a e mplete sourcebook for the home and office
Thames & Hudson
alastair fuad-Iuke
)
(p reface
This book is intended to stimulate new ways of thinking by illustrating an eco-pluralistic approach to design that encourages peop le to tread more lightly, so that future generations may inherit a healthy planet. This ecopluralism is reflected in the diverse so lutions realized by designe rs and manu facturers represen ted in this book from over thirty cou ntries worldwide. Certain solutions reveal an awareness of the adapt ive strategies of nature and the cyclicactivity of the bios phere (the living parts of the earth) . Still others acknowledge the value of materials and products that originate in the technosphere (the parts of the earth that have been synthesized by hum an techno logical expertise) . Ot her solutions com bine the best of the biosphere and of the technosphere in products and mater ials that can be easily disassembled and returned to their rightful ' 'sphere' at the end of their lives. Green design s are as diverse as the people who create them , partly because of human individuality and partly because of such factors as geographical location, habitat , culture , socio-politicoeconomic system , availabilityof natural resources including water and other regional or local peculiarities. An eco-pluralistic approach to design, which offers How to
use this book
Each product or material is accompanied by a caption and a line box with allor some of the following icons :
"
The name and nationality of the designer/designer-maker (see pages 304 to 311), or manufacturer and country
myriad solut ions, therefore seems more fitting than the dictatorial 'one-model-fits-all' philosoph y of so many design movements from the twent ieth century. Eco-pluralism is evolution and revolution. Eco-pluralist designs range from those that em brace minor modifications of existing products (such as the use of recycled rather than virgin materials), throug h radical new concepts to the com plete de materialization of existing produ cts (making products vanish into services). The selectio n of products and materials for this book is entire ly persona l, arguably idiosyncrat ic and representing a mere fraction of reality as viewed at a particular time. But a universal th read unifies all the chose n products and materials . Each is an attempt to improve on the status quo, in small or large increments, by reducing the inherent impact of product s and mate rials on our planet and to improve ou r socia l wellbeing. In this book the future is already shown . Unfortunately this future is unequally distributed. It is hoped that this book will help to distribute this better , 'greener' future more equably.
ifthe products/materials are designed in-house (see pages 312 to 327).
examples of materials with reduced environmental impacts, i.e., ecomaterials).
0- The name and
,} The main eco-design strategies applied to the design of the product (see pages 328 to 331).
country of the manufacturer (see pages 312 to 327) or designer-maker (see pages 304 to 311 ).
11 The main materials and/or components (see pages 278 to 301 for
Q.
Important design awards recognizing eco-design (see pages 333 to 334).
The page numbers in the line boxes permit rapid cross -referencing and enable the reader quickly to find designers/designer. makers, manufacturers, materials and eco-design strategies.
(Co nte nts
)
Introduct ion: Design for a Sustainable Future
1.0
Objects for Livi ng 1.1
8
16
Furniture
19
Seating
19
Tables
54
Shelving and Storage
60
Multifunctional
70
Miscellaneous
80
8 86 92
1° 7
1.3
Portable
110
Bulbs and Accessories
112
A p- p-;,.,Ii;,.,a;,., n;,., c e.;.;s~
........ 11 4;r,
Food Preparation
114
Cleaning
117
Coolin
121
12 4
..~ -"1 "
-,
154
~f _
1 57
"
16 0
1.]
Other Domestic Products
169
Decorative Objects
169
Waste Disposa l
173
Kitchen Utensils
175
Miscellaneous
178
2 .0 Objects for Working Lights
195
Furniture
196
Consum ables
2°5
Electronics
2°7
Air Water
Pu blic S E;.;a:.;;;ce;;;.;s;;....
.=::.,~
~ rn ~ re
2~
Energy Generat ion
251
Water Conservation
- 262
Batteries and Accessories
268
Miscellaneous
270
Technos p'~h~e~re~ Hard Intermediate/ soft Finishes Textiles
-= 292 292 296 298 300
4 .0 Resources
302
Designers, Designer-makers Manufactu rers and Supp liers Eco-Design Strategies Green O rganizat ions Glossary Further Read ing Index
304 312 327 331 339 342 344
---) Introduction
(Design for a Sustainable Future )
Nearly forty years ago Rachel Carson , in her seminal book Silent Spring, documented the devastating effects of pesticide use on mammal s and birds in the USA. Today traces of organo-phos phorus pest icides are found in organism s throughout the globe, including in hum an beings. At the 1967 UNESCO Intergovernmental Conference for Rational Use and Conservation of the Bi osphe re, the concept of ecologicallysustainable developm ent was first mooted. Paul Ehrlich's 1968 book, The Population Bomb , linked human population growth, resource degradation and the environment and pondered the carrying capacity of the planet. By 1973 the Club of Rome , in its controversial report, Limits to Growth, was predicting dire consequences for the world if economic growth was not slowed down. This report accuratelypredicted that the world population would reach six billion by the year 2000, although its more frighten ing predictions of the exhaust ion of resou rces such as fossil fuels were less accurate. Such warnings were, by and large, ignored, with the result that during the last thirty years peop le have continued to poison the planet with pesticides and othe r toxic chemicals, which has led to the destru ction of ecosystems and the extinction of many species. More recently people have realized that they too are now threatened by huma n actions . Unfettered use of the internal combust ion engine and the burning of fossil fuels to generate electrical power have catalyzed action on climate change . Significant minorities in different places around the globe face t he real risk that the land on which they depend will be inundated by rising sea-levels. In 1950 the world car fleet numbered fifty million vehicles and global fossil fuel use was 1,715 millions of tonnes of oil equivalent. Today the re are over five hundred million vehicles and cons umpt ion of fossil fuels exceeds 8,000 million tonnes of oil equivalent. For allthe individual freedom it confers, the car is making a huge collective negative impact on the environme nt, specifically the balance of gases , particulate matter and carcinoge ns in the atmos phere. For every one of the millions of products we use to 'improve' the qualityof our lives there are associated
a
environmental impacts. While some products have s mall environme ntal impact, others cons ume finite resour ces in vast quantities. The ultimate design challenge of the twenty-first century is to avoid or minimize the adverse impacts of all products on the environment. Li ke all challenges, this constitutes both a dem and and an opportunity - to stee r the debate on more sustainable pattern s of production and cons umption. Designers need to be an integral part of the debate rather than remain on the fringe or be subject to the whim of the political and commercial forces of the day. A briefhistory of green design ' Green design has a long pedigree and before the Industrial Revolution it was the norm for many cultures. Goods such as furniture and utility items tended to be made locally by craftsmen s uch as blacksmith s, wheelwrights and woodland workers, from readily available local resources. Innovation in farming machinery in Europe, particularly Britain, destabilized the natural employment structure of rural areas and in the first half of the ninetee nth century almost half of the rural population in Britain migrated to towns to work in factories. Throughout the twentieth century this pattern was repeated around the world as countries indu strialized and created new urban centres. The founders of the British Arts and Crafts movement (1850-19 14) were quick to note the environmenta l degradation associa ted with the new industries. Their concerns about the poor quality of many mass-manufactu red goods and the associa ted environmenta l damage prompt ed them to examine new metho ds combining inherently lower impact with increased production. For various social and technica l reasons , onlya sma ll sectio n of society reaped the benefits of the Arts and Crafts movement but the seeds were sown for developm ent of the earlymodernist movements in
Plaky tabledesigned byChristopher Connell (see p.56)
- - - -) Introduction
Europe, nota bly in Ge rma ny (th e Deut sche We rkbun d and late r t he Bau hau s) , Austr ia (the Seces s ion a nd t he Wiene r We rkstatte) and t he Neth erlan ds (De Stijl). The mod ern ist s ins iste d th at th e fo rm of an o bject had to su it its funct ion an d th at sta nda rdized s im ple form s faci lita ted th e massprod uction of goo d-q ual ity, du rable goo ds at an afforda ble price, thu s contributi ng to so cia l reform . Econ omy of m at erial a nd energy use we nt ha nd in hand wit h funct io nalis m an d modern ism. Marcel Breu er , an em inen t st ude nt at th e Bauha us between 1920 a nd 1924 , applied new lightwe igh t st ee l t ubin g to furn iture desig n, arr iving at his ce lebr ated Wassi ly a rmc ha ir a nd B-32 ca ntilever chai r. Breu er's 1927 es say , ' Metal Furnit ure', co nveys his en t hus ias m fo r the m at erials a nd reveals his green credentials. He saw th e o ppo rtun ity to rationa lize an d stand ardize co m po ne nts , allowing th e pro d uct ion of 'flat-pack' chairs th at co uld be reassem bled (a nd so sav e on tr an sp ort e ne rgy) a nd were du rab le a nd inexpen s ive . (a nd so help im prove th e lives of th e m asses) . The ea rly pro po nents of o rga nic de s ign prom oted a holistic approac h, borr owing from natu re's ow n m od el of com po nen ts within systems. In t he USA t he architect Frank Llo yd Wright was th e first to blend t he functio nal ity of buildin gs, inte rio rs a nd furn itur e into one co nce pt. In t he 1930 S th e Finn ish arch itec t and des igner Alvar Aalto also ach ieved a syn ergy betwee n the built e nvironme nt a nd his curvilinea r be nt plywood furniture tha t evo ked nat ura l rhythm s. At a landm ark com pet ition and exhibition in 194 2, en tit led Organic De sign for Ho me Furnis hings, orga nized by t he Museum of Modern Art, New Yo rk, the winne rs, Cha rles Eame s an d Eero Saa rine n, firm ly estab lished t heir bio mo rphic plywood furnit ure as a mea ns of satisfyi ng t he ergo nom ic and emotiona l nee ds of th e user. Th ese des igns often incor po rated lam inated woo d or plywood to obta in more st ructu ral st rengt h wit h greater eco no my. With the rapid evolu tion of new m ateria ls s uch as plastics in th e 1960s and 1970S mo re am bitious exp ress ions of biomorphism were ach ieved. Ironica lly, o ne of th e early advoca tes of a more sustaina ble des ign philosophy, Richar d Buckm inst e r Fuller, orig inate d from the USA, a co untry renowned for bot h prolific production and co nsumption. O ne of Buckmin ster Fuller's early ven tures, the Stockade Building Syste m, established a met ho d of wall construction us ing cem ent with waste wood shavi ngs. Building inspectors of t he day d id not approve of this innovatio n and the vent ure fad ed . Not easi ly to be dete rred, he soon se t up a new des ign com pan y, 4-D, whose name ma kes reference to the co nse quence (to humanity) of 3-D objects over t ime . ' Dymaxio n' was the term he coined fo r products that gave maximu m human benefit from m inima l use of materials an d energy. His 192 9
Dymaxion hou se, late r develo ped as a co m me rcial produ ct in t he meta l prefab ricated Wichita ho use (1 945). a nd 1933 teardro p-s ha ped Dymaxio n ca r we re bot h rad ical design s. The ca r had a ca pacity of up to a dozen ad ults, fuel co ns um ption of i o.ykm/l itre (30mpg) and t he ability to t urn within its ow n lengt h th ank s to t he arra ngeme nt of t he thr ee whee ls. Rem arkable as it was , t he car wa s plagued with serious de sign fau lts and never becam e a com me rcial reality. The Wichita hou se cou ld have been a run away com mer cia l su cces s as nea rly forty thousa nd or de rs po ure d in but delays in refining th e desi gn led to t he co llapse of t he co m pany. Buckmin st er Fuller pe rseve red and in 194 9 de velo ped a new meth od of co nst ruction based o n lightwe igh t polygon s. The geo des ic dom e was suita ble for do mestic dwellings o r m ultipurp ose us e and its co m po nents we re readily t ran s ported, eas ily e rected and reu sabl e. His legacy inspired new endeavo u rs s uch as the Eden Project , nea r St Austell in Corn wall, UK (20 01), in which t he wo rld's lar gest bio mes hou se eighty t housand pla nt s pec ies from t ro pical to tem perate clim ates . From 1945 to t he mid-1950 S mo st of Euro pe s uffered fro m s ho rtag es of mat erials a nd en e rgy su pplies. Th is a us terity en cou raged a rationa lization of de si gn s um me d up in t he axiom ' less is more '. The 1951 Festival of Britain breath ed o ptim is m into a de pre ssed s ociety a nd prod uced so me ce lebrate d design s includin g Ernes t Race's Ante lope cha ir, which used t he minimum amo unt of stee l rod in a lightwe ight cu rviline ar frame. During th e 1950 S Europ ean m anufact urer s s uch as Fiat, Cit roe n a nd British Leyla nd exto lled the virtu es of th e s ma ll ca r. Economica l to bu ild, fuel-efficient (by sta ndards of t he day) a nd acc ess ible to huge m ass m arkets , t hese ca rs t ran sfo rm ed th e lives of alm os t nine million ow ners . By co nt rast, th e gas-guzz ling, he avyweight , s ho rtlived Buicks, Cadillacs an d Chevrolet s of Ameri ca may have celebrate d Ame rican o pti mis m but we re th e very an tit hesis of gree n des ign . The hippie m oveme nt ofthe 1960 s qu est ion ed co nsumerism a nd drew on various back-to-nat ure th em es, ta king ins piration from t he dwe llings a nd lives of nom ad ic peopl es. Do-it-yo urself des ign books sat alongsi de publications s uch as The Whole Earth Catalog, a so urce boo k of self-s ufficie ncy advice and too ls that is still pro d uced annuall y. O ut of th is e ra emerged t he 'a lternative tech nologist s ' who enco uraged the application of approp riate levels of tech no logy to t he provis ion of bas ic needs s uch as fres h water, san itat ion, energy and food for po pulations in developing countries. And with in Euro pe young des igners expe rime nted with new forms us ing recycled ma ter ials a nd exam ined a lte rna tive syste ms of design , prod uction and sa les .
l In 1971 the rumblings of the first energy crisis were felt and by 1974, when the price of a barrel of oil hit an all-time high, the technologists began designing products that consumed less energy and so decreased reliance on foss il fuels. This crisis had a silver lining in the form of the first rational attempts to examine the life of a product and its conse quent ene rgy requirements. Lifecycle analysis (LCA), as it became known, has since been developed further into a means of examini ng the 'cradle to grave' life of produ cts to dete rmine not on lyenergy and mater ial input s but also associated en vironm ental impacts . In his 1971 book, Designf ort he Real World, Victor Papanek confronted the design profession head on, demanding that they face their social responsibilities instead of selling out to commercial interests. Although he was pilloried by mos t design establ ishments of the day, his book was translated into twenty-on e languages and remains one of the most wide ly read books on design. Papanek believed that designers could provide everything from s im ple, 'appr opriate technology' solutions to objects and systems for commun ity or society use . By the 1980s three factors, imp roved environmenta l legislation, greater public awareness of environme nta l issues and private-secto r com petition, ensured that 'green consu mers' became a visible force. In the UKin 1988 John Elki ngton and Julia Hailes wrote The Green Consumer Guide, which was purchased by millions of people keen to understand the issues and exercise their 'cons umer power'. Designers and manufact urers applied themselves to the task of making their prod ucts 'environmentally friendly', not always with genuine zeal or success . Unsub stantiated claims on product labels soo n disillusioned an already sceptical public and green design got buried in an avalanche of market-driven, environmentallyunfriendly products from the emergin g capita list-driven 'g lobal eco nomy'. Then t he pendu lum swung back, resulting in more stringent environment al legislation, greater regulation and more uptake of eco-labelling, energy labels and environmenta l management stan dards . Against the grain of the high-tech, mart-black 1980s, a few nota ble designer-make rs blended post-modernism with low environ mental-imp act materials and recycled or sa lvaged com ponents. In London Ron Arad produced eclectic works ranging from armchairs made from old car seat s to stereo cas ings of reinforced cast concrete; while Tom Dixon created organic chair forms using welded stee l rod covered with natural-rush seating, a des ign that is still manufactured by Cappellini SpA, Ita ly, today. The green design debate gathered momentum following the pu blication of the Brundtland Report, Our Common Future, prepared by the World Commission on
_
Introduction
Environment and Development in 1987, which first defined 'sustainable development', and also as a result of collaborative work between governments, industry and academia . Dorothy McKenzie's 1991 book, Green Design, reported initiatives by individual designers and the corporate world to tackle the real impact of products on the environme nt. In the early 1990S in the Netherlands, Philips Electron ics, the Dutch governme nt and the University of TU Delft collaborated to develop lifecycle analysis that could be widely used by all designers, especially those in the industrial secto r. Their /D EM AT LCA softwa re provided single eco- ind icators to 'measure' the overall impact of a product. ID EMA Twas rapidly followed by th ree commercial options, EcoScan, Eco-lt and a higher-grade package, SimaPro. Today there are tens of different LCA and lifecycle inventory (LCI) packages, which can help designers minimize the impact of their des igns from cradle to grave. Over the last ten years academic communities arou nd the world have evolved new term inology to descri be particular types of ,green' design, such as Design for environment (DfE) , DIX- where Xcan be asse mbly, disassembl y, reuse and so on - eco-efflciency, ecodesign and EcoReDesign. (Refer to the Glossary for full definitions of these terms .) Alon g with the sus ta ina ble-deve lopmen t debate has come the concept of sustainable product design (SPD). Most definitions ofS PD embra ce the need for des igners to recognize not onlythe environme nta l impact of the ir designs over time but their social and ethical im pacts too. Buckminster Fuller and Papanek would recogn ize the issues but perhaps wonde r why it took so lon g for t he design commun ity at large to take them up.
Our imperilled planet Twe nty-fi ve per cent of the world's popu lation of six billion
people accoun t for eighty per cent of global energy use, ninety per cent of car use and eighty- five per cent of chemical use. By 2050 there may be up to twenty billion peop le on the planet, ten times more than at the beginning of the twent ieth century. Scientists estimate tha t human act ivities to date have bee n res ponsible for increases in atmos pheric temp erature of between 1.5 and 6 Celsius degree s (2.9- 10.8 Fahrenhe it degrees). Global warming on an unpr eceden ted scale has melted ice caps and permafrost, with consequent rises in sea-level by up to 60 centimet res (zft). It is not an equable world. A typical consumer from the developed ' North' cons umes between ten and twenty times more resources than a typical consumer from the developing
®
_ _~J Introduction
'Sout h'. Both types of con sumer can s usta in the ir lives but the qu ality of those lives is s ubstantially different. Almost one billion people suffer from povert y, hunger or water shortages. At present rates of prod uction and co nsum pt ion the eart h can sustai n two billion people at 'Northe rn' stan da rds of living. Could it su pport twenty billion people at 'Southern ' standards of living? O r is there an urgent need to ad dress the way ' No rthern' populations consume and examine the true imp act of each product's life?
The im pact of global production and consumption Between 1950 a nd 1997 the prod uction of wo rld grain tripled, wo rld fe rtilizer use increased nearly te nfold, th e a nnua l glo ba l catc h of fis h increased by a factor of five and global wate r use ne arly tr ipled . Fossil-fuel usage qu ad rupled and the world car fleet increased by a factor of ten . During the sa me period destruction of the envir onment pro gressed on a m assive scale. There was a reducti on in biodiversi ty. Fo r exampl e, the world elephant pop ulation decreased from six million to just 600,000 and tota l tro pical rainforest cove r decreased by twenty -five pe r cent. Average globa l temperature rose from 14 .86"C to 15.32"C (58.75-59 .58"F), largely owing to an increase in ca rbo n d ioxide emiss ions from 1.6 billion tonnes per annum in 1950 to 7 billio n tonnes in 1997. CFC (chlo rofluo rocarbon) concentrations rose from zero to three part s per billion, caus ing holes in the protectiv e ozone layer at the North and South poles. In the North owne rshi p of such products as refrigerators an d te levision s has reac hed almos t all households. More than two in t hree househo lds own a washing mach ine a nd a car . The North is indeed a mat erial world . It also generates huge qua ntities of was te. Accordi ng to The Green Consumer Guide, even back in 1988 an ave rage British per son gen erat ed two du stbi ns of waste each week, used two trees a year in the form of pape r and boa rd and disposed of 90 drink s ca ns, 70 food ca ns , 35 petfood cans, 10 7 bott les and jars and 45kg (99Ib) of plast ics . By 2000 loca l authorities in Britain we re recycling on ave rage onl y twen ty-five per cent of domestic wa ste a nd suc h valuable resources as glass, metal and plas tics we re s hame fully neglected by d is posal in land fill site s o r incineratio n. Furt hermore , landfill sites gen e rate methane an d con t ribute to th e acc um ulatio n of gree nhouse gas es an d risin g glob al te mp eratures. The big environmenta l iss ues In 1995 the European Environment Agency defined the key environme ntal issues of the day as: climate cha nge, ozone depletion , acidificatio n of soi ls a nd surfa ce water, air pollut ion a nd qua lity, was te man agem ent, urban iss ues, inla nd wate r resources, coas tal zon es an d mar ine wate rs, risk manage me nt (of man ma de a nd nat ural dis ast er s) , so il
®
quality and biodiversity. Recogn ition tha t the planet was fast reaching a perilous state galvanized 172 governments to gather in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992 for the United Nations Conference on Environment an d Develop ment. The ac hievements of the 'Ea rth Summit' we re co nsidera ble. The Rio Declarat ion on Environment and Deve lop m ent set forth a series of principles defin ing the rights an d responsibilities of states, a comprehensive blueprint for global action called Agenda 21 was published , gu idelines for the management of sustainable forests (Forest Principles) we re set and the UN Co nve ntio n on Biodive rsity a nd the UN Fram ework on Climate Change (UNFCC) were ratified . The co nference se t th e fou nda tions for es ta blishing the UN Commi ssion for Sustainable Deve lo pm ent (UNCSD) , which produces annua l progress reports, and adopted the Precautionary Principle, which states that 'lack of full scientific certa inty sh all not be used as a reason for postponing cost -effective m ea s ure s to pre vent en vironmental degradation '. Europe's cutting-edge en vironmental legislation In 1972 t he t he n members of the European Eco no m ic Community (now the European Union), recogni zing that environmental damage transgresse s nat iona l boundaries, agreed that a common transnation al policy was requ ired in Europe . Since then the European output of legislation and regulatory measures to combat environmental de gradation has bee n pro lific. Regulations passed by th e Europea n Counci l beco me effective law for a ll mem ber sta te s immediately, whereas directives, which are also legally bindin g, do not come into force in the member states until carried into nat ional law by ind ivid ual gove rnme nts . Important legislative ad vance s includ e th e Directive on Con serv ation of w ild Birds 1979, th e Directive on the Asse ssment of the Effects of Certa in Pub lic a nd Private Projects o n the Environment 1985, the Direct ive on the Conservatio n of Natura l Habitats and Wild Flora and Fauna 1992 and the Directive on Integrated Pollut ion Preventi on and Control (IPPC) 199 6. A ran ge of other direct ives is of great relevan ce to m anufacturers and de sig ners , including o n vehicles , electr onic equ ipment, toxic and d angerous was te an d pac kaging a nd pac kag ing waste. The effect of the se regulat ions is felt well beyond Europe , as tra nsglobal co m pa nies manufacturing car s, ele ctroni c goods , packag ing and chem ical products have to meet these st ringent sta nda rds . Europ e's collab orat ive effort s to int roduce en vironm ental legislat ion a nd regulation provide a model to oth er regions of th e wo rld for intern at io nal coo pe ration, for exam ple, Nort h America and the 'Tiger' eco nom ies of South-east Asia (ASEAN).
l The real lives ofproducts Freedom and death The car is the ultimate symbol of personal freedom for the twentieth century. It confers unending choices for the user but condemns many to death, directly as accident victims and indirectly as the recipients of pollutants causing asthma (from particulate matter), brain damage (from lead) and ca nce r (from carcinogens) . It also contributes towards climate change via emissions of carbon dioxide, marine pollution in the event of oil tanker spillage or accidents, an d noise pollution. Most societies feel tha t the personal free dom outweighs the collective price but rece ntly several Europ ea n cities such as Paris and Milan have banned cars o n se lected days . One-way trip Som e products lead s hort, miserable lives, desti ned for a one-way t rip between th e retai l s he lf and burial in a landfill site. Packaging produc ts are the prime exam ple of one-t rip products but there a re man y ot he rs - kitc he n appliances, furniture, ga rde n acc essories a nd a ll th e paraph ern alia of the mod ern wo rld. Everyday products quietly killing Qu ietly humm ing away in the corner of millio ns of kitchens wor ldwide is t he hu m ble refrigerator. It protects by keeping food fresh , but it is a killer too. Coola nts us ing CFCs (chlorofluo rocarb ons) o r HCFCs (hydroc hlorofluorocarbo ns) are t he main cul prits in precipitating rapid degradatio n of the layer of ozone gas, which keeps out harm ful radiation from space. Not only are there s ubstantial seasonal hole s in the ozone layer at the North and Sou th poles but t he layer has thinned considerably in other parts of t he world . Thu s inhabitants receive higher doses of rad iation with an increased risk of contracting skin afflictio ns a nd cancer. Everyd ay inefficient products The efficiency of prod ucts th at have become a way of life need s to be cha llenge d co ntinua lly.The Europ ean ecolabe l for was hing machines lays down th resh old values for energy co ns u m pt ion of 0.2 4 kWh pe r kilogram an d water co ns um ption of 15 litres pe r kilogram of cloth es (1.5ga1sjlb) . Yet on ly a few co mp a nies apply fo r thi s eco -Iabe l and man y European ret ailers se ll m achin es th at do not meet the sta nda rds, eve n thou gh they obvio us ly have the techn ological mea ns to do so. Failure to apply the be st techn ology avai lable mean s unn ecessa ry dai ly con su mptio n of massive q ua ntities of electric ity and wate r.
Introduction
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Occasional use The deve lo ped world's preoccupatio n with DIY home imp rovements means that each household owns specialist tools, such as electric drills and screwdrivers, which are rarely used . Novelties and g immicks Many of the products available through mail order catalogues are in fact gimm icks that will do no more than provide temporary amusement. Small but dangerous Many small electronic devices, such as personal stereos and mobile phones , have a voracious appetite for batt eries. While more devices are offere d these days with recha rgeable batteries , the older models still consign mi llions of batteries to landfill sites, where cadmi um , mercu ry an d ot he r toxic su bs tances acc umulate . In th e European Unio n th e d isposal of certai n battery types is illega l but in m any pa rts of th e wo rld it co ntinues unabated . Industry visions and reality Although th e was tage of res our ces as soc iated with the planned obso lesce nce in t he US car ind us try in th e 1950S is no lon ge r tole rated , t he lifet ime of th e ave rage family vehicle remai ns less than ten years. Furt herm ore, the global car ind ustry is geared up to keep adding to the existing five hun dre d m illion ca rs worldwide at th e sam e level of prod uctio n. More fuel-efficient ca rs tha t ca n be d isassemb led at the end of thei r lives have bee n produced an d some are already on the market, but many manufacturers will not roll out th is tec hnology into new mod els until they have extracted the ret urns o n their capital investment in cu rrent mo dels . Moreover, most a re co ncerned to maintain their ma rket share by provid ing cus to mers with choice, often in th e form of fuel-inefficie nt, presti ge or luxury ca rs. Both hard ware and softwa re co m pa nies a re obsessed with dou bling the spee d of person al co m pute rs every e ightee n months as ch ip techn ology co ntinues its me teo ric de velopm ent. Users are se duce d into buying faster mach ines eve n th ough they use o nly a s mall fraction of the computin g power available. Bas ic fun ct ion ality, s uch as bein g a ble to adjust th e height of a mon itor o r arran ge a keyboard to s uit individ ua l need s, re mains inadequate. Yet the computer indu st ry co njures up a visio n of a future in which we ca n programme o ur ho use to coo k th e dinne r before we a rrive back from wo rk, of a wired -up 'info rmatio n age' in which everyone has access to t he Inte rnet. The reality is that ninety-fou r per cent of the wo rld's po pulation does
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Int roduction not have access to the Internet. The building of ever bigger and faster networks and workstations involves considerable consumption of finite resources and the use of toxic substances during manufacture and disposal. The bra nd thing Companies with internationally recognized bran ds aspire to increase their market share in individual natio ns in order to claim wo rld do m inance. Expectatio n, in the for m of the bra nd promise, often de livers a t rans ient moment of sa tisfaction for the purchaser. Whatever happened to products that were guarantee d to 'last a lifetime? Where is the long view in the compan ies that sell these brands? The big brands have the potential to reduce the environmental impact of their activit ies , but not if they pers ist in encouraging their customers to consume more, not less .
Moving commerce towardsustainability Evolving environment management systems (EMS) The flagsh ip international sta ndar d th at e nco urages organizations to exami ne thei r ove rall environmental impact arising from pro duction (but not the im pact of the ir prod ucts during usage) is 1501 40 01 compiled by the International Standards Organization in Geneva, Switzerland. Companies that achieve this independently certified EMS have integrated management systems into their business to reduce enviro nmental im pacts d irectly and have agreed to pub lication of an annual e nvironmental report from an aud ited baseli ne, so red uctions in im pact ca n be measured . Ot he r indep end en tly certified standa rds exist, suc h as the Eco-Ma nage me nt and Audit Sche me (EMAS) for compa nies in EU mem ber sta tes. S us ta inab le productio n and consumption In 1995 the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), a coalition of 120 international companies committed to the principles of economic growth and sustainable development, published a report entitled Sustainable Production and Consumption: A Business Perspective. It defined sustainable production and consumption as 'invo lving business, government, communities and households co nt ributing to environmenta l quality through t he efficient prod uction and use of nat ural reso urces , th e m inimization of wastes and the o ptim izat ion of products and services '. The United Nat ions Com mission on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) , formed at Rio in 1992, sees the role of bus iness as cru cial since it requires the integratio n of environmental criteria into purchasing policies (green procurement) , the des ign of more efficient products
and services , including a longer lifes pan for durable goods, better after-sales service, increased reuse and recycling and the promotion of more sustainable consumption by, improved product info rmatio n and by the positive use of advertising and marketing. This represents an important change in the way businesses operate. Model solutions WBCSD mem be rs are e nco uraged to ado pt measur es to im prove their eco-efficiency, th at is, greater reso urce produ ctivity, by maximizing the (financia l) value added per un it of resource inp ut. This means providing more consumer performance an d value from fewer resources an d producing less waste. Amory Lovins et al of the Rocky Mountain Institute in the USA proposed the concept of ' Factor 4' - a doubling of production using half the existing resources, with a conseq uent doubling of the quality of life. Researchers at the Wupperta l lns tit ute in Ger m an y find Facto r 4 inadequ ate to deal with the expected do ub ling o r tr eblin g of wo rld pop ulation by 2050 and so propose ' Facto r 10' as a more appropriate model for the develop ed Nort h to achieve eq uab le use of reso urces fo r popul ation s in the No rth and deve loping South. Another mo del tha t is finding favou r with busi ne ss is ca lled 'The Natural Ste p' (TNS). It sets out four basic 'system conditions' for businesses to adopt. First, su bstances from the earth 's crust, the lithosphere, must not be extracted at a greater rate than th ey can reacc umulate - thus there must be less relian ce on 'virgin' raw materials. Secon d, manmade su bsta nce s must not systematically increase but shou ld be biodegrada ble a nd recyclable. Third, th e physica l basis for th e produ ctivity an d d iversity of nature mu st not be syste mat icallydimini sh ed - ren ewab le resour ces m ust be m aintained a nd ecosyste m s kept hea lthy. Fourth , we must be fa ir an d efficien t in mee ting basic hu m a n need s resou rces s houl d be s ha red in a more eq ua ble mann er. Companies as diverse as car pet manufacturers, wate r suppliers and house builde rs have taken up TNS. Early adopters and new business models International companies from Europe, the USA and Japan are exploring new business models that take a long view enmeshed with the concept of sustaina ble develop ment. Fo r exam ple, Mitsubishi co ns ide red th e eco logy of th e tro pical rainfo rest system, which is highly produ ctive in terms of biom ass on a fixed amo unt of nutritio na l reso urces . Waste becomes other organisms ' foo d in the rainforest. Mitsubish i mimic th is ecology by ensuring their industrial system meets eco-efficient parameters. Where possible waste should be consumed within the company. This model could be extended to ensure that materials are returned to
the manufacturer at the end of their lives, keeping the materials in a closed loop and ensuring that the manufacturer retains control of these resources. At the same time, consumers should be discouraged from buying products and instead encou raged to lease product services. Philips Electronics in the Netherlands produced two publications, Vision of the Future (1 996) and LaCasa Prossima Futuro - The Home of the Near Future (1 999 ), the latter being also the title of an exhibition at the Milan International Furniture Fair in April 1999. Among factors considered were the role of electronic equipment , the introduction of networks and wireless equipment in the home, changing social needs and interactive products . Ecodesign is integrated into existing design, production and development and innovation processes . Similarly, the UK-based international oil compan y, British Petroleum pic, once a compan y whose revenue derived solelyfrom fossil-fuel products, has now repositioned itself as one of the world's leading energy compa nies and is a keymanufactu rer of solar panels and solar-powered systems . Designers save the earth Designers actuallyhave more potent ial to slow environmental degradation than economists, politicians, businesses and even environmenta lists. The power of designers is catalytic. Once a new, more environmentally benign design penetrates markets its beneficial effects multiply. Businesses spend less on raw materials and production and so realize better profits, users enjoy more efficient, better-value products , governments reduce spending on regulatory enforcement and the net gain is an improved environment and quality of life. The vivid examples in this book demonstrate the capabilityof design, and hence des igners, to shape the future and save the earth. A robust tool kit Today's designer has a powerful array of tools to assist him/her to meet the challenge of reducing environmental impacts at the design stage, such as simple checklists, impact matrices, lifecycle matrices, eco-wheels, Ufecycle Inventory (LCI) and Ufecycle Analysis (LCA) software. Checklists can be found in the publications included in Further Reading (p. 346) and a full list of organizations and agencies offering information and software to assist designers is given in the Green Organizations section (p. 332).
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Introduction
A manifestof oreco-pluralistic design ...
designs that treadlightly on the planet The thoughtful designer of the twenty-first century will design with integrity, sens itivity and compassion. He/she willdesign products/materials/s ervice products that are sustainable , i.e. they serve human needs without depleting natural and man made reso urces, without damage to the carrying capacity of ecosystems and without restricting the options available for present and future generations. An ecopluralistic designer will: Design to satisfY real needs rather than trans ient, fashionable or market-driven needs. 2. Design to minimize the ecologicalfootprint of the product/material/service product, i.e., reduce resource consumption , including energy and water. 3. Design to harnesssolarincome (sun, wind, water or sea power) rather than use non-renewable natura l capital such as fossil fuels. 4. Design to enable separation of components of the product/ mate rial/service product at the end of life in order to encourage recycling or reuse of materials and/or components. 5. Design to exclude the use of substancestoxicor hazardous to human and other forms of life at all stages of the product/material/service product's lifecycle. 6. Design to engender maximum benefitsto the intended audience and to educate the client and the user and thereby create a more equable future. 7. Design to use locally available materials and resources wherever poss ible (thinking globallybut acting locally) . 8. Design to exclude innovation lethargy by re-examining original assumptions behind existing concepts and products/ materials/ service products . 9. Design to dematerialize products into services wherever feasible. 10. Design to maximize a product/material/service product's benefits to communities. 11 . Design to encourage modularity in design to permit sequent ial purchases, as needs require and funds permit, to facilitate repair/reuse and to improve functionality. 12. Design to foster debate and challenge the status quo surround ing existing products/ materials/serv ice products. 13. Publish eco-pluralistic designs in the public domain for everyone's benefit, especia lly those designs that commerce will not manufacture. 14. '.Design to create more sustainable products/materials/ service products for a more sustainable future. 1.
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1.6 Leisure and Recreation
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1.7 Other Domestic Products
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Introduction
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( Living or Lifestyles ) In a media-driven world, where brands promise a lifestyle guaranteed to satisfy your desires , it is difficultto step back and honestly appraise your real needs for living. The word 'lifestyle' implies not just a wayof lifebut also choice. For many people around the globe lifestyle choices are simply not available, as the basic needs of life clean water, clean air, sufficient food, shelter and medical care - are absent. In today's global economy international brands, such as Coca-Cola soft drinks and Nike trainers, rub cheek byjowl with locallyor nationallymade products. Designers need to reappraise their role in the production of fashionable lifestyle products or at least strive to minimize the impact of these ephemera l goods, by concentrating on durable, multi-user, multipurpose designs . Esse ntial products The car has become the ultimate symbol of our freedom to move around , yet this 'impact-use' product, which only twenty per cent of the world's population own, impinges on the collectivefreedom of all people to enjoy clean air and unpolluted water. Over the last twenty-five years the fuel efficiency of the average car has improved onlyeighteen per cent. The car is a classic example of design innovation lethargy. Only a paradigm shift in the des ign of cars will remove
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the environmenta l burden of this product. But this must also be accompanied by more innovation in alternative modes of mobility. Improvements in personal modes of transport - the push scooter, bicycleand motorbike or scootermust be accompanied by radical improvements in systems of public transport, such as the provision of flexible mobility paths for individual and group users. With increasing reliance on electronic equipment and networks to deliver information, to control t hird-party equipment remotely and to enterta in, it is possible to reduce mobility needs . Yetagain a small proportion only of the world's population is wired in to the information networks such as the Internet or cable TV. Furthermore, building and maintaining the infrastructure of the information superhighway requires vast physical resources, including metals, chemicals and electricity. Virtual moments may provide some of the needs for some of the world's population for some of the time but the real cost to the environment and societies still needs computing. Each individual requires different products to sustain life. Aside from the essential physical resources, humans need 'comfort' products
to achieve a levelof emotional, spiritual and social well-being. These products may permit or provide improved mobility, specialist recreational activities, communal meeting-places or spiritual contemplation . Since comfort products tend be used over a longish time, rather than being ephemeral, the design parameters can em brace durability and therefore judicious use of resources. Living lightlya sustainable day As the products in th is section illustrate, it is possible to tread more lightly on the planet, to consume and waste less, yet to maintain or even improve the quality of life. A dou ble responsibi lityfalls on the developed countries of the North. The North must rapidlyevolve more sustainab le patterns of consumption and production. Further, the North must offer the South the assistance and the means to avoid bad practice and reap the benefits of a more sustainable way of life, sooner rather than later. A sustainable day in 2025 might involve the following products ...
Seating Spin and Oas is chairs Designing a chair remains the quinte ssen tial test of any furn iture de signer. The im aginative form of t he Spin /O asi s chai r ca refu lly models itself like a prosthes is, s uppo rting a nd cares sing the seated bod y. Rigid seat an d arm s a re made from one type of polyprop ylene to which is clipped a mo re flexible polypropylene formin g the co mfortable backrest.
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Ross Lovegrove, UK
308
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Dtiade, Italy
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Polypropylene, metal
295, 34 1 328
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«imp roved ergonomics • Disassemblyand reeyclability
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Easily d isassembled into comp one nt part s, the PP a nd m etal frames ca n be recycled .
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Pillet's elegant chaise longue co m bines the eclect icis m of craft with th e tec hnica l s kills of the workers at Cecotti's factory, a la bo ur force with a long history of 'craft te chno logy'. Rene wab le materials a re bought to a sta te of refinement th at will en courage the owner(s) to cherish this de sign a nd confer a de gre e of lo ngevity. High-qua lity manufacturing using nature's materials will always be a s ustainabl e bus iness model, as lo ng as raw ma ter ials a re procu red from man aged forests.
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ChristopherPillet, 3°9 France Ceccotti Collezioni, Italy 314 Layeredtimber, solid cherrywood • Renewable materials
339 32]
Seating Chair Foam rubber has long provided padding for furniture, but Alfons Broess has explored new fillings made from waste wood chips, which cushion and adapt to individual body shapes . The soft fill is enclosed in the rigid synthetic shell.
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Slick Slick Stackable, injection. moulded, polypropylene chairs are produced by numerous manufacturers for the contract furniture market. Unfortunately ugliness is often the common des ign denominator of this genre. Starck rescues the concept with this elegant design requiring a minimum of materials, creating a chair suita ble for conference/o fficeseat ing and domest ic use.
Alfons Broess, graduate, 305 DesignAcademy Eindhoven, Netherlands Prototype Wastewood, synthetic sheff, metal • Reduction of waste production • Renewable material
293'5 339
327
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Philippe Starck, France
310
XO, France
326
Polypropylene
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• Singlerecyclable
327, 329
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• Multifunctional indoor/outdoor furniture
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Colin Reedyand Renaldi 309 Hutasoit, USA Meta Marf, lnc., USA 320
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Gridcore orpostconsumerplastics. steel • Recycled materials ,~ • Minimalmaterials usage IDRA award, 1996
Sprocket Two types of s he ll are ava ilable for th is lightweight, ste el-fram ed lounge chair: Gridcore , which is a reinforced sheetin g m ade from recycled paper, o r used plastic s heet ing.
Seating Big Legs Interlocking cutouts of 100 per cent-recycled HDPE plastic panels create sculpture and visual excitement in th is threelegged chair. New plastic recyclates offer different propert ies from the plywood that would have been the usual choice of material for this design. Thus the potent ial outcomes are different too.
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Airbag Since the 1960s inflatable chairs have come and gone but Suppanen and Kolhonen have added an extra comfort dimension by placing balls of EPS inside the nylon outer cover, at the same time as allowi ng the chair to be deflated when not in use. Nylon is toug h and resists puncturing better than other polymers.
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IIkka Suppanenand Pas; 310 Kolhonen,Finland Snow, Finland 324
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Expanded polystyrene, nylon • Low weight of materials • Reduced energyused during transport
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Henner Kuckuck, USA
30 8
One.off HOPErecyclate
34
• Recycled materials
327
lORA award, '995
332
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328
Basti an Brownwrapping paper and softwood, both inexpensive renewable materials sou rced locally, are hand-crafted into a lightweight chair with
matching footstool. Clean lines reinforce the simplicity of the cons truction technique and materials, borrowing from
t he long tradition of Far Eastern wood and paper manufacturing, but in harmonywith a Western design ethos.
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RobertA Wettstein, Switzerland One-off/ smallbotch production, RobertA
310 310
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Paper,wood • Renewable, lowembodied energy, materialsand construction
288-9 339 34 0
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Blotter 'Keepi ng it sim ple' is the message de livered by t his bent-steel cha ise lo ngue wit h its soft, cus hioning s kin of rubb er to keep out th e co ld.
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MarreM oerel (Netherlands), USA One-aff
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Stainlessand mildsteel, 295, rubber 283 • Recyclable materials 327 • Economyofmaterials usage
Body Raft Local wych elm is bent wit h stea m to create a curve d fram e to which further curved lath es a re attached . This organ ic s ha pe is visu ally appealing. Handcrafted furniture of t his kind ca n contribute to s us tain ing local econom ies.
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DavidTrubridge, New Zealand Prototype
311
Wychelm wood
339
• Renewable materials
327
The Bottle-TopStool This fiat-p ack stool is de signed fo r dis assemb ly and is 10 0 per ce nt recyclable. Legs and seat are ma de from R-MOW recycled plast ic sh eet an d the botto m rails from alum inium t ube a nd diecast fixings . Plastic recyclate rep laces the traditional wood and can hel p increase the amount of the plastic reta ined in the recycling loo p.
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DamianWilliamson, UK One.off
311
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R-MOW recycledplastic sheet, aluminium • Recycled and recyclable materials • Designfordisassembly lORA Award, 1997
292, 339 328
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Seating
M iss Ramirez Granular waste from the cork manufactu ring industry in the Iberian peninsula is mixed with synthetic rubber to create a durable material suitable for cold mo ulding. This materia l can be formed into well-defined shapes but retains so me elasticity. Roberto Feo creates an appealing and comforta blelooking lounge chair. The mate rials look familiar yet stra nge, creating a heavy chair that is actua lly easily moved around using the front wheels. This is an economical, functional, ecological and mode rn des ign.
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Roberto Feo, £1 Ultimo Grito, Spain One.offorsmaf/batch production, £1 Ultimo Grito, UK Cork waste, synthetic rubber,metal, plastic • Recycledand recyclable materials • Cold, low·energy manufacturing
30 6 30 6
283, 295 328
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Garden bench
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Bey brings nature indoors by taking plant waste from the garden and using highpressure extrusion containers to generate benches of dried grass, leaves and woody prunings. Durability and longevity of the seating depend on the extent of use and the inherent strength of the compressed raw materials. At the end of its natural lifesp an the furniture can be broken up and left to rot on the
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garden com post heap. Perhaps Bey's desig ns represent the current best practice in biodegradable furniture?
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Jurgen Bey, Droog 304 Design, Netherlands One-offs, Droog Design/ 304 OM0, Netherlands 339 a.- Plantwaste, resin
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327
Bucket Seat Adding a ready-made stee l and wood bucket handle to this traditional seat ing design makes the stoo l eas ily portable, which in turn is a feature the user can enjoy.A dash of wit revitalizes craft trad itions and helps bring this type of furniture back into living and work spaces.
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Carl Clerkin, UK
305
Smallbatchproduction Ready-made steel, wood 295, • Renewable and recyclable materials • Useofready-modes
328 327
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Seating Model 290 F For over 150 year s th e manufacturer Ge brud e r Th onet has mass-produ ced elegant bentwood chairs espou sing good de sign wit h eco nom ical use of local (Euro pea n) ma ter ials, modula r 'flat-pac k' de signs fac ilitating distr ibution and basic, yet customizable o ptions . In 1849 at Michael Tho net' s factory in Vienna 'Cha ir NO. 1', the Schwarzenberg cha ir, made of four prefabricated compo nents that cou ld be reassembled in differe nt configurations , was th e precu rsor of a design idea lly s uited to ind ust rial prod uction . Thonet cha irs grace d many a cafe and restaura nt fro m Paris to Berlin and Lo nd on in the
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late nineteenth and early twe ntieth centuries and created th e definitive a rchetype for the cafe cha ir. 'Chair No. 14', later known as t he 'Vie nna coffee-ho us e cha ir', was on e of th e mo st successfu l prod ucts of t he nineteenth century and probably re mains th e world' s best-selling cha ir, with over fifty mi llion so ld in ' 930 alone. The roll-call of iconic des igne rs, s uch as Mies van de r Rohe, Mart Stam , Marcel Bre uer an d Verner Panton, ensured that Thonet always explored des igns dr iven by new moveme nts an d schools of tho ug ht. Yet Thon et rem ain aware of th eir t raditions an d currently prod uce modern varia nts using we ll-teste d principles an d materials s uch as steamed a nd bent so lid beechwood. Mode l 29oF epitom izes the Thon et philoso phy: the designers, wu lfSchneider and Pa rtners, use th ree pieces to create a ro bust , d urab le and repa irable chai r. A s ingle piece of so lid bent beech fo rms the fro nt legs a nd back stay, a cut-and-drilled , mo ulded , lami nated beech forms the back legs and back rest , both pieces being fixed to t he laminate d seat with cas t-alum inium angled brackets and screws. Ninetee nth -century examples of Th onet cha irs turn up in the prestigio us sale room s of Sotheby's, Christies a nd Bonh am, attest ing to th e ir durabi lity. It is quit e likely t hat Model 29 o F will in ti me become a so ught-after antique, validating it as a good and green de sign .
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ProfWulfSchneider 310 and Partners, Germany GebruderThonet 317 GmbH, Germany Beechwood, aluminium 295, 339 • Renewable materials 327, • Low-energytransport 329 andassembly iFEcologyDesign 332 Award, Germany, ' 999
Seating Transit Cha ir "T\ C
The famil iar graphical language of road signage adds significant character to this cha ir fabricated from redundant alum inium signs from the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation . Available as a flat-pack, self-assembly kit. the cha irs are a good example of reuse and and potential furthe r recycling at the en d of their lives.
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Boris Bally, AtelierBoris 30 4 Bally, USA One-off,limitedbatch production Recycled road traffic 34 ' signs • Reuseofmaterials 32 7 IDRAaward,1997
332
Seating syst em It is clear to anyone who wo rks in a mo de rn office t hat the pap erless office is still a figm ent of the futu rologists' im aginatio n. Pap er co nsum ptio n is increa sing worldwide , so op port unities to re man ufacture pa per into
new mat e rials dese rve explorat ion. Martijn van Maan en believes loc ally gen erated was te pap er can be co nve rted into new sea ting a nd s uggests th at gove rnme nt tax office s m ight be a goo d place to start s uc h a scheme!
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Martiijn van Maanen, graduate, Design AcademyEindhoven, Netherlands Prototype
311
Paper
288
• Materials recycled at source
327
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Seating Gallery This moul ded plywood stool is a mo du le that funct ions in its own right or can be joi ned to others to for m a co nti nuous bench or rows of sea ts . Efficie nt use of materials is achieved th ro ugh sim plicity and st rength of form .
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HansSandgren Jakobsen , Denmark Fredericia Furniture AjS, Denmark Plywood
307
• Economy ofmaterials usage • Renewable materials • Dualfunctionseating iFDesignAward, 2000
327, 329
316 339
332
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The sculpt ural pos sibilities ofHD PE recyclate are explored by cutt ing and shaping s heets. This demonstrate s how new m aterial s st im ulate innovat ion s in th e de s ign proces s.
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Philip Loakerand Plastics 308 f th IndustryLtd, UK Plasticsf th IndustryLtd, 32 2 UK Recycled HOPE 34'
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327
HowSl ow the Wind Sim plicity of co nst ructio n ca n stim ulate eco no my of materia ls use, perm it ea sy ass embly a nd disassem bly an d con tribute to a redu ct ion in the ene rgy needed for fab rication. Yamanaka uses one sh eet of recyclable polyprop yle ne, cut a nd be nt to slide ove r a swive lling base made of M DF a nd covered with leather. The result is a dyna mic yet pleasing line
and a co mfo rta ble easy cha ir equa lly ad apt able to living o r wo rking s paces .
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Kazuhiro Yamanaka, Japan Prototype
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285. 34 1 327, 34 0
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Seating Maggi Hinting at an imminent (environmental) meltdown, Bar and Knell'schair is formed of plastic packaging waste, dyed black then surface finished with Maggi plastic carrier bags. The branding lives on but not as the marketeers intended. This chair was made in 1995 but the design partnersh ip experimented with many variants from 1993 to 1997, including sofas and furniture for children. Their playful yet deliberate exposure of the raw-waste medium contrasts with the highlycontrolled, stylized injection- or blow-moulded designs of the 1960s and 1970S. This reincarnation poses the question, ' How can we throwaway such a useful resource?'
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Beata andGerhard Bar 304 and Hartmut Knell, Germany One-off, limitedbatch production Packaging waste 32 ]
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Mari lyn, I Can See Your Knickers
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A single sheet of polypropylene is pre-formed, then fixed to a simp le square-section stee l frame. Componen ts are eas ily assembl ed with low-energy production techniques , materials usage is kept to a minimum and easy disassembl y permits recycli ng.
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EIUltimo Grito, Spoin
30 6
EIUltimo Grito, UK
30 6
Polypropylene, steel • Economyof moterio/s usageandproduction
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Seating Origam i Zaisu A single sheet of plywood is bent and cut to form a simple floor seat. In Japanese culture sitting on the floor is the norm but perhaps the practice should be adopted more widely, since the om ission of legs that form a conventional chair saves materials and ene rgy.
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MitsumasaSugasawa, Japan TendoCo. Ltd,Japan
310
Plywood
339
• Economy ofmaterials usage • Renewablematerials
327
325
Mirandolina Reviving a technique first used by the designer Han s Coray, with his pressedaluminium ' Landi' chair designed in 1938, Pietro Arosio has produ ced an economica l yet elegant stacking ch air from a single sh eet of aluminium. Cut and pressed into its final form , the Mirandolina shouts efficiency. The use of o ne mat eria l, alumi nium, facilitates recycling of the waste offcuts an d e ns ures it is easy to recycle o r repair.
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Pietro Arosio, Italy
304
Zanotta SpA, Italy
3 26
Aluminium
295
• Recyclable single material • Efficient materials usageand recycling duringmanufacturing
327, 328
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Box O riginally designed in 1975, the Box cha ir has now been reis sued with a n injectionmoulded polyprop ylene back as well as seat. Tubula r metal legs and back frame are easil y assembled and d isassembled , fac ilitating rep air, refu rbishment and recycling of an y of the components. The flat pack
and low weight reduce distr ibution costs and total tran sport emissions, reflecti ng Mari's de s ign ph ilosophy of ' red uctio nis m '.
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Enzo Mari, Italy
308
Driade SpA, Italy
315
Metal, palypropylene
295, 34 1
• Designf ardisassembly 328 • Economyaf materials usage
( 1 Recliner
and Footstool Utiliz ing st ea m-be nt English ash wood allows eco no mical use of mat erials without sacrificing strength an d ensures a low-emb od ied energy of manufacturing . The cha ir frame is adjustable to th ree
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/ positio ns and is cus hio ned wit h pa dde d linen. An alternative ve rsion, using rattan, is available. Tra nn o n merge th e t raditions and d urab ility of ben t ash with a fres h aesthetic an d a green pol icy for the procurem ent of raw materials.
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DavidCalwelland Roy Tam,UK Trannon Furniture Ltd, UK Solidash wood,linenor rattan • Renewable materials with stewardship sourcing • Low-energy construction techniques
3° 5 325 2 9 0 . 1,
339 327, 328
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Conversation Chair
Cardboard Chair Lettingthe materials deliver the (environmental) message is a theme common to furniture designers around the world using recycled or recyclable materials. So Jane Atfield (UK) speaks with plastic, Frank Gehry (USA) with cardboard and Lievore (Spain) with maderon. The Campana brothers combine a robust, solid, iron-rod frame with a
laminated cardboard seat and back to create a dining chair that demonstrates how unpretentious materials can encou rage a healthy hybrid of modernism and craft.
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Fernanda and Hurnberta 30 5 Campana, Brazil Limitedbatch production Iron, cardboard 288-9,
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Locally crafted wooden furniture is a good model for sustainable manufacturing and Guy Martin's individually made chairs, seating , tables and bookshelves maintain that tradition. Using a classic 'nail and stick' technique, more often found in the Appalachian mounta ins in the United States than in south-west England, the frames are formed from green ash wood obtained from locally managed woodlands. The willow withies are grown in commercial fields near by in the Somerset levels and waste wood or shavings are used to generate heat and electricityto power the workshop. When craft skills are merged with contem porary designs the
results can be refreshingly surprising comp ared with mass-produced furniture. Martin represents the young designers who could become the 'green' manufacturers of the new millennium, echoing the practices of Europe's largest steamed- beech furniture manufacturers, GebrOder Thonet of Vienna, in the 184 0S .
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Guy Martin, UK
308
e
One-offandsmallbatch production Ashwood, willow 339
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• Renewableand 327, compostablematerials 328 • Low-energy manufacturing • Locallysourced materials
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295 327
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Seating The Porcelain Stool Hella Jongerius hijac ks materials associated with a trad itional process or product and reappl ies them to a tot a lly diffe rent funct ion . Such flexible thin king is essential for the future. Porcelain , long noted for its frag ility and de licate qualities, is moulded into a robust, o rganic-sha ped stool.
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HellaJongerius, Netherlands CoppelliniSpA,Italy
307
Porcelain
295
• Economy ofmaterials usage • Material with low embodied energy
327, 340
314
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PeterKarpf. Sweden
308
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Inredningsf orm/lform, Sweden Laminated beechwood
318
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• Single, renewable material • Low·energy manufacturing
327, 328
• OTO Cut and ben t from a single shee t of lam inated beech , Karpf' s grace ful cha ir avo ids t he nee d for any ot he r co m po nents, keepin g t he productio n process efficie nt an d reducing waste.
339
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Plyboo In late nineteenth-century London there were over thirty manufacturers making furniture from imported bamboo. Following a them e of her earlier designs using recycled plastics, Atfield lets the materials of Plyboo give character to the object, contrast ing the random natural characteristics of the bamboo with the processed, standardized, manufactured look of the birch plywood. Steel rods are used to reinforce the bamboo at critical points. The result is durable
Ply Chair
seat ing that may well revive the fortunes of bamboo as a material for the new millennium, casting off the unwanted association s between bamboo furniture and colonial verandas , conservatories and swimming pools. Bamboo is here again. It is modern , renewable, recyclable and toxin-free and is a ferocious producer of biomass in the right climate.
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JaneAtfield, UK
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Prototype, Float Up 316 VP,UK Bamboo, plywood, steel 295. 339 • Renewable materials 32]
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Avoi ding excessive usage or wastage of materials should be a guiding principle of any design in the twenty-firstcentury. The Ply Chair is the latest answer to the 'Superleggera', demonstrating restraint, grace, economy, st rength and character.
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JasperMorrison, UK
309
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VitroAG, Germany
326
Aeronautical-quality plywood • Economyofmaterials usage
339
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304
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Seating
DeckChair The structural properties of recycled plastic sheet have been thoroughly exploited in this combined chair and otto man, which can also be used as a deck chair. This material is highly malleable when heated, enab ling complex bending to produce results similar to pre-compressed wood.
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Colin Reedy, USA
309
MetaMorf, lnc., USA
320
Recycled plastic, steel
283, 295 • Recycled and recyclable 327
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Daybed This company has been manufacturing furniture, using special techniques for weaving twisted paper, since the beginning ofthe twentieth century. This daybed combines a contem porary sha pe with a traditional material by making the most of the manufactu rer's exte nsive experience with th is medium.
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NigelCoates, UK
30 5
Lim ited batch productionby Lloyd Loam afSpalding, UK Twisted paperand steel wire • Renewableand recyclable materials
319
288, 295 327
332
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Diva (n) Paradox Rushes harvested from freshwater reed-beds are inserted and set into a simple frame conta ining polyurethane foam . Organic materials of natural and synthetic origin are juxtaposed in a visually arresting form. Both materials are quite durable and when no longer serviceable could be incinerated or shredded for reuse as fill material.
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Earth Chair"
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Earth Chair, USA
3' 5
This simple sphere of stitched denim is despatched from the manufacturer empty and filled by the buyerwith once-used plastic shopping bags or similar pliable plastic fill.The designe rmakers claim that it requires gkg (zolb) of such fill. Perhaps the item would be 'greener' if, instead of plastic bags, the filling were made of renewable or compos tab le materials.
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EarthChair, USA
3'5
Denim
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PilBredahl and Lise/otte 30 4 Riset', Denmark One-off Rushes, polyurethane
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34' • Encouraging use of historic renewable material
32]
• Low-energyfabrication 328 includesself-assembly
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Modul a r co m po ne nts can be use d to assemble a ra nge of furniture from cha irs to chaises lo ngues, fash ione d from woo d, wool and leathe r. Natura l compounds such as waterbased paints an d oils an d waxes provide protection
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Galleri Stolen AB, Sweden Galleri Stolen AB, Sweden timber, wool, leather, naturaljinishes • Clean production • Modulardesign facilitating repair, reuse and lonl(evity DesignSense awards, Shortlist, ' 999
for th e woode n parts, while th e leath er originates from a tannery that uses vege ta ble-base d produ cts . Easy assem bly a nd disassemb ly facilitate repair an d exten d the life of the prod ucts.
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332
Seating Pouffe Moore explores the sculptu ral poss ibilities of recyclates, in this case HDPEsheet, treating them as new materials ripe for experimentation. The result is an eyecatching take on an old theme and an economy of materials use.
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IsabellMoore, UK
3°9
One-off HOPErecvciate, maple plywood • Recycled and recyclable materials fORA award.1996
339, 34 1 327 332
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roo-piece-kit armchair Durable, richly patterned , native British yew wood offcuts and salvaged pieces have been reworked into a series of interlocking blocks, which, once assembled, form an armchair with cons iderable presence. Dolphin Wilding breathes new life into waste that would have been burnt or despatched to landfill.
Julienne DolphinWilding. UK One-off/ smallbatch production Yewwood • Recycledand renewable material • Durability
30 6
339 32 7
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Eco These stackable chairs are cut from a single piece of veneer-faced ply and follow in the Scandinavian tradition of working with
bent ply, as were the designs of Gerald Summers for the firm of Makers of Simple Furniture based in London in the late ' 930s. Simplicity, economy and functionality meet in this award-winning design,
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PeterKarpf, Sweden
308
Inreningsforrn/iforrn, Sweden Plywood
318 339
• Renewable materials 327, • Economyofmaterials 328 usageandlow-energy production Winnerofthe iFEcology 332 DesignAward, 2000
.. Seating Eraser Chair
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The innards of mo st cha irs are hidden from view but culpepper has chos en to celebrate the inn er sec rets of the Eras er Chair, which raise s the value of recycled materials by bring ing the m to the attention of th e viewe r. Laid bare is th e structural fabr ic of thi s design , which co ns ists of 95 per cent-recycled woo d felt att ached to a rigid frame .
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MichaelCulpepper, USA 305 One-off Recycledwoodfelt
339
• Recycledand recyclable 32 ] materials IDRAaward, ' 995 332
Eric Card boa rd is combined wit h lami nated and painted plywood to produce an a rmc hair req uiring low-en ergy input to manufactur e. Wetts te in emp hasizes th e co rruga ted co ns t ruction of the ca rd boa rd and join s a distin guish ed list of des ign ers s uch as Gehry a nd th e Campana brothers, who a lso ma ke th e most of th e st rengt h of thi s lamin at ed material.
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Robert A Wettstein, Switzerland One-off/smallbatch production
311
Cardboard, plywood
339
• Renewable materials
32 ]
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Seating q-bac A str iking and comfortable easy chair has been created using ready-made components, such as alumin ium ladder sections and rubber, with minor mod ifications . Existing manufacturing plant and capacity are ut ilized more efficientl y to intro duce new products. At th e end of , their lifespan , the com ponents can be easil y d isassembled for recycling or reuse .
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Ragchair Waste rags and pieces of cloth are bou nd over a woode n frame using steel bands, mimicking the process of binding bales of recycled textiles, to create a comfortable yet unique easy or lounge cha ir. Remy has observed the texti le industry recycling its prod ucts an d nea tly translated the idea into eclectic furnitu re that boldly states its o rigins .
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Tejo Remy,Droog Design, Netherlands DMD, Netherlands
306, 309 315
Textiles,steel
290-', 295 327, 328
• Recycled materials • Low-energy manufacturing
GabrieleAckon,David Zyne Productions, UK David Zyne Productions, UK Aluminiumreadvmades, rubber • Useofreadv-made components
315 3'5 283, 327 327
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Schair Following his experim entation in th e 1980 s wit h o ne-offs us ing sa lvaged m ateria ls, Tom Dixon de s igned th is elegant ca nt ileve r chair . A stee l fram e is wra ppe d with woven rush es, creating a sculptural form . At t he end of the chair 's life m at erials are easily s epa rate d for recycling (st eel) or compostin g (ru sh es) .
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Tom Dixon, UK
30 6
CappefliniSpA, Italy
314
Steel, rushes
276, 295 327
• Economyofmaterials usage • Renewableand recyclable materials
In 1992 Atfield crea ted t he RCP2 chai r with a s im ple but robu st co nst ruction tec hniq ue us ing a radical mat erial cha llengi ng the eco log ical awa reness of des ign ers a nd th e publi c alike . New techn iqu es for recycling HDPE was te created a new s hee tlike material whose co ns tit ue nts rea dily divulged th eir o rigins . Th e raw ness of th e ea rly wo rk of desi gn ers such as Atfield and Bar a nd Knell co nt ras ts wit h t he more so phisticated use of recycled s heet H DPE in Bopp-Leu cht en 's lamps in the late ' 990 s. Further innova tion in ma nufact uring us ing recycled plasti cs ca n be expected over th e next dec ade as atte m pts are mad e to close t he plastic recyclin g loo p.
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JaneAlfield, UK
30 4
One-olfs andsmallbatch production High-density 34' polyethylene(HOPE) • Recycled and recyclable 32 7 materials
Seating Trinidad NO.3298 ' Ind ust rial craft' produ ction will un do ubted ly pros per in th e twenty -first ce nt ury if th e wor kma ns hip and gra ph ical form of th is as h cha ir are a measure of the o ut put of today's furnitu re m anufactu rers.
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Nanna Ditzel, Denmark 30 6
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Fredericia Furniture AjS, Denmark Ashwood, metol
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316 z95 , 339 327
Flying Carpet A stee l frame with s up porting rod s s us pen ds stiffened fe lt in mid -air to create a seat tha t sways as th e user moves around. Econ om y of m at erials use co m bines with ease of se pa ration into pur e-grad e was te st rea ms for recycling th e mat erials at th e e nd of the product's life. Th is imaginative des ign explores new app lication s of wo ol felt to furn itur e.
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I/kka Suppanen, Finland 310
0
CappeiliniSpA, Italy
3'4
Steel,felt
29°, 29 5 327
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• Economy of materials usage • Renewableand recyclable materials
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Seating Ghos t Purity of form and function can often be ach ieved by focusing on the exclusive properties of o ne particular material. Cini Boeri and To m u Katayanagi have taken a s ingle piece of t z mm-th lck (c. l Iz-inch) toug hened glass an d cu t a nd mou lded it into an extraordinary object. They juxtapose t he contradictory characteristics of the material - its fragility and toughness - and create a durable, rather timeless design . Ghost provides food for thought on how other fam iliar materials can be modified or mutated to fit new forms and functions. Being composed of a si ng le mat erial fac ilitates recycling at the e nd of t he prod uct 's life an d encourages c1osed loo p recycling. whe re the ma nufacturer uses its own recycled materials to produce new goods .
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CiniBoeriand Tomu Katayanagi. Italyand Japan FlamItalia SpA, Italy
3° 5
Glass
29 5
• Recyclable single material • Durability
327
316
Cha ir and ottom an Slab s of heavy-grade industrial felt, typ ically used for noise insulation in military vehicles, are bolted together to create an archety pa l a rmchai r. An olloman emerges from th e offcuts. The orig ina l felt s labs are tr an sfor m ed fro m the utilitarian to th e pur pos efu l. yet reta in t heir honesty of or igin. Like the Da nis h des igner Nie ls Hvass, who has made a
similar chair from used newspapers, Atfield reminds us to keep it simple and create zero waste.
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JaneAlfield,UK
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30 4
290, 295
• Economyof materials 327. usage 328 • ZeroWQste production
Seating
IKEAa.i.r .jMUJIAIR
sofas IKEA are peering into the future and testing the way forward for sustainable product design . This example by Jan Dranger sets the stage for manufacturing furniture using recyclable plastics and interchangeable covers, as wear and tear
or fashion decrees. As resource scarcity bites in the twenty-first century, manufacturers will have not only to use recyclable materials but also to develop business models that ensure that product take-back keeps materials in a closed recycling loop.
Bench In a imaginative turnaround, paper from trees is recycled in a 100 per centwaste-paper material called 'Shetkaboard' to become a substit ute for sawn timber in this indoor/ outdoor bench. Why cut down more t rees when waste pape r will do the job nicely?
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StanleyJ Shetka, USA
310
One-off Shetkaboard
280
• Recycled,renewable materials IDRAaward, ' 995
327 332
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Jan Dranger, Dranger Design AB, Sweden News Design DjE ABfor IKEA, Sweden Plastics, nylon or polyester, cotton • Recyclable materials • Economyofmaterials usage • Low-energytransport andassembly
306 321 283, 29 ' 327, 328
Seating Chair This knock-down chair uses lightweight Gridcore, made of 100 per cent-recycled paper honeycomb sandwiched between laminated paper surfaces, for the sides and back. Solid cherrywood is used for the arms and rear leg. The furnishing fabric comes from DesignTex, a US company known for reducing the environmenta l impact of its textile rang~ .
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Janice Smith, USA
310
One.off Gridcore, cherrywood, furnishingfabric • Recycledandrecyclable materials • Selfassembly • Designfordisassembly IDRA award, 1997
290-1 339 327 328
332
Chair Discarded industrial pallets are the raw material for this chair. After machining, the individual wooden lathes are held together using steel bolts. The chair is easilydisasse mbled for repair or recycling.
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James Varney,USA
311
One.off Recycled pollet wood
339
• Recycledand recyclable 327 materials IDRAaward, 1998 332
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Seating
Kids furniture Knotted chair
The confetti-like colours and pattern s of the recycled plastics in these furniture items are ta ilor-made for creating a stimulating learning environment for the young child. Demonst rating this material's versatility for making robust, fun furniture, Reedy introduces so me nice touches such as the hand holds for carrying the chair and rounded edges for safety.
A loose, flexible , macrame form of aramide fibre braid is dipped into a solution of epoxy resin. The resin is hardened by drying at high temperatures to produc e the necessa ry rigidity for the purpose. This remarkable chair is a blend of imagination and technology, which fits the Factor 4 philosophy of ,doing more with less' . However, a few reservations surround the technosphere materials. Epoxy resins need careful handling during production and the resulta nt aramide reinforced with epoxyresin is a com pos ite that could prove diffi cult to recycle.
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Colin Reedy, Meta Moif, 30 9 Inc., USA Meta M01 'nc., USA 320 Recycled plastics, steel
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295 327
q.
/ORAaward, '99 7
332
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Marcel Wanders, Netherla nds Cappellini SpA, Italy
311
Aramidejibrebraid, epoxy resin • Economyofmaterials usage
28 4
3 '4
327
Seating Krogh chair The single-piece back s up po rt and arms are made of pre-compressed wood . Many types of wood will respond to precom pressio n treatment. The process involves mollifying the fibres with st ea m and then co m pressing them , which cau ses the fibres to adopt an accordion-l ike zig-zag st ruct ure. This results in an overall shortening of the woo d by 20 per cent, which reduces to 5 per ce nt when the compress ing force is
removed. The wood is malleable at this stage and can be bent before being allowed to dry. Once dry it maintains its original strength and flexibility.
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Erik Krogh Design, Denmark One-aff
30 6
Pre-compressed wood
339
• Renewablematerial withimproved characteristics
327
Leg Over The co lourful, circular polypropylene sea t clips over t he powder-coat ed st ee l fra me to provide a versatile, stackable stool o r footrest. It is economical in its use of materials and stylistic lang uag e.
Little Beaver Part of Gehry's ' Experime nta l Edges' limited ed itio n for Vitra, the Little Beaver co mpr ises offset layers of th ick car dboa rd wit h large co rruga tions , glued and stood o n end . Both th e ma ter ial and the constr uction technique reveal numerous pe rm utatio ns fo r work ing t hese materials and contrast with his earlier
furn iture work with ca rdboa rd in the Wiggle series Of1972 , now be ing prod uced agai n by Vitra.
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Frank a Gehry, USA
30 6
VitroAG, Germany
326
Cardboard, glue
287, 299 • Renewable and 327, campostablematerials 330
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SebastianBergne, UK
304
0
Authentics ottipresent, Germany Recycfable polyprapylene, metal • Recycfable materials • Designfordisassembly • Minimaluseof materials
313
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295, 341 327, 328
Seating StUl , SE68, 1998 An econornic al iqyos
design, which originally used plywood seating and back rest, has been reproduced using multicoloured plastic sheeting originating from waste packaging. Where renewable materials are in short supply or costly, recycled plastic offers a viable alternative.
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Stool Simplicity is the keydriver in th is design, resulting in economical use of materials and low-energy input during fabrication. Durable materials ensure robustness and a long life. Mahogany can be salvaged, obtained from a sustainably managed forest (as certified by the FSC) or substituted by a sustainable tem perate hardwood.
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ijs designers(Bridget Reading and Monique van den Hurk), UKand Netherlands Limitedbatch oroduction Stainless steel, maho~anv
• Economy ofmaterials usage • Low-energy manufacturing
307
295, 1 ..
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327, 328
Professor EEiermann, Germany WildeII( Spieth GmbH, Germany HDPEsheeting,steel
326 295,
341 • Recycled and recyclable 327 materials
..... Seating hollow arms and 'angleiron' legs. Starck brings his usual wit and economy of line to this chair, which is equa lly happy in a garde n, an urban loft or a cafe. As it is fabricated entirelyfrom PP with a sma ll, easily removable, stainless-steel plug around the drainage hole in the seat, it easy to recycle the materials at the end of the item's life. By 2030 manufacturers may even be requesting that their products be returned by the current custodian for dismantling and recycling of components and materials. The material content of the Toy Chair will then be valued as much as the comfort and pleasure given through its lifetime.
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Philippe Starck, France
3' 0
Driade SpA, Italy
315
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34 1
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• Recyclablesingle 327 material • Economyof materials usage inmanufacturing
ToyChair Tough, durable and colourful, polypropylene has been a favoured material with designers for nearlyhalf a century. Toy Chair is a wonderful celebration of technological progress in single-piece injection moulding, with its
Thinking Man 's Chair Tubular and flat steel are combined in a deliberately 'engineered' look, further enhanced by the red oxidetype finish complete with written dimens ions. A durable design for indoor or outdoor use, which, being made from a single material, is easilyrecycled.
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JasperMorrison, UK
309
Cappel/iniSpA, Italy
3'4
Steel
295
• Recyclable single material
327
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Ronaldo Edson da Silva. 30 5 Brazil
Papo-Papel, Brazil
322
Paper. cardboard, plastic 283• 288-9 • Materialsfrom local 327. sources 328 • Recycledmaterials • Low-energy manufacturing First prize. PostConsumptioncategory, 1997Brazilian eco-design awards
Zorg All the raw materials to manufacture this two-seat sofa originate from the Manaus free-trade zone, Amazonia. Cardboard finished in natural sealants forms the main frame
supporting four transparent plastic-bag cushions filled with shredded magazines . The manufacturing technique. which involves simple cutting, folding and gluing,
precludes the need for s pecial tools or an ass emblyplant. This is an excellent example of the application of industriaI ecology in a manufacturing locality.
The Draught Wicker is imaginatively combined with steel for this exciting range of chairs. Traditional weaving of wicker is abandoned in favour of method s in which the withies are held tightly together with steel or inserted into solid beech. The results bring nature, with all its innate variability, into the living space.
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PawelGrunert. Poland Limitedbatch production Steel. wicker • Renewableand compostable materials • Recyclablematerials
30 7
281, 295 327
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Seating ready-made components, which are readily available from local builders' merchants and DIY stockists, into an honest , economical, multipurpose chair. In the UK, DIY interior decoration, building and gardening are obsessions, so it is refreshing to see a designer encouraging such enthusiasts to apply themselves to designing furniture.
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XL' kit chair This lightweight chair, weighing just 2.2 kg (4.7 Ib), won the 1999 Jerwood Applied Arts Prize coordinated by the Crafts Council, UK. Marriott combines materials and
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Michael Marriott, UK Self-assemblychair design Beech, birchplywood, zinc-platedmildsteel • Renewableand recyclablematerials • Economyof materials usage • Useofready-made components
308
295, 339 327
Chair Dolphin-Wilding preserves the quirks of nature's patterns in her unique wooden chairs, letting the natural forms dictate the structure of her handcrafted reincarnations. In doing so she takes us back to days before 'craft' work became a highly skilled profession or before 'industrial design' produced technologically refined furniture.
Wiggle series Originally designed in 1972 as econom ical furniture and manufactured byJack Brocan in the USA, the Wiggle side chair has been reproduced by Vitra from 1992. Each layer of corrugated cardboard is placed at an angle to the next layer to provide significantly increased durability compar ed with the folding cardboard chairs bythe likes of Peter Raacke and Peter Murdoch in the 1960s.
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Fronk a Gehry, USA
306
VitroAG, Germany
326
Cardboard, glues
287-8, 299 327, 328
• Renewable materials • Low-energy manufacturing
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Julienne DolphinWilding One-off/smallbatch production Timber
306
339
• Renewablematerials 327, • Low·energyfabrication 328
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Tables
Flower pot table Clay flower pots are given a fres h, soph isticated image in th is s im ple but we llexecuted de sign fo r a durable, functional occasiona l or side table , wh ich uses raw materials tha t are read ily ava ilable wo rldwide.
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Ash round table Com bining excellent rigidity a nd am ple legroom, the simplicity of this design relies on the strength of the soli d ash, which comes from local English woo dlands. A ra nge of ta ble sizes to seat
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JasperMorrison, UK
309
CappelliniSpA,Italy
314
Clay, glass
295
• Abundantmaterials from thelithosphere • Economyof materials usage
327, 340
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three to te n peop le is m anufactured to the sam e basic de sign. Trannon Furn it ure successfu lly blen ds trad itional furn ituremaki ng techn iques with a mo dern aesthetic to prod uce durable, quality sea ting, tables and she lving.
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DavidColwelland Roy Tam,UK Trannon Furniture Ltd, UK Solidash wood
305 325 339
..Renewable materials 327, with stewardship 328 sourcing ..Low-energy construction techniques
Tables :...
Mooving Image/Sony fla t-screen coffee table Old TVs never die, they just find a new home. Jam's TVsdon 't work but they still grab the atte ntion. Electronics man ufacturers are being forced to realign their ent ire business strategies in accordance with EU legislation (such as the WEE E Directive), which encourages them to take back their products . Fabricating furniture from TVtubes isn't really dealing with the problem of disposal (of heavy metals, gases, glass) but it provides an interim solution while suita ble disposal methods are sought.
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Jam Designal. Communications, UK Jam Design al. Communications, UK TVtubes, steel,castors • Reuse ofend-of/ife components
3°7 3°7 34 1 33°
Concrete table Concrete has a similar em bodied energy to timber, or lower, so its use in creating robust, durable yet custom izable furniture is welcome.
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Pamela Hollon, UK
3°7
One-offi Concrete, glazed ceramictiles • Low-embodiedenergy • Durability
295 328, 340
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Tables Plaky Soph ist icated extrusion and mou lding of the ABSpo lycarbonate blend of plast ic recyclate ad ds value to this was te stream by turning it into a desi rable ite m offu rniture. The anod ized aluminium pede stal ste m co m pletes the 'u p-market' effect.
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ChristopherConnelf, Australia Wharington International Ply Ltdfor MAP(Merchants of Australia), Australia Recycled ABSpolycarbonate, aluminium • Recycled andrecyclable
30 5 32 0 , 32 6
34'
32 7
materials
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Saita Almost go per cen t of the stee l in circu lation has been recycled at some time, so it is refresh ing to see steel being used with grea t sc ulptura l panache in
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th is ta ble design . Lo ng the preserve of archi tectural and str uctura l e ngineer s, steel offers fresh pers pectives for furniture design ers.
Setsu Ito,Japan
3°7
FrontCorporation, Japan Steel
3 '7 295
• Single materialforeasy 327 recycling • Extremelydurable material
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Schraag This table-cum-desk minim izes on materials by us ing three legs , not the traditional four , for each lightweight alumin ium trestle, A range of standard 2 x o .g-metre (6ft 7in x 3ft) top s ca n be chose n from laminated bamb oo, glass or red m ultiplex. Simplic ity and ease of assembly bring the old-fashioned trestle table into the modern world .
Ledge The density and strength of ABS, even in recycled for m, contributes to lightn ess in design , in Christopher Connell's vision .
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Martin van Severen, Belgium Bulo, Belgium
311
Aluminiumwith bamboo, glass or multiplex • Renewablematerial option • Recyclable materials • Designfordisassembly
281, 295
313
327, 328
Table 0.85x1.20m Table design is stripped down to the bare essentials - a woo de n wo rkto p, fou r tubular met al legs, the who le easily disassembled , No fuss , minimal production costs , easy flat pack and lowenergy production input.
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PaulNijland, graduate, 3°9 Design Academy Eindhoven, Netherlands Prototype Woad,metal • Economyof materials usage • Low-energy manufacturing. distributionand assembly
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295, 339 327, 328
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ChristopherCannell, Australia Prototype, MAP, Australia Recycled ABS
30 5
• Recycled material
327
320 34 1
Tables
Table Hertz reveals the workability of Syndecrete'" in his individualistic, sculptural ta bles.
Side table
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David Hertz, USA
3°7
Syndesis, lnc., USA
324
Syndecrete", glass
295
• Recycled materials
327
Syndecrete'" is a lightweight comp osite concrete utilizing mixed industrial and postconsumer waste, pulverized fly ash and PP fibre waste. The material is well suited to detailed moulding and can be polished to reveal a terrazzo-like surface.
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DavidHertz, USA
3° 7
Syndesis, lnc., USA
324
Syndecrete"
295
• Recycledmaterials
327
Folding table Easily mass- produced, with low energy input, this simple folding table combines low cost with transportabilityand the use of Environ and Ranger MDF particleboards.
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Ann Cirandand Brian Champion, USA One-off
3°7
Environ, Ranger MDF
278
• Recycled and renewablematerials lORAaward, 1995
327 332
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\ Table Gridcore, a recycled paper honeycomb core sandwiched between layers of fibre sheeting and veneer, provides sufficient rigidity to sup port a glass table top.
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One.off
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Gridcore, glass
305
295
• Recycledand recyclable 327 materials lORAaward, 1998 332
TableOp-La Morrison's econom y of design is exemplified in his ability to make the connection between the usually separate roles of displaying and serving food and drinks. This dua l-function t ray-cumtable uses the bare minimum of materials.
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JasperMorrison,UK
309
Cappellini SpA, Italy
314
ASS, stainlesssteel
295, 341 329
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• Duo/function object
Nested tables Jurinec sees cardboard as a noble material with great worth in its unrefined naturalness, low cost and transient durability. Cardboard encourage s minimalism in design and is non-mate rialistic. It is also eas ily returned to the recycl ing loop.
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KsenkjaJurinec, Croatia 307 One-offs Recycledcardboard
288-9
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327
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lORAaward, 1997
332
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Shelving and Storage
Bookcase This co nce rtina-like bookcase has an interesting juxtaposi tion of natu ral . materials. The craft aes thetic has a lways embraced experimentation with nature's prima ry material s but furt her possibilities are emerging to create a new 'ind ustrial craft' producti on .
Chest ofdrawers An assortment of salvaged drawers is reinc arnated as a new chest of drawers in Remy's functional yet qu irky de sig n. The drawers loo ks as if th ey cou ld have been strapped on to the back of a pick-up truck and indeed th e des igner en courages thi s metaphor by bind ing the dra we rs together with the webbing and stee l rat che t used by truc kers. Chest of Drawer s is an object su spended in tim e, ne ither permanent nor tran sient , and de mon str at es the recycling of dozen s of original (drawer) designs that fashion had co nsigned to the junk sh op.
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Tejo Remy, Droog Design, Netherlands One.off/ smollbotch production. Droog Design, Netherlands Olddrawers, webbing, steel • Reusedand readvmadecomponents • Cold. low-energy construction
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30 9 307
34
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327. 328
Jon KoningsondJurgen Bey. Droog Design. Netherlands DMD/Droog Design, Netherlands Maplewood. paper, linen «Innovative use of natural, renewable materials
30 8
307 • 315 288-91• 339 3 27
Shelving and Storage I Just Moved In The layers of meaning are as numerous as the shel ves in this int riguing de sign, which promotes individual ism and juxtaposes the old, the new and the banal. The des ign raises a question about the att itudes of designers: sh ould the construction detai ls of Wiesen danger's books helf be published so that anyone can assemble a bookshelf on sim ilar principles but using locally found materials? Or is the limited batch production an exclusive process that guarantees status to the purchasers?
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Kobi Wiesendanger, 311 Switzerland Limitedbatch 3'3 production, Avantde Dormir, Italy Pinewood, cupsand 339, saucers(usedto propup 341 shelfunits) • Reuse ofready-made components • Renewablematerials
Boox Plastics are the by-products of our des ire to burn fossil fuels and are integral to our modern lives. Yet plastics are perceived as a major cu lprit in despoiling our
environment, even though they have made possible resilient, functional and technologically advanced products for over ha lf a century. Philippe Starck 's
' Boox' shouts, 'look at me , I'm plastic, proud of it, cherish me, I'm a valuable resource.' This modular extruded and injectionmoulded shelving system
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is well conceived and should persist for man y decades before it is disassembled ready for a new lease oflife as another recycled product. Boox gives plastic credibil ity and in doing so makes us reevaluate the essential worth of the material.
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Philippe Starck, France
310
Kartell, Italy
318
Thermoplastic polymer 282 • Durable modular design • Recyclablematerials
327
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Shelving and Storage Plug It Boredom is a factor that consigns many an object to the auct ion house, seco ndhan d deale r o r, in the worst scena rio, a landfill site. Roberto Feo's modu lar she lving syste m en sur es th at th e user ca n rear range and add new modu les to refresh and restim ulate th e visual senses at the sa me time as extending th e sto rage volume.
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Roberto Feo, Spain
306
fl Ultimo Grito, UK
306
MDF
29 2
• Modular 329 multifunctionaldesign • Upgradable
Modularbookshelf
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This du al-function boo kshelf and/or stor age unit is pared down to an essential modul ar component of a box frame and remo vable box 'drawer'. It is a simple, vers atile system th at can be expanded to meet the user's needs. It offers excellent stora ge capacity in relation to its footprint and can also do uble as a sc reen to divide a room .
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Giulio Polvara, Italy
30 9
Kartel/,Italy
318
ABS, lacquered polyurethane • Modularstarage system
34 1 329
Shelving and Storage Robostacker and Hola Hoop Traditionally manufacturers strive to serve specific mcrkets and, where poss ible, increase their market share. Jam are a design group focused on developing symbiotic relationships with manufacturers to explore whether their ready-made components can be adapted to create fresh products for new markets. The 'Robostacker', produced in 1997 in collaboration with Italian white-goods manufacturers Whirlpool, converts three stainless-steel washingmachine drums into a
storage unit. Developing the concept further, Jam created the Hola Hoop shelving using painted or stainless-steel-finished drums and glass sheets. Ready-made components can be obtained from pre-consumer (factory) or post-consumer (municipal or other waste-disposal centres) sources. Jam have liaised with other well-known manufacturers to produce flat-screen mobile coffee tables from components made by Sony. Reuse of manufactured components seems to offer endless
possibilities but does not absolve the designer from examining the green credentials of the original components and manufacturers' environmental commitments.
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323
Rolls Royce, UK
323
Various
34'
• Reductionoffossilfuel 328 , 329 consumption • Reduction ofair pollution
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Water
Solarshuttle 66 (Helio)and RA82 KopfAG are pioneers in developing solarpowered ferries for inland waterways, The Solarshuttle 66, otherwise known as the Helio, is a scaled-up version of a ferry, which has operated betweenGaienhofen, Germany, and Stoeckborn, Switzerland, since 1998. With a maximum speed of 24kmjh (lsmph), the Helio can operate for up to eight hours from the bank of 24 batteries without needing a recharge from the photovoltaic panels, The even larger RA82 has a capacityof 120 passengers ~
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DrHerbert Stark, Kapj AG, Germany KopjAG,Germany
310 319
Stainlesssteel,teakwood, 340 photovoltaics, batteries • Zeroemissions 329 '--- • Solarpower
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and is in service in Ham burg and Hannover. Low operating costs and
negligible environmenta l impacts could popu larize this transpo rt mode in
urban areas served by waterways and in ecologically sensitive areas.
Water
RA RA is a zero-emissions, solar-powered boat, which is ideal for freshwater transport where the pollution of conventional diesel or petrol motor boats is damaging to water quality. Built to a high specification using
Burmese teak and stainless steel, it contains raw materials that are extremely durable, low-maintenance and 100 per cent recyclable. Greenpeace, the international NGO, assisted in obtaining the construction materials.
An added benefit of the solar generation and electric motor system is its quietness of operation, making it a more fitting companion for aquatic wildlife.
Kopj AG, Germany Kopj AG, Germany
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Stainless steel, teakwood, photovolta;es, batteries • Solarpower • Durabilit y • Zero emissions
Furniture Treetr unk bench Droog Design was comm issioned by the Kulturstiftung Dessau Wurlitz to create products for the seventeenth -century castle of Oranienbaum and its environs, in a dep ressed part of former East Germany. Bey brings a surrealist moment to woodland walkers with his witty bench fashioned from local cut timber and cast-bronze chair backs.
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De Euroba nk Baccarne produce a range of outdoor/ public seat ing excl usively from recycled plastics, a mix of polypropylene, polyvi nyl chloride and polyethylene obtained from postproduction waste streams such as window-frame manufact uring. Planks and sheeting provide basic yet tough functional furniture.
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Baccame Design, 304 Belgium Baccame bvba, Belgium 313
Recycled polypropylene, polyvinylchloride and polyethylene • Recycled materials
295
327
JurgenBey, Droog Design, Netherlands One.off, smallbatch production, Droog Design/ DMD, Netherlands Wood,bronze
304, 30 6 30 6, 315
339
• Renewable, loco! 327, materials 328 • Low-energyfabrication
Furniture
Navigato r series Ecologic produce a diverse ra nge of indoor a nd ou tdoor furn iture us ing a variety of recycled plastics or plastic co m pos ites . The Naviga tor picn ic ta ble ser ies includes a n extra-long slatted to p of ECOlum ber, which pe rm its wheelchair access adjacent to th e conventional fixed be nches. Solid recycled plastic fo rm s th e resilie nt base for th e to p an d ben che s. ECO+Plus indoor
bed room and living-roo m furn iture mixes solid woo d an d Environ?' , a bioco mp osit e of recycled pa pe r an d soy flour.
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Ecologic, USA
315
Ecologic, USA
315
Recycledplastic
295
• Recycledmaterials
32]
Sofanco Ston e is a mo st durab le natural mate ria l. Oscar Tusq uets Blanca has cap tured t he strength of this ma teria l but rendered it in a fluid, orga nic fo rm to create a design of great poten tial longevity, a lbe it requiring moderat e e ne rgy input dur ing m anu factu ring.
Street furniture
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OscorTusquets Blanco
305
Escofet, Spain
316
Stainlesssteel, reinforced cast stone • Natura', inorganic materials
295 328
Sm all and medi um-s ized enterprises (SMEs) ten d to be local e m ployers an d make an im po rtan t co ntr ibution to th e furn itu re manufacturing indu stry. Peo ple skilled in craft a nd indu st rial sm allbat ch prod uction typifY these co m pa nies . Pendlewood is s uch a co mpa ny o perat ing in th e north-west of Engla nd . All tim ber cons umed is recycled , reclaimed or from sustaina bly managed forests and ten ds to com e from loca l so urces.
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Pendiewood, UK
322
Pendlewood, UK
322
Hardwoods
339
• Recycled, reclaimed or surtainablesources of timber
32]
Furniture Publicseating Injection moulding is a process usually associated with single materials but in this case a bespoke biosynthetic composite material was used, comprising 60 per cent ALERT ' Moistu reshield' lOPE and cedar pulp, 40 per cent polypropylene and wood flour. This design demonstrates the potential of mixingplant derivatives with plastics but does raise questions about recycling and/or dispos al at the end of the product's life.
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SINEseat Extruded plastic lumber provides the catalyst for this innovative public seating, which can be fabricated to bespoke lengths and curvatures depend ing on the client's requirements . Two styles of cast aluminium frame, one with a backrest, permit further customization. Achieving similar results in hardwood would prove more costly. Utilizing the recycled plastic also means that expensive resources are released for more valued activities.
Dani/ea81ejerand Saskia 305 Bostelmann, Mexico Prototype LOPE, cedarpulp, polypropylene, waod flour • Reductionin useof synthetic materials
34'
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328
Photovoltaic umbrella Atilting mechan ism allows the umbrella to be angled to capture the maximum amount of energyas well as shading from sunlight on the photovoltaic panels. Batteries are housed in a planter that doubles as seating and conta ins lighting for night-time illumination.
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Cinzia Abbateforthe 304 Italian EnergyAuthority Prototype Photovoltaics, batteries
340
• Solar-powered, multifunctionalpublic seatingand shading
329
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VKa(C Partnership, UK 311 VK a(CPartnership, UK 311 Recycled plastics, 295 aluminium • Recycled and recyclable 327 materials
Furniture Solar callbox A cellular tra nsce iver co nnects t his co mmu nications point to a ce llular-tele phone networ k. The call box is powered by a 12V batte ry fed by a ph ot ovoltaic pan e l mo unted o n top of th e me ta l po le. It is suita ble for re mot e locat ions and for em ergen cy serv ices o n hig hways .
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Comarco Wireless Technologies, USA Camarco Wireless Technologies,USA Polyca rbanate, phatovaltaics, steel, battery • Solarpower
314 314
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32 9
ComPoint Epoch Epoch is a du rable, tou gh mat erial ma de of 100 per cen t-recycled HDPE and LDPE, offering s im ilar pro perties to ti mb er, me tal and co nc rete. EPP ma nu factu re a wide range of st reet furn itu re includin g be nches, sea ting, picn ic tables, plante rs, litter bins, fencing, sig nage and window boxes made wit h Epoch, which ca n be saw n
and fixed just like woo d but is im pervio us to most cor ros ive su bstances.
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Environmental Polymers 316 Group, UK Environmental Polymers 316 Group, UK Epoch recycled plastic 293
• Recycled materials
327
Wa ll-mo un te d a nd o pe n or cove red free-s tan ding comm unicat ions un its, equi ppe d wit h te lephon e a nd inform at ion syste ms , a re assem bled from basic mo d ules according to th e se rvices requ ired. All co m po ne nts are des igned fo r dis ass embl y, repa ir and /or recyclin g. Com Point is s uita ble for indoor and o utdoo r use and offers a wide range of cus tom izable optio ns .
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Landmark Designfor Public, Switzerland,Jor SwisscomAG Landmark Designfor Public, Switzerland Various
30 8
30 8 34 1
• Modulardesign 328 • Designfordisassembly
Lighting Nimbus Atou gh acrylic housing conta ins a 12V/ l lSAh (amp hour) sealed, maintena ncefree battery and a photovoltaic array of mono-crystalline silicon cells capable of generating 17.svolts/77 watts at an incoming radiation of 1,OOOW/ sq m. An inverter, charge controller and automa tic dus k switch and timer provide highly efficient use of stored power. Conventional lowpressure sodium lamps, low-energy fluorescent lamps or halogen bulbs can be fitted according to needs.
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(} Metronomis Anew range of street lightingby Philips is specially designed for energy-saving lamps and lowmaintenance. Modular components are durable and vandal-proof and permit different design permutations according to customers' preferences.
SolarSolutions (UK) , UK SolarSolutions (UK) , UK Photovoltaic array, stainless andgalvanized steel, acrylic • Solarpower • Lowmaintenance
324 324 295
329
Lumalux" Designed for exterior lighting, the Lumalux" is the first high-pressure sod ium lamp to eliminate all mercury and lead during construction to provide significantly cleaner production and reduce dispersal of toxic substances upon disposal. Osram Sylvania estimate this could save up to iyokg (3301 b) of mercury and 14 tonn es of lead annually. The Lumalux" Plus lamp readily meets the Federal hazardous waste regulations as it contains go per cent less mercurythan the standard Lumalux" and is constructe d with a leadfree welded base.
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Philips Design. Netherlands Philips Electronics. Netherlands Metal. glass, lamp
30 9 322 29 5
• Improved energy 328, efficiency 329 • Modulardesign • Designfordisassembly
Osram Sylvania, Germanyand USA Osram Sylvania, Germanyand USA Various
310, 3 21 310, 3 21
• Low mercurycontent • Cleaner production
328 , 329
339
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Lighting
Street Light F Power generation using solar cells offers an opportunityto re-examine the design parameter s for familiar objects. In this case the rectilinear shape of the 3S-cell solar array was the prime component in configuring the
polycarbonate diffuser to create the clean lines of this new generation of street lighting. Batteries in the base of the upright are capable of lighting the 18-watt fluorescent lamp for seven days wit hout a recharge.
... Tucan Designers, challenged to use renewable energy so urces to power street lighting, have eloquently met the challenge with this striking lamp by Ecke: Design. Tucan integrates the capacity to generate electricity from the sun with the need to radiate light. Here is an opportunity to rid ourselves
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RoyFleetwood, UK
30 6
YKK Architectural 326 Products, Inc.,Japan Aluminium polycarbonate, solarcells • Solarpower 329
of the banal visual language of traditional st reet lamp designs.
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Ecke: Design, Germany
306
UweBraunGmbH, 32 5 Germany Photovoltaicpanel, glass, 340 metal, batteries • Renewable power 329 source
Almere low-cost housing. Netherland s Standard 12m (40ft) stee l shipping containers form the basic structural framework, enabling rapid construction of low-cost housing. Reuse of an industrial comp onent for distribution as a static component in the built environment is a largescale attempt to extend the functionality of a manufactured product. Examination of the embodied energy of materials and the energy consume d during construction and running costs will reveal whether this is trulya useful housing concept with reduced environ mental impacts.
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Henk Tilder, architect, Netherlands Various
310
Shippingcontainers
34 0
• Reuseofexisting containers
328
Designed to use 30 per cent less energy than current 'bes t practice' in the UK, this building can accomm odate over a hundred people. Cooling is achieved by natura l automatic ventilation at night combined with ground water pumped th rough the concrete floors and ceilings, which has an efficiency of 1 kWh output for pumpin g to an equivalent 12-1 6 kWh cooling energy input. Timber and steel are the primary materials for the structure and originate predominantly from
recycled sources . Thanks to a com bination of the the rmal mass of the building, nat ural cooling and auto mated mon itoring syste ms, the building regulates its own climate.
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Feilden CleggArchitects, 30 6 BuroHappa/d, and Max Fordham a( Partners,
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Variouscontractors
UK
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• Lowenergy 328 consumption • Increasedusage of materialsfrom recycled sources
Hope H ouse
Fred Although the concept is not new, Fred is a portable building with some special features . The basic room unit is 3 x 3 x 3 metres (27 cubic metres, 953 cubic ft) but the floor area can be do ubled to 18 square met res (1 94 square feet) by taking advantage of sliding wall/roof elements , which are electronically cont rolled. Each unit is equipped with a kitchen, toilet and shower and an area available for multipurpose use, but the basic utility services have to be connected . Afully glazed
wall provides excellent natural light and thick insulation in the walls and roof minimizes energy consumption.
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KFNKaufmannProdukt 308 GmbH, Germany Zimmerei Michael 30 8 Kaufmann, Germany Timber. metal, glass 295, • Resource-efficient mufti-usespace o Lowembodied energy of fabrication, transportand construction
339 328, 329
Exhibit ion hall Imagine a building of 3,600s q m (38,750sq ft) floor capacity made mainly of paper and cardboard. Impossible? Not in the hands of Shigeru Ban, the Japanese architect and designer with over two decades' experience of working with these materials to produce furniture and hous ing for disaster relief projects. The building premiered at EXPO 2000 in Hanover, where it became the first public building in the world
to feature a 35m-span (115ft) paper/pl ast ic textile roof supp orted with a latticework of tubu lar cardboard. The building is des igned to be demounta ble and reused.
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Shigeru Ban,Japan
304
Variouscontractors
Paper, cardboard, various o Renewable materials o A reusable building
288-9 327, 330
Hope House is a home, office, energy generator and leisure zone. Passive solar des ign combined with photovoltaic generation is sufficient to maintain an amb ient internal climate and to run a Citroen electric car for up to 8,500km (50300 miles) per year, resulting in a net saving of about 413 tonnes of carbon dioxide per year. Mains water usage is minimized by using a rainwater faucet for the toilets and
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laundry room. All greywater is reused to irrigate the garden after it has been passed through a sand filter. Thi project is a blueprint for a seventy-six-unit urban village with sun terraces planned for London by the Peabody Trust, a charitable organization that has , since Victorian times, been concerned with raising the social and environme ntal standards of British urban housi ng. BillDunsterArchitecls. MarkLovell,and Oscar Faber, UK Various Various
Integrated energyefficient home, workspace and domestictransport system • Waterconservation system Design Sense award, 1999 o
Model Buildings Hooke ParkTraining Centre and Westminster Lodge Untreat ed rou ndwood , of diameter 50 mm to 250 m m (aboutl!5to l in) - the thinnings from forestry ma nage ment - forms the bas ic co nst ruction material for un ique orga nic form s of arch itecture th at ta ke advantage of the nat ural properties of the timber. The Hooke Park Tra inin g Cent re is a large , free-sp an space ho us ing workshops for The Parnham Trust, whose college provide s training in furn itu re de sign with emphas is on us ing indigenous timber.
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John Makepeaceand ather'.i, HookeForest (Construction) Ltd, UK Hooke Forest (Construction) Ltd, UK Roundwood timber
307
• Useof timberfrom locaisourcesfor construction
327
307 339
SU-SI Man y peopl e as sociate mo bile or t railer homes with holiday parks an d du bio us lifestyles. Not so
this custom izable twe ntyfirst-ce nt ury modul ar hom e system , which can be erected o n s ite with in a
few hours and is easi ly d is assembled an d reuse d in ano the r locatio n. Th e factory-pro duced modul es meas ure 12.5 x 3.5 x 3 metres (41 x uft 6in x 9ft roin}, each one interl ocking with th e next to create vers atile do mestic, office o r exhibition s paces.
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KFN Kauf mann Produkt GmbH, Germany Zimmerei Michael Kaufmann, Germany Timber, metal, composites,glass • Resource-efficient reusable homes • Lowembodied energy offabrication, transportand construction iFDesign Award, 2000
308 308 295, 339 327, 328
332
Model Buildings The Seawater Greenhouse Powered by th e sun , co ld deep -sea wate r and the wind , this house in Ten er ife manufactures fresh water and coo l air. This e na bles horticultu ral produce to be raised in the integral greenho use. To meet th e low-cost
mod ulate th e gree nho use clima te . Buildings are large ly passive masses, their productivity be ing gene rate d by the activity inside. By con trast , internal act ivity wouldn 't ha ppen in th is house if the bu ilding we re not
Solar Office, Duxford International Business Park This office is de signed to incorporate goosq m (g,660sq ft) of photovoltaic ce lls into the so uth-facing glass facade inclined at 60 degree s. This array is ca pable of generating a pea k o ut put of 73kW eq uivalen t to 55,oo o kWh per annum, meeting between one- thir d a nd o ne-qua rte r of the expecte d ene rgy need s of the building . The solarpowered system is co m pleme nted by a natu ral stack ventilation system with sun -shading
brief evaporators we re made from corr ugated ca rdboar d. Over tim e th ese are naturally st re ngthe ned with depos its of calcium car bo nate from the sea water. Co nde nsers are of alumin ium and the main frame of the building is from steel , both recyclable . Recyclable polythene covers the steel frame a nd helps
wo rking properl y. Architect ure rebo rn as m an ufact uring ?
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Char/ie Polan, Light Works, UK Variouscontractors
309
Various
34 1
• Freshwatergenerator with renewablepower • Lawembodiedenergy and recyclable materials First prize, DesignSense award, '99 9
327 , 32 8 , 329
332
louvr es, both syst ems being con tro lled and mo nitored by computer. Pot enti al overa ll energy savings of two -thirds are an ticipate d com pa red with a conve nt iona l office build ing.
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AkelerDevelopments pic, UK AkelerDevelopments pic, UK Variousincluding photovoltaicarray, monitoringsystems • Energyconservation andgeneration
Weob ley Schools Sustainab le Develop ment
UNHCRs helter In 1995the United Nations HighCommission for Refugees adopted Shigeru Ban's design for temporary shelters made from 110 waterproofed cardboard tubes. His easy-toassemble structu res were used in Rwanda and, with modificationsto suit local needs, in the aftermath of the Kobe earthquake.
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Shigeru Ban.j apan
304
VitraAG, Switzerland
326
Cardbaard, 288-9 wate'Praofingagents • Renewable materials 327, • Lowenergy of 328 manufacturing. transport andossembly • Reusable buildings
Weobley Schools energy managemen t system is a test-bed to extend the sustainable energy initiatives of a local aut horityin response to Local Agenda 2 1. A holistic approach led to a wood-fuel boiler, using locally harvested coppice roundwood, which was chosen on the grounds that it was the most sustaina ble system. The coppice suppliers are paid according to the heat output of the wood (suppl ied as chips) rather than the quantity, encou raging quality supplies. Insulation is to very high standards coupled with computerized monito ring of the underfloor heating and internal environment of the building work in tandem with passive design featu res including solar shadin g, daylighting and natural ventilation. The net effect is a veryenergyefficient public building using local resources .
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Hereford",Worcester CountyCouncil,UK Variouscontractors
307
Biomassf uelfrom coppice • Energyconservation • Energygeneration usingbiomassfuels
339 328
Model Buildings
Airtecture Weighing just 6 to nnes and easily packed on to a road vehicle for transport, Festo's portable building comprises a protected floor space of over 357sq m (3,81Osq ft). This is achieved by supporting an inflatable cross-beamed roof on two rows of inflatable, r -shaped columns . Stiffness is given to thin cavitywall panels by tensioning them with pneumatic muscles, which contract to oppose the effect of the wind. Air is the main insulator to
assist with internal climate control.
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Ecoverfactory, Oost malle, Belgium Project Growth of Ecover's business in the early '990S required an expansion of the existing factory near Antwerp, Belgium. Using an ecological grading system, devised by the University of Eindhoven, building materials were selected for their minimal environmental impact. Structural timber was obtained from sustainably
Festa, Germany
316
Festa, Germany
316
Various
339
• Reductionof resource consumption compared with conllentiona//y constructed buildings ofequalsize • Reusable andportable buildingwith multifUnctionalsingle space
32 7, 329
managed forests and bricks from a clay-based residue from the coal industry provided high-insulation material. A huge multiridged turf roof covers the 5.30osq m (57,o50sq ft) building, providing excellent insulation, controlling storm-water runoff and helping integrate the factory into the local landscape. In line with the compa ny's philosophy of balancing
commerce wit h social and environmental concerns , the factory has been developed to enhance conditions for the workforce. Many roof-lights create natural lighting and there are solar-powered showers for the workforce.
/
0
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University of Eindhoven (Building Initiative Environmental Sklndards), Netherlands, with Ecover, Belgium Variouscontractors
311, 35 '
Various natural materials, tuifraoJ, bricksfrom clay-residue • Tuifroafforenergy conservationand storm-waterrunoff control • UseoflocoImaterials from susklinable sources wherepossible • Naturallighting
339
327 , 329
BedZED Housin g BedZEDis a pioneering mixed-use and mixedtenure development of housing, work space and public areas, which is being const ructed on an old sewage works, a 'brownfield' site, in Beddington, Sutton, south of London. Thewhole scheme is designed to meet exacting environmental, social and financia l requirements. Arch itect Bill Dunster and environmental consultants BioRegional have, in collaboration with the client, the Peabody Trust, adopted a holistic view of the local needs of the intended community, including a green transport system which was actually builtinto the planning permission and ratified by the localauthority. BedZED hopes to cut total fossil fuel consumption to about halfthat of a conventional development by reducing
the need to travel between living, work, health-care, shopp ing and recreational facilities. Reduced transport impacts are also encouraged by promoting good networking with existing train, bus and tram services and by providing decent bicyclestorage facilities, attract ive pedestrian links and on-site charging points for electric vehicles. There is a ten-year target to produce enough solar electricityon-site to power forty electric vehicles. Materials for the eighty-two flats and houses for sale and rent have been selected from natural, renewable or recycled sources, mainlynear by. Each dwelling is an energy-efficient design using passive solar gain and a high insulation specification, including triple-glazed windows. A central combined heat and power-generation facility
will utilize on-site tree waste to provide all the develop ment's heat and electricity requirements. Further on-site generation from photovoltaics will make this the first largescale 'carbon neutral' development in Europe. Water conservation will be encouraged by providing up to 18 per cent of on-site cons umption from stored rainwater and recycled water and by installing water-effici ent appliances.
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BillDunsterand BiaRegional Various contractors
304
Vorious, especially locallvsourced • Zero-energy development • 'Carbonneutral'
339 328
«int egratedtrampon
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plan • Sociallymixedhousing R/BAaward, 'best 333 exampleofsustainable construction', 2 0 0 0
Building Products
/
K-X Industries, USA
319
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K-X Industries, USA
319
• ~
Faswall" A post-and-beam structural grid is created by filling wall forms with reinforced concrete. Wall forms are manufactured using K-X~ recycled wood waste chips. The entire wall structure, known as Faswall'", comprises up to 85 per cent K-X Aggregate (from waste
Eco-shake" Made of 100 per centrecycled materials, reinforced vinyl and cellulose fibre, ceo-shake" shingles are available in four colour shades designed to mimic weathered wooden shakes. The shakes qualifyunder strict fire-rating, wind and rain resistance and impact tests .
/
Re-NewWood, USA
323
4)
Re-NewWood, USA
32 3
Recycled wood, recycled plastics • Recycled materials
339
• ~
327
wood) bound with Portland cement (cont aining up to 15 per cent fly ash content by volume). Afinished Faswall shows good R-values (thermal insulation) of between 18 to 24 and it is an excellent so und barrier and substrate for drywall
or direct finishes. Standard blockmaking equipment permits local manufacturing of Faswall" components.
Wastewood andfly ash, 339 Portland cement • Partiallyrecycled and 327 renewablecontent
Building Products N
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(Thermo Hemp) conforms to all DIN-Norm standards and has a therma l conductivityof 0.039W/mk for DIN 52612. It also has in-built resistance to insect attack from the plant' s own natu ral defences.
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HockDistribution/ 318 Swabian ROWA, Germany • Renewable 32 ] material • Clean praduction
Biopolymers and resins This company specializes in the manufacture of starchbased biopolymers and resins suitable for injection moulding. Clean Green is loose-fill packaging that is water-soluble.
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StarchTech.lnc., 32 4 USA • Renewable 32 ] materials • Compostable
Herafla x Longand short flax plant fibres are separated; the former are used for weaving linen and the latter are ma nufactured into
Thermo-Hanf"
Wool bloc
Hemp is an ideal crop for all aspiring organic farmers. It does not require the application of any herbicides or insecticides, it is a good weed
Sheep's wool is combined with an acrylicsolution and natural boron salts to make low the rmal-conductivity (0.038W/mk) insulation batts, of 50mm, 75mm and
100mm thickness (0.2, 0·3 and 0.4 inch), with squarecut ends. Manufacturing typically consumes less than one-fifth of the energy required to make glassfibreinsulation, so the embodied energy of woolbloc is less than 150 MJ/square metre. . Woolbloc is hydroscoplc, so it can absorb excess moisture vapour but, being also breathable, it permits evaporation of this moisture. Tests have also proven that it absorbs formaldeh yde released from other building materials, is a good acoustic barrier and is fire-resistant.
0
Klober, UK
~
• Energy 327, conservation 32 9 • Clean production • Renewable, recyclableand biodegradable primarymaterial
319
Papers , panels, compos ites Kenafplant fibre is grown and processed by Arizona Fibers Marketing ready for a variety of commercial uses for the paper and construction industries.
Board is also made from recycled newsprint and is coloured with natural mineral pigments . Both boards are suitable for interior app lications , pinboards , noticeboards, exhibition displays and furniture.
~
Auro paints, oils, waxes and finishes
BioShield paints, stains, thinners, waxes
Auro manufactures an extensive range of 'organic' paints, oils, waxes, sta ins and other finishes without the use offungicides, biocides or petrochemicals including white spirit (an isoaliphate). Oils originate from renewable natu ral so urces such as ethereal oils, balm oil of turpentine or oil from citrus peel, so waste from the manufacturing process is eas ilyrecycledand the pote ntial health hazard of the finished products is less than in petrol or isoaliphatic-based manufactur ing systems . Emulsion paints for interior use include white chalk and chalk casein paints, which can be tinted using pigments from a range of 330 colours. Exterior-grade gloss paints and stain finishes are suitable for app lyingto wood, metal, plaster and masonry.
BioShield Paint Company manufactures a diverse range of paints, stains, thinners and waxes from natura l ingredients such as oils from linseed, orange peel and soybean.
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Auro 312 Pjla nzenchemie AGfAuro GmbH, Germany • Non-toxic 327 ingredients • Cleanproduction
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BiaShield Paint Company, USA • Renewable materials
313
(phytochemical oils such as citrus), wood polishes (beeswax), wall glazes (beeswax and madder root) and varnishes pigmented with natural soil pigments . Livos URA Pigment Paint comprises organically so urced beeswax, linseed/ stand oil, orange-peel oil and dam mar mixed with water, methylcellulose, isoaliphate, ethanol , iron oxide, mineral pigments , borax and boric acid. The amou nt of pigment can be adjusted to give the desired st rength of colour.
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327
Adhesives, paints , varnishe s, oils Natural organic cons tituents and abunda nt minerals are the basis for the entire range of Holzweg products for timbers and masonry surfaces including adhesives, primers, paints, varnishes and oils.
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Halzweg. Germany • Renewable materials «Non-toxic
318 327
Livas In '975 Livos developed techniques for dispersing ingredients in natural resins. The compan y has continued to develop its range of natural-based primers (with linseed oil), hardening floor agents (pine tree resins). transparent glazes
Livas Pflanzenchemie, Germany • High content of natural, renewable materials • LowornilVOC content • EUeco-labelfor some products
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NutshellNatural Paints, UK • Renewable materials • Non-toxic • Clean production
321 327
327, 339, 34 1
Milk-based paints
All paints and finishes in The Natural Choice collection utilize natural oils and solvents, originating from citrus peel or seeds, resins from trees, waxes from trees and bees, inert mineral fillers and earth pigments. Oils are extracted by cold pressing or with low heat and all products are packaged in biodegradable or recyclablecontainers with an emphasis on keeping packaging to a minimum. The Naturol Choice, USA • Renewable
Nutshell produces a full range of adhesives, paints , herb and resin oils, varnishes and stains with natural pigments .
39 '
The Natural Choice
0
Nut shell"
Traditional milk-based paints, suitable for interior design/r estoration and furniture production, are made bythis compa ny. These paints follow authentic recipes and are free of synthetics.
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Old Fashioned Milk Paint Company, USA • Renewable materials
321
327
32°
327
materials • Minimal pollution monufacturing • Minimal packaging
OS Color Waxes from canau ba and candelilla plants and oils
Paints/Varnishes. Miscellaneous frorn sunflower, soybean, linseed and thistle arethe rawingredients of a wide range of natural starn s and protective finishes for exteriorand interior wood surfaces. For example, OS ColorWood Stain and Preservative is a natu ral oil-based, microporous, water-repellent treat ment for timber exposed to the weather. The natural oils, water-repellent additives and lead-free siccatives (drying agents) form the binder, which comprises almost 85 per cent of the solids content. This binder is mixed with the active (bacteria and fungi) protective ingredients, alipathiclow-odour solvents (benzole-free, diaromatized, medicalgrade white spirit) and pigments (iron oxide, titanium dioxide). Floor treatment, such as the OS Color Hardwax-Oil , is an oil-based application, which gives a durable, washable, surface. It doesn't contain biocides or preservatives. Manufacturing plants are covered by ISO 9 001 and ISO 14000 .
0 ~
Ostermann a( 32 1 Scheiwe, Germany • Lowinsolvents 327, andfree VOCs, 34 1 biocide», preservativesand citrusoils 'Natural, renewable raw materials
Bio T®
0
Bio TO> is a generalpurpose cleaner derived from terpene, which is suita ble for use in the man ufactu ring indust ries and public-sector maintenance.
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BioChem Systems, USA • Derivedfrom renewable materials
313 327
Ad hesives , paint s Potmolen make a t raditional range of cabinetmakers' glues and adhesives derived from casein, together with gloss paints based on linseed oil and othe r natural ingredients.
Biof'orrn"
0
This biodegradable release agent is made from canola oil and is suitable for use with concrete, plastic, PVC, silicone rubber, steel, styrofoam and wood.
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LeahyWolf Company, USA • Renewable material
31 9
This comp any bulkmanufactures dyes from nat ural so urces to supply other indust ries with alternatives to synthetic colourants.
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Potmolen Paints, UK • Renewable materials • Toxinfree
322 327
ColorTrends, lnc., 314 USA • Renewable 327 materials
Rilsan
Glu eM ate'M Dry and green timber can be finger-jointed using the PRF/Soy 2000 adhesive system, which uses Gluefvl ate'" , a protein-based gel derived from soybeans .
0
ElfAtochem, USA 316
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• Renewable materials
327
Soy Clean Soy Clean is a range of biodegradable, non-toxic cleaners and paint . removers derived from soybeans.
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Franmar Chemical man ufacture a multipurpose, indust rialstrength cleaner, Bean-edoo'", and a waterless hand cleaner, Bean-eclean'", both derived from soybeans.
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Ril san resins are derived from castor beans and are often used in the powder coating of metals.
.,
Bean-e-c1 ean ™
0
327
N atu ral colo urant s and dyes
0
Hopton 318 Technologies, USA • Renewable 327 material
SoyEnvironmental 324 Products, lnc., USA • Renewable 327 materials • Toxin-free
FranmarChemical, inc., USA • Renewable materials • Reductionintoxic chemicalsand VOCs
316 32 7, 34'
Papers
Continuum
Conse rvation, Retreeve
Old denim jeans, worn-out money notes and industrial cotton waste are recycled in a diverse range of papers. Zenus Crane's mill has been recyclingwaste textiles and paper since 1801 . The tradit ion continues with the Continuum brand of treefree papers using 50 per cent cotto n fibre and 50 per cent hemp fibre.
The Conservation range includes 100 per centrecycled wove and laid papers suitable for ink-jet and laser printing, corporate stationery and general-purpose office use. It cons ists of 25 per cent millwaste, 50 per cent pre-consumer and 25 per cent post-consu mer waste and meets all the requirements of NAPM and Eugropa recycled marks. Retreeve is a range of qualitytext and cover papers, which (excluding BrilliantWhite) is 100 per cent recycled. The compan y has an environmental policy and is certified to ISO 14001 and EMAS.
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Crane a{ Company, USA • Renewable resources • Conservationof forestresources
314 32 7. 330
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Curtis Fine Papers 3 '4 Ltd,UK • Recycledcontent 327. • NAPMcertified 334
Tree-free paper A range of papers is made from natural plant fibres, such as cotton and hemp, and post-consumer paper waste.
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Green FieldPaper 3' 7 Company, USA • Renewableand 32 7. recycled 330 materials • Encourages forest resource conservation
Multiboard Kraft, Offset, Ecofrost
Index paper, board for folders
Composite sheeting and boards are made from a diverse range of recycled materials, of which 55per cent originates from used PE-coated milkcartons, newsprint and corrugated paper, the remaining 45 per cent from the industrial or production waste st reams. This compa ny is registe red to ISO gOOl , ISO 14001 and EMAS.
Hurum takes back used laminated drinks cartons made of paper, plastic and aluminium. The cartons are shredde d and separated into the component waste streams, then the recovered pape r is used to make recycled paper for index-card systems and board for folders. The aluminium fraction is sent to another manufacturer for reprocessi ng. The company is certified to ISO g OO1 , ISO 14001 and EMAS.
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Fiskeby BoardLtd, UK • Recycled materials • EMS policy
316 32 7, 34 0
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Hurum Fabrikker 318 AS. Noway • Recycledcontent 327. • Recycling of 328 recoveredmetal
Offi ce and sanitary paper Over four hundred tree-free papers, made from plant fibres and recycled waste paper, are availablefrom this manufactu rer.
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New LeafPaper, USA • Renewable and recycled materials • Conservation of forestresources
32 1 327. 330
Papers. Inks Paperback. UK
32 2
Vanguard
~
• Recycled materials • Reduction in embodied energy • NAPM approved • Stewardship sourcing, FSC
327, 32 8 , 333, 334
This tree-free, bond-quality paper is manufactured from 25 per cent agricultural crops and 75 per cent post-consumer waste paper.
0
'c ontext' and othe r Paperbackpapers There are tens of paper manufacturers and distributors in the UK who offerrecycled papers in their range but Paperback offersthe most extensive range of gloss and matt coated papers, uncoated offsets, letterheads and speciality grades manufactured from recycled waste paper. This process consu mes less than halfthe energy required to make paper from virgin wood pulp. The company was set up in 1983 when use of recycled paperwas a fringe activity in both the consumer and commercial markets . It is committed to encouraging use of recycled paper to decrease the disposal of six million tonnes of waste paper annually in the UK. Boards range in weight from 225gsm up to 300gs m with a varietyof finishesfrom smooth white watermarked up to naturalcoloured micro-fluting. All 'context' papers and boards contain 75 per centde-inked used waste to a ~APM approved grade and Context FSC' is made from 75per cent-de-inked fibre and 25per cent-FSCendorsed pulp.
Ecoblend'
0
~
LivingTree Paper Company, USA • Renewableand recycled materials • Conservation of forestresources
Printing in ks Alden & Ott manufacture a range of heat-set soy-based inks with about 20-25 per cent soy content and colour pigments avoiding the use of heavy metals.
319
0
Alden a( Ott, USA 312
32 7, 330
~
• Renewable material • Cleaner production
327
EcoPure EcoPure is a range of inks derived from soybeans. The company also produces a diverse range of water-based flexographic inks and specialist inks for printing on metal.
Savatree This compa ny produces a vast range ofk raft, packaging grade and printing papers . The Savatree range uses 100 per cent-waste paper to create recycled papers such as MG Greent reesaver Kraft, MG Green Envelope and MGTreesaver Plus Kraft used in the manufacture of envelopes.
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SmithAnderson a( 324 Co. Ltd, UK • Recycled content 327
0 Vision" and Revision " printing paper Kenaffibre is the principal raw material for the manufacture of a range of 100 per cent tree-free and chlorine-free printing papers.
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Vision Paper, KP Products, USA • Renewable materials • Conservationof forestresources
~
Inx International Ink Co., USA • Renewable materials
318 327
Print ing inks An extensive range of vegetable-based inks is available for offset and lithographic printing.
319
0
FlintInk, USA
316
327
~
• Renewable materials
32 7
Soybean ink s Manufacture r of a diverse range of inks derived from soybeans .
0
Ron Ink. USA
323
~
• Renewable materials
327
Textiles i
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Designer Jasp er Mor rison has bu ilt on a lon g Scott ish t rad itio n of weav ing woollen text iles by creating a new range offurnishi ng fabrics for Bute Fabr ics in vibrant , co ntem porary co lo urs, yet t he durability and wa rm surface textures associated with t raditional crafted products are ret ained . Bute Fabrics so urce mu ch of their raw mat erials locally an d ado pt clean produ ct ion, mini m izing the use of harmful su bsta nces duri ng pro ce ssing, as an integral part of th eir environ me nta l po licy. These fabrics are suita ble for resto ratio n projects an d for new furn iture.
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Bute Fabrics, UK
3'3
• Renewable materials • Clean production
32 7
Cant iva' Hem p is a very strong nat ural fibre, nat urally resi st ant to salt wate r,
mould, mildew and UV light, a nd its use in China is documented through ten thou sand years . Ten s of d ifferent pure hemp o r hemp/natural-fibr e fab rics are de signed by Hemp Textiles Inte rnat io nal using the Cant iva™ brand hem p fibre. Fab rics ran ge from hea vy-duty pure hemp ca nvas weighing 620 g/s q ua re m etre (18.3 oz/sq yd) to lightweight hemp/ silk or hem p/ cotton mixtures weighing between 92 and 1939/squa re met re (2.7 and 5.7 oz/ sq yd). Bulk o r who lesa le orders are produced in co ntractual a rrang ements with a Chine se m ill.
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Hemp Textiles International, USA • Renewable materiais
3'7
32 7
Lyons, DesignT ex, and Lothar Pfister and Fab iola Forna s ier, Rohn er Textil. After sc ree ning over 8,300 chemicals used in con venti on al textile manufacturing, the de sign con su ltan cy concluded that o nly th irty-eight were really safe, being comple tely no ntoxic and non -hazardou s. Two natura l fibres we re se lected, wool for its wa rmth a nd wate rabsor ption properties, an d ram ie, a flax-like fibre produced in Indone sia, for its coolnes s and waterrepellent prop erties . Ciba Ge igy assisted with the develop m ent of natur al dyes a nd the meth od s of processin g a nd manufacture of th e textile at Rohner Textil's mi lls. Apparen tly, the effluent wate r fro m th e factory was cleaner after treatme nt than the o rigina l imported water source.
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Furrows, Carnegie and Wintexfabric from Clirnatex" l.ifecycle" yarn Desi gnTex com miss io ned Mc Dono ugh Braun gart Desi gn Che m ist ry to create a new biodegradable fabric fo r t he ir office furn iture systems. The new fabric, Clirnatex" Lifecycle'", was designed by William McDonough an d Professor Dr Michael Braungart, McDon o ugh Braungart Design Chemi stry, USA/ Germ an y, with Susan
RohnerTextil, Switzerland,Jor DesignTex, USA • Durable, recyclableand compostoble materials • Non-toxic and non-hazardous manufacturing • Reduction in water consumption during manufacturing
Wool from rare breeds of animal s is sp un and woven into a range of highperfo rma nce ya rns an d fabrics.
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Dalton Lucerne RareFibres Ltd, UK Various manufacturers • Renewob/e resources • Encouraging animal conservation
3'5 , 323 327 , 328
FoxFibre® Fox F ib re~ is ma de from organic sou rces of natura lco loure d cotto n th at don 't require dyeing and so sig nificantly red uce wate r usage and effluent production du ring processing.
.,
NaturalCotton 320 Colours, Inc., USA • Renewable 32 7 materials • Clean production
Textiles Terrazo Felt 'Colour Chips '
unbleached textiles D eing and bleaching both y .' t generate emiSS ions 0 . water and air during textile manufacturing, so [unichi Arai borrowedfrom the traditions of jacquard woven fabrics to create a striking series of heavilytextured, undyed, unbleachedtextiles. 'Basket Weave pockets' uses fine cotton yarn and knitted tapes to create a dens ely woven fabric, while 'Korean Carrot' is an undyed wool weave with a felt-like finish. junichiArai, cia 321 NunoCorp., japan • Renewable 327 materials • Clean production
Recycled yarn textileswool, cotto n Mollsjo produces a range offabrics by weaving recycled yarns of wool and cotton from reclaimed denim jeans. Each fabric run is unique and depends on the mixture of yarns and warp and weft settings. One-ojfs, small 308 batch production bydesigner-maker Carina Mollsjii, Sweden ,~ • Recycled content 32 7
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This non-woven, needlepunched, blanket-type fabric fuses dye-chips into a 100 per cent-natu ral-coloured alpaca-woolfelt over a core of polyester organdy to produce unique pieces of material.
Green Cotton"
TENCEL ®
Well before 'organic' became the adjective of the late 1990s, compa nies such as Novotex were reexamining the sustaina ble features of their business: Sources of raw materials were analyzed and it was discovered that hand-picked cotto n from pesticide-free South American so urces required less cleaning than intensivelygrown 'commercial' cotto n. Longfibre cotto ns were selected to provide a yarn that could be woven to facilitate dyeing with water-based dyes and reduce chemical additives throughout the production process . As a result Green Cotton is free of chlorine, benzidine and formaldehyde. Waste water generated in processing is chemically and biologically cleaned in situ. Supply chain management, cleaner production and dust and noise control have also created a healthier environment for em ployees at Novotex.
TENCEL" is a modern textile that uses natural raw materials in the form of 'lyocell' cellulose fibre derived from wood pulp harvested from managed forests. This lyocell fibre is processed through the unique TENCEL" 'closed loop' solvent spinning process, which is economical in its use of water and energyand uses a non-toxic solvent that is continuously recycled. The resultant TENCE L" fibre is soft, breathable, absorbent and fully biodegradable. Luxurious surface finishes are achieved by abrading the wet fibres, a technique called fibrillation. Awide varietyof fibrillated or non-fibrillated (TENCEL AlOO) finishes is achievable. TENCE L" filament is suitable for knitted and woven fabrics, is softer in feel yet stronger tha n cotton and provides a good surface for printing and dyeing. Many of the world's leading fashion designers have taken advantage of the versatility offa brics woven with TENCEL" yarn.
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Novotex, Denmark • Clean productionof 'organic' naturalji bre textiles
32 1
32 7
0
AcordisFibres (Holdings) Ltd,
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• Renewable, 327, compostable 328 materials • Clean production • Energy-efficient production
312
UK
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Nuno Corporation, japan • Renewableand recyclable
321 327
materials
Terrazo Felt ' N uno' Industrial-waste snippets of various Nuno fabrics and 'outtakes' in raw wool are combined in a needlepunched technique to create an interesting textured terazzo effect. The constituents are 8S per cent alpaca wool with 1S per cent Nuno production waste.
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Nuno Corporation, j apan • Renewable and recycled materials
321
327
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G~m(.J$.t~~~LtlIffi ACAT fibre board
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The sourcing of this fibre board, made from go per cent waste fibre from paper, wood and plastics with 10 per cent adhes ives, makes its manufacture a viable proposition and reduces waste disposal while minimizing embodied energy of manufacturing.
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Alaska Centerfor Appropriate Technology, USA • Recycfed materialslocally sourced • Reductionin embodied energy
304
327, 34 0
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Eco Panel
Tectan
RPl's Eco Panel is made from HOPE recycled plastics and is available in ten sample mixes and patte rns ranging from neut ral greys to mixed primary colours.
Used drinks cartons are mixed with industrial scrap from the cartonmanufacturing plants under the Ouales System Deutschland scheme to provide the ingredients for this toug h, waterresistant board. The raw material is shredded, then compressed under heat and pressure, causing the polyethylene fraction to melt and bond the particles. It is suitable for building and furniture manufacturing.
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Recycfed Plastics, 323 lnc., USA • Recycfedcontent 327
Duraplast Recycled mixed polyethylene (HOPEand LOPE) is bound with resin to form general-purpose boards and sheets.
AERT LifeCycle, ChoiceDekand MoistureShield
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AERT s products are man ufactured from a mixture of recycled polyethylene (HOPE and LOPE) plastics and waste wood fibre. UfeCycie and ChoiceOek are plank sections suitable for decking while MoistureShield is suitable for door, window and furniture constr uction.
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Advanced Environmental Recycfing Technologies (AER1J, USA • Recycfed materials
EnviroSafe 316 Products, Inc., USA • Recycfed 327 materials
Plast ic recyclate 312
3 27
MAP(Merchants 320 , of Australia 326 Products) Pty/Wharington International Pty, Australia • Recycfed content 327
MAP manufactures a range of mixed ABS/p olycarbonate recyclates, which are suitable for injectionor blow-moulding of furniture components.
Stokbord" and Centriboard Stokbord' is a smoot h or embosse d low-density polyethylene (LOPE) sheet available in standard sheets in a thickness of 6, g, 12 and '4mm (between about '/5 and 1/2in). It is constituted from 40-50 per cent post-consumer waste and 50-60 per cent industrial/ commercial waste. Centriboard is available in th ree grades: L- a smooth LOPE sheet, r.ymrn to 18mm thick (about 1/ 20 to 7/lOin); H smooth HOPEsheet, zrnm to 6mm thick (about 1/12 to 1/4in); and P - smooth polypropylene sheet, zrnrn to 6mm thick.
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Centriforce, UK
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• Recycfed 327, materials 330, • Reduction in 340 embodied energy (comparedwith virgin plostics) • Encouraging conservationof timberresources
314
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Tetrapak, UK • Recycfed materials
32 5 327
Unicor Unicor panel comprises go per cent-recycled wood fibres and particles sandwiched between surface layers of polyethylene. It is used in coach building in the recreational vehicle indust ry.
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Unicor 325 Corporation, USA • Recycfedcontent 327
Wood-Com
Plastic board
Epoch
Plastic profiles
Wood-Com is a mixture of recycled plastic and waste wood particles and dust. It is easily moulded into panels suitable for interior design and auto motive fittings .
Recycled HOPE is used to manufacture new plastic boards suitable for a wide variety of applications.
Commingled, recycled HOPE plastics are extruded to form rectangular, squa re or plank sections suitable for a multiplicityof uses in street and garden furniture.
Avariety of round and square profiles and sta kes are made from recycled plastics.
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NorthWood 32 1 Pfastics,Inc., USA • Renewable and 32 ] recycled materials
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Yemm", Hart, 326 USA • Recycledcontent 32]
Environmental 316 PolymerProducts Ltd, UK • Recycled content 32]
CabkaPlast KunststoJJVerarbeitungsGmbH, Germany • Recycled materials
313
Govaplast"
Ourawood is a high-density material available in a range of rectangular profiles, which is made ent irelyfrom recycled plastics. It is especially suited to the manufacture of street and outdoor furniture. Save Wood 323 Products Ltd,UK • Recycled content 32 ]
Hahn Kunststoffe 31] GmbH, Germany • Recycledcontent 32 ]
Plastic planks, profi les, stakes
~
A range of square, round, rectangular and tongue and-groove profiles is produced using recycled polyethylene and polypropylene plastics. A range of colours includes charcoal grey, grey-green and mid-brown. The T & G is used in everything from fabrication of equestrian buildings to outdoor planters.
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Durawood
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Plastic lumber in the form of planks, profiles and stakes is manufactured from recycled plastics for indoor and outdoor use.
Stakes and posts are made from post-consumer and production waste.
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Commingled, recycled plastics are extruded into sheets suitable for a widerange of uses from packaging to surface laminates and for general product-design applications.
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Recycled plastic
0
Frostex
Yemm", Hart, 326 USA • Recycledcontent 32]
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GOl/aerts Recycling NV, Belgium • Recycledand recyclable content
31]
32 ]
Henne Kunststoffe 318 GmbH, Germany • Recycled content 32 ]
Holloplas To date Centriforce has supplied more tha n ' 50 ,0 0 0 tonnes of recycled finished products to construction, industrial, agricultural and recreational markets in over thirty countries. It offers an extensive range of hollow extruded profiles
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us ing a blend of recycled plastic from was te from reta il distributio n (40-50 pe r cent) a nd ind ustr ial/commercial waste including film, pipe and packaging (5060 per cent) . Sta ndard sections are suita ble for decking, T & G flooring , fencing , railings and street furn iture .
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Centrif o"e, UK
34 '
• Recycled 32 ] , materials 330 , • Reduction in 340 embodied energy (comparedwith virgin plastics) • Encouraging conservationof timberresources
Plastic profiles
Pa rtek manufacture profiles an d decking made from recycled plastics.
Pla nks, stakes and squa re profiles are ma de from recycled plastics.
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Partek Insulations, 32 2 lnc., USA • Recycledcontent 327
Round an d square profiles are manufactured from recycled pla stics.
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PlanexGmbH, 32 2 Germany • Recycledcontent 32 ]
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Plasticsheeting, tubing and profiles This company makes a range of sheeting fo r construction and other uses, tu bing and round profiles from recycled plastics.
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MGSLGmbH, 320 Germany • Recycled content 32 ]
Pofy-BeekKunststaffHande/s-GmbH, Germany • Recycled materials
32 2
32 ]
Ro und profiles and stakes are manufactu red from recycled plast ics.
.,
PURUS 322 KunststojJWerke GmbH, Germany • Recycled content 32 ]
Recydur" Square profiles and sta kes a re mad e ent irely from recycled plasti cs.
e Plaswood Recla ime d polythene an d polypro pylene - 30 per cent waste from supermarkets and 70 per cent production factory waste - are reblended into extrude d profiles suita ble for uses requ iring tough , rot-free ma terials .
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Dumfries Plastics Recycling • Recycled matetiat: • Reductionin embodiedenergy (compared with virgin plastics) • Encouraging conservation of timberresources
3 '5 32 ] , 330 , 34°
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Transform Plastics 325 Ltd, UK '.Recycled content 32 7
Plasticstakes
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A ra nge of profiles is ma nufactured from recycled plastics. JosefMeeth 318 Fensterfabrik GmbH CJ( Ca. KG, Germany • Recycledcontent 32 ]
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Plastic profiles
Plastic profiles
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Partek
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Profiles an d st akes in a variety of roun d and squa re s ha pes are man ufact ured from recycled plastics.
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WKRAltkunst326 stoffproduktionsu. VertriebsgesellschaftmbH, Germany • Recycled content 32]
LSRGmbH 32 0 RecyclingZentrum, Germany • Recycledcontent 327
Plastic profiles and stakes Pla nks, square profi les and stakes are fabricated from recycled plastics .
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Re-Reluma 323 GmbH, Germany • Recycledcontent 32 ]
Plastic profiles Con su mer was te is the prima ry co nst ituen t of a ran ge of plastic profiles su itable for furniture.
Plastic lumber Commi ngled , recycled plastics are extr ude d into a variety of recta ngu lar sec tions, mak ing an alterna tive ma te rial for trad itional uses s uch as de cking a nd outdo or furnit ure .
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Yemm ei Hart, 326 USA • Recycledcontent 32]
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Various
Floor tiles, wall panelling and paving stones are fabricated from 10 0 per cent-recycl ed glass.
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• Very durableand 328, inert 329 • Potentialenergy savings in the usagephaseofa product
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Enviranmental
Stone Products, USA • Recyded materials
316
Ecoplast 327
Faswall WastewOod dust and particles a re combined with concrete to create highdensitypa nels, tiles and ready-mad e wallsections .
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insulhoiz-Beton 3'8, 319 Intern ational, inc.]K-X Industries, Inc., USA • Recyded content 327
High-pe rformance ceramics Advances in ceramics technology have enabled f ne-tolerance rnanufacturing of everyth ing from parts for car engines to superconductors and fibres for reinforcement. Alumina, titanium, carbide and rare earth minerals such as zirconia bond with the clay particles to form very tough composites. The composites can be formed by slip casting, sintering and even a form of injection-moulding, so they can be applied to diverse manufacturing ends. Some Ceramic composites are lightweight and so offerpotentiai savings in energy consumption when applied to power units and/or mobility or transport products.
Europol manufactures a range of recycled plastics entirely from material discarded by consumers to create injection-moulding grades of HDPE, LDPE, PP, HIPS and ABS and a blowmoulding grade of HDPE.
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Europol, UK
316
• Recycledcontent 327
FirstGl ow These glass beads shed a luminous glow after the illuminating light source has been switched off. Road markings and lighting systems are suitable applications of this new materials technology.
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foamed aluminium, varying in density from high to ultralow, which are suitable for applications where weightsaving is critical to a product's performance. The final group, metal matrix composite s, includes substances such as alumina (fibre- or particulate-reinforced), boron, carbon, iron or silicon carbide bonded in a matrix of aluminium or magnesium. All these lightweight metals are high-embodied-energy materials but can potentially significantly improve energy efficiency in the usage phase of a product by reducing the amount of mass that has to be moved.
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• Strong, 328 , lightweight, 329 tough • Potentialenergy savingsinthe usagephaseofa product
Product 2 0 0 0 Ltd, 322 UK • Energy-efficient 329 lighting material
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Safeglass
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Safeglass 323 (Europe) Ltd, UK • Improved health 328 and saf ery
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Syndecrete" Syndecrete" is a chemically inert, zero out-gasing, concrete-like material composed of cement and up to 41 per cent recycled or recovered materials from industrial or consume r waste, Typical wastes include HDPE, crushed recycled glass, wood chips and brass screw shavings. Pulverized fly ash (PFA), a waste residue from coalfired power stations , is added to reduce the cement requirement by up to '5 per cent and recovered polypropylene fibre scrap provides a 3-D matrix to increase the tens ile strength of this com posite recyclate concrete. It is eas ily worked and polished to create a contem poraryterrazzo look,
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This special glass breaks into harmless pieces when shattered, making it ideally suited to any application where there is a risk of impact.
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Lightweight metals metal matrix com posites, metal foams , lightalloys With advances in technology it is now possible to produce very lightweight but strong metals. The first group, light alloys, such as aluminium, magnesium, titanium and berylli um, are well known and availablein a diverse selection of profiles, sheets and cast forms. The second group, metal foams, are specialist
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Syndesis,lnc., 32 4 USA • Recycled 327, materialsusage 34° • Reductionin embodied energy ofmanufacture .Certifiedasa recycledproduct bythe Californians Against Waste Foundation
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Polymers
Agro Plastic
Biopol' "
Correx
NHoOl
Agro Plastic is polypropylene or polyethylene manufactured using a filler derived from wheat straw. It was jointly developed by PTI and the USDA Forest Products Laboratory.
The polymer structure of Bio pol' " breaks down when exposed to ultraviolet light. The actual mate rial is PHBV, which is not a biodegradable polymer since it is not compostable by biological agents and when it degrades remains as fine particles.
This lightweight twinwalled PP sheet is made from 10 0 per cent production and customers' returned waste. It is utilized for packaging, self-assemblysto rage systems and tree shelters.
NHoOl fabric has similar performance characteristics to PVC (polyvinyl chloride) but the re are no emission s of chlorides, phthalates or other toxic compounds during the manufacture or use of NHoOl. For this reason it replaced PVC as the roofing mate rial for the Millennium Dome , London.
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Pinnacle Technology,Inc. (PT/), USA • Renewable and biodegradable components
32 2
32 7
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ICI Americas, USA • Rapidphysical degradingaf materialat the endofitslife
318 330
Rubber granulate
Bionelle" Bionelle" polymer is physically degraded by the action of ultraviolet light and mechanical agents .
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Showa 324 HighpolymerCo., Japan • Degradable 327
This company manufactures rubber granulate, o.yrnrnto 30mm (0.0 2 to o.i in) diameter particles, from 100 per cent-reclaimed scrap tyres. The granulate can be bonded with virgin natural or synthetic rubber and elastomers and is ideal for play su rfaces or other uses to reduce impact damage .
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Charles Lawrence 314 Recycling Ltd, UK • Recycled 327 materials
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Correx Plastics, UK • Recycled materials
34 ' 32 7
EcoClear" EcoClear"' is a resin and film made from recycled PET, which is suitable for beverage and food packaging.
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Wellman inc., 326 USA • Recycled content 327
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Carrington Peiformance Fabrics, UK • Cleaner production
314
327
Plastic sheeting This sheeting is manufactu red from recycled plastics and is a suitable grade for construction use.
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ORBITAFilm 32 1 GmbH, Germany • Recycledcontent 327
Polymers Biosynthetic polymers
Santoprene® Santoprenee is cross-linked polypropylene (PP) and ethylene-polypropylenediene-monomer (EPD M) rubberwith a soft, yielding texturesuitable for moulding components for hand-held equipment. Its inherent qualities improve usability in items ranging fromcameras to ski sticks but its specialist nature means disassembly of Santoprene" parts is essential to prevent contamination of puregradewaste streams .
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Advanced 3' 2 Elastomer Systems LP., USA • Improveduser 329 comfort
Styradex, Propadex Syradex is made from recycled polystyrene (PS); Propadex uses recycled polypropylene (PP). Most materials are sourced from production waste (98 per cent) and small quanities from post-consu mer waste (2 per cent).
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Styradex Plastics 324 Recycling, UK • Recycled content 32 7
USSC manufactures a range of specialist polyurethane foams using soybean oil. Like synthetic PU, the USSC foams are suitable for everything from loose-fill packaging and furnishing to panels and shoe componen ts.
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Urethane Soy 325 SystemsCompany (USSC).USA • Renewable 32 7 content
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Paints
Biora Biora is a range of waterbased acrylicresins suitable for application to walls, ceilings and other interior surfaces. Qualifying for the EU eco-Iabel, these eight paints and varnishes offer a reduction in a variety of environmental impacts of conventional paints , especially VOCs and toxic ingredients. Teknos Tranemo are also certified to ISO 9001 and ISO 14°°1 and are working with the Swedish Paint Makers Organization to develop tools, such as Iifecycle analysis, to make further improvements .
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Teknos Tronemo, 32 5 Sweden • Cleaner 327 , production 339 • EUeco-label ensuringlow toxicity of constituents
Ecos This comp any claims to manufacture the only solvent-free odo urless
paints and varnishes in the world, with zero VOC content, independently tested bythe US EPA and the Swedish National Testing & Research Institute. The Ecos range is, however, based upon synthetic resins, albeit non-allergenic, harmless resins, processed from crude oil, so it is not from a renewable source .
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Lakeland Paints, UK • Free of VOCs and vinyl chloride
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Nordsjo (Akzo NobeIOekorativ), Sweden • EUeco-label ensuringlow VOCsand generalreduction in toxicity • Manufactured with clean technology/ eco-efficiency practices
321
328, 339, 341
319 34 1
Keim paints
Inneta k and Bind op last At the paint man ufactu ring plant at Malmo, Sweden, Akzo Nobel produce over 30 million litres (6.6 million gallons) of decorat ive coatings and 16 million Iitres (3.5 million gallons) of industrial coatings. Since '995 the com pany has set itself a series of environmental ta rgets, such as red ucing the emissions of so lvents to the air by 50 per cent between 19 95 and 19 99 and reducing the tota l energy consum ption per litre of paint manu factured by 5 per cent between 19 95 and 2000 . Innetak and Bindoplast are decorative, water-based emul sion paints, which were the first brand in Europe to receive the EU eco-Iabel.
Allthe paints manufactu red by Keim use inorganic mate rials that are abu ndant in the geos phere, including potassium silicate binders, mineral fillers and earth oxide colour pigments. Granita l is an exte rior paint with a range of 350 colours suitable for all mineral substrates, Concreta l protects concrete against corrosion and Biosil is a water-borne, silicate-based paint suitable for interior applications. Ecosil is a recently introduced interior-quality paint, which is water-based, contai ns no chemical solvents and is VOC-free. Keim are certified to ISO '4001 and ISO 90 01.
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KeirnMineral 319 Paints Ltd, UK • Use ofabundant 32 7 inorganic materials • Non-toxic
Pinturas Proa A range of wate r-borne, vinyl polymer inte rior paints cont aining less than 45 per cent volatiles is certified with an EU eco-Iabel. The company is also registe red with the Spanish eco-Iabel certification authority, AENOR, and participates in the Punto Verde (Green Dot) packaging disposa l scheme.
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Pinturas Proa, Spain • EUeco-lobel • Reductionin volatiles • Recycled and recyclable packaging
322 327, 328, 339, 341
Miscellaneous ChapcO®Safe-Set The adhesives in this professional range are low in VOCs, non-flammable, non-toxic and antimicrobial and contain no hazardous ingredients as defined bythe Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Regulations . All products are packaged in recycled plastic containers with printed labels on recycled paper including OSHA data on safety.
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Chicago Adhesive 314 Product' Compony, USA • Non-toxic and 327, sofe 328 • Recycled pockaging materials
DasicAerostrip 323 Thiswater-based paint stripper was developed specifically for the aeronautics industry but is suitable for removal of paint from metals and metal alloys.
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Dosie 315 International Ltd, UK • Reduction in 32 9. emissionsof 341 VOC, • Improved health ond,afety
Home Strip Powerful solvents, usually methylene chloride (dichloromethane or OCM), are used in conventional paint st rippers. OCM is a skin irritant and is highly volatile, the fumes inducing narcotic effects , and it has recently been classified as a Category3 carcinogen by the EU. Home Strip is OCM - and solvent-free, is water-based and doesn't give off fumes, yet is just as effective at removing layers of paint or varnish.
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Eco Solution,. UK 315
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• Reductionof toxicityand emissions
327
Laybond Qu ickstick Green This synthetic rubber/res in emulsion is a gene ralpurpose contact adhes ive suitable for wall or floor coverings and other applications where a bond is required to aluminium, concrete, plaster, steel and timber. Quickstick Green is water-based, nonflammable and is much safer to handle than solvent-based adhesives with VOCs.
., ~
Laybond Product, 319 Ltd, UK • Non-toxic 327
Textiles Brass Cloth Wove n text iles com bining meta ls a nd nat ural or synthetic yarns are te xturally and visually striking and offer the designe r new possibilities with s hapes and ta iloring . Brass Cloth , des igned by Re iko Sudo , Japa n, is part of the Metal series manufactured by Nuno and consists of 40 per cent cotton and 60 per ce nt brass from recycled wire.
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NunoCorporation, J21 Japan • Metal 32 ] component ;s recyclable
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' Phase Change' tec hno logy is use d in space applications to control temperatures. Microcapsules woven into fabrics moderate temperatures by changing from so lids to liquid s. As they convert from solids to liquids they absorb bod y heat and , conversely, when they solid ity they release heat , which is reabsorbed by the body. ComforTemp fabric is pleasantly tactile , comfortable to wear and illustrates poss ible de velopments in textiles that can respond intelligently to their sur roundings.
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Eiectrotextiles Ltd, 315 UK • Dualfunction 329 material
Stomatex
Otterskin Eco'Spu n'" Wellman is one of the world 's leading man ufact ures of yarn an d textiles using PET fro m recycled drinks bott les. Wellman supply the furnishing and clothing industries, including Patagonia, the outdoor clothing com pany. Ecos pun" is a spec ialist fibre made usin g recycled plastics.
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SchollerTextil, 323 Switzerland • Potentialhealth 329 andsafety improvements
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Wellman,lnc., 326 USA • Recycledcontent 32]
This 100 per cent-polyester, non -woven , needlepunched fabric is made from recycled PET bottles. A surface coati ng of polyureth an e prov ides wind- and water-proofing, yet t he material is breathable and retains body heat. NunoCorporation, 32 1 Japan 32 ] ,~ • Recycled materials
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(» Play ItAgain Sam DesignTex is a lead ing man ufact urer of fu rnis hing fabrics . Play It Again Sam is a polyester fabric ma de entirely of fibres from recycled PET bottles .
(» ~ ElexTex™ Cond uctive fibres are wove n with traditional , natu ral yarns to create a flexible textile su itable for a variety of applications such as electronic clothing, roll-up keyboa rds and so on .
Stomatex is a breat hab le fabric ma de of a com binatio n of neo prene an d polyeth ylen e, which mim ics tra nsp iration, the process of evaporation of moisture from leaves. Pe rs piration vapou r generated by the activity of the wearer is co llected in sma ll dep ressions on th e ins ide of th e fabric. At eac h depress ion a tiny pore provides an exit fo r the vapour to the externa l environment. Stomatex is act ivate d only when sufficie nt bod y perspi ration is ge nerated, so this is a res ponsive, 'smart' textile.
DesignTex, Inc., USA • Recycled materials
315 32 ]
~
Micro Thermal Systems, UK • Improved personal health withbreathable fabric
320 329
Textiles Trevira NSKjTrevira CS
Velcro"
This is a fabric made from two types of polyester yarn, Trevira NSK, which gives strength , and Trevira (S , which acts as a flame retardant. Being 100 per cent polyeste r, it can be reworked by pleating, dyeing and printing but has the in-built advantage of not requiring a flame-proof coating. It is entirely recyclable.
Velcro" is a combination of two nylon fabrics, one woven with a surface of hooks and the other with a smooth surface with loops. When juxtaposed the two fabrics adhere as the hooks take up in the loops, creating a strong 'adhes ive' bond.
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Terratex Made entirely of recycled pET recycled plastic bottles, Terratex is a tough, versatile, recyclable fabric forfurnishing and similar applications.
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Inteiface Fabrics International, UK/USA • Recycled and recyclable materials
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TreviraGmbH '" 325 Co. KG, Germany
3,8
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327
4
• Recyclable • Cleaner technalaIN iFDesignAward,
327
332
2000
Tyvek Therrna-Po re, T her rn a-
Float, Therma-Foil This company produces a range of specialist breathable fabrics suitable for sports applications and survival in extreme conditions. TherrnaPoreis a breathable fabric , Therma-Flo at a 'high-buoyancy insulating materialand Therma-Foil a lightweight foam insulator bonded to foil.
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Therma·Flaat Ltd, 325 UK • Improved health 32 9 andsafety
With its durability and high chemical resistance, Tyvek was originally developed by DuPont for protective clothing but has since been used for haute-couture fashion and as a paper substit ute for envelopes, stationery and various printed media. Tyvek is fully recyclable.
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DuPont, USA
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327
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Velcro, USA
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• Temporary 330 bonding system allowingreuse of textiles
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Designers, Designer-makers .j>.
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Wurz, Gerard Tesch niergasse 17 A 1170 Vienna, Austria T +4J (0)40721 25
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Yamanaka, Kazuhiro 27 Bu rn ley Ro ad Lo ndon NWlO lEE, UK T +44 (0)20 8452 J0l8
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[email protected] Yurkievich, Gaspard (Paris) c/o Tencel Acordis Fibr es (Holdin gs) Ltd , U K www .acordis.com
www.tencel.com
Zanussi Ind ustrial Design Cent re (Italy) Elect ro lux Zanu ssi c/o AB Elect rolux Elect ro lux Group Environmen tal Affa ir s 10545 Stockholm Sweden T +46 (0)87387666 F +46 (0)8 7J8 05 98 E environmental.affairs
@electrolux.se
Z bryk , Burges c/ o Intern at ional Desi gn Resource Awards (t DRA) Design Resour ce Inst it ut e 740 6A Green wood Avenu e Seatt le. WA 98177. USA T +1 2062890949 F +1206789 J144 www. designresource.org
Z ill ig, Michel c/o De sign Academ y Eind hoven
Emmasingel ia PO Box 2125 5600 CC Eindh oven Ne therl and s T +Jl (0)40 2J9J9J9 F +Jl (0)40 2J9 J940 E
[email protected] www.designacademy.nl
William son, Da mia n Biorneborgsvagen ' 3 12263 Enskede Stockholm, Sweden T +44 (0)20 88744046 (UK) T +46 (0)86 49 11 J1 (Stockholm) Wilson, Neil 180 Sackvil le Road Heat on Newcast le-upon-Tyne
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Manufacturers and Suppliers .j:>.
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zprn Limited 2 Shelford Place Lond on N16 9HS UK T +44 (0)2079230222 F +44 (0)2079232467 www.2pm.co.uk
3M DeutschlandGmbH Carl-Schurz-Str asse 1 4'453 Neuss Germany T +49 (0)2131 14 3461 F +49 (0)2131 143695 E DSTRUWE@ mmm.com
ABG Ltd Unit E7, Meltham Mil ls Rd Mel tham West Yorkshi re HD7 3AR UK T +44 (0)1484852096
Acadia Board Company 518 Iberia Parkway New Iberia, LA 70563 USA T +13183678542 E
[email protected] Acord is Speciality FibresjAcord is Fibres (Holdings) Ltd (UK) www.acordis.com www.specialityfibres.com www.tencel.com
Advanced Elastomer Systems L P 388 S. Main St Akron , OH 44311 USA T +1800 3058070 F +1330 849 5599 E cont act@ aestpe.co m
www.aestpe.com
Advanced Environmental Recycling Technologies, Inc. 801 N _jefferson Street PO Box 1237 Springdale , AR72765 USA T +1 501 7501299 .F +1501750' 322 E
[email protected] www.choicedek.com
Advanced Vehicle Design L&M Business Park Norma n Road Alt rinch am Cheshire WA14 4 [ S, UK T +44 (0)1619285575 F +44(0)1619285585 E
[email protected] www.windcheetah.co.uk
@
AEG Hausg erate GmbH Muggenhofer Strasse ' 35 904 29 Nuremberg Germ any T +49 (0)911 3231/0 F +49 (0)911 3232283/1770 E
[email protected] www .aeg hausgeraete.de
aerodyn Energiesysteme GmbH Provianthausstrasse 9 24768 Rendsburg Germany T +49 (0)43311275° F +49 (0)4331 127555
AeroVironment, Inc. Corporate HQ 825 S. Myrtle Dr Monrovia CA 91016 USA T +1626357 9983 F +1 626359 9628 www.aeroevironment.com Aga-Raybu rn PO Box 30 Ketley, Telford Shropshire TFl 4DD UK
T +44 (0)1952 642000 F +44 (0)1952 641961 www.aga-rayburn.co.uk
Air Packaging Technologies, Inc. 25620 Rye Canyon Road Valencia, CA 913555 USA T +18004247269 F +1661 2942222 E
[email protected] Alfred Karche r GmbH & Co.
Postfach 1 CH 3326 Krauchta l, Switzerl and
T +49 (0)711 142310 F +49 (0)711 142981
T +4' (0)34 411 1417 F +4' (0)34411 0019
AlineaAtelier, AG Zahringerstrasse '4
CH 4007 Basel Switzerland T +4' (0)61 690 97 97 F +4' (0)61 6909 7 90
All PaperRecycling, Inc. 502 ath Avenue NW New Prague, MN 56071-1141 USA T +1 612 758 6577 F +1612 7586751
Amasec Airfil Un it 1, Colliery Lane Exhall, Coventry Warwicksh ire cv7 9NW UK T +44 (0)1203367994 F +44 (0)1203 644325
American Excelsior Company PO Box 5067 850 Ave H East Arlington, TX76011 USA T +18176403563 and T +1 8007777645 F +1817640 3570/1555 www.amerexcel.co m
Ampair Ltd
Akzo Nobel Decorative CoatingsAB
17 Windermere Road West End
2°517 Malmo Sweden T +46 (0)40355000 F +46 (0)40 6015223
Southampton H ampsh ire soi x 3PE UK
Alden & Ott 616 E. Brook Dr ive Arlington Heights IL 60005-4622 USA T +1800 552-INKS F +1708 9566909 www.aldenottink.com
Alessi SpA Via Privata Alessi 6 28882 Crusinallo (VB) Italy T +39(0)323 868611 F +39 (0)323866132 E
[email protected] Anstalten Thorberg
71364 Winne nden German y
Alfred Karcher Strasse 28-40
T +44 (0)23 80 474 243 F +44 (0)2380476821 E
[email protected] AmticoCompany Ltd, The Kingfield Road Coventry Warwickshire cv6 5AA UK T +44 (0) 24 76861400 F +44 (0) 247686 1552 Ecustomer.services @amtico.co .uk
www.stratica.com www .amtico .co m
Arbor Vitae
see Berkowitz , Adam Brooklyn, New York USA
Arizona Fibers Marketing 9393 N . 90th #10 2-15 9 Scottsdale, AZ85258-5040 USA T +1602 443 5615 F +1 6024434917
ArmstrongWorld Industries, Inc. 2500 Columbia Ave PO Box 3°01 Lancaster, PA 17603 USA T +17173970611 F +1 71 7 396 2787 www.armstrong.com
Artemide SpA Via Bergam o 18 20010 Pregnana M ilanese Italy F +39 (0)2 9359 0254
AstroPower, Inc. Corporate H Q 461 Wyoming Road Solarpar k Newark, DE 19716-2000 USA T +1302366 °4°° F +1302 368 6087 E
[email protected] www.astropower.com
Auro Paints Ltd Unit 2, Pamphil lions Farm Purton End, Debde n Saffron Walden Essex CB11 3JT UK T +44 (0)1799 543 077 F +44 (0)1799 542 187 E
[email protected] www.auroorganic.co.uk
Auro PfIanzenchemie AG Alte Frankfurter Str. 211 8122 Braunschweig German y T +49 (0)53' 2 814141 F +49 (0)53' 28 1 4161 E
[email protected] www.auro.de
Manufacturers and Suppliers Auth enti cS artipresent GmbH Max Eyth Strasse 30 710 88 H o lzerl ingen Germa ny T +49 (0)70)1 680 5
°
F +49 (0)70)' 680599
www.authentics.de Avant de Do rm ir Via Tu rati 3 20121 M ilan, Ital y
EInfo@3vantdedo rm ir.com www.avantdedormir.com
Baccarn e bvba Baccarne Design Gentbruggeko uter 9050 Gen t Belgium T +)2 (0)92)24421 F +)2 (0)9 2)244 )0
E baccarne@planeU nternet.be Baleri It ali a Via F. Cavallotti 8 20122 Milan, Ital y T +)9 (0)2 76 0146 72 F +)9 (0)27 6 0144 19 E
[email protected] Bamboo Hardwood s, Inc. 3834 ath Ave Sou th Seatt le, WA98134 , USA T +'206264 24'4 / ) 610
[email protected] www.bamboohardwoods.com Beacon Prin t Limited Brambleside Bellbrook Park Uckfie ld East Sussex TN22 ' PL, UK T +44 (0)182576811 F +44 (0)18257680)42 E
[email protected] Bedroc k Industrie s '401 West Garfield Seattle, WA 98119, USA T +12062 8) 762\ F +1 206 28) 0497
E
[email protected] www- bedrockmdustries.ccrn Benza,lnc. 4'3 W. '4 St #30' New York, NY100 '4, USA T +1 21224 34047 F +121224) 4689
[email protected] WWw.benzadesign.com BioChem Syst em s 3511 N . Oh io Wichita , KS 67 2'9 USA T +1 )16 8)8 47)9 F +13 16 832 1211
E
[email protected] www. biochemsys.com Biocorp 2619 M anhatt an Beach Blvd Redo nd o Beach, CA 90278 USA T +1888 206 5658 F +1) 10 64) 1622 E info@biocorp usa.com
www.biocorpusa.com BioFab LLC/Pacifi c Gold Boa rd PO Box 9905 56 Redd ing, CA96099 -0556 USA T +1 5)024 ) 40)2 F +15)0244 ) 241 E
[email protected] www.strawhoard.com Bio shield Paint Company '365 Rufina Circle Santa Fe, NM 87505 U SA T +1 5054)8 )448 F +15054)801 99 E
[email protected] www. bioshieldpaint.com
Biotec Biol o gische Naturverpackungen GmbH Blinder Weg 30 Em m erich PO Box 100 220 Germ any T +49 (0)282292)10 F +49 (0)28225)7265 E
[email protected] Blackwall ltd 10 Glover W ay Parksid e, Leeds W . Yorks LSll 51P, UK T +44 (0)11)276 1646 F +44 (0)11) 271 )08) E
[email protected] BMWAG BMW-Haus Petuelring 130 80788 Munich German y T/F +49 (0)89 )820/ T +49 (0) 89 )82 24272 E
[email protected] www.bmw.com BMW (GB) ltd Ellesfi eld Avenue Bracknell Berkshire RG12 8TA, UK T +44 (0}1)44 480 ) 20 F +44 (0)1)44 480 )06
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[email protected] www.press.bmwgroup.com
BOC M ichael House 47 Baker Stre et Lo nd o n W1A ION, U K T +44 (0)20 79)5 4422
Body Shop Intern at io nal pic Wat ersm ead Litt leham pto n W est Sus sex BN17 6LS, UK T +44 (0)190) 7)1500 F +44 (0)190) 726 250 www.bodyshop.com Bopp Leuchte n GmbH Postfach 1160 74835 Lim bach German y T +49 (0)62879206 0 BP Amoco pic Brita nni c House , Finsbury Cir cus Lo nd o n EC2M 7BA, UK
www.bp.com BP Solar International PO Box '9 ' Cher tsey Road Su nbury-o n-Tham es M id d lesex TW,6 7XA, U K T +44(0) '9)277954) F +44(0) 19)276268 6
www.bpsolar.com BP So lare x 630 So larex Court Frederi ck, Mo 2' 703 , USA T +1)01 69842 00 F +1) 01 698 4201 BREE Collection GmbH &Co. KG Gerberstrasse 3 309,6lsernhagen/Kirchorst German y T +49 (0)51)6897 60 F +49 (0)51)68976 229 E
[email protected] www.breecollection.de Brompton Bicycle Ltd Kew Brid ge D istr ibutio n Cent re Lionel Road , Brent fo rd Middlesex TW8 9QR, U K T +44 (0)20 82) 2 8484 F +44 (0)20 82)2 8181
www.bromptonbicycle.co.uk Br ook Hansen St Thomas Road H udd ersfi eld West Yorkshi re HO' 30u, UK T +44 (0)'484422 150 Bruggli Produktion & Dienstleistung Hofstrasse 5 CH 8590 Roma n shorn
Sw itze rland ~
T +4' (0)71 4669494 F +4' (0)71 466 94 95
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www.btminternational.co.uk Buc h ner Design St ud io 1030 Q ues ad a Avenue San Franc isco , CA94' 24 USA T + 1 4158227300 Buderus He iztechnik GmbH Sophienstrasse 30-32 35576 Wetzlar Germany T +49 (0)6441 418 F +49 (0)6441456 02 Bulo Office Fu rni t ure Industriezo ne Noord B6 2900 M echelem , Belgium T +)2 (0)15282828 F +)2 (0}15 28 28 29 E
[email protected] Burch c/o Domestic Growers Supply Cave Junction, OR, USA T +154' 592 )6 15
Business Lines Ltd H arcourt St reet Walkden , Worsley Manchester M28 3GN UK T +44 (0)1204576334 E
[email protected] www.checkpoint-safety.com BUT 81 Lothair Road North London N4 , ER, UK T +44 (0)20 8)41 7776 Bute Fabrics Ltd c/o Caro Communicat ion s First Floo r 49-59 Ol d Street Lon do n EClY9HX, U K T +44 (0)2072\1 9112 F +44 (0}20 7490 5757
E
[email protected] Cabka Plast Ku nstst offv erarbeit ungs GmbH Neue W einsteige 7' 70,80 St utt gart, German y T +49 (0)711 2489980 F +49 (0)711 248998 18
Ecabkaeorecover-group.de www.recover-group.de
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Ostermann & Scheiwe UK Ltd Osmo House Un it 2 Pembr oke Road Stockla ke Industri al Est ate Aylesbu ry Bucks HP20 lOB, U K T +44 (0)1296481 220
www.ostermann-scheiwe.com Osterreichische Heraklith AG Postfach 31 A 9586 Furnitz, Au str ia T +49 (0)42573370 0 F +49 (0)42573370 57 O xo International 230 Fift h Avenue znd Floor Ne w York, NY 100 01, USA T +' 212242 3333 F +1 212 2423336 E
[email protected] WWW. QXQ.c o m
P T Sudimar Energ i Surya [alan Banyumas 4 Jakarta 10310 Ind onesia T +62 (0)2' 390407 F +62 (0)21 361639 P. Schiebel Elektronische GerateAG M argarete nstrasse 112 A 1050 Vienn a Au stria T +43 (0)1548260 F +43 (0)15452339 Pacific Northwest Fiber PO Box 610 Plummer, ID 83851 USA T +' 208 686 6800 F +1 20868 668 10
E ccntacrgi pacificfiber.ccm www.padficflber.com Palluco ltal ia SpA Via Azzi 36 Castagnole de Paese 310 40 Tre viso Italy T +390 (0)422438800
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c/o Enderecoda Fiesp /Ciesp Av_Paulista, 1.313 Cerqueira Cesar Sao Paulo/sP-CEP 01 311-923 Brazil T +55 (0)11 252 4499
Phenix Biocomposites PO Box 609 Mankato, MN 56002-0609 USA T +1 50793' 9787 +1 800324 81 47 F +150793'5573 E
[email protected] www.phenebccc rnposues.cc rn
Paperback Unit 2 Bow Triangle Business Centre Eleanor Street London E3 4NP UK T +44 (0)2089805580 F +44(0)20 8980 2399
Philips Electronics NV Building HWD PO Box 218 5600 M D Eindhoven Netherlands T +3' (0)402759066 F +3' (0)40275909'
Partek Insulations, Inc. 40' Westpark Drive 202 Peachtree City, GA 30269 USA
Pierce International, Inc. PO Box 4871 Englewood, co 80155 USA
Patagonia 239 W. Santa Clara Street Ventur a, CA 93°0 1 USA T +18056438616 www.patagonia.com P.C.D. Maltron Ltd '5 Orchard Lane East Mo lesey Surrey KT8 OBN UK T +44(0)2083983265 E sales@ malt ron.com
www. maltron.co m
Pendlewood The Old Officers Mess Barton Aerodrome Barton Salford Manchester M30 7SA UK T +44 (0)161 789 4441 F +44(0)161 7877400 Peugeot France www.psa.fr Peugeot Motor Co. Pic Aldermore House PO Box 227 Aldermore Lane Coventry Warwickshire cvj 1LT UK T +44 (0)24 7688 4212 F +44(0)24 7688 4122 www. peugeoLco.u k
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[email protected] www.philips.com
T +13°3792 0719 F +1 303 7996469
Pinnacle Technology , Inc. (PTI) 619 East 8th, Suite D Lawrence, KS 66044 USA T +1785832 8866 F +1 785 749 9214 E info@pinn aclet.com
www.pinnaclet.com
Pinturas Proa Industri as Proa SA San Salvador de Budirio Canderas de Prado 36475 Perrino (Pontevedra) Spain T +34 (0)986 346525 F +34 (0)986346589 Planet c/ o Creative Energy Technologies M ain St Summit , NY12175 USA www.cetsolar.comyplanetdc.htrn Planex GmbH Steinauer Weg 91589Aurach Germany T +49 (0)9804 1780 F+49 (0) 9804 7207 E ro st@planex .com
Plant Polymer Technologies, Inc. 9985 Businesspark Ave, Suite A San Diego, CA 92' 3' -1102 USA
T +1619 5495' 30 F +1619
5495133
Plastics Fth Industry Ltd The Stables Sandhoime M ill Commerc ial Street Todmorden Lancashire 0L1 4 5RH UK T +44 (0)1706817784 F +44(0)1706817227
[email protected] Polti SpA Via Verloni 83 22070 Bulgarograsso (CO) Italy T +39 (0)3' 939 III F +39 (0)3' 890513
PowerMakers Plus Limited Croft Business Park Bromborough Wirral Cheshire cH62 3RB UK T +44 (0)15 1 343 0080 F +44 (0)151 3430081 Prairie Forest Products 200 S Obee Rd Hutch inson, KS67501 USA T +1316 6657000 Primeboard , Inc. 2lll North 3M Drive Wahpeton, ND58075-3019 USA
E contabilita@polti .it
T +17016421152
www. polti.it
F +1 701 642 1154 E
[email protected] Poly-Beek-Kunststoff. Handels GmbH Schmidestr. 34 26629 Grossefehn Germany T +49 (0)4943 91990 F +49 (0)49434744 E
[email protected] Polyval pic Priors Hall Stebbing Dunmow Essesx cM6 3sW UK T +44 (0) 1371 856 791 F +44 (0)1371 856 791 Porous Pipe Ltd Standroyd M ill Cottont ree, Colne Lancashire BB8 7BW UK T +44 (0)1282 871 778 F+44 (0)1282871785 Potmolen Paints 27 Woodcock Industri al Estate Warminster Wiltsh ire BA12 9DX UK T +44(0)1985213931 F +44(0)1985 213 960 Powabyke Ltd 6 Riverside Business Park Bath BA2 3DW UK T +44 (0)1225443737 F+44 (0)1225 446 878 E sales@ powaby ke.com www.powabyke.com
www .primeboard .co m
Prins Dokkum BV Rondweg 35 PO Box 4 9100 AA Dokkum Netherlands E
[email protected] www.prins-dokkum.nl
Product 2000 Ltd Archfarm Industrial Estate Whits bury Road Fordingbridge Hampshire sp6 lNQ UK T +44 (0)1 425 652 226 F +44 (0)1425 657 288 PURUS Kunststoffwerke GmbH Am Blatterrangen 4 95659 Arzberg, Germany T +49(0)9233 7755 F +49 (0)92337755 50
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E pu rus-kunststo ffwerke @pur us·arzberg.de
Radius GmbH 145Weisser Strasse 50999 Cologne Germany T +49 (0)2232 763632 F +49 (0)2232 7636 30 E
[email protected] Rayotec Limited London Road Sunningdale Berkshire sl 5 ODJ UK T +44 (0)1344 874 747 F +44 (0)1344 872030
Recycled Plast ics, Inc. 609 Co. Rd 82 NW Garfield, MN 56332 USA T +13208342293 F +13208342290
[email protected] www .gipo·rpi.co m
Red Bank Manufactur ing Ltd Atherstone Road Measham Swadlincote Derbyshire OE1 2 7EL UK T +44(0)1530 270 333/54 2 ReedCorrugated Cases see Sams Design REEEL 52 Marconistr at 3029 AK Rot terdam Netherlands T +3' (0)10925 4612 F +3' (0)10 9257603 Rein (Australia with Wiggly Wigglers, UK) Lower Blakemere Farm Blakemere Herefordshire HR2 9px, UK T +44(0)1 981500 39 ' F +44(0)1981500 108 www.wigglywigglers.co.uk Remarkable Pencil s Ltd Worlds End Studios 134Lots Road London SW10 ORI, UK T +44(0)207351 4333 F +44(0)2073524729 E info@re·markable.com Re-NewWood 104 N. 8th PO Box 1093 Wagoner, OK74467, USA T +1800 4207576 F +1 9184855803 www-renewwood.corn
Re-Reluma Gmb H Bahnhofstr. 32a 09518Crossruckerswalde/ Steckewalde, Germ any T +49(0)37369 136 0 F +49 (0)37369 136 66 E reluma.t-online.de
Retail Place Ltd 34A Campden Hill Gardens London w8 7AZ, UK T +44(0)20 7727 0486 F +44(0)207221 7012 Rexam c/o Recycled UK
Gate House Castle Estate Turnp ike Road High Wycombe Buckingham shire HP123NR, UK Rexite SpA Via Edison 7 20090 Cusago Milan, Italy T +39(0)29039 0013 F +39(0)290390018 riese und muller GmbH Erbacher Strasse 1Z3 64287 Darm stadt Germ any T +49 (0)6151 424034 F +49 (0)6151 424036 E
[email protected] www.r-m.de Ritter Energie und Umwelttechnik GmbH &Co. KG Ettlinger Strasse 30 76307 Karlsbad Germ any T +49 (0)7202 9220 F +49 (0)7202 922100 E ritter @ paracligma .de
www.paradigma.de
Robert Cullen & Sons Limited 10 Dawsholm Avenue Glasgow G20 OTS, UK T +44 (0)'4' 945 2222 F +44 (0)14 1 9453567 E
[email protected] www.cullen-packaging.co.uk Rodman Indus tr ies PO Box 76 Marinette, WI 54143 USA T +1 7157359500 Rohner Textil AG CH 9435 Heerbru gg Switzerland T +4' (0)61 722 2218 F +4' (0)617227152 Roland Plastics Strid a Limited Wickham M arket Woodbrid ge Suffolk IP' 3 ooz, UK T +44 (0)1728747777 F +44 (0)1728748222 E stri d a@rolan dplas tics.co.u k
Rolls Royce PO Box 3' Derby Derbyshire OE24 861. UK T +44(0)1332 242424
F +44 (0)1332 249 936 www.rolls-royce.com
Ron Ink Company 200 Trade Cou rt Rochester, NY ' 4624-477' USA T +1 800833 7)83 F +1 7165293519 Rothl isberger Schreinere i AG Dorfstrasse 73 CH 3073Cumligen Switzerland T +4' (0)3' 95' 41 17 F +41 (0)3' 95' 16 52/3563 Safeglass (Europe) Ltd James Watt Building Scottish Enterpr ise Technology Park East Kilbride Glasgow G75 ooo, UK T +44 (0)1355272438 F +44 (0)' 355 272 555 E
[email protected] www.safeglass.co.uk Saitek Indus tri es Ltd 2295 Jefferson Street Torrance, CA 9°501 USA T +131 0 212 5412
F +1 310 212 0 866 E in fo@sait ekusa.com
www.sartekusa.com Sanford UK Berol House Oldmeadow Road King's Lynn Norfol k PE30 41R, UK T +44 (0)1553761221 F +44(0)1553 766534 E
[email protected] SAVAWatt (UK) Ltd SAVA Building Waterloo Industrial Estate Bidford on Avon Warwickshi re 650 41H, UK T/F +44 (0)1789490 E enquirie
[email protected] www.savawatt.com
Save A Cup Recycling Company Suite 2, Bridge House Bridge Street High Wycombe Buckinghamshire HPll 2EL, UK T +44 (0)1 494510167 F +44 (0)1494 510,68 Save Wood Products Ltd Amazon Works Three Gates Road, Cowes
Isle of Wight P03' 7UT, UK T +44 (0)1983 299935 F +44 (0)1983 299069
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Schafer Werke GmbH Pfannenbergstrasse 1 57290 Neunkirchen Germany T +49 (0)2735 787 273 F +49 (0)2735787284 Eh.schlabach@ schaefer-werke.de www.schaefer-werke.de
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Schauman Wood Oy Niemenkatu 16 PO Box 203 15141 Lahti Finland T +358 2041511 3 F +358 20415 112 E sch aum anwood@
upm-kymmene.com
Scholler Textil AG Bahnhofstrasse CH 9475 Sevelen Switzerland T +4' (0)81 7860835 SciMAT Limited Dorcan 200 Mu rdock Road Dorcan Swindon Wiltsh ire SN3 SHY, UK T +44(0)1793 511 160 F +44 (0)1793 533 352 E sales @scimat.co.uk www.sci m at.co.uk
Sculptures-Jeux 18 rue Dornat 75005 Paris, France T +33 (0)1 43 5420 39 F +33 (0)1 43 548332 E sculptures.jeux@wana dooJr
sdb Industries BV PO Box 2197 5202 CD 's-Hertogenbosch Netherlands T +3' (0)7) 6333 91 33 F +3' (0)7J 63133 85 E info@sdb-ind u5tries.nl www.sdb-industries.nl Sensor Systems Watchman Shaerf Drive Lurgan, Craigavon County Arm agh Northern Ireland 6T66 8DE, UK T +44(0)1762 321 111 F +44 (0)1762 324444 E sales@s enso r·systems.com www.sensor-systems.com
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Schutzenmattstr, 26 6 CH 8,80 Bul ach Sw it zerl an d T +4' (0)1 86J JJ 7J F +4' (0)1 86J J4 J5 Vision Paper see KP Produ cts Vitra (International) AG 22 KlUnenfel dstrasse CH 4127 Bir sfelden Sw it zerland T +4' (0)61J77 ' 509 F +4' (0)61 J77'5 10 E info@ vitra.com www.vitra.com VK & C Partnership 2/ 2 248 W ood land s Ro ad Gl asgow G3 6 ND, U K TfF +44 (0)141 JJ22049 Volkswagen AG Environ m ent In d ust rial Safety and Tr affi c System s Letter box 174 38436 W ol fsburg G erm any Volkswagen (UK) Yeom an s Dr ive Blakeland s Mil to n Keyne s Buckin ghamshire MK14 5AN, U K T +44 (0)1908 601777 F +44 (0)1908 66J 9J6
www.volkswagen.co.uk Vorwerk & Co . Teppichwerke GmbH & Co , KG Kulhma nst rasse 11 31785 H am eln, Germ any T +49 (0)5151IOJ 0 F +49 (0)5 IOJ J77 '5' www.vorwerk-teppich.de Wagner & Co. Solartechnik GmbH Ringstrasse 14 35°91 Col be Germ any T +49 (0)64 21 8007-0 F +49 (0)6421 8007"J Wanders Wonders BV Jacob Catskade 35 1052 BT Am sterd am N eth erland s T +Jl (0)20422 'JJ9 F +Jl (0)204227519
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[email protected] Waterfilm Energy PO Box '28 M edfo rd, NY 11763 USA T +16Jl 758627 1
@J
F +16Jl 75804J8 EGFX·C
[email protected] www.ofkos.cc mjgfx Waterless UK Ltd 6 Blado n Clo se Woodstock Road O xfo rd O xfo rd shire OX28AD, UK
www.waterless.co.uk Water Tech Industries 12665 N E Marx Street Po rt land , OR9723°, USA T +18882548412 +150J 2548412 F +150J 261 9118 E marketing@watertech ,com
www.watertech.com Wellman, Inc. 2'2 7th St Jersey City, NJ 0 7302 USA E
[email protected] E
[email protected] www.wellmanwlm.com Werth Forsttechnik Reidelb ach 22 66687 W adern Germ any T +49 (0)68 712029 F +49 (0)68 715555
E ww@werth-weihnachtswelt .de
www.werth-weihnachts-welt.de Werzalit AG + Co. Ger ma ny see Inka Pressw ood Pallets Wettstein , Robert A Josefstr. 188 CH 8005 Zur ich Switzerland T +4' (0)1272972 5 F +4' (0)1 27207 17 Wharington International Ply Ltd 48 -50 H argreaves St reet H un tingd ale Victoria 3166 Au st ralia T +61 (0)J 954455Jl F +61 (O)J954J1907
E
[email protected] www.wharington.com.au Whirlpool see Jam Design & Co m mu nicatio ns Wiggly Wigglers Low er Blakem ere Farm Blakemere H erefo rdshire HR2 9px, U K
T (Freephone. UK only) 0800216990 F +44 (0)1981 500108 www.wigglywigglers.co.uk Wilde & Spieth GmbH & Co Zep peli nst r. 126 73730 Esslingen am Ne ckar, Germany T +49 (0)711 J19710 F +49 (0)711 J17111 Wilkhahn + Hahne GmbH Po stfach 20 35 31844 Bad Mu nder Germ any
a ce.
T +49 (0)5042 9990 F +49 (0)5042 999 226 E
[email protected] www.wilkhahn.com Willamette Europe Ltd roth Floo r Maitland Ho use Wa rrio r Square Sou th end -on-S ea Essex 55' 21Y, U K T +44 (0) 1702 619044
www.willamette-europe.com Willat Writing Instruments 8548 Wa shington Blvd Cul ver Cit y, CA9° 232 U SA T +1 310 202 6000 F + 1 310 202 0405
www .sensa.cc m
Willow Bank , The PO Box 17 Ma chyn ll et h Powys SY20 8WR, U K T +44 (0)1686 4JO 510 www.tefecerure.ccm jw rllow; Bankfwillowap.htm WKR Altkunststoffproduk· tions- u, Vertriebsgesell. schaft mbH
Entenpfuhl io 67547 Wo rms . Germa ny T +49 (0)6241 4J451 F +49 (0)6241 49579 E
[email protected] Wood notes Oy T allber ginkatu 8 0 0180 H el sinki Fin land T +J58 694 2200 F +J58694 2221
E woodnotes@woodn otes. r. www.woodnotes.f ww.modcons U nits zb-c Va ngu ard Co urt 36 Peckham Road
Lo nd o n SE5 8QT, UK T +44 (0)2077084154 Xerox Corporation 800 Lo ng Rid ge Ro ad Stam fo rd , CT0690 4 USA T (Freephone, US only) +1800 JJ4 6200 www. xerox.com
Xerox (UK) Ltd Bridge H o use Uxbr idge Middlesex us8 l HS, U K T (Freephone. UK only) 0800 787787 www.xerox.co.uk XO RN '9 77' 70 Servo n France T +JJ (0)1 60 6260 60 F +JJ (0)1 60 62 60 62 X02 Limited (Trading as Exosect) Ad minis tr at ion Bu ild ing (SIL) Un iver sit y of So uthampto n
Highfield Southa mpto n Ham pshi re 5017 ' SI, UK E info@e xosectuk.com www .exosect uk.com
Vemm & Hart Ltd Gr een M ateria ls RR1 Box '7 3 Marquand, MO 63655. USA T +157J 78J 5454 F +157J78J 7544
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[email protected] www.yemmhart.com YKK Architectural Products, Inc. 1, Kanda lzu m i-ch o Chiyod a-ku To kyo 101-00 24 Japan T +81 (o)J J6258844 F +81 (o)J 56108199 Zanotta SpA Via Vitto rio Veneto 57 2005 4 Nova M ilan ese (M i) Italy T +J9 (0)J62 J68 JJO F +J9 (0)J62 45' oJ8
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[email protected] Zanussi see Elect rol ux Zimmerei Michael Kaufmann see KFN Kaufm ann Prod u kt GmbH
Eco-Oesign Strategies The design strategies described witheach product in Objects for Livingand Objectsfor Working arelisted below. They are grouped according to one offive lifecycle pha,ses - "". production, including materials selection; manufactunng/ making/fabrication; distribution/ transportation; functionality and use; and disposal/end.of life. Other strategies that do not easily fit into thisproduct lifecycle are described underthe heading Miscellaneous, Extended descriptions of eachdesign strategy aregiven where appropriate, Reference should also be made to the Glossary ofeeo-design terms (p. 339) , PRE-PRODUCTIO N PHASE
Anti-fashion - a design
that avoids temporary, fashionable styles, Anti-obsolescence - a design
that is easily repaired, maintained and upgraded so it is not made obsolete with changes in technology or taste, Dematerialization - the
process of converting products into services, Agood example of dematerialization through timeshare of a product is a local community sharing a car ' pool' in which allindividualshave the opportunity to use/h ire a car when needed rather than own a car that stands idle for a large part of its life, Other examples include digital cameras where silver halidefil m is replaced by CCD chips, dematerializing part of the consumables cycle, Designing products used in the context of a dematerialized service may place unusual constraints On the design such as concentration on
maintenance and longevity of parts, Open accessdesign - design
that allows other designers to see how software hardware and other '
electronic products are coded and constructed, Product take-back - a system under which manufacturers agree to take back a product when it has reached the end of its useful life so that components and/or materials can be reused or recycled (see also Producer respons ibility). This can fundamentally change the essence of the design and engage the designer in examining design for assembly (OfA), disassembly (DfD)and reman ufacture, Reusable product- a product
that can be reused at the end of its initial lifespan for an identical, similar or new use. Universaldesign- the
application of widely accepted practices, components, fixtures, materials and technologies suitable for a wide range of end-uses, PRE-PRODUCTION: MATERIALS SELECTION
Abundantmaterialsfrom the llthospherergecsphere -
inorganic materials, such as stone, clay, minerals and metals from the earth's crust. Biodegradable - decom-
posed bythe action of microbes such as bacteria and fungi, Biopolymers- plastics made
from plants, Biopolymers can be composted and returned to nature. Certifiedsources - materials
that are independently certified as originating from sustainablymanaged resources, from recycled materials or conforming to a national or international eco-Iabel. Compostable - can be
decomposed by microbes such as bacteria and fungi to release nutrients and organic matter.
Durable/extremelydurable-
tough, strong materials that do not break or wear and survive the life of the product or well beyond, Lightweight - materials with
a high strength-to-weight ratio.
Locally sourced materials are
those in close proximity to the point of manufacturing or production, Non-toxic/Non-hazardous -
not likely to cause loss of life or ill health to man and/or degradation of living ecosystems, Reclaimed - materials
saved for reuse on demolition of the built environment. Recyclable components -
components of products that can be used in a new product. Recyclate - material that has
been made into a new material comprising wholly or partially recycled materials, An alternative term is 'recycled feedstock', Recycled - materials that
have been processed (such as cleaned, graded, shredded, blended), then remanufactured Recycled content - materials
that include some recycled and some virgin content. If a material has 100 per cent-recycled content, it is a recycledmaterial. Renewable - a material that
can be extracted from resources which absorb energy from the sun to synthesize or create matter. These resources include primary producers, such as plants and bacteria, and secondary producers, such as fish and mammals, Singleor mono-materials -
consist of pure materials rather than mixtures, This facilita tes recycl ing, Stewardship sourcing -
materials from certified sources and supplychain management.
Supply-chain management (greenprocurement) is the
process of specifying that the goods/mate rials of suppliers meet minimum environmental standards. The specification may be that the goods will come from certified sources (e.g. the Forest Stewardship Council, national or international ceo-labels]. carry recognized accreditation (e.g, ISO 14001, EMAS) or meet trade association standards (e.g. National Association of Paper Manufacturers' recycledpaper logo in the UK) , Sustainable/from sustainable sources -
materials that originate from managed resources which are forecast to last for a verylong time and/o r are renewable resources (see above), Waste materials- materials
fabricated from production (factory) or consumer waste, MANUFACTURING/MAKING/ FABRICATION PHASE
Production processes Avoidanceoftoxic/ hazardous substances -
avoiding substances liable to damage human health and living ecosystems, Bio-rnanufacturing- using nature to help fabricate products in situ, For example, 'manufacturing' natural gourds bytraining them in specialshapes for later use as packaging; growing plants to produce biopolymers (natural plastics), Clean production systems are
put in place to reduce the impact of manufacturing goods byminimizingthe production of waste and emissions to land, air and water. Closed-loop recycling (see below) technologies are often incorporated into clean production.
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Closed-loop recycling/ production is the process of introducing waste streams back into the manufacturing process in a continuous cycl e without loss of waste from that cycle. The textileand chemical industries often recycle chemical compounds used in processing their endproducts, resulting in cleaner production. Cold fabricatiommanufacturing - methods that require no heat or pressure and hence reduce energy consumption and facilitate disassembly. Design for assembly (DfA) is a method of rationalizing and standa rdizing parts to facilitate the fixi ng together of components during production or manufacture. Design for disassembly (DID)is a method of designing products to facili tate cost-effective, non-destructive breakdown of the component parts of a product at the end of its life so that they can be recycled and/or reused. Efficientuse of raw and manufactured materials reducing materials used and minimizing waste production. Lightweight construction reducing materials used but maintaining strength. Low-energy manufacturing/ production/construction techn iques/assembly reducing the energy required to make components and/ or products. Reduced resource consumption - reducing materials used, especially raw materials extracted from the environment. Reduction in use of consum ables - reducing consumables used during the manufacturing process. Reduction in materials usage - effic ient use of materials
compared with conventional/traditional designs Reduction of production waste is achieved by more effi cient designs and/or manufacturing processes. Reusable buildings demou ntable, modular buildings, which can be transported and reassembled in new locations. Self-assembly - the final
assembly is done by the consumer, thereby saving energyin the fabrication process. Simple, low-cost const ruction - manufacturing with simple, inexpensivexooling and low-energy processes. Zero waste production - the elimination of waste from the production process.
Recycling and reuse Design for recyclability (DfR) is a design philosophy that tries to maximize positive environmental attributes of a product, such as ease of disassembly, recyclability, m aintena nce, reu se
or refurbishment, without compromising the product's functionality and performance. Design for recycling (DfR) considers the best methods to improve recycling of raw materials or components by facilitating asse mblyand disass embly, ensuring that materials are not mixed and appropriately labelling materials and components. Materials labelling assists with improved identificationof materials for recycling. Materials recycled at sou rce - use of office, factoryor domest ic waste to make new products in situ. Reuse of end-of-life components (remanufacturing) - taking back worn-
out or old components/ products and refurbishing them to an 'as-new' standard for resale. Reuse of materials reusing materials without changing their original state. By comparison, recycling involves some reorganization or partial destruction of the material followed by reconstitution. Reuse of redundant components - components formally manufactured for another use are re-employed in a new product. Re-used objects - any complete object reused in a new product. Single material compone nts - components made of one material (a monomaterial component). Use of ready-madesjreadymade components components made for one product reapplied to a new or different type of product. DISTRIBUTION/TRANSPORTATION PHASE
Flat-pack products products that can be stored nat to maximize use of transport/storage space. Lightweight products products that have been designed to be lightweight, yet retain full functionality, and as a result require less energy to trans port. Reduced energy use during transport/reduction in transport energy - this can be achieved by careful design of products to maximize packing per unit area and minimize weight per product. Reusable packaging packaging that can provide protection on more than one trip. Self-assembly - designs that are assembled by the consumer, therefore saving valuable space in transport and storage.
FUNCTIONALITY AND USE PHASE
Socially beneficial designs Alternative modes of transport for improved choice of mobility - reduces dependency on high. environmental·impact products such as the car and affords improved mobility options for minoritygroups, such as the disabled. An aid to reduce population growth - helps keep the balance between population and resource availability and so slows environmental degradation, social exclusion and other problems. Community ownership encourages group rather than individual ownership and so improves the efficiencyof product usage. Design for need - A concept that emerged in the '9 70S and was promoted by exponents such as the design academic Victor Papanek and by a landmark exhibition at the Royal College of Art, Londo n, in ' 976. Design for need concentrates on design for social needs rather than for creating 'lifestyle' products. Emergency provision/ distribution of clean, safe water products designed to reduce human mortality and disease. Encourages recycling products designed to facilitate recycling. Equal access for public services - products to enable minority groups, such as the disabled, full access to public services, such as transport. Hire rathe r than ownership products designed for hire rather than for personal ownership, receiving more efficient and economical use.
Eco-Design Strategies
Eco-Oesign Strategies ..,.. 0 ;0 (1)
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Ter ra Choice Enviro nm ental Servi ces, Inc. Z781 Lanca ster Road Suite 400 Ottawa, ONT KIB 1A7 Canada T +16132471900 F +1613247 2228 E
[email protected] www.gen.gr.jp GEN is not accredited to
issue eco-Iabels but keeps the most up-to-date list of all eco-Iabelling organizations worldwide on its website and details of the type of products and materials currently covered. GEN links directly with most ecolabelling organizations' websites. Group for Efficient Appliances (GEA)
www.gealabel.org/
An association of energy labelling authorities in European countries (includes Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Sweden, Netherlands and Switzerland), the European Energy Netwark and the EuropeanAssociation of Consumer Electronics Manufacturers (EACEM) . Labels areavailable for a range of electronic equipmentfrom PCs to TVs. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Central Secretariat 1 Rue de v arern be Case posta Ie 56 CH lZ11 Geneva zo Swit zerland T +4' (0)22 7490111 F +4' (0)227 33 34 30 E cent
[email protected] h
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i~:; National Association of Paper Merchants (NAPM) Hamilton Court Gogmore Lane, Chertsey Surre y KT16 9AP, UK T +44 (0)1932 569797 F +44 (0)1932 569749 E
[email protected] www.napm.org.uk
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NAPM-approved recycled paperand boards are guaranteedto containa minimum of 75 per centrecycledfibre contentfrom genuinepaperand board waste, not mill waste. Pan European Forest Certification (PEFC) PEFC Coun cil asbl zerne Etage 17 Rue des G iron di ns L-16 z6 Merl-Hollerich Luxem bo urg T +352 (0)262590 59 F +352 (0)26259258 E
[email protected] whichencourages environmentallyand socially responsibleforestry management. SmartWood has certified up to one hundredoperations worldwide, which produce a wide rangeof certified lumber and products. The Forest Stewardship Council has accredited SmartWood for its certifica tion offorestry operations. The SmartWood Rediscovered Program certifies salvaged or recycled woodfrom demolished buildings or waste sources.
www.pefc.org
The PEFC is a new scheme initiated by the private forestrysector. Forests (and theirtimber and wood productoutput) arecertified by independent auditors to be managed in accordance with the Pan European Criteria on the Protection of Forests in Europe, which wereresolved at the Helsinki and Lisbon Ministerial Confe rencesin 1993 and 1998. It is a scheme that offers a common European framework, in contrast to the FSC scheme, whichis appliedtoforests worldwide.
~ ReSy GmbH Po st fach 101541 64Z15 Darm stadt, Germany T +49 (0)615192 94 22 F +49 (0)615192 94522
www.resy.dejind-eng.htm
This company certifies that the content of paper and corrugated boardpackaging is suitablefor recyclingin the German paperindustry. The ReSylogo is used with the international recycling logo af the Mabius loop. SmartWood® Program Rainforest Alliance 65 Bleecker Street New Yo rk, NY 100 12, USA
T +1212677 '900
www.smartwood.org and www.rainforest-alliance.org
SmartWood is a program of the Rainforest Alliance®
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Soil Association Bristol House 40-56 Victoria Street Bristo l BSI 6BY,UK T +44 (0)117929 0661 F +44 (0)1179252504 E in fo@ soilassoc iatio n.o rg www.soilassociation.org
WoodMark is the name of the Soil Association's internationalforestry and chain of custodyscheme. The Soil Association is an accredited organization to the Forest Stewardship Council and is permitted to inspect and certifY forests and their products as sustainably managed under the FSC scheme. It is also the leading organization in the UK that independently certifiesfarm produce as being organicallygrown and certified to bear the Soil Association logo. US EPA Energy Star Office Equipment USA E
[email protected] www.energystar.gov
Energy Starlabelsfor olfice equipment, buildings and more.
ECOMATERIALS Alternative Crops Technology Interaction Network (ACTIN) Pira House l.eatherhead, Surre y, UK T +44 (0)13728020\4
F +44 (0)1372802245 E info@ actin.co.uk
www.actm.co.uk ATHENA'M Sustainable Materials Institute Canada E wbtru
[email protected] and E jkmei l @ fox.nst n.ca
www .athenas m i.ca
BioComposites Centre, T he U niversit y of Wal es Bangor Gwynedd LL57 ZUW, UK T +44 (0)1248370 588 F +44 (0)1248370594
E
[email protected] www .bc. bangor.ac.uk
Specializes in industrial contract research on the processing of woodand plant materials tofacilitate the production of new materials. Building Research Establishment (UK) www .bre.org.uk
The BREholds the National Database of Environmental Profilesfor a wide range of common building and construction materials. These Environmental Profiles document the material's inputs, outputs and lifecycle assessment, enabling architects and theirclients, specifiers and manufacturersto assess the impacts of different materials. Full access to the database is subject to afee. Carbohydrate Economy Clearinghouse, The clo The In st itute fo r Loca l Self-Reliance 1313 5th Street SE M in neapoli s, MN 55414 -154 6 USA T +1612 3793815 F +1612379 3920 E
[email protected] www.carbohydrateeconomy.org Center for Environmentally Appropriate Materials Department of Work Enviro n m ent Un iversit y o f Massachusetts Lowell One Un iver sity Avenue Lowell, MA 01854. USA T +1 978 934 3250 F +19784525711 E Director , Dr Ken Geiser: kgeiser@tu rLo rg
Green Organizations y/ww.uml.eduf DeptfWEfcenters. htm certified Forest Products Co unci l 14780 SW O sp rey Dr ive Suite 285 Beaverto n , OR 97007 USA T +1503 590 6600 F +1503 590 6655 E
[email protected] www.certifiedwood.org Co-op Am eric a' s Wood Wis e D irecto ry USA
www.coopamerica.orgf wood w isef di rectory.htm
Aimed at providing informationfor consumers, the WoodWise Directory publishes on online directory of paperand wood products from certified and recycled sources of'raw' materials. It also lists suppliersof 'alternative' non-wood and non-paper products. EcoDesign Resou rce Socie ty PO Box 3981 M ain Post O ffi ce Vancou ver sc v6s 3Z4 Canad a T +1604255 2049 F +1604 255 2079
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[email protected] www.ecodesign.bc.ca/ product.htm FSC Fores t Stew ard sh ip Council, UK U K W or king Group Unit D, Statio n Buildin g L1anidloes SY1 8 6ES,UK T +44 (0)1686 413 916 F +44 (0)1686 412 176
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[email protected] www.fsc-uk.demon.co.uk FSC Forest Stew ard shi p Counci l, USA 113429th Street NW Washin gt o n, DC 20007 U SA T +1877372 5646 F +1202 342 6589
E
[email protected] www.fscus.org Harris D ire ctory, The USA
www.harrisdirectory.com
This directoryhasbeen revised annually since 1992 and now lists five thousand recycled productsand materialsfrom
the USA Information includes contact details. product or material type, environmental benefits and examples of applications. The publishers of the Directory work closely withthe California-integrated Waste Management Board to revise keywords tofacilitate identificationofproducts that comply withUS government ecological procurement criteria. Institute for Local Self Reliance (U SA)
www.ilsr.org
The ILSR mointoinsan online database of moterials called The Carbohydrate Economy, which lists state by stote the companiesin the USA that are manufacturing materialsfrom biologicalsources. Thisincludes biofuels, biocomposites, biopolymers, points,finishes and cleaners with examples of the use of waste or recycled raw materials. Material Co n neXio n 4 Co lu m bus Cir cle New Yor k, NY 10 019 -110 0 U SA T +1212445 8825 F +1 21 24458950
www.materialconnexion.com
MaterialConneXion maintains a database af over three thousand materials, including materials derived from ar cantaining recycled content. This privately operated database is available online and can be visited in New York. New Uses Council 29 5 Tanglew ood D rive East Gre en w ich R102818-2210 U SA T +1401 8858177 F +1401 821 5789
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[email protected] www.newuses.org
The New Uses Council is dedicated to developing and commercializing new industrial, energy and nonfood consumer uses of renewable agricultural, forestry, livestock and marine products. It publishes an extensive online listingof bioproducts, The BioProdu cts
Directo ry. such os biofuels. biocomposites and biopo/ymers. Pan European Forest Certification (PEFC) PEFC Council asbl ze rne Etage 17 Rue des Girondins L-1626 Merl- Hollerich Luxembou rg T +352 (0)26 25 90 59 F +352 (0)26 2592 58
E pefc@ptlu www.pefc.org Proterra BV PO Box 188 6700 AD W ageningen N et herl and s T +3' (0)317467661 F +3' (0)317467660 E info @p rot erra.nl
www.proterra.nl Salvo (U K)
www.salvo.co.uk
Established in 1992, Salvo Europe'Sonlyassociation coordinating the activities of architectural salvage com paniesand reclaimed building moterials suppliers. Although membersare predominantlyfrom the UK, listings include companies in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Fra nce, Ireland and the USA is
SmartWood® Pro gram Rainfor est All iance 65 Bleecker Street N ew Yor k, NY 10012 USA T +1 212 6 77 1900
www.smartwood.org and www.rainforest-alliance.org Waste Watch and National Recycl ing Forum Eu ro pa Hou se G ro u nd Floor 13-17 Ironmonger Row Lon do n EClV 3QN, U K T +44 (0)2072536266 F +44 (0)2072535962
E
[email protected] www.wastewatch.org.uk/
The U K Recycled Pro du ct s Guide wasjointly published by the National Recycling Forum and Waste Watch in 1998. It is available as a bound copyoronlineat www.nrforg.uk and lists over a thousand products and
materials. Data include type of material. percentage of post-consumer waste or recovered material, brand names, accredita tion and contactdetailsof suppliers.
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ECO SHOPS Centre for Alternative Technology Machynlleth Powy s SY 20 9AZ, UK T +44 (0)1654702 400 F +44 (0)1654702 782 E
[email protected] www.cat.org.uk EcoMall Ne w Yo rk, USA E ecom
[email protected] www.ecomal1.com The G reen Stat ionery Company Stud io O ne 11 4 Wa lcot Street Bath SAl SSG UK T +44 (0)1225480 556 F +44 (0)1225481211 E
[email protected] http:/ / greenstat.ebusiness.co.uk Jade M oun tain PO Box 4616 Bou lder , CO8030 6, USA T +1800 4421972
F +1 3034498266
E info@jademo untain.com www.jademountain.com Millennium Whole Earth Catalog Who le Earth PO Box 30 0 0 Denville, NJ 0 7834 -98 79 USA T +1888 7326739
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[email protected] www.wholeearthmag.com Natural Coll ect io n Eco H ou se M on m outh Place Bath SAl 2DQ, UK T +44 (0)8703 3 333 '3 F +44 (0)1225469673
www.naturalcollection.com Real Go ods USA
www.realgoods.com Sustainability Souce?" , Inc ., U SA
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[email protected] www.sustainabilitysource.com
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ENERGY Amazing Environmental Organization Web Directory Alternative Energy Californ ia, USA
www.webdirectory.comfScience jEnergyjAlternat,v.
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Me lbou rne Institute of Techno logy, Australia, to denote the redesigning of existing products to reduce the environmen tal impa ct of one or mo re components of t he product.
Ecological footprint is a measure of the resource use by a population with in a defined area of land, incl uding imported resources. Assessment of the ecological footprint s of nation states or other defined geographic areas reveals the true environmental im pact of t hose states and t heir ability to survive on their own resources in the long term . The term ecologcial footprint can also be applied to products but is more common ly referred to as the environ mental 'rucksack' associated with product manufact uring. Embodied energy is the total energy stored in a product or material and includes the energy in the raw materials , transport to the place of product ion , energy in manufacturing and (some times) transpo rt energy used in the distribut ion and retail chain. It is measured in MJ per kg o r GJ per tonne . End oflife (Eol) describes both the end of the life of the actual prod uct and the cessation of t he enviro nmenta l im pacts associated with t he produ ct. Disassemb ly and recycling of com ponents and/o r mater ials at a produ ct's Eol are preferable to d isposal via landfill or incin eration. End of pipe (EoP) solution is anoth er term given to pol lutio n contro l in which the by-products of manufacturing processes that are toxic or hazardous emissions or wastes are treated or neutra lized before being released to the
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wider enviro nmen t. Thi s is design to correct or min im ize a pro blem. Environment conscious
manufacturing (ECM) is the application of green engineering techniques to manufactu ring to encou rage greater efficiency and reduction of emissi ons and waste. Environ mental impact assessment (EIA) is a complex process of predic ting and deAning the possible enviro nme ntal effects of public- and private-sector projects in advance of implementat ion and of examining how to m itigate the predic ted impac ts. Or iginating in North America in the 1970s, EIAs are typical ly applied to constr uction , forestry, infrastructu re and housing projects . In Europe and th e U K public enqui ries and local government planning department proc esses generally take the place of EIAs. Environmental management systems (EMS) are aim ed at improving the environmental performance of organ izations in a systematic way integrated with legislative and compliance requirements. The international benchmark for EM S is the Internati onal Standard ISO 14001, wh ich more and more organiz ations each year are meeting , but nat ional EMS standards also play a sign ificant role, such as th e Brit ish Standard for Environme ntal M anagement , BS 7750 . Other independent ly certi fied systems exist, such as EMAS operated in the European u nion .\ EU Energy label is a classificat ion applied to dom estic appli ances such as washing m achines and refrigerators according to their energy use, expressed as kWh per year. Gro up A are t he most energy-
efficient and Group G are the least efficient. Thi s scheme is due to be expanded to other types ofappliances .
Geosphere con sist s of the inorganic, geological compo nents of the world such as mineral s, rocks and stone, sea and fresh water. Green design is a design process in which the focu s is on assessing and dealing with ind ividual environmental impacts of a prod uct rather than on the product's enti re life. Greenhouse gases are any manmade gaseous emissio n that cont ributes to a rise in the average temp erat ure of the earth , a pheno meno n know n as global warm ing, by trapping the heat of the sun in the earth's atmosphere. The key greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide , mainly from fossil-fuel burning activities; methane from landfill sites, agriculture and coal production; chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorof uorocarbons, (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (H FCs), used in refrigerants and aerosols; nitrous oxide from nylon and nitr ic acid production, fossil-fuel burning and agricultu re; and sulphur hexafluoride from the chem ical indu stry. Greywater is the waste water fro m personal or general dome stic washing activit ies.
efficient movement of people.
Lifecycle analysis or Lifecycle assessment (LCA) is the process of analyzing the environmental impact of a produc t from the cradle t o the grave in four major phases: production , transportrd istribution/ packaging, usage, disposal or end of life/des ign for disassemb ly/design for recycling. Lifecycle inventory(LCI) is the practice of analyzing the environmental consequences of inputs required and ou tputs generated during the life of a product. Lifecycle matrix is a too l or checklist to analyze potential environ mental im pacts at each phase in the product's lifecycle. Different types of indust ry create specific Iifecycle mat rices related to t he peculiarities of th e manufactu ring process of their produ cts. Lithosphere is the geological strata th at make up th e earth 's crust. Mobility path describes a route an indiv idual can take travelling between two poi nts using one or mo re forms of transport whic h are, preferably, integrated into a flexible system (see ITS).
Industrialecology is a holistic approach th at con siders the interacti on between natural, econom ic and indust rial system s. It is also term ed ind ustrial metabolism .
Non-renewable resources are tho se in fin ite supply that cannot be regenerated or renewed by synt hesizing the energy of the sun. Such resources include fossil fuels, metals and plastics. Im provin g the rate of recycling will extend the longevity of these resources.
Intelligenttransportsystem (ITS) is a series of in te-grated tra nsport networ ks in which individual networks use specific tr anspo rt mo des but allow easy inte rconnec tion to facilitate
Off-gasing is t he term for emissio ns of volati le comp ounds to the air fro m synth etic or natural polymers. Emi ssions usually derive fro m the addit ives, elastomers, Allers
Glossary and residual chemicals from the manufacturing process rather than from the long, molecular-cha in polymers. Post·consum er waste is waste t hat is collected and sorted after the product has been used by the consumer. It includes glass, newspaper and cans from special roadside 'banks' or disposal facil ities. It is generally much more variable in composition than pre-con sum er waste (see below). Pre·consumer waste is waste generated at the manufact uring plant or product io n facility. Prod ucer responsibility (PR) prescribes the legal responsibilities of producers/manufacturers for their prod ucts from the cradle to the grave. Recent Euro pean legislation for certain product sectors, such as electronic and electrical goods, packaging and vehicles, sets specific requirem ents regarding 'take-back' of products and targets for recycling com ponents and materials. Product lifecycle (PLC) is the result of a lifecycle assessment of an individual product, which analyzes its environm ental impact. Renewable resources refer to those resources that originate from storage of energy from the sun by living org anism s including plant s, animals and hum ans. Provid ing that sufficient water, nutrients and sunshine are available, renewable resources can be grown in continuous cycles. Smart prod ucts are those with in-built sensors to cont rol th e function of t he product automatically or to make the user aware of the cond ition of the product. Sustainable is an adjective appl ied to diverse subjects includ ing populat ions,
cities, development, businesses, communities and habitats ; it means that the subject can persist a long time into the future . Sustainable development: According to the most widely quoted definition , published in the 1987 report 'O ur Common Future ' by the World Commission on Environment and Development chaired by Gro H arlem Brundtland, the Norwegian prime mi niste r, sustainable developmen t is develop men t that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The term contains within it two key concepts: the concept of 'needs', in particular the essential needs of th e world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs. Sustainable product design (SPO) is a design philoso phy and practice in which products contribute to social and economic well-being , have negligible impacts on the environment and can be produced fro m a sustainable resource base. It embodies the practice of eco-design, with due attentio n to environ menta l, ethical and social facto rs, but also includes economic conside rations and assessments of resource availabil ity in relation to sustainable production . Sustainable products serve huma n needs without depleti ng natu ral and manmade resources, without damage to the carrying capacity of ecosystems and without restricting the options available to present and futu re generations .
Technosphere consists of the synthetic and composite components and materials formed by human interventionin reordering and com bining components and mater ials of the biosphere, geosphere and atmosphere. True technosphere mater ials cannot re-enter the biosphere through the process of biodegradation alone. Synthetic polymers such as plastics are examp les of such mater ials. Transport energy is t he energy expended to transport or distribute a product from the manufacturer to the wholesaler or retailer. Locally manufactured and locally purchased produc ts tend to have much lower transport energies than imp orted products. The unit of measure is M ) per kilogram . use-Impact products are consumer products that create (major) environmental impacts, such as cars and electrical appliances. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are natural and synth etic organic chemic als that can easily move between the solid/liquid and gaseous phase. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Materials, chemicals ABS acrylonit rile-but adienestyrene CFCs chlo rinate d fluorocarbons compounds containing chlorine, fluorine and carbon CO carbon monoxi de C02 carbon dioxide HC hydrocarbon HCFCs hydroch lorofluorocarbons compounds containing hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine and carbon HFCs hydrofluorocarbonscompounds containing
hydrogen, fluorine and carbon HOPE high-density polyethylene LOPE low-density polyethylene GRP glass-reinfo rced plastic (polyme r) NO nitrous oxide NO x oxides of nitrogen N iMH nickel metal hydride N iCd nickel cadmium ozone P~ polyethylene (polythene) PET polyethylene terephthalate PP po lypropylene PS polystyrene PU polyu rethane PVC polyvinyl chloride VOC volatile organic compound
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Miscellaneous EV electric vehicle LED light em itt ing dio de PV photovolt aic CFL com pact fluo rescent lamp UV ultraviolet light DC direct current AC alternating current PM10S particulate matte r (dust , acids and other types) suspended in the air and measuring less than O.OOOO1 mm d iameter PV photovoltaic mod ule PRN packaging recovery note
Further Reading .j:>.
Books
Materialsand Components
EARLY VISIONARIES
(1998), BRE Report 351 , Building Research Establishment , UK.
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Carson , Rachel, SilentSpring (1962), Hamish H am ilt on, UK. Ecologist, The, editors of, A Blueprint for Survival (1972), Penguin Books, UK/ Austra li a. Fuller , Richard Buckminster,
Operating Manualfor Spaceship Earth (1969), Feffer & Simons, London and Am sterdam. Meadows, Donella , Dennis Meadows, [ergen Randers and William Behrens III , The Lim its to Growth, A Report
for the Club Df Rome's Project on the Predicament DfMankind (1972), Earth Island, Lo ndon. Meller, James (ed) , The
Buckminster Fuller Reader (1970), Jonathan Cape, Lond on . Packard, Vance, The Hidden Persuaders (1957). Penguin Books, UK. Packard, Vance, The Waste Makers (1960), Penguin Books, U K/ Aust ralia. Papanek, Victor,
Designfor the RealWDrld, Human ECDlagy and Social Change(1972), Thames & H udson, Lo ndon. Wri ght , Frank Lloyd, The
Natural House (1 963). Hori zon Press, New York. ARCHITECTURE Baggs, Sydney and Joan, The
Healthy House (1996), Thames & Hu dson, Londo n. Behling , Soph ia and St efan,
Soiar PDwer: The EVDlution oj Sustoinabte Architecture
Jones, David Lloyd ,
Architectureand the Environment: Bioelimatic Building Design (1998), Lawrence King Publishing, Londo n. Siessor , Catherine, Eco·Tech:
Sustainable Architectureand High Techn ology (1997 ). Thames & H udson, London. Vale, Robert and Brenda ,
GreenArchitecture: Design for a Sustainable Future (1991), Thames & Huds on , Lo ndon . Wines , James (and Phil ip
[odldio [edl], Green Architecture (200 0 ), Taschen, Cologne. Woolley, Tom, Sam Kimmins, Paul Ha rrison and Rob Ha rrison , Green Building Handbook, A guide to
building products and their impact on the environment (1997), E & F N Spon, London .
BUSINESS AND SUSTAINABILITY Allenby , B, and D Richards , (eds). The Greening Df
Industrial Ecasystems (1994), Nat ion al Academ y Press, Washington, D.C. Charter, Martin and Ursu la Tischner (eds), Sustainable
Solutions: Developing Products and ServicesfDr the Future (2001), Greenleaf Publishin g, U K. Datsc hefs ki, Edwin ,
Sustainable Products: The Trillion DDllar Opportunity (1999), ) L Publishing, H itchin, U K. Davis, John, Greening
Haw ken, P A B, Lovins and L H Lovins , Natural
Capitalism: Creating the Next IndustrialRevolution (1999), Litt le & Brown, Boston, and Earthscan, Lo ndon. Institute of Materials and Glasgow Caledonian Un ivers ity , Manufacturing
and the Environment (1997), Institute of Materials, London . Kirkwood, R C, and A J Longley , CleanTechnDlogy and the Environment (1995), Blackie Academic & Professional, Lo ndon.
ECODESIGN, GREEN DEStGN, 00, SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DESIGN Balcioglu, Tevfik (ed), The
Rote DfProduct Design in PDSt Industrial SDciety (1998). Middle East Technical University Facult y of Archite ct ure Press, Ankara, and Kent Inst it ute of Art & Design, Rochester, UK. Beukers , Adriaan and Ed van H inte, Lightness: The
(1999), 010 Publishers, Rotterdam. Bill asto s, Sam ir and Nadi a A Basaly, Green Technology and
Design for the Environment (1997), Taylo r and Francis, Washington D.C. Brezet, Han and Carolein van H ernel, Ecodesign. A
Promising Approach to Sustainable Production and Consumption (1997), United Nat ions Environment Program me, Paris, France. Burre ll , P, Product
Business: Managingf Dr Sustainable Development
DevelDpment and the Environment (1996), Design Coun cil & Gower
Howard, Ni gel and David Sheirs, The Green Guide to
(1991), Blackwell, Oxford .
Publ ications, London.
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Fussier, Claude with Peter James, Driving Leo-innovation (1996), Pitman Publishing, Lo ndo n.
Recyelability (1988), Instit ute of Metals, Londo n. Krause, F. and Helmut Jansen (eds). Life Cyele
Modellingfor Innovative Products aI. Processes (1 996), Chapman & Hal l, London. Lyle, John, Regenerative
Design for Sustainable Design, (1994) , Wiley, New York. MacKenz ie, Dorothy , Green
Design: Designfor the Environment (1991). Rizzoli, New York. Papanek, Victor, The Green
Imperative: ECDIDgy aI. Ethics in Design and Architecture (1995), Thame s & Hudson , London. Van der Ryn, Sim & Stua rt Cowan , EcolDgical Design (1996), Island Press, Washingto n D.C. van H inte , Ed and Conny Bakker, Trespassers:
lnspirationsfDr Eco·efficient Design (1999), 010 Publ ishers, Rotterdam. Whi t eley, Nigel . Design For Society (1993), Reaktion Books, London.
Inevitable Renaissance Df Minimum Energy Structures
(2000 ), Prestel Verlag, Mun ich.
SpecificatiDn, An Environmental PrDfiling System for Building
Henstock, M , Designfor
Com m iss ion of the Europ ean Communitie s, Green Paper
on Integrated Product Policy (2001), CO M , Brussels.
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND DATA Brundtland , Gro Harlem
et ai, Worl d Comm ission on Environment and Development ,
Our CDm mDn Future (1987), O xford Uni versity Press, UK/USA.
Environmen t Handbook (1998), The
Curran , Susan,
Stationery Office, UK. Lees, Ni gel and H elen Wool ston , Environmental InformatiDn: A Guide to Sources (1997). The British Library, Lond on. McLaren, Dunc an, Simon Bulloc k and Nus rat Yo usuf.
TDmDrrDw's World, Britain's Share in a SustainableFuture (1998), Earthscan, London.
Further Reading GENERAL
Mutant Materials in Contemporary Design (1995), Museum of
Antonelli , Paola,
Modern Art , New York. Coun sell , Simon, TheGood Wood Guide (1996), Friends of the Eart h, London . Elkington, John and Julia Ha iles, The GreenConsumer Guide (1988), Gollanc z, London. Nat iona l Recycling Forum/ Waste Watch, UKRecycled
Products Guide (1998) , N atio nal Recycling Forum / Waste Watch , UK.
La Casa Prossima Futura (The Home of the Near Future) exhibition (1999) , Royal
Philips Design,
Phi lip s Elect ro nics, Neth erlands. Philips Design, Vision of the Future (1996), Philip s Design and V+ K Publ ishing, Netherlands. Powers, Alan,
Naturein
Design (1999), Conra n Octopus, Lon don. Ramakers, Remy and Gils Bakker (eds), Droog Design.
Spirit of the Nineties (1998), 010 Publishers, Rotterdam .
Recycling, Formsfor the Next Century - Austerityfor Posterity
Taylor , Louise et ai,
(1996), Craftspace Touring, Birmingham .
o n sustainable bui ld ing design. www.greendesign.netj greenclips
The Biothinker BUSINESS AND SUSTAINABILITY
Business and the Environment (Cutte r, USA) A hard-cop y and onl ine resource for bus iness executives wo rldw ide to keep abreast of the debate on environmental management issues. http:// eutter.eom/ bale
Greener Management Internat ional- Thejournal of Corpora te Environmental Strategy and Practice (Greenleaf Publishing, UK) A quarterly jo urnal, which disc usses t he developmen ts aro und key strategic envi ronme ntal and sustai nabi lity issues and th eir effects on public- and pr ivate-secto r orga ni zatio ns. http:/ /www.greenleaf· publishing.eom
Sustain (Wo rld Busin ess Cou ncil for Sustainable Development , Switzerland) Quarterl y magaz ine providing examples of how members are tackling the issue of susta inable development and discussing current
issues . www.wbesd.eh
Magaz ine s, joumals, e-zines and new s lette rs ARCHITECTURE
Environmental Design ~ Construction (USA) A magazine covering all aspects of environmentally sound build ing design and const ruct ion. www.edcmag.com
GreenClips: Sustainable Building Design News Digest (USA) An e-mail newslette r and web resource prov iding a sum mary of the latest news
ECODESIGN, GREEN DESIGN, D1X, SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DESIGN
Tomorrow (Tomorrow Publishi ng, Sweden) A print and web media journal inform ing about corpo rate environmen tal issues, prov iding analysis and offering pract ical solu tio ns. www. tomorrow-web.cc m
Sustainable Business (USA) A mo nth ly online maga zine, which collates news, features and regular columns from the growing arena of susta inable business. www.sustainablebusiness.com
(Biothinking International , UK) A newsletter that promotes the ph ilosophy of cyclic, solar and safe pract ices in relat ion to the design of products and services. www.biothinking.com
Ecocycle An onl ine newslette r ded icated to product li fecycle management (LCM) and the dissem ination of information on pol icy and technical issues. www.ec.gc.cajecocycle
Eco Design (Ecologica l Design Association ,UK) This is the journal of t he Ecological Design Association, serving its m em bership of over 1,50 0 in the UK and overseas. Issues tend to be based upon th emes such as transpo rt , eco-products and self-build, bu t each incorporates diverse editorial matte r from lifestyle to semi -technical. www.edaweb.org
International journal of Environmentally Conscious Design and Manufacturing (ECDM Lab, University of Windsor, Canada) Exam ines the short- and lo ng-term effects of design and manufacturing on the environment and reports recent trends, advances and research results. www.ijecdm.com
j ournal of Life Cycle Assessment A jo urna l devoted ent irely to LCA for pract itioners, prod uct m anagers and all t hose interested in reducing th e ecological bur dens of produ ct s and systems. www.ecorned.dej joumalsj lcajlca.htrn
journal of Indus trial Ecology (Massachusetts In stitute of Technology , USA)
A quarterly hard-co py and onl ine journal published by M IT, which encompasses mater ial and energy-fiow studies, lifecycle analysis, design for th e environment, product stewardship and much mo re. Although aimed at academ ia, it is a good source of techn ical inform ation, statist ics and contacts . http:/ / mitpress.mit.eduIJIE
j ournalof Sustainable Product Design (The Centre for Sustainable Design, UK) A qua rterly pu blicat ion that includes contri butions from academia and indu st ry to enco urage busine ss towa rds sustainable pract ices, pro duc ts and services. www.cfsd.org.ukjjournal ENVIRONMENTAL NEWS, POLICY AND INFORMATION
ENDS Report, The (Environmental Data Services Ltd, UK) In continuous publication since '978, The ENDS Report is a comprehensive monthly print and web media journal offering news , analysis and features on enviro nmental polic y and business , with a UK focus informed by developments in the EU. www.endsreport.com
ENDS Environment Daily (Environmental Data Services Ltd, U K) A daily electronic news service focusing on environmental policy develo pments in Europe. www.environmentdaily.com
GENERAL
Green Futures (Foru m for the Futu re, U K) M agazin e that focuses o n issues of sustai nable develo pment illustrated by case studies and init iat ives in business, ind ustry and local govern ment. www.forumforthefuture.org.uk
8
~
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Further Reading/Index .j>.
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Itch (magaz ine) (Sustainable Solut ion s Design Association , Denma rk) A qu arterly m agazine, which focu ses o n sustainability and fashion for designe rs of textiles and clothes. www.psd·dk.comj_psd_htmj info.htm
Recycler's World (RecycieNet Corpo rat ion , Canada) This is a wo rldwide tr ading site for inform ation about reusab le and recyclable produ cts, by-produc ts and m aterials . www .recycle.net
Recycling World (Tec Publicat ion s, U K)
)
( Index
Trade ma gazine, which exam ines the latest developm ents in recycling techn ology and new in it iatives in the UK and Europe and offe rs a resource for tr ading recycled materials called Recyclers' Corner . www.teeweb.corn/recyde
Arzuaga,Amaya 125, 304 Asga 114
Ash Round Table 54 Association for Environment
Conscious Building (AECB) 33'
zpm Ltd 101 , 312 3M Deutschland GmbH 2'5,3 '2 3M, UK 270 3MTM 8000 215
3M Serie 9300 270 teo-Piece-KitArm chair 39 10939 Wedding Dress 126 Abbate, Cinzia 229. 304
ABG Ltd 270,3' 2 Acadia Board Company 278,3'2 ACAT fibre board 292 AccuPlus Ultra 269 Ackon, Gabriele 42, 304 Acordis Speciality FibresfAcordis
Fibres (Holdings) Ltd 29',3' 2 Ad Rem Design '79, 304 Advanced Elastomer Systems
LP 297,3'2 Advanced Environmental Recycling Technologies, Inc. 292, 312
Advanced Vehicle Design '4 6, ' 49,3 ' 2 AElOOO Free-power Radi o 163
AEG Hausgerate GmbH "9, 3' 2 Aerodyn Energiesysteme GmbH
256,3'2 Aeron 196 AeroVironment, Inc. 148,222,223.
304,3'2 AERT LifeCycle, ChoiceDekand MoistureShield 292
Aga-Rayburn "4,3'2 Agatha Dreams 19
Agro Plastic 296 Air Box 210 Air Packaging Technologies. Inc. 210,3 12
Airbag 22 Airfil 210 Airsaddle ' 53 Airtecture 238
Akeler Developments 236,304 Akylux 210 Akzo Nobel Decorative Coatings
AB(Nordsj5) 298,3'2,32' Aladdin Power 110 Alaska Center for Appropriate
Technology 292, 304 Alden& Ott 289, 3'2 AlessiSpA ,69 ,3'2
Alfred Karcher GmbH & Co. "7, 3' 2 Alinea, Atelier, AG 85,3' 2 All Paper Recycling, Inc. 280, 3'2 Alliance for BeverageCartons and the Environment 338 Allison Bus 216 Almerelow-cost housing 233 Alternative Crops Technology
Interaction Network (ACTIN) 334 Alternative Energy 336 Alternative TechnologyAssociation
332
Alucan, Aluminium Can Recycling Association 337 AmasecAiml 210,312
Amato, John ' 55, 304 Amazing Environmental Organization Web DirectoryAlternative Energy 336 Amazing Environmenta l Organization Web Directory -
Recycling 337 American Excelsior Company 282,
3' 2 American Hardwoods Export Council 243, 250 American Institute of Architects
33 ' American Plastics Council 337,338 Ampair Ltd 25',3'2 Amtico Company Ltd, The 249, 3'2 Andringa, Jacqueline 81,3°4 Anna Chaise 79
Association of Plastics Manufacturers Europe (APM E)
338 AstroPower 252 AstroPower, Inc. 251,252, 312
Atfield, Jane 35,43, 45,304 ATHENN M Sustainable Materials Institute 334
Attila ' 73 Auro paints, oils, waxes and finishes 286 Auro Paints/ Aura Pflanzencherme
AGjAure GmbH 286,3' 2 Austrian Ecodesign Information Point 331 Authentic Rooft'' 242 Authen tics arti present GmbH 49,
'7 8, 189,3 '3 Avant de Dorrnir 61,313 AxorStarck Dusche 262 Axor Starck mixer tap 262 Azumi, Shin and Tomoko 71, 78,
3°4 BabyStingray 224 Baccarne bvba 227,304, 313 BaccarneDesign 227, 3' 3
Bakker, Erik 75,304 Baleri ltalia 197,313
Bally, Boris 27, 304 Bamboo Bicycle, The '44 Bamboo Hardwoods, Inc. 281,313 Ban, Shigeru 80,234,237 ,304 Bansod, Abhijit '9' ,304 Baohm, Fons 113 Bar + Knell (Beata and Gerhard Bar
and Hartmut Knell) 30,68 ,8' , 93,102,103, 107,304
Anstalten Thorberg 248,3'2 AnthologieQuanett 81,304 Apotheloz, Christophe '53, 304 APT BatteryAdapter 268
Barlow-Lawson, Stephen 196, 304 Barnacle 178 Baroli, Luigi 197, 304
Aquair 100, Aquair U. W. 251 Arai, Junichi 291,3°4 Arbor Vitae 201,312 Arena Vision 401 195
Basi c Bass, The 165
Argyll CF727 290 Arizona Fibers Marketing 285,312 Armstrong World Industries, Inc.
249,3 ' 2 Arosio. Pietro 31,304
Artemide SpA 97,3'2
Bartsch Design 256, 304
Warmer Bulletin Focuses on resource recovery and waste managemen t, including reports o n legisl ative, technical and policy developments around the world . www.residua.com/ WB.html
Bergne, Sebastian 49, 89, 304 Berkowitz, Adam 201, 3° 4 Bernabei, Rina 86,304 Bernard Kerr and PejackCampbell
"5 ,3 04 Bernett, Jeffrey 100, 304 Bernini 86 Berthier, Marc 163,3°4 Besse, Hedda 111,304 BEST Buro fur Produktgestaltung
"7,3 0 4 Bey, Jurgen 25, 60, 74,227,304 Big Legs 22
Bill Dunster Architects 234, 239, 304 Bindoplast 298 BioT ® 287 BioAcouSliCFish Fence (BAFF) 270 BioChem Systems 287,3'3 BioComposites Centre, The 334 Biocorp 282, 313; polymer 282
BioFab LLCjPacific Gold Board 280,3'3 BioFoam 282
BioForm® 287 Biomorph InteractiveDesklt d
'96 Biomorph Multi Desk '96 Bionelle® 296 Biopac
215
Bioplast® 282 Biopol'" 296 biopolymers 282-84 Biopur® 282 Biora 298 BioRegional Development Group
239,304 Bioshield PaintCompany 286,313 BioShield paints,stains, thinners, waxes 286
Biotec 282,3'3 Blackwall Ltd '58,3 '3 Blanca, OscarTusquets 228, 305 Blejer, Danilea, and Saskia Bostelmann 229, 305
Basket 2 Hands 178
Blotter 23 BMW '32,3 ' 3
Bastian
boards and composites 278·80
22
BdsjStudio eg 203 Beacon Print ltd 271 ,313 Bean-e-clean'v 287 Bedrock Industries 172,313
BedZED Housing 239 Benza, Inc. '74 , ,85, 3'3
boards and sheeting 292-93 Bob 169 BOC Distribution Services 21 9, 313
BodyRaft 23 BodyShop International pic ' 30, 3'3
Index BodyShop. The. range 1JO Boeri, Cini 45.305 Bogdan Light 92 Boner. Jorg 66. J05 goc ntje. Tord 177. J05 Boox 61 Bopp LeuchtenGmbH 9J, 107. J1J Boris Bally, Atelier 27 Bostelmann, Saskia (see Bleier, Danilea,and Saskia Bostelmann) Bottle Stopper & Opener 175 Bottle-Top Stool. The 2J Boustead Consulting JJ6 Box chair 32 BPAmoco pic 259.J1J BP Solar International 111 ,3 13 BPSolarex 259,J1J Brass Cloth JOO BRE. New Environmental Office 2JJ Bredahl, Pil, and Liselotte Risell J7.J05 BREE Collection GmbH & Co. KG l JO, J1J Bristow, Stuart 177.305 British GlassManufacturers Confederation, The JJ7 British Metals Federationand Textile Recycling Association (TRA) JJ7 British Plastics Federation 338 BritishStandard s Institute 333 BritishWind Energy Association JJ6 Broess, Alfons 20, 305 Brompton BicycleLtd '47, J1J Brompton 147 Brook Hansen 269.313 Brown. julian/StudioBrown 173, J05 Bruggli Produktion & Dienstleistung 153.313 BTM International Ltd 217. J1J Buchner DesignStudio 278, 305. J1J Bucket Seat 25
Buderus HeiztechnikGmbH 255. J1 J BuildingResea rch Establishment JJ4 Bulo Office Furniture 57,J1J Burch 267, J1J Bureau of International Recycling JJ7 Burkhardt. Roland 257. J05 Buro fur Form 182,3°5 Buro fur Produktgestaltung 117, 256. J05 Buro Happold seeFeilden Clegg Architects
Business Lines Ltd 216,313 BUT 184. J1J Bute FabricsLtd 290. J1J ( 1 Recliner and Footstool 32 Cabka Plast KunststoffverarbeitungsGmbH 293,313 CafeDuo HD 1740/42 "5 Cahen, Antoine 111,3°5 Calstart JJ8 Cambridge Engineering Selector (CESJ) JJ6 Cambridge University 269 Campana, Fernando and HumbertorCampana Objetos Ltda JJ. 84. J05.J14 Canon IXUS 161 Canon. Inc./Canon (UK) Ltd 161 .
207. J14 Can-a-Worms 158
Cantlva
290
Capa® 282 CapeLight 92 Cappellini Arte/Capeum! SpA J4, 4J, 44, 4 8, 5'. 54, 59. 78. 80. 99. 100 ,3 14
Carbohydrate Economy Clearinghouse,The JJ4 Cardboard Chair JJ Cardnuff Ian seeVK & C Partnership Cargill Dow Polymers 211.284,
J14 Carnegie fabric 290 Carrasco, Pedro 191,305 Carrington Performance Fabrics 296. J14 Carta 80 Cartoons 197 Ceccotti Ccllez ion i srl '9.314 Celotex Ltd 20J. 285. J14
Celotex Sealcoat 285 Centerfor Environmentally Appropriate Materials 334 Center for Renewable Energy and Sustainable Technology (CREST) and Renewable Energy Policy Program (RE PP) JJ6 Center of Excell ence for Sustainable Development: Affordable Housing JJl Centrefor Alternative Technology JJ'.JJ5 Centrefor Design at Roya l MelbourneInstituteof Technology JJl Centrefor Environmental Assessment of Product and Material Systems 331 Centrefor Environmental Strategy
JJ7
Centrefor Sustainable Construction (CSC) JJ2 Centrefor Sustainable Design 33' Centre for SustainableEnergy JJ6 Centriboard 292 Centriforce Products . Plastic Recycling Ltd 292.294 , J14 Centurion 222 Ceres tar USA,Inc. 282,314 Certified ForestProducts Council JJJ.JJ5 Chadwick. Don. and Bill Stumpf see Herman Miller, Inc. Chalayan, Hussain 125,305 Champian, Brian 58, 305 Chanvrisol, Chanvrilaine 284 Chapco® Safe-Set 299 Charles Lawrence Recycling Ltd 296, J14 Checkpoint 216 Checktag 216 Chestof Drawers 60 Chicago Adhesive Products Company 299, J14 ChoiceDek 292 Ciro Magic '50 Citymobil C, 1J2 ClassiCon 72,3'4 Clearvision Lighting Ltd '95, J14 Clerkin,Carl 25,94, J05 Climatex@ 290 Clips 94 ClivusMultrum 2 Composter 263 Clivus Multrum Canada/Kingsley
Clivus 26J, J14 Coates. Nigel J6. J05 Cock & Hen "9 Cold Feather 217 Collection of Mammoth Pillows, A 70 ColorTrends, Inc. 287,314 Colorette 249 Columbia Emergency Water System 26J Columbia (seeComarco Wireless Technologies. Inc.) Colwell, David J2, 54, J05 Comarco Wireless Technologies, Inc. 2JO, J14 'Comeback' series 93 ComforTemp 300 Communications Furniture 71 CommunityEco-Design Network (CEN) JJ2 Compak SystemsLtd. 278.J14 CompaqComputerCorporation 254. J14 ComPoint 230 Composite Panel Associat ion (CPA)and Composite Wood Council (CWC) JJ8 Composite Wood Council (CWC) JJ8 CompostConverter 158 Concord Lighting '95, J14 Connell, Christopher 56, 57,J05 Conservation 288 Consortium on Green Design and Manufacturing (CGDM) JJl Constansta. Gonnie 75,305 Construcel 243 'context' and other Paperback papers 288 Conti, [ean-Rerni 165,3°5 Continuously Regenerating Trap (CRT) 218 Continuum 288 Conversation Chair 33 Co-op America's WoodWise Directory JJ5 Coral 86 CorbinMotors, Inc. '39,3'4 Core Plastics 265 Corkran, Julius T, and Alan Harp 204. J05 Corkscrew/ Lamp 94 Corn Card International, Inc. 283,
J14 Correx Plastics 296,314 Correx 296 Corrugated Packaging Association JJ8 CPM (Centrefor Environmental Assessment of Product and Material Systems) JJl Cramer,Dan 59,305 Crane & Company 288.J14 Cricket 17J Crisan, Adrian 254 CrissCross 241 Crowe Building Products 242,3'4 CRT (Continuously Regenerating Trap) 218 CUADRO 25' Cucina Duo 115 Cull-Uri Pack 211 Culpepper. Michael 4'. J05 CurtisFine Papers Ltd 288,3'4 Curva 205 Cutouts 188,314 da Silva. Ronaldo Edson 52. J05 Daedalus88 148 .
Daimler Chrysler 'J5, lJ9. 142. '44,J '4 Daimler ChryslerCCV 'J5 Dalen, Dr Gustaf 114 Dalsouple Direct Ltd 246. J14 Dalsouple 246 Dalton Lucerne Rare Fibres Ltd 290. J14 Danesesri 1]0,315 Dasic Aerostrip 299 Dasic International Ltd 299,316 David ZyneProductions 42,315 Daybed J6 De Denktank (Design Studio) 205,
lOS De Eurobank 227 de Haas, Marit '54, J05 De [onghe. Marc 266. J05 de Klerk, Sander 71. J05 de Leede, Annelies 1]2,3°5 DeckChair J6 Deep E Company 129,285. J15 DEKAResearch & Development Corporation 143,306 ,315 DELIGHT 196 Delite 145 DEMI JJl depart® 282 Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs JJ6 Design Academy Eindhoven 20, 2),5). ) 0. 7', 7J, 74. 75,81.128, '52, '54, '59. 165, 278,J06, J15, JJl Design for Environment Research Group JJl Designfor Sustainability Program JJl Designfor the Environment Multimedia Implementation Project 331 DesignPreis Schweiz 332 DesignSense 332 Designed to a '1' Ltd 98. '77, J06.
J15
Designiticn 331,338
Designteam 160,245. J06 DesignTex, Inc. 290,300,315 Deuber, Christian g8,306 Deutsche BahnAG 216,J15 Deutsche Cesellschaft fur Kunststoff-Recycling mb H JJ7 Deutsche Heraklith GmbH 284,
J15
DFE Research Group 336 Dia ]2 Digital Mavica FD7JH 161 Ditzel, Nanna 44,3°6 Diva (n) Paradox J7 Dixon. Robert '49. J06 Dixon,Tom 43,3°6 DMD 25,42,60.76 ,9°,227. J15 Dolphin-Wilding, Julienne J9, 5J. J06 DOM IN041JO Domus Academy 104,243, 250, J06. J15 Double-cup 176 Dougan,Brian 190,3°6 Dougherty, Brian 89. J06 Douglas-Miller, Edward 206. J06 Dr Kohmei Halada's LCAand ecodesign links 336 DrOola 200 Dranger, Jan (Dranger Design AB) 46. J06 Draught, The 52
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Index ~
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rJ:
Driade SpA (Aleph)'9.32, \'.3'\
EddyWorkstation 200
Excel NE 264
Drinking Vessel
Ehlebracht AG
ExoFly TrapTM 271
177
2'3.3'\
Droog Design 2\. 42, 60. 74. 76. 90, ' 7 , '72, '76. 227. 306
Eiermann, Prof. E 50
Exosect (X02 Ltd) 271
EIUltimo Gnto 24. 30. 62. 77.83, 306
Eye of the Peacock,The 102 Faber, Oscar (Bill Dunster
306 Duales System Deutschland AG -
Electrically Power Assisted Steering
The Green Dot (Oer Gruner
Punkt) 333
' Dryden Resea rchCenter 222, 223,
DumfriesPlastics Recycling ltd
294.3 '\ Ltd/ DuPont. USA DuPont (UK) 301.3 '\ DuraCane 278 Duralay 2\0,3'\ Duraplast 292 Durawood 293 Dure x Avant! 180
(EPAS) 218 Electrolux, Electrolux Zanuss! 121,
FanWing 223.3, 6
'\7. \ 9. 3' \ ' Electrotexliles Ltd 3°0.3'\ Elex Tex' 300 ElfAtochem 287.3'6 e-light 97 Elster 179
Farm 2000 'HI' Boilers 252 Fasal corner joint 81
Furlmatic 1803 252 Furrows, Carnegie and Wintext
EMASEco-Management and Audit
Scheme 333 EMAS, EU 333 EnbiomassGroup, Inc. 285,316
Dyes 204 . 3' \
EnergyEfficiency and Renewable
Dyson. James/ Dyson Appliances 118.306,3
Energy Savings Trust 219
Earth Chair 37,3'\ Earth Chair® 37 EarthSquare' 246
Energy Star Program 333 Enlund, Teo 20\.3°6 EnPac 283.316 EnPol 282
Earthsleeper'''' 180 Easiboard and Easiwall 280 Eastman Chemical Company 282,
31\ Ecke, Albrecht/Ecke: Design 232.
241.306 Eco chair 40
EcoCharger 268 Eco Panel (Buchner Design
Studio) 278 Eco Panel (Recycled Plastics. Inc.) 292 Eco Solutions Ltd 299.3'\ eco table/sideboard 66
Energy Network (EREN) 336
Ensemble Bio 199
EnviroFil1 283 Environ'" 278 Environment Conscious Design and Manufacturing Lab
(ECDM) 331 Environmental Design Research
Association (EDRA) 332 Environm ental Polymers Group pic
230.282.293,3,6 Environmental Stone Products
29\.3 16 Environmental Stone 295 EnviroSafe Products, Inc. 292,316
EcoTimber International 281,3'5
Enviro$en$e 333
eco-ball ,81,3'\ eco-ball'" 181 Ecobasic '33 EcoClear® 296
Envirowise 336
EcoDesign Association 332
EcoDesignC@mpus 331 Ecodesign Foundation 332 EcoDesign Resource Society 332,
33\
EcoDesign seeNaturalChoice,
The Eco-Flow 282 Eco·Foam® 282 Ecole cantonale d'art de Lausanne
'4\.3 '\ Ecolo ,69 Ecologic, Inc, 228,315
Ecological Design Group, The 332 Ecology Design Prize 332
EcoMall 33\ EcoPLA 283: EcoPLA Business Unit (see Cargill Dow Polymers) ecoplanjecornent 245 Ecoplast 29\ EcoPure 289
Ecos 298 eco-shake® 240
EcoSpun® 300 Ecostar, Inc. 242,315
ECOSYS 208 Ecotone Ambiance Slimline 112 Ecover factory, Oostmalle, Belgium Project 238 Ecover/Ecover Products NV 181,
238.3 1\ Ecover® 181
USA 333,33\ FS-Linie 202
Fuel Catalyst 218
Dyson Dual Cyclone range 118
'\ E+Z Design 102,306
UK 333,33\ FSCForest Stewardship Council,
FanWing 223
eNDOSeAL 270 Enercon E066 2\3
Durex 180,315
Architects) 234
Frostex 293 FSC Forest Stewardship Council,
Faswall 29\ Faswall® 240 Federal Environment Agency 333
Feilden CleggArchitects 233.306 Feldmann & Schultchen '7', 183. 187. 3' 6 Felt 12 x 12 124
Feo, Roberto 24. 62. 306 Festo AG& Co, 224.2 38,3,6 Fiam Italia SpA 4\ .3,6 Fiat Auto SpA/Fiat Auto UK 133. 137. 316 fillers/insulation 284-8\ Filsol Ltd 2\3.3,6 Filsol Solar Collector 2\3
Gehry, Frank 0 49 . \3. 306 General Motors 134.135,1 41,216,
3
'7 GeorgiaInstitute ofTechnology 204 Gervasoni SpA 123,31]
GFX 2\4 Ghost 4\
FingermaxGbr 182,316 Fingermax 182 First Glow 295 FishGuidance Systems 270,316
Fish-lamp 88 Fiskeby Board Ltd 288. 3' 6 FL\ Range 164 Flamco 266.316 Flamp 94 Fleetwood. Roy 232,306 Fle xrcrm".. 278 Flexipal 73 Flexitec 217
Flint Ink 289.316 Flirt 88 Float Up VP 3\.316 Flo-Pak Bio 8 283
Eraser Chair 41
FordMotor Company 137,140,
Erik KroghDesign 49. 306
123. 306 Cebrnder Thonet GmbH 26. 3'7
Findlay-Form® 278
26\.3 16 Flower Pot Table \4 Flying Carpet 44 Fold 17\ FoldingTable \8 Forbo-Naim Ltd 247.316
Eric 41
Gasser, Danny and MichaelHort, BenSheperd and Quisinh Tran
Findlay Industries 278,316
EON 110 EPAS (Electrically Power Assisted Steering) 218 Episola 20\ Epoch 293 Epson Deutschland Gmb H 207. 316 EPSONStylus Scan 2000 207 ERF 219
fabric 290 Future \00. The 333 G90 '3\ GMN GmbH 261,306 GalleriStolen AB 38,3'7 Gallery 28 Carde re, Adrien 106.306
FlowControl Water Conservation
273.316 Fortunecookies (Jacob Jurgensen
Ravn) 124.3°6
Giasullo, Gia (seeSteinberg, Erez,
and Gia Giasullo) GibsonGuitars 165,31] Girand, Annand Brian Champian \8 .3 0 7 GiromachinesGmbH 150
Glas Platz 10\, '60.3'7 GlassKettle 116
Glass Sound 160 Glass Toaster 116
GlindowerZiegelei GmbH 24'. 3'7 Global EcolabellingNetwork (GEN) 333 Global Futures Foundation and
The Future \00 333 Global Shortwave radio 162
Gloria-Werke. H, SchulteFrankenfeld GmbH & Co, 117. 317
GlueMate M 28] gmp-Archttekten 216,3°7 Gomez Paz, Francisco 104
Good Design Award- Ecology Design Prize 332 Good Morning Miss Moneypenny
83 Goods 169.189.3'7
Erlus Baustoffwerke AG 241,316 Erosamat Type 1, iA, 2 270 Ersgoldbacher Linea 241
Foster &Partners 221,253,3°6
FoxFibre® 290 Frandsen Lysk ilde AS 9\.316
Govaerts Recycling NV 293,3' 7 Govaplast® 293
Es shelving 64 Escofet 1886SA 228.3,6 Espmark. Erik 92. 306 E-tech 1\7
FranmarChemical, Inc. 287,316
GP225 series 22]
Fred 234 FrederfctaFurniture A/S 28,44 ,
316
Ettenheim, George/Ettenheim
Free-Flow Packaging International,
Design 66. 306 EU EnergyLabelSchemefThe Save
Inc. 283,3,6 Freeplay EnergyEurope Ltd 110, 162.3 17 Freeplay Flashlight 110 Freeplay FPR2 162 Freeplay5360 162
Programme 333
Euro comfort...with an edgelt'' 129 European Design Centre 211,311 European EnvironmentAgency
336 European Foundation for the Improvement of Livingand Working Conditions 337
Europol 29\.3'6 EVI ' 34 EVEC 217 Evergreen 246
Freudenberg Bausysteme, Asto
Gossamer Albatross 148
Grammer AG 198.317 Gray and Adams 219 Grcic,Konstantin 64, 83, 1]8, 30] Green &Carter 26],31] GreenCotton@ 241
Green Dot, The
333
Green Field PaperCompany 288,
317 GreenStationery Company, The
33\ GreenDisk 206
GMbH (Divisionof
GreenDisk 206.3'7
Fredeunberg Nonwovens LP)
Greenwood CottonInsulation Products, Inc. 284,31] Gridcore Systems International
24\ .3
'7 Fritsch, Antoine 144.306 Fritz HansenA/S 199.204, 317 FrogDesign 18\ . 26\ . 306 FrontCorporation 56,31] Frontal 81
(GSI) 278.317: Cridcore'" 278 Cnffiths. Jason 8\ Grone, Ralfand DallasGrove 16],
3° 7
Index Ground Support Equipment (US) '9 6. 3' 7
Group for Efficient Appliances
(GEA) 334 Grundig '5 " Colour TV '64 Grundig AG '64, 3'7 Grune Punkt. Der 333 Grunert. Pawel 52.307 Grupa Dizajnera (see Jurinec,
Hunton Fiber (UK) l td 249.3,8 Hurum Fabrikker AS 288,3,8 Husqvama /The Electrolux Group '57, '59, 3,8 Hut Ab 83 Hutasoit. Renald i 21,307 Hutten, Richard 77.307 Hybrid Bike' Fahrrad' '44 Hypodown 284 I Just Moved In 6,
Ksenkja) C utxe. Marti 94.307 H. Schulte-FrankenfeldGmbH & Co. (see Gloria-Werke) Haasa 215.3'7 Haberli, Alfredoand Christophe Marchand ' 70. 307 Habitat 79.3'7 Hahn KunststoffeGmbH 293,3'7 Halada. Dr Kohmei 336 Hand (to Hold) 95 Hans Grohe GmbH & Co. KG 262.3'7
307.3,8 lBOI'" '43 iChef 114
Harp. Alan (seeCorkran, JuliusT
IDEO Product Development
and Alan Harp) Harris Directory. The 335 Harwood Products 281 ,317
Hatto n. Pamela 55.'70, 307 H aworth, Inc. '97,198,200,317 Hawtal Whiting Environmental
2'7,3'7 Hellos 223 Helmut 107 Hemp Textiles International
Corporation (HTI) 290.3'7 Henne Kunststoffe GmbH 293,
3,8 Heraflax 284 Hereford &Worcester County Council 237,307 Herman Miller, Inc. 196. '99, 305.
3,8 Hermann Miller Office Environment 199
Hermann, Anette, Designer, MOD
95,3 07.3 09
Organization GmbH (IFCO) 212,3 18 International Human Powered Vehicle Associat ion 338 International Inst itute of Sustainable Development
(liSD) 333.117 International Networkfor Environment Management
(INEM) 336
lain Sinclair Design 110,318
International Organization for
IBM IntelliStationE Pro 209
Standardization (ISO) 334 lntratlarn'" 281
IBM Personal Systems Group Design/IBM Corporation 209,
lchi, Yoshihiro 208,307 ICI Americas 296.3,8
ItalianEnergy Authority 229
ICVS (IntelligentCommunity VehicleSystem) '36 IDEOJapan 307
Italic 67 Ito, Setsu/Studio I.T.O. Design 56. 307
materiaux] 284,319 LaVie Prolongee 131
209.
111,
307
lORA (International Design Resource Awards) 332 iF (lndustrieForumDesign Hannover) 332 IFCO Returnable TransitPackaging
2'2 IFCO see International Food Container Organization
IfoCera range 264 He Sanitar AB 264,3 ,8 Iform ABjlnredningsform 34. 40, 3,8 ijs designers 50, 307
IKEA a.i.r. 46 IKEA of Sweden 65,3,8 Impression 29 Independence Technology 143,
3°7 INDEPENDENCE'" 3000 '43 Index
Induced EnergyLtd "4,3,8
[VAM Environmental Research 331
Jacobs. Camille '70.307 Jade Mountain 268, 335 Jakobsen, Hans Sandgren 28, 204,
3°7
JamDesign & Communications
ltd 55.63, 80, 307 Jerome. Mike ,63.307 Jiffy PackagingCompany ltd 2'4. 3,8 Jiffy® 2'4 John Makepeace and others (see Hooke Forest Ltd) johnsonCorrugated Products 282,
3,8 Johnson Matthey 2,8.3,8 [onger ius. HellalJongeriuslab 34, '7 2.307 Josef Meeth FensterfabrikGmbH & Co. KG 294.3,8 juiceCartons 182
Jump Stuff.Jump Stuff II '98 Junghans Uhren GmbH ,85.3,8 Kafus Environmental
3, 8 Hessels, Paul 258
Recycling (ICER) 337 inks 289 Inner Tube Ltd 13', 3,8
Heufler. Prof. Gerhard 271,307
Inner Tube,The 131
Hock Vertriebs GmbH & Co. KG 284. 3,8 Hofmann. Alfred '99,307 Hola Hoop 63 Holloplas 293 Holzweg 286.3,8
Innetak 298
lndust ries/ Kafus BioComposites 278,3,8 Kango ,83 Kant, Judith 70,3°7
(iF) 332
Inredningsform (see tform
ABjlnredningsform) Insight '34 lnstitut de la Duree 338
Homasote Company 279.318 Home Strip 299
Institutefor Engineering Design Austrian Ecodesign Information Point 331
Honda
Institute for loca l Self Reliance 335
Hopton Technologies 287.3'8 Hose r, Christopher 160
How Slowthe Wind 29 Hulsta 'Muvado ' range 82
Hulsta-Werkej Huls GmbH & Co. KG 82.3,8 Human Factors 175,3°7
Kucospan Life 279
Kwakkel, Eric-Jan '76.308
Kyocera Corporation 208, 261, 319 48 SolarLantern 111
Industry Council for Electronic
235.307
Kucospan (Kunz) 279,3'9:
for Standardization) 334 Isobord Enterprises 279.3,8: Isobord 279
Industrie Forum Design Hannover
Hooke ParkTrainingCentreand WestminsterLodge 235 Hoover Group 120,318 Hoover QuattroWhisperEasy Logic modelAE230 120 Hooverwardrobe 66 Hope House 234
Kronospan® 279 Kuckuck, Henner 22, 308
K-XFaswall Corporation, K·X
Herz 81 Hess Naturtexlilien, GmbH 126,
HookeForest {Construction} Ltd
Kontngs. Jan 60.3°8 KopfAG 225,226.3'9 Korb & Korb 204. 308 Kotkas, Aki '76 .308 KPProducts 289.3'9 KroghChair 49 Kronospan AG 279.3'9:
Inx Int ernational Ink Co. 289,318 ISO (International Organization
Hermes 144,318 Hertz. David 58, 307
'34. '36. 3,8 Hocgendljk. Martin 76, 307
Kolhonen, Pasi 22
Institutefor Sustainable Design
33' Institute of Packaging. The 338 insulation 284-85 Insulholz-Beton International,Inc.
295.3,8 Intelligent CommunityVehicle
System (ICVS) '36 lnterduct/Clean Technology Institute (CTI) 33' Interface, lnc.ylnterface EuropeAsia Pacific 246.248.301.3,8 Interfold 96.3,8 InterformDesign 220,307 International Design Resource
Awards (IDRA) 332 InternationalFoodContainer
jurinec,Ksenkja/Grupa Dizajnera
59,95.3 07
Karcher 670 M 117 Karisma 205
Karpf, Peter 34. 40. 308 Kartell SpA 6, .62 .3,8 Kartono, Singh S ,63,308 Kaststoel 73 Katayanagi, Tornu 45,3°8 Kautzky Mechanik 202,319
Kayak '56 KayserbergPackaging SA 2'0.3'9 Keirn M ineralPaints 298,319 Keirn Paints 298 Kendo Stitz 202 Kerr, Bernard and Pejack Campbell (seeBernard Kerr and Pejack
Campbell) KF N Kaufmann Produkt GmbH 234,235.308,3'9,320 Kids Furniture 48 Kieboom, Nickie 278,308
Killaars, Remko '58.3°8 Kloberltd 285.3'9 Klug, Ubald 65.82.308 Knotted Chair 48 Kokon 74 Kolaps-n-Tank 267
Industries 240. 295, 3' 9 LaChanvriere de l'Aube (lDCA
Patrick '75.308 lakeland Paints 298. 3' 9 lampholder 2000 pic '01.106 .
Laing .
112,3 19 Lampholder 2000 112 Landmark Design 23°,3°8
lap Desk '97 laybond Products Ltd 299,3'9 laybond Quickstock Green 299 Leahy WolfCompany 287.3'9 Leapt" Seating 201 Led anche 111,319 l ED ,oo·T E '95 lED® Decorl ED 113 ledge 57 Ledtronics 113,319
leg Over 49 Leggero Twist 153 LesAteliersdu Nord/Antoine Cahen 111 ,308 Levi Strauss, Inc. 127,319 Levis Engineered Jeans 127
lew San Ltd 272.3'9 Lewis, David 122,3°8 Lewis, Stan(see Sandham, John and StanLewis) Lexon Design Concepts 163,319 liebe, Thomas/AdRem Design
' 79
Life-Cycle Links by Thomas Gloria
336 LifeCycie 292 ufecycle' yarn 290 LightColumns. '995 '03 LightCorporation 111,319
LightWall2 96 LightWorks (CharliePaton) 236 Ligne Roset SA 106,3'9 Lignasil® 279 LignocelSA 279,3'9 linodur 249 linorette 249 1I N PAC Environmental kerbside
collection box 174
lINPAC Environmental '74.3'9 liquefied NaturalGas-Powered Vehicle 219 little Beaver 49 living Tree PaperCompany 289,
3'9
livos Pflanzenchem!e Livos 286
286,319
lloyd loom of Spalding 36,3'9 LockClad Terracotta Rainscreen
24' logamax plus GB112"9 (Linea) 255
.j:>
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Index LaganaC124 255 ~
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Looker, Philip 29, J08 Loop 91 Lovegrove, Ross 19.108.199.308 Lovell, Mark (Bill Dunster Architects) 2J4 Low Living 75 LRC Products 18o, J1 9 LSK Industries Pty Ltd 212,J19 LSRGmbH Recycli ng·Zentrum 294, J20 Luceplan SpA 108, J20 Lumalight Lamp 96 Lumalux® 231 Lumatech Corporation 195.320 LUM INO Licht Elecktronik GmbH 220.320
Macchioni,S ergio/SMAC 88, 186, J08 Madera® 247 Mader6n 279 Maggi JO Maier-Aichen, Hansjerg 18g.308
Majestic Slate 242 Makepeace, Joh n, and others (see Hooke Forest Ltd) Malvinas 1}0 MAN Nutzfahrzeuge B & W Diesel AG 219, J20 MAP (Merchants of Australia Products) Pty Ltd 56, 57, 292, J20 Marchand, Christophe (see Haber!i, Alfredo and Christophe Marchand) Marczynski, Mike 216,308 Mari, Enzo 32,169.308 Marilyn.I Can SeeYour Knickers JO Marinho, Reginaldo 24J, J08 Marks & Spencer 219 Marlec Engineering Co. Ltd 251, 2 52 , 320
Marmoleum@ Real/Fresco 247 Marmorette 249 Marriott , Michael 5J, J08 Martin, Guy JJ, J08 MasoniteCorporation/Masonite CP 279, 28o, J20 Massachusetts Instituteof Technology '48 , J20 Mater-Bi 283 Material Connexion 335 MatrixComposites, Inc. 247,279. J20 Max Fordham & Partners 233 MAZIN 283 McCrady, Paul '48, J08 McDermott, Ruth 86, J08 McDonagh, Julie l Jl , J08 McDonoughBraungart Design Chemistry, LLC 290, J08 MDD 96, J20 Meadowood Industries. Inc. 279, J20 Meadowood panels and sheeting 279 Medite ZF 279 Mega 1 185 Mega Solar 185 Mehabit 284 Meller Marcovicz, Gioia 72.79. J08 Meta Morf, Inc . 21, J6, 48, 108, 'SS' J20 Metabolix, Inc. 28J, J20 Metpost Ltd '58, J20 Metronomis 231
Metropolitan Express Train GmbH see Deutsche Bahn AG Metropolitan Express Train 216 MGSL GmbH 294, J20 MichaelKaufmann Zimme rei see KFN Kaufmann Produkt GmbH Micro Thermal Systems 300,3 20 MicroBore 159 Microclimate 116 Microll am® 244,281 Miles, J R 7J, J08 Milk-bottle Light 90 MillenniumWhole Earth Catalog JJ5 Milliken & Co. 246, J20 Mimid 271 Mind the Gap 77 Mini Desk Lamp 98 Min-Lynx Ambience 11 2 Minolta, Japan 208, 320 Mirandolina 31 Miss Ceiling Light 90 Miss Ramirez 24 Mister Sunnyboy 265 Miyashita. Shin 161 . 308 Model 290F chair 26 Model 4070 furniture 201 Modena 245 Moerel. Marre 23,87, 100,178, J08 Moinat, Christophe ; 45, J08 MoistureShield 292 Molls]o, Carina 29' , J08 Monodraught Ltd 242, J20 Monotub Industries 119,320 MoonlightAussenleuchten GmbH 107,3 20 Moonlight M FL 107 Moore, Isabelle J9, J09 Moormann Mabel Produktionsund Handels GmbH 64, J20, J21 Moormann, Nils Holger (Moormann Mobel) 83, J21 Mooving Image 55 Morphy One project 168 Morris, Steve (seeThorp, Ian and Steve Morris) Morrison, Jasper J5, 5', 54, 59,J09 MrToyozo (seeToyozo, Mr) MSKCorporation 258.320 MUJlAIR sofas 46 Mult fboard Kraft, Offset, Ecofrost 288 Multibridwind energyconverter 256 Multipla, Multipla Hybrid Power lJ6 Mullisync® LT 140 209 MusclePowertoothbrush 184 MusclePower, MOY 184,320 'Muvado'range 82 N2 66,76,98, J09 N.C.F.R. Homasote® 278 N Fornitore 157.321 NASA 222, 22J, J09 NationalAssociation of Paper Merchants (NAPM) JJ4, JJ8 NationalCentre for Business and Sustainability JJJ NationalCouncils for Sustainable Development 337 National Recycling Forum 335, JJ7 NationalStarch & Chemical Company 282, 320 Nativa Rubber 285 Natura 198
Natural Choice, The (EcoDesign) 286, J15, J20 Natural Collection JJ5 NaturalCottonColours. Inc. 2g0, J20 Natural Fibers Corporation 284. J20 Natura! Gourd Packaging 211 Nature Technology Symbiosis 74 Nature'sChoiceTrellisRange 158 Naur, Mikala 88, J09 Navigator series 228 N ECDeutschland GmbH 209, J21 N ECAR 4 142 Nervo, Paulo 7J, J09 Netlon Group, The 272, J21 New LeafPaper 288,321 New Nomads 127 New Uses Council JJ5 News Design DfE AB 46, J21 Nexus Cycle 145 NH oOl 296 Niemeir,Tim 156, 309 . Nifty Palmtop Users Group/ Nifty Hewlett Packard PCuserforum 168,J09 Nighteye GmbH 'SS' J21 NIGHTEYE® '55 Nijland, Paul 57,J09 Nils Holger Moormann Mobe l Produktion s- und Handels GmbH see MoormannMobel Nimbus 231 Nisso Engineering Co Ltd (NSEI 110,321 Nomad 78 Non-Stop Doors (NSD) 255 Non-Stop Shoes (NSS) 254 Nordsjo seeAkzoNobel Dekorativ Ncr elj Unisource 283.321 North Wood Plast ics, Inc. 29J, J21 Northern Fleet Chandelier 91 NovaCruz Products LLC 150, J21 Nova Form/Kautzky Mechanik 202, 321 NovamontSpA 283.321 Novon International 283.321; Novon® 28J Novotex A/S 29' , J21 NSD [Non-Stop Doors) 255 NSS (Non-Stop Shoes) 254 Nuna Corporation 291,300,32 1 Nutshell Natural Paints 286, J21 Nutshell® 286 NuvoMedia, Inc. 167,321 02 Network JJ2 Oak Product Design 172,309 Oasischairs 19 Obinjo 98 Ocean Kayak '56, J21 Ohlsson, Daniel 129, J09 0hre, [anne 96, J09 Oko-Lavarnat86720"" 119 Old Fashioned Milk Paint Company 286, J21 OptareInternational 221, 321 Orange 27J,J21 ORBITA Film GmbH 296, J21 Origami Zaisu 31 Orso Design (Marc De Jonghe) 266 Orso Rain Collector 266 OS Color 286 Oslapas. Arunas 190.309 Osram Sylvania 231 .321
Ostermann & Schefwe 287, 321 Osterreichische Heraklith AG 284, J21 OTO chair J4 Otterskin 300 Oxfarn/Core Plastics 265, J09 'Oxfam bucket' 265 Oxo International 175. 310, 321 OZ 2J 121 P2000 HFC Prodigy lJ7 P T SudimarEnergi Surya 258,321 P. Schi ebel Elektronische Cerate AG 27' , J21 P.C.D. Maltron Ltd 207, J22 PHA 28J PLA 28J Pacific Beard" 280 PacificGold Board 280 Pacific Northwest Fiber 280,321 Padr6s, Emili 254, 255, J09 PagePr08 208 paints/ varnishes 286.87,2 98' 99 Pallecon 3 Autoflow 212 Palluco Italia SpA 98, J21 PaloAlto Products International 167, J09 Pan European Forest Certification (PEFC) JJ4, JJ5 Papa-Papel 52,J22 Paperback papers 288 Paperback 289, J22 papers 288·89 Papertex 247 Papier Teppich 248 Paradigma CPCStar 256 Parallam® 244 Partek Insulations, Inc. 294,3 22 Partek 294 Partner Electric 220 Patagonia 154, 322 Paton, Charlie 2J6, J09 Payne, Terry 242 Pedal Lawnmower 159 Pellone. Giovanniand Means, Bridget/ Benza, Inc. 185, J09 Pendlewood 228, J22 Pesavento, Luciano and Roberto Pezzetta 121,309 Pet PodT'" 187 Peugeot/Peugeot Motor Co pic 220,3 2 2 Pharos Floor Lamp 99 Phenix Biocomposites, LLC 278, J22 Philips Corporate Design 11 5, 127. 128, 160,1 64, 166, '95, 2Jl , J09 Philips Ecotone Ambiance "3 Philips Electronics NV 11 5, 116. 160, 16J,164, 166, '95, 2Jl, J22 Philips Lighting BV 112, "J, J09 Philips, Stephen/Stephen Philips Design 92, J09 PhoenixThermos 186 Pickup,The 149 Picto 202 Pierce International, Inc. 280.3 22 Pillet, Christopher '9, J09 Pin Up Clock 185 Pinnacle Technology, Inc. (PTI) 296, J22 Pinturas Proa 298, 322 Plaky 56 Planet DC 121 Planet 121,322 PlanexGmbH 294, J22 Plant Polymer Technologies, Inc. 284, J22 plastic profiles 29J'94
Index Plastics fth Industry Ltd 29, J22
Re-NewWood 240, 323 Renewable Energy Policy Program
Scholler Textil JOo, J2J Schraag 57
SolarMoon Portable Renewable
Plaswood 294
Play It Again Sam JOo Plug It 62
(REPP) JJ6 Re- Reluma GmbH 294. J2J
Sch reuder, Hans 184,310 Scimat 700/Jo and 700/J5 268
Plumbers' Cart 152
Resincore 280
SciMAT l td 268, J2J
Plush Tap 265 Ply Chair J5 Plyboo J5 PLYBOO® 248 P0/9902C·D 100 P0 98 l0 /lOC, " /"c' 12/12C 99 Pod Floating Lounger '55
ReSy GmbH JJ4 Retail Place lt d 7J. J2J
Scottish EcoDesignAssociation
Solar Mower 159 SolarOffice, Duxford International Business Park 236 Solar Powered Service Station
(SEDA) 332 Sculptures-Jeux 94, J2J sdb Industries bv 66,76, J2J
Canopy 259 Solar Shingle-SHR" 7, The 258 Solar Solutions (UK)ltd 2Jl,324
Seawater Greenhouse,The 236 Seiko Epson Corpora tion 207,310 Sensa Tlo! Pen 206 Sensor Sportswear 128 Sensor Systems Watchman 217,
Sotans"
J2J SETAC (Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry), USA JJ6 SETAC, A'ia/PaCifi c JJ6 SETAC, Europe JJ6 Seymour Powell ltd '45, JlO SheffieldUniversity 269 Shelf System 69 Shell 65 Shetka, Stanley 46, JlO; ShetkaBoard 280
Sony Corporation Design Center
Pod Lens 108
Retreeve 288 Re-vislon' v printing paper 289 Rexarn 213,323
Rexite SpA 17J, J2J Rexpak'" 213 Reykjavik 248
POLTI Ecologico AS810 117 Polti SpA 117,118, J22
RIBASustainability Award 2000
POLTIVaporetto 2400 118
RibeiroBandeira de vienna . Manuel 104 nese und mullerGmbH 145,323 Rilsan 287 Ritter Energie-und Urnwelttechnik
Polvara, Giulio 62, J09 Polyana® 420 27J Poly-Beek-Kunststoff-HandelsGmbH 294, J22 polymers 296'97 Polyp 86 Polyvalpic 282, J22 Porcelain Stool, The J4 Porous Pipe Ltd '59, J22 Porsche, FA 208, J09 PostIt Lamp 101 Potmolen Paints 287, 322
Pouffe (by Erik Bakker) 75 Pouffe (by Isabell Moore) J9 PowabykeLtd ' 5' , J22 Powabyke range 151
POWER Cell 257 Powe rglass® 105
JJJ
GmbH & Co. KG 256, J2J Robert Cullen & Sons l td 211 , J2J Robostacker 63
ROCKET eBOOK 167 Rocky Mountain Institute 338 Rodman Industries 280,323
Rogers, Mark 184. JlO Rohner Textil AG 290, J2J Roland Plastics. Strida ltd ' 46, J2J Rollerbag 187 Rolls Royce 224, J2J Ron Ink Company 289. J2J Rondo 117
PowerMakers PlusLtd 218,322 Prairie Forest Products 280, 322
Rothlisberger Sch relnerei AG 65,
PReConsultants BV JJ7 Premsela & Vonk 214,J09
RotterdamAcademy of Architecture &Urban Planning
Presswood Pallet 213 Preta Porter 125, 3° 9 Priestman, Paul 123,309
Pnmeboard. Inc.
281,322
Prins DokkumBV 218, 309. 322 Prius 138
Product 2000 lt d 295. 322 Product-LifeInstitute, The JJ8
82, J2J 211 Royal Institute of British Architects
JJ2 Royal MelbourneInstitute of
Technology JJl Ruano, Maria 172 , 3 10 Rutland 913Windcharger 251
5 Chair 4J
Produkt Entwicklung Roericht 202,
Sadler, Marc 250,310
J09 PROFORM Design '55, J09 Propadex 297 Proterra BV JJ5 Puotila, Ritva 247.309 Pureprint 2]1 PURUS KunststoflWerke GmbH 294, J22 q-bac 42 Quentin 87 RH Sustainable Design 104,3°9 RA 226 RA82 225 Radius Gmb H 89, J22
Safe Tap 266 Safeglass (Europe) lt d 295, J2J Safeglass 295
Ragchair 42
Savaplug 268
Rattan bicycle 147 Rayotecltd 260, J22 RCP2 4J RealGoods JJ5 RECOUP JJ7 Recycled Plastics , Inc. 292, 323
Recydur® 294 Red Bank Manufacturing Company
24 J2J
Reed ',Corrugated Cases 215, 323
Reedy. Colin 21, J6, 48, J09 REEEl 77.176, J2J Rein '58, J2J Remarkable Pencils Ltd 206, J2J Remarkable Recycled Pencil 206 Remy, Tejo 42,60.90, J09
Sailbuoy Canvas 102
Sait 56 Saitek Industries Ltd 268,323 Salvo JJ5 Sams Design 21S, 310 Sanders, Mark 146,310 Sandham, John and Stan Lewis 272, 310
Sanford UK 205, J2J SantoRoy 9' , JlO Santoprene® 297 Sava tree 288
SAVAWatt (UK ) ltd 268, J2J Save A Cup Recycling Compan y 206 . J2J Save A Cup 206 Save Programme , The JJJ Save Wood Products ltd 29J, J2J Savvy 166 SCHAFER ECO KEG 214 Schafer WerkeGmbH 214, J2J Schauman Wood Oy 280. J2J; Schauman Wisa® 280 Schmid, Herbert (see Steinmann,
Peter and Herbert Schmid) Schneider, Wulf, Prof.and Partners
26, Jl0
EnergyUnit 258
Lantern
111
Solarshuttle 66 (Helio) and RA82 225 Solo 221
Solvay Plastiques SA 282, J24 161, J24 Sony nat-screen coffee table 55 Southampton Innovations Ltd
27J, JlO, J24 Soy Clean 287 Soy Environmental Products, Inc.
287, 324 Sparrow 139
Spiga 82
Shiotani, Yasushi 161 ,310
Spinchairs 19 Spiralbaum 171 Sponge Vase 171
Showa Highpolymer Co. 296, 324 Shumacher, Sheri 69. JlO
Spores 86 Spring J8
Silencio 6 249 Simmons,Roland 96,310
Sprocket 21
Simplex Products 280, J24 Simplicitas 20S, 324
SINE seat 229 Single-handed Keyboard 207 Skoot International Ltd 15°,324
Skoot '50 Skystreme 729 model 156 Skystreme UKlt d '56, J24 SU li ghting lt d 112, J24 SlickSlick 20 Slough Rubber Company l td '5J, J24 SL-Torch 111
SMAC
186, J08
Smart Car 139 Smart Deck 250 Smart Design seeOXQ International SmartDeck Systems 250, 324
SmartWood les Paul 165 SmartWood® Program JJ4, JJ5 Smith & Fong Company 248, J24 Smith Anderson & Co. ltd 289, J 24 Smith. Janice 47. Jl0 Snow 22,3 24 Society for Responsible Design
(SRD) JJ2 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
(SETAC) JJ6 Society of the Promotion of Life-
CycleAssessment (SPOLD) JJ6 Sofanco 228 Soft Box 100
.
SRAM 9.0 sl '52 SRAMCorporation 1S2, 324 Staber Industries, Inc. 120,324 Staber System 2000 121 Stachowi cz, Wojtek 101 , 310 Stairmate 272
Starch Tech, Inc. 284. J24 Starck, Philippe 20,51 , 61, 20 0,
262, JlO Stark, Herbert Dr, Kopf AG 225. JlO Startup, JasperlStartup Design 69, 90,99, 12J, Jl0 Staton, John M 109, JlO Steelcase, Inc. 201, 324 Steinberg, Erez and Cia
Giasulio/Studio eg 20J, JlO Steinmann, Peter, and Herbert
Schmid 85, JlO Sten 65 STEP 204 Stichting Art Depot 10J. Jl0 Sto kbo rd " 292 Stomatex 300
sTRAKA ' PORTs '50, J24 Stramit 280, 324 Strandwood Molding, Inc. 280, J24 Stratica 249
Street light F 2J2 Strida 2 146 Studio Brown (seeBrown, Julian) Studio eg (Steinberg, Erez, and
Giasullo, Gia) 20J, J24 Stul, SE 68. 1998 50 Stumpf, Bill. and Don Chadwick
Soh Fan 12J Soft Vase, The 172
(see Herman Miller, Inc.) Styradex Plastics Recycling 297, J2 4
Soil Association 334
Styradex 297
Solar Bud 108 Solar Century Holdings ltd 260, Jl0, J24
Sugasawa, Mitsumasa 31,310 Sun Catcher 261 Sundeala Medium Board Screen
Solar Cooker 115 Solar Cookers International 115, J 24 Solar Electric Vehicle 221 Solar Homes Systems 2S8
Sundeala 285 Sun-Mar Corporation 264, 324 SunPipe 242 Sunways Gesellschaft fur
202
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Index ~
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