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T he Ideology of lhe Book of Chronicles and Its Place in Biblical T houghl
The Ideology of the
Book of Chronicles and Its Place in Biblical Thought
SARA J ,\l'lln
2009
() Cop)Tigh' 2009 by ~~..,,,br>.u,,,, All righ" r="..,d, l"ri,,,.d in Unitro of .-'m.rica,
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publiihed »,..,1. 9 of Iki,,-ig' mr Erfor.dm"g dOl AI«n T."ame,," u tld dc, An,ile" Jude",ulll' itl 1989 , T",,,,b'ed 1>\' Ann. II., her TI,", edit ;"" comp k'ely rcoHoc",,' .nd r.printed
Library of Congress
lor Eisc"brau",_ 2009.
Catal~n~in.Public.'i o n
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J_pIO; 1>1,,",,1 LI""gh, I s." J'ph«.
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,,"',,''''''' ".1 ;,0;''''L;'''' ",,'«, 'h of J udah - 1 Ch ronicb 10 to:16 227 n. n ,e Origin> of the Chruni>lic Out look and I" m " o rical Significance 2jS Ill. The .\"jnKlc ,.,.",.rd the t\'"nhcm Ki ngdom NI IV 1'1\" '\11 ;,,,,1< 'o~ rd the S.",.rita", 2:>-1 \~ Fon:igr.c ... and Alie" , 261 II. T he Peop k of [" . d a nd 'he Lmd of brad 275 J. The Gcogr.ph ic Dimcmjon> 275 II. Uni ntcIT" I"cd s.ctt lement of lhe Land ~ 84 A. De>lm (n(k, of Sut¥(m.( l>:,mc,
·11 1
~.
+10
Preface
lO
th e English Editio n
n,e 'rnn>I~'k", here p.-c.>< n'ed ' 0 'he reader repruen" 'he fi n.1 "age of. f.",i li ... "d well-trodden ]>'1 ,10 of ",,,dern "'hob"hip. \\,h " bc"gan ., • dl>,e" .,io" ,ub ,ni"e,1 to ,he f lc b re~' Uni,"e"it~, in lern",lem . • ub,equc n tl~' re"", l ed and ..,,,>c,,.. h .. d.boo-.,ed into boo ~ form. i. no,,' offered . i" a ne,,' .ttire of tran.lation , to t he ge" ernl p " hlic of Bible , ,,,de,, ,,. n,e "eadj' her",encootic me.", of " 'hkh o " r "", k fo,"", a part gr.oo:luall)" , h ifu it> curren" of intere" .nd the e"'phase, of "'hobrl)' di>cu»ion . introd,,,,ing along t he wa)" ne,,' approaches and method.> '0 the materi.1 at hand_.-\ di"inctio-e »peet of ,h]' d C\'Ciopmcn' in bihlicol >«ific h istoric. l . nd thCQlogicai pmition of 'he Ch ronicler. Th]' i> the contnt in which o ur ,,'ork ], pre>cnted. in the hope of 'mt!o.ing • mode" (ontrib'Olion to the " n'kr.ta' ~l ing of auon icb_.. "'ell., to 'he intricate , >ome,i ",e. h id'kn , path, of modem reocarch , 'n ,i, t ran,la,ion ,,'ould not h,,-e been f"'»ibk "'ithon ' the mo ....l a nd material ' ''PI''''rt of 'nan)'. a nd font among them ,he man)' ,olleague. and friend , who h.,-e u,)«,1 n>c through t he )'ea" to t he fruil> of m)" rc-",.rch ""il.bk to the general p ublk. Special grati",de i. d ue to ' he editor of th i. ""ric._ Dr. ~ L ,\ugu>tin. ,,-ho>e in it;'"i,'e . nd unf.ili " g e 'KOU'" agement h»'e at last mode pon il>le the publi""tkm of th i, b()o ~, A tr.m.lation i•. ., bib lical ",hob.-. in particu lar.rc5O " 'el l .""re. far more tha n a liter..1 tr''''I",.it ion fro", one b n~.ge '0 ano, her. In noan)' war> it i, a ne,,' creation _in ~' h ich author . ,, ~ tra",b tor becon>c part ne,~ in a fre.h e ndea,,~u , ~ h . ,\ nn. lIarber - for whom no cxpre .. ion of grati, ,,de ,,;]] he an ",'e.-statc",ent - t ()(' ~ th i, d ifficult t.,k " f"' '' her""lf. She made nco;.' effort to re,,,kr fait h fullr 'he origin al. " 'h ilc nncr l",i nS .ight of her obligat ion to t he ne,,' ,"ire of the target lan&""ge. Thi. " e" "'OJ k h .... been created " 'i'h ""reful attent ion to the mi " ute>! nriatkm, of the Heb re,,' id io", a nd th,ou~ h a ,om plic. ted proc,"" of rethinking and refor mulating the ~:ngli,h rendering>. It i. m)' hOI'" ,ha, ' he pu blic .. i"n o f thi> ,,'ork "'ill be Ann.', fe"'a,,l.., i, i. mine ,
'10'"
""h
• I ~-i,h to <Xlcnd m)' thank.! to the founthcc the tnt in it> own alphabet. When med. trn",lite ... tion follo~-. the pri'K~ plo> out in the £"rywfi'Jid jUdO!(d." do the [ngli'h ren(kring ami abbr""btion o f flebre ... ,,,me •. boou .nd tr .. tata. . nd £() O'L TI,e Re,-i",d Stand.,-d \'er>ion ho> belation of the Heb", ..' Bible ,no>! ,,,itable for quotati(", here . given it> famif iarit)' to the ""hohr al,d clo>. at ,imu rcpe>ting. particularl), C\'IX.t i,'c or impor" n t ~'or! bngtl.gc. It i, hoped th.>! the IIlti"'''e re,ult of thi, combin .. ion of cxi>ting .nd origin.1 t", ,,,I .. ion> , ~'hether bih lical. rnbbinic. or modern , i•• n a.ccur.. 'e a nd re.dable text . I ~-;.h to 'h,n~ l".-ofe.>or Sar.. J.phet for hcr patient help throllghout the proce» of tm",b tion_ Her ""p l.n"io", . ,,(} ,u!(ge>!ion, ru,,-e becn
,,:t
xii
in,-,.Iuab lc .•,,(\ ~' i (ho LL ( he, gUK!'llU (t.c pruen( [" ~ I i>h form of (t.c book ",ould be no ",ore po"ibk (h.n (he origin,] Ikbr< ..'. AbO\"C aiL I (han ~ Prufe""r j'I>I1« (or prmiding ",e ...-im (he (1)l"' r"mj()' (0 ("n,!a(e Th, IMologJ of 1M lJook oj Chronuh A"SA B,'RRrR j~ru"'km
j, nu'I)' 1988ISh",." 5748
Introduction
11,e id«>log)' of 'he hook of Chronicb hal engaged th1 n. ~'i'hou' ih ulterio. n~)(i,'" •. "hich .'emmed [rom 'he need. of hihlical >hed '0 prm'e ,hat 'he book had ab>'oric>l ""nrc< and .honk! ,herdore he ignored b)' .. ,)' ",kntific ",coun' o[ I>".d', hi"o')' during 'he Hu, Common· wealth. The)' claimed tha, n~'" of 'he difference> he'~'een Chron icla , nd Sanllld -King> ra ul'ed ci,he. from ,I", writcr'. ' endm,i"" "",.. - 'he out· (ome of hi> religion' "ork!-..'i",,' _ 0.- from the intiumee "f hi> own hi,tori· ,..1e~f'Cricnc< in 'he Penian f'Criod. n,'1' Klugh' ' 0 ,'erif)' 'hcir claim b)' dllci(b'ing 'he bgee, " .. perfec'ed bl' J ulim lI'ellh." ",n in h i, brilli.nt (hap'er on Chronick>' SU!»c<jue'lt ~'ork> relied on de lI'_'23, "'''''"'', ~" ,..., ....-" ", ,"" boo.. In It> >Cng] l,h " """.",. d·",'l"_" .. rJ.dh,,""l of/"'''/. " ,.... ,J. s. "
~ ..
pm 01
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("" I~h ~ /",,,1< {lIl, \ '( ~ l R.>d ",'ilhed unco,'CF the 'plritu>! ""orld of the O"onickr. "" r",caled ln hi, book', port ra)"'] of hi>tory. ,\ Iart in t\'", h', chapter on the principal thcolog;"'1 ~Ica> f. in h i. Ubffl"i"""lJ'i;fJg' icol .ptem of c och com plex 1»' " "dying t he "'''y in ,,-hieh i. for mulated it> hiltoricol n'milti,'e , Fro", thi> point o n. lhe ~ICQIog)' of Chron icle> became in it> own righ •. and "'". (Ii>," and in co", ,,,.on .. rie, Oil Ouonicl",' tnore,,,"er. ""ttl< Khobr> d em.cd elltire "ud i" cith« til< ,ubjcc. " • ,",'hok or h , ~. tOO7), pp. t ".', tho« Iogy of 'Il< c.hronocL9; A. M, ~ ru""', ", ... T ..... >Iogk du Ch'''''"'''', .".,.,.. .. 'k" ""''" 1I>f''' ' '. J. Cow),
up f'O,j,jOll rc'l"'(ual ha,mon;,"",n of the ''''0 ~'orh ,h., ob> d em • .,ded > clear .m..u to 'he qua,;,,,, of autho ",hip . nd led me '0 e""mine 'he ,uh jcc' ill it> 0"' ", righ!. " I c.me '0 'he wnelmlon 'h>! Cluonicico a nd ~:m. - t\d"'miah arc '''-0 di"ilKI ~-()rb ..-hieh ~-e re nOI . • nd (ould ''''' h»1: ke,t. wri"en h)" 'he .. nIC man, " '11", pre"n' " ud)" i. ,haeforc con fmed '0 Ihe boo\: of ChronicJco_ In fac' , ~'e ,hall ,,",e belo", ,h" 'here . re p rofound difference, bel~-""n "lOIn)" of Ihe boo\;,' workl-vicw._
lito,..,,.
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of II>< (''/' w""I69. ""; R, "'~'"
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,.".. ""'~. r"..-A~""""ln Ihdbu'1!. 19"j, g, ' " N. ,.."..... ' a."P''' TIro, W 11-"';._C , M",~". I:", ... ~ U.,,,,,,,.I.'gl>,· IVAW, 2 ('_). p , " ""
""" " ,,,,,,,.,.. \"'u< or ["'_ P""""' g 0 d','I!'ccd ""C. pnm..-:h-, W, ,,_ L de W«I ".ok "p ~", ., 1""";"" ",,' "~,, toricoll>o>itk>n. To be ,urc. no. all ",hola .... gree in 'hdr ,Ia'ing of Chronicb, ",no< d>te i• ., e.dy" ~o< oo.ruction of 'he ~jr>' Tempk. "".he .... .., la'e.., ",ell in'o ' he Helkn;,.k [' "'" ",rillen .o",.,,,d, the end of the I'e "i." o:r.t" , ,,d co,,,, inlt "ne of (he "",,' r«en' bihlic,l book>, Thi> prup f'O,i'ion. "'hkh i, eorrec' in . nd of ;(>clf. h.d. ,kei>lI-e ;ntlucnce on ,he "00)' of Chmn ick>. k:odin~ «>careh i" ''''0 main d irec.io no, Seho];", proceeding in one di,ec.ion "'" .he impact of ' he hi"orkal b> pok,,,k'..1 ",'ork ", i,h co,,· <We co" 'e"'I""'I)' Ko>l>, ,-\ccordingl)'. 'he boo. <prcox, 'he Ilruggk> that led up ,,, the creation ,nd eo" ",lid>!ion of ,he Je",;,h eon"mmi')," ,ocial and 1")li(ical in"i"It"'" , during ,he ear~' Sci,e 'he bo:>o' " id"ol0l!ic.tl.,pccu, I" ""..,ce. >1,,1 mooi>'C>." "ell., i" go"b. are de"wl ",u(h more h ,oadlr T h i, line of re>c.rch ,h .. Chronkko tepre>en" . ,rami.ional'''ge: ' hncfore. it con"" '0 grip. ",i.h 'he kk» of the 1'-'" .nd .. )"'~ the >«ea,ek The fir >! ,'ie»" Chron icle. ., a u.... ".itional >tal« he'",'OOI\ the biblic.l j >c'~Kl ,nd the Judai,m ,h • • >l1C««kd i. , nd dc>cril>c, il> 'pinllla l work! in 'enm (ommonl), used in diK,,>!ion, of 1~ »' ·h i bJ iC'.1 Jud>i.m : "kgali"" ," "norm >li" of .he bo:>OI: tit" .,,, emploa,i=:! .herefore incJ "de i" lin .. ",i,h 'he Pric"I)' "ran ,m of Pcnta.""ch.1 litem(ure. its grea( in«re" in 'he en l(. a nd i" "ric, doctrine of retribn,ion." The second line of ,e""rch begin> ""i'h .he .. me ha.ic ~I. ,,,,mi.k,,,,l "age '0 Chr;,'iani')" ,..,her ,h''' Ju,lai,,,,. S.udk> of (hi, (H'" aUe ",p' ,,, ex",ain the iK.,k >J ~l it> id"()k~J' in 'Crt'" . nd con«I'" tx>rro""ed fro m Chri>lian .hOHgh t: "\ ,"'-' /m"l: "'he rdigioll of 'he L....: "King,iom of God: a nd
,,=
". Wlmc in gcncru and Dcn(nonolll)' in p"",jcub r'" and gflure. m.xh,,,icall)' projecting later on to it> 1 o~'n 'onll>. and not try' to harmon;", Ouo " id". ".. i,h "'m
",0((cr >rca i, indirect and un 'ptem,,'ic, Sca((ercd reference.! '0 an w ne ap l>POrtu· ni')' or 'hc ",riter hin"df creates ,h .. op port uni,)'. hen in ,lOch ;",.. nce •. 'he Chronicler d,,,,, n'~ al~'.p nprc» h;, ,'k ..', dir«~)': at ,im",. 'ho)'
" '. p, KJ:y; ,',.,
Ib.d, (""",' ~I '~U. pp, "". '''';
A, ,; o",d"~ ",-" ,,, " n' """ d" C h ",n' < Ch""", .. r', """"" .... , " ., """"""DC. on ,I> ;«t .,..., m"'" 10)' Th, Wd", /", (".I ....... ~ A ~"t" {.l taken from ,..,-iou> .omcc. and t ran'p"""d. >t ,im \'c roo,im . ., t ime. with dra";c change, _ ",a'erial "TiuIlk cOlllen'. and idterial guile comprchen,i,'dr. he ~-., no' alnr' ,)'''e","'ie •• nd., ,ime, 'he 'e" ,-neal> hi, opinion. b u, ,h., of hi> ."",ee •. " The que";.,,, of ",he,he, a eert.in ,ie,,' 0 " 1;' ill p"rallel 'n" '" i, .«"ali)' ."e"ed in ' he Chroll ~ c!cr', " ~' ll ",riti'>g> i> ,he,dore of con ,idcrnblc inlportance. cJ We ~ if 'he . u thor d id not .bo "'" e"ra·b iblie.1 "",ree. ,",e,e all 'he "addi,io,,,' ,call>' ,""iHen b,' the Chronicle" It """In, likel" ,h .. h e had ("her .""'< 1"""'" "", ...... "" 'kim. I."..!w';"' , pp. '"' . ..., ot", •. , ..... .I-,.."K' \',""", IRom< pon.., d«~'on ,,,,,,<m'ng " , ... t u", ..., P"'!"'''. "., . ..., "'" ~ .... (""".~ . p. lB. ". We.""""'" ruJl"rial ill a,ronick. con,idcr 'he I"'»ibiljtr the book . lte red .lkr j l> WnllKI,ition a nd that p"-,. ,",ere >cription, Added .!"'cchc •• " d
"'at
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16_ w< .,.. ... "'" oX ",..""h ;nw ,t.< '""r«' ,~u .tor,,)' ""~" m ,,",,....., '""""'>gnphy. ._ W",,'dn, I,," ' ffl>"'~ PI'- "H.' 'L 1>;1>""u,. I", JW", ." A"""~"I~.I,, • .J h • • ,,", (..... I"It''''I,-,.;.. ~ (.In''''''",''''''''' ,,"" ,h.-..,L,,,,, 1> '0 ' he ~·orld - Ik..· nprc'>cd in C hro,~ iele>. a nd no' . 11 of ,he ", arc «)uall)' i"'port,nt, Con.in ,n.tte" "re as,"med from ,t.! in'c",". and 'heir ;"nuenco I> el;,knt ,h"''''ghou, 'he book. Therdore. 'he >I,*,," for di""".ioll here ~i ll nO! .dhe", '0. p rc"" ibed i,wen'o,)' of ba>ic topic> ill rdigiou, t h() u~ h " ""her. o ur .ubject Ii>! ~'ill fo llow t t.pk of brnd in iu o~-n righ ', n",, _,ubjc monarch> .1>0 nplC" 'he boot ", broad r!oriog"'ph)'.• nd "" it i> on l)' ",,,ural tltat '''yone e,,",m ining it ",ouk! immediatd)' tend to rom, on the hu m. n .i(k of th ing" the people ,,,,d .()(k,y ~-ho>c h;,to~' i> being rccout" ed , I'et " clo>.". 100. m,l the ,,"orld h,,'C ~< (ailed "thco<entrk hi>toriogra.p h)': in ,,-hieh cd in II i, creatiOl' . domi" .. ion. ntle. , ml pro'.-icco»d I ou, wncimiom nen more . nd .l.!o alfCCl> the gell""" di'C'(I~)Il of 'he di,nw;"" i. 'he fact trad i,;on ncn. , \"CIT >t,ollg i"nuenee ".. hen it COli'" to name.. and a name ma)" continue 10 be u>cd long .f'< of , boo• ., I•• " .. Chronicle>, On .he o. her hand .• he m" of epi.he"_ ~'hich ch,nged (wer .he )'"'''' a nd .hcrdon: te"ifie> .he idea. a nd out look of each genera. ion. i. highl)' , ignificont , Ike""" of Ihcir « nlmlit)".o quc,"io,," of .he nature. KOp" .• lld origin, of Pen •• teuch,1 "~Ircc •. 'he ,.,,-iou, namco for God h ..1: cnlr,,&ctl t he .tten.ion of biblical cri.ici.m (rom 'he The ,'ud)' of dhine name. was extended from .he Pen"!" here >te of a conceptu.l ... ther ,han a litcra'1' n>lure. and ,h",- ar (a) relke. a parlicular w(>Ikl-,ic>.' . • nd (b) 'e:ob" . a-I'"""".,I . __ .... ruff 8"",,01 ,' WJ ~'{j. the epi,het 'ppe'" n in eteen timc> in thc Bible. alw,,-p in pro", p.»agc. , l'he
!ribu, ian i, '" folio",,, fo,", time. in hodu •. eight in Dcuteronom),. O'Ke each in Jo,hu., Judge •. • nd 2 King, _on<e in lhniel. .nd three timc. in !::in." T he occurrence. in
1""""
< t o,..;, ,..'''''~" 'Y"wu e><Xl < " ..,,, '''h..! in Exod n, and Ik,,'eronom),. , he " p i,he' i> UJed in a eon,,,len, war, in a delini'" . 'he God of Ab",ham _ 1",>< .• nd Jocob· i> jux'"po",d ,,'i,h YEI"'EI , n,e c»"nu of ' h" ,e,-cl .. io" ;, ,he iden,ifica,ion of YEI"' EI ~-; 'h ·,he God of 'he f.. her>:" ' he "COIher>· being Ab rnh.",. haae .• nd J.eoh. " Ve'. al'h( ~' g h ,he uo< of "Goo:I of t he fa,h""," in 'he con'",,' oC. rc,,,ia,ion of 'he ,,,Ir'gromn>.>.lOn ;, c.",n, i.1 and m.)' nen ,""cm in di.pem.hlc. i, nCl'erthcl= doc> "0' appea, in 'he parallcl ,,,,dition of t h .. ,ncl.,ion fo un(1 in Exodu. 6.
..... cok < " ",, pIu-.,." -",>:,en ;f ,< "," m," f..- ,I>< w" of "'1!''"'''"' ,h .. '01" f""'""'""', ",du.""'''' Aor.> loam . , •..,...>< ot 'god of .. t h,-.,., , """"" " ... 000«1" '-""P'''''''' '" ",I>< god of '"J ;ngk'.~ " " ..... b"'" ,001>< """"" .. could ho,'" "",,"" P';''' ,I>< .~ P .," ll_ "", "" ..... ,'" ot .\0, ... , J. L.J. "1.< '",';n F-'Odw .... '" W">l ""< '0 ,..-< f",m ·,he (loci of l"'" "lh< f.,I> "itllin 'he .. nl< p''',,!(c. and 'hue 'uu can be ..hI> a. a "arl' ing pC mbly. ' lib, 'he b)RI) )'0'" God: ,-\,,<mblr blc>>C(! 'he LOR". 'he God of their f.. hen .. ." A compktcl)' parallel .tructurc i. found in the t"o part> of the 'u>c .• " d thu, "the IDR!) ~'our God" nno" be parallel to "the IDR!). the God of )'"'' f" he,-, ," (2)2 Ch r 3.1 :1 2, "..\nd " 'hen he was in di","e,", he ted 'he fam,,, of the b)R!) hi, Gclf gre.. I)' before 'he God of hi, fa the,-, ," Here. too. we fi " d no difference bet~'ccn ',he LORn hj, God" .nd "the G (~l of hi. f. t l",,,", the)" ,« used intcrchangeabl)' and '«. therefore. i(kntical in meaning. (~) 2 Chr IS: 12 - 1.1 : ".-\nd the}' Clllered into. c",-enant to >cd the loRI>. the Godof ' heir father>, , . "'hoc,-,,, ~'ould not >cd the l .ok". the God o f I.role!. >hould be put to de. th . , "" Occ.. ionall),. t",o epithet> "la)' be foun( ] in th is JOn of close proxim it), in l)c" teronom~'. but t ""rc. ,,'e al ~'ap find that the tra:mitio" from ,I", .i mple form "'he I.oR!) rour Goo" '0 the more complex "the loR". the G()d of rour fa,her>" pro\'~b " uance and additional me,ning, n.c refer· ence to 'he f., her> create, , link with 'he IDRn', prum;,e to the J'.tr~ arch>." Thi. i. no' ,he C"a>C in Chron icles. ~'hich indi>crimina,eI)' I'"ralkl, I '. '" , ,,,",,,,,,,,,,,,,', "f ","",' ;. u"d ;n Ib< 'K .... ' ,on ... of "p«, C od of our fo ref.,he'> . The link betwee n YIlW tt and the people i> contillUom a nd abiding: in "'-''')' genera· 'ion. h racr, Cod i, YIl W' L ,. Eoch ge ner~' ion. irrpee.i,·e of it> o~'n ehronologie..1 po,i'ion. i".-ok" .. u,ed ill Chronicb o ri g~ ... 'e . • ",1 00'" i> it rd>1ed 10 Iku ' erOl ~) mr' \'01' Ra"' " in Dan I I:.H:" ,,>mpI< or c.l"o,,· kk' d;,-.,., ' "q>, '- "''''.." ,b< ","", "
.-.:dK'."',.,""'''
,......,....
booh of l(,bit and Judith." II ~'ould d and God of onr h,lte,,:
be'"..
H.
J"I/\W, (;oJ
oj /m,,/
"The God of hrael" a,>d "Y",,,,", the God of brad" aro found ,hi,,,, ,h,« rima in Chronkb.'" dgh' of ""hkh arc p" ....l kkd in ' he book\
.1 abo [ou tld in o,hcr boob. " and ,here i. no con,incing rc.>on to ,uPI>O>< ,hat our GO'" i. one of literal)' ,icpcmkncc. In f""t. 'he """ of !hi> cpith"'_ ~'hich hind, VII"'" to ,he people ...-ho ~-or .hip Him. >cem, [" ghc Hi. "natural name." no different trom 'he c p i,hel> for o,hcr ddtico mentioned in Chronicb. "Kh a. ·,he god, of the people. of 'he I.nd" (I Chr 5:25). "'he go"m" (~Chr 28:2~). "the god, of the ",,,ion. of the bnd . " (1 Chr ~1: 1:1 ). and", on. " I, ,hadon: .«n" likd)' that al'hongh the epi,het originall)" ,uitcd particular eont"".., and ,... a' more frc< p,en,l)" u>cd ill cerui" litem,)' It,,!> of ,he Hible. it> mc,ning and 'pplic>1ion ~'ere l~" lin ked .pedfic clf. 11,,, epi,het i. , ignifican' in ,ha' i, «" ifie, '0 a direct lxmd be,,... ee,, nnm an d Hi. peop le, Hpirtue of fli. ,-,:')' e.,.,llCe, YEtI'"" i. 'he God of 1,,,,,,1 . Thi, ,-ie ..' of a God in reia,ion '0 human bch' g> i,. k,,),elemen' ill o.mnick>' concep ' of God,"
,i.
!ICC"" ["
'0
C. .\do"~J TI,e dh' jj,e name "'-\00". ( ('nM) i. found four hu "dred ,nd flh)' ,ime, ill ' he Bible, ",'er one hund red and 'hirt), ,ime, b)' it;clf. . " d f,,, 'he rem'inder. it> ' he ""p",»io", ",'\ don,)' Ytl"''' " or "YEtlm Aoona)'."'" 'floc
t.'.
("..hr ]" "" . Po ' 06:' .: ' ch, . :.' . '. t ch, ~" .,. to " t ~ I nll' """. '0.
to.
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,0., ;, pa=01; , gre .. in'ore" in 'he hi.· 'orical dc..·dop,nomce. in Samud- Ki"g>, On '~'o o< ;, omittcd for ".-\don.)'." In hi, I"a~' later rc,,'01 king. tr.o.cc> o( "'hich arc (ound 'hro"~I\Out 'he Ilibk. 'p,rt from 'he Pc"t>'ClKh and 'he buo~ of Chronicle>. The I"''',,'euch remained untou,hed bee. " ", i, ~~ al· rcod)' ".crt».nct. Chronicle> bee."", i, wa; no' )'e' ill 'he canon.'" Thi • • nal)·.i, al ... in\'Ohe> 'he que"~>n of 'he Sep'uagint '. tra ... I"ion of the tctrn~.mn»«'" '" "K)T~».' I" 'he op",ion of !laud".i" and ~ichrod" "K)'r;"'· " .. 'he Ii'eral trambtion of the ,etr'grnmmatOl' in i" original n>calling and ,hu, p receded it> replacemen' h)' "..\don.~': l1>c)' """ no
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ho, " YHWli fk>hom .' >"on. "'. ""'h ,..oj 'YH" " ["""m.' 0.. .,......-.-lo>n!!,", "'" ... ..... PI'. """'. LXX ~..- both m,.. h'" "Adon.. )· \' '' ~'''." A,...n. "'" """", . p. ". n. ~, . ". Stt J""'" ,~ PI'- 165_'''''" .•''''''',,,n, Of. ,;, __ pp. 01 , 114_00, .-"h,od" 1~ . (t, p. '-' own) i. uIKom'i"cillg, In the c. ", of 2 Chr IS:5, ,here ,,--., 0,,1)' one epithet '0 h.:gin ~' i'h .• nd in I Ch,- 17:16. 17. " tother double form "'ould ,hen be produced: "YIl WII f] ohim : Nor ahon the line ",«)mr.nied b)' dot> ",'er 'he original.'" i,>dka'ing the ocribe,' doubt, .. ,,, the correc'nc» of thc 'e",, " The e,-idenee fro m IQba' prm= condu,i\'clj" ,h .. i, "'" "Ado".( - and "YIIWII " - 'h at pi '" ,."",, ~ • Hh;n ,"" " .. ,h
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'Q'''' '' ,,",,,,«I. "'" t hocu"'" ' h', p/>I_mm of llo>l, 'nrc epithet mx~~ ("of ho.,,") i. fo",nd in ",,-crnl (ombina,io", .ix time, in thc Chronicler', .ource. in the IIook of SamueL It> threc inst.ncc •. the p:""ge. arc tr,,,,ferred. "crbatim or ""ith minor changco. to Dlronick>: I 0" 11:9 : "thc I-')RI) of 100.,," (2 S,m 5: 10: "the LDRI). thc God of ho,""): I Chr 17:7: "thc LOlli> of h","" ( _ 2 Sam 7:~): I Chr 17:2-1 : "'he LOI'" of h,,... , thc God of I>mel. i, i>roc!'. God" (2 Sam 7:%: "the LORIJ of ho", i, Go d 01' enthron«l aho,'e the cherubim," 2 Som 6:2:"", to bring up Ii-om thcrc the ark of God , ,,-hkh i. called b)' 'he name of the I,OJUJ ojhoJl> "ho .it> enthro trcd on 'he cherubim,"" 2, I Chr 16:2:"", he blc .. ed thc people in the ,m " ", of the /.O«I!," 2 S.", 6: IS: ", ,hc blc.",d thc people in the name of the [ _h ilI! of ""'b," ~_
I Orr 17:2~ : "h.r tholl ...Y < " .. ~..."" .... """ ,I> ralkl bib lk,,1 tn", 11,e epi'hon> for iL nlK:l~ ;, " ",d "idel)' in p rophe'ic li'e,-," lrC. particularl)' in hai.h. Jeremiah. a nd 'he SccOl,d Co. m""-'II~-cahh prophe ... Ibgg.L ~--«h>ri>h , and ~blachi. b," i. 1= com mon in Uo>ea. Amo,. Micah_ Nah"m. a lld Zephaniah, 11,,, epit he ' OCCIlr> o u... ,.... 0/ I",..,. _'00 >c to, ,.: - " .... ,,,.. ",,,d ,,.- ,ho I ~.. (): :19_ So ..", '''''mpk • . TI... "'" , .." 0/ """" ho.,'11 om'",d .... I'",b..". ""
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- c of 'he doterm ;" "c (om, ,, nOOlm m _ in !c form ' PPC"' a. nO",fn """'.", , " Thi. phcn(~ncnon 1= nothing to do ",jth. prcfcrcnu for "the God" ,wer "God" - it i, ' he re,,,i, of 'he 'ped.1 fo''''>lion of the com lruct in fkb,c ..'. in ",hklo determill ing t he nO",fn ""U,,, dcten";",,, the ph ra>c.,. whole ( Wo1'K.' n':l _ Ilu 00,,>tand 'he mc.ning and u'"gc of "'ex '''-0 form> . ~'C Ill">! """mine them .. the)' ' 1'f'C",tr in (he ab,,,]u,c >!ate and not in ,10 0 (omt ru: , : I. I. ; • '" 1, : '"; "" "; "':' , ~; 1'- "': ",21; """'.'. , 1: ". to; " ,:; , ,:" ; "" 1, , I. _ .. ,u. 'h;")'~h= : >1.; "h,,'nom '_'0
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in the ab .()!ute "ate apl''''''' fort~,~,,'O tin"" in Ch ronicle. (inelud ing thirteen e,",,,,pico ~'ith the p repo,ition. "in" (-~) or "to" (-~), " "Go d " i •• "ed '" a proper n.",e in t"'ct"rcd interchangeabl)". nell ,,;th in a contilmom tnt. T hill ~'e /illd in I Chmnicico 13. for example: "before Ihe Cod" ("_ 8): "before Cod" (,._ 10): and "of the God" (" , 12), 11\< entire pa»age i. paralleled in 2 Samuel 6. but in cach c»c. the form of "Goo" ill I Ch ronicle.> 1~ replace. ("'ith no partkular eon>i>tellC)'). a different form or ,Ii,'ine name in the '0'"'« in 2 S' n~ ud." Simil",I)". the Iwo form. arc interehan!«d ~-ithill unpamUeled tut> . • uch.., 2 Chr 26:5: "li e ocl hiul>d flO ,cd Cod in the d.p of Zech.riah_ who in"",, i,-c u>c of C";l'~~ - "t he Cod" - " , p'"",' no ..... which i. ch.r>5:14 _ '""" t~": I,' . L ~, u_o. ,..- , I>< pluru ,
"'_ leI" 17:W : " Ch.- ";4 : ",,,_ 00_ 1 S.m de' _ ".. f' .... ,""1."'10", d,7 _ >bet "le.. of "god line,,:" The dete rminate fom, ("ha -~] o hi ", ") . . . pro!"" n.m , ,uggcd me of the determi n.te for m te"ifie, to. monger .worCOle» of God ', exciu,;,-cn,,, be >eCOl .., a theological-li"gui>tk de,dopmen t t)l,k>l of late biblkal literature. including the Ix~ )k of Ch ronklco , Ho,,'e,-er. th i, u .. ge doe. not co"' t ~ tute. co n,do H> exegetical principle re>t . t mo re tha n four hund red and fift), time •. more th.n .11 the o~,er rul noes for God put together. r-,·eycrthclc ... " 'e fi nd 'Iu ite . fCll' P"''''gOUfce text.'" Com men tator> on Ch ",n-
" , _":7: " :2:, .. _·ott " I""'!!'" '" 'h kh ........ of c"", ' "pi.o n. Ole' .nd epi,het> . '" ",ell" '0 "ri ngent li m i"tions on its e mmciation· ... aJ ~ 1 has bee n explained in > ,,,. rict), of "";", Accordi ng to !On",. it rcH«'-' . ,h ifi in t he cOllCel" of God: "God j . l ~) longer to be ,·ic",ed .., 'he be ..", of. per!On.1 name or., b · rael', God, lie i. recogn i>e in Ch ron icic>, lIo",ncr , >c h, ~." ",ho fo ll' Med
the sctdn', eOntnlC'''.')' repre""n " the p time e",mple of thi, nlCthod. and 'hdr work ~-a, taken u p .nd extended b)" ,-on Rad. T he .d,-oeate> of the occond approach den)' that a gcn"r-.ll rciueu",e to ,ue the tetragr-.mmato n can t.< di><emed in Chron icle> and e"Phin e""h indi'1.>ti""ion .. ha"ing a p>ft1 gio'1', In the Chron icler". t ime. Cod "'.", percd"ed .. di".nt from the Im m:m rcalm. im pollible to re>e h or Cl'en app m",h' if He ",-i,hed to rncal Him,,If or app roach man, He did", a> ".Joh iot ," without cxp re»ing the eomplete e,-"nee of ' Y" w,,: TIle n:1~""enlCnt of 'YFtW,, " by "[Iohim" i, therefore an important cxpn:>.>ion of the incrca.>ing ",me of Cod', tmnKeooenee. ""h1' WIKCpt of Cod.'" \'on Rad follow, in the foo!>"!" of Hind-R(>th .. dn .nd "'Titc>: oll,e u>c of Cod', name. the fr«jucnt .u h .. i""k", of "[ Ioh i"," for 'Yah'eh; betoken> . ,. dear tr.n><en(kntali,ation of Y""weh, y",,"eh ;, CllI off from the ",·ot ld of rclig'ou> phenomena , ,,d . to ,n incre"'ng c,tent . bccOlllC. remol'ed trollt the human experle",e.-" Whether or not dil'ine t.... "'ccndenec .nd the eo",plete di>tandng of God from the hU ll .." rcalm do in fact comtitutc the ">e lltial trell d in Chronicle> ""ilI be di>eU»Cd in detail belo",'," H"""CI'er. f,r.t ""e nll!>t .,k if the nallle> "\" Ft W"" .n(1 "[Ioh i"," in Chronicle> did in fac' h"'e the 69_ Th ;, ..... ,1>00
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"";,d)' t .... -m,' "'...... t >n' "",,,. >tk.>Cd ",,,,",Hie differen(c ""''''<en (hc (~-o , IH nel-ltot h .. cin and \'On It.d only d i,eu" 'hc phenomcnon of . ub>! i(u,iOl" .n,1 (h< larger quc"ion of ""ha' (hc dil-inc cpi(hd e"m ,nen": "The Ch'Ol,ieler help, Ho,,'e,-cr. 'hc reh t «.d), (oneWe. illl ,n"lCn( u n,krtal i"g - dra~-i ng (he enemie. ''''')- - (o",e. from [ lohi",:" A•• «>e( h i,,~ ",If (0 >ecl God in 'hc da)" of Zechariah. ~' h o i",' ru««1 him in (he feor of God, and .. long .. h< ,,)ugh , 'hc LORI). Cod m>dc h im prmpc,:
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,,_ Roo.,ph d",w"" It-. t he "n1acriflca arc '''' Ionga otferro (0 Yah'e h. but m(her to ~Joh im :'" t>;,,'er1 hele,, _ the Septuagint for both ,·e.-.c, in 1 Chronicle> ( 17 :2, 16:1 ) , ,,,.d , "the U)R()', in othCT ~-ord,. the p""a~ arc ~ kn(ic . 1 to Samud in thi, ''''I'''''' - there i, 1>0 ,uh"iHltion " 011" 10 be . m e. "c h."c no "''')' of a>in ing ",h kh ,'er>ion of Chronicb i. (he more o riginaL I( i, pihk th .. (he Grcd tra,,,btor of Chronick> """, influenced t»' (he ""rding in Samuel. or (h .. he "'... not all that pecci", in hi. (ra'''!>tion. 110,",'Cenli lil: - "here LXX for Ol..., ,, ick> read, < ~ for Uf "[107')_ ("~"IoKIwM! . p.'_
""_ IW. P. • . ",_...., . ("" t el" ~ U7 \~o;d. "". R.. t d ;"u"", on p_ 4): .\IT 2 ct.r ", ,", ",.d, "1>1< _ -b< ,~" ,' liln,cnon in ,ome 1""" of tloe lliblc. notabl), ~:':clc>ia> a" d the fJo hi>I"" (41 - 8jWIO hm,·C'-cr. ,hi. trend h." not bee" . "c>tcd for Chronic\cs, The """e "Y",no ' appe.r> in Chronicle>. in a , .. rle'r of con tn" . • ppmxi"'atel)' fil-e Imnd,ed timc •. ".ore than all the otha n. mc, p'" 'oge,her. II ;, d ifficult reconcile thi, fac t ~'ith a mppoocd gencml tendene)' to 'l'Oid t he tClragrammaton," Ye' att,""I''' exp!>i " cach and cI'e.-,· ",b>titution .. the re.uil "f >ome 'hc( ~ ogic al PU'lKl>C. c." ",d 1»' • ch.ngc in the co,>ccpt of God. arc .bo unconvincing: if ,,-c check the actu:>ll"',:oage>. "'·c >cc th .. the)" do not . I~-..p h"., the ,ncaning 'heir interprelc,-, hal'e .:ocribed '0 them and 'hat 'hc p rupoocd .igll ificance of dil'inc ,,,mc. i> not , I\ c>.l>I< 0' """..-< '0 b< Iud 10 . d"' ....,..,' \~ .""_ Th"" '" 0' ""N< (".'" of ,"""' .Dd _",: 19. ,I>< ",""",,«1 , ..,." .." on'''l'P-'''''';" , du , """ . ~" r",d ,I>< nan", "Y"~'H >:Ioo'm- , ' Tlk' L"R" C. >d. " .. m )' '"d- , ;n" c.hr ,.", .. "'0 ".." God _ , .... ,~"''' th< God ol to, ' ...... n .-
,,,1-. of S.mud- King> . tld of Chron id e. «urr«1 o,-er an ex'en ded f' proper name - in o. her ~-ord" "i" "all)" one name in whkh "God" doc. not >en'e .. a gcner..ltcrm" - ;, ob.mre. 1llc p hrax'. di>tr ihu.io tl in Suip ,ure i. di>!inc.in: i•• ppe.r> ,wen'r ,ima in 'he >1o')' of , he Gardell of bk " (Gen 2 :i- .~:N). •hll, con "i,u.ing' '""p>.rat< unito in o, .... nkk>. ,wc!,-e ,i ,ne",'" . nd 'h"~'g h ou' .he re>t of 'he Bible. n in e .in>" Tar>01. 1'1'. '" - " , """'''''''.•",,.-do"l! '0 '''~'c of ' hi> name m. )' be. i, i> "onore'c •. "'lUalro ' ~' O difforen, form, . lld produced . 'hird. no' foun d in 'he Bible'" bu, IOn",,,·h .. ,imib,- '0 e;och of 'hc original fo",,,, Thu;. 'he M.>ore'e, pronouncc.1 bt~h ' y",,,, tJohi", " .nd "Ad o ,",-), y",,.,." in t he "me ~-a)' - .., "Adona)' m o him ," "'hkh diffe" from bo,h for"", If " 'e a» 'U1>O t h .. the p ron un ci~'ion of the tC'ragrn "1>n>ton ., "Adona)"" w~, rda'i,'d)' c",~-. " 'he ne,,' form ",\don.)' tJohi"," ...01\1.1 rdiect ' y" "",, Uoh i", " r.uhcr ,h.n •Adon .), YIl,,"Il ," lI"e ma), therefore cOIldu.1e 'h~' 'ho ph .... ", "Y" ,,"11 [Iohi,n," in i .. p rolHmci.a'ion "Ado".), [lohim." o\'eltoo k t he fo,m "Adm» )' Y",,"Il," "'hkh d;,appcared (rom m>ge. bo,h in form . nd me. ning," In 'he lIil>le i!>df, ~-c do not f",d the "'ducn fomL "Adon,)' [loh i"," .. ,uch ' · hut it d oa 'pp ear one< in 'he I>~iah
" ~Plu0J4J u l lx~1 ~~l JO ",,,,-, .\."'" ul (.1""') "~(YI .) .~\~ N~~C JO u'>IIIPI'" 1"";n~'!-'41 ~l(l 'I 'U,,!, ,,~_, O,~ l "'II ""."'>lj »u~J>lHI' ~UI1P" ISO'" "'U_ 'IUlod ~1!IU." mo '" 'ol -~; ;;n J "'" ~ql JO . " ."".\ .("" -0I'Y. '~"ld~J . "'1'1013 '''''".1. ~J>4_~ '~I '9!:L! J'O 1 ,~;; 'U:L '''.S (; 01 "'I~.nldos "1' .>op '" :","".\ ,'~U()l'V. ",u"'~Jd U,,!,,~_, U~I!,"U.S ~4' ' 1>]4·" ~oJ ·(. "'!'I0r.{ fI ," " .\ .) 0\;:6 " ' pox3 >!'''I>III '''Id'''.q ·uoI"I''''u&.I' JO ",,"'!d J~I~I JO ,>npoJ(1 ;)Ill ... I"ulqdn ""I Plno, ~"'''~Jd "I "'''''1 10 ·.,~ ••~oo "IOU» "I pu. -"~l "'Il JO uOI"I"'''' .... ' ~41 l'»u~"UuI ','"4 01' [. ".'" . "'lqO[i .(~uop\". . . . fI."",\ .'ou up\,. JO UOI'IIUUOJd ~'U_ 'p»uHOUOJd '"_~ '~11.1 '4' ' 1'14-" "I " .... ~'(l JO ~)U'P -1_" J~>I' - . fI·"".1 .'~uop\,. ',lJ~ ,oJ Iu,,,,,,qd ;u '41 '" (~:1I!i .'1) 1I0J'S
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of ' imc. ,he namc fJohim" had iu o,,'n di"inc';,'c " ",." i"g. O n l~' L1' er _ bec.m< of i" coml",,, - did i, d •. \don.~· "'hich formerl)' w•• pronounced in • ditle,c,,' ""')'. Once 'he ''''0 ~'erc p,onounccd 'denticall)". 'he for m -"""." fJ"h'"," ,omc,in"" ,eplxed ·,\o:\em.)" \'",,",," in bibl "",1 mallu"',il .... h,,, 'he b e' "'., ,hi, on l)" h'p l>c. i, ,al c? Of 'hc ,'a,ions ' cnden'""". d«I>,",0'1' fo'm ulae cxprc"""g ,he nelu· .i,'e ne" of God . 0 ,,1)' o " e ' 1'1""" ." Chro" ick •. h i, uo' coined b)' 'hc Chroniclc, him",lf. h,,' l"'.uher il '"eluded in from s.:uuuei: ·There ;, none lik 'hee. 0 LORn. and 'here ., " 0 '.od be•• de> ,I""," (I Ch, 17:20,2 Sam 7:12). "" "p.n fro m ,hi, ~'< find ,h,c"~' which . dd,e» 'he ,d.,ion>h ip of brad', God 'he god, of 'he n.,'on •. 1;"0 ar< found." parolld 'cxl>. and one It", no pa,allel,
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I. I a" 16:2}- 26: 'f'", grea' i. 'hc 1..0" " . • " d g='I)' '0 be p r>i> ~ : 2:1) ~. 2 a" 2:4: " , fo, our G (~I i, grcalcr ,It.n all god." "-' ' 00. &o< M e...!...,. ,cc;uI 0< tl>< m ... ·"<M.0 'mol, Uk' V~, ;, our ,I>< L.n." " m < ";"h ~-'f»TU. " {n·I . "f ""71, "I """ ""jffl' of "! "there i, no God i>c,ide thoc" - ap pear> onl)' in 1 0" 17 :20: (he ot her p"" .. gco merei), proclaim Ih>! "(here i, none like Ihcc ," The diffaeoce i>c(,,'ccn (he", t"o expre"ion> i, a[«,(ed ebe,,'hae in the Bibk. for nample. in Second Isaiah. ...-e find '''>1 decb ration> of God', uni'luene» .nd complete och"",'C("",, , ">eh . " "r or 1 . m God. a nd there i, no other" (b. '6::r.!), Ho"e,,,r. Ihere arc >1>0 >tatemenu "'hk h prod.im ,h" (he LOR]) i. ,uper;"r ' 0 ",her god" not tha I He .kllle i> God for e"""'ple. b;od 15: 11: "Who i. like (hcc, 0 I..okl>, .mong (he g<e in .he follo"i ng e"""'p le>: l. ! S,m 2:2: "n ,ere i> none hoi)" like the LOR" , (for i ' here i, none baide. (i>ce: 'here i. no rocklike our God: 2. 2 7::r.!: ", , for 'here i, no,>< like ' hcc .• nd there i, no God bcokk> (hcc."
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In I s...m 2:2, the ,,'ord •. "none hoi), like ,10< LURlJ" and "n rocklike our God." mad)' com!>",c y"",,, to , ~hcr god> , ~' ) k) a l;o .rc h( ~ )'. though k>",r degree. ".. 1 · lo~·e\"cr. 'he middle phra,e - "'here i. none be.ide, 'l1,cc" - co",,,)", (he monOlhdltic idea ,h .. ,~ ) OIher god. e"i... When t he ''''-0 demen" arc no o,hcr god!'"
,I> ....'" I . """. " 'PI"'" o ut of pio by J"I0.",', 1" •. Th< Rohb., .~'" ,"" , ~.• '" t ho' " 1"="'"' ,,,,h .. tl> ,t:"1 do ,,.,........ ,1>< < ,."",,< I"r."'''"" , ugW'" n,,. ,I>< pbr.... "f..- ,I.", ~ ""'''' ...... ''''' n..." " , ah« , g"'" '" _ :n ,I>< 'XX 'onn, ., ,,,,,,, L, '''''''
hoI)' ... ,Ok, Tho! (he >ccond .ffir",.. ion "( hcre i. no God be.~k (h",," - rob. (he fi r>! - "(hac i, no" c like (hee· - of it> .ign ificanec. '" It """n. (ha( (here ~'a, no ,,,,,rene» of ,n)' ten· .ion be("un (he (~' o pan. of (he ,-cr"", (hc (0 be held in .we abo,'c all g< ~ h." Ye' in (hc .. me breath. (hc p.. hni>! d eclarc, (h., "all ' hc god, of (hc people> arc id , ~, (0 " W) - in o(hcr word .. (he)' arc iII u.ion; ,.,-i(h no rcal exi>'coKe."" Wha( . (hen. i. >0 rem.rkable . bo,,( Y(l ,,"" being "held in '~'c .bo,·c .11 g()(j,"? A, thc R.bbi, righ(ly no'ed. "' 'hcre i•• fm,d. nlen ..1 di>(in i \'CIle" - ' he fi,,(. in term, of Hi, e,;"ence. the >I)- I;l , tl>< 1,-),,,,' ... , , ... 1'... t..,-
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10,,- Our ""'" b= •• "', .. " ""mbLm« '0 ('" ·(0,,,, ' , '".- ] .m Hod . • "" ,"','" ;, ",,,.. I>l.im hi"oriogr>ph)". 'l(~ rdigio", dogma , II> II(Mncr. thi, i, o nl)' • p.rti.1 expla..,t ion. Chronicle> ind u(b • large number of 'pecled "ery' de.rI)','" Yet nowhne i. the idea of m(~, othe;,m proclaimed' ' ' .-I "r i~ing exampic of thi, ab",nc< i. the prarer ill I Dlr ~J: lOlL ~'hich ard e ndie"ne» . nd dominion 0"" the eo>m" . ... ~I '" OIL but doc. not mention hi, neiu,hene", '" 11,e hi>toric. 1 de,-c!0f' ment of the mono,hei>tic id"" in I>r..,1 n,,)" prm'kk • further e 'pian.tion of thi. phe nome non , It >cen" quile likel), th" the Chronicler .I re >ce, the ""orld d,,-ided in'" the ,-.rk)u, dei,ie,' ' phere> of 'Clion on.1I plana , na,.">I-c,,,mic a. ,,'dl .. hum. nn.. ,ion.l, ' " 0 " the human 1,,-cI. e :och n>! ion con,ti,u,,,, • • phere of :oc',,-i')' for the p.rticnl. r g(~1 ...-ho>< dutr it i, to hd p hi. peopk - lead it in'o battle. prole'" it from the ClIemy. • nd "" on , Hum.nit)" prm-idc> the pJaring-Iiekl a nd for a ho,t of differen, !(OO K'", or P"')~'"
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"P"'''' -...,.,', """".1> and 1»"" the rebtion>hip bet~'ccn Y tl"'tl a nd the.., "god.' on the firm c",,,,ietion th>! the on~- god ~'hieh e~i." i. t he 1.0.. " , God of 1."",1 , l),:n«1'Onom)' .,>crt" th>! the god. "'O.-.hiPI,,,d b)" the ,-,.. io." I",opb "ere giyen to them b)" Yltlm :". _, " 'hen),ou >cc the "Ul . nd t he tnoon and the ....... 11 the lKl>t of heayen, ,thing> ~'hieh the U, .. ., rom G ,,,,(Ier the ,",'hole he"'en" ([)cut 4: 19: d . a l", :.>9:23), n.c I.on! h .. ... igned each nation it> god b ut li e . Ione i. m.., ter of the ~-orld: 'the loR";' God: there i, no othcr be,ide, him ' (n e nt is c.",ed ",. God .L 19
,-ic,,'
.
j t7 _ ""ufn""", nP' of 'he carlh . "'hieh .rc ' he "'or k of men', hami>" (2 Chr j2: 19) , Herc. 'he Om",kk ,', d;"ni"",1 i, all-cmb,..cing:» ge ne,.. 1 phcnome n • . "'he god, of ' he pcopks of 'he e.rlh" .rc idol. prod " ccd by hu m.n bein g> , "" T he ",wnd cx:""pk i, foun d in a p",hll: "For ail 'hc god, of ,he peopk> arc idol." (1 Ch r 16:26), lIowe,'c r, i, i! ,>01 o ll l~' hi, di rec' ""emen". bul. abu,'e al l. hi, deKrip 'ioll> a nd u ,~ lcll)i n g .»um pl 'he LDRlJ i, >Ie ruler of 'he "orld and 'he arb iter of n "m ~i ,,,I', (b 'in)',' ''' Gi>'e n ,h i, """\1 p'~)Il. ''''0 phenomena arc of p"rlicu lar in 'ere": one i> a que>!iou of 'cnnin o l~' _ and 'hc o,her h .. '0 (10 ~'i' h ,he oxc..ion.1 echoe, of popular alli,udc. to,,-.rd , gen 'ile dei,ie., 'n ,e god, of t he n >oio", arc .I""p called "god," (C";l'K) in Ch ronkks:
.,,""",........ ,I", ,pi>< ''''''. " .. C~ .. 01 , ,"""' _ 1>< '" I t ~" 'I"I'""n" ,- ","",,,,,«1 ..,. '","''''''''''m,l_ " " I""~l>I< ,hot ,I-.< pIor'~.,; of ,.." " '... ,,-.. d ;' «ll)' LnIlum." "'he god, of ' hc f"'0 0" . '" Wc fi"d ,h .. deroga,ory' namc •. , u,h a, ", h,me" (nro). "abomin.,ion" (r"I'W). "idol" ('rin. 'r7K). c'e .. >fe b, co n,n,o n in Chronicle; ,han in ' hc parallel ,<x". "'.-\ cerl,i n lii>cral;'m prc,,,i!> . ~'hcrcb)' fordg n g'~l> arc no' ,b ,o,ed b )" dcrog .. o ry· epi,hct> . b", imc foreig n mon>reh: ju>t .., ,i>c ",i>cr n"io",' god, were "n.blc '0 ..,·c 'hem . b ro.el·, Go d ~;11 i>c IKI~'c,b, '0 delh'cr h i, pcople fro m 'hc A"')Tian king, ". Th< I" . ""'""k" I' ' " :,,_
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'"7_ &< RudOlph . Cl,.. ~ . p. '-'9"1.
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'" < belid i. co",~k",,1 m;,gnidcd , nd fal"" s.cnnac hcrib', ".. ",d, arc pro"cd f.h e 10)' God', '1"' .he ,-c,,,, b)' (ommenting. "I\u. the)' ~'crc the ruin of him. "" d of .11 I, mei" (2 Chr 28 :2 ~ ). EI",,,,hc,c in 'he >tor)" of Ah". 'he ~Tit Gd .: .he god, )"U h,,-e been wonhipp ing an: no. ~"".h)' of ),our dno.ion. a •• he fact .10" .he)' ",'ere " ,,,,hlW' , TIti. line of . h i n ~ i ng ,.... i"' •• he que"ion. what if blom had "-"" . he ~-a r? Would he, god, .he n n of 'he p "1'hef, rep,,,,,,,h i •• hu> no diffen: n , from what ;,.aid e~plici.lj' 1»' Aha:l,'" The prophet', ""0,,1. C>[ pre" .he popular 0 .,,1001: a g< ,'e .-.c, do no' ' I'f'fM< from )',." h".",," _ w;,h" (,,/, , ,",17 _ .,.... g('" (Of ,I>< "" 0'" ol , ... ,..." • "" h". , ~ "'" ".-ilh me." Ap p,,,,:n,l),. Ihi, god .. hmcnt fo, hi, ,in and ,hal 1'10.,..010 ~coh t\cco afflrm. a "rung belief in hi, god', power. hu, whal hc "y' i, ,hcn de",ribed by 'he "rilcr.., "t he "ord. of New fro", 'he mouth of God," Thi, n,C">m ,hal thore i. in(kod >omc'hing 10 110< p har..,h ', hoa" ing. i,c" .ome,hing '0 hi. god, According to 'he lIor},"' p<euliar logic, J",;'h . hould hal" obe)'ed ~' eco . nd fakm. In Olher ..'ord,. he . hould h,,'c >«ep,ed r-,' cco', th«>! and 'hc idea ,hal J"d.h w,. king opl'o>Cd b)' . roal god. Since Jo>bh did ,~ )[ ""cep' thit - 100"" could 10< . .., a righ'cou, and rio,,, king' - he offcndcd God ,nd "'--.. puni>hcd, I~-o p re,up l"'> i'iom undcll ie thc >1o'}'. On 'he one h.nd. i, i, y",,,,, akmc ~'ho i. ruk,-of thc world and an "'l' ,(q ",,,oddn, ~'" ., -
I'I, a.ll ' W/0 " In}! I'uv "'1""'::1 - "-"".! '/11 '" -,"op,,-,!d , . _U~UO)"!lU -,oJ "'00-' ou U_'.~1 114"Qnt! J!D/ • ,. "nb 'n,~" ""'~!P-' ~'(I JO ~>1",d~,,). ~ m '.~~ '!"!"'1l0UOlU ~41 0, o>u~"p-' ou '~l"'U 'L""A JO 1l 0P!u&',,", PIPU~~ ~~, 'UO!,U~'U '~41 (,SUL'I U! n-'l~>< ' tumJ u', .. J ,S..=I ,!,,!u0.!4:J ,(1110 ~ -'~P!uo''O U! SU!"!"';u, ~'1!\1 "'!' JO ,,~"' ~41 " ! pum)J pUll 11! JO ,'-,,~ '" .(u"'u Pu " _ '" (61 :61 diup'! ;;) .~U(1. I""J U" '''>lU I 0 'nO\I> '"~' ,"""'~ ,I"m 4U"~ ~41 JO ,mOpSU!l "{l II" '"~ l. - .t>.( ... d '. q"!V"'11 U! ""'4.1 " {l " Idu,.,~ -'O,{ -1Iop nb "'041!.~ p",d ,))".! 'puo.h 'l Pl'o.'" "'11 JO 1""-"1 JO 1"41 -''''1''4-~ '.h!l";u 'n()!~!1'" ' '-li '1'1-'0_" '4' SU!,uJOP-' U! lU-'~luT .(U. ''"'''4' ITop-,ou "4~P u_~o ~!"'11 uT' ''O! ' "U "1' 0, ~>'J>-'~p-' ou "'!"'UO> "PTuo-'~:J ('I) '" -'UO!S!P-' -'~'{lo .(U" 01"'0 'J>TI~ U"!' --'~d JO WJOj ,(U. 01 ''''O!''' II~ u~_., -'0 -.>:"'~-'~p-' ou ,..~ :U~'lL 'S" !V "I ' ! ,po~ ullpJoj -,oJ ""'I,!d , ,uoI~lio-,~p ~"!'" _Iq 1'O>1lp.td ,! 'U~ l od J0;».tli ~) 1""'lUTIU ~4' u~.0)0 -'~1I"'" '4' ~UTP"I'UT - UOP'!,IUO' "~)!~II;U "11='1 " ! ,unT-'qTlTnb~ u. "'~-'~'U! 'l Ull J() , ..~ Ixf'l'" ~ql 'U"! ",-",.,:oJ! ' T4 >() ~~, P_~ ~\Il .!OJ ""41 ;xun"~ ""'0»-'''1' ,"UU '.\\ 'I"P""'u n-' LOOf ~41 JO SIl !"'" _~-' ~o ~U!'-'O.~~", ,Ill" ~-,!cl",! IU'!>4IOUO'U '>!_\UO> '! ~I JO "!'"\Id m, -'0 ' ," O! I"l mruoJ ,~~u ou pug ~_" --, ,,., -,~oH ' PI-'o,~ '41 JO -'OU-'~_\()~ p u. -'~I'u 'po'J ,IIUO ~~I '! 'l.I' ''.~ 1"4' U~""" 1':>.1 ~ P~I'-'o>" ~-'~ 'UO'!I"" "'1' JO 'poS ~41 4'14-" U! ,~!i.,"",d "'''!_' -'~I ndod "{' )0 ,,jjp,~. 1 '~'J • ,uOJJ u.clv " "'{h>,.j, ,b~ 1'""1 fo pas,) '~I '''''''.1
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cre.tI, ... to g~~ ,,,,,,!,h ,,, .J!" (n. " - " I. I "'. MT " K , '. 1 'b 'PP'''' '0 b< « Krup< " ,I>< ,","l< of o.plog.-.pI>r ,,'" .ooutd p''''''''''r '" """"",,,, fol"""g ' h< \ 'u'!!,'n.T'" """",.
""·",,,h;p m.y b< due","'" ",.• n ,,,, m'''',," of II.... "" "'" ",m."" d..-clopmn>' '" """'" """'1 ....- ., F"",j. A. &niKM< {Tu",'W". IU"'I. PI'- 2"',_"",. o
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br.d', freewill otfning', The gold and ,iI,'n pledged by the [' 1'"""«Ic,, - "1\", ~-ho am I. .nd "hat i> m)" people. (h", we .houk! be able (b", '0 offn ~-illingl)'? ~·()r .1I 'hing. con", from (hec. and of (hy ()~- n h,,-< ,"'C g;,'m thec" (,-, I -I ). flo".elical """'p k of dh i llc pro,kkncc and reflew God', comtan ! ;nml'"",cn! in 'he ,lelaH, of hun»" affai", Wh at ...·c hal'c here pro";.!cncc th>! fu n ction> dirntl)" in the co",,,, of c,'cnt>," I Y"",, ( , rule i, , 1", menlioncd in the pm)"cr of jcho,h'p h .. (2 Chr c>{l:6ff,). once again ~'ithi" a 'pcdflc (onte," an appe" (or dh 'ine a»;,lance in the "'" alr"in>! the Ammonite" The 'ppeal i, ba>ed O il two li tle, of " !(Im"n!: y"",,,', po...-cr and dominion O\"r «e .. ion (n", 6. 12) .,,,1 thej"'tice of i>",cI', camc in thi> ~-ar (w, 7- 11), It i, the fir:>l line of rca"'ning th .. ;, of intcre" to u, hcrc:'" ",ft thon no' God in hc",,,n? J)o" Ihou no' rule o"cr all thc kingdol'" of the n ation,? In thr hand are I~ Mcr and migh .." The .i mib ri'r bet~-"'n th i, ,-enc .nd I ehr 29:12 i, "'iking_ and , compari", n of 'he t,,·o hring. "ut 'hc .ignifka ncc of cach "cnc:
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."hrOO, d.,""~,,"" bn, of I.~, , .... h.d b«n ~,.,. "'OK< f". ,"1.....d "',"',.,. C""' 0( ,I>< "",d to p.utl';p>'< hemo"",h,"1' p, .,,1: "'. 1""'.,... h>, .. tho: n .... "' .. o ....... " ~ , o detail , yet ,h.t belief lie, the h;,'orical narr .. i"e 'hroughout the bool. Tl,e",;, .1 ..·.)" .ome (ollt,e([ion bet"'ccn I; .. d', hi>lor)" and ,hal of her neighbour>: >ceoI'd· ing '0 the Chronicler. YI!Wll in ten'enc.o direc,I)' in ,he alf. i, ~ of the", peopk> 1o m.ke them Hi. ;'btn"nent in dirce,h' g , he h i"or)' of 1> .... 01. ". '11"" "'e read. for e" ",p lc: "So the C od o f I;rno1 >lirred up t l>c .piri' of 1\,1 ling of A.... )Tia· (I o,r ~ :2 6): 'And the LOkI> .tirrccl up .gain't j eho.... 1Il ,he .ngerof Ihe I'hil;'tine. a "d of 'he ,\,.b," (2 Chr 21:16): "Therefore the i.< ... [) brough' u(>On ,hem 11", (o",,,,. ,,de.-. of the .nnr of the king of A»yria" (2 Chr j.1: I I), etc. 110c '!"e>lion i" to ~'hal extenl did the o,ronicler tr.m,form ,hi. general principk into a guide for > (o,,,i>l< ,,t re"'Ol l ing of the lource •. and ho..· (icep l)' did 'he princip le pcnell"le the pmce» of redaction and 'he delail, of re,,'ording' In C hronick' "~lI'CC' in , he Former l'rophel.>. it;-, a»u",ed , 10 .. C(~I con"o;, (O>lIlic nenl> bu,. on ' he whole. II i, inl'OlY('ment i> nOi (ic>cribcd ., direct, ' " The book o( o,ro llick>. ho,,"e,'cr. empha>i/.c, God', direct an(1 immediate illter'>"ention in h i"o,!' a ltd (icKribe. ' hat ;'lter'>"en· tion in one of I~'o "",,)". Ei,her the ~"Ord i ng com'e)" • ck.,l)" e.u,a] rela· tio",hip. '" in "therefore he brought up again>! ,hem 'he king of the o,.ld eall ," (2 Ch r 36 : 17). , .. or Ihe objcc'i,"C hillorica.l ac(Ollnt i. '''pple· menled ~' i th expiana'",!' "",ement.! i",licati ll g ' hat YllWI! brollgh' abo.. t thi. particular ennL The fin! metbod - c."",1 rormulation - j , .1", fo"nd in pa».ge> de>cribing the natlom' """, jon >. the rClult of dil'ille illten'ention. for e,,", mp lc: "A"d the rear of the 1.oIO»ibk '0 infer from ' he (onte" that the att.ck " .., pm,i.h",en' (or Rehobo.m·, , in>. ,"entiorICd
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,, it .. dh;ne retrib"tion: "In the fifth year _, , Sh i>ha l king of ~ g)l" came up ... /weu" Ih', hea I>fm unfaithful 10 tM LOll/)" (2 Chr 12:2). -D,e r«ult . of the campaign arc >1>0 de>crii>cd ,.bjceli,-dr in King>: "hc tool a"ar Ihe tre » ure; of the ho",,,, of the 1.f.R" and the t"''''''e> of the ling" home: he took ''''')' ne,}'thing _, ," (1 King. H :26- 28), To thi>. the Ch ronicler ,dd •. b)' ~-ay of explanation: "he too\: a",,)' the tre»urc . and "'hen he [Rehoboam] humbled h in"df the ~nth of the IDR" turned from him. >0 . . not to make a (om pk« ,btmetion" (2 Cltr 12:9- !2), An e ntire ep i.ode i> in trod"ced ;'>10 the dcriptioll - S he,naiah', prophec), - in ~'h ich the ~Titer pbinl)' "'p re."" hi, 0"'" ,-ie,,': "11,,,, ")" the 1.f)R"_ ' Y"n I",,-e abanooned nk:. >0 1 hal-e ab.ndoned )~u to the ha nd of Shis hak'" (1 Chr 12:5) and. later_ "'l'hey h,,'e humbkd the ,meh-es: 1 "'ill not de....oy them'" (2 C hr 12:7 ). Thco< e'planation, make it clear that the IDR" ~-,., the di,ect initi.tor of Shhh. l ', actiom , ~'h kh were a me.,,, of puni> hin g ];",eL Similar "'planatio", ' p f>Car in other I.... age>:
,,,Ie
I. 2 Chr 21:10: "So ~ oo m r",'olted from the o[ Judah to thi> d.),. At that time Libnah a l>o re.-olted .. . /waw< M had fonalim tM 1.01'" /h, Dod of hi> falh,,-, ," TI,e paralld .." ,,(e in 2 Kin~, 8:22 rea,l> onl), "So [ dom re.-olted f",m t he ruk of Judah to thi> W)'_ At that t ime Ubn.h .bo ,- 12:18: "At th .. time HalaClling of Anon ~-e n t up," ~. 2 a" 28:17 - 19: " ~'or the Edomite. had again im-.dcd , ..• nd the Phil!>,i"c.. h.d " .."k r-.lid, ... For Ihd-'JHI} /"-ought judoA "'"' iw:ao= of .Iha, _" The ,beriptio" of the im-",iOl" il o¥ti,'e. but in the ""planato,}, glo» tl\ e,';dent fro m thac c"," ,npk . that the ChrOl,k k r empl ",.i,,, •. to • far gre.ter extent than do hi. >ource.> , 'he belief that God ruk> the kingof the world an,l i> re'pon,ibk for their >ct>. He re~-orl,:, m",erial fro m King> accordingl), 1\oI<e,u. the "",-orking i. not completcl)' thorough , .nd , Fe,,' p,,»ag .rc t,..""fcrred ,-erbatim "'i tho\\t an}' add it io " . ,
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E>peciall)" no,e..-o,,!>)" i> 'he cription of the e,'ent> kading " P t t.c fall of J"dah ' " (2 Chr 36 :2_6, 10). , .. '];) conch,. O\'cr",e •.• nd control, the workl.nd in the Chron ickr", ""po,ition o f /mu/iu h i"o')', ,. we .hall >ce bck ) ~' in o nr diK,,,,ion of God'. in.-ol\-e men , in the h i"o'1" of i>r.ocl.
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II : God, ' '>"me. in rh, 11'0.-1 'he ",heL 1-1< i. ' '' ~ di" "n!. hu, nelll'_ .nd 'ho>0, experience that encomp """ bith in , ,ublime _ tranKe .,cmc tha, God i, ncarh)'. pro'ecti,-d)' ~-.. 'ch ing O\,,:r h i. fa ithful . I>d .n>..-erins thdr p"'re,,_ 11,e kin thaI God i, di", n, comc. '0 the fore th " ~ ' g h de.erip tkm, o f fi i, d~'cll in g in I"''''en : for exa mpk. "Th, V'R" i, in h i, hoi)' te m pk_the LO Rn', th ro nc i. in hcal-en" (1', I H). "., God', ne. rne» aJ ~ 1 pr=ncc in
H ._ U ....·, ... the ~~r ~", h ,he ....... " " .." " Chr 10, 1), So""",he,;t,·, I" a.r _,to! ), .M """",,10 ~'nt,-
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, ,,, •. ,,, ...... ,n.). do «,n""'" '0 ,t.. ('.h""""., DUtl",,' 'n """,,,,. '" 'P"t; ' f. """",', f>P- ' " n·. "'..-. "'~ ,..k,·"" '" ,h., con""". 1"'_ Th""",, " >I", ,.."od", rl)' ""n "lel7 ("'ngc. >ll.u: ,,. p re,""llu doc. not denote eontaimne n', '" Th" ide . i. e'p rc'!lCd b)' Solomon when he.,h rhetoricall)'. "But ""ill G(~I indced d~'dl' ''' on the e arth ?· .. ~I "lkh<M_ he.\,cn a nd the highC>t hea>'Cn canno' contain thee: It()~, nmelt h, this ho,,,e whklt I hol'< built" (I King> 8:27) , '" Thu,. there i • • certain ten-
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«1. ' or iK' d~d ' . " .. hogh" (I«...., ,iI< I...,." )"'" c. .. _-.lk, '" ,be m.t" oi Y''" '
"e.", •• uch .. . ,1-. = ''''' n "" ",. I"g>n oooe''P'' oi '""'n< p.... ""< 'hough' of.., fini'e, He i, prcJCnt in .1l ,he place., b,,, " one of ,hom coonl'ktd)' cOl" .i", Him_ n,e ido. ,ha' God cou ld h.ye . 01 e.nhl)' .bocen" '0 kl ~l Hi> pre>c"ce a ;ligh t l~ ">lic quali,)". 11,e pro,ence i, lin\:ed dira,I)' '0 .i'e. of ".-""hip m,d i, b.,k '0 an)' approach ri,ual. ,.., 'Il,er< i, 'hu.. « "done), I-ic,,' God', pn:>ch,nging c"" d i,ion (onnce«d ecruin co neret< ooje: 'he ark, d,e tabanack, the d,)' of Jerusalem. Ho,,'cme, Chronicle> renee" 'he general biblical ,ni,u(k" God d~'d ;, in he.yen, fk inhabi" 'he S,nctuar!', aJ.d )'" neithor place can contain Him, 1·lo,,-,,'cr, "e do find frequent difference.! bct~-""" ,onrce p"''''ge •• nd tho in
'oc ',1> lkm of ~-h" ' Ch " ~ l icb h .. . bou( Go d ', p r=ncc ,
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_I. I'ImH', I'>-",n" in th. "[',"pi, o,,,,n i(k> h., ,-,rioo,,, ~--')" of dc.>crib ing 'he Lord ', pre>< 'Ke in ' he Tem ple, "nd 'he (er m. a nd n p rc» ioll> med.re tak n fro m d iffere n( bib",".. IIi(era,)' . "d klO( llnifled , . nd i" com po, i' ion;, ' he rc.ull of a complex pro""" ".( ..-h kh. >Ine .eI,ol.,.. >r]!ll , ,,-' ~,_ ~'here (he Chronk l 8:1~) , I" i' iall)'. ,hi, Klea rna)" h an been .,.
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,'kPO""";' no< ",,"'" 0, " I",,,,, fm . ,,It...... of It. "eo >t_ "''''n."On tl;" P","l<m, ""' Compo"'' '' ,,.- ,h.< ""01,, ""' ~;~ """ ,,., . '''''""' PropI>«,' (ll"",),
,.iw"
T.rno,. 31 \ 19,)7""'). If[ IM_ Th;, ,'"""t 'PI"'''be 'h< me.n;ng ,,.- 'h< phr_,. ",) n':>, 'h< . "''' "' ",T_ '""", ~ h kh ",. Ocr""," " .. "d,It heing in 'hc Sanc'ua'1·. or whet hcr thc '''-0 phenomena al'C independen' of each OIher, tOO; In a n)' ca",. Hi, glory >0 fill . the p lace ,ha' 'herc i. no r]>10')' in K in~' male. no di .. ;nc,ion ~.; ... tc\·cr bet,,'ccn 'he doud .nd 'he gi("1', 11,e cloud d..-ell, in. no' on. 'he Sanctu.,)· (I King> 8: 10), .nd 'he p, .....11c1 >lnK'ure of \'ct-.c II C<juote, 'he '''-0 <xpn:"~m' of di,i nc pre>CtICe: ·,he prie," coukl no' " mini,tcr bee. nse of 'he cloud: for ' he glo,)' of the I-')R", foiled 'he hom" of the Lo,,",," .-\'l(~hcr .pprooch 'he 4''''''ion of Goo:I'. preocnce ill ,he Temple apin t he pr< "" ..... , too. "P"''' ,h', "'" ,"',.,." '1>< 1I.,u to""""",,,. ".m' ool"t!" ,,.- ~ Otg' 1'0","'. ..'" 0/",. ., ,,,.. ...."''''''' '0 Solo""",," "....,.". II, "'1!"" ,I.., "'U""",""",· ...,..,.. ('... ', ,,. ,..,,' "'I>
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0...... "'"'pI, I" ""'" J'''' ...."., f""I'b t. forgh'e' (I King. 8::\0: >ce '''0 w. ~"_.'l6. YJ, 4:1), Yc'. nO"'hnc;, God', p rcoencc in the Te'npk mentionrolTI,c Temple ;" to >crye ., • hOWoe of p r"rcr (8:j~): the >en-icc i, directed 10 the Lord. not cOllduc<ed '" 1/;' ,\I"" "",«cha out hi. h.nd, to,,·.. ,-d th i, housc' (8:38), .nd. from ho::,,'en, God ho::." him, In the pm)'cr'. onl)' reference to Temple ~'O.-. h i p_ the .rtar >en-c ... mroh",,: "If. Ulan" _."c. " hi.ooth ho::fo", thine >liar, ,," (", :II),'" lt i, the m.in bod)' of the p, .. )'er that )"'>t corre'pond, to the polemkal tone of sCd in hi> ~'ord, in "_ 27: " Will God indeed d ~-dl on the earth?" :--.:(~ a p licitl),. but mthcr b)' m,:>n, of omi»ion. the pr.t)U ,,,c,«d, in d;,tancing thc dhine pre>cncc from the Temple , Later > r"''CThe thi, p.ttcrn . " d rep.ir the omi .. i,,,,: tho::)' rdcr .-cp".tedlr to God', pre>cnce in the Temple hl' "re>sing that tho:: Temple ,,» huilt "for the n""le of the IDR": in . , i. "''Col more ",,<emi,'e in o,ronick> .nd fi~rc, a. an iU' I ~)rt.,,, component of t he .ccount of D."id', reign, II'e find tha, tho:: Chron icler >elected tho", element> of the (Ie>ining to the Temple', ,on>truction mention> the no .... of God, In each eaoc - Ihlid'. charge to s.olon~'" (I ClLr 21:7, 8, 10)."" D,,-id ',
word, to tl> , Wha' wc ",u>t ",k it : h"",' "il>l doe. th i> COlKCp' ,c mai n in thr book of Chro tlick.. and ~'hat clo, Wherc .. S-olo",on p'~lra)" (he peopk', prayer.., an act of repentance. ,ul'p licatioll for d idne forgi,'e ne» in 'he of (~>d ', ~-ra'h (,he recurring motif being "he ar ,hou and (or· gil'c"'~l).Jcho.haphat >ceb, not pardon. hut" demon;(l"d,ion of dil'in e ,ah"tion, A r«]uC>t fo r ddi"crancc - from pe"ilcncc , hu nger, or ot l",r ,u!fcrinS incurred h)" God', ,..rath - ma), be implicit in. pra) abo lie~' 'he buikli tlS of 'he Temple differentl)'. In I'eue 8,Jeho,haph at nplici'I)' ,h., it ".... bu ilt for C(~l", '>an" (" ... and h,,'e bnil( 'I> c d.y gloriou, n.me." II'ben we p raiJc Hi, giork)u, name , repealedl)' " lIer Hi, nam e in h)' "m and 'hanlogh'ing. ,,'e lha tlk C.oJ, ",h«' and - ,)0)' n.mc" arc d.ercCore one and 'he » m e , We >c< fro m 'he Ch ronicler', in lCrprctalkm of Solomon', p rayer ,h .. h~ m >linc,ion be'~'cc n buildi"g' hou"" for God . n d buikling. hOl"'" for Hi> name. The fr"'luc n' i n'!", 'erm. "'0 build a hou.c for 'hc ,,,,,nc of ' he J.Gl origi nal me.ning . nd j, no different fro m a direlanJill S o f " h ~ ,,,,me of the IDRn,- T he ph .... ", h", t ~'o mcani ng' in Chronklc>,' " ,\t time> , '",>mc" ' 1'1"" '" in ib ba,ic >e n", - ,hal 1»' which an obpl i, (k>ig".'~d or ,be ' peaker refen '0 hi'''' U>'g~ in .11 ,i", contc," th .. do n(~ illvoh'e the
1",, _ ""'" """"" , .... bow< '" , .... 1~"I), .... m"" .·"b • do"": Th< n'"",," ln ('.hron~", 'i¥'" to ,,., 'aOn t hc Temple' (2 Chr 7 : ~), III Chronicle, I-cr.ion of Cl'cub. Gocmen' of Solomon', . chkl'cmcut i. nm(h morc cI' ~kl" , All the dCIl>cn" in ,he dc>cril"km arc Pen"truehal. ta~cu from. lO><Xl .1m,," ,·crb:ltim. ~'hkh make. Iheir origin' all the morc cvikn ', '" O ne KlUrcC p"''''ge i. b:odu, iO :~ i - 35. the eOIl>et ion of the takrru>cle: " Illen the cloud (OI'crro the ten' of n>ce'i ng .•",1 the glo')' of the L O RI) filled thc tabcrm.ek, ,-\nd ~ I o>o couk! not cmbla ncc to 2 Chr 7: 1- 2 ;, mo rc th.n striling: " , . a nd thc glo')' of thc 1.0 "" filled thc temp le , ,-\nc 'he glory of thc LO R!) filled the IDR"', hOllse." Although t hi, 1.>1 P""'I« i. ,i mila r to 2 Cltr 5:1i (and the >ourcc in I King> 8: 11). it> dir«' innuencc (on>c. fru ", thc Pe ntateuch:''''' 2 Otr 5: Ii read . "tnc prb" cou ld I ~)( , could ,~ )( "'In: j ill' li ~e bod iO::!5 - ".nd \10"" (ould not min' "And the glo')' o f thc L OR" filkd thc , . ." (",bjcct follo~'ed b)' "crb) .pp e . r> in 2 Otr 7:1 . nd bod i O:.H. but not in 2 Chr 5: 1:1 or I King> 8: 10. It i, cI""r ,h .. thc Chronicla rdied. not on t he "'UfCC do,""" to him. but on the j'e ntatc lKh.1 "''')' in "rda to nl . ~e. f>Oi,", Ik ,,'i>},ed to KI""if~' 'he Temple and i ... fU llction; ~' i 'h t hc tabcntack of ""rl)' braditc hi"o')' :ond to depict ,he Tempk .., heir to the tabcm>C three deme nt> ..
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197_ W;It; ,ml">";" " "'" C>uon~"" ', """",,", "j'k- 1".lf,,, ••M-). "h~h I>< « _ pI,;n, .. , 'u",'." ," ,I>< 'u..... m"'P""" th< '""'P'''''"oo of' " .non;''' (A ouUp'lf. PI'- t '"_tN" !"'ill")' AIt.""gh w OI' ...., "'~ ",,,,-,,.. ,,d II>< ",-;d.,,,,o. I>< "0'" ""'0'''''' '~' O f"""l!'" ,I. .. .,.,. ;ml""',n' 10 ""r d .. ,w,,,,",, F.xod """:>-t _,, .,0< "'''.• ' of ,I>< "'"'''' ," t .... l.o." ." """_ On I h< u,,;,', ''''''P''''' I. ", .M ,,, ","Ilon'/o;p '" ."" .. w,:>-t_."'. '" """h. 1___
2 Chr 7:1 - 3 - 'he fire on 'h ~ al .. , . t h~ glo"" of ,he l.ord. a nd 'hc p""pic :b ",i'nc»,,>: ", , _ a nd 'hc gio'1' of 'h" l.OR!> ap peared to all 'he I"'opic, And fore came forth fro m before the U )R" ",>1C. h o,,~,'cr _ 'he indirec' formula'ion : "'hc glo')' , , "pl" oa,«[ to (, m K'I"l)." "' he fir c impact on the e ",jre peopk. I, i, thi, experience ,hat the ChrOl,iclcr ,uperi ml"" '" on the ded ica,ion of Solomon'. ",mpic. hom h i, I",in' of ,kw. God', pre>en-co .. > furt her ""pre"ion of dilinc p",>cnce , 1 Chr l7: I- of (parnlkl ,,, 2 Sam 7:1- 5) m. kco the eonnce,ion bc'~'ccn y" "" ... d"'cili ng in 'he Templc a nd t he fac' 'hat 'he ark i. l cp< ,here_ To Do,-id'. "'ord>, "&hold. I d,,'ell ( ~111" ) in > hou>e o r cedar. bu, 'he art oj IN ("'~I".,"I of the 1.0 ... i> under a tent" (I Chr 17: I), "" God re'pond,_ "You .hall not build"" • (lkh_ ",hc · l hOll.e to dwell iu (11~;,7) "
mw" !>crik, ' he Temple., God', d~·c ll i ng-pl .cc : "[ haye buill [hee. " exalted hou>e , • plx< for (h"" 10 dwell in ('V':;,7) for eYcr." n.c (onn<etion ba lm: "And no,,' 0 1.>It" God. ,, ,,d go to th)" r,"inS" 1'1>« . thou ...,1 'he ark of (h)" might,''''' In ,he", p.... gc •. lk Chronkkr doc. "ot ,uPP" » an)' of hi. ;o,,,,c ",>lni.L nor he add '0 it. t\ncrthck., . it ""uk) = m th,,' he hok!> hi> ()~'n >pedal ,k". of the ark', role .. a n eXl'r,,,;o,, of di-
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,inc pre""",c. brl)" biblkallilna,ure connect, God', I" CKIKC in the ",,,ht of )m.d to (he ph )......1 p re",ncc of the ark in the camp."" The >tory of the dedi"",ion o f (he Temple in Solo mon ', ok<erip'ion make. ''''IT.. I impor"'''t poin" : (al T he principal rok of 'he Te mple i, to pro"ide ' hc ark ",'i,h a "h,,,,,,,, of re": a pamanent home,"" 11,i, ide. i, di,«tl), linked '0 D"id', "ord, in 2 Sam 7:2 (parallel to I Chr 17: 1). "I d..-cll in a home of «dar. but the .rk of God d,,'ell> in a 'en'" : 'he Temple ~.", to be b uilt in o"Ie, to ,",usc 'he ark for .1I time. 1 Cll, 21:19 .bo allim" ,hi, ,ok: ",-\ri>e ., ~l "". On , .... d,,,,,!,, 'rom I~ ""m a) _
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'O!! pt .... ). "'" ". m ""_'. W7. ' ''' of God ma)" boo brongh( ;'''0 a homc b nilt for 'hc namc of 'hc U)k "," (b) Il ere. (he an- i> callcd ,he "(OOl>too]" of God. a nd thi> title " pre, >cn"." im lO,,,(ion , So: ho],r>hip h .. a>.!umcd - primaril)' ]>«"Ou>< of thc phrn>c -".. ho .il> cn(hroncd . hon 'he chcrubi m "'" a nd (hc in,crprcta· ,ion of Num 10:",5- :16 - t hat ancien' ],r>tool" arc perfectly parallel. P. 99:5 ("Ex'ol 'he Lo"" our Go d: ""oroh ip a( hi, f"",,-,,0011 Hol)-' i, loci"), alth ough no' uncquil'OcaL >cem, (ie>erihc 'he people ~'or>hippin g (li'crall)'. p,-""r.uing ,hetn>d,·c. ) .. (hc Tcmpk, no'" (he ark. The repc'ition of the refrain in ". '1- "b'ol (he Lo o.. '"'' God. and ....o"hip a' hi. hoi)' mOlln,.in, for (he LOR .. our God i. ho l~'I" .nd t hc pamlle];,m boo(",'<en "hi, f()o.. (",~ " and "hi, hoi)' "",.m.. in" p ro,ide the expl,na,ion '0 "ene 5.''' Lam 2: 1 - " fie h .. l do",." from he-dyen '0 earth (he >pkndOll r of ], md : he h", no' rc nlC mhcred hi, foo( ' boo undcr>tood in ,he .. mc >tool in 'he da)' of h i, a ng«" - dead)' i, .... ar.' '' In all the"" pa».gco. YflIl'll" foo"'oo l i> the Tcmple .. a ~'hok,
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p. :>I{I. W.. "" , 'n". ''''''' u"""''' ..... ng ,~. " ,,,,7 . no! .... ' ~ ,,,',, .. ;" Bn~. p. ttl. and "'unog"''''''. I ~m .. , f>. 2t9. t ll. TOO, 'h< < '"" m,.". t ". " o'· "~'. " .J. ~ nu" B~ I (9"'). p. " . _'J., ;, ""U;n ,,,-,, , hO, """ m"" to ,'" ..k. ",,· ... tl d,.., RudOlph ' "lI'!lool of 0 '" Coo" . nd 'hc TempI.- iu re>ting·pL>ce." " (c) Thc image of 'IK- ark. Cod', foou,ooI . ",-,'ing in 'IK- Tcmplc affirm, ,ha' Y" ,," H i. ' fooutool. b u, the king" prc",nee i. fel, none,hcle» , an d 'here i. no ,~ ) ub, ,hal Hc . i.. upon fIi. ,h roll rcal. , ~ )( merel)' ,net'phorie.1. "" Acconl ing '0 Chronicle.!. ,hen. 'IK- Tem ple rcprc>C nu . . nd forc' m,,,' . God ', >cnu in the m _h, of Hi> Pclf ., a hou", of "",r iflcc· (2 Ch r 7:1t).?" God rca '0
... t.... I"I')TI.•. , find , ""'.",~., IA. 0:. eo.·k,', ~", ..... I~p"!~ of o!u frol ['''''...-d. [""'I. p. '03. I.".,~ eo.·k ~ ""''''-t,,;, .. "'''' .... ,00 "'P""'" h ;, ,utpn'" t '" ,h;, """' , .. t ..... ,b.n , .... " ........d . ", • . •0000Ld
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-" or .. I.:> 'h>< God ",eept the oHerin g> of IIi! pcopk: in fa«. he ignore, the Temple', rit· ual func,ion.= Yet. in 2 Chr 7:1ff.. God ,n>we" S ho" ", buih foo- ,he n .me of y",,,,,. it i. cle" 'hat h i. i n t ~n ' io " ill thi. pa».ge i> no' pole ,nicil: he meld)' "i.he. to ["med)' ""loa, he con .ide" .n omi»ion. Tho ",me .",.. rene» of "''''ion of 'he al' ar', con>cc before loi n,;" The ph""'" "to burn itKen", befo.e hi","'" 'ppear> at 'he hqinning , nd at thoe e",] of the kt· ter to .um up the Temple'. p rincip.1 rule: '0 >e n 'e., the ,i'e of "",rifod.1
,h ~·i'hin. continuo. te" ,"'" Thi. di,,, .. it)" i> c h>r .. tcri>lic of ,he Chronklcr'. 'piri",,1 ~·orkl."'" From. phik)"'!'hical or mtiorulli>tk I>oint of ,-ieK the ,,"~ om appm""h'" c,-,:ate. «"ain te n.ion : )'ct no elfort;, ,,,,,(k ,,, h,nnonil( ide", or c'IT}' ,hem ,,, 'heir "Iogic:ol" conch"io,,,, 1I.ing n>an)' image. '0 com'e y \''''1"11'' prc>cnce wa, p"~'crful a,~1 ,ure. he'}' im.ge made 'hat experience . 11 the more real: none could begin to cap tUl'C i, f,!l Ir-
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'n" idea th.t '.od d"ell, in he",-en i, cxpre»c< """,, no< ..... ,.,.. ;, ;n .leUll 'n ,I-. ame p " .. ge . 100 contai", 'hi.! ide a_The 'ext .ppc.n onl)" in Chro Olicico . • I,MuSh boIh >I)k and con'en' .re dependen' o n K i n ~ : ",hen I ~ill he ... from heaven" (2 Chr 7: H).'" Originall)"_ 'here mu>1 h,,'e been a j~>k mi cal re...,n for emph»i' ing >0 "run~l)' - in 'he con'ex' of 'he dedica,ion - ,loa' \,,,,,,,, ', "d~'elling place" i. in f.ct in 1",,,' arc 1",.,,1. Ho"ner. 'he re~-()r king th at Solomon', p",),cr "nder",en' ill ''''' book of ChrI .nd :Kcen'ua'ed the d irect link i>c,,,,'cc n God', d~-dling in heaven a nd 'hc hearing of pra)'er. Onl)' in Ch ronicks d o ~'e fond ,hi, e,,~ pha,i,,, part of 'he di" ine re, p'''''c: ",hen I ~ill hear fro m he>l·en." In ,I=c 'e."_ depen.kn, on Klure"," in King'. God', d~-dli " g in heaven i, conncc'ed 'he d edication of 'he Temple. Chroniclco co ntai", • fe",' OIher reference. ,hi. ide •. a nd 'he)' arc ,",,,all)' ",i'hin 'he » me ')'pe of con'ex" ' hc hearins of p,.,,)'cr, When 'he Temple " .. mledi",,'ed in He,d iah', ' imc . "''''' prb" . nd 'he Le,i no' rccorded: .... ther. ,hi. ,hor' narra,ive e".bli,hc,_ in wording remini>ccn' of Sok",,,,n', p",)tratc' 'h>! 'he "";, h npre»ed b)' Solomon ~-'" ac,uall), rcali«d in 'he life of ' he people.'"
, "-'. ".49_ Th.' , ~,, 'om 'n o.rono< ""POk .. ,..,. P«'I"< ,,,.... (, .... t 'I:' , ;m'''' """"'ng =m. '" "" found INh t: " l!f ro.. ~, l 'I ' '''' ... Iltd> .. "",6). Th< '''',. ,.""" '0 '"''' " tI), " , ,'0,,0 'PP"'.n 'h . -., ,I>< """'" f..- o."-,,,",J.e._ It,,,,·.....,. .".". ....... '"' ,,, o.n 1>n ,1"< _ ,~ '":1 76,,); " Ch,:>6:"_ w< ~nd, ~ m U., ""''''''',.''' "'..·ttn ,h. pn a",>can in 2 an 28 :'-1: "but ),on ,1>.ill ,he ,n in • ragc I ",'hi(h h .. rcached up '0 hea.-e" (ll ~ "ll";1m l"l~ C"1lv?'P 'j:nJ): Thc .bmp' 'r'.tax of thi> ","'ence i> mther b>curc and u,"~' from an .ltemp'" a loft)', poetk "yle. It i. not clear "'hat h", rcachcd "I' hC""en: 'hc "gc of ,t.< br""litc killcr:> of thdr J ndean brot hc,,'" or thc deed il>Clf. dcu,a lld ing relrihntion,to< In ei,hcr c»e, thc ,,-ord. ",-,,,me that "h.tncr rC>c he. he,,'cn rcache> C(~I alld elicit> IIi> rca«k>n . ."ot on lr do p"rcn and outeric, reach )",,,,,n: it i, f",m hc.ycn thal 'hc comco, T"o pa-'''g eo ,> ,'orico origi""ing in Samuel - KinS" '" I Che 21:26: "An,1 ll,,·id ... eallcd upon ,t.< LORI>. and t.< .",...-cred h im ""i'h firc from hc,,'e ll "I",n t t.< alt.r of burn' offc,;ng," 2 Cltr 7: I: "Whcn !>olo",on had end«1 hi> pra)'cr, firc ",mc do...-n [rom hC'dyen and eo",,,,"od thc burn' olfc,;ng all d 'hc ,,,,,,;fice-,," Hrc from hc",'cn i, an an,,,,..,, to h"",.n p "ree. l'hc ,·c')' ""ording of I Chr 21 :26 por' ",), firc "'. rr-,po'uc: "hc ''''''''oml him ""ith firc" ~~ l1Ill'"l, III 2 Chr 7: L thc firc dc> Y"'..... bo,·c the ",'odd ,nd e ' prc"c, Hi, omnipotent rule OI'ce i,,''''
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.,,_ C,omp-'''' , s'm " '''' 1 ~"'I!' ,,"'. • "'_" ....,- b ,.. " " ,~ 11'" _ ."".. ,,", ;, 'n 'h< hcribing I'IlI"" '" "God in he ,,'en' or "God of he",'e n' ind ica' e> a" incrc..,ing >eme of Hi, di"ancc .• n e,,~ pha.i> of H i. 'ran>' God d,,'cl l. in he.'·(n e'pre>>< •. ' OOI'C alL h i> ,up.-c n=)' and o mnipo'ence. no' hi> di,,, nce. "TI,cre i, no If"p or >epara'ion be'wccn Hi", . nd hu ",." bch' g>: from he.,'en. He mb them and ""~'e" (hcir pr"re". ",
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I' '/1" H./alio>1jh;p iHlwm, Y,,\\n and 1M P'op/' of I.ra./ n ,e book of Chronicle>;' ba>cd on 'he , »u"'plion ,hal Yll \l'll i> God and rukr of the ~·o r~ 1. re' it h I'll\l'll" irkn ti '~' "God of ],,,,cJ ' hat d() m ~ 'he book', concept of God , Ho,,' arc ,he.., ("0 ide .. - I'll \l'll i, ruler of the en tire ,,'orkl .nd i, (he God of h rad - rdated? Il.,'k!". 'pecch in I Chronicle> 29 . ndJeho,h.ph at'. pr-'yer in 2 Chronicle. 20 pro" irk .n .",,,'cr Il"" id bc-gim hi, bb,ing in (h i, ""ar "BIe"""I . rt ' hou. 0 I-')R" (,,,,,I. (he Go d of Im.d our father. for eyer .nd e,-or, TI\ine. 0 LOR", i. (he greatne ... a nd the po~'er , , . forall 'hat i. in 'he he",'cu. and in (he c. " h ;, th ine: 'hine i. 'he king(iom. 0 Lo ~ ", , and ,hou ruic.>, ol'cr.lI" (I Chr 2=0" ", of o.plogr.pI?', t .... moe.houId r.d " "'""", .. Lt ,..." .. , R;,>g' . ,", _ "." Rudolph. CO",.d. p, 21' ,
, ,' '- ,'",- , ..mplo", ".., cJ.,o,""",, ('..,.j aM r"",,u, p, "'' ,12, ,:on,oX" ,.... _"'''' of ..,,1m 1 ,,: - The !f oo." k "'g to """~:oJ 1 "-',. ,"', :ond to;, gIo"l' . bow ,.........,~". ! ,I>co .hat ,hi, line of 'hinling i, unumal ~'hon we co"'p.r< i,.o .ho "k,,' fou lld d",,,'hao, For ~ fi" , .n,1 forcn",>! 'he Cod of 1,,>t of the ..-orld ,herefore broadc"" flO, rok, The Cod of j,,,,d', .1", ruk,of all 'he "',,,Id. TI", (o,moction be'W«ll 1'"",,, and 'he peopk of I>rad it emph ..i ",,1 'hrough 'he u'c of languago. Apart from ,i", op •• h«, "(,~>d of ;'r>el" all d 'Cod of our fa,hen." nlC,>t "riling arc 'he po>>n!"" form found in 1>rad', p",)-.:r, ("'he LORIJ m)' Cod: "our Cod." a nd > fonh ''') and 'he dc>cr'p"oll of 1,,>pk. '" What. 'hen. ,ic'aminod or de,cnn'ne, ,h., n:la,ion,h.p be,,,'C< ,un .M ,,'" moon , .... , .... ,'m , .. ~h ~h ,bo I""" l"'" God 0 .. "'"", ... (o.at , .... I"""f" in 'he peopk'. e>rl)' h;,lor)'- I>",d', ek",ion i, ,no.1 dearl)' in the miraculo", ddll·er.'Ke from [101" . ~'hen ro.'ealed fIj • • pecbl regard for lhe people; 'he purpo,e of eic,,'ion "'-., tho hip, 11,e mo>l explid' expre»ion of ,hi. ide. 'ppear> in [)cuterono",),!" which e mph» i''''' lhe follm',ing a,p'' ''' ' (]) 'he b»i. for broc!'. ek",;"" w.. 'he f'l'Ourcd pO.iliol> of lhe pa";'rc],,, (2) lhe h(> from Egypt (Oll>t ilu'ed 'he (oncrCle ""pre»io1> of the "''''>! chomi ng of I.mel; P l 'he rC\'eblk>n at Sinai ~-'" 'he ceren!On,' ,ha' fom,.li«d 'h, co,-en.Ill,
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. ,>J~'", ,I> · l~"i'io n on ,hi, r. ngc of ide", rem.in, '0 be >em: how doc. 'he boot u nde" .. nd 'he rcla'ion,h ip bet,,'ccn God and 'he I"'0ple of !>r.d?
,I. Ch",rnnm In ' he lIible. ,he ro of fa\'Ouri n g .nd 'pedfi< fu nction .• nd ,hu> ".., f, nd in Gcll 1:7: ".-\nd G"d mack 'he finna ment and "fMmud (m "l) the ~.. 'e" ,,-hich were nnder 'he firmamen t from the ~'a'cr-. ""hkh were .hoo'e 'he for",.men t ," T he ,'e ,b> ~ '';':N. ?''Wn.• nd P' " indica,,, f'''lUr. hut l ~" "'paration. Onl)" the roo' , '1tJ combine> the", clemen ... : ",me, hin g i, preferred . nd ""p ..-.ted from 'he "'look for a 'I>ccific p nr· All bib li '0 be y",,,,'. people. the dooming of Jc-ru»km ou' of all 'he citk>., the Temple .ite. and >0 on, Chronicle. of the ,'",b "n O ",nfo,n" '0 gene,... 1bihlical ",age . nd ;, linh d to ,I\c fo ll o~i ng object>: (I )je,usalem and 'he Temple (1 Chr 6 : ~ 6. 34. -'8: 7: 12 , 16: 12: 1-': -'3:7): (2) (he l.e,-i,,,, ( 1 Chr 1~:2o 2 Ch r 29: II ): (~) D.,'id and (he D.-'idie d,.".,,,, (I Chr 28:i--- of 'he ".ntr."""
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"' '- Tt-.. "" ... "ccial choo> ing of the Temple, "Then 'he LORI) .ppc.. cd '0 Solomon __ . and ... id to hit", ' J h.,-" h", {lid" jor .. a no"" of_rift" ... For n"", I h~", ,arum and ,,,,,y . ("(al," thi> hou>< 'hat Ill)' ,,,"',, mar he 'here for nor'" {2 0., 7:12- 16), I King' ~,:l rc. d> : "And 'he 1.i)RI> ," ~i 10 him. ' I ha,,, he.,d r(~lr prayer ••• J Iia,~ ,-""",raW ,hi, home ~'hi cho> a derek1,m,,," in the ide . o f ,ho",nne» ,'i!-h i, Jt.-e»a that the chme n ph(c .... , in fact thc Temple. rnh-ins the Ikuter· onom ic fon nula. "the pl:>ce ~'hich the LoRtJ "ill (hoo>e."which ap[>C"~ in o,mnick>.,"I. " h..·c c,""", thi> place,"'" (2) Although not found in the >O and '0 ,,,ini>!er ,,, him fo r CI'''."
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t M. On "t.ou ... < ... riI>:mpl bro,d"r ",e""i "l(, (icno 'i ng all Il",,,,be,, o f ' hc tribe. incl uding pric,l>?'" ' I, >Cen" ,,, me ' hat 'he ' ~'o ",,,an ing> a ppear ,i(ic br ••k ill Ch ro nick> and can ""I)' be d i"ingui,h"d in w n« x' ,C'O' 'n,e . bon arc , cla«d '0 , ahhollgh no' an e",,1 no ,iceab le differe ncc i, ' he u>c o f (he ,'c l b ·choo"," in· "~ad of ·sc' ' 1'.. ,," ('),'1J), ·Choo"," doc. appear in De n ( 18:5 a nd 21:5 ~i 'h refercnce 'hc prico",'"' In I Otr 2~:13 . • "" ap" "" d e>cr ibe. (he ",Icc, ion of 'he prico!> alo"e: ",-\al'On ,,-a; apar'- ho and hi. >on;. for· ,,'or. ,,, bc con!lcem to be di· fOel lr d ependen' on fku , ]0:8, "'" The re",,,,bLmcc be',,"een 'he ,'eroc, in Dlronicks ,nd r"nnubc dCKribing 'he elec,io " o f (he pries" and I.e· ,i«. in ])e ,""r""o",),. ho ..'e,-er gre., ...'., no ' (he rcoult o f ",migh ( bo,' ro"'ing,"" It m ar be ccrtain >lock for m ulae . • uch '" "0 >!and before 'hc LORn: "'0 mi n;,«r '0 him .· a nd "'0 p rnou ,loCc ble .. ing, in hi, ",m"
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,';"," _, "'P"" p R""dph, O ro ..l. p, ....,. It-. M/, p, 99, 'j>cd in an unn:>trictcd f"'hion. "'hen dcmanded b)' ,be p"rlicubr context, PI '17"el;, mcnt ioned in Chro " icko' ",urea (I Kin~ 8:16 - 2 Chr 6 : ~ - 61. hut 'he Chro"ickr goc, on to de,dol' 'hc .ubp, more full l'_ ,h,-.renc" of ])"'id', ehoocnne» i. il lt e",~ firo . nd;' extended to hi> >on Sololll''''. on one hand. and to h i, fa tn il)' and the en,in: tribe of J udah, on 'he o,her, t->.rro"ing t he cooice do,,-n to Solomon i, de>cribed., one ..:ketion aha ano,heL e mpha.i'i ng t he le>trictk", inheren, in the proce,", of ing: "foe he eloo..: Judah .. kader. alld in the hO . ,he 10 .. coo""n Solomon m)' JOn" ( I Otr28:4 - 5). TI,e pro ill the bool of Chronicle>.""' Gi''Cn ,h i. COllUPt'. cent..-.. Ii'r to the bool of De u'ero ,,,,mr. a lccogni/.ro innuence on Chro" ick. in OIher re,I'«.'" ., well., Chronicle>' lundamental ,»uUlption of a.pc-d>! rciation>hip bet,,'een " od al,d the people. th i, ab,ence i, p "'1ling indeed, ~101«l''CL not onl}' i, tbe concept of Iorae!', cho",nne .. om itted (""hich ca t"'''' be ",erel)' a.ce~ i ental). it would appear 'hat i, ruu nen becn ,u),I"-':'>«1. The Chronicler loa> ddetro. e >< h in • different ",.n ner. the t..,o refcrcnu. fOll"'! in h i, ",u,ceo:
(0 ... k,' Od' . rrou, 'he mid>l of 'he iron furnace .. , r or ,hou d id" "'para« ,hen, frou, among all 'he peopk> of 'he e."h. '0 he ,h)' heritage. " ,hou did., decbre 'hrongh Mo>CI. ,h)' >en-an!. "hen ,hou d>:!>t bring our fath"" OLU of Egn" , 0 IDRI) God: AI"''' fron, a fe,,' millOr change,. Sok>n>on', pm)'« i> 'm n'po>ion no' rou nd in King', :c ),our (~>d I",-cd br-.. cl . nd "'",,Id e>!abH,h ,hem fore,-er. he i.., made )'on king O,'cr ,hem , .: (2 Chr 9:8. p amllcl to I King. 10;9), In the o,her. King Hiram of liTe "'p. "I\ce.",e 'he hi> peopk he loa, mad~ j'o\l kinS o,-c< the ,,," (2 Otr2:11 [Heb .. IOj),
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'Il,c Ii«rar)" i" n"cnce of the font "">e on the ",cond i> ele..-. m , nd both link God'. lol'c fo r I,me] to the reign of Sok"" on , Un like Deuteronomy. "here "",1.'''' o,ronick> make, no ment io n of ,ud, a con nection , 11,i, ab,cnc" of the concept of eto",nnc" a1"" ,ha\' light on .. .ot her i»ue , ,-\ceor not diKu .. ed in o,roll icle>, . lthough . n .1I",ion to it might 'pp,o.r on« : "' !lid>! thou not. 0 our God. dri,,, out the i"h.bi tant> of th;, lind . , , and gi,'e it for e,'Or to the dc> of Ab,..)",m th)' frie nd ~",K )"· (2 Chr W:' ). Ap parentl)'. thi, 'UK "'~ influenced br I,. 4[ :8'" - ' lI," pu. Is ....d, my >en">.nt. J.coo. ,,-) ~,m I hal'e (hosen. the olf>pri"g of Ah.-.· ham. m ), friewl ('::~~ r - ~'hich "'0> God', 10'" for Abr.tham., the of 1> "",1', ek"ion ,,,. bahh', ",ord, rcpre..: nt a (ertain ;'",,,,-.tion in the concept of cho",nnc".., fou nd in l)cntem'lOnl)' in this ,-cr"". Cod clio", 1>"",[ l~>t bec.me of Hi, lo,'e for .-Ib,.... ham. but bcca" ", of ..\hrnh,m', k"" for II i,,,. '" On[)" the fin.,] elen",nt in Is. 41:8 - Ah .. h.",', [",'e for
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of " ct, ;" o . . " " . . ,\d" (til e ,'''' ' ' ' ' .. , n "_ .. /"""" "1 """'...." tl>< d l,tooc'''''' ""'~'«n ""h'e ..... I"""'~ ;., ,I>< " """" .,KI 10 """",. LXX. 'ricoo." moJJ, P\'. " ' ""'. t, •. , cho- , ,2, , _ I ",I , 6t"". "Ml Goo· 'n" S,m 6: n '''''on N: ' " , Lch , """; ",,- ".,-, of ,I>< ;n t ""m 6cU, "', 1' ; "uk 1" .. ,," 'n 1 CN " ,26, "", "". R..,
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t ,;L "A" of tI" ru>m.n 'of ,"" 1~>HO "; n I «M'=nt ofOod" In I Ch, 16.6.
< or, " _ , c h. H . 6, . , 9, '0; .,1 1' I ~ ;"!' 'c' . 7, 9, "I , "tl>< ."'. CIu-I)' ""'< t (,.I" , , ~ "'" I ~ ;ng> ""'. In t"-', ,,-,,~ I.' p,m lld,
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-. " ·d '(O'J "»-~'''4 "'"U~_\O' JO 'IUo... ~4' 4'f" p~.\..tliu~ '''14"' =4' ~>1'!S ""'14.' ~uo" ~'(l ""~)4 'T l'~ P'X'-" .1''''' ~4' JO U(~""H) ~O< ~l '.4' '''-''!-' ~41 "u>l ul (.ip"b!Ull IOU '1~"04'I~J ,~ IU~ll h'-'J ".odd • • 11'ru~.\0' '4' JO ''". "'''-''ld ~ ,0J!'r- ('''!&)I0''l'! U. , ,,,,,wuT l! PW '0 '>!"!l.'" _Ip.J>'in '!~ l '.,\\ """'I' "r:luo~u J~'O '-,~ ~l" ''''4' ~O'J )0 lJ". 0."'4 Ihe "o,d" "tabkb of ' he ,,,..,,na,,': 'ppear> ' 0 be preferable. Thu>: "Tnere "'.. , ""'hing ill 'he arl ,,>«el" 1"-0 tabk" of >lon< ..... biOI> of , he eoyena,,' ~'hich 'he ,""'" The plone lab le" ~'hkh a", Ihe .. bk" of lhe eo,'en.n'. lI'e ><e Ihe wmpkte ide"lifle.,io" of Ih"", tabk" "'ilh Ihe ,o,·en.,,' in I King. 8:21: "And lhere I h,,'< pro"~kd. pix" for lhe ark. in "'hkh ;, 'he WI'CI,.m of 'he LORJ( ""hkh h" ",,,,k ...•.., Th< epilh'" "of Ihe eo,·on.n' of Ihe IDR"- refer> 10 'he ark', co,,· te,,". Il,e .. bk ... "'" The ,hem",I,-"" arc "doc em""" " I" bcc>,",,,
(a> we read in Ex'kl ~ '1 :28) the word> of C od. of tIM: (onnan(, . re engr""1-ed upon the m, TIn,, _ i, ~'oukl ,,",e m (ha( ".. ~ of 'he (OWlan( of ' he 1..0",," """, introduced ., • jk>kmic .gai n., tho old", term ""k of (he 1.t it> f'O' lernOe. lodge, In di>cu»i "g t"o concc!" of e",-ena ,>! p.t,. ,,_~-c mu,( fi r>! di>!ingui.h be t ~'ccn rd igio", . ,> upo n Bcn-had ,d for .uppon 'g.in" (\,.:
"'O"gil'
2 King. iJ :'I : "nu t in (he .""en(h ),e .. Jehoi'ad. >ent .nd ' he ""!"aim of [.\IT: ,c. d 'of ' he hu ndred, of') thc D.ri,c •• nd of 'h o guard •. • nd h ad ,hem comc '0 h im ill t he hm,,,,, of 'ho \..OR": and h, ..ad, a {(n,~_ nan' . ",h ,lint . nd po t (hc", 'mdcr oa,h in 'he h, ~, ,,, of ' hc I.oR\) .• ,>eycnt h )'car Jehoi'. b)" jehoiad . onl)" after the CO,'C" nant h .. b«n e>tabli,hed . Ch mnicko .peak, of a (k",bk cO\'en,n!: 'he nr.t bet~'ee n Jdwi:>d, and the conuuander."" and 'he ,"",ond bet,,'een all the """",b l)" and the king', >on. ~' h ic h co"'ti ,ute. ' he m.in CO,'C" ... nt.'" TI,e (our;c of C\'en" i> deKribed lOI1\e~'h .. dilfcren, I)' in 'he two boob. In Ommick>. the principal co,'man' - the one bc',,'ccn the ne,,' king alld the peopk - i. gil-en prk>ri')" and occurs at an e .. licr ""gee in King> . it 01\ 1)' "1'\)'"'''' the end of the "0,,"'. AI'hough 'he n.rroti,'e ,ie· ..:ribing the nen" i> d ifferent. thdr ,ign ifie,mce rem.i", 'he " ,nc, "" Dlronick>' ' e"i noon)" concerning rd igiou. co'·roplc of I,,.,,d. God', coyen.,,, wi,h D .,'~I .nd hi, duc cndan" >ppe ....""cral time. in the Bible "" and i. men,ioned ' ~'ke in O"onklc> (2 Chr 1~:5: 11:7. ~i'h change> '0 'he parnlkl > a reb'i,'d)' "nimport.n' p e'l.>bli,hcd in 'he p»" which. from thc btcr per>pectit'e of Dlronicks. r
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""7. & ,won> p rom;,e '0 1.. >< 1 which he confirmed». >la"'le '0 Jacob"" I .. an e,-erLl.>ling «".enan ' '0 h mel I ,,);ng. To yon 1 ,..;11 gil'e 'he land of un""n I» ),onr portion for an inheric",ce," Thi, i, 'he only p''''ge in Chronicb ,ha' ",e",ion> 'he cm-.:n. n' ""i'h 'he Palriarch, - , i",pI)," pan of a p;ahn ",hich has b«n 'mn>feITed intac' ,"'" (b) 2 Chr 5:10 ( 1 King. 8:9): "There ,,-.., nothing in ' he ark excepl t t.< two ubI ~'hiclo Mooa put there al Horeb , where ' he LOR[) n",(1e ]_ (ol-enant ] ~;' h 'he people of l>racl. ".hen ,hey came out of ~g)l'!" (c ) 2 Clo, 6:11: ",\nd !h er-.: I h .. 'e ""! the .rk. in which i, 'he co,-ena," of the Lo ~ " ""hich he made ~-i' h 'he people of I,.-ad.' 1 Kin g> 8:21 read" "A nd there I ho,'e prOlided. p lace for 'he ark. in which i. 'he cOI-enan ' of !he IDR" "" h kh he made ""i,h 0'" fa,her:. , when he bnmgh ' ,hcon out of the la" d of Egypt,' Dc'pi,e the lex,ual problem in 2 Chr 5: 10 and i" oml.. i"" of 'he ",'ord "cOl'en.n': 'here i. no doubt 'hat t t.< "md, "which the l ..o~" made ""il h 'he people of hrad" refer '0 'he col-enant,"" 2 Cllr 6:11 usc. 'he ~",d i' ",lf." 'he objec' pla.ced in 'he ark, here. "(OI'CO",''' " refer> '0 'he .ctua l table" or " 'h,,' i, engral-cd ul",n , t. me.ning i, no' ''''ique '0 Chronicle> - it .J>o appear> in the ,()uree ill I King> S:2L U"",el·er. ~-e do find th >t 'he Chro nicler
l' '" Chronock, "'-'" "'''''PL''' und... ,'" ,"",."". ,,.-._ I,
. nd thu> cannot >«ount foo- tl>< Chron icle,', IKlIe",i.,.1 .((itude. fl o ..''''':', the ",,! ment of th~ hi>torkal t... dition in ~co>ernl.'" 11",>, the omi»ion of the «Iyenan t >! Sinai i> be""r explained h)' 'he Chronicle,', obj«:t ~)Il to .n)" i(ie. th.t a hi>lorical ne nt de'enn ined the rd:uioll>hip I> , "'e .h.1I begi" "'ith the 1"'",lId t"" ... (.J Jruidh - 2 King. 2~:1 - 3 (1 Chr j4:29- jjJ: ",'\nd the l ing ~'e nt up to the loou.e of the 1.i)R(), . nd ~-ith him all the nl of Jeru"lem ... a nd he read in thdr he .. ing all the worm of the bo:Klk of the and hi> te>tin"mic> a nd hi. >ta""", , ,to perform the " ·,,rd. of thi> COI-en,>I" that "'ere " 'riue n in thi, book: and all the peop le joined in the cd to (buibe J",iah'. coyenan t doc. not ' ''prort No,h', interp"">!ion. In the Bible, a co,·e n.nt i, aI",,),> made "between " or "~ith" t~-o partic> (P , C~, n~, o r ':0)."" It io talen for gronted tloat the <erenKlnr tale, place ill the pre> m.(k "before God ," .. in 1 Sam 23:IS : "And the two of them n",(Ie. .• e",'cn. ,,, "before 'he Low" i. 1»' no mc.m. eO\'en. ," ,,;t h Hi,n: ... ther, the eoml', in the Temple '0 CJtabli,h ,hi, co,-.: n.nt, .-H 'hongh 'he doc. no' go in'o detail. one lila)' ""-''''lie ,h., a ~'hole (eT' emon)"".,., COn(iUCled in 'hc Temple. before C od. TIle p.nic. to thi, cO\·e · are "'" "'med. bu, 'hc "0'1" .ugge,,, ,h.t ' he compac' ~'., bet"'ccn 'he kitl8 atld 'he people, alo"s 'he line. of Z«kki.h'. co,· d ut), b)' purging ,he n .. ion of idolatrou, pr.>eti<e,. "nd 'he people fu[filled 'hdr pan of ,he agreeb)' ob>cn'i"s the ['..,,,,,-eT - "and 'he king com",anded .11 t t..:
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ll •. ""dolph O'.>,·er « ""plen,en' e octo ",her., ' erm. of 'he eo,'etlan', jo,,,h '. cOI'e nan' i. dc.oc tibe,l ill ~ Chr :H ::1OI'e r;, 'I( ~ rc a >lip ul,.ion or eon""l"encc of the «wen.n" ill Chronicb. j",bh rcin>li, u'e. 'he pr-.cticc on 10;' 0"'''' ini,ia,h." (2 Clor 35:lff,). Yet the ,ftern",th of the «wenant ,·i,-a...,;, bu,h the people and 'he kh' g i. (kKribed: "And 'he inhabi"n" of Jcn""km did "" cording to 'he cOl·ct"nt of God' (". 32) "• .,d jo.iah took a""a)' .II the abomi "al io,",. , " (" , :\j). The cOI'e "",,1', a"""i.J .ignific:m",e a. an agreement be'"""n ling and people in the p re",nce of God. ~'hcreb;' both p.r''''' Ul ~ krta k e 10 f"ll(,.,.,' 'he connnand,ncnl>. i. nnehanged in DlrOl,icle>_ (b) Tn- ,,,,no", cfJ,iwmh - ~ King' 11 :17: ' And j ehoi'>da ",,,,k > cOI-enant between ,Joe LORn a ,~l the killg and people, ' h at ' he)' ,""ollid be 'he U)R"" peop le, alld abo be t ~'ccn 'he l ing a tld ,he peo ple: 11,;' ,'e",e .pea.. of t",·o eo,' i,h'. (Ol'e""n' in 'ha'l>(we"') i> ,ha' ,he (Ol'e nan' be'ween ' he peopk and 'he ling i. no,," fl," in ' he order of ~'enl.> , TI\e >CO' ond diffe,mcc h . . .ignin"''''! implication. ''Tdrd ing !he n ature of !"" coI'enan' - God i> no longa > part)' !he agreeme" ,- Unlike ' he ..,n"c in Kill g> , Ch ronicle> onl)' ,«o,d. > (oYenan ! "", ...-cen j ehoiada on Olle .i(k and ,10 < ling a nd ' he p.r< be,ween !he pcopk .nd it> k . der .. ' h" ,i ",,,, "" Alt hough !h" cOl'cnan !', p url'''''' i. !h" lulfliling of God', (om",andment.>. 'he partie. i! are human . • nd G,~I plap no rok .· .. (cJ TliN(A~Mn' duri"g II" ,,;gn oj .IJa - 2 Ch r 15: 12 - 15: •And ''''')' cn· te,ed i,,!o a coI'en an' '0 ",d !he LO ~j) . !he God of ! hdr fathc .... "" i,h.1I 'hdr heart " n d ",'i,h all their .oul", ThpI< ,., ".r •• k..," h;gn 1"'''''' 00 " " otb< ."ult ~ ,h.< un"""" ,;n:",m"",,, ' " """""'..,; , .... "'" • • ! ,pI< I 'n~
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""" P"-'P'< "" "'''' ,ok ",d , '" p>n;." .... bffn d "..,; '0 'lliclc> . nd nprcs>C.I a ,-..riet)" of meaning., it i> d ifficult to ~'''' ~, p re-c;,nte~t, TI,e "o!'}'» , ...-hole indic .. "" that the ",,-ena,,t "''''' the enl min. t "'" of the refor ming proce,-, . imed at pmging the n ation'. r ~-or.hip of .n)" pagan cic "len t>_ , .. WI~ ) are the p.rt k , to thi. cOI,,,,.nt ' We are no t told nplicitl)" and the ",-ording of the I"">age i, of little hclp: "the)' entered ;'''0 a cOI'e na" t .. , thciI-e,. Hc , h,1I u" den.ke by a h inding oath to retu", to the TOl".th of '\[0"":'" ~km be,.. of the >-obp"""". p _ to" ROOoIph. Col ...... p. ,., • . ~ "'U , Dtif)' to a d o,"", re"" ",blancc to Qumran " '"ge •• nd the ...-o,di ng of the oath in our >to.-,' ""'''C' " n ~ )[c explkit el' ~ lc nu: ""hocycr ~'(~1I ( 1 ,~ >t ..:ek 'he IDRI) , the God of I,rad. ~'oul d be put '0 dc .. h . "" hcther yo ung oro~L ",an or ~'o m a n ' (2 Chr 15:13), (d) J/,uilioh'j ",.","onl - 2 Ch , 29:10. What i. \;no",." a, "Ik",kiah ', (OI'enan t' i, in b(, ao'~ n t of h i. inte,,,ion "0 make a eo,'c na nt to 'he I.i'RU" .. . p rcl:Kc to , he pu,ificatkm of ,he Te mpic, In OI(ic, to uncic,",md hi. "",. ning in thi. ""ntcnu, wc mu, ' fi"t c"", ,,,ine thc .igt, ific. nce of making a eol'''lant "' 0' Y"w" , In b iblical mage. ' here i. a rcal diffcrence betwcen ma king a wycn, ,, t '''''ith" (CP. !Ill) and making' coI'cn. nt "to' (,'1 ,omeone ,'" Sdtob n arc not of onc mind.., to ",·h .. th i, diffcrence;" Ikgrich and 'ho..: ""ho fol· Io ~' lo in, argue 'hat it iI a cmcial onc: a (OI'e nant i. madc "wi,h' « 1,,,1 par· tie,. ~·h erca. a td ow{ """"" 1... iI;""~< '" '" t . When 'he c",'enan' i, nO! > religio", onO.ition ,,,cd indica«. aothing more ,h,n • ""riation ia e mph",,: "0" 'hat 'he co,-en.," "'.,., ini,ia'ed hJ' 01'" of ,be p,rtk> bu, doc. ,,,,,,,her it> C01>(Ca' in ,n)" kg.1 or dog",.'ic scme.'" Ho",·e,-er. 'hc difference i. ",ore . uh>(,a,ia] in ,be ca>c of. religiou, eo,'enant, lI'e lnow from 'h< out>t be 'h>t 'he ,uperio,i')' of 'he initiating pa"y i. ",c>scd here. bpr= ;on> of man', " ' renori'), to God arc u,, <mbl)' 'hat "'-., ",.. lied in ,c'poa>< to 'he ' p,e.d of ""mll,mage_
'n,e entire epi>ode i> imbued ~' i 'h, 'pi,i' of [>Cn i'ellce and con,ri,i,,,, "Behold. ".e.rc before 'hee in our guil'. for '>o'>c can .tand before thcc of ,hi." (~'m 9:15). 2 Chronicles 2 one .,-o..'ed ai"" '0 al>pe»< the ~Ta'h of God again>! Hi. f>COple, TI,,, ide, 'hat 'he I>copk. in Klmc po.i'ion o( ",[>C,iori' r '0 God. ini,iat< a ·cow,.n' '0" film i. ,m,hillbbk: ~'e mmt ,hercfore a> . • un1< 'hat 'he ph ... ", "",,:Ike a (ow ... ,,, to" I" •• "" ..' nocaning in the", ,'cr",., A cardul ex.min.,io" of 'he con'",,', doc. in fac' 'nggc>t 'hat "co,'e'lan'";, being ",cd in it> original ...""", TI,e ,hrw' of Shccaniah ben Jehid'. "ord> in ~na 10:.' noa)' be .wmnariled in 'he follo~'ing: "I.e' u. m>ke a co,'enan' ~'i'h onr ("~>e> "">cribe 'he P''(1)1e·. uniLt'eral ,m· derta~ i ng '0 obe)' 'he commandmen" or perform >n>< o,her rdigiu. du,), in bra. thi. commitmen' i. expreued hr n>can, of . >okmn oath in 'he Home o( G nOl mill a cOl'enall! ..ith God h," ra, her "' i'h ' he f>COl>ic - in 'he l"e"'lKe of God, Bo,h he and 'he people promi", '0 rol· "'"", ,Ile ..'ord> of 'he " c"'~'-foulld book. A«ording '0 'he ""'fCC in Kin~,. 'he co>"rum' from ,he ,in", of Jd,o,,,h i. be'~'c0'
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~udI <m,y" or w,'c,,,,,\( , H o~·. 'hen. i, i, ddme i, "God of t he fa' her> ," Thi. epi'het 'ignifr 'hat each genera' ion wmickn ' he God of i" f., her>, A, .n)" .nd hi>1o,)'. ' he I"'opic ac· kno""kdg it> God in ,lora ",ap: by 'he p.imilar ,i ,nde,,' abo ch,n.etcri«. Q \fon ick>' e,,,,(Cpt of the p,.d i, no' ",,>oc],tet! " i,h h i>1"rical ",-en ": i, aI~.. ~', w .., .nd a l ~.. p ""ill be, lIut ~'herc thi, ·al~..p" begi n? EYen 'ho"gh 'he Q"on iekr no' p",..-ide a dire" .. ,,~'er. hi. deKrip 'ion of h i"o,)' ..",-e• ., an indie>!ion. 1'",,,,, i, fr," tne n ,kmed in I Chr 2:3: " ~' o~' Er. j nd,h ', r.",·born. n, ~'kked in 'he .igh' of 'he LO R". an,1 he
tl>< Ch~ " ;"oC «~. no p.rtkul.. apiana'ion, IIo,h (k...:ribe Hitn ''''lui'ing hum.n deed, - puni,hing in onc "">c. re' ward ing in 'he o,her, TI,e ""rico from Gen,,;, plxe onl)' E.- in. chronologic.1 con'e~', b,n 'he ,naUer i, of no impo,,"nce. re.II)'. I, would he pm,ible ,nen,ion Y"'>'!l. G",I of Imld. an~' poi'" in 'he ge,,,,alogie. , and 'he rdercnce would h"'e no 'I>cd.l .igniflcancc. According ,!;c Chronklcr. 'he hi,. torr of 'he people begin> ".i,h it> creation. in OI her ",,,rd,, ""i'h Adam. '" From 'he i",'.n' 'he)' come i",o being. 'he pcopie of 1>"",,1 i, Y"'>'!l " people, 11,e bond be'",cen Iir""I,,>teIKe: y"W!! i., b)'deli' n i,ion , 'he God of hr.d. Chronide>' nnder."ndi ng of 'he rcb'iomh ip be'",cen God a nd I.....d goe. be)'ond 'he ideologk. 1frame,,-ork of 'he Ilebre,,- /libk. The concel" which to cxprc»ed. if no' all explidtl),. appear> n"",'hcre d>< in ,!;c Ilible, howe,'cr, i, doc. 'pf><ar otca.io nally. in de,. and nen dogmalic form, in apoc'1l'hal ."d ",bbink litera,ure. l'),e n",,' importan' apoc'1~ ph"l .ource. arc from 'he Ii,." cen'ury c.o. : II E.dra> and 'he .\»ump'ion of .\10>, '" .\»ump' ion of Mo"" I: 12 - 1~: "So ",i,h 'he Lord or !he workL fo r He hath created !he workl on bel",lf of Hi. pcople, lIu, lie "'.. , nOl plca>cd man ib ! ,hi. purl~)'" of crealion from 'he found"ion "r 'he workL .. ," 11,e wording;' yery "'ong, No' onl)' i, Y!!WH. hr> 'he ere.,ion of 'he
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for hr:ocl'. It repr"",n" the m,,,' ex'rem" fomllll.,,,,,, of t t.< , h i. p rote>! b)' de-Kribing tt.< . i, d a)" of ereat"'" ., a preamble '0 the 1)COI~c" ek.:,ioll. "" Folk)~' illg hi, lille o f 'ho0 deKendcd fmm Ad.m. th",· an: of no import>J>ce. and i, ma)' tlom be oai and ~'hen Adam tran>' gre>.!cd tI,), orde,~ what "'''' ",,,,Ie ",.. judged " (7:10---11). It ~-", not a 1"0«» of choosing. '" but 'he ''hil' t.< ""","'h "'''.''', .'""nd. JMr"", '0 ~..,.., ,b< I"'",,"-,n --them· " . j ,t...>g« ,to. ,.< "'""mpnKh . "'P- " , , • . ~ ,'- AJ1 bough ,." ,cl.hom hLp " ,-,,., dpI< ,.-.. W"'I. ",-", "'" '''go;< L,,>d, of ,I>< ~1oIoC<ju,,,d foc P '"''''' {0.-.1)'I on< f""'f'k. ",,1 roo. pH' , .... «-
""",,,npIc .-ho... H>U 0 n ;, R, Ek...,.r ha -Mod. 'i. · "'00 in'crpr,.",,1 exi,,, ctan.llr. fm,n crration oJ 'njinitu_. TIre p">3ge in II E> from ,hi, m id"", h in ,h':Il i, )"", a p'" tkular aim . ,~ I a»cr" ,loa' 'he ..-orld "" created for the >ake of I"ael. R. n caar ,ne,d)' ~'i.hc> 10 Cltahli.h 'he chronological .. pect of 'he linl bel,,'ccn ,he pcpk b ...... d and Crration: hoth occurred a ' the .. me ,i me. II bdrn. ",mp.re. ;,rAe]", prc.oc nt p .. l e and rai", ,he q u e"~)Il of i>rac!', pl><e .mong 'he nation>, , .. for R. ~Ic"'" r. b rae!'. cr. ",hkh begin> it> hi>tor)" of brad "'ith Adam " ';'ho", f«ling obliged to expbi " the choke of ,tarti ng' l~)it" . An)" di> .....,
ce ,mong the natioll> ...o" ld lead aim,,>! autom.t;"'llr to the que>tkm of d\o>Cllne", R. Hca.<ar a nd a"onklco .re oon«",ed imtead ~j th brael on it> o~·n . in ,elation with God from the time of Cre>tion , OIhcr ,..bbinic I"'''.ge. remnble the Apocr,'ph,'. outlook more do>"",1 . Ireadr cxi>!"d at the ti me of Creation , T he Rabbi, allo belk,-ed that c,-cn before the " 'o tld n. ueated_ in hi>l"'1'. and the fourt h - the M=iah'. n.me- " ..... u nkno~- n. l'loi> mid""h continue. " 'ith the p".ble of the ling ~'ho h » no >n , Bccau>c he leonl •. br mcan, of ., tn~ ogl.'. th .. hi, >on i, destined to be born. the l in g prepare. ",-erphing for him, Thi.> parable Ie,,·c. no room for doubt .. to the meaning of '" midr..,h: it i, ,~ )( jlllt that (me cle ment pr«ede, ,he othor ch ronologirnll r - the ?"pom,;o,", arc ",ade for the .ale of ~' hat ~-ill be created.>" We a l>o fmd in Number> Rabbah H : II: ", ,• .., the thonght of creating l>raci ~-.., concei\-ed by ,he O tn nipre",nt fi r>! a nd after that He p rel"'red the Torah for them: TI,e point of thi. mid,....,h i. that God created the ,",or~1 for a ' pedfi< ",,,,on: to pn", ide Him",lf ,,'ith , .phere of a«ion., pl""e ...-here He could be r","ealed. ac ~nowlc dged a nd ,",o,-,hipped_ The
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~!7_ A gm"k" , .. Iidit~, and < of God', rdat ion, hip ".. i, h 'he en,ire "orld, Pertmp' the), afe CI· a priM!' and;' ' ~>lthe rC>ul' of a n)' hi>lOl:ical pm",-" The religiou, c".-.cept. of coo",,,,,,,,_' he prom;,c to the Patriarch., and ,he co,'enan' .. Sinai I"", their p ride of p lxe, The formatil-e epioodc, in I",.dit< hi,,,,,)' - Egyp'ia " bondogc, bod",_and o< of U'" P''''''''' "00)'_ lI"" '" ,,',,r," ""m, (0 n", ,,, .. " " d ; ,~,,,",,,< bn..-«" '''' """''' , .. """"'" "'''' (I>< ".oJ no« ," t"", .. ..-:lic nKlnarch~'. and C)TU>' proch"'''ion allo",', i, '0 go on ill 'o 'hc future, 1'1. Goo:' 1",,,,1\ .. ,,,,,,1 ilt In, // ;'10,] of /m",/ [)i'; lIC i"\'Olw,,oll' in ,he workl co""i lll!Cl>ce a' it> fu llc.>' and n~»' mil, n.c p ri"cipal.ph.! "'". the increa>ing refinemen' all d , ..a,,>ccndclKc of 'he belief ill God. Tho l>ereop'ion of d i" ine ,,>cnco "" .. lifte d higher and h igher '00,'0 ,h i, ~'Or l d : and "",re , God', i" ,,..mund.ne >octil-it),. ""hcthe, for good or for bad , "'". left ' 0 be e.nied out ,ia i n tcnnedi~oio.,"'" "on Rad abo beliel''' tha, "'hc in,wducr,e, the inter,,' of m.~ing Yah,.-oh tra",cendent The o,ronklcr ,h,,,,. thc p"""".Hk 'endency '0 portn.), certai n e,'ent>. ",,'ahl)' ,,,,-ci.,io ,,,_ '" inml"ing m'C
I'low i. YEtlI'tl', inten'c n ,i,,,, in ,he;c war> dacribe& \I'h .. fom, dot • eom pJc,e mili"I)' ad'-dt"agc, The judea", . ((d,knl), find ,hem""I,-", cut olf Oil a ll .ide> "beho ~l. 'he hallJc ;,'a> before .nd behind ,he"," (,-, H), The)' el)' to y",,,,,. blo'"" ing 'heir trumpe .... ll d the co,",,,, of 'he h.llle inltnediatd)' ''''ing. ill their b\QuIC "God defeated jeroboam, , . TIl< men of h rad ned beforejud,l.h" (w. 15-1 6), Thc form ,hi. dil'in c att .. k "ke. - ""hat i, "'... th:" ""tuaU)' routed hrad - i, no' describcd, 1)ra"ie .hift> in 'he cou,~e of "" .. ~ .ppear in. number of biblica l pa>ThC)' arc ""I'billed .. t he r",ult of YFtWU', d irect inte"'c,,,ioll ",,1 .bo .. . hu ,n." p.)'chological ""pn>c, A, ,ime,. ,ho", ~, ) ~) arc figh'ing take courage: "Take ,ourdge. a nd ""qui' )'our>Ck-co like men. 0 )1,ili"ine • .. qui' )'o,,,,d,-c> like men .od fight. So 'he Phili>linc> fough' .•" d brad ~-.., defc>led" (I S.m -1:9-10). l u OIher ill""""'. on< .ide i, sci/_ed b)' fear - """""im,,, dc>cribcd " 'he fcar of \,,,,,.,, 0'" - . nd 'he other ,ide ",-Ill)' o,her. 'erm, . Ye' God doe.1lO! figh' 'he ~'ar Hin"df ~ ,h., i, dolle by Ahij.h a nd 'heJud"""" "Abij.h and hi, peopic ,k,,' ,hem ~"h. gr calied Y""'Et', ~-;". and lie iead, i,.nd COll''''!> it> ou'comc: "\k hold. G'- Abijah', ~.. r and I'"",,,'. "-,,, are one and 'he >ame. lloc d e:ocrip,ion of ...... ', ~·'r again" ' he C",hite, (1 Utr 14:9 - 1~ (Ileb .. 8-1 -1)) «"".im ,he .. me clenlell", The l ing', .,m)' mec" 'he C",hite, in 'he ,-,lIey ncar ~lan:,h.h. '" . "d A.. prap '0 God p,ior '0 'he battie, I'm"" rc'POlld, di'«~)" ·So 'he LO~ j) dcfc>ted ' he Cush i' before Ma and bcforeJud.h. .nd 'he C",h i,,,,, f1< I"">g< ......... tok! (0.. '
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"",,0(. F" I, ""on>~ ..'v (h< J""""" " ,"ppJO< ro.-rupOOon < C", !.;,,,,' ok'.., ... , ,'"n" ;"!, •A"" IJ ",,",, I ,mot< . . ,I>< """" ""' .... """" '''rM. tlx- ,,'" ,A' : in"c.d. Iii, bch",'i(~ l r c"""j,ule. an une,piai" "d ,,,;,,,dc. A ... and 'he J"Kica,,, arc rc.pomibk for C\'a .nd lhe [>Copk th>! ",ere ~j th him pur.ucd ,hem, .." ("_ l~ [12)). t-,' ",,,rthclc». the .nn)' i, ,bign.ted ', he .nn)' of the Lord: and it i, He who figh ... 'he "''''' "A.. a nd 'he pcopk that were ,,;,11 him p,,,.u,,d ,hem, ..• nd 'he emlti,,,. loll u",ii IKone remained .Ih-c: for the,- were broken hefore (he LORI> and hi> . mw. LTI,e men of Jmbh J carried '''''')' ''''1' much booI( (". 13 [ 11)). '" . In J 'hat ,em,in unde,-eloped in 'he other >oorie,, - God prut God',' (~a.,20;15)_ ,-\Njah cxP'= the .. me ,k~' when he tcll> the braclite •. "do ,,0< fig ht 'gai ,,,t the LOR"· (2 a., 13:12), The ide. i, ,epeated at the end of Go,r, . m~'C' to Jeho,h.phat: "You "'ill uot need to fight in thi. battk, t.ke )'00\' p'"ition. "and >tilL . 00 "'" the "kto,}' of t he LORn on )'Our behalf, ,go out again" Ihem , and the LOR" "'ill be ""ith )'Ou' (10: 17), "" Hum"n act;'m remail" n< Lo. d " ('h "'""') "",;gnath""';m'l- tn c.1.. .,..., .... 'h ""' ~'~ul .. "''' of ,i>< 'I>mpl< (t ch. 9019, , C,/" ",~, :-;,,»< ""'" "PP< ... ~.... !"''' orm,·. " ... "n ..-mr of C."," 11 c J~ tt,", [Ik" .. ,",t,[, Th< """'"'''g 0' ,I-.< poJI< of ,I>< Lond, ' . . .• ..-.d ,he 1.>, .. " ,u/>d u< Loom""" ,", p«>pI< ..",I< ~ """" """'" ~'''h ou' """"I! q"""d_ I" 2 d.. 11:!>- ". ,., , - ,\,,', f'ph"·, _-.. ~., fi .. l, " >ong 1"""« " ,"",' b)' ti>""""_
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,h! of 'he ,,'ilIrd e",,")>cd" (w. 21- 24). 1> "'01', cd fa'o of 'hdr enemieo, The . 1Ik> kill one anOlher . • tld 'he o,hcr >ide i. len '0 ga, he, 'he . poil •. Wh" , i. ,,"can ' 1»' ,hi. "a 'nbmh - .ct b)" \'11"' " ' 'n,c Hob", ..., " ~"::n"I}' mea", "anlbu.hn, ,- bu , 0 '" " 0 ,,"' i. cond", in the e~treme a nd doc. tlOi
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Jo'" ., 1 .nd 01",. 1>< """ 1>n< ',LlUb' defe .. , .flcr ,,')O;,h me .lIk, begin '0 ""1' in 'he "011' of .\bimckch: "A nd God >cnl an , TIm" i, i> Goer, dirc of n>C'L no' of God: d,e enem), (b,w)" i"elf, God i"'en'ene. direcd)" in.1l 'hree "'''''. c.u,ing' ,udden ,hift in 'he courx of e,"en!> , nd produ~l, Each ",,,r nemplifie. d,e .. me principk: fouglt' 'gain" 'he enc mi of I>.-.el" (2 Cltr W:29)'" a nd '",hh u> i, t he iDRJ) our God, '0 hdp u, and '0 figh' onr b.nk>" (2 Chr :12:8), I, hecome, ","en more e,iden' ,h" God Hi,melf .witche. the o",[(ome of ~= ""hen ~'e "xamine ' he p,radoxical OIher of 'he coin. God ' na~' figlt' 'g.im,. aJ ~'dl .. for. 1>..",,1. and di"i"" in'en'e",ion m . )" prod,",,, 'he ,"1R.,h;, Un,,' '''. ("),..,.;..., ICRI. i'P' ~,,-"" : C.l,... ~ , p, 1"": ' " ,rlo. ,,20: JoY' 10, 1' , ,It: ""', 10,
1.00" dd,,'cml ln'o ' hdr hand a ,'c'1' grc>! >rm)' ,_ TIUl, ' hc)' exccu,ed Judgmen, onJoo,h" (2 Chr 2~:13 - 2-1)_ T he n." .. h-c make, i, deor 'h>t 'he ,-\rame"11 h,,'c ore,,· men " and o,",c 'lIdr grea' ,-let0'1' to Yuw,,', Intcn-en,km , Cod', >0 dltfercn' fro,n hi. i'1\'oIY in numerOll> pa>,.gc •. '" induding:
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I. I Chr 1 :~: "N.,.,,' Er.J ndah·, ftr>t-born_ ,,-,., "icked in 'he 'igh ' of 'he LORn. and he him."'" 1. I a" 4: 10: "A"d (,~~I gran,ed ~'h>t he a.ked_" ~_ I a" 29:1~ : ",-\nd 'he 1.0Rt> Solomon gre., rCI"'1< ... and oo'o~'ed "pon him >OKh fO)".oi m.jc>1)' " i . 2 air I~::W: "And 'he 1..0.1> .mo'e hint, . nd he died," ~. 1 Chr 18 :~ 1: ",\ndJeho>haphat cried nd the I..oR" helped him."''''
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In l «ping ~-i'h hi, ,-le,,' of di"ine in'e",:n,ion , 'he Chronkkr rework> IOllfCe, from Samud- Kin g> "'hieh duo:ribe nen" in. neu, ,,,I , objcc''''c f" hion. He c ,nph .. i«, Cod', in\'Okement b)' mca", of paraph",,,,.,, in 2 Chr 28 :~ (in «~np " i">n '0 2 King' 16:5): 2 Chr N :23- N (2 King> 12:18): - 2 Chr 1:1 (I King> 2:12. ~6)_ 'fh e Chronicler". oddi,ioll> hi. ",""cco arc partkular~' >!riking. ,uclt., hi. aceol"" of Sau]". death (I Sa"md ~I - ] Chnmic"" 10), The origin.1 >10,,"' "",h, no men,ion of an)' dil-ine rok: 'he ,,-.r .nd ,he f"e of the king at" t hi. >Oil> >rc dc.>cribcd ill wmpk'clj' Im man ' ernl>_ Onl)' Sa ,,,ucl'. prophcc)'. '" b .dground '0 'he "0,,"'. ind .... 'e. Cod', imoh'emen!: "Toltlorr"~' )'0"' , nd pur,.,Il> ,h.ll I>c ,",'i'h me: 'he I£>R1I ~- ill give 'he arm)' of l>rae] in'o 'he h."d of ' he Phil;"i"co" (I S.m 18:19), In ChronieJco. ,h i, Il>r,.,;"c , ppea" ~-i'h a fe...' minor ch. tlS'" and ~i'h onc .igniftc,." ,dditiOl, - I Chr 10: 1.'J- 14 - 'hat COIM)" 'he Chnmiekr', ,-lew of O\'e n1>. S.ul'. death i, explici'~' dC1Crihed a, 'he re.nlt of ,Ii,'ine inteITen,ion: "[He] dKl ,,,)( >ed
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'77_ Aho , au- ", 10. " : ' a.r " '_'. " " ' '": ,.,,"'" < of ,h i. ~..,- .gai,,,' Phil;',i. ~-.., 'he '~)~-nf. lI of s...ul .nd hi. ho h»'e alre.d), 00",,-..-.:Ira'" of biblical li'a"'UI-':, ""' There arc '''0 k"e!> of c. mali'r On the .",face. c,'enl> >re 'he re.ult of n."".1 drcun~ ".nce.> (including buor> "r hnman " "ure) ~-i'hoHl an)' n=c of 'hc mimenlon •. In rli')'. ho"c,'er. e''CI)''hing h" becn b"~'gh' .bon' . nd controlled 1»' God. >C The ~'i>< and >emi,i,'c p ",enl> compk'el)' n.,urdl"" The Il-oo~ of Otroniclc. i. nO! informed b)' ,hi. (onc"l~ of d,~ , bk camali')'. A concep' of 'hi> 'n'" i> more ,han a li'cral)' 'ceh " i,!,'< • • • pi" 00
''''' ... J ......';001 ... .1 .. _,...,,","- , j .... f",~ . ", , ,,,,;, ca," ..... Il" 10 ,7, "A .. i ~'""n ,," ,I>< mcn of .""" , ~I", ,~< .. ,,I, '~10 "''' ,h .. , I>< men '" hr..d ~ "" "< "'00 "'" 0< '"" ,,,,..,. ' M ,00.. I>dq>lone ;, rc'IKlmihk for ~'h"eyer ru.p pem con"i,u,c, , rdigi"m principle or .flkk of f. i,h,"'" In Chronkla, ohi. prineipk i> e""mplifi cd in the ,'e ')' de>cr ip'ion of c,'e,,"_ In ito 'peciallr-re~-orkcd aUOl,i"k form. hi"o,)' ",,,'c, .. a pcrpo.n" .in of dil'io:ii"g 'he mon.rch~' i. puni,h«! 1»' elf cau",. 'he king" deat h immediatel), .fter the banle ",i,h Abijllh and "hile Abijllh i. "ill ali,'e, It h.. been noted th .. thi> >ceount cou trndiw the hi>1oric.1 fM" ill KillS>. """ "'hi.:h relate th >t Jcroho.m ",,,liI-ed Ahijah (I King> I~: I. 9. 25). Thi. contradictiou_ holl' e,'Cr. onl)' '0 cmph»i,e th.L . ho,." . 11. the Chron;,t ic narra,i,'e i ~ I"""'te,. theological principle: ction;' dir«' and immediate. 'nn,,_ 'he ,,'i in the "',,,kl 1»' me.", of in,crmediar.c.;, nOO I>orne , ~" b)' an e,",ruination of 'he boo ~ ', man)' reb-ant P'''''g, It i. God ,,'ho i, .ctil-e. EI."n the eo'Kept of do" hlc c.mali,)'. whm:b)' Go d control. Cl'cnl> "i. ,,-,t ur.L hu m.n d eed ,. doc. no' ducribe dh i nc ;nl'Ol,',,,,cnt in C hro,~ icb. I '"",,, intcn-enc> dircctl), and immediatel),. and He .Ione;' .elf • 'pedal .:h.r.octcr - i, hccome, one long ,h.in of miracko, "" God',;oc-
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"'-'_ .'kd......,,, 'I"w ,,.- ,~ '''''''''''''')' of (,,,,,,,< ~ I p " .'h;ch "",1;, ""'" '''; II i> cxclmll-c. d irect bebind ,hc"" Lc' '" begill ".. i,b 'hc 'I ne"~)Il,
fi",
n, .Ing"" in Ib, iJooJI of Chronic", .\Io>t ""h"lt" bcli.c,'c thot 'he Bible d"", not contain an)' rcal an gelo!· ogF in OIl>er ~'Ord ,. it 00." ,~ )( prc>en' an angdic .phere in an)' unifonn or .pl ' kldo[>l ""., ".ritlcn dUling (he I>«ordin g >ome. an im(>Ortan( ""lie - in 'he bdkf in angel •. '" WI"" C"\jdcncc of . n gel, ( ~ >." Chronicb conuin? Superh",,,.,, dil;nc 11>o'>eng-:' '"' arc 0 1> 1)' mcnl;on«i ,,,.. icc: in I Chronicle> 21 and 2 Chrol~ icb ~2, "" 110, 1\ I'"",age. arc ,aken from "",rcc "ork. - 'he p<Slilen<e during [)a,-Kl', rcign (2 S.;unuel N) and ' he defeat of Scn nacherib in hi • • kge of Jenuak,n (2 King. 19), No"" of ' he p.»age. added 1»' ,he Chronickr men,io,,, angel", 'n,e"" Chroni"", p'rolkb prmidc (omplex «"imon)"- The text of the ",(onle,-er (pc"iknce, plague) .n ~ >l< one hundred "" d cigh'r-/i,'e thou>and mcn in onc night, "" Otronkk> elim inate> 'he po»ibili'r of >II indep->./cm and p redou, thing' to H ndi.h" (2 Chr ~2 ::!2-2 :1) ,
An(~her
dilferen(e het"een the t~'O ,'e"ion> i, the form .nd c"e,l! of the a ngel', ".miti ng." In KinS" the . u> indicate that the ChmnideT ,ic,," the .ngel d i ffercn t ~', It i, true that he doc. ,~ >t ,,-rite him out of the "Ol)'. but he h .. eli min. t« 1 the . uto nomou>. demonic (1',.1it)" of the a ngel'. :octi"it),_ No,," the . n gel i> YttWtl', m >engeT. c' n ~' ing o"t God', noi"lo" of .a1,-"tion , I Ooroniclco 21 pm,elot' a more complex prohle",_ The "or)" i. ta!;en from 2 s"n",eI 24, but change' hal'e been m>ttention to the an~elological rc,,-orking, ""! ,h.lI therefore co ufmc "'p el f to> . b,' remark> on the .uljcct, (I) 2 Sa .. 24:16: "And ~'h en the angel "retched forth h i. h,n,; to ~-a rd j eru",/cm to demo)" it. the LO R" repented of the ",-il. , nd >aid to the angel ~' ho ~-.., ...-orking de"ruction among the people. ' It i, cllO"gh, no,," "')' )'(~" band:" 1 Ch, 21: Jj : "And God ",nt the .ngel to jermakm to (btro)' ito b,,, when he .... , . oout to de"'O)' it. the LORn "'~.. and he ,e!lented of th" el'il: .nd he >aid to the ootro),ing a ngel. ' It ;, enough, no~· "")' )'"." )oa ,~ !:"
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4< . . ""."!!" >ppr P'''''' ' h< ,~"""" leng< ~ th of ,he .ngd ",OU>. I. i, true ,hat 'he pc"ikIKc originall)" >en' b)' God (". 15). 1>0." n",,' thai ,he angel h., been cmpo'" e n' the . n gel" - exact])" .. doc. ' he change in 2 au :12:21. TI,;. difference lead, to an o,her. According ,,, the (kKriplion in S.n~ ucl. 'he angd doe, not harm Jcnmkm: God cha nge.> Hi. ",h,d and "op' him ju>t ., he ,,«.eribcd in Samuel?- In bu. 'he change i> nccc,,~ ""ceribe. God', """ d ing of 'hc .ngel • • 3 tlC'" "age, God can hardlr r«o", ~ lcr i"Ji'" he >
'0
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(2) I Chr 21 :2~ - j.(l com,ilLl«' > . ingular elemcn. in the >1o')' - an an~'ha, h", alread)' been rel .. ed, In it> .iclimax or e"!"Ipp., th;, ;, , .... m " , On H... prOOI!cod of ,he ,.orf. original im p iring of ho,,- It.< Temple .ite ", ,. lion of wo"hip. '" and i, i, dillkult '0 imagine the >to'1' ~'i'hout ""- 18- ."\0 (or. ted: (a) • non-angelological >10'1' duelf ma)" be seCll .., ', he ,"'ord of Ihe U)R'" ( I Chr 21: 12. 16, 27). I Chr 1 1: 18 i, alio 1"''' of Ih i, r",,'orting, '" n ,e en ,ire re~"Orling, inchlding cleme,lI, ~'h i,h (io . p p<ar in 2 Samuel. p r",bted Ihe Chronicler.'"
,j,,,
'''''''.g ng"""W-' ,,,,,,,,,kl
or tt.. ""'"' ,,," 5>mocl .. " " l~ ' (.• ."t.. P- 19'~ &< • ..., W. ._ !-<mk "The Sm· ''f''~ I'robI<m Ln ,t.. o,m"~Icu»cd: fi ...,. in I Chr 11: 15 (1' .... • lId 1 S. ", 2-1 : 16). 'he 'ex' "'" >!' ered rdk ,'aluc ., e,-idcn,c of the book', po"rnral of .ngd, mu>! be a>sc • .ro ~'i 'h often ing .nd rcdudng ,hc " .. 'n ", o,'cralll"" of 'hc ,,'ord IN'nl p ro,-,OO .no ,hcr .omcc of ~idc n'c for Chronkld po, i,k", 0 " .ngcl> , A. i, 'hc cax d",,,'hcrc in ' he Bible. 'he ,,'o rd gcner.oll)' mean> ·me,.enger":'" in a"oniclco. i, h., ' ~'o ,ubm,,.n'nl(': (. ) 'he king" ",c=:nger and (b) . pmphe', n,e fir" "",." ing" fo und f,,'c ,i mc • . ,n p" ....lId and in 'he foll""' ing example>:
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• I. I Ch r 19:2:'So n ""kl >CH' '0 co,,>OIe h im 2 S.m 1en' b~ II" >tn.7n" c",,,ok. 2, I 0" 19: 16: "Uu ' ""hen ' hc A"mca", "",.. . t>! 'hc)' had becn ,kfca,ed , .. ,Ile)' .,,," .'''''"R"' and brough ' ou, 'hc Ar,uuc-dn •.. ,. 2 S, Ul W:15-1 6: "Bu, ~' hen , j", AraUl.,..", ... ~' 'hot 'he)' had han (kfca,ed . , , lIadoiUur "",,' and hrough' ' he Araone.", , , " ~. 2 Chr ~~ :~I: - B.u he ..,,,, '0 h im >3.)"ng. 'What h .,-e ~'e '0 do ""i,h e >eh O,hCL king of J,> 4, •. " ~" .. kl "PP''' ..... 0 .. ,~;n , a" 1«", diH6 I- l ~'."" n. "". M'l!"""'I! ' cho- '0' ' •. .... I"'''g ,he ..md .lId >ourcc.o:
2 ClodS: 16: . ,...., (hat lim" Kin g Ah,,,,,11 (0 the ling. of A"')'ri. for help." (Thi' text doc. not ,call~' parallel. but i" st".d p'''''ph,.,.,.". the JOurcc.)
By ",,:all> of p.... phra>c. Chrolliclc,' ,,,,,,ion of Scnn,chcrib', dckgation .mid, all)' mention of (ll~N'm - 2 King. 19:9. Ii). who arc called "or,,,,," (0'1""'" - 2 Chr j2:9. 16). n,,,, _there >«m. to be no com;,tcnC)' in Chronklc>' approach to thi. quc.>t""" It ~'o llid appear th., a number of affected 'he boot ', u,e of "",e''''''gco> t he auoniclcr'. rok in ,he>< «,,"'or l ing> , TI,e 'lue>!io" or Chronicle>' we of " me.senge,· .. "prophe'" i. Ie" (o"'pkx: ,hi, u",se in b(, '1'1"00" onl)" once; "The IDRI). ,he God of 'heir fa' her>. >en' pe"i"en,l)" '0 them b )" hi. but t he)' l ei" moding ' he of (;00 , dc'p;, ing hi> ,,"or"' _ .nd >comnS .. hi. proph'" (1'!Cll )" (2 Otr .'o6:I~ - 16). Onll' from the po,'-c,Hk l>Criod Ol~ ",-ard,"" do ~'e fmd I N'm ~-j'h 'hi> 'ncaning_ '" ~'ell .. one e""",p lc of 'he ,i,k being .pplied '0 ,he prlc.!' (~bl 2:7), TIl< c'prc".", me,>ensor" nm" hal'e been a 'hcoioSic:ol i",,,,,,,,io n of 'he period, In 'heo'}·. c.lling hu ",an being> d i.. ine ",c.",nsn. "'igh' be in'orpn:'cd ., >ome "''' of ,leifiC'JI,ion, ho .. ,""e"_ ~- i'hi n 'he con'ex' of biblk:ol 'hough '. o n l~' ,he oppo.i' < in'erpre'.'ion i, I",»iblc, ' ''''WH', "''''!lenger ' i, nOl p ... o f .n)' dil-ine sphere, 'he epi,hc' c'l"c>>e. ,he prim.'}' sen", of 'hc ~'on! '1'C'~ i••"mcone ,,"'l~) h ., bee" >cn' b l' God, The name 'ell, u. nothing hi, na'urc. pmili"n. or IllO,;on of I A " 2 1: 15 and 2 Clo, ~2:2 L The Chronicler ,,;,hc. to emph.,;,,, Ih>! angel., too. arc nothing more ,han "O (salo.). and 'hi. l"'''gc loa> merited> great deal of cxcgc,i • . ".sa.." ,,000 up ag.i"" hracl. and incited !la,-id '0 number ["."d" ( 1 Ch, 21: I). Di> o f 1",>t-bibk..1figure are alread)' p re",nt. (2) \l'h at di>tingni>he, the Sotan here from the Satan in .imilar p= >age. , notab l)' Job 1- 2 a.~l Zaharbh 3. i. the bu that I Ch, 21 : I doe> not i,icr him one of the "-'.gel>. In ]oh , nd Zoeh.,-iah . he i,l"''' of t he h.,...yenl)' entour.oge: ot.I)' hi, fune,ion dilfcrent iatc, him from t he othe", and h i. name te>tilk.! to th i, ' paial fUl.e,;otl. In Chronkkl , there i. no retinue, an d ·S.",n" repr;n 'IDOU'" 0/ ,,'OX"'"
"'pOwog;"' m". ,Awl', p. ':W),"" ,I-.< !"'or ThrJun' prmi",um k «m""6. "om
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,,,. collln'- From • lexical poi nt of ,in.', it i. door 'hat 'he ..wd ;,,,,If u",.,,, "ady"".,),:'" OIhcr m lle. arc k" cicar. I> ",.. an ' being ,,>cd., • proper name? Doc, it refer to a ,uf'C r-hut",,, being; Ike.",,, -" .. n" appear> in the iwk'cnuin.'c ill (~" >choIan ."u u,e ' he "wd i. a propcr nanl< an d no' a g 'he " .. , .. p<xlkc in hiblk.1 language? Gc> cmp lo) applying to ".. hok cl;mc. arc rc· .. ,kted (.impl)' by mage) to particular indh~lu.l> or .hinS' _ '~J I.,d. ,lQ,1 _ Hoal ... p r0f'C' ""me of the god." ,,. AnlO "S hi. 'ence of the defini'e arlick in 1 Ole 21:1 i, in rae'.n indk"a,;"n of 'he word', pdm.,!-' """ge: -.. ' " n - nIC.n> ""h e""r,.. in a generic seme. I, ,IIC .,' an • , n ",,!'human figure? A." rn ul' of 'hoir belkf ,ha' "",.. n " in I Ch, 21 :1 .ign ifie. a pnopcr '»nl.t th< _.;,i-« h , , ' ""' , (::h< tI ,J. 'n.. ..-ok",. 0' tl>< ~.".-d ,n Qum"n "".b.bo to lin_ u>< 'n • t!""" .... "'">< (= 'QII. 1""'. ~ . I. .,. C..,,,,,,"u' d",u"oo 'n '"" m.)· I>< .... " .. )rt >nOt .... , _ ;n ~~~ h "'I.",
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di"ingu ;,h at hi, tigh' han, l '0 >CC!uc him" (Zc"h .'I; I) if indeed '~ 'D~ h.. . kgal .ignific.nc~ - .nd -,,000 up >g.in"- in our p"''''gc. In la' e biblical fle hr" ..·. 'IIJlI repl..:". C~ in to"d in (he follo~in g "")': an >d\u•• ')' aro>c ag.in>! b r>el and incited D.yid. ,,. Some JOn of mem)'. pcrhap> one of 1). .-,. incited h im 10 tal< a ctrue,""" of 1 Chronicle> 21. Accordi"s to 2 S.>", 24: L it i. God ~'ho inci,o. D"'id '0 Ia ~ O a eonm •. fk i••I=d)' .ng'}, al h rnd. a nd Ihe ce,,,u> p rovide. a ,,>can> of j"" ifrin~ 'he p uni>hmenl in ..1"n1(e. 11", Ch ronicler ' ran,fe" 'he ind'e nocnl '0 a hnman pl.>ne and doe. ,~)( men,ion ,h.>I GOO "'" ans,,.. '" I" Chro nicko_ Da,'~ 1 (om",il> a , in by .1I0".-ing him>c>1ion of thcodicy, ,:!I' and haye l~)lhing
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~,up: x_~ "o;Ier , I'... It..,.. ~ . Po,"", (" ""''''. ''''"'I, (>p_ " ' ' _1 t,,_ • •, '- & i>< .... , ...,"" ", ""'"' , .. , , .... " "'-'n p • , ... , do< chmn';'lc, "",(d "'" "'''pt (, , ~ .. "" R""""f>I>. (..1 ... ,1. p_ I,ll), " '" ;, i, qu«,""""'" ~'''''''K'' "~, n tho "'I!< ,«""""",«1 "''''''''',, ,I>< f""'l*"'< n... ",,~ of' ''-',>d', rC',S ;uc< , ... '" ~, "","oSIc" , ..._ ,:, " ....'""'"'m. IJ« i(k • . but ~'C >cc 'hat ,, .., • ,,-hole ,ho"... an)' C,-KlCIKC of it. Thorc i. , ~) dub! 0)",' t he bool conce,,'c, of God .. Ik <mbOOk> bolh good . nd e,i1. .nd ' hi.! fact no theological dillieuhic>. Thanl! to lhe prj'Kip lc of ,up,em" and jm'icc. it it imfoc... ibk (0 collOid", God', actio", 3rb i ".~· and """"";" (0 ,k". nil". ""P''''''' king. m
one,,,,,,_
1'''''''
.bool,,,,,
C. Guiding l'ri>u:ip'" for OJ!"", .I! "'iking fca,un:> i. it> p.rticular u " dc",,,,nding of c.~I', )m-ol,.,,· men' in the h;"orr of h"cI: " I" ' he kingdom of Jcho\ nol a n.(uF~l and !\lI man. b,,, • dil'inc p[""I!mari, u, (ha, i> opemti,'c ... ~ncr doe> ,in m;" it> p uni,h nlCl". and llC,'er where m;,forlu nc occur> i, gu ilt ~"nt · ing: ' " Wellhamcn', ,'ie,,' i, fo u nded on a eo"'p >ri;on of ta" in Citronicb and thdr p;tr.llld' in King' ,,, an d tend> to "c' pp" " . in >onle rorm 01' other. in later co ,,,men t,,ric., r o, exam ple: "" (the QlroniderJ ,,'a, e'luall), int ",.,,,ed ill the dil'ine rule. lie int C'Pl'Ct cd I",.d', life . , , ., t hat of a ch.uch "'ith ",,,,t.,,t ",,,,=d , . nd pu ni>h "":tlt> through .ignal dil'in c i"tcryentkm '" Ik ",a,ic more uni,,,r.>! the to demOll>trate thi, dhille~~ ordered corr"'I>on,icnce bet"-",,n ,iced, de," i ,,), in the life of eKh
.,>.m N: I "",,-;do,
'>pI< pun, ...... t, ""." .on,,,,," 'n t Chronorlicub r cOllocep' of ,c"ib u,ion what ""I> i"'I>or!>,,! "., it> effect on .he ~' ri ti ng of hi."OI)'. Yll)' u ndcT> ... nding of 'he Ch ronick ,', ou,k>ok. Where d~ i ,h i, p rir>! God rc-qu i'c. 'he dced " good and bod. of human beinS' and ,ten" from a conde,ion of di,-ine pro"idcncc, "I\d ier in" " ..·. rd a nd l ~ L n i .htnc l" bcwmc • • principle, or ,hC()'1' of rc,ribu ,ion. "'hen tk ",«ptanee of 'he .~· >tc m' . rulc>. In 'hc lIible . ,he", n,b deri,,, from 'he principle of jUl,ke . TIu,, _in .dd i,ion '0 • belief in d h ine pro,·i(icncc. ""cry' CO'K"P' of retribu,ion a l.o e ntail> , he belief 'hat C"od il ju>! and "'l Ol i'". hu ma n (kcd. j )",I)'. TI,e", '~-o belief>
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4,,_ M..... I"'. a_d. 1'1'- ""- ",,'. "(~" ... ",,,,.,., fo«< ...,. 'S"'"" to", Ompnc< ""r'bul.", '" Ch"""'lo. bon h.. c..., " ",, ..... ~.nOm:" ;' ........ ;0" . ;, .,>t ..... :Hn!: ng ,h :, ' ....... , . "'" ,,~ , "" ..... i'P- !too_ 11",,, L, no doubt. "' , ~~"" , K'"g'. """, up''''''' , ... ,,'" ,h"" , ,,,,,', d,,,," mu" "" ju,',lkd_ ",,.. « _ ''''pk .," W"h",u",n. Pr~ ... PI'- '77 _2 79_ ~'O_ ,'", ticc . Sin<e bib lic.l 'hinl ing;, prag,,,,,,k , nd re.li,,",. it ;, 'he rcalit)" of C\'il,h" rnl", • •he problem of ju"icc . Th;, concrete evil h., • number of "1> of n.tun: - death. di..c""" and " atural .mi!« mp'" to ""pl.in the n;,tce of " il "ring'. 'pho,;'",., and >0 on - by blaming it on h",m", mi"kech. thm itice in t> ~ k,,,d fo,m, of thoodic)'. The)' are .11 intended to ,hm,' that a f"'.-.on', fot" It.. been jl"tl~' la;""", ",-", '0 th< n ... ~ho pi"" h,m ~,od !',.., ~,.oom ,,'" jor- {£«b " '-"1 or ";, ;, (,~", ',
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,h.' of r!agc>: dh-i.ion in'o da.ructkm of ,he Northern Kingdom . • nd_f,,",U)'_,t.< d w n K.ion of Judah. The cn", of di,inl a. il> "arti " g poin' . p>rlicularl)' rd",-..n' ,oncmo: 'he nccd 10 e'p l.i n 'he lruCiion of Judah ill 'erm , of d;,'i1\< pmv~Ice >J~I ju,.ke_ '" Dlro"i,ks' "'rling poin , loa> to "
""< " proI>k'm d ,00......,·· ,.r"..-lwll.h.U, p. " J. • ""_ Too. " "nil""'" ""«rup'''''' 'n , h;, "''''. ~j,ich mar be ' ermed lhe qu"""i",,II'e and quali,.,h'e diu"""",,,, 01 hi, re~-ork · inS', """"I ,hi, mOli,-,,,ion , \\'i'hin 'he q",,,,'i'a'il'e dimen,ion. e och a" d be explained in tero,,, of lhc Chron i· 'oo)' ha> ckr', belief .pte m - i, i, , ~)[ cnoush to e xpl ~in '''-0 or ,h,« cmcbl CI..:nl>, '" Wellha" ",n d beu;",d lhi, a'pee, 01 'he Ch.onidcr', work .. lel>gth . • " d ~'e , hall re'urn to i, belo~', 'O< n", qualit.'il in hi. ""ed '0 ""plain good .. ~·e ll.., CI;1. 11", Dcu,eronomi" doa no' 3r>! eh,nse dh';ne j m'ice. bu, God', com pas.ion:'" "Alld 'he .ns« of !he InR]) ~.", kh~lIed agai n>! I>nd, aJ~ 1 he gal'e ,hem con 'i",,,,II), in'o the h.nd of HaI.lICl l ing of Atam .. , The nJe ho ahai. he'0"iih , ,he U'RJJ. • "d the 1£11lgn fulf,U. a o ;tf« ",. ,.... Ch,""""" hom ",.-. "'''' ''~ L ",..,"', . • ·hOch ~~, not "",..-W
"""l!' ;. """'...., ,,,,,,,.00 ju""'"
p< 11)'11).", ..-Ith "'m; «,~, we", fon h . "" ~"" p< Lo,,,, .... IV"'.... ,,, '....m.,'" .... ce. a greater degr"" of g(~>' of /),,''"' f"llia : In both King' ,nd Chronicle>. the aim ;, to p'OI-e that God act> in hi>to~' :Keording to thc principle of dil;,,,, ju,tice, !{olcn,m L Yet for the ",ke of !)a\'kl pur father I will no' do i, in ),our d"p, bu, I will tear it ou' of the hand of )'o ur >on , flo ~' e,'er I ~' ill Itot te.,- .w",)' all the l ingdom: but I "'iIl gh-c OltC tribe '0 )'0' " .on , fo< the .. l e of !).,-id ttl)' OCrl"nt . ltd for the .ak of j enaalem .,hi,h I ha,-e cho",,,: ' Thi. pa»agc «fleet> the po,ition of the De utero"omi"k rcdac,,,.-:"" the l ingdom w~, di"ided bec.me Solon~m ,i nned. )'c t the I~'ni,hment doc. not affcct Solomon hin"cl f. bm r,tlher I!.ehobo.m a nd hi> eo"t o,,~ porarle>, It w» defcrrcd. no' h)' ,it1ue of Solo ",o,,', ~ ood be h"-i",,r. b,,, bec. me of n ",' ~l. It i. a l", thanl;" t o l>add th >! the n,,-idk d)",.,,), I,.,. "
«pi"" • 'p,,,'fic Ii .. I!">Cd o n ,he principk 'hat the puni.hmcn, "",,' fi t ' he cri""" ,," IkeaLl>C the p Lmi,hment - ,kmuetion of the kingdom ,n,1 t he Temple - i. eomkkrcd un p" .. lIded in it> "",'crit),. the ,h" ~'hich led '0 the p,mi. hment ,,~ magnified " nd o"cr>tated, ... In 'he book of KinlP , the ""tual ,in i, de",ri""d in. number of ~'ap, Th" lock of .",iforu,i'}, " I", ttine. '0 the continued >COHe of conf\\,ion kft b)" "e~' , ,,,,I.nd l"'infl\l .,,-arene>.' of 'he dc.nru '''l"
,,,"(e,.,"'..,,,,.......
460, Th" p-',_.loo, " c,"'y. /:, .". p, '"" 461. , "'~ 1' :20, ~·h.d. " .. ,""'~" Ah;;./> ,t." pruj>bhcd in 'pi'e of thei r m any m b de~d, (:u in the ease of Omri and hi, d).....,,)") a nd ""h)' ,here;' uo colTe'pondcncc ( hron '~ogicaI '>r ",he,,"';,e) betwccn 'he .ill and 'he beh ",'k~" of 'he one ~'ho i, pUlli,hed. In bel. w~ read of Ho,he •. 'he •.,n of .Jah , " he d id wh" ~"" e,il in 'he .igh' o f 'he I.<w". re' no' " , he king> of ],,,,d ""00 ""ne befor~ hi",' (2 K i n~. 1;,2), Uo>hca', illlpro"ed b.:hal'Oour nOl""i,h,tanditlg, i, i. in hi. reign 'h" Israel ;' dc>lro)'ed, The , in> h ..'C b.:en >,hel'> came out of
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__ ( ~;ng> (4, " _' 6, "t.... I",,, .,1 ,m;!< ]" ....... , ",",'d ;, ' .... cn 'n , .... '~!" '0 I>< f"~"" .t tbot)· •. ,"" "Idtoc' m m,bc, of 1>Cciall)' in 'he ""'. of dil-inc jn,'ice. 11,,, princip.1 p roblem IKI",d by 'he upl." ,,;on i.! one of al of 10,,,10 .nd h i. reigu ' ''' "llefore him there n. no kil,S like him ,,-100 (urned to the 1..(,,,,, ",'i(h.1I hi, he.rt ,,>ou1 and ~-it h.ll h i. might, >(Ke_ TI,e >ceond Iic>.'_whklo e~f>l" i ll> (he demuction .. pun;,!>ment ror the people', (u ",m[atil-e . in. "" p",..-i(k> • better ,olut ion (0 the problem po>ed b)' Jo.iah '. reign: el'c - God i. paoicn' . nd ,,;11 "ai, for 'he ,inner '0 repcn', I, i> n>ore d illieul, '0 c'pbi n "'h)' 'hc im>opc' .• nd 'hc childre n", t<e, h arc oc' on edge."'" Thc rc.J problem i, 'hat 'hc ["he,..' tee, h rem.in untouched. bu, ,ha' 'he children . ~'ho h .."" c>!en no lOur gr. pc •. , ulfcr 'he eO " ""lueuee •. That i, ",h)' Jerc ,nbh prom;",. ,ha' in 'hc fu,urc. "cach m" , ~' ho ea!> >our lr"1"". hi. t<eth ,h.1I be "" O il edge ," It i. ~:"'ck id "'ho rcall)" coufron!> 'he que"",n: ' " hi, .",,,,cr i, "'hc tigh'co", ne» of 'he ,ightc"." , hall be up'0n him;cl£. and 'hc "·icked.",,, of 'he "'ickcd ,hall be ul~>n hi.",df- (I ~:~O), Therc i. n" m"h 'hin~ a> cu tnuh,i,'c .i " or punbhin~ o nc genc,"'ion for 'Ite .in , o f . no.her. ~:,dkl prmidc, c,. mp b from (he m lim o f (hc ind,,'idu;ti - (he righ .""u, ",an .nd hi> >0,1. 'he .i nncr a nd hi, ,on '" - but hi •• t.'Cln,," of principk atcmi> 'hc conch"i"" (0 d"i ne ju"icc in gcneul. ''"
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0l,,1 meri, (nUN nor) )"" no pl..:e in the book.'" Each gener.,"'n i> rc'I~)n>;Me (or it> deed, .nd for it> fa'eY' The book o( Ollunick> pre..,n" a particula, ,ef",conen' of ~,i, basic principle, a refine,nen' that 'nigh ' I>< ,e"ncd "the im l""">.'i,'e o( re,,'.rd . n d puni.h, men'," :l 'heodicy '"'c rmd in King> arc omi"cd .hoge,hcr. :d'' m",11 ""'< an. < ",>I "" 'ru,h , , , .. _ .... or. ,,,,h. ' .... n , ... ,,""'n O>jw< ........ """'" 1,,,10,,.t>« ... ", '''''r "_',r< .r,..;,d of too m",h ,,",,,,,,,, on ,hi, .......-• ."" ,I>< «hlhi)'
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128 .\I.,,",,,,,h·, , infuln"" nor 'he people" cumula,in 'rnn 'gr n'1,.1 decd,,'"' 'he peopk i, "ill ,hought of in a (olk'iOll on 'he n.';on,,1. hi>!orkal k,-d ,10 .. com,i,u,,, ,t.< book', princip.1 .phere of illterc." . Seco ,~l. E,did .ffirm, ,hCDre,kal dk .. concerning r< principic>. There arc ,~) promi",. for 'he (u'me, whether immc· dbte (hdkl) or di,,,,,,, (Jm: mi.h ); ~'hat ~'< find im'cad h ,t.< com'ic· '~>n ,h .. di,'ine ju;,ke h., acto!.llr betory. Thlo i, how God ha> a,orOog"'phr take, 'hc concept of dhine ju>tkc .•• npre ..cd~' bdid . • nd IDcrip'~>n o( \ '((W,,,, direct in'e,,'en,ion ill thc com", of ncn" . .... Whkh ', ~hr ",." "0' ..... """~.""" .. on",h ~ ...... "' kngth '0 u.",okb I" ("./0, "","_1 •. 16). ~. utm.. '." "riit .... ,V. p. ' ' ' ' """'o"'.-g . .,. '-;' .. pp. u;,_"",. .. L _ ~ ... f..."o. /(,,_ . H . PI'- "" - ,",,' ' ' . Th< ".,. of ",.. .... y'""-" .... , j". '""" rate, for hetter or I' to jU>lifr' .('<doc rc.li.),. bu, to p re",n' " rclig"'''' ')"'''''' co mb in ing kno..kdgc. pnni,h«l.nd ' he right<X>ll' " .. i. rIn" or ",netral merit,' 7. Th"", .kuarc ,wI prcIC,,'cd a, ab.tmct t ruth>, but " . ,",,'orking of the h;,torical '"'''ath-e, TI,e l "'~' na"at i,'e co '''tiH''e. a ""ocriptiol\ of tbdr ,eali,.t i"n in tbe coune of b i> to~' ,
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nature of ano,, ;,t ic h;,toriog"'phr i. (kterm ined .• oo..-e . 11. 1»' tbe ha tbat it n:pre""n " a reworking o j e~i>ti n g ",aterial. Th;, ",,"erial determine> the text to a ,'e'}' largenten" the ,,-rite. i, not free to port .. ), ",,-en " in com picte adherence to hi> axiom. , .-\ com p .. i.on of the n,,,oti,'e in Chronicle. a nd i" p.."llcl> in I( in g> .ugge." in ru leo w",-em' ing the ,e~-or k ing ,nd tim. the ChrOllicicr'. met h(~ l o( mou lding the "'Ul'Ce. to con!(>rm to hi> ' ptem , A fu mL",,. when:' t he SOUITe text ha> been .ltered : 11(in8' 14 :6: "Hu t he d id not P'" to death the children of the murder, cr>, accordin g to ,,-hat;' ,,-rium in the book or the la". of ~ I o>c. , "'here the LORD connnanded. 'l1>c (athen ,h.lI not Iv pullo for the chi l' drcn. o r the child ren Iv pur to ilMlh for th e father:" bu t "''Cry' man Iv p"' '0 dM,h ( ~ ,,: Knib: ,1w.1I d,,) (or hi. ""'n ,i n:' 1 Ch r 25:4 : "But he did not pm thdr ch ildren to de. th, according to what ;, written in the 1.",- in the book of ,I [o.,e •. "'here the LO R" com, m ,nded , '11,e father> , 1w.1I MI di< for the ch ildren , or the ch iklren du f"r the b theD; bu t ,,'err man ,hall ai< for h i, ",,-n , in:"
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In "ing._ the t ~· o parI.! of ,he "OI)'.rc p< (~ul ' )' ,,,- ,i>< , ..... " "P'"' ,... ,hlldrkm, , _ ), i'P. W--W. " ,m''''' ,"", -"om "''''. "" )"••," "',~ _-.n"" p un"hm.!ibk ,,:;''''(\ j, mentioned ~'i"'O\" ,he approp'i."" c. me, for il. 'he Chron icler p ro,-i in hi. KI"'ce" he no < pa ... he .ob 'e. one fact from h i••"",ce•• Il d p rm-Kk> ' he m i"ing (orolb~'_ In (he reUlain ing both ckment> arc p re""", in the .ourc" tnt, .nd the O>ronkkr pro,-i ,he c. u>,llink. -n", p rim ipk of c.t"", and e/fcct j, C\';(knt th roughout Chronicle> (.~ thollgh not opc "' (il'~ in el'n,. .inglt iudden!), ~OI ,)Ill)' implied by (he < of ""~n" , i( i, .b., ",ted c'plici(ly: '~"Oll\ (b~ (ime ~' h~n h~ (umed a~'a~' from (be LORn ( h ~)" made a compiroc)" ' gain " him" (2 Ch, 23:~71 or '",c h al'~ .ough( (h~ loRn ou, God, ~.~ hal'c >ough( him. and hc hal gi\'~n u, I> d'tt',,, 'mm t"", ;n KLng>). Th< ,'n, ,'" h" ,I m.), be u>Cd .. a rk,,,ik d illu"",ion of , t.c a"on ickr', method: Rchoboam _Abijah .• nd Jo»h, ".. (I ) /(,Iwhoo ... 11l H :2:i -2M). T h i. fau m igh ' gi,-e ris< to • nu ",ber of coneiu,ion, o n ' he Chron ick " p.Jt . gil'en hi> outlook . nd p ril,dpb: (. J11\e attack it>h.l '!lacl. in the fifo h ),ear of RehoOO;nn', n:ign .• n(1 ,i nc" • pu ni, hment c. ,mo' I.g ' 00 far beh ind it> e.m e. ' he i"'plic .. ion i, th .. '''' .ins were committed in 'he e . rI), ),e ... of the n:ign_ (oj lIecawc 'he .. tack i. no t all tha, di""rom _",m",hing "'U>! h»'C ru.p pr. of o t.cdienee to God , n Ul>: 1 Cltr 11 :17 : "for 'hOint of \'lew. i, mo>t resemble> Gen H:i - ~ : "Twel"e )'e.,-, thC}' had >en-ed Ched-orL.omer. b ut in 'he ,hirteen,h )'e "" 'he)' rebelled."" In ,he fou n em,h )'C>r Dled--or~aom or a nd 'he ~i ng. who ~'ere ""i'h hi", Cal"e an(1 .ubdued .... TI,e .imi]'rit)' i •• JIugh ,Ot p"""P'< 0< ... ,,""',"'" < gk>I ')'l<m, In Ch"'''ocop le pc ""c and pm' f>" rit)'. ",he r,,", fo,.. >ling God', ",,.icc le.d , to a p unith-c attack_ "th e """,ice of the killg,lon!> of thc eountric>", ,,,,,.Iage, o ppr""ion. all d dc.otructicm , n,C an.d led to k)" an d dc.>tru"~ )ll. bU l n ot to tot :ol ru in , r OT t he Q"ollicler. th i. tn.), 1l1c . n that "''''
t h ..'c interH' ><Xl to fore-"all a nn ih il.t ion , a nd", h e m.k.. certain .dd it io l", n "t , hc put> ~-ord. cxprc"i ng h i, ""'" o pi nion into the tllOUl h of S hclllai.h, "lh " ""P t he LO Rn. 'Yo" h, x c .wlldolled "'c . >0 J ha,'c abandoned ),ou to thc h",d o f Shi, h.~ '" (2 eh r 12 :5), '" 11,C" COil"" thc ref>" ntancc of thc king alld h i. f>"o ple - "the prince. of b nd ,nd the king hinl>df humbled thcm,eh·e. and .. ~!. Thc LOR]) i. r ighteou s- (y, 6), Although Shi, h. k "i ll attach hi. , U(cc,-, ;, limited , a> thc prophet ha> f() reto ~ I, The)' ha,'e hum bled thClll>ch-c>: I " 'ill l ~)( de>!",), thc m. but I " 'ill grant thc m >omc delh'« anee. a nd Ill)' ",.,t h , h . 1I not be poured ( ~" npoll Jcrm alc m b)' the ha nd of Sh i. h. k" (", i), n,C fact of Shi.h.k', cam p.igll ,bo exp lain> the "ruct",c of ~ e h r I I :5- 22, n ", Chron icler ,""c. I'''''f>''' 'it), .nd military ,"""ce", .. «"=d ,, 11lCrefo rc. in prefacing Shi>h,k '. """' p.ign ~'ith thrcc ),c>r. of obed ie nce to \ 'Il\nt, he prm' ~ ic>. ll .ppropriate . pot for o ther d>ta at h i, dhpo,.,1 and illcludc, the co ,,"ruction of the fortificd citk> (~ a " II : ~ - 12) at th i.
y"""
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,eo, fO<m cL """, .. " ," f"" "."., " '"_" Th«, " , P""'" "''''"''I''''''I«an", it i. :illumcd Ill .. f.nOlher ""')'. Since the .ttack injured bOIl> Rd\Oboom and It.< p"opic (2 Chr 12:4)_the Ouonidcr n",k tu rned frum hi",_.., "'l(~ make a co"'ple'e 'ru cOIKcrning Rehoboam', rei~' found in 'he bwk of King"- H e (o",i,le" ,he.., foc" in 'he ligh' of hi. p"rlicniar cOIKep' of dh-ine j,,,'ice and proceed. create a ne ..' fra nlC ..'orl, lie fill> ' hi> fr>me ..-ork 0'" ,,;, h addi'ional ma'erial - >ome or hi. own crca,ion .•,,,ue baml on ",her >OUfCC> a' hi, di.p""';, In 'he end. ,he , to'!' of Rchobo>.", i. """"Ided in'o a finj, hed prod"", perfectl), in keep ing ... i,h 'hc OtfOn ickr', .pedal h]"orical ",,'Iool .'"
,,oino. ,,:rl brief >on (15 :7- 8)_TIlI: 'he f;oc, ' hat Abijah do:fe.tro jeroboam in b.uk (2 Chr n: 19) .nd 'he n umber of Abijah'. ",·iI",. and d.ughter> (2 Chr Jj :21), '" The Otronider ~'oul,1 >« ' ho", t",o detail • ., dil'illc «com pome .nd would ,herdore regard., imp,,,,ible 'he (on, md k,0 '1' Deu'erono",;"k ...,,,.n,,,n' 'hat .-\b ij.h '""a:ed in;o] l 'he .im ,,-hkh h i, fat her did before him, . nd 10;' heart "'-•• no' ~'h oll)' 'rue '0 'he loRD" (I King> 15:.'1), n \U. _ "'hen the Chronicle, re~-orb 'he info,m>tk", from King. a nd in of 'he l ing> o f judah : . 11 'he ,~h < "".• .-d. Th< mom> ;n a.'p"' "
,u"" •I... a " "'" .;m...- "00 ;, 1"'"' on the reign of Jo»), cl ~ l (2 ChI 21 :17- 27), The im portaIKc of 'hi> dil- ~ .ion j, abo c'prc,,,,d in 'he >10')". "nK'U"', In K i ng. ,, ~ fir" pari o f j "", h', reign occnpk ••n not (0110 ..' in",,«Ii>«I), in thc beginning. prophc" are ",In>o.",i. h a nd ~"nl hi", . n,c "" prophet> arc (i<Tibcd t..·icc ~ once in. ge "cral ~-a)' - " he >e nt p rophct> "nong them to bring ,hem h.d to thc LOR": thc>< «"med agoin>! thcm_ b,u th.,' ..'o,!ld not gil'e heed" (2 au 14: 19) _ . nd oncc in thc .pccifie eax of ~--«hariah ,he .on of Jehoiad a 12 Chr 24 :2{)). joa,h', reaction '0 ~--«h"hh .d(1) in.nlt to injur)' - or ,icc ,-cr",: he ordel> th .. thc prophe' be "on«l in the Tempi< cou rt (2 e hr N :21 )."" Aller thc prophet! h,,-c becn >cnt. ",it.ble co " ""lue'Kc, of J"a,h ', eked, are dc;cribcd_ 1'hc Ar.. n> 1 'hc lory In ('.1",,";'1.
"'"'_ TI>< .""d.
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~ ..... " ,I>< p< "ory 01' ;.1" ....., t;k< too .. i Lt 'n ...., of ho, " .. m,,_ ALttx..gh 'h i' .. "",""'" don 0d< Chn .. ~1« bo- 'n ~ ul""' ,Iw- p.-'oc«. ju" "" ,Iw-" ,,"ox, .... ol y».h ;n'o """"~- 1 c.;"'K~' , p. ""'1_
",,,;1,.,,_
pcople,- , lld >ent all their 'poil,o ,he king of lJam,,,,,,," (~4:2j), ' '''' peo ple - "'hough ' he Ammc." arm)" had (ome ~'i 'h re,,· men, 'hc Lo"" dclhcred in'o ' hdr h",d, ,·c ')' gre .. arm )'. he""u>c ''''')' h,d for»ken thc loR ". 'hc C ",I of 'heir fa,hc"," (14:21), and the king him,df - "Thu, ,h",' ""ccutcd judgmen' on Jo .. h" (H :N), In 'hi> w,y. ""cry' , inner i> p .m· i>hed for h i, ,ill>, Ho"',,,'cr. Jo»h comm i!> t",o ,i tll: he for~,k YlI"'" . i~n o n llg 'he p rophe!>' indic' men'. and he i> fc->p"mibk for 'he de .. h o r Zechariah. ' he >on of Jehoiada, Thordore . he it p Lmi>h"d ,,.-ice. OI>h, " he)' dq,arled from h im. k "'ing h im ","erd)' "'ouooed""10 (2 Chr H:N- 25) ,nd oncc 1»' mean. of hi. o~" ",n."n" - "hit >en-an" g.in" him h«a" ", of 'hc blood of 'hc of Jd>oi:tda 'he p ne>l .• nd '[C,,' him ()" hi, bed" (" , 25). TI"" 'he Chronicler . »",nbko ,nd fi" 'ge,hcr hi, dala fmm the book of Ki n~. ,nd (~her "",,,rcc •. He Clca'e. > >Ol~ ! ,'ruc'ure ~' h "rcb)' 'he lifc of Joa.h «>lilie, 'hc inc,;'able rok of di,;"e jU>lice in 'hc cou ne of h i"o')'. \11>dcn '. an,l nothing c"'""pe> h i. j""ice. Ju;'"e and pro"io:kncc alike ,rc ab .ol" ,c. (b) H LlInan moral rc-'pon ,ibili')' i, of p rime im po runce. ~lan become. n,."cr of 10;' fale: h i, >c,iol1> arc rpomibk for ..-h"",'er befall, him , ~l orco,·cr. ,he"" > wI1>;,'"n,I)' >lrc,>c. ,hal Cod', .c,iom arc '''''
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""". It I, ... oJ to . """..... , ;, m,..n' ..,. "!'mm >mng ,I-.< f""I'Ic' ( O>~ ). Th< ,,..,, log of ' xx _ ".mong II>< pIcorle to repc"t. the)' .1.0 "iolloni, h them: "II< ""nl proph"!> an ~>n g ,hem [0 bring them had to 'he Low: It"')' . d"",ni>hcd ,hem., " (2 Ot. 24: 19) . TI,e definition of 'he prophe'" ta ,l ., 'he call to r"Our nil deed,'" (Z.xh H),' " E,ckkl'. pruph~q' deli t"', th~ prophet a, on~ ~'ho w.. m, '" Like th~ watchman " 'ho,,, dutr i, i> ,,, w-"rn 'he I>ded. In thc bool of Ch ,onkb. the proph e'-' call to ,epcnta 'Ke ,ep,",ent • • n hi>tork..1 f>to')' _ .nd a lw.p in time. of en.i, - p,op h"" 'ppe., . nd (h.rge 'hc f>C'1'k or lin~ to ,don",'" In te' ''l> of fom m lat ion . " d ,truet",e. prophecic> "l»' b" ,aid to tal " t,,·o forn", Some of thcm wntain .n explicit call to ,cpent .nd reform. for ex.mple. "!lut )'ou _ tak cour.ogcl Do not let )'om hand> be ,,'cal , fo, )'Our "'()j l ,hall be ,c..-a,ded" (1 CIor 15:7).''' O,hers ",e,oIl" expl.in O\' ar" ,c.II)' no d iffe,en t from ,ho,e ,,'hkl, the Chronicle, him",lf include> in hi, n."atil-e:""
""""">0; ..
,"", d,II'", Ip"'"cu""" ,,·ah ''If''d (0 ('"' ""b', ·>d""", a"", "J. n_ B"~ . !'P- 7"'- ,''''-''''', .." .... , P. t<W. n . OM . '(7_ On ( . . problem, '" t hh ",,,e. "" """'g"""')' (/.:'''1'' p_ .,., :ond Co,.)· (1:,,,,,. p_ '"'). WeLL... ,," K ' "","'I«< ..,,(
(a-' , in ,,,>I i,),. an implici' coil to repcn' .... c. Shcm>bh .ppe. r> '0 be rd>!ing f.. ,. ",h, n he prophe,k.. "Th", "p 'he U)RI>. You hal-" . b."doll«! me.,.., I h,,'( .b.ndon.:d )0" '0 the hand of Sh i,h.t ' · (2 Chr 12:5). ~. ah him. he ~-ill fo"ak )u" (2 Chr 15:2). The ,'e')' ion.of Jehobda ""p. "Wh)' do ),,,n (mn ,!!""" the commandment> of (he I"':H.". >0 ,hal rOll can no' p ro'I,a? Bcc:ou>c )'00 hal'e f.onal en the Lot"', he )", fo.-.al en ~' o\\- (~Chr 1i:W)_ he i, not cx p lai'~ ing the ,i'uat~m, li e i, c')'ing out fo r change, The prophe' """ ( to Am .. ,iah apI""" be ..,king a que"ion - "Wh)' h,,'e )'OU rc>orted 'he god. of • people. ~'hich did l~ " ,lcliYe, their ' ....·n J>C r«ei.-ed .. "Kh. Speed"" of ,hi, ')P< arc not que"io", or analpe, of the ,itu>tion: 'heir re.1 pur!,,»" i.! ,hange (he ,i,uation, 11,.0 Chronicler :illo mention> prophet> ,,;t hout qu",h' g (hem , It i, tal en for gran'ed ,ha' t he"" prophct> ","en: >cn' to hrinS the people )",d CodY ' We >ce ' he im pu"aoKe of the prophe,',.-ok in 'he fau 'hat (he "-:iI)" in ,,-h ich the l ing and pcpk react '0 him In.>)" hal-" • detmen' of Hanan i the ICer i, the
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'0
'0
'" d ir«t cau,", of A,a", iline" . nd. ult imatdy. h i, death 11 Chr 16 :lOtf.l, J = h i • .,,,,,,;,,> g"c .in :'" "but the)' kep< mocking 'he ",c • .ellg'" of God. ,bpi.ing hi, word,. a nd Kotflllg" hi, p rophe .. _till 'he "'· ... th of ' he LO R[) ro>< again" hi. peopk. till ,hm, "'-.. no fCl>ln: "Belie,'e in .he 1..01bli.hed: beli.,,-e hi. prophet>. ""d )'OU ~'ill.uc<eed · (2 o,r C>Q:W), Wi.h .hi. delibe",'e I"''''phl"'= of I.. i. h ( h a 7:20), 'he Chronicler .....:mfor "" belief in proph"!> in.o a n co>Cl" i.1 of religion> fa ith'" and. in doing >0. de!",,,, fro", e..-lier ,'ic~', o n propheloriogmph)' mel"ion> ntan)' prophet>,'" in term. of 'H)(~og;'. o,rOl,;,tk 1''''1'10.0'-' do rcocmbk .I\< k;,,,!!', .. , .. ,,-yo ,,_ t .). " ;, no< ,19_:W: 14); Sh< .... w,,1>< prupb - diifcrcn""" in ~'h>l ,1>ou r« of 'he phcnomcnon in Chroniclc>? be om',ou>. The "al l repenunce i, 'hc 11,e a",,,cr "ould appaero",,>o,'a ""n", of thcm fronl 1;,.",, 1 to Judah ., ,he need >ri>,"" H" a l", ,ncn ,ion, pmphc!> ""ho do
"'•. ""uf"",nn , &I;p.. . m . p,,17, "Th< prophet> ~-c'" u nlno" " in hi> ,i"..:. "'C om>! ,,,,,ume th>! the Otronkkr wa, .".."" of ,hem b,,, mode a COIl"'OoU> di"inc'ion bctwcOlrcb»ical prophcc)' of cb"ical and included only the lau« in hi, work. The mall)' prophecy '1' ''Md b)' (he Chmnickr. particularly in h~ ' I>c«hc •. '" pnJ\'c hi, f.miliarj,)" ".. j,h this lgn ificantl)'. tll"}' do no. iochKk 'he prophetic call to In\., '0 hL, 'ocL ...,,,, In KL"Il': "" "'uf· ""nn·, rum .... "" . ...,,~ . p. "". ,'- "-' I. J,,,,m"', «<m, !o b< 'octud",h I L61. " Ch,
'I]" ,.«1 ",.
" _ ,),13). ... , , ch, ,"_ "" {Ig The.< ..-.. ,I>< mo< 1 _-">u, q""""''''. nm b ' ' n "Th< 1-",,,,,,,, Sl he ;., do;, , ~ or intolld, [0 do and pro"ide the "I>pOrt " n;' ), for l"Cc<m.id! " '! ~.", forb idden , tllU>! be warned ill o«icr to amid ' " )' ch.nce of error. It """ t he d ,")' of "jme ••,,, to ".,m • I""entia! .inner . ., ~ !. , incc an)" oon· ,ict~>n requ ire. two ~i tnc» mu" be gi,,,,,, The ~'itne"". ~''' n ld be a> ked in court if thc)" had nrncd the ac· "'>cd and ir he h> and mling the work!. Go d intcr>c l> wit h H i. I"'ople an,l Ui. ",'olld ""cording to the ume p rinciple. "" In thj, C""'. the pri'Kip le i, termed · 'a!Mmh ."'" TI,e R:thbi•• »nme that e\'e~' proh ibitkm mentioned in the 1'".telJ(h t~·o cle ll lCll": ",.. min g . :nd pu ni,h ment, The To ... h not con.ider dc. 0( oI~ " "e ju""'< onto d,\'in< b.,..,..., 1>0"",,,. ,"on."!:' ,I> forth " 'pliei. prohibit;.,,,, . regarded .. -"·d rnin IP"' -You ,hal l Il(~ m",,\c," (Exod 20:n). The pm!> ;bi.,o" .honklll(>t be inferred from 'he pnnil hmc nt: • !",,'ential , inner m u" be gi'"'' a n explicit "",mi ng, '" The ~Idih.. re»om in 'he •• m e " .. ~' . nd 1001.:> forthe ~-arn i ng: "We 1»,-< heard 'he I••" "' I (~' lou, ,"'C ha,'< n,,' hCd,d 'he " .. m ing,· '" T he", arc """b,d fon nu]', ion> which (kn~>n"ra'c ,1\>< the principk "'-. . . b",ma, oo...ic to legal thinting. Whenage. f",- i, i, ... 'd: · Ther< .hal l not be fo.. nd among ),"" a n)' on< ~'ho bum, hi. >0" or h i, d augh' er a. a n offering . .. [» ,d bec.UJc of ,hc", . bo minable pr.oc,kc. 'he InRI) )"u r God "drll',ng ,he m ou' before )'OU (Deut IS: 10- 12), '1> i, IK»>ibk. 'he n. ,h .. Scrip'ure 'mp'>!'C.I a p uni>h· men' ,,-i,ho .. ' ~" rtl i n g ? 1'-:0. it p rol'idu. "'''rn ing a nd aftcr.'",d, impart. ,he pnni.hm< tkc.> the LOR!) )"onr God i, dri,-ing ,hem out before )'o u: R,bbi Simen'" sap : 'Thm ~' C >« t il>! the C.na:",;,,,. were warned .bou t ,he>< p ""'tk. , ine< m.n i. not 1',,,,i. h«1 u ntil .ftcr he has be aclnl P"_ ,u'"ptoowiy (n "~ ) and .. i!fencd Iheir neck a nd did nO! 00.:,' thy co,,~ mand m ~nl>· (Nch 9:16): eo'Kcrning Phar=h and the ~ g)l' t bm: "T hou d "hl perform .igll> and ~' otl(kr> agai"'t 11,."",h and all hi •••,,''',,'' , ,,d
1....1' 0( R AUn_!t ~·OU" ",om ,,,., ,to< .. m< mob"," to '~'O of R_ ,uein', ""","nn_ '''''- ,",,,,, ,,, .1I>ofr"", ~ "'. "'- .'k< . L"" """,,u, .... ......, 9,", ..... .-_ .-.m.d 1'1>"- . ·ah " " '1" pI"8"". In ,r., loop< ,... , I>. > ~n"'" ,on"," b< pu ....... d W>k" to< J.. , """n ~d . 1 , ",ho had ~••m cd the m in ordc, 10 'u rn ,he m back '" ,hee .. , . And ,hOI, d ie('}' in 'he book of Chn", idc> ,'" Au gencr.ti fo n nuia'ion. i, '1'1" "" in 2 Ur 2~ , 19 , The I..oRl) >en ' prophel.> . mong ,he m '0 h'i ng ,he m b.d '0 I'lim ' 'hC)' ",lmon"lt<XI ,hem (ll ~ lTlI'l) bu, 'hc)' wo uki , ~ ~ 1")" heed" (~J I 'S). Ho,,'c"I". ii,. , ion in ,,-cnl>. it> " . ",forma,ion in'o an h;,'o,ic>l .-.:>i i')". The U"m k kr belie",xl ,h .. , he h i>torie>i " 'e ,,l> dc>crihcd 'hc prink , Ike.",c of 'heir " 'pe"ed call! '0 rcpen" 'Kc, it ;, .1",.,-, l ~ w i ble for puni,h men ' '0 be rc>e" " kd , Righ' before ' hc e" d of 'he J oo""" mon.rch)'. Jere miah ;' >e n' '0 ",,,m Zedeki.h: i, i. nOl ''''' Iat< '0 repen' and be ' pared , >0>< Ou thc ,'cr;' ey'ruClio n. " od ">e n'
~ ;ng: ndm pttribute. m""'ge. of ,,·.. rning to 0, 1\100d King U,,;,h. and oaK! ,,, him. 'Il i. nO! for )"0", Uuiah. to burn inceme to (he LORI), ,Go out of (he '.'KUla')': for )~U h."" done ,,-mllg" (2 Chr %: IS). IkLdJah call. upon tho", Id, in lhe NOl1hcrll Kingdom ,flor it> do"'Ilf>IJ to repen t:·O f'«' pl< of I.",el. ret."n '0 'he I..oR!). oI.e God of Ahrnh. ,n. I>oac. >.l.d hr.ocl .. . Do 'l(~ no~' be "iff-r>C,ked a. )~ur father> Soc,,'e 'he L()~" )"Our Go d. ,h .. hi> fierce . nger n ..y 'um a"... )' were from )'ou' (2 Ch. :'>0:6- 8), King Jmi.h i. ~.. rncd not 01.1)' b)' Iluldah , he prophe'e,,_ bu, .130 bl' Ph ....,h t>;eco '0 abandon 'he "'... (2 Ch. 3~:~ 1c'2 ).Joab', word> DO\'id ongh' be understood "'. ",.. rning - ~'hi,h woukl npl~in 'he ehange in ph ..»ing: · Wh)' ,hen .1~)Uld m)' lord "'luire ,hI>, Whphould he bring gu ilt " po n !>""d, " (I Old I:",), ". Bec.u>c lla,id ignore. 'he ",.. ming, he i, puni,hed immedia,ely .fter 'he cen,u. h .. been 'aken: "Bu, God n. di>plg.
'0),,' of rcpcnt." u i. qu ite de.,., Rq"'''lancc lo., . t.< 1"''''''''0 change dc",jnj". pcr..on,l , ,,,1 na,ional. It contain. onl)" ,~.., men.;om o f Y",m', >an i, ,n,>ler of hi. own d f: God ', 7h/;ngcf.-lfa" Cortain cpi>Ode. ill t),e Chronicler', hi"orical nan--.,i,,, do not confor m to hi. \J>lw.l ,'k,,' of d ivine re!ribn,ion. IIdor< ~'c exam ine 'heir plxc in hi> ide . of h i"or),. • pn:li mi run~1' look a' ,he Ch roni"ic concep' o f war - " 'hieh oecupie, ,n i"'portal>! plac< in ' he book - i. in order, According '0 the Chroni>lic ,'ie,,' of hi"o')' and retriootion . no' on l~' 'he .herma,h of " ,or. bnt """ i,,,,lf i. 3 pnn;, hm"n" ' he .b",ncc of "on i. (o",i(icml • r"nrd, A.a. roiK" p "wick •• n iilm t r.uion. !luring ..\.,a'. t'
from l~'~' on rou ,,;11 h»'e (2 Ch r 16:9). - An exami",,,ion of t t.< """ de,it. ren. l> that thi> p rincription . 'n", tx~) k di>tingn i'he, t. I'Lm hhmcnL 'n ,e", "".'" include:
'''''0
(a) the ~= of Reuben. Gad. an(1 ~ b na»eh alr'""'t the Hag";«. (I Q" 5: 18- 22):(b) all of j)·.,·Hf. (la', 11:4 - 6: 14:8- 16. 18- 20): (c) SoiOI!U"'" ~'" .gai"'t I lamath-IDbah (2 Cll, 8 ::1): (d) Ab ijah', ~'ar again" the ~ () rthern Khlgdom (2 ol, 1:I:2ff.): (e) til< "'-'Ir of ,\ hab and Jd,o;loal'hat again st R.moth-gilcad (2 ol, IS):'" (f) Amallah', nr alr"in" Edom ( ~ Ch, 2}: 11- l 2) and again" J= I\ king of brad (1 Ch r 25: l 7 - 24): (g) U"hh', "an of conquest (2 ol, 26:6 - 8): (h) Joth.m" ~'" ag.in" the ,\ mmon it (2 Ch , 27 :5),
"'a,,
(2) In otilhment: ", nall),. the", " 'an a,c purtrarro., direct di,-;ne inten'ention . The)' i"clu(ic: (a) ligb th-pik""" ",. agai n>t Rc nbcll. Gad. and ,\ Ia" "",h (I Ch, 5:2:; - 26):
""'. ':"n'r." '''I! -"" ...., "') ",..,-" ~'''h "l"'" ";M ,-." ~ ,~, - {l"" ... - """" --r>< """""1 ., • •"''''l''''·;'-< .·hIlh ~«"' ,h! Joa>h (2 Otr N:?~ - N), (e) 'he ""r of Am tn. brad. e' .1. ag:oin>' Aha, (2 Otr 28:5- 8. 17- 19), (f) 'he camp. i ~" cond uc'ed 1»' 'he king of Eg)p ' and :-':ebuch.dnczlar of l\.'l»l"n" up '0 'he con'lne" of Jud.:th (2 Chr 36:3. 6- 7. 10. 17-1'1).
TIm,. llte cOlbe .u.eked. I'e, we find four ,,,ep'io,,, to 'he I.ner mlc : ' h ~ at",d b)' Zerah 'he Clli hite (1 Chr H:9 - 15 ( H~b .. 8- 1'1]): 'he ""r bet",'een A.. and lIa'a,h. (2 Otr 16: 1- 7), 'he ~to ab i tc.· Ammo ni,e;' ~-ar 'W.iru' Jn nla)' be co",~kred cardc".!Il~". inco",;'tcn')·. or a ""'" of ,-erb",im t ran>mi»ion, ho~'",'er . whcll the phenomenon recur> in reference 10 imro'lan! ",'ent> - >omc of ""phn"'ioll i. required, 11, i. ""plan"ion 'na)' be fou nd in ' he (O " familiar ., j,h the K1c. ,ha t IULman being' ",,,rr ,0"'tcd by G(~!' Whe n he dc>cribc, in delai!. ther< i, no need for him to prmidc a ,kf",;,;o", onl)" in (hi. ,-"nc. which t"",m;t.. the h>rcn c.",,, ,i. 1>. do ".., find the phenomenon ",,"mari=:!: "in " rdcr to lr)' h i" , and to know >lI,h .. ~~ in h i. he.,,: In " jn!('. ,hi, cpi>o> W:! i, ' 0 ,""e "whe'her )'0" "Ollkl keep hi.> command ,nen". or no'," fl owe,'er. 'he con"ua ndme u " a rc n o' e,'e n men,ioned in 'he SlO')' o f flcLcki.h, I, n,. ~, be ,ha ' 'he king" rc> '1"'","" """'" mol.,
It ,",,' , ....
,I..,
1"""' tq;n, " '" " ' tr dol • . Tho , ~"
mOd"' him Ilow_ In , .... . Gnd
",, ,k',,·.
",",",-,,,,'n.,,rt, "'"
!""''''',,....
'" .tcd ("'hen Hc«ki.h ..id ... 'The word or the LOR!) which )"ll h"-,, 'PO ~Cll i> ~ood ·· - 2 Kjlll(> W : 19). or pcrh,p' God ..b loc. '0 Ie>! (he " ' tm! of Il cLCki>h', fai th and InJ>' in Him. In either C""". ,I", con "'h i,h rcprc",n! trial. Iw >r.1 fi b,e and faith and 1m" in God . In ..\.,a', 'gain" Zcmh ' he e m!> ;." a nd 11,"',h. king of hrncl. the ""enO> lhcno>eh'c . 'Uggc>l a di" inc te", 'The ~"" arc nO! pcn:cil-cd in lern" of retribution. nor ore tlle)' d!,ong army. Khlg A",', Ixoh.";Ollr j, ;rrcproad.ab lc: he P"')" (0 hi> God. n p r< .. i n~ perk« for d i,';ne "" i",nce (2 Chr 14:11 [lkh .. 14:10)), S."c <J>ough. God a",,.-cr. hi> p",)"er. and A", c njop compktc ,ie(or,. (w, 12 15 [I I-li ))_ t\o c ' p l",." ion i. prm ·idcd. but t he implicit IlIornl of the .OO~' i. "b,-"'u • . Onl)" perfcct fai th ,, ,,d tru>t in God can guarantee 15: 17- 22. I).trillg (he coune of 'he ",.r . .-ha appeal> to 8cn-h,d"d. the king of Anm , for =;,,,,ncc a nd, ",'i, h 'he lauer'. help. n!>n>geppear> to ,h",(i>< Apo'"'),ph• . A"",",!: ,I>< d;ft·.,.,,,, bct_"..., ,I-.< ,_,,;. ,I>< r"" , ...... ,I-.< 'poc"ph.>I " ... d".., .. ~ In~I '"d. the " m)' of ' he king of Amm h", c"'"t>< pu ,eIkd 01> ' he [-')RI>. he gal-" ,hem i",o l'om hand" (2 Clor 16:7 - 8) . TIn" it become. cle .. th" ' he two w,m were intended ., • te," of ..\.>a', fal,h and lru>t in Cod. 11,,, l ing passed the tw . but not 'he .."ond. E,-en t}wugh the "'" .. arc ,kKribcd objct. and Scn nxhcrih', c .. mpaign Ie", IIe,dbh, 1\olh k in~. P"" ,hoi, te.!> ... i th !Iring colOUr>, The)" c~l'rc" 'heir ccc"ion of the . IlC· (ceding ling. Thi •• itll""ion in itself i • • tc>t for c > > d;tt'''''n' ')l'" 0< "" ;n , h .. .....,., b< h,,' ,"u ond ""''''''',,''' ...., "",,,...,,,," b< ;' og" "",,< ""'''''' "'" ,·ttn ,II< ,I>< _'rl!< '" fin',,,; procmc (omrc'l>ato for 'he mi.de«h of 'he b · 'her. '"' . Ild "ill ()~,or, menol)" f(~low in 'heir f. tl",r', [oo'"el''' Ye' in e,' er}' C"""". ""ch king i. ,,,,,'or of hi. fa,c. l"du(ling 'he co,,,,cpt of 'e'" in ,he [""""",'0,1 of. h;"orical oll,k",l .,or,'a '~'() pu q>o>c •. On the one h .nd. i, e mpha.iLe. tha, hut",,, fnoc ~ill cktcrmine. 'he counc of nenl> , On th(' othCT. i, >ho~', t h" ,here;' • p]xc [or mlu ll',,')'. ,,)',ereign dhine actio", 'hat ar(' n(~ controlled 1»' rub of rn,.rd and p.. "i,h",ent, God rctain> Hi> frcedom of >lk cOrKep' of God ,IIggc'" ' hat ' he ,ciation.hip bbli,hed 1»' one .pceinc lob'o,k . l ""I: ,hi. fciatk)ll,hip . • n in 'cop le .nd de'c,min", 'heir fat< for b dut), 'onrrn '",Kl. Although .he bool d(>c. not pro"iJ'
Lt,.."
I'''", ,",1._,,> \'00 k >
u""""....., th~"""
.. ' .., [..
1 geneml cXl' rc»ion, . including:
po';'''''' -
''''0
I. "doing "hat;' right in ,he .ole> of ,he II )R'" (2 Cit, N :2: 23 :2) or "uialio'" , ueh ., "doing " hat i. good an d right" (2 Clo, H:2 (li eb .. H :l l ])o. "do ing ~'h" j, good alld right an,1 faithfu l" (2Ch,ji :20) 2. -"·d lking belo,... rEl " " - (2 ell, 7: 17) or. -".,Iking in ,he war' of y",,.,." (2 Ch , 6 ::1 I). ·~-a ll ing in rElw, ( , I.",'" (2 C h, 6 : 16). "".a l~in g in Y"WH', wmm.nd,ncn"" (2 Ch, 17:i) ... " I "o,dering o,"e ', wap befo,e YHWH " (~Ch , 27:6) ~_ "..,.,kil,S Y"'\'II " (2 Chr 14 :'1 _ 7 [Ikh .. 3. 6 [: 15:12: 17:4) .nd ",cc ~ins out y",,,,, ', eo"mou,d""""," (I CII, 28:8) -I . "oh"''''ing the >!,,(ute, .nd the o,din. ,,< ""pr,»;"n, arc u>Cd '" • ,uneLm!. or fixed. «m" At time>. " tiC cxl'rc»ion ha> a number of mc.ning •.• In othcr C'>C', more ,h.1l 0'''' c~p,c"io " mal" k u>cd '0 (om'c)' ' he .ame mcaning. ( of (he " a" d.nl c'pr=ion, arc ,alel> from Klurco. in " ing> a nd , ... " ,fcrrcd ",jlh mitIOr ' ill (he Chron icler". origi n>.1 pa_~c.' 11\0 ","urco. of tloCK u>age. arc no. u nifonn: >ome wen: infl uenced 1»' other " ... ta of biblk.] u'"gc . .. and o,he" .re ,h.r-""'cri,,k of 'he ChrOl,icler',
1'"".,,-
• . I'" , ""'"'F>", ''''''kio,; I""'" I h.. ,.... H","cd """''"''!! of _"'' '0,; roo- de '6, 1 ~1 .. ""< ,.-.1: n,..,o< ,"'!!'.... , C1.- , U, 7 \ " :'. 61; ,,: ' t . " . I .L'" ,';>4 , nu ....... "I ,00 "«pong I'II~ " -' Ilk LI 11,;, ,-arie'), of ph ra",ologr , ,,d Iitc"''1- influclKc doc. "o[[estifl' 10. dil-"n; ')" of ou, k>o k or po"iblc ,! be ,,'ol">h iPI> « p re»I;' forbidden. " .-\ ."ie,I)' monothci"ic out lool wmide" the ,'cry accc l ~ancc of the rcalit)" of other W~l> a n offence .gai",' belief in Vtl W". " HO"'CI'elitc prohibi· tkm ' gai"'t ""Of.hil>p ing other god. i. no' ' kpcnden' o n a nkmOlbci"ie ,ie,,' of th i••on: it .bo >tem, from the eue ntially "",,1u>iI'e ",,' ure of it> religi,,,, . ,1d from the ,.,",re of it.> God . ...-h" i, .jc.lou. God." Scholar> a rc not ' l(lccd ., to the exte nt of idol.,,), d ,,,ing th e f-u,>t Connnon,,'e.lth. it> form. or it> .up porter> and promulg-",or>. Ne,'ert he · leu. the "rillgent l'tinging conden",.' t~m in p rophetic and hi>toriographic:ol liter.""e ,. "'~C1' tha t 'he probk m pbgu ed both ru ling cia .. a nd general popuLl'\on ," When the book o f Chron icic> " ... "'ritten. the ",'ol>h ip of fore ign Wid. ,,-,., no longer an i»ue in I,meli'e rdigion, Ancien' pagan i" H"cll<e had di»ipatro .• ,Id the Ilell" ,htie p ag-." ren"i.~,,}(e had ",ot ret <mClged, " 1'- Such., -.«L;ng Y" WI! {ood. '~ , t , pp. ",,_,It, .;,-hrod" ~ , t, pp "1_''', '6. ".- «.mpl the boo. of King •. he de.bte. tmm the .to~' in King" in hi, n .. nti,·e. both the faet> . Il d their interpretation to .. ), differ, TI,e m l >ct,,'ccn the t"o monarchic. i> the ui>!erKe of "Jerol>oon1' ,i " ,' in the No 1th. According to the red "'tor of King', the cult of the c:ol,'Cj con . ti",«, "doing e"il in the 'ight of a nd all the I>rncli« king>. including tho>< "" ho c. n ~ p" i~,ed agai n>! Bul worship , are therefore deocr;hed ., , ;nful, " :-':e,-er· thcle". the dewcc of . infuln o" orth· em kingdom." In King., the monarch, of Judah .ro ..",»ed .ccording to t ~'o. eo",i,· to,,, I)' d;'tioct. criteria. -n,e fint i. the " 'o "hip of other god, . • " d the ICc · ond, ..'on hip ping Y""'Et .. the "high place,· (m'D)." A compktcJr nega' >ight" i, r"",,,,,d fo r king> ti.-e ...,,,.ment of '( ~ )ing " ,;1 in during who>e reign iclola"T ~".., p r>hip "did ...-hat ~'a , right in the e)'e, of YEt"'t t." In their ea>C. the "",o"d criterion i, .pp lied: did thel demol;,h the h igh plac? The continuance of .uch . ita. '"though . ,in, did nO! detr..:t from a b,,,icall)'
161 I"',i'i"e a»e»men," Onl)' '~'O king> , Heze kbh andJo,i.h . arc prahcd Ull re",,,'ed l),. " TIn". the most >.in in I,,,,,,,t". hi"OI)' i, idoLl,'1·. "hich. >«ord· ing to "ing>. held ,~.. )' in J udah ,hiring Ihe pcrio, !!: from Solomon '0 Abijah. Jcho",un '0 A'haliah ..-\h;u· reign. ~1an.,>ch '0 Amon. and the [a>l king. - Jeho. h" to 7.cdd iah. In be'".-ccn. 'hac " 'ere four paiod , " 'hen it~ )I.''1· wa, ""fged and 'he ndu,i,"pre.(r'· .nd peni>!' in'o t he reign of ,-\b ij. h ( I " ing> 15:j). un,il aboli.hed in the (our;c of ,-\»" and Jeh o.h.ph .. •• p"rgc. (I "ing. 15 :1 2- 1:1: 21:-17). For· ciS" ,,"o.-.hip i, "" nmed d uri ng the rcign' of Jeho ram. Ah.,iall. and Ath· .liall , ~' h o arc .-elated '0 'he king> of hr>el. and 'he iodola''l' of thi, period h in fact te",oed going "the ~'a)' of 'he king> of l, raeL •• 'h e h"",", of Aha!> had done" (2 "ing' S: IS . nd 8:17) . .-\pp.m"I)'. 'he rcferert of Joa.h. AmaLiah. Uui.h. . nd
"0 1')' of Aha< inci",k, .t.c ,im .>cribcd Rd~~>Oam. -,,-.lIking in 'he "-.l~" of the king. of Im.d : .nd Imrning hi> >on a. an offering (1 King. 16:.'1 -I ). TI\e f,~,,' h period, ,h .. of ~I.n ..",h. i, (he no",' ",,,,re :'" pagan deof ,.,,,klu, origin. eo,ne'o d,~n i n>t" I> ... di'e rdigkln. , ,,d C.naani'e II",,] and A,herah riIL,,,1 merge, ~-ith .\"~·ri"~int l ue,,,,ed ~-or.hip of (ek"ia! boob" We ",e the full ntent of thi, pbenon",non ~'hcn w" (ombiLLe the dueription of ~f a n • ..,ah', deed, (2 King> 21 :.1 - 9). 'he Ii>! of "ice. j ~"ged 1»' jo.i.b ', refor", (2 King. 2.'1;-1 - 7. 10- 12_ 2-1). and rdermea from prophetic te,U . part from (he book of King.," I( j , durinS ~lana>",h'. rdgn ,hat 'he 'd>1k>'''hip betw"ccO i, ckar (hat Tempk ~-or'hil' ".., not int=Mn t. ;n ' «"!"ng po,",,'. A",,;, nfi~' ;mp t l )..oo during ,I.,. "",;n of ,," .... {2 ~'"g'
""«,
.." "",,,,.ide King' abo conli"n thi. ,,",count ." In 'I\e hccount of hi •• in; in 1 King.H:n- 24 i. ",i"ing'" moreoyer, accord ing to 2 Chr 12:6. 7, 12, Rehoh1 th', M'" ~"",h ; p, ~ h kh b001 b"';'-'", ,h", "" J..., k;"lf' d" ,.,. ,d"".."
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",",,', 'cign I t ~'''1' " : Ill' "" """",', p. ,n. ,,_ Stt .... ",,,t< , 1Woi,.... p. ""_ Rt>doipt' ""'"""'. ~;,.to< to Clu-onk",_ s 1>«-:>"", of rmuir>< ,k'niorn'.", - ,he)' rcprc",n'ed an c"r"ordi",.,-,. m.ma~e .,e dc>cribed when 'he Ternpk i, n:.I'ored during J = h ', reign (2 Chr 24 :4 - 14). Chron icle>' >occoun' of (he Tempk rep.i.-. di!fer> fron, (h., of King. (2 King. 12:4- 16 (1kb .. ~- I;)) in m".)' rc'p«'-' . "T,,'o chan ge, regarding ,he work i(>l ,he repair> "ere o ,~)' hllCnded ' 0 rei" force 'he ,'",«ure ""here n< where"er an)' need of repair.. i. di",,,,'crcd" (", ~ (6): likewi", w, 6. S. 12 (7. 9. l~ ) . ele.), 110"'· JCrl'e d ''''-0 purpo"''' "'0 «"ore 'he ho"", of ' he !.ok" " (1 Ch, 24:-1 ) .nd '0 "repair." or "rch,force" (ym). it (" , 5). n.c ''''-0 pion> arc execu,ed b)' dilfcrcn, c"dr"men - ".nd 'he)' hired ,n.>OIl> a nd carpen'er> r.:;'ore 'he ho,,,c of 'he I_.okl)_ a nd aho ,,'orker.. ill broll,e .n,1 iron repa ir ,he OOo.,!>t" of ,he V>R"" (y, 12). Second_ (he (ex' ill King> makeo i, ,k., , hal (he gold ,,~I ,ih-crcoll_ ".-e fi nd 'he orp"';'c: "when (hc), hod fini.hed. ' he)' brough' (hc rell of 'he mone)' , .. and wi,h i( were noadc u' cmil, fo r 'he hou,"" of ,t..: LoOl). both for 'he sen-icc and for 'he burn' olfering>. an d d i. he; for inccn",. and ,·e.",,], of gold ."d ,ih'er" (2 air 2'1: 1-1 ), " TI,e", ''''0 ditre",,,,,,, Cl>nfom, Chronicko' of "'hal h,pf'Cned '0 (he Tempk in A(h.liah·, ,illll ;n fmm
... 1«1 '0 ,","n"'n ,r.. 'I<mpl beell king for I()n" ,im" hi, .-c'gn d"", no' beg,n "i,h 'ra",s" .. 'o " , n"", dC>criptOon> are nlC'" , u rpri,'ng: in 'he b, A, Kaufmann "P ' i, i, \'ef}' diffieu h '0 reconcile . u,h negatil'e epioodc. ""i'h 'IK- " ,ual ' cn(lency '0 glori()' 'he I)"'idic ",on,."h,," Both kingo arc led a"rol)' nnda <x'anal inn,,,,ne.: at >ome poin' during ' t.m. A. ,",c haye >cen. the altered deta,;, mar be cxl~' i n"'l 1»' ,t.< need '0 prtra)'
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." ..... FJu-'~ " . .If,l"; /:,·Pf>n< kJ"l! " om h " ""." P'''''''';''' ~... ro< ,"" »Urn' 0/1'",">1" ,0. """" """';"11' 0(""",," ;"g "'" ""< "'_. """"'~ .M ,J.. >pp" ,,"d (2 c.h, m,,, 0. ,.... 'h l' Y< ,dk~" "'~ only to. ch'onoceonnt in King> i. regnla,ed b)' a Ul,ified redactional f'-An,e,,'or1: 'he r ar< ,k>eribcd a nd grouped .. cording ,,, (he criterion of fai( h fu lnc" to Y"WI( ,'e"u, ~IoI>lr). 'The book of Chro"klc, rdk> on ""en!.! in King> "·i,h",,. eo",istentir reta ining thi, f",mework. In i,. we reod (hat Jo .. h ';,,,, ~ing . ilmed - or ",>de np for h i. ,i " . The ... ne i. true of U"ial', ><e=lon , Hi . predceC»Or. Am.,iah, ,,·or.hip l>0"")'>1. to .ui, hi. particular pn'l>O":O' I·[owner. beeau", 'he nnbe fo m ,d cI",,,-hen:, (he Chronicicr dcrl)-ing Otka uniting hi • • «onn' i, d~l no' bo,her to 'rnthc.iLc (he "e,,' den",n" in an)' 'p' e n,a'ic, e",a,i,'e war. The w.. not ., importan , him., i, "-,,, to 'he editor of Kin&, . "ollo~-in~ 'he reign' of U"iah a nd Joth,m. idola(,}' re'ur", to Judah duri"~ 'he reign of ,-\haJ.. "'ho;, ,kl- ible for the ,ic"ruction of th~ Temple, In addi,ion to 'he . " the Chro nicler provide. lob o~'n po" ",),,1 . lld a.c-
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1'1'_ ,,'\61 .. ,I. Some >o tt o f · ph.",", .fie, ~lana» ptmi>hed. hc humbb hi,,,,clf "greatl)' before the God of h i> fatl >c"" (2 Ch, ~3 :12), and follo".- ing hi> ,eturn fmn' ""ptivit),. hc P" '8 'he Temp le of the idol •• nd aI'ar> he him>clf had introduced (1 Cit, :n 15 - 16), " AIhng> ~'''h me"'",n> , .. , ~'I=d, 1"PP""nt ~· ,I>< ,,",ult 0.f'''''' l>OU , ,", W; " ct. , ,":8 _ " .",,'" " , ,8): ,n . • , "1'1""'" (0 K.,,J 1' ~ 1 ,10< ot'or of , .... Loo" .,.., of_ f««1 upon ~ ... ,;fk .. 0.- 1"'>« ,>11;'';ng< ,00 0.- 'ha nl ,~',· Ong ; and .... of .I lan"""h a nd An ~>n . TI,e Chron'''ic ..,coun' of 'he la" king. of J udah;' nlre",dr bd d.'"" Perlm p' tha t i, wh)· the co"uuent "hc d ~1 "h., ""' e"il iu the ' iglll of the I.O R"" h .. been o mi"cd in 'hc ca>C of jehoahaz but n:ta'ned concern.ns the o, her k.ng. (2 ClIr -'6:5. 'I. 12). II)" ",C"' " of a ,nino< . lte .... t .m' to h ., >ourc ' of 'hc Chroni" ic ex· p" n,'o" inmlye. thc ,.'" of h d ckiah and h., genemtio n : "Alt ' he Ie. d'ng and 'hc people like"';',, ,,·cre exc«d i" glr "nfa ithfnl. folio~·ins .11 the . ho"" na,ion, of the m tion>: and the)" polhlled th" home of the 1.0 RlI wh ich hc h :>c. in k« p ' ''S ~j th ,he princip le of ",,,ea>ure fo< ",,,,.,,",e; thd, dcoccmtion of the Tc mple jn,'ilies i" de>truction . lIo"c\-e • . the ",ickcctnc» of hddiah', genc",t;"n doc, nO! Hc in ~ Iob'')o·. although idol,,,..,. ;, ,uggc." ed b)' thdr po ll uting the Tc m ple ami "fo]]o"' ing the .bumi natK",,, o f the Harioll>"' mt hcr. 'hc pcupk·, "ubbornne" and 'heir rejcc'ioH of God·, pmphcII >rc rc'pomibk for 'hdr do"."fall . Chron icic> refc,", ,,, the ,i", of the :-':orth"", t.: .ngoom in t,,·o con tn": the ritu.t (callcd ~'''''' hip o f c.ty"," "")T>. an,l "no'1!0d,"") in"ituted b)' Jc robo.", alter the k.ngoom ~.., d',-idcd : .,>D .. 7. .. "1'1""''' ,,, " ~: ngs '''-I_ro. &< 'L e"""m••m. •Joo.'o u.. ' do, ,....«"""""......: 7•• ,1: '" 110. -'J. p< .oom'... """, .-Ib< of , "" 1>m pic. 00. Th< ..... of LXX 'PP"'" '0 b< prd'-"', ".00 .. ,I>< of J........ ... , II>< p_r....... ,I. p. '''': C". ;"!O. a",.d. p _ '"' _ 0'- • ch , 'H', "" .. 9. Tho ph"'" ........... ,.~. " ) ... 'N'" roo- ''''< ",,' ,,.- II", ,k"i,
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nyof 'he ling' of brad" rrom 'he ,ime of Ahah on" The p«>pk in hracl orc gener.oll;' cOI"idaed unfaithful to God . nd idobtrou> throughout 'hoir hi"ol)' (2 Chr .'\0:7: I Olr 5:25). although it i•• I".. p J>O>,ihle for theno to fc ,uat pheno ,,~ n )",,1 di .. ppe.red _!'r""li'e ''''-''l'CIlCS> of it" danger> had no", It i. ,hi. , ,,,, ,cnc>! ,ha' we find in Chroniclco. !·':e,·erthelc.>.> . the (Iuc"~>n of Klohl')' i. not., cent",1to Chronicle.., i, i, '0 King>. nor doe, it pro,-KIc ' hc narr.t;'·c', unirying ,hcme, '" 1. t he ,.,..e ill Kinti'" For, ",rk,)' of ",,,,on •. thc Chronider at'a, &,.ilo. .nd al timco ,he", ,h.nge. arc wri"en i" ,o, 1>hh, O> In other inst.nee,_ .he), arc .impl)' in,er,ed ~' i .ho ," .n)' harmoni,ation of the deKription.,. ,,'h(~e, it "'Och', reign mar h»'e po>cd a thrca' to this con 'inui')"
"on ",bli,lomen' and m.ill(crum<e of legitimate YIIWEI ,",o"hip_ On one hand, ,hi. i" .-ok-c. (he """",,,h nllming of Temple ri.u.1 >ccolding to ,he rulco .," (Io~" br ~lo> and lh,-Od: on 'he "'her. it 'he .tx~ition of >I", o'hcr form of """'" ritual - . nd. rlr" and (on:mo>< . the ,k",uction of'local place.! of ~"Or.hip. ",he high [>Iacc •.""
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.1. T/" l'rohibilio" agoi"'l lIigh Pia", W i,hou, e,"te d'lring t hc I'in' Con"''''n~'c.lt h until fo,bidden hy the hook of Dcu· t< ,_" "'"" Ind"cr;m'",«')' I"'= '0 ",,,,", ~od, lt hough u>u.'~' thc ",or.h ip it> I"'r",,),,' of thi, .itu.tion rdlew the hi>torkal rc>lit), the eountr)"" "Ilki>l form of wo"hip n,wnd L>Ctcd >t theTe mple in jem"'e"" .. "I the high place> , loc>ted in to",·", throngooLlt thc land , ~'erc u >C< !~' the p=pic, The king' >ceu;ed of ~'(>r.hipp i ng " thc high place> include Solo mon (in the pre--Temple I>Criod) aoo t",·o ""ickd l ing', Ah .. a nd .\lan»>ch , ,., T h i. ritu.1 i, pr=n' ed .. being legit i,,,,te in Solomon', tin",_ in keep ing ""ith Ikut 11:8ff.. to which) King' :I :2- ~ >en-e, ., cO ~'e rc p .rt o f Y"'>'tl worship_ The)" arc mentioned in conj,metion ,,-jth ·pillar> ,,,d A.herim" ond doing "accord ing to >I I the .oominatio", of the n.,iot,,· (I King. H:2~ - N: 2 King' )6::1--1 : 21:2 - j), Since .."h ritual obj""'" ~'c rc >I"" fou nd along,ide form, of Ymm " 'o"hip," this j' ''tap'»i'ion alone doc, not pro.'ide co ,,,lu.;"e Cl'it thc h igh place, ,uggl, ,ite>< two king. rna)" "'-.,,' it,,'c com'crted high pl..:c. dedi"'ted to y",>'Et into l"'lf'n 'ito>_" In thc book of Chronide •. " 'e fi nd that the ",bjcct of the high 1" ": not ment ion wor.hip of thi> tHoc dUl ing the pre--Temple rocriod (I King> ~ :2 - .' ), In>tcad. it 7L Th l' '".muL. ' 1'1"""'. ''''.... 'n'''' ~ ;,h m.. "" f>i< ~.< ...... ,I-." hOgh pi .... , ",,,,'U,"" it 'he ,i'e of the t.bemack erected h)" ~fo>c> in the ",ildcmu. and 'he bron« altar Imilt br Be,ald (2 Chr 1:~ - 5) , In thi> wnte" , t he tern, "h igh p l><e' mcrd)" indica'", the loca,ion of Ym",,', .. bemode," auon icko '"") o ", i" 'he reference to the b.. ildi"g of h igh I~"" during Rchoboa",', reign." and their erection;' fi nt a",ib,!!e. no high placc, uhtcd in j ud,h un ,il Jchoram'> reign, We abo fi nd a ckar d ilfcreoce regarding the formula ")"e' the h igh plxe. ,,·cr~ not uken a""a~', and the peopk "ill oacrifiud and burned in(cmc on 'he high 1'1",,,' In King'. it i. applied to 'h e reign> of .\>a.Jeho.hoph ... J""' h. Ama.liah. lIzziah. ond Jotham. In Ch ronkk>. it . I"''''t 'le,-er al>pCar:> - ,"'hough it ha.> no' been ddeted co " 'i>tentc n« i> om ittcd for Jo .. h , A,,,.,;'h. and U,~iah. The p",itil'e =mcnt - "h e d ~1 ~'hat ~.", tigh t in the .ight of the Low' - i. retaincd. albeit ,,'i,h KIn", no'e of rtruction , 11,e ...-onl. "'he high pl""e. (ho"..,,-er) "'cre nO! taken .""),, arc opplicd onl~' to .\,. an d Jeho>h'1'hat (2 Ch r 15: 17: c>O:~3). thollg\' in .he ca>e of t he bttcr. 'he ,-or", doc. nO! (ont i""e a.ccomi " g to the >!and .rd form .. b in KinS> b.. , in>tead end. "the people had nO! yet >ceo.. "I> of A» and Jeho,h'1'h .. i, problematic, At or " car .he eo"du>ion of ' heir "oric>. he nota that "'he
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miano •. "'" ,.... 'I'I",,..-"'e f'>""t!'" .. d l.. u"od ,,, R.... Il.u' &. J. Rol",,,. T.'P" ." a. "",~.,,, . U [Rom". "7' IJ. """......-. in t .... """<xt of ,._ ..... " ~ nd => ,,-.,,' ~,"' .., I'""''' ~ I' e/" I' P=''''''''
high plac" ,,'ere nOl ,akn ''''')'." )'C, at ' he beginning. he "at" 'hat ' ''''''' king. de"",),cd 'hc high ploee. (1 a" H: 3, i : 17:6), Where a. 'he entire wue i. ignored in ,he c."" of OI her king._ 'he Chronicler prm-idc, t..-o piece. of informa,i"" concem ing A", and Jeho>hap hat: in the beginning. we read 'h>! ,hC)' ren"""d the h igh plxc,", and at the end of the >to.-,'. ,",e arc told t hat the h igh puce. ~ue mainl>it>Cd 'huing 'hdr rdg>", The t~·o con""ent> are "'Iuall)' "",,"'k...... Sino:e. :occordins t" Chronicb, no high place.! ~'ere buil( u"til the n:ig>' o( Johor.. m (2 Chr 21 : II), (here i. no point '0 ""c of contr.t>ting monard" (Ilozcliah after Ah.,. jo, i,h after ~bn;",ch) that tho dc""K,ion of high place • ...-ould mak an)' JCn", in Chronicb (2 a-.r ~l, L j-l'~) _ n,e problem of logic inhom" in the double CO"'''l mal' be expl.ined - although not eliminatcd - b)" Chronicle>' dcj> ",urec. in (he book "f Kin g->. Reference> (0 high place> were ,lekted becan", of the 'I>«ial Chron;"ic ,·ic...- of Solomon aoo hi. , uecrlr.)-.I> of the", ,~'O king' a, ,eformer> wh" aboli,hed (he high 1'1> : Jchor>m ..-\h;u.. and ~hn a"e h " 1«t of hi. kad i" g Jndah in'o (hc sinful "..).• of Ahab', d)""'r (2 Ch, 21:1 1, 13). In 'hc ""'" of .\ha,. we read th,,' "in c,' ef)' cit)" of Judah"" ",ade high ploe", to hum inccn>< '0 o, her god." (2 Cltr 28:25), I" 'he c>>-c of ~\a"a"",h . til< high pi..:'" arc ",entioned al" n ~idc idol> and A.heri"" "and:ill hi •• in ,nd hi, fai ,hb ,m e", a"d t ho .itc> on " 'hieh he buil' high place> a nd up (he A,berlm and (he im>g< • .... (2 Ch, ~3 : 19). It ~'ould >-till ",uificcd >1 'he h igh 1'1> doc. not "'t"" monarch o n ' he b asi, of hi, . ,, ~ (udo h igh pi"""" in foct. it r.rd)' dioeu ,,,,, ' he "" Ita. The umptc n,a'", rubicc, - the (on.r>dk,o,y ,"(CUlm" .bou , A"" a nd Ji.,'cnc)'. it doc. ,hed light on 'he li«",'1- procc.., .. ~'orl in the tx~ )k of Chronicle •.
«,,,.•,i ning Tempk rituaL the eon tinuit)" and con,cd . The Otronicler dacribe, thi> for m of "m.h ip at length. and a fe,," p refator.,. mn. rh wlKen,ing met hodology",e in ord er befol"C "c exa m ine the . nbjcet iudf, A. in other >rca,. the Chro" icle r com'er' hi, ,ic,,-. b y ">Olllding the h i>tOl:ical " " ..atil-" in hi> 0"'" .pedal ""r. ret o n thi, " ' bjcct ill 1","icuJar. the di"inc tio " bet "''''''' pa.t . " d pre",nt beco me> b lurred. During t he Otron ider', time . "" Wit ",-o1'>h ip ,,-.., . Il ""abll>hed. t hri" ing rcalit~,. A. i. u>uall)' the e""",, " 'ith religion' t hought. eultic ill>titutk>n> np''C.>cd ' he continn it), be'"-",,n pa>t a nd Pl"C>.:» t. and the rc li ~om ~lcoIog)' of h i> 1> o..-n in_ " it" ,i"" . am i pr> '" the e " , I:w:~l imc " t o f principic> aJ,d rr"nc,,-o rb e",bli,hcd in the past , T he Chron icler', j>pccti"e bee.me bln rred. and hi> d"' O"'Tl term,_ -n,e Otm lli>tK I")rtrapl of Temple "o"hip .1' 1"'' '' to lta,-e been dctermil>t
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in con'empo,.... ')· m >len.1 u",d by d,e Chronickr and in 'he reworkin g of e. ,lier >omce., Th ird. (he Chronickr. po" ""1"1 "'•.l> infl uenced 1»' h i. pcr",,,,,] o pi nion> .nd I'"rpo', ~'h ich rer.. ,h ioned (he ni.(ing n",'eruJ .nd infonued h i. 0"'''' contr ibu(io"" &C. n", p.mlle" ore. for (he mo>( 1""'. '''''king. i( i, u p (0 u. (0 deduce from 'he book i"df flO ( o n l~' (he ""r~ Oil> h ;,torical fo und.. ,ion>. h ut a l>o 'he Chronicler'. intent ion, in rc"'O' l· ing (he", hi>toric.1 dal>.'" Ye( 'he hi>!o,), of I.m. (h., i, i, d iffi· cult ' 0 fi nd .n)' 'greed'" I'OIl ""' is for • hi,tori,al rcco"" m et.",'" ~'or (hi> rc»on , I ,hall "0' attemp' '0 n .m ine (he O\'c .... 11 'P" "l of Tempk ri,u.1 bu,. in,,,,,,!. ~'i ll CO'Ken' ra', on cCI'ain 'peeifIC .. peel> that ""if)' '0 (he Chronick r', "ic,," , (I) Wha' >trike. ' he reader of Chronide. imll",d i.teh'. .. ahn"" e,'en' >Iud)' has noted . i, the book', empha>.i. of 'he . uhjcc'"" It contain, ~ wealth of info,,"" t ion r'lr-'rdi llS 'he Te u.p k', cO,,", 'nK,ion (1 a"onide, ~ - i ). thc ~'a)' in ""hieh ,he "rI'icc ~.", condueted." and 'he identi'y a nd hkrarch)' of Temple min i"F.I" ".'" P.rtkul..- nen" ,,-,>;, po;Dl n""t 'n",,"'" , I>< Chron~",, " Itw.-. !", p. 102 1, Cun;qCA ... ..-J,." p. 7) no'''', "n.. o.,;to. " "",,=>«I "" ..... "'nc< to (:0 .... "''''' "'" t"" ""~, " ,I>< ,..,"!!" on ,oo;..t ' " I."" ,We ,h"d '" ",rh· ,",'mnd «n '"n' . , I"'"",. ..
'h C1: the grc>! ' al;o pre"""" ~ k,.bk information al:.:~" 'he Templc. >pl'.,en' ])" baml on a", hent ic Temple r«o, ,'" ,hi. infor",>!;on rocll''''' on onl)" >rc." (he w''''''K,ion alld ongoing m.inle""ncc of 'he Temple'" ,nd the fate of ju (rca." " e. a nd ritu.l "cuc!>," \,'ha'ncr ...-c l ,lO'" from King> .ho:M the Templc "" ..,icc. ill; ";'(,., "". and '" on. co tne, (0 u> incil' ill Kin~ •. ",eh .. 'he Ihl> of S!lr hierar!d. , d'""'.." ,-1< 1""P',,"on 0.- "0,1>_"n~ """"" 0< "",n ,"""'d, ,I>< < .. "" ,I>< 'n", ".,. ., < fon ;, .... ., d" hou",' _ ~ """,,,,,,~. PO""''!!- ,', ,, . do,,"'- of ;" " ".... protNo< .. , ... _' "'"l!'
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en'irel), dilferen, from ,h., of King', Chro" ick, j, conccrned prim.'-;I~' ~i 'h 'he form Temple ri,u.l 'ool . •,i,h il> org,mi.wJio" and impl' t~>n. ,, ~I " ot ~'ith the .. ", in thi> ",. Uer: he did no' "k",' the Temple'. intemal o rg-.n i"t~ )t\ ., •• ubjt. For thc Chron icler. ~'h.t ~'cnt on imide the Temple "''''' of crucial imro",nce '0 hrad', hi"0'1" The difforrrn, i,'e i. b.>cd on the ."u n'l~ ion th., cent rali,,· tkm of 'hc (ult ..... . bind ing prin (omtrn"'bli>hed , regula,· euhie rit ual .. the , itc of the a rk (2 Sam 6 :17- 1K . " d
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eM,,"'. 1'1'. I 100 t I 'J. ~' ,,~~h«d in 'he hoi)' of hoJk, (J Kin g> 8: l. 6). In addi!;"lI '0 thi. i"forn ... ';o". Chronkk> (lctall> 'he rok> of pti!> and l .e,-i,,,> (l Chr 15:4 - 21 ) a nd dc>c,ibc. ,he form of rilual " (he ten' (I Chr 16:iff.). 11,,, bo,k .. ~ (n"_ ~ and 15). The ""i"cocc of t,,~ rceogni«d milk .;, jm",cdiatd)' co ntr.dict> the .mm,,,, ion 'hat cen(rui,cd ~-or>hip ~".., .1"",)" a bindi ng principle. and the oacrifiu" t he high plxc in Gioom i, eo t"pktalcnt i. no' me ntioned in thi> eon'e~' (compare 2 Clo. 1:1:1 '0 I King. ~:I~)'" a nd 'he high p lace at Gibeon ."ume. a nc,,' .ign if,earKc ... i'e of "the ' doc. not eli minate the , imuitaneo onl)' >ong and (he playing of im' n un."lI" I.' "he appointed ec ,uin of (he L""ite • ., m iu i>ter> befo.e Ihe ... I: of the l.O k l)_ to inY,,",e, to thank. and '0 pTai", the LOR!>. (he Gl icl (he prie'" ,,"e.c blo,,' 'rumpct> .-.:gular~·. befo.e 'he arl: of tbe cow,.nt of God" (y, 6), Ritual ~'o"'hi p " t he te,lI "'1: place ".. each da)' retlui",,- (I Ch. 16 :~ 7 ) . a nd ".telccl"''''
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;. «.m""., k-hd" th., II.,. ch",,,", ""' ..."",1",,,,, ,h;, "O<w of G;1>tic r arc not I>ortt"'''~'cd in 'hi> context., precc,knu for a rcgul.u cui,. 'n,e tHO" d iffimlt and perh.p> nlO>t ,u'pri,ing thing .Ix ~" thi> dc-Krip' ion i, the YCrr i,ka 'hat a ritual compri> ing o nl ~' pmi'" and m,aic could"" comKtcred ,",o"h ip, The Ch,Ol,icler'. accoun ' of YItW It """ ,,hip ~i tho ut offering' i, incomhtcnt ",'i,h biblical \k~~ of ritual. ,0> We might po»ihl)' ••" i, a, 'hc e >rlbt ta,i,non)' 'hc in>ti\Ution of 'he ,)· nagog ue. fo.. nd in 'he Lmd a1ong,Kte the Temple an d >ening" a centre of rcgubr prayer."" The Ch ronicler', i ,,,,on'~>n' in 'he " "mth'c dc>erihing ,hi, >tage o f """hip arc no' re",,,,,lcd or full)' in'qra'cd in'o ,he dcoc ription a, a "hok_ Wc hal'e alread)' nowl the di>ag,ccment t",).. Whcn 'hc Tcmf>le i> completed. Solo,no" bring. the . 'l. '''''. a nd ,"e..,d, to Jeruoalem - .. "e read in Kil'g' (2 Chr 5:5 /I 1 K in~. 8:--1 ). II,,~',,-er . the .. bernadc and .Itar at Gibcon do no' 'I>PC>< in ,hi, eo n 'e~'. a nd "e ,,,,yer di",,,,,'c r "" ha' happen> to ,hem, tI» The Chronicler ''''hoed the tradi,ion of 'hc tabernacle ill ordcr to rcool,,,. tl immcdiate problem hu, faikd to in'egrate it into 'he n>r ..,i,-e .. . ",·ho!c. and the .ubpt "'-,,, tlot d",-doped fu ll)'_ (~) Itl Chronicle., 'he occond "age "f lla>id', inl'Ol,'c"lC'" - h i, pre!",mtion of cYc'Ithing .",,,,iated ",;tl, .he Tcmp le " ,-e it> ",,,,>I con;'ruction
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01_" , ..... ,"' 1>d ;, • ""'-''l' 0 ..: 10« ...... 0( h i' "'., In , ... ~. tI", C.tow,,""'" dOd ... _"" '0 ,J-..: ""_men,, cotK,m;ng """IX", (Ch ..... p. 1.1> Tiou,. """IX .. d id u'" 1"'pp< "",,;h' 0( "~""" 2~tf.) . • nd cnl;"cd 'he f'Copic', ,up l"'" for 'hc projc a cemu. of l.e" i'e. of the appropria'c age (I Chr 2-':-') "" .nd di"ide. thcm in'o fou, gronp' ~i t h "'pamte fum.io"" .\(0)\ of ,hem >rc '0 >en-e in 'he Temp le - '0 "h,,-c charge of 'he "'-OIl in 'he hou>eof the LOR''- (1 Chr 2~ : 4a): 'he rc",.i"dcr ,.-iIl be ollken .nd judges (y, 40). ga,ekeepcr> (", 5.) o • • inger> of p,.i", .nd i",'ru",enlali." I'" 5h), After t hey >re « ..",led_lhcir ("-wm~ ""ioll ill lO dil-i,k>n.;' ,,,en,ion«l (2~:6). follo~'ed by . genealogy of the 1.e,·ilie.1 hmilic> (2:\:6- 24) and" dc .. iled I;,t of 'hcir (Iu,ie> (13 : 23 - ~2), A ,uppicn",n' to ,he", Ii.... 'ogel her ,"'i'h 'hc inform>tion th .. 'hc l.e" ile. "co" lou' .mong lhe,mdye, _ ' p pcar> in I Chr N :20- .'lL ,.. The p,k>t • • nd ",micia", arc lhen di.~kd into ' ,,'en')'-iour group, 0" Ihe ba,i; of f.mil)' ,nd the ca>lin g of lou (24:1 - IY: 25). FinaU)'. the organiL>!ion . Il d dUlic> of lhe ga,ekeercr> (26: 1-19). ,.. Temple "c.. urcl'S (~6 :2 0 - 2S), . nd
omco" ,nd judge. (26::.!<J- n) ore n:i>«d, n.c en,in: >ceo"n' i, b=d on 'he ""' Llmp'ion ,ba' D.,·id organiL«1 'he Temple pe,-,onnd >«ording a ([«,ited plan p repared well before i, coukl be implemen! . • umption inform, 'he J"»'gc a nd unme. i" [),,'kl ,,~)~,II 'be m inu,ix of 'he .,,,,,ice in '" accoun ' ,nd pf(",~lcd hi! ,on ,,'i,h a bluepri n' not onl)' for con",uc,ion, but for ,.,o"h ip : "And behold 'he d"i,io", of 'he prb!> and the J ~'i ' c> for all 'he ,,:r"ice of ,he hou,., of God" (I Chr 28:11). An .»umption of ,hi. ~ i nd >!em. from a particubr " ...)' of 'hi t>ling, whicb m igh' be «rm«1 "Q pmm 'hough' ": b rad', i""i,u,ion, wen: r,o' producod h)' 'be hi>!o";",,1 re:ili';'. hu, 'he re',(IX, The)' a n,kipate h;"o')' - h i "ol~' i, ,he reali,,,km of 'heir .Ire>dr-<xi>ting blueprinL lI'e >ce ,hi. war of 'hinking in biblica l ],,,:'10 "'hik >!ill in 'he "ildeme». J>nel rc' coi,'",,' ,," of ""u<e 'he land h." been conquered . .-\1 ,imc>. 'he p hrn.ing of a la ... dh. h", gi,-.:n )'0!age of hi!!o')'. T,,'o a.iom . u"dCllie ,hi, "a pri. ",," oO!"" .nd al\;',orical.' '' a nd >«o "d. 'he ,,"I,ierl>. D,,'kl'. period "'". fonna,i,'e a!ld 'he pl>n for 'he Temple in the t..:gitm ing. D.,·~! appeal'> '0 ' alc 'he came from God . It ;, 'rue ini'iath ".''' mo,;,·. ted by a ,Ic>irc '0 .p.re hi> >on 'he dimc"l, 'a>~L" Ho,,''''cr, a ' Ihe end of 'he narm,ive. ,,'e .....d 'hat Ila\'id fo ll o~'cd ' Ihe wri'ing from t he h.nd of 'he 1.i)R"" .nd d id 'al l 'he ",'ort " , according 'he plan" (I Chr 2~ : 19). Thi. "plan " co",;'.., pri m>r i~' of 'he blueprin' for 'he Tempie and it> fu m i,hing' (! ChI' 1~ : 11-18) bu, .1>0 ;'lChlc> 'hc "'he d", i.ion. of 'he prb!> and of 'he I ~'i l "'- (2S: l.~a), In a >e",e. Chronicle>' -0 pmm" ",,,loot i. ",onger ,han 'hat of ,t..: Pentateuch , Man)' of 'he !aw. g"'ClI Ihe peopk in "d"anee arc no' all
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a."""''''r '" n,mH« kfl to be decided ,,-hen the lime coma . Yel auonicb I;'" O\'cr.,. min;,' ",n' and a"ig'" him hi. du.)'. ,~ot onl)' ' he principle. but a l", jt> d ct>ikd c>=u'~>n , i, prmkkd . Solomo" h" onl)' [0 1"" 'he proap p«ome 'he foc" poin ts of h" reign. Th" ne,,' emph.,i, Ie.d, '0 • ,C\-;,ed pic,u,e of the period,' " O nce thc Tempic h., b«n dcdic.,,,!. the Chmnider ,ell> U'. SoI"n""n e".bli,hed. regnl., daily and )·c .rly ,ituaL pa""ge in King> .nd expand, i~ ".. ' he d ,,,)' of eKh 11", "Titer .. W)' l'Cquired. offerin g according to 'he com,,,,mdmcnt of .\1 "",. for t hc ",bb .. h" the nn,' n1o)O n" and the ,h,« annual fe.,,, _ .. he ' p poin'ed the dil-i,i,,,,, of the p,ico" for thdr >en·ice . • nd 'he l.e,·i'e, for thdr "like," (2 e hr S:13- 1i),'" On l)' after the e>tab li,hu ,en' of ri,ual "-o,,h ip h., been ,k>00 of g
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_ "SoIomoo U_ '0 o ft·... up" ("m., ""'"'11 "Tk, Solo> up " ~ "''''' "' I _ and coo«o'ory d.""!,, tbo ,," of on1)' the .to""ion of ,he .11>. in fron' of the Tempk (2 Chr 15:8) - apparenti)' a rou' ,inc rep ai.'" - and doc. no< docu .. Tempk ~-orohip un,il ' he period of Jehoiadt the pri"', IIClc. he Soc. into C\C"il: "And Jd~)iadt I",>!ed ~,,'ch · men for th< 00u>e of 'he i .DR!) nn,kr 'he d irrc,ion ()f 'he i .e,;,""i prie". [RS\': pric," and I",.;".j ,.-hom Ih,'id 10> ' 0 the LOR(), ., i, i. ~Ti"en in 'he la", of Mo>c., ,",'ith rejoking and ~'ith 'inging. ", co.din~ to 'he o"k, of Ih,'id. He "atkmro 'he W"'dccpcr> at ' he ga" of the home of the I ~) ~ "" (2 Chr 2~:18 - 1~). It 10.., hccn "'ggc.tro ,hat the a,ronickr u>c. repeti'ion here t() emph.,i,.c the .ubjcc' ami to dc>!encc of a Ic¢tim.te cuI!. buo he doa no' ""unl< ,hat i, "i>!ro ~ith · out in"rrup tion, ,.. In fae'. that ;, prccoci)' ~'h)' Jdk~acb·. ""ion. arc <m· pl,..,i",l: he rc>!orcd 'he cult in it> ()riginal "tting after i, had heen inter-ruptro d uring the d.)'_ of Athaliah. '" 'n", cOlIne of ,,'en" dem.ncb that thi. re in,tatCln"" of the cult be men,io,,,,d. l c mpk ,",'""hip;' ,u'pended during Aha" rrign and r,>!",ed b)' Ik«-kiah. ~'ho cekbrat'" ~·i th. ceremon)' ,,:>emb ling the Tempk dcdk-.uion
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117. Th" """';, • 11"" <xompk 0( ,i-.< 'Wi ... ;, 0< ,i-.< ",.>k', ,-""",-" ,""""no.. ,",I"n"",', Tornpi of 'he priem .nd of the !.e,'j'e>, dili,;oll b)' d id.ioll. each ,,",conlitlS to h i, "''' ,icc. 'he prie", and 'he [.evile., for !>",nt olfcrill g> ,, ,,d peK e offering'_ to mini.!tcr in 'he gate. of the c.mp of the LURIJ and '0 ghe ,ha,,'" . nd prai.c" (2 Chr 31 :2). After ' he > .""re" in King •. .'\, ,,·c h.,,, ,cen. ~bn.,,,,h' •• im ore wn,Klcml > · ph.",": 'he king hi",,,,lf r!ored 'he . 11 " to y",,,, (2 Ch, j~ : 16), A,. rull. Jo>iah', reform. arc me n,ioned ""ore hricll)'. '" TI,,",. 'he boo!< >!. tempt. '0 be con,;,tc,,, in il> d=riptioll of Temple ,,-onhip. Repealed acwunU . ..Wall, ","'a""i>. of the FNO".bli,hmen' of Temple ri,ual do nOi >lem from" ,bin, '0 emph»i/'tic of Chronick>' phe no,nenOl\ onl)' 1~-ke in King" "I\ut he did n'~ PIt' to de .. h t he (hildreu of 'he murde",,,, .. (ord ing to what i. ~Ti tt en in the book of the la ~' of M"",." ( ~ Kiug, 1-1:6) and "' ''« I' the p a>")\'cr '0 the LOlli) rour God . ., i, i, ~'ritten in thi> I~>ol of 'he eO\·eu.n,' " (2 King' 23: ~ I ), '" iu Chronicb. it '1'1""" >ome '~'en')' time •. and .lmo".11 the e,,">mpb ]>.:tid that th= in'ermediate anthoritk> .ppear ill ChIOniclc>, ~Io>c •. Ihvid .• nd the l ing, .\1= repr",,,,,,,, the a llth",-it)' of 'he Torah ""hkh he han"P
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Torah.''' In ,hi, im"'Kc, .. in othcn. the term inolog)' i> far from unifo,m. tc"ir),ing to a prefercnce for ,,,riet)' and . n amid.nee of "od ph ra"",_ Thu> ,,·c fi nd : "thc law of 'he 1.oIc ., , had comma nded " (I a,r6:49 [Heb .. .'14], a nd"" prc>cribcd" (2 Ch r .'IO,5,IS), Thi> b ot ~1r1 :l:l ) i, an indefi nite fo mmlation ,,·h ieh. in bter n»g.:. indicate. bibk..1 .u,horit),_ '" 'n, i, gec>! ,-arie'), of expre"io"" for ,he .. me mattcr , ho,,-, 'hat thc ~'ord, u>ed. , nch .. la ~·. comm.nd,,,,,,,!> , " ,d '" o n , did not ocn'c ., limited. d c .d)' d efincd tceh " ical tcnm. Ra,heL they "ere 1i\'i,'S' ,,'oni; wi,h a r.nge of m"" i" g> , ,,. 11,e > (::1= ) '" of Solomon hi> KI n" (2 Ch r 35 :4) - .nd onee Da>'id i, m the a nthori", wh o c".bli,hed eu ltic practice> (2 a,r 2.'1 : IS). n, i"L thc reignin g " 10" ."h m.), be a >ou rcc o f a nthorit)" Th rc< kinK' .rc cite(1 '" authori,ico - Sok"" "n (2 a,r S:15). II «eki.h (2 a,r 29:15: Yl : 12). a" d J ",bh (2 Chr ~5 : 16), ])'''''~l". authorit), i, bind i" g in two de.,I)' (kfincd arc... : (a) the 0'1P n ~ "'ti,,", of 1c m ple pcrlOn nd and delio,eation of thcir dutie> (2 O rr S:li: 2:1 : IS: .'I5:i) and (b) the e>labli,hment of ",miC'..1 ...-""hip in the Tempic
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(" Ch.- ""I. ,,.., .... , ""cum... ' ",,," ', It (,,/, , " ,. "I'" 0( com"""d"""" (' (''' , ''''lOj , .nd , 0 . 1",_ TI>< _'on""" ..., ono~ ,.. ",.to ,I>< "''''' ,h;"~, _'rl ~ i, a l>o inyolnod in 'he lalle" "3oCcom illS '0 , he co ,""".nd",en, of David . nd of G.d 'he king', I«r . nd of Nalh.n ' he p rophet: for 'he con",,,,nd · men ' "'.,., fro", 'I\e 1.00." ,h «"'gh h i. proph w" (2 Chr 29;25) L,," . ,>o . p plied '0 ' he Lni''''' c.r l)"ing of me . rk (1 Chr 15 : (5) "" d 'ppe'" i" one p.. ",lk l p., ..ge fro m King. (2 Ki" g> 14 :6 1/ ? Chr 25 :4), TIn" . l)a v ~ 1 . m i .\10> 'bh"I" ' qj
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.-., ,ut~, " u!p!; nul' eo.')" ,0., ·a'" IT ... I , I",.,k of ("."'"P"" ,0., .. otx.. ......·ah ,.... poI« , .. ","," ho.d "ommond '" ,h., the .u,hod ,)' come. from God "0 do "'hat the kin g a nd 'he pri''''''' co",m3l"kd b y 'he ,,'ord of the Loo,," (2 C hr :10: 12) '" - an,l prumabl)" 1'"",,, ;. nnde,,'ooJ to be ,t.< ","ure< of . n,hor i')' in 'he other ,'er>c •. 'Doc fretlucn, dcft< !>;bloat «"""'P' of 1b",. ricoo m"""ng Ir.....J".. ...u. p. I"'). 'n 0 ... 'f"ra "f H>n """ .• ~I"" oc ..... , ho,~ ,b...>« "".," .. ,.... coo..... figw< ," !>;bIOc.! "lOg.",. "',." ""...,. , ... '" OO', x, '0 P'" ,I>< kJng '" ,,gun" "nuln .. ,,'"', . ",,'," ... hi, "" n 'pi>< bt, .. It.... '·'It ... , ,n" " · ,.,,,,, ;n,!"",' . ,,, >« ~ e./o, >0" t . ,I. , . ,t< of tl>< Lo ...." ' " th .. '''P'< • ...-d ". ,I>< I. .. ,,": """. d.! , ..' '"" ",.,.,k, u nd .nd J'en' a'euchal I.... ha,'c )>«n ",-erlooked h)' " hoLm , m Of I"'"icul,r ;,Mre>t m arc case. in whkh ,he Chron iilk naora,i,'e i. i'K"",;,'en' " 'ith l'elll:l.(eucha! LI,,'. )'Ct the . mhorit), of the "'0.-.1,' or ' ,he c. ='l>l>, • n,e de..:rip'i"n in Chronicle. introduce. ,~'O r ill ' hc !'en""euch.1 b~'. ott ,he ."bpt, The fir >! i, 'he 'prinlling of bl()()(l, "'hkh dox. not a ppear in the Torah beau"" of 'he ' p«i.1 n. ture of 'he p».c",,, ,""orifice. It n. "rig;,"'Il)' a f. m il), .acrifice ,h., in-
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, "'_ WdL..... "n 'n f"',;,u"-, ,"'~-.-d ,h :, pb<nom<e. 'he ,.">OI·er .""riflec "'" ".",[erred '0 'h" Temple '''' and_ lik" other oactiflec" inl'Ol' -ed . p rinkli ng 'he .nimal". blood a nd burning ;" fat on 'he aitar, The Pe ntatellch m, h. no nlCn,k... of ,hi. tin ..1 I'i,-lI'i, 'he pa>cha l I.mb: Chronicle> i, 'he Ol ~ )' biblical >ourcc for i" Apa" from "." example, i, ' pllCa,-, '~ice in Jo.i.h', celeb ... ,,,,,, "f I"""",'er: "A nd 'he)' killed 'he pa>""'-''' lamb, and 'he pric," 'prinl lcd (,he blood) which ' ~)' h, d n:ceil'ed fro", ,hem '" ~'hile 'he I.el;t!ic acco.",' inl'Oil-e. 'he role of 'he I"c,-it who gil-C' them the blood to .prinl le , Onl)' t".-o p.,.,ic> are nlCntio""d in l.c,·itieu>: the one oUering the .""riflee , ".ho p1:>ce. h i, h.nd on the head of the a nimal .oo kill. it (3:2 ), . nd the pric>t,_ ~' ho "",Uer the blood . nd burn the ent rail. (w_ 2b- 5), TI\e Ittbbi. filled in thc gap. ""ith thdr (\etailed ",hen", of .acrificialp ~..c'kc, On thi. maUer, th")' ",led that "the work of the pric;th()(~ 1 i, commanded onl)' fro m the rcedl'ing ['p,e.enting'] of the hlo< ,t.<m' «t' deK,i!"ion of 'he I""' i, .prinkling t he b lood cOllfo,,,,, neither to Pcn'''< ,kc of 'he p"""'cr sacrifice. Ye. we rcad 'hat the Lni,c> .ctcd """coming to ' he Ia". of Mo>c,' , in fact. 'he fom",luio" make. 'he poin' twice: "11,.0), tool thcir .u"'l....d (O:l!l=) 1'' '''1.> Gl'f6,d'"l Ie I" Id", oj .II"", the man of God" (2 eh,~ : 16). The mne f,, >!un: i. foun d in ' he ""connt of Jo.i.h', I'''''>o\u. ",here .o",elhing ,h .. ne,-er >ppc." ill the Torah i, ."Ilctioncd ~ith th e ",-ord .·" it i. ~',itt in ' he Pc,,"'euch . '" Inform,,'ion 0 " 'he " ,hiec' i. indirectly pro"ide.! by a combi" ation of 'hree ",urea. We kno",' from d,e com'nK,ion of t he ark 'hat pole> ( C " ~ ) ""ere litted ;'''0 ring' on it> .ide> (bodm 25, e'ped.lll' w , 12 - 1~). ~U'" 4:4 - 15 giYe, • de",ikd deocril',k>n of ' he me' l ~>tinguil he. be'"'",,n '~'o ~'.p of car'1-ing: on pob (C"T.l ) and on a carf)'ing f",me (ll \~ ) , The he.,)', m." il·c ri",.1 . rt i, cb - the., k. l>bk, ,ac,iflci.1 .Ilar. an d ince"se . lt ar - we,e con"rue,ed ...i ,h ring. in'o ""hkh pole> co" ld be filled for """I>orl,'" n,e """,,1> H 2, , Ch, ."':6, 't. Tho: .,...,...." ... ,lIh :n" Ch, "",. _ ·." 1.. ",·,,. (.... "1"" >;' the only ,;"" ,Jut the ..... ,lot" tl-u l ,he ..-. ~... ,,,,,, .. d "" ,I> K h rem.im gener>t .nd impreci>< , Althllgh our t",·o <x.:uupla,rc ,'cr), different. both ci,,, the . "rnOl;t)' of the To",h 0' ~I o>c.' comm.ndme nt> (Iuite <xplicit~" lIoth lead u, to con· dlJ(k that ph""". ,uch ., ".., pr=ribed: ".ccording to the la ~' of ~lo ",.: .\10"'-' had COI'"'aI"kd " do no' .-ere, to 'f'1 to them a re probkmatk. At an )' rate. ' h" uanopic.
... , " ........ ,,;oc, on , .... """'. I·, •. S« tbn F..... on ~· u m -1010 _ "~..-;, hod "" 1'0....Ll r.._ t""",'R•• h,,';n. CJo ... ,I . pp. 276, ""'I·' ". ,_ Rooo'ph, CJo ...... . p . t 17.
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,·ah tho en'ice repre",n'" the peopk'. pr.>etic:ol obligation to God. Chronicle> prmide, u> with one indication th., ritual ..'o,-;, hip "'''' not the """ total of thi> oblig>tion , lI'e reod in 2 Chr 19: 10: ·~· hene,-er a ca>c [o r di'pute - ~" J come. to rou from )'"'' breth ren ~'ho Ii,'e in their . concern ing bloo(hhed, Ia" or command · men' . • "",ute. or ord inatKe •. then rOO1 , hall in''''''t them , 'hat the), m al' inmr !(I.ilt before t he LDRI) al ~l "'Ta, h may not co ,ne upon l OU . 1>d pur breth ren, Th", )'OU .hall do .• nd )'''' ""ill no' incur guilo." n,i, Ye,,,,. co ml~).ro in the a"onicicr', >I)k i. P"" of leho.hapha,', .d ,non itic.n or 'he judge, he appoin'ed ill Jcn"aicm. '" 11,e ,-er",'•• ~·ntax ;, f.ult;,. ami pre>en ,. t ""o m.in defcc ... in reaxming: (. ) The b .. ic ",n· ten« run> a; folio",'" ",,'hene,'cr , c»e (ome, '0 lOu ... concerning bIoo:~hhed . .. 'hen )'ou ,Imll im'nK, [or ~"nl - c.'''''ITmj,hem. th .. 'he)' m'r not incur guilt before 'he LOR"," The mcaning of ,hi, ,en'ence i> not en'irely ckar . • incc the ,,~e of a j udge in maner> "cot>ccrning bh od· ,hed" m i, not '0 bu, "'thcr to weigh 'he ",'"knee .nd (ome to • deci • .., ,, . ., ",'e r'ingu;,h ing be· twecen, '0 be 1"''' of 'he con«I" of. kgal di.putc. , ~-t ·nn". 'he , ..""." "'tuall)' compri" '~'O dcment>. and each i, phrascd d · liptk-.tll)'. The ft",' formu!;"i"n !.:tel> an end an d ,he >t"n> from 'he ~Titcr'. "rong (kpcndcnee on 1)C", 17 :8- 9. '" which he in effcc' intc'l're .... 11,e tex' in l)cu'erunom), rearn: "If an)' ca", ari>c. r«jlliring i"n bct...-et'oc' .... k< ~"," d< ........"c
",,oo>.>,ibk ,h .. in our con'ext the)' a~ rc,d)' indica'e 'l",ciflC ')V'" of co""nandmen"_ in the that ,eclmical to"", in l>1or li'era,ure do, ,,. Thi, func.ion of 'he judgco in jor,"»lem thc import>n« of ~'hich i, cmph",i,ed 1»' .he ,-eroc', eonci,,,,,,n - "Thu, )'Ou . hall do. ,,,,d )"0" will'l(~ i"m, guilt" - in.-ol,·cd rcolloOnd ing to proband 1e!!,,1 '1uc"io ,,, from """", the ( O,,,,t '1' and .»;'ting the people "itb e~I"' rt ~ n o~' ledge or the 'Iorah', I."", Thi, onc I-ene in Chronic le> p"",;':k, u, »'i' h Klme nc~' imight into. period wh ich_ for.1I it> emph»i'
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"The ",,,-kc of th" he.,, ' or "dnOl;o,," - 'he spiritual fOIU . , "WI k in dilinc ~-()r>hip - rcpre ... n!> the ;nt . Il d .",-.,mo» utKonn<x'cd to an)' O\"~'ard dc of bo,h a>pc< !> of de",'~>n oftcn do app,,... r 'h"re. [kulerono,,,)" repc>lcdl)" e mph;ullC, Ihe du,)' of ob,e r";ng Go,j". com",,,ldm,,nl>. '" an,l we lind o.: ..... io""[ rderence. '0 Ihe 'piri" ..[ , ,,k of 'he comm>lldn",n!> - lhe necd 10 oo",,,'e Ihem wholehe.rledlr: "n,i, d"y Ihe I..oR[) )'our God comm,nd, )'ou '0 d" 'he,"" "",ule •• nd ordi n,nce", )'0nd'",,~k
195
.,,!a" "e. of ' he 1.0.". ~' h kh ! (om"",nd )'OU ,hi, ,lay fOl' )'our good' " (10, 12_ ]j),' M 11,e De"terunomi>!k =b(,ion o[ King. allo c"",ide" 'piri,u.1 (k",,,ion an importan' elemen' of dili" e ,,'or>h ip: often i, 'piri'uali' r .. a m,,.,,, of . >",,,i"g f"',>on ai integri'y or 'he en'ant.! ,,'ho walk before 'h"" "'i'h all 'hcir hea,," ( I Iling. 8:~:I) and are 8:61) , .-\ n u", t. arc ju d~ed. '0 ",,)-;ng 'iqn:c>. by 'he ""He .. andard. \\'e re. d J). .id """Iked before 'hee in fal,hfuh,e". in righ'«I' I>ne" .•nd in u prigh'ne" of he." 'o~.. rd ' h",," (I King. 3:6: .i"' i lar~·. 9;i) . " d "followed me "'i'h all hi. heart" (I King. 14:8), I, i, >aid ,h" Jo,lah ",umed '0 ,t.< LORI) "'i' h .11 hi. heart . n d .... i,h all hi, ..,.,1 . " d "'i'h all hi> migh " (~ Kin g> 2.' :25) and 'hat "'he heart "f A,. wa. "'holly''''''' '0 ' he LOll" . 11 hi> d.p · (I King> 15 :14) , ,-\ ling may fail ,,, mee' 'he "and ard : "hi. heal'! ~"., ,,," ...-holl)' true '0 'he I..oR!>, hi> Cod . ., ".., ~ \C he ... of [h,-id hi> fa' her" (of Solomon - I King. I H: of ,-\bijah - I King. 15 : ~)_ Jehu """" no' careful '0 ~'a lk in 'he I.,,· of 'he Lo"", , ,,i,h all hi. hea,," (2 K i n ~ W,jl), 'n", p rophe" often allu,le '0 'he >cn-icc of 'he hearL ,.. !>.iah', ,,·ord. "i" .. ,II), pro,-i,1-..,,_
thci, ",,,,,th ."d hono", me ~it h thcir lip'_ ~'hHe thei r hea' t> arc far fru m me .• ,>c nre: it ~'""kl ",en, that "thcir fear of me ( C~ X ' ")" i> me,,," to indic.te won"' ip or .er', ke - c~ , ,:~ . ,., Ne,·ert hdn,. it i, ck .. that the prophet i. < t of rdigi(~" ""or>h ip m,,,t unite the " " ter deed ~-jth in ner dew"~)Il. '" 'D", 'Iue"ion of (!emtion. both .. . compkme nt to .ize. the 'piritu.l " ate of mind that ,,",co n'pan)" rdigiou, act>: ,ml)' an oct p i(k . _ So",e a re taken from I)e utero llomic ph"'Kh.phat - "who .ought the U)Rt) with all hi. hea" " (2 o,r n:9): and Hezckiah - -",eking hi. God. he d~ 1 ""ith a ll hi, heart" (2 Cl" ~1:21), There arc certain re",,,,,tion> ""ith re'I""t to A",,,iah: "he did ""hat ~-'" right ill the C)"' of ,he LORn. not ~-itl, . blanlCk .. he . rt" (2 Ch, 23 :2),
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', ~'e re>d of jeho.h.p hat. "rou .. , oct )'o m heart to >cd God" (2 Ch r 19,.') . nd of t l", peopk. ",ho", ~'ho had.et their h ea ,,", to.cck the IDR"" (2 Chr 11:16). In the case o f Rc I\Oboa",', ,infuh", ... ,..-e a rc told that "I", d ~1 e,R for he d ~I 'l( ~ oct h i. heart to >cek the Lo ..," (2 Chr 12,14), b ter. " 'e read th" the h igh pl,,",e. rc",.i "ed bec.u", "t he [>Cop k h.d nOl )·et sct their he.rt, u j ~)n the Q>Cople ore told. "~o ... xt rour mind ."d heart to , t.c 1.0 "" ro u, God" (I Chr 22:191. ,,>n i•• critcrio n not o nly for the general »>e» ,ne,It of [>Cople or bch,,·iour. the >!':IIl' d.:trd of ,.,-holehcart0 applied to .[>«ilic deed ,. ~·o, enm ple: "for " 'ith a wh ole heart the)' had ollcrcd freel)' to the 1.0 0"" (i Chr 29 :9): "in the up rightne» of m)' he." I h",'C freel)' o ffered . 11 t t.coc thing." (I Chr Z9: 17): "th",· e,"ered in to a «wen.n t ' 0 >eel t t.c LORn , , ,,,·ith.1I their he",", . " d ,",'i,h,1l their ooul" (1 Ch r 1~: i2), ' " TIl< judge. arc ch.rged : "Thu •• h.1l rou do in the kar of the 1.0 "". in f.it h fuh",,, . • ",1 with \'Our ""hole he.rt" (2 Chr 1'1:9). Gi,'en Ch ronicle. grea' emp h.,i. on the import.nce of demtion . what ~'" the connection t.ct ,,·ccn de"otion and deed., It "oukl >«m tl"" the Ch ronicler "'" .,.,-are o( ,h i. queltio n , At on e poi nt. he cle.rl)' con".,,, :octi" .. an,1 'piri,"al intent: - r or a mn hitLlde of 'he I>cople , h.d nOl cie.n>ed ,he m",I,-"o, )'C' ,he)"te the P"'''''cr OIhe,,,,i,,, th ,n .. prc>cribcd , r or I Ic«kiah h",1 p..... )'e of dean" e»:'" And the LORI) heard He,di.h. a "d healed 'he people" (2 Chr :l-O:18- 20 ), '"
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~,C.h "H"~"- ...,""""." bou, ,I-.< u ~ ,0. Ch"''''''kT...... rol", ..... p. ''''.,.,. 6: ruJil. p. _ . ,, ~ ,rt hom ,.... (i n th i. CiI"". ""riflea'", n ) m ar be im p"rt.nt , prc!",ri ng one,elf ' p iritlla ll)' i. m ore im po rta nt >1 ill . '" -n,,, dem .nd that an act be performed o ut or ".. hokhc.rtcd de,-o (;on .hcd .ligh t Oil ' he Chron;"", <mph ..i, o n jo),fulnc,", Acting jo accOInp:mied b)' j< ~ oko ......... 'h .. , P""" .. _·""h """" 10 God ''''n , a"" pu,ay- {k u"'''Ph , (Aro.~. p __'"', ond ,,< ",,,, p_ , xJ )_ , ., • • " rl (I Chr 15: 16--23). the dedication of the TempI< aft" it.> puriflc-.Hion (2 Chr 29:~3 - :IO , :16), and the ! "ere pre""", "Jm"akm hI" (he fc», of 0"'ka,-cned bread ",,'Cll n. he abo an ."'"cne,, ,hat ,hi. dcm."d i. difficu lt to ",a' and rC<jui,,,. ,uPl"'rt from God . [)"'id end> hi. I», p "'r"r "jtb a 'C<Jue>t: ' 0 LOllI), the God of Ahraloa",. boac. and l >ro.d. our fathe ... . illp (01- ",-er ,ueh purf'O"" . ll d too"gI'" in (he h,,"," of thy pcopk . • nd direct (heir heart> 'o~-ard ,hee_ Grnn' '0 Solo ,no n m)" >on Ill .. ".. i,h , whole ho." ho nla)' keep th)" con~ m,ndment>, 'h)' ttim"nitu,,," (I Chr 20 upon Judah to gil'< thom one hoart to do ~'h" tho king , ,, d the prirK" (1 Chr:-.o: 12)_ 11>< pcopk" atilit), '0 unite at~1 fol kM the king" command ~·holdlIe. ,omc".. h., from hi> u",,,-] ,-10 ..' tit., II .. " h» at",lu, < free ,,·ill . Her< i> limi'ed to the e"colt that man ,,« " ,_ loKh. no, s.,." !'P- "" If_ 1>2_ " m')· .... th .. ,1>< ... "", ..... 'ppO".";n 2 .:;t" ""_"', .,. .. , "",k.", ... , .. , ,t-.. poopl< r<joM«l ...."''''' of _..... c.", ...., dm" fa< ,I>< P""I"": ro, ,J... ,h,,,,!! r-gum p"""n" ."",1>< p"' .....,., .... " . _.",,10 r", ",,< ,,, ... of a.ron~"'" ... . p. 'V!w". \". P. "._
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gnide h i. indinatiom an,l hdp him c h ,~,,,, good , l 'he concepct; of "o"h ip - ~' hkh .h.pe one'. ae,io,,, a nd "''')' of life , The I,osi'i,,, " peel> of .h i> .pi ri'ualit~, indn,le. to)('" clearly_ perfect fai,h ill God', I"'~'c lack of fait h in Co d an,l hi, reliance on luunan ,ul'l"'I'I : at. time of .... r , he ' 1'1>1, the l ing of '-\,...m for help (1 Chr 16:2- 3, 7). and when he i. ill. he ""I]' in phpicia", (". 12), L.. In both ca>c., he i, ""ni,hed i"'mediatd)" (2 DLr 16:7- M, 12- 1"'),
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1"'_.'1« I» lO:l6- I " 'bu' )''''~, ''Cd of pride, and Ik« kiah appear. in a ,nore gene ....... oblique refer' ence,"" .·ollo"illg a delaikd de>cripllon of Uniah', ,ucee,", - hi. ,-ii,k ..... bIc am ,)' - 'he Chronider ;"fon ", i l l o( ' he r"," lt : "Bu, " 'he n the he ""'" "rong he gre,,' proud. to hi. dc.>t nlClkm , r or he ~".., fabe Lo." h i. Cod " (1 Ch r 26: 16), The dcoipticm repre>cu L> t he ", Oleri:i.li,., ,ion of all ,hot i. men,ioned in l)cut 8:12ff, a>, ' h Ce. thereb), trcop. »in g o n 'he 'pali.1 and rinl:i.l terri'o,)' rc;en '« 1 for prb!> (2 a ir % :hi),)'" Hnekiah a lso (om", il> t he ,in of plidc : "B." Ik,cliah did no' m ake re'" rn according the hener" d one h im. foo- hi, hean "'" proud, T herefore "Tol,h c. me upon h im al>0 thal d,e "',",'h of ,he IDil" di ingrnti,ude C od '''';\:, "" Thcf." ,loa' IlcLeki. h repented , lid
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"humhlcd hh",cl f' ""cd him , ,,d Ihe f>C<J pk from p"mi,hmeu", "", Ih .. Ihe ",ralh of lhe LORI) d id uol wme uPO " Ihem." correcl de me.nor ",'i,h ""peel 10 God ,hould be one of humm,y, 'he opp",i'e of pride. "" Humili')' i, • preco ndi'ion for ,epen' ance: "if til)' people". humble ,hem>ch., ,nd 1'''')' ,nd occk m)' faec, . ." (2 Chr 7: Ii),- All pcni'enu arc pot1 r>ycd .. humble - Ilehoboatn (1 Ch r 1~: 6, 7, 12), He«kiah (2 Chr ~~ :2 6), and ~bna,;;ch (2 Chr j~:12 . 19, 23) - but we "'" lhal ' he "ppmi'e ''''pom~ in ,\ 'no" (2 Chr ~ .~:2~) .nd, pan icu, Lori)', ~""le k ia h (o""i,u,,,,, , in, l,cddbh', pride .nd u" "'iIl in];" c" rc' pclf befo,e J~remi"" 'h~ prophe'- ~'I\ he"" .g~i l'" (urning '0 the 1.0 1"', th~ G",I of J.r>el" (2 Ch r :0.6: 12 -1 3). In "d d i ( ~)ll '0 ' humbling onc>clf." (he Chronicler en~ plop ano 'h~r ""pre.o,ion '0 indicate lh~ op po,i'e of pride : " H i> he . rI "'--., (Ollr.ogeou> (or p'Olld -1~' = "1) in ,h(' ~"'p of Ihe IDRI)' (2 Chr 1;:6), 11,i, i. (he 0 ,,1)' ill>tan(e in t he lIiblc in ~'hi! ,.kc 'he I 'C'''' ' ' fa<e 1'.. lue - "foronc ""ho ,alc. pride in Go d ', ~"P eXCrt> him>clf and m,ke, an unll>, ... II)' mons ('fIOrl ,· ... In '~'o i".bled yer"", Chronicles ",enlio n> (",'0 other a>pcen'ing 'he (O",""",><mi>h .·
.""!!""'. ;nmk'", ~-h«,u", """l' ~'cr< iOOP"!!' fo< On< " '" .. J I!"'n ,... 'P«'- Eh, ' ~h "".t, ,·;'h ..... 'ugg''''ng '" <mCaj"" pnni,h ",en!: "Ilea" ", of thi" ".,.,t h h» gOllc out ag.in" pu from 'he LOR " . t\'el"erthde" ",,,,e good i. found in fOu" (2 Chr 19 :2b- ja), The >-k",' " I'r",d in th '. p""..ge take. 'he kk" of dcyo,ion to.n ex'reme "' ithout par-did in ,he /l ible,It ,. true tha, the b",i> for the Chroll'>tK apprua'cr. the . pp ro:>ch .. . ""hole i. ,h.r-..:ter· i0 !ICC ,he inri n g God. k)\'ing Il im. a nd d ealing to Hi", . bo,h .., ,,",comp''''ment to rdigiom """ .nd., ,.,.InC! in 'hdr own right. ocenp)' • ccnlr::d place in ])c ntomj" 1 1 "'~ 'g h them , religiom pcrf«,jon can be ""hk>·e d ."" The.., p.)"chologkal di'p",;t ,olU are . 11 bu. ab..,nt in ' he book of Chronkk>, ~'e>ri ng God 'ppcar> th ree ,in", •. t""ice in P""I«' from Solomon', p,,)tnlCt1on> concernin g a 'pccific .ubiect, 'he odmi,, ;'t,...t"'n of j"'tice, l .o"illg God a nd deayi ng to Him do not appear an)"'hen: ill ChrOllkla, '" The book'. demand ,t at ·",t
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"'~ ' ." >h 'p to ",,'" ~n, pun;'h....,"'. of ("~'" (2 Chr ".Ol",,, in Hi. hoiI', humiJj,),. ,nd n:jhip betw"en thc p«>ple .nd thcir God. K,ufm.nn h .. paid do,", ."ention to thc moral ekment in 'he Bible'" and loa, ",,,d it '" a .ign)fic.n, cri'erion in h i, h ;, 'o rieal" bron ' ~ogirnl or· ganiLation of differcnt biblic.1 .ection> : "( I ) 'he Tomb'grol!p - including the hi>'oric.1 booh (Former l'mlmctl), and (~) the I'rophct!: induding (a) li'em,}' P'(1)hc1> .nd (!o) th" ~Titing.·" K.ufm.nn'. ,'ic .., m.)' be .u ,n· mari«d .. folio,,'" (I) 11,e gm' ,e .. hins of proph be,,,'CC" the "group.," p rimaril)": 'he . , hatological ,'i,ion of ,I", i. co",i(icrnbk : '"
''''0
t12. ~'/',.... , I, pp. 27_,'\4 . " "'," ...... " •. .. ,. , '. ",,"fm,nn. 1M ~.l iti- < W''';ng> - .nd .. '" • """""'" 0' ",1"> of ",,,, "T1';ng' - in , g dc>eribcd in Chronid"" h,,'e .n)' ",,,....oJ i"'plic.'i"",. Jeho",,,,", killing of hi> brot hcr> (2 Chr 21: 13) ;, pre!Cn' C, The rdea", of '""p'i,,,. 1»' 'he : ,ho,
'0
'0
""'. C"t>on p"'''g ., ;,t> on «hk., n"",!, 'PPO"' 'n (h< ' ·om..,r )'wph." but .." no' «po ...... n Ch ,,",Mek., ,...- "".mpi< ""'""
of !),,,OJ .... , ~,< 'n,«","'" to LI>< jOOg->-I'i, Kaufm.nn'. \'ic~'., Al'hough 'hc hook ~.., "Tinen .f' cr 'he period of cl,,,icai prophcc)' and . I'hough ' he Chronicler no dou bt h>d man)' p rophe'ic bool . at hi. di>p'~>n of 1-ar~ >H ' biblical "group'- nla)' help ,I> nn,k"tand ' he ,,"efaC,ion of 'hesc group . , b ut i, doc. no' tell u> 'n)"h ing about 'heir (hrol~)log)', "', ,"n,
R.I'P"'. I. p, < I~ .. t)·, .. ", ~';, h "' .. ~ ~1t h ~'«p;ng ... , w,...,, ;ng· iv, ' "
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of
CH ,\I'TER THREE
Th e People o f Israel
In diocUlling Ihe Chroni,,", .. k', !;",da inen ..1 ,i",: '0 cleric>li,,, !he figure of Ih,id .,>l lh in keeping ~-i'h pO.!I-a ilk ,.,te • .' Wellh.me,,', "-".""ion "'" "'~iel)' .. cepted. a],hongh "' o>c di>agrccd ~i th Ihe j>rol"'>cd CoI \I ' " for thi> , ie\,' of U" 'id .nd hi> reign_ For onmple. mn !tad clai"" til .. Chronklco dc>eribe, U,xK! "-' ruler of an e"'pire throughou, hi, reign beC'.u>e "in 'he Chronicler', d~"''' i< ' h inking. I)a,id .nd Ihe ];r""li« ompire .re imepa.-.hlc."' Accord i" g '0 \'On R>d , the "ery ide. of ">II I,mel" "'".. necc..,i.. ted b)' 'he dog"" of y"",,,', pro,ni", '0 Ihdd . "d hi, d)."",,), i" """U<wkn l on olher . i"" or lendencb th .. Ihe)' >aw in 'he !x.>l . Yel 'he ~k. con"ilu,,,,, an inCF.Ii outlook. exprcd Ihrougho,,' (he book', aceoun' of Ihe fi.-., Conllno"""cal(h . According 10 Wekh , Ihe unit)' of . 11 ",smen" of Ihe people i! ce n,,,,1 10
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,k" (e,g .. 1 au 18: H). "the entire 'lO tthcrn king· dom' (1 Chr HU), "oJ l ,ho", pre",nt " . t a (crcmon)' (2 Otr 7:8). or ' he lik. In nine imta 'Ke>. the a"onickr alter> h i, ' OL" ce, b)' addi ng ".11 b rae!." Some of ,he", P"""li'" do ,~ )( ( o"'ti' nte an,. real de,.. b tion fro m 'he "~ u ce,, the), merdy amplify 'hcir intended meaning or reflect ")'Ii>tic co",i,k" ti,,,,,, Ho"',,,'cr, in a numher of the ,n. 'he addition of ' .11 [m.d pm. The follo"inS ex· ample.> repre..:'" ' I\e [tnt type of "dditiu,,: ([) I Chr H :8: "lI'hen 'he l'hili>ti nco heard ,h .. D~v~1 had been anoin'ed king o'~r ali /",,,1" (2 Sam 5 :17: ""'~r I"",/"). The ,,'o,dinS in auon ick> merdy darifle. the "''''ning: ])a,'~! h,,1 pre"iou>I)' been king "'''' Jud.>.h: it "'.,., hi> bc 1>-.' the Chronickr', aheration ," (2) 2 Chr 7:-1 - 6: "Then the king a nd ali i'" "",pi, o!ferro sacr ifiee hefo.-c 'he LO R[), " So the king and all!lu prop!. dedkated , he hou.c o f God . , , a nd all/"",I "()( ~ I; I King. 8:6 ~ - 6.1: T he n the king. and alll"an "i,h him, offered .>erificc , , So 'hc l ing and all I'" ,hiM,," of 1",,,1 ,kdi· ""ted 'he house o f , he U)R": In 'hcoe ' all 1»=1: "all the childre n of b rad: and "all the people' alternate at "'-ndom. and the ph ... ", "all [ >rael' i. :>ddro .. t he end of 'he dc,aip 'ion in Chro nicle.> , It ••:e n" dear tha, the interchange of p h",,,,. i. ntcrel)' ") I;"H:. (j) 2 Ch r 10: [6: ' And ,,'hen 011/",,,1 I>awl" ,h" the l ing d~1 nOl /ua,km to them". all ismfldepana. l~)th ·all hr.d" and "hrad" refer '0 onl)' ' he northern tril",. and ap f><ar intcrchange.bl)' ., a ,n.Uer of >I)k (i) 2 Otr [[:j: "Sa)' to Rd,obo.m the .on of s.:~om.m ling of Jud.1h. and to all 1",,,/ in Judd. and &")O ..in." Th;, ,"e"e >en'co :u a com e"ton e to \'On R.d '. ,ie,,', o f the ",.""ing of · I> ....d · in Chronicle>: he >c," it a, "'i,knee "Judah a nd lIe nja ,nin a rc " OW th e 'rue 1>,....,1: " app.ren'I)'
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: "(0,11 brad. who no,", orc !d of ,pealing in (he (rib,1 (erm, foun d in King. - "(he home of J " dah . Ild 1\c'~'m i n" and "'he re" of Ihe peopk" - gcogr:tphicaJ label. >ce u>cd "Jud.:lh . nd Iknj.;lmin ." n.c rklen.., of 'he ,""" . " ' I>j. h=i. p. , ,,.
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,,,,,..-.d 01....·""".......," 1'-"'_ 10d i'o", Bur... ,"" to llo" , , , So Joab d~parted .nd w~n' ,hfOUgltO"' alll>_ 10'/ .nd c.me bad '0 Jcru .. km "In all 1",,,/ t t.crc w~,e "'>. ' ]'"",1 " and "Judah." Ch[,,,,id~. d i mina'~. ,hi. (on,,..,,," and 'he nam~ ·],""'1· i, ",cd for th~ cl"ire pC< OIou'« 'c,l>, .-\' ,i mc., i, i, fou nd in 'he con 'e,' of 'ho reign' of David and s.:~o " lO n a nd ""n'« '0 omph"i", ,h., 'he '''0 ",led 0'= th< "",i,e pcopk: " 'he o' hJ meaning. mar be di>«rncd:" (. J 'he l "b· rad' '0 indical< ,10< nonh,il>l)'. J Clo, 9 : 1, .. (oj TI", kin~(~)m of J"d.h, ", ., in 2 Ch, 12: I: "\\l\on 'he of Rchoboam ".-., O>labli>hcd. , ,hc fonoo!; ,10< la", of 'he 1.0.". and all 1>,-...,1 ".-i,h him," In ,hi, oonl< """'''''" "n~ F'· .... ,... , ,I>< l " ,~" ,,," ,urn",-,"""';" , o" '''''' ;""ud< Joo.b ,I CI,,""., .... 2· "1. Lt ouy ...
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'". And, 1n ,I>< "'",,' "'" "", . .. oJ", tli,.." 0' ,,,,,,,,. '0 ""'",'" '",,)' oJ", "'''' ""m II" . , 'A,., "."" . .. '>m< .. . h om oJJ ,o" ,,, .... , '" ,,, .... 10 j<m ,~ ",,, .. " ... ,,, ..... ,•• U ,o" mo,,, ugnOlKnL ............. 1'1'. t·!llf. ,., ....... 00·.-< 'n , .. " "'",,', moc" ""pt...~'-d 1»' ,-on .... (C..... IKl"kU. PI'- _ ·1 .... "' .. " h.m '" ,..., """Ju>loo, ,..... -..-""d;ng to Cluon~"'" ", ,~. j"'W, " ,o" "'m< ""d" , ..... put ', he prince< of 1>"",1." · ,he enemic, of hrad." ·,he king of I>rncl." and .0 0 ". hn' .1>0 on it> o"n." Ilo~·",·cr. nei,her "all b,.....,I" nor " 1"",,1" i, ~'idcl)' ",cd den(M 'he kingdom of Judah, " TIm,. 'he np",,,ion "all I,rad" apf>Ca" (juite fm l"en,I)' in Chronicle> - in te," t mn,ferred ,.,·;,h or "i'h(~" r.od" expand, 'he >£com" indude 'he ent ire people ,.,·i,h all it! tribe.! and eo ,npone " ". N"'"Cl1hd e ... 'he ph,..."",,'. "" " .. ",ic range ,e"",in> brood a " d i, nla)' .bo be u>cign.'e 'he ,,,,,, hern lingdo ,n .Ione or 'hc .()",hem kingdom .Ione. We "''''' find thi, brood ... "se of mcaning ~'i'hil, one conIC"."
'0
'0
II. Til, Tribal SFI, ..
'h"
Among 'he di>tin of h i>to,kal ,I>"-,,,,'e in Chronicb ;, 'he "xi"enee of 'he tribal .)'''en" Chroniclc.' ,k~' of ,hi ••)'''e", inmh'''' '''''-0 "')>«'>: (a) unden, .. " ding 1;,,,,,1 a; a ",mptchen,,,'e uni')' mod" up of ,~'cI"e " 'ibe,'" .nd (It) portrn)"ing ,I", poli'ical ,c.li')" 'hrough· out ' he C()mn~>n....-ea lt h .. wmpri.ing fnnctioning ' ribal ultiu, Our ",", ,,,ination of alroniclco' "" idcu« on 'hc .ubjch. , on", j",2: '1uD!! ,,.. hr.. d " _ , a., , ",: ""'~. " (·u .... < ~. """,,", " TI,e", chap'er> repre"",,' • l i"d of i""oducclf. cxp''C.>cd '0 ,he be" of hi, abili,;'. T he a"onicler doc. no. j"'t pre",n' ,he ".nd.,,1 'p'em . nd .he .hm." ~le. of t he '~'ell'e ,rihe" he SOC' on.o infu,"" life into ,he .p' 'e n,. po rt ra)-ing i, ., a fmK,ioning "'hnk oom'. In thi> re,f'C", hi, ~'o,l be.". 'l'pologic.1 re",mbl.nce '0 ,ha' of I'. ",'h ie h;, .1", ,Iomina.cd 1»' 'he ~k. of a pcopk "'''''pri,ing '''''elye tribe •. ""ho>c u " i')' . ",1 comple.e· IlC1> arc hi>.orical f",". In P. we find 'he people. made up of all .he tribe" de>cribcd., • yigorou, e,hnic group at 'he .ime of 'he jollnlt. ~ , ",mme""",," ""g:n, , a h Saul', """h """ ,·ah
""'II •
1< ...,",n .... kted d iffer· en'l)' in th e p, da . 'hen: i, no nnifon ni')' to 'hc m.terial wncerni n~ 'he diff",cn' tribe, ,'" The follo"'i n g group ing' m.)' be di><erned: Ju· dah .",1 SinlCon ( I Chr 2:j- i :ij): R"uben. Gad. and 'he half·tribe o f ~1a ,..,>< h (5 : 1-2f' ); l.e"i (6: 1- 8 1 l Heh .• 5:27- 6:66]), I>.:>cpa,a'e 'ril", •. one on ci,h« .ide of 'he Jord.n. n tct apprua.che, ' he iden'it)'
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on , a,"'n~'" \'tt 1' : 1'1: "( '0;'1, " ' __'70. n. 00 ",,"". " k I""'or ,,,-,, on< ," , I.< Ron;''"'"'''' gW>vl ' ,~ >1 d ... , >'4 U, 'u'"'-"" o'U, -"1' JO "" >'4' 'l'" lOU '''''I' ~"'.~ r 0) ~'" 'd . """ _ ,"m" '''''''l'/S ''1' ) ... 'I'r. .. ~1_\ .,u..Jw ..
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ull""", IV -1'.-0;; odd "In",/ -"PI!" '""'.~ »s -'"
m.,k 1>\' Simeon during 'he reign of Il ndi>h,'" i, "" "'Tilten" , later date. ,hat i, . • t t he end of the H", Commom.eal,h . Tho>c deKribed ~'ere "regh'eml 1»' name' - co,"n'ed and [j"ed in a «",uo ,'" The I-cr", indi,",,'e, t h" ccn.u>e. ta ke n during ,h i, period. el'en late in the perk>d. ~'ere (ond LK.ed on •• rib" ba>i" an indi""IIl,1 "'.., recognized in term. of hi, ' ribe." n \u •. 'he trib.1 fnn", ..'ork end ured. pre>en-ing 'he h.,icr killg of ........ )Ti. carried a". )' into c~ilc; he "., • chien.in of the Re ube " i' c>_ And hi, l imme " 1»' 'heir fam ilb. '"' "hen 'he genealog)' of their gene",'i",,, "'." reckoned, " Thi. p .».gc ,ell. u, ,h .. at t he ,ime of .'lh",. the tribe of Renbe» con"i,u'ed a deaJI)'-defined e(hn icd accord ing '0 fa mily alld led by" trihal "ch ief,ain ,' " :>-:o(
,10. ..._d;""" d ...... " "'" 1)' n...,..j· _ •.n-. ~ , " 1 A., ,~,,, rIt""" " I: '6,·,,: fi,,) . Th< """" ,,.- ;.""",,ng. , ~,,,,,,"! , " , ....,," '" ,"'''''~ ,10. p«>pl< ;, .I""' .... ". ;n , .... "' .... : t.gcd during , he dap of Saul , " P) I Gh r 5: 11- 17 : 11,e >on, of G .. I , , , all , , , ~'ere enrolled by Serlc, aIogko in 'he tLtp o f Jo,h ,m kil' gof Jud.h, . nd in 'he dap of Jerobo.m king of I,,,,cl." The ')'neh roni,m of Jo,ham ', n:ign "i,h ,ha' of Jcmbo. m, which n>cd ' 0 be eon, ~krcd comple 'el)' u n'loric-.I be', ' hereb)' c" h.ncing ,he reliabili,)' of 'hc p"".ge a, • whole, " The ,'e.-.c. ma ke i, dc>r d,,,ing ,I", ""''' >reil)', cem u>c. "erc co" ducted acco,ding '0 trihe and 'h" 'hc tribal u ni, >crycd a; ' he f". "lC,,-ork for inekl",ndcn' ,nili,,'}' ac';"i' )', (i) I Gh r 5:26: "So 'he(,~ ~1 of h r-.cl "ir.-cd u p 'h e 'pi,i' of 1\01 kilOS o f A")Tia" , a nd hc carried ,hem a,,'a)', nan",I)" 'he Reuben i'"" . 'he Gadi'e>, and ' he half~ ribe of M.na>>ch", '0 'hi> d .),," Thc exile of , ho", who liI'e d e>-l' of 'he Jord.n aha in 2 Ki" g> 15::19, b ut here i, i, cribed in markcd l)' tril",1 te'nu,' TI\e e»tem tribe. liI'c d in 'heir ,Ch 19 :2- 8," and ' he preceding >ente nce eon>ti,ute> Chron icle>' main .ddition '0 i" >OlIffC , '£ne ",ntcnco . unl> up the P"''''Sc .nd ."OO"te. t he Ii" ,,'i,h Ih,iei'. reign ," (2) I Ch, 7:2:"." 'heir numher in 'he dd)" or ll" 'jd being '~'Cnt), · t"o ,h,m "nd ,i~ h ",~l rcd'" So:hob" ,Ii"grec., '0 'he au,hent icit)' and rcli·
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'''',m"'y of t ""'" """'. . . h,,"'.......+
don«: ..... Rudo, lph, (".1"",1, p. ". ". _ Wh, I" , ;mply "."."'",,, h;, bnd, ;n ,'" "'IT",")' "f s;"""", '" ronJ "",-;. ""J' .. . 1'hu1m< .. , .,. .-io., p. "" j. "m ","'D" , d"'""" r~"': I>< c"Lm, ,.... , ,I>< " " ;'''' ~ d Ol DO! <xL" prio< '" ,,,,,,,,', ,,,,,. • .-.t '''SJ!u>u. during D~,'~!"' reign. numbered 'he pl comprehen>i'"C unde"oandi ug of 'he people , i. porticul>r~' ,,"~knt during Ih,id ', reign. Yet the princip.1 me.n> of IK,,"",,)"ing the u ui' )" of l>md - ill Ib ,id', time., in other> - i. 'he e mph.,i, on the i,k. of "' ,,'el\"c triOO." 11,;' emph .. i•• ppe.r> a' the beginning of Ihl'id·. reign .nd at it; ",d, (I) I Chr 12:13- 4G (lt eb,. 24-4 1)," TI,i, p"""ge li>l. the numbe ... of tmop' who ,u-ri>"Cd in It ebron to moke J)a,id king and thu, repre",n" a n e!.>boraticm o n the brkf >ccoun' in I C hr 11: 1- 3, Th= opinion> h,,'c been cxprc.>! of r«ruit> fmm >ome "'''I>ccified period, '" (h ll1,e li>l i. a "Chwn ;"", "'0' k f"J' 'X_ (tll,n" ,' " (e) 11", Ii" i, a I>lor "ddit~>n Chmnkk>." T hi. b ,t opin ion i, u,uall)' b.>< u",,,,d """",,,h. I;>M.. 1'1'- .... -.""_ C.u n" ..,.,. ;,., < ",""'n« to, Lot..,. ,,"« 1"I''l''''''''"I'''''' '< gI", ... ,hor_ n,.,,,, . ."'-I~o. p. ' ' '. "ot h do ... "'" ddru.>, ,I>< "~ ', 'OWnc,,.. hat sche matic. " and there a rc clear 'igll> of later reworking." It would ""'m. thm. that t he I"""'g«1 b)' tl>c Ch,onicler for hi> o wn purpo""" 'n"" e can b" no doubt .. to the Ii,,'. purpo>t arpear in th;, po rt m)"al of national unity, the tribe,' li,ting ;, not dcter' mined by the num be" hut mther by the n--alit)" of all the deme"t> m.king up the p«>pk - fOUl1e«d rogu'" • 00 'upl...."'''' , ,,,.,I,,p -- (Sho_ . p. t ")' Th;. ""n"" "".,.,d ,.. ,I-.< "'pp""'d 1 c.h, II , 10 __ 47 and 1 Ch , " "I __ 4{O {"ro" ", __ , t I and on ,I-.< ""u "'P''''' .1-... a."""'k, ~'_, .,, 1>«1 to """,m ;", """"", ..... ".,to,.. "-gumcn' " n h... ",,, c..-, I also been the ,ubiec' of ICoobrlj' ,Ii>pu'e. The ,,,riou, ..",,, nleo," of it! origi'" and place in Chronicle • • re: (a) The O"oniclcr ".., "'ing an original Ii", dating ci,h" '0 !la"id ', reign 01- '0 .ome other p.:riod," (b) no< Ii" w" ~Titlen eXl're..,lr b r ,he Chro,~ icier and refi «" hi. 0"'" po,itk",," Ie) The enlire chapter. including the Ii>!. i. a later additiOl' ' 0 the book,'" n,ere i. no 1'em '0 eliminate 'he entire c h'p<er from Chronkb." and so 'he que"ion is: did the Chronicler lI>e an e ..-lior .ource. or i. 'he Ii" the 'j'n thetic (on"ruction of a later m;,,,I' Ad",,,.t,, of 'he ICCono! I"",ibilit)' claim thal 'he ck.ired figure of t,,'e1l-e ~'" produced lor ok-lihe ... ,d)' omi"in~ C ad and ..I..!her. whkh p ro,,,,, tha, the Ii,,', compo.ition i. contri.-.,! (omprise. not twel"e. b,,, thi"«n. tribe •. Cl'cn i" it> present f"rm . • inee both ,I ian",,,h . ,,01 LCI'i ha,-e tlled b)' m",her ( Leah. RacheL an d
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« n_ 99_ "'" do.~ r. .., th< "u""", of t.-ih..J n. TIn". Chronick> a»oc;'«. 'hc coIKep' of 1".01.,. (omplotc unit), In.(k "I' of indi"idual trii>.o. ~'i'h ])"' id', reign, In . ddi,ion '0 ,hi. gena,,1 (onc<j~. KIno< nideocc of 'f'C"iflc 'ribal f,...m"",'orh . 1"" ' pf'C= in connec,ion ".-i,h Ih.-id, (Il I Chr 12:1 - :!"l (Heb .. 1_2.'1}. 'oo Thi. i" Ii>! of ,nili'.ry men ~'IKI joined Da"id before he be"lnC king. lnc)' arc mcn,io.-.cd by tribe a nd (O,,·n .• nd ,he 'ribe> ,hal ap f'C.r arc Iknj.min (w. 2ff.). God (w. 8 (Heb,. 9)ff.). Ihe """m of" Iknjamin .nd Jud.h (n-. 16 ( 17]ff.), .nd Man>.""h (w. 19 (20]ff.), The Ii,,;, ""wally a colicc';'", of ""riom ,1> ... ' p p .. '(n, I)' .u,hen' o.:. ,., ",,'orl ed b)' 'he book', a ,,,hor in'o onc narm,iK I n it. Iknjamin. Judah. ~I>n ..",h, and C ad a" di"incl triNtI en,i,k>. (2l I Chr 26:.'11: ' Kin~ !)"'~I appoin' c.oni« •. ' he C ad i' . an,l 'he half·nibe of 'he M.n""i", for C\'e')"hing f'Crlain ing '0 Cl of 'itejo"l>n (,'.:xI) and ,1\0>< "." of Ihejot(!;'" (n', .'I l-~2). 11te >re. ea" of 'he Jord an. ""hieh com,i,u « •• gcognphie Imi,. i, kilO,,'" b)' 'he n.me> of 'he 'hr'" lrii>.o. ,h .. inh.bi, it. "" p) I Ch, 27:1 - 15, Th i. p"'»ge Ii,,, 'he «~Ilma ll dc,.. of 'I\e di,'i,k>n. ,ha' >t_ I ' " I. Rooil,"'", ,a"",Ok, pp- ''''. t" I ••ad ",n Rod {("""'KIlu.u, p. ,;" ",n"dcr ;, the proo' '''t 0( tl~· Clm",","" hlm«lf C.u"~ th ", .. th.., ,t.: cJu-onkl~ , 0, Tog hm "'-'n ru "..-Ol. um ;hm ro r/, XI {'""'. I"". to ""' ...... . ,t.: >utt ... op"-"" mrnpkt,.,. too .-.' ht ~·. "".-< coh,,,,,",,,",', I"""Ol ,("..1''''''-"''. f'P. 2""-2>nd R.. lolpl> d ot", :t ",',n lat" Ir..l ... ,I. !'P. 177_ I"'I. b ut ".m D<mbk tho,", in I Chronklco I L ,,,. but >ome differeoces ,-""nnot be explained a, merel)" textuaL the re' ,ult of tr.n>lni,,;"n, It ~"ukl ",em th., I Chr 27:1 - 15 rdlcet>. "'pamt" tr..dit;"n,'!>; Of inl>ge. nen 'houSh tl",)' do not "ppear in ~ Samuel 2~ or I Chronkk> II. The ro llo~'ing tribe •• nd famili arc Il",nlioned: "J "hobc--a", the >on of Zabdi-cl • dc,«nd.:mt of Ih",' (w.2- 3). " UclCI. the l'donile. of tl", 50'" of Ephraim" (". lOJ. ·Sibbc..i. ror the Ii .. in I Chronicle; 27, ~d lh er 2 S.m 23:SII.. ~' h ich menl io", onl~' na ll>e •. I Chr II:lOff. prnerved thi> trad ition. Qtronick> .. >o ""'ph".i,e. the pcopic', tribal ,mit), unde, !l",'~1 . nd SoIo",on b)' eliminating the ~k. ,h31 the), "'.h i. mI"ry". onl)' rtorical cLt ... found in the f ormer Prophet>. 11\e n"" .. iYe therdol'e ",nnot ignore the did.ion of the kingdom, it mU>l be .h.ped b)' the fund.:unen"'] fa" th.t t",o kingdom •. brad . n d Judah, "". i>ted. Yet ""en ~'i lh i " Ihi. obligatoI')' fr:u"e~-ork , the book', «h)" and (ontinlle. '0 be ,,'i(kn' in 'he ",, of m,n)" I.,,, e,-enl.>,
(/) n" /);c;,;o n "nd /I,hoboo .. , /I,;/:": 2 Chron;(!., /IJ 10 12 We read of 'he > ""K.u, ""''''.. .... it i> po"ibk '0 di>am. one to Solomon', >on (I King' 11:12. 34 - :16), Thac diU'cri "g ,-k",', are Ul,i,ed b)" the (ommon ide. of the dh-i.ion iu ,o ',,"0 p»I.> - brad ,-ero". Jud.h. ten tribe> ,-erou, one, Some b iblical ",hola .. , !-Ce • hi,'"ri",,1 rc.li'~' behind ,hi. dh'i.ion .nd .uc,"ed .. wm'i,uting one tenth of tlte people'" - .nd ,hi. ')'f"'log), al", 'ppe." in 'he lI umcrk-,,1 data from OIher p'''''g1". K... .,.. 1'1'. ",-
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'" I; ""'''g''">«j'. K P. ",_ , 12_ mpl< ...... "",I>, .'it• • ", /"",", p_ , , '. n. L .~olh ,kd,..., , ... , u... k;ngdom , -., d"·;,k,, ",,,,,,Hng"' u... 'ro"";ocw DUm"'" 0( , ,,,.., , ,,;t,., .nd ' h " ,I;" '''''J'', !>gu= of (
"oo..d '" J trloh . I ,,_ T""< ;, It,u, .. , ""••,., (0 ,,'op' ,I-.< ",.d;no;' 0( " ' ,. . "" ,·hi1O,)' of the K hi"n in I Kill g> 12 p re",n'" t"o of 00,.,' the peopk we.o d i,-i(kd. One I'ro,-ide. an "'p lanation for the P"1,hcc)' of Ahijah. "The re,,~ that fol kMcd ,he hou> . the t~-p()log~' of ten tribe. ,'ersu, one di"'r1"'"'''' altogether. I King. I I doc. not appear ill Chronicks, and 1 Kin~ . 12:20 i, (khberntd)" omitted from the . ccoun t of the ",hi.m. The peopk Ofe d idded in t"o. and "all 1"..,1 in Judah and I k, ~ a min " (2 Ch, 11 : ~) liI-e in the ~in gdo", of Jllda h. l1\e geogr>ph ic bound, of the ki n~d om are "t he dimiw of Judah . nd I k, ~ a "'in " (2 Chr 11:2-'). h ut the inhabitant> (om, fru ,,, a , .. rict)" of tribe, . 'n,i, ntondcd "ie>.' of J "dah'. popul .. ion al,o appean ill Chnmi"ic pa>saga .. I(kd to the de>cril"ion of Rebohoam'. rclgn in 2 Chronicl", I I. 'n ", fint;, the Ii>! of fortified citl. based on.n authcntic >on' of Iknjamin arc added (w. 10 . 12 ), .lthough no I\cnjamil,itc citico apl'e", in the Ii" it>cU. '" ll.c Ii,,', . the>c ''''". r""dent>
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n< ..... Lt "-''''''"•• ,.t d'," .... ,"" """"" 01 h', '0'" 'hmugh . u ,I>< ,"",",,, of Jud" "'" II popula,ioll i, much b,oa,kr: Jude.", 3nd Ik,~amill i t. membe ... of.lI the tribe" .. ",ell a. prie," an,) I",,·i,e,. The)" .re. in 'he Chronicler", wo,d,. "all 1"",,1 ill Jud.l.h alld Ik,~amin:'" TI>< pcopl clemen" and tribe. COiltinue to be ,eprescnted ill the kingdom of Judah.
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(lj n" I/.,ill" "J. \,a: 1 Ch,cnid" I~ 10 1J We fi"d the >an", lie",' of the peopk ill 'he Chronkkr', >«(~m t of A.~', reign, The kingdom;' ,auall)' called "Jud.l.h." "" but a fe". p"',agc. ,efc, nplici'I)' '0 spcdfic que>!iom of it> geograph), and d,u"'Sraph)"• • nd t he (kt>ib im]ude Ik,~amill" ~· cll .. ( ~ her tribes, In ,I>< deoe,iption of 'he army'. mak""p. ""e ,cad: "And A" h.d an .ml)' of 'hree hUlldred ,ho"" nd menfro .. Jude/! . .. med with b.n ofnlour .. , and next to hi"'Jcho,..bad" - ,nd 2 Chr 2}:~ - "Theil Amaliah ..",,,,bkd ,he men of Jud.h .nd.." ,he,,, b)' f"he,:, howc. '"
" ... Wbeth.,,- ,n • g .. l'I I' IJ '" 'n pI' r..... ,,,,I. .. 1''''"llI I"""'U...... >h'dd" _ 0.-
Jcr "",', F~ de>ertcd to him from hrocl" (2 Ch r 15:9), "Im,di,c." ,,'erc corntan,I)' "oo"ing to .-\",', lou,hen> k i n~· dom hen" ",. '" 'he ,-,,"" e l~I •. ",h",- """. th>! thc hi> God ~," ".i,h him," TI,e n:",on ~h-.:n for thi> >lead)' migrAtion - 'he kins" pro'pcrit), kncb a (ert.in authenticit), to ' h ~ accoun', A, 'he "c,)· ,he choice of trihe. de,no n"'''", "'m~ hi>'orical and gphical ",n,i'i'''t)"' Ephr-... m . .\(.n"""lo. and Simro n ~'crc 1udah', ck)",,, neighbou ... 'he l~>rlh and >o", h , '" 11lc Quoni( k r dacrihe, a p ro(c>.! of geogr>phic:ol c~pa"'ion during .-\,.', r I"'pub'ion (omprise, mcmhc" of thc people', trit.c,. ~'ho .rc de'ignated I»' 'heir tribal affiliation,
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(3j nit I/.,ill" oj 1I",i " tie ""pre"ion of 'hi> tendenc), "HC>.diah >en' '0 .11 hr-.cl and Judah. an(1 wm'c lelle" abo to Ephr.tim and .\(an,..",h" (2 Ch r jOH), "So ,h",- decreed to m.ke a proc!.:.. u.,lon ,hroughou,.11 l;.-.d. from Ikcr·,heba to Dan " (". ~). "So 'he couric" ,,"cnt 'hn:msl' 'he conn',)' of t:phraim .nd .Itaand .. f.r Z"buh,,, " (,-, (0).
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I",. 'n o.ronk"". S;me who com.o to Jeru"lcm arc "a f",,' men of "-.!her. of ~bna,> polkr tIc i. nOl conten' .p, T he t""o kingdonl> arc den(Md b)' 'hdr (omp"''''''' or repr"",n'"til'c ,ribe •. ""hi,h >em" to "mph.,i,e t he c~i" elICe of. ,rib.1 f"AnlC",-orl,
(4j n, /1,;11" "fle,jah: 2 Chrc";d,~ H According to th o >ceo,,,,t in KinK" Jo>iah's n:form. a l", eneomp,,,,ed part> of the northern kingdom, we find refcrI I the incense alta,., ,hro"Shout a ll ,he L",d of brad" (2 Chr :4 :5b- 7). In Chronicle>. 'he gwgr->phk hou nd, of the rdon'" Ofe far grea'.". th. n in KinS" T he border> a rc ,kfmod b)' indic:otillg trihal 'err ito'k>. from Sioleon in tho Sou, h to N"rh",li in 'he North . '" The Chronicler .1"" poin'" "'" ,he t,ib .1. g«>gnphic e,pk of b rael- i, the terri'o,}' of .11 the tribe • . '"". On Il .. d af""" .. , of ,,~. , , _....
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I. L &d< .JL~·'..n ·'''' ' " ,,,.. t "n, ,,,, I, .. " II .. " Goo. ALL h" "-,,, '''0' d.t "'" 'um .~~. from """""'"\1 ,r..- l.o.,," (" Ch, _1-""'). t" moo 7. n "''''' ,/-U, , Iw- kJ"K • "",·",t "o~-" ..I ,I>< L..-oci>ted ~"'h eKh reign . ~'e rcali,e ' hat . • tep 10)" '«p. J ,>iah. ' he refor n" e"end from Simeon '0 :-':aphtali an,l encoml"'" "all ' lte 'en'i'o,)' ,ha' belonged '0 'he peop le of Imod." hen ' pa" from ' he ,rib.1 fran'"",'Ol l . • con""," eifort i, ,n,,1e '0 rc,· i'.~ i« 'he concep ' of ".III;",d" in 'he ., ide" f'O', ible >en >c.
('J a, I.ist ofl'rusa/' .... ' nhabitant.: 'Ch, 9:2ff TI,,, p ."age mu" be .d,kd in "hle"O w "' ple'e 'he pic .. " ", It refer._ not '0 . p.rticula, monarch. bu, '0 'he period ... . whok: "And >ome of ' lte peopic of Judah, lIenj .. u in. [phr.im .• nd ~ b n .. >ch d~'cI, in Jerm.Ie", " (I Clt r 9 :j). T he Ii,." >ection of 'he Ii>! ,ha, folio". p arallel. t\eh 11 :3- 19. t>L . I,hough ' he Chronicle, It.>., made, number of ' enden,iou, chan ges '0 it> hcatling '" - includ ing 'he add i,ion of t:p h"'im and ~b
=h.''' Wi,hou, enterin g in 'o a di;cu»ion of ,ite Ii>!', origin> or 'he hi,'oric,,1 real it)' i, retiee!>. ,,. i, would .ppe .. fm m it> wn'e" ,h .. , he Chronicler ], '- On "'" rcb'.,n,"p b- "hoi"" >t _ ,.". hi' p"'''.'''' « _ouId >«m '0 "'" tJu, oI,haugh ,be ],,,', """.....,.,.,., ~;,.n ~ "'1gD1, ..
connected the Ii>! ".ith the monarchic I><doo . The li nk bet~' .,. ,o.,k: where did the Chron;,tk originat e. .. "I ""hat hi>1oricol ,ignifican<e
