THE ETHIOPIC BOOK OF ENOCH A NEW EDITION IN L I G H T OF
THE
THE
A R A M A I C DEAD SEA F R A G M E N T S
BY
M I C H A E L A.
KNIBB
IN CONSULTATION
EDWARD
ULLENDORFF
INTRODUCTION, AND
WITH
TRANSLATION
COMMENTARY
1978 OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON
PRESS
Oxford University Press, Walton Street, Oxford 0x2 6DP OXFORD LONDON GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE WELLINGTON IBADAN NAIROBI DAR ES SALAAM LUSAKA CAPE TOWN KUALA LUMPUR SINGAPORE JAKARTA HONG KONG TOKYO BELHI BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS KARACHI
ISBN O 19 826163 2 © Oxford University Press 1978 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press
Printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Oxford by Vivian Ridler Printer to the University
CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS
vi
INTRODUCTION
I
1. Previous Editions of the Ethiopic Text of Enoch
i
2 . The Aramaic Fragments of the Book of Ejioch
6
3. The Greek Version of the Book of Enoch
15
4. The Ethiopic Version of the Book of Enoch
21
5. The Versions Underljring the Ethiopic Text of Enoch
37
6. A Note on the Translation
47
BIBLIOGRAPHY
48
L I S T OF SIGLA
53
TRANSLATION
55
REFERENCE INDEX
253
AUTHOR INDEX
259
ABBREVIATIONS HTR
Harvard
Theological
J A
Journal
asiatique
J AOS
Journal
of the American
JBL
Journal
of Biblical
JES
Journal
of Ethiopian
JSS
Journal
of Semitic
JTS
Journal
of Theological
NTS
New
PL
Patrologia
RB
Revue
RRAL
Rendiconti
Testament
Review Oriental
Society
Literature Studies Studies Studies
Studies
Latina
biblique delta Reale Accademia
dei Lincei
(Classe di S c i e n z e
M o r a l i , S t o r i c h e e Filologiche) RSE
Rassegna
SAB
Sitzungsberichte
di Studi
Wissenschaften
Etiopici der
zu
Deutschen
(Preussischen)
Akademie
Berlin
ThBl
Theologische
ZAW
Zeitschrift
fur die Alttestamentliche
Blatter
ZDMG
Zeitschrift
der Deutschen
ZNW
Zeitschrift
fiir die Neutestamentliche
Wissenschaft
Morgenlcindischen
Gesellschaft
Wissenschaft
der
INTRODUCTION I. Previous Editions of the Ethiopic Text of Enoch^ T H E importance of the Ethiopic version of Enoch lies to a great extent in the fact that, although we now possess substantial portions of Enoch in a Greek form and fragments of Enoch in an Aramaic form, it is only in Geez that an entire version of this work has survived. Until a few centuries ago little was known about the Book of Enoch, and the short Greek excerpts in Syncellus, covering 6. i - i o . 14 and 15. 8-16. i,^ provided the only source of information. A report of the existence of an Ethiopic version of Enoch reached Europe in the seventeenth century, ^ but modem knowledge of this book really dates from 1773, the year in which the traveller James Bruce returned from Ethiopia and brought with him three manuscripts of Enoch.'^ Two of these manuscripts (Bodl 4 and Bodl 5)5 are now in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, while the third (Paris 32), a specially prepared copy of Bodl 5, was given by Bruce to Louis X V and is now in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris. The first edition of the Ethiopic text of Enoch, published by R. Laurence in 1838,* consisted of a transcript of one of the manuscripts brought to Europe by Bruce, namely Bodl 4; Laurence had earlier published an English translation of Enoch based on the same manuscript.' During the course of the nineteenth century ' Useful summaries of nineteenth-century work on the text of Enoch are to be found in A. Dillmann, Das Buck Henoch, Leipzig, 1 8 5 3 , pp. Iviiff., and J . Flemming and L . Radermacher, Das Buch Henoch (Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahrhunderte s)> Leipzig, 1 9 0 1 , a f., 1 2 f. (These two works are hereafter referred to as Dillmann, Translation and Flemming, Translation.) In this section I confine myself only to the more important works on Enoch. ' F o r details see Section 3 below. ' Cf. Flemming, Translation, a. * On Bruce cf. E . Ullendorff, The Ethiopians, 3rd edn., Oxford, 1 9 7 3 , n - 1 3 . 5 T h e sigla used for the Ethiopic manuscripts are listed in full in Section 4 of the Introduction, those for the Greek manuscripts in Section 3 , and those for the Aramaic in Section 2 ; a complete list of sigla is also provided immediately before the translation of Enoch. However, it is hoped that in general the sigla are self-explanatory. ' R. Laurence, Lihri Enoch Versio Aethiopica, Oxford, 1 8 3 8 . ' R. Laurence, The Book of Enoch the Prophet, Oxford, i S a i ; 2nd edn. 1 8 3 2 ( 1 8 3 3 ) ; 3rd edn. 1 8 3 8 . 826163
B
a
INTRODUCTION
many more manuscripts of Enoch were brought to Europe, but when, in 1851, Dillmann issued the first critical edition of the text,* he was still only able to make use of five (Bodl 4, Bodl 5, Frankfurt MS., Curzon 55, and Curzon 56). Despite this, his edition (together with the German translation which he published in 1 8 5 3 ) ' remains of considerable value. A fresh impetus to the study of the text was provided by the discovery at Akhmim in the winter of 1886/7, and the publication in 1892, of a manuscript containing a Greek version of Enoch 1 - 3 2 , ' ° and the years between 1892 and 1 9 1 2 were marked by a not inconsiderable concern with the text of Enoch. Dillmann himself published an article devoted to the Akhmim manuscript" in which he gave also some collations of three Ethiopic manuscripts in the Abbadian collection;'^ this article is still of considerable value and interest, although in one or two cases Dillmann was misled by the somewhat unsatisfactory initial publication of the Greek manuscript. R. H. Charles, who had already been working on the text of Enoch, was able to use the Akhmim manuscript in the English translation of Enoch which he published in 1893 ;'3 for this translation Charles made use not only of the five Ethiopic manuscripts which had been available to Dillmann in 1851, but also of nine other manuscripts which had in the meantime been acquired by the British Museum (BM Add. 24185, BM 485, BM 484, BM 486, BM 490, BM Add. 24990, BM 491, B M 492, and BM 499). Charles argued that B M 485 and (to a lesser extent) BM 491 represented a text somewhat older than that found in the five manuscripts used by Dillmann or in the other British Museum manuscripts, and he accordingly based his translation largely on BM 485. A second, much revised, edition of this translation appeared in • A. Dillmann, Liber Henoch Aethiopice, Leipzig, 1 8 5 1 (hereafter Dillmann,
Text).
' See note i above. F o r details see Section 3 below. " 'Uber den neugefundenen griechischen T e x t des Henoch-Buches', SAB 1892, 1 0 3 9 - 5 4 and 1 0 7 9 - 9 2 . " Dillmann uses the sigla d, e, and f for these manuscripts (cf. SAB 1 8 9 2 , 1046), but does not further describe them. However, Dillmann's d = Abb 1 9 7 , e •= Abb 3 5 , and f = Abb 55 (cf. Flemming, Translation, 3). R. H . Charles (The Book of Enoch, 2nd edn., Oxford, 1 9 1 2 , xv) appears to suggest that Dillmann gives collations of Berl not Abb 197, but an examination of Dillmann's evidence relating to 1 0 . 7 and 3 1 . i makes clear that Dillmann's d = Abb 197. " R. H . Charles, The Book of Enoch, Oxford, 1 8 9 3 .
PREVIOUS
EDITIONS
3
1912.''* Besides this English translation of Enoch, German translations were pubHshed by Beer in and Flemming in 1901,'* while a French translation was published by Martin in 1906. "7 But perhaps more important from our immediate point of view was the publication of two editions of the Ethiopic text, by Flenmiing in 1902"* and by Charles in i9o6.'9 Flemming knew of twenty-six Ethiopic manuscripts of Enoch, and made direct use of fourteen of these for both his edition and his translation. More precisely, he himself collated nine manuscripts (BM 485, B M 491, Ryl, Berl, Abb 35, Abb 55, Abb 99, Abb 197, and Munich ^o),^ but took over from Dillmann's textedition of 1851 the latter's collations of Bodl 4, Bodl 5, Frankfurt MS., Curzon 55, and Curzon 56. Flenuning made only sparing use of the collations of B M Add. 24185, BM 484, B M 486, BM 490, BM Add. 24990, BM 492, and BM 499 which had been given by Charles in his translation of 1893, on the grounds that these manuscripts contained a text which agreed essentially with that of the five manuscripts used by Dillmann in his text-edition of 1851. For the same reason he made no use at all of Abb 16, Abb 30, Vat 7 1 , Paris 1 1 4 , and Paris 32.^' Flemming rightly recognized that the Ethiopic manuscripts of Enoch fall into two groups. Group I consisting of the older manuscripts BM 485, Berl, Abb 35, and Abb 55, together with BM 491, and Group II consisting of all the other manuscripts." Flemming noted that the readings of Group I " R. H . Charles, The Book of Enoch, 2nd edn. This edition of the work is hereafter referred to as Charles, Translation. ' 5 G. Beer, 'Das Buch Henoch', Die Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen des Alten Testaments, Tubingen, 1900, ii. 2 1 7 - 3 1 0 (hereafter Beer, Translation). See above, note i . Cf. also the translation of P. Riessler in Altjiidisches
Schrifttum ausserhalb der Bibel, Augsburg, 1928, 3 5 5 - 4 5 1 , 1 2 9 1 - 7 .
F . Martin, Le Livre d'Henoch, Paris, 1906 (hereafter Martin, Translation). Das Buch Henoch, Athiopischer T e x t herausgegeben von J . Flemming (Texte und Untersuchungen, neue Folge, vii. i ) , Leipzig, 1 9 0 2 (hereafter "
Flemming, Text). " R. H . Charles, The Ethiopic Version of the Book of Enoch (Anecdota
Oxoniensia, Semitic Series xi), Oxford, 1906 (hereafter Charles, Text). ^° F o r the Abbadian manuscripts Flemming relied in part on collations made by A. Meyer. 2 ' Paris 3 2 is the copy of Bodl 5 given by Bruce to Louis X V . " Note that in practice Flemming's Group I I = Bodl 4, Bodl 5, Frankfurt M S . , Curzon 5 5 , Curzon 56 (i.e. the manuscripts used by Dillmaiui) plus Ryl, Abb 99, Abb 1 9 7 , and Munich 3 0 , a total of nine manuscripts. B u t Flemming also ascribed to this Group the seven British Museum manuscripts ( B M Add. 2 4 1 8 5 , B M 484, B M 486, B M 490, B M Add. 24990, B M 492, B M 499) and the
4
INTRODUCTION
frequently agree with the Greek against those of Group I I , and based his edition and translation on the Group I manuscripts; like Charles, he regarded BM 485 as the most important and best manuscript. Flemming's collations of B M 485, B M 491, and Berl are, as Charles indicates,^^ not entirely accurate, but, apart from this, Flemming's text-edition and translation are in many ways the most convenient and helpful of the tools hitherto available for the study of Enoch, since Flemming's judgement on textual matters was often more sensible than that of Charles. The major difference between the editions of Flemming and Charles is that the latter provides a larger number of textual variants than the former. This increase is partly, but not entirely, the result of the use of manuscripts ignored by, or unknown to, Flemming. In fact, Charles knew of twenty-eight manuscripts of Enoch, and made direct use of twenty-two.^ He himself collated sixteen manuscripts (BM Add. 24185, BM 485, BM 484, BM 486, B M 490, BM Add. 24990, BM 491, BM 492, BM 499, Berl, Abb 35, Abb 55, Vat 7 1 , Munich 30, Garrett MS., and Westenholz MS.), but, like Flemming, took over from Dillmann's text-edition of 1851 Dillmann's collations of Bodl 4, Bodl 5, Frankfurt MS., Curzon 55, and Curzon ^6;^^ he likewise took over from Flemming the latter's collations of Ryl (which, however, he used only sparingly). In addition to the evidence which Charles gives from these twenty-two manuscripts he occasionally also gives readings from two other manuscripts, Abb 99 and Abb 197; Charles apparently took these readings from Flemming's text-edition. Charles thus left completely out of account only four manuscripts: Abb 16, Abb 30, Paris 114, and Paris 32. These four were also left out of account by Flemming, and in view of the indications of the age and character of the manuscripts there can be little question that Charles and Flemming were right to ignore them.^* five other manuscripts (Abb 16, Abb 30, Vat 71, Paris 114, Paris 32) which he did not use.
23 Text, p. xxvi. ^* Charles gives these figures as twenty-nine and twenty-three because he counts B M 48sa, the duplicate version of 97. 6b-io8. 10 which is to be found in B M 48s, as a separate manuscript. " Cf, Text, pp. xviii, xxv.
On Paris 114 cf. H. Zotenberg, Catalogue des manuscrits ethiopiens {gheez et amharique) de la Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, 1877,47: ' L e texte de cette copie
pr^sente la mSme redaction que tous les autres exemplaires connus de cet ouvrage; les le9ons s'accordent, tantot avec celles de I'un, tant6t avec celles de I'autre des cinq mss. d'aprfes lesquels a 6t€ imprim6 le texte public par M . Dillmarm.'
PREVIOUS
EDITIONS
S
Charles divided his manuscripts into two groups, exactly as Flemming had done, but designated the groups alpha and beta. Charles's alpha group corresponds exactly to Flemming's Group I (viz. BM 485, Berl, Abb 35, Abb 55, together with BM 491), but Charles's beta group is somewhat larger than Flemming's Group II, consisting of seventeen manuscripts, as opposed to nine.27 These seventeen manuscripts are: Bodl 4, Bodl 5, Frankfurt MS., Curzon 55, Curzon 56 (i.e. the manuscripts used by Dillmann), plus BM Add. 24185, BM 484, B M 486, BM 490, BM Add. 24990, BM 492, BM 499, Ryl, Vat 7 1 , Munich 30, Garrett MS., and Westenholz MS.^* Again like Flemming, Charles thought that the manuscripts of his alpha group contained an older and bettertext-type than that to be found in the manuscripts of his beta group, and in so far as this was possible, he made BM 485 the basis of his text-edition and translation. Two other views held by Charles should perhaps be noticed here: ( i ) Charles assumed that the Ethiopic version of Enoch was a translation of the Greek version; (2) so far as the Greek version was concerned, Charles argued that the text contained in the excerpts in Syncellus was more original than that of the Akhmim manuscript. Charles's work on Enoch, as represented by his text-edition of 1906 and the second edition of his translation of 1912, marked a definite turning-point in the study of the text of Enoch. Charles incorporated into his writings the results of all previous study of Enoch, while the views he held about the text, though presented by him in a somewhat extreme form, were by and large shared by all those who worked on Enoch at that time. Charles's text-edition contains the greatest amount of information hitherto available for the study of the Ethiopic text of Enoch, and certainly from this point of view his edition is superior to that of Flemming. Furthermore, his collations—although there are inevitably misprints in his edition—seem for the most part to be accurate. On the negative side, it should perhaps be pointed out that a fair proportion of the variants which Charles gives are of a purely orthographic character, and it may be questioned whether variants of this type should stand in the apparatus. Again, the overwhelming mass of information provided by Charles and the manner in See above, note 22. ^8 Charles also ascribed to this group the six manuscripts of which he made only partial or no use: Abb 99, Abb 197, Abb 16, Abb 3 0 , Paris 1 1 4 , and Paris 32.
6
INTRODUCTION
which it is organized sometimes make the use and interpretation of his evidence difficult. Despite this his text-edition is of considerable importance, and provides a very valuable tool for the study of Enoch. In any case, since Charles there has been neither a new edition of the Ethiopic text of Enoch nor a new translation, and while there have been various studies dealing with particular aspects of the text of this book, as well as various relevant manuscript discoveries, there has been no comprehensive re-examination of the Ethiopic text. There does, however, appear now to be a need for a new edition and translation of the Ethiopic text of Enoch, and for a reconsideration of the textual problems connected with the book, and this for two reasons. On the one hand, since the time of Charles the discovery has occurred both of the Qumrdn Aramaic fragments of Enoch^9 and of the Chester Beatty-Michigan papyrus containing a Greek version of Enoch 97. 6-107. 3.3° In addition E. Ullendorff recently acquired a hitherto unknown Ethiopic manuscript of Enoch, and several other Ethiopic manuscripts of Enoch have also come to light. On the other hand, even on the evidence available to Charles, Charles's views about the text of Enoch seem now to call for some modification. My intention, therefore, in this work is to provide a new edition (volume i) and translation (volume 2) of the Ethiopic text of Enoch in the light of the Aramaic and Greek evidence now available. The edition is based on Rylands Ethiopic MS. 23 (Ryl), and the reasons for the choice of this manuscript as the base-text are discussed below (see p. 32 ff.). My more immediate aim in this Introduction is to provide a comprehensive survey of the Aramaic, Greek, and Ethiopic evidence currently available for the text of Enoch (Sections 2-4) and a discussion of the relationship between the Ethiopic version of Enoch and the underlying version(s) (Section 5).
2. The Aramaic Fragments of the Book of Enoch The question whether the Book of Enoch was composed in Hebrew or Aramaic was much discussed in earlier years,' but the discovery at Qumrin of fragments of Enoch in Aramaic would appear now 2» F o r details see Section 2 . 3 ' F o r details see Section 4. ' Cf. Charles, Translation, p. Ivii.
"
F o r details see Section 3.
THE ARAMAIC FRAGMENTS
7
to render very probable the view that Aramaic was the original language of the greater part of the work.^ The use of Aramaic, indicated by the fragments, does not, however, preclude the use in the composition of the book of occasional Hebrew words or phrases, or even of whole passages in Hebrew.^ It is furthermore to be noted that no fragments of the Parables (cc. 3 7 - 7 1 ) have yet been found at QumrSn, and it is difficult to come to any certain conclusions about the original language of this part of Enoch. The Qumran fragments of Enoch, discovered in Cave 4 in September igs^* form part of the finds from that cave assigned to J. T . Milik for pubUcation. A preHminary edition of a few fragments appeared in 1958,5 but the publication of the great bulk of the material was for a long time delayed, and it was only thanks to the kind offices of Professor M. Black and Professor E. Ullendorff that I was given access, in the autumn of 1967, to a provisional transcript of the fragments.* Through the kindness of these two scholars I was also able to study photographs of the fragments during August and September 1968. From the photographs I made a new transcript, and it was from this new transcript that I quoted the Aramaic evidence for the text of Enoch in my thesis. Since the completion of the thesis Milik's edition of the fragments has appeared,7 and Milik generously agreed that proofs of his book should be made available to me in advance of publication. I was thus able ^ This conclusion would not appear to be affected by the existence of the Hebrew fragments from Cave i that have been compared with 8. 4-9. 4 and 106. 2, since these Hebrew fragments almost certainly belong to a source used in the Book of Enoch (viz. the Book of Noah), rather than to the Book of Enoch itself. Cf. D . Barth^lemy and J . T . Milik, Qumran Cave I (Discoveries in the Judaean Desert i), Oxford, 1955, 84 ff., 152 and PI. X V I ; Milik, ' T h e Dead Sea Scrolls Fragment of the Book of Enoch', Biblica 32 (1951), 393-400; M . Black, Apocalypsis Henochi Graece (Pseudepigrapha Veteris Testamenti Graece iii), Leiden, 1970, 6. 3 Cf. 6. 6; 27. 2. Cf. also E . Ullendorff, 'An Aramaic " V o r l a g e " of the
Ethiopic Text of Enoch?', Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Studi Etiopici (Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Problemi attuali di scienza e di cultura 48),
Rome, i960, 263. Cf. J . T . Milik, Ten Years of Discovery in the Wilderness of Judaea (Studies
in Biblical Theology 26), London, 1959, 1 6 - 1 8 . 5 Cf. J . T . Milik, 'Henoch au pays des Aromates (Ch. xxvii k xxxii). Fragments aram^ens de la Grotte 4 de Qumran', RB 65 (1958), 70-7. ' F o r the circumstances in which this provisional transcript was made cf. M . Black, ' T h e Fragments of the Aramaic Enoch from Qumran', La Littdrature
fuive entre Tenach et Mischna: quelques probUmes (Recherches bibliques ix), edited by W . C. van Unnik, Leiden, 1974, 16.
' The Books of Enoch, Aramaic Fragments of Qumrdn Cave 4, Oxford, 1976.
INTRODUCTION
8
to change the sigla used in the thesis for the Aramaic so that my sigla now correspond exactly to those used by Milik. In the light of the proofs I made a number of corrections to my readings of the Aramaic; most of these were trivial in character, but in the following cases the corrections were of significance in one way or another: H i 6f.; n ii 5 (fttV^'^). ^ (HnSS?), 9 (r&ni); iii 20 and 2ia; n iv 6 (pHK); n xxii i (p31S7), 2 (|nri^). I also took over from the proofs Milik's identification of three further pieces (all of small size): =1 viii; xxvii (fragment f ) ; ^4 ii (fragment c). The Aramaic evidence quoted in the present work, therefore, represents a slightly corrected version of the Aramaic quoted in my thesis. Fragments of no fewer than eleven manuscripts of Enoch were found at Qumran; of these, seven contain material corresponding to parts of the first (cc. 1-36), the fourth (cc. 83-90), and the fifth (cc. 9 1 - 1 0 7 ) sections of the Ethiopic text (i.e. the Book of the Watchers, the Book of Dreams, and the Epistle of Enoch*), while four contain material corresponding to parts of the third section (cc. 72-82, the Book of Astronomy). As we have already seen, no fragments have been found which correspond to the second section of the Ethiopic text (cc. 3 7 - 7 1 , the Parables of Enoch). It would appear that the Book of Astronomy circulated at Qumrdn independently of the other traditions associated with the name of Enoch. But in Milik's view' it is also likely that at Qumrin the Book of the Watchers and the Epistle of Enoch were copied out as separate writings; however, these two writings, together with the Book of Dreams and other material, were also copied out in combination to form a corpus of Enoch traditions. I give now a list of all the fragments, relying on Milik's observations for the dates of the manuscripts. Aram* ( = Milik 4QEn*). This manuscript dates from the first half of the second century B.C., and probably contained only the Book of the Watchers (Eth 1 - 3 6 ) . " ' * This name appears as the subscription to the Greek version of the last chapters of Enoch which is contained in the Chester Beatty-Michigan manuscript (cf. Section 3), and is used here as a convenient description of cc. 9 1 - 1 0 7 . ' J . T . Milik, Troblfemes de la litt^rature h^nochique k la lumifere des fragments aram^ens de Qumran', HTR 64 ( 1 9 7 1 ) , 3 3 3 - 7 8 . Cf. also Milik, Ten-
Years of Discovery, 33 f. "
Cf. Milik, HTR
64 ( 1 9 7 1 ) , 3 3 5 , 344-
THE ARAMAIC
»i n *i »i
FRAGMENTS
9
i corresponds to parts of Eth i. 1 - 5 " ii corresponds to parts of Eth 2. 1 - 5 . 6 iii corresponds to parts of Eth 6. 4-7. 5 iv corresponds to parts of Eth 8. 3-9. 3
Aram'' ( = Milik 4QEn''). This manuscript dates from the middle of the second century B.C., and, like Aram*, probably contained only the Book of the Watchers (Eth 1-36).'* Only a few small fragments of this manuscript have survived. ''i ii (fragments a and c) corresponds to parts of Eth 6. 1 - 4 ^in (fragments d, e, and g) corresponds to parts of Eth 6 . 7 - 7 . i ''I ii (fragments j and k) corresponds to parts of Eth 7. 5-8. i t>i iii (fragments p and q) corresponds to parts of Eth 8. 3-9. i •'I iii (fragment w) corresponds to parts of Eth 9. 4 iv (fragments y, b', and e') corresponds to parts of Eth 10. 9 and 11 f. Ararat ( = Milik 4QEn=). This manuscript dates from the last third of the first century B.C., but was copied from an exemplar dating from approximately 100 B . C . " The fragments that have survived correspond to parts of the first, the fourth, and the fifth sections of the Ethiopic text (cc. 1-36, 83-90, and 9 1 - 1 0 7 ) , but there are also fragments which do not correspond to anything in our Ethiopic book; Milik has attributed these fragments to a Book of Giants which he believes formed part of the traditions associated with Enoch at Qumrdn.'+ However, with the exceptions of 4QEnGiants*9 and 10 I have left this group of fragments out of account, and have dealt only with those which relate directly to our Ethiopic Book of Enoch. i9^£:-\l.:
The unique readings noted in the list above are not all of great significance, and many, as e.g. in Curzon 55, are to be regarded merely as the result of carelessness on the part of the copyists. In total, however, this list of readings seems to me important as making abundantly clear that the Eth I I manuscripts do not offer a uniform text. In particular the unique readings attested by BM 492 and Ull (both eighteenth-century manuscripts) seem to me important. Charles himself drew attention to BM 492; he noted that it contained many unique readings, with characteristics associating it both with Eth I and with Eth II, and regarded it as the best representative of the second type of text.^^ ft seems to me that Ull should be placed alongside BM 492. On the one hand both these manuscripts belong firmly with Eth I I ; both, in comparison with Eth I manuscripts, contain texts that have been revised, and neither contains the multitude of grammatical mistakes, omissions, and additions that characterize the Eth I manuscripts. On the other hand both these manuscripts contain many unique readings, and both often differ not inconsiderably from the remainder of the Eth II manuscripts. Thus although by the eighteenth century there was in existence something like a standard revised text of Enoch—a text, on the evidence of c. 63, attested very clearly by Ryl, Bodl 5, BM 490, BM Add. 24990, BM 484, and B M 486, and to a lesser extent by Curzon 55, Curzon 56, BM 499, Vat 7 1 , and Munich 30—at that same time there were still being copied manuscripts with a revised text, which differed to some extent from this "
In fact this reading is also inserted as a correction in B M 484. Cf. Charles, Text, p. xxiv.
32
INTRODUCTION
'standard text'. It is further to be noted that BM 491, an Eth I manuscript with an uiurevised text, also belongs to the eighteenth century. Thus it would appear that several different texts of Enoch were still in circulation in the eighteenth century, and it is to be assumed that the revision of the text of Enoch was carried out not on an organized basis, by a single group of scribes working for a short period, but somewhat haphazardly, by several different groups of scribes working over a fairly long period. In the discussion above I have drawn attention to two manuscripts, BM 492 and Ull, whose texts diverge to some extent from what eventually became the standard text. It is an open question whether a complete new collation of other Eth II manuscripts, e.g. Munich 30 which belongs to the eighteenth century, would reveal other manuscripts with comparable divergent texts. I have chosen Ryl as the base-text of this edition—if we may leave on one side for the moment the question whether it is right to use an Eth II or an Eth I manuscript for this purpose—on the grounds that Ryl is an early and excellent representative of what became the standard text of Enoch. From the above discussion, however, it is clear that there are other good representatives of this standard text, and it would have been possible to have chosen one of these (e.g. Bodl 5) as the base-text instead of Ryl. (2) On the other hand it is important that the value of the Eth I manuscripts should not be over-emphasized. This danger was not entirely avoided by Charles, for his recognition of the fact that the Eth I manuscripts contain an older text-type than the Eth II manuscripts led him on occasions to attach a wrong importance to Eth I readings, and to take as the true Ethiopic text what should rather be regarded as a mistake. Although the Eth I manuscripts contain many valuable readings, they are none the less full of all sorts of errors, as Charles himself recognized, both by way of the omission or addition of odd words and phrases, and by way of mis-spellings and of carelessness in the use of case-endings. Most of the omissions and additions have been noted in Charles's text-edition, but a large number of the other mistakes have not, and there are far more copyists' errors in the Eth I manuscripts than is apparent from Charles's edition.^* ^* Cf. the comments of W . Baars and R. Zuurmond ('The Project for a New Edition of the Ethiopic Book of Jubilees', JSS 9 (1964), 70 f.) on Charles's edition of the Ethiopic text of Jubilees.
THE
ETHIOPIC VERSION
33
In these circumstances it would appear essential to treat the evidence of the Eth I manuscripts with discrimination, and this, as it seems to me, Charles did not always do. Charles's approach in this respect is well illustrated by his treatment of a number of passages where he thinks the true Ethiopic text has survived only in a single Eth I manuscript. In the introduction to his text-edition Charles lists twenty-one such passages —all taken from those sections of Enoch ( i . 1 - 3 2 . 6 and 89. 42-9) for which he had available both Ethiopic and Greek evidence.^s In the light of the Greek evidence it would certainly appear that in many of the cases noted by Charles (particularly the examples noted in Berl) the true Ethiopic text has only survived in a single Eth I manuscript. But in other cases it seems that Charles's estimate of the value of the Eth I manuscripts led him to misuse the Ethiopic evidence. Thus in 17. 4, instead of the reading Kllh: ^S-TiibJU-arri 'to the waters of life', Charles took over the impossible reading of B M 491 Xflh: «; ([Kitl-V: itleaixi H«if».PaJ-: M([y"i —'and perceive how you made all these things who live for ever'. Charles22 recognized that this text was corrupt, but emended laCiuto' I AKft-TF: H-ft°oi>': into l-flCoo- i AXft-l-p i h"¥U-: to make the text conform to Gr^*" ETToiriosv ourd OUTOOS. Flemming^^ similarly proposed the emendation l-dd i hfloU: XA°lt: or rtXft'l'F:. Eth I I has a perfectly intelligible text a)XXy°4-: Miao; 7.nd: (tiiao': AKlT'l'V: H"ft°oi>': Hfh£iD-1 MA^":—'and perceive how He who lives for ever made all these things for you'. Charles and Flemming, however, regarded the Eth II text as representing an emended form of the Eth I text. Fortunately we now have some Aramaic evidence available, cf. Aram*i ii n ]''[J^^J3 ^J2pV^ X^n[ ^ ]'''?K n'''l2S7 "70 Although in a fragmentary state, the Aramaic would appear to be closer to Eth I I than to Eth I or GrPan. Further, it would seem clear that the Eth I text, far from preserving an earlier form of the Ethiopic which was subsequently are some cases (cf. e.g. l o i . 4 or 93. 1 1 ) where it is impossible to explain the evidence except on the assumption that the Ethiopic is directly dependent on a Semitic text. « Cf. Charles, Text, 8 f.; Translation, 1 0 . « Cf. Flemming, Text, 3 .
46
INTRODUCTION
emended to produce the Eth II text, simply contains an error, lactiao-: for : Mtao-;. In the light of the Aramaic evidence Charles's approach to the Ethiopic text of 5. i must now appear to us as somewhat arbitrary, and it would not be difficult to instance many comparable examples of an arbitrary approach to the Ethiopic in Charles's text-edition and translation.^* In view of the fact that our Ethiopic manuscripts are all fairly late, and that in any case Enoch was translated into Ethiopic after it had been translated into Greek, it is reasonable to assume that in many cases, if not the majority, the Greek is likely to offer us a better text than the Ethiopic. But it does seem to me essential that in those cases where the Ethiopic and Greek texts diverge, and where no Aramaic evidence is available, we be much more prepared than Charles was to give due weight to the evidence and possible independence of the Ethiopic version. (2) Although I think that there is good evidence available for the view that the Ethiopic translators had access to an Aramaic text of Enoch, it seems to me very difficult, in the absence of more substantial Aramaic and Greek texts of Enoch than we at present possess, to determine the extent to which the translators made use of an Aramaic text. However, a further examination of the Ethiopic to see how far it reflects Aramaic vocabulary and syntax may offer some help in the solution of this problem. Finally, it may be noted that the conclusions about the origin and history of the Ethiopic version of Enoch that seem to emerge from the preceding discussion—^translation on the basis of Greek and Aramaic texts in the fourth to sixth centuries; revision of the Ethiopic text from the sixteenth century onwards and the ultimate emergence of a standard revised textes—fit in well with the conclusions to which recent studies have pointed as regards the origin and history of Ethiopic Bible translations in general.^* ^* Cf. e.g. Charles's comments on 1 3 . i where he recognized that the text of E t h was superior to that of GrP»°: 'Here we may conclude either to a happy emendation of the Ethiopic translator of G r or of the scribe of the Greek M S . used by E t h or to the existence in the Aramaic of both forms, the corrupt in the text and the true reading in the margin' (Text, 33). F o r similar somewhat farfetched explanations cf. Translation, p. Iviii, note i, p. Ix, note i . ^5 Cf. above, pp. 2 8 - 3 2 . 2' Cf. Ullendorff, Ethiopia and the Bible, 5 5 - 9 .
NOTE
ON T H E
TRANSLATION
47
6. A Note on the Translation This edition (volume i) and translation (volume 2) of the Book of Enoch is based on Rylands Ethiopic MS. 23, and the reasons for the choice of this manuscript have been discussed above (pp. 32 ff., 36 f.). It should be understood that the translation is intended as a translation of the Ethiopic text of Enoch, not of an Ethiopic text corrected on the basis of the Greek or Aramaic. In fact I have follovsred Ryl fairly closely and have only diverged from it where its evidence does not make sense and where better Ethiopic evidence is available. In such cases I have italicized the translation, and it should be clear from the apparatus in volume i which reading is being followed. The translation is, by intention, fairly literal. I have not attempted to transliterate on a scientific basis the many names that occur in the Book of Enoch; for the vast majority of the names I have used the conventional English speUings, and for the others simplified transliterations. In the notes below the translation I quote the Aramaic evidence for the text of Enoch and discuss its relationship to the Ethiopic and Greek texts. Where appropriate, I also discuss difficulties in the Greek and Ethiopic texts. As will be apparent, the notes are intended as a textual, not an exegetical, commentary on Enoch. A note on the organization of the material in volume i will be found in the Introduction to that volume.
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DENIS, A . - M . , Introduction aux pseudEpigraphes grecs d'Ancien Testament ( S t u d i a in V e t e r i s T e s t a m e n t i P s e u d e p i g r a p h a i ) , L e i d e n , 1970 ( = Denis,
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( T e x t e u n d U n t e r s u c h u n g e n , n e u e F o l g e vii. i ) , L e i p z i g , 1 9 0 2 ( = ming, Text). GEBHARDT, O . , t u n g e n ' , Archiv
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50
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GELZER, H . , Sextus
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(1944),
LIST OF SIGLA Aram
The
Aramaic
Aram
Dead
c , d,
e,
f,
Sea Fragments g.
Aram
«tr.a^
of Enoch. astr.b^
astr.c^
astr.d—riie different m a n u s c r i p t s t o w h i c h t h e v a r i o u s f r a g m e n t s belong Gr
T h e Greek Version of E n o c h
GrSync
GfSync b ^ 8 . 4 - 1 0 . 1 4 ; Grsyn-^ "= = 1 5 . 8 - 1 6 . i )
GrPan
A duplicate version o f 1 9 . 3 - 2 1 . 9 within t h e A k h m i m
T h e F r a g m e n t s i n Syncellus (GrS^nc a = 5 ,
^.
T h e A k h m i m Manuscript (Codex Panopolitanus) GrP»n a
Manuscript
Grva.
Codex Vaticanus G r . 1809
GrCB
T h e Chester Beatty-Michigan Papyrus
Eth
T h e Ethiopic Version of E n o c h
E t h I and E t h I I
T h e t w o families o f E t h i o p i c m a n u s c r i p t s
E t h I — B M 485 B M 485a
B r i t i s h M u s e u m Orient. 4 8 5 A duplicate version o f 9 7 . 6 b - i o 8 . 1 0 within British M u s e u m Orient. 485
B M 491
British M u s e u m Orient. 4 9 1
Berl
Berlin M S . O r . Petermann I I Nachtrag 29
Abb 35
Abbadianus 3 5
Abb 55
Abbadianus 5 5
Tana 9
T a n a Ethiopic M S . 9
T a n a 9a
A d u p l i c a t e v e r s i o n o f 7 8 . 8 b - 8 2 . 2 0 within T a n a 9
Eth II—Bodl 5
Bodley M S . 5
Ryl
Rylands Ethiopic M S . 2 3
Ull
Ullendorff M S .
Bodl 4
Bodley M S . 4
Frankfurt M S .
Frankfurt M S . Orient. Ruppell I I i
Curzon 5 5
=
Curzon 5 6
= British M u s e u m O r i e n t . 8 8 2 3
B M Add. 24185
British M u s e u m A d d . 2 4 1 8 5
British M u s e u m Orient. 8 8 2 2
B M 484
Orient. 4 8 4
B M 486
Orient. 486
BM490
Orient. 490
B M Add. 24990
Add. 24990
B M 492
Orient. 4 9 2
B M 499
Orient. 4 9 9
LIST
54
OF
SIGLA
Vat 7 1
Vatican Ethiopic M S . 7 1
Munich 30
Munich Ethiopic M S . 30
Garrett M S .
Princeton Ethiopic 2 [(Garrett Collection) D e p 1468J
Westenholz M S .
H a m b u r g Orient. 2 7 1 a =
130
A raised ' is u s e d t o refer t o a n original reading in a m a n u s c r i p t , a raised ' t o a c o r r e c t e d r e a d i n g .
TRANSLATION
(ar, 3 5 ) I. I T h e words of the blessing of Enoch according to which he blessed the chosen and righteous who must be present on the day of distress (which is appointed) for the removal of all the wicked and impious, i. 2 And Enoch answered and said: (there was) a righteous man whose eyes were opened by the Lord, (zr, a 10) and he saw a holy vision in the heavens which the angels showed to m e . A n d I heard everything from them, and I understood what I saw, but
I . I E n o c h a c c o r d i n g . . . t h e c h o s e n : c f . A r a m ^ i i i J'T'Jna'? ']3n[. w h o m u s t b e p r e s e n t . E t h , w i t h t h e subjunctive, c o n v e y s t h e idea o f obligation o r necessity, b u t this idea is n o t p r e s e n t i n Gr'^ w h i c h h a s t h e f u t u r e . C f . t h e similar e x a m p l e s in D a n . 2 : 2 8 , R e v . 4 : i , w h e r e , h o w e v e r , b o t h E t h i o p i c a n d G r e e k c o n v e y t h e idea o f necessity. I . 2 A n d E n o c h a n s w e r e d a n d s a i d : E t h ; Gr^^" ' A n d E n o c h took u p his parable a n d s a i d ' ; A r a m ^ i i 2 ""jmVnBi. E t h p r e s u p p o s e s a n A r a -
m a i c IfiSI
nJS, whereas Gr""™ presupposes a n A r a m a i c "Jlin SOJ
nVnO ( t h e e x a c t expression o c c u r s i n A r a m ^ i iii 2 3 ) ; A r a m ^ i i 3 w o u l d appear t o c o r r e s p o n d t o G r ^ a " r a t h e r t h a n t o E t h ( c f . N u m . 24: 3 U IS). h e s a w a h o l y v i s i o n : E t h ; G r ^ a n ' h e h a d a vision'. C h a r l e s (Text, 3 ) suggests t h a t t h e c o r r u p t G r e e k derives f r o m a confusion o f t h e r o o t s Xtn a n d tnS. A l t h o u g h tflN does n o t o c c u r in A r a m a i c — t h e language in w h i c h E n o c h s e e m s f o r t h e m o s t p a r t t o h a v e been w r i t t e n — t h i s kind o f mistake o n t h e p a r t o f a translator s e e m s quite likely. w h i c h t h e a n g e l s . . , w h a t I s a w : E t h ; Gr""*" ' H e s h o w e d ( i t ) t o m e , a n d t h e holy ones speaking holy things I h e a r d ; a n d w h e n I h e a r d everything f r o m t h e m , I u n d e r s t o o d a s I l o o k e d , ' ; c f . A r a m * i i 3
Ti'SW] nVs yffn^p^ [^-'DNJVs iai[. N e i t h e r GT^^" n o r E t h offers a v e r y satisfactory t e x t . A r a m ^ i i 3 m a y c o r r e s p o n d t o G r ^ a n ' a n d t h e holy ones speaking holy things I h e a r d ' , a clause w h i c h is lacking in E t h . I f this is so, a n d if t h e restoration o f A r a m is c o r r e c t , t h e unique ayioX6ycov, w h i c h L i d d e l l a n d S c o t t ( n e w edition) find doubtful, should p e r h a p s b e r e g a r d e d as a c o r r u p t i o n o f dyy^Xcov. H o w e v e r , t h e f r a g m e n t a r y condition o f A r a m * i i m a k e s a n y s t a t e m e n t a b o u t t h e relationship o f A r a m t o Gr^^" and E t h somewhat uncertain.
58
THE ETHIOPIC
BOOK OF
ENOCH
not for this generation, but for a distant generation which will come. I. 3 Concerning the chosen I spoke, and (2r, AI5) I uttered a parable concerning t h e m : T h e Holy and Great One will come out from his dwelling, i. 4 and the Eternal God
I . 2 b u t n o t f o r . . . w i l l c o m e : E t h ; G r ' a n ' b u t n o t f o r this p r e s e n t generation did I take t h o u g h t , b u t t o a distant o n e I will s p e a k ' ; c f . Aram^i i 4 n a ] N p''n[1 iftb m i A r a m appears t o a g r e e w i t h GrPa" against E t h in t h e addition o f §yd3 AotAcS, b u t n o t in t h e a d d i tion o f SiEvooOnTiv. r . 3 C o n c e r n i n g t h e c h o s e n . T h e s e w o r d s (with o r w i t h o u t t h e a d d i tion o f ' I spoke') c o u l d b e taken in E t h w i t h t h e preceding verse, a n d a r e in fact so taken b y s o m e E t h i o p i c M S S . including R y l . a n d I u t t e r e d . . . f r o m h i s d w e l l i n g . T h e evidence o f G r ' a " suggests t h a t this is h o w E t h o u g h t t o b e translated, even t h o u g h ' u t t e r a p a r a b l e ' is n o t t h e m o s t obvious translation o f h(D-^h: i ^ f l r t ; . B u t y"tl6i.: does o c c u r w i t h t h e m e a n i n g ' p a r a b l e ' (see D i l l m a n n , Lexicon Linguae Aethiopicae, L e i p z i g , 1 8 6 5 , c o l . 1 7 3 ; hereafter, D i l l m a n n , Lexicon), a n d t h e translation ' u t t e r a p a r a b l e ' s e e m s n o t impossible. ( T h i s rendering m a y s t a n d w h e t h e r w e r e a d J&ajR-X: o r H.fcOJR'X:; in t h e latter case H c o u l d b e explained as reflecting a n A r a m a i c ""T u s e d t o i n t r o d u c e direct s p e e c h . ) H o w e v e r , E t h c o u l d also, a n d p e r h a p s m o r e naturally, b e t r a n s lated ' a n d I talked c o n c e r n i n g t h e m w i t h t h e H o l y a n d G r e a t O n e w h o will c o m e o u t f r o m his dwelling'. — T h e title ' t h e H o l y a n d G r e a t O n e ' o c c u r s elsewhere in E n o c h (with o r w i t h o u t ' a n d ' ) in 1 0 . i ; 1 2 . 3 ; 1 4 . i ; 2 5 . 3 ; 8 4 . i ; 9 2 . 2 ; 9 7 . 6 ; 9 8 . 6 ; 1 0 4 . 9 ; here in i . 3 GrP"" h a s ' m y H o l y G r e a t O n e ' , b u t ' m y ' is w i t h o u t parallel in this title, a n d is p r o b a b l y a m i s t a k e . C f . also I Q a p G e n 11 1 4 ; X H 1 7 , a n d F i t z m y e r , The Genesis Apocryphon of Qumrdn Cave I (Biblica e t Orientalia 1 8 ) , 2 n d . e d n . , R o m e , 1 9 7 1 , 89. — C f . A r a m n i 5 ] .
H S p nja^nj? pQT [.
I . 4 a n d t h e E t e r n a l G o d . . . M o u n t S i n a i . E t h , w i t h a)K9"0^i instead o f X y " y ? : , a p p a r e n t l y i n t e n d e d ' a n d t h e E t e r n a l G o d ' t o b e taken w i t h w h a t p r e c e d e s . H o w e v e r , t h e e v i d e n c e o f Gr^ai ( i m yfjv f o r fflX^W? 0 suggests t h a t ' a n d t h e E t e r n a l G o d ' should b e taken w i t h w h a t follows, a n d this u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e t e x t receives s o m e s u p p o r t f r o m t h e fact t h a t it p r o d u c e s a c o u p l e t w i t h parallelismus membrorum. O n this view (D in a j X y " W ? : m a y b e r e g a r d e d as c o m p a r a b l e t o viaw explicativum in H e b r e w . —^The variant y n v / X y ^ W ? ; m a y derive f r o m a c o r r u p t i o n o f i u i y q v into iKsiesv o r vice v e r s a (cf. C h a r l e s , Text, 3 ; Translation, 6 ) . O n t h e title ' t h e E t e r n a l G o d ' c f . F i t z m y e r , Genesis
Apocryphon, 1 0 5 f.
CHAPTER 1
59
will tread from there upon Mount Sinai, and he will appear with his host, and will appear in the strength of his power from heaven, i . 5 A n d all will be afraid, and the Watchers will shake, and (zr, a2o) fear and great trembhng will seize them unto the ends of the earth, i . 6 A n d the high mountains will be shaken, and the high hills will be made low, and will melt like wax before the flame, i . 7 A n d the earth will sink and everything that is on the earth will be destroyed, and there will be (2r, a25) judgement upon all, and upon all the righteous. I. 8 But for the righteous he will make peace, and he will keep safe the chosen, and mercy will be upon them. T h e y will all belong to G o d , and will prosper and be blessed, and the light of G o d will shine upon them. i . 9 A n d behold!
a n d w i l l a p p e a r i n t h e s t r e n g t h o f h i s p o w e r : cf. Aram^i i 6 nn]nas[ ] . . . T^ n.[. T h e placing o f t h e small f r a g m e n t containing n T 1 ] n 3 J [ r e m a i n s , h o w e v e r , a little u n c e r t a i n . I . 5 w i l l s h a k e : E t h ; GrPa- 'will believe'. GrP^n adds ' a n d t h e y will sing h i d d e n things in all t h e ends o f t h e [ e a r t h ] , a n d all t h e ends o f t h e e a r t h will s h a k e ' . C f . A r a m ^ i i 7 nSHN DJISj? ^ [ S |1S;]in NSHK [ m S p . I f t h e placing o f t h e small f r a g m e n t containing n?l]n3S[ in line 6 a n d njISp in line 7 is c o r r e c t , t h e long t e x t o f Gr^^n—even t h o u g h it c a n n o t b e in o r d e r as it s t a n d s — w o u l d a p p e a r t o b e closer t h a n E t h t o A r a m . W i t h i n Gr^*" t h e readings 'will believe' a n d 'will sing' a r e clearly v e r y i m p r o b a b l e , since w e e x p e c t a r e f e r e n c e t o t h e t e r r o r o f t h e W a t c h e r s . T h e s e readings w e r e p e r h a p s i n t r o d u c e d b e c a u s e t h e t r a n s l a t o r o r c o p y i s t t h o u g h t t h a t t h e W a t c h e r s h e r e m e n t i o n e d w e r e g o o d angels (cf. 1 2 . 2 f . ) , n o t — a s in E t h — f a l l e n angels. O n t h e p r e s e n t t e x t w e a r e p r e s u m a b l y m e a n t t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e 'hidden t h i n g s ' s u n g b y t h e W a t c h e r s t o b e t h e praises o f G o d . I . 9 J u d e 1 4 f. contains a translation o f this verse. I n addition P s e u d o C y p r i a n ( W . H a r t e l , Cypriani Opera Omnia iii, V i e n n a , 1 8 7 1 , 6 7 ) a n d P s e u d o - V i g i l i u s ( M i g n e , PL Ixii, c o l . 3 6 3 ) c o n t a i n L a t i n translations of t h e verse which seem to b e dependent n o t on J u d e , b u t directly on E n o c h ( c f . T . Z a h n , Geschichte des neutestamentlichen Kanons, ii. 2 , E r l a n g e n a n d L e i p z i g , 1 8 9 2 , 7 9 7 - 8 0 1 ) ; t h e value o f t h e t e s t i m o n y o f Pseudo-Vigilius is limited, h o w e v e r . S e e C h a r l e s {Text, 4 - 7 ) w h o q u o t e s all t h e passages. A n d b e h o l d : E t h ; GrP*" ' F o r ' , b u t J u d e a n d t h e o t h e r witnesses a g r e e w i t h E t h . I t m a y b e asked w h e t h e r G r a n d E t h d o n o t b o t h derive u l t i m a t e l y f r o m a n original
6o
THE ETHIOPIC
BOOK OF
ENOCH
(2r, 330) H e comes with ten thousand holy ones to execute judgement upon them, and to destroy the impious, and to contend with all flesh concerning everything which the sinners and the impious have done and wrought against him. 2. I Contemplate all the events in heaven, how the lights in
1 . 9 w i t h t e n t h o u s a n d h o l y o n e s : E t h ; G r ^ a " 'with his t e n t h o u s a n d s a n d his holy o n e s ' ; J u d e 1 4 'with his holy t e n t h o u s a n d s ' . C f . Aram^i i 1 5
a n d t o c o n t e n d w i t h a l l flesh: E t h I I ; E t h I Gr^^n ' a n d h e will r e p r o v e all flesh'. (DfJVV^f" i ( E t h I I ) is an i n n e r - E t h i o p i c variant f o r cDj&Hrt¥: u n d e r s t o o d as ' t o a r g u e with, c o n v i n c e ' . C f . Aram'^i i 1 6
c o n c e r n i n g e v e r y t h i n g . . . a g a i n s t h i m : E t h ; Gx^'-'^ ' c o n c e r n i n g all t h e deeds o f their i m p i e t y w h i c h t h e y h a v e impiously c o m m i t t e d , a n d t h e h a r d w o r d s w h i c h t h e y h a v e spoken, a n d c o n c e r n i n g all t h e things w h i c h t h e impious sinners h a v e spoken against h i m ' ; J u d e 1 5 ' c o n c e r n i n g all t h e deeds o f their i m p i e t y w h i c h t h e y h a v e impiously c o m m i t t e d , a n d c o n c e r n i n g all t h e h a r d things w h i c h t h e impious sinners h a v e spoken against him*. C f . Aram'^i i 1 6 f.
T h e evidence o f J u d e 1 5 ( a n d P s e u d o - C y p r i a n ) suggests fairly obviously t h a t t h e r e is a d i t t o g r a p h in Gr^an (cf. Black, Text, 1 9 ) b u t t h e o c c u r r e n c e of in A r a m w o u l d s e e m t o indicate t h a t t h e r e did stand in A r a m , as in Gr^an^ j u d e 1 5 , a n d P s e u d o - C y p r i a n , a clause referring t o t h e h a r d things spoken b y t h e i m p i o u s against G o d — c o n t r a s t E t h . — F o r ] a i a i
cf. D a n . 7 : 8 a n d 2 0 a n d for
p i a i cf. E n . 5. 4 . — M . Black ( ' T h e
M a r a n a t h a I n v o c a t i o n a n d J u d e 1 4 , 1 5 ( I E n o c h i : 9 ) ' , Christ and Spirit in the New Testament, S t u d i e s in h o n o u r o f C . F . D . M o u l e , edited b y B . L i n d a r s a n d S . S . Smalley, C a m b r i d g e , 1 9 7 3 , 1 8 9 - 9 6 ) suggests t h a t t h e original setting o f t h e maranatha f o r m u l a o f i C o r . 1 6 : 1 2 is t o b e f o u n d in E n . i . 9. W h e t h e r this is so o r n o t , his s t a t e m e n t ( p . 1 9 3 ) t h a t ' I E n . 1 . 9 is n o w e x t a n t in t h e 4 Q E n o c h f r a g m e n t s ' w o u l d appear, in view o f t h e limited size o f t h e f r a g m e n t s , t o b e a n exaggeration. 2 . I C o n t e m p l a t e . I r e a d fn.&
9- BapocKii^A ( 1 5 )
I I . ApEccpcbs(6)
1 2 . BotTpii^A(ii)
13.
1 5 . Z£mriX(7)
1 6 . Zot9iriA(i2)
1 7 . Gcovir|A(i7)
19. 'IcoiieiriX (8)
20. ATpn^A(i3)
Avctvev&(i6)
6. •Pan:r|X(i8) 1 0 . ACTE(iX(i9) 1 4 . 'PoKEiriA (20) 1 8 . Toupir|X(3i)
(3) I n t h e list in A r a m t h e n a m e s a r e a c c o m p a n i e d b y a f o r m u l a w h i c h follows t h e p a t t e r n , X, Nth. after h i m . T h u s in "^i ii 2 5 t h e f o u r t h n a m e IS given T h i s f o r m u l a is n o t retained in t h e versions e x c e p t that in GrSy""^ a a^jj g t i i 5g_ 3 e a c h n a m e is n u m b e r e d . (4) T h e m e a n i n g o f t h e n a m e s . I n t h e light o f t h e A r a m a i c evidence it is possible t o identify t h e original f o r m o f eighteen o f t h e n a m e s w i t h a fair degree o f c e r t a i n t y — o n l y in the case o f the fifth a n d the sevent e e n t h n a m e s is t h e evidence either n o n - e x i s t e n t o r u n c l e a r . O f t h e eighteen n a m e s , fifteen a r e c o m p o u n d s with "^X, a n d o f these fifteen, twelve (nos. 3 , 4 , 6 , 8, 9, 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 8 , 1 9 , a n d 2 0 ) a r e linked i n their first element with astronomical, meteorological, a n d geographical p h e n o m e n a , e.g. Vxt&ai, "PXaDia. I t is possible t o interpret a n a m e s u c h a s 'jX'B^aB? is n o less t h a n three different w a y s : ' G o d is m y s u n ' , ' G o d is sun', a n d ' s u n o f G o d ' . B u t it seems difficult t o attach t o a n a m e s u c h as a n y o t h e r m e a n i n g t h a n ' c l o u d o f G o d ' , a n d I suggest that all twelve n a m e s a r e t o b e understood as involving c o n s t r u c t relationships. — T h e three o t h e r Vx n a m e s appear t o have as their first element a v e r b
in the perfect, viz. n o . 7 'JX^'H, n o . 1 0 VXOS, a n d n o . 1 4 VxiDO. T h e first n a m e , HtlT'Dl?, belongs with this g r o u p also, i n that t h e s e c o n d element appears t o b e a v e r b in t h e p e r f e c t . — O f t h e o t h e r t w o n a m e s ,
n o . I I , ""Jtiin, is a gentilic formation, a n d n o . 2 , the assumed «]pnS?1X, appears t o consist o f a c o n s t r u c t relationship. T h e evidence o f t h e versions f o r t h e n a m e s m a y n o w b e s e t o u t i n full. I n t h e case o f t h e E t h i o p i c evidence f o r 6. 7 I follow t h e o r t h o g r a p h y o f R y l , e x c e p t f o r nos. I , 4 , 9, 1 3 , a n d 1 4 w h e r e o t h e r M S S . have superior r e a d i n g s : Aram
Qj.Sync a
GrPaa
1
ntfT'Stt;
2!EiJiia3'^A: appears t o b e a c o m b i n a t i o n o f t w o n a m e s ,
h-Mld!
and
i-'^hh:
(BM
485,
Tana
9, a n d U l l in fact
spht t h e n a m e ,
w i t h T a n a 9 making e x a c t l y this division). GrPa" h a s t w o n a m e s , ApoddK,
Kl^Pp"«= ^ omits, b u t has a c o m p a r a b l e s t a t e m e n t ('and t h e y t a u g h t themselves a n d their wives c h a r m s a n d spells') a t t h e e n d o f v . 2 . C f . A r a m a i iii 15 ]1 nt»in ^iH HD^XVl. T h e t e x t o f A r a m c o r r e s p o n d s t o E t h Gr^an against Gi^^" —^There a r e substantial differences b e t w e e n E t h Gr^a"^ o n t h e one h a n d and Gr^yc ^ t h e other in 7. 1 - 8 . 3 , a n d it is c o n v e n i e n t t o s u m m a r i z e t h e m all h e r e . (1) GrSy""^ ^, as n o t e d , has 'and t h e y t a u g h t themselves a n d their wives c h a r m s a n d spells' a t t h e e n d o f 7. 2 , n o t 7. i , c f . a b o v e . (2) Gi^y'"' a has a longer t e x t than E t h Gr""™ in 7. 2 ; A r a m appears t o h a v e a longer t e x t t h a n E t h Gr^a" here, b u t t h e A r a m a i c e v i d e n c e t h a t has survived does n o t c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e material i n Gr^y^c ^. (3) Gr^yx^ a omits 7. 3 - 6 , b u t h a s a s t a t e m e n t s u m m a r i z i n g 7. 4 f. ('after this t h e giants began t o d e v o u r t h e flesh o f m e n ' ) a t t h e e n d o f 8. 3, a n d C h a r l e s {Text, xiii, ig; Translation, xvii) a r g u e d t h a t Gt^^"" ^ p r e s e r v e d t h e original s e q u e n c e o f t h e n a r r a t i v e . H o w e v e r , A r a m a i iii a n d •'I ii ( f r a g m e n t s j a n d k) s h o w b o t h that it is E t h Gr^an, n o t Gi^^'^ ^, w h i c h p r e s e r v e t h e c o r r e c t s e q u e n c e , a n d that t h e s u m m a r y s t a t e m e n t o f Qj-sync a in 8. 3 is Completely inferior t o t h e longer t e x t o f E t h Gi^^'^ in 7. 3 - 6 , w h i c h i n general t e r m s c o r r e s p o n d s t o that o f A r a m a i iii a n d ""I ii (fragments j a n d k ) . (4) GrSy°« j / x a vkxcOCKa m i g h t also b e explained as deriving f r o m an A r a m a i c '?'ltJB—understood b y E t h t o m e a n 'after', a n d b y G r t o m e a n ' m e t a l ' . A n d h e s h o w e d . . • a n d o r n a m e n t s : E t h ; Gr^a" ' A n d h e showed t h e m m e t a l s , a n d t h e a r t o f working t h e m , a n d bracelets, a n d o r n a m e n t s ' ; Qj.sync a (continuing t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n s w i t h 65(5a§s a t t h e beginning o f t h e verse) ' . . . a n d t h e metals o f t h e e a r t h a n d gold, h o w t h e y w o r k ( t h e m ) a n d m a k e t h e m into o r n a m e n t s f o r w o m e n , a n d silver. A n d h e s h o w e d t o t h e m . . . ' ; c f . A r a m a i ii 3 7 , 2 7 a ( f r a g m e n t k )
T h e f r a g m e n t a r y state o f t h e m a n u s c r i p t a n d t h e c o r r e c t i o n s written i n above t h e line m a k e t h e interpretation o f ' ' i ii 3 7 , 2 7 a s o m e w h a t h a z a r d o u s , a n d it is difficult t o say m u c h a b o u t
H o w e v e r , t h e c o r r e c t e d version o f the r e m a i n d e r o f t h e line is p r e s u m a b l y m e a n t t o b e TT-aS K'72S?a'? KSOD Vs?!—'and c o n c e r n i n g silver f o r t h e making o f b r a c e l e t s ' . T h i s t e x t c o r r e s p o n d s n e i t h e r t o E t h Gr^an n o r t o Qj.sync ]-,yr ^wo c o m m c n t s c a n b e m a d e a b o u t i t : o n t h e o n e h a n d Qjsync a <joes n o t h a v e ]''T'aS ('bracelets'), w h i c h is t o b e f o u n d i n E t h Gr^an; o n t h e o t h e r , t h e indications a r e that t h e longer t e x t o f GrS>""=» is closer t h a n E t h Gr^^" t o t h e t e x t o f A r a m a i ii 2 7 , 2 7 a ( f r a g m e n t k ) ,
CHAPTER 8
8i
beautifying the eyelids, and the most precious and choice stones, and all (kinds of) coloured dyes. And the world was changed. 8. 2 And there was great impiety and much fornication, and they went astray, and all their ways became corrupt. ( 2 V , a i o ) 8. 3 Amezarak taught all those who cast spells and
despite t h e difFerences b e t w e e n t h e t w o o f t h e m . B u t again t h e evidence is n o t v e r y substantial. a n d t h e a r t . . . t h e e y e l i d s : E t h — h t . 'and (how) to make u p (the eyes) w i t h a n t i m o n y a n d ( h o w ) t o beautify t h e e y e l i d s ' ; G r ^ ^ ' a n d a n t i m o n y a n d e y e - p a i n t ' ; GrSJ""" ^ ' b o t h ( h o w ) t o m a k e u p (the eyes) w i t h a n t i m o n y (reading oripfjeiv f o r oTiApeiv) a n d ( h o w ) t o beautify t h e f a c e ' ; cf. A r a m " ! ii 2 8 (fragment k ) Xn]nS bS") c e r n i n g a n t i m o n y a n d c o n c e r n i n g eye-paint'.
nbnn
•?» N [ — ' c o n -
A n d t h e w o r l d w a s c h a n g e d : so B M 4 8 5 — t h i s t e x t is certainly i n telligible, t h e idea being that t h e w o r l d w a s c h a n g e d as a result o f t h e teaching given b y t h e angels. B u t all other m a n u s c r i p t s ( e x c e p t B e r l a n d T a n a 9) r e a d ' a n d eternal c h a n g e ' (WftD-^m; 9 r t y ° : ) . a n d it is n o t easy t o m a k e a n y sense o f this. Charles (Text, i 8 ) explains i ' t P - ' l m ; as a c o r r u p t transliteration o f T a u^TOMOC, a n d suggests that 'fCD-^cn; 'iCi9^; is a duplicate rendering o f G r ' " ' " Ta (JieTaAAa/Gr^y"": a x a (isTaAXa Tfis yfjs, f o r w h i c h E t h earlier in t h e verse h a s UK^A'hloO'aO'; (cf. also D i l l m a n n , Translation, 9 6 ; SAB 1 8 9 2 , 1 0 4 7 ) ; this explanation seems n o t unlikely. Qj.pansynca j^ave nothing c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t D l ' t O - ' l m : l at this point. —Gr^yoc a a d d s a sentence a t the e n d o f t h e verse ( ' A n d t h e sons o f m e n m a d e (these things) f o r themselves a n d their wives, a n d t h e y transgressed a n d led astray t h e holy o n e s ' ) , b u t in t h e a b s e n c e o f a n y evidence f r o m A r a m it is difficult t o s a y anything a b o u t this. 8.3
( i ) F o r this verse cf. t h e list o f angels in 6 . 7 .
(2) Gr^y"": a h a s a m u c h longer t e x t than E t h Gi^^^, a n d also differs considerably in points o f detail, (a) Gt^^'^ ^ refers t o eight angels, b u t E t h Gr^ai t o s i x ; A r a m a i iv 1 - 5 a n d ''i iii 1 - 5 (fragments p a n d q ) w o u l d a p p e a r t o agree w i t h Groyne a. G r S y c » also a d d s t w o sentences a t the e n d o f t h e v e r s e ; t h e first o f these agrees e x a c t l y w i t h A r a m a i iv 5 a n d ""i iii 5 , b u t it s e e m s t h a t t h e s e c o n d should b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e editorial activity o f Syncellus. I n contrast, E t h a n d Gr^^" have a s h o r t e r t e x t in this verse t h a n A r a m , (b) F o r t h e third t o t h e eighth o f t h e angels m e n t i o n e d h e r e A r a m a i iv 1 - 5 a n d ''i iii 1 - 5 s e e m in e a c h case t o have a d o p t e d t h e s a m e f o r m u l a in w h i c h t h e n a m e s o f t h e angels c o r r e s p o n d t o their f u n c t i o n s ;
cf. e.g. t h e fourth, paS13
"^VN VxaDID. T h i s formula is r e p r o d u c e d
m o s t a c c u r a t e l y in GrSy>"=» ( c f . especially t h e sixth, seventh, a n d eighth o f those m e n t i o n e d in this v e r s e ; Gi^^"" ^ always r e p r o d u c e s *lVx, b u t
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T H EETHIOPIC
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cut roots, Armaros the release of spells, and Baraqiel astrologers, and Kokabel portents, and Tamiel taught
gives t h e n u m b e r o f t h e position w h i c h t h e angel h a s i n t h e list o f 6. 7 r a t h e r t h a n t h e n a m e o f t h e angel), a n d f o r t h e m o s t p a r t o n points o f detail GrS>""=" w o u l d s e e m t o a g r e e m u c h m o r e closely t h a n E t h Gi^^ with Aram^ and A m e z a r a k t a u g h t a l l . . • c u t r o o t s : E t h I I ; Gi^^ ' S e m y a z a t a u g h t spells a n d t h e c u t t i n g o f r o o t s ' ; GrS>'°'=» ' A n d f u r t h e r m o r e t h e i r leader, S e m y a z a , t a u g h t spells (reading iiraoiSdcs f o r elvai dpydts) against t h e m i n d , a n d t h e r o o t s o f t h e plants o f t h e e a r t h ' ; c f . A r a m a i i v i
1-)]in
nm-'ml
fpVt. N o t e : ( i ) E t h I I A m e z a r a k , like t h e o t h e r E t h v a r i a n t s , is a n i n n e r - E t h i o p i c c o r r u p t i o n o f S e m y a z a ; (2) E t h a n d Gr^^'^, despite t h e i r differences, reflect t h e s a m e t e x t u a l tradition, b u t Gi^'"^" ^ s t a n d s o n its o w n . I t s e e m s fairly clear t h a t A r a m ^ h a d nothing c o r r e sponding t o 6 t r p c i i T a p x o s ctOrcov, b u t b e y o n d this t h e f r a g m e n t a r y state o f A r a m ^ m a k e s i t difficult t o s a y anything positive a b o u t t h e r e m a i n i n g variants i n Groyne ^ (addition o f Kotra TOO VOOS, pfsocj poTavcov Tfjs yfjs f o r piSOToiiias). H o w e v e r , it w o u l d a p p e a r likely that these variants s h o u l d b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e editorial activity o f S y n c e l l u s . A r m a r o s t h e r e l e a s e o f S p e l l s : E t h Gi^'^; GrS>""= ^ '°'^» P h a r m a r o s c f . above o n 6. 7 ; (2) Gr^y™ * again h a s a longer t e x t t h a n E t h Gr^an; -^vhereas it is unlikely t h a t A r a m h a d a n y t h i n g c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o Gi^"^" a 6 54 IVSEKOCTOS, f o r t h e r e s t A r a m w o u l d a p p e a r t o agree w i t h t h e longer t e x t o f GrS>""=» r a t h e r t h a n w i t h E t h Gr^an. —^Aram*"! iii 2 ( f r a g m e n t p ) ] • *? B'in . . [, f r o m i t s position in ' ' i iii, should p e r h a p s b e taken into a c c o u n t a t this point, b u t it is n o t precisely clear h o w this e v i d e n c e is t o b e related t o t h a t o f A r a m a i i v . and
Baraqiel
astrologers:
E t h ; Gr^a" 'Baraqiel a s t r o l o g y '
(reading
BotpctKiriX f o r "PotKiiiX); Gr^^" ^ ' t h e n i n t h t a u g h t astrology'. I n t h e light o f t h e n a m e o f t h e angel, a n d o f t h e e v i d e n c e o f A r a m a i i v 3 f . , •>! iii 3 f . ,
it m a y b e suggested that the original w a s p p i a "'tt'nJ I'^X Vsj?-ia. H o w e v e r , t h e versions p r e s u p p o s e n o t fP'^a, b u t paSIS ( a s in t h e case o f the next angel). a n d K o k a b e l p o r t e n t s : E t h Gr^an (reading XcoxaPiiiX f o r Xcoxii^X); QjSynca '(jje f o u r t h t a u g h t a s t r o l o g y ' ; c f . A r a m a i ii 3 ( f r a g m e n t p )
fpyO •'WJ «l'7[N and iv 3 p 3 1 3 m o r e closely w i t h GrSy°l"7p1 a n d iv 6 m ] j ? p'7D. —GrSy-^» a n d m a k e additions t o t h e t e x t h e r e w h i c h anticipate 9. 3 a n d a r e hardly original ( c o n t r a s t t h e view o f Charles, Text, p . x i v ; Translation, p p . xvii, 2 0 ) . 9. I A n d t h e n M i c h a e l . . . a n d s a w : E t h I I ( b u t B o d l 5^ 2 M S S . a d d ' R a p h a e l ' after ' G a b r i e l ' ) ; Gr^"^" ' T h e n looking d o w n , M i c h a e l , U r i e l , Raphael, a n d Gabriel s a w f r o m h e a v e n ' ; GrSy°c a b »[
A r a m does n o t c o r r e s p o n d to either E t h o r Gr^y"' ^
but for the text of
A r a m cf. G e n . 6 : i i . 9. 2 A n d t h e y s a i d t o o n e a n o t h e r : E t h Gr^an; Gr^^'^ ^ i> 'entering, t h e y said to o n e a n o t h e r ' ; cf. A r a m a i iv 9 j B l j ? n t t X I (possibly L e t t h e d e v a s t a t e d e a r t h . . . o f h e a v e n : E t h (for t h e use o f t h e p e r f e c t optative, cf. D i l l m a n n , Ethiopic Grammar, London, 1907, 5 2 0 ; hereafter, D i l l m a n n , Grammar); Gr^an " p h e s o u n d of those w h o c r y o u t o n t h e e a r t h ( r e a c h e s ) u n t o t h e gates of h e a v e n ' ; Gr*'^'^ a b o m i t ; cf. A r a m a i iv 9 f.
] . a[
].
1
nV. [
9
nj'-iatt? ""sr-in l o F o r the plural ""Sin
cf. B M 4 9 1 a n d Gr^^" (cf. also 9. 1 0 ) .
9. 3 A n d n o w . . . o f h e a v e n : E t h I I ; Gr^ai syncab gj^it ( b y h m t . ? ) . A r a m a i iv 1 0 ]B? ''t£'[, r e a d as iT'Sjtt' 'B^plj?, appears t o c o r r e s p o n d
to
E t h , b u t the e v i d e n c e is n o t v e r y strong. the
souls
of
men
complain,
saying:
Eth
Gr^an;
GrSy°"i= ^ alone is consistent in m e n t i o n i n g a n angel f r o m t h e list h e gives in 9. 1 , c o n t r a s t w . 4 , 9, a n d I I . E t h Arsyalalyur ( a n d variants) p r o b a b l y derives ultim a t e l y f r o m a c o r r u p t i o n o f Gr^^n Istrael. 10. 2 is a b o u t t o c o m e :
Kin"? Kni< (Ullendorff,
E t h J&tn)R"?i: Wft°: reflecting an A r a m a i c
'An Aramaic "Vorlage"?', 266)?
10. 4 R a p h a e l : cf. v. i and 9 . 1 . D u d a e l . D i l l m a n n (Translation, 1 0 0 ) thinks t h a t t h e n a m e h a s been invented a n d derives it f r o m N i n ('cauldron o f G o d ' ) . C h a r l e s (Translation, 2 2 f.) c o n n e c t s D u d a e l w i t h ''inn T ' S w h i c h is m e n t i o n e d in T a r g u m P s . J o n a t h a n o n L e v . 1 6 : 2 1 f. as t h e place t o w h i c h t h e goat for Azazel w a s led. T h e n a m e o f t h e place also o c c u r s as ""inn H ' S . Milik (Biblica 3 2 ( 1 9 5 1 ) , 3 9 5 ) a t o n e t i m e a c c e p t e d this identification a n d derived t h e n a m e f r o m Vx ""inn ('the j a g g e d m o u n t a i n s o f G o d ' ) = 5ou5ariA (cf. t h e f o r m o f t h e n a m e in E t h Groyne T h e word play (cf. V. 5 ' t h r o w o n h i m j a g g e d a n d sharp stones') m a k e s this explanation plausible, even t h o u g h t h e n a m e o f t h e angel in A r a m w a s VSOS? n o t bm'S (cf. ^i iii 9, ci ii 2 6 = E t h 6. 7 ) . M o r e recently Milik (HTR 6 4 ( 1 9 7 1 ) , 3 4 8 f.) h a s c o n n e c t e d this n a m e with A r a m a i c i m ('breast'), relying o n t h e reading o f Gr^an (AaSoui^A) r a t h e r t h a n t h a t o f E t h GrSync b_ ( F o j t^e n a m e cf. also 60. 8.)
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him with darkness; and let him stay there for ever, and cover his face, that he may not see light, l o . 6 and that on the great day of judgment he may be hurled into the fire. l o . 7 And restore the earth which the angels have ruined, (av, b 2 5 ) and announce the restoration of the earth, for I shall restore the earth, so that not all the sons of men shall be destroyed through the mystery of everything which the Watchers made known and taught to their sons. 10. 8 And the whole earth has been ruined by the teaching of the works of Azazel, and against him (2v, b3o) write down all sin.' 10. 9 And the L o r d said to Gabriel: 'Proceed against the bastards and the r e probates and against the sons of the fornicators, and destroy the sons of the fornicators and the sons of the Watchers from amongst men. And send them out, and send them (2v, b 3 5 ) against one another, and let them destroy themselves in battle, for they will not have length of days. 1 0 . 1 0 And they will all petition you, but their fathers will gain nothing in respect of them, for they hope for eternal life, and that each of them
1 0 . 7 m a d e k n o w n . E t h ' f ' t f t ' ; a n d Gr^an l-rrdra^on; a r e clearly i m p o s s i b l e ; t h e c o n t e x t requires a w o r d m e a n i n g ' m a d e k n o w n ' , 'revealed'. I suggest t h a t the mistake goes b a c k t o t h e A r a m a i c Vorlage, t o a confusion o f t h e r o o t s Xna ( = E t h Gr^ai) a n d Slfl; s u c h a confusion s e e m s particularly likely i f a participial c o n s t r u c t i o n w e r e u s e d in t h e A r a m a i c QTID / ]'inB). —GrS5""= ^ eIttov is h a r d l y t h e original G r e e k reading, a n d should p r o b ably b e a t t r i b u t e d t o Syncellus himself, o r t o t h e s o u r c e s h e u s e d . ( F o r a slightly different view see Burkitt, J'ewwA and Christian Apocalypses, 68). 10. 9 G a b r i e l : cf. v . i and 9 . 1 . against the bastards: E t h : reflects a n A r a m a i c SITBM, and is h a r d l y f r o m TOOS uajripEous (so Gr^ai) w h i c h represents a t r a n s c r i p t i o n of t h e A r a m a i c w o r d (cf. Ullendorff, ' A n A r a m a i c " V o r l a g e " ?', 2 6 4 ; c o n t r a s t Charles, Translation, p . Iviii, n o t e ) . Gr^y'^ •> 'against t h e giants' is p e r h a p s a n a t t e m p t t o m a k e sense o f a w o r d n o t u n d e r s t o o d . A n d s e n d t h e m o u t . . . i n b a t t l e : E t h ; Gi^^ ' S e n d t h e m i n a battle o f d e s t r u c t i o n ' ; G r ^ ^ ^ ' ^ ' S e n d t h e m against o n e a n o t h e r , ( s o m e ) o f t h e m against (the rest o f ) t h e m , in battle and in d e s t r u c t i o n ' ; cf. (?) A r a m ' ' i iv 6 ( f r a g m e n t y ) ]]iaX f o r w h i c h c f . G r ^ a " — b u t t h e f r a g m e n t is t o o small t o b e o f u s e in interpreting t h e relationship o f t h e versions t o one another.
C H A P T E R 10
89
will live life for five hundred years.' 10. 1 1 And the L o r d said to Michael: ( 2 V , c i ) 'Go, inform Semyaza and the others with him who have associated with the women to corrupt themselves with them in all their uncleanness. 10. 1 2 W h e n all their sons kill each other, and ( 2 V , C 5 ) when they see the destruction of their beloved ones, bind them for seventy generations under the hills of the earth until the day of their judgement and of their consummation, until the judgement which is for all eternity is accomplished. 10. 1 3 And in those days they will lead them to (2v, c i o ) the abyss of fire; in torment and in prison they will be shut up for all eternity. 10. 1 4 And then he (Semyaza) will be burnt and from then on
1 0 . I I M i c h a e l : cf. v. i and 9. i . Semyaza
and
the
others:
cf.
(?)
Aram''i
iv
9
(fragment
b')
[VIJDVI K[tn'']a»['7. 1 0 . 1 2 a l l t h e i r s o n s k i l l e a c h o t h e r : E t h Gr^a" sync Sync b = A r a m a i iv 1 0 ( f r a g m e n t b ' ) llfl'ia p l S ' o m i t 'all'.
b u t Gr^an
a n d w h e n t h e y s e e : B M 485 B M 4 9 1 Berl A b b 35 T a n a 9 E t h I I ; A b b 5 5 Gr^a- sy-": " = A r a m a i iv 1 0 ( f r a g m e n t b ' ) see'.
—'and
they
u n d e r t h e h i l l s : E t h ; Gr^^" s>""= *> 'in t h e valleys'. T h e r e is n o obvious explanation o f t h e variant. N o t e that (OVC i r e n d e r s vdorri in D e u t . 3 : 2 9 ( M T X ' S ) : Isa. 4 0 : i 2 ( M T nS73J): J e r . 1 4 : 6 ( M T D ' S ^ ) — b u t t h e last t w o cases could be explained t h r o u g h t h e H e b r e w . f o r s e v e n t y g e n e r a t i o n s . . . d a y o f t h e i r j u d g e m e n t : cf. A r a m ' ' i
iv 1 0 f. (fragments e ' a n d b ' ) ] X 3 T X » V IS
] . pS?aB>[.
N o t e t h a t n o n e o f t h e versions h a v e anything c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o i O I . 10.
13
torment
in
torment
and
to
. . .
all
eternity:
Eth;
Gi^^
t h e prison o f eternal c o n f i n e m e n t ' ;
sync b cf.
.^nd
to
Aram'^ivi
10. 14 A n d t h e n . . . all g e n e r a t i o n s : Abb 35* E t h I I ; B M 485 B M 4 9 1 B e r l A b b 3 5 ' A b b 5 5 T a n a 9 Gr^a" ' A n d w h e n (anyone) is b u r n t a n d d e s t r o y e d f r o m n o w on, he will be b o u n d t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e m until t h e e n d o f all generations {Gi^^ 'the g e n e r a t i o n ' ) ' ; G r ^ y ' " ' A n d w h o e v e r is c o n d e m n e d a n d d e s t r o y e d f r o m n o w o n will be b o u n d w i t h t h e m until
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destroyed with t h e m ; together they will be bound until the end of all generations. l o . 1 5 And destroy all the souls of lust ( 2 V , C 1 5 ) and the sons of the Watchers, for they have wronged men. 1 0 . 1 6 Destroy all wrong from the face of the earth, and every evil work will cease. And let the plant of righteousness and truth appear, and the deed will become a blessing; righteousness and truth will they plant in joy for ever. ( 2 v , C 2 o ) 10. 1 7 And now all the righteous will be humble, and will live until they beget thousands; and all the days of their youth
t h e e n d o f t h e i r g e n e r a t i o n ' . F o r G r ^ y " c f . A r a m ' ' i v i ] . . ""T "JISI. E t h I Gr^an ' A n d w h e n ' p e r h a p s derives f r o m a Vorlage
in w h i c h Kai
OS a v w a s m i s r e a d a s Kai OTOCV, while A b b 3 5 ^ E t h I I ' A n d t h e n ' looks like an a t t e m p t t o i m p r o v e a n o b s c u r e t e x t . — T h e r e w o u l d a p p e a r t o b e n o t h i n g i n t h e versions c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o Aram"=i v 2 JIDV ] n a S \ A d m i t t e d l y
it w o u l d
]pai [
p e r h a p s b e possible t o r e a d |naK1
instead o f ] n a S ' a n d t o relate jID*? ]naS1 t o t h e beginning o f v . 1 5 ; b u t in that case w e w o u l d have a plural i m p e r a t i v e , n o t t h e e x p e c t e d singular
(cf. •=! V 3 = 1 0 . 1 6 mski). 1 0 . 1 6 D e s t r o y a l l w r o n g f r o m : E t h Gr^an, b u t T a n a 9 Gr^an prefix ' A n d ' . C f . Aram-^i v 3
] P nVw mDNI.
And
.
let t h e plant
X]inm
. . deed
will
become:
1j? n a s p . W e m i g h t h a v e e x p e c t e d
cf. Aram''i
v 4
XOtPlj?! N p I S , b u t
a l t h o u g h t h e r e is a c u r i o u s g a p b e t w e e n 1p a n d XtSIT? t h e reading is certainly c o r r e c t . 1 0 . 1 7 t h e r i g h t e o u s w i l l b e h u m b l e : E t h I I ; E t h I Gr^^" ' t h e r i g h t e o u s will e s c a p e ' ; c f . Aram-^i v 5
lloVs-" ]''\3''\pp.
a n d w i l l l i v e : c f . Aram"^! v 5 a n d t h e i r s a b b a t h s : E t h GrPan—pnna^ m i s r e a d f o r pilDa^ ( ' a n d o f t h e i r old a g e ' ) w h i c h is obviously r e q u i r e d . C f . n o w A r a m ' ' i v 6 pana''B>[ where m a k e s quite clear w h i c h w o r d is i n t e n d e d ( b u t n o t e t h e s e c o n d p e r s o n suffix). C f . J . W e l l h a u s e n , ' Z u r apokalyptischen L i t e r a t u r ' , Skizzen und Vorarbeiten, Berlin, 1 8 9 9 , v i . 2 4 1 , n o t e i , 2 6 0 ; Ullendorff, ' A n A r a m a i c " V o r l a g e " ?', 2 6 4 . a n d a l l t h e d a y s . . . i n p e a c e : c f . A r a m ' ' ! v 5 f.
] . •> B"?»a ]')an3''B?[
] 6 '"W "riai . . [ .
CHAPTERS 10-11
91
and their sabbaths they will fulfil in peace. 1 0 . 1 8 And in those days the whole earth will be tilled in righteousness, and all of it (2v, C 2 5 ) will be planted with trees, and it will be filled with blessing. 1 0 . 1 9 And all pleasant trees they mil plant on it, and they will plant on it vines, and the vine which is planted on it will produce fruit in abundance; and every seed which is sown on it, each measure will produce a thousand, and each measure (2v, C30) of olives will produce ten baths of oil. 1 0 . 20 And you, cleanse the earth from all wrong, and from all iniquity, and from all sin, and from all impiety, and from all the uncleanness which is brought about on the earth; remove them from the earth. (2v, C35) 10. 2 1 And all the sons of men shall be righteous, and all the nations shall serve and bless me, and all shall worship m e . 10. 2 2 And the earth will be cleansed from all corruption, and from all sin, and from all wrath, and from all torment; and I will not again send a flood upon it for all generations (3r, a i ) for ever. 1 1 . I And in those days I will open the storehouses of blessing which (are) in heaven that I may send them down upon
1 0 . 1 8 i n r i g h t e o u s n e s s : c f . A r a m " ' ! v 7 t3W|'?a[ . and
a l l o f i t w i l l b e p l a n t e d w i t h t r e e s : E t h , c f . Aram"^! v 7
asjinn n'?i5i; GI^'^ ' a n d a tree will b e planted in it'. E t h w o u l d a p p e a r to b e closer t h a n G r ^ a " t o A r a m ; o n t h e o t h e r h a n d E t h does n o t h e r e s e e m t o b e d e p e n d e n t o n a G r e e k Vorlage o f t h e t y p e r e p r e s e n t e d b y Qj.pan_ T h i s is t h u s a valuable e x a m p l e f o r t h e i n d e p e n d e n t value o f E t h . o
w i t h b l e s s i n g : cf. Aram''! v 7 n3ia[ . 1 0 . 1 9 A n d a l l p l e a s a n t t r e e s t h e y w i l l p l a n t o n i t : E t h ; Gr^an ' A n d all t h e trees o f t h e e a r t h will r e j o i c e ; t h e y will b e p l a n t e d ' . G r ^ a " h a s a n awkward c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d appears c o r r u p t . C f . A r a m ' ' i v 7 p J ^ ' X "rial. and the vine . . . in a b u n d a n c e : Eth, but B M 485 B M 491 Abb 35 T a n a 9 B e r l ( c f . G r ^ a " ) have ' w i n e ' instead o f ' f r u i t ' ; G r ^ a " ' a n d t h e vine w h i c h t h e y plant, t h e y will p r o d u c e t h o u s a n d s o f j a r s o f w i n e ' . Cf. Aram-^i v 8 n3 3 S : . . [ . and
e v e r y s e e d . . . b a t h s o f o i l : E t h ; Gr^^n j^as a n a b b r e v i a t e d t e x t
and is c o r r u p t . C f . Aram"^! v 9
93
THE
ETHIOPIC
BOOK OF
ENOCH
the earth, upon the work and upon the toil (3r, as) of the sons of men. 11.2 Peace and truth will be united for all the days of eternity and for all the generations of eternity.' 1 2 . I And before everything Enoch had been hidden, and none of the sons of men knew where he was hidden, or where he was, or what (3r, a i o ) had happened. 1 2 . 2 And all his doings (were) with the Holy Ones and with the Watchers in his days. 1 2 . 3 And I Enoch was blessing the Great L o r d and the King of Eternity, and behold the Watchers called to me, Enoch the scribe, and said to m e : 1 2 . 4 'Enoch, scribe of righteousness, go, (3r, a i 5 ) inform the Watchers of heaven who have left the high heaven and the holy eternal place, and have corrupted themselves with the women, and have done as the sons of men do, and have taken wives for themselves, and have become completely corrupt on the earth. 1 2 . 5 T h e y will have (3r, a2o) on earth neither peace nor forgiveness of sin 1 2 . 6 for they will not rejoice in their sons. T h e slaughter of their beloved ones they will see, and over the destruction of their sons they will lament and petition for ever. But they will have neither mercy nor peace.'
I I . 3 a n d f o r a l l t h e g e n e r a t i o n s o f e t e r n i t y : E t h ; Gi^^ ' a n d f o r all t h e generations o f m e n ' . ' M e n ' is a n anticlimax a n d Gi^^ is c o r r u p t , f r o m alcivcov m i s r e a d as avrrcov (contrast C h a r l e s , Text, 3 1 , b u t cf. GrSy= •> in 9. 4 ) . 1 3 . 3 t h e K i n g o f E t e r n i t y : for the title see o n 9. 4 . a n d b e h o l d t h e W a t c h e r s : cf. (?) Aram-^i v 1 9 K I p j S
.
1 3 . 4 t h e h o l y e t e r n a l p l a c e : E t h ; Gi^^ (?) 'the s a n c t u a r y o f t h e eternal p l a c e ' . B u t t h e w o r d i n g o f Gr^an is a little s t r a n g e , a n d B u r k i t t (Jeviish and Christian Apocalypses, 68) plausibly suggests t h a t OTACTIJ derives f r o m O^p ( ' c o v e n a n t ' ) . W h a t t h e W a t c h e r s did was t o leave 'the s a n c t u a r y of t h e eternal c o v e n a n t ' . and have b e c o m e completely corrupt on (which begins direct s p e e c h at this point) ' Y o u {or ' d e s t r o y e d ' ) the e a r t h ' . GrP^" continues V. 5 , b u t slips back to indirect s p e e c h in v . 6 ; throughout.
t h e e a r t h : E t h ; GrP*" h a v e c o m p l e t e l y ruined w i t h direct s p e e c h in E t h has indirect s p e e c h
CHAPTERS 11-13
93
(3r, 3 2 5 ) 1 3 . I And Enoch went and said to Azazel: ' Y o u will not have peace. A severe sentence has come out against you that you should be bound. 1 3 . 2 And you will have neither rest, nor mercy, nor (the granting of any) petition, because of the wrong which you have taught, and because of all the works of blasphemy and wrong and sin (3r, a3o) which you have shown to the sons of men.' 1 3 . 3 T h e n I went and spoke to them all together, and they were all afraid; fear and trembling seized them. 1 3 . 4 And they asked me to write out for them the record of a petition that they might receive forgiveness, and to (3r, a 3 5 ) take the record of their petition up to the L o r d in heaven. 1 3 . 5 F o r they (themselves) were not able from then on to speak, and they did not raise their eyes to heaven out of shame for the sins for which they had been condemned. 1 3 . 6 And then I wrote out the record of their petition and their supplication in regard to (3r, b i ) their spirits and the deeds of each one of them, and in regard to
1 3 . 1 A n d E n o c h w e n t a n d s a i d t o A z a z e l : E t h ; Gr^^"" ' A n d E n o c h said t o A z a e l : " G o " '. I n GrP^" there w o u l d appear t o b e a n u n c o n s c i o u s r e m i n i s c e n c e o f 1 0 . 9, 1 1 . C h a r l e s , {Text, 3 3 ) a c c e p t s t h a t E t h is c o r r e c t ; n o t e his c o m p l i c a t e d a t t e m p t s at explaining h o w this is possible. 1 3 . 4 a n d t o t a k e t h e r e c o r d o f t h e i r p e t i t i o n u p : E t h ; GrP^" ' a n d t o r e a d t h e r e c o r d o f t h e petition o u t ' . C h a r l e s {Text, 3 3 ) argues n o t i m p r o b a b l y that E t h derives f r o m a misreading o f dcuayvco as dvciyw. 1 3 . 6 a n d t h e i r s u p p l i c a t i o n : Berl A b b 3 5 ^ E t h I I ; B M 4 8 5 B M 4 9 1 A b b 3 5 ' A b b 5 5 T a n a 9 Gr^™ ' a n d t h e s u p p h c a t i o n ' . Aram^^i vi i pn^ [ ] . S? (read pn^Jpjnn ViD D]5;), t h o u g h unclear, appears t o a g r e e w i t h B e r l A b b 3 5 * E t h I I in t h e u s e o f t h e 3 r d p l u r . suffix. i n r e g a r d t o t h e i r s p i r i t s : E t h GrP^". Charles {Translation, 3 0 ) plausibly suggests that 'spirits' derives f r o m an i n a c c u r a t e rendering o f I W D B ' S l 'in r e g a r d t o t h e m s e l v e s ' . A r a m ' ' ! vi i p.[ ]3 VlD "?S7 (read ppWBJJ) offers s o m e limited s u p p o r t t o this suggestion, b u t t h e evidence is n o t v e r y substantial. a n d t h e d e e d s o f e a c h o n e o f t h e m : E t h , c f . Aram"^! vi i ] i m in VIDV. GrPa° o m i t s . T h i s is an i m p o r t a n t e x a m p l e f o r t h e i n d e p e n d e n t value o f E t h , f o r h e r e E t h c a n n o t b e d e p e n d e n t o n G r , a t least as r e p r e s e n t e d b y GrP^.
94
T H EETHIOPIC
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what they asked, (namely) that they should obtain absolution and forbearance. 1 3 . 7 And I went and sat down by the waters of Dan in Dan which is south-west of H e r m o n ; (3r, b 5 ) and I read out the record of their petition until I fell asleep. 1 3 . 8 And behold a dream came to me, and visions fell upon me, and I saw a vision of wrath, (namely) that I should speak to the sons of heaven and reprove them. 1 3 . 9 A n d I woke up and went to them, and they were all sitting gathered t o gether (3r, b i o ) as they mourned in Ubelseyael, which is between Lebanon and Senir, with their faces covered. 1 3 . 1 0 And I spoke before them all the visions which I had seen in
a b s o l u t i o n a n d f o r b e a r a n c e . ' F o r b e a r a n c e ' appears t o b e t h e m e a n ing o f p o t K p d T T i s / J . ^ i ' ! ( A r a m a i c N H W I S ; s e e D i l l m a n n , Lexicon, c o l . 6 7 4 ; Translation, 7 ) . B u t t h e m e a n i n g is a little forced, a n d i n t h e light o f 1 0 . 9 t h e possibility c a n n o t b e e x c l u d e d t h a t originally t h e e x p r e s s i o n ' l e n g t h o f d a y s ' s t o o d h e r e . — I t w o u l d b e t e m p t i n g t o derive E t h /"C?"!*: (Di.'^-f; directly f r o m a n A r a m a i c KlT'J'l IX'^D ('absolution a n d r e s t ' ) ; b u t i t s e e m s difficult t o explain Gi''^ i n t e r m s o f t h e s a m e A r a m a i c original, since [icsKpoTTis h a r d l y derives f r o m NIT"!, a n d t h e parallel HotKpoTTis/J-^l*; = ' l e n g t h ' c a n h a r d l y b e coincidental. 13.
7 i n D a n : E t h ; Gi^'^ ' i n t h e land o f D a n ' . C f . Ullendorff, ' A n
A r a m a i c " V o r l a g e " ? ' , 2 6 4 . —Aram""^ " is c o r r e c t . 1 5 . I I A n d t h e s p i r i t s o f t h e g i a n t s . . . w h i c h d o w r o n g : E t h — i t is impossible t o m a k e a n y sense o f Aa^f^i ( B e r l aJ^fiffD^-^t.;); G r ^ ^ ' A n d t h e spirits o f t h e giants w r o n g t h e c l o u d s ' ; G r ^ y ^ ' T h e spirits o f t h e giants lay w a s t e , d o w r o n g ' . I n Gr''^'' a n d E t h VEq>6Xas = St.aoq-^: m a y b e c o r r u p t f o r Not9TiXeliJi ( F l e m m i n g , Translation, 4 3 ) , b u t , certainly i n E t h , t h e c o r r u p t i o n s e e m s t o g o f u r t h e r t h a n this a n d it is h a r d l y possible t o arrive a t a n entirely c o n v i n c i n g t e x t . I s G r ^ y c ' j g y waste* (ven6iJiEva) a n a t t e m p t t o m a k e sense o f a n already c o r r u p t t e x t ?
loa
THE ETHIOPIC
BOOK OF
ENOCH
corrupt, and attack and fight and break on the earth, and cause sorrow; and they eat no food and do not thirst, and are not observed. 1 5 . 1 2 And these spirits zvillrise (3V, b i ) against the sons of men and against the women because they came out (from them). I n the days of slaughter and destruction 16. I and the death of the giants, wherever the spirits have gone out from (their) bodies, their flesh shall be destroyed (3V, b 5 ) before the judgement; thus they will be destroyed until the day of the great consummation is accomplished upon the great age, upon the Watchers and the impious ones." 16. 2 And now to the Watchers who sent you to petition on their behalf, who were formerly in heaven 1 6 . 3—and now (say): " Y o u (3V, b i o ) were in heaven, but (its) secrets had not yet been revealed to you and a worthless mystery you
a n d b r e a k : E t h ; G r ^ ^ sync c ^ n d t h r o w ' . G r ^ ^ m u c h s e n s e ; is owpf-nTovra/fdiTToOvTa a n i n n e r - G r e e k ouvTpfpovTct ?
d o n o t give corruption of
a n d c a u s e s o r r o w : E t h ; Gr^""" sync c cause r u n n i n g ' ( ? ) . Gr^^" Sync c m a k e n o sense, a n d it h a s b e e n suggested (cf. e.g. C h a r l e s , Translation, 37) t h a t 5p6tAous is c o r r u p t f o r Tp6nous. r f t H l ! h a r d l y c o r r e s p o n d s t o Tp6|i0s, b u t n o b e t t e r explanation suggests itself. a n d a r e n o t o b s e r v e d : E t h ; G r ^ ^ sync c «and c a u s e offence'. D i l l m a n n (SAB 1892, 1049) suggests t h a t a)!Lfi.t"ia)i : is c o r r u p t f o r cOfi-'tO^i^i ( = G r ) , a n d this s e e m s n o t i m p r o b a b l e . T a n a 9 h a s (DfLf-'VOti'!. 1 5 . 1 2 A n d t h e s e s p i r i t s : see n o t e o n v . 9. 16. I E t h a n d G r ^ ^ differ considerably in m e a n i n g in this verse, a l t h o u g h t h e actual w o r d i n g in t h e t w o versions is similar. T h e t e x t o f E t h w o u l d a p p e a r t o h a v e suffered c o r r u p t i o n during t h e c o u r s e o f its transmission, a n d G r offers r a t h e r b e t t e r sense. 16. 3 b u t ( i t s ) s e c r e t s . . . y o u k n e w : E t h ; Gr''^"' ' b u t every m y s t e r y w h i c h h a d n o t b e e n revealed t o y o u a n d a m y s t e r y w h i c h w a s f r o m G o d y o u k n e w ' , ( i ) I n t h e first clause t h e relative 6 is p e r h a p s a n interpolation; its omission w o u l d give b e t t e r sense a n d m a k e G r ^ ^ virtually identical w i t h E t h . (2) I n t h e s e c o n d clause it has been suggested (cf. e.g. C h a r l e s , Text, 47) t h a t E t h presupposes uuorripiov T 6 i§ou6evriUEvov instead o f UUCTTTipiov T 6 kK ToO S E O O yEyevTinivov ( G r ^ ^ ) . E t h offers b e t t e r sense, b u t n o t e t h a t t h e variant is o f significance f o r t h e interpretation o f E n o c h ' s explanation o f t h e origin o f evil.
CHAPTERS 15-18
103
knew. This you made known to the women in the hardness of your hearts, and through this mystery the women and the men cause evil to increase on the earth." (3V, b i 5 ) 1 6 . 4 Say to them therefore: " Y o u will not have p e a c e . " ' 17. I And they took m e to a place where they were like burning fire, and, when they wished, they made themselves look like men. 1 7 . 2 And they led m e to a place of storm, and to a mountain the tip of whose summit (3V, b2o) reached to heaven. 1 7 . 3 And I saw lighted places and thunder in the outermost ends, in its depths, a bow of fire and arrows and their quivers, and a sword of fire, and all the flashes of lightning. 1 7 . 4 And they took me to the water of life, as it is called, (3V, b 2 5 ) and to the fire of the west which receives every setting of the sun. 1 7 . 5 And I came to a river of fire whose fire flows like water and pours out into the great sea which (is) towards the west. 1 7 . 6 And I saw all the great rivers, and I reached the great darkness (3V, b3o) and went where all flesh walks. 1 7 . 7 And I saw the mountains of the darkness of winter and the place where the water of all the deep pours out. 1 7 . 8 And I saw the mouths of all the rivers of the earth and the mouth of the deep. 1 8 . I And I saw the storehouses ( 3 V , b 3 5 ) of all the winds, and I saw how with them he has adorned all creation, and ( I saw) the foundations of the earth. 1 8 . 2 And I saw the cornerstone of the earth, and I saw the four winds which support the earth and the firmament of heaven. 1 8 . 3 And I saw how the
1 7 . 2 t o a p l a c e o f s t o r m : E t h ; G r " " ^ ' t o a dark (3096611) p l a c e ' . D o e s E t h derive f r o m yvo965Ti ( C h a r l e s , Text, 4 7 ) ? OflJ-ft": c o r r e s p o n d s t o L X X yv69os b o t h w h e r e yv69os r e n d e r s ' s t o r m ' Q o b 9 : 1 7 m S B ^ ; J o b 2 7 : 2 0 nSIO) a n d w h e r e yv69os r e n d e r s 'darkness' (Joel 2 : 2 nVSN; 2 C h r . 6 : i •JB-IS). 1 7 . 7 t h e m o u n t a i n s : E t h ; Gr''^" ' t h e w i n d s ' . E t h gives t h e sense r e q u i r e d in t h e c o n t e x t . I t is possible that t h e G r e e k translator m i s r e a d ••IW as ' n n , b u t it is in a n y case clear t h a t E t h is n o t h e r e d e p e n d e n t o n G r , o r at least o n t h e t y p e o f tradition r e p r e s e n t e d b y G r ^ * " (cf. U l l e n dorff, ' A n A r a m a i c " V o r l a g e " ?', 2 6 4 ) .
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ENOCH
winds stretch out the height of heaven and (how) they position themselves (3V, c i ) between heaven and earth; they are the pillars of heaven. 1 8 . 4 And I saw the winds which turn heaven and cause the disk of the sun and all the stars to set. 1 8 . 5 And I saw the winds on the earth ( 3 V , 0 5 ) which support the clouds, and I saw the paths of the angels. I saw at the end of the earth the firmament of heaven above. 1 8 . 6 And I went towards the south—and it was burning day and night —^where (there were) seven mountains of precious stones, (3V, c i o ) three towards the east and three towards the south. 1 8 . 7 And those towards the east (were) of coloured stone, and one (was) of pearl and one of healing stone; and those t o wards the south (were) of red stone. 1 8 . 8 And the middle one reached to heaven, like the throne of (3V, C 1 5 ) the L o r d , of stibium, and the top of the throne (was) of sapphire.
1 8 . s w h i c h s u p p o r t t h e c l o u d s : A b b 3 5 E t h I I ; Gr""^" iv VEcpeXri (cf. B M 4 8 5 B e r l A b b 5 5 T a n a 9) is impossible. D o e s Iv V696XT| reflect t h e u s e in t h e A r a m a i c o f a c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h 3 ? ( C f . T a r g u m t o N u m . 1 1 : 1 7 ' a laiO ( = 'a with the meaning 'to bear (a burden)'). I n a n y case it is clear t h a t E t h I I gives t h e r e q u i r e d reading. 1 8 . 7 h e a l i n g s t o n e : E t h — p o s s i b l y t o b e translated 'stibium' (cf. D i l l m a n n , Lexicon, c o l . 7 5 9 ) . Gr^'^'^Tcteev, in t h e light o f najTipsous ( 1 0 . 9) a n d 9ouK(i ( 1 8 . 8 ) , is p r o b a b l y t o b e r e g a r d e d as a c o r r u p t transliteration o f a n A r a m a i c w o r d for a p r e c i o u s stone (cf. D i l l m a n n , SAB 1 8 9 2 , 1 0 5 3 ) , b u t w h a t A r a m a i c w o r d is n o t clear t o m e . E t h is generally explained via t h e G r e e k , either f r o m a reading s u c h as ICCCTECOS (instead o f T O O E V ) , o r f r o m an a t t e m p t t o m a k e sense o f a n already c o r r u p t G r e e k f o r m (cf. C h a r l e s , Text, 4 9 ) . 1 8 . 8 s t i b i u m : Gr^^" <pouK(i is a transliteration (cf. ^a3Tlp6ouS 1 0 . 9 ; c f . also 2 8 . i ) o f t h e H e b r e w *11S o r (?) a n A r a m a i c ( b u t t h e w o r d is n o t t o m y knowledge attested elsewhere in A r a m a i c ) . I t is conceivable t h a t E t h "Eh j c o m e s via t h e G r e e k , b u t it s e e m s m u c h m o r e likely t h a t it c o m e s directly f r o m t h e S e m i t i c original (note t h a t D i l l m a n n , Lexicon, col. 1 3 9 2 , only quotes t h e w o r d a s o c c u r r i n g h e r e ) . C f . I s a . 5 4 : 1 1 ; I Chr. 29: 2. a n d t h e t o p o f t h e t h r o n e ( w a s ) o f s a p p h i r e : c f . (?) Aram'H ! V. 1 3 . P e r h a p s t h e m e a n i n g o f this verse is 'these t h r e e other p l a c e s ' — a p a r t , t h a t is, f r o m t h e place f o r t h e m a r t y r e d righteous w h i c h b y implication has already been dealt w i t h in v v . 5 - 7 , b u t w h i c h t h e angel n o n e t h e less m e n t i o n s again in v . 1 2 ( c o n trast C h a r l e s , Translation, 46-9). 2 2 . 1 2 g i v e i n f o r m a t i o n : literally ' s h o w ' . 2 2 . 1 3 a n d w i t h t h e w r o n g d o e r s w i l l b e t h e i r l o t : literally ' a n d w i t h t h e w r o n g d o e r s t h e y will b e like t h e m ' . B u t t h e i r s o u l s . . • d a y o f j u d g e m e n t : E t h ; G r ' * " ' B u t (their) spirits {, b e c a u s e t h o s e w h o a r e afflicted h e r e a r e punished less t h a n t h e m , } will n o t b e p u n i s h e d o n t h e d a y o f j u d g e m e n t ' ; c f . A r a m ' ' i x i i
]]h
ai''a pj?tin' V6 ][. N e i t h e r E t h n o r Gr""*" render pptW ('to b e
h u r t , injured') exactly, b u t note ( i ) t h a t E t h s e e m s t o b e closer in m e a n ing t h a n G r ' * " t o I'lpMri'', (2) t h a t E t h c a n h a r d l y b e d e p e n d e n t o n G r , at least as r e p r e s e n t e d b y G r ' * " .
iia
THE ETHIOPIC
BOOK OF ENOCH
nor will they rise from here.' 2 2 . 1 4 T h e n I blessed the L o r d of Glory, and said: 'Blessed be (4r, C15) my L o r d , the L o r d of Glory and Righteousness, who rules everything for ever.' 2 3 . I A n d from there I went to another place towards the west, to the ends of the earth. 2 3 . 2 And I saw a fire which burnt and ran without resting or ceasing from running (4r, c2o) by day or night, but (continued) in exactly the same way. 2 3 . 3 And I asked saying: 'What is this which has no rest?' 2 3 . 4 T h e n Raguel, one of the holy angels who was with me, answered m e and said to m e : 'This burning fire whose course you saw, towards the west, (4r, 025) is (the fire of) all the lights of heaven.' 24. I And from there I went to another place of the earth, and he showed m e a mountain of fire which blazed day and night. 24. 2 And I went towards it and saw seven magnificent mountains, and (4r, C30) all were different from one another, and precious and beautiful stones, and all (were) precious and
22. 14 a n d s a i d : ' B l e s s e d . . . R i g h t e o u s n e s s : B e r l E t h I I ; Gr'"*" ( c f . B M 485 A b b 35 A b b 55 T a n a 9 a n d B M 491) ' a n d s a i d : " B l e s s e d a r t
thou, L o r d of R i g h t e o u s n e s s " ' ; cf. A r a m a i xi 2 p
^ 1 3 mn*? nisNI [
]hmp N o t e ( i ) t h a t A r a m h a s f^l ' J u d g e ' , n o t Hia ' L o r d ' ( = E t h Gr^"*"); (2) t h a t A r a m agrees w i t h B M 485 A b b 35 A b b 55 T a n a 9 B M 491 Gr""*" against B e r l E t h I I in as m u c h as A r a m h a s n o t h i n g corresponding to Berl E t h I I
il-dih^;.
23. I A n d f r o m t h e r e I w e n t t o a n o t h e r p l a c e : E t h G r ' " * " ; c f . A r a m " * !
xi 3 ] . . nxV nVaiK p . . . . [, read Nijns'? n'raix ]a[n ]ai. 23. 2 f r o m r u n n i n g : literally ' f r o m its r u n n i n g ' o r ' f r o m its c o u r s e ' . 23.
3
which
liX'Vir b
has
no
rest:
E t h Gr*"*";
cf. ( ? ) A r a m a i
xi
5
[.
23. 4 T h i s b u r n i n g fire . . . l i g h t s o f h e a v e n : E t h ; G r ' * " ' T h i s c o u r s e o f fire is t h e fire t o w a r d s t h e west w h i c h p e r s e c u t e s all t h e lights o f h e a v e n . ' G r ' ' * " IKSICOKOV does n o t offer a v e r y suitable meaning, a n d m a y be c o r r u p t for SKSIKCOV (cf. 20. 4 a n d C h a r l e s , Translation, 5 1 ) . I n this case, does t h e variant H J & t ^ ' . f i ' ; / t h e a s s u m e d T O IKSIKCOV result f r o m a confusion o f t h e roots 1S?3 a n d S?"1S in t h e original A r a m a i c ?
CHAPTERS 22-25
113
their appearance glorious and their form beautiful; three (of the mountains) towards the east, one fixed firmly on another, and three towards the south, one on another, and deep and rugged valleys, (4r, C35) no one (of which) was near another. 24. 3 And (there was) a seventh mountain in the middle of these, and in their height they were all like the seat of a throne, and fragrant trees surrounded it. 24. 4 And there was among them a tree such as I have never smelt, and none of them nor any others were like it: (4V, a i ) it smells more fragrant than any fragrance, and its leaves and its flowers and its wood never wither; its fruit (is) good, and its fruit (is) like the bunches of dates on a palm. 24. 5 And then I said: 'Behold, this beautiful tree! (4V, 3 5 ) Beautiful to look at and pleasant (are) its leaves, and its fruit very delightful in appearance.' 24. 6 And then Michael, one of the holy and honoured angels who was with me and (was) in charge of them, answered me 2 5 . I and said to m e : 'Enoch why do you ask me (4V, a i o ) about the fragrance of this tree, and (why) do you inquire to learn?' 25. 2 T h e n I, Enoch, answered him, saying: T wish to learn about everything, but especially about this tree.' 25. 3 And he answered me, saying: 'This high mountain which you saw, whose summit (4V, a i 5) is like the throne of the Lord, is the throne where the Holy and Great One, the L o r d of Glory, the Eternal King, will sit when he comes down to visit the earth for good. 25. 4 And this beautiful fragrant tree—and no (creature of) flesh has authority to touch it (4V, a2o) until the great judgement when he will take vengeance on all and will bring {everything) to a consummation for ever—this will be given to the righteous and humble. 2 5 . 5
2 4 . 3 a n d i n t h e i r h e i g h t . . . t l i r o n e : E t h is inferior t o Gr'^*" a n d probably corrupt. 2 5 . I a n d ( w h y ) d o y o u i n q u i r e t o l e a r n ? : E t h ; G r ' * " 'and w h y do y o u wish t o learn t h e t r u t h ?' ^(tyfi-'P; c a n h a r d l y b e a rendering o f QEXEIS, a n d it m a y be suggested t h a t the t w o are independent translations o f a n A r a m a i c fCSJa. C f . 2 1 . 5 . 2 5 . 3 t h e H o l y a n d G r e a t O n e : on t h e title cf. n o t e o n i . 3 .
114
THE
ETHIOPIC
BOOK
OF
ENOCH
F r o m its fruit life will be given to the chosen; towards the north it will be planted, in a holy place, (4V, 3 2 5 ) by the house of the Lord, the Eternal King. 2 5 . 6 T h e n they will rejoice with joy and be glad in the holy (place); they will each draw the fragrance of it into their bones, and they will live a long life on earth, as your fathers lived, (4V, 3 3 0 ) and in their days sorrow and pain and toil and punishment will not touch them.' 25. 7 T h e n I blessed the L o r d of Glory, the Eternal King, because he has prepared such things for righteous men, and has created such things and said that they are to be given to them. (4V, 3 3 5 ) 26. I And from there I went to the middle of the earth and saw a blessed, (well-)watered place which had branches which remained (alive) and sprouted from a tree which had been cut down. 26. 2 And there I saw a holy mountain, and under the mountain, to the east of it, (there was) water, and it flowed towards the south. 26. 3 And I saw towards (4V, b i ) the east another mountain which was of the same height, and between them (there was) a deep and narrow valley; and in it a stream ran by the mountain. 26. 4 And to
2 5 . 6 a n d b e g l a d . . . t h e i r b o n e s : E t h ; G r ' ' * " ' a n d b e glad a n d into t h e holy (place) t h e y will e n t e r ; t h e f r a g r a n c e o f it (will b e ) in their b o n e s ' . T h e m a j o r difference is t h e variant i ' f l O J - f e : / EiasXsuCTOVTai w h i c h c o u l d , as Charles (Text, 6 5 ) points out, g o b a c k t o t h e A r a m a i c (p'7''S?'' / p V W ) . 2 6 . I w h i c h h a d b r a n c h e s . . . c u t d o w n : E t h ; G r ' * " ' w h e r e (there w e r e ) trees w h i c h h a d b r a n c h e s w h i c h r e m a i n e d (alive) a n d s p r o u t e d f r o m a t r e e w h i c h w a s c u t d o w n ' . C h a r l e s (Text, 6 5 ) rightly points o u t t h a t in Gr'"*" it is difficult t o think that b o t h SsvSpa axovTCt a n d T O O 5EV5POU EKKOTTEVTos are original, a n d it is n o t unlikely that T O O SsvSpou IKKOTTIVTOS = ? i y " 0 6 i HtflD^rd: is a gloss referring t o t h e situation after A . D . 7 0 . 2 6 . 2 a n d u n d e r t h e m o u n t a i n : E t h G r ' * " ( T a n a 9 Gr""*" o m i t ' a n d ' ) ; cf. A r a m " ! xii 3
]'mmnn p J[.
26. 3 a n d b e t w e e n t h e m ( t h e r e w a s ) a d e e p a n d n a r r o w v a l l e y : A b b 352 E t h I I ; Gr""*" ' a n d in t h e m i d d l e o f it ( s c . I saw) a deep a n d o
n a r r o w v a l l e y ' ; A r a m ' ' i xii 5 HPTTJS?
,
'tV?X\
o 00 • • •
P H T A I . . [. I t is u n f o r t u n a t e
CHAPTERS 25-27
iiS
the west of this one (was) another mountain which was lower (4V, b5) than it, and not high; and under it (there was) a valley between them, and (there were) other deep and dry valleys at the end of the three (mountains). 26. 5 And all the valleys (were) deep and narrow, of hard rock, and trees were planted on them. 26. 6 And I was amazed (4V, b i o ) at the rock and I was amazed at the valley; I was very much amazed. 27. I T h e n I said: 'What (is) the purpose of this blessed land which is completely full of trees and of this accursed valley in the middle of them?' 27. 2 T h e n (4V, b i 5 ) Raphael, one of the holy angels who was with me, answered m e and said to m e : 'This accursed valley is for those who are cursed for ever; here will be gathered together all who speak with their mouths against the L o r d words that are not fitting and say hard things about his glory. ( 4 V b2o) Here they will gather them together, and here (will be) their place of judgement.
that t h e w o r d before flVn is n o t clearly legible, b u t in a n y case E t h 'between t h e m ' gives b e t t e r sense than G r ' * " 'in t h e middle o f it'. 2 6 . 6 A n d I w a s a m a z e d a t t h e r o c k : Aram"*! xii 8 ] . W Vs? nHttpl. 27. 2 name spirits (20. 2
R a p h a e l : n o t e t h e m u c h b e t t e r attested variant ' U r i e l ' . E i t h e r w o u l d b e a p p r o p r i a t e — R a p h a e l , since h e is i n c h a r g e o f t h e o f m e n (20. 3 ) , a n d U r i e l , since h e is i n c h a r g e o f T a r t a r u s Gr'*").
v a l l e y : E t h ; G r ' * " 'land'. 'Valley' is clearly w h a t the c o n t e x t requires. U l l e n d o r f f ('An A r a m a i c " V o r l a g e " ?', 2 6 4 ) suggests t h a t G r ' * " yfj is a transliteration o f S e m i t i c N'J, a n d this is n o t unlikely, especially in view of t h e fact t h a t N ' ! is similarly t r a n s h t e r a t e d elsewhere ( c f . e.g. N e h . I I : 3 5 a n d C h a r l e s , Text, p p . xxviii, n o t e i , 6 7 ) . A d m i t t e d l y X""! does n o t o c c u r i n A r a m a i c , b u t t h e use o f H e b r e w w o r d s in a composition w h i c h s e e m s for t h e m o s t p a r t t o h a v e been written in A r a m a i c c a n n o t be ruled o u t (cf. above, I n t r o d u c t i o n , p . 7 , a n d c f . 6. 6 ) . I n a n y case a t this point E t h w o u l d h a r d l y appear t o b e dependent o n G r , a t least as r e p r e s e n t e d b y G r ' * " , and it is plausible t o r e g a r d this as a f u r t h e r case w h e r e E t h is directly dependent o n a S e m i t i c Vorlage. ( w i l l b e ) t h e i r p l a c e o f j u d g e m e n t : E t h ; G r ' * " 'will b e (their) dwelling'. ' P l a c e o f j u d g e m e n t ' is m o r e appropriate t o t h e c o n t e x t . G r ' * " oiKTi-rripiov could b e simply a mistake f o r KpiTripiov, b u t it is also possible that t h e variant goes b a c k t o t h e A r a m a i c a n d results f r o m a
ii6
T H EETHIOPIC BOOK O F ENOCH
27. 3 And in the last days there will be the spectacle of the righteous judgement upon them before the righteous for ever, for evermore; here the merciful will bless the L o r d of Glory, (4V, b25) the Eternal King. 2 7 . 4 And in the days of the judgement on them they will bless him on account of (his) mercy, according as he has assigned to them (their lot).' 27. 5 T h e n I myself blessed the L o r d of Glory and I addressed him, and I remembered his majesty, as was fitting. 28. I And from there I went towards (4V, b3o) the east to the middle of the mountain of the wilderness, and I saw only
confusion o f IIWT ( = E t h ) a n d p m n •An A r a m a i c " V o r l a g e " ? ' , 2 6 4 .
(= Gr'*"),
c f . Ullendorff,
2 7 . 3 t h e m e r c i f u l : E t h ; G r ' * " 'the i m p i o u s ' . P e r h a p s t h e idea u n d e r lying G r ' * ° is t h e s a m e a s t h a t o f 6 2 . 6 , 9 ; 6 3 . i - i o ( e s p . v . 2 ) — a t t h e m o m e n t o f j u d g e m e n t t h e wicked r e p e n t a n d bless G o d in t h e h o p e o f receiving forgiveness. B u t if this is t h e case, t h e idea is n o t m a d e clear, a n d i n t h e c o n t e x t (cf. v . 4 w h e r e t h e subject o f t h e v e r b c a n h a r d l y b e a s s u m e d t o b e a n y o n e o t h e r than t h e righteous) it s e e m s v e r y unlikely t h a t ol otaepsTs is t h e original reading. E t h af>'*iCS1: is certainly easier, b u t still a little strange i n t h e c o n t e x t . C h a r l e s e m e n d s G r ' ™ a n d E t h t o oi suCTspeis a n d y"dh6-1;, b u t oi eOaEpeTs is n o t t h e s a m e as 9^(h-6-'h:. T h e r e s e e m s , h o w e v e r , t o b e n o o t h e r explanation o f t h e variants. ( S e e also Burkitt, Jewish and Christian Apocalypses, 69 who accepts the reading ol daspsTs.) 27. 4 A n d i n t h e d a y s o f the j u d g e m e n t o n t h e m they will bless h i m : i.e. in t h e days o f t h e j u d g e m e n t o n t h e sinners (cf. v v . 2 , 3a) t h e r i g h t e o u s (cf. v . 3 b ) will bless G o d . 2 7 . S a n d I r e m e m b e r e d : E t h ; G r ' * " ' a n d I sang a h y m n ' . E t h f r o m a c o r r u p t G r e e k Vorlage
(vJiivriaa m i s r e a d a s l n v q a a — c f . F l e m m i n g ,
Text,
34)? 2 8 . I o f t h e m o u n t a i n : E t h ; G r ' * " o m i t s , b u t it is p r e s u p p o s e d b y 2 9 . I ( c f . C h a r l e s , Text,
68).
o f t h e w i l d e r n e s s : h e r e , a s in 2 9 . i , E t h a n d G r ' * " ( 2 8 . i MavSopapd, 2 9 . I BapSripd) h a v e transliterated t h e A r a m a i c N l S i a . I t is conceivable t h a t E t h Oo£:(y6': c o m e s via t h e G r e e k , b u t it s e e m s m o r e likely that it is directly d e p e n d e n t o n a n A r a m a i c original. ( C f . 7 7 . 7 , a n d f o r similar transliterations c f . 1 0 . 9 ; 1 8 . 7 , 8 ; b u t n o t e t h a t i n b o t h t h e G r e e k a n d E t h i o p i c versions t h e r e is a tradition o f transliteration i n t h e case o f
lana—cf. J o s h , s : 8 ; i 8 : 1 2 ) .
117
CHAPTERS 27-29
desert. 28. 2 But (it was) full of trees from this seed, and water gushed out over it from above. 28. 3 T h e torrent, which flowed towards the north-west, seemed copious, (4V, b35) and from all sides there went up . . . water and dew. 29. I And I went to another place (away) from the wilderness; I came near to the east of this mountain. 29. 2 And there I saw trees of judgement, especially vessels of the fragrance of incense and myrrh, and the trees were not alike.
a n d I s a w o n l y d e s e r t . 2 8 . 2 B u t (it w a s ) f u l l o f t r e e s : A b b 3 5 * E t h I I — t h i s is p r e s u m a b l y w h a t is m e a n t , a l t h o u g h C A . h P ' : l^ao • (read b y all E t h M S S . e x c e p t T a n a 9) is g r a m m a t i c a l l y a w k w a r d ; neither E t h I n o r G r ' * " offer a superior t e x t . I n view o f t h e awkwardness o f t h e t e x t it is possible t h a t G r ' * " Ipiinov ( = l^ao;) should b e r e g a r d e d as a gloss o n MctvSopapA w h i c h has c o m e into t h e t e x t o f G r , a n d f r o m t h e r e — a s l^ao; —into Eth. 2 8 . 2 f r o m t h i s s e e d : i.e. f r o m t h e seed o f t h e t r e e s m e n t i o n e d in 26. s; 27. I. o v e r i t : for this translation D i l l m a n n , Lexicon, col. 5 8 .
of
MOit:
(instead
of
(I'lOrt.tf-;)
cf.
2 8 . 3 t o w a r d s : F l e m m i n g (Translation, 5 9 ) explains t h e use o f h f f " : ( = G r ' * ° obs) as a literal r e p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e G r e e k i d i o m w h e r e b y obs is u s e d before prepositions in geographical expressions o f direction (cf. L i d d e l l & S c o t t ( N e w E d i t i o n ) ) . B u t cf. t h e use o f 3 in A r a m ' ' ! xii 3 0 , * i x x v i 1 7 ( = E t h 3 2 . i ) pnnna paSSVa (cf. F i t z m y e r , Genesis Apocryphon, 155 f . ) . a n d f r o m a l l s i d e s t h e r e w e n t u p . . . w a t e r a n d d e w : why OH: does n o t fit in easily, a n d it m a y well b e t h a t it is m i s p l a c e d f r o m t h e beginning o f 2 9 . i (cf. G r ' * " a n d C h a r l e s , Text, 68 f . ) . 2 9 . 2 t r e e s o f j u d g e m e n t : E t h G r ' * " ; b u t t h e p h r a s e does n o t m a k e m u c h sense. P r a e t o r i u s suggests that it derives f r o m a misreading o f U n m (i.e. 'fragrant t r e e s ' ) as S m (cf. C h a r l e s , Text, p p . x x x , 6 9 ) . especially vessels of the fragrance of incense and m y r r h : Eth II; G r ' * " ' w h i c h smelt o f t h e f r a g r a n c e o f incense a n d m y r r h ' . E t h is difficult, a n d i f w e are t o keep t h e text, w e shall p r o b a b l y h a v e t o follow t h e interpretation o f D i l l m a n n (Translation, 16, 134) who comments: 'Quasquas h a t ganz den Begriff des lat. vasa, also w o r t l i c h : G e f a s s e ( o d e r T r a g e r ) v o n W e i h r a u c h - G e r u c h u.s.f.'. H e n c e h e t r a n s l a t e s : ' b e s o n d e r s solche, welche W e i h r a u c h - u n d M y r r h e n - G e r u c h g e b e n ' . B u t t h e E t h i o p i c is still v e r y awkward, a n d it is possible, as C h a r l e s
ii8
T H EETHIOPIC
BOOK O F ENOCH
(4v, c i ) 30. I And above it, above these, above the mountains of the east, and not far away, I saw another place, valleys of water like that which does not fail. 30. 2 And I saw a beautiful tree and its fragrance (was) like that of the mastic. 30. 3 And by ( 4 V , 05) the banks of these valleys I saw fragrant cinnamon. And beyond those (valleys) I came near towards the east.
{Translation, 5 8 ; c f . Text, 68 f.) suggests, that "fefl^rt: derives ultim a t e l y f r o m a c o r r u p t transliteration o f Kotpuais w h i c h o c c u r s in G r ' * " at t h e end o f t h e verse. i n c e n s e a n d m y r r h : i . e . rUia*? a n d I I S c f . I . L o w , Die Flora der Juden, 4 vols., W i e n a n d Leipzig, 1 9 2 4 - 3 4 , i. 3 1 2 - 1 4 a n d i. 3 0 5 - 1 1 . 3 0 . I A n d a b o v e i t . . . n o t f a r a w a y : E t h ; G r ' * " ' A n d b e y o n d these (trees (29.2) ?) I w e n t towards t h e east, f a r a w a y ' ; c f . Aram"^! x i i 2 3
k^rb\
(Milik, RB 6s ( 1 9 5 8 ) , 7 1 ) nplinS pnia E t h offers a quite impossible text, w h e r e a s G r ' * " agrees with Aram^^i x i i in s o f a r as t h e latter exists. O n 9H;. I n f a c t in t h e case o f b o t h this spice a n d t h e n e x t o n e E t h G r ' * " diverge f r o m A r a m a n d apparently refer again t o t h e spices already m e n t i o n e d i n 3 0 . 2 f. 09(D i OD'iHin t h e light o f 3 0 . 2 , possibly reflects a n A r a m a i c XatSa ''ip ('aromatic c a n e ' ) . T h i s is c o m p a r e d i n 3 0 . 2 ( E t h G r ' * " ) t o m a s t i c , a n d this is perhaps w h y G r ' * " gives h e r e (in 3 2 . i ) ' m a s t i c ' . ( C o n t r a s t Charles, Text, 7 2 f., w h o thinks O 0 a J ; aoim; is a free r e n d e r i n g o f ax'vos. F o r m a s t i c c f . L o w , i. 1 9 5 - 8 . ) c i n n a m o n : E t h Gr'*"—^but already m e n t i o n e d in 3 0 . 3 ( c f . previous n o t e ) ; A r a m ' c a r d a m o n ' (cf. L o w , iii. 4 9 9 f . ) . p e p p e r : c f . L o w , iii. 4 9 - 6 1 . 32. 2 A n d f r o m t h e r e . . . t h o s e m o u n t a i n s : E t h ; G r ' * " 'And from
123
THE ETHIOPIC BOOK OF ENOCH
far away to (4V, c2o) the east, and I went over the Red Sea and I was far from it, and I went over the angel Zotiel. 3 2 . 3 And I came to the Garden of Righteousness, and I saw beyond those trees many large trees (4V, 025) growing there, sweetsmelling, large, very beautiful and glorious, and the tree of wisdom from which they eat and know great wisdom. 3 2 . 4 And it is like the carob tree, and its fruit (is) like the bunches of grapes on a vine, very beautiful, (4V, 030) and the smell
t h e r e I w e n t o v e r t h e beginnings o f all these m o u n t a i n s ' ; c f . A r a m a i x x v i 1 8 f. (Milik, RB 6 5 ( 1 9 5 8 ) , 7 1 )
p» smti
"73
mnaV]
19
nVain p n p i .
( i ) E t h CXAow; a n d G r ' * " T O S ocpx^S a r e p e r h a p s b e s t explained as alternative r e n d e r i n g s o f an A r a m a i c C I . T h i s w o u l d i m p l y that E t h is h e r e directly d e p e n d e n t o n a n A r a m a i c Vorlage, b u t in a n y case E t h is clearly m o r e a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e c o n t e x t t h a n G r ' * " . T h e D e a d S e a Scrolls a p p a r e n t l y h a d a different t e x t , f o r Milik's restoration o f t h e beginning of x x v i 1 9 a s nipa'? s e e m s n o t unlikely. ( 2 ) A r a m ]VX S'llO VD agrees w i t h G r ' * " 'all these m o u n t a i n s ' against E t h ' t h o s e m o u n t a i n s ' . f a r a w a y t o t h e e a s t : E t h ; G r ' * " ' f a r a w a y t o t h e east o f t h e e a r t h ' ; A r a m a i x x v i 1 9 (Milik, RB 65 ( 1 9 5 8 ) , 7 1 ) NSnX miKib pnia p'm. A r a m NVIK agrees w i t h G r ' * " xfis yfjs against E t h , b u t s e e T a n a 9 ; neither E t h n o r G r ' * " h a v e anything c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o JirUD. a n d I w e n t o v e r t h e R e d S e a : E t h G r ' * " = A r a m a i x x v i 1 9 f. (Milik, RB
65 ( 1 9 5 8 ) , 7 1 )
siJiaw [ x a ] ' p ^[Vs?] 2 0 [njBVnxi.
a n d I w a s f a r f r o m i t : E t h ; G r ' * " (?) ' a n d I w e n t to t h e o u t e r m o s t e n d s ' ; A r a m a i x x v i 2 0 (Milik, RB 65 ( i 9 S 8 ) , 7 1 ) VITW npnmSI. ( i ) G r ' * " iir' oKpwv is, i n t h e light o f E t h a n d A r a m , p r o b a b l y c o r r u p t for nocKptStv (cf. G r ' * " a n d A r a m i n 3 0 . i ) . ( 2 ) A r a m rwa agrees w i t h h.^lih: against G r ' * " ( b u t cf. &TT6 T O U T O U in t h e n e x t clause w h i c h c o u l d h a v e b e e n m i s p l a c e d f r o m h e r e ; c f . also C h a r l e s , Text, 7 2 ) . a n d I w e n t o v e r t h e a n g e l Z o t i e l : E t h ; G r ' * " ' a n d f r o m this I w e n t o v e r Z o t i e l ' ; A r a m a i x x v i 2 0 f. (Milik, RB 6 5 ( 1 9 5 8 ) , 7 1 )
raa ppjn-i NDwn p
2 1 [vpii
niaasi.
( i ) Miiik { r b 6 5 ( 1 9 5 8 ) , 7 6 )
suggests t h a t t h e impossible Zotiel is a c o r r u p t i o n f r o m 36905 o r 309(i)5Tis (T6TTOS). ( 2 ) A r a m ma TOUTOU,
p^rn
is lacking i n E t h G r ' * " ( c f . G r ' * " &TT6
b u t this m a y well h a v e b e e n m i s p l a c e d f r o m t h e previous c l a u s e ) .
3 2 . 3 And I c a m e to the Garden of Righteousness: A r a m n x x v i 2 1 (Milik, RB 65) ( 1 9 5 8 ) , 7 1 )
^I'^B'P
Eth Gr'*" =
0 1 1 8 T"?
nB^nXI.
CHAPTERS 32-34
123
of this tree spreads and penetrates afar. 3 2 . 5 And I said: 'This tree (is) beautiful! How beautiful and pleasing (is) its appearance!' 3 2 . 6 And the holy angel Raphael, who was with me, answered me and said to m e : 'This is the tree of wisdom from which your old father (4V, 035) and your aged mother, who were before you, ate and learnt wisdom; and their eyes were opened, and they knew that they were naked, and they were driven from the garden.' 3 3 . I And from there I went to the ends of the earth and I saw there large animals, each different from the other, and also birds (5r, a i ) (which) differed in form, beauty, and call—each different from the other. 3 3 . 2 And to the east of these animals I saw the ends of the earth on which heaven rests, and the open gates of heaven. (5r, 3 5 ) 3 3 . 3 And I saw how the stars of heaven come out, and counted the gates out of which they come, and wrote down all their outlets, for each one individually according to their number and their names, according to their constellations, their positions, their times, and their months, as (5r, a i o ) the angel Uriel, who was with me, showed me. 3 3 . 4 And he showed me everything and wrote it down, and also their names he wrote down for me, and their laws and their functions. 34. I And from there I went towards the north to the ends of the earth, (5r, 3 1 5 ) and there I saw a great and glorious wonder at the ends of the whole earth. 34. 2 And there I saw three gates of heaven open in heaven; through each of them north winds go out; when they blow, (there is) cold, hail, hoar-frost, snow, (sr, a2o) dew, and rain. 34. 3 And from one gate it blows for good; but when they blow through the other
3 2 . 6 a n d y o u r a g e d m o t h e r . . . l e a r n t w i s d o m : cf. (?) A r a m a i x x v i i
1 0 ] . 'I x n a i "7ax[. t h a t t h e y w e r e n a k e d : cf. (?) A r a m a i x x v i i 1 1 ] . J^VtSII^ . . [. 3 4 . 2 n o r t h w i n d s : literally 'winds towards t h e n o r t h ' .
124
THE ETHIOPIC
BOOK OF
ENOCH
two gates, it is with force and it brings torment over the earth, and they blow with force. 35. And from there I went towards the west to the ends (5r, 3 2 5 ) of the earth, and I saw there, as I saw in the east, three open gates—as many gates and as many outlets. 36. I And from there I went towards the south to the ends of the earth, and there I saw three gates of heaven open; and (5r, 330) the south wind and dew and rain and wind come out from there. 36. 2 And from there I went towards the east of the ends of heaven, and there I saw the three eastern gates of heaven open, and above them (there were) smaller gates. 36. 3 Through each of those smaller gates (5r, 3 3 5 ) the stars of heaven pass and go towards the west on the path which has been shown to them. 36. 4 And when I saw, I blessed, and I will always bless the L o r d of Glory who has made great and glorious wonders that he might show the greatness of his work (5r, 340) to his angels and to the souls of men, that they might praise his work, and that all his creatures might see the work
3 4 . 3 i t i s w i t h f o r c e a n d i t b r i n g s t o r m e n t : literally 'it is w i t h force and with torment'. 35.
open
gates:
cf. Aram''i
xiii
23
(Milik,
RB
65
(1958),
YnfT\S) fSJin. F o r Aram-^i xiii 2 4 ].N3 pn'^aim c f . E t h ahF^eni:
77)
and
aJ(fl)Ay"'nt:; b u t t h e fact t h a t so little h a s survived o f A r a m ' ' i xiii m a k e s it v e r y difficult to say anything a b o u t t h e relationship b e t w e e n it a n d E t h (cf. Ullendorff, ' A n A r a m a i c " V o r l a g e " ? ' , 265 a n d c o n t r a s t
Milik, RB 6s (1958), 77). 36. I A n d f r o m t h e r e . . . t o t h e e n d s : c f . Aram^^i xiii 25 ( M i h k ,
65 (1958), 77) ]0 a m * ? nVaiN ]an p .
RB
F o r Aram; it s e e m s preferable t o t h e translation o f C h a r l e s ('and t h a t angel is p r e - e m i n e n t ' ; cf. Translation, 130; D i l l m a r m , Translation, 3 5 , 2 0 2 f . ) , since t h e r e is n o reason w h y t h e angel should b e described as ' p r e - e m i n e n t ' . — 1 1 3 o c c u r s in A r a m a i c as well as in S y r i a c ; t h e fact t h a t i appears in this passage t o have a m e a n i n g derived f r o m A r a m a i c or S y r i a c is f u r t h e r evidence for t h e view t h a t t h e translator o f E n o c h m a d e direct use o f a S e m i t i c Vorlage.
C H A P T E R 65
155
65. 10 And he said to m e : "Because of their iniquity their judgement has been completed, and they will no longer be counted before m e ; because of the sorceries which they have searched out and learnt, the earth and those who dwell upon it will be destroyed." 65. 1 1 And for these there will be no place of refuge for ever, for (8r, c2o) they showed to them what is secret, and they have been condemned; but not so for you, m y s o n ; the L o r d of Spirits knows that you (are) pure and innocent of this reproach concerning the secrets. 65. 1 2 And he has established your name among the holy, and will keep you from amongst those who dwell upon the
6 5 . 1 0 a n d t h e y w i l l n o l o n g e r b e c o u n t e d . I follow t h e reading o f B M 4 9 1 , (BK^'V'%Mt\ ( n o t apparently k n o w n t o earlier s c h o l a r s ) ; b u t t h e m u c h b e t t e r attested (Dh.^^'%Ci^\ w o u l d p r e s u m a b l y h a v e t o b e i n t e r p r e t e d in t h e s a m e w a y . F o r t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e passage c f . 5 6 . 4 . H o w e v e r , t h e t e x t is n o t entirely satisfactory, a n d t h e r e is m u c h t o b e said f o r t h e suggestion o f S c h m i d t ('Original L a n g u a g e o f t h e P a r a b l e s o f E n o c h ' , 3 3 8 ) that in t h e A r a m a i c Vorlage VyiiTf' w a s mistaken f o r XIBIT'. T h e m e a n i n g will t h e n b e 'their j u d g e m e n t . . . will n o t b e w i t h held b e f o r e m e ' . t h e s o r c e r i e s . T h e translation a d o p t s t h e proposal o f H a l e v y (JA v i . 9 ( 1 8 6 7 ) , 3 7 4 f . ) w h o suggested t h a t t h e E t h i o p i c translator o f E n o c h m i s r e a d C t P i n ' m o n t h s ' f o r 0"'B'*in ' s o r c e r i e s ' . I t h a s subsequently b e e n p o i n t e d o u t that this confusion is possible in A r a m a i c as well as in H e b r e w , since A r a m a i c - s p e a k i n g J e w s did e m p l o y S ' t P i n as well as t h e m o r e c o m m o n XTI'T' (cf. Charles, Translation, 1 3 1 ; Ullendorff, ' A n A r a m a i c "Vorlage"}', 2 6 1 ) . H o w e v e r , C a q u o t a n d Geoltrain (Semitica 13 (1963), 4 9 - 5 1 ) a t t e m p t t o defend t h e reading AiD-iJ.'i; = ' m o n t h s ' . a n d l e a r n t , t h e e a r t h : B M 4 8 5 A b b 3 5 A b b 5 5 ; B M 4 9 1 Berl E t h I I ' t h e y h a v e learnt that t h e e a r t h ' . 6 5 . I I A n d f o r t h e s e : i . e . , apparently, f o r m a n k i n d ('those w h o dwell u p o n t h e d r y g r o u n d ' , c f . v . 6 a n d v . 1 0 ) , as t h e c o n t r a s t w i t h N o a h i n t h e s e c o n d half o f the verse suggests. t h e y s h o w e d t o t h e m : i.e. t h e angels s h o w e d t o m a n k i n d ( c f . v . 6 ) . B u t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n could also b e r e g a r d e d as impersonal w i t h t h e m e a n i n g : ' t h e y (mankind) w e r e s h 9 w n . . . ' a n d t h e y h a v e b e e n c o n d e m n e d : i.e. m a n k i n d h a s been c o n d e m n e d , i n n o c e n t : literally ' g o o d ' .
1S6
T H E ETHIOPIC BOOK OF ENOCH
dry ground; and he has destined (8r, 025) your offspring in righteousness to be kings and for great honours, and from your offspring will flow out a spring of the righteous and holy without number for ever.' 66. I And after this he showed m e the angels of punishment who were ready to come and release all the forces (8r, C30) of the water which is under the earth in order to bring judgement and destruction on all those who reside and dwell upon the dry ground. 66. 2 And the L o r d of Spirits commanded the angels who were (then) coming out not to raise (their) hands, but to keep watch; for those angels were in charge of the forces of the waters. (8r, C35) 66. 3 And I came out from before Enoch. 67. I And in those days the word of the L o r d came to me, and he said to m e : 'Noah, behold your lot has come up before me, a lot without reproach, a lot of love and of uprightness. 67. 2 And now the angels are making a wooden (structure), and when the angels come out for that (task), I will put m y hand on it, (8v, a i ) and keep it safe, and from it will come the seed of life, and a change shall take place that the dry ground may not remain empty. 67. 3 And I will establish your offspring before m e for ever and ever, and I will scatter those who dwell with you over the face (8v, 3 5 ) of the dry ground; I will not (again) put (them) to the test on the face of the earth, but they will be blessed and will increase on the dry ground in the name of the L o r d . ' 67. 4 And they will shut up those
6 7 . 2 a n d w h e n . . . t h a t ( t a s k ) : i.e. w h e n t h e angels c o m e o u t f o r t h e task o f releasing t h e w a t e r s u n d e r t h e e a r t h , c f . 6 6 . i a n d a . ( N o t e t h a t f o r t h e v e r b h e r e A b b 3 5 h a s OJfrfr:, n o t ( D j ^ f r : (so C h a r l e s a n d F l e m m i n g ) — even supposing t h a t t D j f f r ; rtfl'-X'F! c o u l d b e i n t e r p r e t e d t o m e a n ' a n d w h e n t h e y h a v e c o m p l e t e d t h a t task', c f . C h a r l e s , Translation, 1 3 3 ; F l e m m i n g , Translation, 8 5 . ) 67. 3 I w i l l n o t ( a g a i n ) p u t ( t h e m ) t o t h e t e s t . T h i s seems to be the m e a n i n g o f A-J&ffOhC: ( c f . M a r t i n , Translation, 1 4 3 ; C a q u o t a n d G e o l train, Semitica 1 3 ( 1 9 6 3 ) , 5 1 ; a n d c f . G e n . 8 : 2 1 - 9 : 1 1 ) , even t h o u g h aoh&i is n o r m a l l y u s e d in t h e I I 2 f o r m , n o t t h e I i f o r m , w i t h this meaning.
CHAPTERS 65-67
157
angels who showed iniquity in that burning valley which m y great-grandfather Enoch had shown to me previously, in the west, near the mountains of gold and silver (8v, a i o ) and iron and soft metal and tin. 67. 5 And I saw that valley in which (there was) a great disturbance, and a heaving of the waters. 67. 6 And when all this happened, from that fiery molten metal and the disturbance which disturbed (the waters) in that place a smell of sulphur was produced, and it was associated with those (8v, 3 1 5 ) waters. And that valley of the angels who led (men) astray burns under the ground; 67. 7 and through the valleys of that same (area) flow out rivers of fire where those angels will be punished who led astray those who dwell upon the dry ground. 67. 8 And in those days those waters will serve the kings and the mighty and the exalted, and those (8v, a 2 o ) who dwell upon the dry ground, for the healing of soul and body, but (also) for the punishment of the spirit. And their spirits are (so) full of lust that they will be punished in their bodies, for they denied the L o r d of Spirits. And they see their punishment (8v, 3 2 5 ) every day, yet they do not believe in his name. 67. 9 And the more their bodies are burnt, the more a change will come over their spirits for ever and ever; for no one can speak an idle word before the L o r d of Spirits. 67. 1 0 F o r judgement will come upon them, for they believe (8v, 3 3 0 ) in the lust of their bodies, but deny the spirit of the L o r d . 67. 11 And those same waters will undergo a change in those days; for when those angels are punished in those days, the temperature of those springs of water will change, and when the angels come up (from the water), (8v, 3 3 5 ) that water of the springs will change and will becdme cold. 67. 1 2 And I heard the holy Michael answering and saying: 'This judgement with which the angels are
67. 6 t h e g r o u n d : literally 'that g r o u n d ' , o r ' t h a t a r e a ' . 67. 7 o f t h a t s a m e ( a r e a ) : Hfff: e n d o f v . 6.
refers b a c k t o ^htl
67. I I d a y s ( 2 n d ) : E t h I I ; E t h I ' w a t e r s ' .
^AC:
at the
158
T H EETHIOPIC BOOK OF ENOCH
judged is a testimony for the kings and the mighty who possess the dry ground. 67. 1 3 F o r these waters of judgement (serve) for the heaUng of the bodies of the kings, and (8v, b i ) for the lust of their bodies; but they do not see and do not beUeve that these waters will change, and will become a fire which burns for ever.' 68. I And after this m y great-grandfather Enoch gave m e the explanation of all the secrets in a book (8v, b 5 ) and the parables which had been given to him; and he put them together for me in the words of the Book of the Parables. 68. 2 And on that day the holy Michael answered Raphael, saying: ' T h e power of the spirit seizes m e and makes m e tremble because of (8v, b i o ) the harshness of the judgement of the secrets, the judgement of the angels. W h o can endure the harshness of the judgement which has been executed . . . and before which they melt (with fear)?' 68. 3 And the holy Michael answered Raphael again, and said to h i m : ' W h o would not soften (8v, b i 5 ) his heart over it, and (whose) mind would not be disturbed by this word ? Judgement has gone out
6 7 . 1 3 o f t h e k i n g s : E t h h a s ' o f t h e angels'—^my translation presupposes a misreading o f
iCSVa as
C h a r l e s , Translation,
(cf. H a l e v y ,
jfA vi. 9 ( 1 8 6 7 ) , 3 7 5 - 7 ;
135).
68. I t h e e x p l a n a t i o n : cf. D i l l m a n n , Lexicon, col. 7 3 3 . C f . also M a r t i n , Translation, 1 4 7 , w h o suggests t h a t ^Xy°C^': m a y b e a mistake f o r t ^ O C T : (the f o r m e r o c c u r s as a variant o f t h e latter in 1 0 . 8, 9 2 . i , 9 3 . 1 0 , a n d l o i . 8 ) . T a n a 9 in fact h a s ^^VCV i 68. 2 a n d m a k e s m e t r e m b l e : t h e translation follows the suggestion o f H a l e v y (JA vi. 9 ( 1 8 6 7 ) , 3 7 9 f.) w h o argues t h a t aof^O'ii.; is d e p e n d e n t o n a H e b r e w IfJ'T'l, a n d that f J i n o u g h t h e r e t o have b e e n u n d e r stood as ' t o m a k e t r e m b l e ' , n o t as ' t o p r o v o k e ' (cf. 69. 1 ) . T h e e x p l a n a tion is also possible in A r a m a i c (cf. Charles, Translation, 1 3 5 ) . e x e c u t e d . . . a n d b e f o r e . I h a v e o m i t t e d (Vl(\d'f I ('and r e m a i n s ' ) o n the evidence o f E t h I . Possibly t h e w o r d derives ultimately f r o m a m i s writing of t 7 - n < ! : t : . 68. 3 m i n d : literally 'kidneys'.
CHAPTERS 67-69
159
against them, upon those whom they have led out like this.' 68. 4 But it came to pass, when he stood before the L o r d of Spirits, that the holy Michael spoke as follows to Raphael: (8v, b2o) 'I will not take their part under the eye of the L o r d , for the L o r d of Spirits is angry with them, for they act as if they were the L o r d . 68. 5 Because of this the hidden judgement will come upon them for ever and ever; for neither any (other) angel, nor any man, will receive (8v, b25) their lot, but they alone have received their judgement for ever and ever.' 69. I And after this judgement they will terrify them and make them tremble, for they have shown this to those who dwell upon the dry ground. 69. 2 And behold the names of those angels. (8v, b3o) And these are their names: the first of them (is) Semyaza, and the second Artaqifa, and the third Armen, and the fourth Kokabiel, and the fifth Turiel, and the sixth Ramiel, and the seventh Daniel, and the eighth
u p o n t h o s e . . . l e d o u t : cf. D i l l m a n n , Translation, 2 0 9 . T h e passage m i g h t possibly also be translated 'because o f those w h o led t h e m out*. 6 9 . I a n d m a k e t h e m t r e m b l e : cf. 6 8 . 2 . 69. 2 I t is generally a r g u e d t h a t in 69. 2 the list o f n a m e s is a s e c o n d a r y i n s e r t i o n ; it was suggested above (in the discussion of 6. 7 ) t h a t the list in 69. 2 w a s copied f r o m the E t h i o p i c version o f 6.7, i.e. t h a t the list w a s only i n t r o d u c e d into 69. 2 at a v e r y late stage in the transmission o f t h e t e x t o f E n o c h . I n a n y event m o s t o f the difFerences b e t w e e n the list in 69. 2 a n d the list in the E t h i o p i c version o f 6. 7 appear t o have resulted f r o m the mistakes o f copyists, a n d I have drawn attention below to those cases w h e r e the existence o f this type o f mistake s e e m s fairly certain. B u t for m o r e details o n these n a m e s a n d o n the o t h e r n a m e s in the list see the discussion above u n d e r 6. 7 . A r t a q i f a : the spelling hC'^i^l ( B M 4 8 5 ) is closer to the a s s u m e d original «li?n»1N t h a n the spelling hCtldlii'; (so m o s t M S S . ) . A r m e n : this n a m e p e r h a p s derives ultimately f r o m a c o r r u p t i o n o f d . ' ^ A . A : , cf. 6. 7. T u r i e l ( 1 s t ) : probably c o r r u p t for T a m i e l ( i l t f l f c i V : ) .
i6o
T H EETHIOPIC
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Nuqael, and the ninth Baraqiel, and the tenth (8v, b35) Azazel, the eleventh Armaros, the tvi^elfth Batriel, the thirteenth Basasael, the fourteenth Ananel, the fifteenth Turiel, the sixteenth Samsiel, the seventeenth Yetarel, t h e eighteenth Tumiel, the nineteenth Turiel, the tvs^entieth Rumiel, the twenty-first Azazel. 69. 3 A n d these are the chiefs of their angels, and the names of their leaders of hundreds, (8v, C I ) and their leaders of fifties and their leaders of tens. 69. 4 T h e name of the first (is) Yequn, and this (is) the one who led astray all the children of the holy angels; and he
N u q a e l : p r o b a b l y c o r r u p t f o r E z e q i e l (ft.H>^A>2V: ( 6 . 7 ) ) iihAi SS)> Ifkh: ( B M 4 8 5 B M 4 9 1 A b b 3 5 T a n a 9 ) ) i-^k6i\). Azazel
( i s t ) : p r o b a b l y c o r r u p t f o r Asael
(Abb
(Mhlii).
B a s a s a e l . T h i s n a m e is a n addition t o t h e list—it o c c u r s in n o n e o f t h e witnesses in 6 . 7 . B y t h e addition o f this n a m e t h e total o f n a m e s i n t h e list b e c o m e s t w e n t y - o n e , n o t t w e n t y (see discussion o n 6 . 7 ) . T u r i e l ( a n d ) . N o n e o f t h e witnesses in 6 . 7 h a s T u r i e l a t this point. S i n c e T u r i e l is firmly attested as t h e eighteenth n a m e (nineteenth in 69. a ) , it is n o t clear w h y t h e n a m e should b e i n t r o d u c e d h e r e . Y e t a r e l : p r o b a b l y c o r r u p t f o r Satarel
(tl'tCkh;).
T u m i e l . T h i s n a m e is o m i t t e d b y E t h in 6 . 7 , while only p a r t o f t h e n a m e has survived in A r a m (see t h e discussion o n 6 . 7 ) . R u m i e l : probably corrupt for Yomiel
{fyShA:).
A z a z e l ( a n d ) : perhaps a corruption o f S^"H.P^: (cf. 6. 7 ) . 69. 4 Y e q u n . T h i s n a m e h a s b e e n derived f r o m Dip"" a n d explained a s m e a n i n g ' t h e r e b e l ' , b u t t h e derivation a n d explanation r e m a i n u n c e r t a i n (cf. D i l l m a r m , Translation, 3 i i ) . I f t h e c o n n e c t i o n w i t h D i p ' is s o u n d , t h e n a m e p e r h a p s o u g h t r a t h e r t o b e explained as ' M a y h e ( G o d ) arise' (cf. D•'p^ I C h r . 8 : 1 9 ; 2 4 : 1 2 ) ; s u c h a n a m e m i g h t n o t s e e m v e r y suitable f o r a fallen angel, b u t c f . G a d r e e l = (?) "jif * n » i n v . 6 . a l l t h e c h i l d r e n o f t h e h o l y a n g e l s : c f . v . s a n d 7 1 . i ; f o r these t h r e e passages t h e r e is s o m e plausibihty i n S c h m i d t ' s suggestion ('Original L a n g u a g e o f t h e P a r a b l e s o f E n o c h ' , 3 4 5 ) that t h e expression derives f r o m a false translation o f K-^PHp N'nVX ''33 ]in'7D, i . e . 'all t h e holy angels' (cf. D a n . 3 : a s ; also C h a r l e s , Translation, 1 3 7 , 1 4 2 ) . T h e r e is, h o w e v e r , n o n e e d t o a s s u m e a mistake in 1 0 6 . 5 w h e r e b o t h E t h a n d G r ^ ^ h a v e ' t h e children o f t h e angels o f h e a v e n ' ; c o n t r a s t t h e view o f C h a r l e s ,
Translation, 2 6 5 .
CHAPTER
69
i6i
brought them down on to the dry ground, and led them astray through the daughters of men. (8v, 05) 69. 5 And the name of the second (is) Asbeel: this one suggested an evil plan to the children of the holy angels, and led them astray, so that they corrupted their bodies with the daughters of men. 69. 6 And the name of the third (is) Gadreel: this is the one who showed all the deadly blows to the sons of m e n ; (8v, c i o ) and he led astray Eve, and he showed the weapons of death to the children of men, the shield and the breastplate and the sword for slaughter, and all the weapons of death to the sons of men. 69. 7 And from his hand they have gone out against those who dwell upon the dry ground, from that time and for (8v, C15) ever and ever. 69. 8 And the name of the fourth (is) Penemue: this one showed the sons of men the bitter and the sweet, and showed them all the secrets of their wisdom. 69. 9 H e taught men the art of writing with ink and paper, and through this many (8v, c2o) have gone astray from eternity to eternity, and to this day. 69. 1 0 F o r men were not created for this, that they should confirm their faith like this with pen and ink. 69. 1 1 F o r men were created no differently from the angels, that they might remain righteous and pure, (8v, C25) and death, which destroys everything, would not have touched them; but through this knowledge of theirs they are being destroyed, and through this power it (death) is consuming me. 69. 1 2 And the name of the fifth (is) Kasdeyae: this one showed the sons of men all the evil blows of the
69. 5 A s b e e l . S c h m i d t ('Original L a n g u a g e o f t h e Parables o f E n o c h ' , 3 4 4 ) plausibly derives this n a m e f r o m VlOBTJ, ' t h e t h o u g h t o f G o d ' o r ' G o d gives h e e d ' . C f . O . T .
Wat^n.
6 9 . 6 G a d r e e l . T h i s n a m e is generally derived f r o m "rX^nS?, ' G o d is m y helper' o r ' G o d h a s helped' (cf. Charles, Translation, 1 3 7 a n d i S a m . 1 8 : 1 9 ; a Sam. a i : 8). 69. 8 P e n e m u e . N o satisfactory explanation o f this n a m e is k n o w n t o m e . 69. l a K a s d e y a e . C a q u o t a n d Geoltrain {Semitica 1 3 ( 1 9 6 3 ) , 5 3 ) plausibly suggest t h a t this n a m e is a transcription o f a n A r a m a i c S''1B'3 ( ' C h a l d e a n s ' ) . C f . already K u h n , ZAW 3 9 ( 1 9 3 1 ) , 2 7 0 . 826163
G
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Spirits and of the demons, and the blows (8v, C30) (which attack) the embryo in the womb so that it miscarries, and the blows (which attack) the soul, the bite of the serpent and the blows which occur at midday, the son of the serpent who is . . . strong. 69. 1 3 A n d this is the task of Kesbeel, the chief of the oath, who showed (the oath) to the holy ones when he dwelt on high in glory, and its name (8v, 035) (is) Beqa.
69. 1 2 i t m i s c a r r i e s : literally 'it falls'. t h e s o n o f t h e s e r p e n t w h o i s . . . s t r o n g . I have o m i t t e d fttnv; a n d take 'I'ftO't' i t o m e a n ' m a l e ' o r 'strong' o n t h e g r o u n d s ( i ) that it does n o t s e e m possible t o m a k e sense o f i ' l l d ' i as a p r o p e r n a m e , a n d ( 2 ) that ila^: c o u l d easily have c o m e into t h e t e x t b y mistake, particularly u n d e r t h e influence o f t h e r e p e a t e d ilav; at t h e beginning o f w . 4 , 5, 6, 8, a n d 12. B u t even s o t h e t e x t is a little o b s c u r e , a n d possibly ' t h e s o n o f t h e serpent' e t c . w a s originally a marginal gloss. v v . 1 3 - 2 5 f o r m a n independent section w h i c h deals with t h e divine o a t h . T h i s oath is held t o have played a role in creation similar t o that played elsewhere b y W i s d o m ( c f . P r o v . 8 : 2 2 - 3 1 ) , a n d t h e p o w e r o f this o a t h is described in w . 1 5 ff. H o w e v e r , t h e verses w h i c h i n t r o d u c e t h e section ( w . 1 3 - 1 5 ) raise a n i m i b e r o f p r o b l e m s w h i c h have n o t y e t f o u n d entirely convincing solutions ( c f . t h e latest discussion o f t h e passage in C a q u o t a n d Geoltrain, Semitica 1 3 ( 1 9 6 3 ) , 5 2 - 4 ) . A partial solution t o s o m e o f t h e p r o b l e m s o f these verses is perhaps t o b e found in t h e assumption that two different oaths a r e involved h e r e : ( i ) t h e o a t h sworn b y t h e angels w h o c a m e d o w n t o t h e earth i n t h e days o f J a r e d ( w . 1 3 f . ; c f . 6. 3 - 6 ) ; (2) t h e divine o a t h entrusted t o M i c h a e l w h i c h w a s u s e d b y G o d i n h i s a c t o f creation ( w . 1 5 ff). I f this view is c o r r e c t , v v . 1 5 - 2 5 should p r o b ably b e regarded as a s e c o n d a r y addition t o t h e t e x t . 6 9 . 1 3 A n d t h i s i s t h e t a s k o f K e s b e e l . I follow the suggestion o f Charles {Translation, 1 3 9 ) a n d take 'i^h.^; t o derive f r o m a misreading o f pJS? a s p a . I d o n o t k n o w h o w t h e n a m e K e s b e e l is t o b e explained, unless there is a c o n n e c t i o n with t h e r o o t 1tll?D. t h e c h i e f o f t h e o a t h : cf. the comments o f Caquot and Geoltrain: ' K a s b a ' e l a pris I'initiative d u s e r m e n t p a r lequel les anges s e sont sohdarises dans la d 6 c h 6 a n c e et dans le c r i m e . II j o u e d o n e le rSle q u e le passage parallele d e V I , 3 - 6 confere k S a m y a z a ' {Semitica 1 3 ( 1 9 6 3 ) , 5 2 ) . a n d i t s n a m e i s B e q a : i.e. t h e n a m e o f the o a t h is B e q a . B u t B e q a could also b e taken as a n alternative n a m e f o r K e s b e e l ('and his n a m e is B e q a ' ) . I n either case it is n o t clear t o m e h o w B e q a is t o b e explained.
C H A P T E R 69
163
69. 1 4 And this one told the holy Michael that he should show
him the secret name, that they might mention it in the oath, so that those who showed the sons of men everything which is secret trembled before that name and oath. 69. 1 5 And this (is) the power of this oath, for it is powerful and strong; (9r, a i ) and he placed this oath Akae in the charge of the holy Michael. 69. 1 6 And these are the secrets of this o a t h . . . and they are strong through his oath, and heaven was suspended before the world was created and for ever. (9r, 3 5 ) 69. 1 7 And through it the earth was founded upon the water, and from the hidden (recesses) of the mountains come beautiful waters from the creation of the world and for ever. 69. 1 8 And through that oath the sea was created, and as its foundation, for the time of anger, he placed for it the sand, and it 69. 1 4 t h a t t h e y m i g h t m e n t i o n i t i n t h e o a t h : t h e translation follows B M 48s B e r l . T h e t e x t o f A b b 3 5 is a variant o f t h i s ; B M 4 9 1 A b b 55 T a n a 9 c o m b i n e t h e readings o f B M 4 8 5 B e r l a n d A b b 3 5 , while E t h I I f u r t h e r alters B M 4 9 1 A b b 5 5 T a n a 9. 6 9 . 1 5 a n d h e p l a c e d t h i s o a t h A k a e i n t h e c h a r g e (lit. ' h a n d ' ) o f t h e h o l y M i c h a e l : w . 1 5 ff., as already indicated, appear to deal w i t h a n o a t h different f r o m t h e o n e m e n t i o n e d in w . 1 3 f. I n these c i r c u m s t a n c e s t h e o b s c u r e h^O/hi is possibly t o b e taken as a c o r r u p t i o n o f hSih ; — ' a n d he p l a c e d this o t h e r o a t h i n t h e c h a r g e o f t h e holy M i c h a e l ' ( T a n a 9 r e a d s 'this evil o a t h ' ) . T h e subject o f KittC: is left undefined ('and o n e placed . . . ' ) , b u t p r e s u m a b l y w e a r e m e a n t t o u n d e r s t a n d G o d as t h e subject o f t h e v e r b . T h e lack o f a clearly defined subject is p e r h a p s b o u n d u p w i t h t h e fact that v v . 1 5 - 2 5 appear to b e a s e c o n d a r y addition t o t h e t e x t (cf. t h e discussion o n v . 1 3 ) , w i t h v . 1 5 n o w serving as a redactional link. 69. 1 6 . . . a n d t h e y a r e s t r o n g t h r o u g h h i s o a t h , a n d h e a v e n w a s s u s p e n d e d . T h e t e x t appears t o b e in s o m e disorder, f o r as it stands (D^'iO' i h a s n o satisfactory subject. I t is possible t h a t s o m e w o r d s h a v e d r o p p e d o u t , o r t h a t t h e o r d e r o f t h e w o r d s has b e e n disturbed. A l t e r n a tively w e should follow t h e t e x t o f B e r l (cf. B M 4 8 5 A b b 5 5 ) a n d translate ' A n d these a r e t h e secrets o f this o a t h , a n d (it) is s t r o n g : t h r o u g h his o a t h heaven w a s s u s p e n d e d ' . I n a n y case it is clear that t h e force o f ' t h r o u g h his o a t h ' is intended t o c a r r y o v e r t o t h e clause ' a n d h e a v e n w a s suspended'. t h e y a r e s t r o n g : or 'they were made
firm'.
h i s o a t h : p r e s u m a b l y t h e o a t h o f G o d , c f . ' a n d h e p l a c e d ' (v. 1 5 ) .
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does not go beyond (it) from the creation (gr, a i o ) of the world and for ever. 69. 19 And through that oath the deeps were made firm, and they stand and do not move from their place from (the creation of) the world and for ever. 69. 20 And through that oath the sun and the moon complete their course and do not transgress their command from (the creation of) the world (9r, 3 1 5 ) and for ever. 69. 2 1 And through that oath the stars complete their course, and he calls their names, and they answer him from (the creation of) the world and for ever; 69. 2 2 and likewise the spirits of the water, of the winds, and of all the breezes, and their paths, (9r, a2o) according to all the groups of the spirits. 69. 23 And there are kept the storehouses of the sound of the thunder and of the light of the lightning; and there are kept the storehouses of the hail and the hoar-frost, and the storehouses of the mist, and the storehouses of the rain and the dew. 69. 24 And all these make their confession (9r, 325) and give thanks before the L o r d of Spirits, and sing praises with all their power; and their food consists of all their thanksgiving, and they give thanks and praise and exalt in the name of the L o r d of Spirits for ever and ever. 69. 25 And this oath is strong over them, and through it they are kept safe, (9r, 330) and their paths are kept safe, and their courses are not disturbed. 69. 26 And they had great joy, and they blessed and praised and exalted because the name of that Son of M a n had been revealed to them. 69. 2 7 And he sat on the throne of his glory, and the whole judgement (9r, 3 3 5 ) was given to the Son of Man, and he will cause the sinners to pass away and be
69. 22 T h i s verse is difficult t o interpret, unless t h e sense is ' a n d likewise ( f o r ) t h e spirits o f t h e w a t e r ' etc.—^i.e. t h a t in t h e s a m e w a y as t h e stars, a n d t h r o u g h t h e s a m e o a t h , t h e spirits o f t h e w a t e r , t h e winds a n d t h e breezes c a r r y o u t their duties (cf. D i l l m a n n , Translation, 213 f . ; also C h a r l e s , Translation, 140; for t h e m e n t i o n o f 'spirits' c f . 60. 11-23). 69. 25 d i s t » i r b e d : literally ' r u i n e d ' o r ' d e s t r o y e d ' . 69. 27 a n d t h e w h o l e j u d g e m e n t : judgement'.
literally ' a n d t h e s u m o f t h e
CHAPTERS 69-71
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destroyed from the face of the earth. 69. 28 And those who led astray the world will be bound in chains, and will be shut up in the assembly-place of their destruction, and all their works will pass away from the face of the earth: 69. 29 And from then on there will be nothing corruptible, for that (9r, b i ) Son of M a n has appeared and has sat on the throne of his glory, and everything evil will pass away and go from before him; and the word of that Son of Man zvill be strong before the L o r d of Spirits. (9r, b5) This is the third parable of Enoch. 70. I And it came to pass after this (that), while he was living, his name was lifted from those who dwell upon the dry ground to the presence of that Son of M a n and to the presence of the L o r d of Spirits. 70. 2 And he was lifted on the chariots of the spirit, and his name vanished among them. (9r, b i o ) 70. 3 And from that day I was not counted among them, and he placed me between two winds, between the north and the west, where the angels took the cords to measure for me the place for the chosen and the righteous. 70. 4 And there I saw the first fathers (gr, b i 5 ) and the righteous who from (the beginning of) the world dwelt in that place. 7 1 . I And it came to pass after this that my spirit was carried off, and it went up into the heavens. I saw the sons of the holy angels treading upon flames of fire, and their garments (gr, b2o) (were) white, and their clothing, and the light of their face (was) like snow. 7 1 . 2 And I saw two rivers of fire, and the light of that fire shone like hyacinth, and I fell upon m y face before the L o r d of Spirits. 7 1 . 3 And the angel Michael, one of the archangels, took hold of me (gr, b25) by my right hand, and raised me, and led me out to all the secrets of mercy and the secrets of righteousness. 7 1 . 4 And he showed me all the secrets of the ends of heaven and all the
7 0 . 3 b e t w e e n t w o w i n d s : o r p e r h a p s 'between t w o q u a r t e r s ' o r ' b e t w e e n t w o r e g i o n s ' , cf. t h e u s e o f fllT in E z e k . 4 2 : 1 6 ff. a n d t h e n o t e on 7 6 . I . 7 1 . I t h e s o n s o f t h e h o l y a n g e l s : see t h e n o t e o n 69. 4 .
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Storehouses of all the stars and the lights, from where they come out before the holy ones. 71. 5 And the spirit carried Enoch off (gr, h^o) to the highest heaven, and I saw there in the middle of that light something built of crystal stones, and in the middle of those stones tongues of living fire. 71. 6 And my spirit saw a circle of fire which surrounded that house; (gr, b35) from its four sides (came) rivers full of living fire, and they surrounded that house. 71. 7 And round about (were) the Seraphim, and the Cherubim, and the Ophannim; these are they who do not sleep, but keep watch over the throne of his glory. 71. 8 And I saw angels who could not be counted, a thousand thousands and ten thousand times (gr, c i ) ten thousand, surrounding that house; and Michael and Raphael and Gabriel and Phanuel, and the holy angels who (are) in the heavens above, went in and out of that house, (gr, 05) 71. g And Michael and Raphael and Gabriel and Phanuel, and many holy angels without number, came out from that house; 71. 10 and with them the Head of Days, his head white and pure like wool, and his garments indescribable. 71. II And I fell upon my face, and my whole body melted, and my spirit (gr, c i o ) was transformed; and I cried out in a loud voice in the spirit of power, and I blessed and praised and exalted. 71. 1 2 And these blessings which came out from my mouth were pleasing before that Head of Days. 71. 13 And that Head of Days came with Michael and Gabriel, Raphael (gr, C15) and Phanuel, and thousands and tens of thousands of angels without number. 71. 14 And that angel came to me, and greeted me with his voice, and said to m e : 'You are the Son of M a n who was born to righteousness, and righteousness remains over you, and the righteousness of the Head of Days (gr, C2o) will not leave you.' 71. 15 And he said to m e : ' H e proclaims peace to you in the name of the world which is to come, for from there
7 1 . 1 0 o f D a y s : E t h I B o d l 5 U l l o t h e r E t h I I M S S . ; Ryl^ C u r z o n 5 6 B M 484 'of the oath'.
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peace has come out from the creation of the world; and so you will have it for ever and for ever and ever. 71. 16 And all . . . will walk according to your way, inasmuch as righteousness will never leave you; (gr, C25) with you will be their dwelling, and with you their lot, and they will not be separated from you, for ever and for ever and ever. 71. 17 And so there will be length of days with that Son of Man, and the righteous will
have peace, and the righteous will have an upright way, (gr, C30) in the name of the L o r d of Spirits for ever and ever.' 72. I T h e book of the revolutions of the lights of heaven, each as it is, according to their classes, according to their (period of) rule and their times, according to their names and their places of origin, and according to their months, (gr, 035) which Uriel, the holy angel who was with me and is their leader, showed to m e ; and he showed me all their regulations exactly as they are, for each year of the world and for ever, until the new creation shall be made which will last for ever. 72. 2 And this is the first law of the lights. T h e light the sun, (gv, a i ) its rising (is) in the gates of heaven which (are) t o wards the east, and its setting (is) in the western gates of heaven. 72. 3 And I saw six gates from which the sun rises, and six gates in which the sun sets, and (gv, 3 5 ) the moon (also) rises and sets in those gates, and the leaders of the stars together with those whom they lead; (there are) six in the east and six in the west, all exactly in place, one next to the other; and (there are) many windows to the south and north of those gates. 72. 4 And (gv, a i o ) first there rises the greater light, named the sun, and its disc (is) like the disc of heaven, and the whole of it (is) full of a fire which gives light and warmth. 72. 5 T h e wind blows the chariots on which it
7 1 . 1 6 A n d a l l . . . w i l l w a l k . I omit
^YUD-I; m ('will b e
7 3 . I r e g u l a t i o n s : literally ' b o o k ' (cf. D i l l m a n n , Lexicon,
and') with E t h I. col. 1 2 6 9 ) .
7 2 . 3 t o t h e s o u t h a n d n o r t h : literally 'to t h e right a n d left'.
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OF
ENOCH
ascends, and the sun goes down from heaven and returns through the north in order to reach the east, (gv, 3 1 5 ) and is led so that it comes to the appropriate gate, and shines (again) in heaven. 7 2 . 6 In this way it rises in the first month in the large gate, namely it rises through the fourth of those six gates which (are) towards the east. 7 2 . 7 And in that fourth (gv, a2o) gate, from which the sun rises in the first month, there are twelve window-openings from which, whenever they are opened, flames come out. 7 2 . 8 W h e n the sun rises in heaven, it goes out through that fourth (gv, 325) gate for thirty days, and exactly in the fourth gate in the west of heaven it goes down. 7 2 . g And in those days the day grows daily longer, and the night grows nightly shorter, until the thirtieth morning. 7 2 . 10 And on that day the day becomes longer than the night by a double (part), (gv, 330) and the day amounts to exactly ten parts, and the night amounts to eight parts. 7 2 . 1 1 And the sun rises from that fourth gate, and sets in the fourth gate, and returns to the fifth gate in the east for thirty mornings; and it rises from it, and sets (gv, 3 3 5 ) in the fifth gate. 7 2 . 1 2 And then the day becomes longer by two parts, and the day amounts to eleven parts, and the night becomes shorter and amounts to seven parts. 7 2 . 1 3 And the sun returns to the east, and comes to the sixth gate, and rises and sets in the sixth gate for thirty-one mornings because of its sign. 7 2 . 1 4 And on that day (gv, b i ) the day becomes longer than the night, and the day becomes double the night; and the day amounts to twelve parts, and the night becomes shorter and amounts to six parts. 7 2 . 1 5 And the sun rises up that the day may grow shorter, and the night longer; (gv, b5) and the sun returns to the east, and comes to the sixth gate, and rises from it and sets for thirty mornings. 7 2 . 1 6
7 2 . 7 w i n d o w - o p e n i n g s : literally ' o p e n w i n d o w s ' , i.e. w i n d o w s t h a t c a n b e o p e n e d — a s t h e following w o r d s m a k e clear (cf. 7 5 . 4, 7 ) . 7 2 . 8 i n h e a v e n : literally ' f r o m h e a v e n ' . 7 2 . 1 0 b y a d o u b l e ( p a r t ) : i.e. b y t w o p a r t s .
CHAPTER
72
169
And when thirty mornings have been completed, the day becomes shorter by exactly one part; and the day amounts to eleven parts, and the night to seven parts. 72. 17 And the sun goes out ( 9 V , b i o ) from the west through that sixth gate, and goes to the east, and rises in the fifth gate for thirty mornings; and it sets in the west again, in the fifth gate in the west. 72. 18 On that day the day becomes shorter by two parts, (gv, b i 5 ) and the day amounts to ten parts, and the night to eight parts. 72.19 And the sun rises from that fifth gate, and sets in the fifth gate in the west, and rises in the fourth gate for thirtyone mornings because of its sign, and sets in the west, (gv, hzo) 72. 20 On that day the day becomes equal with the night, and is (of) equal (length); and the night amounts to nine parts, and the day to nine parts. 72. 21 And the sun rises from that gate, and sets in the west, and returns to the east, and rises in the third gate (gv, hz^) for thirty mornings, and sets in the west in the third gate. 72. 22 And on that day the night
becomes longer than the day, and the night grows nightly longer, and the day grows daily shorter until the thirtieth morning; and the night amounts to exactly ten parts, and the day to eight parts. 72. 23 And the sun rises (gv, h^o) from that third gate, and sets in the third gate in the west, and returns to the east; and the sun rises in the second gate in the east for thirty mornings, and likewise it sets in the second gate in the west of heaven. 72. 24 And on that day (gv, h^S) the night amounts to eleven parts, and the day to seven parts. 72. 25 And the sun rises on that day from that second gate, and sets in the west in the second gate, and returns to the east, to the first gate, for thirty-one mornings, and sets in the west in the first gate. 72. 26 And on that day the night becomes longer, (gv, c i ) and becomes double the day; and the night amounts to exactly twelve parts, and the day to six parts. 72. 27 And (with this) the sun has completed the divisions of its journey, and it turns
7 3 . 2 7 the divisions of its journey: CXfl! seems h e r e t o b e a translation o f a G r e e k Ke9n9j&: 'V'h'Vi) a p p e a r t o h a v e conflate readings h e r e . t o w a r d s t h e e a s t , . . . I o m i t ' w h i c h inclines t o w a r d s t h e s o u t h ' a s a gloss (cf. V. 5 f o r t h e origin o f t h e g l o s s ; cf. also t h e addition in v . 11). 76. I I t o w a r d s t h e w e s t , . . . I o m i t ' w h i c h inclines t o w a r d s t h e n o r t h ' as a gloss (cf. (?) v . 12 X l t : fATtl: Aflo'iVA: avUO: for t h e origin o f t h e g l o s s ; cf. also t h e addition o f ' w h i c h inclines t o w a r d s t h e s o u t h ' in v . 10). 76. 12 . . . t h e w i n d s . I o m i t g as a gloss, cf. D i l l m a n n , Translation,
235.
76. 13 a n d d e s t r u c t i o n : cf. A r a m * ' " ' ! ii 14 p i n i . 76. 14 A n d ( t h u s ) t h e t w e l v e . . . a r e c o m p l e t e : cf. Aram*'"^''i ii 14
"-nn SaiX ••sin na^S? Vibm a n d *^""23 2 N''!3ir[. T h e reading ••nn in a s f - ^ i ii 14 confirms t h e suggestion (cf. F l e m m i n g , Text, 103; C h a r l e s , Text,
146) t h a t "^VhO) \ is c o r r u p t . O t h e r w i s e A r a m a n d E t h
CHAPTERS 76-77
179
quarters of heaven are complete. And all their laws, and all their punishments, and all their benefits I have shown to you, m y son Methuselah. (lOv, 335) 77. I T h e y call the first quarter eastern, because it is the first; and they call the second the south, because there the Most High descends, and there especially the one who is blessed for ever descends. 77. 2 And the western quarter is
are h e r e identical. N o t e that here, as i n 7 7 . 1 - 3 , mi w o u l d a p p e a r t o have the m e a n i n g 'side, direction, q u a r t e r ' (cf. v . i a n d H a l e v y , JA v i . 9 (1867), 383 f.). And
all their
laws
. . .
shown
t o y o u : cf. A r a m * " ' ' ' 3 3
2
nn]nN p.11»1S)1 ]in»'?». H e r e E t h a n d A r a m differ. 7 7 . I q u a r t e r : f o r this translation cf. 7 6 . 1 4 a n d 7 6 . i . b e c a u s e i t i s t h e first: cf. Aram*"'''=i ii 1 5 V^tHp Kin
a n d ^"-^z^ 3
n''aij?[. A r a m a n d E t h a r e identical. F o r the play o n the m e a n i n g o f t h e Dij? cf. D i l l m a n n , Translation, 2 3 6 .
root
a n d t h e y c a l l t h e s e c o n d t h e s o u t h : cf. A r a m * " ' = i ii 1 5 Main'? jnpl
mn
and * " ' " 2 3 3
mn xmn'? \"\p\
b e c a u s e t h e r e t h e M o s t H i g h d e s c e n d s : cf. A r a m ""^•"^i ii 1 5 ] i a a n d astr.b23 3 K a i 1 X 1 pTb '7">ia. T h e reading 1 X 1 seems v e r y likely, a n d is certainly compatible with w h a t is visible o n t h e m a n u s c r i p t . F o r t h e o c c u r r e n c e h e r e o f t h e r o o t 1 1 1 cf. already D i l l m a n n , Translation, 2 3 6 ; Charles, Text, 1 4 7 ; H a l e v y , JA v i . 9 ( 1 8 6 7 ) , 3 8 4 , a n d c o n t r a s t Charles, 0 . 0
Translation,
1 6 5 . A p a r t f r o m t h e variant 1 K 1 / J&0»CJ2" : n o t e the use h e r e
o f X a i as a title for G o d ; E t h has Aff-A: ( = X'Vs, cf. D a n . 4 : 1 4 e t c . ; I Q a p G e n I I 4 ; F i t z m y e r , Genesis Apocryphon,
5 0 f., 8 3 ) .
a n d t h e r e . . . d e s c e n d s : cf. A r a m * ' " " 2 3 3 f. Xa'7»[
] 4 [
] 3 1.
7 7 . 2 q u a r t e r : f o r this translation cf. 7 6 . 1 4 a n d 7 6 . i . A n d t h e w e s t e r n q u a r t e r . . . g o d o w n : cf. A r a m * = " ' ' 2 3 4 i -
I'xa
'3[i»
]
s
xs-isya p j ?
p n •'13 pi3i
X3is?a . [
paia
xnn"?! xbb'a pai p i s ?
]mi X3i
y\r\bv\
a n d * " ' ' ^ i ii i 6
]]a
'?''i3
x''33i[a
priVai fTi]^ ix'ai
pis?
jx-'xa
x'ats.
N o t e ( i ) that there is a n erased X ( a n d possibly a n o t h e r erased letter)
i8o
T H EETHIOPIC
BOOK
OF ENOCH
called waning, because there all the lights of heaven wane and go down. 77. 3 And the fourth quarter, (lOv, b i ) named the north, is divided into three parts. And the first of them (is) the dwelling-place for m e n ; and the second (contains) seas of
before
XaiSJtt in
astr.bg^ ^. (2) t h a t t h e spelling of JS'SO has been c o r r e c t e d
in ^"••[ ]a. f o r t h e r e i s n o t h i n g . . . i t s l i g h t : cf. A r a m * " ' ' ' 2 6 6 ""minVa n[1ini. 7 9 . I A n d n o w . . . s h o w n y o u : cf. A r a m * " ' • ' ' 2 6 6
]
na
nis m n a ]s?ai.
79. 2 A n d h e s h o w e d m e t h e w h o l e l a w f o r t h e s e : cf. ( ? ) A r a m * " ' " 2 6
7 ] . . X ]ia»[n. 7 9 . 3 f. i t s l i g h t b e c o m e s f u l l , a n d a f t e r t h a t i t i s t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e
CHAPTERS 78-80
185
a i ) the beginning of the month; 79. 4 and the waning which occurs in the first gate, at its proper time, until one hundred and seventy-seven days are complete (reckoned according to weeks: twenty-five (weeks) and two days); 7 9 . 5 and how it falls behind the sun, according to the law ( i i r , 3 5 ) of the stars, by exactly five days in one (period of) time, and when this place which you see has been traversed. 79. 6 Such (is) the appearance and the likeness of every light which Uriel, the great angel who is their leader, showed to m e . 80. I And in those days ( i i r , a i o ) Uriel answered m e and said to m e : 'Behold I have shown you everything, O Enoch, and have revealed e v e r j ^ i n g to you, that you may see this sun, and this moon, and those who lead the stars of heaven, and all those who turn them, their tasks, and their times, ( i i r , a i 5 ) and their rising. 80. 2 But in the days of the sinners the years will become shorter, and their seed will be late on their land and on their fields, and aU things on the earth will change, and will not appear at their proper time. And the rain will be withheld, and heaven ( i i r , a2o) will retain (it). 80. 3 And in those times the fruits of the earth will be late and will not grow at their proper time, and the fruits of the trees will be withheld at their proper time. 8 0 . 4 And the moon will change its customary practice, and will not appear at its proper time. 80. 5 But in those days it will appear in heaven.
m o n t h ; 7 9 . 4 a n d t h e w a n i n g : E t h I I ; t h e t e x t c o u l d possibly b e t r a n s l a t e d : 'its light c o m e s t o a n e n d , a n d after t h a t it is t h e beginning o f t h e m o n t h ; 7 9 . 4 a n d t h e w a n i n g ' . B u t this translation s e e m s unlikely in view o f t h e m e a n i n g o f I'^RffO : in 7 8 . 7 , 1 1 , a n d 1 3 . F l e m m i n g {Text, 1 0 7 ; Translation, 1 0 2 ; c f . C h a r l e s , Text, 1 5 1 ) argues, n o t implausibly, t h a t in t h e E t h i o p i c t h e r e originally stood Ch(\ \ ^ttiWV ll tO^iMH/V i, t h a t W^th^^Jf: fell o u t b y mistake (cf. E t h I ) , a n d that E t h I I r e p r e sents a n a t t e m p t t o c o r r e c t t h e t e x t . 7 9 . 6 o f e v e r y l i g h t : literally: ' f r o m e v e r y light'. 80. s i t w i l l a p p e a r i n h e a v e n , a n d c o m e . . . I h a v e taken this v e r s e t o refer t o t h e m o o n , a n d h a v e o m i t t e d hdC; as a gloss o n w . 2 f. w h i c h h a s c o m e into t h e t e x t a t t h e w r o n g place b y mistake, w . 4 - 7 deal w i t h t h e m o o n a n d t h e stars, a n d AOC i ( ' d r o u g h t ' ) is quite impossible
i86
T H EETHIOPIC BOOK OF ENOCH
and come ( i i r , 325) . . . on top of a large chariot in the west, and shine with more than normal brightness. 80. 6 A n d many heads of the stars in command will go astray, and these will change their courses and their activities, and will not appear at the times ( i i r , 330) which have been prescribed for them. 80. 7 And the entire law of the stars will be closed to the sinners, and the thoughts of those who dwell upon the earth will go astray over them, and they will turn from all their ways, and will go astray, and will think them gods. 80. 8 And many evils will ( i i r , 3 3 5 ) overtake them, and punishment will come upon them t o destroy them all.' 8 1 . I And he said to m e : 'O Enoch, look at the book of the tablets of heaven, and read what is written upon them, and note every individual fact.' 8 1 . 2 And I looked at everything in the tablets of heaven, and I read everything which was written, and I noted everything, ( i i r , b i ) And I read the book and everything which was written in it, all the deeds of men, and all who will be born of flesh on the earth for the generations of eternity. 8 1 . 3 And then I immediately blessed the Lord, ( i i r , b5) the eternal king of glory, in that he has made all the works of the world, and I praised the
in this c o n t e x t , b u t w o u l d n o t b e inappropriate a s a gloss o n w . 2 f. B u t t h e c o r r u p t i o n i n this verse m a y well g o d e e p e r t h a n t h i s . — N o t e t h a t H a l e v y {JA v i . 9 ( 1 8 6 7 ) , 3 8 7 - 9 0 ) seeks t o explain t h e difficulty o n t h e basis o f a c o r r u p t i o n i n a n a s s u m e d H e b r e w Vorlage, a n d a r g u e s t h a t in t h e Vorlage 3 1 S ? 3 Na"-! VHm nKT w a s m i s r e a d as a S 7 i n Na*"! D-SlSn ni«T
(= ^Tdhf-! A'^jE: : a ) . e n « r A :
mc:).
o n t o p o f a l a r g e c h a r i o t : R ' l ^ i m e a n s literally ' e n d ' o r 'side'. P r e s u m a b l y w h a t is m e a n t is ' o n t h e (out)side o f a large chariot', i.e. o n t h e t o p . B u t i f this is s o , t h e usage is s t r a n g e , a n d Rft'ii.l m a y well b e corrupt. 80. 6 i n c o m m a n d : literally ' o f c o m m a n d ' . 8 0 . 8 A n d m a n y e v i l s w i l l o v e r t a k e t h e m : literally ' A n d evil will increase o v e r t h e m ' . 8 1 . 2 a n d a l l w h o w i l l b e b o r n o f f l e s h o n t h e e a r t h : literally ' a n d all t h e children o f flesh w h o (will b e ) o n t h e e a r t h ' (cf. 8 4 . i ) .
CHAPTERS 80-82
187
L o r d because of his patience, and I blessed (him) on account of the sons of Adam. 8 1 . 4 And at that time I said: 'Blessed is the man who dies righteous and good, concerning whom no book of iniquity has been written, ( i i r , b i o ) and against whom no guilt has been found.' 81. 5 And these three holy ones brought me, and set me on the earth before the door of my house, and said to m e : 'Tell everything to your son Methuselah, and show all your children that no flesh is righteous ( i i r , bi5) before the Lord, for he created them. 81. 6 F o r one year we will leave you with your children, until you have regained your strength, that you may teach your children, and write (these things) down for them, and testify to all your children. And in the second year they will take you from among them, ( i i r , bao) 81. 7 L e t your heart be strong, for the good will proclaim righteousness to the good, the righteous will rejoice with the righteous, and they will wish each other well. 81. 8 But the sinner will die with the sinner, and the apostate will sink with the apostate. 81. 9 And those who practise righteousness will die ( i i r , b25) because of the deeds of men, and will be gathered in because of the deeds of the impious.' 81. 10 And in those days they finished speaking to me, and I went to my family, as I blessed the L o r d of the ages. 82. I And now, my son Methuselah, all these things I re-
count to you ( i i r , b3o) and write down for you; I have revealed
everything to you and have given you books about all these things. Keep, my son Methuselah, the books from the hand of your father, that you may pass (them) on to the generations of eternity. 82. 2 I have given wisdom to you and to your children, and ( i i r , b35) to those who will be your children, that they may give (it) to their children for all the generations for ever—^this wisdom (which is) beyond their thoughts.
8 1 . 6 u n t i l y o u h a v e r e g a i n e d y o u r s t r e n g t h : for this translation cf. D i l l m a n n , Translation, 5 1 , 2 4 6 . F o r a different interpretation cf. C h a r l e s , Translation, 173. 8a. I f r o m t h e h a n d : literally ' o f t h e h a n d ' .
i88
THE
ETHIOPIC
BOOK
OF
ENOCH
82. 3 And those who understand it will not sleep, but will incline their ears that they may learn this wisdom, and it will be better for those who eat (from it) than good food. 82. 4 Blessed are all the righteous, ( i ir, c i ) blessed are all those who walk in the way of righteousness, and do not sin like the sinners in the numbering of all their days in which the sun journeys in heaven, coming in and out through the gates (i ir, 05) for thirty days with the heads over thousands of this order of stars, (and) with the four which are added and divide between the four parts of the year, which lead them and appear with them on four days. 82. 5 Because of them men go wrong, and they do not reckon them ( i i r , c i o ) in the reckoning of the whole (course of the) world; for men go wrong in respect of them, and do not know them exactly. 82.6 F o r they belong in the reckoning of the year, and are truly recorded (therein) for ever, one in the first gate, and one in the third, and one in the fourth and one in the sixth. And the year is completed ( i i r , C15) in three hundred and sixty-four days. 82. 7 And the account of it (is) true, and the recorded reckoning of it (is) exact, for the lights, and the months, and the feasts, and the years, and the days Uriel showed me, and he inspired m e — he to whom the L o r d of the whole created world gave commands about the host of heaven for me. ( i ir, c2o) 82. 8 And he has power in heaven over night and day to cause light to shine on m e n : the sun, and the moon, and the stars, and all the powers of heaven which rotate in their orbits. 82. 9 And this is the law of the stars which set in their places, ( i i r , 025) at their times, and at their feasts, and in their months.
82. 4 w h i c h l e a d t h e m a n d a p p e a r w i t h t h e m o n f o u r d a y s : 'them' refers t o the subordinate leaders o f t h e stars, ' t h e heads o v e r t h o u s a n d s ' , c f . 7 5 . I a n d D i l l m a n n , Translation, 247. 8 2 . 9 A r a m * " ' ' ' 2 8 a p p e a r s t o relate t o E t h 8 2 . 9 - 1 3 . B u t the limited size o f tills f r a g m e n t o f A r a m m a k e s the suggested c o r r e s p o n d e n c e s v e r y uncertain. and
at their feasts,
and in their
] . pTbH"? iin-wnnV ]inn»a[.
For
montlis:
prr-Vn"?
cf. (?) A r a m * " ' ' ' > 2 8 of. A r a m * i
i
ii 2 , 6 ( c f .
189
C H A P T E R 82
82. 1 0 And these (are) the names of those who lead them, who keep watch that they appear at their times, and in their orders, and at their proper times, and in their months, and in their periods of rule, ( i i r , 030) and in their positions. 8 2 . 1 1 Their four leaders who divide the four parts of the year appear first; and after them the twelve leaders of the orders who divide the months and the years into three hundred and sixtyfour (days), with the heads over thousands who separate ( i i r , 035) the days; and for the four (days) which are added to them there are the leaders who separate the four parts of the year. 82. 1 2 And as for these heads over thousands, one is added between the leader and the led behind a position, but their leaders make the separation. 82. 1 3 And these (are) the names of the leaders who separate the four appointed parts of the year: ( i i v , a i ) Melkiel, Helemmelek, Meleyal,
E t h a . 3 ; 4 ) . T h e translation is p r e s u m a b l y ' ( a n d ) a c c o r d i n g t o their divisions'. I take t h e w o r d t o h a v e a m e a n i n g similar t o
