The Films of Carl-Theodor Dreyer (With Photos)

The Films 0/ Cor/-Theodor Dreyer

The Fihns of Cad·Theot/or Drever •

DAVID BORDWELL

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D"' Ld flordw"l l f"'",.'Y 1~79

A Note 011 /4;rsiol1s of Dreyers Films No filmmaker'. wor\.: ha. been """" m"til.ted fur Engli,h -Ia ngu.ge .udience • . Titleo h,,'. ""en changed, intertitle> ,.",'';''on , ,hots ""hufn.d . u. "..,.", .It i",n", d'A" ymonJ Ron.u"" 'hi' P"' tiel>< (", ..'enget of ,he Dieo !,~ ocmll ha, """" "'p .. ,ed by a n English translah"" of

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Don'')' completely difl.",,,. ,1>0, .... Iin f"J"ffi. n.. wrire, and reader of . book on D ~nli,.., (,Im, . Fin.lly. ,I>,.., ar u .. it Imp't.l". problerru for to. "udy 0/ ci""ftU ••• rt. indu5iry. anll hi>leeins ttw, work .. op~.

i" lor one i","'nce, • bIWJI)' relig"'u, .. ading 0/ 'he Ia' e film" """" .."'n""ly"" ou' by Amed ... Ay~, Fur Ayln" , .... film. commit ,hem .. l... '" • 'inSie proj«t: 'n, "",,,I .. ion 01 ''''' 'piri,u.l . \\'o"king w;.hin. medium boond ,0'P"'" .nd ,ime, n",y'" ... k, '0 "i. ib.,.

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""ynd ''''' lim.,. ,,; ou, everydAy world .'" Cri,k;.m mo", t1 h ~",.1 ,h.n th i' i, hard '" find, bu , ,,'h., is ;mportan, ;, the "")' in ",hkh tlw ...liS""" Ir. "", uf ",fe",""" P"" milS Aylre I t",,, ,he five late f,Ir", .. "nif"'; 'p;'ilu.1 ,"''''men' •. If ,he ",Iigiou, poothon .. res .... ,he ooul m 'er ' he body. '''''''' i• • hum."i" ",oJing of Drey .. wh",h takes i"'" g.>n f""" 'ho;: I, .. """no in when Mikkol an,,,..,rs platilud,.,. Inge"-' dOp" ....', ,t.. D"'}.." heroine i, .dored , ., • tempi"''' who sin, .nd c. u .... I 'in ,,&"in" ,he m.n-tn.>de taw, of punt'n;;m. ",,-. i, made I ' ''ffer; and in cit "", c... , !he uncon..-iou.Jy w~'ld, • power Ih., " inbred, inc. kut.bIe. purely . "",,",,'u.-.I.'" Milne'. fin ol ph .."" .hows how tho hUnYni" ",.>S of D .. ye(' work. Let u' .dm;' from the . t.rt ,h., ,n. fil m. pooe extraordinary ""r,.ti,~ problems. Who, oc,,,.lIy h'p,..n, in V.... ~,! How Joe. the ,up<m.Io,.1 opgic.lly.nd .ymbol",.lIy l lf "'e.,,, d" "We c~n 'ty ' 0 ~vo>d p",mat "'e foredo.u"" to allow the te~, to diffo",n '", '" f""" ",-. din,ry languoS", to gro n' """imum ooop" 'Q t1>< pl.oy of formal I... ,ure • • nd ...·m.nti< un '" l"'y in V.ml'~ ' in,'oke p'yc hol"6ical mot;,·..... n only to reject it; thAt on< func'ion of the fr.m· ing< in ''''''''' d'JI" i, to dec", ... , oot inc",a.., ",aIL.m; th., o.y '" W",II> ', .Iow"".. 0/ lempo is no' moti ... t.emiow;ly ol"rt from or ''''''''>tic ""ma nd " In"",d 0/ argu ing .bou ' which in 'erprEti,'e pooition is rtght, w' am )lO in mo'" kt,owl<end, .ny p.rn will help uS k'i'h Dreyd, worl: boa"se ''''' .. Iient problem. which 'hat wor k J>O'ky "uAA""" th.t 'he " u'ho,i. ' p"rson.f ity "" ron,id.>rcd 0 mn"ruct cn'otod not only tJy the ort ,,·or" 1,.... bu, tJy ot lle ' his· k>ric.1 I""""," Wh .. ;,. importan' for art h i""'Y i, not Byron bu, hi> biographical lej;end . ''''' Byronic; not Sh.w bu' 5I1.ovi. ni",,: not. WagneJ', ho"s< bu' the Bayreuth mystique. o..)"'r, '00, h • • his biogr.phkallegnd, c",atod I""" his prOOu.;.ion pract""" ond hi> pronouncements '"' " t""tie • . 'f we con';'/-la""", wha' hi,turic,,1 fuOOior\s w""' lulfdled by Dre),e(. decLlred ol'J'O'IDon to """,-production ,tu dio fdmmal:ing, TIl< .u,hor, then, ;, not. only a group of film. bu,.loo, and differen.ly, an id ••1 figu",: Dreye( , his· .oric.l statu' invo l,'e> no. only the film. bu. theDrpc.k of ""n"",,,den,,1 '" p",,;f>eJ .tyle unle .. " . . und,·.,;'.nd, whot i, '"nS«md.d (Or purif.. d . 'f >och . """p.!r>lil'c """hod i. cno.en , ,,"ho, ;, tl • • 'he dy""m", ",la'ion of uni'y '" di,unity in , .... 'pecta""", perception. This "",a n, ,ha,,,,oo

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o.n",,' 'pl;, lorn> from "con"'n' " (e"ef}1hing in a film h .. • 10"..,. , lunO';"nl .nd ,ha, we ''''lUi''' • con.cep' of aes,he· lic gic: '"""nomic ("~'"' foIm tabula'ing .~ of "",,,,,flie$). ' helrollel 0' translorm ,he prino:iple ,",r· ..,ive Su.ch ~""". ' ". m. y b< . , ...'11 01 .ny in a~y medium; .;""......... d • • ling wi.h ci""rn', _ mn" a"., ,,\: ho", ,he .pecifIC.lly cinematic me.-ln' 01 came ..",orl. mi"",,·.m,lticn, Here il i; n.cIo1 ,re to. crue;"1 e.,I)' ""'}' ",-en" re'''''led . A ""'.. oomp"~ c>.arnple wouid ... Cit",." """... whos< plot .ummari>es much 01 tho film·,.tory in t.. "",w,· reel and then rerelis key ,tory """nt. ~ <xp.>n.;",ly through tnc recollect.,n, f Kane'. awri& ...... It is impo, .. nt to ""to two tn ingo_ Fi .... t. the.tory if nOl th. narTati,·. in.."...., primiti'''' form, •• pe,ha!,", to< ani" might fi ... t II...., onvi..,ned it , The I"'_,'er ron· "rue," the story ., he 0' ,ho g""" along; it i•• b.> d""n. of r,lm technOq"" may be brought to bN,"pon .he ,to,y. Editing, n """,;de,

ho", a ",,,>live film ron",,,,,,. 'Po>n ,h., k>gO:" """"u,,, "f U", action a nd 'he "'8.ni.. ,~ .n d ti "", and 'p.>«", IVhi'" t1>< d.,sic. l cine",", .llow. 'paoc~.nd ~_ to be ,,'Vn;.t("d o nl)' to Ir.n,m i' na"ati,'. ;n/orn"'ion, n",),."... ciM"" 0/' 0" ,.die.lly .. "",,,,"i,'o from ci""","ie s p.>«".nd time. W, ... ",.ttL11 and t.",poro.l p~,"". tIw.[ ong.>ge our I"'''''plion fo, !.heir o,,'n .. ~e • . The ct.," of system. wit hin .Ik- wOfk produce. diffICult"" . • nd we need '" ide n'ify ,h. ,';ewing problem • wo onrountot_ In th;" " 'oy, co"""p" of b.>rneo ci.cuLu, with one lo«n'. moaning bo""""ing only. pf"". hold by . noth., token) . Tr.. dition. within p"in"ng. tfw .. I'"bH,hins ."""ta,o,i.1 pooitions (e ,s .. v,riolo, poin,-f-"iew d",'u.) .nd of .igoifyins .I»n' en" •.,. (.ruth , ",. Iily). On ,he one h.nd, Dreyer'. f,lm'.re """"""n,.tion.): Ihey ofle, irrug'" .eU stories. Sine< we .. ooci.>'e .".nt · gam" "'"' ~ w;tI,. ,du .. t ul "'p"""n t.t;'on " ' ~S"tlH", "" rna)' be I't practice . Yet one of ,fw m"" cri'iri>m, of fo ...... li" tf>c,,,y ho, """" th. t i' d;,,,,,, .. . .. from ",,;"1 ideology, Tfw . t..... on p e ..... ys. Fi,.., M.",1st """n.tic th«>ry poin .. out that KIeoIogy it often transformed through the .... I.ti".1y autonomous" """"""'" 0/ art. Art is ","' ..."dolly .h.apcd ,,"bi .. 01 film ,';"",;ng. It i , in .he realm of ..,stlwti< P'"""'rI;"n, "'" id al.., riot til< dh'i.icm of this book', cnticalla""r. n.. next
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DreY"'$ wM\< vi "'ntrol

At, Author and His Legmd w.

hen bo("", study 'he films, O"'yi 00/ do. During ,he "" . hirty.fi\"., of hi, lit", "" mad~ <mly fou, I •• 'um·length film.and a handful of . Mrt doc"""",· I.""" hi. unfini. I>o.>d P"*"" (M",!! M..J",. ,,,.,) .,,, mcrre r.m"", thon mony di"""'''' rompk:te>re ",m.,I;.,bIe when you ""nsOd.r how many 01 he< ~urope.n «)n'~mpo""", .,-.n'u. lly .:am< 10 Hollywood: Murruu. Lang. ehri, ....,,· "'n, Sj/I$",\m , ;;.ilb. Ophu'" .,'en R.",,;, orui Bu"""I . Ii only ru, ~i. ",,,,,,
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."~ iJ,.. of 01""1 Itphy Ihol I, "..,Iul 1,,'1l< H,e,.ry n i,lOrio ... i , not .he .u,ho" currirulum viI.!< or the 'n .....,;liga'''''' -«uunl 01 hi, Iii• . Whol Ill< lit.ra!}' hl_"'n ",. lIy """d, is lhe biographicol "'s< nd CfNt.!,,", . TI>e b;(,_ g" phir..J ~'j\ no' punc,,,,,, Ihis 1"8""d . • • if .... ",uld ",pi.." i' ,",'i,h.n o•• y ' ruth. bu, r.t"'" 10 an. ly'" the legennomk . "",tal. and ..,lI>etk 10"'" operated. Secondly, ..... can.sk ,,·h., d;ffrculti<s 'h •• idcn hr..,. in hi. or hor his,orical si'ua'ion. Wha, are ,I>< ... Ie material •• ,I>< outworn habi". tl>< dic .... ' which ,I>< .rtist ..,i ••• upon? We.", not • • king 1>'1>< ,'jew 01 .ituation j. mrrcc1 in """" ,bsolu ,o ",noY

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.nd ... oo"", ~nk-I"t"d film di"""ing in tho ..."" nd dennel< d ilfoculty ,,·;,h , 'pec,,1 keen"",,, 1..S"·« .k ind""riali", · 'ion co",," wry I..lto to Derun.rk i>Ome hi.k>d, ,," .rgue for •• I..l,o. Jato •• lB'!O).,rod ,he ",,,,,,in. of a c,.1t "adihon wu1J t...."" b,:-,-,n 'f'P-'ren' '0 • young man 01 Dre),"'-, '8".' In ony e,'ont option. 'f>< d irector

AN AtmtOK A"D HIS t~ G l'N"

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could cor"r""t him or """"II to a n w ing f. finn . Fo' compl poosibi< .nd hiring l.>eilib., or pt.)'e" lrom mAjor firm.. &"" w()I.lld be (ilm, m.J. by l'H~;" , . nd fopste in in the I. .. 1920;, 4, ThE dil'0 ",d inaril~ ron.Oder them.,< I,'eo opf""""l to fi lm:' " The """.,k , ug ge'" that Adapta tion' """8M..., ""train ",,"""'hip and d ",w ' he uPl"',.nd m;' hirinH ",Iebn,.d " ' S" >< pl.lo "ing "ose I...·'ip'; nl\' .nJ ,,... ""-"'uj..... ~og,· (" ''''iog) hod 1>0",0 ""1"",.-.1. bo, ,,'" dil';· ,ion of 1.00. "'os M ., p"";'",-.; , j would 1>0,,,,,,,,-,, s.., h i, d ",;.... ",.,.d' pl';' jot,a! dow" in ".,neil, the di",,'o, ",ouk! tn."ly imp"""'" wh ile , 0."";"1> ,he SOC""_ Only .r"" ,he ,"",;ng ",,-n.' di,llog"'- ..... '-'1"-";'0'1' li lk'S "'OII"",,'ert;ng ' l>< ,i,le... D",Y"(' 'hird and mos' importa n' function wa. ,ha, of li,oral)' ron· .ul"'nl. r.:e>rJi,k had nothing on ,he "".Ie 0/ ,he ,tory de· paftInen' wh",h HoIfywood "'ouk! develop. h....,. yoa .. 1.>. '~r; >Om"""" had . upervi .. .rnf'/>'·ritmg. Working wi,h other au,hors in. di",arded gypsy wagon on ,he t>:ordi", lot, Dn.")"", oif"'d h i. I.oor with in 0 li~rary, n'TT.'i,"~ conception of cinem., "A rna"..,iou. >chool.·· Drey.r I..>10r called ,he .. Ii", Y"''''' of litemy wrk." Apl"rently. ,he pupil' ......on. w.re .>crept.:lble to h i•• uperio .. , AltOOugh only ''''0 of h is o:ordi,k po;Iirih' gon"" "'tJ MtJ V••!.",,, (S u,mrdughl}' 'd at th .. hm
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~" ~IJTHO. AND HI5 LEG [ ~' D

A1mIo (1917) .nd Tht 5ty Ship n918)- Ia ....'",od 'wo krone, or ","""." The Danish fi lm >ch ,he ac'o!'> ('"Shu' ''''' d(>,,, ' Tum 'ofW) ."d .. ,>Co ''''' acto,", probobly dkl "0' know 'ho I,,,,,, '''''}' "'~'" ' 0 'I"';h h.OO in 'hi' ., he can.'r, ~ ,,"-'Cn "'''l'ing :r 0",),,.,-; fi"'t til,n, The I'rtSioIt.', c,",~k' Stae l" is to """. p.. i",1 Tho> PrrSidmr OS '". SOIkl "'d· loshiono.d o,,",, , " M~ ,,,,,k OS '0" de,,' '0 ""•• nd too "'riou,l), m(',ln' hIt "'" h> boo bolhered by Ii''''"ing '" two diff.,,·nl ,nh.II.", ."""Ii ..., in I.!y hJiJ aI· T< will <Jf the G.". ...AI Mo....!>" .0> " .... fN""rd to ni ... ,)· minu ..... AO!M:h· from • _ .nd .n 0.10 '" ,ho,' "",.ndolou." Klftninll- 0..,... ",,,,,,-, Fmst ~ leO"" m"'"g pie .. ""ilh mdignoOOn

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gt. ,,""" .,.traonli...", .nd .... __ dlnaril)' fmil ....... 10tk ~ 1«1 10 N • .,,,'ing: N"",· g.l,,""",'" "'•• ' ''''''''''' .......... 1)' iM,.Nlty. ~ I\uct",,_. ond .~ tioing unem.~ . "8u. II..[~ riot>.., .U I"" .. "'M.nothot- o.m.., !loTI..... '" Cl\~. ""'~ .. Dreyiti,-.. ....... 'M "'...... mil" "f'I'-"Nd_ Ilt'nj.min (hris'.""'-"" _ ..'.... s. lor . k,ng Ii"", to come, ,10< leAd ing f'C"ition it "". won,"" C i.on S"ensk Fitminclu"'ri', ambition •. lhe firm migh' wcll .... , .• ""' inod Chri.",,,,,," .nd D"-"Y~" . Iong with SiO'.ron-. ond Stil"" . Bu. it """"" Ii.ely Dreyer, or S • .,nsi, or bo.h. we,,' un"'iII i"B 1o ronlin"" .heir .m.. """ in ' "" f..,., of .. decli ning ma,k~L More lib, .he u..v.. from Sal,,"', Book ,anglo we", D",)"lT'. ",[ali,... , wj,h .. "-",,nd tlig finn . In 1924 Dn:-yer

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TI>< I"'''"m i, r su< ideol prod",,.,. J,.-llim "'" prot>saip •. , • • ti,,~. "". ftc ,. I>< >wI mi."," "'ill, d,me/o.·, Nov.' "nJ .lIm h, u",,/d II" "I if "~'I'lhj"g ~ ....11 ,,~!J' I" <mil,'11 I>nSltily, In ",,,.ric ~""'I""" I" ",.ily y"ldosiJH d" , .. ,,,,, d'Arr w.s l>.o, Dnl)'l,rK\'S. Tn Iq36 h. be);.n Mwl •• d. with n . ll>n .nO French \>..:kinS- bo,' .f'e' "".nths In 50.""",1., "', 'lui! 'lw P">i«', bl.omlns the pn>d"""", IOf hiring a n iMl'proprid'e """"" '" he""",,_ The rompl.in, 5" '" to sound l.m;l.", "The ""'0 "'00 sa' in Sdpe,,';,;ng Ihings from . di, .."". "''',k it Imp',.,lb", k" "'" '" fi ni'h 'lw fil m on which I hod don" . 11

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tffi.> .boeoo.- 01 ony i",eign ,,(iCl", he St.",mS to ha,'o ..nsed a n "pP',rtunlty: "N,,,,' ",ith .11 the clo:>&ed ,nd . 11 tlw bo.-de" bIo.xked, I ",ondered "',w I "",OJ g.t in"ol"ed in film ogoin,"" A~, m.' ing •• "'->rt go,'~mmen' doc"men'.,), to .ho", ,hat ..., muld >til l d i""", D"'}'~, submilted • script to No,d i, ' . Nomi" hesitated, bUI r.llaJ; um """'p'ed, . nd p "'}'O< ,,'.S gil'on. r"", h.lnd in p;('l!,dphic. 1 I"go:ing moldc.nd a"n:.yw lIi ",ed t"' l (he ,ubjcleo,. i>c resarded li>c project .s p"'p",,,ion fm lhe Ch,i" film'·' Ord,t won ....,b im fo, til< OJ.nish indu .. ry. ,,,,,,, j vin~ i"' .......'d"", dl""..· ,,,, "f 'he >ik'nt ",0 fodd "'" "m,· . n .rt·folm din """ e..",..j ""d,'d Dr0Y""-' ,'""" "n ....d ....... hi> molrgin.11 ",\Jhoo_, with pf'()dlKlior'l _ Asain fi",, 1'1'rg• ti"", or mo""'poly I1h h i, on dne","" When hi, ca""" laG!\ed in tho 19300, t.., '00;' up film le";''''ing. The ,,,,, film; in. p.!nicui.1r penpe or lI -"" h im "I"' rt from ,he ot.Iin trodi,;,,,, of fi'm ,n.,>Ory. flo'" mOKh dKl the ll" poy,hoIogic.' o"p""" "c.,._ "Art wI! "-'P"""'" tho.> inner, and not lhe outer Ij!.:·" If film ...,k,

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"m lrom . n u"od.1;,·,',·d tha' lho.> >piri' of 5",,,i.lao.' )" '''''al", W{>TIt ,hould "" tran,fe","! to Ihe ~n, SjOstrom "''' , . ignifoc.nl din."to< "" ... rip" .nd i"t. Lighr i" ... " . Mnk< prob. !em of a rti"" .. I~ wit hin commodity produchon . IVha t IV,It", s.,"j. m;" .. ",., cha,actffistic of lilmmaking_ the f.oe t that to. acto, pt.oy' In . mach;"., . nd th.t hi< '" her role i, built out of mo"y .matl bd, ,. t"'" th. n out of a «>". tin""" , porrotm,""",,-Drerer _~, to O'''Kome with a oon«pticm of the acto, • • < di"""', muot intuit the a< d irector to A mOl,,-i!e, ".nding

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by whi'" 'he .,"'" ON"" the perform."", from within. "01> t of hi. own .lti"" "",ngth,"" All the famous D",)", toctio _ .. tt;ng up """""n, . rouM Falronunte, tr.. ",,,ti,,,,, . nd sci>edu"'. of "udio fllmnuking, .. Dreye' be· l",'ed tMt through an .Imost my"ic.l rapport wi th his P"')""" the directo, could ".n """nd 11'1< """,hm ic".1 «m' " ,. ;n" of "'.ss product .. ", The Sign of thot tran> .no lhe", for 'ymbrou •. He "'., d .. ",,, '0 'um·oI·'he·t waS a1TNdy cliched on ''''' ... ge But Dreyer', b;ogr.phK.llegeru1 nlu" be iudg..'i",-'C< legend .nd film • . Working with. ron..,.".';,,, """"'''''' . nd • produc'ion modoled 0 '" Rgr.phKall''g< Feui!l.>de ..m.I, . ,I>< Ch.pI;n a oo Unde, shon. , Benjamin Chri,· te""',,', Mysr"""" X .nd N'gh' of Rt-t""S', .nd DeMille', 17H- c .... r. O"'}....... 1'nOs work coincided with ,n. golden

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vi F.um"...n not""" "Jw; ,nd tl>< in,ern.,ional ,u· I""mo< MtT,h,'e m"" "" ...."" . All qws~",, < in tl>< 01 tho:: I>< .n,we"-"< .nd; .n < p.ycl>oloj;kdl tr.its of tl>< cha,.." ... , 0 - rule book ....... bluntly: " I" the motion_p;ctu,", plot, e,'.ry sit""'ion, e,ooy cri,i., ",'ery ing ''''p. mLJ.>' a';"" lrom $0"'" defin_ i""y und.r>'ood motiw on ,he P"" 0/ ,I>< cM,.."o, ron_ 'rolling , .... , P"""ula, situ.tion, < closure 0/ ,I>< na",h,,,, It i, ",,,,n,lal '" not. this modol of ... " . tiv~ "mo_ '01,", .ubordin."', time and >iM"" to ,I>< c .... in QI anol off"" The ... " ch.p"" will .""mine how d . ..id by m•• n< of the dvi i n'elli ~it>l~ with ,he ch. in 0/ cau,", . nd dt..", •. n.... "."", ~ " lif."' ". "',t·m i"" ,,, """'''' pe •. ""'tI)· "'~m rli f... ho,,' ("."",l in wlhgibility d.,ennine< do · ro,;on, ., do .he endingo of nlm' ., d ine",n • • , S«'N in II", d .. ",ic., ""od~ L Li"" n~"" ........ ti"" ntm.•. Oreyer"' ",o.k, "til",. "' ~ just ,.'" 01". ",. 1d",'''''~ but ""w,1. 'hus .."" ' t< Brik of G~"";"I •• nd Tho« SIMI, Iw..:". Th~ Wi,.,. the ""union of. f"iT of 10...... con · >tit""" ,he coTICl" ,"",n, n... r"""*,",, ;TlCI"""" 0 R'Un."" • wedding. .nd • "".th in its ~ ... l mini"."' In oddition , the end i n~ 0/ ,he n.ITati, .. prope' 1TId)' to< stTffigt~ by the end"'s 01. fr.me 'Wry, . , when the b.",k 'huI, in n... Pnno'h,·, ,,,.p'..... ""we" ,,,, O",)'dO films a", Guit~ "n",u.t In ,IK- I ;nl.ruatikn>,..,., """ ,hot ptC'detonnines the charao"',,' ac· •• "" k' on unus",, 1 d,'S"", . Thi' "idor pattorn m'~ "" ' nk'm.1 ." tho ,,·,>tld ,)/ II", "" ..ali",,_ In Tit< 11>"",,', WiJ( .. •• ,,~, k~m .""."Id [).ome lilm, avow . thorough~"UinS JOl"'ndo""" upon ChrisH.n religJosity: the """,t obviou, inst.""" i, In"", from Sa"n', BooI;, in whkh.he J.-.u •• tory become-> the p>t"'m lor , ubs«jucn' epi.oo,-"" But more into ......tingjy ,'1d more .ymptom · ..... lIy, mos. '" ,he mm. typiu.lly ""n Chn,,;.";,y in . t <m ly one 0' str.'egic mome nt>. Aga in.'1d .gain, 'Ilt> film. feel the"""; '0 cite Chri.t;"nity at lhe rnd, ro certify the mm', conclu.ion . In'o. purdy >Kular n""ti,,, Ii~. Mje""'J, oon.cemed only with the "'powu. world of Ii.· ..·.wlt ,"i". , Df< .. me m"Ia ' ." Tilt> rtlm', cou ..1 principl< [NY ~" on "" ilots into, ,ingl. epoch ITh< Birth of« Notion! , .nd the film of epiood .., buil, un lhe eomporison '" differen, histotic.ol epoch •. The fe.,ure [Olm, of Inc< .nd o.Mille eonto,m to ,he """elis!ic mod., who", • • Toumeut'. _ n . Chri,,,,n .. n'. HWn, .nd La"g', v". MWk Tod ..emrlify tho fdm ()/ .pisod... ~ eruei,l pui'" is 'hot both mod .. knit .hort n ,,,.. ~' · " togu 5 ..11 Hm»t Thy Wi// poe")' hol.ncing ,he "vo s;d," ,d . n 'n~'''''sis; the ftlm', ge"",,1 lac\; ()/ lOT' ..... nl ",,",,"n'"m .. ""'. "'W'Y from its U\,;"enae on tig
wedding of Vic,o";ne, Karl.vOkIor'. father wrote hi, will bu. , n.. Sp"ni,h . pisod. begins to v. ry the ,o.me. Now we find tu" oct. of betr.y"'. on< brief, ,he o,her prolonged, Firs' ,0. majordomo inform. the Inqu;"ihon tha' Don Gomez ..... co,nmitted he "" y. 'fhe.n Satan. posing .. the Grand Inqu;,;,01, pom;u>egm '" w~tt (e .g .• in 'Il< Fi n· nish opi"';o .• he , .. ngo."", of N,imi is in'og.mlr;s' 0/ "J'O'"h . portif loom bu' Cunv()f ta~~, pia«; SQf",n plan, to ,isit M.ri ,ha, night. bu, at ,he I.. t minute M.rgaret Om"", Gu",·or.oo M.ri to ",'itch bed., The permutation. toke • """,boo, 'urn ",hen SoIren, 'hinking M'rga"" i. in . ho:; H •• , hih, 'he t...ld,.,. ,,, nt.l kO hoe, f.tI; ;, is, 01 rou .... M.ri "'he I.tt • . Whe n Marga"" ",.IO<es , he;, 10"" .nd w;lI, hoeroclf die. ,ho:; p"ltern of "'pL>cemen' i, rompleted .. Mari. in ,he ,'ery 10" , he,. duplic.> ..... Dam< M'rga"" (fiS'

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o two d.Y'. ""p... t€d bJo' • month, .nd OIpniz., its p.,.I.,I, into two ""Ium,,;; Befo .. and After, n.. reploce"",nts pivo' .round the ehang..-d ot,itud .. of Vi~tor, Early in the film. [d . g~ .bou, her morning chores while Viktor sleep': I"er the h~,,,\>tthe, . nd "'~ - Vi kt '" him",'f oed"" ..... """'n; boIh ..,.."... m u" U kgical ""''''!''''NO of .och fil"," ove,. 11 .lto""Hng ron'huebon, Ind.",.!, with the ron,tan' k>-.nd·lro ,hiit< of Th, B,j,k of G/omdoI, W~ may My that Dreye' ""'". .. til< ' ''''hniq'''' of o''''nding the prindp., of p . .. I.,IKin to the editi~g of .1""", .wry ""I""nce , It ;.. ma,"'ry ,hat ",ill profoundly inform the I.'e film. , Im!",,,,,,,,,,,,1 causal 'Y'''''''' and I"'",.oi"" ..,,,.,i.,. pa,.il.,ls eha~ge .he ,""u. of the p"".goni.. _ The go.>l . ri< nta'io~ of the Holly""""" hero . prin.... i,m" 0 d .... i'" to "' ..... ke ei,m,",",,,,,,, •. and ,II< d,'w "'pmen t of thi' desi .. ,

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,0ic mo ..... of ,he n,,,,,rive (dn:umvtion "'ithin lhe 1.rge, ",.",n lot killi ng l>er child, S. Fl>,hb.ock, . m," m""" . n~ . b.!n ~''''' Viclorine. 9. Court: Viclorine is bound 0'"'' lor ,rial. B,ocke .. d, .Kh fl • • hb.ock ".nd. parollel ,o.he ",heI'> . nd im""lI . 10 "'m""", lhem .. "'pelilion' 01 lhe "TOO< c.o ....1 ",,"em, U fL>,hb"d. c.n unil}' tl>e """ati,.." '" can glimP"'" of .wnli '0 """"'. While .. riel f\.o,hlorw. rd, or" .~n' from D,,,,.er', rdrru, he does ' ignal upcoming informa,ion Wi,hin ,he . rory oclion, , host- d ue. u.u.lly lake ,he fonn of p"'phc"ie" p.-.:-dictio" . ,.nd 'oreshaJ owing motir. . "I will paint he "'" mutd"",d 1»' hi' ""''''' "'->" 8ru _ lu ••" ci, im' lore! in Mickotl. Ihu, pn>dicting hi. ~ '. ".,.chery. In In"", from 1Jooj,', Don Gomez'. d.b· bli n~ . in .",olgy pm./al). "",n'h. ('Th" 11>"",,', Wus.-..', 0"", UJ'''' 4 Tim,l. )""'" (1'1,. SIw>"" ioId /)n<s), d""ad"" ITh< p",.i:knt), or cen_ 'u";'" (I.t!ro« from lIooIJ, Soch ....te"..;ve til""'PO'" permil O"'Y'" to demon",.. e ,he 01 ,he JUr·

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ro,i",,' Ja,se-.c. ", cou .. 1uroe'" a nd tl>." &,p , Simil. ,ly. al'housh U.,... from Sara"', Book 'p,awls acror;, ""ntu,",". ,he fi"" ~pi ...>d. (I,"" ......... ) enn' ......... "'" 'han • d.y. ond Itw l." opioode (Finland ) un ly 0 k",' h"",;, In it, g ....... I. 'he eorly On')'" fil m P"""'" k> c... ""~"'" wi'hin 'hort '''' " . ....... n if that mea .... ""'Hting long ' t..,d"" bet"' .. n >c~ne ' , In the light 01 tt..· temp',,, 1 «",c.ont .. ti'0 "' ill pu .. ue ,he 'fWkll implica,ion. 01 ;"m"",.,pi a bm~film, he hod in mioo ~ lhe ph)',ical 1.,)''''' ' "f ,he ,t..,.t", bu, foa,u,e, of """,tin' strue'u,,-' and """,,-ul h., I"~n'ed ou, ""',,,al f".,u,eo "I ,he "y"' _ f,>(u, on 1011'",..: 1... liie. ,orr"'''''''' of in'"";,,,,,,. ""n i;"""",n' ' 0. wrv few",,· ling •. • 00 a mnc"nlra lio,n ,,/ ,n., .>eli"n inhl a Ii""-' • pan,' The mo ~" iamm"'''I,,,,lfil",' we",' mod" .t Ufo bet"",,," 1921 .00 1925. and it ~'., d"'ing hi> "'y 1II.',e ,ha' D",y'" ma .Kti"" in~) ",,,,,,,,'!'>ot na n'ow", bo:,und, " f locale th. n "'''' typical 01 D,,'yer', p"-"'iou, "'''' k. ,he nlm "io!ak'S mo" ,,/ ,he bmm"'plo'i conwnlio,," , (It 1>ke. pi..." , among ,t..' ric h. ,he . k>ry OC<e""s; bu, too.. ""'''''. could "ill be "'pa,.ted by con,iderable ti",. 'I"M. The", is 0 "" more way tho' causa l f"''''m, "nd pa,.I"'I, .,Ite, ,he film', 'rw'men' "I 'ime. The cl.!"ic. l model """k, ,,, ma r """ali"" logic on l" dU"'ion • • 00 • mmmon ... ,I"t~ ,,, to ,''', p,,,blem "'0 01 • non wh"h vi,ible only Ihrough lhe wrilton wrd Mo,,' unu,.,..1 _nd mo."" powcriul i, '"" u.., of ,he ,)·m· 001 of lhe bool; '" .igni fy lhe .ulhority behi"" n"T'~"" "'r ...... n'."'''' . f
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: 1:• .'o:: word '''pre...,. .ymptm.otic.lly tl>o:: problem of """rna .rt which ,," .... , .•• '",.>oIy _0 Dreyer f>nt, tum. to the hto"I}' 10" to aulhon", cinem.t" unity. Wo "".11 h i. ocript for $cl ". 01,,, ,he pmbloim of """"'ie , .• ,,,,, in . rommo","" indu"I}' I, is ",,",'u>, lhough, th.t wri'''''' "ngu. g< c correct ,".>oIi".... ''''' ""t, N.n.li"" logic ."d ' ompo,, 1",latin'-lwQ "",lor ' y
'"umo '''' ' i n artistic

loom not aU romp<mor ",,"'pl., k' ",,teml"" " Y pnnbk.",, "'os to d.,n .... n.rr.ti".. logic OS thol dom;""n' lor«', thol on~ w hich ",,,uld runlrul film" lim< .nd . """", Ait., Ir><e, the "'1)' P'.Idequa' . moIi,·,"".,. Cinema" f"n-going "utli".. ",main • . only a sl«>tch; $hall n ~ to. mplify ~ F~ ' no"', '"",.n,,, 1 poin' i, th" Onter, .nd , ..... young couple h.,,, !IOu)\h' to de,·i.., way. '0 cirrum,'on! Marga"" ",hlle t"'y w.it for he, '0 die, One day wh ile both Ma 'ga"".nd M. ri.re in ,he loft Solre" boldly .hilts

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,he I.dd"" ""ping to h.s",n ,he old ,,'oman', .nd . Bu, it i, Mari f. II • . Our ' podmen "'-'Iuen«' . how. Sof""" car· ryinS M.ri to 'he ""U", (~,,< . I. 2. ~ ) _ [h"", M.rgaret fol· Io",ing (fig>. J, 5, 6). • nd S.-,I.-. n CIlap'ing in grief (figo , 7- 15) , SlyliM.,. ,,)', thi> ~go i> high l)' char",,"',;"ic of Dreyer' • • .,1)' film" In its roi'ing, ,he ""'luence ",lie, "pon ",m. hve .... ,. h,·.'ion. E.o.- duIi"" ' Y), D"')'~' !!'v"l' uJ' bi' I cI.. "ical . hol'", ... , .. -o""". ''Yeli"".",. tch ed i'i~ g (Ill~ ) . The o),olino .>1.""" .nd . yrnrne'ry, bu, achie,..... i, wilhin • 'hallower, more sta,k vi. UdI r",ld, In Dreyer', t.bIe. u, 'he I).ockg",u nd pl. "" ",nd. ' 0 ,,,nd at. 9fJ' .ngle to the c. "", ,". Char",,,, .. ,-""'" left.nd righ' or (Ie .. often) f"rw. rd and bark. bu, , 1m"" no,'., diAgon,II),. Often , vert".1 " '" bi""", the fr.",., ("'" . ho" 2, ~ , 5, 7, 9), ATthi"""u", detctmin .. ,he figu","' beha,'ior: mos' of the rompositi<m, .... /"'''''". by..-.mo "'But" gmp"'H..,ns (e.g .• • hot> 7. 13, H). lighting, " """""n" quit. IL>t, .. """" princip.>lIy to defi"" It.. edgos 0/ C,~ .. ' movements • ..., slow an..! de· lil>y 0/ tableau.n..! I""" d"", no! oonsti,"I0, b.~'n sligh'ly J ;'pi.><eJ; ,he fi l..., shift U'" <ente, of 8"";'y of the ,t.>"ioca l .~ .. "m. Drey"r am.'p!. tl>< ct ... ".t P"-"";'" '" cto.e.l . ymme'ry ,,-ithin ,he Ir."", bu, pulow figu", mo,,,ment. Thuo in Dre)",', hand, tile ""IK>!;"",bIe bolA"", of tl>e 01......,., 'igh' faciot ,~. Just., 11>< L>bIe.u ""ri,.. fmm th< ,1o"". lIy ')'m' "",,,-;,,,1 .~. '" H", IKe extend. tM . nt" rof'OC"n tric """'em' 01 th< domina n, spatial 'y,Iem, but with two dif1o",""". Fir>t, tile !>ee is ol .. n .. dic.lly 'plit from ,Ile .urrounding table.u ,pace, 5,i"" 'ta.i, of tl>< table.1 u is rou nterb.olAocro by ,;' ""hng in"'n.., na".· tiv~ "".ivi.y in til« hU!nan f",,~ . Th< dram. t., .... p~ in .nd '" mugh glana. e~p"""io",, By constructing 'pace around ,hese ',,"0 poIe>, Drey~(' fLlms modify "". thodo, filmmaking p,.octj...,.

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In " . riou. "'0)"', Ore)" , in.isted upon him",lf ••• n ani,t wo,king with en.mber .pace. He prided him""l! on I,.,,;"g d.,.igned ""'ny of ,r., ""to of hi. ""rly fiim., In Tho" 5..11 If""", Thy Wr.r;-, "'For the fi,..t time we ,hot in four_ ..·.lled WI'.'" Hi, guot for tile ""und film wa. "1"" imp ..... ion tn.t • f,'''' phomgrophe" equipped with """'. . . nd mio"", had .""aked u n .... n;"to one of the homt.-o in t"" __ n i~" •• """'" kind 01 d,."", i. t.king ptoc. within the family. ,. Film mu. t go ;"sid. "" ...... insKle """"": '. H< cloi""..! (in

Dreye", f most soc;"! ",,,,men"', .he space ",ith;" ,,'nich indi,idual, o m."" 'heir n",to in ,he dill .. , nest ne,1. , .. Each morning ' "" ti>ousand, 0/ homt.-o in ,he city wal'e find the ""u",. of '"" ",bl..u in D"'yd, cody ntm>. As imd.!9' .nd principle. 'Il< ,.!>Ie.u is firmly ,ied to a tr.dition 01 what we might call "umbe, .tt, Hi.torically, tile stylistic premioes 0/ Ihis tradi h"n.", ,r., P''''p«tl,'e disro",,~ of quattrennto pa inting.nd ,he.,,",. wllereby sf""'" i, enoo in hi. s hort """" 'p"';"hz"J in ~~picti n s miJ~"'-Nt. and h,bil.llO, burghe ... nd l >d ~". t 1"'_ ..,...."'S tlM:i, c"l"'t., luk», oil !",i nting., hotpSicl>oNs, _ 'I. 0/ fruit. ;'w,~t')' - .l1 hathe..l in ,he ,ad;"~ lrom an adj","n ' window!",,,,, ,,, The boumb life, I,,· 'I....·n. )'00'" I"ln""1> pic'u".. of do"" "" .ppli«l ,he ';'HI'" bn" h) ..,,,,,,.1pic'u,,-,"_ Alth""Sh """"'y 0 minor of \'emIL"',. 1'1" "',,'k ".nd, mon° ill omi""Hng rel •• ion ,,, Dreye(, ,h,n doe • •he work of any ma"e •. The", ",as a Hammersooi "" i,'.1 in ,he 0.,,,,,", . " world 0/ 1914_18, lhe )'c,,, durin~ which D",,,,, "'0' "'.m ing mm c,.rt; D",)"" '0 .dm'''-' i"" I"i"'''(' ,,·o.k":.n.! on< ",-~-.:I only gi,,,,,e.' H.m"",,· ,il< f'.m< •• Ofk' "'ay 0/ di>tinguoshing hi' film' from the "'fi lm -p.oo""," "I comm",..,;"1 monur"","",. l !i; n""on 01 f'd inting ',..!ih"n; ".,.. com,' , "-,bll, E...,ugl>
''''''''''f

EARLY F1 ...... , TIlE CONSTJey'" roo.~'" IMI . rt, Who'n oiign of ' "" . no, . n-.e r< p.>in' o< .0M ""' ...." 0/.1>< ",ulp_

tOf, the m u,,,,1 >ou oo . of ,herom pose" ___ Un.!.,ubh.>d l,' , he . n,,,,., to th., ~u eoJiou, ' . m po, its "",>oJ to d well u pon '",-'.u,i1ul im.>8"'· . , ,he e'l"'n", of mo,'"me ,, ' . n.! psyd-..""t;iou, . iters "' hers n,. I.bI€.u harmoni"" ,he en'ire h.m< ' p.>«' . s • «''''f'''''>d r",Id , v ~, ,,· .d ••• !.onS , ...... . u.... It~ I""" , " " ighl_"" .n~ , .he ' .~e. " pn.'«n" • "nif..-d, ,!os.od o' ganiLlbon , There.r.> """" of ,he s inuou, interl.>cin!;> of • \"O n S'Ctn"'rg oom po-...ting. or. 1Il "",.1 (fig>. 26----28), ju" •• 'hey fr.me s.ol",n', and Mar· gan-f. in nr. II,,,,,"'. W..u..., (fig" 4. b. ~ ) Similarly. arches rna)' endow the ",ith • rna" i,.. mon urnent.llity (fig., 2'J---JO) 01' i;,nd. g< """".""n' in ,I>< ohot i, 'oo 110." ,. ing"OO ,he co"'posi'ion in depth i. uo,u, "' i",-" '-

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qUdrtefS 0 ' Ile.od-on ,'",w, not only d"", D"')"eT .hoot ).KOV in pmfik bu, ,Ile which ,Ile Indn inh.!bit> i. SO ..... ,Iow hi. hody ptoj<et. sca=1y furtlle, from ''''' ,he ' hin < . '",hen in n" I'midml b< ' ums.nd li"''''ly "pen, i' (f;g_ ]7), mom"nt.ltily pu,hing ,he .1'1", in'o dopth belore .he romposition 'I\"io """,,'''fS ILl,,,,, .. (ng . 38) . Here Dre)... b.ire. th view the prom j""lKo 1>[ dCrway (fig, )9). bu, giv,,", con· .kiorabk- wcigh' '" . ""," ... r~~ho.'5 "" • Ii"". aOO • bench Tho: ""IT.H,'. ;n t.,.·" of ,...., ><e ne in figu"" J5 i. ,I>< "'"',"'" bCe of I"'" en,i", f""",, Ou, . ''''n''on ,w,'n"" '0 obibvin",ly

"'Exp"",ion;',:· no, even "",.. Iy "' p.... ssi,·"' ......... ' ,,{ ,I>< objec" do no' b "'rtain ,...., lod tho' 'he """ings jUi, ,Ilere? A, one \e,'.I . ,Ileoe "",ticuiou'"y I. mil .. , 00;..'"""

UKey f1I.M. , TIl. OON5ni"" ,,·h.,h ligu'" and itom 01 d.'Co, ,tond, o u' . ,he lig.hting i, ,mF , od Mo"""',,. in 1M tableau cl'lTo\ot "isu. lly promi"""'- In """ .. n« , what Ya,ujiro Ozu d""" by rutting from n'IT.~,e action to do",it. 0/ "'tting. Dreyer doe. lhroug.h the 'rT.ngtment . nd lighting'" deoo" the ,halo,w. l"",oo1y rom~ ",b1.0"' run'i't"ntiy IUn! oQ Os 'ypi" neot c."", .. mo,..,men"..",k m;n;m;.. dept h cues, The favored mo,'."",,,t ;, ,h.. 1'< Ll,I Supp"", Dreyer t. "", only fi. , ... tab"'.u bu' .ym"",.ric.lly "bookend" ""'" ",sm,·". The ro"rtroom _ne begins with. p. n leit from , ... ju"","" PO" '1'1.: j Ie

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5imilarly, Ore)... , . ediling ""ve< , y."'m.!inlly , 'ioIa ... .he conven,ion. 0/ , ... currently <merging cI • • oleal .I)-·Ie. Ao ,.," ..gmen. from Th< Ill...,.,', iIlustr. t... tite Of_ dinary method. 01 crosodnt; when 'f",;., lIy di'I",a' e romp"';boM are ju~'af""Od , th< tltem.,'" 1""1,,,1. depend;n f"" upon th< pooed st.bil;,y 01 oa.ch ,.blea" Cu'';''g inlO lhe ""'no: ",~o"" m.. ", dM",ult;." Sin«" th~ •• b.,ou d"p"nd' up'''' 0 'p,,;"1 t>.ol.n
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On>Y'" f"".... ofkr the octo,.n """.,ion fo, "inuosity, os

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q Ui,h ,he ,abl.,.u, D",yer lunu the foce into •• he"",, The f"", ""...,,,J, w!w, 'he '.bllion of ,I>c human "'p""'ion through "desp"tializat""''" lies 01 ti>< "",t of Dreye" red oction or climinalion "f dero' in.he fac;.,1 clooe·up The U,", of foe;.,f do.~- upo " by no "",on. fi>o:ed lhroughou"1>c rou,"" 0/. m",; ind,,,,,, "n< of tl>ci' vin"",

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... IlLY AUoB, TIlE CONsntllC11ON O F '.~CE

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""ptpIaining hi. di,reg..!'d of ~;,~,",,~ I ac.>1 ''''pression oft." pmpel '"" I"", ;nto 'he "" tm of ,he po", ,;S"- ~ u •• he deoo, """,ins d icge.l
."".".,xl

.. udio 'M, to ,0PPO" him ",If in spkn~o', ... 11, gifts from l.oM .00 "wn " ...... ",.hng from hi",. 1'.,--.lIding 7-,>,\:1'. i!'>C",.,ing ",i"'I)' i,. subplo! trocing Ilerr Adel<sk"'ld'. ",,,,,oon to hi, "ife'. aff.rir with til< Due d< Moothieu, Af· ter til< publOc aro.im, hi' Ia" p.>intin~, Z"t"" wast.. , wor .nd dies while Mich.:>el loll. in 1''';""", z"mfulw' •• mt$ It i. evidon t that Michlk-I displays tho.' p"" llclism" ",. pl","""",n", ,nd p'0P~ that are d" T""t.ri, tic of 0"')'''(0 ". " ati,'. """,tun' . A dln""T_ t.bIe wr"'.""tion a d".th', IlTti,lS, w""ld_t"! .Ttl."" J,,,I,,f>, """;,,1., • nd moo not only rumi.l>< .ubject of tl>< MIT.ti,'< but al", romplic.t,'5 ""fT"t i," logic .nd vi,,,,,) rep"""'" t.t~'"' M"'t ge"",.ll y, tl>< milieu moIi""", II>< compdri. """ 01 I""'pt. to o/1i< ch.u.K1i' .ubplot ;o""lvinS Ali<e Ad"l .. kjold, 1>plot "'pl""'" II>< erotic in,t.nce by" religiou. 0"" ,,·hen AI;""'. "".~. J;"" b<M"

I..,,,,,

I..,,,,,

b;,,,," ,,.",Iol'm

Mic1 I'' ZomiI< "tists. hp«tably, ,"" t.bIe,u I""" d"I,,,,;,, ;, p".,.,nt, now """SIle','I< house of tl>< m."e,"1 ...

",,,,,,,,,,,,,t,

po"''''

fin.dt-site or' de.ler ,od cle_

st",,,.,,

ha"".

"", n ls 'h.ll fo"", "'uc'u", in o,her pari> of the film.""" In Mkh""l. ,he obfr!$ d'"" b.l", , .., t.b\e.u'oo SI",,", o"' , Art ",mk<en' e, ,he film., i_II'" of ,.bk.ux 0';,."11'" off"" ... .ctetS ' i'I<m",lws p. rti/ a n e,nb''''';''g .oil,"" , tI....... ~ •. I"',f""",,,,,,· .. ron>ta "lI ~ ju,t,I"""-.3 with 'ight I,.m;np uf U.... f""" "I 'he ""k..,i«'rs . 8u' ''''' mOSlSlnk;ng 0'1., ... " of • image h>' him, "W""· is Mkh..,lr· .. asks • • no.! , .. "hoi I"u" his loco with t.. f,gure of t.. oOO ndo",'< se.:"" " so '1>< status of 1""..1 ",p"",.,,,t....,,, in O"-'}'d, ..,.''''''ic : ''''' ptOblt'm '" m,nire.'ing 'he ",,"I in ,he f ",~ . The ptine'...•• "",,,ty 'Pi"'or-s., unname«b\e 00' visible '" . 11, in he, f""". The .rtisr, ,.>1< i, '" copy thi' ",' p""'i'''' ",,,,nee l. i,hf" lIy. Rut 7.0,"", f,ilu", ;nJ..-. 'o, ,h.t ,.,o,,;,y 10' 'he (O""''''n of ,,"Ont.-,I>< I~ dot" I",

1"""'-'''

,.bit·.u

,d.

~.

1""'"

t""

no'

b,t ''"i ,.bf.:,u, ""kll)' ,",posing ,I> hotno.e,u.lho'"ro",,,u.1 I","it"'; S",Ht 0' 7.0'«1'. oo;>id< , ''''' prine" .. in 00; ",;,h M;.,t\a.,I; '1>< m,",,·"'.n' (I'''pmg 7..,...,,'. ha nd unde, ''''' cross Iftg. 7'11, ''''' p.ine,... c,,,,osing Mk""'" be",·.'h .m erotic pai n'ing (fig.!!O) 01 ' "bf..>,u. ",m.in; most Bu, ,hi. dd;bcc , hining i" 'n" (fig. 81). The im,,.;•• ntid".,.,. ,I>< perpetu, 1 "'petition 0/ Jea """ d 'Arc', exp", .. ion, and ,n" facial ">«Ii um ,iost~ ul'" """,,'.,d~ Doy '" W"' ," .nd Onkl. In Mieh... !. " i n DR),,", '·."y " -,,,k a" ", ~.." k II,. , ,.blc' u n '"", in. "-,,. ",.,,"'i,.., , u' ''''ti't 01 ,Ile """I· " ... d" y '0 ,he .".,.. fully '""p,,-"SSi"" hu m.n foc,,_

d.,k""..

,t\.o,

,.nd

Problematit Unities dr /"'"'" d' ,\,., V""'l'Yf, o.y of Wrath, Ooleh m.tk-s .... ith pbkm, fur oudien<e . nd mhion•• nd OOocuri.;.., 0/

moI'v.';""

in ~ of WWh, U... mi,,,,," 01 0Tdrl. the of cm,ua. n.. film, /..,. u ' with ",ver.l choices. We might, •• """n t cribcs "",YC, 'um ow. y. ""'I; to the •• rly film< .... hkh.re more con,'entio,,_ oUy .Ur.cth'", 'nn>, Ebb< N",,'Il"ro Cd" find n.n. S,",II Hmor Thy Wijt O",Y"( ' ",.,.o'1'""=e, .... hil. o.h... h"... propooed 1M """'n', Widow.nd MimNl . , "'lua' in in",,· e" to D")' of \\,,,,," .rod /'""'" J'J\",_ ' Wh," I odmi", the carll' films, J thin k that to "mph.si" the", is to postpoll .nd of the film' .nd ,he disturbing formal.nd 'tyliWI p...:iorly i" tll~ <poa (t~;, elro",,) ",hich """" II> ,."."" "..,.,.thi"g "" tl!.- ,ilk of '."i«I>, ,II"",", ,"",n,"$' . from ""'Y,hj"8 ,Irol i, "" .Iu sidt of 1""'" ilIUi. fi""II~, of " ......... it !WI i" .br>on"n;>l gop II.. , ,h, i"i',,/ pro/>/mIlin/· C,,,nolli '. form ula'ion _m, to ....., He I¥"" '"', !\ow ........" propooe.n ultima.o lu,ion of OIyl< and 'heme, whereby ,he ,,1m', c>o:..>min.l'\on of "'p ..... i'·c social PO"'"' i, rondocl"""'"

,,,w.nI

""' .........nC UNmES

pMnt di",o,'ery of unity bu. ,.,her .ha. tho cri.k will bo H!~Y'o "'''''!I'''izc of ",dl .he hm: • • of di.un~y, 1.., rault,' "'ptu",. I c~nnot ~~re &t.il .11 the ",oy. in whl the bu.ine" ol.f>< 101lowing chapt" .. , [.ha[L howe,.. " .uUest my 11""",,[ .r· gum..., •. Tho t.", fitm, p""""', firs. of . n, imp"' ''' chAnge< in principle< of n.rnti .... logic, [n tt.< .. fiy films, on . nd impetSon.ll cou .. lily rule< the ... moriv., .nd !hi> fe,"", f""luently manifest> it ..[f in. wri.te" ""'., Such. _. be< intelligibility of.he film; it "'1'......", .. tf>< wr,. pr''''';P/' of int.'" Bu t in .he ..... films .• hi> impe""n.[ Clmsa[i ty b.omn..... more """" .... i"; of"",.he"'te film, pro. ceed wit""ut. sen .. of de.r cou .. l ",I.tions, n.. CO u'" i. , !-..>wever, ""_ completely Absent; the mov~ment of the film i> to Ioc.!'e .IY. au"",, '0 na"", . nd maste, it . [n .he.. fitrn., protall""i",.nd ,'",Wet _reh for.he rom,,:! ",oJ· ;ng of.he .... "ah"" >01;'''' , A romtan.[y d;'· pla.ced: our ultima •• refe",,,,,,, point;. "".hing more (nor kso) .IYn ,h.e "rue'ure pin" tf>< t.Kkground of the « of the con tinui'y ,ha , w~ ca n 1000.. ,he d;tfou principl ... turn' in 101«. m~' ..-"" . n..! co"""a 'r'nskorm tho: work,' ro""ep,;on of ul m,,,,, "lten ,he fLlm r~,'. a". """"" by ""'''"'. f"-,;0, """,""ted o.y of W ..,,, in lrod uero • ""'" "",,'," "", nt effec' into D.nish d""",. , Si"". D.ni,h stud ... dOd not yot crab doll ..... On')"" .s!eks b< I.id p.1"I"'1 to II>< but in ru,.-.,., '· To this lato,.lI y . reinS " ""',' ''';< .rr' . nd ' p.1n erfec' in .Imos' ",wy mgb;", 'hoI. , nd II>< device appe... 1""1""n~~ i~ Cn,,,,J. Sun."

fann"",u.., 1"'rIo, in O..J,>!. th1: "'00;1. S l 10"", • rup'Uf< be,ween cinematic "Y'" .nd narrati,,, ,,"""'un: . He ",1"0pon'ible lOT the ",,,,,pie>< and oUen nega'i,,, rel •• ion 'hat hold. bet"'' ''n , ,.,or • • nd it> "'uTt~ •• "adition •• ond b.>ckground ""'. \\ 'h .. happe'" in D~e" t .... o loot film. i, ' h.' 'he d • .,ic. 1 .ty'" of filmm.o kins i, it",lf . 'plicitiy ci,~d . nd def.moli.rized . Aga in .. the b.>ckgruund " I trw "","'''''JUt",,. r.sur", 01 " rthod(». 1;1", priK'ice C. n merge nakedly. disturbingly. In Orar • • nd Gmrud. ron,..".ional editing de,'n. (~ . g .• • hot 're,,,,,,, .hot,1 atE <mplo)'/ ,II< """'p-'rison (''''' «mpo 01 0 formance cb,OouoIy _d not Qlt", a ny time lor ",flection) ,uAA"'" Drrye" rear of the inexo,able forward drive of < ... ,k .. bleau, 0/ ,"" .a"y fitm. , 'n ,"" I..." films. t"","'ric.lliz.otion ...,.i", no,.. k-gibil,ty, ond .. 0 ,."ull impd • d ..." mu""," obscure.1'I< plain l..ct "f 'he film'. It i, "n~ vi t>; .."". p""'"ptu.ll y dil("",. f,lm< ewr made, no 1n ey of the hUIM n aOO of movement in ,he d""m., A new emph .. " upon the lace . nJ , >lyli,tic in! lion 01 ,he tablc.!u w",k to bri ng

f\lss'"

""'f"'kon from tn.. ... me , ide 01 t h< Ii"" .'" <e 0/ the ""no, "'hil< ,he ....,.. toNi'hing ,hot is coll«1 in wh< onateh" cu," lrom • • ho, 01 A Iook;ng. .. y. off riSh'. '0 B. whose di""".", 01 will indic.t< whether .... 0' ,he is ",'umlng 'he h ,k. In such w'ys d"", cI, .. ic.1 ron'i nui'), editing ' h'<e. c.."",,, n", ...""n' ,,·m .1"" , upport the co .... "''''''' 0/ , .... drama'ic ",,'ion - by lol ~.w· ing a mo,-ing char",,'.r, ' " tv")'ing 0 ",,,ing. moving in'" ,,,.

'pac"

"".Ie

'0

C.""" .,

"".Ie c.""".

ac'"""

100.,.,Ce, di""l,-e the mutu.1 delX"'de",,'" amongst 'o. various d••'k.,., =oJ you """. ' pa«" '" 'y 1ete,.· mo,'emen" can b«;:ome omo;g""">; _ ".n, f"" in".""" . rely only up"" c""nS" of r.g~'" , ... \(l d,~; .... ",!>eln., Lo),,;o",.d &om o.low. M()...<w",. 'ho low .nglc .. ,u _

.n.

t""

, but wedged in the ul'P'" ~ (figs. 2!_1l). A .. >Id." . a ttock , m a ")'Stand", ""u rs . 1",,,.. o ff-

0Cuum lef, by ,,'" ~,;,"ion of conl'o",.,,,,,1 sconogt'phy. Vinually

•

•

""orr ,hoi of U. """ion a. /"'"'" d' "-,,, revi"", , .... then ana.chroru,,", _h ",he, (~gs. J'!-40). A""' ... ·' !V. ph>: motif ..."" th""'gh thO' film, that 01 two lines In..,....,hng ... h "''''', . t • ,harp . ngle. The emblem I Roue" ed in 0 w.1I driV,;.I.oo .... ,. ... ,; « unity' ,he c.me,. move"",n' must "'" c. II . " en,.,n 'OJ ;."",1 0)' bo;ing . hrup' "" 'oo ,wil.; ,he mo"""",nt m u, '

a,

f""",

'1""''''

Similarly, ,he . ( • ..0< iud8"'l c"'," a n .mbig""". «If"'t: 'he Iwad. ",II 'hmugh ,Iw ho".. ., if on a conv"yod,,,ll. A pn..r, f."" will "id~ in'" ,he f •.,,,,,, a nd tlw hI.nk ~ k _

I"'""'

'I"'"" .re c.""'" mo'"",,,,,".

ground .nd ....."'" of bod ~ y "",,-ement cu", p",ven' u' from dctemtining ",het ... , he mo,'"", 0' the came,. d;d . In 'he ",rlu", ,lumbe., " ""ooth sluf'
".t;< < ki"",ie deplh effc,.nJ of"'" m-.d"""I"" .h. g •• vl ••• """I." olo;,y f a sn>nnd, I. I. "" ""nJox tho« mo,'e"",,," 01", often f. il ro ,tileh toS"I><ene one, a ""ie ohoI (01 Je.nne) Cll' .brup~ )' k> an . 1",>'"

'0

.".

.h.,.

the tortull"chitmbft inrenog..'ion, wherein ~hon """king .hots 0/.1>< .jJiked wheel q"iekly . It,·rna'" with "'l""lIy .hort shot> 01 J•• nM'. ""ic f..,. . Lot." during ,he..."",d in!>'t'J08>"oo in Je.n"". cell, high. ,'ek>city whip I"'",.re intercu, with 'Iotic d o..,·ups 0/ Je.n"" . And ,r., "",fusion of the r,n.1 irnmo1>.bon .nd slaughte. ill in 1"'''' produd 01 ,he mony 1• ..".1 "ock. and pan. which.re ju.tol"""'d to 'hots ro.>Uinlng no carner. m,,,,,,ment. FitWly r. nd moo' rodical 0/ .11) ore ,"'- came .. ,"",,,. men" whlth . pU. ,r., d" m•• ic 'po« ' I"'rt. ronfu,ing "" h ... h. n ron< sf"< ... t.>
""""ti.,.,

men" roope'"'" with .1>< lI.mings in elimin.ting tl>< ~..,und ., • h,under uf ... bI< >patl., «labOM. lIodies a", ..,1.1"", .hown below , he ",.iit and are orten .pnnlly 0C'ft'ISS ,I>< /..,,,,,_ Some,""", come,. """""""" _ it .. ,1 from ony r.fe",,,,,,, point on ground or floor. A, O'",r limos, ,he ron"'for.bell efr..ot 01 I>'ion in ~n n< · . cell aOO in tl>< ,onu",-ch.mber lICe""', tl>< iudge>' f..,... ol ide u p .nd down 'hrough the sho., In tl>< fiNI """,munion ~"" • • e""""up of eh,o;rbo)'> PU" ,hem hl'St ,'.n UI'P"' · I< decor.nd ,I>< It.mingo to m.x .... gr.vit. · 'irmal pull 0/ ,r., """..!h'e 'f"< fmal-...que,.." of ,I>< film, when before .nd .f"'r Jeanne'. immola· 'ion ..... c. "",," its m"" ««< ~"., two oqu.lly di< ga'ew.y. tl>< """"r. v",''" them from din.ctly /dJw and pons up, .gains' ,heir """..-mon' (figs_ 66(67)Unlike th< """"' .... "IIing ",,-,vem~n" ;n ou!X'nr, Vo";· ' 1jI (1925), tn.,.., m.ke no . "empt to 'usses' ,ubjK-Ii,.. ,';""polnlo' unlike er... ty .mid .... demand that tl>< c. mer. efo", ,he .peClic cons,itute, a ";rtually un~.n ''-

,.pus«!

,ho,

"P""'"

""" 'wo "" . ",,;n loc,l... Just a, Drey., M' no ~ .... lm, abou, i< ""ut,.l white bockground ol",n berofn< only ront;"uity factor acroM ,he cut, Thu. on many ocr.,""'" a is "",n m''''ing jUst iJ1IQ ,he ftor"" or ju,' ou' Qf ;" ,he sloo:ol lingering on empty 'p.><e of""o.befo", tf... on the olher . id", dlrhoogh we .", ne"~r .hewn hi. ch.nge of position. Wh"n ,I>< >old;"r up to led """. the glar""" cue u, lrut h. i. on her right. out we ""'" di'am" th.t he i' - oot ",,'"o1l~ but .I,., _ on her left. TI>< pri"d .... of cutting .way (eliding ouch ",'ion . .. do Houppevillo'. """' , leonne'. fai nting. .nd "'" im,.,.>I.lhonj "" longe' penni" u. ,he ooo'hing .... tabl"h""'n' .nd "",".!:>Ilsh"",n' of """0,;,'0 .~o, The u"",rt.in ty •• wOTl< wi.hin e..-h (-.""p' .. i,;'m bk"d. oe",.. of ,he '~nn' d'),,,,', rutting ofkTo a good .""mpie of !>ow • ",xt c.n ., onctl ci", • norm .nd ".. "'" to , ub, -ert ,ha , 00Tm. lIo-yn< Ief" wo will infer (.U o,he, 'hing> boing "'1",,1 ) that they .,e looking ., coch o.ho,. Now, mo. .. ' ,,I the .yell .... cu" in.ho fdm adho", ' 0 ,hi. principle. Joonne looking off lef. h~r i,,"'nogalor 100,,. ins off 'Igh" ,he cu, ""'"u"-,, u, of. ,,,,bIe .. is of action be"",,",n ,ho p.>rticip.>n". Thu. ,"" fH m ...imila"" .nd me';mes. the /ilm'. 'y"I;"" confusion •• re fIee'lng.

ca" no

tion, the f 1m', editing f"' .ho 0, ,he is hidden oy on OOjei". s~ 'I'-'rt, II is not iu" t"-'t in , .." ,...1 ",,"'" con ooly inf"r II>< ret.ti,..

"""'<S.

,,,,,,e,

,.b·

.hot.

' ' >IS

""w,

w"

ron,"''''.

""I"

.ttac.

mos'

cu"., """II,

,t-.,

,t-.,,,,

n

n

Allhe "art of the tortu", ..ene, a ""dgy priest Ioob down right aI Je,,,,,,, and ,he Ionk, up right ".f' hi"" '1>< "'" ".,....... tt,.. d;':tum of oppo>«l "~I i"..., La"" in the ...... _ne, • bo,ld", dbrupoon 0C of action, .., th.1 .... c.nnot",,,,,,,,bIe 0 ",he",,,. _nographi< 'ra'i~

ko>n . , embo.p",,,ion;'m. th;, """'option 01 mmic point 01 , ......' ",... tty _k, '0 < lumi.hi,,!;> 01 the f,lm-"'tting. lishtins, «"hune, 'p.1tLlI ",I,tio",_ proj< up>id. -down .hot> 0/ lhe popul",., ()f Ilw m;"'..",·",,,,,, in ,hot> I",m wh",h Ie",,,,, j, .!".en •• con symbol'''''' < critic '" ..... kc 'he !'nO", ""oI ... t claim th.1 only P .Iong I.. ';;rele vi judges; she looks low.rd lhe ,,·.fer; ,hen .n. look, .. the ,,,,ant.lion, Dreyer's u"" of c""". ups . nd "",nomic.1 ,·i,u.1 .ymools. linked by poin.·of.,';"",. pe,. f"".ly ",.Iize. Jean",,', dilomm.• . '" In .not).." "-"I"",n"",, "point-d -";ow ' ho" .nd dynamically ediled e-up> constilule lhe m",t in"'" ... I., oIlc~ n""'. expene"",."" Und~n;"bly, <WI.ln f""IS utiliz« ~1)'li~tic de,'ic~, ." ""',k ,'Iomwnts OS oplically ,ubiecli,'" '" ".1>... can be,.01 d!\";n,' ,ho> Imp, .. ,lon;'1 poin.-of-view po, ition? On ly, 1 think. must di"ingui. h com'en,ionat lrom ul>C< .ngle of .ho. b will co''''''P< ' ortu,", ch.mhe', ttw "anoo, . nglnts (J/ ,.a"",,'·, >taro . . .. _n from .ngk:> dilknm' from "'" .ngle of vision, A mo", "riking ,"-'mple c.n he " a«< ... t.Io> ",. l.tkm.h;1'" among Slo""". .Iread)' ..,. n how troubt;ng , .. ~el ;'''' - rn .tc h cu ll; ng~; "",", we must cu"sKl.r who-the, the J;",,';oo and . ngles 01 ' he gl."", ronsi,'.mUy mo~""" ,he cuts. i. In ,he obo I"' ''om. ,,,-, p"-""n'.';oo 01. ""'" ob· io-'" .t.ouid ro".,ponJ '0 •• hill in lhe ch.>.rocte(. gla""". 8u, inl","""d'An:, lhi> will not ~

W. h.,..

,hot •.

I.,,,,,,s

00"

IA 1'A5S/ON IJC 1f.ANN£ O'A/IC

"""I"""'"

.hot .. from on ""n angle (f'8 . 71) . This "-",;"g 01 ' ho ossumption. 01 glone« and ,,,,,,,.,,.. a nsi< asoin =rIif.... tho film', ",fusal 0I'f"ti.a1 'lability. In ,ho (igl"., 01 .11 tl'lo unresol",,(! poin,"".v;.,.w """"" ..... I .... ,'. ju" "",ntione ough' '0 inf.r from ,he film's di'OOI\oOn,

,,,I>-

po;n,."f.• _ "I"'''';''n, '""" "d"". no' .....,k,,, ",tid", .

chor~te( • • ' F"'rione«. 1'10 menlO in fa iling h, ,,"Wgni,~

. ubj«hvity and in ' rying ,,, pin 'ho fil m d"wn to:some optical ",.ui.m. we "'na,u,.hze" in POy< .t." roml"" of lobeling fbit,• .,.., 0,,"),"(, r.tm P"t; lhe intelligibility of ,ubj.;fOOn< .... pha .. '-'11 Je,n",,'. til., .rod ,h•• "Jie-.I romp ..... .".. 01 "'bon lor ",hich the lilm is '" ""I.bra."-0 Ou""""'" f .he a.:tiun .nd"",. ' he ,, 1m with the d~""",in i'm '" eM e",,· teri"ic of Orey« , ",orlument, je.n Mit')' • ..,;." ....... t he no,m. 1d ,,..,.up ""P"___ but d",.. ",~ ,'gn,l)', ",)w"", in Jeo"", J'A,..-. In. floC;.,1 ck"".ur< ,ig" il)' .. ~, "" '''''!I rity lor ,he f,I",', duroti,," . The 0,,",,11 ct • ..,. in elf«t, "' . "" a. ~"'g •• ,he ,.Im >ht is itl1 "'&8"" ,hat tt." o,»,n " ' . lio nol cente, 0/ lhe jilm i•• ho.' de,,,,k)pin~ ",,,,,,Ii,,,, ... "" . tion of lhe c~a,.>C"', Jea nne , Thi. i, not to say ,hat tho ,. Inf. "}ii."ic "''''kinS" ca n he ",pl.l 'r\L'd thn,ugh " th.ot I""n ",,', nan. Ii", 1""',;"n ruunt." bol."",.. U'" I''';;,",'n''..! d''''''it), 01 •..., film nx' p"-''''I;')r\i,t "",J',t,·, bNw,-,
f""'"

Sa,""',

In hi' distinction . mong ogo:'nt, wment. ",,,uld ,"" ltc, 'he film in 'o a thousond fragments. Th< dispa ri,y of the f'lm is the .... in bet""",n Joanne .. unifying force .n d the contradiction. 0/ .~ •• nd timc. Mon."','.', if l e, nne', ,,0T)' i, the m.ocro-.d",n beh ind th" co " ""·d!,,,, d", jn, t ....' film lum;'''ligh', • ...,ry "-'Ply ,he fu, _ ni,he", i; ,""ml"~iW by 'h< ~id .. 0/ a""w " ' p"",lon, At 'hi; \0.","01 , the fullnes> 0/ Jea n",,'. cha,ac!er i• • 'pres."d through , mic"¥Opic ",u~..,f~1 ,hoin "'"-,l ly ,>i n"",'O(.,'" IC"",f"'" r,g" 83 'nJ &I.) !Ie], llalh. tish ' I)' fo und in I"'"'" d·A". ". J r."" of 'ho.' 'P;';I" eno< giv", her unifying f""",ion , c" u-t p"""". L1 iII>s .... lit I'""'" J'A" .. 'm.in. P"' po, 'u.,II)" .. dialog"" ,"" 10d",'uloorit"", 4. n.. .uthoTilie< al10ck twr OJ tw, ally. S. n.. p.1Irhcip.1lnts di.peTSesoi row: ph .....'" ~"""e with tn. .... mNy of soldie" . nd priem .nd tn. on;.·. 1 of Jeann< . The"",ft ... "ag.. two through fou, (dialogue!challenge 10 au,horiti",1 «>unto,. ttock by .utooritie!l) . '" "'pe'bN th..,. IUn",. Fi",t. C.ucoon . nd ni, ... i",nl quo"ion Jo.n",,; ,tw ch.l · lenge' ,he Engli,h;. ooIdie< 'prins, up '0 ... ",k tw,_ ondly, afte, ..",U"" ..,,-;.., .,/ q"""'ion, , ).a"nE d"d..... ,hal .t.< hM .. ...."j tw. !IOuJ: . pri« 01 til< .rmy .t>d til< Church e"",'11'" in the .,...,k "" her .tly de Houppe"ille . I... nne i, .... ul"->d hor ",ithdrow.1 "I th~ ....... nt.,;.," ("",n. 6) 6 With one oxccp';"n ('he li n ~ of 213), 'h • ..,.

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que"""s ... j, th< k<mol c.u..,·ef(;,,:. ch.;n demons"."', he", • • ,; n On,),o"-' ca dy t im., ch.,atQry ;n" ·,,,tle. , ho,.actem., , ..... fogu"",, . nd 'holt ("';,h ..,.". ""'"ptioo,) t" di.logue doe, not diUerentiate On< from .no.he,. A, a ,,-",ul., ,n., c.... ,>cto"" •.,i" and motif, ~"""go rrom ph),..,. 1d"t. il" if w ""p'ioo oq •• n"" he~l!. no char""",,;' """,,,,j in til< film. (We ' . n g1un n.me. only from.he cre.!i. ""1ue r>'. imago. of bod ..... t~ , ......1, of beh.vior .ha. play . n indi'p"",ible role in ou, identifying .he ", ' tein. Although the ;"tt~ ', film' often frogmen' an _ through od 'ling. ,~ ~ f"gmen t. tjon i> i""'l""ntly, m>ltw J~'M"" C~.n,I, I..u'"

(3)

TORTURE CHAMBER

Je,m"" en.en u1TWd. ..in'·'

A"thorit;'. attock j • .""" 0' ally.

T...... monwhkh ront •• ", . I.m. nl>.

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litmpyr Tt.. diffICulty of di.",., inS 0"')' ••• I'","P!I' ho< t-n Ie... ""bil,'ing surf..,.,." 'hough popI< we'" U"-",,Ily t.>ing -., ' hmugh • gt... d o.!d)', . nd ito pmiound "Ie", •• broke" "nly by lho " "".rthly tolling ,,4 , .... b coni".."", of J'hili,Hniom but. ba.., ..... t....,1ic d.llum which the critic mu" confron t . rod .... oni"". As "'. saw in IA ~ rk J","", d'Arc, . d .:nowledging a ,,'ork', particu, lar of'O'lu,,,,,, or impru'""", i , often lhe most di"",. rout< to gra'ping its ..,Iienl rropcrtie, into

H IE ABSENT CAUSE C"n,id." fo, ... mplt', 011< "f 'he """t puzzli ng "'smen'" of .he film, o,,"id G ray, "";ng the ,hadow 01 . S'a,..,,/ig' g