The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Concise

THE ENDURING VISION A Hist ory of the American People Concise S1xth Edition

I Salsbury I Sltkoff I Woloch

The End uring V ision

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A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

Concise Sixth Edition PAU L S. BOYER u,,j,:.-nity o{\f!isconsin, Madison CLIFFORD E. CLARK, JR. OJrlrton Collw SANDRA MCNAIR HAWLEY Sa. }aciNlO Collt"g JOSEPH

F. KETT

u.;,.m.y o{V"'fini4 ANDREW RIESER Slo~k UniJn-sity ofNew

York, Dutr;h~ss Commtltttty Coli~

NEAL SALI SBURY Smilh College HARVARD S ITKOFF Unit-'i'Ni~ ofNnt~

Hampshire

NANCY WOLOCH

Ba"""'" c.uw

•

~. -

WADSWORTH CENGAGE l umi:ngAu1tnlu . antll . J'pan . Korea . Mu.tc.o . s•• t •P•" • I pUll · Uftllt'cl IUnalllo• • United sutu

; # WADSWORTH t •

CENGAGEl earnll\g·

[ditor-in..O.itf: P. J- Bo11rdm.1n

Cl:o-.oWIId$worth, Ct'l'lpge ~rnire

PubliVoer. Suunno: Juns

All RIGI-OS R£SfRVEO. No p4tt or this-" ~tel by !he olicy Under Mom'Oc 190 l"he Monroe Doctrine, 1823 191

1189- 1792 15-4

9

Frana and Faa:ional l'bhda. 1793 1§.4 Diplomacy and War. 1793--1796 IS6 1 Parties and J)Qiitics, 1793- 1800 157 ldcologic.1l Confrontation, 1793- 1794 157 The Rcpublic:an Party, 1794-1796 153 111< El«rion of 1796 ISO 11w: Jon:nchCrisis, 1198- 1799 1&0 The Allen and Sedition Acts, 1798 160 llle Elccrion of 1800 162 1 Economic and Social Change 163

The Transform ation of A m erican

Society, 1815 -1840 1 urtstWMd Expansion 194 l'btS•upWts~: t94 U'atcm Society and Cust:onU t94 11lc Far West 195 The Feder.tl Go\~m m enl :md the West 196 111e ftcmovJl of the Jndb.ns 196 11lc AgrictJitu.ral Boom 1 o n che Home Fronr 177 Tbe Suppression of Americ:m 1'r-.lde and lmptUJtnmt 179

193

I lndustri>lll 204

170

Causes ofJndusuWiutlon 104 1UtiJc 1'tw.ns in New England 205 Anasans and Workers in M1d·Atlant:ic C ities 206 1 Equalit}' ancl lncquality 206 Growing J n~uality: The IUch and cht Poor 207 frrt Bl.xlts in cht North lOS l'hc •Middling Cl.u.scs-. 209

I The Rc\'Oiurion in Soc:bl Relationships 209 11lc Attack on dv Proresslons 210 The Challenge to Famaty Authority 210 Wh•cs and Husbands 211 Horlzont:al Allegiance$ :a.nd the Rise: of Volunury Associations 212

viii

C!Jfi'TtJm

DtSUK :and Health 244 Popular Health Movt:mcnts 145 Ph 1-cnology 24S

10 Democratic Politics. Religious Revivol. end Reform, 1824- 1840 214 I 1~ Rise ofDtmocr:mc Politics, 1824-1832 115 Drmocratic Fummc 115 "'bt EJKtion of 182-4 115 john Quincy Adams as Prtsident 216 1'he Rise of Aodrcw Jackson 216 1'he Election of 1828 218 j nckson in Office 218 Nullificacion 119 1'he Bmk Vdo and the Eltaion of 1832 221 I Th< o.nk Qmt...,..ny and rh< Sr1y s~um, 1833-1&40

m

"'bt War on the Rank

I Dcm ocrnt'ic P.lstimcs 246 Newsp.1pers 246 The 1'heatu 247 Mmsnd Sha-'S 247 P. 1', &unum 2~ I Tb~ Quae (or N.1rionality m Uter-J.rurc and Arc 2< ll'M and l'rogres1Msm Sl4 I Joyous Atmlstic:t, Bitttr Afcmn.uh, 1.918-1.920 Sl:S Wilson•s Fourceen Points; 111c Armis tice S25 11le Versalllc:s Peace ConfercnGc, 1919 526 11le Fighr over (he League of Nations 527 Ra.dsm :tnd 1UdSc..m:. l9 19- 1920 S28

lbt B«don of 1910 529

TbtFour·"".ayEkttiooofl912 500 I N.arion:aJ Progrusivism Ph.ut H: \\'ood.rml• Wilson. 19 13---1917 SOl Tariff and nanking Reform SOl Regulating Hu&iness: Aiding Workers and F.umers 502 Progress:Mim md lht Corurirurion 502 1.916: Wilson Edgn our Hug.ha: S03

22 Global Involvements and Wortd War I, 1902- 1920

505

I Defining America's World Role, 1902- 1914 506 The "Open JJoor'': Com ~ring fi.>1' the C hina Market 506 lbc Pansma Ca..zu.J: Hardball Dlplom.acy 508

23 The 1920s: Coping with Chang e, 1920- 1929

532

I A NN' Erononuc On:ft:r Sl3 Booming Busm~. Ailing Agrindtun" 533 New Modes of l'rodudng, Ma1u.ging. and Selling 534 Women In the NC\l• Economic tir.a S36 Struggling Labor Unions in a Business Age Sl6 1 lbt' Harding ilnd Coolidgt- Adminutn.dons 537 St:mdp;tr Politics in a DK:adt of Changt: Sl7 Rt'publk.Jn PoHcy Maki ng in a ~~business Era 538 lnde~ndem l nccrnation:tlism SJa

CONTENTS

l'rogressi\'f: Stirrings, Dem ocratic Party Divisions 540 Women and Politics in che 1920s: A Dream Deferred 540

I The: New Deal C hanges Course, 1935- 1936 567 Expanding Federal Relief 567 Aiding Migrants, Supporting Unions, Regulating Business, Taxing t he Wealthy 563 11le Social Security Act of 1935: End ofche Second New Deal 569 11le 1936 Roosc\'f:lt landslide and che New Democratic Coalition 570 11le Environ ment and che West 571

I Mass Society, Mass Culcure S41 Cities, Cars, Consumer Goods 541 Soaring Energy Consumption and a Threatened Environmenc 542 Mass-l'roduce:d Ence:rtainmenc 543 Celebrity C ulru.re S44 I Culcural Fmne:m and Creativity 545 The j an Age: and the Postwar Crisjs ofValue:s S45 Alienated \'t1rice:rs S46 Architects, Paince:rs, and Musicians Celebrate Modern America 546 The Harlem Renaissance 547

I The: New Deal's End Sta~. 1937- 1939 573 FOR and che Supreme Court 573 11le Roosevelt Recession 573 Final Measures, Growing O pposition 574 I -Social Change: and Social Accion in t he 1930s 575 11le Depression's Psychological and Social Impact 576 Industrial Workers Unionize 577 Blacks and Hispanic-Americans Resist Racism and Exploitation 579 A New Deal for Native Americans 580

I A Society in Conflict S48 Immigration Restriction S48 Needed Workers{Un"''Clcome Aliens: Hispanic Newcomers S49 Nativism, Anciradicalism, and the Sacco· Vanucti Case 549 Fu ndamentalism and the Scopes Trial S50 The Ku Klux Klan 551 The Garvey Mo\-emenc 552 l'rohibition: C ultures in Conflict S52 I Hoo\'f:r at the Helm SSJ The Election of 1928 5S3 Herbert HOO\>er's Social Thought SS4

I The: American Cuirural Scene: in the 1930s 581 A\-enues of Escape: Radio and the: Movies 581 11le later 1930s: Opposing Fasdsm, Reaffirming Traditional Values 582 Streamlining and a World's Fair: Corporate: America's Utopian Vision S84

25

Americans and a World in Crisis, 1933-1945

24 The Great Depression and t he New Deal, 1929- 1939 I Crash and Depression, 1929- 1932 SS8 Black 11lursda)' and the Onset of the: Depression SS8 Hom--er's Response 560 Mouncing Discontenc and Protest S60 The Election of 1932 561 1 11le N ew Deal Takes Shape, 1933- 1935 562 Roo.sewlt and His Circle: 562 The Hundred Days 563 l'roble:ms and Contr()IICrsie:s Plague the Early New Deal 56S 1934- 1935: Challenges from Right and Left 566

Xi j j

557

I The: United States in a Menadng World, 1933- 1939 588 Nationalism and the Good Neighbor 588 11le Rise of Agg:ressi\J'C Scates in Europe andAsia 589 11le American Mood: No More: War 590 11le Gathering Stonn: 1938- 1939 591 America and the: jewish Re:fugtts S91 l lntotheScorm, 1939- 1941 592 11le European War 592 From Isolation co Intervention 593 Pearl Harbor and che: ComingofWar 59-J I America Mobilizes fo r War 595 Organizing for Victory 596 11le War Econo m}' 596 ..A Wizard War" 598 Propaganda and l:tolitics 598

587

l lhe Bactlefrom, 1942-1944 599 Liberating Europe 599 War in the Pacific 601 The Grand Alliance 603 I War and American Society 603 The G ls' War 604 The Home Fronc 604 Racism and New Opporrunities 606 War and OiV\'.rsity 607 The lncernmem ofj apanese-Americans 603 I lriumph and Tragedy, 1945 609 The Yalta Conference 610 Victory in Europe 610 The Holocaust 611 The Acomk Bombs 612

27 America at Mid- Century, 1952- 1960

26 The Cold War Abroad and at Home, 1945- 1952

616

1 lhe l'oscwar l'olitical Sctcing. 1945- 1946 617 OemobiJizacion and ReconV\'.rsion 617 The G l Bill of Rights 618 The Economic Boom Begins 6t9 Truman's Domestic l'rogram 620 1 Anticommunism and Containment, 1946- 1952 621 l'olarization and Cold War 621 The Iron Curtain Descends 622 Containing Communism 623 Confrontation in Germany 624 The Cold War in Asia 626 The Korean War, 1950- 1953 627 I l 'he Truman Administration ac Home, 1945- 1952 629 The Eightieth Congress, 1947- 1948 629 The l'olitics of Civil Righcs and che Election of 1948 630 The Fair Deal 632 I lhe l'olicics of Anticommunism 632 Loyalty and Security 632 The Anticommunist Crusade 633 Alger Hiss and che Rostnbergs 634 McCarth)i sm 635 The Election of 1952 635

638

1 1'he EisenhO'I'--er Presidency 639 ..Dynamic Consen•atism" 639 l'he 00'1'-·nfall of j oseph McCarchy 640 jim Crow in Court 641 l'he Laws of che Land 642 I 1'he Cold War Continues 643 Ike and Dulles 643 CIA Co\-ert Actions 644 l'he Vietnam Domino 645 Troubles in che Third World 645 l'he EisenhoY~Cr Legacy 646 1 1'he Affluenc Society 647 l'he N ew Industrial Society 647 l'he Age of Computers 648 l'he Costs of Bigness 649 Blue-Collar Blues 649 Prosperity and the Suburbs 650 I Consensus and ConseJVatism 651 1bgctherness and the Bab)•Boom 651 Domesticity 652 Religion and Education 653 l'he Culrure of the Fifties 653 l'he Television Culru.re 653 1 1'he Ocher America 6S4 Povercy and Urban Blight 655 Blacks' Struggle for juscicc 656 Latinos and l acinas 656 Native Americans 657 I Seeds of Disquiet 658 Sputnik 658 A Different Beat 658 Portents of Change 659

28

The Liberal Era, 1960- 1968

662

1 1'he Kennedy J:~csid ency,1960- 1963 663 A New Beginning 663 Kennedy's Domestic Record 664 Cold War Activism 665 1b the Brink of Nuclear War 666 l'he Thousand-Da)' Presidency 667 I 1'he Struggle for Black Equality, 1961- 1968 668 Nomi olence and Violence 668 l'he African-American Rc\.'Oiution 668

CONTENTS

The March on Washingcon, 1963 669 The Civil Righcs and Voting Rights Aces 670 Fire in che Streets 671 "Black PoW'Cr" 6n I Liberalism Ascendant, 1963-1968 673 j ohnson Takes Over 674 The 1964 Eleccion 674 Triumphant Liberalism 675 The Warren Court in the Sixcies 676 I Voices of Protest 676 Nati\'t: American Activism 677 Hispanic-Americans and Asian-Americans Organize 677 A Second feminist Wave 678 Women's Liberacion 678 l l 'he Liberal Crusade in Vietnam, 1961- 1968 679 Kennedy and Vietnam 679 Escalation of the War 681 The Endless War 682 Do\'es Versus Hawks 682

Law and Order 70J l 'he Southern Strategy 704 I The: Crisis of the: Presidency 704 11le Eleccion of 1972 704 11le Watergate Upheaval 70S A Presidenc Disgraced 706

30 Conservat ive Resurgence. Economic Woes, Foreign

Challenges, 1974- 1989

29 l l 'he Youth Movement 686 Toward a New Left 686 From l'rotest to Resistance 687 Kent Stace and jackson Stace 688 Legacy ofStudenc Frenzy 689 l l 'he Counterculture 690 Hippies and Drugs 691 Musical Revolution 691 The Sexual Revolucion 691 Gay Uberation 69'2 I 1968:The l:toliticsofUpheaval 693 The l'ct Offensi\- 767 Campaign Fmanct: Rtform and 1 ht Elocrion of 2004 767 1 Foreign Policy In a 1'hreatming Era 769 11w: Contmulng Struggle in Irut~ Sagging Homr-Front Support 71,9 Nudeu Proliferation Thrtats m A Widemng 1'tadt Gap and Clnna•s Gr~ing P'Owtr 773 Environ mental Hazards Become a Glob;al Concern n4 1 Social and Cultural Trmds in Conmnporaty Amnia. TIS An Inausmgty Oi\use: Ptople m Upward Mobility and SocW Problems in a Muh:icthnlc Soci«y n6 l 'hc "New Econom}"' and tht Old Economy ns 1 DomtStic Polley Sinct: 2004 179

750

Scandal Gr•ps tht White House 751 Election 2000: Bush Versus Gore 7Sl 1 CulturaJ Trwcb: :u Crmury"s End 754 Affiumct and a Starch for Heroes 7.54 Outbun.:cs ofViolmcr Stir Con«m 7S5 Culruf(': \t'&n: A Brnadt:r VL~' 7S6

'fb< Eltttlons ol1006 md 2008 7&3 Condw.on 715

App 9ndix A.-.1 Declaration ofrndcpt"ndencc A-1 Constitution o( tht: Unittd Stares of America A-4 Prtstdt:ntul Eknd Sp;lnbh Ot,l861- 1862 315 The War in the !!.'1St~ 1863 l-41 The Fmal Virginia Camp.1.ign, 1864-1865 350 The Rcconacruerlon ofrhc South 359 Southr:m Sh:arrcropping, 1880 369 M:ap lndlm~Whlre Cl.uhtS in tht Wt:.St 384 TrmJCorldnmt~ R:~ilroads and Ft:dma.l Land Gr:anrs, IBS0-1900 ll9 Thom.L>ndRush, 1889- 1!106 398 AsLin :and Europa.n Immigrants living in the \ICsr«n Hcmlsphrtt and Hawaii in 1900 428 ~rcmtaif o( Fordgn·bom Whi.us .t.nd N.lri\"t': \1'1utrs of Fordgn or Mixtd Pannrage in Total IJopubttOn, by Counties, 1910 410 l'hr: EJ«tion of 1896 46& U.S. 1 f=rritori:l l t-:x-p1nsion in du: Lace Ninc:t~e:n l h Century 470 ' ''oman Suffr:.gc DefOre the Ninctt:~n•·h Amend m rm 491 The Election of 1912 500 U.S. Hl"SCmony inch.:= Caribbean and lat in America, I !100- 1941 509 Tht: Umtcd Scac:cs on lht: Wrsum Front, 1918 518 l'ht: Election of 1928 SS-4 l'h~ Oust Bowl 566 \lOrld \l'.u llln Europt and Africa 600 \\~orld \l'.u II in cht PuifK &02 Tb~ Postwar DMs.ion of Europt: &15 1bc Kocnn W.u, 1.950- 1953 62& The El«taon o( 1948 611 l'he El«t100 o( 1960 604

xvii

)(Vj jj

MAPS

Voter Registration ofAfrican·Americans in che Souch, 1964 - 1968 671 The Vicmam War, to 1968 680 1'he1tc Offe nsivc, januar}'-~bruary 1968 693 The Elcccion of 1968 696 The Elcccion of 1980 nl

The United States in latin America and the Caribbean n6 The Mideast Crisis, 1980-2000 739 The Election of2000 7S3 The Election of2004 768

l"h< Ekruon of 1&24 216 Gnwo"th ofConoo Production :and the Sla.\~t Population. 1790· 1860 151

1bc Afrlcan·Amtnc:an and Chi~ Pbpul.u:ion in \l'cstcm Sr.ucs and 1Urirori~ 1880-1900 390

V.a.luc of Cotton ~ns u a Pt-:rcencagr: of AU U.S.

Vrb.m Growth: 1870- 1900 -427

Export~..

1800- 1860 25&

Sl.m:: 0~11c.nl1l l)• 1860 264 Germ.an, lrial1, and 1br.t.l lmmigr:uion. 1830- 1860 2M Opposing Al'mles o(the Civil W.u 326 Comp:u·.nh't l:lopul:uio n and Economic Resources of the Union :.nd che Confc:der.tcy, IS61 329

lron ~Steel Production. 1875-1915 408 lmm•gr.ataon to •he lJnitc:d Suets., 1870-1930 ..as 11u'! Ul'ban :tnd Rur.;al Populatio n ofcbe United St.atcs, 1900- 2000 541

Major Mt:IUIUCC:S Enncrrd During the "Hundred l);ay$"

(Mnrch 9-June 16. 1933) 563

N;~tion lll l)cfcnJ(e Spending, 1941-1960 618

The R«onstruaion Amendmenrs 361

Inflation, I 965- 2006 702 Women in che Wo1•k Fore~. 1950-1992 713

Major Rcronstn1cdon Ltgisl:u:ion 37,.

Ptrtrntagc of U.S. Popul.nion on Welfare.":,

The Our.u.ion of RcpublicJ.n Rult: in the

Ex·Confnkrarc Sons 37S

1960

zoos

7. .

Oungang PJ.rtcrns of work. 1900--2000

ns

xix

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ud'l hu dunF in Am.t:ric.a ;and the wortd SUxt' " "C' bcg.an planning nr £~ V'idoll more man tvo"' doc.acks ago. Sorm of thac dnodopmena ha\'C been Vi'Clcomt and positive: otht:rs dec"ply unscttllng. 11us new Con· d.sr Su::th Edition fully documents all of these changrs, as \lo"C'II as the continuities that offer rcwuranec for t~ fu rure. l'hc Condsc Sixth Edition builds on the underlying stratt'gy th.u hu guidtd us from the beginning. We want o ur history to be not only comprdu:nslvc and illumi·

M

nating, but al~o ll\•cly, n:.ndnble., and cruc to chc liwd experience of earlier genera· d ons of A m erican!~. Within a clear political and chrunologic.1.l f1·:uncwork, we integrate the bcsr recent J.Cholarship in all areas of American history. O u••lnrcrelit in sod;aJ an d culrurul hisrory, which shapes our o....., teaching and scholarship, h.u suf· fu.sed 11w l:'!Ult.rmg Vision from the outset, and it remains central. We tnrcgfllrc the historical upcrlmcc of women and men of all regions, rthnk groups, and sod:al cl..u.scs who ll\.'l.kc: up the: American m.os.Uc.

NEW INTERPRETATIONS,

ExPANDED COVERAGE

In rrant ~ A.rncrian hismri.lns h.n~ c:mpb.uiud ho-· d«ply our hbcocy is un· btdlkd .,.,thin a t.arpr gloOOl conlUL In du• C~ Sinh Editxm ·~ ha\'t undtt· scored the: wkttr corndt o{ Amtricm history throughout the rwn.rn't. From rhc: onp.ns o( agricuhuiY nr.o millennia. ~go ro the: imJ»Cl of globallution tocby, --c: haw c:mpl\ulr.ed h~· rhc: soc:W, c:conomic, and political dt'-clopmous ccnrnl to our Justo rial cxperimcc: c:mugt with frtSh new cbritywbtn \'lend within a bro.1dc:r Y.."Orld framework. As in e,:u11c:r edi tion~ coo.'l'r.tgc: of environ mental history, the land, and d~ c: Wen is fully integrared into the narrath'l', and treated analytically, not simply ..caekcd on" co :1 tl'.1ditionnl aecounr. We also incorporate che best of the new polftic:~J hlsrory, stn:ssing the JOcinl, cultural, and economic issu es at stake in political dcdslons and debates. We: ag11.ln oO"c.r cxrc:nsivr cO\"'trage: of medicine and disca.se, from the epidemics brought by Europc:m cxplo~Yn and ~ctlers co coday's AJDS crisis, b1orchia: debates, and cont:roVCUitJ ow.r ~31rh-care financing. We also gh>t c:~.rcfulllttcndon co ~Yii· gious history. from rhr spirim;al Y.t.lues ofpre-Columbiom commumdcs roth«" poliri· cal act1vum ofconumporary collStt'YUi\'t Christian groups. VISUAL RESOURCES AND AIDS TO THE STuDENT Tb~ byout

of 1hu C!dirion has changtd from ptt'rious rdldom. A ncw onc:ll, inc:luclit~gbul not limittel to phototopyina, rec:orclit~g. SQtw~ina, digitizing. tt~. Web clistributiOI\. informo1tion networb, or inform.1tion s1or .1j!t' .1nd retrit•n•l $)'$tell'll. «c:tpt .1$ po:rmitttcl urder Section '10'} or 108 of tnt

197& lkaittd StttnCopyri&hl Ac:t, vrithoul prior vrritt.en ptrmiuion of tht publis.htr.

Mo1rl:e'lire Communiutions M:m11aer:

Chriuir.e Oobbetpuhl Scftior Content Project M11no1gC1: j11ne leoe lilt 11nd Oe$ign M:.nllgtr.Jill J.l11b« C~er De~ Director. Tony Sliron ~~

S:or product inform~lion .1nd l«hno'ogy .1uis.1.1n«-. conu.tt o.A .11 Ct. .IJt lunii. . Aco1o:kmk ll«oi.W'to: Co:s'!to:t, 1-tiOG-JS4''7o( J'.or po:nniuion to use m~lo:rial fnxn lhil- tt.:l or product, subnit 1111 R'q~o:m online 111 -WMI'll•~.c:Oft'l/po:I'JnluiOfl$. further pesriuiOI\'I. ~io•u un bt emalo:d lo po:rmtulonro:qve~tgo:.com

Photo [o:ftor; fennifet" Meyer O~n

COtnposilion &.lyc.r; (tuck Dutton

P,.,t Buytr: P11ula Volicy Under Mom'Oc 190 l"he Monroe Doctrine, 1823 191

1189- 1792 15-4

9

Frana and Faa:ional l'bhda. 1793 1§.4 Diplomacy and War. 1793--1796 IS6 1 Parties and J)Qiitics, 1793- 1800 157 ldcologic.1l Confrontation, 1793- 1794 157 The Rcpublic:an Party, 1794-1796 153 111< El«rion of 1796 ISO 11w: Jon:nchCrisis, 1198- 1799 1&0 The Allen and Sedition Acts, 1798 160 llle Elccrion of 1800 162 1 Economic and Social Change 163

The Transform ation of A m erican

Society, 1815 -1840 1 urtstWMd Expansion 194 l'btS•upWts~: t94 U'atcm Society and Cust:onU t94 11lc Far West 195 The Feder.tl Go\~m m enl :md the West 196 111e ftcmovJl of the Jndb.ns 196 11lc AgrictJitu.ral Boom 1 o n che Home Fronr 177 Tbe Suppression of Americ:m 1'r-.lde and lmptUJtnmt 179

193

I lndustri>lll 204

170

Causes ofJndusuWiutlon 104 1UtiJc 1'tw.ns in New England 205 Anasans and Workers in M1d·Atlant:ic C ities 206 1 Equalit}' ancl lncquality 206 Growing J n~uality: The IUch and cht Poor 207 frrt Bl.xlts in cht North lOS l'hc •Middling Cl.u.scs-. 209

I The Rc\'Oiurion in Soc:bl Relationships 209 11lc Attack on dv Proresslons 210 The Challenge to Famaty Authority 210 Wh•cs and Husbands 211 Horlzont:al Allegiance$ :a.nd the Rise: of Volunury Associations 212

viii

C!Jfi'TtJm

DtSUK :and Health 244 Popular Health Movt:mcnts 145 Ph 1-cnology 24S

10 Democratic Politics. Religious Revivol. end Reform, 1824- 1840 214 I 1~ Rise ofDtmocr:mc Politics, 1824-1832 115 Drmocratic Fummc 115 "'bt EJKtion of 182-4 115 john Quincy Adams as Prtsident 216 1'he Rise of Aodrcw Jackson 216 1'he Election of 1828 218 j nckson in Office 218 Nullificacion 119 1'he Bmk Vdo and the Eltaion of 1832 221 I Th< o.nk Qmt...,..ny and rh< Sr1y s~um, 1833-1&40

m

"'bt War on the Rank

I Dcm ocrnt'ic P.lstimcs 246 Newsp.1pers 246 The 1'heatu 247 Mmsnd Sha-'S 247 P. 1', &unum 2~ I Tb~ Quae (or N.1rionality m Uter-J.rurc and Arc 2urc:lmsr and thr Exploration of t he Wes.t 175 M..J.jor8:attJesoftheWarofl812 185 Thr Mi.ssourl Compromise, 1820-1811 189 Thr RrrncwJ.I of rht: NuM Americans co the Wesc, 1810.1840 197 M.l.jor Riw:rs, Road.s.tnd C:uuts. 1815- 1860 20'2 l'hr E~10n of IW 21& l'hr Ekct10n of 1&40 m !Wln>od Growth, 1850-1UO 141 DistnbutJOn of'SI~ 1790 :and 1860 259 Jntrrn.a1Sb\lopulis ts Challenge the Sta rns Quo 404 C.1 plra lism in Crisis: l'he Dep•'f':ssion of 189.1-1897 #.4 Busines' Lcadt:rs RL-spond 465 189-fc PrOltSl Gro'I''S Louder 466 Sllrm' A.chocatts Capron" thr Odnocruic P.rry .111ng Domestic Poliq•, 1993-1996 741 Shaping a Domestic Agend.a 742 ASI=p Riglu1Um: 1994- 19ll6 741 1 11le Econonu< Boom ohh< 1990s 745 An Un~ Prosperity 7att, Combanng a Wily Fot 7.wemage in l Ocal Population. by Counties, 1910 430 The El«tion of 1896 4&a U.S. Tcmtorlal Exp:an,ion in the lone Nandcrnth Cc:nnn'Y 470 Woman Sutfn.gc: Before dv Nmd~mth Amrndmrnr 491 Th~ Elutaon oll912 SOO U.S. Hqm'IOC'If an tht Canbbc;an and Latin Amnia, 1900-19-41 S09 Tb~ Umml Statca: on tht u•dU':m front, 1918 518 11'U' Election of 1928 S$.4 Tht Dust ~·I 566 World War lim Europe md Africa 600 World War II an d1c P.1ci6c 602 1 'ht J~stw.u OMJion of Europe 625 T he Korean W:1r, 1950 1953 628 The El«tion of 1948 631 The El«tion of 1960 664 Voter Regbcrarion of Afriam-Amcric:ms in the Souc.h, 1964- 1968 671 The Vietnam War, ro 1968 640 1·he 1C:t OffcnJivc, j:anu:ary- Frbru.uy 1968 693 The Elutaon of 1968 696 Th~ E!utaon o( 1980 nl Th~ Unital Statu ln Latin An'luica md the Caribbran Th< M;dc.u< Crisl~ 1980-2000 7l9

n'

The EL«bon of2000 7Sl The Ekcuon of2004 761

xii

Iron~

Sr«< Produaion. 1875- 1915 408

Urban Gro'olo1h: 1870- 1900 427 Jnunigration co chc: Unirc:d Srat~s. 1870-1930 4a8 The Urban an d Rural Population ofrhe United States, 1900- 2000 S41 Major Mca,:urcs E1u.cred During rhe " Hundred Days'' (March 9 ~J un e 16. 1933) 563 N.;~.t10na.l

Ocft.nK Spending. 1941-1960 618

lnRat:ion., 1965-2006 102

\l·omm 111tht Work Fortt. 1950-1991 713 Pr:rcmtlgt of U.S. Population on Wdfot«, 1960-lOOS 744 Changing P.anmu o(\l'ork, t 900--2000 nB

xiii

udt tw du.ngai in America md lht> •uid sina: Yi'l' bcpn planning 7lrt

M

£"*""' V',.,. mon= than rv.u decades ago. Somt: of thac dc\~opmc:nts

h.11\