The Elements of Black and White Printing, Second Edition

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Contents

Preface

IX

Chapter 1 - Reviewing Darkroom Fundamentals Darkroom Safety Enlarger Basics Va ria b Ie- Contrast Pape r Burning and Dodging Handling Prints Proper Agitation C hemica I Ca paciti es Chemical Temperatures Timing Inspection Lights

Chapter 2

- Exposing for the Highlights

How Exposure Affects a Print Finding Your Most Important Highlight Making Exposure Tests Avoiding Safelight Fog Standard Black and White Patches The Proper Proof Emulsion Speeds of Printing Paper

Chapter 3 - Changing Contrast for the Shadows What Contrast Is Shadow Tones Paper Grades and Print Contrast The Ring-Around Test Exposure and Development Variables

Chapter 4

- Photographic Chemistry - Creating a Developer

Standard Developer Chemicals Obtaining Darkroom Chemicals Measuring Photographic Chemicals

1

2 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 8 9 13

13 14 18 20 24 25 28 30

30 32 35 37 40 43

43 46 46

Contents Mixing Photographic Chemicals Creating a Print Developer Other Print Processing Chemicals

Chapter 5 -Choosing a Paper and a Developer The Physics of Viewing Prints Comparing Print Tones and Color Testing Methods Choosing a Paper and Developer

Chapter 6 - Special Contrast Solutions Printing a Very High Contrast Negative Printing a Low-Contrast Negative Customizing Print Contrast

Chapter 7 - Salvage Techniques Negative Techniques Print Techniques

Chapter 8

- Toning

47 48 56 57

57 60 63 67 69

70 78 81 85

86 93 100

Toner Types Special Precautions for Toners Preparing a Print for Toning Testing Toners Notes on Specific Toners Multiple Toning Alternative Coloring Processes

100 101 101 102 103 111 113

Chapter 9 -Archival Processing

116

Why Use Archival Processing? Printing for Archival Processing Development Stop Bath Fixing for Permanence Rinse and Washing Aid Washing Post Treatme nt Hypo Eliminator Print Drying

117 117 118 119 120 123 123 127 129 129

Chapter 10 - Preservation and Presentation Print Finishing Storage Mounting Materials Mounting Techniques Framing Prints

Appendix A - Darkroom Safety Safety Myths and Misinformation How Darkroom Chemicals Cause Harm Controlling Exposure

132

132 135 142 145 148 151

151 152 152

vii

viii

The Elements of Black-and-white Printing Data Sheets and Warning Labels Safety Notes on Specific Chemicals

Appendix B - Enlarger Alignment Checking Alignment Aligning an Enlarger

Appendix C - Variable-Contrast Filter Equivalents Table of Variable-Contrast Filter Equivalents

Appendix D - Chemical Conversions and Substitutions Substituting Percentage Solutions for Dry Chemicals Converting Alternate Forms of Sodium Carbonate Converting Alternate Forms of Sodium Sulfite Converting Alternate Forms of Sodium Thiosulfate Diluting Solutions

Appendix E - Developer Formulas Neutral-Color Developers Warm - Co I or Developers Cold - Col or Developers Low-Contrast Developers High-Contrast Developers Beers Variable-Contrast Developer

Appendix F - Miscellaneous Formulas Reduction and Intensification Toners Archiva I Processing

156 157 161

161 163 166

166 168

168 168 169 169 169 171

171 173 175 177 178 180 181

181 183 188

Appendix G - Supplies

192

Archival Storage C hemica Is, Genera I C hemica Is, S pecia Ity Darkroom Equipment Frames and Mat Board Safety & Environment Miscellaneous International

192 193 193 194 195 195 196 196

Appendix H - Books General Darkroom Design and Construction FormuIa ries Tech nica I Archival Processing and Preservation Safety

197

197 198 199 199 199 200

Index

202

Photo Credits

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