heory, ractice and Applications
dited by Renos K. Papadopoulo
The Handbook HandbookofofJungian Jungian Psychology
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heory, ractice and Applications
dited by Renos K. Papadopoulo
The Handbook HandbookofofJungian Jungian Psychology
Theory, practice and and applications applications Theory, practice
Edited by Renos Re nos K. K. Papadopoulos Papadopoulos Edited by
I� ��'�:Ilf:?'�':"1' R Routledge
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IIONI>ON ANI> NI NI W ONION ANI) W YOHK YORK
Contents Conte n ts
First published published 2006 2006 First Routledge. by Routledge, 27 Church Church Road, Road. Hove, Hove. East East Sussex Sussex BN3 2FA 27 BN3 2FA Simultaneously published published in in the the USA USA and and Canada Canada Simultaneously by Routledge by Routledge 270 NY 10016 10016 270 Madison Avenue. Avenue, New New York. York, NY
Notes on contributors contributors Foreword by by Mario Jacoby Foreword Jacohy Preface Preface
Routledge is is an an imprint imprint of of Taylor Taylor & Francis Group Group & Francis Routledge
vii
xi Xl xiii Xlll
© 2006 2006 selection selection and and editorial editorial matter, matter. Renos RenosK. K.Papadopoulos; Papadopoulos; Copyright Copyright © individual individual chapters. chapters, the the contributors contributors
Introduction Introduction
Cornwall Cornwall Paperback Design Paperback design by by Hybert Hybert Design Paperback cover image: original by Michelle MichellePapadopoulos; Papadopoulos; digital digital cover image: original artwork artwork by enhancement Papadopoulos enhancement by by Olga Olga Papadopoulos All rights reserved. No part of of this book book may may be reproduced or or All rights No part be reprinted reprinted or reproduced utilised in any any form by any any electronic, electronic. mechanical, mechanical. or other means, means. now now utilised in form or or by or other
PART II
The ory Theory
55
1 Jung's epistemology Jung's epistemologyand andmethodology methodology
77
RENOS PAPADOPOULOS RENOS K. K PAPADOPOULOS
known or hereafter hereafter invented, invented. including including photocopying photocopying and and recording. or in in known or recording, or any system. without any information information storage storage or or retrieval retrieval system, without permission permission in writing
from the publishers. publishers. from the
The unconscious:personal personal and and collective collective unconscious: 22 The
33 The Thearchetypes archetypes
A catalogue catalogue record this book book is is available available from library record for this from the the British British Library Library Cataloging in in Publication Publication Data Data Library of of Congress Congress Cataloging
The of Jungian Jungian psychology :: theory. practice. and and applications applications /I The handbook handbook of theory, practice, edited Renos K. K. Papadopoulos. Papadopoulos. edited by by Renos
psychology. psychology. I.I. Papadopoulos. Papadopoulos, Renos Renos K. K.
BF173.H333 BF173.H333 2006 2006 54-dc22 150.19' 150.19'54—dc22
4 The shadow 4 The
ISBN13: ISBN13: 9-78-1-58391-147-2 9-78-1-58391-147-2 ISBN13: ISBN13: 9-78-1-58391-148-0 9-78-1-58391-148-0
(hbk) (hbk) (pbk) (pbk)
94 94
ANN ANN CASEMENT CASEMENT
�5 Anima/animus Anima/animus
1113 13
VFRFNA VERENA KAST KAST
2005017878 2005017878
ISBN10: (hbk) ISBN10: 1-58391-147-2 1-58391-147-2 (hbk) ISBN10: (pbk) ISBN10: 1-58391-148-0 1-58391-148-0 (pbk)
74 74
ANTHONY STEVENS ANTHONY STEVENS
p. p. cm. cm.
Includes and index. index. Includes bibliographical bibliographical references references and (hbk) — - ISBN ISBN 1-58391-148-0 1-58391-148-0 (pbk) (pbk)1. 1.Jungian Jungian ISBN ISBN 1-58391-147-2 1-58391-147-2 (hbk)
54 54
CHRISTOPHER CHRISTOPHER HAUKE HAUKE
This has been paper manufactured manufactured to This publication publication has been produced produced with with paper to strict strict environmental standards and with pulp derived derived from from sustainable sustainable forests. forests. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Data British Library
1
RENOS PAPADOPOULOS RENOS K. K. PAPADOPOULOS
Typeset in Times by by Garfield Garfield Morgan, Morgan. Rhayader, Rhayader. Powys, Powys. UK UK Printed and and bound in Great Great Britain Britain by by TJ TJ International International Ltd, Ltd. Padstow, Padstow.
(, 6
Psychological types types Psychological UlliN IOIIN 111'1·111' m 1131
77 The The self self WAIOHN MAN WARRI•N ("()I MAN
1130 30
1153 53
vi Contents Contents vi PART II II PART
Psy c ho thera p y Psychotherapy Transference/countertransference 88 Transference/countertransference
1 75 175
Notes Notes on on contributors contributors
1 77 177
ANDREW SAMUELS SAMUELS ANDREW
Individuation 99 Individuation
1 96 196
MURRAY STEIN STEIN MURRAY
10 Activeimagination imagination 10 Active
215 215
JOAN CHODOROW CHODOROW JOAN
11 Dreams 11 Dreams
244
a past past president president of the the C.G. e.G. Jung Jung Institute Institute of of San San Francisco, specialises in problems of personality and character. He specialises in problems of personality and character. H e is the Terror, Violence and the the editor editor of Terror, author of Integrity in Depth ((1992) 1 992) and Violence and the Impulse to Destroy: Perspectives from Analytical Psychology Impulse Destroy: Perspectives Analytical Psychology (2003). San Francisco Jung Institute Library Library Journal The founding editor of the The founding editor San Francisco Institute Journal of and the of the and the first first US US editor editor of the Journal of Analytical Analytical Psychology, Psychology, he continues as as a senior adviser adviser to to both journals as well as to the Journal of continues well as Jungian Theory Jungian Theory and Practice.
John Beebe, Beebe, M MD, John D,
MARY ANN ANN MATTOON MATTOON MARY
PART III PART III
A p p l i c a ti ons Applications
261
12 Alchemy 12 Alchemy
263 263
STANTON MARLAN STANTON MARLAN
is a training analyst with is with the Association Association of Jungian Analysts, Jungian Analysts, London, London, which which she she represents represents on the the International International Association for Analytical Association Analytical Psychology Psychology (IAAP) ( lAAP) Executive Executive Committee. Committee. She is is a founding She founding member member of ofthe theInternational InternationalNeuro-Psychoanalysis Neuro-Psychoanalysis Society. She She isis currently currently conducting conducting research research into into statutory statutory regulation at Society. at and contributes contributes to The Economist Economist and the University University of of London, London, writes writes for for The the Journal of of professionaljournals, journals,and andisisan an assistant assistanteditor editoron on the the Journal professional Who Owns Owns Psychoanalysis? Her latest latestbook bookisis Who Analytical Psychology. Psychology. Her Analytical
Ann Casement, Casement,FRAI, FRAI, FRSM, FRSM, Ann 13 Religion 13 Religion
296 296
RODERICK MAIN RODERICK MAIN
14 The arts arts 14 The
324 324
CHRISTIAN GAILLARD CHRISTIAN GAILLARD
Index Index
377 377
(2004) (2004)..
PhD, is is an an analyst member of of the the e.G. C.G. Jung Jung Joan Chodorow, analyst and faculty faculty member Joan Chodorow, PhD, Institute of of San Institute San Francisco. Francisco. She She lectures and teaches teaches internationally internationally as wellas as in in the the United United States. States. A A former former president president of the the American American Dance Dance well Dance Therapy Therapy and and Depth Therapy Association, Association,she sheisisthe theauthor author of of Dance Depth Therapy Jung on on andthe the editor editor of of Jung Psychology: The The Moving Moving Imagination Imagination ((1991) Psychology: 1 99 1 ) and Herearly early papers papersappear appearinin AAuthentic Active Imagination Imagination ((1997). Active 1 997). Her u thentic Movement: Essaysby byMary Mary Whitehouse, Janet Adler, Adler, and and Joan Chodorow Mo vement: Essays Whitehouse, Janet Chodorow Imagination: Healing Healing from from and her her forthcoming forthcomingbook book isis AActive ((1999) 1 999) and ctive Imagination: In addition addition to to papers papers and and books in English, English, translations translations in in other Within Within.. In languagesinclude include Bulgarian, Bulgarian,Czech, Czech,Danish, Danish, Dutch, Dutch, French, French, German, languages I lebrew,I ta Italian, Polish, Russian Russian and and Spanish. Ilchrew, l i a n , JJapanese, a panese, KKorean, orea n, Polish,
•
a a training t ra i n il1� analyst ana lyst for for the t he Society S ociet y of ofAnalytical A na lyt ical Psychology British Associat Association Psycho logy aand nd tthe hl' British ion of Psychotherapists Psychot herapist s aand nd is aa full ru l l
Warren Warren(,olman Colman isis
viii Notes Noteson oncontributors contri buto rs viii
member of the the Society Society of of Couple Couple Psychoanalytic Psychoanalytic Psychotherapists. Psychotherapists. He He member lectures, teaches supervises in Russia lectures, teaches and supervises in England, England, Sweden, Sweden, Poland and Russia is in in private practice in St Albans, England. England. He He is is assistant assistant editor editor of of and is Journal of ofAnalytical Analytical Psychology Psychology and published numerous numerous papers papers the Journal and has published on diverse diverse topics, topics, including including several several on the the self. self. is current president doctorate in is current president of of the the IAAP. IAAP. He has aa doctorate in psychology analyst and and former president of of the the French French psychology and and is is aa training training analyst Society of Society of Analytical Analytical Psychology. Psychology. He He is is aa professor professor at at the Ecole National Superieure Paris, lecturer lecturer at the the University University Rene Rene Superieure des des Beaux-Arts Beaux-Arts in in Paris, Descartes the Institut Institut C.G. e.G. Jung Jung in in Paris. Paris. He He founded founded and and Descartesand and at at the directed Cahiers de Culture, was directed the the Cahiers de Psychologie Psychologiede del'Art l'Art et et de de la la Culture, was for a long time co-chief co-chief editor long time editor of of the the Cahiers is Cahiers Jungiens de Psychanalyse, and is now a a member member of of the the international international editorial now editorial team team of of the the Journal Journal of A nalytical Psychology, Psychology, of International Journal for Analytical for Jungian of Harvest: Jungian Harvest: International Studies and and of He has has published published many many articles Studies articles and Anima. He of Anima. and book book chapters. edition 2001) 200 I ) is translated chapters. His His book book Jung translated into Jung (3rd into several several (3rd edition languages; publications include include Le Musee imaginaire imaginaire de languages; other other publications Carl Le Musèe de Carl
Christian Gaillard Christian Gaillard
Gustav Jung 1 998), Les Evidences du la vie vie symbolique symholique (2000) Gustav Jung ((1998), Les Evidences du corps corps et la and muta::ione (2000). and Donne Donne in mutazione (2000). is Jungian analyst analyst practising practising in London. He He is is aa is aa Jungian in London. lecturer psychoanalytic studies Goldsmiths College, College, University University of of lecturer in in psychoanalytic studies at at Goldsmiths London. is co-editor co-editor (with Alister) of and Film: Film: PostPost London. He He is (with Ian Ian Alister) of Jung Jung and Jungian Takes Takes on the Moving Moving Image (200 1 ) and Ian Alister) Alister) (2001) and (again (again with with Ian A nalysis ((1988) 1 988) and of Jung the of Contemporary Jungian Analysis and the the author author of Jung and and the heing Postmodern: Realities (2000) Postmodern: The The Interpretation Interpretation of of Realities (2000) and and Human Human being Human: involvement in in filmfilm Human: Culture Culture and and the the Soul Soul (2005). (2005). His His current current involvement making Movies Work? Work? Unconscious Unconscious making links links with with his his next nextbook book What What Makes Makes Movies
Christopher Christopher Hauke Hauke
Process Film-maker'.\· Craft. Craji. Process and the Film-maker's Verena Verena Kast Kast is is aa training training Jungian Jungian
analyst and and former former president president of of the the IAAP IAAP analyst and of the the Swiss Swiss Association Association for for Analytical Analytical Psychology. Psychology. She She holds holds aa and of doctorate in psychology psychology from from the the University University of of Zurich. Zurich. She She isis professor professor doctorate in of psychology at the University of Zurich and instructor and training of psychology at the University of Zurich and instructor and training analyst at the e.G. Jung Institute of Zurich. She has published eighteen analyst at the C.G. Jung Institute of Zurich. She has published eighteen - The of Loving, Loving, A A Time Time to to books in German, German, three three of of which which — books in The Nature Nature of and The Creative Leap have been translated into English. Her Mourn Mourn and The Leap — have been translated into English. Her works in Chinese, Chinese, Czech, Greek, Hungarian, Hungarian, works also also appear appear in Czech, Danish, Danish, Dutch, Dutch, Greek, IItalian, talian, Japanese, Lithuanian, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish. Japanese, Lithuanian, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish. Joy. Joy, originally Inspiration, 1 99 1 ) isis the Inspiration, and Hope ((1991) the first first of of her her books books to to appear appear originally in English. in English.
Roderick RoderickMain, Main,PhD, PhD,
is lecturer in in psychoanalytic psychoanalytic studies the is aa lecturer studies at at the University on Synchronicity Synchronicity and the Universityof of Essex. Essex.He Heisis the the editor editor of of Jung Jung on Paranormal 1 997) and Synchronicitl' Paranormal ((1997) and the the author author of of The The Rupture Rupture of of Time: Synchronicitv
Notes oon contributors ix Notes n contributors ix
as well well as as of many and Jung's Critique Critique of of Modern Western Western Culture (2004) (2004) as book chapters chapters and and articles articles on onJungian Jungianpsychology psychologyand andreligious religiousstudies. studies.
Stanton MarIan, Marlan, PhD, PhD, Stanton
ABPP, is is a Jungian analyst in private practice and ABPP, and aa training teaching analyst for for the the Inter-Regional Inter-Regional Society Society of of Jungian Jungian training and teaching Analysts. He is president of Analysts. of the the Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Society Society of ofJungian JungianAnalysts, Analysts, and a member member of of the the New New York YorkAssociation Associationfor forAnalytical AnalyticalPsychology. Psychology. He is an anadjunct adjunctclinical clinical professor professor of ofpsychology psychology at atDuquesne Duquesne He is University, and and a diplomate University, diplomate in in both both clinical clinical psychology psychology and and psychopsycho analysis from from the American analysis American Board of of Professional Professional Psychology. Psychology. He is aa member the Academy Academy of of Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis and and chairperson chairperson of of its its member of of the Mentoring Committee, Committee, and has also served served on the Board of of Directors Directors of of the American Board for Accreditation Accreditation in in Psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis. He He is is the editor editor The Black the author author of of The of the of Jungian Theory Theory and Practice, the the Journal of (2005) and and the the editor editor of of two two Sun: The Alchemy A lchemy and rt of Darkness Darkness (2005) Sun: The and AArt previous alchemical themes. themes. He has has lectured lectured widely widely in the the previous books books on alchemical United United States, States, Europe Europe and and Asia. Asia. His Hisscholarly scholarly interests interests include include archetypal psychology, psychology, hermetic hermetic philosophy, philosophy, alchemy alchemy and Kabbalah, archetypal Kabbalah, critical philosophy and and Asian Asianreligions. religions. critical theory, theory, continental philosophy
has Mary Mary Ann Ann Mattoon Mattoon has
practised as aa Jungian practised as Jungian analyst analyst in in Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minnesota since since her her graduation graduation from the C.G. Minnesota e.G. Jung Jung Institute Institute of ofZurich. Zurich. Since psychology at the she has has also also taught Jungian psychology PhD, she Since receiving receiving her her PhD, University innesota and participated in founding founding the the Minnesota M innesota University of of M Minnesota and participated Jung Association. Her publications include include edited volumes of the the Jung Association. Her publications edited volumes proceedings Congresses of the the International International Association Association for for proceedingsof of the the Congresses Analytical Psychology.
Renos is Renos K. K. Papadopoulos, Papadopoulos, PhD, PhD, is
professor analytical psychology professor of analytical psychology at at the University Middlesex University, University of of Essex, Essex, visiting visiting professor professor at at Middlesex University, associate fellow British Psychological Psychological Society analyst of of the the fellow of of the the British Society and and training training analyst Independent ofAnalytical Analytical Psychologists. Psychologists. He He is is consultant consultantclinical clinical Independent Group Group of psychologist Tavistock Clinic Clinic and aatraining trainingsystemic systemic family family psychologistatat the the Tavistock Harvest: International International Journal Journal for for psychotherapist. psychotherapist.He Heisisthe the editor editor of of Harvest: Jungian Academic Subcommittee of the was the the first first chair chair of the Academic Jungian Studies, was IAAP founding member member of of the the International International Association Association for for and aa founding IAAP and Jungian Studies. His publications are in analytical psychology, family Jungian Studies. publications are in analytical psychology, family ttherapy, he rapy , clinical specialist work refugees. As As clinical psychology psychology and and specialist work with refugees. consultant to the United Nations and other organisations he has worked consultant and other organisations w i t h survivors of the the world. world. with survivors of of political political violence violence in in many many parts of
Andrew professor of of analytical analytical psychology psychologyat at the the AndrewSamuels Samuels isis professor
University University of of Fssex. professor of psychoanalytic psychoanalytic studies studies at at Goldsmiths Goldsmiths km:A, visiting visiting professor · o l l ege . lUniversity (College, ! n ive rsit y of professor of of psychology psychology and of London. London, honorary professor ttherapeutic hera pe l l t ic ststudies ud ies at R oehampton University University and training analyst analyst of at Roehampton and training tthe hl' S o c il'l y of' A na l y t i c a l Psychology. I'sydlO logy. Ilis hook s have have been heen translated t ransla t ed Society of Analytical His hooks
xx
Notes Noteson on contributors contri butors into nineteen nineteen languages languages and include Jung Jung and and the Post-Jungians into Post-Jungians ((1985), 1 985),
A Critical The Father: The Father: Contemporary Contemporary Jungian Jungian Perspectives Perspectives ((1985), 1 985), A Critical (with Bani Dictionary of of Jungian Dictionary Jungian Analysis A nalysis (with Bani Shorter Shorter and and Fred Fred Plaut) Plaut) The Plural Plural Psyche: Psyche: Personality, Personality, Morality Morality and and the the Father Father ((1989), ((1986), 1 986), The 1 989), Psychopathology: Contemporary Contemporary Jungian Jungian Perspectives The Psychopathology: Perspectives ((1989), 1 989), The Political Psyche and Politics Politics on on the Couch: Couch: Citizenship Citizenship and the the Political Psyche ((1993) 1 993) and (2001). Internal Life Life (200 1).
iiss a training training analyst analyst at at the the International International School School of Analytical Psychology Analytical Psychology in in Zurich. Zurich. He He is is aafounding foundingmember member of ofthe the InterInter Regional Society Society for for Jungian Jungian Analysts Analysts and and the Regional the Chicago Chicago Society Society of Jungian Analysts 200 1 to to 2004. 2004. He He Jungian Analysts and and was was president president of ofthe the IAAP IAAP from from 2001 has written Jung's Treatment has written several several books, books, including including Jung's Treatment of of Christianity Christianity (1983) and Jung's Jung's Map of (1998). ((1985), 1 985), In MidLife MidLife (1 983) and of the Soul (1 998). He He is the editor of of Jungian Jungian Analysis (Open Court) Court) and and aa publisher editor Analysis (Open publisher (Chiron (Chiron Publications), where he he has edited the Chiron Publications), Chiron Clinical Clinical Series. Series.
Foreword Foreword Mario Jacoby
Murray Stein, Stein, PhD, PhD, Murray
is aa member is member of of the the Independent Independent Group Group of of Analytical Analytical Psychologists and and of the the Royal College Psychologists College of of Psychiatrists. Psychiatrists. In In addition addition to to his he has two 963), he two honours honours degrees degrees in in his medical medical degree degree (Oxford (Oxford 11963), experimental psychology psychology (Reading 1955; experimental 1 95 5; Oxford Oxford 1959) 1 959) and aa doctorate doctorate based on research, supervised by the 1 973) based the late late Dr Dr in medicine (Oxford (Oxford 1973) John Bowlby, on attachment attachment behaviour behaviour in Greek Greek orphans. orphans. He He is is the the John Bowlby, rchetype Revisited: Revisited: An An author twelve books, author of twelve books, the the last last of which which isis A Archetype
Anthony Anthony Stevens Stevens
Updated of the Self Self (2002). Updated Natural Natural History of
Why aa new new Handbook Why f Jungian Psychology now, Handbook oof now, nearly nearly half a century after Jung's death? Over the enormous variety of of the years, have we not seen already an enormous publications ideas, by by describing, describing, explaining, explaining, discussing, discussing, publications trying trying to to spread his ideas, praising their novelty. novelty. As As some some of of the the important examples, examples, II praising but also criticising their can f e. G. Jung 939), M.-L. von Franz, can mention mentionJ.J. Jacobi, Jacobi, The The Psychology Psychology oof C.G. Jung (1 (1939), e. G. Jung: Time (1 975), E. oung C.G. Jung: His Myth in our Time (1975), E. Humbert, Jung Jung (1983), (1983), Polly Polly Y YoungEisendrath Cambridge Companion Eisendrath and and Terence Terence Dawson Dawson (eds), (eds), The The Cambridge Companion to to Jung (1997), Murray Stein, Jung's of the the Soul Soul (1 998) and the (1 997), Murray Jung's Map of (1998) and so so forth. forth. Yet, by the year 2006 the obviously not not exhausted. exhausted. the theme theme 'Jung' isis obviously On On the the contrary: contrary: this this Handbook is timely timely and more than welcome. welcome. It is written by a number of experienced analysts of of the the second second and and experienced and and well-known well-known Jungian Jungian analysts third the English-speaking English-speaking world. These authors are are third generations, generations, mainly from the experts field. All of of them them have have aa deep deep knowledge knowledge and and respect respect for for experts in their special field. lung's and begin begin their their individual individual chapters chapters by by grounding grounding their their subject subject Jung's work and matter basic findings. findings. After they take off off to to deal deal with with more more matter in in Jung's basic After that that they contemporary not least, least, with with their their own ownexperiences experiences and and contemporary views views and and last, last, but not contributions. important insights insights into into Jung's Jung's original original contributions. Thus Thus the the reader reader can get important ideas adaptations to to the the ideas followed followed by by their practical practical therapeutic applications and adaptations necessities necessities of of the the present present time. time. On Onthe thewhole, whole,itit isis again again evident evident that that the rift and animosity between between Freudian and Jungian analysts analysts have have mellowed mellowed considerably. There is more and more convergence between between the two two main main depth depth psychological approaches, especially especially where wherepractice practiceisisconcerned concerned— - for better better or or worse. worse. It impossible to important themes It is impossible to address address all all important themes that that this this Handbook Handbook intro introduces wish to to focus focus on on only only one one theme theme because because II feel feel duces and and discusses. discusses. In In fact, I wish that offers an an original original perspective perspective to to view view the theunderlying underlying principles principles upon upon that it offers which well as, as, ititreflects reflects on on the theindividual individual themes themes which lung's Jung's theory theory is based as well which the other other authors authors in in this this book. book. This This theme theme appears appears in inthe the which get get treated by the 'lung's epistemology lo ng chapter chapter 'Jung's epistemology and methodology', methodology', written written by by the the editor editor of of long the Handbook, the Handbook, Professor Professor Papadopoulos. In hil osophi ca l essay, which which although although isis dense dense and and weighty, weighty,isisthorough thorough In this this pphilosophical and very grappling with, the the author author develops develops the argument that Jung lung and very worth worth grappling espollsed opposing epistemologies, epistemologies, of of which which Jung espoused two two opposing Jung was was not necessarily fully Papadopoulos calls calls these these Jung's .Jun�'s 'Socratic 'Socratic ignorance ig norance and and Gnostic Gnostic aware. aware. Papadopoulos kknowledge'. nllw!l·dgl··.
xii M arioJacoby J acoby xii Mario
What is is meant meant by by'Socratic 'Socratic ignorance'? ignorance'? Every Every college college student student isis probably probably know that I know know nothing'. nothing' . In familiar familiar with with the the famous famous dictum dictum of of Socrates Socrates 'I'I know this this connection, Papadopoulos mentions among among other other examples examples Jung's lung's attitude attitude oversweepingstatements statementsof ofthe the"nothing "nothing but" but" kind, of 'clearly standing against oversweeping kind, especially lung: 'Stereotyped especially when whenitit comes comesto todream dreaminterpretation'. interpretation'. He quotes Jung: interpretation one isis again again and andagain again interpretation of of dream-motifs dream-motifsare areto to be be avoided avoided .. .. .. one obliged, admit to to one's one's ignorance ignorance and andrenouncing renouncing all all obliged, before before each each dream dream to to admit preconceived for something something entirely entirely unexpected' unexpected' (Jung (lung1948, 1 948, preconceived ideas, ideas, to to prepare for Complete Works 8: 543). On hand, Jung lung is often often also also full full of Complete Works 8: par. par. 543). On the the other hand, sweeping here Papadopoulos Papadopoulos speaks speaks of of sweeping statements statementsand and fixed fixed beliefs, beliefs, and and here 'Gnostic knowledge knowledge or Gnostic epistemology'. epistemology'. Thus, Papadopou Thus, according according to Papadopoulos, 'the agnostic and and epistemological epistemological openness in lung's los, in lung Jung interchanges with Jung's own Gnosticism which characterised by unshakable belief belief in the own Gnosticism which is is characterised by his his unshakable in the correctness assertions and and general general theories'. theories'. correctness of his own assertions When it comes comes to the the clinical clinical context, context, this this 'Gnostic' 'Gnostic'epistemology epistemology produces produces an attitude in in Jung, lung, which which is is in in complete complete contrast contrast to tohis hisSocratic Socraticopenness. openness. As As an attitude Papadopoulos have been been quite quite Papadopoulos rightly rightly mentions, mentions,lung Jung was was also also known known to have explicitly what specific specific actions and and explicitly prescriptive prescriptive to to his his analysands, telling them what directions take in in their their life. life. There There are are many many examples examples of of this this tendency tendency mainly mainly directions to take in the letters to people people asking him for for advice advice (C.G. Jung: lung: 'Letters', 'Letters', edited edited by byG. G. Adler and A. A. Jaffe). laffe). II think think that thatthe theawareness awareness and anddifferentiation differentiation between between these these opposite opposite epiepi stemologies lungian scholars scholars as as well well as as for forevery everyanalyst. analyst. stemologies are are very very crucial crucial for for Jungian Maybe epistemologies have what is is importimport Maybe both both epistemologies have something something good good to to offer offer and and what ant us to to be be fully fully aware aware which which one one we we employ at each each given given time. time. On the ant is for us one hand, the the open open spirit spirit of ofSocratic Socratic questioning questioning is is most most useful: useful: Socrates Socrates was was also called a a kind kind of of midwife midwife because, because, by by his his questioning, questioning, he he could could bring bring to tolife, life, also called i.e., to conscious conscious awareness, awareness, unquestioned unquestioned attitudes taken for for i.e., to attitudes which which were were taken granted. On hand, itit isis also also human human to toneed needcertain certainconvictions convictions in in granted. On the other hand, order stand on on aasafe safe enough enough ground. ground. For For most most analysts analysts of ofthe the early early order to to stand generation, pillar of of conviction conviction was was provided provided by by the thecomplete complete identifiidentifi generation, such such aa pillar cation lung's ideas. ideas. 'Jung 'lung always always said' said' was was an an understandable understandableexpression expression cation with Jung's of this attitude, attitude, giving giving much much needed needed reassurance. reassurance. of this This is is not so much much needed needed any any more more at at the the present present time, time, as as itit can can be be seen seen by by This not so the authors of of the the chapters chapters of of this this book; book; they they honour honour Jung's lung's legacy legacy not not by by the authors parroting but by by developing developing further the the theory theory and and practice practice of ofanalytical analytical parroting him but psychology is for this this reason reason that that psychology through through their their own own personal personal approaches. approaches. It It is this timely, authoritative and invaluable invaluable contribution contribution to to this Handbook constitutes constitutes aa timely, authoritative and the systematic study the latest latest trends trends in in Jungian lungian psychology. psychology. the systematic study of of the M ario Jacoby, lacoby, PhD PhD Mario Lecturer, supervising analyst at the the Lecturer, training training and and supervising analyst at c. G. Jung Jung Institute Institute and and at at the the International InternationalSchool School C.G. for Analytical Psychology Psychology (ISAP) Zurich for Analytical (ISAP) in in Zurich
Preface Preface Renos Papadopoulos Renos K. Papadopoulos
is the the product product of a great This first Handbook f Jungian Psychology, Psychology, is This book, book, the first Handbook oof deal by many many people people deal of of intellectual intellectual input, input, analytical sensitivity and and sheer labour by over long period of time. time. Coordinating many eminent authors is a rewarding rewarding over a long task although not not always always easy. easy. There There were were many manydifficulties difficulties along the the way way and and the nal production much longer longer than initially initially planned. the fi final production took took much planned. II am grateful to all contributors for for their their persistence, persistence, patience patience and and professionalism. professionalism. Each all the contributors one them worked worked hard all stages stages of the preparation preparation and production of one of them hard at all and production the book. the book. The strength strength of a book of The of this this nature nature depends depends substantially substantially on the adequate adequate representation all possible possible strands of Jungian Jungian psychology, psychology, both both theoretically theoretically representation of of all strands of well as culturally and geographically. ItIt is sincere regret as as well as culturally and geographically. is my my sincere regret that, that, due due to logistical of contributors contributors come come from from logistical and and financial financial considerations, considerations, the the majority of the and the the USA. USA. However, However, in in so so far far as as they they are are leading leading authorities authorities in in their their the UK UK and respective believe that the book book has has suffered suffered in in any anysignificant significant respectivefields, fields,IIdo do not not believe that the way. way. In addition to to the thecontributors, contributors, many many others others have have assisted, assisted, directly directly or or In addition am indebted indebted to tomy my indirectly, indirectly, in in the the final final completion completion of of this this work. work. In In particular, II am colleagues Centre for for Psychoanalytic Psychoanalytic Studies Studies of of the the University University of of Essex, Essex, colleagues at at the the Centre Professors Professors Andrew Andrew Samuels, Samuels, Karl Karl Figlio, Figlio, Bob Bob Hinshelwood, Hinshelwood, Joan Joan Raphael-Leff Raphael-Leff and Dr Roderick Roderick Main, Main, as as well well as as to tomy mycolleagues colleagues at atthe theTavistock Tavistock Clinic, Clinic, and Dr especially Harris. Mario Mario Jacoby Jacoby merits merits especiallyEmilia EmiliaDowling, Dowling,Judith Judith Bell Bell and and Rita Rita Harris. particular agreeing to write the the Foreword; Foreword; despite despite his his many many comcom particular thanks thanks for for agreeing to write mitments he generously generously accepted this this additional additional task. task. mitments all all over over the world, he Kate Hawes (publisher), (publisher), Nicola Nicola Ravenscroft Ravenscroft (production (production editor), editor), Claire Claire Kate Hawes Lipscomb Katharine Grummett Grummett (marketing (marketing Lipscomb (senior (senior editorial editorial assistant) assistant) and and Katharine executive), helpful and and encouraging, encouraging, especially especially executive), all all at at Routledge, Routledge, have have been been most most helpful at difficult times. did an an excellent excellent job job as as copy-editor, copy-editor, as as well well as as at difficult times. Christine Christine Firth Firth did I,isa who ably ably compiled compiled the the index. index. Lisa Footitt Footitt who II am Bobbi Whitcombe Whitcombe who am also also indebted indebted to to Bobbi who edited edited Professor Professor Kast's Kast's chapter chapter with Post with expert expert competence. competence. Bobbi Bobbi (who (who completed completedthe the MA MA in in Jungian Jungian and and PostJungian udies at the University University of of Essex) Essex) is is aa psychodynamic psychodynamic psychotherapist, psychotherapist, Studies at the Jungian St Ita writer, wri ter. aa teacher tem:her and and aa freelance freelance editor. editor. The the hook book cover cover was was a combined combined prod uct of painting by by The image image 011 on the product of aa painting Midll'lIc and ncemcnt by M ic he I Papadopoulos le Papadopoulos anddigital digitalgraphic graphiccnha enhancement byOlga OlgaPapadopoulos. Papadopoulos,
RenosK.K.Papadopoulos Papadopo u l o s xiv Renos
my very very special special daughters! daughters!II am amgrateful gratefulto t othem themfor fortheir theirskills skillsasaswell wellasasthe thetime, time, my they put put into into this this project. project. effort and dedication they Noel Taylor has has been been indispensable indispensable in his his assistance assistance with with all allcomputer computer Noel patience software and hardware). hardware). His His knowledge, knowledge, efficiency, efficiency, and and patience matters (both software matters are most most appreciated. appr eciated . are always, Nina, Nina, my mywife, wife,has hasbeen beenconstantly constantlysupportive, supportive, encouraging encouraging and and As always, enormously generous. generous. enormously These acknowledgements acknowledgements cannot complete without without mentioning mentioning the the These cannot be be complete support of my special friends at Essex. support of my special friends at Essex.
Introduction Introduction Renos K. Papadopoulos Renos K.
The more The more you you advance advance in in the the understanding understanding of of the the psyche psyche the themore more careful you will have careful have to to be be with with terminology, terminology, because because it it isis historically historically coined and and prejudiced. coined prejudiced. The The more more you you penetrate penetrate the the basic basic problems problems of of psychology the the more psychology more you you approach approach ideas ideas which which are arephilosophically, philosophically, religiously, and religiously, and morally morally prejudiced. prejudiced. Therefore Therefore certain certain things things should should be be utmost care. care. handled with with the the utmost handled par. 116) Complete Works Works 17: (C.G. lung Jung 1935, 1 7: par. 1 1 6) (e.G. 1 935, Complete
Jung spoke these words of Jung of warning warning during during his his famous famous lecture lecture series series at at the the Tavistock Clinic Clinic back back in 1935. 1 93 5 . At At the the same sameclinic, clinic, exactly exactly seventy seventy years years Tavistock later, II am writing aware that his words, far later, writing this Introduction Introduction being being fully fully aware from being being dated, dated, are still from stil l most pertinent today. today. In recent In recent years, years, there has been been an an astonishing astonishing proliferation proliferation of of Jungian Jungian activities on on all fronts: activities fronts: publications publications — - journals, books, books, websites; websites; cultural, cultural, artistic and other artistic other events; events; academic courses and projects; projects; associations, concon ferencesand and even even commercial commercial enterprises. enterprises. Moreover, Moreover, the the scope scope of of Jungian ferences work has spread much wider work wider than than its its original original clinical clinical and and cultural cultural spheres spheres to encompass increasingly from organisational organisational and and to increasingly more diverse realms — - from human resource human resource management management to film film criticism criticism and and refugee refugee intervention intervention programmes. All All these these have have created created aa huge huge body of relevant literature that programmes. that needs to to be digested, re-viewed, re-examined and and ultimately deconstructed. needs re-viewed, re-examined In addition, addition, this this needs to be put side In needs to side by side side with Jung's original original work so that an appropriate comparison is undertaken undertaken in in a systhat comparison and re-evaluation re-evaluation is sys tematic way. way. This This is is a formidable project, indeed. tematic indeed. The timing timing and conditions for this The this undertaking undertaking seem seem to be be ripe ripe because because this vast volume th is vast volume of Jungian Jungian material material requires requires systematic systematic attention attention soon, soon, before itit grows also, the new oefore grows even even bigger bigger and becomes becomes unmanageable; unmanageable; also, new possible condi condibest possible pphenomenon heno me non of of academic academic Jungian Jungian studies studies provides provides the the best for this this kkind It is is important to note that ttions ions for in d of rresearch. e se a rch . It that the the emergence emergence of post-Jungian) studies at at universities is a .IJungian u n�ial1 ((which, whidl, of cou rse, iincludes ncl udes po s t -J u ng i a n ) studies course, until reL'ently recently was Jungian world wh which most t illin tthe hl' .J1I 1l�iall world icll until most wdcol11L' welcome liL'vdopl11L'n development
2 Renos RenosK.K.Papadopoulos Papadopoulos 2
dominated exclusively exclusively by by clinician-analysts. clinician-analysts. Academic Academic Jungian Jungianresearchers researchers dominated not only only can can afford afford the the time, time, energy energy and andfacilities facilities to to subject subject this this material material to to not proper scholarly scholarly scrutiny scrutiny but also have have aa unique unique position position in in so so far faras asthey they proper but also are less less likely likely to tainted by by the the splits splits and and factionalism factionalism that that have have marked marked are to be be tainted the analytical analytical Jungian Jungian community community for foryears. years. the Therefore, this this is is an an opportune opportune time time to toundertake undertakesuch suchaaserious seriousscholarly scholarly Therefore, work in this fi e ld in order to refresh it and prepare it to face thenew new work in this field in order to refresh it and prepare it to face the challenges of our current times. One of the key characteristics of this project challenges of our current times. One of the key characteristics of this project should be be its its systematic systematic nature nature because because the the Jungian Jungian field, field, almost almost mirroring mirroring should Jung's own opus, has been growing 'naturally' ( if not haphazardly) without Jung's own opus, has been growing 'naturally' (if not haphazardly) without following any plan and without any sequential elaboration of each concept following any plan and without any sequential elaboration of each concept and process process that that were were introduced. introduced. and Jung aptly noted that terminology isis 'historically 'historically coined coined and andprejudiced' prejudiced' Jung aptly noted that terminology and, therefore, it is essential that we pause and re-examine not only Jung's and, therefore, it is essential that we pause and re-examine not only Jung's own writings but also all the subsequent Jungian literature in order to own writings but also all the subsequent Jungian literature in order to investigate their historical 'prejudices' as well as all the other infl u ences that investigate their historical 'prejudices' as well as all the other influences that they had been been subjected SUbjected to. was acutely acutely aware not only only the the they had to. Jung Jung was aware that that not formulations of the theories (and their terminology) can be 'prejudiced' but formulations of the theories (and their terminology) can be 'prejudiced' but also the very very conceptualisation conceptualisation of of what what constitutes constitutes the the subject subject matter matteritself, itself, also the i.e., the 'ideas' about the 'basic problems' can themselves be 'philosophi i.e., the 'ideas' about the 'basic problems' can themselves be 'philosophically, prejudiced'. In In effect, effect, Jung's Jung's warning warningsuggests suggests cally, religiously, religiously, and and morally morally prejudiced'. the necessity of an essential work that needs to be undertaken well before the necessity of an essential work that needs to be undertaken well before aa clinician scholar even discuss the any concept concept or or clinician or or scholar even begins begins to to discuss the validity validity of of any process. This work should be about exploring the very assumptions that process. This work should be about exploring the very assumptions that theories Without this this fundamental fundamental groundground theories and and techniques techniques are are based based upon. upon. Without work, Jung would would warn warn us us that that we we are are likely likely to to accept, accept, unwittingly, unwittingly, aa great great work, Jung many 'prejudiced' not not only only at at the the level level of of logical logical many assumptions assumptions that that can can be be 'prejudiced' formulation also due due to to 'religious' 'religious' and and 'moral' 'moral' prejudices. prejudices. This This means means formulation but but also lackofoftheoretical theoretical accuracy accuracy or or that the dangers dangers are are not not just just about about the thelack that the clinical unsuspectingly, aa framework framework clinical effectiveness effectivenessbut butalso also about about espousing, espousing, unsuspectingly, whose implications are us. Without Without being being fully fully whose origin origin and and implications are unknown unknown to to us. aware the contexts contexts within within which which each each concept concept had had been been developed, developed, it it aware of of the would stray blindly blindly into pathways that into would be be easy easy to to stray into pathways that could could lead lead us us into unexpected unpredictable consequences. consequences. unexpected destinations destinations with with unpredictable Thus, is imperative imperative that re-examination of this growing growing body body of of Thus, it it is that aa re-examination of this Jungian undertaken periodically, based Handbook isis based Jungian work work is is undertaken periodically,and and this this Handbook firmly importance of of this this task. task. In Inits itsextremely extremely firmlyon on the the realisation realisation of of the the importance modest the further further developdevelop aspires to to contribute contribute to to the Handbook aspires modest way, way, this this Handbook ment offer an an authoritative authoritative research research into into ment of of this this project project by by attempting attempting to to offer some of this this some central central themes themes of of Jungian Jungian psychology. psychology.Although Althoughno no book book of nature be definitive definitive either content, every every nature can can possibly possibly claim claim to to be either in in scope scope or or content, effort select the most currently currently relevant relevant themes themes and effort has has been been made made to to select the most and to to address possible way and critical critical address them them in in the the best best possible way by by offering offering aa thorough thorough and survey survey of of them. them.
Introduction I ntroduction 33
The uniqueness of of this this Handbook is that that itit has has been been designed designed to provide provide aa comprehensive, systematic and and competent treatment of comprehensive, systematic of some some central central tenets tenets of Jung's Jung's work. work. Such Such an an enormous enormous undertaking undertaking cannot be carried out by by any one one single single author. What What is is required required is is aa group groupof ofspecialists specialists who who are are authorities in in their their own ownspecific specific subject subject matter matter within within Jungian Jungianpsychology, psychology, and this achieve; that that is is this is is precisely precisely what this Handbook has endeavoured to achieve; why the contributors contributors were were selected selected from from the the most mostsignificant significant contemporary contemporary Jungian authors authorsrepresenting, representing, as as far faras as possible, possible, different different schools schools of of thought thought as well well as as different different geographical geographical locations. locations. However, H owever, sadly sadly and unavoidunavoid ably, the great majority majority of of them them come come from from the the English-speaking English-speaking world due due to the the difficulties difficulties in in obtaining obtaining reliable reliable and andinexpensive inexpensive translation translation from from other languages. languages. Initially, it was was envisaged envisaged that that the the chapters chapters adhere adhere to a uniform structure Initially, which would would ensure ensure that that each which each topic topic is is treated treated in in the thesame samesystematic systematic manner. manner. Moreover, Moreover, the authors were were encouraged encouraged to write in a style style that that is is accessibletoto aa wide range of readers accessible wide range readers while while at the the same same time time not not being being simplistic. The original uniform structure structure of of each each chapter chapterincluded included the the following: following: •
•
•
•
•
• •
•
•
• •
•
A brief introduction in which the author A author locates locates the topic topic in the the context context the Jungian opus and of the and examines examines its importance importancc and and overall overall relevance. relevance. A systematic investigationof of Jung's Jung's actual A systematic investigation actual positions positions on the the topic, topic, including their their chronological mapping out out major including chronological development, development, mapping major revisions within within Jung's own revisions own writings. writings. A clear outline of the range A clear outline range of of meanings meanings and definitions definitions of the topic. topic. A systematic outline of major innovations, criticisms A systematic innovations, criticisms and and developments developments of the of the topic topic which which have have been been introduced introduced by other other authors authors (during (during Jung's lifetime and after his death). Jung's lifetime his death) . An account account of the current An current status status and and trends trends for forfuture futuredevelopments. developments. An up-to-date relevant bibliography on the subject. An the subject.
Most chapters chapters have have adhered adhered to to this this general general outline outline but, but, inevitably, inevitably, itit is is not not Most possible for every theme to be subjected to this same treatment and, therepossible for every theme to be subjected to there fore, several severalchapters chapters have have deviated deviated from from this order, following fore, following a structure structure more appropriate appropriate to to their their subject matter. At the same time, morc subject matter. time, the contribucontribu tors, true to the Jungian spirit of authenticity, have brought tors, true the Jungian spirit of authenticity, have brought their their own own individuality into into their their chapters, chapters, thus thus subverting subverting a blanket uniformity. uniformity. Even Even individuality intention of of keeping keeping all all chapters chapters to to the the same same size size had had to to be tthe he ooriginal ri gina l intention allowing for suitable suitable variations. variations. aabandoned, ha n doned, allowing A /latU/hook Handbook isis aa concise book that addresses A concise reference reference book addresses a particular particular subjectand and tthis the /irst first Ham/hook Handbook of of Jungian Jungian psychology. psychology. ItIt is is divided divided sUhje -
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