ii) OIA -dr.
'lBli SOURCES 01' BBO.JpuaI
CONSONA..~'lS
71
(iii) OIA ·r·: cAlfs (call'ilri1i1Jal) and in otitl'r numeral ('om pounds belonging to the fort.y group; pel"; (pmai, prlmynti); 61llk
v'
(siiribi).
·ro· > lilA ·11·: Vibol, to mix (gI111rtur·). ·ry· > MIA ·ll· : ('.g. palal\, lx-d (parytUlka). .rd., e.g. chil, bluk (r.J,aUi. < dlUI'dia). .ly8. > )IIA ·11· ; c.~. tel, oil (*'llilya, '!y/a); till (fiTa). .Iy., e.g. mol, priC ilia'. In the Panjlbl, we find words Mr - 4tJIliI,1II1.: ,01 - ¢ . ; tlGA - diu, etc. in Bhojpurl, Benglil and- Hindi, the word dahail, card of ten (daitJ), is perhaJl8 a loan-word from the Panilbl. althousr:h daM for daIa is found in lOaryis' also. - The OCC'l~!Te..'lce of ~h~ in non~irjtial sy!leblee in Aeeameee. e.g. AlAi, smile (V1&a8); bilAI, flute (tHJ"'); manuA (manu,") seems "to be a local ph8l1cmenon a.....d does not seem to have any oonh.cotion with the nh&a-.p of the OIA sibilants to • h' in MIA (A88amese, its Formation and Development, 1495).
PAe GloII4l Frieat'it1U, Yoicetl II, UntJOicetl 1 1247. Bhojpurl Jl is a voiced sound, as in OIA. The initial h. of OIA has been preserved in Bhoipurl as in other NIA Jaquaaes. aoe'Dt in oertain dialects; e.g. in east and
north BengAli and Occasionally-in -A_meae.
lDte."'VOnA) A of OL4. ie in or'.gi.n always a derived eound, havl..DI been weakened from Indo·Iranian .gb.. Itsh and also partly from ·dh Ithh.
:=~:. ~S::A~ ~is"~ ~~!i~:! Ot.~.-=
.a has continued undisturbed down to the modem Bhojpurl. It -was pnaent in early middle Benglll and early Aaaameae after . ..miGh it tended to ckup oft".
1248.
iniiiaiiy Bhojpuri ii comes mainiy itomh.: 8.11'. hare nlonah 11tJla\: JuuonI.. ~ IltafttltJ\: hath_ IIand ("f;-IIIthr;-elepbaj,;-iltUii.)-i--~T(AtJriHy; ilit~'-1Darbt
_ on
1IftI. dfam.;ade(lrrlr.
)~
rlUG.
c....f;
'1'11. §~9.
(i) (ii) (iii)
(iv) (v)
SOUBCBS OJ' BBOJPUBI OO!fSO!fAN'l'S
73
Medially and finaUy a oomes fromOIA -q- : e.g., Jlh (ld¥), reain. OIA -kh- : e.g. shirl. huntc.>r (cJkhdi.t4); mOho mout.h (mll.kha). OIA -gh-: e.g. haluk, light (a metathesis of 1agltuka) ; aaIbar UMti.g1uJm < jMti-gr1uJ). MIA -~- : e.g.lbuth. three and half (a44h"lIha, Ilrdha-calurtha). OIA -th- : e.g. kabBDI, story (kathanihi); aub. night-soil (gQlaG, gtUha).
(vi) OIA -dh- : e.g. sobBDI, wooding (.bUIan-); bahlr, dt'.af (btJdlaira); patobu. daughter.in-Iaw (putra-vadlul); sAbu. merchant (aad/i.u).
(vii) OIA -bh-: c.g. aobAIl. bl('sscdncss (Miybkii9!14); aadabA. &8S (gardabf.a); iiahlr, deep (uabMra); lilliAn, clay-bn'ak (mbnana). (viii) OIA -h-: e.f!. blbl, lum (Mhu-); lobi, iron (ll,ulla); paaahl. sboe (upc1rMLJu;); pbaibAr, friiit·dil~t, (pAiualklra); robO, & kind offish (·rokuta, rokita), pallabA, hl,lter (pragraha). (ix) The change of OIA , to b has ht-cn cxplain(~d. Similarly' in numeral compounds, c.g. caUdah (r,atur-dah). ctc. is changed to h. Also 8> fl in ekahattarl (eka-8tJptati) and in other numemls. §250. In the preaent-da.y Bhojpurl -at-. -ft-, become (-8t-, -8t-), e.g. Ibte::ll Isti, slowly (Pers. ahiatah); 8a8tl- aastl, cheap (pera. "a.ttak); daflturl, customary commiMion .... Persian d.tMhiri; ml8ltlrlmlstrl, mason, artisan, from the Portugueso; ahtaml- aataml- Sk. - -.. --~
UftUFrU,
_.&..-
~lIC.
§251. A prothetic fl occurs in Bhojpurl. It also occurs in BengAli. in Bengali hiiktdi 'be full of anxious fears' (akula-), haril1l4, soap-nut (ariffa), etc. are found. The eastern dialect of ,Ajoka has a similar prothctio h., e.g. I"~vam, AidG (evam., idJ.a-, idrAa.!! the second one by metatheRis). Exampleal from Bhojpurl are: bulla (ull4.9a), cr. also M.B. huU464; hethl (in the Western Bhojpurl; cf. ittha, atra); backl, pull, Hindi alcn4 (- ci-krak,. according to Hoemle). ThUB
§252. There are some words in which -b- seems to be intrUitive in BhojpU1'l, e.g. aabdOl, a kind of bird (Aarcltlla); 8arbaJ, brother-in-Ia""8 wife (ly{llG-jtiyci). a OOOUl'B in a number of words of obscure origin, e.g. harki, a slight injury; huruki, a kind of drum; blpbl, deep breath; Vbaa:, to pa.B8 stools, etc. UntJOiced h
§253. The voiceless h is like the EDJllish BOund in 'hat', 'happy', etc. It. ia- foun.d in a few exclamatory words: and is optionally changed to the voiceless velar, palat.a.l or bilabial aspirant according to the natul'O of the preoedjng vowei. Tbus ah: == ax:, ih:, ic:, en:. eo:, UD:, ui. The final'visarga' in Sanskrit. words has the proper unvoiced (h) value in BeDgilJ. Thus rima\l, muadJ, kavel;a, alvh, e~c. are pronounced by Bengill speakers &8 ni~A, mtimA, bbl1a, got.IA. The Bhojpurl apeakina ~ts of Bauiras, however, pronounce the final 'viaarga' &8 voiced I &lid th1l8 they pronounce theae worda as nJm3Il~, munilli, iah: lit, gauRu. This pron1lDOlation, in ~, prevaila in northern India.
(
75
)
CHAPTER I
THE FORMATIVE AFFIXES §254. The NIA suffixes han' been thoroughly disCUBSl'd by Hnernlt' and Dr. Chattcrji in their 'Gaudian Gramm"r ~ and • OrijOn t,ud the Development of the Bengali Language'. Folluwinj( these lIt'holars, helow are given in a rough alphabetical ordcr all tht, Ih'ing I~ffixl's. primary as well as secondary, which are found in Bhojpuri.
A.
SUFFIXES
(I)
-Jt §255. This represents the nominative en(lin~ of OIA m"8(~. all. t(lm. Ii and Deut. am. It also represents tho simple verbal roots uSl'd ''K adiull nouns. bat,. (t.artd), talk; bol,. (MIA bolla-). speech; cAl,. (tAla(l). styl(', wl~y; dhan,. (dhanam). wealth; man,. (manall). min(I; samuJhlil (snm}m"lrya-). understanding; jlc,. (yac-), test; mel,. (mela-). union; Jh&"" (MIA jAukka-). gust of wind; ir,. (ardluJ). c(lver; cahilpJ', " ml't.a.th('sis, from MIA • pahttiicca < OIA • pra-hhuccluJ < IE • pro.b1rp.n-ske- (ODRL. §17J). reach, arrive; -Jlr (da.tuJ,a-). punishment.
(2) -(a)U,. §256. This suffix forms possessive adjectives from substantives. tonail_ (tf;'nda+illa), a pot-bellied man; dhOdhaU,.. a pot-bellied fat
man. The lengthened form of the suffix is -llIl. banaila. wild; gbaraila. belonging to the house or family. This suffix is found in Maithill and in Magahi also. Origin: MIA (adjectival) .illa, .ita. The lengthened form ill due to the addition of aka.
(3) -akkarJll §267.
This suffix makes agentive nouns.
bujhakkanl (v'bujA., to understand), one who understands (cf. in Beng. the qame 'Lil BujhkB.r' in •Abhedl' by PyArlehand ltlitra); plakka"" (v',Pr., to drink), • drunkard; gbumakka"" (VgAum-, to wander), a wanderer; bhulakiEtnr (v'Mul., to forget), one who forget.e. 0rigi1I: KIA. -akka+*. TJUa BUms . .me to be • literary survival
wberedid+1tJ >~ >~.
( 77
)
78
THB ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT
or
BHO.JPUBI
(4) -at_ §258. This suffix is commonly found in ita extended form ·ati, fem. -aii. The fem. is loet to Bengiii. urat_ (clrll) (Vur, to fly), a flyi.ng (bird); Illrettl' peratJC (Vlir and ypar) , falling and stumbling; bahati (pinl) (V'bah., to run. to flow). running (water): calati (adml) (Veal-. to move). a smart (man); pblrad (dlk) (VpMr-. to return). return (post); lawataU (dlk) (Vlaiuwl" to return), return (post). Origin: The OIA present participle (6&tr) -anta > -at. (5)
-ad §259. This suffix forms the abstract noun of action or manner. It exists in all north Indian languages. (Veal-. to move), currency. fame; uthatl rise), rise; .. calatl1-.-. . .. ... . . . ... ....... . _. to J-.-" • CUKau (V cue. to Setitle tne account,. aetitlement.; gnaJRu (V 9Mf. to aecreaae), deficit; barhatl (Vbarh, to increaee), inoreaae; alnatl (vgin-, to oount). counting; bharaU (v'b_, to fill), filling up. recruiting. ~_
MIA dvani, -ciani, O. Bhoj. It/wanta> Alt but ait also due to the change of the accent. (11)
-10 §265. This suffix is used to derive noun of agency from a l'O()t. blkiil (OIA V tJi-krf- ), saleable; caliO (OIA V cal-), workable; tlkItl (Vfile), that which 1aata for a long time; dlkblO or dekhlO (MiA V dilddlJl. or Vdekkha), shoWy.;, urAO(MIA vwUaYGfItI), squanderer. .Origin: This suflix is connected with II noted above. The source iB Iopparently 10 verbal noun from the causative base -dpa+uka. (12)
. -ikJI'~ -.~ 1268. This suft\x iB used to deri~e DOuns of JogeIloy. k.bl~ (OIA VialA), talker: urIJqr or uri_ ()IIA -uNa-): ...... or"larllQr (OIA quairelaome. The Penian cIIW: baa heeD. adopted
v1tJIl,).
and put within this groupaa ealMi.
81
TBB JOR.1U.TJVB AI'FlXE8
Origin: Hoern!e derives this BUm: from -rlpal."tl (§338). Thus OIA u#4pa/t4 > Mg. u#Ji,,:ake > u44ila1re > u"aA...,a with ('lis inn of .,'. and ('on.
traction .,tJ:k. of the hiatu8 ·vowels.
But Dr. Chatterii . dt'rin's it, fnlm a.- MIA -- --(13)
-AnJ( §267. This 8uffix form8 verba.l nouns from cauamt.iw I\nd II,'nOluiuatin' bases. calih. (calapa1Ul = cald1Ul), iasnion, im'oi('('; uthanll (lIi,filli/KIP/a). growing; m~ (OIA V mil), comparison; urAn, causing to fly > lli~ht. (·~par.a.).
Origin:
.
This 8uffix come8 from the c-lloullAti\"o OIA .up-cum, -uJH!l!a-ka
> dtbattatba > ihl'4tta > ataawa > a!U' > an_ (14)
-ApJI, -pJI 3;':;00. This suffix sc('ms to be an importation inlm HincH and il.4 found in the word miltip (cf. Hindi mel-miltip). The sourco apPl'arH tu be OJA ·tm > tpa (as in Giroir Inscription) whidl became -ppa > pa > -PII or it. may come from atman > appa > apa > lip••
(15)
-A.,.
§269. This suffix forms agent nouns. camll1ll (oarmakdra) , a cobbier: kohl.,. (kumbhakara) , 0. potwr; tlAwA"" (grdmabira) , villager; kabl", (.d:andJaakara). palanquin bearer: lObAI1Il- (~ra), bIa.cksmith: 80nAr- '(sVllrtaakdra): -goll18mltla; plyI..,. (prir,~ra), beloved; chathl!ra (*,a,tik4ra), !Po ceremony held on the sixth day after the birtl;1 of a child.
.(16)
-Arlor -Irl §270. This 8uffix forma agent nOUD8. bhlkblrl (b1&iqs.hJrika), • beggar; pujirl (p1Ij4.i:4rika), a priest. Origin: OIA ·karil:a. (17)
---
-awJ&
1271. This Irllfti: is u;ed to form the IWun.s of action. Its lengthened form ill -Awl. c:arhlWlll (Vcarl), ascension; bacAWIIl (ybaC), safety; ""WIll (vlGi), connection; jamA_ (v}am), crowd; ahumAw,. ("'glum), roUndAbout. The lengthened forms are: calIwA "leal), invitation; bbullwl (Vb1u'), miaguidance. Origi_: The source of this au1Iix iB the causative -f21J+u+l:a. 6
THE OBIGIlf AND DBVBLOl"IIJIlrT 01' BHO.JpUBI
(18)
-1-wa t-1Il §2'12. This suffix is a very recent one owing to the influence of Hindi. saJAwatlil. arrangement; likhAwat... writing; tarAwat... coolnt"88. Origin: OIA cipa+vrtta. (i9) ~iWaDJI
§2'13. This suffix forms verbal nouns from causative and denominative bases. 4erAwaDJI. fea.r; cumAWiUijl (OIA cumb-), a. ceremony at the time of marriage, when women kiss the bride and bridegroom. Origin: OIA -cipana. (20)
=isa §274. Only a few worde are formed with this suffix. e.g. plyl•• thirst; mutawisa. a desire to make water (*mutta < miUrtJ - +cipa+txJBa); hagawAs. a desire to make stool (*kaggcipa.va8tI); jhapAs. a crooked man. Origin: OIA causative base cipa+txJBa. (21)
-~ §27G. The lengthened form of this lufBx ill -ahA, e.g. billlrlh" (tltUula-) , affected. by wind.disease, a mad man; bhadrihll (bMdm-), a bridegroom on whose wedding day rain falls; ahurclihII. a knotty man; gurhllh". a crooked man; bhutAh... a terrible man; p.clAlm.hi. belong:wg to the west: dakhliialil, belonging to the south; utarahi. belonging to the north. Origin: The origin is obscure. Dr. Sukumar Sen suggests a genitive origin. cf. Bhojpuri lIune ke tbid Co. plate oi gold), m.Aji ke ihura (a hone of earth) = Beng. BO'IIiJr 1h4l, m/lIir aMra. In MigadhI Pk. we have .aha as a genitive affi."t, e.g. td.1u! p ...ZUii.Ju!. Dr. Chatte..woji prefere to eee in . it the adverbial ~tlM (Pili WAa - Sk. ihtJ) but he admits the possibility of the genitive origin aleo. (22)
-Ihat!
12'76.
This sufftx ill mostly used with the onomatopoetic words. It &I=c 188m: to be & recent bt.."IT'J~.ng &em HindI. clllhad (cU. of. Dee cill4), UJ)l"OaI'; Ilbabarlhad. perplexity; thaDJ"",lhali
(MiAJAatlcVAatIG). jiDgli.
~:.+"".""+-
6B
--
-.- -
---
'I'JUI I'OBlU.TIVB AJTIXB8
S:J
(23) (a)
-Iyl
§277. This suffix is used with the sense of' belonging to • or' posSt'tl8ing·.
It also helps in forming adjectives and diminuth·cs. (i)
b8ld:" (vtJt'im+a), a merchant; JaUyl (jdlika+ci), cheat; naltpurlyl (ftdgapunka+4), of Nagpur; bhojpuriyl (blwjapurikl'+ii). of BhojJlur; ortyl (4,."1"4+4), of Orissa. (ii) AdjectitteR
barhlyl, well; ahatlyl, deficient. (iii) Diminutive..,
purty., & small packet; pbartya, It sma.ll hoil; dlbiya, Ii Origin: OIA ika > MIA .ia+the suffix ·,i.
Hiilall h(l~.
(lJ) -iya
The suffix denotes 'one who is accustomeu to do extension of the above.
Ii
thing'. and iii an .
Jarlyl, an engra.ver; dhunlyi. one who cards cotton; ntarlya.
11 (,ItHt(l.
(24)
(i) -I
§278. Tnm suffix goes back to OIA .ikll, reinforcc(i in- Perllian ·i (adjectival and connective). It also forms feminine and di~il1l1t.h·e, c.g. dim!. costly; bh!r!. heavy; eleh4 t!. a. companion; dilg! Wers. ,!4igA+i); hlalbl, an accountant (Arabic hiBdb+i); anCtl)uthl ('U"-!III~ehila'j.), II. ring (connected with finger); kanthl (kat'lhikti), a rosa.ry (collnectl't! with ncek); teU (·f(!jlika), an oUman; tamoll (f.timbulika). II. hetelman. (ii) -I
This is a very common feminine suffix of NIA, e.g. gAOlik4 >. g~i4 > &horl, a mare; bArf (vdlika), a garden. (iii) -I (diminutive)
katlrl (De6J
kaIImi- < ·kallaritJ),
a sme.lI dagger; 4holkl (·~lwlla.
< x=: 4t\a;J,1.oUa-,,;' small drum; pckhar! (ML~ polek.l..ariiJ, 01."- pUlJkari7J.i
a ),
a small tank; churl (quribi), a smalllmife; jltl (ya7ltrika), a small ma.l!hine for killhur rata: Idvlrl (ied4rikti). a small bed of flowers; elmtl (*cimmatJGIIik4), small pair of tOngs. .. - .
a
(25)
-I,..... 1279. A few eumplu of this suffix are found in Bhoj. It is, however, very productive in
A......,.
84
THE OmGIN AND DBVllLOPJIlIN'l 01' BHo.JPtmI
adhiyurjil (ardlia+ika+kaia), half-sha.rer; hatiyarjil (lKilyti+ika+ kuru), une who !!laYH others. ;Jrigin: OIA -ika+hira. (26)
-ill ~280. Thi~ guffix iR chiefly used to derive u,dverbial a.djcctive~, i.e. adjectives expressing place or time. aglli (*uytiliika, agrilla-iika), the first; pachU. (*pa8ciliika, pacr.hilla-), la.st; majhiUi (*madhyiliika, majjhilla-), the middle one; pahilA (·prathilaka, l)akillc,), f,he first; blcilii (Ap. bicilkJ, < vrtya > vicctt-+illa = viccilla-), the mil.hUe one. Origin: Tho source of this suffix which occurs in 8011 NIA is OIA -iliika, MIA -illa-a.
(27)
-1 Tho suffix is used with fern. ordinal numbers. paca-l, one-fifth; chathal one.sixth; sata-t, one-seventh; atha-i. one-eighth; aasai, one-tenih. Origin: Fen}. ordinal suffix OIA -rnil=. §281.
(28)
-u s~o~. This suffix is used with io few words only. There is nO ooli8ciousness of root and affix in these NIA forms. llru .(latJ411), a kind of sweetmeat; bhilu (b1&aZlu), a bear.
(29)
-ul §283. This suffix is very common. kharul (k,ciruka-), grey cloth; tahalul, a servant; baahul, a prisoner; 8atul (BtJkIu-), the Hour of grain; bhatul, .. kind of gourd; mIruI (mat'4ilka-), 0. kind of plant. Origin: OIA .uka+aka. (30)
§284. This a.ffix means the • son of I. rlutJi' (r4ja-P'ldN), the title of the cowherd caste; mam1lutJll (mimil:cJ. YrUra), the son of the matemal aunt; phuphulutJe. the son of the father'; sister; pldlutJi', the SOD of the uncle. matlallatJll (~-pulrtJ), the son of mother'. sister.
THE FORMATIVE U"flXJ.;S
(31) ~n
§285. nominal) .
The suffix can be traced baC'k to 01.\
.1/].'"
(a.l.k in -a(n.)t- with irta. Vkr: camaiQr (also catl~) < MIA camakka, rmMkklla, ctJmaktieJ < OIA t'4IIItJt-krfa: so cu_ (cyut.k,.w.). A cOTUlcetion with OIA -tJko.;, apparently introduced &8 a teo in Second aDCI La.te MJ A (the phonetio of which changed it to .akl:a-). can also well be inferred, e.g. MIA (MipdhI) ~ -lrtl-tJ-l'G" hagge - *ahtJkkt =- al4mm < 4laam;
wen
kfI-(l)uk. - "-flu.: ~ ... ;.ayahl. etc.
86
TilE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT 01' BHOJ'PURl
It ha.s also been suggested by Bloch that the affix in part goes back to the orA adjectival and pleonastic -kya as in pAraleya < para- (cf. also ma!)ikya < ma!"i). Further. Bloch rl1'a,w! our attention to the -kk- (also eke, _go) affix which is such a common one in the Dravidian languages, in which, apart from other functions; it is used in forming verbal nouiiS from roots, e.g. v1w4, to wa.lk > nad-akka-ai. 'nmJ,..akk-al. 1ItJ(j-akk-t.tdal. walking; i~ to be, irukkai, being. . . In its origh" it wuul,i thus seem that this aftix is derived from leT'" &iid other forms of V kr. Th£'re scems also to have been present the influence of the Sk. affix -a-ka- which was Priikritizerl into -akka~ And it is not improbable that in MIA times a -kk-, _go, -k- affix 'existed in north Indian Dravidian din.iecis (now superseded by IA), and ihis affix of Dravidian was not without its influence in the establishment of -akka in MIA of the Second and Third stages. The -Ikji(:'. -ukji(- forms seem to be due to vowel harmony. the -1changing to -1-. -u- when the root or base form had these vowels, by
V'
attr-&.ot.ion.
Extension of -lqI-, -aklit in Bhojpurl -aki, i.e. -ak;it+-i: adjectival and pleonastic, with an implication of biggishness or coarsene88: pllat_kll. an instrument for carding cotton; kat;itkl, a small stick ; haq(ki, daCJ'kl. hurt on account of up a.nd down movement of ir ca.rt or &, CaiTiagA ; h ..-,;kA, injury; hur;itki, a kind of country drum; dhudhJjl(kl, a trumpet, etc. -akl, -;itki : with adjectival -I: balth-aki, of good society < belonging to the drawing-room, -;itki, -ki < -akl: feminine diminutive pleonastic; e.g. khirJjl(kl, a. small door; tim.-ki. a small drum. The affix -lkIit in forms like tarilql, with a sudden sound; parilql, with a crack; karikJi, with a crackiing sound; sariiql, with a quick giide. etc., which is used to indicate quick and abrupt movement or sound. is undoubtedly connected with the - -alql affix, the base apparently bein~ a strong form in I. (36)
(U) -~J!'-,
-Jl'ki, -J!'ki
§290. This is an adjectival affix, also used pleonastically: it is also found in the strong form in - ItA with its feminine kit E"'amplea :==dh=nuk;iC, bow (cL\apuika, dann'U?1=), "of. Btmg. tL'=nd;C, the change of a to e in Bhojpurl is possibly due to the word dhenu, a cow, which is so common: Ilad.-kl. Indian club « ta. aadtJl: banIId. eldest (daughter or a.ughter.in.J&w); . maJhu,.kI, the -middle oDe; ciiotakl, the youngest daughter or daughter-in-law. This affix would seem to be the Sk. pleonastic and adjectival .kGintroduced into Second and Late MiA as a te. form, and normaUy becoming .lclca-. In Miga.dha.n, it seems to have been used for the genitive as in PyA p1tt'UfG~lca, men's, and in early and dialectical BengilI as weD. In the other NIA languages, like western HindI, however, the genitive aftix -iii-, hu, etc., seems to have come &om iaa < "riG but it is not uniikeiy that there wa.a some influence of this very common a.u.d nsuaoitated OIA aftlx. An adjective.genitive use of .1:hJ is found a180 in SaurasiSnl ApabhraJiaja as in HAmacandra: e.g. ~M 6A~i (-Nl'rM 6A«m~). In the Avahatf.ba of the 'PrIkrta. Paiop t, the ._ for the adjeotive-genitive 6gar.
1ru8..1,·
TaB JOBJUTlVB AI'nXBS
87
(37)
§291. It represents OIA ptl#ihl forming nouDS. kasawall (kar",.pallilea), tho ass&ying stone; cunawafl (eQrtIGpallihl), a small box containing lime. (38)
-aul1ll §292. This suffix is used with a few words only. hathaUI"Ji. ci. Hengln iuUuri, a hammer; lathaura, n. c88tr. Origin: OIA ·kUIa. (39) -jh5i. -ihl
>
§293. These represent OIA avastlui indicat.ing stn.t.e, form, appearan, of thi:> sufiix is PL'f:>ian -hf/I/d, ('.g. cittha-band, entered in a ..·dgCl·; peti'iriiband, I-Ihat illside jlld-bandi. book-bi/lding ; jama-bandi, IIJcofd of rO\'CII1W, ott'.
Il
('built;
(67)
-biiJIi' §321.
The meaning of this suffix ia 'accustomed to do & thinK" 'I'h(! I'" _____ , '-- ___ noun 18 lormeu oy aauUlg an -1 w tllO Kumx. ".lnt. SOUfce 11'1 l·(~rH.
_'--- _.L _ _ _ .1. _ _ _ _ _ _ _
&DBUaCli
! __
-.!o
1~__
_
_ _
......
"".
f'W't.
•
."
-baz. ohokhibij, a. Bwindier; oagibij, a (:heat; mukadmabiij, R. iitigant; la64ibij. one addicted to unnatural offence; ran4lbAj. a visitor of proHt.i.
tut=, a charac+..erleee man. The abstract nouns are:dhokhibijl. swindling; dallibiJi. cheating; mukadmibiJi. litigation; luccibiji, riotous living. (68)
-win 1322. The meaning of this su16x is •poll8eS8ing'. The source is Pers. ·wan, Mn. kocwlD, Eogliah coaMman alao influenced the word; darwin, a watchman at the gate ; ••rtwID, cartman.
B. I.
PBE!'!U8
Preflzu 0/ Native Origin
TadlJhatJa and TatBama Bhojpul'l has • few prefixes which are living ones, employed in forming words. The following are the tb. and teo prefixes found in U88 :
94
TUB
omom
AND DBVBLOPMBNT OJ' BHonUa!
(l)
a-,I- (Privative) §323.
a-, e.g. 1088 ;
OIA initial a- normally remained a- but sometimes it beoa.me
ab5dh.. , foolish; ace~, Bera881ea~; anO_, not salted; akijjit, hindrance, aberi, late; Itblhl, fathomless (cf. 8tluiman) ; Alaal, separate (alagna). (2)
an§:l24.
OIA n'lUl- > an- in Hhoj. ovii; anginat~, oountiess.
anbhai~,
(3)
ati§325.
The; OIA prefix
atianta~.
at':. i~mn,ins intact in
Bboj., e.g.
excessivo; atlki •• la.to.
(4; awa-, aya-, a-, OIA initial ava- > awa-, aya- and a- in Bhoj., e.g. a)"iaun_ (avagu!&fJ), defect; a1am or awalam (atHJlamba). protection.
§326.
(5)
kU-. ka Pejorative from OIA ku-. It means something bad. kucii., bad ways; kumirgi, one who goes on evil path; kukarml. an evil-doer; ku-kbetJi', bad field or pla.ce; ku-naaar, a bad vi11a.go ; kapiit, §327.
bad son. (6)
du; dO !;:rAts. OIA dur- remains dur- in te. but becomes duo. du- in th. it means bad. weak. etc. dudci.... , wiokedness; cl6ba.... < tlurbala. weak. In dulAn < tlu+14ra (Hindi idra. iove, OiA lii4a as in lar;i pytirii), the prefix means more, much.
_.(7)
.i,..
1:11-
1329. OIA pretiA > 111- in Bhoj •• e.g. attiS&, free from disease, healthy; Dl-laU. ahamel8118, DI-kharal, dry; Dl-kammA. a man of no WI8; Dl-clhapk. bold; aI-baDa. r..ked~ ih.iiiel&i&; D1-phal. fruitl6ilii.
mB I'OBJUTIVB AD'IXES
9:;
(8)
sU-,aa-
1330. orA 811- meaning 'good' remains in Bhoj .• but sometimes it. is changed to aa-. . 8uphaJ, resulting in good; sapOt < BllpullYl, good son. through iDfiuence of kapilt. II.
Foreign Preji.re.,
(1)
kam"!! The source is Persian /cam. meaning Iittlt'. kam-asaJ, base·born; kam-umlrl, minor; kam-kho\t ulld; kam-Jor. weak. §331.
(2) khus§332. The source of this prefix is PI~l"8ia.n ruA., ~o()d. hIlPI'~', ('.J(. khus-i-hill (with an intrusive -1-), happy circumRtn.nccs: khus-dll. cheerful; khu8-imad, flattery. (3)
aar-, aayar-
§333. The origin of this prefix. is Perso·Ara.bic grtir., •without •• c.g. aarhAjlrl t'T aayar-hajlri < v!!irJuizir, absenco; gayar Jagah -nit -ini. This can be extended piconasticaiiy by adding the affix -yA, e.g. gwAlInl, milkma.id; sohAginl, a ma.rried woman whose husband is alive; dulahlnl, bride; nAglnl. a female serpent; tellnl. wife of an oilman; dh6binl, a washer-woman; malAhinl. a. boat-woman; blrahinl. a lady suffering the pangs of absent love; oJhAlnI. lalAinl, baDiAlnl, tiwarAinI, dublinl, the womon of different Hindu castes; mlstarllnl, & mistress; dlPtlAlnl, the Wd8 of &. deputy. (iii) OIA > -I, e.g. Ilh6rJ, ma.re; mAml, maternal aunt; cAeI, aunt; dldl, sister; - blchl, she calf; chUrl, knife; sahajAdl. princess; haramJAdl, a wicked woman, etc. A.
«.
-im
B. Borrowed. (i) With endings -I and -I is mostly found in ta. names, e.g.
aaiagi, aid, ricihl, laliti, jamuDi, lUiwatl, kallwatl, kumarl, kishori, eto. (ii) The teo words with -ini are rare in Bhojpurl. Oniy miDlDi is found in songs. (0) NUMBER
§S09. Toe Migadhan languages of the present day 88 a rule form the plural by the addition of some nouns of multitude. This is the general rule in Ma.ithill, Bengill, Otiyl. and Assamese. Some surviva.ls of OIA infleotiona ad help-words became establiahed during the MIA period. These are found to ooour in iiU the 1iIlpdhan Bp88Chee ii8 _11 ii8 in utilei' l."IA langaagea. _Some pl11ra.l infl~0D8 of OIA .origin are thus J0und in .~jP1lr! aJeo. lI'or iDatance, In Bhojpur[. the plural is formed by the addition of -BD.. -aal. -aah. -a.ahJ.. -Dh. -Dhl. -D. -al. These are nothin2 but the .rniftiOi·ge11itiv. aUci- udzt1ueOt ~;.. aDd-iDatftmental .,._.amp :for the ilv-mir..tiY6 pluial. .
Ptmai
a
PIUn.l-
Wi
DBCLJINSION OJ' THB NOUN
The endings in ·n occur as a plural affix in diale('tical Bt-nJ[i.1I (ODBL, §486) and also as a secondary affix added to nouns of multituo,' tH indicate the plih-a.l, e.g. -guli-n, -giilii.-n besidt'8 -gun, -g'iilii. It hBS acquirt·,I the value of an honorific suffix in respectful forms of verb. e.f(. ~('nJfnll: 1m-e.n, calu-n, etc.. The oblique plural in HindI, PunjibT, RAjasthAnt, ,.ft-.. is similarly a survival of old genitive plural, c.g. uAOIa1.-clnam _ Hindt. gM,3, Punjabl, gMriB, RAjasthinl also gMrif. In Bhnjpllrl ther{' iA 1111 ditrerence in sense of -an, -ani. -anh, -anhl. -nh. -nhl, -no -nl, ('h!. §360.
The pl~al in BhojpllrI is formt'(l by adding
(0) -anh. -anhl, -an. -ani. if the noun ends in a eonsonn.nt, e.g.
Sg.
Pl.
Pl.
1
1 gharanhl.,
aharanl ..
a house
houses
houseR
camlr
camlranh} camlranhl men of Camii.r ClUlte
camaran camftranl J mon of ('~mii.r
Qlw
glwanh} glwanhl
Illwan gllwanl.
a village
villl\~ea
villag('.tI
Qhar
Qharanh
a man of Camir caste
Ilharan
t
1
Cl\8te
(6) -nhl, -nl, -nh, or -no if the noun ends in a vowel (shortening the vowel if it; is long before the terminations);Sg.
pi
Pl. ...... _ L
Pl . ......
cow
dll a lamp
"-
galnn }
gain }
cows
cows
dlanh} dlanhl lamps
dian dlanl J lamps
Qllnhl a,
..... .!!t_
gllnl
1
PeripkrtlJltic Plural 1381. In addition to the above fOrDls, every nonn can ,,180 form a periphrastic pl~l. This is done with the help of some words (lenotinJl plurality. Words indicating clas8es of people add sabh (~r pronouns generally) and iot (after DOWlSj to foi'iii periphi'ioitic plw""'&.ls, G.g. eabh, you respected people; Imll loa. the officers, or okll iOi, the vakUa. The terminations to form the various cases are added to sabh and lo~ and. not to the preceding nbstantive, e.g. bmlrar loQan. loQanl or loaanh, loQanhl mi. among the 'Kambr' people; aabhan. aabhanl or aabhanh. aabhanhl III, to you IeajJected people.
rail.
rail.
108
'l'IIB OBlGIN AND DBVBLOPJOINT 01' BHOJPUBl
(D) CAS: IX:rLBnONS bBBJUTBD J'BOJI
MIA
AND NBWLy C.BBA'l'BD
§362. Bhojpurt noW! is said to have seven cases, if we follow the method of Sanskrit gra.mmarians. In Bhojpurl a. postposition is generally used to denote a.ll case relationships except the nominative. Old case a.fii::es for the L~atrumental and locative t1&V6 aurvived to some eruent. The following are the different postpositions for the various cases in Bhojpuri:Accusative, Dative and Genitive. . Instrumentai and Abiative Locative ..
ke
se, sl me, par
These postpositions are of recent origin, i.e. of late MIA origin, having developed, not fJ.uIn OIA case inflexions, but fl.-uBi help.word., w't-..ich came to be combined with the stems or inftected forms of the notm in the period immcdia.teiy before the NIA stage. Nominative §363. The affix for the nominative in the MigadhI Priikrit is ·e. The specimens of ·the Eastern dialect that we have all show this -8'-.Mokan 8astern speech, Old Ma,gadhi: as in the 'Sntanukl LUicription', 'Mitgada'll' and 'Ardha-Ma.gadhi' as in A'vagh~'s dramas, 'Jain Ardha.-Ma.ga.dhi' and 'Migadhi' of the Sanskrit dramas. In iate MIA, i.e. during the Apa.bhra.m.M sta.ge, this -8' in all likelihood became .i as we find from the evidence of some of the· Prilkrit grammarians. As a. matter of fact, a.ll the Ma.g&lihan dialects including Bhojpllri shouid possess -0, -i affixes for the nominative (singuiar), but evidences show that -8 is obsolete in modem Bhoi'Puri as well o.s in west Bengali. It is, however, found in the east Bcngiiii, Assamese and Oriyii as we'il as in tl\C old Beng!!! of Cary!s and ill middle Bengal! of all periods (ODBL, §497 , Assamese, its Formation and Development, §§646, 647). In Ma.ithili of Vidyii.pati, this -6 is, however, found, e.g. jani ManamalM mana btdlui.la bane, as if Love pierced (her) mind with an M'row. The -! form for the nominative (by extension, serving as the base for the other Mses also) seems to have &ctually survived in a few Bhojpuri words, e.g. thAi, place (in western Bhojpuri) < *fiuiwi, thiime - sUitim.4n. > Simila.l'ly -I, in dehl, body, bAhl, arm, seems to be a remnant of affix -I.
§364:. The instrumental in -I, -an and -anhl is very common in modem Bhojpurl in such eApressiofiS as bhOkhl, bhOkhan, bhiikhaahi, out of hunger; dAte, dAtan, dltanhi, with teeth. The -I ending occurs frequentiy in old Bhojpurl ba1:ads ~nd songs:(i) mod plchuih·.wA barh.1I bhalyl hltawl (be~l) cal! Iwahu re, (residing) &t the back of my house, 0 brother friend carpenter, come with speed. i.e. at once. (Sohar song.) (ii) rlml (kethlyl) manAwa bira Halumaaawl· ri . nl, . wi~
(3~t Bt~t!~rc:Et~~t;, hAs!::t:oid ~~j;:r,.ru:7.A~:~:
Vol. LIlI. Part I. Special Number for 1884.)
.... 'l'heinatrum~tal enc1iuI ..e is found in M'aithill (e.g. iaIAI .I:aIAI iAagari df;..,~fona, .. quarrel arose). V.... ..hI. Old BengAD, O;-I.y& and
M8, by
DBCI.BN8ION OF THE NOUN
109
Aaaamese. (In Assamese the non-nasalized ending -e is found.) It is also found in early KOM~ o~ 'Uktivyakti-prakar&~m' of Diimodllr Pao~it" _ ... '" J-. _ .I... J.LI: __ ..... _ ... .a.-__ _ L __ ..J ________ __ .... , 1" .."
~
,,,,.!§ ...
~"',."
......v. ""JU, ftUtUlUUUB CVl'rylmng on 8.ccomu, III !I_ __
_
_
_.'
....
•
(list1't'tIS) as
well as III KORalI (Awadhl) of 1'l1lasl DiM. Hs traces an' found in NIA tq)eeehes of west also, e.g. Khar! Bolt: dhire ('aM, walk IIlow)". The source of' Bhojpurl -i!, -an and -anhl appears' to be tht' OIA instrument.a.lsingular, the genit.ive plural and s, cllmbinn.tiun of both. Thull Bhojpnri -e is the same as the lllil1 set The source of the postposition sf) of Hrl\jahhiikhi is 8amaria. The postposition Ie is also nsed for t.J1(! ablativ(' in t.he BhojpurI of Shithii.biid district. This is also fnund in Nf'piili; Dr. Turner agreeing wit.h .f. Bloch derives it from 'le' to bloke. (Nl"pali Dictionary, p. 560.) Examples: (a) With se (instrument.al): (i) ham lathl se marail, I beat. with the stick (H~.). (ii) phiiian or phiiiani or phiiianh or phiiianhi He phuiwiri gamakatla, the garden is frngrant with tlow'~r'i (1'1.). (b) With se (a.blative):
(i) pher. 8e patal gfratii. the !e8.vet! fa.!! from t.he tree (fig.)
(Ba.JIii); pher Ie patai glratli, the leaves fi,1l from the trell (8g.) (Shib8.biid). phiran or pheranl or pheranh or pheranhl se patai glratlA, (ii) the leaves fan from the trees (PI.) (Ba.Ilii.); pheran or pheranl or pheranh or pheranhl Ie patal glratlA, the It'aves fall from the trees (PI.) (8hihibi.d). Locatitle §366. The locative in -e, -I in modem BbojpurI ill buth static and dynamic towards the place, e.g. u bajari &alie, he went in the mo.rket. Similarly Ilhari, in the house, gAwl, in the villo.ge. This (·nding is o.lso found in mi-idle and old Bengili &8 well &8 in Agg&m~se.. It occurs as an oblique affix (accusative, dative, instrumental and locative) in western Hindi .. well as in early Ko~1I of 'Uktivyo.ktiprako.raQam· of DAmodar Pa1;a~it:p.46(e.g. tMAl, ·nawa ukhala, the boat sails in fordable water) and in middle KOMII (Awadhl) of Tulasi Dis. , The source of -e, -I haa been discussed in details by Dr. Chatterji in ODBL, 1499. He derived -i, -I, < -a.hi, -a.hi < • -dAi, • .blai, • -blaim,
___in. Thus
~rI, ~rI
eW(m), ".M-Mi(m).
== Late MIA
glaaraki, glaarakim. < OIA grlaa-
110
THB OmGm
OJ)
DBVBLOPIIDT 01' BHOJPUBI
It bios been conjectured tbiot iii OIA there e:.:iated iio looa.tive BlIlIlX Greek -Iki. It has a.lso been S1!..1"!!!ieed t.hat there Wy in OT.4. an a.ffix in two forme *.b.%i, *-bkim (which is represented in Homeric Greek by -pAi, -pAin and is found in Latin in -ti-bi: it OCCUi'8 also in Ann~Uaii). Its use, ii8 can be seen from the-Greek .and ~ther Indo-E~~ languages, was in the sense of 'by, along with', in the locative and ablative as well as instrumental, and rarely in the genitive and da.tive, and it was not of a definite nUmber. This *-bki, *-bhim would become -hi -him in MIA, and it seems this suffix is pa.rtly also the b&ae of the MIA ablative and locative aftlxes: the nasalized -Aim would certainly seem to go back to it. In addition to these the possibility of the OIA locative singular affix -asmin = *-a8Bim, *-aAAim, -amki, -ammi in early MIA which has merged into the late MIA -aki, -akim has also been suggested.
* -adki which is attested by MIA (Pili) -d.-ki and from
§367. In modem Bhojpurl and Hindi the postpositions -me and -par employed in tho locative. The source of par is Late MIA pari < OIA pare, moaning beyond. The origin of me (Nepali mi., Turner: Nepali Dictionary, p. 499) appears to be MIA majjhe < OIA 'll&ati,hlla(l" m.oJJ&lIe. In old Hindi we fmd miiki. In old Bhojpurl documents of one hundred yeai'S we alsQ find mAtI which is, possibly, an impor~tion frum the westem Hindi, e.g. kigada Ukhaila. parana sAhu ki dorokhi mAht, this document was written in the vemndah of the merchant named Parina. The words mah.a and mala found as the postl)Ositions in Ko§ali (Baburam Saksena: Evolution of Awadhi, §ISS) suggest that there was a ·sts. word .",.ad.J:,a,=-, also < • ",..add.".,a < OIA 'Tl'.adklt'a (cf. in this connection lJali!1!IQ,: Babka and also matla from Avesta). a.i'e
Exampies: (i) allA= me pin! na!khe, there is no water in the g)a= (Sg.); binar: par goll mati caliwa. do not fire at the monkey (8g.). (ii) allAsan. gilisanl. gllisanh, allasanhl me pAnt naJkhi. there is no water in the glasses (Pl.); bAnaren, blnaran!, blnaranh, blnanmhl par gem mati calAwi, do not fire at monkeys (Pl.). Genitive
1368. The OIA genitive affixes in the singular have not survived in NIA speeches. The genitive affix -ra is retained by pronouns only in Bhojpuri. e.g. mch·", hamAr", tohlr" (cf. Beng. to-,..., tak4-r~, etc.). For the origin of this affix see under Pronouns. This -ra postposition is very common in many NIA speeches. Besides Magahl and MaithilI, it is also employed by the Assamese, Oriya and diAleotB of north BengAl and Sylhet amODgBt the MApdhan speeches and in Mlrwitl amongst the western languages.
mO-"",
§369. The origin of the genitive postpoaitiODB in the various NIA languages hu been discuased very e:.:ba.1J8tively (GrienoD; RindwstiDI: Enoyo. Brit. ; Chatterji : ODBL, §Ma). They are all re1a~ to the derivative fonn&tions of v'kf like kani, .hIni, Wrp, irt"iG, already 3ielding adjectiv-.I . affixes in MIA: catM4nI, mtJ1uJrcJ, tmaAa-bnJ, etc. There are ntended applications of these aftixes in MIA literature. e.2. fJltJma-l:era. ~I:era. etc. .. . Amo~ NIAlanguages -~ -Cioare the ~oa.ibea of Aaaameee and Beng-.J ie.~(,tiV81y and of h1thr. wbile 8indh! =1= ·iI Ii modem
-=
DJlCLBN8I0N 01' TBB NOUN
lIt
for~ .re1!-ted t:o .lriJrga > MIA ~jja > -a~ > .ja. The genitive post. posItiOn m Maithill and Magahi 18 .m and In modem Bhojpurl it is ke. (In ~.ii.. ~e genitive postposition is ka and in Ncpli.iI it. is ito: Turnt'r: Nepali DIctIonary). The source of Bhojpurl gmlit.ival pOI!t.ptltlitioll ke appears to be krf,ya > 1qg ; l\figadhl ka.e > kai > ke. 'rho orit(in of Maithiil and Magahl genitivai postpositian ·ka which is l~illO found in olel Bhojpurl ballads and songs seems to be a. bl(>ud bt·t\n·(·Jl MIA .kua < "rtya and the adjectival =kka which h.a.s also a genitiva.l foret'. Examples: With ke (genitive): (i) rim ke laiki mu gam, H.itm 'ti dl~\JJ!hter {lit'd (SJ!.). (ii) kukur_an or ku~uranJ or kukuranh or kukurunhl ke n~h tej holil, the natll! of dogs IUl' Vl'ry slunp (pl.).
§370. The -ke genitive of Bhojpuri iH us('1I for till' Ilatin' alllIIWl'UNlLt in. also. The Assamcse and the north n('n~iili lIialt'('lll haw ·hr. ti'r till' genitive and dative. In this conm'ption, it ill to 1)1' notpd IluLt. tIll' fllllill~ together of the genitive amt da.tive is all old phl'II01l1l'1101I hl'/.dllllinJ! frolll the lat·er Vedic and Siitra tl'xtt~. Thn.t of :~e('USfLt in' and (ll,t.i\·(· ht'j.(lLIl from MIA period and is quite markl'd ill NIA SIlC'l·(·ht·H. The example of gcnitivfl with ke hI'S hl'ell gi\"l'll aho\"(·. That of accusative and dative is given below: (a) With -ke (accusativo):
(i) tu apna laika ke bhejlo\, send your son (8g.). (ii) tu apni laikan or laikanl or laikanh or laikanhl ke bhejlo\, send your sons (Pl.). The accusative with .lce is also found in BengiUJ, e.g. ta1ce bolbO = Sk. tam va~yi.i.mi, 1 sh"Uspcak to him. (b) Wit.h -ke (dative):
(i) u bimhan ke dan dihale, he gave cha.rity to the Bro.hmlm (SI(.). (ii) u bamhamm or bambanani or bamhananb or bamhananhl ke din dihale, he gave charity to the Briihmall8 (Pl.).
The dative with ·lee is also found in BengalI, e.g. jal1eejabO - Sk. Jalii.ya gam~mi. I shall go for water. §371. The origin of genitive postposition -ke has a.lready becn ex. plained. (§369). As a comprehensive source of the dative postposition in the 1!I."lA lar.guages and especially to account for KOlK!.lI (Awa.dhl) forms like ·hzAa kaAa Wu, and Sindhl .leM, Bea.mes suggested OIA ·Ieu~, aide. the'Drobable form from which W.A affixes like Bg . •lee, O. •leu, Br. H. -.1:0; etc., have sprung. R. G. Bha.JWArkar objects to this proposed derivation from .kd:,a. He would trace the dative ·ie of Bengali (also of Bhojpurl) and ./r,6 of W. Hindi to a MIA locative kiki, Wi, where, somewhere, from the interrogative pronoun base lea (Wilson: Philological Lectures, pp. 246-248). To Dr. Chatterji this derivation of Bha.ij.~kai' is not a.t all conviIur.ng. According to him, SindhI W, W, W, kAi, inftected forma of a post. fixed (m) kkAa the Old Beng&U kakAu ..00 the Earlv Ko6aIJ Wll would all support the ~ption that . . is the source of W. HindI Wu, . , W,
:.a :"".1,
wa
the
112
TBB omOIN AliD DBVBLOPJIJDI'T 01' BHOJP11BI
hi and upy. ku. T-aey are all to be connected with an ApabhraJilaa. form for the ablative in * WkWu, * Wkkahti. or probably * WkMu, * Wklaau. Thus considering all the points in this connection, Dr. Chatterji is of opinion that the source of -ke is either 1qta or kaTc,a or a converg~ce of the two in the locative (ODBL, p. 761). §372. Bhojpurl, like BengAli and Assamese and unlike {)riy., does not posseBil any organic affix for the ablative. The postpositions -88 and -Ie are employed to express ablative ser&sc in modern Bhojpul1. The origi.'l of these postpoeitional wO!'lI .. ha.s a.!re.a.tly been explained (see §365 wlder Instrumental). POSTl'OSl'rIONAL WORDS
§373. Usc of postpositions to denote case relations is found in lA, Koi and Dravidian. In OiA, indecHnabies like ci ,adhi, anu, pari, pro, etc., are found both as prepositions and as postpositions. In IE, these so-called prepositions were properly adverbs referring to the act, but in all IE languages, including lA, they came to attach themselves to and to •govern ' na.rtieular case forms of nouns (accusative or inatrumental. ablative or genitive or locative). The prepOsitional and postpositional -use with the noun. of these particles fell into gradual disuse :&om -late OIA and they lost their separate and independent existe~ce in the sentence as hclp-words: they were compounded as prefixes or pre-verbals with the vm,-b, the sense of which they modified." Classical Sanskrit shoWs fewer 1l&1"ticles with a prepositional or postpoeitionel employ than Vedic. In E4. the number of these old particles as postpositions employed with nouns· grew even more restricted. On. the other hand, to make the sense clear, especially when in MIA, the case tenninations were confused and were being lost, the IA speech began to employ the accusative, dative, ablative or locative form of BOme suitabie noun (with the sense of iooaiion, vicinity, direction, connection, purpOSe or power) along with the principal iioUD. "which Iet&ined ita original inflesion. Classical Sanskrit, followmg the Prikrit vernaculars, took up this device. This sort of auxiliary and postpositional use was later extended to some verbal formatioJlS--o'D&88ive mrticioles and oresent ~icipies and to the indeclinable oonjunctlve verb. SuCh poatpoSitional prePositional use of verb forma is not unknown to other IE languages, e.g. English-during, regarding, ooncerning, etc. But this principle was utilized only to a very limited extent elsewhere outside India, whereas IA, from the MIA stage downwards, fully employed it to form postpositionals. Ola=ie&l Sanskrit eJ..--eady took up some paeeive pa..Pfiicip!ee and conjunctive indeclinables as postpositions governing oblique oases. Some of these postpositional word.s--noun and verb formit--through phonetio decay became traD8f~rmed into organic aftises in NlA, as baa been seen before". The conjunctive and participle poetpoeitions, however, moetly retained their pbraaal character and in ~.LA. they remain distinct asdetaohed worda. Bhojpuribaa miWy auen verbal~. ~, IODl8 DOUDS (old tba. or ate.) are WIed as separable poetpoeitiODI in all NIA. TheJr eetabliahment is apparently potrt-NIA and iDdependent in eafth im}Jortant aeparable poatpoeitiODI of
or
~mOT =~ a:u~ore
Bh°'lir-alor
1~llocative of .8. ;
tIfN.
wo:..
in
~t ~
It il1II8d
with tile geultive aDd" 000Nicma11y with the baI!e. !he non.D'pu.ieJJbrm . " is uaed"in lifndj aDd NepI1I; e.g. IIlaI Irl ... or
IDOI'8 oomii,oDly ~"
"
"
DIICLD8ION 01' TBB lfOUN
113
ia. bamlr khet bit my field is in front of the railway line; rAJllal karab6 80hlrl (Old Bhojpuri), cf. BengiU-raj4 4g~ kariM goMri (SKK.. p. 65), shall make a plaint before the king. • (2) Opar. par < Sk. upari, Pili upari, Pk. uppari, meaning 'on upon'. In Hindi upar and par is also used. These aro cmplovt.>d witl~ genitive in the locative sense, c.g. tohiri iipar or par ham bard ana rAJ binI. I am very much angry upon or on you. (3) or. meanin!; 'towards or in the directiou of' : lls('d more commonly with genitive in the locative, c.g. Ahar ki or, towardA the house: ehi or. in this direction. The Perso.Ambic word 1.araf (u';') is also used iu tho above sense, e.g. ahar ki taraf, ehi laraf. (4) karat. kartA. doing. preseut participle of yhir = y'ff." to do. kart~ < 1r.aranU < 1r.arantahi, karantahi (Lnstrument.n.1 or !oI'At.h·{l). It is used commonly with genitive, e.g. tohari karat or kartA kuchaU ni bhall. nothing was done by your noing. (5) karan. cause: used with the g ku. In Caryii 13, we find ,,'7i.da.bihune suiM jai80, just as a dream (suifta = BVapna) without 8leep. (18i bliltar Or bhltiirl, bhltarl cf. Bengali 6hiitiT;t bh.itti.ri, within < ·bkittJ~_ -::.~~abk1JO:.n.J4.re.. _ ~h~e 8o!8 lo~ca.tives bu~ used~ with genitives, e.g. ghar ItA bhltar, bhltare, bhltarl within or inside the house. In the same sense the word annar < Persian and4r is used. It seems to be a recent importation from western HindI, e.g. ghar kA annar, within the hc.1.1.8e. (19) mAJh. miJhi. mAh, in the middle, locative form « madkytJ). cf. BeJurilI majM. The words mAJh. mAJhi. mih are used in old Bhojpuri a8 postpo8itions, the modem worcf beiiig me for the same. are found in old Bhojpu11 c:J,ocuments. e.g. killed likhlU, perin eAhu til dor5kh1 mljh, mAJhi. the document was written in the verandah of the mercha.ut named' Farin. m4jM is found in Caryi 8oiso, e.g. gaitgii.ja1l1liir_jUri bakai Mi, the boat floats in the Gangi and the Jumna.. The sta. madhe < madhyi is also found in the Bhojpuri proverb ~ madhi. kalblwatl bans madhephtlA, in wealth (the only remna.nt 18;. Wooden plate and in tamily a father's sister. mIha ill found in old Bhoj., e.g. ghara miha, bana mAha, in the house, in the fore8t. In modem Bhojpurl the meaning of mAh is •under' • e.2. lEI ham kehtl kl mAh binI ? 80m I under anvbodv ! .. (20) mlri mArl, locative ofmir< ca.us.of y~. InmodemBhoj~ pun these are used with genitive and give the meaning' owing to, on account of', e.g. kim lEI mlri, inIrI, on account of work; tohlri 1IlIri, mArl, on account of you; bhulrhllra mArio m!!"l. owi..ng to hunger. (21) Ja&i, Ja&1, near: forms the loca.tive of proximity with the genitive. Probably it is OOIUlected with the S'J[. word It.Ig;uJ., e.g. hauaIi'I taal or Ja&1 AwA, come to me. Eu.ctJ.y in the above sense, the word aagle, aagiel, aaalel < Pers. is uSed in Bhojpurl. e.g. bamIrI na!1lc, na!l1cl or na!l1c1 I""~ Cdmetome. (22) a&l, ha~ come in touch with, of. N; liigi, B. liigiyiJ, legi,.liigi < Sk.lagna-.lapaJ:a-. Pa., Pk~ ltIgga•• attached. Used with the base, or ~ennitive. to indicate the dative of interest 'for the sake of'. with the objeCt '~t;;.This poetpositioD8.fform ~i8~iOund in Bhojpurl pOevyollly (It i= ra.-e in If.B. '=IclA~' and in ~-d oollccruial, but it is exOfledingly common in K.B. aDd in the arobaio poetical Iauguage.), e.g.
h.e
as
These
tItIZIli'.
b
A
DBOLBlfSIOlf 01' THE lfOUN
115
apal plyA lAil peoh'13 dldarlyi, I put on a. bordered dot.h filr m~' husband. (23) Ii. up to, cf. N. le, H. le, 'with' po8IJibly connecWt! with Sk. ldbIuII6, Pa. lab1&ati, Pk. laAai (Tumer: N.D., pj>. 560, 556, tll'C Ii a.nd lilll/). Particula.rly it is u.qed a.fter adverbs, e.g. kahlle, up t.o where; lblle. lip to here, etc. . Exactly in~the above Bense, t.he postpositioMI form tak is lIsell in tilt' Bhojpurl. The word tak is probably connected with Sk. turl."tlyali, l'u. eal:l:eti, Pk. takkei (Tumer: N.D., p. 270). e.g. uhl tak, up tu where, lhll t8k, up to here, etc. (24) saili, instrumenta.l or locative-oblique of the ta. Banga, Ct)mPl'n~·. It is used occasionally with genitive also. e.g. toblrA s86i, wit-h yon; rAm saAi, with Ri.m. This postpositional form is found in O.B. 1.1tIo. c.J:. Cary& 32, dujjana-Baiige, with a bad man. - (25) santi or siti, officiating, in exchange for. It forms eln.tive with genitive, e.g. hamir santi or sitl, for me (officiating me); okar santi or
dU, for that (in exchange for that). The use of -stink, u.1I "' ~fiiti\·,· postposition is very old and has been found, at least in MIA of thl~ Illlllth. west. &8 carly as the transitional MIA period. (26) samit, with (cf. N. Bamel). 'It forms instrumcntal with J(lmitiv(', e.g. sabh kA samet iri, come with all (men). (27) sitb, BAtbl with {'omp:uison is carried on b~' using anaJs, bis. e.g. i laiki ekari se umiri mi§ tanl bis hawe, thiN boy.i.i 1\ bit oldl'r in .a.ge; fllaika ekara se umirl mi§ tani anais hawe. t.hllot hoy iH ... hit, It·"" in age. or the comparison is gencrully exprc);lIcd h." lIsin!! till' simple u,clj(·"t in' with the postposition se following tht" noun with which till' ,'uJUJ);\/'jSllll i.. made. e.g. il laio ekari se gor hawe, that. boy is fllirt", thlUl t.his: i laika okara se karla hawe, thill boy is d... rkcl' tha.n t.h"t..
1i382. 'rhe seMe of suvermtive is exPl'('sst'd. h" It simpl,' /\djC"('t,i\'" preceded by sabh rni§ or 8abb se or sabh in~ barhfke or sabh se-barhi ke (best of all) with or without the noun in thc I,w:,tin' ense, ('.~. il laika sabh me nik hawe, tha.t. boy is the I)('st nf all; 0 apanii ghar rniS sabh miS or sabh se ulman hawe, in his fMllily. Ill' is t I... best of all; i lilthi sabh m~ or se barhi ke hawe, thiH Htiek iH t.lw h,'sl, (If the lot. §383. The emphatic forms of a *sapta,'i > .Batt!J,'i > ·aatt,a,4i > sattarl. In Pili occur both saUati and sattari and the latter hM continued to our times (ODBL, §528j. §392. The illitera.te people generally count only up to 20, onwards they- count by twenties, e.g. -tlnfbls i-pic, 65, i.e~ 'three twenties and five'. In place of tWe.l'!.ty, sometimes kori is aleo used which is an Auetric word as shown by Przyluski. Even within twenty, numbers nE'..ar twenty are expressed by the help of twenty, e.g. du Ulll bis, eighteen . .•
~nnn
,,,V,,.
mL. ___
! _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 __
~I"'~
115
~"Il".l""U'y
LL _ _ _ _ _ .... ! ____
1111"
l'....Clll""t:
~
_..1.3.! _ _ , . . . : ,
UI IIoUlUIlg
KU,
C...
L~'
,"UU
__ '£L'!!!!!'
U.l"
\-DC
tlnl go or tho or thi lalki, three boys; sit ao 01' 1110 01' thi mpayi; seven !'1.ipees; iao or 11£-1110 or Ilqhi darkhis, one petition.
&iii. help-words after numbers, e.g.
§394,. ' gO' is found in other Bihi.rl dialects and it occurs in distant Chittii.g""..on. a.s 'gu4'. The orlgis"l of this is n.ot cle&f. Ii; it not likely that it 18 a contraction of' gold' meaning 'whole', 'entire', 'single', for the derivation of which see ODBL, pp. 779-80. Dr. Chatterji suggests that it may be from OIA 'gGItJ', d:a gat4 > MIA ekka gaa but the vocalism of Bhojpurl 'aii' which may be ii-viii. earlier ·!jua is admitted by him to be a difficulty. · The derivation of 'gofiJ' from grta as suggested by Dr. Chatterji may be requisitioned in the absence of better expianationj a aide-form *grta>"'guII.I > ..(fU4 may be allowed to be assumed. 'tho' and 'the'. Dr. Ohatterji would connect with root V aIM, ekaaddcl · > eH:aIiittu > ei#&e, originaiiy nomiDative derived from MJA. The vowel · '0' in ',,",'.is, however, di1Iicult to explain. . f395. All canliDals above a hundred &Ie formed by aubjoJDiDg the lower number to the higl-wr without any mt6a--veniug wnjunotion, 6.g~ 101, ek sal it; 102, ek sal dal; iOS. ek gI tIDI; 104. ek gI dd; 10l5, ek sat pic; 110, ek sat du; 115, ek eal plllUll'8h; Ito, .al bl;;; 125, ad pada Of awl ad; llJO, ek ad pada Oi
*
*
TBK AD.TBOTIVB
121
dirh aa1; 200, du ..I; 225, du ..I paeis or sawl du sal i 250, du sal pacla or arhAl sal i 300, tlol sai i 325, tin sal paels or sawl tin &&1 i etc.; 1,395, ek hajAi' tin 8ai pancanbi i i,1;l,37K, ek Ilkh pachauar haJlr tin sal athAhantarl i 15,95,.185. panarah likh p~c:iobi hajar car sai pacasi i l,32,5S,426. ek karol" battls Ilkh aothlwanl hajlr car sai ehabbls.
. 1396. The ca.rdin&ls from 101 to 199 are forlUl-ll in 1\ w~y Blt.oj.tC't.h('r different when they are employ"'l in the multiplication table. In (-vt'rvilln' talk, however, the ordinary forms arc employed. . . §397. From 101 to lIS, the higher numher i~ I!llbjoinl'll 1 (I t.hl' 1')\\'I'r one with whieh it is compounded by means of -uttar (ahll\·'-). tltl' illit.i,,1 uof the latter c.ombi.D.iP.g with the final -8 of tho pl'{llc(-cliu),t \vnr.l ht·c:nm\"S '0'. Thus 108 is athottarso, i.e. ath+uttar+so, l~ight. a.bo",' hlllllin-II, ep.,n.o 3.,"0.
~
___
'I
'In
.L_
"~n
of uttar except in the ca.se of 81th-SO.
_________ .. -____ _ W ,.J. . . • ..• conneCt;lng YOWl'l . a' II! lIlUlrp0I!('1I lll/!lll'lto! 140 Bnd 160 Whl'J'(l tIll' fj)rmK art' cal-so l\lId
.l.'J:UIlI J.J.D {,() 10D, "'
In the rest, tht' oril!ina! form rcmai!!!, !!!!!'hn.!!g!"!!.
§399. The &CI'.ent iR a.lwu.ys on the IlontEl}X'llultilllah! of t.he wholl' compound, e.g. 153. tirpanniso; 162, basaHhilso; I'tl'. TIJ(' fflrmM IIf these cardinals are the following ;101, ekottar-so; 102, dilottarso: 103, tilottarso; 10·1, calotlarso : 105, pacottJU'so ; 106, chllottarso: 107, satlottarso: lOS, athot-
tarso; 109, nawottarso; 110, dahottarso: III. egarahottarso, egrottarso; 112, barahottarso; 113, terahottarso; I H, calldhottarso; II5, panarahottarso; 1I6, sorahottarso; 117, satrahottarso; lIS, atharahottarso; Il!), onsaisaso; l~fI. 1;1&180 i 121, ekaisiao i 122, bal8lso; 123, teisiso; 124, ciiublsu80; 125, pacisiso; 126, chabblsaso: 127, sata'is8so; 12"4, ftt~AY8iSO; !29, ontl8lso; 130, tislso. 131, ektlsiso •. 139, ontAlso i 140, ellso; 141, ektllso; 149, onelsso: IrlO, derso: 151, ekawanaso; 152, bawanniso: 153, tlrpannaso: 1M, eaUwaonAso; 155, paepannaso; 156, chapanoaso; 157, satwanolso; 158, athwanniso i 159, oosatthiiso; 160, sathso; 161. eksatthaso; 169, onhattarso i 170, sattarso; 179, oona8180; ISO, assiso i 181, ekAsJso; 189, nawiislso: HIO, oabbp.so; 1111, ekIDbiso; 192, binbeso ; 193, tlranbeso ; 200, duiso. §400. In dllottarso, tilottarso, calottarso. -1- appea.rs to be 11.11 euphonic insertion (e,g. dl-I-ottar-so, tI-I-ottar-so, ca-I-ottar-so. ete.). In bldso. ekaisiso, the .a· ma.y be a.s much the result of "ecl-nl as an adjectival -1-. 2. Ordinala
§'OJ. The 1'"........
ordinals, like substantives, admit of weak a.nd stroll/( Thf' Atmnu &nrl
4-: ............... ""........................n tWn, 140 ttld as ekildh. hardly one. Or it fDlI.y bt' expressed by joining another number accordinJot to tho following Mlles:(0) Every number is used with tho OIl(! immt'tlb~tdy f{)llowin~, "H tlnl cilrl, about thl'('c; das eillirah. a,bout tNl; etc. (0) Ten or any muitipie often is lISt'O with ihe next ioiiowing muitipit· of five or ten, as das panarah or das bls. about ten or "fly number betwe£'n ten and fifteen or between ten IIond tWl'IltV: blspacla ~~rbi8 i18~ ~i)~;'t~t~~~~ty; ctc.~ . ... ... . . (c) Exceptionally two is used with four 1\.8 dui cArl, about two; five with seven as pic silt, about five; eight with ten ali Alh das, about eight; ten with twelve as das bArah. about tt~n; twelve with fourtcn as barah caUdah, about twelve; twenty with twenty-five as bls pacls. about twenty.
CHAPTER V
THE PRONOUN §422. The OIA pronomina.l forms as in Vedica.nd Sanskrit show certain reguia.rity a.nd there ha.s been a. good deai of standardization. Tbe Bhoj. pronOUIl.8 arc derived from these but there has been a great deal of cUrtailment of the old forms on the one hand and new buildings in late MIA a~d early MIA stages on the other. For many of the pronouns, we have in Bhoj. quite a. bcwiidering number of forms, but these are reducibie to a. few original tYPl'S. AR -in the ca.sc of the noun, the va.rious oblique forms were largely lost and the genitive and the loca.tive in -hi took a. prominent pla.c.e. The dil!ltinction of gendcr which was absent in the first and second persons but ~hich n~a.S present in othei pronouns in OIA was lost to Bhoj., as in most NIA. The new genitive forms for pronouns in Bhoj. as much as in other NIA which go b"ck to MIA period a.re really adjectives agreeing in number a.nd gender with noun govemed by the genitive but even here the adjectival S8l"Hle is wea.kcned~the ordla-&&ry or masculine forma being also used for the feminine noun as well, e.g. hamirl gii often becomes hamir aii, my cow. PERSONAL PRONOUNS
6423. Bhuiouri DOsscSSes the oronouns for the first and second nersons only ~ For the third Person, the Remote Demonstrative Pronoun' Is used except th.a.t the base of the OIA thi..--d persona.l pronou..-t 8u..-vive8 in some forms. In some of the dialects, these pronouns have two forms-the shorter and ihe longer, as Grierson has termed ihem (L. S. Gr., Pa.rt II, §23;. C
(A) Fi,." Pe,.IJ01I
§424.
Bhojpurt evidently started with the following forms : -
Sg. ~-lom.
Gen.
mA
mo (mo-ra)
Pi.
hama hamana, hamlra
These have evolved from OIA through MIA a.s follows : Nom. mayci+ena > mai > me. d8tna- > aAma- > * 1&amma > hama.
Gen.
mama
> * maiDa > mo; .. mama-kam > mo-ra; tum4kam > amM-
taam > hamana i • d8tna-A:am > hamAr••
The original nominaiive singular aiam. MIA ai&akam, Ap. itJii+pl. (for Vayam) > *1&ami a.re now lost; they are likely ~ have existed in the oldest Bhojpn..w1. . In sta.Qdard Bhojpud, the origiDalsiDgula.r nominative « instramentr.l oi OIA), viz. mi, has beoome ~ica.lly obsolete-it is sometimes hea.rd among women as in •ml lEA JInG i bAY', what do I know, 0 Bl.bi I-the pluraf' ham t, being the one form UIJed for' It. ( 128 ) tJ8tne
TBB
,). J.1
PBONOUN
§425. We may now consider the various Bhoj. forms, stanrund a.nd dialectical, which are based on the above early Bhuj. forms :-.
Standard (But:ia) Hg.
Dir. Obi.
PI.
ham ham, hamdrii
hamlni, hamlni ka hamllni
Gen. Adj.: D4'. hamar, my, qualifying UlILSClllilW:LIlIl fl'minine both (but hamirl occurs occasionally qua.lifying feminine nOllnll only). Gen. Adj. obI. hamlri.
Examples: ham kbaili. I ate; hamlni. haminikii khaiH or kho'!!; J4, WC' Me'; ham. hamlri ke or ki! da. give us; ham, hllmi'irii sc alsan kim na ho sakela. such a deed is not pOSNih11' by IIW. hamlni se alsen kam ns ho slIkeJa, I-Illl'h :\ dl'I'd is not. IKIssihll' by mb. ham, hamlri se tu ek din pltaibl\, lint' (lin' vou will I", h"II.t.C'1l II\" me; hamlni se tu ek din pitaiba, 01\" ;la',V ,vIlU will h" h('at"!~1 by uo; ham, hamlrs se rupaya mati man~a. till "lit lLNk 11111111',\ from me; hamAnl se rupAya mati marij.\a, (1., /lot. lI.sk rnlllW\" from us; hamAra me kawano chat kapat ke bUt na IJaibli. you won't find:my deceit in lOe: hamAni me k:lwano chal kap", ke bat na paibA. you won't find any 1!1'C'('it in liN, Noie.-hiiiii. as iio Sifiguliioi" oblique 1I(!l'ifiK to h(, f~ r('CI'lIt. illlpurtu.tioll from Hindi where it is used as a rel(Ular plural oblique. The ultl,'r I~fl(f commonly U!!OO form in Bhojpuri is hamata.
§426. Typical forms in other dialects of Bhojpuri are given below:-
Nort1u?rn Standard, Bhojpuri (Gorakhpur)
PI. ham loA or sabb ham IOAan (Jr Babhan maf, ham ham loA or sabb, logan or sabhan, mo, more, hamman ham. hamlre
81·
Dir. ObI.
Genitive Ad!. mor! hamar •
....
"" P,Q,· (i) (~ras and Mirzipur)
Dir. ObI.
Sg. bam ham bam (bamml in dative and bamlre in locative only)
Pl.
lOA or 100an. bamlhan &8
above
Geuitive Adj. hamAr in maeouIine and hamAri in feminine only.
128
TBB ORIGIN AND DEVELOPlIIENT 01' BHOJPUBl
(ii) (Azawg&rh)
Sg.
PI.
Dir.
may, ham
hamlhan
VDI.
BlO, haUl
Same as above
.nL.
hamm~ iii dative a.nd more, hamAre in dative and loca.tive only. Genitive Adj. mort hamar (masc.)j morl. hamlr! (fem.).
NQ{Jpuriii. or 8adiini
§428.
PI.
Sg. Dir.
mo~.
bam
hamAre, hamAre-man, hamini, hamlni-man. hamlrin
moe (irUerior) Same ham (superior) Genitive Adj. mor, hamar, hamAr ObI.
as above
It must be noted tha.t in mol, there is contamination between mai, ml < maya+eM+mo « mama)+e < eM. Simil&r oont.a.mina.t.oo forme occurred in Middle Bengali mal. mOiie, etc., besides t'I'Id.
Origin.§429. As a. prelude to a considera.tion of the current Bhoj. forms, the origin of t.1te ba-aic or old Bhoj. has b~..,!l given before. The question may be studied in details here. Bhojpurllst person SJ;t. ml J;t088 ba.ck to MIA instrumental fJUIi « OIA maya), Ap. maio -The na88J.ization in Ap. a.nd in Bhojpuri has been rightly explained by an influence of the regular inBtr.u:nental afti% ~!1'.4 (ODBL t 1539). The na.saIiza.tion ha.s been preserved in HindI 80nd PunjAbl'mai', Gujriti and Maithill« ~', ea.rly Ko8aJi (Awa.dhi) mai, Sindhi a.nd Oriyi mti, old Ma.ri.P1I myiJ. modem Ma.ri.thl mi. In Bengill 80nd Assa.mese mUi. mai, the na.aa.liza.tion is implied 8olthough not indica.ted explicitly in writing. ·The northam sta.nda.rd a.nd westem Bhojpurl form maya is aiso derived from this maio The oblique ba.se mo (Gorakhpur) ca.n be derived from §k. mtJmtJ (ODBL, §541). The na.sa.Iiza.tion in the oblique base ma (Aza.mgarh) ·appeM!l to be jUBt a.loca.1 a.nd diaJectica.l. It 11M a.OO led to the creation of the conta.mina.ted form mal for the nominative as noted above. The original OIA now. Gr\t.;m is not preserved in Bhoj. as we have i8iii. ham is regulady used as the nominative a.nd oblique singula.r in all BihirI djaleotB. In Hindi and Ko4alJ (Awadhl), it is uaed in plural only. It is from the OIA base G8t7I4- through Pk. amAi' in the nominative' and atnlaain the other ~iiii6& as the hue fvim, with the tr&.nsfer of &a}'iratioil to the initial position (Aama < .1&amma- < amAa-). The oid aingajar genitive mo- (e.g. in Brajabblkhl, 'mo IIlBDa aaata kahl8ukha pAwl', SflradIsa,) beca.me a.n oblique ba.se: a new J[eDitive on the baaia of addition of -bra "became eatabUaJLed in the eaatern- speeches : mama-kara >·mO-arG, mOna. This is the origjDaJ aingaJar genitive ofnew formation. An exteoaion of this mo to· mOha (through conta.miDation with the nominative and other 1)rODOUDS and a new locative mo-bl) is a1ao foUDd in moblr (dialectical). ~ HindI and Paai&bI tIIIrr1 ("""', would
m:e ~!:o~ : ~~~~~~'":e_in,,.;z::;;
..mer form'vi .......
1.
TIDI I'BOlfOtnf
The leDitive bamAr can be derived only from the baae CUtIIG-+mrc.. Equivalents are found in Beng. and Assam. cimar, OriyA cimlJAdm, HindI AGtncir4, Gujriti Gmtiro. The oblique hamarl is a strong form of the genitive hamAr by adding an emphatio ,adjectival • i' at the end: the final' I • being the moat strongiy accented syilabie in the word. the 'a' in the second syllable beeame weakened and then W&8 dropped. (hamAr-hamlr4>hamarl). The suffix -aDi. -an in the di~ct and oblique plural forn"a& hamlnl (Ballii), hamman (Gorakhpur), hamlhan (with n. euphonio • h • in Baniraa and Mirzipur) is the survival of tho MIA genitive plural, &8 we have seen before. In the nominative plural hamanlkl or baman kA, this • kl' is the strong form of the Bhojpuri genitive postposition -ke (also MI\f(l\hl -~ and MaithilI -ka). There ha.s been a change of meaning also: hamaDlkl, at first meant 'of us' and then 'we'. A simila.r process of transferonco of the genitive (whether old or newj to the nominative is noted in other NIA speeches alao: cf. middle Beng. iimharii. now Bong. amra; and (If. "Iso KaSal! Aaman == ano..1aataam and Bundell: ka11'.are, tihiire. (B) Second Per&on
§430.
The Old Bhoj. bases evidently were the following:Sg.
PI.
Nom.
tu,tU
tumha (1). tUba
Gen.
to. (to-ra), to-h (tohara)
Inat.
tal
tahan
The nominative singular t"1i, to repreaent OIA'tu (_ in :-tl-am) &ii well as Wam _ MIA. tii, tum. The OIA ~ became MIA tumAe in the nominative, and the ba.ae 1fUfm4 > t'UmAa apparently gavo Bhoj. lOba, but the uaaaliza.tion is frequently lost. The original instrumental tal < 'vuytJ+ etItJ baa merged into the nominative, only here in the second person, the original Dominative forms tu. to still remain. to < lavu does not present. any cWBoulty nor'to-ra < tatllJ-kara. The extended form toba goes parallel to moba with -h- evidently from the plural or from th~ locative affix -hi. "";'tU:am > MIA. ~ gave t6baDa: it is likely that the original form in Bhoj. was. tumhaoa. and the nasalization ia not indicated now .. the word already hi.;; a. nasal.
1431. The following are the forma of the pronoun of the second penon ill standard BhojpurJ:-
..... 'PI
taban, t6banl. to. log, ligaal
Dir.
tu. to. to, tA· (ordinary) ti (tI) (inferior)
til.
Ob.
tG, tara, toh. tobirA
All the above forma exoepfi
OeDitive Adj~ Dir. tGr and toblr Oedive Adj. '()bi. tOri and tolili'l 9
orl~.toblnlkl
ioiIIDikI
130
kala.
Dir. &g. examplee: (1) tow 01' ttl aall riihaIA hi. kalal gaD rahale hi. where did you go ,
(2)
tI. (tI)
Nole 1.-tI (ta) is used only for the younger, chiefly children and servants in ODe's own,family. It AYPresseS either d"'6p affection or oont.empt. A. son will always use tl, tl for his mother. Similarly parents even for their esruwn-up iOil 01' daughter may use to.. , ttl 01' tl. ti§. t".. , ttl, tl, ti are ~mmonly ~d}i1 a~ing t!J.e lowest cJ,assea and the low-caste people always use tl, te among themselves. Dir. pI. examples: tohan, t6hanl, tu, to log, loganl or 16gani kahl gaU rabab\ hi, where did you people go' tohlnlkl kahl gail rabala hi sa, sil Or saiil, where did you (younger Or menial) people go!
Noie 2.-W'ncn tohlnikB is used in direct singuiar, it refl~rs to a woman. A husband, for example, may ask his wife tohlnikl kahl gall rahalil ba 8a. aI or aanI, where did you (wife) go , ObI. ag. examples: (1) to. toh, tohld se kahall, I told you. (2) torlse kahan, I told you (younger or menial). ObI. Sg. and PI. (3) tohani, se kahaii. I toid you or you peopie.
Nole 3.-to. toh, tobArl are ordinarily respectful terms. Thus a son can use them while addressing; his father or uncle. But tori is used for the
r;a.'5.a~7e:! !6~~~niss~=:~o:n!e~~:n~hi~n.:.~u:~t~~~w~~~O~! singular it is used for wife only. Obi. pI. tohan.,tohanl, tu, to 10&, to&anI or toganl se kahali, I told vou pOOple. GeDitive ,.4..dj. Dir.: i klki' baJ tobAr kltlb bawi, 0 uncle! this is your book. ari C8D'..arll tar kI nAwi bawe, 0 shoemaker! what is your name' i mil ! tor &ahlnwl kahl bil, well mother I where is your ornament'
v
Nole 4.-tor is used chiefly for children. menials and women irrcsoective of gender. It either expreeseai contempt orlove. A
Genitive Adj. ObI. example: t6d or tohlri bitA se, from your son. In the plural, the obliq-u6 is used w i~h the ISCQ-aitiv6 postposition ke t e.g. hal toban or tohanlI6&. 16&_ or login! ke kltlb hawl. this book belongs to you people.
1432.
Typical forms in other dial~uS of BhojPlh-1 are given below:-
Sg. Dir. teJ, t6 Obtd, tGri. dlh . Genitive Adi. bir. tlr. tubIr Genitive Adj. Obi. tid. tuhIrI
Pl. t6 logan, aabhan. pacaa All the above forms
Jror the 1118 of teJ, see Note 1 of the standard Bhojpurl ill previou page.
TID .BONOUN
131
f'33. Sg. PI. Dir. t@J. t6 . t6, toahan, loa. 10Aan ObI. to. tOb, tub All the above forms Genitive Adj Dir. tor. tublr Genitive Adj. ObI. torA, tubArA, tobre For the use of t@J see Note 1 of the standard Bhojpurl in the previous page. (Ii) (AzaTngarh) Sg. Pl. Dir. t@J, t6 t6 ban or hane ObI. to, db All the above forOls Genitive Adj. Dir. tor, tuhir Genitive Adj. ObI. tori, tublre For the use of t@J, see Note 1 of the standard Bhojpurl in t·h" pr£.'\'illll" page. §434.
NagpuriIJ or Sadiini
Sg. tOi (inferior) tob lsuneriorl ObI. to . • . Genitive Adj. tOr (sing.) tOhar (honorific)
Dir.
PI. toblri,toblre-~,
tohlDl, toblDI-maD Same as above tor-man, tOhar-maD
§43li. A .consideration of the origin of the basic forms of Bhojpuri being necessary at the outset to understand the current form . . , thilt hllo8 been given before. It will be seen that the variations are just on tJu' ahove bases postulated for old Bhojpurl. The use of what is really I. dflu "In genitive for the nominative in the plural (toblnlkA, of. bamlnlki) is noticeable in the second person also. (C) Third PerlHm
1'36. OIA 8G- in the singular ncmi..-mtive baac 8ur/ival in BhnjpurI only as a correlative in stereotyped and proverbial expressions, c.g. Je je ID se _ 4aIl. lit. who who came. they they went i Je JaIsaD karl. se tal88Il pli:-lit~ who as he doeIJ, h8 so -obtaiDa. Thi8 se is the same as BeugIlI and pyA 68 < • «Ji < Me < lQ{Je < ~ or 8a~. The oblique base·ta- is, however, more current: the genitive singuiar is te-kar. tekarI, takar (the change in vowel from ta to te is due to H. 'te'itself is sometimes used for H, e.g. Ie JaIean karl te talsan pll). These are the only two survivals of OIA «J- and ItJ.. in Bhojpurl. 'si' has also survived in two other Bihar! dialects, Maithill and Magahl. In Bhojpuri (aJao in Maitbill and Magabl) regular composition plurals are made from sc, te, aa ae-1Oj, they people; ...sabb, they all; or te.llg, te-sabh, etc.
=....
las
Plaoel4!;-the~~;n::l'Pro~~:U:wl1O~o==~yV~ :!i: :: cue with Hindi and KoAaU but BengAU, ARMmeae and Qriyl preserve the original third perIOn to a fuller enent.
TJna DDlON8TlU.TIVES (A) Protrimate De11lO'll8tmtitle
§438. The following are the fOnDS of Proximate Demonatrative (meaning' this 0or ' thOle 0) in standard Bhojpurl-
Sg.
PI.
Dir. I. hal (non-honorific)
lnhankl. hlnbankil. lnhanlkl. hinhaniki InhI, hlnhl I. hai. Inban. lnbanl. hloban. blabanJ log. loganl, 10ganJ !hAkl (honoriJic) !hA aabh, Babhan BabbAnlkii ObI. i, eh hi (non-honorific) Inhan, IohanJ, h1nhan, b1nbanl lnhIkl, hlnhlkI e, eh, he, lnhan, ··lnhanl, blnbAn, hlohanJlog, loganl, loganl ObI. IhA (honorific) !hA Bab!!, BabbAD, BabbAnl Genitive Adj. Dir. ikar,
liekar,
Genitive Adj. ObI. ekarl,
hekarl,
Sometimes lkarl. hlka..rt. b!h!ka..r!. hlnhlka...... are used as direct genitive adjectives in feminine only.
NoCe.-The direct singular i, hal, lohl, hlnbl are used for the elders (excluding mother who is treated along with youngei'ii) and the younger of both the sexes, ma.aculine and feminine, but in each ca.se the verb changes. Dir. ago exampies: (1) I, hal. inbl, hlnhl kaha gan rabali hi, where did he (the elder brother, father or uncle) go ~ (2) i, hal, lobi, hIiiId kahl ilall raball hi, where did she (the grandmother) go 1 (3) I, hal kahl aaU rahal hi, where did he (the child, younger son or servant) go, (4) I, hal kabi gaii rabail bI, where did she (the mother, yo~r sister. dauahter or maid,servant) RO' (5) lblkl kabl llaU rahal1 hi. where did he or she (the respected or iady) go , . nip
air
nl, AYA.,.,nl... • 11 \ I. hAl. InhAn. Inh.nt
hlnh.n
hlnh.nt
10a,Tiaia.d:'.;,ganf'kaidraiaii hi~;-he;didih'; peopl~ (the eid.;; brothers. uncles) RO , (2) i, hal. lnban, lnbanl, blnhan, blnhanl loll. IGgaal, loaaal kala. jail ramal! hi, where did these personS (elder women) go! (3) InhAnk. i !!!h!!!!!k!i hlnhAnk. i h!!!han!kl kah! aeU reha!e hi la, eI, IIBIII, whe~ did these people (children, servants, etc.) go, (4) 'objiukl, bibiiural, hlghiifikS, h'fihjjP; kI. kahl gaD nUuiIi hi .., .a. 88111, where did. t!tese persona (younger sisters, daugh.!iers, ma.id-serya.n~, etc.) go, (5) lb. labh, labhan, labhanikl kahI aall rahall hi, where did these (respected sirs or ladies) go, . ObI. ag. eDiDplea: (1 j liilird, hliihl"d .. kilO iii Wi, this (friend, brother, uncle, wife) ca.nnot work.. (2) i, ell, hi .. kim DI call, tIUa (male or female 88rva.nt, or mother) ca.Jinot work. (3) lh. . . kim III callt this (respected air or lady) oa.nnot work. .. ObI. pl. examples: (1) i, ab, he, lnhan, lnbani Ina, IGganI, lotanr =I kim iii 'aalI, iheae people (friends, brothers, elder women) oam&Ot
raha1
133 work. (2) Iaiuua, 1DbaaI. hlnhan, hlnhanl iii kim nl call, these b'ouD8er aiaterI. daughters or male and female servanta) cannot work. (3) lhI_bll. _haD, =abbaaJ iI kim iii caU, these (respected aUs or ladies) oannot work.
NoIe.-1 and bat Me used as direct adjectives and i. ell aa obUqu~ adjectivea irrespective of gender. Eumplea: I, hal !aIkIj this boy; I. hat laIkI, this girl; i, eh IatkA ee, from this boy; i eh laDd se. from this girl.
1'39.
The typic&1 forma in other diaiecta of Bhojpurl are given
below:-
NOf'I1tem 8I4Jtil4rd Bltojpwri Sg.
Dir.
I, hal ObI. i, ell, heh Genitive Adj. Dir. ekar, hekai'
(Gorakhpur) Pi. I, hal, enhan, henhan. log or logan tar I, bai, enlum henhan. iog or iogan bre
Genitive Adj. Obi.
ekire,hekire
Wute"' Bhqjpuri (i) (Baniras and Mirzi,pur) Pl. I, hal ub, log. iogan
§'40.
Sg. Dir. I, hal ObI. I (non-honorifio for aemmtl) j In, en (honorifio) Genitive Adj. lkar, bekar. eJrarV
l
inlban. e!!lban. b-Dlba!!. I, en, ehl enllum. enltan loa. logan kar
(ii) (lz&mgarh ) PI. Sg. I. ltal. aab or loll Dir. I. hal 1Dl1um, lnIum hlnl ban, blDhaa ObI. .- (non-honQrifio) ehl. lnllaan lopn In (honorifio) Genitive" Adj. Dir~ ekar, bekar (non-honorific) Genitive Mj. Dir.
1nIaV, bInIaIJ. (honorifio) Genitive Adj. ObI. ekIb-l,ll8karI (iiOil.bu-norifio) Genitive Adj. ObI. honorifio is tbe ...... diIect ",1. Sg.
DIr.I,1bI ObLl
Oeaif;ive Adj.
1--
I-man
'!'he aame
I-Dr-man
134
mB OBlGD' .AND D:n'JILOPIID'l' CD' BBo.JPtJ'BI
• OrigiR:
§442. The basio forme for old Bhoj. appear to have been the foUowing:Sg. Pl. Nom. 1,1 Gen. eh&, Ui& l(h)iiii&. e(h)iiiiii (i-bra) (+bra) I or i would appear to be the OIA baee eIcI- > MIA ea, with inftuence from idem; it,l!!mj et.o. This !!l·fa - base Gt orG1I+ base fa, which we find in the---qala (8+14). Already in the Late MIA it became a well·eatabli8hed equivalent of i, of. bIla.oanda, VijjivaI.bhisl; duhii iliW'Ulaggal dujjana-hAsl.
o paramesara.hara-sira sOhal;
I niccai niara.m8.J)a mohal.
- ' Klrttilati' of Vidyipati The origiDal plural (nominative) being loat, the singular is functioning for the plural also. The genitive singular tJa8ya > MIA eaB8G, Ap. eaAa is the basiS of eha and fha.· and ete,4m == MIA et4tuJm, tAituJm of old Bhoj. eaQ.., eban.,which through transference of the -h. and .g. gave the various Bhoj. forma 1Dha, enba "fhA, etc., which were translated to the iphere of the honorifto sing-ular also. \Vith the emphatic -I < Ai, added, we get forma like Inhl, etc. In hal as an equivalent of i or i, we have the genitive base eha with transference of the aspirate the emphatic hi in all likelihood. 'A prothatio h;;>oo appears to be lh-esent in the forms hlubJ, hinhani. hlnhM, hunhukl, etc. lnhI can also possibly be derived < .en1Ia < oiiecituJm < ·eta1l4m < ·eta,am < ete,iim with hi from the instrumentai plural -Ai of MIA. The form hlnhl is simply h+lnhI. The respectful demonstrative'pronoun lhA-ki is == ihA+ki -where 1hA. here, may also be explained ae pronominal adverb of p!e.ce (of. Englieh. (this, here) man == (this) man and Sk. atra.b1&avtin, *"ra·b1&avtin and also Ap. yr.uInm&, tadn&m < yatra, *"",+um (neut.». The direct plural iDhali.. iDhlUll are in faot inha+an. inha + ani double genitives in origin while InhAhAnkAi (nhAnlkA &.ore triple genitiVe!! in ori~. The forms hlnhaakA and hlnhan.kI are the duplicates of Inhank! and tiihiiiil-ki with protlietiu h-. The genitive fonns IIaIr and hekar are respectively I+kar and h+l+kar while the obHque genitive forms lkarl and hlkarl are the strong forms of ikar and hikar like hamlrA or "bamlr. For the explanation of the final C -I' &ee hiima&--I (1429 j.
§443. The following are the forms of Remote Demonstrative (meaning 'that' or 'thOle') in standard Bhojpurl:-
. Sg.
Pi.
Dir. u. hatl, UDhI, huahl. uhlkl (honorific)
u• hatl. unhan. .!!It..- ......... __• •unhaDJ. __ .. lIf_W _hunhaa. _ " ' _ _ L . buabaaJ __L ___ 1011, IU. . . . . .
I~,
"UO-OEB, Uaa.III-
kI,hunhaakl.buabaalki ubi aabh, aabhan. aabhaaI IrI
uDhaD.. IInhAal. huahaa , .. bilahaDI iaa. JapDr, 1&aIDi" ubi _bll t ==bl=m, =b!=d IS. ah. hIS.
ubi (honorifio)
13& Genitive Adj. Dir. okar, hokar, UDhukar, bUDhukar Gew."'tive Adj. ObI. IUd, b6kar1,uah6kar1,buah6kar1 Sometimes o~, hokarl, uahukarl, buahukarl are uaed .. direct genitive adjectives in feminine only. NoIe.-For the use of u, baD, uahl, buldd, ~ the note un. f438. Dir. ag. examples: (1) u, baD, uahl, huohl kabl Aan rabatl hi. where did he (the elder brother, father, uncle) go' (2) u haD, uahl, bunhl kahl AaD raball hi, where did she (the grandmother or BOme elder lady) go' (3) u, baD kablAaD rabat hi, where did he (the child, younger sOn or servant) go' (4) u, baD kabI Aan raball hi, where did ahe (the mother, younl{.er sister, daughter or maid.servant) go j (5) uhika kahi tan rahall bl, where did he or she (the respected sir or lady) go' Dir. pl. examples: (1) U, haD, unba!!, unhanl, hunhan, hues!!! lot. 10aaol,Ioalni ka..,1 aall rahal bAt where did those people (the elder brothers, uncles) go' (2) u, baD, unban. uohanl, hunban,buahaniloA, lotanr,loalnl kabl aail rabaU hi, where did those (elder women) go t (3) unbankA, unbanlkA. huahankA. huobanlkA. kabl aall rabale hA sa, sa, sanl, where did those (children, servants, etc.) go 1 (4) uahankA unhaniki. hunhaoki. huobaorkA kahl aall rahall hi ea, sA, sanl, where did those (younger sisters, daughters, maid·servants, etc.) go' (5) uhl sabh, aabban, aabbanikA kabl aall rabat1 hi, whcre did thll80 (respected sirs or ladies) go , ObI. sg. examples: (1) unhilkA, hunbilkA ae kim nil call, that (friend, brother, uncle, wife) cannot work. (2) 5, ob, h5 ae kim 01 cail, that (male or female servant or mother) cannot work. (3) ubi &e kim ftl call, that (respe\f..,c-d sir or lady) cu.wi.ot wurk. Obi. pI. examples: (1) 0, ob, bo, unban, unbanl, buDhan, buDhani lOll. 101lanl. lollani si kAm nil cali. those Derinle (friends. brothen. elder w;-~enrcarmot-~ork.(2) uoban, bunbiua, buDhani N- kim ni call, those (younger sisters, daughters or male and female servants) caDDot work. (3), uhl eabb, eabban, 8abbanl 8i kim nI call, thoee (respected sire or ladies) cannot work.
uahanl:
1'44.
The typical forms io other dia.leote of Bhojpurl are given
below:-
(Gorakhpur)
ag.
PI.
Dir. 6, baD
D, 1!A, onhan, bODban, II., Iity Same. above
ObI. I, ho ~.Adj.Dir.okar,
hoar,onkar,
honkar
~.~.Obl.o~,
IaokIre
i"I. (I) (Badrae and MinIpar)
PI.
St·
DIr••t
•• lid, ualban , oaIhaa. oabaa, ho........
....
ObI. G. hG ~-_..!..&...!.--
~
'&..!I~
honhen
j
•
Same as above Gkti.liGkti-
~_
.AIlJ • .l.1li'.
oklri. hoklre
GeDitive Adj. ObI.
(ii) (Azamprh)
&g. s._
'ft.!• •
~K . . . . . . . . .
Obi. 0. ho. UD. UDh Genitive Adj. Dir. Genitive Ad). ObI.
...... ,...,.
Pl. tl. haG, ;;;;Ih.;;. iiiiIiiiii, huiilhiiii, buiihiiii.
sab
.
Sa.me as above
8kar.hGkar
okll'i, hoklre
NggpuriG Of Sada"i
.,.. a..
DI
... & •
Dir.•••hl ObI. . ' Adj. a-Imr Geniti'fe
.-man Same above &8 gkar~maD
Origitt:
1"7. The Old Bhoj. forme for the Remote or Far Demonstrative appear to be the ioUowiltg :-
..... Nom. G,. CI_
a-.
o",aba (+kara)
uDllaDa. obaaa (+kara)
The Remote Dem~~ve-goee parallel-to Prom~te Demonstrative. The base iB 0- (modi'ft"eId- lio ii-) aad thia appeam to be from the OIA de. monatrative pronoun AWl· which is rather reatriotedin OIA, being found in • aoIitary iDatanoe in Vedio, and. this CWQ in Iranian is -the source of the New PaniaD '0' and. '.' - he, that (ODBL, 1572). Examples of '0' and 'ii' an found in western Ap. and in Ap. as 1188d in the east : HAmaoaDdra (Verse 41. under AD.): 1tJI ~u alwlrca fKIdtJiJi. eo fItI44iJ gAGrca ai, if ihou aakeit about biB hou8ea,- then big houses an; thQee,
Venae 97. 0 ,&i".~"'jjieU ~ !u!h .iaP.iu. that moon. more beautiful than even Gauri'a face, is hid in the oloud. Vidylpati:' KJrtti. l&ti'~ Pd~.B~,. .oMi, that adoma the oren oi the inlpreD1e deity Hara. _ -
0"
Mil
From *CIIlWIIfIG of OIA (or from 'tJIIIUf!jIII'), - *outJ of MIA, we have of early Bhojpurl and al80 aba. 80 OIA. *ClWflJm ~••. - pve .oa. Oh8ji8. uhaiiii in Old Bhoj. and on this ~, viti! P'Otheti.~ ~- and with atrengthening -I we have the various New BJIojparl forma, including the honorifio aingular•. -The origin of lid seems to be *tIWt& < ~. on the model of MaM. The derivation 011lDhl may &leo be on the basis of < < *==lliIG= < ...~=+!, from the iD.-trumerual plu..') ·A; of IlIA r..il8
*..,.
'1'l1lI ..,_00
18'1
IaUlllal - la+uaIaI, 'la' here being the protbetio only. In' ubl-kl' , •ubi' •
there. could aIeo be explained as a pronominal adverb like lbl. here, of •GiI-ki ' . It can be compared to Sanakrit iGinIbiaaPli" like tJinJbN.atld" of lIal-lEA.
The direot plural unban and uahaal are double genitivea in origin and these are III: tmA+aft and uM+tmi respectively. Similarly UDbaakl and UnhADDcI are triple genitives in origin and these are _ uM+a,,+Ad and uftl&+tmi+i4 respectively. The forma bUDbAnkl and buabaalkl are also triple genitives (b+uab+An+kA aDd b+uab+anl+kA) wit.h " prothetic ' h ' • laO is simply a met&theeia of ob. The honorific oblique form ubi, there, baa already been explained. In forms uahukl and hunbukl (unh+u+kI. h4-uah4-u4-kl\. the second 'u' has come from 'I' bv the influence of pri,~ 'u'.=.a·~
of ;owei hB.nnoilY-ind~~;;d by ~u· ~-;u;-~iDI-th~
vowel of remoteness in this connection. The oblique genitival forma okarl, hobrA. unhukarl and buabukarl are but the strong forma of oar. hokar. unhukar and hUDhukar. TIIB BBLATIVE PRoNOO
1"8.
The following are the forms of the Relative Pronoun (mean-
iag , who'. ' that', ' which', ' &8 ') in the st&ndard Bhojpurl :Sg. PI.
Dir. Je, Jawan, J",D. Je. JawaD. JUn, Jlnbl. JlabaD. Jlahanl 1&& Jiahl or sabh Obi. Je, JanDA, JUDI, All the above forms and Jib I&a or labb Jeb, Jlahl Gen. Adj. Dir. Jikar, Jeblkar, Jlnblkar ,. __ a .. uen. AQJ. VDI. JelUlra. JehlklrI. Jlnblklrl ~
1449.
""'1...1.
.I'_of_W _ _
Typical forms in other dialects of Bhojpurl are given below :-
Nortlwm 8tandartl BAoj1*ri (Gorakbpur)
ag.
PI. JI, Jawan.liia JI. Jannl. liia
Dir, Je,Jawan Obi. Je, Janne Gen. Adj. Dir. Jlkar . Gen. Adj. ObI. jlkiiri kar
W~BAqj1*ri
~.
(i) (Banlraa and Mirz&pur)
ag. PI. Dir. JI, Jawan Je, Jawan, liij ObI. JI, Jawlnl Same as above Gen. Adj. Dir. Jlkar, Jannl-1Ea 01' kar
Gen. Adj. Obi. Jeklrl ker, tal
138
T.BJI OBIOIN
..urn DBVJILOPIIDT OJ' JIIIO,JPUll!
(ii) (Azamgarh) Sg.
PI.
Dir. je, jawan Obi. Ji, Jawlni
ji, jawan, 108 Same as above
0__
uoaa.
" .1: '1"\:_ J:' 1. __ AUJ • .&.11£-. J"::AiU-
Gen. Adj. ObI. jlbri kar, tal
Sg. Dir. ji ObI. je Gen. Adj. Je-br
PI.
Ji-man Same 8S above
Origin: 1452. The following are the forms of Old Bhojpurl for the Relative Pronoun:Sg. PI. Nom. je < ya-ka/.l, Jlnba, Jinbi Inst. jeba for jAba
The relative pronoun je is found in Maithill, Magahl, BengAli and OriyA. The Assamese has ji Czi). The source of this Je is OIA ga.ktJ(a and it has been derived as follows: ga-kah > Mg. Pk. galee > jat. > jai > je. The Assameaeji (n) has been, however, derived from OIA yab. The relative pronoun je is found in old Bengali (ca.ryi 7). e.g. je ji lila Ii a those who came went away (ODBL. §G80). The old instrumental jeba (the modem Bhojpuri oblique form Jeh) for jiha comes from OiA 1ftJ81P with vowei' e' from nominative ie. This can be cOmpared with the old Bengill plural honorific form JIM,. The or~&IL'l of jlnha, Jinhi is jar-/lb iiiii ylfa,= with influence of old instrnmental plural1/f!.bA~ > jeb! in the root vowel and also in a:flix. Tne relative pronoun itU\n, jawan agree with kvn and kawan in origin (for kun, kawan, see, infra. §439 under Interroptive). They can be deriVed frOm 1ftJla+PUtaaA in the following manner : -yaf+Pu~ > ja·pufIIJ > jC!J'fIIJ > j@J'f& > jawaa. The ~ KCDitives jikar. Jehl-kar and jlnbl-kar are,. Je+kar, jebl+kar and jlnbJ+kar and the oblique fonDs jlkarl, jeblklrl and Jln"'-Wrlare Ot.orr-pondmg strnng lo..1'!De.
rJiJ"
Tma
CoBBBL.&.'1'IVlI PBoWOlTB
f463. The following are the forms of the Correlative Prono11D8 (meaning • that;'. • 80 ') in the standard Bhojpurl :Sg. Pl. Dir. ai, tI, tawan, ai, _ , tawaa, _n, tIDhI, tbIhan, t".haDI ton, tInhI 118 or INlbb ObI. tI, tawlnl, All the above forma
.... ..... ...... .1_......... ..
.....-, -......., "'_w,
139
Gen. Adj. Dir. dbr, tebllrar, tIaIIJbr,
aiw,.ehlka"
Gen. Adj. ObI. tlkarI, teblkarl, dnhlkarl, alkarI, slhlkarl
-§4M. Typical forms in other dialects of Bhojpurl are given below ;NorlAem Stand4rd BAojpuri
(Gora.khpur) Correlative:
Sg. PI. tel tawan tel tawan, UiA ObI. ti tanai tit tawinl.loA Gen. Adj. Dir. tekar Gen. Adj. ObI. tlkari DU.
1455.
W utem Bhojpur' (i) (Bana.ras and Mirzii.pur)
PI.
Sg. se, te, tawan tit tanai
Dir. ObI. ".-_
A...1:
'""'".
AUJ •
T'\:_
.I.nc.
Bi, tel lOA Sa.mc as above
..: t .__ L .......
Gen. Adj. ObI. tlkari . (ii) (.lzamgarh)
Sg. PI. Dir. ai, tl, tawan, tlUJD si, til tawan. tun. loA ObI. tI, tanni Same as a.bove Genitive Adj. Dir. tikar Genitive Adj. ObI. tlkari N agpurid (If' Saddni
§'Ga.
eg.
PI. iii-maii SaMe as above
Dir. .. Obi. . .
Origifl :
§4ti7. The following are the fOl'lll8 of Old Bhojpurf for the Correlative
ProaoaD:-
eg.
Nom. ",tI ObI. tela. tI
PI. dDl. dDIII Same as above
140
'1'l1lI OBIGIJI' ~fi
TLue aud
A1Q) D~
01'
Donuat
Proii.om 81 ia fOUnd iii Mailihili, _aphi, Beuglli
Oriyl. The A_meae baa • proD01IIloed (.) 01'
(oi). The IODrOe of" OJA MoW And itBY b-n d-iVRd Y to!L"W!!:...W > Mg. ft. *Iaie > * . > _ > .. > ~e. 'l'hia ~e baa been repJaoed '&y" in NIA speechee.
. . APP""'" to be
In modem Braj-bh1kbland N~~rDOUD is 60. It is also fouDd in Old KoMI! of 'Ukti-nakti ' of Damodara Panditll..
-
~~~
--
.
jo ~ hnuJ cirIIIcI, eO cJpcIt'uJ:e1aati& lawm m4(mam)1a == ya!& !JfM'GII1IG 1crM f1irtuld1ttJm ciflltJytJIi, ., ~ ipe tildrAamlva manhgtJIl.
a6-t- g .•) &8 liuggeeted by Turner (see N.D., in Old And Middl", "R..nglU V~'}.!1va lyrics and is undoubtedly a western (Sauruenl) form. _The form BOI whioh is prominent in Ao8ail of T'Uias1 Dis is an emphatio one and is == OIA 8a eva. n., 8OUl'08 of nom. ago ti appears to be neut. tGt+ka(a and this on the modal of IG.~ booa.ma ti in moda..-n Bhojpurf. Its other source oa.n be Ap. *teAlJ (OIA ee,iJm > teBam, WiI, te1aiJ). In early Assamese we find the non·na.aa.iized form tei&o with the na.sa.iized teM whioh is the source of modern Assamese singular tea and in modem Nepi.lI we have tyo. The nom. pl. ti is round in Old and :Middle BeDgiJI, e.g. jt ~ ht.uG Ma,,",nU, ti aj4r4fIIIJf'tJ Wmpi tItJ laonti. The
p..
6~~).
8OUl'08
of eO is OIA
Thill!JO Alao figu-,"8S
• Those (y5gls) who wander through all the world and also through heaven, they do not becOme in the least ar~ and deathless.' According to Dr. Chatterji. this a may be a Sanskritism or it can be a nominative plural, derived &om am instrumental aAi, aAl. The Bhojpurl dir. sg. correlative tawan and t.,n like relative Jawan and lun are - lcJ+auft and agrees with kawan , Jau,tn (see §459 infra : lIDder Interrogative). . T'-ue ObI. ag. tar.... iioild tviil &.i'e the itroug foi'iili of tar-a and ...... while tab- (the parallel form of the relative pronoun is jeh) =- Ce+1aa. The forms tlDl, tlnhl (Beng. tini) can be derived from nom. te+inst. tehI+nn.lcJtICItR (MIA). The dir.· and ·obi. pI.- tblhan and tlnhanl are - tlnh+gen. pI. aSix =Ul
< 4=cJ=.
The direct genitives tlkar. teblkar. t1nhlkar. ei-kar I nhl-kar are _ tI+kar. teha+kar. tIahl+kar. ai+kar, aeha+kar and their OOl'NIIpOndmg oblique -strong forma-are tI-kad. tehl-kal-i, tlnhl-karl," e!7'b.... and eII!a... NoIe.-Besides tawen- which is uaed in both genders. ID&8011Iine and jeminine, with dUfereD.t verba, there is .. form tiiWlliil which Is ued in dDeot feminine only. The oorrespond.iDg feminine oblique aiDgula.r form
ka..... "
.. tawaDI and the plural form. is ta_DIDI.
1'18-
--=pI= of PAlatlva and 0c:r=I&t.~:
Dir. II.: (1) JI, J.~. _J~J~_ karl. eI. ~. ta..... ~ _ _ pII, .. ODe (male or female) will do, 10 ODe will pt. (2) JIIdIr J.ra..a briIlI. tIIIhI tId8ul paIhI, .. 0Q!t (a euperior mall or WOIIUUl). will do, 10 ODe will pt. (3) JawaDI JaIaQ 1au'I. tawanl taI8aD pAI, ___ Gii& (wUUlAU) dO~ ao aha w-aJ pt.
wm
1'1 Dir. pl.: (1) JI, Jawaa. lua 16a or . .bh U. eI, ti tawaa. . . . loa or aabb pllll. those who will oome will be beaten. (2) IIDbI. JIDbaa, jliiJiaiilloa or iNibh Wihi. tlDluul, tiDhaai lag or . .bb pl_i, thoee who will oome will be beaten. (3) lawaar albl . . . .1 or Baal, taw'" p1talhl .a••1 or Baal. those (women) who will oome will be beaten. ObI. sg.: (1) ji. jawlnl. JODi jlbrA ki bolln. iii. til tawiDi. lfUlni, tllrAri ki kh!!w!. give him (equai or inferior, male or female) something to eat whom you invite. (2) Jeb. JIDhI. jebllEld. jlDhlklrl ki bolAwi tela, tlabl, teblklrl, tlnblklrl ke khliwi. give him (superior male or female) something to eat whom you invite. (3) Jawlnl ki bollwi tawlni ke khilAwA. give her somt>thing to eat whom you invite. ObI. pl.: (1) jet jawAni. Joni loa or Babb ke bollwA. Bi ti. tawlnl taunl lOa or sabb ke khlilwl. give them something to eat whom you invite. (2) jeb. jlnban. jlabanllog or sabb ke bollwl. seb. ai. ti, tinDau. tlnhani ioa or 8aoh xe khlAwa. give them something to ,'at whom you invite. (3) ja'Wlnlnl ke boliwl. tawaalnl ke kbllwi. Jeiv., them (women) something to eat whom you invite.
alba.
INTERROGA.TIVE PRoNOUN
1459. There is a distinction between animate and iu.nimate forma (mMning • who', • which' n in this pronoun. The following are the forms of animate in the st.ncie.rd Bhojpuri :-
Animate: PI. Sg. ke. kewan. kon. kawan loa. lopn. Dir. kit kewBD, kon. I6ganl kawan The Hltome aM above and klh.ldnhan. klDhanl ObI. kit kih. klnhl. log or USgBnl kewAnA. koni. kawiDi Genitive Adj. Dir. kekar. klhlkar.klnblkar Genitive Adj. ObI. klkari, klblkarl. klnhlbri Ni.iCe.-The direct.sir..gula.r and plufR.! kewan! e.nd kawalil and genitive klkarl, kihlkarland IdDblkarl are sometimes used in feminine only.
Inanimate : Sg.
n:.r.
Obi. Gen.
PI.
kI ki, keh, klhi, kitbl k1bi ki, kitbl ke NoIe.-In the instrumental kltbll is used only in old songs.
ADimate: Dir. ag. eumples: (1) kl, kewaa, lEVa, Dwanlwad, who (male) oomes , (2) kawai, kawaDllwatiA, who (femaie) oomee , Dir. ~ eumplee: (1) kI. kewan. kUa. loa. l&ian or ..,..... Iwata, wao (males) aiG GO~ , (J) kewaDI or --..... Iwetar! _II,
..... who (females) ue commg ,
1.0
TBII OBIGIlf aD D.vlILOftIDT 01' BBOJ1I11BI
ObI. &g. e-umple&; (lj to kit klli.1diiIiI b Oi' kI wii..iill, whom did you beat I (2) Ul ~. qpd. awIDI ke or Itl 1II8I'8li, whom (menial !!!1!oh - !!!ervAlltB. eta.) did you bRat ! Obi. pl. eumplea: (1) Ul kit kew.... kUn. awaD. klh. klnhan. Idnhanl loa. loaan 01' lGil&iil ke ill~ra1'. whom (men 01' people i did yuu beat' (2) Ul klDhan, klnhanl ke orkllD8l'816, whom (mem.Is auoh as servants, etc.) did you beat , Note.-ki. kewan. kun. kawan are used as adiectives also, e.Sl. ki, kewan, ton. kawan 8dlml, who man I;ke, kewan, ton, bWaD mehlrlrO, who woman' ; but sometimes kewani, It_nl, kaW'llnl mehlrlru, who woman 1 Inanima.te : Dir. 82. examnles: I kI hawe. what (thiruzl is this ! ObI. a8. e:mmplea: ki, keh, klhe, kethl~8e marile hi, with wlu~t (thing) did he beat 1 Typical forma in other dialocts of Bhojpurl are given below :-
§460.
N orthtm Standard Bhojpuri (Gorakhpur)
A!lima.t-e :
Pl. ke, kawan loa or 16aan ke. ~ne. kawane loa or USaan
Sg. Dir. ke, kawan, ksuan ObI. IdS. kawane. ~ne Genitive Adj. Dir. kikar Genitive Adj. ObI. klkari
kar
Inanimate :
Dir. ObI.
PI.
Sg. kI ki, keh. kithl, klthul Westem. Bhojpuri
1461.
(i) (Banlra.s and Mirzipur)
Anima.te : Sg. Dir. ki, kawan ObI. ki, kawane
Pl. ki, awaD loa
kawanan, kawan 13i
Genitive Adj. Dir. kear G--..!'oitive Adj. Ohi. klkare
Inanimate : Sg. Dir. kl Ohl. ki, klthui
Pl. (ii) (Azamgarh)
Animate :
ag. Dir.
kit awaD ObI. ki.kawanl ·Geitive Adj.-Dir. kiJrar ~ Geuitive Adj. ObI. klkL-i
PI. kit kawaD IGa kawana n , kawani
I~!t
'1'IIJI PBOKO'ON
143
inanjmate : ~Jf.
ObI.
Sg. III ki, klthul, tatbul, ketbul
§462. Animate : Sg. Dir. ki ObI. ki Genitive Adj.
PI.
Nagpuri4 or 8adtini PI. ki-man The 8I1omt' "8 above kikar
Inanima.te : Sg. Dir. kil ObI. ki Genitive ki-kar
IJI. kii-man The same M above kAkar-man
Origin: §463. The nominative ki is also found in Magahl and Maithill. It is intact in Bengali. Assamese and O!'iyi. Its source is ·kaka(l. and it baa developed as in the follOwing manner :·kaka[l. > kalce > ktuJe > kae > kai :-:- ke
Bhojpuri kewau, klUln (Mn.gn.hi, k(!!£n) amd kawan wer,' originally indefinite and in their emphatic forms kewano. klWno and kawano. tht' indafir..ite sense still survives. The pronoun is found r.,H k(!ll~', kUti, kf!J';;', IWn in most NIA and has its parallel i~ the other bl~H(':-; like j'E'n, I'!un. II, occurs in the western Apa.bhramM. n.s kom,nll. 1.'(11,1(11111.. Dr. ChattA~rii and others derive--vataa. ·-fJUtaa. = un forms from ,the ·kaputaa > kavu~. > kalt!VL. kava~. The Hhoj. purl forms klUln and kawau are derived from kau~u, and kt,va~. (li) ktttL· pu~ > ·1ce-pu!&B> ·1ceputw > kevutw and the Uhojpurl kewan is derived from this ke.fJutw. The oblique Bhojpurl forms kenna. klUlna and kawAni "n~ == keU1dn+a. ~nci and' kawan+a respectively. 1'ho origin of oblique form kinbl is ke,am: ktitwm. This kcitwm hccam(! kaf}a hut being influenced by Pili Atsa < OIA ka8ya and kim. it was cha.nged to kll)a and tina.lly to kin in Bho;;.:. By adding the instrumental Ruffix hat hi to the base kin. the forms and klnbl were obtained (ef. in this connection tho honorific ~teiiVgative Bengali form kini). The plural oblique forms klnban and JdDhanl are formed on the an!l.logy of baman and hamanl. The oblique Bhoinnrl from OIA kaaua,- in the foliowinR wav :---.c-- kAb - -is derived -OrA It:tu1JG > &.usa > Itiika but this •ii.' of k4Aa became •e' on account oft-he influence of'e' in ke a.nd thu~ the Bhojpuri form kAb was formed. III'
."
.,
The inanimate Bhojpurl nominative form ki is the contraction of klb and oblique klbi has developed from kababl (kAha+ (b)l of loca.tive). The oblique form kithl_ kitb+l. The origin of ketb is MIA J:oaAa, htINJ < OIA htnI. The '0' or 'u' of koah, kuUM becomes 'e' poaaibly due to the influence of nomiDative W.
144 ""'118 dUaut 1P'W~.!.ye fomi& kim, kelilkar. tlijhlt.r.." _ a+kar. JdahI+kar and k.hI+ .... and their oorrespondiDg. oblique forma tIkarI, klhAkarI, IdnhIkarA &1'8 tile Itmng formA. The oblique forma bwaDI instead of bwaDI is foUDd in northern and Bhojl'ui'I. This 'i' of bw-.ni iii poiiiiibly due to ~i' of 'ki' which is both oblique and nominative. The jnanim&te obUque fonD6 kith. ., bth. . and kith. . found in northern and western. Bhojpuri are simply dialectical variations.
.-.-tern
hmBI'JlQTB PBoNOl1B"
§4M. The following are the forma of the 'Indefinite Pronoun' (meaning • BOme' or 'any') in the standard Bhojpurl. The same forms am found in other dialoo4"ua of Bhojpu..-J also.
Sg. kiO. klil. kAhu, kihO, bUDO, kawano Obi. Same as direct
Dir.
PI. kehu, kihO, bunO, bwano loa Same as direct
Besides the above fonus, weatern BhojpW'i baa one more form keu and
Nagpurii or SadInI kol in the nominative. The plural of kol in Nagpurii or Badin! is kolmaD. Iuanimate : Pl.
Sg. Dir.
ObI.
Idchu, kuebu, ldebuG, kuebuo Same as above
Animate: Dir. ag. examples: (1) klO, klO, klhu, kihtl I bit kabat, some one told thii. (2) bUiiO, b'WiUiO I bAt kabalail. iOme one (meni.1 such as servant or woman, etc.) told this~ . Di..r. pI. 8xam ple8: (I) klhu; kihO; buno; kawano loa I bit kah.I, eome people told this. .(2) kuDO, bwano I bit kahal. sa .... or 8801, iiOme people (menial& such &8 senanti, etc.) told this. ObI. ag. examples: (1) kiO, klO, klhu, kihO, Bi mati kallA, do not tell anybody. (2) iauJDO, bwanO ai mati kaiIi, do not teii anybody (menial or woman). . . ObI. pl. examples: ¥hu, kihO, bUDO, kawano loa .. mati 1rabA, do not tell any people (men, women, servants, etc.). . 1Danhna.te :
Dir. ag. examplea: Idchu, kucha, Idchuo, kuchao eM, give lOme-
thiJur. . -- Obi. ag. e:u.mplea: kichu, kuchu, Idchuo, kuchuO iii kim DI =II. ;cmc;6uhi:1g -cr1Jl no1; de•. NGIe.-Tbe iDde8nite pronoun (animate) qpna, bwani are alao ilii8d iii iidjeotiv-tlii, &.g. ~ Jdilkliarl ~, kaw-.nl phiilW-.rt iiil ...... a (oerWn) foz walt to a garden.
on,t,,: ... I'U. 'DIe fonDa
pr..,-;m in
~-jpad
of .....,. aDd oblique a.iDPJar (anfmMe) iDde8Dite . , tie, te, u .., ~. '.lhG
_=,
=--..:5.
'I'BlI PBONOUW
14:6
orig!!!. ~f ~g and k • ..,AIIO has aLPAAll y been explained. The iUiiiV& of other f~ is OIA ~-Gpi and it has developed. in the following way :_ OIA ~ > Migadhi ·W'pi > ·N'w > .W'CIG > .~tbtJ > Wo kl1i, klh4 (in8uenoed. by the emphatio particle Tau). Maithilt haa ke.o; M'agab! kii!; B-..ngl.!! !a.'W, kl.'u! ke-,,: Ass&m~ k& Ho' Oriy& ~i,~). .~); Awadhl kOJ, kahu; kou. western Hindi ~ « !t:O't~, The neuter indefinite Idchu is found also in other Mlgadhan and non. Maithill has lcie1iu, .Benglll kicAu, Auames8 kicAu Oriya lricl!i, Awadhl ~%u. It represents OIA kim+c-;d, appeatwg ;U; kimeTai, kichi; in the central and e80Btem inscriptions of .Make. and kirhci in the west. The aspiration h80B been cxplained IIoS ·kaccki (ODBL, §589). The fino.l 'u' in :~~~~~'~. ~~~ly a.~~~c~e:. ~e Qpy~ ~h~ ma~ represcl!-t ~ho _omp.h!,t.i~ -nr (
