Du.nc- \Y........ "I"nold
The Early Episcopal Career of
Athanasius of Alexandria
OIriIrilnil)' and Judaism in Antiqu...
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Du.nc- \Y........ "I"nold
The Early Episcopal Career of
Athanasius of Alexandria
OIriIrilnil)' and Judaism in Antiquity Owlcs Kannengiesser, Series EdiICr Volume 6
1HE EARLY EPISCOPAL CAREER OF
ATHANASIUS OF ALEXANDRIA
by DUANE WADE-HAMP'rON ARNOlD
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Uni...m.y otNoue oa- Pre.tf;
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Yicws IIretmclcher, Athanasius emd by selling ulde Ibc ·'P.,llne COIJCepI" 01, eommunlly of faith in rl_ of • which 101.. I1Ie cl"u'l:h .. ", ref..." 0; 10 - . boweffi.1bI dle alillOlkalOpiQ; billry, Mil:uio: ....... f(llCe
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11Ie QSUDlp(Iona: 01 Scbwau, Opia.1Ild $dlDcemekher coneemin, 1M rvthIcsJrIeII or AlhInuiw:'. chanacr and his willinpeu llllll~ pencqs &IllI1tYemI h:ave brJdy cdo:d Ibose ofSteek and Illooe (:l)rIliD-.l1O UCtt IIlIlllIJ infIlJe~ on = 1 ,""'""lln Itodiu. ni, is dcspilt. tilt fIICllhll \hc.lO-C:IIIled rQrlCriell of S=i . . . Iont Anta been rtIl:lOgftizcd as ItolWlOt tl and tbu. Sc:1lwatr.1\inl5tlf bas illite beta Jl""'OClIO 1Ia..e been;" enur 011 waYenl imll(ltW\l points.. ~I~ Thae t~-.ca of prllJIqancliziD,. hoklillJ power 1t ....1 t(lSl, cIcccptioII, and rodIl_ 1Iawe, however, COlI· tribultld and IenI aedtIlot to vc:ry partkular .......1 bow Altwnn&'1 wdl loved. 1Iim• .... dlooIc lID wbonl be _ ~ II8d " IQIrhm, .....h_1 III IWn.. He blew how 10 Ift:ll$1lIu lIioe wartII 01 ~ .ad IMl hiply pr!)claimed dlIt ...... He *""ed INIdl iJldld~ lor Itum.m. b .. • ftA . . die QR 01 111M _~ -iMs III ~ 011 bitll: be prden'Cd 10 lUlhlilltt IlIe tJ1Idl wllid !lad t-n .. ~ ill .jlb faItdooocl. IllCI be !mew _U Ioow 10 dQcon:r ... InIcrior f.w. conlaine4 ..itllin an alerior DC crmr. When be lIad completely unduIltIOd I pcnDn" cI>arKl1a' lloct Oft 10 IIl'ri.Ie tha! AlJwwi ........ ~1'Il)t" man who COILCuIed dc'ai1 formulal WbliviDI biIh.- 22 AeconIina 10 MochlcI, -. l - - . 1..1. L .... 21Sdotf r...... 7Jc:_s.-f{e.-II_ L--. 1m. 111.
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P"PJri 1913-J914. whicll wu ......1:ilabk lIIUillhe 19201). • rault of WIlI'tilIt willi JDdIIn3Zriab. Neale rum dlc _ _ lIlC:icIu ..... Ihe ~ modenI 8CX-X- apinst AihlnasiulIO be 'Withoal feat.dMJ(:m in tbe .Vllilahle evidence.. 1DstelId, AlhanNIllI is pitnnd &I • "'boly cCllI(cssor,"36 ...1Io has ~justlJ~ claimed "llle m~lllhatriO\lOl plAce &lllOI'lI !he ConrcslllOfl, and" i. ''known in hi! ChW"Ch by the title ollhe APOSlOlic Patriarch."3? As ",pnI.IlO ...y r.cgative uiliqlle of lhe bishop of ALe...c1ria. Neale II only ... illinlto ollte in his chronicle 01 '¥ella I!IaI ...e M".., JUspccl IJlII A!huqjul _ not I lIIIJI of 1ll...:11 pllylical CO\II'lIC~ Auonlina: 10 !'bk, howe_.lbU IhcNld 001) ad Itt -.0 lldmirc !be pace wille" elUblcd him 10 Ji...e 10 Iant: -.d .. "OU'-. pmofol nnl _*Yl'.•K A~. ~ laIer, Henry M.",m C; ... tkin _ ..hat_1O ~ Ihe IlaIldarcIIUI ror lIWI) rem (:OIICCmlai'lbe Atian ~,. A111loudl k is 1101 withal>! ;11 critics. as i. Ihe ~l "'OIl< 01 0"," and S/1IJiW of Aria.olIoo. r... published in 1182 {wilJla -=end ~ IltU'. '-dolo
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l!Io mi" or blu," bo'...... ortbdo'J ODd .....,., (0 Ihl .. ri",,.,.ol l>o<mMou1lc of --. pony ""fon mol:iDs judi ""· tl). Tloe .~llIot. ~ th.ol ddI 1.1 • ', ..... and MIriI.. or _ otltll poll....' 1llocIIocbnt. lib Eu:lcbiusolN"...........tj· Valcat. Acxius, wllo IIctocI ~lilbu _lIleSL II/lUlJ be Idmlu.ed IIat be Id.... I(lll!mil tmlr in tail Criencls. HillllIIa IlliaBce wi!h MarttII-.IliIIIIIYJI'yi"l rdoual to 1I1~' .yllable of CODdemnatiool of him by ume; hit rdllSlll In _ . ,"en Pb(Kinus, wlillo: ya uposin,tbe enor __ 1IUed ....illl II;' 1\InlII; hi, suppression of 1bc _ <Jl Apollinarilll. rVCII wilen wrilinJ lllno::tJ)' "C.illS! him; aU this ....1JI in«lnsiSlelll wit/lltrlcllmpanlllhy. --.t, 110 do\Ibl. pIacod hillId~tS I*lly lJIlhoI ria"l. BUI;I ...... the plJtiaJlly of ••enero.as ItId Joyal sp;n~ IlId he could be &er>erouJ to perlClnal enemlell if he "''0' in them III 'ppr1).lmlll!D11 10 him!lelf in principle.. Tbc Allan wnlJOveny ..u LO tAlbanuiul1 100 bIluJr for eeclcllMtItal power• ...,,- for IIleoIocical uiumplL II ..... ldiliouJ aiIi$ illvolviDJ lhc lQiily 01 ~ and mkmpuo.f'
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.... ~ 0(N ihc tRw b,uker, but 1M Ia",rully .ppoinled (d 1I'pq!,l",""Is- I~), IIllIIhe ...... 01 conuary opiflions, bat IhII ..... of Ibe laIlIe f,ilb; if this is 110I ..hal _ mean by IUcceuor, be IlIl;ecc>d.1Jl1be DIm sense all diseue to 1Ieal1ll, darkness to light, SlOl111 10 calm, and f,tt1,y 10 soon
r.:w-.
The IeCOad 01 ~ l\WO -.n;u hat its b;a;it i•• Ccpdc cnI uwliliDa .. hit~ Ut foancl iIf .... y inlo pzristic: IiIr:nl1lre in tile ApDp/".,,_f. !'WHo 73)01 A1lhouf;h dill. ezact Drip, Illd d.e cllbe rwnti .... Ia qIIatlCIn II more di/fll;a!t 10 ltICe 1hIn unain of the QtIllI" rail .tOch """'" been ted above, baIIl the 0DlllICll1 and IIIbject mmcr point to ill beillj Il!lCOl'll of .. iIo;:lclc.tu ...mctI toaYe AiI.I"A!. if Ille. ~ .... _lNdC II ~ u Ille lime 01 N'aI!II ... ..ntI1be eIecIiorI of AtllInuiuf. -159 II .. de... WI .put fmIn one dispuIed pusaJD i. ~ lIIe 0111, 0lIler clear M&1enI . . . . .1 10 be made conc:emin, ,_ ol IIIe ICxIS IrleaIioned ..... wIIidI __ ,O';Yf> IIJllPlll'IIO Pbilolu:lrPus'I-.a!iYf> ~ !be _!ltd dlsplltd declO! of ""*-i-. .,.. .... we Ide dw ~"'-..d AriM- _ I I I of A~'I dcctil» Ji- bJ Epipbanilll (lI'IdI IIOlIJllPlll'IiIt IIecwideace e . _iDedI11 Hill ban: . . oaly __ filled IIisIoric:aUy ('.... lie fxI 01 Adlillu l1li'0'\11( boa ..... ~...o .. at , .........,. bat it iI abo appw_ rn. IliIla' ;1lI ollk facu lei 1" 0 - pd' "epimt dIa E9ipllafthts, .. ~. b:I . . fitIl:bud ao...k4p 01 eiIller Ibe attul t-.-:tI 01 . , ~ dourdI Of IIIe
_!!dill. A,....,,-,_
dIe,1etlioa 01 A* ',. Siolli!utT, we foacI ilI_ 73 ia ill pRlpI:f .......' .,. via" AriIllIlalld« 1Udio per'. *no uc- -era folk· len tu III as IIlOli¥e I ca1< q.-bl 01_ 'IIlicliIr 01 ~ ....., onkrs 'OItIldIllid Ibtit toun::e ia dle ,{ • ,ol ius. w. -.y. It due. ""'~.... ~ wtIidl.., un:ulCled !be ele"" ol AlIlInIsIu 10 Ibe IlIrooIe of SL MIlt llId w ' -__ .. do wid! I dlu&e Ia ~ ~ prXlioea, if, ill £aa,1UC:•• diIpaIe lOOt p4xe. all.
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1.1.1 IlIp ill I welllhIlllle _ WllUIiS • .., bel:tI r.-cd ..,. Iba a;lIIDI;ilill • WIly ....... '" CMlOIlI 6...s 7. ill wtIidI _II au ... spcciJ'lGIllr IlaIMd.II2 AlID Tdt.'I" ptiwI thal this 'lIlCM baI iolIrodxed • iliIlO'llion. ir. -&bl be. . . . _ lID Dr lIlIIllbr. counc:iI, by 1bI: .... or JOlI&flt lei eJa-ifr end codif, •• idcap:.... ~ wllicb hacI U'ady belen ill dl'ect tor -m-,ll:l In __ or -tr dIIIIdI law,tIIl four1h_ orNlc:8clIlld. p1.......ut ill the lWelllielh ~ of !be Synod of Ariel (AD 314), -,. line lI'11Jus epiJ(Opit nuUlII qNropua ordiJletw. -I" wllidl ...., weB 111_. dr-...... 011 )'I:l TbM d l i I _ b . . u
or. bitlIopol .. k· ra-n. e.. Had it .-iIbcoI1D im t-Jl t . - or .. mDmI. - . -may _d, _
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lftiJ...-.
_ol loellof w, .o\ld ~ of -.-.0llIa '" loyiq .. 0' 1wIdo.... 1110".,.~ of laJ01j_ w ~U .. beyn (T.It.., -e,' oroJ S.......IN."•. 01. 12). !lIn. ClnK _'10 foo.ood!a 1101..... n...... 1.321. Tl>o Irm"M;", It IlMl .. I/loo _ . l!II' lJI ....
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of !'i'ioc:•• "1he:
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10 _-..l.lwa.q;.oo. "~,""",,"OIp-~~IOM~OI'-~"·'·I!.nvt~ 1II!M SlJO!lIrPl_lboKp.. 'P'lL tli1d.<J3 moqtllOJ1p ~ auUx • doj .... 011 pgII~ 1M ;,1ClaQt!'b UOOIt tN tu~ RQ!'PY 011 iiO!ll'OddO ~ IVIfl'A'I "'P "flt!Almpv 10 rwcbI Q'II:loqI 01 ~~ ;>"!J;.oo. Ilt·~~;o dco.Is!q A AIIJIPY ]IJ llClpU;>A ;lql :uopq 'qIJ~ ~ 10 'l:lUl:)lll,' DJOq ;>... ~ 0I1lJndltt ~ 1M)d,(f3.DMQ1 "! pouJ~ J:lPU1P 'I I( av ~1lQMlN ~ w ~ cIoopfg]O "'Oll"'l..u ;l\/I pal "!1DJ'lIW ,(.q 1OIl":JiI&Dd ;qI1O ~ ;qIlIJ!MOllOJ 'lq) llll PI ..<xns", ~;ump lIIpl1U'iI II! llO!J='d W:llll(llftl tl'4l "';llA Illtllll _ '1)1...... III l ... J:II{IOlII podof;lil;>P .... 1WI!ll!1'l\, III\lI mp RUM!! qIftclI(lfl'~:>!"1IlIop. '13111 _ u l 01 l a X ~ "llII1IISld'il jO P ! ~ SIlO!lOJOIl;l\/l \lIlI _"WlllW:IIp 10 1pJDIp;l\/\. nlUlJPl:ll'l 10 UO!lIU!fS;>p mil "'fI""'''~ 0II1l1o'1J!ll JIlOJ ~ JO ~ "'fI 10 flMll\JOd ~ 10 f~ 1:>n;>:loqI ~ ~ 'lI!JfIp ~]IJ l"'!'"'llllU. Ol~1IOC 10 B1q.dJ "'fI aoDJ~ "",::.pw III\lI .-p ~ '! I! toU!' 'lUS?'1" OllI]O:KM:III!IUI""II _ - . . ~ "'fI 1J ¥III! lI'Il .JIlCI ~J-1q 1m M...1II\lI1ICIfIaI1IlD •• Iln!tl!"'" lJOlldra 011. ~~.JJ1II"''''l;.oo.lIIfl''''aNoII''l'P' .r Wad l(i1IIO. 1110 PQ1II!Od .... ""!m"", 'P.'l- ~ 10 1 _ ~ ~ ""II '4l!M ~.JP.'I 10 ~ • 'lqfqI l'IOIfI!IIO. 'PI ~ /iOl·II(JY"'!"" 'OlqlNl~~]IJ~(.'Odal;ll"'fl .... 0l4l"IlH 10 XlI:lIpI:IIIUI!1f'I:loqI \!IW ~ ~'O 0llI f-... -.I _ pili p;ufIIIIW IIIIA:lI "'fI ~ SlU!U' ;l\/I 011 p;q. 4 ,......,. ~ ........... 10 DqaIIIU. pili '"'ll'1'PW ~ tNl 011 _'~ rntS" '~;l1fI "'''''... po. 1l"'J W!JD!llIlUnaIXID ~ ,.1I!"'I*'.... V ~ lu;lJ _ ' - ' " f,~:It1 ~""lI 01 ~:w Ul _ ncuoJp -1I!Il1ll!M poa4irIlIIfIIO. . . . 10 Kl\*U!PlO:II(I ~ .'lYoITJSIG ATn'3 atU.
os
" coud, IcId U 10 lIle q..estioll or Meletian invol_ in !he Aleundrial cloaion of AlbalwiUl ill AD 328.. Ilia, dlll'kult 10 c.. lN.... 11\ euc:1 ~ ore_ 0.10...... I p:neral OUlline of cilalmslana:I Cor Ille period ....._Ihc: Coon:i1 or NaeI .. AD 32j Md Ihe e....... ~iuI .. bisIIop of AIe.r.IIOia in AD 328 willl.y -Willy, tor lIle doeuIncalf lad RCIII'dI whidllJli&tM. be or I' .e p;1car .... oftal ........ Tbir diIllcuk:r is "'V"'"Dy C'" ilImt .. M: ~ 10 diIcowu lIle P.Xt _ 01 McleliM 1b9Ol._ ill t1IB &I1lClU .tL III eurJllIIinc Ibis I*lkllla diffItUJ TWO paiIns _ be dia: lid ne m. point. • ;. t ill . . - , illbc ;.... or W. Tdfcf ... .ner Ibc dieaIIl or BiJkIp " ~ IIi.-tdC IIIJd • df«ti¥e dIiM III ~ bistIop 01 A"'·wt\a. I ~ MidI wu bIeoIatM lip by.loM An:1lIP. o-u llic )«1"1'. biIIlap or MooopbiL2'. A IIlDIIId poiM,lbo pleDCIS OIIly Ille tiUe ot iii, rant. bilbop. 1lIoIc who bIooe aa-dy bc:ea ~ b7 _ , atlel- they u... ' - coM..... b7. _ aaaecI
...,inH ' " (jLocm.all'r",oa ,"(¥~l.., 011 . . d!iI '0 . N " bc; . . .;oW 10 fdlow*ip IIId have dlelr .... ..:II 1M: ~ to DOnu':cf.. S • 131M lot. d. :1311:1 1331~.
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11i£EAlU..Y EftS(X)f'ALO'Ff' OF A11tAHASIIJS
ift IUeh '''11U1.~9 Atbanui", _ IlOl I. AIea.andria.or. tile tiaoe of Akundo\r'. deadl.. SoIne _ pbr:e 11Im. 0ClDI1 on dlurdI bus; m • ....iIe 0lhctI1ndicaIe ....1 pUl'l( 10 Ike .... boDor,'J60 III eillloocue, lIMn ~ 10 ""~ becfI InCfIllIIII ~ ill . . at • re. Wl& ~ u repdl dl:alil. FpiphMlm dor:II ~ 10 .. .e • MdtU e:.ciila ....... _ • • IIWD" 10 plMla _ oIlllW __ a. !he: lllIm&oI$l. MaI1t.2lli1 SD .. nm;pl beLe.a. ~ .......... '....dtd by die cwI 4" dcru04 QllIlpleRfy ~ _0 f .. I) Ibc sy..w Ialcr oll'fic:.-lIld Ibc RCCIlt .....i.... 01 !he: MdeIi. deru 10 ........"..1IllCI. lhuef_ l"'me
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IUllII 01. p1Idlllll pIODIlIf .. bic~ found ill f1naI ad",inIIg, . . . III die lime ot !be eIIllq; lbe I)'flOd 01 ClesarelIII AD 314. By !he tiIJIe of Ihe Syaod oIT'yr$ in July AD taa'WUiou ~ ..ipIllrte lIId or &he po-ecIIIory lWlft ollhe ~ would ...... been ~y clispelled.20 ~ 1hilI ...., Alb"";'. ir _,'PUlt ill hill iIlkalifac;g" 01 !he M~ctiPI ill Ec)'pl as .. eJ.lendo., 01 lha AriH I*t1 unckr EllIebios. 7101
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. . . . . . . . . .,hidbJB.-d.-Imli..QlplEMdeo. . .• . ...... Milk.. would ha..e rt&liaed r:L lile W.. • pw" . •1 . thaol.. Ualwenl.,. 01 ColifonJa. It1'9 (\1&10....1.,. Mino>m............otiooIool, IlC'06O), 1071!. 190 A . . , ...... oho co 'M odtiooao .... liIlbd ....... io oho _me- ptrioa 110 lMaio- or c.iduoc» • 10 wtIo 1Ilat penont ~ Of wllat poIillaas lhey beJd.~ We boe 110'- lO bdie... lhx MIlS
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~1'elIIf1llCl'CIt rot k Ii&ht dIcy _ _ 0- Ihe lift 01 • a.na;. 'c, illite rr:ip ole ..... dlf. OraL a... ir.. by ..v- of r.o Oftly of die PI'Cl'J'ri _llle """"""icM ~ ill! 'P'CiaI ImpolRlnl;1a. 0. DllIles. !be c.ly ~ I rout II In 1M «tiop'Ud dale of dle Syaod 01 e 1M ocher ..ul onere \nIualinc. I Ion& Idler ITorol u ~ Mdctian. Ji_ • vivid piet_ til t/le. _fferinp 10 .Iril::b die ~ were upoied II die hindi 01 ~ - ' his adbe=a.:J07
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AltI:t • brief d,..:ription ollhc «IIileft1 of t/le. IOllet Ilidl &til claimed 1tJIp(*d Au.-iuI'I "cIf.:ial peileCacioIl"olthe~" lbepuiod bd'lR tile S)'IlOCI 01 T'ynI, lie lUIcl1dcd by "'*"'IlIIit c:ommcnt
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)1'"",~ I!H4, flfll prcIKfIlf:d by 8dl in 19'204.....' be summariJ!'
OllWly bcfcn lbc Synod of Tyrc. AlhanuJlII is ll=ribcd. at bcini ""elY despooclent" aIld -~a. dlJlreu" 0'riAD in dle ml....... lht S)'DCId 011')'1'10. which. uaflol SanIiea ~ _ AD }oil. nellamlli.... IU)' ,,*"'$
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n In tile Ienu Is batb ~ and JPOC=ir", ill dcIcribIJlIl.he eturp which ....., .... 1piftA Al1wwi1d:
Aec:_u prxlefel. at lk inilari.a. .iollUllia. eaeda, I!qUC ipu epi.Jl;oponolll Illle1llitilllle Ii.............,...). Quiq_ elialll diebus ~ir pIlIthIe l)ftlWIir:o _ .mm._1M aquenmilihm hn:-.~~
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• c:ecuw AC:rilepIlIIdilet.L3)1
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20 (19n): 72-89; ""'" LA. ludJo ..... $,R, Pick....... ~1'apynI. eo...m.ily bo Eppo .. lho ....""""" e-y.w _ 20 (1m): .'·71. ldJ""cc .... 1'iok& "'" dlorlc<s. -W tAbIf; pi.- clorinc 1lIiJ"'" (66.71). n.lho ...W* .._ . .;", lho M'rk_ .. LP 191. _ lho nul dll)'''' off . ~opolol1"_IO _ _ Ii _ . (11). S..tl. ot>---_ lObo _ .. lho o £00_ _ .._ ,.,.. ...... toooldlool .. '·.. =j,,· Hio . . . ..;ptoloobo ., ........ I"" 01 oiIla A'h. . . . ."... ..... _ _ or lois po!iJ;o:a1.O" , or __ i578d1. E,JI". ~_ riI~ IOj.
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from AtIlanaslul, thc only !X'siuvely i(Jenlifte(\ pl:l'$Oll)..... ere ill aclivc lhroIIghouI the entire span of this \Wclve-year pcriod.372 Finally, the Ilesita·
36'n..". &t• • !sa OIhu .nmpl., ~f diffiouhi.. in "an,l.,;"" &I'd lnI"""tll.Mn in LP Ig14. Fe, .....,ple, In I.... 29 _ ••"" d>oa fello.. ~: ',\5.....",. . Ii "f7d~ da,.r m ..mls- ""Pfx< ~r.. rdjJ..._ lild '" _~..... It iJ oboiGua f""" .... )) (Opildl criIKiI Some. 'lila lh= _ 1oI-.c beeIl_ , d Ir'IIIh
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, . --.:1O_Jilc::ac:e ....._ . . __ u-.a.T,..e. Yel: Iht..u..oe rJI A'''ee . aT"" .. dliI...n.r. . .1..... _iijWallO IK .... clldlYlM . . .-..-...) JboUl be rie'ooocIiII He..,,_ ..... _.aal ~ IIle Dtildi:, of Ib: ~ dilIlIClI cal far • ,d~ .. tile • dle...., .,......ricn II ill impar-.IO-* lb&IlMI is bail::ally 1bc pe*'icM which bJ' lIoe Alluadila I)'DDd ia AD 3l1/l9 • lite)' -.:JCrieaU,. rejoclal tk chI<JeI ....sc IIpiAsl A ............ 1')fe..MJ A lI)lft '·01 A.... . 'J n:w ol .... _ . . . . .' be p.d fRlIII. a_ill";' olllillallll FQIIII/~. MIitll_ COIOipollt4. AD}lB
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-sa... ~ " . _ _ ~ <JI AD m _ "'l' -~_. H .,, """""'" ..,. ,~_ 4 I t J """"" 50
Opitl. 91. II....). 3aolq FuMl ••_ '••• ~ 1'.,
,-:r.•U/PF. _ . • haft brIcame udr.al SO:WC:-k'l oLlIlc)'Oll" btshopoL AIuanck'ia, ~tly wilJogu( cw Cot many of dleir ~ bpIal inlD "PP""irion wMout ... y irnma:l;' _. b11ba lIIlIII Palysis, we must eoNider ... haI it libl)' lD hlIn ratm place in till. lnlub!a1 liltLllioo p¥m aU otllle ...ilabll: illbmUiDa. AIlIooup _ y poaibk EeUrias may be ~ _ I do .... in r.:... ~ prob&blc.. Some build only 1IfIll'I ..".me of liluct. prdcninJ lD view A.....· " · • • 1ItIaIbwy ~ tnc"' _ ~ ....... ID IIle _rcq ot 1M c:IlmpirK:ia ia wbido.lIIII. ... illvoll/!lll. Ytt. " ' - of dlC. e.-idencol? AdIanui...•• viDdialion by \he IY*Id of EayptiM bis/aop$, hQ support by IIrp a..mllen or fmncr ~iekli3nI,Ids ~ by !hi. rij(WUIIS ftlOlWlic commlllliliel or Ihe EI)'plian desert. 1lls - . I ...rium Iepc)' ..... CUll'" pena:1IlIcn, IDd his Ialer vast popularilJ in E&YJlt oil IrJ'I'l tpiIISl Ibo mndanl interpl:lIlioft of U' 1914 IS prima/lJJl:wftideoce 01 AlhanasiUS'I viQlenl ~ towards his lheoIogiaI and polilic:al tqIOfIeIIlI. Thr. inlemll quesllon.. lhcRfln. which h3vc been mi$ed in LP 1914 are by no means completely ICUlcd ..... llave ret lD be fully nICOI>clll!d ",ltll elteIUl ~ aDd pQccd ";lhill llleir proper hislorial seD.iD,. J.~
ys
r ..,.u -...........
,an
T1w OratifJII fl/Gr~fD'JN~1l I\na1, Md _ ~.1OIII'l:e lila is liJ1cd by F'nnf;:u ¥QO,IIII ODd William RUICII in their re'5 'lelllS of 1Ilc~ of AtNnaJiUl is Ihe femval onUon (0'1IIw.. 21) oCGrrllOl)' Nlzianun in whic~ Ille Ii'" and lhcoIolPcll avities of AlhaaniIlS arc "'!n&iIQl...cl_bered..loll 1lIeir _ 10 1hil1locumcnl .. lIII aid _ die • 'lela ol AlIlaAaillll .. or _ . llII .......... _ of • paDq)ric .. ~ (01 ... -.;1ft IIoq .. irs iaa:atb lbe exaltaeioaorl!le _,At ol .... biIbop qI Ak.....rla; .. Grqory .ya. -Ill praisiq AlUmasia, I dIaIl be 'rirI-. To spcalr; or loiM -.1 III praiae ........ am.- ia _ - . ~ '-d. or 10 spcat _~. has cmtnc:ed YirDoe iD its atfttt _1tiInaE1f.-J19 -.1 11.. .... pclUi'I'C iii Grefory', 0.- -.1 _ _ pdia.
nc
._ed Y-.:
kIwe_.
)I~_lIUIeLO"";-~I II . ' .. J. w-oy.Gr#".w« 11_ _• 0 - . lO-2J. SC 'l1O. Pom. 19110. 110.1'3. .....,. to. ..... po.' ••• ;, , '- ...... cit. "'109. Tlio I e ' eL .... _,.., • . . - ill PO
1U1,._
n. cok. 1001.UK,
3190_.... 21. _ _ 1; M.....,.••. cit. 111. 11. \·2
'" _ ...bck lDOIi¥lltion "'l1 olIj1a.-dle dtfcnIII of ... _ , 01 AINNsi..s Ipllllt Ille critital, and oI\cn hosliIe. IlOllClI'tlIodo leporq ..-minllllis ae:tiolls Mel (I• • lei whith were SliU In dIcu1alian " ' . (irecor>' deIi>fte1 Ibis IddRa ~ bel-.. AD 3191ftd AD 381.)90 DrlwiDa; apo.!he raeudl ol Roucll, V-,: simply ~ thai lIleu weu ~ ~ 1Iw. Clftpy"'v=-'''fdt_bldlO _ _ II; bill C;Tk. ~)91 ne , , _ I 01 Ruck "Illidt RealI ... Ii" Abswlcc 10 lIIis 'Q~'";,;~ boIilclI . . l/Ic prcllliJI: 1M 1M • u oIl'l1lk11llq:jas IDf 1hc lrNtirimll ~uUc:. oILP 19\" must be: inc"",", lA dleOCl&Jlnlaioa d . . . 1liJllJraI pic;_ 01 ""'llIn";'.. Far IlioId., die falh'aI cnlioa 01 (J1qU)' coMlfllII dIIIlhea critical ~ roDOeIlIl"l !lie bisbop at AIuaIdia. ~ y Ihok ,.......dcd. by PIti~.-en:.uI ~.....p QUJC c>;&;dl and,1lomfcn. dlapecIlhe 8ddn::a of Grqory, ..110 anemptillJ 10 .-e- 11M onIlodoa ..cIIIOIJ of A"'·.... A_II _ bis cue ill_ ~....--;
rr-_380
OrDfitM 21 olCftpyNlriomee [lsjl_pvbf,bIy • Ihe fcaII of SL AI"'n"';'., lC'O'IOlIJ rlie] ran Iht:r "" .... A! toe lliI.... IIid Ibo¥e. IftiI, of Goqory po I mu ~ II I alll! IIld piIIK of l/Ic Clluttll 1\0 defCDlial her apinst !he Ariu menI(:1C, BlOt tcrUift f er' ofllle UIIUJ' lmlIliYdy be IIkaI II .. N*:IDpllO dcA, IIkpboftis from Itle ~ ndition. 11lc: cad of lIOCliolI I j is • clc no Uplic:il mentiool of Ibe
kllId or lnfornwioD pro'Ilded by P!lilclslorJNs. but ;, is tJc. lhalll>ese ChaPIIII ~ .0 refullllhe PIIilosiofpan IX_lion of Alhanasius. TIM: electlon ollhe I,"lei' Is p«:selIIe4 .. unanimollll. He llllPf.¥ed ubl\mo. in Inial. blLmllle in IJIi:riI, 1IITIi1lb1e.. _l.llli~inI with lbe IeIldl:rnc.a 01, ralher.",", -00. 9). Catmot Ihe Iittlnl of UICIC It&1I1 be sun . . . ~ lei II.ilIa Lhe Oth$" re«l11ec;lioD. of AlhInI:IiuI: wtlidl 'Io'n'e Rill IIi.... IlId _ in _ d wiUl ~ lIOIlllf1lIo:d).~? lJI.lhaase,CrttcrJ'l Orlo/.". 21Cr- "';lneSI.
htMoi-. IIooI!I _ of powu!oI dow of .......rI, 0......., folio ...,. of . . - ' dowdy'"'" ill IIiw
ewn-
t
odIet
"..uc.ur ~ (",_ dI~
109. 110).
of Adlarwi... •• vin..e&, bowew:r. Grqcry PfISIIC$ OlI, RanIler ..... u _Impo.wn"':
jndja.....
"to
.-IM/bj;u: _ .. tho Nioono CJ'«d "'".....- doo dry', 6U.). pooolloly. 0 _ of-.irll; . . . . AD no. a-Ioo G. lito.- - ' , _ Il. S...ao.. _ lho1 ~ 21 .,.,"" •• , lllo - . . 01; , 'I d'f_ _ ....... acq'IOlw wid! dIo - . iii. ~ io dw W:ic of........ lIit _....-... . . 1!riooodo-(UfPP. _ _ - - . ..... 7. 269). If> _
lho~
·06"...
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.. _or
1D!be ord>olb Il'IdiUan CllIIlOef1liJla: 1M; litt . . A_";'. and pre._ iI ill • _ Illat Is JIIitIld 10 lib _ piniadar Pl"JI'*I.. If, ill bl1. d1a .... Al'Iealu:III ..-ed .. ~ "P,~ Gn:py........... "'UO'
or or Arilllis IlO 1eII-aaa .. ..roo. I),
Hilde:«>...,. ofNio:aea Iilewise
1Icb'*creeol~~buI.""""'''~Yllf~ .• pIE.iD.J .4,)_,....... ItIe r... nW: ..... ItIe oaemIla. ollhr. 0 .......' fa pUeIaQ _ p.,., 10 equally wi1h . . alllllb."""'" J...to • . - . _I" Orqory".Pref_ 10 lbc Ataaiasal&lr ...... '-1 d.idI..pi' 1 t", rr.cI . . . . lilt; IlIiI'll. CllflIIC of IN. hiq - . . ill
ft_
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__ or ID&or~ pliIce - .
Ilcid!er ar ill _ -
"
of
lllere illinlr. _
1IIol ~ ...... fta or. !Ildeed.1D
die In mpD"P '" simibr &unl ouuide dll: (I'I/l(l(bo trldilion. T1Ie coaItllUon R,*"," by
or
to _
cIlIlI:r .. daiI
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011 lM; IIOC8Clf'J
01 oIlllc bislIqI
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...,...ent bItelt upo.li~ Wt~"' no ceNia . ., ill .. an IiICIl:I1IiIIIlII 1na .......... Ufe irlUalioi 01 ill OnuiDlo 21. Upon .......PkHd ~ . lhe pwpllItI .. by Mosay ..... dle
Ilowc_.
are....,. ,,'i
,..... itallty\e e""iduec1 by Reutber lIppt8f III bIllOi tw. ~.... erj¥e indicalors GrqorJ'I in~ In IIle '&'litini of iIle ~. ~. !tIeR. _Id lIJIPW' 10 be. _ dellft 01 jl>StlrlCIlbI ill ~ tftalilN< 21 UI lha immediale comext of lhe _uoweny In ~lInop1c IlIlhct IIlu 10 Q~gory'l eJlll)' Into an billOrieal debau conec,ninl tile ctwxler of AilwlQilll willi _ whieb not 0111, ~AlIUSpllCl. bul abo _ lIIiKd KCOIIlIU of wllictl we ...... "uk lmow~ Allhougll II ill wilhin ItIe realm orpvibj1ily Wt aoodlu intupmaUoll olOrqory'. ~ . .y, ill flCl. be. _ I , dwn illiuk, if uy. evidellce.ftiIIbk 10 JllIlIlQf1It1e 'PX'O"
or
-wa
1Ilift-.niom dR1IJdl1fld YOUIlJ.
IJ"
~0'7o.-..;., 11. Mich Il'e ro\lc:cu4 IIld preter¥e(I ia Pb(ltiu$'1 Epi_. ".. these -.ted IIaIldm Ilawe tiule basQ: ill tkl, Ioowcvt.r, is ..., lljIpIIUIwllea IJle)' lrecocnpaml wilhod...-couemporar)' Of _ _ M
409y_._ cir~
~.
.U Oa-a., ...... ~ 161.177.
n-. .. _
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........ .,
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"..
-
.IIY-. . . rif. 6I:boclo. •. rif. 116. rn, .12V. _ , fa..5e PIP)'llIS, p,ve ~ wdlhllO Ihis docllnlmllhaa It miIIM odlerwlx Nove merilCd. LP 11114 'emains an ioulgulng ~em ot "b~l but willi cenain sboneofninp. Thee geauinenea oIl1le dowment bo4!I in reprd 10 ils dMinJ: -' Q3IdUI Is lJIUlUin. The Iype or nlnUtic commllllll, whiclI is .s-ribed IlILP 1\114 as bei"l _ 10 the tit, IIld IlIn1 by !be IIliliury _ _ dotd, IdIled III . . - . . 1 and Itylr. ollbo. IdclnA __ 6 ~ 10 u>oe cqo,oal or pucu c1aal ID' Mjo· or a;lIi........ dar. twtlidI .... bel:lllltw d"" bdI_ Y_1-4:l:S To _ _ Gta:nUt "r; iUl ~1icIlte CC II .... 1he dwo ...... 01 ...•....· ; · oI~ dirrak, ihllt ..; ..... 1l ill paai-bIc, IoowcoCl. ID lniwe. otnaia r-.ablc _ ....... OIl 1M IIais of" cril:iI:al. ......!nom. 01 dle. docu ..,. c:.idtace. haa6 .. onIeo-lD ...... m. probIbilitJ oIllle lI'UIlIC.u- oIllle _ CIDlllailIed widlilllUdl .... w:rials. AdmillleClly. our to...... hoi ... 01 \lMI C'iellU 1IItic:b IllDk pIKe beIWIIlaI AD 31S _ AD JJS is illlpeffccl. retlbe only ..dial we .nil __ n ... -Ilina 1lloIe c:roclaI ~ it _ . . it build IIJIOI I!Ml e'rideace., opilIlonI, Illd reporu. No ~ wlIidl is buallIJlOII IIikno! or IIlD our inalIUil)' 10 &IIa:I1bl1llc: initio or llituIlMlI is. in reaJK,.• without MlslInee. This would IppW 10 bellll>cuc ............, of I!lofe more fIlOlkm ~1ISIlio1lS of wiolence ....lIIcl1lL1w: bcu Iid'fal>ced qaiJlSl Atlwwlus.426 FIII1t.c:iillOiC, illllould be IICDoookd,ed IhaI ~ burden 01 pool is OIl !be ad~ olllle& beslillypcll/lc:lclwhkh repacal I radical bouk ffocn """ more rnodenle v1e'/l'S of earIIcr tc:~ wilhia the
1IlIDkaI....
u._
.. -.wnem
"".110-Iever, IhaI LI\e lIerie. 01 evenll .lIieb reaebed !bell peat. ~ belill ..ilb Atbana$iUol'1 re.fUHlIO reMlmit elLhcr Alius 01" !be MelWanIlO the oommunica of !he churdI 01 AJeunllria Ia ~ with LI\e rommlnd 01 Ctwtanlil'oe..2 Follo.ina" mum of ElISCbIus, biihop of N~edia, 10 Ills Reo • C&ll"Ipaign hIod been JeI inlO motioIIl ...... ith had as ill primary objeelioe!be
--~,~,~,.;,Y;.:_~~'~_:~M~':_:'~.: ,c.....~_ ~ 1913, 67, zu. 2vw. - . s-iao L In.
''''
TIlE EARLY EPISalPALCARW OF A'IllANASltIS
....."'je... III An.... liO the clllud. ia AIc.ondria aIoII. widl. .w fa • src-r MdeIiaa I"oaa:t:'" rDk ia Ihc 1lfairI1II1Ile EfJJIIidIadI. W;Jlia.l sppean ID be aomrt ill lIIcioIIl/IIe ,mesis at dM)'
~
lim;
10 the Bidl}'lWal SJBCd III Iele AD 12. wtlicll _ mdor lbc ~ tiL E~.-I iSlllled • '"I .... elIlRJe1l .. "''''ndrillOr ArioB'• . _ . . . -u lOf for the IallirlI 01 1M Md.t~ b7 Ibeir """"'P'ke») t. spiw.oll!le fzt It.1be 1lIlI._ 11M boeo <Mld nI 'W';' bJ' the _ ..._. il .... rdual OlIlr1Jbt by Alburiu.4 Allbousll llIlUuldylbrm d willi drp¥irj. . IllIII u.iIe by the~. Att."";lII """,I.... iatru.PJtp d. Ale· ...... II ill... a" chaw" 1llaI1hc_ '" r... letol_ ..' made . . . . . . Alh •• _€en ... =puG ill Ni ,.. _ JdKal mel..,. sipallba ' . of --. ~ qa;u. 1Ilo biIlqI >'») I and rmlll dw IocMioft issue4 Il~ EM.... Icocr of AD
lIT.a--.,.... ' _ _ F ••... 131. 12/i1N'. 1]""",.60. 2 (Oplu, 14lI. IJ.-lt). I~ ....~ .. _~ """ doliun. wIlo bei... ashuzled of M name, alII hlnudt EWoai.... 0029 Of the ro..r. Hiaammon is the only membtr oIlhe delqIUon wlw) is not lisuxl illllle IClledult of Mdoulll delaY ..lIiell bad been presen~ 10 Aklw>der appro~inuHel1lO11ror five yars earlier. The Initial cjl;' ~ of H1C:&a! lUMioll ..Ilicll hid Clfi&iaaIIy been brou&11l forward by Ille Mclcliall' _ld be jDined 10 lIuu fllltber accuSlliont-tWO of ... occlesiasllcal naturt IIIll OK wlditional cjy;1 incIictmeI'IL When AdlII_ius appeared before CclluIlD~" PDmathia lbe fourc:llarJe$ he Iud 10 _ _ 'iIItn dleIe: I. , . . oriJillll KCIlSIdoa of lJlepJ w.ation of lhe c,ypliaa popullce. ..d!he. MeletiaIu in ,..uell1ar. ill rqard 10 !he lRD IIlIlKs mentioned Ibove. w.. ~i\C:lJllCld. S.,•• mcthDd of w.atlon in Utd _Id ... ha¥e bcClI untnulll In ECYJII doring the Roman period bul. .. Iou boon jowtjra..... ablM:, wculd bve IlIIIIped the autItoriIy of the £&ypDan ri'ril .aminisuaau. IIIIlcss 'M ..
'1:IA,HI. loG, J (o,;a. 1010. 20-21), 26HiMU. (I\, Mlnlot), 229. 27 B_ ncl'f_&yW•• 1t. 'ltF.... r.-IV(ltobu • c1f~5'1).
29,...,.
2.
3.
it had beca event. "'t« WI Euswhlus. coote..or ... d .....a of IOtII>d flllh." .. as deposed (/Win! IQ "invCllIoed KCUJlIlions' apinst him, incllJdilli Ill. cbArlC Ilw. ~ had KInsulIed M CO.....tlloe'. llKIlher.3' HId EllSlfIthilll beCII depoced 011 • cIIIrte of
M.
Stbcll;,nIPII .lone. one ....,..ld _ Ia~ ""b I characleri:wion by AlhmaUIaIli_ lbe. ~ cIiJnIll: IIIlrilid1. _ ........... 8&meI ...........ua 1Ix case nlIde. apiIur. EiIII&Ihi&Is • follows:
.... ""oor: tf. C_ _F_ Ilt; ,... e-...... -t AJI./oC.....
.....
H.
a.-.1_1961. a.-. _
C_lIw '" J~ &_
! ... rre.....
), 19n, 171:'" W.H.c. F-.
n.. ,,;. fl/C........,. L - .
tr • ..,- .... "" ........ lit' _ _ oc-. _ .. ,...r 11IU_ (s_.. Mt:. .....). PIor"L .... _ C • _ _ Iwr...-_
$lf., AD ~io_r ·.aiIlo< ~ • • ..aJ,o:;oI .. ....,.... ~ il .. c IlIOlIvalion wbicb ItOOd behInd !he c~J'=1 onlbe p-I Mel~lil.llllnd llte ElISCbims, namcly, lhe rclllllalCment of AnUll, Owing 10 Alhanasius'. imtaMi~ca>ceminl AriUS'11'CtUlIl to AJuandriI, llIc OiIly pouibillty which ~ appeamllO be lIle c1epoillioll of lIle bisllOp of Aleundril by Illy meIBI poaiblc.. In lho cue 01 Eoulllbilll, lillie
ollhe
aucnlion ..... JiVCII to whedle:r lhr dlIftes _ cld or ecdrIUicaI by lhr Synod of Antiocb 01', IJllIIrcmly, by CclllswIlilIe, ",110 ..mwc4 Ibe CllSe aftuwll'lb. ClurIy, lhe only point .. issue for II>e Ev.Mbianl ..... lIIc. rrmovaI 01 £1IJta!hiI/J by Illy IDCanI pallible, Ulldct lhe second c.- 01 N~.n 1llM .... ".... I ) fora bisIIOp', depoai!ion .... hll conviclionof III oIl"en& of a lUiably 8Crious ~ g".jJ or fICClrtilStiral. The mllltiplirily of d1..,.1iIade apinst botb EuItatlliul and A~Ns, civil UId ocx\esllqic'l, ~ meody _ I to prootick IUfflcient _ for JlIdI a depclsilioft or, III 1M Ieut. .. provide fe.- III ern~jladieiII inquiry by a ~ IlII : I" DurlIf; 1M CUIII1Ie ot aadI. illqllirJ', runhef aDep'..... miPI be Imed . . ill a C8fetmIIy I • d -..lIlY: . . filIIf 'I'Udirt WOIliII
bcabe.-_l ' . Wllca A"'_I. arri'iCd at Pso",.. hi,
• Now bl:l' of AD DI, be. a;lllCal'IlO r - beca _....., oCtile ra.c..s ..bidI_-re4 .... 1iat.
Cv" oWA.H.N ........
'l.·no,
r.-._ L
n.
,
U,
e-;r.
llf-4C1, 00""" I..... Val. 2-
~v, T - r , ~Iit-;' "'" -.II oIlIlO.~ io _01 .. '"" ..... of ~ _ _ t." I P"'** . . . . Qrt"'illt'l dlooce 01 Byn"I"' • tilt oIllte capillol 01 1M emp~ 71 F"lII&lIy. tilt aIt=:aQon whP In'lOm.! M-u. aad ltdlyns e. ... rntlIIioned spearally. Iltlloui~ tht ~ -':I ba ul*'(kd .... WOIlId ~ in lbe near f\ltllft.. 11 lI"Illy be ~. bowtvtr, that ...iIhlht ~ or ~\ll II ClNlt 10 dcrend hillllt1t lDlllO Ii.,. pet*IftIJ ItSlimony COlICerllinj lbt matet, Constantine wallll1lfied &II to be. innoctl -"Oric)' .. .-:II
=...~.:':J~':,~~=:..=.~~~~~~':':
MdeIilnL" 1lIat Q:n!amir did aa ....sjdrr die prllCCIIIlllrIp • I'Iamadlla 10 be 0( I eml - . • Ic:ISl ill reprd to IIoc f"1JIaI J-Icmau. •• id1 u deli_ may be ...... ia me ftr:l. !hat two ran ' - Il& ~ IK Me widl ~ lIOlbciril b_ (Iome&/lulc DOl yon dclne) iCllley peniIled ill lIotir disrupliYe bchI.....1:S Ii _ _ PlDbIc !bit E~ at Nio;orncdq fO"'OIl'ized CoasWllillt:. WID 10 pqmbt UId, fol~ lbe ~iJUl oldie. CIlhI:r ....'S'Micfts, ~ hlJQcll rtll'll \lie. McIelUnl, IIIl leal in l1Iol public: eye, wtoilc n:maiftirli their __ n:1 frlaod.-U nu. wou.ld. uploiJl CoruurItine's aIonosl IOal ~ willi lbe ~ in his 1 iIlllis OWIlllalf-deld ..,.,..,..:c.126 Far !heir o;onUlllIIId tepamion from !be ealllolie oommWlily Arius and his fo1lwus _ threalefleCl willi p=illies COfIsiAinl: of additional w.cs and threats 01 f;OfIIf;ription fOt public" ~ln
Wilhin!be CU'd..oo. of the Irtlcr. 110.. _ . Coctpntiz.1UfIcns W: by _ _ 011 pcr.-l appe:al ud c:>ll:llClI . . _peaod iIIvilaioa I 1111"",- di'f'C'Ud eat......... -m AccordinJ to Soctaea. tbe imperial city J(IOfl required. dal, ruIOfl or elJhty lIlcuurld tNHIil. or wtlic:b lite ~ portion WII llI!JllX'f1lllrotr1h lite pM or Alolnd.... l ,. The lceepirla of: the peace. in AIcundria, tbcm"cn. .... VU'f mud! III cco-.ic IlId political priority .. -U II'" ea:laiastical COCICCI'fI. Tlta timinl oreor-tiDc'. dcc"rClC f;I)I...... WIJ tile ptO'Vioioro or JfIia for Canuanlinople alto appears UI wir.. icIc&IIl. IIpiml .......Mi-. 1M it ~ U lloey _ beeto put. r-.d IIIonIy after lhr. puN' and'ia 0I~-··11tam
diIpxc ia
E,yp.
i'mcArills. WidI ....... IeMl*"'¥A.ilyia
&lid ..illl lID .... daM Alii,";. _loS ,Ilow
us,......, u.- V. 2 U'INoil. V•• (II' 137tW. V.• II t
(II: ............ 517. 511). • 4._ 511).
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. . . . . . inmlbe .. k· ..... dun;tI . . . ..,.b '... I, il __ .... boc:uM 4\W- II) F ' · _ ... Ifleir 01>1, t ... 1M: '" jo' of "rba>1'NI TIle Mrldi=", FuPt -..:.uo beiaI ..-.,. _ . I by 1M: --...e4 p C . . . yi,., i of lbe biIIlop oI .. k·...rria ad.-Jd '-e road IilIk _.... . . _lbe fIa Ilw ....,. 01 doeir forma- brcdm:a _ . , . InM: I f• • Ie: 01 .. rb. ' . 0IIce . . . KIlac _ CIlIIC'C't. ..... IWO p'ClllplOIaiiC'8e4 ~ ..... I!lc biIlqI oI"kutldrio, wilIIlbe McIaiaAl q:,aia lIkia& lbe posit. 01 belq 1M lrinarY or lOIc • .. Am.asilll itldCales I/Ia fief !lis 6nl ~... ";1IiI e-ci1lC • .,....-....h.i•• "die MdclimI mDliaed ........... for. Jbon Ii ilia j(a IhiI dley ~ lIleir "'-iliJ:y once __-Ill $otooueo, y dIa, -.tier 1bc bill" oIlbcir r-u ........1" 1Ile M' ._ ~;,,¥C'IU:dodrIcI..n_' _ l i e u 'qaiul AlhtNsi....'ll9 1M Me)etian tcCIdef, passibly aI ClCllIIt, is -AtdII$IIl. ...110 b alog c:aIIed .10M. _l~ l1lc ~ dla'Ja_ ilrIeIe: I. ,,'''''''p,' IIoad cwdered MxaWI II) Iftalt Ihc dIaliaI ofldlyns. This ..... repeal 01 an ClIIIic:r cllarp 1Itbic/I1IIld bcea rntde • Pwn3lllia. Ii is ~bIe, ~, _ tlI~ MeJclius tcIded i'Ill'Ihcr dabut.lioid II) !hi: inilial JlCClIUlion. 2. Alhanuiu:s hi
*'
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'" Ad'l""hIs ill Jeprd III hiI ~ .. bisbop. TIIi.. ..... possibly swviYa ill Ihe KWIUlI of PltilOllOl'lias....110 ~ WI Ao.-silll ......ssed lhe power 10 compel his CllllI«iaJOrS III ooGaIn hiIIII altboq:lllbis -1lrOiIICIY ~ 10 Ihcir 0WtI *siIa. 1. ' The Anbk ....._ of Ibc llim.tl a.- of NiI;aa SllqeslI 1hIt • blsllop or pre&bJlcr c:mYicla1 of matin& _ oImp: _1Ilbjea 10 cIepoti'ioe I4/. " . . rw.rrine. wOIIId bne Ilea 1ellIiIi.-e 10 1IICll .. jllCljc,..,.. II ~ ne:rr. were ~ ;Oslo, #' .. wllic:ll_ tmpl:iGi tIlOwcd .....11 10 be IwJtIIllCI ~ ill lIis p"'lt oIpDt01l11wtlo were OOJCMlal 01 mKiIIc _ oI......p:, Ibc _ ccldll tee! cue beiat lUI. ot • ..: I i_ 8d""" of COl uri .... Soc*tr. w!Io balII c"""""""""' tor "feuaWt l/w. ....... 1IlCI Jlicoaotil:J!be t
•
paia . . tro-~~_onil:rtdlllbcbt h,l. '" eYallDlilll e--',.mude.1O'II'a'lb IDClI prw:..... die OW lof AlhanIsi.. hi... 1loped llAc 1l)t Iddillc IUdl • _-00. Illlhdr """ftlic_ 01 . . biIIIop of AIe:wldria. IIle emptftlf -.Jd bc IlJUffalIO • I'loar IespiAlIC dIM be IlId betfI ill tile ....
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.er.ed 10 reopen Ibc _
oIlKtyns. 15iao;c Ibc lint ~ or IlIiI ~ MI'IamaIIIia, AIhanuIas IlId ~ .emperor ...illl f'unbu Wonrudon COllCeI'IlilI& lIlis IUppOR(ltkrilcp.. IllppeaJS as lbooop UdlJfU bad rll'St been "'ordaineor by Collul/lul Md dloIe 10 ftmaia in IICllisrlI e...ell af1ler his le.IIder'l R:ldmiaioll no lhe A1c~ (lIuJt:h.l46 i:lIIrinj; lhe lime in qualion. Udlyns liwed In l.maII '~1IIIe in Ibc Marultis IWIMld Sec:onla'lltld. 1of1 Althouth, \lIIIder lhe proviIianI ich ...... 1llKhcd 10 !be fUdmiAion of Collu!hus. tbc. SUlIU. oIlxhylU as Wt of • lay perDI. be IIIlPW' 10 IlIlve ooalinlltd 10 perform 1M fWlCdons of. priesl in !be ~oflllorphan rwned lsioll.. l •• HisdlUldlWUOllly desipwed IS. privue houte IIld his COftIIepUon _ 10 have COIlIiSlld oaly of IbDse in tis immeditle ramil)'.l.' A lIeal'by cat1lollc: pred)ylef «lInplaillCd 10 AthanasiUl COlltltl.Jnc Illls violalioll ... bile !he bi.Illop of AIeuncWI ..... DO one of hiI yjtitaionJ oIl1le rqiOIl.lSO S\lbtlDquently. appuaIlly durilllUle period before M-u .... at COIIrt, th.- is. JOIIleCl_ befOle AD 330. lie ..... llC:IlI by Altwlasilll 10 1lI111_ IIdl)'fU 10 AIeJcandria, ~~I)' 10 be dilCiplined. Wbcn ~ .. ";ved ill Seconwwvs aIDIIt .. illllbl: b::II prabytcr. 1Idl)'JU"'" in. a11bou&h • C"'«h_ ... rOGlld iD Ibl: IIoule aIoDs wiIJl die falbar 01. ~
1·)"'_1;" HE Illl. loW. ., . , .,. c;,~ l.l•.• U. &eaiIlg of I1Ie docIune.Iu by liore presbyIen from !be MIrr:otis: Am...... 01 Dicd1a, Her.dillS 01 "'-U. Boa:on of Ow:ne:bri. Acbillas of M ~ Diotyml.oI of T...,.uis. md J _ 01 aom",t 159 Four of the dioc:eIe) as .n_ ..... inIended 10 bOll lillie daub! in Q:m!"'ine's milld th111h8 tlwits -.n: Calx. The klW' _ "Uf probIbly _ 10 ~ aI\er lhe inillal inw'view .,. ~ and Ny !live beeJlllllknown 10 either tha Meletianl or Easebi.... 162 lD u)' f;UIl. Consl3llline ..u sufTIcir.ntly
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ATHANASIUS AND1llIl SYNQDOFTYRE
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Eiypl. Atharwius', enemies remairled acti •• It CDIUl. Eusc:biul of Nlcl)lllcdi., 'Oleoan" of Ni~. and TheodoruJ 0( Perimbus preSKd ConSll.ntlM to eonvene. 1)'tIOd. preS\llllably to consldct lhe eeclesia.llical f'llIllit'ICaLions 0( Lho jlldkial inqltiry whidillad been IJIldel1alcen by Dalmati.... 110 For IOnIC t\fl>O, !hue IealIerJ Dr !he ElI$t;bIan pm')' bad been lIU=ptinJ to _vince CoIlJWlUne lbat
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Iu dle.. I:~~, Albuasius abD nlC:II:i..ed Ik ~ _ _ III lIae Sr-od of CIoesaru. ifu ~ of i a f _ .. COWl 8lllI lInJ. . . . -wid omaialJ!DYe int..ed _1:1 llle . . .-II« of il,,~ wIlicll weR beiaI t:
II MenllIlilccly lhMddrirtI!be williei' at AD 3311334 AIJwwiIlS"" throuj:Jl!be LoweI CouPII)' of EIYPl in lIeaK~ at AlxaiUS. I99 The..-dl ........ _ dilr_k owi"110 AqcaUs·. abili,y 10 chIRp his place at concuIftIelIt "OGSlIPlly, ~y .-illI Ill, assllUlIU at tK IIWDCf'OUI ~ l)'IQ. .bltas wllo kid IeIIIIlaed wlIhIn !be n;p:..200 At 1eqtII. beNe... , Aranius .... rOlCE01 bf!be..-e at AlheDaliIll'I ac:DYiDeiIO qui! EfYIIC CId edt .rely iIIll)oe.. wtlile 1tIen::,IIG.. c.Cf.1IIc . . dixu_""Two IO'YMII at AttIte!N" Ihc IO"Cmor atlllc. prow' o.a....d a ,u"a . . . . . . orhitlllUl:"·... IlIlll Ancnias _ali... -.I illlidiq -.'07. nc, fqlllMd lItiI iRI'~ 10 wilo ~ III:izaI AGcIIiwI atla lU plIcc til ; ; I.... . ,. ely ioora-.i A.... • 1 At r_ ~ ~ MX &lbit 10 1l.iI_ 1dcl:Kily, tow ~ llisappcNMCC." «(k . I 0IMt pi ..... _ bf"" 1D&!Ii*'P at Tyrc. _lIo ww .. old ac:clllu/iluce, 1IIc -W lID Ioolcer "'m"- die fil:lic&1ll1 Tllcf 'pep. aaordia& 10 COIWic-' of bcias lI.ialJclt. ~2ln It is IOllr_ N III !be . . oflbcse Kdoidta, dlaI b, ;" c.ty AD 334. _1laYC NO run, ..._bIler Icuer lila lIlipl ~ .. iIssi&bl iolo A""'nau·. __ of 1il1lld.1O] Tk '...,.enc ...hid . . do ll'4 I lIlilbloo.
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Dr'llbIlri,",,"'O ~ flnms. AlhanMius'l etlyoy ... court in Co_tillopIe. lilian. . quittIJ infClr/lled ••lImber of infalmlial bisbopI; by Icoer of die seq.....:c of e~ whil;h bad resulled in \be YindiaDoD ofhis bishop in Alaandril.2IJ Iu. raull. Allwwius received • IIwnber of Icum of e Mtletian biIhop otMempbis II'Id lbe chief ..... l>JeII" or Al.harwius in the Anenius alTair. ICllt .lctu:r 10 ComaIlIine In ",bleb I\e. confessed hi. pan in the episode Ind "f.Ipres$Cd his repellanCc.-132 Fllrlllc:rmore. it is implitd WI Arclllph infllmled the elIIpeoor lllal be Iud ioInod dw: COOIdl...ion of the churd! and "M It peace ..illl Adl..wi....uJ Finally, he IajIlUled pe.milSion 10 ~'It'11O coun (probIhIJ flOll\ Alnloc:h) 10 "I'PW" be!OR CGQtalltJ_'2Jol Thl: emperor lmnMdiwlJ replied 10 Arch;iplI'. rcqucsL He _ ~ lOr "xDin& to \he side IlII pmJ foelinp~ and ~ 10 mab l1li: of IIlc cwsw.J PI'b~1Lf
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positlorllllJlCler Akl.ltl(ier aod AIII;uwj....251 II b possible that AlNnasi... 11$0 enppd Ibe llSIblante of one lrenaeus... (OI11ler Mcklian prcsb)'ler,2.SI \11110. It an _lie,ume, Ilad bua an AriaD dtcon.m Alhaftuilll was fully .ware IhIllbe Meklian tOIllroVeJSy would too one oIlbe rnaiQ iasuea uOOu tcNldmlion ... Tyrc and, tbud'e .....iblbitily of w\tncsscs who would COIltIWIia die Mdc~ claims. MaI:arius had bcu IakCllInlo CUSIOdy by lhe em"eror and ..... alrally ... TyR. The former Mclclilll bi!llops """"
wu inchided b'l Athanuios ill his ddqMioft _Id be Ible 10 SIIpply
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II Isdiflkull 10 NtC:fUin willi...,. dq:ret 01 ""inodlllbe~ wIlOdl_ anploJulllll tbIo Synod. olT~ P. BaliITol di~ betweao. Eallan lad WQIImI.....;lj. proceduret. He ClllIUilIoR4lb11lyngdsol die EallD ......b18 ... p t 01 opeft debate .. bidil WIll prIail;ed ill , . dIoob; n Wut IIIOdoIcd chwdI t;OU!1Ci4 oa lbI: pno:aa. .... pItQll__ of IIle R _ tcftalC.2'H1 N.H. Baynes. 'lli'id!oul m.oIdnlllle diJtillctioll be,Wtell East IIId West, limply WIleS thai ~i1 lou lon, 1lwI fCCOI'Ilwi lIIat !he proa::dute or \be. tlfl, 0Iristi... Councils ..... based uJlOl!IIIIl olllle R _ Il'Illte. '211 This 1IIQdd, lIo_ver, which inYOlYeilI "fila/I" in wttich 1M "",au beln. di~ read to !he uoembly, fol\owecl by- role call ill which f.IClI deleplO ted hi.I "Illenl;", artu whidl • >'(Me "'. . taken,"as IlOl Umlled 10 \he Roman smale but had bcelllakeft up by 1lMI mlUliciJWities
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In the case of !he Norlh AfrIe." whicll illdireI d1llc decision. and IIll'O\llh • lI,y president JUided lhcir dlJcuulons" was LIllllbe lmperi.ollcwernmenl was 1I'm1 ~I CCOlIiderabk qlI DWu)' 1:19 Ie II _ IUd) draI F '" 111Ile ,c:siduII __ '~'&M or~, F\Ic:illus of ~ -"" ........... po.oe. dlo:. _ie; lOle.otPielidioc bi*lp.2'lO ,.. h to 100."0, belie-.ell lk P ee1inp • Tyre 10 be pr;..ril, axlcsi.jc., ;" _ -:I MSl I . . . lbdr _ ...... ~ rer:eiwe 1llc IRIrO"aI Mel ~ (II DOc.ysiM ....... by iaCeraoce. c",'w_:lt! A .....,; ~ T)'Ie.II .... ~ f'O:6Ia:ioa.as. IU"'" IrbI wtIidI MIl LeVe-icaI audocIricy -.:I oooIy . . IiIna.d tivil joai»l&:dGi ....... been IlL .cd by !he cmpcn;Il'.1f1 AI roro-p'M. biaqclf, tllc cm.pct'OI' cut, «JnsideRd it within !lis power to ....-.l dle .....Odonf of die Synod 01 Tyn: I'ld 1Cl reeumi......y di:spuIaI _ _ IIhc:t dle fll:l:m Clnie ~ coadudc.1!I=f YlU folJawullll 1)'re.
.w
'lI91..... ('Opit&. No 1S-16). 290A-.,pa-wo-._", I' r«udUotr. 1M S1IfOd D{"f'Jn, JliI,.tk1t1blr AD JJ5 HlvlllJ left E&7p. on II July AD 335. A!hPMhlt probably 1IJi¥ed in Pboc::DIcla Iaier in lbe _ IIlONh willi lbe P'll"edinp beinc .. ilialCd JhonIy Illcn:atltr. ~ I(UI .umber of bishopr wbo ulCndad lIIe ryDOd rarWDs IlIIC'CNia. Soc:noler indicia .... only 60 bIsbops _ ...-.297 Hdele -=t:qJlI tlIiI ...... ber but - * I Ihal iI polllUI)' doc:I _ Ind* lIlc EeJIIi- "''''M.,291 H.M. O..-.dtllo ..... PEt' lK _ _ vi. ~ 10 bve bocfI .~ UO. ind~ of lbe EI)'Ptiu dck......1M It is fIOQllII:IIy ~ .:l pI.oe lhc IIClQl -tier vl.lIiJIq:IIpr-. III bee. 110 aid 150. It is poaible Ibt lile Em:Uu biIeqlI lIN _ . . . vl.6daUy =1_ dIM tbeir -.ltlmfcn,ltid _ ~ .. lhc IisI v/. jIodces .. wIIidt ~ 11m acua. ~ - , . blstqII_ ~.:l ki ' for lite 1ri1:........... IDd IUJ' Ilawe IlJived III dli$ po'. . . .y .ytOl. .l)n .&I' d» pmc-1i" !lid IftIcly tqlIL ....., dle pdlere41lls1lap1 Act ild _kl'-ve JOuDd,. tdinp of \be t)'llOd, \be bisbop of AJe.andria .... abIG 10 muIlber a lew frielldt. $ldI II Mplmvs of lerwalenl, Marcellus of Ancyn, ond the vencnlble blallop 01 T1Ieualoniel, Aleaander,'O] DupiIC lI>eae few SlIppor\e1S. h appears cenain LIIIt AL!wIIsiut and thoao widl 'i... u Tyre _lIeavily OIIUlumbered by lhelroppon¢llll. Sotomea IW'I" 10 Illve !lad _ 10 _ IOlllClRIc or millUlC:l or lIE poooeoclinp of lbe Synod ofTyre IIld PfO"'idea dle __ CllIDpIctc ICaUII 01
or
2t'JS-_ HE L 21 (l'G 67, 16OA). 19.H......... dr.. n. n. mOw","" Sl.-n lA ~ . . 1. :JllDs-_ HI L:lO (l'G 67, 161C), JOls HE n. n. ]-' (B;a.,. 14. U.1S). 3lnq. ..,. 77, I: Il. '1; 11. 1:"" HI n. 1S. I'. :lOlS •• HE n. 1S, 10 (B1oSu, 11, 1I.12k ~ . IIQ, 1 ((Ip;Q., 16G.
dr.".....
.,
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GornkiD. e,. dr. 19. I'a. S. 113s """,,- fiE lL:llI.' ('~ Ill. 12-41b1~. 25. 10 (8ida.. IS. 17.2.)).
,.7).
4. presu.... bly. Al!w>uius bad prut111ed 1lle 'd""llllc of Mc:Jetian cleqy fl'Cllll lhe lime of AiuatIder 10 the .)'nod. sIlow11li l!W Ischyru had IIOt beelI ord.ined by Meletiu and. Lherdore. was not. preOllC,. ill Ihe MItC(ltia,lC Afier .pin rellearlin, tile faeu IlOlIwe_.llad alre.:ly fled. So- M ....... cbaI. AllIanui.-Itad., tomelilnc carlitr, ben to ~ fnw die public • oM ollloe ayaod owin« ICl ... urwIinea 0I1be proceaIInp'" fan b his safely CM lIle pan at !be aI:lborilief;.~l II it 1iteI)' ..... foIlowiD&!be appeal ID 1M _peror wthidI abe Eppliall hi·...... Ud .....iue4 10 tliil:.)'IiIoI, .'..... P . . had cla;itkd (or _ _ .illClllI) 1I)..u .. way &o:n Tyn: 10 IJIpUI' bd~ d!oe mtpOfa' .. c."'n,ienple., J"Daliy ~ IIcl
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_es
~jd... l)fn ....... rd..-- ~.~,,_~;~. I toplu. 161. 11.
'" Sozomen "'potU !hat following thiI ICIlleIlCe of dcpo.siLioD ~Jo!nI [Atd>lpbl and his ron-cu......, rclnsl3Ied ill fcllowslllp. •. and ClIl:h __ pIaoedtpin in his _D clerical raak- -35') TIIis. howe_, wouJd ICaIIID be _ ...... or aa anomaly, .. JolIn had Qrlier bo::llltCriYfd by Ihc ICIIIpcmr n. pert\Ipl. IenlponrilJ by Socralcs. wbile DIX .....ua..iIIg AJdqph, _ .... AneIriuI was JUI(Rd 10 ~)60 A,pil>. mdI • ~ is prcblbIy .. as AniMiIaJ 1Ilad ~ beerI-.-iIed 10 Alhuaiu belen !he IyIIOdaI ;c... Il T,.e.. In bolh _ _ iIIe ~ollhc IldIoriaASIppeaS III be mLt.i1oal MdI Ihcpo' . al ~ d idlowilll!be c:wllaA bd._ the ncepcjlII of A~·.. ..'. wftik I!lIl biItIop llilllSdf is .njaslly c:oncIomaed. NeY81lIdea, it is pewiNe ilia tile bisbopI-l'}ft WI mm" special cffart 10 aD"~ pIAJlkl}' 1lle 'l"llidily of Ibe clerical _ 0 1 the Me "· who......,.iD. ............... dll: synod. loa _ D I oIlbI: , di"&I' and tbe Albsequtlll ~ or Ihe _blecl biJlIopo: wu ptc!"".... and scDl II) CoIQUI\line.. Farther. a simibr ItOOUlll or the .,..... of tbe syaod _ included Ul • ciIaIW lelia" ~h was _ D "11Ie bishops of aU rqicm:" erljoinill& dlelII 001 II> ~ Ath3nasi1lf in fdlowsbip or 10 rommllfliclle witll him by le\lQ'.36~ BotIl of Ieuers «lOltained and atrumed!be multil" of dl_lcslhat bad beto:I brou&!'l apinst AthilJlasiw both befon: and after hi. ru.ht from T~. In.
". from T)'l1l io onkr 10 deliYa" il in pc.- 10 Ihc empervr,)1) If. as E. SclI.....u SUUem. Ihe Onal XDioa of Tyre ICIOt plai:e fi:r Ihc S)'DlId at
JauDJem (1).20 Sq:ulllbe:l'). Eusebilll L'ld IIiI companiolls could cuily "YC Idl Tyn:. durin& !be e.ty portiort of Oclllber Illd mille !be 1 _ , Uys' jooInIey 110 ~ ... idllbeir ....... taIIillI wilt1ln Iha ...t 01 N_be:r. b is. I sllon tiooe afler A~'I r... Hi., wiIlo. e-..-.."" 11w.1My c.riaI. 1ridI . . . . . . . . . . fJ'lllII _ Spod of T)ft..,. be ~ ljo lby At . wboa. tpoo;UallJ _ ....... lloe _ I allllll: ~ ~ Ibcir arri'+'IIl f;:lIIIiUllllll ....,. 110 Iclqcr Did "J~l abcal. llle Ind Ancci-.· IlaYiq P=Ci¥Cd thai the
r...
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. , . ; _. : 10 B. . . . Ihc ~ d!oM IoId IUen pIKe .... dla lhe onktcd .- biIIaopI fn:a T)1C. 10 0 t.le . . IiIqde
......Q1 • 1lId
Ille!ll 'ft • aIrled ~'O'Cl7. No fur1her Irial war IleId. No finbeo" synod .... calkd 10 COllSider the. 1UUOf. Am.-iuI_ . . ~ fcrmaJly _\' • d III !he bishop 01 A~ "'" was banid·ecl 10 Trier .. Galli. 0.. 7 Nowmbcr AD 3JS. a1_ ;",mmalel, afler lb•• lISt illlervie... At1l:lnasius ICt Ail fl'1l4'll e-iIlclpIe. jXJSRbly ID3Ikioc Ills W2)' 10 Tria' by way alRome.H7 WJw. l/leQ .... die reu Socmes. eo.uw.~ had issued • daily allowanoe 0( eipll;y Ibuusmd _ of pn 10 the cilizc:ns or Ihc ClIpill1. He runtlcr _ thatl/lis cma -1lnJu&hc di=Ily rnm AIcundria.3\I' The delay or inJpcdlnjr: of lbese sltipmenu wauld """'" beaI • dis:o:$IrJ cI the rank Dupin. capilal. AI very Dearly the same time u ... lIIxw.i... ·1 rlfSl exa., anodler lllCidenl lOOk pIKe which illustrates Ihc tmporwoce LhaI ~ placed upon these "'Iular delive,i.. f,om EIYllI. Barnes describes the iJ>7.ldenl as folklws:
Con$tantine..
rlrSl
ror eoo.wuinc'.
SO\llIler, • pupil 0( Tambl;chllS, had freqllC"~ the ceurt of Liciniu.; be ~me to lhe coun of Constantine .fter his muter'. death. Despite S()p;ller'l pa¥anism, the empem, held him in hlah esteem, conversed \oIl1 willi him, and used him as an adoi$\\!' wben condutlin. public buli~l4I. Ho.... e~er. ooe aulumn Ibc pin sbiPll ....ere delayed by llJe ....eathel. and lbe bungry cmwd in Ibc bippodlome e~inccd its displeaSllle with the emperor. Sopatu'J eIlemleJ pounccow d>e _lime III AthaDasi... ·J manleJ ~ his mooYll1 by Kal:Sirq; bin> or dll1lll whaI migbl IIlbcrwise IppW 10 1;10. ....my • rbcIorical ~ iIllhe IelIcr or tile Jl&yptiaJI billlops ..nuen thJu; yars 1aleI...hich SlKeJ lbaI "\he aracc or ODd ...
191Cf. c.1'idri. -La Qo>oo"'- 4·"........... _ _-
l.UrI'1W. iK. 9Is--.. HE D.. ~ (PC '7. '20\110). maar-. e..•..".. .. EaMbi... "". ~;,_. Z). I).
' ' ' itS. the .... mIJOritJ of modem dlolrdl historians. Tht SVpporIerJ of the filSl"ue IhaI A~ ~"'=" wi.Ih minor m..:1a fb-s. was a nlIJusI ap.«:nIllry pc<sonaliLies it somelimcs less lh:lf1Ilelpful in an enquiry Of \his sort. The:second school of though! maintAins thai Alh.anuius ..... wholly driven by I ''Wille ZUI" Mach~ " en~ly consumed by greed Jnd ambition. and ronslslenUy prone 10 resort to violence. especially in Lhe early years of his episcopate. Concerned only with self-lggran\1i1Cmenl, he was [00 .hofuighLed 10 I~nd 10 the true imereslS of Lhc ehu",h IS In international
aIld C(l$Il'lopolila/l entity. This vie~, howe""" ianotes \he seriow m..mer wit!l ....hich Alhlllltolius llJ'IX'03e W-.. bistlops. Ibe J:.cplian IDDDaSlit: commllllitlel, IliI own dern'. and nell _ tbDsc ...tID hod ona: brou&:ht clIa'FS .... o.st hinI. Ii lUJ' be ..,..xd' ,»abIy m. Athuasius _ lit uuane IenJW 10 maiIItaiII his position _ IIIat bis basX lIIClivation _ . tbtteIore, !emsb; bed hi, iltllOeell(:C Pel marshaled ob:¥ilXPU Illd willlalCl lit ~ II;, daiJm ~ tuuea _ dept>e or COftfIdalee 011 "" I*l. ... ltidIlOl:S beymd mere hraYida or • pll&SII:rlite -.ality. The.,..y;yaJ or the d!mdl u he pua:i'fed Ie by Illllc: ilelrtoL
or
m
_n
hi$SUUUIe.. Th.II.. CYefI in IIle arly )'WS or bil epillXlpUC;. ~ tDew wdI. Ik abo knew, havilll \he depo$iLion of ElI$lIlIli", and hlYina willlC'SlC'd 1M otbu .,;li'tities or EuJebjut 01 Ni(omcdil, !low lIIa his =cmies tOllId be ilIlCille1'lqlheir eads. .qhk lbeldcn.1Nt hit -uI _ IIIV1r. 1Ii1u17 IItaI a jlOii..... or IIIldet1atcn .... eJ.ueJMly fII"O"OCMi~ ~ whicll could hrte beell ued Iatct II) . . - . . . . !lim; iI is ~ fnlon IIle; irwatipiaM IifIdeI I:ts III tIllIlIUdy lIIaI be _ did ... fan. boI1l rie..-s or IlaY'& "'o.uJiu.plfied al:aJipb • I 01 ~ ~ by eqlII1/y coaplu ~1icL o.e IllO 1*' dI& ocber 100 criaic:al -.u views I!w'e. taM fa! r.ilin& .. aulilia& ~ lturiq; \llt; eIf'Iy )'tall ol ~I f •• ! willl _ _ em· ) . . ~._ia/1ucoa t •• (Joraoodorblll),1lla
"_1"11
III
1O
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d
8odI...., alIcI ....... 10 \lie ~ a
b::aI
pqaonl .......... til-. lie uti •.....,.,. ,~i11 ,. lQ "'JlPCIft ..ichil E&TPt _ dta1y IloIld .. 1O _ , ot lIiI _ wricia:p.] nis disIotlioa oIl1islory .. cu tor Ille _ COIIIaIIpararies of ANasius, (JRpY aad \he ~ for uampIc. . ., d .=I_1Iave 111le bisIqI's illtIumcc and PlI""G ill W inlcfallI oIl1qjup..., 1
caw
t
ob:ui:lalllld """""riMrica' ............... la I Jialillf _ . dle circumswlca IlItt'llUlldiDl 1M Sy..xt oITyR. IIId 1UIIaNsIuI'.1lInI1lIlntm b1 CouWlu. boo abo beelI CMninIpIif.ecl. By 1M rear AD 33a,1be F..... bdns appear 10 l1li", bepR. Cllnpli,p II> line the dcpo$i'ioo of AlhanasillS '" T~ reeoallized by lilt Wc.aaw. bishops (l!Sl*'i.IlIy Julilll of Rome) and IIle MW RQlIar IUI/IoriIY which "ad lIceo vesled In CoIlslantlIle n. Cocu&ans. nl ConSl&IlulIIll followi•• dle dCIllI of ConsWltille!be Gtell on 22 May AD )3711ld LIlew pnxllmllion IS aqJUli 01 9 September of IJIII IIJIll1S ...hicll-...cd A!hInui", (rom hi' electioft;,. 328 umil Lheeo...cil olTyre in dle ...... _01'33', we mWl bear ill mind Ill-. our lII&iJI ;n(0JJIlaIlI (Al!wIasiUl himJclt) II delenninoe HaBD> briftp f-.d ill LJ> 1111'. Heincrodul:a Ioi:l Q!e fOr !be ~ of1hiJ ~. follaws:
We _;,hI clisnUJI l/If:. 1C('t .... 'ion• .,ailul At!wl&slIu de1allcd by Sozanea.. Ill4 ~ . dle IlfO(Iua ollMer plr"iPmI>i;! mel . wonhy of aedeace. as. for inswIot. GwIlkin cloeI, Inll """'1 • cbrdo. lIiSlOrila bcfan: ad after biJn ""'" . . . .nil 10 taR A~' proM'f'Mions of bis in. . . . . . . . . . lIIcir flu Ylll We 11li&flt bdiPoe !he diIect cknial tbal ArIpDlsj..·evcr .lIItor ~ lIlyllllltmade by lhe ECfpIian bistIDps in 3311. W. lIliahl difmiU &be of lhe CounciJ of ~ md IR:allhe IlXlI$a\ign:s IIIJde apm AIIlanzlius by lhe Uslen bisbops, " Sardita ill 343. willl lhe same: steplicism as we tud IIle. diefmce ofhim made Illbeame lllOIlIelIl by !be WC5lem bisllops.. or .. illl evell more. All tIIeIC are 1U.elUCnD made for propaganda purpom by ¥\Iry much inlerelted pllflies, lhoulh CYUI iII \bose cin:umllaro:es it would be unwise 10 tefLlSe all crcd.i11O \bern. BUI. accidenLally or providentially. we have available 10 us
.""011'
cOlllcmporary evidence which we cannot J)09Sibly dismiU as invenlion
H _', lIUlmCn\ of l.Il~ Sr-od 0( Tyre Is 1(laI,,,~ lIloOfC c~ ~tbcu&h bee jlI"CJVideIl ~ briefN"Xl"q' of1lle p •• """lnp.23 He KUo"1edca that -c.x1m3slical ctl""d l, ~ IlJId. Lont contblllOCllO be. inteftlCly UIlSItIsflClOlJ' orpm of jwllee, .. itt!out fOf1llI Of .-ldinJ;
Ol'den 01" ~n ....110 COIlId COIIIJOI tbem Of _ COIIau.., or Vl)Ies."lot Once. more. lie acecpu \he leS!imony 01 AdIIllISllII'. mtm~ wilh liUle n:aard rcr COIIIU.I ItI4 ....1eS Ihallhe bisbop of Alo:xandrill', supponen ~be"."Cd d~rlnl !lie IIIISlion of Coulll:il in • distwbin. and lIItea1ellins 1lIM __ lllCIlllal "bil enc:O\lIlI;jl........t Over ..vefJl)'W'll1O bis IU\lPClI'ler:J m behave like hooU,1llS was now recoilin, on his own IQd. ..:1$ AJlhoulh
howe_.
Odor bclweon &he Ease IPd West 1JlaI became IIfIpaI'eDI I. Satdlca. He cllarw;tr;riu;s A1IwIISiUI"' bdII"ior as foll/)wt; ~E¥efI if
or
of ..... povc:eedinp of !be ColJllCll of Tp. ~ llia;bh"""d. ;1 was beJ:la'tCd wilb .iolclll;f; .pnn 1M MeletiaM ... evinced in IIi! petal tondllCl .. Illlhorltar!lll ctwae1er deteminecl LO uploil tbc influence 01 bb see. -11 De.tll;le Hl.nSOIl's _nions 10 LIlc oonuwy, 1I1d1 an inclitImenl 01 Atlwwilll dlfftfJ YUy 1ill1e flOlll IJlOIID of O. secck ... It Scb.... anz.. For HaMon. Alhanasilos. ""'ile • aenuille IheoIosbn. lmIlIined -... uMCtIIpIlIcus poliliri..f 29
DIU:
beyond. do\Ibl lllat Alh:&rwilll had
:U1tU~U2. 11111i4.
21/.~~ m H _ .............. "'" daiot. of N. S " , - , . . / ~ - . . ~ 1919. U1. _
......... i0oi1\11 ..
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..",..oI._ofu....lIi*>pa.· , ,. .AIo' I "''flo",': . " _ W..,olhoo of """,.. n.." jI' 10. 1M - ' - .......... 1M poIiIi.cn:ised in his ~1.tloDshJp wllh ••1d8 \lVic1y of chUftIl ~ T.D. Samet hal COII'\II'ICtIIC lIpG1l tIIis flCCl olQlnslanrl~'1
""'It"
"""""'
0lYlc1al pronouncemencs by WI)' &IiIQC:. . de.5uYe 10 ~ lrea1ed ...il1l • -Wn skcpdciUlt. Bill C
r.iled 10 do 10 lie IOCIt; ~ alO a..dI. Yet II rftUlM Ilipi/II;e _ ea.......... appIiew,. Id'*'ll 10 ~ A""'"Prim Moo • • , .... t • ...,. btsIIq>af .... IcX 1 .~ llIeIoe\I u.iIed 10 Trier." a.u.w by apM fn:n. ..... jucIp. . . "' S)'IIOd o(1)ft, "'hr• • WllOIId abCl_ fn:m c:rlle 10 AkAIldNo JOWJoo..... ol ilnperiaI.n,t t rq. ·oo.apWtA'1lIftMi·...... 1ke.fy yanol_ .I.·..;'~_; be lfi=iaoed out ollQood., aq. _ • aa be. 'N • ~ no pmi....... of lbese dufteI -.. irwbd, d!e Iiuca of . . S)'IIOd ofT)rc..,. beup6liDod ill l<m1I of u ~ 10 the EcfIlim d1-" taiIl« d\IlIlllnlu:&b ...,. 01 ils iDDDIIl:lIiliIIp or IIlc ~t of ill bisllcp. l1w. iNlnIl n ill ~ espec:ial!r ~ IIle Mdel........ Colhllllian -=llisnIaliQl undoulMedly • conaibutiac fED. bal lhe cvideKe...,.., "III lIIcse d~ scbismlOc:l we-. e•.cowlWIo;k, .w-p 51i&l:&lY 0¥mWtId . . . . tltIl _ _ d Ilis 0*rI tim&, _Y yet JlfO"e 10 be • _ _ . . For AlllINsius lllIfI t!oll ..~ d lIlIll7 CUIIUll..... YaitlQ:: ~If _ _ Ilinl by t!oll R . . . 01 tois tioe, _ c=. ~ IICIChlrtt \plbIo or . . . aboat
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APPENDIX:
LONDON PAPYRUS 1914
...
h..... lett !Urii-. fr.... lop to bouOfll 01 'M "".IlS:
V.rso:
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Tr_'F·
of ~ """""" ttl. """""" .........
. . T r - of ... Briclolo UlIr-Q-.........
of
BIBLIOGRAPHY
£dlliolls . .d Traubtioas A ...~ • ., 1II.rf.U;• ., AJImIia,oIIi/lII'Utli1ti,UIlIOI Gald nuIaIcd by J. ~ A. mel H. J,knel. Bibliodoek det~. &CCIDd 1OrieI., ..... 13 ad 31. KempK:n. 19I1-I7. l..c;vtttUiolo ", tJw W...., (lh ~ J . by a
"'God
T,. '.....
rdiP""alCSMV. 1.ondolI.1~3. Tlot utwl '" s.iAl AW-u,;-' e-ar...., ,. lIo/ys,iri,. T_*.... by C.R.8. SMp!..... LoaobI. I~I. T/w Life tJ/ A.ouoAyw dw wnu ... M...ulliul. T_' ....... by Itt:. Grqe.
o
,":,oLWeslUlISpiriaahty. NnoYork,llllIO. TIw Lift '" Sf. AII_y. TAndwd by itT. Meyer. .ucieal CtIrisUuI Wrilen 10. W_...., Md-, 19SO, ~ ........... BEPES 30-31. Adla>I. 1961-1961-
Opoor'" ~ ~ E4i1r:d by B. dt. " " " " ' - (,loP. Mipe). PG U-2I.. Paris, 11&/;-1111. OrIUiDv .,. . . . Arl4.v. Boot IIJ. $41. '" Tk ClvistoUJ,kJll '-_"y. TnnsIacd md cdirallty RA NcrriL Soun:a of Early 0wittiIn lhclusIL PlliIaIkJp/liIII980.
tJ/ SL
,w....
AfI"... The A~,iem and MOlkm 1...ilmuy of Ultnlwe. London, DO dale.. Os,,~,tbriq dI. Apa A'.-....u... ..... dtM KopdxMa frt Md "llIMIt". Editc4 af\d traNlaIccI by P. Mtrmdil>;). DtIaeldorf. 1965. SI, AII"""ul...' Q'Dlll/a, gIll""" 'M A,UJtU. Inuodll;lion. edition. and ll8llSIaDaa by W. BrillU. O~tord. 1834. Selt~ W,ili",. aJtd Ulltr, '" A/!IarIasiIu. Bisltop 0{ AIuwrdrilJ. Edi.Iod by A. Roberuon. LNPf. seoood series. vol. 4. Reprint ed.. Grand Rapids, Mkb~ 1974s..,./' iII",,~ d~ _t.. CriliallC:ll, InIn.IMiolI. IIllJOdut'lion. DOleS, and inIlcx by C. KaMeft&icsscr. SC 199. Paril, 19n. Wlrt.. Iv". I", AI{t'u" tkr KiTclw.'i/Jltr·K~/oIIdu f'rnssUt;lIen AUdemle de. WisunWw(l.n. Edited by H.O. Op;u. Vol. II. 1. 1280: Dk "PoI~I;'''' B.erlin. 1935. Alh""Jlu ./ Mu...d.l. (S,"rlllfll) TIrt: ClIM>tcS q{ A,IttJI,IUIIU. Edited and IIUs"'led by W. Rtido;l -.d w.R. CoJm. LondoII. 1904. FiWt: HtwlJliu: Ezpwir. fltk: u,_ 1Il4jtN. EdIl«l by H. fo!anibul. Soriem SciMQrunI "-ica: Com-.tione:t H _ IJtcrwum JO, 2. KtbiaD. 1962TM Q,.kHu
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£,1,*"",,"
~o.,""-#1MrUU..
PG41_42, Pn 11601. ...........'" ,,114 !'PM IiIla. EdiIal by L Hall. oc:s '25. 31. 37. Lcip>;il. 1915. 1921. 1933. £",,,,1., ~ Cuuu" CJ..,cJt Hu-,. ~. of C_.... ad Or.... ill !" . . of C-u.... Trlll:llual by A.C. Mo;GiITO'1 ud E.C. Ric" ... UII"III'''''" Editc4 by M. Goctard. Brepoll-TumIIoul, 1974,
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Tric...
Theolo&lIdleSlllllicn 19. 1961. A:dOllI. M. MS/Ju,dDrilUft tI iMperi/lltt: 1l>e COIlIWUinian l1'fI"SIUJIliru 1'.ried. COA S.lIdles I. CkWlIII AIIliquilf 1]. 19S4, Coidonkil. K. -n .Ill&r«n I> M. A......... QJ' '"P' .~ ..... 'Apon",,,,,"".- EUI,r";/Jlfih.. 1'1uroI29 (1930'); .96-SI6. M
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QlJ_M·NclnooI. P.R. R-.u Sum uti ClIrlJrllUI Clilud. Vol. I. 4Mdo- 1966CDoIpr. Y. Dl_liq-..l C ""."" Tr-"re:llry J. ~ low'on
e~~'~""
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"._ _• )Nrisdit:titNf i11l1td.1J Cbrdo.
1968. I """"". 1975.
Dotllcr,I.A. HimJry off"" DeYe/oi>-IIl 0{ , . DocIriM o{. ,.~ 0{ Clorisf. 3 ooIs. TROM"" by P. Simoa. £difIlluIlb. 1897. DOrrie$, H. "Die: Vila A1II011ii a1s Gacllichuqllelle.· N~1IridrOl dv ~ , tk, W'lUrlUdlt'..... ill G6niIlItJl, plIilologiscll.Jllslurische JOasIe (1949); 3S1-41n ~,G. "11le Paspa:ti"" olthe Early Chmdl HlstoriaAI.- Gred.
R-....... B"""';"'S:adia6 (196S): S'/.1O. Orapl, 0.0. ~ Vol.. 1. i...I;nba, 198Q. "O::asclcoce atJd T>aditiooo: NeWIUIl Md Alhanasial ill the 0n/ladD1 Cbwdl.- IlIurllQ,i"IUIk C.,dill4J N.wttUll< SuU/UIf tile i.e".,., qAt"""""'... W BWtop Se"... QMartriAr ,lie HDlJSpiril. SIUda n DoNnePts 31. SIlt
LUeCily•• 968. --~, 'A TreaciseAtlribuled 10 AthanuillS." i.e N .... 80(11167): 1J9.-
1$1. Ellmwl, 8.0. "TIle New Tcsument C&xlII
(1983): 1·21.
or Di(lymt,lS!he 81iad.·
VC 37
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Fir. F_ Curllriu.
EDi,er. W. "Ik:twotace. ZUt 1'koIoIic del At-.- TUlb 103 (1931): 244-1R ElISlIalDcIeI, S. Mf~. l1tIrpt4pxy :u.{"...tI"i," f:1 ediIIld by C .ICM .. .65-91. Parif. 1974• • K__ pridlt -.J BiJdtfI{:,eridU; Sl-'iu •• Mil AJiPlvuMiuistUlS>fflIU fJJJ·JlJJ ud t"'" ''t/tf:U tJu AlAMadu _ Air" """/12&-146). BaB. IonS.
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Gioriceo, M..A. ~ Oowd FMIoen . . . . . KiqIy OffICL- PU>. ditI.. Clndl. 195.5. Goerint. J.E. "",*"kIoai.' V"1Sica cL H£Rsy: nc Dew...... 01 • PiIctoDoIliMTndicioa.- ~Ji""95(191'2): UI·2Q. M. "'L'bi! oJ.. ~ I...ibbc... lIl.lI&.,u ~ ,..",UJ::~.
Lei]lr&I&. 1194-1191.
3 .... 3d ell
Harris. JA n..!4poIoD of Aristilks: Tarr." StoJN••
~ &D4
E4labp. 1911. I' lwd,w.P."ArioIs; T""ieu!b Try •
ENc:bi\ll 0 - _ Conncil or
hm.dl 0- • DilcipUa.y Fnudv¥i F.tuu D6J,.,r. n&-2H.
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. !teo lIIbadw <ieKi...• C , ..... s u - ~... ~ , . b 1 aU'" W/,U,UtIw/Uli. n.iloIopllixb-l:tiI.IclrUcu K1uK 1925, 11-31. llepriau:d IoIll:1 Gf:.....,nu: NjI4tu 2 (1921): 21)..291.
HallaolcI.D.L
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EdlJIbw"gII. 196). _ . 'Ibe Irtlpllc:alioM of AthanasillS far UL· 11¢>r_d. ~oIo,;c,,' I1fY/tw 31 (1972): I·g. --:c. ullI, The Solution or AthanasillL- 11-Jo.....d. TlI#oJo,it"t Rr-int 30(1971): 6!l-7a.
,.
HolIigl1Wlll, E. "La L_ori&iJWede$ pbullc Nil:6e,· Byll4 (1939): J1. Hoppento'ou~ H. La PI.... Notitll. V"riM ~",,",A~, Nijmcgea. 1!iI6O.
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Hess. K.. Stlfdk. fib,t, dtu ScJvi/mun IUId di, TlwoJolliI du AI~IU. Frdbllt&.IIW\l. HllUer, v. "Ilef hi. AtIunasios TrP:iat ill Ml 11.27." un 42 Ogll): 431.... 1. - - . -Mai'. L.kau.ommenlar uad ck. Trakt., D, pD.llio,", ath·nullllbchell Gua" "lImIiti,w: II
Iooiki. 1961.
Karpp, H. -rulloililldle Bemerlric....., s.c. . /II"". r.-r. c.. 1_ -...c.. CudltJwMric....,~Ln,wJ"". "'i....• ,,,. J()().
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Knfi, H. K__ lCtlllllOIIlUu ulifl6J' E/lblldJIUI,. Tllbinaea. I~S• . • q......0$".• ZKG 66 (I9W!S); 1.24, KtallJe. M. -oas ..lIristlic:1le Aleundrien and leine Bu.iebun,en Z1UII kopcikhen MD\*a," I" AJU4ItdTin: KsdllU""r"IIIIlt~" drelt. Jd!vtQ_..u1Jll Sd'md:riqtl tlMr tNdiu"tlNJI Grou:uatk, edilcd by N. Hlrub, '3-62. Aelypdaca ~ I. Mal..... 1981.
H. "The OriJ;n of 1M PllriaIdIIle of COIlSwu.Inopk ..... IhI: Firs! Roman R«oJlliliol 01 hs Pauian:1IaI Jwisdicllllll.- Ph.D. diu.. Ihe c.aJo)Iir; UIliYUSily of AmericI. 1\l66. WIO. K. "Some Funller NOlel 011 lhe Mu. or llle Writinll of SL Alb·nul"•.~ /TItS ~ (1903): 1(l8.11". Lab. K..and RP. CaRy. '"TlIe TUl d the lH: j~ ....","""",ol AthMlaPlD.HTIt, 19 (1926): 259·270. Uminski. A. ikT lIeilip Oft. tIls Grist CItrilflIINI GNr w G~: D" aei"a, flu Af~r _ ~ : ... For...u-, flu triIti~ DoIITW iIII tv. lltl. Eri\anu SUoclc 13. 1 vii 1969. Un-.nmt" G. £bIMil., Mardlteu. EilllteiI4r /Cud. bri A/'-""';as: v.... tuwJ ~1tri.JUic1te $(HtrioIo,w IINI rnlerWotk bri AI"'"'-iIU _ AIUJIIldrioo. Gru. 1918. - - . "'Ei1lile Aspekte dea Ill. ALhaIlMiot lllt Eiallcil lIer Kirdle.~ta 6 (191"): 1A2-1S9. '--"'.1. "1.·EItl~~.EaI:Oe et 1eI1a... ..... II." R"... tie r /IisIIIiT. flu TtIi,w- 111 (1967): US-IoU. I .... her\" F. LtOrA du "~AdlcM1lj.. fIu G~... ell' • . 1911. ow lAJw flu lttilI",. Af*WU;as flu GT6##.. l..cipli,. l~. ~i1ump.
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THE I'.AJU.Y EI'lSCOf'AL.CJ!'FE, Of AllU.N.ASIU5
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". "'.anin. A. _
AdlanaIe tt It$ Mallieas.- In I'Qliliqw. C.IWI~. 31-61. Paris. 1914.
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" 'IrIo/tilk. edikld by
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- - : - "Lcs I'rallion SikIa ... Cb·..·
• AJcnr"'ie.- RIYtU tIu ''''''',.u,-piWuu)O(1'J84): 211-215. ~. J. "Obcr ~ ckl' _ beo1j.... A~.~.~~
EdIIh:iI"
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I, Naa
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Mcljlrirla. EJt. 'TIle DocaiM oIl!1e W .. . . of dIt Tr>.iIJ .. b ~ afOqaryafN-' _ - NMnTn(l9'7n %24-Dol.
_-:-' -."" "'""' frr 01« ,Jo. 01 ........
ExmiIJ.- VC 28 (I9'}4):
Di,
-.011 Time and
161-169. - _ GtM. 8m.,. Hisl1J'ry: SllldiuiA I'dlrillIC 1'1IilMtJplr,. ~
..... Odo..l.lm. - _ OtllttJdoq /PId 1'/4I0IliIz,.;" AWuwI&f: SJNMM ()T ANidtnir. 2dcd. LeidI=lI.I914.
O. ManaJdus. CItrUtiry f1( 'M Holy £Dsu:rll Cluud: 1lot PfIlriDrcllau af AI~ '1 wol$. UIDdoB.I847. Neuder, A. G,MUU Hisl(Jry of 1M elvin",11 R.II,I... tMd Cbrch. Tl"ftolM"d b)' 1. Tonq. ~ 1859. N."""IalI. J.H. Apt>b;>t" F... Vua S"".. Bd,.." HIsrD 17 (1932); HlJO·I04O. --~. ~'To Floe or NoIIO Floe': An ~ I of AI/Iana 10 (1970): )01.)l)S. PiI:ai, C. "'La ~ d·Alha..- .--de Rome (lJI..36O).- I",.~ n I~Iit. Olti1llll by C. ~, 9)..126. Park, 1m. I'llIlItd. T.E. -Elndlilll 01 Ce.. ca IIlIll rile Synod 01 Antkdl (32'.25).Ot1ulk/u"""ucltidtdicM (l1IlV_~. t4ilClll by F_ hd>U.
---=. -n.e
Bertie., 1981.
EKcua 01 loluo X 30 ie rile £.-Iy T. .ltam. Coerm'IU1ie&.- Ifl$ 3 (l9S7): 334-349.
EuFSis of Scripture aftd 1l>c Arian ConlrOVerSY. w The of 1M Job RyitJlfdt lblJrj of IIIa..;:MM' 4' (19S9): 414_
- . '1bc 8tdllfi~
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Cltri$loIQD 111Odo expliQ!veril G~im 1-3." NIlo"'an.... 28 (I9j3): 219·160. ReiLlen. R. Dcs All""'".,..... Wed: iUn, das Le~1I dlt AnIOlli..,: plli/olog/Jehu Beitral ..., Ouch/ell" du M6nchlu"".
£,,,
$ilZ\lng.sberichlC, Altatlamie Heidelberg. 1914. Phil. Hi$!. K1. Abh. 8.
Reynold.!, H.R. AIM""';"': Hi, u/e and WINk, Lon(\(ln, 1889. Rczelle. J. ''LA. Mysltre de rtglise dans III COOllOYer1$ anti·arienne c~ saini AlJlanase.· Srudii Biblid F'lUIcisctvll Uhf' AMUIU 2S (1975): 104118. Richard. M. "Slin( A(harwc et la ps)':'holog;e du ClIti$t.e1an lc:s Ari"",_~ _-=M~ltk JC~,," .tJig~_ 4 (1947): S-~ . • ed.. Nlt,;i StJpIlis_ C~~ ill I'IDl_ q_
•
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$ymbolleOSloen.... FI!C. Suppletn. ~Yi. 0sI0.19S6. Rieken, F. wHiltaill1s Krisis des alu:brisdiclten PIaton;Sl'lllS.~ TI' 44 (196'1): 321·141. - . "Zur Rezcp'ion der pb10Giscben Q,"olocie bei EulChiu. _ KaiAreiI. Arcic>I UDd ....".. . .. ~ TI' 53 (1978): 321·352Reidel. W", llnd W.E. Dvm. cds. aDd nIlS. ~ C _ II{ Ah\oo......., 0/ A/ulJIodrl4. London. 1904. de RiedmIuea. it W Mia dJi. P"x.u tk I'll'll • .s.u...uure. IUMlt _ 14 . dtrintM,v A J~ lV" sikh. Fril;o;>r" 19S2. RiucJs!, D. ~Al.b_; Sowu DC New Quesliou.. II Kuuptt: ael_lrf A-/Id'u. YQI. I: l'"tTUtisclN SI»dU~. 7a·n. Bern. 1976. - - _ AlMir4Ji.,: Vernodl tiM, IlUf'~uui.... Zuricll, 196t.
,....
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- , 1M GUl"Aidu: ~ dIU. J(iTcJw MIl Utru .~"'u. (GS IV ~ - . . ZMr Guew",," du AllwwilU. IGS Inl. • "Zur ~esdlkb~ des •. J ~ . ZNW)4 (1935):
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. • flU __ ... Kg, lad Pipsufb _ I . , JJI "., 476 .. CN. ... OIbtU .. r;., ,., • '.' ....... . , fWUdit. . IC.._wiL SMl;pI. 1919. JltpiM; cd.. mBf-. 1961.
B!J.I ........ PKY
--_. -un.mlldllllll'C" __ Gesdliclne del "icIoniIdIerllton:Ula.- ?XG 11 (1896): 1_11. 319-362. Seiler. R. -AlllaIwiul' ApoIo,itl ttHllrll AriaotN: Ilw £Iltabu, IIIId 0Itie:rq.- ",.0. dill... ~ otTtill':" DC Idnrl. 1932. SdIcG, LV. u--ltiu ~ A.uiIJd . . Hi$'''"''"&rly H'-1 t1{ C....... DtIcfriItI. Caubi 1921. ScAa, V. Kwe. IUIIi SII"U ~II-11plJllliAiu • • Itridw uil G uJ /lis FilJk X_pg• .;.."...". Vol I' 1M lldi,.~ drriJdk 6oola:MtI K./bu _Xo-pg-w. .... c.w.r.r. ... TAl 0 (JI'.Jl/OJ. I.;pr;,.. 1973. W. -c M·.... BDIIap..- IllS 37 (I!N7):: In·oJ. Seuoa.IC.M. CtlriDMAttWdr ~ 111I F-.J/ He- yen. 1!N1. RqnM.cd. New yen. 1961. Sicbtn. liJ. -A!hMaIias Ilbcr dol Pslll«': ""-'r- aiMs Brides all MarodIifIMs.- ".I(lm): IS1-I73_ - " . -IbmtDI:UliqI&do I'erqtrtloplaliqucd'~- In,oIitiqw __ :61 IlIIok>Pt....... by e. g ..,,'"'C. '. 19S-11•. Paris, 19'U• • "z.r EatwPlIIIII doer """.asjk Wcnk. YDd Eaeaan det KOftZilsideedelA'" QSjlll_~." "4S(191O): !S]...].89. Simonttti, M. LA crill ariMO lUI IV .ecok1. Studi. Ep/l(meridis "Aui\lS!inl.anunl" II. ~ I91S. =~. "NocuuU·arianoe-tido." O'lHwIU 10(1963): lSI-IS'• • "Le ori&illi doll·Ariancsimo.- RSLR 1 (1911): 311-330. • Revp or G~II aDd Groll, Ell'" Ana";'",. RSLit 18 (1983):
ill,.
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• "Teoln8ia .leaandrina e leO!o,bo qil1b II ooncllio di NiclU..Aurwtillil/llllm II (I913): 369·398. Sin,.... e.G. "AiJl¥IaIilUo." Jo""",d of Clvtuia1l Reto>Ul.ucti.,. 1 (197S): l6).l1&,
Sk_, K.E. -Die .....'*""'""'1 dcr McoIIebHrtlul& 0riI&i IlICtl dcr I..dIore des til Atlwluius.." Sti_ tkr O,,~ 8 (197S): 46-SO; I' (I97S): S3·S7.
51_, M...Atlwlalius. CDNro ~I and De boeIf,,,,,ti_: PIau IIId Ol&c of Cornpo$icicMl." nloS 31 (1986): 11.-111. Smidl,J.O. TIw/hfltIUlfe~l'~ !'ie,,-yen. 1m. s.idl, R.W. 11w All of I/JontJric .... klMdrioa. n.r. Kapc.. 1914. SIMi ...... D. "l.I 00c\riIIc do sai:llI A u - _ II saIIIL- 111'~ '" :'lthIot~. etlilelS bye. 227.29). hriI, 19'14• • ~ Et\OsuIIpIefte dc& lII. Athanasi..... Cr-." K"nos I~ (1974): 1S-41. SWlIey. AJ>. Wet.." H~ fI/. £.outomo CA..-d. ,-'"".
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DIE EAIU.V Ef'tSCU'ALC.'fE' CW AlHANASlUS
_ _• MAlbItlasioas' IN;''avIIIJti: 121-131. • "'T'be Scripnll'u aoo lIN: Soul or ChrlJI In AlhanaslllS.- VC 36 (1982): 233-2.50. - - , "'T'be Sipit'.canc:e oIlbe Hclmoo'I$" - S.... 3 (1961): 391-411, - - . SIIInUlitC, tINI JIIe-;" I~ CltrUriIuI FllIlttrs. 1.lIlodoa. 19B5. - . lha TlwUia of Anlll ond ~ Testimony Clf Al!IaMtius." nllJ. NS
c_.
:
M
29 (1978):
20-52.
SlUf\SOn, JoN. "Basil 0' Anqn and lIIe COIlrJ;y," D.Plill. dia..O.Jwd UlliVO"Jity, 1983.
Slelmam, A. "Z..- Datietuna cIt:r cItel Reden des lleililCll AthanMius le&tn die Arianer.~ TIIQ 9(i (1914): 227,231. Sleldle. B. "Hamo D"i MIO";..,. ZUm Bikl des MailM. GOIIU im oJlen M(lncilun." StJMIJd~J8 (1956): 141-100. Slel&de, P, lNT Az-writM,riJ!;" Ihr ,ri«lIIrcltt.. T1wDIatic da MUll JIIJorIuwlutt. Frr;ibo,q.19I3,
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