•
• -
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
GRS:e:K AEvtOUR AGAINST ARROWS •
IN TH.e: PERSIAN WAR (490
-
479 B.C.) :
AN INTERDISCI...
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•
• -
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
GRS:e:K AEvtOUR AGAINST ARROWS •
IN TH.e: PERSIAN WAR (490
-
479 B.C.) :
AN INTERDISCIPLINARY ENQUIRY •
by
•
PHILIP HF:NRY BLYTH
Thesis submitted to the Universit7 of Reading in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy.
.
J
-
,
1977.
page
position
251,252
Equ�tions
252
f'3ITor
1.8, 1.10 1.11.
line 15
correction
Rt hand �ide
shown
negative a
=
Rt hand side shd be positive.
-f m
a
=
f
-
m
" ""
line
Livy
Livy
line 11
Rethyema
Ret hyrnnon .
1.7
I
,
Referencos add Balfour
1390, 1396
H. Balfour, Journal of the Royal A!1thropological Institute 19 (1390) 220 ff, 26 (1396) 210 ff.
Coghlan
1970 , II.H. Coghlan, An investigation upon Five 3ronze ArrO'.lhcads, Sibriuln X (1970) 3
-
.
,'
.
"
-
•
bronze. .
.
.
·
•
.
. 4.5
Work of porfor
le nthor.
•
and bronze on
114
.'
.
• • •
•
•
•
•
4.6
Work of porfo r
Ty pi c ,,-l perforntio n
•
115
•
122
CUI"VO
140
Vnriation in tho force roquired for initial •
perforntion in plntoo of d iffe ro n t Dotals
•
• •
5.8
Coefficionto gover ning var intion in
fo rco roqu5.red
141
for perforntion. o.s a function of tho h��dnooo of tho
pl.:lto.
5.11
Diotrlbution of onorgy in
6 .1
Hnp of tho 1t."U"t'.thon plr.in ,"or
roneons
includod; tho
.
n
tully
p lc o tic collioion
152 158
of cost t no m�p of Thortl0pylno or Plntaon io
tlo.1'O
in Gruntly
(1901)
aro
r\)ootu.londod.
.
.'4.:... . C' :rho
�:rrJ!Qllr _,
-,
_ _ '
490
479
-
UI'l':t
c op e d "li t h the. problclJis ruis(:d by un fcf.1 il ic.r
In c onst ru c t i ng differ ine origins i t
en
is
nrgunent
de s irable
ar n c n c n
t .s
.
fr o m �leJ:1cnts o f such
to
have
Gone
o f indi-
ne nns
cat ing the degre � of r e l iab ility or v e r i fiab il i t y o f e a ch
st�teoent .
To
sone
ex t e nt
t h�t c�n be
dono
in English by
the •
uso of thc sub jllnct ive mood to indi cL�t o etatc t!cnts whi c h C�DDot b e. directly vc r i f i (,; d ,
such
aG
' i t is
*(iv ( Le ipzig 1 921 ) P 1 0 . •
Dolbrue ck •
• •
=
H.
( Berlin 1 920 )
•
De lbruock , Geschichto der KriCBS�Jnst i P 60 n . l . .
", . l lcL� o d
=
\"i . HcLe od,
Phoenix
xix ( 1 965 )
p
.
' The ro:ngc of tho enc icnt bow ' , ' .
8. •
•
•
•
1 0. Chapt o r I .
Thu onurgy �nd shop" of h.'"'.Jlu w e np o nB in Greece�
Int ro duc t i on
.
pr o vi l� c
He.nL wen!>ons
con&il1G r�tion of
.-..n c i e
G O o -.".
is autlc.: i! t r) t lw t cf thu in
the
•
h c. n t: we upon
t h.:.t
Wi t h in
use: r ' s bOl1y . b ecnuse
by t h o
e nergy
sl owly
n ot �llcw the mi ssile
do
strn.in ,
the
m.:.vo
./h ieh
D.-:ish
i gh t thcrc fc.. r,) seem thr.t thv
b .:: t wc -.: n t h e blow ,
it ,
lew
o f t h J elb ow
they
of
SC:fJ 0
-
Linkage . It
to
r(; t2.ins .::. c onside r,.blc ,!.Daunt
loaves
or
el
s l inG , the tlU'c.\·!ing
t:cubh: pc n c.u l ui.l e f fe c t dcscrib ..: ,� by
L.c:
to
' fl i c ks '
b u yo nu
it is c ftun
order t o i n c r c n s c the
t h e b O Gy
of
th0
include:
t hr.;.,·li ng ;
s t r ingLJ ,
up ;>..1 1
Since
fast tlot i c n t l' th� �issilc .
a
.rrist invcl vo �-: in lovers
pu r t s
r G �'1crful
t h u lO\ior the
r e c c;i v D unless
will
c u upl c x t e c hn i q u e s must b e �ovise d
hc�vier ;':a (� 1.1 0rO
of
it
t c r c Ju c c the wc.atc g c .
ua� �
�cv i c u is
(; nc rgy th,:t
t o t.;l
th'�
'd& c..p on ,
l i G ht e r the
by
tho
r.:o .1inovr:l !miCht .
thl.i uoe: r ' n G i �0 , io
rrq)o l l u ,'.
1
C l'
rc.: &;; t -.) �:
;. 1'·./. : 1.· ·. 1:;1
I . L:
n vd n c. t h i o ohuulc.!..:r ,
f;� a t
;w
poc n i b l u .
Thu
nne.! the body t ,-t .-. l kin.: t i c
•
14. enerCy is t h e n thi·.t o f tl�:; b O LY , S;:-.y 70 kG . , coving at say
5
s
D
-1
(644
t h . , or�er o f 375 J
cf
S0
ft Ib ) .
u ff� c t
i s l"'. iD1
",c :'.. p ona 'by p..'.. r ryinc; would -
rCl:.lnin vulnur: .blo t �. ;" . ahv\o!er of bull e t s . .
Th :; b c t-l , on the other h:::.nt! ,
pleyc :1
such an important
p�rt in the Fcroian arIilBIilent th�t it must be l e.t .:: r chepter
�n�J. y s c � in
n
•
•
1 .2.1 .
Tho
'
de sign
Sho\'/s th::t thc
'-Ic:.y
to nchieve tho highest
c oncentrr.t i cn of unc rgy in ::. h��cl teol or we:'.Fon The he •. d v f
cwinsin[; b lo\-l .
theo!'.?
-
•
1 .2
T"'.blc
of ClaBBical. Greek h:'.nd wenpon3
':ll
cr
i s t o nse
h:'.[�rJer trevels f{'.!iter ,
th;-.n th� h�.n(� 'lhich �del(!s it , r.ll{� it r.lsc tr
.... e apon
t hl'. t
ti••
vo r.llov moro
if'
, we ('.leo
tbe
for
cllow 1i10re t ime tor
•
0Pii,:·i, .: ; l '.,: i; o l'tlT�J t hr.t
lilu,c �cnt ; :l: :' t o
B U "::
nt r.n :":tSlo
t h O H;
tho
i t is clao
t o tho l i no
inevitr.ble
of sight 1s o::.ehr to
rlitic
steel
in tID corroclec: r.:: rmins of
7th . Century B . C . froD Myceno.o , r.nd. 11ns •
"..::.s i!:1pcrt o j , possibly. frolit .
spo •.rhend
e.
Ue must in nny c::se
.
c.ssurJt: th:-.t til:.: &lot ...l
Wl"..S
l'.t lOr'.st ::�s sood
it replace d. , o.n ·l c r.rburiscC: in such ... w••y
both
hr-.rcl
th£ 6th -
th::-.t the cetci
shown
Asir-. l·iinor.
�f
as the: CoS
to
bronze
which
render it
.DC toueh .
•
Sh�.pc . The oh:;pu
r:
f th,;;
in c orpor..
finc.:3 h:'.CJ �lso
bn�ly from corr�oion ; thuTC is �n oxccpt i on nt illus t r : .t u tl !,)o. t t " rn r.:uat
by
Ueb o r
( 1 944
pl u t o
be rc c (;nstruc tuu
[I S
frll l:1
th'
),
Oly&l,i�
b ut tho
bron:o
ouff .
p.
B7 frx thu
oxccllcne � · .
8po�r pr�
OUDt be butt-spikos
type t both on
cost
,"n ti in the finus �t Olympk. , is that
VE'. o c s
fi� 1 . 2 , which Sno�gr�ss ••
had
( 1 964
p.
1 23 ) de s c r ib e s
as
show
in
' tho l on g
Fig. 1 . 2
•
•
•
The length of the head vc�i o s considerably , betweon nbout 20
and 50 co , ( including t he socke t ) with 30-40 c� ( 1 2-1 5 in. )
em
The mexinUl:!
t he Doat common . 4 . 5 ca , ( 1 . 4 bl�do ,
rcinforc ud by
socket .
. a
a
The h�ad c o nt ral
The ed8es ot tho blado
lonBth
t ip at
in) .
1.8
-
with .�
or
more
a
n6l o
n
vnrics from 3 . 5 CD t o
brlle.dth
c onsists of A
spine which
mergos
cake
.�
cut in
10s6 constant
radi�
and thoy
tho
thoir coet �t the •
.
0
30
of cbout
If such
•
head
a
it
lo»g (0. 6
�\VO to go do e por ,
nnd �ould
•
•
tho torso i t woul�
to porfor:ottG '
weuld AnVO
Cll
hclcot .:.bout
1 .5
\lOre
to ponotr�to �t
in ) to do sorious �s�go ,
tho
into
convex throughout
ar�
holme t t .:nu Ilssucing tb&�t it would noo u
least 3 cm ( 1 . 2
two edgod
in) ;
to
nttc.cking
roquiro
a
cut •
nor�ly tho
full
width
thore woule! 0180 b o
'I!
-
.
.. " "Y" , �.��;t t\l , �'�"';.f:.��
of tho blade , any ,
aO&:lCl sidO \tays tonring
e�
( 1 .2 in) .
r.nd bonc1inc ot
tho ao cute miGht roquir o :\bout �,hO sNile onern ," ''' '''':� '' � : . . �� " ��'�"r4:"j,1J "
'\ J ,� !':'' ''
oYI1lDot ri ct".l holu s
( 0 . 8 in)
_''
uf
'
' � '
ilin!mum
rQepo ct ivel,..
dirimotqr
'
Sinco the
ae
'.-
1
CQ
( 0. 4 in) and 2
CD
•
1 .2.2.3.
The C w o r � .
Frot} the
l: i s c uGs i on " .b c v l: i t i s n (' t s t:rp r i s i n s t o
th:-. t
t he: S i,nrt .. nz u s ec r1
t h .. t
B':l c,r d i s c a l l o c t .;; ::
cn� rl�to 1 0 ) , Elsewhere
.. n � i t
..
.. n c!
C i S C US6 U l�
woul d
h .. ve
•
by i.nLo rson ( 1 970 p . 38
n o e f f e c t cn
..
•
•
b!O t y p � s
Ev i c c n c c for
stt::. b b i n G l;\·/ or.:� .
::;h0rt
\"Icre useG
ri nd
( f ic;s
Enc h i s
r�our
1 .3
,
n
•
& b).
.
/" "'lib it,.,.. .
-
-
-
1 . 3 ( n! •
'. .
.
-
r=
-
" •
1.3(b)
l!b out
bl0
feet
( 0 . 6 Ll )
lonG ,
can
nctldnc
do
else .
t V \-![.rLs
tho en.vo
•
(2.2
( Dioc:nsi ons
lb ) .
l�in.:>.t e �: c o ns t r u c t i o n
pe�rlitc nne
(P.�nscri 1 957 ) .
•
..
sec ond
ferr i t �
The \�e i G ht -
of s c: v c r � l
riiving
�
ha r d
\·m G prob:-.bly
cx .. tlplcc
vith :::.n d
:b o
;
ut 1 kg t
r:.ro Given by
An�c rson ( 1 970 p . 37 ) . Such
a wcapon \/oul ll c h i c fly
po rts o f the t \�O Llpo c i C'.1
b o �y ,
b u t r.G;� i n n t
un:-.rT.lour(H l
CrJll OUr i t oiCht in tllc ory prcaent
t h N ata : h i t t i n :� t h ..
th roUGh \/hCl'''' t h l.' curv:\t ur�
th rc r. t h
£l i c o
O l t port i "n '
of the
•
-
_ . _ - -- -- _ ._----
26 . blrv'.O
t o c,n.::.�.cc ; h i t t i nG til" h .... hlO t i t :-: i {jh t
callAo
c oncuDs i o n .
s t r ", n ct h o f : . rr., �·�r , n o t \.: ,
�1 (: C :-.t.:.D0
.
fir�t
Tr. e t �:v
c. f t h e l3 (;
c : e C (l n l�
c " . s t c S ('l:O l i ght
it
it h o r
r o l o v c.n t
i6
i f: not ,
o
but
[Io r i t a
�o
tv tho C
IJ •.
l. a v·J IVO L .
••
'l'b:
'1 1:vrgy n c: c l'.c ,� t c
ror-.cll
but
£lust b .;: w'.lle
Let
, c aus 1ng •
shoul d b e:
at-Ill
( nc. t o
•
voUl.d ' typo
silled
r c nt first •
\Je
8).
In viell
tt'ion
of tho •
.
cviconc.:: fretl
cr
t ( :acht .:: r 1 S39 p . 1 95 )
th;�t c ; : nno t
bo t:ccepte a
s harp Corro\l cuts nectly through, •
cnel it must sever rn�jor nerves or blooL-vessels if it is to disable.
1963,
(c.f. Pope,
p.
used fer hunting bi,; gm;:o,
C1.rL10Urcd
So the he:!cs of crre,.,s
..
or in \icrfc-,rc for
men or horses, shoulu bo es broc. cl
t he ot he r han L ,
tho siz£: of the hec�
cs
11n-
possib l e .
is li�iteJ (c)
On
by the
The l�rger the hc�c, th� gr ea t e r
of energy eluring flight. nc rody n cmic
attacking
drive it into th� target, (b) by the loss
energy cvailable to
its
61)
drcG,
nnel
the greater also its tcn�ency to •
•
civcrt th(; nrroH; hence it require:; more steednG,
le.rger fletching, which o.lso i nc r c [ s e s the dreg. .
and so So the
arrowheo.c1 must be ke pt small anel r c d:ct i v e ly in eff e c ti ve , •
e ither if the initio.l energy imparted by the bow is low. or if the ar row is used ct l on g range.
In whic
h
�C:itio n ,
some evitlence of the maximum force with
t h e (U'I'OW is
expected to hit the target c�n be fonne
el
from tho di�metor of the socket of an crrowhen
2.1.2.
The shaf t
..
•
.
\/hort: actunl c.rrow
ohl"'.fts h•.vc s1!rvived, r.n;:"� where their
length and stiffnoss Can bo ooasurctl, we c�n ca1c�lato the •
maximum force which If
it is
coul�� bo appliod to
o.lso posoiblo
to mOaDuro or c�culatc the froquenc1
of their lateral vibration of
thorn I!uring shoc.tiJl{;.
n
GOo�
i n ci cat io n cen
bo obtain�c
the velocity vi th which thc.y woultl mc·at cloMly l onv� tho
bew.
Thu80
mothoJs h(�vo
ustimnto tho onorCy !�nc!
Loon
U$UU
v o locity
by
Prr.tt (Hr.rc!y 1976) to
of mo�inev:\l
arr"w8,
uith
.,
•
•
arrow6 by tho
they nrc being cpplied to EG yptian
end
intercstin� results,
present \!riter.
Unfortun;:>.tely ,
nlthough nrrow-
shafts hC'.ve beon f.lxcC'.v.rapnnos at Douona,
E x am ples froD
the fourth centm'" t
those found by
and probably identical with two in the
Nntionfll Musoum at ;�thens, Speculati on
to
at Ni\rl:'..thon;
(n o te 4).
c[.nnot be elated.
D
1
leci 8hnpe� with
centrel
opino,
tho socket beinG
con1;itlorebly sneller tn:-.n the bln(�c t into
D 11
it.
incorl'or::.toc1
5 on b �ttl e o it o s nbout 20 in ouoouos.
,
nunll
t:'.n�1
lon1'-che,o��, tho
J
G o c :ct
tho blo.l�c nnl� or c.bout tho
buinG
cnr.l�
so
pn rn to
lon r,th .
2
!rorJ
on b:&ttlc-
•
10 in musoums.
sites,
consider euen
�le sha ll
2.2.2.1.
C 1.
Type
The three
South Vest
to
of the 7th.
Fig 2.2 of th"EG
•
•
g. �YJlcs in
serne
detail.
•
•
•
winGc� hOQ�
the S cy t hi cn
tsic �urinG
Century, end
thought to
is
other
up by the Persip�6
pe opl es who c�me into contact
w ns
thore
b ee n introuuce d
Ci�rnerian invcsions
an�
to hcve been taken
cnel th en by the Greeks en,:
with it thereafter.
If
the
this was it.
Ach::lel!leni or
2.5 mm, which runs the full length vf the
by
lecf- sh n pu with sep� rn te
B oc k et
secDS
to ��vo
•
developed earlier th� tho D
1973)
(
1,
��rce numbers
we
nre
.:'.n� th�re
re
sov� ral sub
-
found nt Smyrnn,
type s
nppnr�ntly ,
shot by tho Greeks nt tho Lyc!inn
(Nicholls 1958/9}
besiogers
but thu typo olso
('Iceurs
,
in 600, wi
elo ly
B.C.
in toBin
•
en� in soutihern Russie. incl udinC •
thtl
Thyy cro'somowhct short�r, tho length
socltot boinG botwoon
35
c.nd 45
mm ,
of which the ,
bl(�t.�c provi�\Js about holf , :�nt� tho
outsido clincoter of
.
sockot is sometimoD ros smnll cs mcr� common.
10.5
mm,
oml'.ll
I�nll
Tho hrcc.l!th
or tho
5
mm,
thoueh 6
,
n
li(Sht
io prob::.bly
bln�u v�ios b�twoen
th\.:y eivo thlol impression
orrows with
mm
,tlotchinSe
or
th(:
8 aa��
boine; \!CSiCnC.H! ,
fer ,
42. 2. 2.3.
Comparison "lith
mo(!.in,;,vlll
In comparing tho brcn�th
sepc.rate bln�es in
three winGo�
the
mc�o
cut
of the
c.�� t O B eth u r
probably rensoneble to
it is
and modern henus. nrrow
the breadths of
C 1.
type
?�
by
This
•
the
provides
cver�gc fi6urcs ns f ollows, C
1
D
1
15 mm
D 11
9 mm
Ovarell breadth (3x6 mm) 18
sight to
shnpod
bu cOBpcrnbl� w ith
he nd ,
16
type
�n�
the type s C 1
The breadth of
in
(13/16 t hs
mID
the i nc h )
(11/16
(3/8 ths in c h )
D 1 soems
�t first
common n�dinevnl leef
th�t of tho
CE'.tuloC;uc vi the:
the
i nch )
Lon.:!on 1·1useum. •
e
That type hcs
i.e. (2
3/8 ths )
x
h e n� ,
::'..ntl s pe
q uali ty of the steel in the
nnd
head,
1i n
- 44
the
WaS
only for
ft.
lb. 55 n
J.
16 is
n
l c ethc r nnd