The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 1, Part 1: Prolegomena and Prehistory

THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY VOLUME I PART 1

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY THIRD EDITION

VOLUME I PART 1 PROLEGOMENA AND PREHISTORY EDITED BY I. E.S.EDWARDS F.B.A. Keeper of Egyptian Antiquities, The British Museum

THE LATE C. J. G A D D F.B.A. formerly Professor Emeritus of Ancient Semitic Languages and Civilizations, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

N. G. L. HAMMOND F.B.A. Professor Emeritus of Greek, University of Bristol

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521070515 © Cambridge University Press 1970 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. This edition first published 1970 Reprinted 1974 1976 1986 1994 First paperback edition 1980 Sixth printing 2007 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

The Cambridge ancient history - 3rd ed. Vol. 1. Part 1: Prolegomena and prehistory 1. History, Ancient I. Edwards, Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen II. Gadd, Cyril John III. Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lempriere 930 D57 75-85719 ISBN-13 978-0-521-07051-5 hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

CONTENTS List of Maps

page xiii

List of Tables

xv

List of Text-figures

xvii

Preface

xix CHAPTER I

THE GEOLOGICAL AGES by D. L. L I N T O N and F. MOSELEY

I II in iv v

Introduction The Afrasian platform The Eurasian platform The Tethys and the mid-world fold belt Origins of the modern seas, rivers and mountains

i 5 9 12 21

CHAPTER II

PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN EASTERN EUROPE, WESTERN ASIA AND EGYPT BEFORE THE PERIOD OF AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENT by K. W. BUTZER

I II

The natural, Early Postglacial environment Physical conditions in South-Eastern Europe during the Last Glacial Period I11 Prehistoric geography of South-Western Asia iv Prehistoric geography of Egypt and the Nile Valley [v] Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

35 47 49 62

vi

CONTENTS CHAPTER III

PRIMITIVE MAN IN EGYPT, WESTERN ASIA AND EUROPE IN PALAEOLITHIC TIMES by DOROTHY A. E. GARROD

I 11 in iv v vi VII

Egypt Western Asia in general Syria—Lebanon-Palestine Anatolia The North Arabian desert Southern Kurdistan Western Asia : conclusions

page 70 74 75 86 86 86 89

IN M E S O L I T H I C T I M E S by J. G. D. CLARK VIII

ix x xi XII

Neothermal environment and its impact The Mesolithic settlement of Northern Europe South-west Europe and North Africa Central and Eastern Europe South-west Asia

90 96 106 114 118

CHAPTER IV

THE EVIDENCE OF LANGUAGE by W. F. A L B R I G H T

andT. O. I II

LAMB DIN

Language and History The Afro-Asian (Hamito-Semitic) Family

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

122 132

CONTENTS i n The Indo-Hittite family iv Sumerian, Hurrian, Urartian, Elamite

vii page 138 145

CHAPTER v

THE EARLIEST POPULATIONS OF MAN IN EUROPE, WESTERN ASIA AND NORTHERN AFRICA by D. R. HUGHES

andT). R. BROTHWELL I II

Australopithecines and Pithecanthropines Homo sapiens

156 159

CHAPTER VI

CHRONOLOGY I. EGYPT—TO T H E END OF T H E T W E N T I E T H DYNASTY by WILLIAM C. HAYES

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

173

viii

CONTENTS I I . A N C I E N T W E S T E R N ASIA by M. B. ROWTON

Introduction Sources (a) The Assyrian eponym-lists and king-lists (b) The year-lists (c) The Babylonian king-lists (d) The Sumerian king-list (e) The Tummal chronicle (/") Hittite royal lists of sacrifices for the dead

page 193

The Chronology of the second millennium B.C. (a) Assyria (b) Babylon (c) Larsa (d) Isin (