The Buddhist handbook: a complete guide to Buddist teaching, practice, history and schools

The BUDDHIST HANDBOOK B

uddhism is on the rise in the West, including in England and

America. The BuJiA HanJhook answers the growing need among readers of English for an easy reference work that is also an introduction to the subject. In clear outline it gives the histo­ ry,

practices, and teachings of all

schools of thought within this chal­ lenging

faith,

whose goal

is the

tra nsformation of the individual through selfless compassion and mys­ tical insight. Here is the drama of Buddha's journey from sensuous self-indulgence to rigid asceticism to the breakthrough in which he saw the path out of human suffering. Here also is the essence of his teachings-including the famous Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path-and of the major tendencies that arose from those teachings: the T heravada, the Mahayana, and the Tantra,

with its phantas(mnltimeJ "" back .flap)

(,·,mtimuJfmm frt>ntflap) magoric mythology. The reader then follows the spread of the Buddhist gospel eastward to Japan (where it became Zen) and northward to "the hidden country," Tibet. Two special features of this volume are the chapters on Buddhism in the West-where it has influenced such

R. D.

thinkers as Carl Jung and

Laing-and a "Who's Who" of Buddhism, with ample entries on the notable Buddhists of our time, from the Tibetan lama Trungpa Rinpoche to the "hippie guru" Alan Watts.

Jacket design by Tom McKeveny Cover photo:

Bmltlh.z with Hal...

From Sarnath. Gupta Period, 5th c. :\\useum, Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh, India. Counesy of Borromeo/An Resource.

BARNES

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The HANDBOOK A COMPLETE GUIDE TO BUDDHIST SCHOOLS, TEACHING, PRACTICE, AND HISTORY

BARNES &.NOBLE B

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First published by Inner Traditions International, Ltd., Rochester, VT

Copyright© 1991 by John Snelling This edition published by Barnes & Noble, Inc., by arangement with Inner Traditions International All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any maner whatsoever without the written permission of the Publisher.

1998Barnes & Noble Books ISBN 0-7607-1028-7 Printed and bound in the United States of America

02M9 876543 RRD-H

Contents

Acknowledgments

VII

A Note on LAnguage

ix ix

Caveat PART 1 : PROLOGUE

CHAPTER ONE

VVhy Buddhism? CHAPTER TWO

f

The Heart o the Matter PART 2: T H E Bt:DDHA

CHAPTER THREE

The Indian Background CHAPTER FOUR

77u Buddha: Tize Early Years CHAPTER FIVE

3

6 9

11 17 24

The Buddha: The Teaching Career PART 3: THE BASIC TEACHINGS AND PRACTICES

CHAPTER SIX

The Buddhist World View CHAPTER SEVEN

35

37 42

Tlze Basic Teachings and Practices PART -': THE DEVELOP:'\tE:-.;T OF Bt:DDHISM IN l!' Il l! \

Tile Intlian BaclegroNntl Tht R.ig Vtda . Translated by Wendy O 'Flaherty. Hannondsworth, U.K. : Penguin, 1 98 1 . Tht Upanishads . Translated by Joan Mascar6 . Hardmondswonh, U.K. : Penguin, 1 965. Early Indian R.tligious Thought. P.O. Mehta, 1 965. London: Luzac , 1 965. Prthistoric India . Stuart Piggott. Hannondswonh, U.K. : Penguin, 1 950. A History of India . Vol. 1 . Romila Thapar. Hannondsworth , U.K. : Penguin, 1 966. Hinduism . K.M. Sen. Hannondswonh, U.K. : Penguin, 1 96 1 .

Til e Life of the BNtltllta R.tfltctions on tht Lift of tht Buddha . Garry Thomson . London : The Buddhist Society, 1 983. Tht Lift of tht Buddha. H . Saddhatissa. London: Unwin Books, 1 976. Tht Lift of tht Buddha. Edward J . Thomas. London: Kegan Paul, 1 949 (3rd edition) . Tht Lift of tht Buddha. Bhikkhu Nanamoli. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, 1 97 1 . "The Legend of the Buddha Shakyamuni. " I n chapter 2 of Buddhist Scripturts. Translated by Edward Conze. Hannondswonh, U.K. : Penguin, 1 959. Tht Buddha. Michael Carrithers. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1 983. Tht Buddha. Trevor Ling. Hannondswonh, U.K. : Penguin, 1 973.

Further Reading H L ll .\ ) 1 (

325

H I '\ (, ) .\ '\ [) I' H. :\ C

The Buddhilt World View "Buddhist Cosmogony and Cosmology," L. de La Vall�e Pussin, and "Indian Cosmogony and Cosmology," H. Jacobi. In the Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics . James Hastings, ed. Edinburgh: J. Clark, 1 92 1 . Buddhist Cosmology . Randy Kloetzli. Delhi : Motilal Bamarsidass, 1 983. Fundamentals of Mainstream Buddhism (Booklet no. 1 : Samsara and Rebirth) . Eric Cheetham. London: The Buddhist Society, 1 985.

Bu ddh ilt EthiCI Ethics of Buddhism . S. Tachibana . London: Curzon Press, 1 98 1 (reprint) . Buddhist Ethics . H . Saddhatissa . London: Allen & Unwin, 1 970. The Buddhist Case for Vegetarianism . Philip Kapleau . London: Rider, 1 982. Buddhism and Sex . (Sangha Guide no . S.) Maurice Walshe. London: Wat Dhammapadipa, 1 972(?) .

Bu ddhilm and Dea th Death and Dying: The Tibetan Perspective . Glenn H. Mullin. London: Arkana,

1 986. Death, Intermediate State and Rebirth . Lati Rinbochay and Jeffrey Hopkins. London: Rider, 1 979. Rebirth and the Western Buddhist. Manin Willson. London: Wisdom Publica­ tions, 1 987. The Tibetan Book of the Dead. Translated by Francesca Fremantle and ChOgyam Trungpa . Berkeley and London: Shambhala, 1 974. U'ho Dies ? Stephen Levine. New York: Anchor/Doubleday, 1 982.

Medita tion The Heart of Buddhist Meditation . Nyanaponika Thera. London: Rider, 1 98 3 . Living Buddhist Masters . Jack Komfield. Boulder: Shambhala Publications, 1 983 (reprint) . Meditation in Action . ChOgyam Trungpa. London: Watkins, 1 969. The Path to the Deathless. Ven. Ajahn Sumedho. Heme! Hempstead, U.K.: Amaravati , undated (probably c. 1 985) . Tranquillity and Insight A. Sol�-Leris. London: Rider, 1 986. Visuddhimagga ( "The Path of Purification ") . Bhadantacariya Buddhaghosa , translated by Bhikkhu Nanamoli. Kandy, Sri Lanka : Buddhist Publica­ tion Society, 1 979. See also The Atman Project . Ken Wilber. Wheaton, Ill . : Theosophical Publish­ ing House , 1 980, chapter 1 2 .

General Boolu The Buddha and His Teachings . Narada Thera . Kandy, Sri Lanka: publisher not stated but probably Vaj irarama, 1 980.

326 T H E B U D D H I S T H A N D B O O K

Th e Buddha 's A ncient Path . Piyadassi Thera. Kandy, Sri Lanka : Buddhist Publication Society , 1 974. Buddhist Dictionary. Nyanatiloka Thera. Kandy , Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publica­ tion Society, 1 980. Cittavivelta . Ven. Ajahn Sumedho . Petersfield, U.K. : Chithurst Forest Monas­ tery, 1 983. What the Buddha Taught. Walpola Rahula. Bedford, U.K. : Gordon Fraser, 1 972. Highly reconunended. T H E D E \' E L O P :\ I E :'\: T O F U C D D H I S :\1 1 :-.1 1 :- D I A

Hinayan a Buddhism, Its Essence and Development. E . Conze , Oxford, U .K . : Cassirer, 1 960. Buddhist Thought in India . E. Conze . London: George Alen & Unwin, 1 962 . Indian Buddhism . A.K. Warder. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1 970. A n A nalysis of the Pali Canon . Russel Webb. Kandy, Sri Lanka : Buddhist Publication Society, 1 97 5 . Th e Central Conception of Buddhism, a n d the Meaning of the Word "Dharma " . T h . Stcherbatsky. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass, 1 974 (reprint) . The Manual of Abhidhamma . Narada Maha Thera. Colombo, Sri Lanka : Vajirarama, 1 956.

Mahayana Indo- Tibetan Buddhism . David Snellgrove . Boston: Shambhala and London: Serindia, 1 987. A Short History of Buddhism . E . Conze . London: George Alen and Unwin, 1 980. The Central Philosophy of Buddhism : A Study of the Madhyamilta System . T.R.V. Murti. London: George Allen & Unwin , 1 95 5 . Th e Essentials of Buddhist Philosophy . J . Takakusu. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass , 1 97 5 . Mahayana Buddhism . Paul Wiliams. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1 989. Studies in the Lanltavatara Sutra . D.T. Suzuki . London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1 930.

Tan tra Foundations of Tibetan Mysticism . Lama Anagarika Govinda. London: Rider, 1 960. A n Introduction to Tantric Buddhism . S . B . Dasgupta . Berkeley and London: Shambala , 1 974 (reprint) . "The Jewel in the Lotus: A Survey of the Buddhism of Tibet. Part 5 : The Tantras. " Stephen Batchelor in The Middle Way . Vol. 60, no. 1 (May, 1 985) , pp. 1 7ff. Tan tra in Tibtt: Tht Grtat Exposition of Secret Mantra . Tsong-ka-pa, translated

Further Reading

327

by Jeffrey Hopkins . Introduction by H . H . the XIVth Dalai Lama. London: Allen & Unwin, 1 977. The Tantric View of Life. ( 1 976) Herbert V. Guenther. Boulder: Shambhala, 1 976. The Theory and Practice of the Mandala . Giuseppe Tucci , translated by A. H. Brodrick. London: Rider, 1 969.

T H E S P R E A D O f U U D D H I S :'\1

Sri lAnlca

Two Sinhalese records relate the early history of Buddhism in Sri Lanka : the Mahavamsa (a translation exists by Wilhelm Geiger) and the Dipavamsa. The Heritage of the Bhikkhu . Walpola Rahula. New York: Grove Press , 1 974. History of Buddhism in Ceylon : The Anuradhapura Period . Walpola Rahula. Colombo, Sri Lanka : Gunasena, 1 956. B u rma

A History of Burma . G. E . Harvey, 1 925 (2vols) . Religion and Politics in Burma. D . E . Smith. Cambridge , Mass : Princeton University Press , 1 968.

Sanskrit Buddhism in Burma . N. Ray. Calcutta: University of Calcutta, 1 936. A Thousand Lives Away: Buddhism in Contemporary Burma . Winston L. King. Oxford, U . K . : Cassirer, 1 964. Tha i l a n d

Buddhist Monk, Buddhist Layman . A study of Buddhist monastic organization in central Thailand. Jane Bunnag. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1 973. Sangha, State and Society. Yoneo Ishii. Honolulu: University of Hawai Press, 1986. Buddhism in Thailand. H . R . H . Prince Damrong. London: Information Service of Thailand, 1 97 1 . The No rth wtl ttrn Sp ringboard

The Buddhist Art of Gandhara . Sir John Marshall. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1 960. A Guide to Taxila . Sir John Marshall . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1 960. The Real Tripitaka . Arthur Waley. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1 952. "Expansion to the North : Afghanistan and Central Asia . " Oskar von HinUber in The World of Buddhism . H. Bechert and R. Gombrich, eds . London: Thames & Hudson, 1 984. "Evidence of Buddhist Activity in the North Western Provinces of India. " Eric Cheetham i n Th e Middle Way . Vol. 5 5 , no. 1 (May, 1 980) , p . 7. "The Kashmiri Bridge . " E ric Cheetham in The Middle Way. Vol. 56, no. 1 , p . 59.

328

THE BUDDHIST HANDBOOK

Tht Sille Routt "Buddhism in Central Asia . " R. E. Emmerick in The Encyclopaedia of Religion . Mircea Eliade, ed. New York: Macmillan, 1 987. Vol. 2 , pp. 400fF. Foreign Devils on the Silk Road. Peter Hopkirk. London: John Murray, 1 980. On A ncient Central Asian Tracks . Aurel Stein. London: Macmillan, 1 933. Reissued Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1 974. Jeannette Mirsky, ed. Buddhism in Central Asia . Kshanika Saba. Calcutta: Mukopadhyay, 1 970.

China Buddhism in China . Kenneth Ch'en. Princeton, N . J . : Princeton University Press, 1 964. Buddhism in Chinese History . A. F. Wright. Stanford, Ca. : University of California Press, 1 965 (reprint) . The Buddhist Conquest of China . E. ZUrcher. Leiden, Holland: E. J. Bril, 1 959. Chinese Thought: An Introduction . Donald H . Bishop , ed. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1 985. The Essentials of Buddhist Philosophy . Junjiro Takakusu. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1 97 5 . Monkey. W u Ch'en-en, translated b y Arthur Waley. London: George Alen & Unwin, 1 942. A Record of the Buddhistic Kingdoms (Being an Account by the Chinese Monk Fa­ hien of his Travels in India and Ceylon (A .D. 399-4 1 4} in Search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline). Translated by James Legge. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1 886. (Reprint: New York: Dover Publications , 1 965.) A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy . Translated and compiled by Wing-tsit Chan. Princeton, N. J . : Princeton University Press, 1 963. The Wheel of Life . John Blofeld. London: Rider, 1 959.

Yittnam and Korta Buddhism and �n in Vietnam . Thich Thien-An. Rutland, Vermont: Tuttle, 1 97 5 . "Buddhism i n Korea . " Robert Evans Buswell J r . in The Encyclopaedia of Religion . Mircea Eliade, ed. New York: Macmilan, 1 987 . The Korean Approach to � : The Collected Works of Chinul. R. E. Buswell Jr. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1 983 The Way of Korean �n . Kusan Sunim, translated by Martine Fages. Edited with an introduction by Stephen Batchelor. New York and Tokyo : W eatherhill, 1 985.

Japan A First �n Reader. Compiled by Trevor Leggett. Tokyo and Rutland, Vermont: Tuttle, 1 960. A Hist«y of an Buddhism . Heinrich Dwnoulin. London: Faber & Faber, 1 968.

Further Reading

329

Nichiren Shoshu Buddhism . Richard Causton. London: Century, 1 988. Plain Words on the Pure LAnd Way . Translated by Dennis Hirota . Kyoto : Ryukoku , 1 989 . The Religions ofjapan . H . Byron Earhan. San Francisco : Harper & Row, 1 984. Shinran 's Gospel of Pure Grace. Alfred Bloom. Tucson: Univenity of Arizona Press, 1 965. Sources ofjapanese Tradition . Compiled by R. Tsunoda. William T. de Bary and Donald Keene, eds. New York: Columbia Univenity Press, 1 964 (2 vols) . Taking the Path of Zen . Roben Aitken. San Francisco: North Point Press, 1 982. "This World and the Other Power: Contrasting Paths to Deliverance in Japan . " Robert K. Heinemann in The World of Bu ddh ism . H. Bechen and R. Gombrich, eds. London: Thames & Hudson, 1 984. Unsui. A Diary of Zen Monastic Life . Giei Sato and Eshin Nishimura . Hono­ lulu : Univenity of Hawaii Press, 1 973. Zen Action, Zen Person . T. P. Kasulis. Honolulu : Univenity of Hawaii Press, 1 98 1 . Zen and japanese Buddhism . D . T . Suzuki . Tokyo : Japan Tourist Bureau , 1 970. Zen and japanese Culture D . T. Suzuki . New York: Pantheon Books, 1 959. The Zen Lift. Sosei Kuzunishi and Koji Sato. New York: Weatherhill and Tokyo: Tankosha, 1 977. Zen and the Ways . Trevor Leggett. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1 978. Tibet

Advice from a Spiritual Friend. Geshe Rabten and Geshe Dhargyey, translated and edited by Brian Beresford. London: Wisdom Publications, 1 978 (revised edition) . A Cultural History of Tibet. David Snellgrove and Hugh Richardson. Boston and London: Shambhala, 1 968 (revised edition) . Foundations of Tibetan Mysticism . Lama Anagarika Govinda. London: Rider, 1 960. The jewel in the Lotus . A Guide to the Buddhist Traditions of Tibet . Stephen Batchelor. London: Wisdom Publications, 1 987. The Religions of Tibet. Giuseppe Tucci. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1 980. Mongo lia and Ruuia

"Der Buddhismus in Russland in Vergagenheit und Gegenwart. " Friedrich Fenzl in Bodhi Baum (Austrian Buddhist j ournal) . Vol. 10, no.2 (1 985) , pp. 9 1 £1'. The Religions of Mongolia . Walter Heissig. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1 980. The Empire of the Steppes . Rene Grousset, translated by N . Walfard. New

330 T H E B U D D H I S T H A N D B O O K

York: Franklin Watts, 1 970.

The Kalmylt Mongols. Paula G . Reubel. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1 967 .

B L ! > l > H I '> .\ 1 C 0 .\ l [ S W E S T

Slow Btginning1

Both Sides of the Circle. Christmas Humphreys. London: George Alen

&

Unwin, 1 97 8 .

A Buddhist Student 's Handbook. Christmas Humphreys , e d . London: The Buddhist Society , 1 956 The Early Writings of A lan Watts . Vol. 1 . John Snelling, ed. Los Angeles : Celestial Arts, 1 987. Genuine Falte. Monica Furling. London: Heinemann, 1 986. In My Own Way . Alan Watts. New York: Vintage Books, 1 973. Sixty Years of Buddhism in England. Christmas Humphreys . London: The Buddhist Society, 1 968. The Western Contribution to Buddhism . William Pieris. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass, 1 974. Afttr World War II

Born in Tibet. ChOgyam Trungpa. Boulder: Praji'ia Press, 1 9 8 1 (revised edition) .

Buddhism in Britain . Ian P. Oliver. London: Rider, 1 979. The Buddhism of the Sun . Compiled by Jim Cowan. Richmond, Surrey, U.K. : Nichiren Shoshu , U .K . , 1 982.

Buddhism for Today . Dharmachari Subhuti (Alex Kennedy) . Salisbury, U . K . : Element Books , 1 983.

Memoirs of a Modern Gnostic. Vols. 1 and 2 (Vol. 3. not issued) . Edward Conze. Sherborne, U.K. : Samizdat, 1 979.

On Having No Head. Douglas Harding. London: Routledge

&

Kegan Paul

(Arkana Books) , 1 986.

The Thousand Petalled Lotus. Ven. Maha Sthavira Sangharakshita. London: William Heinemann, 1 976. Buddhi1m in North A mtrica

Buddhist A merica: Centers, Retreats, Practices . Don Morrale, ed. Santa Fe: John Muir Publications, 1 988.

How the Swans Came to the Lalte. Rick Fields. 2nd revised and updated edition. Boston: Shambala, 1 986. Highly recommended

Nine-Headed Dragon River. Peter Mathiessen. Boston: Shambhala , 1 986. Zen Buddhism in North America, A History and a Directory . Toronto: Zen Lotus Society, 1 986.

Further Reading

331

Buddhism and Psycho thtrapy

The Awakening of the Heart. John Welwood, ed. Boulder and London: Shambhala, 1 983.

Beyond Ego: Transpersonal Dimensions in Psychology. Roger Walsh and Frances Vaughan, eds. Los Angeles, Ca. : J. P. Tarcher/Houghton Miflin, 1 980. Beyond Health and Normality. Roger Walsh and Deane H . Shapiro , eds . New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1 983. Beyond Therapy. Guy Claxton, ed. London: Wisdom Publications, 1 986. Buddhist and Western Psychology . Nathan Kats , ed. Boulder and London: Shambhala, 1 983. The Legacy of Asia and Western Man . Alan Watts . London: John Murray, 1 937. Psychotherapy East and West. Alan Watts. New York: Ballantine, 1 96 1 . The Supreme Doctrine. Hubert Benoit. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1 95 5 . Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis . D . T. Suzuki , Erich Fromm, and Richard DeMartino. London: Souvenir Press, 1 974. By

C. G.

Ju ng :

Psychology and Religion : West and East. Vol. 2 of the collected works. London: Routledge

&

Kegan Paul, 1 958. (Second edition, 1 969.)

Psychology and the East. London: Arkana, 1 986. See also ]ung and Tibetan Buddhism . Radmila Moacanin. London: Wisdom Publications, 1 987. By Ktn Wilbtr:

The Atman Project . Wheaton, Ill . : Theosophical Publishing House, 1 980. Eye to Eye. New York: Anchor/Doubleday, 1 983. No Boundary: Eastern and Western Approaches to Personal Growth . Boulder and London: Shambhala, 1 98 1 . Spectrum of Consciousness. Wheaton, Ill . : Theosophical Publishing House, 1 977. Up From Eden . London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1 983. "In Praise of Ego . " In The Middle Way . Vol. 5 8 , no. 3 (Nov. , 1 983) .

\\ 0 .\ I [ :-.; A :-.; D B

D D H I S \I

Turning the Wheel: American Women Creating the New Buddhism . Sandy Boucher. San Francisco : Harper

&

Row, 1 985.

Meetings with Remarkable Women . Lenore Friedman. Boston: Shambhala, 1 987. Women Awake. Christina Feldman. London: Arkana, 1 989.

332 T H E B U D D H I S T H A N D B O O K U C D D H I S .\ 1 A :'\: 0 S O C I A L A C T I O :'\:

The Social Face of Buddhism : An Approach to Soda/ and Political Activity. Ken Jones. London: Wisdom Publications, 1 989.

Spirit for Change. Christopher Titmuss interviews Joanna Macy, A. T. Ariyaratna, U Nu, Sulak Sivarakla , Roger Walsh, et. al. London: Green Print, 1 989. Being Peace . Thich Nhat Hanh. Berkeley: Parallax Press, 1 987.

J O C H. :'\: A L S

Buddhism Now, BPG, Shaarpham North, Ashprington, Totnes, S . Decon, TQ9 7UT, UK .

Buddhist Studies Review, 3 1 Russell Chambers, Bury Place, London WC l A 2JX, UK.

& Culture, c/o Jeremy Russell, Library of Tibetan Works & Archives, Ganchen Kyishong, Dharamsala 1 762 1 5 , Distt. Kangra , Hinmachal Pradesh, India. Golden Drum , journal of the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order, 5 1 Roman Rd. , London E2 OHU, UK. Inquiring Mind, A Journal of the Vipassana Community, PO Box 9999 , North Berkeley Station, Berkeley, CA 94709 . Maha Bodhi, B. Dhammaratana Thera, ed. 90 Duku Rd. , Singapore 1 542. The Middle Way, The Buddhist Society, 58 Eccleston S q . , London SW 1 V l PH , UK. The Mountain Record, Journal of Zen Mountain Monastery Oohn Daido Loori Sensei) , PO Box 1 97 WS, Mt. Tremper, NY 1 2457. Primary Point, Kwan Um Zen School, 528 Pound Rd. , Cumberland , RI 02864. Sangha Newsletter, The English Sangha Trust, Amaravati, Gt. Gaddessden, Hemel Hempstead, Herts HPl 3BZ , UK. Ten Directions, ZCLA, 923 South Nonnandie Ave . , Los Angeles, CA 90006. WFB Review, Published by the World Fellowship of Buddhists, 33 Sukhumvit Rd. , Bangkok 1 1 , Thailand. Wind Bell, Zen Center, 300 Page St. , San Francisco, CA 94 1 02. Vajradhatu Sun, published by Vajradhatu (Ch6gyam Trungpa organization) , 1 345 Spruce St. , Boulder, CO 80302 , USA. Zen Notes, published by the First Zen Institute of America, 1 1 3 East 30th St. , New York, NY 1 00 1 6.

ChiJ Yang, The Voice of Tibetan Religion

Buddhist Book Strvict

Wisdom Publications, 361 Newbury St. , Boston, MA 02 1 1 5 . Phone: (6 1 7) 536-3358. FAX: (6 1 7) 536- 1 89

Index

Abhidharma-kosha of Vasubandhu, 1 27-8 Aggregates, 5 6-7 Ananda, 28, 3 1 , 32-3 Anatman, 53, 79, 86 Anitya, 43 Angkor Wat, 1 1 4 An Shih-kao, 1 22-3 Archaeology, in Buddhist sites, 1 20 , 1 94-5 A rhats, 16-1 Asanga, 90, 1 2 7 Asavas, 2 3 Ascetics (asceticism) , 1 3 - 1 6 , 20- 1 Ashoka Maurya, 79-80, 1 07 , 1 1 1 Aryans, 1 1 - 1 5 , 1 1 7 A tman , 1 4 A vatamsaka Swtra, 1 30 Awareness , 8 Ba Khin , 262, 263 , 264 Bennett, Allan, 1 96-7 Bhadra Kalpa, 38 Bija mantra, 96 Blavatsky, Helena, 1 95-6, 264, 3 1 1 Blwt Cl!f Record, 1 43 Boddhicitta, 98 Boddhisattva, 67- 8 , 83-4 Bodhidharma , 1 37-8 Borobodur, 1 1 4 Brahman, 1 4 Brahmanism , i n Kampuchea, 1 1 4 Brahma Viharas, 70- 1

Buddha, the , 1 6 childhood and youth of, 1 7-20 death of, 33 enlightenment of, 22-3 festivals of, 322-3 meditation by, 2 1 -3 , 24 Parinirvana of, 3 3 , 7 5 , 76 relics of, 76, 1 08-9 spiritual search of, 1 9-23 teaching career of, 24-33 Buddha Day, 323 Buddhaghosa, 1 06 Buddhahood, 8 5 , 1 0 1 Buddhism characteristics of, 3-5, 6-8 in China, stt China vs. Christianity, 1 95 vs. Confucianism , 1 22-3, 1 2 4 , 1 25 cosmology of, 37-9 vs. Hinduism, 29, 94 in India, 1 1 - 1 6 , 7 5-82 logic in, 9 1 monasticism in, see Monasticism in North America, 233-43 and psychotherapy, 244-56 schools of, stt names of schools vs. Taoism, 1 22-4 teachings of aggregates, 56-7 Brahma Viharas , 70- 1 dependent originations, 6 1 -2 death, 60- 1

334

THE BUDDHIST HANDBOOK

Eightfold Path, 46-56 fetters, 66-7 Four Noble Truths, 43-6 hindrances, 65-6 karma, 23, 57-9 marks of existence , 53 in oral tradition, 76-7 perfections, 68-9 vs. Shintoism, 1 5 1 -2 Wheel of Life, 62-5 Tibetan, see also Tibet in the West, 209- 1 6 Western , 228-32 world view of, 37-4 1 Burma, 1 09- 1 1 Cambodia, see Kampuchea Capra, Fritjof, 247 Ceylon, see Sri Lanka Cha, Aj ahn , 1 1 3 Chao Lun , 1 2 6 Central Asia , 1 1 6- 1 9 Cha, Aj ahn, 263 , 266, 267 , 272, 273 Ch'an Buddhism, 1 34-42, 1 43 Chela, 99- 1 00 China, 1 1 6 , 1 1 9-20 Avatamsaka school, 1 30-2 Buddhism vs. Confucianism in, 1 22-3, 1 24 Christianity, 1 44 church/state tension , 1 4 1 -2 Cultural Revolution, 1 45 Dhyana school, 1 34- 1 42 festivals, 1 40 final millenium, 1 42-6 Han dynasty, 1 2 1 -3 idealist school, 1 2 8 Mantrea school, 1 29-30 period of disunity, 1 2 3-7 Pure Land School, 1 33-4, 1 43 realistic school, 1 27-8 Sui and T'ang dynasties, 1 27 Sung dynasty, 1 42-3 three treatises school, 1 28 T -ien-T'ai school, 1 32 Vinaya school, 1 2 7 Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche, 1 76, 2 1 1 - 1 2 , 237-8, 267, 278, 28 1 , 282, 29 1 , 3 1 5 Chogye Zen order, 1 49 Citta-matra, 9 1

Confucianism, vs. Buddhism, 1 22-3, 1 24, 125 Confucius, 1 22 Dalai Lama, 99, 1 00, 1 79, 1 8 1 -2 , 2 1 5 , 233, 237, 277, 278, 279, 280, 287, 288 Dana, 27 David-Nee!, Alexandra , 1 99-200, 277 Death , 3 1 , 60- 1 Deity Yoga , 1 00 Dependent originations, 6 1 -2 Devadatta, 30 Devotional practice, 85 Dhargyey, Geshe, 278, 287 Dharma(s), 1 3 , 25, 7 8 , 1 33 Dhyanas, 20, 39 Dhyani-Buddhas, 96 Diamond Sutra, 1 4 1 Dingo Khyentse Rinpoch e , 27 5 , 276, 278, 280, 282, 286, 288 Dodrupchen Rinpoche , 278, 279 Dogen, 1 58 , 1 59-60 Dogma, freedom from, 3-4 Dorje, 97 Dudjom Rinpoche, 279, 280, 286, 288, 289, 3 1 1 Duhkha, 43-4, 5 3 , see also Suffering Dvadashadvara of Nagarjuna, 1 2 8 Ego , see " I " Emptiness , 8 6 Europe, Buddhism in, see also West to World War I I , 1 93-202 Fa-hsien, 1 26-7 Festivals , 322-3 Free inquiry, 4 Freud, Sigmund, 244-5 Fromm, Erich, 245 , 249-50 Gandhi , Mahatma, 1 1 Ganges River civilization , 1 5 Gateless Gate, 1 43 Ghanta, 97 Goenka, S. N . , 262, 264, 267, 270 Govinda, Lama Anagarika, 280, 306, 314 Great Chain o f Being, 252-4 Greeks, 1 1 7 - 1 8 Guatama , Siddhanha, See Buddha, the

Index Guru, 94 Guru Yoga , 1 00 Gyalwa, Karmapa, 28 1 , 282, 283, 285, 286, 290, 2 9 1 Heart Sutra, 1 34 Hinduism, vs. Buddhism, 29, 94 Hinayana, 8 8 , 1 30 in Burma, 1 09- 1 0 Honen Shonin, 1 56 Hui-neng, 1 38 " 1 , " 7-8, 2 3 , 53-4, 7 9 , 1 1 7 India Buddhism in, 1 1 - 1 6, 75-82, 1 42 caste system in, 1 3 Indonesia, 1 1 4- 1 5 Indus Valley civilization, 1 1 - 1 5

James, William, 244 Jamp� Shenpen, 280, 282 Jamyang Khyentse Chokyi LodrO , 278, 282, 287 , 288, 290 Japan, 323 Ashikaga period, 1 60- 1 Azuchi-Momoyama period, 1 6 1 -5 early period, 1 5 1 -2 Edo period, 1 6 1 - 5 Heian period, 1 53-5 Kamakura period, 1 55-60 Meiji restoration to present, 1 65-6 Pure Land schools, 1 5 6 Shingon school, 1 54-5 Tendai school, 1 53-4 Jataka Tales, 80 Java, 1 1 4- 1 5 Jung, Carl Gustav, 4 2 , 244, 245-8 Kalu Rinpoche, 282, 285 , 3 1 5 Kampuchea, 1 1 4 Kanishka, 1 1 8 Kapilavaddh o , 265, 266, 269 Kapleau Roshi, Philip, 296, 297 , 306, 315 Katagiri Roshi , 3 1 5 Kaundinya , 25 Knowledge , vs. belief, 42 Korea, 1 48-50 Kumarajiva, 1 25-6 Kushans, 1 1 8

335

Laity, vs. monastics; 85-6

Lama, 1 8 1 Lanltavatarsha Sutra, 1 34 Laos, 1 1 3 Lao Tzu , 1 22 Liberalism, 4, 1 1 Logic, in Yogacara, 9 1 Madhyamaka , 89-90, 1 26 , 1 28

Madhyamalta-shastra of Nagarj una , 1 28 Maezumi Roshi , 299 Mahamudra, 96-7 Mahapajapati , 1 8 , 28 Mahasanga , 77 Mahasi Sayadaw, 263 , 267 , 268, 270, 272, 275 Mahavairocana Sutra, 1 29-30 Mahayana , 7 8 , 83-92 in Burma , 1 09- 1 0 i n central Asia and China , 1 1 6- 1 7 , 1 22 , 1 40 in Europ e , 208-9 festivals , 323 in I ndonesia , 1 1 4- 1 5 i n Kampuchea, 1 1 4 in Sri Lanka , 1 07 and Tantra , 92 Mahinda, 1 07 Maitreya , 1 44 Mandala, 96, 99 Mantra, 96, 1 82 Mara, 22 Maudgalyayana , 25, 30 Meditation, 1 1 0 - 1 1 , 1 3 5-6, 205 , 2 5 5 , see also Spiritual practice Menandros, 80 Middle Way , 2 1 , 2 5 , 1 2 8 Milarepa, 1 7 5 Milinda-pa nha, 1 1 7 Mindfulness, 52-3 , 55-6, stt also Right mindfulness Mumonltan, 8 Monastics, 25-32 in Japan, 1 52-3, 1 6 1 -74 vs. laity , 85-6 in North America, 239, 242-3 in Sri Lanka , 1 06 , 1 08 in Thailand, 1 1 2 in Tibet, 1 72 , 1 79 Mongols , in China, 1 44 Morality , 47-8

336

THE BUDDHIST HANDBOOK

Mount Meru, 38-9, 1 1 4 Mudra, 96, 97 Muhammad, 75 Mun, Ajahn, 263, 367 Mystery, 7 Nagarjuna , 89-90, 1 28 Nagasena , 1 1 7- 1 8 Naropa, 1 74 New Year, in Tibet, 323 Nichiren Shonin, 1 56-7 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 1 95 Nirvana, 30, 33, 4 1 , 44-6 and samsara, 87 North America, 233-43 "Om-mani-padme-hum," 1 82-3 Padmasambhava, 1 68 Pali scriptures, 8 1 -2, 1 05 , 1 06, 1 07 , 1 17 Practice, spiritual , 4-5 fruits of, 67-8 Psychotherapy, 244-56 Pudgalavadins, 78-9 Purushapura (Peshawar) , 1 1 7- 1 9, 1 27 Pu-tai, 1 4 4 Rabten, Geshe, 264, 2 7 5 , 2 7 8 , 287, 290 Rtal Tripitalra, Tht, 1 28 Rebirth, 40, 59-60 vs. reincarnation, 59 Reincarnation, 1 3 vs. rebirth, 59 Rig Vtda, 1 2 Russia, 1 97-8 Sacrifice , 29

Saddharma-pundarilra Surra, 1 32 Sadhu, 20 Samadhi, 22 Samsara, 22, 40 and nirvana, 87

Sangha, 25-32, 75-6 in China, 1 24 , 1 4 1 , 1 42 in England, 227-8 Sanskrit texts, 1 20 Sarvodaya movement, 1 08 Sttd mantra , 96 Seng-Chao , 1 26

Sexuality, 49, 94, 1 0 1 Shamatha meditation, 5 1 -2 , 98 Shariputra, 25, 30 Shramana tradition, 20 Shuan Chinken, 8 Siam, stt Thailand Siddha, 94 Silk Route, 1 1 9-20 Six Perfections, 84 Sixties, 250-2 Shata Shastra of Aryadeva, 1 28 Slrandha, 56-7 Skill in means, 84 Soyen Shaku , 295 , 302, 303 , 304 Spiritual practice, 4-5 , stt also Meditation Sri Aurobindo, 1 37 Sri Lanka, 8 1 , 1 06-9, 1 96, 322 Sthaviravada, 77 Stupa, 76, 1 1 4 "Sudden enlightenment," 1 26 Suffering, 20, stt also Duhkha Sulrhavati-vyuha Sutras, 1 33 Sutras, 87 , 98, stt also names of sutras Suzuki, D. T . , 1 30, 1 5 5 , 20 1 -2, 234, 248-9, 303 , 3 1 4 Suzuki Roshi , 294, 298 , 304 Tantra, 93- 1 02, 1 3 1 i n Burma, 1 09 categories of, 97-8 in China, 1 29-30 in Sri Lanka, 1 07 in Tibet, 1 80, 1 82 Taoism, vs . Buddhism, 1 22-4, 1 25 Tao-Sheng, 1 26 Tao Tt Ching, 1 22 Tathata, 86 Thailand, 1 1 1 - 1 3 festivals in, 322-3 Theravada, 8 1 -2, 87-9 , 322-3 in southeast Asia, 1 09 , 1 1 1 - 1 5 i n central Asia and China, 1 1 6 in the West, 1 99 , 222-8 Thich Nhat Hanh, 1 48 , 300 Three Fires (Three Poisons) , 64-5 Theosophy, 1 95-6 Thittila, Sayadaw U, 265, 273, 275 Tibet, 98, 323 bl!n-po tradition , 1 80 dark age , 1 7 1

lndtx fint transmission,

1 68-7 1 1 7 1 -3

second transmission,

173-8 1 106, 1 1 0 Tolerance, 4, 1 1 , 29 schools,

Yidam, 95 94, 100- 102 Yogacara , 90-2, 1 3 1 Yoga ,

Tipitaka ,

85 Transformation, 5, 7, 23, 245 Trikaya doctrine, 85 Trishna, 44 Transcendental principle,

Truth

3-4 86-7, 1 32 Tsongkhapa, 1 77-8 finding,

levels of,

244-5, 249 1 2, 1 4- 1 5

Unconscious, Upanishads ,

Vajra, 97 Vajracchtdilra Sutra, 1 34, 1 38 Vasubandhu , 90, 1 27, 1 28 Vedas, 1 2- 1 3 Vedic Age , 1 2- 1 5 Vietnam, 1 47-8 Vimalalrirti·nirdtsha Sutra, 1 25-6, 1 34 Vimsatilra-lrarilra, 1 28 Vinaya, 1 24, 1 27 Vipashyana meditation, 22, 52, 54, 1 1 1 , 239-40 Visuddhimagga, 106 1 28, 129 202, 204, 235, 248, 302,

Waley, Arthur, Watts , Alan, West,

314 stt also

Europe, North America

1 1 0- 1 1 1 323 �ahayana in, 208-9 Nichiren school in, 2 1 9-21 P u r e L a n d Buddhism in, 2 1 6- 1 9 Sri Lanka and, 108 Tantra in, 102 Thailand and , 1 1 3 Tibetan Buddhism in, 209- 16, 237-40 Vietnamese Buddhisu in, 1 48 Western Buddhism i n , 228-32 Zen in, 204-8 Wilber, Ken, 252-6, 3 1 5 Women, 28-9, 1 24 , 241 Burma and,

festivals in,

Yashodhara , 2 9 , 1 9 Yell ow Emperor, 1 22

Zen,

8, 1 49, 1 57-8, 1 6 1 -4, 204-8, 235-6, 248-50

337

A bo u t th e A u th o r John Snelling was born in Wales in 1 943 and brought u p there and in London and Canterbury. After graduating from university with degrees in English and Philosophy, he lectured for some years at a provincial English art school before leaving to travel in the East, where he became interested in Oriental religion and philosophy. He has been involved in Buddhism since the early 1 970s, practicing mainly in the Zen and Theravada schools. From 1 980 until 1 984 he was general secretary of the Buddhist Society, London, and from 1 980 until 1 987 editor of The Middle Way, the Society's quarterly j ournal. Since 1 984 he has been a freelance writer, broadcaster, and painter. His books for adults include The Sacred Mountain (Pilgrims & Travellers at Mt . Kailas in Western Tibet), Memoirs of a Political Officer 's Wife in Tibet, Sikkim and Bhutan (with Margaret D . Williamson) , and The El­ ements of Buddhism . In addition, he has edited two volumes of the early

writings of Alan Watts. He is currently working on a biography of Agvan Dorjiev, the adventurous Siberian lama, in which he also tells the little­ known saga of Buddhism in Russia . John Snelling is at present a member of the Sharpham North Community in South Devon, England.