The cybernetics of human learning and performance: A guide to theory and research

To EUzabcth, Amar.:la and Hermione

The Cybernetics of Human Learning and Performance A Guide to Theory and Researcb

Professor Gordon Pask

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11OO 10 litis enviroom"" pr",ide .. timates 01 its ,viabiIiIY. compl"';ty. regt.llarity. or wba~ (dep"odjn& "I"'" the cboseo Il>dc~). from the putici!*ot', poiO! of view. Some uamplel of targe-orp.OiSlltiOll task... lIIlysis along tha0...,. in Table 1 ""d Fil- I . Similar Itudiethl~beencarricd out M

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'17Ir Cybmmlu of H''''1tIn u.".IIi1t& aM Prrff)mURIN. IppraprillC limiting principle il rumishro by Br<m~rman'llimil (Br<mmorman, 1962; Aohby, 1968) , Ta~e any physical un!>..", you like, whore po$I.ulates 110 S Ipply, It i., by lhe definition of'physlao! uoi.-erse', iiolltro Ind, by il$ 01""". lUbjtItnICI) l)'pt, II i. wo"h IIOling thai though I ..,pcct lhe ulililY ofl""tulalt$ t 10 S and lhe ctegance of their de>'elormenl, I do nOI .. gord lhe~ pri""iple. IS u".,.aUy Ipplicable or '1nIe'; nor do I OOllCUr in the philhlOphical oon, duoion aboul the uni _one Or isolalll!d bill ofil, HOWC'..... il ;1q uile importanl 10 ,Ireu Ihal my dilagreemenl il not based on vou nd. directly related 10 lhe nexl (probablillic) dcvdopn1(OI of machines.

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2.5 Bchorleunl Objt.. all otbe1"l perhaps) has had. Alul"'J inlluence in leading pcopleto think clearly aboul lrainin; and edOKati"" . The underl";ns dosma i. 'behavioural oI>.fectr.~' (Gagne. 19(2). A•• tone and iMII/licienl ~ the dogma ""Ids, .. folio ..... (a) 'ThaI the terminal mlm. of uaini,,& and leaching Cln 1>0 c.'prc:ued in 1trIIl! of behavioun (onu very comfllex ones; for Vlample 'IO~Uiply numbers A to B uoinS a .Ude rule' or 'multiply numbers A to Buling I lable of log:uilhms' or 'mulliply numbon ,oj to C'). It lbe .. behaviours are co,... reelly performed a Sludenl ·kno .... · ... bal",'", (multiplication, fo< .... mple) i. required of him . The ... ord ·kno....• is placed in inverled commQ beawc of a rontenlion Ih~llhc piny of behaviours is all that an instructor tan know (wilhoul in,'ened 00"'""") aboul the stud.nt. (b) The romplex terminal behavioun can be broken into ,.gmentl and Ihe oorrtCt perform1Ulce of these smaller pi=sofbehaviour. usually induced bybehaviour Ihapi ng. i, a sufficient ent'y crileria for. behaviour shaping operation that inrul""los Ihe terminal behaviour (obviou!Jy ra) and (b) can be iterated ... ilh ..speet to e!lC'h behaviou!al sellment unlil ,'ery . mall piecu of behaviour "main a, primitives and, in principle, unlHlhere il no rf/!.idu.). The ...hol. gamut of method, and models ("";tb Ihe pouible e~~plion of structural communication) Are pgpu lady adumbrated under the rubric, ' behavioural ob.fectivos·. Training programm .. lire .erlainly devised On thai assumption and olkn more or kss work (though how elfectil.. ly il il hArd to 1011). The plain fact i.. ho"""'.1f di"",,'ery .. taken !triou.ly then neither Ibe contention of (al 'ccrminal behaviOWl .... all ~'e CIa kIlo ... • nor the conlention of (b) 'il i. pciSible 10 .. gmenl any $kill' hold 1VI1(f. If di"",,·ery does JIIQJ\ a cognili", ",~nl IhCfl ..... "... and "'.... / know. in order 10 RIppon thl. vi ....·• how . i1udenlromprebcnd, a lUbject mailer. deacribes it, and explains il. True. lbe dala may oome from objecti..., ~ of ...1t&t !he $Iud.nl d .... bull/tcy ""' OOIlnlerpreled Q beha"ioural record .. For uarnpie, pby.ically a...:l operalioot.aJJy t!lm i. a year dcal of dilferenoe bet.......n 'multiplying' aod 'uplainin, multiplication' lboup il may be !he dtl for lbe

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