The Blackbirch Kid's Visual Reference of the World Edition 1

The B CKBIRC A H L Kid‘s VISUAL REFERENCE OF THE World More than 2,500 graphs, charts, maps, and photos that cover...

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The

B

CKBIRC A H L

Kid‘s

VISUAL REFERENCE OF THE

World More than 2,500 graphs, charts, maps, and photos that cover the most important and interesting facts about every country on the planet!

By the Editors of Blackbirch Press Maps, Charts, and Graphs by Bob Italiano

B L A C K B I R C H W O O D B R I D G E ,

P R E S S ,

I N C .

C O N N E C T I C U T

Published by Blackbirch Press, Inc. 260 Amity Road Woodbridge, CT 06525 ©2001 by Blackbirch Press, Inc. First Edition e-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.blackbirch.com All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from Blackbirch Press, Inc., except by a reviewer. Printed in China 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The Kid’s Visual Reference of the World Staff Publisher: Bruce S. Glassman Editorial Director: W. Scott Ingram Editor/Photo Research: Emily Kucharczyk Editorial: Jenifer Morse, Kristen Woronoff Art Director/Book Design: Calico Harington Layout: Mary Mazzara Indexer: Kathleen Rocheleau

A Note About Statistics The statistical information in this book is based primarily on data from the CIA World Factbook 2000. Certain supplemental data was adapted from other almanacs and reference sources. A Note about area data and country size rankings: All area data is total land area, as supplied by the CIA World Factbook. Total population and numerical rankings by population are supplied by the U.S. Census Bureau/International Database.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Blackbirch kid’s visual reference of the world / by the editors of Blackbirch Press. p. cm. Includes index. Summary: Presents maps and information about all the countries of the world, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. ISBN 1-56711-579-9 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Geography—Encyclopedias, Juvenile. [1. Atlases. 2. Geography.] I. Blackbirch Press. II. Title. G133 .B49 2001 910—dc21 2001003056

Color Key for Continents

Africa

Asia

Europe

North America

Oceania/ Australia

South America

Table of Contents How To Use This Book ........6

Africa..................................27

Trade Winds and Currents..37

All About Maps ......................9

Asia ....................................28

Selected Endangered Species

Parts of a Map ........................9

Oceania ..............................29

Kinds of Maps ......................10

North America ..................30

Thematic Maps ....................11

South America ..................31

Longitude and Latitude ......12 Famous Lines of Latitude ..13 Political Maps

Thematic Maps Calendars of the World ......32 International Time Zones ..32

of the World......................38 Unique Animals of the World ................................38 Origins of Selected Musical Styles and Instruments ....39 Selected Wonders and

World ................................16

Religions of the World ........33

Landmarks Around the

Europe ..............................18

Languages of the World ......33

World ................................39

Africa..................................19

Selected Countries and

Countries of the World

Asia ....................................20

Currencies ........................34

Afghanistan ........................40

Oceania ..............................21

Defense Budget ....................34

Albania ..............................42

North America ..................22

World Population Density ..35

Algeria................................43

South America ..................23

World Annual Average

Andorra ..............................45

Topographical Maps

Population Growth ..........35

Angola ................................46

World ................................24

Oceans of the World............36

Antigua and Barbuda ........48

Europe ..............................26

World Climate Zones ..........36

Argentina ..........................49

Antarctica ..........................26

World Biomes ......................37

Armenia..............................51

Australia ............................52

Cuba ................................108

Iran ..................................160

Austria ................................54

Cyprus..............................110

Iraq ..................................162

Azerbaijan ..........................56

Czech Republic................111

Ireland..............................164

Bahamas ............................57

Denmark ..........................113

Israel ................................165

Bahrain ..............................58

Djibouti............................114

Italy ..................................166

Bangladesh ........................59

Dominica ........................115

Jamaica ............................168

Barbados ............................63

Dominican Republic........116

Japan ................................169

Belarus................................64

Ecuador............................117

Jordan ..............................173

Belgium..............................66

Egypt................................119

Kazakhstan ......................174

Belize..................................68

El Salvador ......................121

Kenya ..............................176

Benin ..................................69

Equatorial Guinea ..........122

Kiribati ............................178

Bhutan................................70

Eritrea ..............................123

Kuwait..............................179

Bolivia ................................71

Estonia ............................124

Kyrgyzstan ......................180

Bosnia ................................72

Ethiopia............................125

Laos..................................181

Botswana ............................73

Fiji ....................................127

Latvia ..............................182

Brazil ..................................74

Finland ............................128

Lebanon ..........................183

Brunei ................................78

France ..............................129

Lesotho ............................184

Bulgaria ..............................79

Gabon ..............................131

Liberia..............................185

Burkina Faso ......................80

Gambia ............................132

Libya ................................186

Burundi ..............................82

Georgia ............................133

Liechtenstein ..................187

Cambodia ..........................83

Germany ..........................134

Lithuania..........................188

Cameroon ..........................85

Ghana ..............................136

Luxembourg ....................189

Canada ..............................87

Greece..............................138

Macedonia........................190

Cape Verde ........................89

Grenada ..........................140

Madagascar ......................191

Central African Republic ..90

Guatemala........................141

Malawi..............................193

Chad ..................................91

Guinea..............................143

Malaysia ..........................195

Chile ..................................92

Guinea-Bissau..................144

Maldives ..........................197

China..................................94

Guyana ............................145

Mali ..................................198

Colombia ..........................98

Haiti ................................146

Malta ................................200

Comoros ..........................100

Honduras ........................147

Marshall Islands ..............201

Congo ..............................101

Hong Kong......................148

Mauritania........................202

Congo (Zaire) ..................102

Hungary ..........................149

Mauritius..........................203

Costa Rica........................104

Iceland..............................151

Mexico..............................204

Côte d’Ivoire....................105

India ................................152

Micronesia ......................206

Croatia ............................107

Indonesia..........................156

Moldova ..........................207

Monaco ............................208

Rwanda ............................255

Tanzania ..........................293

Mongolia..........................209

St. Kitts and Nevis ..........256

Thailand ..........................295

Morocco ..........................210

St. Lucia ..........................257

Togo ................................297

Mozambique ....................212

St. Vincent ......................258

Tonga ..............................298

Myanmar..........................214

Samoa ..............................259

Trinidad and Tobago ......299

Namibia ..........................216

San Marino ......................260

Tunisia..............................300

Nauru ..............................217

São Tomé and Príncipe ..261

Turkey ..............................302

Nepal................................218

Saudi Arabia ....................262

Turkmenistan ..................304

Netherlands ....................220

Senegal ............................264

Tuvalu ..............................305

New Zealand ..................222

Seychelles ........................265

Uganda ............................306

Nicaragua ........................223

Sierra Leone ....................266

Ukraine ............................308

Niger................................224

Singapore ........................267

United Arab Emirates ....310

Nigeria ............................226

Slovakia ............................268

United Kingdom ............311

North Korea ....................228

Slovenia............................269

United States ..................313

Norway ............................230

Solomon Islands ..............270

Uruguay ..........................317

Oman ..............................231

Somalia ............................271

Uzbekistan ......................318

Pakistan............................232

South Africa ....................273

Vanuatu ............................320

Palau ................................236

South Korea ....................275

Vatican City ....................321

Panama ............................337

Spain ................................277

Venezuela ........................322

Papua New Guinea..........238

Sri Lanka..........................279

Vietnam............................324

Paraguay ..........................239

Sudan ..............................281

Yemen ..............................326

Peru..................................240

Suriname ..........................283

Yugoslavia ........................328

Philippines ......................242

Swaziland ........................284

Zambia ............................330

Poland ..............................244

Sweden ............................285

Zimbabwe ........................332

Portugal ..........................246

Switzerland ......................287

Territories and Possessions ..334

Qatar ................................248

Syria ................................288

For Further Information ....346

Romania ..........................249

Taiwan..............................290

Index....................................350

Russia ..............................251

Tajikistan..........................292

Photo Credits......................360

How to Use This Book What is the highest point in Afghanistan? What countries border Burundi? What’s the difference between Slovakia and Slovenia? What is a dinar? What language is spoken in Tonga? Chances are, you can’t answer those questions off the top of your head. Not many people can. If you’ve ever been puzzled by questions like those—or if you need to know for a report or research project— you have come to the right place to find the answers. The Kid’s Visual Atlas of the World will take you on a tour of every country in the world. On the one-, two-, or four-page entries within you’ll find charts, tables, photos, maps, graphics, and illustrations that provide you with a complete picture of any country that excites your interest. There are plenty of countries to find out about, too. Every piece of land on Earth, except Antarctica, is part of some country. Today, there are nearly 200 independent countries, each with its own borders, government, name, and flag. Some, such as China or Brazil, are familiar. Others, such as San Marino or Brunei, are perhaps not as well known—except to the people who live there. There are also many territories, possessions, and other areas that are not official countries, but which have their own culture and ways of life. Before you flip ahead and start using this book, however, here are some tips for getting the most from this “world tour.”

6

Average Daily Temperature

2. Skim the country. Look at the color bar at the top of the page. If the color is green, it means the featured country is in Africa. If it is orange, the country is in Europe. Use the color key on the Table of Contents for reference. Skimming pages is like flying over a country. There is a great deal of information about each place on every page. First, look at the flag. Compare it to others you know. Next, look at the area and population rankings on the line graphs. Those will quickly tell you whether you are visiting a large or small country. So will the map. Look at the locator map to see where in the world the country is. Then look at the map of country itself. What countries border it? What are some of the largest cities? Landmarks? Bodies of water? Go on to the climate chart on the lower 15 in/38 cm 100˚F/38˚C left of the opening page (see right). By 12 in/30 cm 80˚F/27˚C looking at the red line you can tell which 9 in/23 cm 60˚F/16˚C months are hot and which are cold. (The 6 in/15 cm 40˚F/4˚C 3 in/8 cm 20˚F/-7˚C months are abbreviated with letters along 0 in/0 cm 0˚F/-18˚C the bottom of the graph.) By looking at the J F M A M J J A S O N D Temperature and rainfall blue bars, you can tell how much rain falls each month. Now look at the pie graphs to learn about the people, religion, exports, land, and government of the country. You should be able to see, at first glance, what the largest ethnic group is. Or which export is the most important. Finish by looking at the photos. These will show you something about the land and the people. By now, you should have a good idea where you are going. Other 11% Garments 9% Marine products 10% Re-exports 12%

Raw sugar 30% Bananas 14% Orange concentrate 14%

Exports

Romansch 1% Italian 10% French 18%

Other 6%

Other Protestant 6%

Average Rainfall

1. Plan your ‘trip.’ You wouldn’t go on a real trip without investigating your destination, right? The same holds true here. Before you look up an entry ask yourself: What do I know about this country? Make a mental note of what you think the climate, the people, and the government may be like. Then ask yourself: What do I want to know about this country? That way, you’ll know what to look for when you “land” on the page.

Other 4%

Baptist 10% German 65%

Ethnic Makeup

Roman Catholic 80%

Major Religions

$166 million

7

3. Read About the Place and the People. Begin by reading the “At a Glance” box at the top left of the opening page. It will be like stepping out of the plane onto the soil of your country. Next, At a Glance read the description of the country. What Official Name: Republic of type of landscapes does it have? What bodCosta Rica Continent: North (Central) America ies of water? Large cities? Ports? Continue Area: 19,730 square miles your tour by reading about the people. (51,100 sq km) Compare their lives to yours. How are they Population: 3,674,490 Capital City: San Jose alike? How are they different? In larger Largest City: San Jose (318,765) countries, you may find more information Unit of Money: Costa Rican colon Major Language: Spanish (official) about education and culture. Compare it to Literacy: 93% your own. Would you want to go to school Land Use: 6% arable, 7% crops, there? What would you do for fun? 45% meadow, 34% forest, 8% other Natural Resources: Hydropower potential

4. Review your “visit.” On the last day of a Government: Democratic republic Defense: No armed forces trip, you always think back to the people and places you’ve seen. It’s the same here. Go back to the map, charts, or photos once again. What did you learn about the country? Think of four of five facts to share about the place you have just visited. If you want to learn more, go to the For Further Information section that begins on page 346. There, you’ll find listings of Web sites, books, videos, and other tools to help you gather even more knowledge. Now that you know how to use this atlas, you’re ready to take off. Have a great trip!

Atlas Terms archipelago a chain of islands atoll a low island made of coral reefs ethnic makeup the race or national origin of a country’s population exports goods sold to other countries gulf a part of an ocean or seas extending into the land, larger than a bay life expectancy the average number of years people in a country live literate able to read and write mountain chain a row of mountains joined together, also called a range

8

permanent pastures used for the commercial raising of livestock plains a large area of land that is flat or gently rolling population density the number of people living within a given area rural having to do with the countryside savanna an area with thick grasslands and short trees territory a geographic region, such as a colony, that is under the control of an external government tundra a region in which small ground plants cover frozen ground urban having to do with cities

All About Maps People have used maps since they first marked territory or traveled from one location to another. In prehistoric times, people drew maps on cave walls in Europe. The early Inuit in North America carved maps of coastlines into ivory walrus tusks. The oldest known map comes from an ancient settlement in what is now Ukraine. That map, made about 13,000 B.C.E., was engraved on ivory. It shows the location of someone’s property, marked in a river valley between two mountain ranges. Maps were common in ancient Greece, and for more than 1,500 years, Greece was the center of geographic studies and cartography (the science of mapmaking) . Greek cartographers combined exploration with their knowledge of mathematics and astronomy to create N

Scale

ARCTIC OCEAN

1,000 km miles

0

S

1,000

Bering Sea

Key

Aral Sea

Se a

Sea of Japan

Arabian Sea

Bay of Bengal

Ch in a

Sea an

spi Ca

• A map key or legend explains the information shown on a map. This information is the key to understanding the map. A key may include symbols, boundary markers, color graphs, and a scale bar.

0

E

PA C I F I C OCEAN

So ut h

Parts of a Map

W

• The scale bar shows how much smaller the map is than the real area it represents. It uses inches to represent miles or centimeters to represent kilometers. INDIAN OCEAN

Coal Petroleum Iron ore Tin Copper Lead Manganese Phosphate rock Zinc Chromite Nickel Tungsten Gold

• The compass rose is a group of direction arrows. The letters on a compass rose are N for north, S for south, E for east, and W for west. North on a map always points toward the North Pole. • The locator is a world or regional map inset on certain maps to show where that place is located in relation to a larger area. • A map index in an atlas is an alphabetical listing of the places that appear on the maps. Each place has a letter-number locator and the page number on which it appears. The letter-number grid appears on the map, and forms a border around a map. The maps in this book do not have map indexes or locator grids.

9

Kinds of Maps Maps are very useful tools. They give an idea of where things are in relation to one another. Here are the different types of maps you can find to fit your needs. Globes The most accurate representation of Earth is a circular model of the planet. One disadvantage of globes is that only half of Earth can be seen at one time. Globes aren’t easily portable either. Flat maps These maps are called projections. A map projection is a way of showing the round Earth on a flat surface. The most common map projections are Robinson, Mercator, and Molleweid. Mercator On this kind of map, lines of longitude are evenly spaced vertical lines. Lines of latitude are parallel horizontal straight lines spaced farther and farther apart as they move away from the equator. This projection is often used for navigation charts to plot a straight course. It is less practical for world maps because the scale does not accurately show the size of landmasses in relation to one another. Political Maps A political map shows political units, such as countries, states, and cities, and their boundaries. Political maps change as countries expand, diminish, alter borders, or change their names. A collection of political maps can be found on pages 16–23. Physical maps These are also called topographical maps. Topography is a word for the physical features of Earth’s surface as shown in maps. Physical maps show topography, such as mountains, rivers, and lakes. These maps can also show land elevation and ocean depth. Contours, which appear on physical maps, are lines that connect all points of land with equal elevation in the area shown. Reliefs are the differences in elevation or heights of landforms as shown on physical maps. A collection of topographical maps can be found on pages 24–31.

10

world maps. The Greeks were among the few people in the ancient world who believed the world was round. In 200 B.C.E., the Greek mathematician, Erasthones, calculated that Earth's circumference measured 25,000 miles (40,233 kilometers). Centuries later, more advanced calculations showed that he was off by only 340 miles (547 kilometers). In 150 C.E., during the time of the Roman Empire, the Greek cartographer Ptolemy wrote an eight-volume work called Geography. This collection of 27 maps was the first published work ever to use a grid system of longitude and latitude for locating places throughout the known world. Ptolemy also felt that maps should accurately show the sizes of different regions in relation to one another. He did this by showing a world map “overview” and then

Thematic Maps Thematic maps provide information about a specific topic, such as weather. Many different types of weather can be plotted on a map, including climate, wind currents, or temperatures. Another example of a thematic map is a historical map that gives information about events that took place in a certain location. A map of the United States that shows the locations and dates of the major battles of the Civil War is one example of a thematic map. A world map showing the locations of the greatest number of oil wells would be an example of a resources thematic map. A collection of thematic maps can be found on pages 32–39.

More About Thematic Maps Mapping Medical Mysteries In 1854, a doctor named John Snow tried to find the source of an outbreak of deadly cholera disease in London. He drew a thematic map of London. A dot marked the site of each death from the disease, and a cross marked the site of each water pump. When the map was complete, the answer was clear—people who drank from a pump on Broad Street were the people who contracted the disease. Cracking Cases with Computers Police in large U.S. cities often uses thematic maps in their efforts to solve crimes. Using a system called Comstat—short for “computer statistics”—and a computer-drawn map, law enforcement officials can plot crime locations and analyze the results to track down criminals.

11

a series of regional maps that could be larger or smaller depending on the area. Amazingly, that is the way atlases are still structured today, almost 2,000 years later. As important as Ptolemy's work was, he made several mistakes that would affect exploration and mapmaking for more than 1,000 years. Because Asia had not been explored, he guessed at its size and made it much larger than it actually is. Ptolemy also made a mistake in calculating the size of Earth. As a result, his world maps showed the western edge of Europe only a small ocean away from the eastern edge of China. No one knew that two more continents—North and South America—as well as the immense Pacific Ocean lay between Europe and Asia. This misconception is what led Columbus to believe he had landed in Asia when he stepped ashore in the “New World” in 1492. During the Middle Ages, from 400-1450 C.E., maps such as Ptolemy’s were preserved by Arabs, who explored much of Asia and Africa. As the Middle Ages ended, Europeans rediscovered the maps, and the age of European exploration began. The voyages of Columbus, Magellan, and many other European explorers led to new and more accurate maps of Earth.

Longitude and Latitude

100° 160° 60°

On the vast ocean there is no way to tell your position by looking for land—it’s too far away to be seen. Using a system of imaginary lines that divides Earth into sections, however, allows any point on the planet to be located. Tropic of Cancer Every point is expressed in degrees. In order to find absolute locations, degrees are divided into minutes (') and seconds ("). There are 60 minutes in each degree and E Q UATO R 60 seconds in each minute. Lines of longitude are called meridians. In the second Tropic of C apricorn century C.E., Greek cartographer Ptolemy set zero degree longitude through the Canary Islands off the West Coast of Africa. This mark, called the prime meridian, was moved many times over the centuries. Finally, an international conference set it at Greenwich, England, in 1884. All measurements of longitude are expressed as west or east of the prime meridian. Lines of latitude are called parallels. They are horizontal lines that are used to measure distance in degrees north and south of the equator, which is at zero degrees latitude. The North Pole is 90 degrees north and the South Pole is 90 degrees south. There are about 17 parallels of latitude. Degrees of latitude are about 69 miles (111 km) apart. 80°

180°

40°

160° 140°

20°

60°

120°

0°

20°

100°

80°

40°

20°

0°

20°

40°

60°

12

60°

40°

Famous Lines of Latitude • The equator circles Earth halfway between the North and South poles, dividing the planet into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. At the equator there is no twilight. When the sun goes down, the darkness of night abruptly takes over. • The Antarctic Circle is a parallel of latitude at 60 degrees, 30 minutes south. It is the southernmost point at which the sun can be seen at the summer solstice on June 22. • The Arctic Circle is the parallel of latitude at 66 degrees, 30 minutes north. It is the northernmost point at which the sun can be seen at the winter solstice on December 22. • The Tropic of Cancer is a parallel of latitude 23 degrees, 27 minutes north of the equator. It is the northern boundary of the Torrid Zone, the most northerly latitude at which the sun can shine directly overhead. • The Tropic of Capricorn is a parallel of latitude at 23 degrees, 27 minutes south of the equator. It is the southern boundary of the Torrid Zone, the most southerly latitude at which the sun can shine directly overhead. • The Horse Latitudes are areas on the Atlantic Ocean at about 30 degrees north and south of the equator. These open ocean areas are known for the low pressure and long windless periods known as calms. These latitudes were named during the days when explorers first sailed from Europe to North and South America. Ships could be stranded World Wise for weeks in these areas without wind. To The zero degree lines of lighten the load and make the ships move latitude and longitude intersect more easily when a breeze arose, horses were off the West Coast of Africa. often thrown overboard.

13

The first published collections of maps appeared in the mid-1500s. These books did not have the word atlas in their titles, but many volumes used the word because they contained an illustration of Atlas—the giant from Greek mythology who held the world on his shoulders. In 1585, cartographer Gerardus Mercator of Belgium published the first book that was actually called an atlas. Mercator is most famous, however, for the type of maps he drew. He laid out his maps in rectangles so that the lines of latitude and longitude formed a grid. Prior to Mercator, maps were drawn in ovals with curved lines of longitude and latitude. Mercator's map was valuable to sailors because it allowed them to plot straight-line courses across the ocean. The Mercator projection is the most widely used map projection today. As exploration continued into the 1700s, new techniques and tools were developed for surveying land, which in turn led to more accurate maps. By measuring angles and distances between points, surveyors were able to learn the shape, size, and position of an area. The new developments in surveying helped to establish boundaries of newly explored areas. And, for some explorers who were trained in surveying, mapmaking became a much more accurate activity. It wasn’t until 1784, just after the American Revolution, that an American made the first Before Mercator, maps were drawn in ovals, with curved lines of latitude and longitude.

14

Map of the world drawn in a Mercator projection, 1630

map of America. Abel Buell of Connecticut created a map of the new United States that extended as far west as the Mississippi River. The Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1804–1806 was the first U.S. expedition to venture into lands west of the Mississippi. During the 28-month journey, both explorers made hundreds of sketches. In 1814, Clark published a map of the region—the first map of the eastern and western areas of the United States. In the late 19th century, new methods of travel—the train and later the automobile— created a booming new market for mapmakers and map publishers. Some of the first published maps, prepared by Rand McNally & Company in the 1870s, showed railroad lines in the Midwest. With the arrival of the automobile in the early 1900s, maps became more popular than ever. In 1917, Rand McNally published the first road maps that used numbers to identify highways. Cartography has come a long way since the days of marking property boundaries on a clay disk. And in the past century, change has come more rapidly than ever before. Satellites and computers now allow cartographers to create accurate and detailed maps more easily and quickly than has ever been possible. As much as cartography has changed, however, the reason for mapmaking is the same as it always had been. As long as we remain curious about our world and our place within it, we will need maps to show us where we are going and where we have been.

15

ARCTIC OCEAN ARCTIC OCEAN

GREENLAND U.S.A. (Alaska)

ICELAND

CANADA

NORWAY

DENMARK

IRELAND

UNITED KINGDOM 1 GERM 2

3

16

PA C I F I C O C E A N

PORTUGAL

FRANCE 4 ITAL 14

15

SPAIN UNITED STATES MOROCCO AT L A N T I C O C E A N

THE BAHAMAS CUBA

MEXICO

HAITI DOMINICAN REPUPLIC JAMAICA 35 BELIZE PUERTO 36 37 HONDURAS RICO 38 40 39 NICARAGUA

U.S.A. (Hawaii)

GUATEMALA EL SALVADOR COSTA RICA PANAMA

41

TRINIDAD & TOBAGO VENEZUELA GUYANA SURINAME FRENCH GUIANA COLOMBIA

ECUADOR KIRIBATI

ALGERIA WESTERN SAHARA

SENEGAL

MAURITANIA MALI

GAMBIA GUINEABISSAU GUINEA SIERRA LEONE LIBERIA CAPE VERDE ISLANDS

NIGE

28 29

30

32 NIGERIA 31 33 34

SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE GABON CONGO

BRAZIL PERU BOLIVIA


CHILE

PARAGUAY AT L A N T I C O C E A N

ARGENTINA

URUGUAY

Key to numbered countries 28. BURKINA FASO

1. NETHERLANDS

14. ANDORRA

2. BELGIUM

15. MONACO

29. CÔTE D'IVOIRE

3. LUXEMBOURG

16. LIECHTENSTEIN

30. GHANA

4. SWITZERLAND

17. MALTA

31. TOGO

5. CROATIA

18. SAN MARINO

32. BENIN

6. SLOVENIA

19. HOLY SEE

33. CAMEROON

7. SLOVAKIA

20. AUSTRIA

34. EQUATORIAL GUINEA

8. CZECH REPUBLIC

21. HUNGARY

35. ANTIGUA & BARBUDA

9. MOLDOVA

22. ARMENIA

36. ST. KITTS-NEVIS

10. BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA

23. AZERBAIJAN

37. DOMINICA

11. ALBANIA

24. LEBANON

38. ST. LUCIA

12. MACEDONIA

25. CYPRUS

39. BARBADOS

13. YUGOSLAVIA (SERBIA

26. RWANDA

40. ST. VINCENT &

& MONTENEGRO)

27. BURUNDI

THE GRENADINES 41. GRENADA

0

1,500 km

16

0

miles

Scale at the Equator

1,500

FALKLAND ISLANDS

SWEDEN

FINLAND

Y ESTONIA RUSSIA

LATVIA


LITHUANIA POLAND BELARUS

MANY

8 UKRAINE 7 20 9 21 65 ROMANIA LY 10 18 13

KAZAKHSTAN

6

BULGARIA

19

TUNISIA

TURKMENISTAN

TURKEY 25 24

ISRAEL

LIBYA

EGYPT

BHUTAN

KUWAIT BAHRAIN

QATAR

PAKISTAN

NEPAL

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES OMAN

THAILAND CAMBODIA SRI LANKA

ETHIOPIA

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

UGANDA KENYA DEMOCRATIC 26 REPUBLIC 27 OF CONGO TANZANIA

TAIWAN

BANGLADESH

DJIBOUTI

A

MYANMAR

INDIA

YEMEN

SUDAN

JAPAN

SOUTH KOREA

AFGHANISTAN

IRAN

ER

O

NORTH KOREA

TAJIKISTAN CHINA

SYRIA IRAQ JORDAN

SAUDI ARABIA ERITREA CHAD

KYRGYZSTAN

22 23

GREECE

UZBEKISTAN

GEORGIA

12 11

17

MONGOLIA

SOMALIA

MALDIVES

LAOS VIETNAM BRUNEI

MARSHALL ISLANDS

PHILIPPINES PALAU

MICRONESIA

MALAYSIA

NAURU

SINGAPORE NEW GUINEA SEYCHELLES

INDIAN OCEAN

SOLOMON PAPUA NEW GUINEA ISLANDS

INDONESIA

TUVALU WESTERN SAMOA

COMOROS ANGOLA NAMIBIA

ZAMBIA

MALAWI

ZIMBABWE

VANUATU

BOTSWANA MOZAMBIQUE

TONGA

FIJI

MADAGASCAR MAURITIUS

NEW CALEDONIA AUSTRALIA

SWAZILAND LESOTHO SOUTH AFRICA

NEW ZEALAND

Political Map of the World

N W

E S

ANTARCTICA

17

ARCTIC OCEAN

Political Map:

Countries of Europe

NO

RW

AY

FI

SW

NL

ED

AN

D

EN

ICELAND

ESTONIA

AT L A N T I C OCEAN

Baltic Sea

UNITED K I N G D O M North Sea

L AT V I A

DENMARK

LITHUANIA

BELARUS

IRELAND 1

POLAND

GERMANY

2 8 3

AUSTRIA 6 I T A LY 15

5 10

ROMANIA 13

11

Sea

PORTUGAL

GREECE

17

Mediterranean Sea

Key 1. NETHERLANDS

11. ALBANIA

2. BELGIUM

12. MACEDONIA

3. LUXEMBOURG

13. YUGOSLAVIA (SERBIA

4. SWITZERLAND

& MONTENEGRO) 14. ANDORRA 6. SLOVENIA 15. MONACO 7. SLOVAKIA 16. LIECHTENSTEIN 8. CZECH REPUBLIC 17. MALTA 9. MOLDOVA 18. SAN MARINO BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA 19. HOLY SEE 10. 5. CROATIA

18

0

miles

1,000

Sea

1,000 km

Red

0

an

14 S PA I N

B U L G A R I A T U R K E Y Black Sea (partial) 12

spi

19

Ca

18

9

HUNGARY

4

FRANCE

UKRAINE

7

16

AT L A N T I C OCEAN Mediterranean Sea

TUNISIA

MOROCCO

ALGERIA LIBYA

EGYPT

WESTERN SAHARA

d

Re

MALI

Se

MAURITANIA

a

NIGER

GAMBIA GUINEABISSAU

ERITREA

CHAD

SENEGAL

SUDAN

BURKINA FASO

GUINEA

DJIBOUTI

BENIN

SIERRA LEONE

CÔTE D'IVOIRE (IVORY COAST)

SOMALIA

NIGERIA

GHANA

ETHIOPIA CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

LIBERIA

CAMEROON

TOGO

UGANDA

EQUATORIAL GUINEA SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE

CONGO GABON

KENYA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO (ZAIRE)

RWANDA

INDIAN OCEAN

BURUNDI

Cabinda (ANGOLA)


TANZANIA

COMOROS

MALAWI ANGOLA

MOZAMBIQUE ZAMBIA

ZIMBABWE

N

MADAGASCAR

NAMIBIA

W

BOTSWANA

E SOUTH AFRICA (Walvis Bay)

S

SWAZILAND 1,000

0

SOUTH AFRICA

km 0

miles

LESOTHO

1,000

Scale

Political Map:

Countries of Africa 19

ARCTIC OCEAN


RUSSIA

Bering Sea

Black Sea ARMENIA TURKEY CYPRUS LEBANON ISRAEL JORDAN

Sea an spi Ca

GEORGIA

TU

Aral Sea UZ BE K

RK

M

EN

AZERBAIJAN

SYRIA

IRAN

IRAQ

K A Z A K H S TA N MONGOLIA

IS IS

TA TA

N

TA J I K I S TA N CHINA N E PA L

ea dS Re

YEMEN

SOUTH KOREA

N

A F G H A N I S TA N

KUWAIT BAHRAIN SAUDI ARABIA

N O R T H Sea of K O R E A Japan

K Y R G Y Z S TA N

PA K I S TA N

PA C I F I C OCEAN

B H U TA N BANGLADESH TA I W A N

INDIA M YA N M A R

U.A.E. OMAN Q ATA R

J A PA N

Bay of Bengal

Arabian Sea

THAILAND

LAOS PHILIPPINES South China Sea VIETNAM

CAMBODIA MALDIVES SRI LANKA

BRUNEI M A L AY S I A

SINGAPORE SUMATRA

BORNEO CELEBES JAVA

INDONESIA

INDIAN OCEAN

0

1,000 km miles

0

1,000

Political Map:

Countries of Asia 20

NEW GUINEA

1,000

0 km

miles

0

1,000

MARSHALL ISLANDS

PA L A U

PA C I F I C OCEAN

PA P U A NEW GUINEA

NAURU

Arafura Sea

MICRONESIA

Timor Sea

T U VA L U SOLOMON ISLANDS

rie ar at B

INDIAN OCEAN

G re

Gulf of Carpentaria

Coral Sea

rR ee

Northern Territory

VA N U AT U

FIJI

f TONGA Queensland

AUSTRALIA Western Australia

NEW CALEDONIA South Australia New South Wales

Gr

eat Aust

PA C I F I C OCEAN

Australian Capital Territory

ra

li

an

Area of Detail Victoria

B

ig

h

Tasman Sea

t TASMANIA

North Island South Island

NEW ZEALAND New South Wales

INDIAN OCEAN

Stewart Island

Australian Capital Territory

Victoria

Political Map:

Countries of Oceania 21

Political Map:

Countries of North America

0

1,000

km miles

0

1,000

Scale ARCTIC OCEAN

N

GREENLAND

W Beaufort Sea

Baffin Bay

AK

E S

Greenland Sea

Bering Sea

Yukon Territory

Gulf of Alaska

Nunavut

Northwest Territories

Labrador Sea

Hudson Bay CANADA

British Columbia Alberta

Newfoundland

Manitoba

Newfoundland Island Prince Edward Island

Quebec Saskatchewan

Ontario

WA MT

PA C I F I C OCEAN

OR

ID SD WY

IA

NE

IN

IL

UT

CA

ME

Lake Lake Huron Lake WI Michigan Ontario NY MI Lake Erie PA

MN

Great Salt Lake

NV HI

Lake Superior

ND

OH

U N I T E D S TAT E S

CO

OK

NM

MA RI

NJ

VA


NC SC

AR AL

MS 1

CT

KY TN

AZ

NH

DE MD

WV

MO

KS

VT

Nova Scotia New Brunswick

GA

LA

TX 3

FL

4 5 2

6

BAHAMAS

MEXICO

Gulf of Mexico

8

7 9

11

Gulf of California 10

14 13 18

Mexican States 1. Baja California 2. Baja California Sur 3. Sonora 4. Chihuahua 5. Coahuila 6. Sinaloa 7. Durango 8. Nuevo León 9. Tamaulipas 10. Nayarit 11. Zacatecas 12. San Luis Potosi 13. Jalisco 14. Aguascalientes 15. Guanajuato 16. Querétaro

22

17. Hildago 18. Colima 19. Michoacán 20. México 21. Distrito Federal 22. Tlaxcala 23. Veracruz 24. Guerrero 25. Morelos 26. Puebla 27. Oaxaca 28. Tabasco 29. Chiapas 30. Campeche 31. Yucatán 32. Quintana Roo

CUBA

12 15 16 17

19

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

31

HAITI

32

21 22 20 25 26

30 23

28

BELIZE

24 27

JAMAICA

29

HONDURAS GUATEMALA EL SALVADOR COSTA RICA

Caribbean Sea NICARAGUA PANAMA

Puerto Rico

ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA

ST. KITTS AND NEVIS DOMINICA ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES GRENADA

ST. LUCIA BARBADOS

Caribbean Sea

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

VENEZUELA

SURINAME G U YA N A FRENCH GUIANA

COLOMBIA

ECUADOR

PERU BRAZIL

BOLIVIA

PA C I F I C OCEAN

PA R A G U AY CHILE

AT L A N T I C OCEAN U R U G U AY ARGENTINA

N W

E S

0

Political Map:

Countries of South America

1,000 km

0

miles

Scale

1,000

FALKLAND ISLANDS

23

PA C I F I C OCEAN ARCTIC OCEAN

N O RT H AMERICA AT L A N T I C OCEAN

PA C I F I C OCEAN

SOUTH AMERICA AT L A N T I C OCEAN

24

ARCTIC OCEAN

ASIA EUROPE

PA C I F I C OCEAN AFRICA

INDIAN OCEAN

AUSTRALIA

Topographical Map of the World

A N TA R C T I C A

25

Barents Sea ICELAND

N W

E S FINLAND SWEDEN

Norwegian Sea N O R W AY

Lake Vänern ESTONIA Baltic Sea North Sea


L AT V I A DENMARK RUSSIA

IRELAND

Europe

BELARUS

UNITED KINGDOM

S L P A Po

Rhon e

Key Douro PORTUGAL

AUSTRIA HUNGARY

SLOVENIA

N

M

TS

ROMANIA

C R O AT I A

.

S PA I N

I T A LY

ALBANIA MACEDONIA

Me

1,000 (305)

GREECE

dit

5,000 (1,524)

err

an

ean

Se

a

10,000 (3,048)

CYPRUS

300 miles/483 km

Scale

Topographical Map:

AN

TA R C T I C C I R C L E

Antarctica

Ross Sea

PA C I F I C OCEAN

Amundsen Sea

Indian Ocean

A N TA R C T I C A South Pole

Key

Bellingshausen Sea

Vinson Massif

Feet (meters) above sea level 20 (6) 1,000 (305)

Prydz Bay Weddell Sea

5,000 (1,524) 10,000 (3,048) 1000 miles/1609 km

Scale


r

M O L D O VA

Danube B O S N I A & Y U G O S L AV I A BULGARIA HERZEGOVINA

20 (6)

26

iep

UKRAINE

CZECH AT REPUBLIC H IA S L O VA K I A

SWITZERLAND

PY R ME NE TS . ES

Dn

RP

FRANCE

Feet (meters) above sea level

O POLAND de CA r

GERMANY

BELGIUM LUXEMBOURGS ein e

e in Rh

Topographical Map:

LITHUANIA

NETHERLANDS

Black Sea


Atla

s

n Mou

tain

s Mediterranean Sea

TUNISIA

MOROCCO ALGERIA LIBYA WESTERN SAHARA

EGYPT

Sahara Desert d Re

MALI

a Se

Nile

MAURITANIA

NIGER SENEGAL

e Ni g

GAMBIA

r

Lake Chad

ERITREA

CHAD SUDAN

BURKINA FASO GUINEA BISSAU

GUINEA

DJIBOUTI

BENIN

NIGERIA

GHANA

SIERRA LEONE

Lake Assal

CÔTE D'IVOIRE

LIBERIA

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC TOGO

CAMEROON

Congo-Zai re

EQUATORIAL GUINEA


SOMALIA

ETHIOPIA

UGANDA KENYA

CONGO

SÃO TOMÉ & PRÍNCIPE

RWANDA

GABON DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)

Cabinda (ANGOLA)

BURUNDI

Lake Mt. Kenya Victoria

Mt. Kilimanjaro

Topographical Map:

COMOROS ISLANDS

Lake Malawi

ANGOLA

Africa

INDIAN OCEAN

Lake TANZANIA Tanganika

MOZAMBIQUE

MALAWI ZAMBIA

Na

ZIMBABWE NAMIBIA

m

Key

ib

Desert


20 (6)

BOTSWANA

Kalahari Desert

1,000 (305)

MADAGASCAR

SWAZILAND SOUTH AFRICA

5,000 (1,524)

LESOTHO

10,000 (3,048)

N W

500 miles/805 km

E

Cape of Good Hope

Scale

S

27

ARCTIC OCEAN

n

ea ran ter edi Sea

M

Black Sea TURKEY

Bering Sea

CYPRUS

JORDAN

ia

n

Se

a

SYRIA

sp

IRAQ

Ca

SAUDI ARABIA

Persian Gulf

Aral Sea

K A Z A K H S TA N

RUSSIA

a Len

Sea of Okhotsk

Ob

T U R K M E N I S TA N

IRAN

Lake Balkash

Lake Baikal

K Y R G Y Z S TA N

Amur

MONGOLIA

U.A.E.

A F G H A N I S TA N

YEMEN

KARAKORAM RANGE Godwin Austen

s

du

In

HIM

Gan

A

M

INDIA N E PA L

O

UN

TA

CHINA

IN

S

gt Yan

Brahmaputra dy

Mt. Everest

East China Sea

ze

aw

ad

PA C I F I C OCEAN

Ir

B H U TA N

TA I W A N

BANGLADESH

g on

ek

M

Bay of Bengal M Y A N M A R SRI LANKA

THAILAND

South China L A O S Sea

PHILIPPINES

VIETNAM CAMBODIA BRUNEI M A L AY S I A

Key Feet (meters) above sea level

SINGAPORE

INDIAN OCEAN

INDONESIA

20 (6)

N

1,000 (305)

W 5,000 (1,524) 10,000 (3,048) 1000 miles/1609 km

Scale

28

Topographical Map:

Asia

J A PA N

S. KOREA

AY

Arabian Sea

N. KOREA

AL

PA K I S TA N

Sea of Japan

ang Ho

ges

OMAN

Hu

Q ATA R

U Z B E K I S TA N

TA J I K I S TA N

KUWAIT

BAHRAIN

Yenisey

GEORGIA ARMENIA I S R A E LA Z E R B A I J A N

E S

PACIFIC OCEAN

PAPUA NEW GUINEA SOLOMON ISLANDS

Arafura Sea

Gulf of Carpentaria

Timor Sea

Cape Yo rk Coral Sea Peninsula G rea tB

G R E AT S A N D Y D E S E RT

N

PACIFIC OCEAN

LP

S

HLANDS

Lake Eyre

IG

L LOWLANDS

H

RA

ER

ef Re

NT

AUSTRALIA

G R E AT VICTORIA D E S E RT

ST

FIJI

NEW CALEDONIA

r rie ar

EA

CE

WESTERN P L AT E A U

VANUATU

A

N

A

Great Australian Bight A

INDIAN OCEAN

T U S

RA

LI

Mt . Kos cius k o

NORTH ISLAND

NEW ZEALAND

Bass Strait

Tasman Sea

Southern Alps

Tasmania

Mt. Cook

SOUTH ISLAND

S ut he r la nd F a lls STEWART ISLAND


N W

E

20 (6) S

1,000 (305) 5,000 (1,524) 10,000 (3,048)

Topographical Map:

500 miles/805 km

Oceania

Scale

29

ARCTIC OCEAN Bering Sea

Y

uk

GREENLAND

Beaufort Sea

Alaska

Baffin Bay

on

Greenland Sea M t. McKinley ( Denali)

Great Bear Lake

C

Gulf of Alaska

R

A

Great Slave Lake

O

Labrador Sea

N

C

Lake Athabasca

D

Fra

K

ser

A

Hudson Bay

Y A

S

ppi ssi

N

La k e E

T

ATLANTIC OCEAN

M

O

do ra

A

N

Ohio

A

C olo

S

Lake Ontario rie

IN

Lake Huron

TA

iss i

UN

M

ga n

Lake Superior

U Great Salt Lake

E

I

H

Lake Mi ch i

O

Miss our i

Gulf of St. Lawrence

L

N

M

Mt. St. Helens

D

CANADA

I Lake Winnipeg

UNITED STATES

Death Valley

I N

P AP

AL

A

CH

I

N W

E

S

PACIFIC OCEAN

Gr de

BAHAMAS

Gulf of Mexico

MA DR

ia

n for

MEXICO

an

ali

fC

RRA

lf o

SIE

o Ri

Gu

S

E

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

IE NT

Y U CATA N PEN IN SU LA BELIZE

AL


OR

Key

CUBA JAMAICA HONDURAS

20 (6) 1,000 (305)

GUATEMALA EL SALVADOR

5,000 (1,524)

COSTA RICA

10,000 (3,048)

500 miles/805 km

Scale

Topographical Map:

North America 30

NICARAGUA PANAMA

HAITI

Caribbean Sea

PUERTO RICO

Caribbean Sea

Or ino c

VENEZUELA

N

o

GUYANA

W

SURINAME

G

COLOMBIA

H

I

G

U

I

H

A L

N A

FRENCH GUIANA

A N

E

D

S

S

ECUADOR on Am az

PERU

BRAZIL

A

N

D

E

Lake

B

Titicaca S M A

BOLIVIA

H

R I

A G

Z H

I

L

I

L

A

N

A

N

D

S

TA

Pa ran á ra

g u a y.

PARAGUAY

Pa

T

OCEAN

A I N N T S

ER A DES

PACIFIC

U

CA M

O

uguay Ur ATLANTIC M t . Ac onc agua

OCEAN

ARGENTINA URUGUAY

P A

M P

A

Rio de la Plata

CHILE


20 (6) 1,000 (305) Vald es Pen in su la

5,000 (1,524) 10,000 (3,048) 500 miles/805 km

Scale FALKLAND ISLANDS SOUTH GEORGIA

Topographical Map:

Cape Hor n

South America 31

GREENLAND

ASIA RUSSIA EUROPE CANADA

NORTH AMERICA


ISRAEL

INDIA PA C I F I C OCEAN

AFRICA

Key

SOUTH AMERICA

INDIAN OCEAN

Gregorian

PA C I F I C OCEAN

Hebrew AUSTRALIA Muslim Hindu

Calendars of the World

Mixed

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM noon PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM

• St. Petersburg • Moscow

• Madrid

• New York City

Los Angeles •

• Beijing • Cairo

Caracas •

DATELINE

INTERNATIONAL

• Lagos • Jakarta PRIME MERIDIAN

Rio de Janeiro •

DATELINE

-11 -10 -9

32

• Calcutta

Mexico City •

Buenos Aires •

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

INTERNATIONAL

• London • Paris

• Johannesburg

• Sydney

International Time Zones +1 +2

+3

+4

+5

+6

+7

+8

+9 +10 +11 +12/-12

Religions of the World

Key Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox Protestant Mormon Mixed Christian

Jewish Sunni Muslim Shiite Muslim Hindu Buddhist

Buddhist and Shintoist Buddhist, Confucianist, Taoist Native Information unavailable

Key Indo-European Dravidian Uralic Altaic Afro-Asiatic Niger-Congo Nilo-Saharan Austro-Asian Sino-Tibetan Austronesian Korean Japanese Australian Aborigine Other groups Information unavailable

Languages of the World

33

N O R W AY kroner

FINLAND markka

ICELAND THE krona NETHERLANDS guilder G R E AT SWEDEN krona B R I TA I N pound DENMARK krone GERMANY POLAND Deutsche zloty mark FRANCE franc I T A LY PORTUGAL JORDAN S P A I N lira escudo dinar peseta GREECE ISRAEL M O R O C C O AT L A N T I C drachma new shekel dirham ALGERIA OCEAN SAUDI HAITI dinar gourde ARABIA riyal

CANADA dollar

U N I T E D S TAT E S dollar

MEXICO new peso

VENEZUELA bolivar

PERU

nuevo sol

BRAZIL cruzeiro

PA C I F I C OCEAN CHILE peso

ARGENTINA new peso

RUSSIA ruble

MONGOLIA tugrik SOUTH KOREA CHINA won yuan INDIA rupee

ETHIOPIA D E M O C R AT I C birr REPUBLIC GHANA new cedi O F T H E C O N G O S O M A L I A new zaire Somali shilling ZAMBIA kwacha

THAILAND baht

LAOS new kip

INDIAN OCEAN

SOUTH AFRICA rand

Key Defense budget as a percentage of the total economy

More than 15% 6–15%

Less than 2%

34

PA C I F I C OCEAN

M A L AY S I A ringgit

AUSTRALIA dollar

Selected Countries and Currencies

3–5.9% 2–2.9%

J A PA N yen

Defense Budget

Key Inhabitants per square mile

Inhabitants per square kilometer

Under 2

Under 1

2–25

1–10

25–60

10–25

60–125

25–50

125–250

50–100

Over 250

Over 100

World Population Density

Key Decrease 0–1% 1–2% 2–3% >3%

World Annual Average Population Growth

(Does not include effects of migration)

35

ARCTIC OCEAN Barents Sea Norwegian Sea Labrador Sea

NORTH PA C I F I C OCEAN

North Sea

NORTH AT L A N T I C OCEAN

Baltic Sea

Black Sea Mediterranean Sea

Sea of Okhotsk

Caspian Sea

Caribbean Sea Arabian Sea

SOUTH PA C I F I C OCEAN

SOUTH AT L A N T I C OCEAN

Sea of Japan

Aral Sea

South China Sea

INDIAN OCEAN

Bering Sea

NORTH PA C I F I C OCEAN

Philippine Sea

Coral Sea

Tasman Sea

Oceans of the World Weddell Sea Ross Sea

Key Tropical wet Tropical dry Semi-arid Arid Marine west coast Mediterranean Humid sub-tropical Warm summer Cool summer Sub-arctic Tundra Ice cap Highland Upland

36

World Climate Zones

Key Ocean Tundra, ice Taiga Temperate forest Grassland Rain forest Desert Chaparral

World Biomes

GREENLAND

Key Trade winds Currents w est e rli e s

NORTH

s

NORTH PA C I F I C horse latitudes OCEAN Kuroshio

ad

a tr

n ort h

doldrums

tr

AFRICA

rre

nt

southe ast

SOUTH AT L A N T I C OCEAN

westerlies

Trade Winds and Currents

Cu

t horse latitudes

ds

Fal kla nd

INDIAN OCEAN S o ut h Equatoria l Current

Ag

a ulh

southeast trad ew in

horse latitudes

s wind de tra t s ea th or

AUSTRALIA

ds

u C u r r e nt

SOUTH AMERICA

trade win

s ind

OCEAN

Per

w

SOUTH

P A C I F I C horse latitudes

st

Equatorial Countercurrent doldrums

South Equatorial Current southeast tra de

ea

n

wi

t

ASIA

in d

Gu

nds

eam Str lf horse latitudes

de

as

w est e rli e s

NORTH AT L A N T I C OCEAN

AMERICA NORTH PA C I F I C O C E A N horse latitudes

the nor

EUROPE

ew

erlies

Cu rr en

w est

s

horse latitudes SOUTH PA C I F I C OCEAN

w e s t e rli e s

A N TA R C T I C A

37

Selected Endangered Species of the World

ASIA

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

North America

AFRICA

MAMMALS Bear, polar Cougar, Florida Prairie dog, Utah Puma, eastern Wolf, gray Wolf, red

SOUTH AMERICA

BIRDS Albatross, short-tailed Crane, whooping Woodpecker, ivory-billed

Australia MAMMALS Kangaroo, Tasmanian forester Wallaby, bridled

Oceans MAMMALS Whale, blue Whale, humpback

REPTILES Crocodile, American

Asia South America MAMMALS Cat, little-spotted Deer, marsh Monkey, spider Puma, Costa Rican Sloth, maned

BIRDS Condor, Andean Falcon, peregrine Parrot, red-browed REPTILES Crocodile, American

Africa

Europe

MAMMALS Cheetah Chimpanzee, W. African Gorilla, mountain Zebra, Cape mountain

MAMMALS Bear, polar Lynx, Spanish Wolf, gray

MAMMALS Bear, brown Bear, polar Cheetah Dolphin, Chinese river Elephant, Asian Elephant, Indian Leopard, snow

AUSTRALIA

Lion, Asiatic Panda, giant Rhinoceros Tiger Wolf, gray BIRDS Albatross, short-tailed Stork, Oriental REPTILES Python, Indian

Source: Data compiled by World Conservation Monitoring Center

ARCTIC OCEAN

EUROPE Pine marten Chamois White-toothed shrew Greater horseshoe bat Alpine marmot

NORTH AMERICA Bald eagle Chuckwalla Snowshoe hare Mountain beaver American red squirrel

ASIA Giant Panda Sloth bear Hog badger Large Indian civet Leopard cat


PA C I F I C OCEAN

SOUTH AMERICA Capybara Guanaco Common marmoset Patagonian cavy Spectacled bear

PA C I F I C OCEAN

AFRICA Cheetah Giraffe Galago Aardvark Meerkat INDIAN OCEAN

Selected Unique Animals of the World 38

AUSTRALIA Koala Kangaroo Quokka Duckbill platypus Echidna

ARCTIC OCEAN

Bagpipes United Kingdom

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

Cajun/Zydeco Louisiana

Hula Hawaii

Kodo drummers Japan

Balalaika Russia Flamenco Spain

ASIA

Gong Tibet

Salsa Puerto Rico Mariachi Mexico

Reggae Jamaica


PA C I F I C OCEAN

Sitar India

Talking drum West Africa

Gamelan Indonesia

AFRICA

PA C I F I C OCEAN

SOUTH AMERICA

INDIAN OCEAN

Didgeridoo (Aboriginal)

Samba Brazil

AUSTRALIA

Panpipes Peru Mbube South Africa Tango Argentina

Origins of Selected Musical Styles and Instruments

ARCTIC OCEAN

NORTH AMERICA

Niagara Falls Canada/United States

Sears Tower Illinois Grand Canyon Arizona Golden Gate Bridge California Aztec Temple Mexico PA C I F I C OCEAN

Bay of Fundy Canada World Trade Center New York

Red Square Russia

Rock of Gibraltar

Dome of the Rock Parthenon Israel Greece


Angel Falls Venezuela

Mount Fuji Japan

Great Wall China Mount Everest Nepal/Tibet

PA C I F I C OCEAN

Taj Mahal India

Petronas Towers Malaysia

AFRICA

Great Barrier Reef Australia

INDIAN OCEAN

SOUTH AMERICA

Iguazú Falls Brazil/Argentina

ASIA

EUROPE

Coliseum Italy

Great Pyramids Egypt

Panama Canal Panama

Machu Picchu Peru

Stonehenge England

Victoria Falls Zimbabwe

Ayers Rock Australia AUSTRALIA

Selected Wonders and Landmarks Around the World 39

Afghanistan Land area rank

40

smallest country

Population rank

largest country (1)

39

fewest people

BE

ASIA AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

T

K UR

M

EN

IST

TA

AN

N A

M az ar - e S h ar if

iv mu R e r

K

Kabul

H er at

Khyber Pass

er

F ar ah

I S

nd

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C

J F M A M J J A S O N D

0 in/0 cm

Temperature and rainfall

P

S

0

miles km

200

200

the lower section of Afghanistan is Northern Plains and later forms made up mostly of deserts, high part of the border between plateaus, and semidesert regions. Afghanistan and Iran. The Rigestan Desert accounts for Afghan father and son about one-quarter of the land. Some important rivers also run through the country. The Amu River makes up the border between Afghanistan and two of its eastern neighbors— Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The Hari River irrigates the fertile

Cotton 2%

Other 29%

Karakul wool and hides 5% Carpets and rugs 13%

Other 39%

Dried fruit and nuts 51%

Exports $80 million

40

E

Farms / cropland 12%

Average Rainfall

15 in/38 cm


100˚F/38˚C

W

K

Hel

ma

Kan d ah ar

0

Afghanistan is a landlocked country in south central Asia. The Hindu Kush is a very large mountain chain that divides Afghanistan into three regions. The Central Highlands are located in the middle of the country and have an area of about 160,000 square miles (414,400 sq km). They consist mainly of deep valleys and tall mountains. The Northern Plains extend from the northwestern border of Iran to the beginning of the Pamir Mountains near Tajikistan. This region has very rich soil and produces many of the country’s crops. Valuable natural gas and mineral deposits are also located there. The Southwestern Plateau in

N

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iv

A

er

I R A N

N

i Riv

Rigestan D esert

The Place

sh

u nd Hi

A N TA R C T I C A

Har

u

A

Official Name: Islamic EQUATOR State of Afghanistan Continent: Asia Area: 250,000 sq mi. (647,500 sq km) Population: 26,813,057 Capital City: Kabul Largest City: Kabul Unit of Money: Afghani Major Languages: Afghan Persian, Pashtu Natural Resources: Natural gas, crude oil, coal, salt, copper, talc

TAJIKISTAN

KIS

R

At a Glance

CH

UZ

EUROPE NORTH AMERICA

most people (1)

Permanent pastures 46% Forests 3%

Land Use

Afghanistan

(continued)

The People The population and way of life have changed greatly for Afghanis over the last three decades. Because of an ongoing civil war, many people have fled the country or relocated to safer areas. Afghanis are also very young—almost half are Afghan children under 15 years old. The average life span in the country is north of the Hindu Kush mountains. 45 years. Much of Afghanistan’s population There are many different ethnic lives in rural areas. The majority groups living throughout Afghanistan. of these residents are farmers with The Pashtuns are the largest group fairly small plots of land. Afghanis and inhabit the southern and eastern that live in urban areas consist of areas. The Tajiks—who are mostly craftsmen, merchants, and governfarmers and craftspeople—live in the ment workers. The country’s capital northeast and west. The Uzbek farmhouses about one half of the urban ers and the Turkmen herdsmen live population.

Uzbek 5%

Other 3%

Hazara 19%

Pashtun 52%

Tajik 21%

Ethnic Makeup

Other 1% Shi'a Muslim 15%

Sunni Muslim 84%

Major Religions

Education Although elementary education is free and officially required wherever it is offered in Afghanistan, the ongoing civil war disrupts most schooling. Despite these services, however, only about one quarter of the country’s children attend school. Because of this, only about one third of the Afghanistan population is literate. As a result of the civil

Goods Ownership

Literate 32%

per 1,000 people

Literacy U.S. rate = 97%

war, women are no longer given educational opportunities.

Popular Culture/Daily Life In rural areas, Afghanis live in social groups that are similar to tribes. Family structure is very important in the community. People socialize within their community and help each other with chores. Religion is also very important in Afghanistan. About 99% of the population is Muslim. Afghanis celebrate many religious holidays and national feasts with dancing. The country’s national attan dance is well known. Another pastime is the singing of folk music.

NA TVs

2

2

Cars

Phones

NA

NA

VCRs

PCs

Government Type: Transitional government (warring factions) Structure: None Leader: Military leaders

Defense 40,000 army personnel 870 tanks 0 major ships 233 combat aircraft

Afghan bird shop owner

41

Albania Land area rank

146

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

128 most people (1)

fewest people

At a Glance

SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO


ASIA

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Albania Continent: Europe Area: 10,579 square miles (27,400 sq km) Population: 3,510,484 Capital City: Tirane Largest City: Tirane (244,200) Unit of Money: Lek Major Languages: Albanian, Greek Literacy: 72% Land Use: 38% forest, 21% arable, 15% meadows, 5% permanent crops, 21% other Natural Resources: Crude oil, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper Government: Emerging democracy Defense: $50.4 M

Shkodër

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

Adriatic Sea

MACEDONIA Tiranë

Durrës

A N TA R C T I C A

Elbasan

ITALY

GREECE N 0 0

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm


15 in/38 cm

0˚F/-18˚C

J F MA M J J A S O N D

0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall

Albania is a small country on the Balkan Peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. From the edge of its northern border of Serbia and Montenegro (Yugoslavia) to Greece’s border in the south, the country measures about 210 miles (340 km) long. Albania is separated into two main regions—the highlands in the north, south, and east; and the lowlands in the west. In the highlands, the North Albanian Alps reach peaks of up to 8,800 feet (2,700 m). Albania’s highest Albanian farm boy peak—Korab at 9,025 feet (2,751 m)— is in the central uplands. Because of its mountainous terrain, Albania’s average elevation is about twice the average of other European countries. Albania’s lowlands run along the border of the Adriatic Sea and make up about 30% of the country. This section is used to grow the majority of Albania’s crops. 80˚F/27˚C

Manufactured goods Other 14% 15% Crude materials 25%

Exports $228 million

42

miles km

50

W

E S

50

The People

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

Korçë Vlorë

Approximately 95% of the population is ethnic Albanian. About 3% of the people are Greek, and generally live in the southern part of the country. The majority of Albanians work as farmers or in agriculture. Many of the remaining population work in industry. About one-third of the people live in urban areas. Life expectancy in Albania is 69 years. From 1967 to 1990, Albania was considered an atheist country, and all of the mosques were closed. Today, about 70% of the population is Muslim. Traditional dancing is very popular in rural areas. Because of the Islamic influence, men and women usually do not dance together in public. Both modern and traditional art are important to the people of Albania. Folk art—including clothing, wooden items, and woolen rugs—are specialties. Folksongs are also very popular in the country, and are sometimes accompanied by a lute player. Often, musicians will join together to play music for special occasions.

Miscellaneous manufactured articles 46%

Greek 3%

Other 2%

Albanian 95%

Ethnic Makeup

Greek Orthodox 20%

Roman Catholic 10%

Muslim 70%

Major Religions

Algeria Land area rank

10 largest country (1)

smallest country

Population rank

34 most people (1)

fewest people

Mediterranean Sea

S P A I N

At a Glance Official Name: Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria Continent: Africa EQUATOR Area: 919,591 sq miles (2,381,740 sq km) Population: 31,736,053 Capital City: Algiers Largest City: Algiers (1,721,607) Unit of Money: Algerian dinar Major Languages: Arabic (official), French Natural Resources: Crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Oran

Che

lif Ri

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

a Atl

MOROCCO

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

Annaba Constantine

Algiers

Strait of Gibraltar

o s M

un

Batna

ve r

ta

ins

TUNISIA

Ghardaïa

Béchar

AUSTRALIA

LIBYA

A N TA R C T I C A

S

N W

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

0

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


miles km

Erg is covered by sand dunes and has an average altitude between 1,300 to 2,000 feet (396 to 607 m) above sea level. The Great Western Erg is also covered by sand and has lower elevations—it even reaches sea level in some places. Neither of these areas is inhabited. In addition to being a very dry country, Algeria is also a fairly mountainous one. In fact, several mountain ranges run through the country, separating the land into different sections. The northern

Refined petroleum 19% Natural gas 31%

400

N I G E R

400

part of coastal Algeria is made up of small ranges, with several bays and plains surrounding them. Moving south, the coastal plains are called the Tell. The Atlas Mountains— which form two distinct ranges separated by plains—are bordered to the south by the High Plateaus. Further south, the Sahara Atlas mountain chain extends from the border of Morocco to the center of the country. The most important river in Algeria is the Chelif, which flows through the Tell Atlas region of the country. It flows from east to west, and eventually reaches the Mediterranean Sea. The Chelif River is used mainly for irrigation and as drinking water. ➤ Farms / cropland 3%

Other 4%

Average Rainfall


Algeria is the second-largest country in Africa and the tenth-largest country in the world. The majority of land—approximately 80%—is desert. Known as the Algerian Sahara, this region is divided into two sections. The Great Eastern

a

E

0

The Place

a r e r t

Tamanrasset

M A L I

S

Algiers, Algeria

a h D e s

MAURITANIA

Crude petroleum 46%


Other 82%

0 in/0 cm


Exports

Land Use

$13 billion

43

Algeria

(continued)

The People Approximately three-quarters of the Algerian population are ethnically Arab, while the other main group consider themselves Berber. Smaller groups within the Berber population include the Kabyle, Shawia, M’zabites, and the Tuareg. The average age of Algerians is very young—more than 50% of the population is under 18 years old. Until the latter half of the 1980s, Algeria had a very high population growth rate. It only began to decline as the government urged a “limited family” planning program. Today the birthrate in the country is still fairly high—28 births for every

Education Formal education is required for children aged 6 to 15 in Algeria. Approximately 90% of all primary school children and about 50% of all secondary school children are enrolled today. The largest groups of children who are not in school are girls and those living in very rural areas. As the student population grows, Algeria is having a tough time finding qualified teachers and adequate school space. To help solve the problem, almost one-quarter of the national budget is assigned to school funding.

Popular Culture/Daily Life The official religion of Algeria is Islam, and it is practiced by almost the entire country. This strong reliTuareg man with camel

White 1%

1,000 people. The average life expectancy in Algeria is relatively good—it is 67 years for men and 70 years for women. Because of the harsh climate and poor land quality in the southern part of the country, most Algerians live in the urban areas of the coastal lowlands and nearby mountain valleys. The country is quickly becoming more urbanized because of internal migration and population growth. Slightly less than one-third of the population work in government jobs, more than one-quarter work in service and industry, and about one-fifth work in agriculture. Algeria also has a high unemployment rate of 28%. Since Algeria gained its independence from France in the early 1960s, the country has made several changes to its education system. Today schools teach the majority of their class in Arabic instead of French, and they stress the importance of learning

Berber 24% Arab 75%

Ethnic Makeup Other 1%

Sunni Muslim 99%

Major Religions science and technology. Some 62% of the population is literate today.

Government Type: Republic Structure: Executive Leader: President/Prime Minister

Defense 105,000 army personnel

Literate 62%

960 tanks 30 major ships 170 combat aircraft


gious influence has affected the lifestyle of many Algerians, and how they view the traditional roles of men and women. Because it is against customs for a woman to be seen by a man outside her family, many women still wear veils in public. Men and women are considered two very different groups within the society. Typically, men and women go through an entire day without interacting with

one another. Parents usually arrange marriages for their children. They consider the family to be the most important part of society. The husband heads the family, and his wife is expected to obey and support him. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

73 26 TVs

Cars

40 9 Phones

VCRs

NA PCs

Andorra Land area rank

199

smallest country

Population rank

largest country (1) 204

fewest people

most people (1)

EUROPE

At a Glance

NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

FRANCE

AFRICA

P Y R E te N

AUSTRALIA

Vali

A N TA R C T I C A

Va

lir

a

Andorra La Vella

Va

li

E

E S

Orie n t e el Soldeu

N

Encamp W

Les Escaldes

E S

Sant Julià de Lòria

Gr

an

S PA I N

El Serrat

d

r a del N o

r

SOUTH AMERICA

ra

Official Name: Principality of EQUATOR Andorra Continent: Europe Area: 174 square miles (450 sq km) Population: 67,627 Capital City: Andorra La Vella Largest City: Andorra La Vella (19,566) Unit of Money: French franc and Spanish peseta Major Languages: Catalan (official), French, Castillian Literacy: 100% Land Use: 56% meadows, 22% woodland, 2% arable, 20% other Natural Resources: Mineral water, timber, iron ore, lead Government: Parliamentary democracy Defense: Has no defense budget; defense provided by France and Spain

0 0

miles km

10 10

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

Motor vehicles and parts 20%

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


Only about one-third of the Andorran population was actually born in the country. The remainder of the inhabitants come mostly from Spain, France, and Portugal. About 95% of Andorrans live in urban areas, The Place with approximately twoAndorra is a small, landlocked country in the thirds of the population Pyrenees Mountains. It is bordered to the north living in the capital, and east by France and to the south and west by Andorra La Vella. In Spain. Andorra is one of the smallest countries in smaller hamlets an entire Europe, measuring just 16 miles (25 km) long village may consist of just and 20 miles (30 km) wide. The country has a a few dozen people. On fairly temperate climate with cold, snowy winters average, there are 377 and warm, dry summers. people per square mile Andorran friends Because the majority of Andorra’s land is either (140 people per sq km). steep mountain peaks or narrow valleys, hardly Although the country is any of it can be used for crops or farming. The highest small, culture and celebration play a big part in the point in the country is the peak of Coma Pedrosa at Andorran way of life. Most towns in the country hold 9,668 feet (2,947 m). The lowest point in Andorra is La village festivals. During these celebrations, local resiFarga de Moles on its border with Spain at 2,756 feet dents enjoy dancing, singing, and special food and (840 m). The majority of commercial land is used for drinks. Many music festivals are held throughout the grazing animals. nation, which include classical and jazz music. Life The major river in Andorra is the Gran Valira, located expectancy is 83 years. in the southern part of the country. Other rivers include Andorra has become a popular tourist location because the Valira del Oriente and the Valira del Norte. Marble of its climate, and it gets many visitors in both summer quarries and iron deposits are found throughout Andorra. and winter months. This thriving business employs a Tall pine and birch forests cover most of the mountains. good deal of the population and fuels the economy.

Other 38%

Food and beverages 6%

Exports

Clothing 13% Electrical machinery and apparatus 13% Newspapers and periodicals 10%

French 6% Other 3% Other 14% Andorran 30%

Spanish 61%

Ethnic Makeup

Roman Catholic 86%

Major Religions

$47 million

45

Angola Land area rank

23

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

71

fewest people

most people (1)

0

At a Glance

Cabinda

Official Name: Republic of Angola Continent: Africa EQUATOR Area: 481,352 square miles (1,246,700 sq km) Population: 10,366,031 Capital City: Luanda Largest City: Luanda (1,200,000) Unit of Money: New kwanza Major Languages: Portuguese (official), Bantu Natural Resources: Petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper

miles

0

km

250

N

N

W W

C O N G O

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

250

E S

E

S

ASIA

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

Luanda AUSTRALIA

Malange

A N TA R C T I C A

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Luena Lobito Benguela

Lubango

Huambo

Bie Plateau Menongue

ZAMBIA

Namibe

The Place Angola is on the southwest coast of Africa. It stretches for about 800 miles (1,287 km) between The Democratic Republic of Congo to the north and Namibia to the south. Angola has an average width of about 675 miles (1,086 km) between its eastern boarder with Zambia and the Atlantic Ocean. This seventh-largest African country is divided into three main geographic regions. The very narrow coastal plain runs along Angola’s Atlantic border. It only reaches about 90 miles (150 km) in width at its widest point. The main vegetation in this part of the country is palm trees. Moving westward into the center of Angola, the land begins to rise, like a series of steps, into rugged

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm J F M A M J J A S O N D

Farms / cropland 2%

Average Rainfall


100˚F/38˚C

0˚F/-18˚C

highlands. The N A M I B I A largest section— called the Bie Plateau—reaches A small Angolan territory, its highest elevation at 8,600 feet Cabinda, is located to the north of (2,625 m) above sea level. This the country in Congo. Lying close plateau makes up about one-tenth to sea level on the Atlantic Ocean, of Angola. Its jagged terrain has Cabinda mostly consists of thick produced several waterfalls and tropical rain forests. rapids that are Banco Nacionale de Angola used for hydroelectric power. To the east of the highlands lies a very large plateau that makes up about two-thirds of the country. This vast area has an average elevation between 3,300 to 5,000 feet (1,000 to 1,520 m).

Diamonds 3% Other 22%

Mineral fuels 75%


0 in/0 cm


Exports $4 billion

46

Other 32%

Land Use

Angola The People Angola consists of more than 90 different ethnic groups, however, just 5 of them account for 90% of the population. The largest group is Ovimbundu, followed by the Kimbundu, the Bakongo, the LundaChokwe, and the Nganguela. Most ethnic groups coexist peacefully. Only about one-third of Angola’s population lives in urban areas, and the country has a population density of just 24 people per square mile (9 per sq km). About 70% of Angolans live in the northern section of the country and along the coast.

Not surprisingly, the country’s economy depends mostly on agriculture. In fact, the agriculture industry employs about two-thirds of Angola’s total work force. Some crops grown in the country include cassava, sweet potatoes, corn, and coffee. A little more than 40% of the population is younger than 15 years of age. This is because Angolan women give birth to an average of 6 children. Angola also has one of the highest death rates in Africa. The average life expectancy at birth is just 47 years. Less than 3% of the population is 65 years or older.

Popular Culture/Daily Life Since the civil war broke out in 1975, the general state of life in Angola has been poor. Crime is high in urban neighborhoods, and gangs control Railway station, Benguela, Angola

Other 10%

Lunda-Chokwe/ Nganguela 15%

Bakongo 13%

Ovimbundu 37% Kimbundu 25%

Ethnic Makeup Protestant 15% Indigenous beliefs 47%

Roman Catholic 38%

Major Religions

Education Angola’s education system has suffered greatly because of an ongoing civil war. Education is supposed to be free to citizens, and is required for children aged 7 to 15. In 1992, an education campaign began and student enrollment more than tripled to just under one million. As fighting resumed, however, many could no longer attend classes. With few trained teachers and inadequate schools, the literacy rate for Angolans is low. About 56% of

(continued)

Government Literate 42%

Type: Multiparty democracy Structure: Executive Leader: President/Prime Minister

Defense


NA army personnel

the male population is literate. Approximately 28% of women know how to read and write. There is only one university—the University of Agostinho Neto—in the country.

NA tanks

the less developed areas. The health system has collapsed with the high number of war injuries and famine victims. In addition, there is only 1 doctor for every 14,300 people.

Even though the war has plagued Angola for some time, some traditions and customs are still practiced. Angolans are very good storytellers, and pass these tales on to younger generations. They are also highly skilled craftspeople who can create beautiful sculptures out of wood, clay, copper, and ivory.

NA major ships NA combat aircraft

Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

6

14

4

NA

NA

TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

47

Antigua and Barbuda Land area rank smallest country

Population rank

200

largest country (1)

206 most people (1)

fewest people

EUROPE

At a Glance

NORTH AMERICA

N Codrington

ASIA

Barbuda

W

A

AFRICA

E

T

Official Name: Antigua & EQUATOR Barbuda Continent: North America Area: 170 square miles (440 sq km) Population: 66,970 Capital City: St. John’s Largest City: St. John’s (36,000) Unit of Money: East Caribbean dollar Major Languages: English Literacy: 96% Land Use: 18% arable, 9% meadow, 11% forest, 62% other Natural Resources: None Government: Executive lead by a governor-general Defense: $3.3 M

S

LA

SOUTH AMERICA

N

AUSTRALIA

TI

C

C

a

ri

OC

A N TA R C T I C A

ea

EA

bb

N

n S

ea St. John's 0

miles

0 km

Willikies

Antigua

10

English Harbour Town

10

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Domestic exports 22% Re-exports [significantly, petroleum products re-exported to neighboring islands] 78%

Average Rainfall


Most of the people of Antigua and Barbuda are direct descendents of African slaves brought to the islands to work on the sugar crops during colonial The Place times. Some Europeans, such as British, Antigua and Barbuda is made up of three and Portuguese, as well as Lebanese, separate islands. Together they have a total also live on the islands. of 95 miles (153 km) of coastline. Antigua is Life in Antigua and Barbuda is the main island and has an area of 108 pleasant. Extended families are very square miles (280 sq km). It reaches a maxiimportant to the cultural life on the mum of 1,330 feet (405 m) above sea level. islands. There is little internal conflict There are no forests or rivers in Antigua. in the country, and no great difference Jumby Bay, Antigua Bordered by the Caribbean Sea on the west between the social classes. Over the and the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Antigua enjoys a last several decades, women have moved up in society warm climate year-round. and many now hold college degrees and good jobs. Barbuda is the second-largest island and covers just 62 More than 80% of the residents are employed by square miles (161 sq km). Located about 25 miles (40 km) commerce and tourism services. Because there are north of Antigua, Barbuda is a very different island. It is few natural resources on the islands, Antiguans and made of coral and is fairly flat, reaching just 143 feet Barbudans rely on the tropical climate and sandy beaches (44 m) above sea level. Much of Barbuda’s land is covered to bring in revenue. About 11% of the population works by forest. There is a lagoon on the western side of the in agriculture and grows cotton, fruits, and vegetables. island that borders Barbuda’s only settlement. Some 7% work in industry. The third island of the country is called Redonda, About 64% of Antiguans and Barbudans live in rural and it is located about 25 miles (40 km) southwest of areas. The country has a population density of 384 peoAntigua. Redonda is actually a giant uninhabited rock ple per square mile (148 people per sq km). The average measuring .05 square miles (1.3 sq km). It rises about life expectancy is 71 years, and there is 1 doctor for 1,000 feet out of the Caribbean Sea. every 3,750 people. Other 3%

Mostly Black

Anglican Other 45% Protestant 42%

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

0 in/0 cm


Exports $45 million

48

Roman Catholic 10%

Argentina Land area rank

8

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

31

fewest people

most people (1)

BOLIVIA

At a Glance

BRAZIL

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm 3 in/8 cm

20˚F/-7˚C 0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


.

U r ugu

ay

R

Paran

a

River

Cordoba

s

Santa Fe

a

Mendoza

io

p m a

de

URUGUAY Pla

ta

Buenos Aires La Plata

Mar del Plata Bahia Blanca

P a t a g o n i a

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Humid Pampas. This region is primarily used for grazing sheep and growing cereal. The North region of Argentina is broken into the Gran Chaco and Entre Rios. The Gran Chaco is a lowland area between the Andes and the Parana River. Because of its poor drainage, it is the least inhabited part of the country. Entre Rios is a strip of lowland bordered in the east by the

Comodoro Rivadavia

N Falkland Islands

Chemical products 6%

21%

Tierra del Fuego

0 0

miles km

400

400

Permanent crops 1%

Food and live animals 35%

Exports

E

Uruguay River and on the west by the Parana River. The four main rivers in Argentina are the Parana, the Uruguay, the Paraguay, and the Rio de Plata. Iguacu Falls are located on a tributary of the Parana. Several lakes are also located throughout the country. ➤

Vegetable and animal oils 10% Machinery and transport equipment 11%

W S

Petroleum, petroleum products 4% Other Average Rainfall


80˚F/27˚C

Resistencia

P

PACIFIC OCEAN

The Place

ANDES MOUNTAINS

AUSTRALIA

A N TA R C T I C A

15 in/38 cm

ra San Miguel de Tuchman

SOUTH AMERICA

100˚F/38˚C

Pa

ASIA

AFRICA

Argentina is the second-largest country in South America. Its varied landscape is divided into several different regions. The Andean Ushuaia, Argentina region is located along the country’s western border. This mountainous area is broken into the Northwest section and Patagonia. In the Northwest, the Andes reach up to 22,000 feet (6,700 m) high. As the mountain chain reaches Patagonia, the peaks are smaller. The flat, grassy plains of the Pampas make up the second region of Argentina. The Pampas—which lie in the center of the country—have two different climates. The western section is called the Dry Pampas and the eastern section is called the

gu

LE CHI

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

ay R

PARAGUAY

R

Official Name: Argentine Republic Continent: South America Area: 1,056,636 square miles (2,736,690 sq km) EQUATOR Population: 37,384,816 Capital City: Buenos Aires Largest City: Buenos Aires (12,960,976) Unit of Money: Argentine peso Major Languages: Spanish (official), English, Italian, German Natural Resources: Oil, natural gas, coal, iron, zinc

Manufactured products 13%

Farms/ cropland 9%

Other 19% Forests 19%

Permanent pastures 52%

Land Use

$25 billion

49

Argentina

(continued)

The People Unlike most other South American countries, the people of Argentina are mostly of European descent. Indian 1% Mestizo 14%

White 85%

Ethnic Makeup Protestant 2% Other 6% Jewish 2%

Roman Catholic 90%

Major Religions

Many Argentines have ancestors from Italy or Spain. French, Polish, British, and German immigrants have also come to the country in large numbers. Because of this, the native Argentines have become a minority group in their own country. Approximately 90% of the population lives in urban neighborhoods. In fact, about 40% of the people live in the crowded capital city, Buenos Aires. Argentina’s birth rate and population growth have seen some of the slowest increases on the continent. Life expectancy is 75 years.

The family structure is very important in Argentina, and almost 90% of the population is Roman Catholic. Although only 2% of the population is Jewish, it is the largest concentration in South America. The majority of Argentines work in the service and industry fields.

Education Argentina has established one of the best education systems in South America. Children begin attending free public school at age 5, and are required to stay in school until they are 14 years old. Many students continue on to higher education in both public and private schools. In 1997, there were 5.2 million students in primary school and 2.6 million students in secondary

Gauchos

Popular Culture/Daily Life The high rate of European immigration to Argentina has had a great

50


Type: Republic Structure: Multiparty democracy Leader: President

Defense


40,400 army personnel 296 tanks

school. Argentina also has about 25 national universities and many private institutions.

impact on the style of music, literature, and art that can be found in the country. As traditional South American customs have blended with different European ideas, a new, distinct culture has evolved. One national symbol that is often associated with Argentina is the gaucho. Gauchos rode through Central Argentina in the early 1800s, rounding up wild

16 major ships 237 combat aircraft

horses and cattle—much like the cowboys in the western United States. Gauchos represent courage and self-reliance to Argentines. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

219

135 115 59 NA TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

Armenia Land area rank

141

smallest country

Population rank


most people (1)

fewest people

0

At a Glance

miles

50

GEORGIA 0

50

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

Vanadzor

ASIA

Gyumri

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

Ejmiadzin AUSTRALIA

Aras River

Hr a

Official Name: Republic of Armenia Continent: Asia Area: 10,965 square miles EQUATOR (28,400 sq km) Population: 3,336,100 Capital City: Yerevan Largest City: Yerevan (1,202,000) Unit of Money: Dram Major Languages: Armenian (official), Russian Literacy: 99% Land Use: 24% pastures, 17% arable, 15% forests, 3% crops, 41% other Natural Resources: Small deposits of gold and copper Government: Republic headed by a president Defense: $77 M annual defense budget; 60,000 active military personnel

km

Sevan

R. an zd

AZERBAIJAN

Sev

Yerevan

ana Lak Lich e

TURKEY

A N TA R C T I C A

AZ

N W

ER

E

BA

Kapan

IJA

N

S

IRAN

Aras River

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Russian 2% Azeri 3% Average Rainfall


Approximately 70% of Armenians live in urban areas. In fact, more than one-third of the population lives in the capital, Yerevan. Despite this trend, agriculture and farming still employ more than one-third of the The Place people. Other major job providers include the service Armenia is a landlocked country that has a very diverse and manufacturing industries. Even though Armenia has landscape. The majority of Armenia is mountainous and become more industrialized, about 70% of the populahas an average elevation of 5,900 feet (1,800 m). Mt. tion still lives in poverty. Aragats is the country’s highest point at 13,432 feet Armenians are generally well (4,094 m). There are also several extinct volcanoes educated. Ten years of schooling in the region. are required from age 6 through The lower parts of the country are semi-desert. age 16. After that, students may Only a few plants, such as juniper and honeysuckle, continue at a vocational school or can exist in these harsh conditions. The higher a university. About 99% of men meadows, however, provide good pastures in the and 98% of women are literate. summer for grazing animals. Certain crops, such as Life expectancy is 66 years. peaches, grapes, pomegranates, and figs, are able to Slightly more than half of the grow on the country’s flatter regions and plains. Armenian population is female Other crops, such as cereal, tobacco, potatoes, and and almost one-third of the some fruits, can grow at higher elevations. people are under the age of 16. The major rivers of Armenia are the Aras and Armenians enjoy theater and Armenian produce vendor the Hrazdan. The Aras River makes up part of ballet performances. Opera and Armenia’s western border with Turkey and flows other types of music are also southward through Azerbaijan. The Hrazdan flows from very popular. Traditional handicrafts, such as carpet the Aras River near Yerevan into Sevana Lake, located weaving and embroidery, have been a pastime in the near the eastern border of the country. country for hundreds of years.

Other 42% Mineral products 10%

Other 2%

Other 6%

Jewelry 33%

Exports

Machinery and equipment 15%

Armenian 93%

Ethnic Makeup

Armenian Orthodox 94%

Major Religions

$290 million

51

Australia Land area rank

6

smallest country

Population rank fewest people

ASIA

Great Australian Bight

D

Adelaide

li ar

ng

Ri

ve

Brisbane

NGE

Average Rainfall

RA


ID G

Port Augusta

Perth

r

NEW SOUTH WALES Newcastle Sydney

Canberra

VICTORIA N

Melbourne

E miles

Tasman Sea

TASMANIA

500

Hobart

much of the Australian population makes its home here. Most Australians consider everything west of the Great Dividing Range to be the Outback. The western part of the country is known as the Western Australian Shield. This area has several deserts, including the Great Sandy, the Gibson, and half of the Great Victoria. Two of the country’s other land features have become unofficial national symbols of Australia. Ayers Rock, which is located near the middle of the country, towers 1,100 feet (335 m) above the ground and is the world’s largest monolith. The Great Barrier Reef, off the coast of Queensland, is another of Australia’s well-known features. It is the largest living thing in the world. Farms / cropland 6%

Food and live animals 20% Crude materials 19%

Exports $68 billion

52

V

IN


SOUTH AUSTRALIA

Kalgoorlie

Petroleum, petroleum products, and natural gas 4% Other 27%

Basic manufactures 13%

QUEENSLAND

Ayers Rock

I

0 in/0 cm

Rockhampton

D

3 in/8 cm

ri

20˚F/-7˚C

ef

Mackay T

6 in/15 cm

Bar

40˚F/4˚C


G reat Victoria D esert

Albany

Re

EA

9 in/23 cm

GR

60˚F/16˚C

er

Charleville

Geraldton

Coral Sea

Townsville Mount Isa

AUSTRALIA

Although Australia is the smallest continent on Earth, it is also the world’s sixth-largest country. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east. The country has an area of 2.9 million square miles (7.68 million sq km), and a coastline that stretches for 16,010 miles (25,760 km). The majority of Australia Ayers Rock, Australia is very flat and dry. In fact, only about 6% of the continent is above 2,000 feet (610 m) in elevation. The highest point in the country is Mount Kosciusko at 7,310 feet (2,228 m) above sea level. About one third of the country is desert, and another third is semi-desert. One section of Australia, however, has a much more

12 in/30 cm

NORTHERN TERRITORY Alice Springs

G ibson WESTERN D esert

0

80˚F/27˚C

Cairns

G reat Sandy D esert

S appealing climate 0 km 500 and terrain. Located in the eastern region of the country, the Great Dividing Range consists of rolling hills, thick forests, fertile soil, and a good supply of water. This range extends from northern Queensland down to southern Tasmania. Because of its qualities,

15 in/38 cm

Cooktown

Derby

W

100˚F/38˚C

at

AUSTRALIA

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

Gulf of Carpentaria Wyndham

SOUTH AMERICA

PA C I F I C OCEAN

re

Official Name: EQUATOR Commonwealth of Australia Continent: Oceania Area: 2,941,282 square miles (7,617,930 sq km) Population: 19,357,594 Capital City: Canberra Largest City: Sydney (3,700,000) Unit of Money: Australian dollar Major Languages: English Natural Resources: Bauxite, coal, iron, ore, copper, tin

Darwin

INDIAN OCEAN

AFRICA

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Arafura Sea

G

NORTH AMERICA

most people (1)

INDONESIA

EUROPE

At a Glance

0˚F/-18˚C

largest country (1)

53

Mineral fuels and lubricants 17%



Land Use

Australia The People The people of Australia come from many different countries and backgrounds. The Aborigines are descendents of the original inhabitants of Australia who came from Southeast Asia some 40,000 years ago. Today they only make up 1% of the population, or 250,000 people. Many Aborigines have moved from their rural tribes into the cities and towns. Adjusting to this major life change has been very hard for them, both financially and socially. The majority of Aborigines live in Queensland, New South Wales, Western Australia, and the Northern Territory. In the last 25 years, Australia has seen a very large increase of Asian immigrants and tourists. Today,

Asians are the second-largest ethnic group after whites with 4% of the population. In fact, some 50% of all immigrants each year are from Asia. The Japanese are also the most common tourists in the country. About 85% of the population lives in urban areas—mostly in the Great Dividing Range. Almost three-quarters of Australians, or about 73%, work in the service

field. Another 22% are employed by industry. And although the country is known for its giant sheep and cattle ranches, only about 5% of Australians work in agriculture. Australia has a fairly large youth population—about a quarter of its inhabitants are under the age of 16. The average life expectancy at birth for women is 83 years, and for men it is 77 years.

Aboriginal and other 1% Asian 4%

White 95%

Australian kids play with a kangaroo

Popular Culture/Daily Life A very strong aspect of Australian culture centers around the Aborigines and their unique practices. Because of Australia’s isolated location, much of the culture and art forms of these tribes were not influenced by any other group for almost 40,000 years. Today, researching early aboriginal

Other 24%

Anglican 26%

Other Christian 24%

Roman Catholic 26%

Major Religions

Ethnic Makeup

Education Except for federally run schools in Canberra, the primary and secondary education system in Australia is run by each individual state. Children between the ages of 5 and 15 are required to go to school. Attendance rates are high—some 99% of both primary and secondary students, as well as 30% of tertiary students,

(continued)


Type: Democratic Structure: Federal state system Leader: Queen/Prime Minister

Literacy

Defense

U.S. rate = 97%

23,700 army personnel

attend classes. The Outback area has the lowest attendance rate. Some students also pay to attend nongovernment schools. Universities are funded by the federal government, but are run by outside parties. Although Australians can go to any university throughout the country, customs and preserving existing art forms are very important in Australia. Aboriginal plays and music are also being used to educate other cultures in Australia about the continent’s early inhabitants. The populated parts of Australia generally have a very temperate climate, allowing people to spend their free time outdoors. Sports, such as swimming, cricket, tennis, golf, and basketball, are very popular


many attend classes within their own state. Some 500,000 students attend a university annually. throughout the country. Picnicking and hiking in the bush are also favorite pastimes. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people 484

503 446

196 NA TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

53

Austria Land area rank

116

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

86

fewest people

most people (1)

N

EUROPE

At a Glance

NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

W

CZECH REPUBLIC

E

AFRICA

Official Name: EQUATOR Republic of Austria Continent: Europe Area: 31,945 square miles (82,738 sq km) Population: 8,150,835 Capital City: Vienna Largest City: Vienna (1,500,000) Unit of Money: Austrian schilling Major Languages: German Natural Resources: Iron ore, crude oil, timber, lead

S

Da

nu

SOUTH AMERICA

Bod en Lak see e

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C


20˚F/-7˚C 0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


ITA LY 0

Other 33%

miles

R.

Exports

Graz

HUNGARY

SLOVENIA CROATIA

50

50

Machinery and transport equipment 39%

$58 billion

54

M ur

Klagenfurt

is about 3,000 feet (910 m). Several mountain ranges divide Austria from east to west, and are separated by vast valleys. The North Tirol Alps and the Salzburg Alps are located in the middle of the western part of Austria. In the south, the Hohe Tauren reaches up 12,457 feet (3,797 m) at Grossglockner— the highest point in the country. The Otztal Alps, Gailtaler Alps, and Zillertale Alps run through the southernmost part of Austria.

Iron and steel 6% Road vehicles 7%

R. ürz M

T i r o l

SWITZ.

SLOVAKIA

Vienna

Innsbruck A L P S

LIECH.

Paper and paper products 6% Average Rainfall


Vienna, Austria

Danube R .

Linz

Salzburg

0 km

Austria is a fairly mountainous nation in central Europe. In fact, the average elevation in the country

Riv

G ERMA N Y

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

be

er

AUSTRALIA


Several rivers run through the country. The Danube—flowing across the northern part of the country—is Austria’s main river. It is fed by the Inn, Traun, Ybbs, and Enns. In the south, the Mur and the Murz are the main rivers. Austria also has several large lakes. Lake Bodensee forms the western border of the country between Germany and Switzerland. The climate in Austria depends on the location and elevation. Temperatures average 28°F (0°C) in winter and around 74°F (21°C) in summer. In the valleys, the threemonth-long winters are usually cold and harsh. Summers are short and warm, with spring and fall generally mild. Austria receives about 27 inches (68 cm) of rain annually. There is normally less precipitation in the valleys than in the mountains.

Other 20%

Forests 39%

Farms/ cropland 18% Permanent pastures 23%

Land Use

Austria The People Almost 99% of the population is ethnic Austrian. Small groups of Hungarians, Croats, Czechs, and Slovenes also live in the country, mainly in the south and east. Many of these minorities came to Austria as refugees after World War II. Some gypsy communities also make their homes in the country. About 55% of the population is urban, while 45% of Austrians make their homes in rural areas. There are approximately 250 people per square mile (98 people per sq km).

(continued)

Some 20% of the population lives in Vienna, the capital city. About 68% of Austrians work in services. Another 29% is employed by manufacturing, and produce metal products, chemicals, foods, and paper products. Women account for about 40% of the work force. The family is very important in Austrian culture. In fact, many young adults live at home with their parents until they are married. The average life expectancy for Austrians is 74 years for men and 80 years for women.

Other 1% Protestant 5% Austrian 99%

Ethnic Makeup

None or Other 17% Roman Catholic 78%

Major Religions

Austrian herdsman

Education The Austrians have a very strong education system, which is ranked seventh in the world. It requires children between the ages of 6 and 15 to attend school. Every student spends four years in elementary school. Students who do not plan to attend a university will then continue with elementary school, or go on to a vocational school. University-bound students will enter a secondary school until age 18. There are currently about 380,000 children attending elementary school and 790,000 children

Popular Culture/Daily Life Austria has a very rich background in the performing and visual arts, and many of its museums and galleries are known throughout the world. Some famous Austrian composers and performers include


Type: Federal republic Structure: Executive Leader: President/Chancellor

Literacy

Defense

U.S. rate = 97%


in secondary and vocational schools. Austria has about 18 colleges and universities. Vienna University was founded in 1365 and is the country’s largest. Approximately 240,000 students currently attend a university.

Mozart, Beethoven, Bruckner, Schubert, Strauss, and the Vienna Boys Choir. Many art forms—such as stained-glass windows, handcarved chests, Vienna lace, and Augarten porcelain—are also associated with Austria.


475

Goods Ownership per 1,000 people 413

387

181

NA TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

55

Azerbaijan Land area rank

114

smallest country

largest country

Population rank

87

fewest people

most people

EUROPE

At a Glance

NORTH AMERICA

RUSSIA

ASIA

Caspian Sea

AFRICA

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Azerbaijan Continent: Asia Area: 33,243 square miles (86,100 sq km) Population: 7,771,092 Capital City: Baku Largest City: Baku (1,140,000) Unit of Money: Manat Major Languages: Azer (official), Russian, Armenian Literacy: 97% Land Use: 25% meadows, 18% arable, 5% permanent crops, 11% forests and woodland, 41% other Natural Resources: Petroleum, natural gas, iron ore Government: Republic headed by a president Defense: $109 M

GEORGIA

SOUTH AMERICA

M

0˚F/-18˚C


Average Rainfall


3 in/8 cm

iver

N

Astara

IRAN

W 0

E

miles 50

S

0 km 50

The People Slightly more than half of the population lives in urban areas. The majority of Azerbaijanis—about 80%— live in the country’s valleys and lowland areas. These areas are easier to farm, and many are irrigated. Most of the country’s industrial centers are also located here. About 20% of the people make their homes in the mountains. Culture, tradition, and education are valued highly by Azerbaijanis. Handicrafts, such as pottery, copperware, metal carving, and carpet weaving, are an important part of the country’s heritage. Throughout the country, people have access to museums and art galleries. There are also more than President of Azerbaijan, 4,500 libraries in Azerbaijan. Most Heydar Aleyevich Aliyev of the population is literate. Life expectancy is 63 years. Azerbaijan is a very young country—one-third of the population is under the age of 14. The country also has a high birthrate, with about 180,000 babies born each year. About 50% of the population makes up the labor force. Some 32% of workers are in agriculture, while another 26% work in industry.

Petroleum products 58%

Daghestani 3% Other 2% Russian 3% Armenian 2%

Azeri 90%

Armenian Orthodox 2% Russian Orthodox 3%

Other 2%

Muslim 93%

0 in/0 cm



56

Naxçivan

s

20˚F/-7˚C

r

Aras R

Metals 3% Other 3%

Cotton 21%

Rive

su

6 in/15 cm

TURKEY

ca

40˚F/4˚C

Baku Aras

u

9 in/23 cm

Xankändi

a

60˚F/16˚C

Food products 7% Machinery and equipment 8%

C

12 in/30 cm

IA

Sumqayit

Kürdämir

r

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

Gäncä

e

100˚F/38˚C

EN

s

Mingäçevir

ss

AR

Le

Azerbaijan is a mid-sized country south of Russia on the eastern coast of Asia. The Greater Caucasus Mountains extend through the northern part of the country, and the Lesser Caucasus mountains make up its western border with Armenia. The Caspian Sea borders the country to the east. Azerbaijan also has a small enclave called Nagorno located in the northeastern part of Armenia, and a larger area called Naxcivan in the southern part of Armenia. The landscapes of Azerbaijan vary greatly. About 40% of the country is made up of lowlands, with a maximum height of 4,900 feet (1,500 m) above sea level. Some peaks in Azerbaijan, however, reach up 14,714 (4,485 m) high. These mountain slopes have dense forests, including beech, oak, and pine trees. The climate is mild in the winter, but scorching during its five-month-long summer. Even though very little of Azerbaijan’s land is used to grow crops, the country produces many agricultural goods. Some of the items grown include wheat, cotton, grapes, tobacco, potatoes, and tea.

Xaçmaz

Caucasu Greater

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

Säki

AUSTRALIA

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

Bahamas Land area rank

164

smallest country

Population rank

largest country (1)

176

fewest people

most people (1)

Grand Bahama

At a Glance

0

Freeport

Official Name: Commonwealth of the Bahamas Continent: North America Area: 3,888 square miles (10,070 sq km) Population: 297,852 Capital City: Nassau Largest City: Nassau (191,942) Unit of Money: Bahamian dollar Major Languages: English EQUATOR Literacy: 98% Land Use: 32% forests, 68% other Natural Resources: Salt, aragonite, timber Government: Constitutional parliamentary democracy Defense: $20 million

0

Great Abaco

Nassau New Providence

Andros Island

Cat Island San Salvador (Watling Island)

Great Exuma Island EUROPE

Long Island

W Crooked Island

Mayaguana AUSTRALIA

CUBA

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C

0 in/0 cm



The People Most native Bahamians have ancestors who came from Africa. A small percentage of white people also live in the country. Life expectancy is 74 years. During the last 30 years, many Bahamians have moved from undeveloped areas into busy cities. About 85% of the population lives in urban areas. There are 75 people per square mile (30 people per sq km). Approximately 67% of Bahamians live on the island of New Providence (mostly in Nassau). Other highly populated islands include Grand Bahama, Great Abaco, and Long Island. Almost half of the Bahamian people—some 42%—work in the tourism industry. Another third hold government jobs. In rural communities, some Bahamians work in fishing occupations. Although the A market in Nassau Bahamas has one of the best economies in the Caribbean, there are also many poor immigrant families. Traditional Bahamian music—Goombay—is similar to African music and has a strong drum beat. The Junkanoo parades are also a favorite in the country.

Other 13% Average Rainfall


60˚F/16˚C

Salt 8%

Methodist 6% White 15%

Re-exports 47% Crayfish 32%

Exports

Great Inagua Matthew Town

A N TA R C T I C A

The Bahamas is made up of about 700 islands and 2,400 cays in the Atlantic Ocean off the southeastern coast of Florida. The Bahamas consists of many islands, and therefore is called an archipelago. These islands only rise a few feet above sea level. In fact, the highest point in the country is Mount Alvernia, which rises just 206 feet (63 m) high. No rivers run through the country. The Bahamian islands spread over 90,000 square miles Nassau, Bahamas (233,000 sq km) of ocean. All together, the islands have 2,200 miles (3,542 km) of coastline. The largest island is Andros, which measures 104 miles (167 km) long and 40 miles (64 km) wide. The subtropical climate of the Bahamas produces only two seasons—both with mild weather. Winter lasts from December until April, and summer stretches from May until November. The Bahamas’ warm climate is well-suited to many types of flowers, including orchids, bougainvillea, and jasmine. Some of the trees found on the islands are cork, black olive, and palm.

12 in/30 cm

E S

AFRICA

The Place

15 in/38 cm

N

ASIA

SOUTH AMERICA

80˚F/27˚C

100

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Eleuthera

NORTH AMERICA

100˚F/38˚C

miles km 100

Other Protestant 18% Black 85%

Ethnic Makeup

Roman Catholic 19%

Other 5% Baptist 32% Anglican 20%

Major Religions

$202 million

57

Bahrain Land area rank

192

smallest country



most people (1)

At a Glance


Official Name: State of Bahrain EQUATOR Continent: Europe (Middle East) Area: 239 square miles (620 sq km) Population: 645,361 Capital City: Manama Largest City: Manama (148,000) Unit of Money: Bahraini dinar Major Languages: Arabic (official), English, Farsi, Urdu Literacy: 85% Land Use: 6% meadow, 2% arable, 2% permanent crops, 90% other Natural Resources: Oil, natural gas, fish Government: Traditional monarchy Defense: $253 million

Persian Gulf

ASIA

N

AFRICA

W

SOUTH AMERICA AUSTRALIA

Manama

E S

Al Muharraq

Ar Rifa A N TA R C T I C A

Gulf of Bahrain

Al Gharbi

Gulf of Bahrain

Ar Rumaythah

SAUDI ARABIA

QATAR 0

miles

10

0 km 10

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm




Bahrain’s population is young—approximately 35% of the people are less than 15 years old. This is because the The Place country has a very high birth rate. The population grows by about 2% every year. There are many more men in the Located off the eastern coast of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain country than women. Life expectancy is 75 years. consists of 33 islands in the mid-western region of the Almost 90% of Bahrainis Persian Gulf. Bahrain is the only island country live in cities. Many people in the Middle East. live in Manama. About Bahrain Island, the country’s largest and most three-quarters of the labor populated island, is about 30 miles (48 km) long force is employed in indusand 10 miles (16 km) wide. The island makes up try, which includes oil and about 88% of the country’s total land area. aluminum smelting. Only Bahrain Island is fairly flat. The highest point is 42% of those workers, howAd-Dukhan, which is only 440 feet (134 m) above ever, are native Bahrainis. sea level. Sandy plains and a few salt marshes lie Compared to other in the southern and southwestern regions. Along Mosque, Bahrain Middle-Eastern countries, the northern coastal areas are many freshwater Bahrain is one of the most springs. Because these springs can be tapped for liberal nations. Even though marriages are still arranged irrigation, some fruit and vegetable crops can grow there. by families, women do enjoy some freedom. They are For most of the year, Bahrain is very hot and dry. allowed to get an education and are not required to During winter—when temperatures hover around 65°F wear veils in public. (18°C)—the country gets most of its annual 3 inches Traditional arts and crafts are common in Bahrain. (7.6 cm) of rain. During summer, temperatures average Fishing boats called dhows are produced just outside the a high of 90°F (32°C). Despite this harsh environment, capital. Gold work, woven cloth, and pottery are other Bahrain is known for its lush landscape, and more than types of handiwork found throughout the country. 200 different kinds of plants grow there.

Aluminum products 15% Petroleum and natural-gas products 75%

Exports $5 billion

58

Other 6% Iranian 8% Other Arab 10% Asian 13%

Bahraini 63%

Ethnic Makeup

Sunni Muslim 25% Shi'a Muslim 75%

Major Religions

Bangladesh Land area rank

95

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

8

fewest people


ASIA

SOUTH AMERICA

Brahmapu

Rangpur

AUSTRALIA

River

(P

a

d

m

a)

Pabna

Ri

ve

Sylhet

h

Nasirabad

Riv e

r

Brahmanbaria

Dhaka

r

na

Narayanganj

INDIA

Comilla

Jessore Barisal Khulna

gon

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm J A S O N D

0

miles km

100

100

he Mouths of t

Gan

ges

MYANMAR

B a y o f B en g a l

Average Rainfall

15 in/38 cm

0

s g Hill

100˚F/38˚C

E

eg

Rajshahi

es

18 in/46 cm

W

M

Sirajganj

ng

120˚F/49˚C

N

r

S

A N TA R C T I C A

Ga


a

Chittagong

Bangladesh is located in southcentral Asia. The country is almost completely surrounded by India, except for a small common border with Myanmar. Bangladesh also has 360 miles (580 km) of coastline on the Bay of Bengal. Each region of the country has a unique landscape. In the south, bordering the Bay of Bengal, the land is relatively flat. It has an average elevation of less than 30 feet (9 m). Northeast of these plains the Chittagong Hills form part of Bangladesh’s borders with India and Myanmar. This diverse region has peaks that measure up to 2,000 feet (610 m) above sea level. The triangle-shaped piece of land that lies between the Ganges ➤

J F M A M J

tr

ve

INDIA

The Place

0˚F/-18˚C

Ri

AFRICA

Chitta

Official Name: EQUATOR People’s Republic of Bangladesh Continent: Asia Area: 51,703 square miles (133,910 sq km) Population: 131,269,860 Capital City: Dhaka Largest City: Dhaka (3.6 million) Unit of Money: Taka Major Languages: Bangla (official), English Natural Resources: Natural gas, timber

Jamuna

At a Glance

most people (1)

0 in/0 cm


A Bangladesh rice field

59

Bangladesh

(Continued)

Tea 1% Fertilizers 2% Raw jute 2%

Other 11%

Hides, skins, and leather 7%

Ready-made garments 57%

Fish and prawns 10% Jute manufactures 10%

Exports $4 billion

Other 5%


Forests 15% Farms/ cropland 75%

Land Use

and Jamuna rivers in the northwest is called the Barind Tract. The Madhupur Tract lies in the north central part of the country. This region has high plateaus and small hills. Moving east, the Northeastern Lowlands are characterized by many lakes. This region is also quite hilly. Every part of Bangladesh is directly affected by water. There are five main river systems in the country: the Ganges, the Meghna and

Surma, the Jamuna, the North Bengal, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. These rivers are constantly changing their courses and transforming Bangladesh’s landscape. The rivers overflow each year between June and October, flooding the surrounding areas. Although this helps deposit fertile soil throughout the floodplains, this powerful surge is also hazardous for people, animals, and crops.

The weather patterns in Bangladesh also affect the country’s flooding. It is one of the rainiest countries in the world. In the monsoon (rainy) season, water levels may rise more than 15 feet (4.5 m) and flood about 65% of the country. When India has heavy rains, the already swollen rivers carry even more water into Bangladesh. Cyclones are also a threat to people, animals, and property.

Resources

Farm land

Forests

Pastures

Other

Light engineering

Rice

Rice is one of the main foods in the Bangladeshi diet.

60

Bangladesh The History Known as Bengal, this part of Asia was first ruled by Buddhist kings beginning in the 8th century. Bengal was later conquered by Muslim invaders in the 13th century, and much of the population converted to Islam. In the 16th century, Bengal became part of the Mogul Empire. In 1642, the British East India Company established a settlement in Bengal, and within 100 years, the country was entirely under British rule. The area was divided between Pakistan and India after Indian independence in 1947. In 1971, East Pakistan declared its independence as the country of Bangladesh. After

The People Bangladesh has a very high population density. The average number of people per square mile ranges from 1,900 (886 people per sq km) in most regions to 2,800 people per square mile (965 people per sq km) in the country’s most fertile areas. This density is what the United A Dhaka street vendor

(Continued)

a brief civil war, Pakistan acknowledged Bangladesh’s independence in 1974. Since then, many government officials have been killed or forced out of office.



Bangladeshi women

States would be like if half of its entire population lived in Wisconsin. Approximately 80% of all Bangladeshis live in rural areas. Sometimes small villages are so close together that it is hard to tell them apart. This is especially true in the rainy season, when flooding forces many people to live in the same area. In villages, electricity and safe drinking water are often difficult to obtain. Throughout Bangladesh, and especially in villages, family settlements include many generations and extended-family relatives. Marriages are usually arranged by the heads of both large families. Separation and divorce are officially permitted, and polygamy is allowed for Muslims. Women are slowly moving into the Bangladesh work force, and there are now women in politics.

Other 1% Hindu 11%

Muslim 88%

Major Religions Other 2%

Bengali 98%

Ethnic Makeup About 65% of the Bangladesh population works in agriculture, 25% work in services, and another 10% are employed in mining and industry. The average income is very low—an engineer makes about $71 per month. Government officials earn some of the highest incomes, though more than half of the population lives below the poverty line. There is 1 doctor for every 5,200 people, and the average life span for Bangladeshis is 56 years. ➤

61

Bangladesh

(Continued)

Education Children in Bangladesh are not required to attend school. For those who do attend, education is free. The Bangladesh school system includes primary school, secondary school, and higher education. Children attend primary school from about age 6 to 10. About 80% of primary school-aged children attend. Because of its poor education system, only

about 38% of the population can read and write. Secondary school is divided into three levels—junior secondary, high school, and intermediate college. About 17% of children eligible for secondary school actually take classes. Out of those who graduate, 4% of college-aged students go to a university. Besides general universities, Bangladesh also has schools that

specialize in engineering, law, crafts, and agriculture.

Literate 38%


Flooded street

Popular Culture/Daily Life Performing arts such as music and dance are very popular in Bangladesh. The four main types of music include devotional, classical, light classical, and popular. Some types of popular music are sari, bhawaiya, bhatiali, and marfati. Jatra, a kind of opera that tells local legends, is popular in rural areas. Many people also go to concerts. Dancing is a popular recreation in Bangladesh. In fact, there are several dances that originated in the country, including manipur, baul, dhali, and snake dances. Each dance has a special meaning and is usually performed only on the occasion with which it is associated. Other popular dances in Bangladesh are

62

Mini-taxis

the kathakali and the bharata-natya. Soccer—known in Bangladesh as association football—is the country’s most popular sport. Tennis, badminton, field hockey, and cricket are also played there. Ha-do-do is a

popular game played by most Bangladeshi children. A player from one team must go over to the other while chanting, and see how many people he or she can tag without taking a breath. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

Services 25% Agriculture 65%

Industry 10%

Labor Force

4

0.4

19

NA

NA

TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

Barbados Land area rank

201

smallest country

Population rank


fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance Official Name: Barbados Continent: North America (Caribbean) Area: 166 square miles (430 sq km) Population: 275,330 Capital City: Bridgetown Largest City: Bridgetown (6,070) EQUATOR Unit of Money: Barbadian dollar Major Languages: English Literacy: 99% Land Use: 37% arable, 5% meadow, 12% forests, 46% other Natural Resources: Crude oil, fish, natural gas Government: Parliamentary democracy Defense: $14 million

ATLAN T IC OCEAN

Speightstown EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

Bathsheba ASIA

Holetown

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

Bridgetown AUSTRALIA

Oistins N A N TA R C T I C A

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C

0 in/0 cm



Average Rainfall


15 in/38 cm

Clothing 1% Chemicals 10% Electrical components 10%

0

miles

5

0 km 5

The People

Barbados is a small island country in the Caribbean Sea. It is about 21 miles (34 km) from north to south at its longest point, and 14 miles (23 km) from east to west at its widest point. The western coast has calm seas and sandy beaches, but the eastern coast is rocky with rough water. Barbados is the farthest east of all the Caribbean Islands. The island consists mainly Ragged Point lighthouse of coral. On some parts of Barbados, the coral is 300 feet (90 m) thick. Water soaks through the coral and creates underground streams and caverns. Most of the coastal areas are fairly flat, but the central part of the island has rolling hills. Much of the level land in Barbados has been cultivated. Although sugarcane is the main crop, guavas, avocados, mangos, and citrus fruit are also grown there. Some native Barbadian vegetation includes bearded figs, mahogany and palm trees, lilies, wild roses, and cactus.

80˚F/27˚C

E S

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

W

Food 17%

Almost three-quarters of Barbadians are descendents of African slaves brought to the island between 1600 and 1800. Some Asians, Indians, and Europeans also live there. Although Barbados has an English influence, many customs and traditions have been mixed with African ways of life. The Barbadian population is overwhelmingly female, because many native men travel abroad to find work. The service industry employs 75% of the Barbadian labor force. About 15% of workers are employed by industry, and 10% work in agriculture. The average weekly wages for a foreman in the oil business are about $280. Barbados is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. There are about 1,800 people per square mile (602 people per sq km). The population is about evenly split between urban and rural areas. Many Barbadians are young— about one-quarter of the population is less that 15 years of age. Life expectancy is 75 years. About 70% of all births occur out of wedlock.

Re-exports 24% Other 38%

Exports

White 4%

Roman Catholic 4%

Other 16% Black 80%

Ethnic Makeup

Methodist 7% Pentecostal 8%

Other 29%

Anglican 40% Other Christian 12%

Major Religions

$235 million

63

Belarus Land area rank

83

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

73

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

LATVIA


RUSSIA

ASIA

Official Name: EQUATOR Republic of Belarus Continent: Europe Area: 80,154 square miles (207,600 sq km) Population: 10,350,194 Capital City: Minsk Largest City: Minsk (1.6 million) Unit of Money: Belerusian rubel Major Languages: Byelorusian (official), Russian Natural Resources: Forest, peat, oil, natural gas AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

Vitsyebsk

LITHUANIA

Minsk

Lida

Belarus is located in eastern Europe. This landlocked country consists mostly of flat lowlands—more than half the surface area of Belarus is less than 700 feet (213 m) above sea level. There are three main lowland areas in the country. The Polatsk Lowland lies in the northeastern part of Belarus, and the Nyoman Lowland is located in the north-

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm


100˚F/38˚C

0˚F/-18˚C

J

F M A M J J A S O N D

Average Rainfall

Castle, Belarus

POLAND

Baranavichy

Babruysk Homyel'

Brest

Pinsk Pripet Marsh

Mazyr

western corner. The Central 0 miles 0 km 100 Byanrezina Plain lies in the middle of the country. To the south of this wide plain are the Pripet Marshes, the largest swamp area in Europe. These lowlands are divided by rolling hills and upland. Some of the higher parts of the country are made up of ridges formed by glaciers. The Belarusian Ridge—the largest ridge in the country—runs from the Polish border to just north of Minsk. The highest point in the country is Dzyarzhynsk Mountain at 1,135 feet (345 m) above sea level. The Byelavyezhskaya Forest is located on the country’s western border with Poland. It is the

Other 22% Foodstuffs 18%

Machinery 34% Chemicals 26%

N

100

UKRAINE

Exports $5 billion

W

E S

largest area of primeval mixed forest in Europe. Approximately 285 square miles (738 sq km) of the 485square-mile (1,256-sq-km) forest lie within Belarus. The rest of the country has a mix of deciduous and coniferous forests. Belarus has a temperate climate characterized by high humidity. The country has cold winters. During January, temperatures average around 21° F (-6° C). In the north, temperatures as low as -40° F (-68° C) have been recorded. However, Belarus also experiences warm summers. During July, temperatures average approximately 64° F (18° C). Belarus receives from 20 to 26 inches (50 to 66 centimeters) of precipitation each year.

Other 21%

Farms/ cropland 30%

Forests 34%

0 in/0 cm


64

Mahilyow

Hrodna

es

The Place

Orsha

Barysaw

A N TA R C T I C A

River Dnieper

Land Use


Belarus The People The people of Belarus are still in a transitional period following the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991. After the break-up, the economic situation in the country worsened, and a rise in the cost of living has made life hard for the large lower and middle classes. There are 4.3 million people in the work force, and 40% of them are employed by industry and construction. Another 40% of workers are in the service industry. About 68% of Belarusians live in cities while the other 32% reside in rural areas. There are 127 people per square mile (50 people per sq km). The largest concentration of people

English class in Minsk

Education Children in Belarus are required to attend school between the ages of 7 and 16. Approximately 187,000 students are enrolled in classes today.

Popular Culture/Daily Life Participating in sports is one of the most popular pastimes in Belarus. There are about 70 different sports played throughout the country. Some of the most popular include soccer, ice hockey, basketball, wrestling, and

is in the northern part of the country. The south is sparsely populated because of the marshy conditions. Ongoing medical problems after the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster in nearby Ukraine still plague Belarus and its health services. In fact, the average number of cancer Ukrainian 3% Polish 4%

(Continued)

and leukemia victims has risen by 10,000 since the accident. Many facilities have been built to care for these patients and doctors have been specially trained to treat them. On average, there is 1 doctor for every 246 people. The average life expectancy in Belarus is 68 years.

Other 2% Other 20%

Russian 13%

Eastern Orthodox 80%

Byelorussian 78%

Major Religions

Ethnic Makeup

About 75% of all eligible primary school- and secondary schoolaged children go to school. Most classes are still taught in Russian, although it is not the official language of the country. About 18% of college-age students enroll in a university. Some of Belarus’s universities include the Belarusian Agricultural Academy, Homyel State University, and Hrodna State University. There are also special medical and technological institutes in Belarus. boxing. There are more than 450 specialized children’s sports schools and 8 Olympic sports schools. More than 200,000 students study at the 13 schools established for sports specialization. Coaches and sports specialists train at the Sports Academy.

Literate 98%



Defense 50,500 army personnel 2,348 tanks 0 major ships 349 combat aircraft


302 158 48 TVs

Cars

Phones

NA

NA

VCRs

PCs

65

Belgium Land area rank

140

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

76

fewest people

most people (1)

Official Name: Kingdom of Belgium Continent: Europe Area: 11,672 square miles (30,230 sq km) EQUATOR Population: 10,258,762 Capital City: Brussels Largest City: Brussels (949,000) Unit of Money: Belgian franc Major Languages: Flemish, French, German (all official) Natural Resources: Coal, natural gas

North Sea

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

AFRICA

A F L

NETHERLANDS

Brugge S E R N D

SOUTH AMERICA

Antwerp

G E RMA N Y

At a Glance

Gent

Brussels

Kortrijk AUSTRALIA

Tournai

Meu

Mons

A N TA R C T I C A

se R

ive

r

Liege

Namur Charleroi

S N E E N D A R Bastogne

F R A N C E

LUXEMBOURG

N W

E

0 0

S

Brussels, Belgium

The Place

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm


100˚F/38˚C

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall

Belgium is a small country in northwestern Europe. Although most of Belgium’s borders are shared with France, the Netherlands, Germany, and Luxembourg, the country has about 40 miles (64 km) of coastline on the North Sea at the Strait of Dover.

The northern half of Belgium, known as the Anglo-Belgian Basin, consists of three regions. Moving from west to east, they are Flanders, the Central Plateaus, and Kempenland. These regions are mostly flat coastal plains, with a temperate climate. Winters are cool and foggy, and the summers are fairly mild. The Flanders region, in the northwestern part of the country, has two main areas. From the coast of the North Sea to about 10 miles


Other 20%

Machinery 28%

25

25

(6.2 km) inland, Maritime Flanders features several dunes and dikes. The rest of the region is known as Interior Flanders. It has a top elevation of 300 feet (91 m). Kempenland does not exceed 330 feet (100 m) in elevation and is mostly pastures and developed industry. The southern part of Belgium includes the Ardennes foothills where the land rises to its highest point of 2,277 feet (694 m) at Botrange. There are meadows and orchards in this region. To the south of Ardennes is Côte Lorraines. The terrain is mostly rolling hills. Many crops—including barley, oats, potatoes, and wheat—are grown there. Many areas throughout southern Belgium have thick forests.

Other 34%

Plastics 5% Textiles 5%

Chemicals 17%

Iron and steel 6% Diamonds 7%

Forests 21%


Food 9%

Exports $172 billion

66

miles km

Land Use

Belgium The People

(Continued)

Mixed or other 12%

Over the last century, the majority of Belgians have settled in cities. In fact, only 3% of the population still lives in rural areas. Belgium is one of the most densely populated countries in Europe, averaging about 798 people per square mile (333 people per sq km). A street artist in Brussels The native people in Belgium are slowly becomfoods, metals, and motor vehicle ing outnumbered by foreign-born assembly. About 3% of the work citizens. Many immigrants are comforce is employed by agriculture— ing to the country, and their birth growing crops such as sugar beets, rates are higher than those of native grain, fruits, and vegetables. While it Belgians. The largest concentrations is common for women to work, they of foreign-born citizens are in the earn about 25% less than men do. western mining and industrial towns. Overall, Belgians enjoy a healthy Almost 70% of Belgians work in services. Some 28% of the population style of living in one of the richest countries in Europe. A banker averis employed by industry and work ages about $1,430 per month, while mostly in engineering, processed

Walloon 33%

Fleming 55%

Ethnic Makeup

Protestant and other 25% Roman Catholic 75%

Major Religions bakers earn about $10 an hour. Although unemployment runs fairly high, most Belgians save up to 20% of their annual income. Life expectancy is 78 years.

Education Belgians are free to choose the type of education their children receive. Both public and private primary and secondary schools are popular. More than 99% of all school-aged children in Belgium attend classes, and the school system is ranked seventh in the world. Depending on the region, classes are taught in German, French, or Flemish. When students finish primary school, they must choose which type of secondary school to attend. One type of school offers vocational train-

Popular Culture/Daily Life Belgium is known throughout the world for many of its performing and visual arts. Several famous painters, including Jans van Eyck and Hans Memling, are from Belgium. Flanders, a popular area among artists, features several painting schools. Great musicians Orlando di Lasso and Josquin des Prez are also part of Belgium’s artistic tradition.


Type: Federal parliamentary democracy Structure: Executive Leader: King/Prime Minister

Defense



ing, and the other type offers classic curriculum to prepare students for college. Several universities also offer higher education. Belgium is a country with many festivals. Most of these celebrations focus on the different seasons. In spring, the Binche and Stavelot carnivals take place in Walloon. During the summer, Belgians enjoy the dragon battle at Mons. Christmas, St. Nicholas, and New Years festivals take place in winter. Some festivals, especially in Flanders, focus on regional history and religion.



516

447 398

162 19 TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

67

Belize Land area rank


smallest country

Population rank

179 most people (1)

fewest people

At a Glance Official Name: Belize Continent: North (Central) America Area: 8,803 square miles (22,800 sq km) Population: 256,062 Capital City: Belmopan Largest City: Belize City (47,723) Unit of Money: Belizean dollar EQUATOR Major Languages: English (official), Spanish, Mayan Literacy: 70% Land Use: 2% arable, 2% meadow, 92% forests, 4% other Natural Resources: Timber, fish Government: Parliamentary democracy Defense: $14 million

GUATEMALA

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C

0 in/0 cm


Dangriga San Ignacio

Caribbean Sea

ta in

s

AFRICA


M

ay

a

M

n ou

0

Punta Gorda

0

miles km

50

50

A N TA R C T I C A

HONDURAS

The People

Garments 9% Marine products 10%

There is much cultural diversity in Belize because most of the people are descendants of immigrants. The ethnic make up of Belize changes frequently. Many immigrants from Mexico, South Asia, and the Middle East have settled in Belize over the last few decades. At the same time, many native Belizeans have left the country. The Mestizos are of mixed Mayan and European ancestry. The Creoles have African-European ancestry. Almost half of the Belize population is under 15 years of age. The people of Belize enjoy a wide variety of lifestyles. Dress, foods, religions, entertainment, and language can vary by community. Even with different customs, people coexist peacefully. Life expectancy is 69 years. There are distinct social classes in Belize. The middle class is able to afford expensive items. The poor, however, often rely on social services. In the Belizean labor force, one-third are employed by agriculture. Another 16% of the population work in services, 15% in government, and 11% in commerce.

Re-exports 12%

Raw sugar 30% Bananas 14% Orange concentrate 14%

Exports

$166 million

68

Belmopan ASIA


12 in/30 cm


15 in/38 cm

E

Belize City

EUROPE

Located on the northeast coast of Central America, Belize is the second-smallest mainland country of the Americas, as well as the least populated. The landscape of Belize is quite diverse. The northern half of the country is fairly flat, with a top elevation of less than 200 feet (60 m). This section is made up mostly of limestone lowlands, coastal swamps, and cays. Just off the coast lies the Belize Barrier Reef—the second-largest barrier reef in the world. The southern part of Belize is mountainous. The Maya Mountains extend from the southwestern border of Guatemala to the center of Belize. Victoria Peak has an elevation of 3,681 feet (1,122 m)—the highest spot in the country. The southern part of the country averages more than three times as much rain per year as the northern part. Almost half of the country is covered by forests. Some 50 different species of trees grow in the country, depending on climate. Some of the most common trees in Belize include mahogany, cedar, and pine. Mayan Temple Mangrove trees also grow along the coast. 80˚F/27˚C

W S

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

N

Orange Walk

NORTH AMERICA


Corozal

MEXICO

Other 8% Garifuna 7% Maya 11%

Mestizo 44% Creole 30%

Ethnic Makeup

Other 8%

Protestant 30%

Roman Catholic 62%

Major Religions

Benin Land area rank

102

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

95

fewest people

At a Glance

most people (1)

BURKINA FASO


Official Name: Republic of Benin EQUATOR Continent: Africa Area: 42,710 square miles (110,620 sq km) Population: 6,590,782 Capital City: Porto-Novo Largest City: Cotonou (472,290) Unit of Money: CFA franc Major Languages: French (official), Fon, Yorba Literacy: 37% Land Use: 13% arable, 4% permanent crop, 4% meadow, 31% forest, 48% other Natural Resources: Oil, limestone, marble, timber Government: Multiparty democratic republic Defense: $25 million

W

AFRICA

S

Djougou

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Other 45% Seed cotton 2%

ge

r R i

GHANA

ve

r

NIGERIA TOGO Abomey Cotonou Porto-Novo Ouidah

0

miles

0

km 100

100

ATLANTIC OCEAN

The People Although Benin’s population is not extremely large, the country has one of the highest population growth rates in western Africa (3.3%). This is because the country’s birth rate is higher than the rest of the region while its death rate is lower. Almost half of the country is under the age of 15. Life expectancy is 54 years. The majority of Beninese—about 68% of the population—live in the southern coastal areas. About 500,000 people are settled around the port of Cotonou. Many reside there to be close to the commercial part of the country, since this is the only large city. More than 75% of Beninese live in rural areas. The population decreases sharply in the north. There are only a few villages Yaroba woman scattered throughout this dry area. Quality of life in Benin depends on the area in which a person lives. In Cotonou, there are new buildings, movie theaters, and hotels. In less developed areas, customs are much more traditional. Extended families live together, and many aspects of daily life center around the town marketplace.



12 in/30 cm

Ni

Parakou

A N TA R C T I C A

Benin is a 420-mile(675-km) long country on the western coast of Africa. The Atlantic Ocean forms its southern coast. There are five distinct regions in Benin. Village of Ganive, Benin The highest point in the country is in the Atakora Mountains, in the northwest, which reach 2,103 feet (641 m) above sea level. In the northeast, the sloping Niger Plains extend down to the Niger River valley. There are four plateaus rising up toward the center of the country. To the south of these plateaus lies the barre region. This fertile area is slightly hilly, with a top elevation of about 1,300 feet (400 m). In the southern region of Benin, the coastline is low and flat, with many lagoons and marshes. Benin’s climate differs in the northern and southern regions. In the north, there are two seasons—one rainy and one dry. In the south, however, there are four seasons—two wet and two dry. 15 in/38 cm

Natitingon

AUSTRALIA

The Place

80˚F/27˚C

E

Kandi

SOUTH AMERICA

100˚F/38˚C

N

Malanville

ASIA

Cotton yarn 50%

Exports

Crude petroleum 3%

Christian 15% Muslim 15%

African 99%

Ethnic Makeup

Indigenous beliefs 70%

Major Religions

$192 million

69

Bhutan Land area rank

132

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

142

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance


Official Name: Kingdom of Bhutan EQUATOR Continent: Asia Area: 18,147 square miles (47,000 sq km) Population: 2,049,412 Capital City: Thimphu Largest City: Thimphu (27,000) Unit of Money: Ngultrums and Indian rupees Major Languages: Dzongkha (official) Literacy: 42% Land Use: 2% arable, 6% meadow, 66% forest, 26% other Natural Resources: Timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbide Government: Monarchy Defense: India guarantees security

W

AFRICA


Thimphu


20˚F/-7˚C 0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


70

Other 40%

NEPAL

a Brahmaput r

BANGLADESH

$77 million

0

miles

0

km 50

ve

r

50

Most Bhutanese have settled in the fertile areas of the Lesser Himalayas and along the southwestern border near India. The least populated areas of the country are the cold Great School girls in Bumthang Himalayas region and the mosquito-infested borders of the Duars Plains. About 90% of the Bhutanese people live in small, isolated rural villages. An important feature near each village is a dzong. It serves as both a monastery and a local administrative office. A dzong is the citizens’ main source of political support. Life expectancy is 53 years. The general way of life in Bhutan differs between the three main ethnic groups. The Bhote make up the largest ethnic group and live in the northern, central, and western parts of the country. Each family is run by the father, but either sons or daughters can inherit land. Women are also free to choose their own husband and petition for divorce. The Sharchops, indigenous people related to the Bhote, live mostly in the eastern part of the country. Although they share the same religion as the Bhote, they are not as strict. The Nepalese, the third ethnic group, are mainly Hindus. They are divided by a strict social caste system that influences marriage and employment.

Electricity 25%

Exports

Ri

The People

Cement 13% Fruit and vegetables 10%

Samdrup Jongkhar

Phuntsholing

Indigenous or migrant tribes 15% Average Rainfall


9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

Tongsa Tashigang

15 in/38 cm

60˚F/16˚C

S

I N D I A

Bhutan is a small, landlocked country in south-central Asia, between China and India. The landscape of Bhutan can be divided into three distinct areas. In the north, the Great Himalayas reach a height of more than 24,000 feet (7,300 m). Alpine shrubs and grasses grow on the high slopes, and the climate remains fairly dry. To the south of the Great Himalayas are the Lesser Himalayas. These Kangpara Valley, Bhutan mountain slopes are covered with dense forests. Among the smaller peaks lie cultivated valleys that range from 5,000 to 9,000 feet (1,524 to 2,743 m) high. The Duars Plain lies in the southern part of Bhutan. The area is about 8 to 10 miles (13 to 16 km) wide and has a hot, steamy climate. The northern half of the region is mostly covered with dense vegetation. Southern Duars consists of bamboo jungles and grassy plains. 12 in/30 cm

E

H I M A L A Y A S Paro

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

80˚F/27˚C

N

C H I N A

ASIA

Timber and wood manufactures 12%

Nepalese 35%

Bhote 50%

Ethnic Makeup

Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism 25% Lamaistic Buddism 75%

Major Religions

Bolivia Land area rank

27

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

85

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

os


dre

ASIA

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Bolivia Continent: South America Area: 418,683 square miles (1,084,390 sq km) Population: 8,300,463 Capital City: Sucre (official), La Paz (administrative) Largest City: La Paz (1.1 million) Unit of Money: Boliviano Major Languages: Spanish, Quechua, and Aymara (all official) Literacy: 83% Land Use: 3% arable, 25% meadows, 52% forests, 20% other Natural Resources: Tin, natural gas, crude oil, zinc Government: Republic Defense: $136 million

Di

de

a

oM

AFRICA

0

miles

0

km 200

200

B R A Z I L

Ri

N

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

W

P E R U

E S

A N TA R C T I C A

Lake Titicaca

La Paz Cochabamba

A

N

Alt

Santa Cruz

Sucre

no

S D E

ipla

PACIFIC OCEAN

Oruro

Potosi Tarija

CHILE

PARAGUAY

ARGENTINA

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Other 5%

Soybeans 16% Average Rainfall


Although the overall population density for the country is very low at 18 people per square mile (7 people per sq km), more than half The Place of the Bolivian population lives on Bolivia is a landlocked country in west-central South the Altiplano. The economic conAmerica. It measures approximately 950 miles (1,503 ditions there are some of the worst km) long and about 800 miles (1,287 km) wide. in the country. Bolivia is the poorThe Andes Mountains run along the southwestern est nation in South America. border of Bolivia. The Cordillera Occidental lies along Bolivia is a country with almost Bolivia’s western border with Chile. Parts of this range 40% of the population under the include several active volcanoes. age of 15. Only about half of these The mountain chain to the east is called the children receive an education. Cordillera Oriental. Its northern section is called the And less than half of the infants Bolivian woman Cordillera Real and has peaks that reach more than in the country receive immuniza20,000 feet (6,096 m) high. Lying between the mountion against common diseases. Life expectancy is 62 years. tain ranges is the Altiplano, a plateau Many of the country’s traditions and Cathedral of San Francisco, La Paz that measures about 500 miles (804 km) customs come from a mix of Indian and long and 80 miles (129 km) wide. Mediterranean cultures. For instance, In western Bolivia is Lake Titicaca— much of the music is based on Spanish South America’s largest lake. To the dances, but it uses Indian instruments— north and east of the Andes is the such as the sicu, kena, and tarka—to creOriente region, which makes up about ate the tunes. During Oruro—one of the two-thirds of the country. The landcountry’s most important cultural music scape in the Oriente includes swamps, festivals—there is an exciting competition plains, savannas, and tropical forests. between Indian dance and music groups.

Other 27%

Zinc 12%

Silver 5% Timber 6% Tin 6% Natural gas 7%

Petroleum 11%

Exports $1 billion

Gold 10%

White 15% Quechua 30% Mestizo 30% Aymara 25%

Ethnic Makeup

Roman Catholic 95%

Major Religions

71

Bosnia and Herzegovina Land area rank

128

smallest country

Population rank

largest country (1)

121

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

CROATIA Sava River Bihac

Prijedor Banja Luka

Zenica

RO

Tusla

ASIA

AFRICA

Srebrenica

SOUTH AMERICA

Sarajevo AUSTRALIA

Gorazde Mostar

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm


100˚F/38˚C

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Average Rainfall

Bosnia and Herzegovina is a small nation on the west-central section of the Balkan Peninsula in southern Europe. Bosnia makes up most of the country, in the northern and central regions. Herzegovina is the southernmost triangular section below Sarajevo. Bosnia and Herzegovina is mountainous. The highest point in the country, Maglic, measures 7,828 feet (2,386 m) high. Peaks in the north reach more than 6,000 feet (1,828 m) above sea level. Much of this Mostar, Bosnia area is covered with dense forests and experiences short, cool summers and long, harsh winters. The terrain in the south is much less dramatic. It is mainly used for farming and the temperatures there are more moderate. A little more than 15% of the country’s land is cultivated. Corn, wheat, and potatoes are raised in the north. On the large farms in the south, soybeans, pomegranates, and citrus fruits are grown.

Not available


72

S

Adriatic Sea

0 0

miles km

50

50

ER

E

(S

W

BI

A

N

ALBANIA

The People The people of Bosnia and Herzegovina are trying to recover from a devastating civil war. When Bosnia declared its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, both the Croats and the Serbs wanted to divide up the new Muslim country between themselves. Three years of fighting followed, and tens of thousands of Bosnians were killed. Most of the cities were also destroyed. Life expectancy is 71 years. The largest source of conflict in the country today is ethnic disagreement. Before the war, the Serbs, Bosnians, and Croatians coexisted peacefully because the Yugoslavian government promoted cultural freedom. Now there is much bitterness between the groups. About 2 million people have been displaced by the war, and more than 1 million have fled the country. In cities where jobs can be found, both men and women are employed. Women are also expected to do all of the housework and cooking. Orthodox Serb and Muslim women stay at home with their children.

Croat 22%

Serb 40%

Muslim 38%

0 in/0 cm


EG

NORTH AMERICA

)

EUROPE

Y U A GO N D SL M AV O N IA TE N

Official Name: Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Continent: Europe Area: 19,776 square miles EQUATOR (51,233 sq km) Population: 3,922,205 Capital City: Sarajevo Largest City: Sarajevo (525,000) Unit of Money: Convertible marka Major Languages: Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian (all official) Literacy: 92% Land Use: 39% forest, 20% meadows, 14% arable land, 5% permanent crops, 22% other Natural Resources: Coal, iron, bauxite, timber Government: Emerging democracy Defense: $389 million

Ethnic Makeup

Protestant 4% Other 10% Roman Catholic 15% Muslim 40% Greek Orthodox 31%

Major Religions

Botswana Land area rank

45

smallest country

Population rank

largest country (1)

147 most people (1)

fewest people

At a Glance

ANGOLA


ZAMBIA

ASIA

Official Name: Republic of EQUATOR Botswana Continent: Africa Area: 226,011 square miles (585,370 sq km) Population: 1,586,119 Capital City: Gaborone Largest City: Gaborone (110,973) Unit of Money: Pula Major Languages: English (official), Setswana Literacy: 67% Land Use: 2% arable, 75% meadow, 2% forest, 21% other Natural Resources: Diamonds, copper, nickel, salt Government: Parliamentary republic Defense: $200 million

C

AFRICA

Okavango Delta

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

ho

b e R.

ZIMBABWE Maun Francistown

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


Botswana is a landlocked country in southern Africa. It is approximately 600 miles (965 km) from north to south and from east to west. There are three distinct geographic regions in Botswana. The hardveld area in the east consists of rocky hills. To the northwest lies the Okavango Swamp. This large, marshy area measures 4,000 square miles (10,000 sq km). The south is mostly characterized by the Kalahari Desert, which is semidesert that contains some grass and scrub plants. There are sand dunes in the southwestern part of the Kalahari. Botswana’s terrain is mostly flat—the average elevation throughout the country is 3,300 feet (1,000 m) above sea level. In the southern part of the country, however, some elevations reach up to 4,600 feet (1,400 m). The climate in Botswana is very dry. The Chobe River, which runs along Botswana’s western border with Namibia, is the country’s only permanent source of surface water. Rainfall is inconsistent, and droughts can last for several years.

Other 34%

Diamonds 28%

Copper Nickel 21% 17%

Exports

Selebi Phikwe

N A M I B I A KALAHARI DESERT

Li

m

p po

o

R

.

Gaborone

N

Kanye W

E

SOUTH AFRICA 0

S

0

miles km

200

200

The People The population of Botswana is fairly small due to the country’s lack of water. There are just 8 people per square mile (2.4 people per sq km). The majority of Botswana’s people—about 75%—live in rural areas. The eastern part of the country is the most densely populated, while the southwest and west-central areas have the lowest population. Many people in Botswana are poor, even though the average personal income in the country is one of the highest in Africa. There are few jobs, and unemployment runs as high as 40%. Because of this, many people from Botswana work in South African mines. People who work in Botswana earn a living mainly in agriculture. The healthcare system in Botswana is generally poor—there is 1 doctor for every 5,150 people. The government is trying to improve primary care for the entire population. It now monitors the nutritional intake of its citizens during times of drought. Almost half of the country’s population is under 15 years of age. The average life expectancy in Botswana is 40 years. Kalanga, Basarwa, and Kgalagadi 4%

White 1%

Batswana 95%

Ethnic Makeup

Indigenous Christian beliefs 50% 50%

Major Religions

$2 billion

73

Brazil Land area rank

5

Population rank

5

smallest country

largest country (1)

fewest people

most people (1)

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C


74

Sao Luis

os ap

aj

Fortaleza

T

Teresina

Imperatriz

io

ei

Belém

Natal

a

i sc

o

Maceió

Fr

nc

Aracaju

Rio Sa o

ia

Recife

Rio

Rio

Ara

Xin

gua

gu

Porto Velho

R io T oc an

io

ti n s

M

ad

s

Marajo Island

r

Santarem

PERU

Salvador

EUROPE ASIA

BOLIVIA

Cuiaba

Brasília

AFRICA

AL

Goiania

NT

AN

SOUTH AMERICA

Belo Horizonte Campo Grande

Vitoria

Campinas

Ri

PARAGUAY

A N TA R C T I C A

oP

ar

an

a

PA

AUSTRALIA

Sao Paulo

Nova Iguaçu Rio De Janeiro

CHILE

Curitiba

N

Florianopolis

ARGENTINA

W

0 0

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

E S

Porto Alegre

URUGUAY

0 in/0 cm


ra

Rio Branco

ru

a

R

R

Pu io

Am

ve z on R i

R

EC UA DO R

u ru a R io J

Average Rainfall


40˚F/4˚C

E

9 in/23 cm

M

60˚F/16˚C

NA

Manaus

Brazil is the fifth-largest country in the world and covers about half of South America. Stretching for about 2,900 miles (4,666 km) from north to south, Brazil borders all but two countries on the continent. Brazil also has 4,600 miles (7,402 km) of coastline on the Atlantic Ocean. Brazil can be divided into two main regions—the Amazon River Basin in the north, and the Brazilian Highlands in the south. The Amazon River begins in Peru and is 4,000 miles (6,440 km) long. It has more than 200 tributaries and drains almost one-third of Brazil. The grassy northern lowlands that

12 in/30 cm

Macapá

a zo n R i ver Am A A M A Z O N I

PACIFIC OCEAN

80˚F/27˚C

ATLANT IC OCE A N

Rio Negro

The Place

15 in/38 cm

FRENCH GUIANA

RI

COLOMBIA

NORTH AMERICA

100˚F/38˚C

SU

VENEZUELA

Official Name: Federative Republic of Brazil Continent: South America Area: 3,265,059 square miles (8,456,510 sq km) Population: 174,468,575 Capital City: Brasilia Largest City: Rio de Janeiro (6,011,181 people) Unit of Money: Real Major Languages: Portuguese (official), Spanish, EQUATOR English, French Natural Resources: Bauxite, gold, iron, ore

0˚F/-18˚C

ANA GUY

At a Glance

miles km

400

400

Brazil surround the Amazon act as a floodplain for the mighty river. Shallow lakes and swamps, as well as mangrove forests, are found there. The massive Amazon Rain Forest is also located there. It grows along the river delta and covers about one-third of the country. The Brazilian Highlands—also known as the Planalto Central— make up the majority of the country’s landmass. Throughout this region, peak elevations range from 6,000 to 9,500 feet (1,828 to 2,895 m) above sea level. The Guiana Highlands are located on the very northern tip of Brazil. There, Neblina Peak— the country’s highest point—reaches 9,888 feet (3,013 m) high.

Parrot

Amazon River

Non-electrical machinery and apparatus 9% Iron and steel 9% Motor vehicles 6% Mineral ores 6% Wood pulp, paper, and paper products 6% Other Footwear and 47% leather products 3% Electrical machinery and apparatus 3% Aluminum Coffee 4% and related Refined sugar and products 3% Exports confectionery 4%

Farms/cropland 6% Other 14%


Forests 58%

Land Use

(Continued)

Orchid

The Great Escarpment is a massive fault block that extends from Rio de Janeiro northward for 1,600 miles (2,575 km) along Brazil’s eastern coast. It consists Tapir calf of deep valleys and rounded mountain peaks. South of Rio de Janeiro, the fault line is called Serra do Mar. This section averages about 3,000 feet in elevation with walls that drop straight down to the Atlantic Ocean. ➤

Resources

Farm land

Forests

Pastures

Other

Manufacturing Cattle

Coffee beans, grown in the highlands, are one of Brazil’s chief exports.

Coffee

75

Brazil

(Continued)

The History In 1500, after landing on the area that is now Brazil, Portuguese traders befriended many of the native Indians. The area was then used to cultivate and export sugar. In addition to agriculture, the land was also used for cattle ranching and gold mining. Portugal fought with many European countries for control of the Brazilian territory. In 1821, Dom Pedro—the son of Portugal’s prince regent—arrived in the Brazilian territory to govern the area for Portugal. A year later, he declared Brazil’s independence and

Dom Pedro

The People With its large size and hospitable terrain, Brazil supports a very large population. In fact, the country has the fifth-largest population in the world. Most Brazilians are concentrated along the country’s eastern seaboard. Many favelas, or poor

communities, are located in the northeast. The most industrialized and technological region of Brazil is in the south. Only about one-quarter of Brazilians live in rural areas. The urban population has been steadily growing as poor families move to the city looking for a better life. This has created many crowded cities that cannot support the demand for work, and resulted in a low standard of living. Life expectancy is 63 years. Most family members tend to stay close to each other in Brazil. Relatives Father and daughter in Fortaleza’s market

Other 30% Roman Catholic 70%

Major Religions Black 6% Other 1%

Mixed 38%

White 55%

Ethnic Makeup

76

was crowned emperor of the new country. Portugal recognized Brazil’s independence in 1825.

Government Type: Federal republic Structure: Executive Leader: President


usually live in the same area and hold many family gatherings and celebrations. In poorer communities, large families may even share the same house. Some of these practices are becoming less common, however, as family members move to urban areas. The social and economic conditions in Brazil vary widely by class. Approximately 50% of the country’s population is in poverty. The large lower class is primarily made up of migrant workers. The smaller group of upper-class Brazilians can afford modern conveniences.

Brazil Education As with the many social differences between the upper and lower classes in Brazil, the quality of education depends on personal wealth. Many upper-class Brazilians send their children to private schools in France or Switzerland. Even middle-class families try to send their children to private schools within Brazil. Poorer children attend inadequate state-run schools that have little funding and less-qualified teachers. Although the poor regions of northeastern Brazil have about half

(Continued)

of the primary schools in the country, the students who manage to attend make up just one-third of the nation’s student body. About 20% of the population cannot read or write, and more than 60% have received just 4 years of schooling.

Literate 83%


Brazilian boys

Samba player

Woman in Carnival costume

Brazilian woman, Salvador de Bahia

Popular Culture/Daily Life

days before Lent. Parades of people in elaborate costumes fill the streets, and there is much singing, dancing, and eating. Latin-influenced beats drive samba, which often uses a

wide variety of percussion instruments. Samba music is very popular in Brazil. Many samba dancers and musicians entertain during Carnival celebrations.

Indians, Africans, and Portuguese have all influenced Brazilian culture and way of life. The Portuguese heritage, however, dominates Brazil’s language, religion, and traditions. In some areas—including the southeastern coastal region near Rio de Janeiro—African influences are apparent in the native dishes, religions, and dance music. One of the most famous celebrations in Brazil is Carnival. This four-day festival takes place throughout the country during the

Agriculture 13%


Industry 38%

Services 49%

204 1 TVs

Cars

90

83

Phones

VCRs

NA

Labor Force

PCs

77

Brunei Land area rank

170

smallest country

Population rank


fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance


Official Name: The Sultanate EQUATOR of Brunei Continent: Asia Area: 2,035 square miles (5,270 sq km) Population: 343,653 Capital City: Bandar Seri Begawan Largest City: Bandar Seri Begawan (50,000) Unit of Money: Bruneian dollar Major Languages: Malay (official), English, Chinese Literacy: 89% Land Use: 1% arable, 2% permanent crops, 85% forests, 12% other Natural Resources: Petroleum, natural gas, timber Government: Constitutional sultanate Defense: $48 million

South China Sea ASIA

Brunei Bay

AFRICA

Pekan Muara


Bandar Seri Begawan Pekan Tutong Bangar

N

A N TA R C T I C A

Kuala Belait

W

Pekan Seria

E S

0 0

miles km

MALAYS IA

20

20

The People

120˚F/49˚C

18 in/46 cm

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Average Rainfall


The people of Brunei enjoy a healthy economy and a high standard of living due to the country’s great oil wealth. Healthcare and education are free. Life The Place expectancy is 72 years. Approximately 60% of the Bruneian population lives Brunei is on the northwest corner of the island of in urban areas. Many reside in Bandar Seri Begawan, Borneo. The country actually consists of two different Seria, and Kuala Belait. The interior of Brunei is home areas of land, separated by the Malaysian state of to a small number of indigenous people. Sarawak. Brunei lies south of the South China Sea with The Language and 100 miles (161 km) of coastline. About 70% of Literature Bureau in Brunei is covered by tropical rain forest. Brunei promotes cultural The western section of Brunei is the larger activities in the country. area. Just inland from the beaches lies a coastal The Art and Handicraft plain that stretches from east to west for 56 miles Centre displays traditional (90 km). The land becomes more hilly towards items made in Brunei, the southern part of the country, climbing more including boats, silver than 1,650 feet (500 m) above sea level. products, bronze tools, The eastern section of Brunei is much more and baskets. mountainous, especially in the southeast. Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque and The population celeThere, the country’s highest point, Pagon Kampong Ayer brates many festivals and Peak, reaches 6,070 feet (1,850 km) above holidays. One of the most sea level. important, His Majesty the Sultan’s Birthday, takes place Brunei has a tropical climate with temperatures in July. The entire country joins in the parades, firebetween 76° and 86° F (24° and 30°C). The country works, and special food. In February, Bruneians celegets plenty of rain, averaging 100 inches (254 cm) on brate their country with National Day. the coast and 150 inches (388 cm) in the interior.


Other 9%

Natural gas 42%

Crude petroleum 46%

Chinese 16%

Buddism 14% Malay 67%

0 in/0 cm


Exports $3 billion

78

Indigenous 6% Other 11%

Ethnic Makeup

Indigenous beliefs and other 15%

Christian 8%

Muslim 63%

Major Religions

Bulgaria Land area rank


smallest country

Population rank

88 most people (1)

fewest people

At a Glance


ROMA N IA

Riv be u Da n Ruse

ASIA

Official Name: EQUATOR Republic of Bulgaria Continent: Europe Area: 42,683 square miles (110,550 sq km) Population: 7,707,495 Capital City: Sofia Largest City: Sofia (1,114,476) Unit of Money: Lev Major Languages: Bulgarian (official) Literacy: 98% Land Use: 43% arable, 2% permanent crop, 14% meadow, 38% forest, 3% other Natural Resources: Bauxite, copper, lead, zinc Government: Parliamentary democracy Defense: $364 million AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


Bulgaria is in southeastern Europe. Its eastern coastline runs along the Black Sea for about 214 miles (345 km). To the north, the Danube River forms most of the country’s border with Romania. There are three main physical regions of Bulgaria. The fertile Danubian Plain lies in the northern part of the country and takes up about 30% of the total area. Most of this region has an elevation below 700 feet (210 m). To the south lie the Balkan Mountains. These mountains cross the country and average about 2,368 feet (722 m) in elevation. The third section of Bulgaria consists of a large mountain chain called the Rila-Rhodope massif, and is located to the south and west of the Balkans. This chain is larger than the Balkan Mountains. The climate in Bulgaria varies by region. In the lowlands and central valley, the winters are cold and snowy, while the summers are warm. In the southeastern part of Bulgaria the climate is more Mediterranean and may suffer from summer droughts. The country averages about 30° F (-1° C) in the winter and around 70° F (21° C) in the summer.

Textiles Other and 37% knitwear 3% Food, beverages, and tobacco 17% Exports $5 billion

Shumen

KAN

SL

A

VI

A

BAL

Sliven

O G

Ri

la

Varna

MOUNTAINS

Sofia

YU

A N TA R C T I C A

Pleven

Vratsa AUSTRALIA

er

Black Sea

Burgas

Stara Zagora

-R

ho

Plovdiv

dop

e

MACEDONIA

W

TU RK EY

G REECE

N E

0

Aegean Sea

S

miles

50

0 km 50

The People About three-quarters of the Bulgarian population lives in cities. There are about 207 people per square mile (74 people per sq km). While rural dwellers usually live in single-family houses, city dwellers live in apartments. Bulgaria does not have enough urban housing. Life expectancy is 72 years. About 40% of the Bulgarian people work in industries such as machine building, Bulgarians in a horse-drawn carriage metalworking, and engineering. Another 18% of Bulgarians work in agriculture, growing crops such as grain, oilseed, fruit, tobacco, and vegetables. Education in Bulgaria is free, and it is required for children between the ages of 6 and 16. Approximately 97% of primary school-aged children go to school. They attend classes for 7 years. About 75% of secondary school-aged children attend classes. They remain in school for 3 to 5 years, depending on what they study. Although Bulgarians are influenced by many Western items such as clothes and movies, much of the population still enjoys traditional folk music and dancing. Chemicals and plastics 26%

Machinebuilding and metalworking equipment 17%

Gypsy 3% Turkish 9%

Macedonian 3%

Bulgarian 85%

Ethnic Makeup

Jewish 1%

Other 1%

Muslim 13% Bulgarian Orthodox 85%

Major Religions

79

Burkina Faso Land area rank

73

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

65

fewest people

At a Glance


most people (1)

M A L I ASIA

N

Official Name: Burkina Faso EQUATOR Continent: Africa Area: 105,714 square miles (273,800 sq km) Population: 12,272,289 Capital City: Ouagadougou Largest City: Ouagadougou (441,514) Unit of Money: Communaute Financiere Africaine frank Major Languages: French (official) Natural Resources: Manganese, limestone, marble

.

R er ig

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

N I G E R

AUSTRALIA

Ouahigouya

Kaya

A N TA R C T I C A

Ouagadougou ite Wh

Koudougou

lta

R.

R.

lta Vo

Vo

d Re

Bobo-Dioulasso Black Volta

Banfora

Fada-N'gourma

BENIN N

R.

GHANA W

E S

TOGO COTE D'IVOIRE

Straw merchant, Burkina Faso

The Place Burkina Faso is a small, landlocked country in western Africa. Formerly called Upper Volta, this country consists mainly of a large plateau. To the southwest are sandstone plateaus. They are bordered by the Banfora Escarpment, which rises

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C


20˚F/-7˚C 0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Hides and skins 9%

0

km 100

100

area receives almost four times as much rain as the north. Because of this, most of the farming in Burkina Faso is done in the south. Peanuts, cotton, rice, and corn are major crops. There are three main rivers in Burkina Faso. The Black Volta begins in the western part of the country and flows northward before turning south. It eventually makes up part of Burkina Faso’s southern border with Ghana. The river is the country’s lowest point at 656 feet (200 m) above sea level. The Red Volta begins near the center of the country and also flows southward into Ghana. The White Volta is just to the east of the Red Volta and begins near the capital city. It flows into Ghana as well.

Other 15%

Other 18% Raw cotton 42% Gold 12%

Live animals 19%


80

miles


Average Rainfall

15 in/38 cm


100˚F/38˚C

up to about 500 feet (150 m) above sea level. In the north and northeast, rocky hills tower above the sand below. The climate in Burkina Faso is hot and dry, especially in the northern part of the country. This is because much of the area lies in the Sahel—the outer reaches of the Sahara Desert. The northern vegetation is mostly shrubs with some grasses. It is very hard to irrigate this area because there is no surface water. The climate in the south, however, is more tropical. This

0

Forests 50%


Land Use

Burkina Faso (Continued) and related industries employ about 90% of the workforce and account for half of the country’s supply of food. The climate and weather conditions in Burkina Faso make the success of the crops very unpredictable. Inconsistent rain, droughts, and desert growth make farming very difficult. The country’s annual population growth rate of 2.8% is another strain on the economy. There are approximately 6.6 children born to every woman in Burkina Faso, and almost half of the population is

under the age of 15. Currently, there are not enough jobs to support the population. Many workers travel south to Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire to look for work. The extreme poverty in Burkina Faso also affects the country’s health care system. The death rate is high, and few people receive medical treatment they need because there is just 1 doctor for every 57,300 people. Diseases such as malaria and AIDS are widespread. The average life expectancy in Burkina Faso is 45 years.

The People Burkina Faso has a weak economy, and most of the population lives in poverty. The average shopkeeper, for example, makes just $60 per month. One of the main reasons for the country’s weak economy is its dependence on agriculture. Farming

Education The education system in Burkina Faso is weak and underfunded. All schooling is free, and children aged 7 to 14 are required to attend classes. Only about 40% of all primary school-aged children are enrolled, and just 9% of secondary school-aged children attend classes. The education system is based standard subjects, but vocational subjects and life skills are increasingly being emphasized.

Popular Culture/Daily Life Even in hard times, the people of Burkina Faso have maintained strong cultural ties and traditions. The country has about 60 different ethnic groups, and each has its own distinct way of life and art forms. The largest and most influential group is the Mossi. Their famous red-and-white antelope masks stand more than 7 feet (2 m) tall and are often worn at funerals. The Bobo, another group,

Christian 10% Mossi 24% Muslim 50%


Gurunsi Senufo, Lobi Bobo, Mande, Fulani and other 76%

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

The country has one of the lowest literacy rates in the world—approximately 29% of men and 9% of women can read and write.

Government Type: Parliamentary Structure: Executive Leader: President/Prime Minister

Literate 19%

Defense NA army personnel NA tanks NA major ships NA combat aircraft


are known for their large butterfly masks, which are symbols of fertility. The woodcarvings of the Lobi

people are believed to protect their families and are very valuable. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

5

1

2

NA

NA

TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

81

Burundi Land area rank


smallest country

Population rank

99 most people (1)

fewest people

At a Glance

Lake Kivu


N

RWANDA

ASIA

Official Name: Republic of EQUATOR Burundi Continent: Africa Area: 10,745 square miles (25,650 sq km) Population: 6,223,897 Capital City: Bujumbura Largest City: Bujumbura (215,243) Unit of Money: Burundi franc Major Languages: Kirundi & French (official) Literacy: 50% Land Use: 43% arable, 8% permanent crops, 35% meadows, 2% forest, 12% other Natural Resources: Nickel, uranium, cobalt, peat Government: Republic Defense: $34 million

W

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

Cibitoke

R

Bujumbura

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 0

miles km

50

50

Tutsi 14%

Twa 1%

Tea 8% Coffee 81%

Hutu 85%


Muslim 1%

Christian 67%

0 in/0 cm


Exports $40 million

82

Bururi

Burundi is a poor country. Many diseases, including AIDS, malaria, influenza, and measles, are common throughout the nation. There is just 1 doctor for every 17,240 people, and the welfare system covers only employed citizens. The average life expectancy in Burundi is about 45 years, and the death rate is extremely high compared to the world average. There are about 648 people per square mile (250 people per sq km), which means Burundi has one of the highest population densities in Africa. On average, most women have seven children. The population of Burundi is 93% rural. In many cases, extended families live together. Most homes consist of a group of small grass huts. Even though all education is free in Burundi, only about half of all school-aged children attend classes. In the classrooms, there is just 1 teacher for every 67 students. The traditions in Burundi are mostly passed down by telling stories and singing instead of written literature. Musical instruments, such as the zither and the indingidi (fiddle), accompany some traditional Burundian songs.

Animal hides and skins 1% Other 8%

Cotton 2% Average Rainfall


60˚F/16˚C

b

TANZANIA ka nyi nga Ta ke La

12 in/30 cm

vu

The People

Burundi is a landlocked country in eastern central Africa. It is 165 miles (265 km) from east to west and 215 miles (345 km) from north to south, making it one of the smallest countries on the continent. Burundi sits on top of a high plateau. The Ruvubu River basin— the southernmost part of the Nile basin—is located on this plateau. The western part of the country is mountainous, with dense forests covering most of the slopes. The highest point in the country measures 9,055 feet (2,760 m) above Burundi school sea level at Mount Heha. The lowest point is Lake Tanganyika, on the country’s western border. It has an elevation of 2,532 feet (772 m) above sea level. The climate of Burundi is mostly tropical with high temperatures and humidity. Burundi experiences two wet seasons and two dry seasons. 15 in/38 cm

Ru

Gitega

CONGO (ZAIRE)

The Place

80˚F/27˚C

u

Bumbanza

A N TA R C T I C A

100˚F/38˚C

S

Muyinga Ngozi

.

AUSTRALIA

E

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

Cambodia Land area rank

89

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

64

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance


LAOS

THAILAND

ASIA

Official Name: State of EQUATOR Cambodia Continent: Asia Area: 68,154 square miles (176,520 sq km) Population: 12,491,501 Capital City: Phnom Penh Largest City: Phnom Penh (900,000) Unit of Money: New riel Major Languages: Khmer (official), French Natural Resources: Timber, gemstones, iron ore, manganese

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

Angkor Wat Siemreab To

A N TA R C T I C A

Cambodia is on the southwestern part of the Indochinese Peninsula of Southeast Asia. The country is 280 miles (450 km) long and 360 miles (580 km) wide at its widest points. The sprawling central plains

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


ap

Krachen

VIETNAM

Phnom Penh

Gulf of Thailand

N Kampot 0

miles km

W

100

100

of Cambodia cover about threequarters of the country’s land area. Toward the west, a section of these fertile plains surround the Tonle Sap, Southeast Asia’s largest lake. The Tonle Sap is drained by the Mekong River, the world’s tenthlargest river, which flows from the country’s northern border with Laos to its southern border with Vietnam. Within Cambodia, the Mekong is 315 miles (505 km) long, To the east of the Mekong

E S

are the eastern highlands, which average 1,200 feet (360 m) in elevation. Southwestern Cambodia is mountainous. The Kravanh Mountains extend to Cambodia’s eastern border with Vietnam. Phnom Arual—the country’s highest point at 5,948 feet (1,813 km)—is also located in this mountain range. The Damrei Mountains, with an average elevation of 1,600 feet (490 m), are located to the south. Cambodia has a tropical monsoon climate. March and April are the hottest months, and December and January are the coolest. The wet season lasts from May to October. Depending on the location, Cambodia gets between 55 and 200 inches (140 to 508 cm) of rain each year. The wettest areas are in the southwestern hillsides. ➤ Farms / cropland 13%

Average Rainfall


Giant stone sculpture, Bayon, Cambodia

eS

Kampong Cham

0

The Place

nl

M

Batdambang

e k o n g Ri v e r

AUSTRALIA

Rubber 6%

Other 10%

Other 15% Re-exports 50%

Logs 12% Timber 17%


Forests 66%

0 in/0 cm


Exports

Land Use

$615 million

83

Cambodia

(continued)

The People The people of Cambodia have been slowly rebuilding their lives since the end of a violent civil war during the late 1970s. More than a million people were killed, and the economic, healthcare, and education systems were destroyed. Cambodia is one of the poorest countries in the world. Life expectancy is 48 years. The majority of Cambodians— approximately 80%—live in rural areas. The highest concentration of people is in the cultivated central plains. Most work in agriculture— an industry that employs about 80% of the country. Rural Cambodians dress in simple, comfortable clothes. The majority of rural homes are made of palm leaves and bamboo. Many of these houses are built on

raised bamboo stilts to avoid flooding during the rainy season. A typical rural village includes several of these types of homes built around a Buddhist monastery. In urban areas, life is not too different—with raised homes and monasteries. Cities, however, suffer from frequent crime. A small number of wealthy and middle-class Cambodians live in luxury villas.

Urban residents normally wear western-style clothing. Cambodia has the world’s highest rate of orphans and widows. This is because many of the country’s men died under the Khmer Rouge regime, which dominated from 1975 to 1979. Many households in Cambodia are headed by women. Women manage household finances and dominate the vending booths at local markets. Chinese 1% Vietnamese 5%

Other 5%

Theravada Buddhism 95%

Khmer 90%

Major Religions

Ethnic Makeup

Education The fighting and upheaval during the late 1970s destroyed much of the education system. About 5,000 teachers survived the crisis, the rest fled the country or were killed. Many new teachers have been trained and school enrollment has greatly increased during the last decade. Education is free in Cambodia, and almost all primary school-age children are enrolled. Many adults who could not attend classes during their youth also go to

Popular Culture/Daily Life Much of Cambodia’s cultural institutions and crafts were lost during Cambodian girls perform a traditional dance

Other 4%


Type: Multiparty liberal democracy Structure: Executive Leader: First and Second Prime Ministers

Literacy

Defense

U.S. rate = 97%


primary school. About 25% of secondary school-aged children go to school, and 1% of Cambodians go to college. the years of fighting. Most literature that survives today has been passed down through the generations by oral storytelling. Many Cambodian legends are based on the epics from India. Classical and folk dancing have also survived. Classical dancers perform with a pinpeat orchestra consisting of drums and gongs. Craftspeople are again producing items that


were once treasured in the country. These crafts include silver work, stone sculpture, baskets, and beautifully woven clothing. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

8

NA

3

NA

NA

TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

Cameroon Land area rank

53

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

60

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

0

Lake Chad

miles

100

0 km 100

Official Name: Republic of Cameroon Continent: Africa Area: 181,251 square miles (469,440 sq, km) EQUATOR Population: 15,803,220 Capital City: Yaounde Largest City: Douala (1,029,731) Unit of Money: CFA franc Major Languages: English and French (both official) Natural Resources: crude oil, bauxite, iron ore, timber

N EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

W

ASIA

AFRICA

E S

N I G E R I A Maroua

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

Garoua

C H A D

A N TA R C T I C A

Kumbo

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C

0 in/0 cm


CENTRAL

AFRICAN region is a coastal Bafoussam REPUBLIC er v i Nkongsamba plain that extends R ga na Sa from the Sanaga Kumba Mt. Cameroon River to the Yaounde Douala southern border. This area has an Bight of average elevation Ebolowa Biafra of 2,000 feet (600 EQUATORIAL GABON m) and is covered GUINEA C O N G O by a dense rain surrounding Lake Chad. Mountains forest. The central section of the and volcanoes make up the western country stretches north of the part of Cameroon. Here, the counSanaga River. This try’s highest peak, Mount area includes the Cameroon, the highest point in Adamawa Plateau western Africa, reaches 13,435 feet which reaches (4,095 m). The soil in this part of 4,450 feet (1,357 the country is very fertile. m) above sea level. The tropical location of The ground cover Cameroon gives the country a hot in this area graduclimate averaging around 80°F (25° ally shifts from C) throughout the year. The souththick forests to ern part of Cameroon gets the most grassy savanna. To rain. The north has one dry season the north, the land and the south has two. turns to marshes ➤

Other 3%

Average Rainfall


Cameroon lies on the central west coast of Africa. It is shaped like a triangle and divides western and central Africa. To the west, the country’s 250-mile- (402-km-) long coastline borders the Bight of Biafra, part of the Atlantic Ocean. The northern tip of the country touches Lake Chad. The country is divided into four main physical areas. The southern


Ngaoundere

Other 25% Cotton 4% Coffee 7% Aluminum 7% Cocoa 8%

Crude petroleum 38%



Forests 78%

Lumber 11%

Exports

Land Use

$2 billion

85

Cameroon

(continued)

The People There are about 230 different ethnic groups, which speak 24 different languages, in Cameroon. The western highlands are home to the largest number of ethnic groups—including the Bamileke—a people who speak Bantu, a language spoken mainly in southern Africa. In general, ethnic groups that speak Bantu-type languages are found in the southern regions of Cameroon. In the northern and eastern areas of the country, most ethnic groups speak Sudanic languages. Among these groups are the Fulani, a Muslim people who make up 10% of the population. French and English are recognized as the official languages of Cameroon, however, French is the most widely spoken non-African language. English is spoken mainly in Western Cameroon.

The religious beliefs practiced in Cameroon also follow regional geography. Muslims are found mainly in the north. Christians are found mainly in the south. More than half the people in Cameroon follow traditional indigenous beliefs. Cameroon has an average population growth rate of 2.8%. This is fairly high by world standards, but is average for African countries. Each woman has an average of 5.8 children, and almost half of the country’s population is under the age of 15. Cameroon is now the fourteenth most-populous country in Africa. Approximately 58% of the Cameroonian population lives in rural areas. The highest population density is in the western mountains. The least populated areas are the southeast and the Adamawa Plateau.

Education Cameroon has one of the highest school attendance rates in Africa. Approximately 85% of all primary school-aged children attend classes. About 26% of secondary schoolaged children are enrolled in classes. Mission schools are a very important factor in the Cameroon education process and are partly financed by the government. The University of Yaounde is the main source of higher education in

Popular Culture/Daily Life Cameroon offers some of the most popular music in all of Africa. One favorite type of music, called makossa, has a strong dance rhythm and is played in clubs and discos. Makossa music can be played by many different instruments, from the traditional thumb piano to guitars and synthesizers. Cameroon is fairly well known for some of its arts and crafts, especially from the smaller grassland tribes. The sculpture is very bold and

Eastern Nigritic 7%

Other 14%

Northwestern Bantu 8% Fulani 10%

Kirdi 11%

Cameroon Highlanders 31% Equatorial Bantu 19%

Ethnic Makeup

Muslim 16%

Christian 33%


Major Religions

Government Type: Unitary republic; multiparty presidential regime Structure: Executive Leader: President/Prime Minister

Literate 63%

Defense



the country. It offers classes in arts, sciences, and law. There are approximately 35,000 students enrolled in Cameroon’s various universities. expressive. Wood carving is very detailed and includes masks, ritual objects, and large house posts. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

22 TVs

6

6

NA

NA

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

Cameroonian woman

86

The most populated urban areas are in the southern part of the country. Life expectancy is 51 years.

NA tanks NA major ships NA combat aircraft

Canada Land area rank

3

smallest country



most people (1)

ARCTIC OCEAN

At a Glance UNITED STATES

Tuktoyaktuk

Melville Island

Banks Island

Devon Island

Baffin Bay

Prince of Wales Island

Ba ffi nI sla nd

Victoria Island

av is ra St

Great Bear Lake

D

Mackenzie R.

YUKON TERRITORY

it

Whitehorse

NUNAVUT

RO

NORTHWEST TERRITORIES

Iqaluit

CK

Yellowknife

Hud son S trait

Y

Great Slave Lake

MO UN

ALBERTA

Edmonton Vancouver

Calgary

Hudson Bay

Churchill

SA SK AT CH EW AN

INS

Prince George

NE

W

UN

DL

AN

D

Saskatoon

Lake Winnipeg

QUEBEC

ONTARIO

Winnipeg

Lake Nipigon

AFRICA

Charlottetown

Thunder Bay

EQUATOR

Quebec

Lake Superior

SOUTH AMERICA

UNITED STATES 0

A N TA R C T I C A

0

miles km

W

500

500

gan

N E

Lake Michi

AUSTRALIA

St. John's Gulf of St. Lawrence

Moosonee Regina

FO

MANITOBA

EUROPE ASIA

Labrador Sea

Ungava Bay

Lake Athabasca

TA

BRITISH COLUMBIA

Victoria NORTH AMERICA

ICELAND

G REEN LA ND Beaufort Sea

PACIFIC OCEAN

Official Name: Canada Continent: North America Area: 3,560,217 square miles (9,220,970 sq. km) Population: 31,592,805 Capital City: Ottawa Largest City: Toronto (3,863,105) Unit of Money: Canadian dollar Major Languages: English and French (both official) Natural Resources: Nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead

Ellesmere Island

S

Montreal

Sudbury Lake Huron

Fredericton

Halifax

Ottawa NEW BRUNSWICK

Kingston Toronto Lake Ontario

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

NOVA SCOTIA

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Windsor Lake Erie

The Place Canada is the second-largest country in the world in total area, and thirdlargest in land area. It occupies approximately 40% of the North American continent. It is so large that it spans six different time zones. Canada can be divided into six broad physical areas. The largest of these areas is the Canadian Shield, which makes up about half of the country. The Shield surrounds the Hudson Bay, reaching eastern, central, and northwestern Canada from the Great Lakes to the Canadian Arctic. The Shield averages less than 2,000 feet (610 m) above sea level, but reaches 7,000 feet (2,000 m) on the north rim.

Several lowlands surround the Canadian Shield. The largest of these lowlands are the interior plains, which extend from the Arctic Ocean to the U.S. border. They also reach from the Canadian Shield to the edge of the Rocky Mountains. To the south and southeast are the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence lowlands that extend from southern Ontario, up the St. Lawrence, and out to the Atlantic Ocean. Also in this area is the mountainous Appalachian region, which extends from eastern Quebec out to Newfoundland. The Western Cordillera extends down the western coast along the Pacific Ocean. This 500-mile-

Vancouver, Canada

(804-km) wide mountain belt reaches peaks of more than 10,000 feet (3,048 m). The northern part of Canada includes the tundra—a cold, dry area with very little vegetation. The Arctic Archipelago—a group of thousands of islands—is also to the north. ➤ Farms/cropland 5%


80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C


20˚F/-7˚C 0˚F/-18˚C


Average Rainfall

15 in/38 cm

100˚F/38˚C

Other 59%

Motor vehicles 23%

0 in/0 cm



Permanent pastures 3% Lumber 6% Crude petroleum 4% Newsprint and paper products 4% Wheat 2% Wood pulp 2%


Land Use

87

Canada

(continued)

The People Even though Canada is a huge country, it is very sparsely populated. The population density of 8 people per square mile (3 people per sq km), however, is misleading. More than three-quarters of all Canadians live in urban areas, and almost all make their homes in some 25 major metropolitan areas. In fact, about 75% of all Canadians live within 250 miles (402 km) of the U.S. border. About 62% of the population lives in Quebec and Ontario. Another 17% of the population lives in the Prairie provinces, 13% resides in British Columbia, and 8% inhabits the Atlantic provinces. Fewer than 1% of Canadians live in the Northwest Territories. More than one-third of Canadians have British ancestry. More than

one-fourth have French ancestry. English and French are official languages of the country. Immigration plays a major role in sustaining the country’s population. Ottowa green market Approximately 16% of Canadians are immigrants, with declining birth rates. 45% coming from Asia and 25% Life expectancy is 79 years. Native from Europe. The country encourpeople in the country suffer from ages immigration because of its high unemployment and death rates. Other 9% Indigenous Indian and Inuits 4% Other European 20%

Other 35%

British origin 40%

French origin 27%

Anglican 8%

Ethnic Makeup

Popular Culture/Daily Life In general, daily life in Canada is similar to life in the United States. Much of the clothing, food, and Toronto skyline

88

United Church 12%

Major Religions

Education The United Nations has ranked Canada’s overall education system first in the world. Each province is responsible for maintaining its own education system. The federal government only manages education policies for the Yukon and Northwest Territories. Because of this individual management, school procedures differ among provinces. However, most children go to kindergarten for one year, and then

Roman Catholic 45%


Type: Federation with parliamentary democracy Structure: Executive Leader: Queen/Prime Minister

Defense



enter an eight-grade elementary school. About 90% of graduates then move onto a four-year secondary school. Approximately 70% of students go on to study at a university. entertainment are the same. However, its history under both British and French rule, and focus on immigration, creates a unique blend of culture and traditions. Sports are popular in the country. Lacrosse, once played by Canada’s indigenous people, continues to be a favorite. Ice hockey and Canadian football are also very popular. Over the last 50 years, the music industry has become a major focus in Canada. Opera is now quite popular in Vancouver, while orchestras


in Montreal and Toronto have won international acclaim. Popular Canadian musicians such as Celine Dion, Anne Murray, and k.d. lang are known all over the world. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people 780

626 493

220 NA TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

Cape Verde Land area rank smallest country

173


largest country (1)

172

most people (1)

At a Glance

0 Ribeira Grande

Official Name: Republic of Cape Verde Continent: Africa Area: 1,556 square miles (4,030 sq km) EQUATOR Population: 405,163 Capital City: Cidade de Praia Largest City: Praia (62,000) Unit of Money: Cape Verdian escudo Major Languages: Portuguese (official), Crioulo Literacy: 72% Land Use: 9% arable, 6% meadows, 85% other Natural Resources: Salt, basalt rock, limestone, fish Government: Republic lead by a president Defense: $3.8 million

miles

0

km

50

50

Santo Antao Mindelo Sao Vicente

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

Sao Nicolau

ASIA

Preguica

Sal Castilhiano

Santa Maria

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

Boa Vista

ATLANTIC OCEAN

AUSTRALIA

Curral Velho

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Tarrafal

Maio Maio

W

Fajazinha

E Furna Brava

S

Fogo

Santiago

Praia

The People Because the country suffers from frequent droughts and has very few natural resources, many Cape Verdeans emigrate to Europe to find work. In fact, there are more Cape Verdeans living outside of the country than on the islands. About 50% of the population is under the age of 16. Of the Cape Verdeans that choose to stay on the islands, about 57% work in agriculture. But even with some rainfall, only 4 of the 10 islands can support crops. Most of the population lives in poverty—the average yearly income is $1,190 per person. Health conditions on the islands are also poor, and there are fewer than 100 doctors in the entire country. Tuberculosis, parasitic diseases, and bronchitis are common problems. The average life expectancy in Cape Verde is 70 years. There are approximately 260 people per square mile (99 people per sq km) in the country. About 50% of Cape Verde’s population lives in Sao Tiago. Other high concentrations of people live on the coasts of Santo Antao and Sao Vincente. Approximately half of the population lives in rural areas. Other 1%

Average Rainfall


Cape Verde is a group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean about 385 miles (620 km) west of Mauritania. There are 10 main islands, divided into the Westward and Leeward groups. The Westward, or Barlavento, group to the north include Santo Anato, Sao Vincente, Sao Nicolau, Santa Luzia, Sal, and Boa Vista. The southern Leeward, or Sotovento group, are Sao Tigo, Brava, Fogo, and Maio. The Cape Verde islands were formed by volcanoes, and most are quite mountainous. Three islands are made up of plains and lowlands. The highest point in the country is Pico de Cano Coconut tree, Cape Verde on the island of Fogo. It measures 9,281 feet (2,829 m) above sea level and is the only active volcano in the group. Cape Verde’s climate is hot and dry. The temperature ranges from 77° F (25° C) in January to 83° F (28° C) in July. The small amount of rainfall—averaging 10 inches (25.4 cm) a year—makes droughts common. Vegetation consists of shrubs and other desert-like plants.

N

Other 25%

Bananas 12%

Fish and fish preparations 63%

Exports

African 28% Creole 71%

Ethnic Makeup

Roman Catholicism fused with Indigenous Beliefs

Major Religions

$13 million

89

Central African Republic Land area rank

43

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

127

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

N


ASIA

Official Name: Central EQUATOR African Republic Continent: Africa Area: 241,313 square miles (622,980 sq km) Population: 3,576,884 Capital City: Bangui Largest City: Bangui (706,000) Unit of Money: CFA franc Major Languages: French (official), Sangho Literacy: 60% Land Use: 3% arable, 5% meadows, 75% forest, 17% other Natural Resources: Diamonds, uranium, timber, gold Government: Republic Defense: $21 million

CHAD

Ch

W

ar

iR

AFRICA

.

E S

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

SUDAN

Ndele

The Place The Central African Republic lies in the middle of the African continent on the northern edge of the Congo River Basin. This landlocked nation is approximately 500 miles (805 km) north of the equator. Most of the Central African Republic is located on a low plateau that ranges from 2,000 to 2,600 feet (610 to 790 m) above sea level. The flat central plains gradually rise in the north to an elevation of 4,600 feet (1,400 m) at Mount Toussoro. Located to the northwest is 4,700foot (1,500-m) Mount Ngaouri, the country’s highest point. The land also rises in the west, where the Karre Mountains reach 4,000 feet (1,200 m). The Ubangi River flows along the country’s southern border with Zaire and, at 1,100 feet (335 m) above sea level, is the lowest point in the nation. The climate in the Central African Republic is hot and humid. The average annual temperature hovers around 80° F (26° C). The south receives about 70 inches (178 cm) of rain a year, and a dense rain forest covers most of the southwest. The north, however, receives about 8 inches (20 cm) of rain per year and is covered by savanna grasses with few trees. 12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Wood products 15%

Bambari Bangassou Ub ang iR iver

Bangui Berberati

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)

CONGO

Other 8%

Diamonds 50%

Exports

0

miles km

200

200

About 65% of Central Africans live in rural areas, and the majority of the population lives in the southern and western parts of the country. A large number of urban dwellers reside in the nation’s capital, Bangui. The Central African Republic’s population growth rate is offset by its high emigration and infant mortality rates. More than 40% of the country’s population is under the age of 15. The average life expectancy is 45 years. Many factors contribute to this, including a lack of doctors, insufficient food, and poor sanitation. Agriculture employs 85% of the population and plays a major role in the lives of the men and women in the Central African Republic. The men of the country hunt and trap food for their families, as well as tend to the commercial crops. The women gather, produce, and prepare family meals. Religious activities are important to Central Africans. Men, women, and children take part in church services, religious school, and community groups. Other 11%

Sara 10%

Coffee 16%

0

The People

Cotton 12%

$171 million

90

Bossangoa Bouar


15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C


100˚F/38˚C

CAMEROON

A N TA R C T I C A

Mandjia 21%

Baya 34% Banda 27%

Ethnic Makeup


Roman Catholic 25% Muslim Protestant 25% 15%

Major Religions

Chad Land area rank

22

smallest country

Population rank

largest country (1)

83 most people (1)

fewest people

At a Glance

L I B Y A

Official Name: Republic of Chad Continent: Africa Area: 486,177 square miles (1,259,200 sq km) Population: 8,707,078 EQUATOR Capital City: N’Djamena Largest City: N’Djamena (594,000) Unit of Money: CFA franc Major Languages: French and Arabic (both official) Literacy: 45% Land Use: 3% arable, 36% meadow, 26% forest, 35% other Natural Resources: uranium, natron, kaolin, fish Government: Republic Defense: $26 million

Aozou N W

S A H A R A

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

S

Faya-Largeau

N I G E R

ASIA

E

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

Lake Chad

S U D A N

Abéché

N’Djamena N I G E R I A

h ar iR

iv

0

er

R

C

iv

L ogo n e

A N TA R C T I C A

er

Sarh

miles

200

0 km 200

Moundou CAMEROON


The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C


20˚F/-7˚C 0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Non-indigenous 2% Average Rainfall


Chad’s population consists of two main groups— Muslims and non-Muslims of native African origin. The Muslims, which include nomadic Arabs and non-Arab The Place people, live in the north and east. The non-Muslim Chad is a landlocked country in north central Africa. Part population lives mainly in southern Chad. The Sara is of the Sahara Desert—the largest desert in the world— the largest non-Muslim group and accounts for about stretches across the northern section of the country. 25% of the country’s population. One noticeable feature of Chad is the Chad The population density in Basin that rises into plateaus and mountains Chad averages just 16 people per in the east, north, and south. Chad’s highest square mile (6 people per sq km). point is in the north at Emi Koussi, with an Approximately 77% of Chadians elevation of 11,204 feet (3,415 m). make their homes in rural areas, Lake Chad, located in the southwestern and most people live in the south. part of the country, has a surface area of More than half of all urban dwellers 63,000 square miles (16,317 sq km) and is the live in the capital, N’Djamena. fourth-largest lake in Africa. Chad’s two main Most Chadians live in poverty. N’Djamena, Chad rivers, the Chari and the Logone, flow from Chad has the seventh-lowest per the southeast and empty into Lake Chad. The capita income in the world. A Logone River is about 600 miles (970 km) long, while butcher, for example, makes $36 per month. Less than the Chari measures 750 miles (1,200 km) in length. half of the population can read and write, and about The northern desert portion of Chad is very hot and 40% of primary school-aged children attend classes. dry. The area mostly consists of sparse vegetation and Health conditions in Chad are poor, and the death sand dunes. The central and southern parts of the coun- and infant mortality rates are high. The health centers try have three seasons—hot, rainy, and cool. Shrubs, in the country provide only limited services. The life trees, and tall grasses grow there. expectancy in Chad is 45 years.

Other 25% Live sheep and goats 5% Live cattle 11%

Cotton lint 59%

Exports

Sara and related groups 49%

Muslim groups 49%

Ethnic Makeup


Christian 25%

Muslim 50%

Major Religions

$259 million

91

Chile Land area rank


smallest country

Population rank

61 most people (1)

fewest people

PERU

At a Glance

0 0

miles km

200

200

EUROPE

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


EQUATOR

Coquimbo

Valparaiso

Santiago Rancagua

A R G E N T I N A

ATAC

Antofagasta

O C E A N

to west. Chile has 3,998 miles (6,435 km) of coastline on the Pacific Ocean. It also has control over several South Pacific islands. In terms of physical geography, Chile is divided into three regions that run from north to south. The Andes Mountains are located in the eastern part of the country and extend for nearly the length of Chile. These mountains also form a natural border with neighboring Argentina. In the north, the Andes reach peaks between 16,500 and 19,500 feet (5,000 to 6,000 m). Toward the center of the range, the peaks increase in height. The intermediate depression lies to the west of the Andes and occupies the middle of the country. Its temperate climate and fertile soils make the depression the most agriculturally productive area in Chile. On the western stretch lie the coastal cordilleras. These mountain ranges form a divide between the intermediate depression and the Pacific coast. The mountain peaks in this area are much smaller than in the Andes, often not exceeding 6,500 feet (1,981 m).

E S A N D

A N TA R C T I C A

M O U N T A I N S

AMA DESERT

AUSTRALIA

Other 30%

Talca Concepcion

Temuco N

Valdivia Puerto Montt

W

Isla Grande de Chiloe

E S

Coihaique

Puerto Natales Punta Arenas

Str a i

llan age

Tierra

Del F

uego

Wood products 7% Other metals and minerals 8%


Copper 37%

Fruits 8%

Exports $17 billion

92

BOLIVIA

Iquique

SOUTH AMERICA

Farms/cropland 5%

Average Rainfall


Chile is a very narrow country that extends down the southwestern coast of South America. From its southern border with Peru to the southern tip of the continent, Chile measures about 2,700 miles (4,300 km) long. The country averages about 110 miles (177 km) from east

Arica

ASIA AFRICA

t of M

Villarica Volcano, Pucon, Chile

NORTH AMERICA

P A C I F I C

Official Name: Republic of Chile Continent: South America Area: 289,112 square miles (748,800 sq km) Population: 15,328,467 Capital City: Gran Santiago Largest City: Gran Santiago (5,076,808) Unit of Money: Chilean peso Major Language: Spanish Natural Resources: Copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates

Other 55%

Fish and fishmeal 10%

Forests 22%

Land Use

Chile The People The Chilean population is almost entirely urban, with about 85% of the people living in cities. About Mapuche Indian woman

90% of the population lives in the central part of the country, and nearly one-third of Chileans live in the capital, Santiago. The cities in Chile are modern, with skyscrapers and bustling commercial districts. As more poor families move to urban areas looking for work, Chile’s cities are becoming overcrowded and surrounded by slums. The social classes in Chile are divided into three groups according to wealth. A small class of rich elite is generally of European descent. These people live in luxury apartments or large houses. Mestizos, mixed race Chileans, make up the middle class, and they generally work in government or professional jobs. Mestizos live in smaller apartments and houses. Chilean Indians and poor mestizos live in run-down apartments. Life expectancy is 75 years. Rural Chileans make their living mainly by farming. Some work as sharecroppers, but many own their

own farms. Farmers usually live in one- or two-room houses that sometimes lack running water and electricity. Most farmers earn very little and struggle to support their families. Protestant 11%

Roman Catholic 89%

Major Religions

Amerindian 3%

Popular Culture/Daily Life Much of Chile’s popular culture and its arts are centered in Santiago. The Chilean National Symphony Orchestra plays European classical music. The Municipal Ballet and the National Ballet of the University of Chile are well known throughout the country. Many cultural events

Other 2%

White and Mestizo 95%

Ethnic Makeup

Education Education is free in Chile. Children are required to attend eight years of primary school. After that, they may choose to move on to a secondary or vocational school. Almost all primary school-aged children attend classes, and about three-quarters move on to a secondary education. In addition, private schools run by religious or ethnic groups are very popular in Chile. One source of higher education is the University

(continued)


Type: Republic Structure: Executive Leader: President

Defense Literacy


U.S. rate = 97%

119 tanks

of Chile—widely considered one of the best institutions in Latin America.

take place between March and November, the fall and winter. Many outdoor recreational activities are also available. The Pacific coast beaches are popular for sunbathing, and skiers flock to the country’s many challenging slopes. Football (soccer) is also a favorite and draws huge crowds.



74 50

36 NA

TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

93

China Land area rank

2

smallest country

Population rank


fewest people

EUROPE

R U S S I A Am

NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

ur

AFRICA

R

EQUATOR

AUSTRALIA

KA

ZA

KH

S

TA

Hulun Nur

N

G

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


94

R. g H

ua

n

Beijing

Chengdu

L A Y A S

Lhasa

Chongqing

NEPA

L

I N D I A

miles km

500

Jilin

Fushun Sea of Japan

JAPAN

Wuxi E a s t Shanghai Hangzhou C h i n a Ningbo S e a Nanchang

Nanjing

A

0

Jixi

Huainan

M

0

Fuxin Jinzhou

Yingkou NORTH Tangshan Dalian KOREA Tianjin Shijiazhuang Taiyuan Yellow Handan Jinan S e a SOUTH e KOREA Qingdao Hu a n g H Kaifeng Xian Xuzhou

T I B E T

500

Y

BHUTAN

Bay of Bengal

The Great Wall of China

an

g

e tz

R

.

Wuhan Huangshi

Changsha Guiyang

Fuzhou

Kunming

N

Taipei Liuzhou Guangzhou

TAIWAN Shantou

W

E

Nanning

MYANMAR (BURMA)

Hong Kong

VIETNAM LAOS

to the west, and the Kunlun to the north. Mt. Everest—the world’s highest elevation at 29,035 feet (8,850 m)—is in the Himalayas. Two of the world’s longest rivers—the

Average Rainfall


20˚F/-7˚C

Hohhot Baotou Datong

Lanzhou

H DES GLA BAN

6 in/15 cm

Yumen

I

40˚F/4˚C

ver m Ri

H

9 in/23 cm

Korla

ri Ta

PAKISTAN

China is in eastern Asia and is the second-largest country in the world in total land area, and the largest population. It shares borders with 14 countries, as well as the Pacific Ocean. China is made up of eight main land areas. The Tibetan Highlands lie in the southwestern section of the country. This region is a huge plateau surrounded by several mountain chains, including the Himalayas to the south, the Pamir

60˚F/16˚C

D E S E R T

TAJIKISTAN

The Place

12 in/30 cm

Changchun

He

Official Name: People’s Republic of China Continent: Asia Area: 3,600,927 square miles (9,326,410 sq km) Population: 1,273,111,290 Capital City: Beijing Largest City: Shanghai (13,560,000) Unit of Money: Yuan Major Languages: Chinese, Mandarin Natural Resources: coal, iron ore, crude oil, mercury, tin

80˚F/27˚C

B I

Hami KYRGYZSTAN

15 in/38 cm

O

Urumqi

A N TA R C T I C A

Kashi

Qiqihar MANCHURIA Harbin

M O N G O L I A Karamay

Yining

At a Glance

ive r

SOUTH AMERICA

100˚F/38˚C

most people (1)

HAINAN

S o u t h C h i n a S e a

S P A C I F I C O C E A N

Huang He and the Yangtze— begin in the highlands. The Xinjiang-Mongolian Uplands lie in the northwestern corner of China. The eastern part

China of this area—which consists of the Ordos Desert and parts of the Gobi Desert—has a harsh climate. The Tian Shan Mountains lie in the western part of the uplands. The Mongolian Border Uplands are located in the north central part of the country. The Greater Hinggan Mountains are there, and the terrain is very rugged. In the middle of the country are the Central Highlands. This area consists of many mountains, including the Qin Ling range with peaks of 12,000 feet (3,658 m). The hilly Sichuan Basin, in south central China, is one of the country’s main agricultural areas. In northeastern China lie the Eastern Highlands. This region includes the Shangdong Peninsula and eastern Manchuria. Some of China’s oldest forests grow here. To the west of the Eastern Highlands are the Eastern Lowlands. The lowlands extend down the east coast to the Yangtze River. The hilly Southern Uplands make up southeastern China. ➤

Textiles, rubber and metal products 22%

Farms/cropland 10% Other 33%

Forests 14%

Other 37% Permanent pastures 43%

Land Use

(continued)

Inedible raw materials 3% Mineral fuels and lubricants 4% Chemicals and allied products 6%

Exports

Machinery and transport equipment 21% Food and live animals 7%

$183 billion

Resources Farm land

Manufacturing

Pastures

Chemicals

Forests Other

Oil

Rice Tea, grown in large fields, Tea

is an important crop in China.

Sheep

95

China (continued) The History China's written history goes back 3,500 years. The country has one of the world’s oldest civilizations. China was once divided into several small states. In 221 B.C. the Qin dynasty established an empire.

During the next 2,000 years, the empire went through many wars and rebellions. The Chinese Empire weakened in the 1800s and revolutionaries overthrew the empire in 1911. China became a republic in 1912. The Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) ruled the republic. In 1949, the Chinese Communist Party took over. The Communist government today controls most of China's industries, trade and finance, and education. passed laws to slow growth. Men cannot marry before they are 22, and women must be at least 20 years of age. Families are limited to one child. Life expectancy is 70 years. There are two main types of housing in the big cities. Some people live in traditional, one-family houses. Many others live in large apartment buildings. Most families are assigned to an apartment by their place of employment. In crowded areas, two families must sometimes share an apartment. In rural areas, families usually live in three- or four-room houses. Some do not have electricity or runZhaung 1% Hui 1%

The People China has the world’s largest population—about 20% of the world’s people live there. Although China has about 100 cities with a population of more than a million people each, most Chinese live in small towns and villages. Many inhabit crowded eastern China. Even though the western part of the country accounts for half of China’s land area, only about 10% of the population lives there. The Chinese government, concerned about its population increases, has

96

Other 5%

Han Chinese 93%

Ethnic Makeup

Christian 1%

Buddhist 3% Muslim 2%

Other 94%

Major Religions

Government Type: Communist state Structure: Executive Leader: Premier/President

Defense 2,200,000 army personnel 8,000 tanks 102 major ships 4,970 combat aircraft

ning water. Farmers work long days for little pay. Customs in China today are more relaxed than in the past. Most women work outside of the home, and men often take part in household chores. Today, young people can also choose whom they want to marry rather than having a marriage arranged by their families. Tea fieldworkers

China (continued) Popular Culture/Daily Life Many art styles are popular in China. Some Chinese artists even receive money and support from the government. Communists feel that art should represent the goals of a society. Chinese painting began thousands of years ago. Calligraphy, a type of

decorative handwriting, is considered a branch of Chinese painting. Chinese music is also very popular. It is different from Western music because the Chinese scale has fewer notes. Recreational activities in China vary by area. In the cities, there are many more cultural opportunities,

including museums, theaters, and sporting events. In rural areas, many villages have libraries and recreation centers where people gather to watch television or movies. There are also areas to play sports, including basketball and table tennis, the national sport.

Chinese law requires every child to attend school for at least nine years. Children enter primary school at the age of 6 or 7. School lessons usually

include history, geography, math, science, painting, and politics. After completing primary school, students may attend secondary schools. Junior middle school continues for three years, and senior middle school lasts for two years. Subjects in these schools include English, chemistry, physics, and law. Vocational schools in the country also teach classes in agriculture and industry. Although about 60% of Chinese students enter secondary schools, few complete the entire program.

Social services 4% Construction and mining 7%

Other 10% Agriculture and Forestry 53%

Industry and commerce 26%

Labor Force Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

27 TVs

1

9

1

NA

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

Education A strong education system has always been important in Chinese culture and to the Communist government. Schoolboy

Literate 82%


97

Colombia Land area rank

28

smallest country

Population rank

largest country (1)

28

fewest people

At a Glance

most people (1)

Caribbean Sea

N


Barranquilla

W

AFRICA

E

Cartagena

SOUTH AMERICA

S

Monteria

AUSTRALIA

PANAMA

V E N E Z U E L A

Pereira

oR

Puerto Carreño

Bogotá

AN

Popayán

Bucaramanga

Villavincencio

DE

Buenaventura Cali

S M O

UNT

Medellin

oc

A N TA R C T I C A

AIN

S

Cucuta

Orin

Official Name: Republic of EQUATOR Colombia Continent: South America Area: 401,042 square miles (1,038,700 sq km) Population: 40,349,388 Capital City: Bogota Largest City: Bogota (5,237,635) Unit of Money: Colombian peso Major Language: Spanish Natural Resources: Crude oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore

ASIA

Pasto

BRA ZIL ECUADOR

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


98

This area includes Cristobal Colon, the country’s highest peak at 18,947 feet (5,775 m) above sea level. The Eastern Plains make up almost 60% of Colombia. The south is mostly covered by tropical forests, while the north has grassy prairies.

PERU 0 0

miles km

200

a Am

200

zo

n

R.

The climate throughout the country varies by elevation. Colombia generally has one or two wet seasons and one or two dry seasons each year.

Cartagena, Colombia

Farms / cropland 5%

Average Rainfall


Colombia is on the northwestern tip of South America. It is the fourthlargest country on the continent. Colombia is also the only South American country with coastlines touching both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. There are three main regions in Colombia. The Coastal Lowlands surround the areas bordering the Caribbean Sea in the north and the Pacific Ocean in the west. The Caribbean Lowlands have cities, ports, and plantations. The Pacific Lowlands consist of wet swamps and thick forests. The Andes Mountains comprise three main ranges, the Cordillera Central, Cordillera Oriental, and Cordillera Occidental. They cover approximately one-third of the country, beginning in southwestern Colombia and extending to the Venezuelan border in the northeast.

Food 7% Coal 8%

Other 15%

Petroleum products 27% Coffee 15%

Textiles and apparel 8% Forestry and fisheries 10%

Exports $11 billion

Chemicals 10%

Other 8%

Forests 48%


Land Use

.

Colombia of the Andes Mountains. The mines, farms, and factories there provide work for most families. Only 2% of Colombians live in the hot Eastern Plains region. Approximately 70% of the people live in urban areas. The middle and upper classes mainly inhabit the cities. City dwellers are usually better off than rural settlers because the urban areas offer better educational, cultural, and medical opportunities. Many urban residents live in nice Bora woman

Black-Amerindian 3% Amerindian 1%

(continued)

houses or apartment buildings and work in professional occupations. Colombia’s smaller rural population are called campesinos. They are usually poor, and build homes from local materials. Families are usually large, and several generations may live in the same house. Many rural Colombians move to cities looking for work, but end up living in slums on the outskirts of town. These slums, called tugurios, rarely have running water. Life expectancy is 71 years. Other 5%

Black 4%

The People White 20%

Colombia has the second-largest population in South America. Almost all Colombians live in the western part of the country. In fact, almost 75% of the population make their homes in the valleys and basins

Mestizo 58%

Roman Catholic 95%

EuropeanAfrican 14%

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

Education The education system in Colombia is a blend of the French and U.S. education systems. Colombia requires children to attend school for at least five years, and almost all primary-school-aged students go to class. About half of all children go to secondary school. It is harder to get an education in rural areas than in cities. Many rural schools only offer two or three grades, and some

Popular Culture/Daily Life Colombians take part in many sporting events. Soccer is extremely popular, as well as basketball, bull fights, and car races. The Andes also offer an excellent place to ski. Tejo—a popular native game—is similar to horseshoes. Folk songs and dances are also an important part of the Colombian culture. They originate from the earlier Indian, Spanish, and African traditions. Each part of the country

Government Type: Republic Structure: Executive Leader: President

Literate 91%

Defense Literacy


U.S. rate = 97%

12 tanks

schools have closed. For students who complete secondary school, Colombia has about 40 universities.

has its own special ties to particular songs and dances. Many are performed at regional fairs. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

108

108

32

33 TVs

Cars

NA Phones

VCRs

PCs


Bogotá Cathedral

Comoros Land area rank

179

smallest country

Population rank


fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

Mitsamiouli

Official Name: Republic of Comoros Continent: Africa Area: 838 square miles (2,170 sq km) Population: 596,202 Capital City: Moroni Largest City: Moroni (17,267) EQUATOR Unit of Money: Comoran franc Major Languages: Arabic and French (official), Comoran Literacy: 57% Land Use: 35% arable, 10% permanent crops, 7% meadow, 18% forests, 30% other Natural Resources: None Government: Independent republic headed by a president Defense: $3.1 million

G r a nde C om or e

ASIA AFRICA

Fomboni M ohe l i

A N TA R C T I C A

Mozambique Channel

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


100

0 0

miles km

50

MAYOTTE (FRANCE)

50

The People The majority of the Comoran population is split between Anjouan and Grande Comore—each island houses about 200,000 people. Because of its small size, Anjouan has one of the world’s highest population densities, with about 550 people per square mile (1,350 people per sq km). The people of Comoros are extremely poor. The nation’s economy depends almost entirely on agriculture, which employs about 85% of the population. About Grande Comore 70% of Comorans live in rural areas. Many residents build their houses from large palm leaves. A small group of wealthy Comorans lives in stone houses. Many wealthier men also have several wives. The people of Comoros suffer from many diseases and a lack of food. There are very few doctors or medical facilities on the islands. The death rate on the island is very high, especially among children. The life expectancy in Comoros is 60 years. Roman Catholic 14%

Average Rainfall


60˚F/16˚C

Ouani Anj oua n Domoni Moya

AUSTRALIA

Comoros is an archipelago, or group of islands, in the Mozambique Channel of the Indian Ocean. It is about 200 miles (320 km) north of Madagascar and 180 miles (290 km) east of Mozambique. There are four main islands in the archipelago, but one is controlled by France. The other three are Anjouan, Moheli, and Grande Comore. There are also several smaller islands in the group. The major islands are volcanic in origin and are mountainous. Below these peaks are valleys and plateaus. Mangrove swamps grow along the coasts of many of the islands. The region has a cool season from May to October, and a hot season for the rest of the year. Grande Comore is the largest of the islands with an area of 443 square miles (1,147 sq km). This island is also the home of Karthala—the country’s highest peak—at 7,746 feet (2,361 m) above sea level. Karthala has one of the largest craters of any active volcano. Although there is little topsoil on the island, Grande Comore has dense rain forests on the slopes of Karthala. The other islands have rich soil that supports many crops.

12 in/30 cm

S

EUROPE

The Place

15 in/38 cm

E

Dembeni

SOUTH AMERICA

80˚F/27˚C

W

Moroni

NORTH AMERICA

100˚F/38˚C

N

I N D I A N O C E A N

Other 21% Cloves 9%

Vanilla 43%

Ylang-ylang 27% Exports $11 million

Polynesian, African, Indonesian, Persian and Arab groups

Ethnic Makeup

Muslim 86%

Major Religions

Congo Land area rank

63

smallest country

Population rank

largest country (1)

132

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance


CAMEROON

Official Name: Republic of the Congo Continent: Africa EQUATOR Area: 131,853 square miles (341,500 sq km) Population: 2,894,336 Capital City: Brazzaville Largest City: Brazzaville (596,200) Unit of Money: CFA franc Major Language: French (official) Literacy: 75% Land Use: 2% arable, 29% meadow, 62% forest, 7% other Natural Resources: Petroleum, timber, potash, lead Government: Republic lead by a president Defense: $50 million

N

ASIA

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

AFRICA

Ouésso

SOUTH AMERICA

GABON

15 in/38 cm 12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C


20˚F/-7˚C 0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


The Republic of the Congo is in west central Africa. Its only coastline is in the southwestern part of the country and extends for about 44 miles (71 km) along the Atlantic Ocean. The Republic of the Congo can be split into six geographical regions. In the southwest, the Coastal Plain extends from the Atlantic Ocean to about 40 miles (64 km) inland. The Mayombe Escarpment lies beyond the Coastal Plain. This group of plateaus ranges from 1,600 to 2,600 feet (490 to 790 m) above sea level. To the north of these plateaus is the Niari Valley. This farming region is covered by forests and grassland. To the east of this valley is the Stanley Pool Region, which is also used for agriculture. The Bateke Plateau is located in the center of the Congo. This grassy area has deep, wooded valleys. The Congo River Basin lies in the northern part of the country and has many swamps. The majority of the country experiences hot and humid weather throughout the year. Southern coastal areas receive the most rainfall.

Wood and wood products 8%

er

o

iv

g Mossendjo

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO (ZAIRE)

Brazzaville

Loubomo Madingo-Kayes

0

Pointe-Noire

0

miles km

200

200

The People There are four main ethnic groups in the Congo. The largest group is the Kongo, and they live mostly in the southwest region near Brazzaville. The Kongo are farmers. The M’Bochi inhabit the northern area Congo hospital where the savanna and the forest meet. Many M’Bochi work as clerks. The Sangha also share the northern forest region. The Teke live in the central region of the Congo. They hunt and fish for a living. Life expectancy is 47 years. The Congolese population is almost evenly divided between urban and rural areas. The population density averages 21 people per square mile (7 people per sq km). The densest parts of the Congo are the southeastern border near Brazzaville and the southwestern coastal area. Economic conditions for the middle class are fairly stable—Congolese earn higher wages than workers in most other African countries. Approximately 75% of Congolese work in agriculture, while the other 25% work in commerce.

Other 7%

Petroleum and petroleum products 85%

Exports

R

Oyo Con

AT LAN T I C OCEAN

The Place

80˚F/27˚C

E S

AUSTRALIA

A N TA R C T I C A

100˚F/38˚C

W

Uban

NORTH AMERICA

gi Ri ver

EUROPE

Other 3%

Muslim 2%

Teke 17% M’Bochi 12% Sangha 20%

Kongo 48%

Ethnic Makeup

Animist 48%

Christian 50%

Major Religions

$1 billion

101

Congo (Zaire) Land area rank

12

smallest country

Population rank

largest country (1)

23

fewest people

most people (1)


CAMEROON NORTH AMERICA

Official Name: Democratic Republic EQUATOR of the Congo Continent: Africa Area: 875,520 square miles (2,267,600 sq km) Population: 53,624,718 Capital City: Kinshasa Largest City: Kinshasa (2,653,558) Unit of Money: Zaire Major Languages: French (official), Lingala, Kingwana Natural Resources: Cobalt, copper, cadmium, crude oil

Uba ngi R .

EUROPE ASIA

AFRICA

Bumba go R iv er Mbandaka

SOUTH AMERICA

CONGO

AUSTRALIA

SUDAN

Lake Albert

Con

Lake Victoria L. Kivu RWANDA Bukavu BURUNDI

GABON

A N TA R C T I C A

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Average Rainfall


40˚F/4˚C

miles

200

0 km 200

tral Africa. It is the third-largest country on the continent. Although the majority of the country is landlocked, Congo does have a 25-mile- (40-km) long coastline on the Atlantic Ocean. The largest part of Congo is the central basin that lies along the Congo River. This area accounts for about 60% of the country. The wide plain varies from 2,300 to 1,110 feet (700 to 338 m) above sea level, and has

Diamonds 17% Other 55%

Crude petroleum 11% Coffee 9%

Lake Tanganyika

Kananga Kamina

Lake Mweru

W

Likasi Lubumbashi E

S

Z A M B I A

dense rain forests. High plateaus surround most of the basin. In the north, these plateaus rise up to 4,000 feet (1220 m). A coastal plain extends to the Cristal Mountains. The eastern part of the country is mountainous and contains part of the East African Rift System. Margherita Peak—the country’s highest point—is located near Congo’s eastern border with Uganda and reaches 16,765 feet (5,110 m) above sea level. Several large lakes also lie along the eastern borders, including Lakes Albert, Kivu, Tanganyika, and Mwera. Congo has four main climatic regions. Near the equator, the country is hot and humid. To the north and south of the equator, the climate is tropical. The west coast has a temperate climate, while the mountain areas have cool, wet weather. Farms/cropland 3% Permanent Other pastures 13% 7%

Forests 77%

Copper 8%

Exports $2 billion

102

N 0

0 in/0 cm


ver ai Ri

9 in/23 cm

as

60˚F/16˚C

K

12 in/30 cm

TANZANIA

Kalemi

A N G O L A

N

80˚F/27˚C

OCEA

15 in/38 cm

IC

100˚F/38˚C

NT

Lake Kivu, Congo

Hebo Kikwit

LA

The Democratic Republic of Congo, formerly known as Zaire, is in cen-

Kinshasa Matadi

AT

The Place

UGANDA

Kisangani

MALAWI

At a Glance

Land Use

Congo (Zaire) (continued)

Kimbanguist 10% Other 10% Roman Catholic 50%

Muslim 10% Protestant 20%

Major Religions Congolese men play a board game

The People Almost three-quarters of Congo’s population lives in rural areas. The majority of people live in the eastern highlands and along the region’s major rivers. The country averages 50 people per square mile (21 people per sq km), but its urban centers are more highly concentrated. A small wealthy class lives in the capital, Kinshasa and enjoys some Western-style conveniences. In many cities, the poor live in slums and shantytowns. The rural poor live in small thatched huts. It is

Education The education budget receives little funding in Congo. Because of this, approximately 70% of the country’s schooling is offered by the Catholic Church. About 78% of primary school-aged children go to school, but only 24% of children attend secondary school classes. Congo has four universities. Two of these schools are in Kinshasa, one is located in Lumbumbashi, and one

Popular Culture/Daily Life The cities support and encourage the arts and cultural life in Congo. Music, dance, painting, and sculpture are very popular in the country. Congolese music is enjoyed throughout Africa, and it has inspired many national dances. Two of the main

difficult for Congo’s people to mix modern and traditional values because they are so different. The government strongly promotes loyalty to African heritage. Due to frequent political conflicts and economic collapse, the social conditions in Congo are not good. Much of the country lives in poverty. Most families are large—the average woman has more than 6 children. Half of the Congolese population is under the age of 15. The healthcare system receives little funding and offers few services. is in Kisangani. Approximately 60,000 students attend each university.

Bantu and Hamitic 45%

Other 55%

Ethnic Makeup Because treatment is often unavailable, infectious disease and death rates continue to rise. Malaria and AIDS are widespread throughout Congo. About 10% of all newborns die. The life expectancy at birth is less than 50 years.

Government Type: Dictatorship Structure: Executive Leader: President

Defense Literate 77%

25,000 army personnel 60 tanks 0 major ships


cultural institutions in Congo are The Academy of Fine Arts and the National Institute of the Arts. Many different sports are also popular in Congo, including soccer, swimming, boxing, and basketball. Riverboat racing also draws large crowds.

22 combat aircraft


1

2

1

NA

NA

TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

103

Costa Rica Land area rank

129

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

124

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

L. Nicaragua

NICARAGUA

Official Name: Republic of Costa Rica Continent: North (Central) America Area: 19,560 square miles (50,660 sq km) EQUATOR Population: 3,773,057 Capital City: San Jose Largest City: San Jose (318,765) Unit of Money: Costa Rican colon Major Language: Spanish (official) Literacy: 93% Land Use: 6% arable, 7% crops, 45% meadow, 34% forest, 8% other Natural Resources: Hydropower potential Government: Democratic republic

Caribbean Sea Liberia Canas

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

Quesada

ASIA

Puntarenas

AFRICA

N

Alajuela

Limon

San Jose

W

Cartago

SOUTH AMERICA

E S

AUSTRALIA

San Isidro

P A C I F I C OC E A N

A N TA R C T I C A

0 0

miles km

Cortes Golito

PA N A M A

50

50

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


104

Amerindian 1% Chinese 1% Black 2% Average Rainfall


The Costa Rican population is evenly divided between rural and urban areas. The population density is 175 people per square mile (70.5 people per sq km). The Place Approximately 75% of the population has settled in the country’s central plateau. This fertile area provides Costa Rica is in southern Central America. The Pacific excellent farming, and about 27% of the work force is Ocean lies to the west and the Caribbean Sea to the employed by agriculture. Another 35% of Costa Ricans east. Costa Rica also governs Cocos Island, located are employed in the service industry, and 33% work for about 300 miles to the southwest. the government. Life expectancy is 71 years. Costa Rica has three major mountain chains that In the rural areas, run through it—the Cordillera de Talamanca, many farming families Cordillera Central, and Cordillera de live in bright wooden Guanacaste. These chains divide the country houses or adobe cottages. into three regions, including the Caribbean In the cities, most people Lowlands, the Central Highlands, and the live in row houses. Many Pacific Coastal Strip. wealthy people live in The Caribbean Lowlands are a large area large Spanish-style of tropical swamps and jungles that extend homes with fancy gardown the eastern coast of Costa Rica. This dens. These wealthy region reaches an average daily high temperacitizens are usually ture of 100° F (38° C). In the interior, the plantation owners. fertile Central Highlands are divided into the Costa Rican child Most Costa Ricans Meseta Central and the Valle del General. To enjoy playing sports and attending sporting events. Some the west, the Pacific Coastal Strip consists of lowlands favorites include soccer (the national sport), basketball, that average between 75° F to 100° F (25° to 38° C) baseball, bullfights, and tennis. each day.

Other 45% Fish and shrimp 5% Ornamental plants, leaves, and flowers 4%

Other 5%

Bananas 24% Coffee 16%

Exports $3 billion

Textiles, clothing, and footwear 6%

White and Mestizo 96%

Ethnic Makeup

Roman Catholic 95%

Major Religions

Côte d’Ivoire Land area rank

66

smallest country

Population rank


fewest people

most people (1)

MALI

At a Glance

ASIA

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Côte d’Ivoire Continent: Africa Area: 122,780 square miles (318,000 sq km) Population: 16,393,221 Capital City: Yamoussoukro (U.S. recognizes Abidjan as capital) Largest City: Abidjan (1,929,079) Unit of Money: CFA franc Major Language: French (official) Natural Resources: Crude oil, diamonds, manganese, iron ore, cobalt

W

AFRICA

Odienné

E S

AUSTRALIA

Biankouma Bouaké

A N TA R C T I C A

Côte d’Ivoire—also known as the Ivory Coast—is in west central Africa.

Korhogo

GUINEA

SOUTH AMERICA

The Place

N

BURKINA FASO


GHANA

Lac de Kossou

Man

Abengourou

Daloa

Yamoussoukro Gagnoa

LIBERIA

Agboville Abidjan Sassandra

y Ivor

0

miles

0

km 100

100

Coast

Gu l f o f Guine a ATL ANT I C

To the south, a coastline 320 miles (515 km) long touches the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. Côte d’Ivoire can be broken into

Côte d’Ivoire, near Ghana

OCEAN

four main physical regions. The coastal fringe extends about 40 miles (64 km) north from the Gulf of Guinea. There are many lagoons in the eastern part of this region. Beyond the coastal fringe is the equatorial forest zone. This dense forest is shaped like a triangle, with its base extending along the border of Liberia. To the east lies the cultivated forest zone. Some of this forest has been cleared for farming. The savanna stretches across the northern part of the country. The Komoe National Park covers about 4,500 square miles (11,655 sq km) of this region. The tropical climate in the southern part of Côte d’Ivoire brings hot, rainy, and humid weather and four seasons. The northern savanna has two seasons with extreme temperatures. ➤ 21 in/53 cm

Cotton and cotton cloth 4%

Other 26%

Fish products 7% Petroleum products 9%

Cocoa beans and products 34%

Exports $4 billion

Coffee and coffee products 11% Wood and wood products 9%



Land Use


Farms/cropland 12%

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Average Rainfall

18 in/46 cm

0 in/0 cm


105

Côte d’Ivoire

(continued)

The People There are more than 60 different ethnic groups living in Côte d’Ivoire. Of the five major groups, the Baoule live in the central region, the Agni inhabit the east, the Senoufou are found in the north, and the DanYacouba and Malinke live in the west. Many Ivorians live along the country’s coastal fringe in the south. About 58% of the population live in rural areas. Extended family members usually live together in a small group of homes in a village. These homes are made of mud and have thatched or metal roofs. Côte d’Ivoire’s urban areas consist

Education Education in Côte d’Ivoire is free, and children are required to attend classes if there is a school nearby. Approximately 75% of elementary aged children go to school, but only 20% of students make it to high school. The National University of Côte d’Ivoire, founded in 1958, is in Abidjan and averages about 21,000 students a year. Many Ivorians attend universities in foreign

Popular Culture/Daily Life Although French culture has greatly influenced the way of life in Côte d’Ivoire, many ethnic groups are Orange and banana vendors, Abidjan

mainly of younger Ivorians that have come there in search of work. Many city dwellers also live in mud homes. Almost all non-Africans, and some rich Africans, live in modern buildings. The urban standard of living in

Other 33%

Côte d’Ivoire is better than in most other African countries. A dentist, for example, earns about $600 per month. Health conditions are improving, but the average life expectancy is 46 years of age and infant mortality is high.

Christian 22%

Baoule 23%

Malinke 11% Senoufou 15%

Ethnic Makeup

countries. Fewer than half of Ivorians are able to read and write.


Muslim 18%

Bete 18%

Major Religions


Defense

Literate 41%

6,800 army personnel NA tanks NA major ships

Literacy

NA combat aircraft

U.S. rate = 97%

well known for their traditional art forms. The wood carvings of the Dan, Baoule, and Senoufou peoples are the best known. The Dan create

masks of the human facial expressions and large rice spoons. The Baoule carve masks of recognizable people that are used mainly in special ceremonies. The Senoufou combine the characteristics of antelopes, wart hogs, and hyenas when they create their masks. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

59

TVs

15

11

NA

NA

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

Croatia Land area rank

126

smallest country

Population rank


fewest people

At a Glance

most people (1)

H U N GA RY


ASIA

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Croatia Continent: Europe Area: 21,780 square miles (56,410 sq km) Population: 4,334,142 Capital City: Zagreb Largest City: Zagreb (708,770) Unit of Money: Croatian kuna Major Language: Serbo-Croation Literacy: 97% Land Use: 21% arable, 2% crops, 20% meadow, 38% forest, 19% other Natural Resources: Oil, coal, bauxite, iron ore Government: Presidential/parliamentary democracy Defense: $1.8 billion

SLOVENIA

AFRICA

Zagreb Karlovac

SOUTH AMERICA

Rijeka

AUSTRALIA

Osijek Slavonski Brod

Pula

A N TA R C T I C A

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


3 in/8 cm

D

6 in/15 cm

ITA LY

c

i a N

c

40˚F/4˚C 20˚F/-7˚C

a

(SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO) YUGOSLAVIA

i

9 in/23 cm

lm

Split

t

60˚F/16˚C

a

12 in/30 cm

a

i

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

r

100˚F/38˚C

d

Croatia is in southern Europe. It has a 1,104-mile(1,778-km-) long southern coastline that extends along the Adriatic Sea. In the south, a 12-mile- (20-km-) wide part of Bosnia-Herzegovina separates a small strip of Croatian coastline from the rest of the country. There are two physical regions in Croatia. The Dalmacia is the coastal region between BosniaHerzegovina and the sea. It consists mostly of rocky cliffs. The Dalmacia has mild winters and hot summers. The Pannonian Plains are in the northeast, near the border with Hungary. They are mostly fertile farming areas. The plains have bitter winters and dry summers. The Dinaric Alps extend down Croatia’s eastern border with Bosnia-Herzegovina. Here the 6,007-foot (1,831-m) Dinara is the country’s highest point. A smaller coastal range has created more than 1,000 offshore islands, as well as gulfs, bays, and inlets. Zagreb, Croatia

A

The Place

Zadar

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

S 0

miles

e

W

a Dubrovnik

50

E S

0 km 50

The People There is a wide financial disparity in Croatia. A small portion of the population is very wealthy, while the vast majority of the country suffers from poverty. The average monthly wages in the country are about $149. Many families have a hard time buying basic necessities. The main reason for this poverty is the lack of jobs—about 17% of workers are unemployed. About 30% of the work force is employed by industry, 19% by government, Croatian man and 4% by agriculture. About half of the population lives in cities. The most populated cities are Zagreb, Split, Rijeka, and Osijek. In the cities, people usually live in old stone buildings. On the outskirts of town, high-rise apartments are common. Rural families often live in one- or two-story wooden houses. Family closeness is very important in Croatia. Although the father is the traditional head of the household, women’s roles are more modern in Croatia than in most other countries in the region. Life expectancy is 74 years.

Raw materials except fuel 5% Food and Miscellaneous live ready-made Other animals products 17% 9% 29% Mineral fuels and lubricants Machinery 9% and transport equipment 18% Chemical products 13% Exports $4 billion

Muslim 1%

Other 9%

Serb 12% Croat 78%

Ethnic Makeup

Muslim 1% Orthodox 11%

Other 11%

Roman Catholic 77%

Major Religions

107

Cuba Land area rank

101

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

67

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

UNITED STATES


Official Name: EQUATOR Republic of Cuba Continent: North (Central) America Area: 42,803 square miles (110,860 sq km) Population: 11,184,023 Capital City: Havana Largest City: Havana (2,175,995) Unit of Money: Cuban peso Major Language: Spanish Natural Resources: Cobalt, iron, nickel, copper

B

G u l f o f M e x i c o

ASIA AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

Marianao

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Pinar Del Rio

Camaguey Las Tunas C a r i b b e a n

M

A

S

S e a

Holguin

Bayamo

Guantanamo

Santiago De Cuba

W

U.S. Naval Base

Cayman Islands (U.K.)

N E S

0

miles

0

km 100

square miles (105,006 sq km). The island measures 745 miles (1,199 km) long and reaches a width of 124 miles (200 km). Almost 75% of the country consists

Raw tobacco and tobacco products 5% Fish products 6%

Other 12%

100

HAITI

JAMAICA

of fertile plains and lowlands with natural water supplies. This landscape is ideal for farming, and is very unusual in the Caribbean Islands. Many crops are grown, including sugarcane, rice, and coffee. Cuba is divided by three main mountain chains. The tallest is the Sierra Maestras in the east. Its highest peak—the Real de Turquino—measures 6,578 feet (2,005 m) tall and is the highest point in the country. In the west, the Sierra de los Organos reach about 2,500 feet (800 m) above sea level. The Sierra de Trinidad in the south rise 3,800 feet (1,150 m) high. Cuba has a subtropical climate with hot weather year round. Temperatures range from 70° F (21° C) in the winter to 90° F (32° C) in the summer. Rainfall is fairly heavy in the mountains, but decreases moving south.

Other 18% Sugar 64%

Minerals and concentrates 11%

Exports $2 billion

108

A

Citrus and other agricultural products 3%

Average Rainfall


100˚F/38˚C

H

Matanzas Santa Clara Cienfuegos

Havana, Cuba

Cuba is an archipelago off the southern tip of Florida in the Caribbean Sea. The main island is the largest in the West Indies, covering 40,543

A

Havana

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Forests 24%

Farms / cropland 31% Permanent pastures 27%

Land Use

Cuba The People Life has gotten progressively harder for Cubans since the breakup of the Eastern European communist bloc, its major trading partner. There are food shortages, and the government has set up a rationing program to provide people with staple foods. Three-quarters of the Cuban population lives in urban areas. There are not enough houses for everyone, and apartment buildings are overcrowded. Often, two families must share one apartment. In rural areas people live in bohios—thatched-roof houses with dirt floors. Urban residents usually work in government agencies or factories. This accounts for about 52% of the workforce. In rural areas, many people are farmers. Agriculture employs another 20% of the work force. The average income in Cuba is about

$2,800 a year. There are no real economic classes in the country, and wealth is evenly distributed. The life expectancy in Cuba is 76 years of age—the highest in all of Latin America. The government has built many new hospitals and clinics in the past several decades.

Cuban boys Chinese 1% Black 11%

Other 15%

Popular Culture/Daily Life Sports are a favorite pastime in Cuba. Baseball, track and field,

EuropeanAfrican 51%

White 37%

Roman Catholic 85%

Major Religions

Ethnic Makeup

Education Education is a high priority in Cuba. The curriculum follows the MarxistLeninist system and combines manual work with academic studies. The government provides free schooling for everyone, and children are required to attend classes from ages 6 to 16. About 95% of all primary school children and 91% of all secondary school children attend classes.

(continued)


Literacy

Type: Communist state Structure: Executive Leader: President, Council of State President, Council of Ministers

U.S. rate = 97%

Defense

Adults can also take basic education classes. College graduates can take special classes in business, medicine, and engineering. volleyball, swimming, and basketball are some of the most popular. Athletic facilities and fields are free to the public, but very few Cubans have the sports equipment to play. Many children play baseball with rocks and sticks. Cuban music, especially salsa, has become very popular throughout the world. A wide variety of percussion instruments and guitars

145,000 army personnel 1,700 tanks 6 major ships 162 combat aircraft

are featured in the music, which is mostly a blend of Spanish and African styles. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people 203

52 23 TVs

Cars

Phones

NA

NA

VCRs

PCs

109

Cyprus Land area rank

166

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

158

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

TURKEY

Official Name: Republic of Cyprus Continent: Europe Area: 3,571 square miles (9,250 sq km) EQUATOR Population: 762,887 Capital City: Nicosia Largest City: Nicosia (149,100) Unit of Money: Cypriot pound Major Languages: Greek (official), Turkish, English Literacy: 94% Land Use: 12% arable land, 5% crops, 13% forest, 70% other Natural Resources: Copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber Government: Republic Defense: $411 million

N W

E S

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

Mediterranean Sea

ASIA

Rizokarpaso

AFRICA

Yialoussa

SOUTH AMERICA

Kyrenia AUSTRALIA

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Readymade garments 35% Citrus fruits 33%

Other 32%

Exports $1 billion

110

Nicosia

Lefkoniko Famagusta

f e r zone

Larnaca Paphos

Limassol 0 0

miles km

50 50

The People Although both Greeks and Turks live in Cyprus, they mostly remain separate. Greeks account for more than three-quarters of the population and inhabit the southern two-thirds of the island. They are Christians. Turkish Cypriots make up about 20% of the population and live in the northern third of Cyprus. They are Muslims. Life expectancy is 77 years. About 53% of Cypriots live in urban areas. Cities have modern homes and apartment buildings made from concrete or stone. Services and industry employ about 85% of the workforce. In rural areas, Cypriots work mainly as farmers. They usually live in mud-brick houses. The Greek and Turkish communities have different school systems. Greek Orthodox priest, Cyprus The Greek system is run by the Ministry of Education and children ages 5 to 15 are required to attend classes. Turkish education is run by the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Other 4%

Average Rainfall


Cyprus lies off the southern coast of Turkey, and is the third-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is 140 miles (220 km) long and reaches about 60 miles (90 km) at its widest point. The interior of Cyprus conPaphos, Cyprus sists of flat plains and is called Mesaoria. It is bordered to the north by Kyrenia Range. These mountains follow the entire northern coastline and have a top elevation of 3,343 feet (1,019 m). In northeastern Cyprus, the island narrows to form the Karpas Peninsula. In the southern part of the country, the Troodos Mountains dominate the landscape. Mount Olympus is in this range and reaches the country’s top elevation of 6,401 feet (1,951 m). Cyprus experiences hot, dry summers, as well as a cool and rainy season from October to March. The island’s average temperature is 70° F (21° C). The annual rainfall rarely exceeds 20 inches (50 cm).

Polis

U.

f

The Place

Lefka

bu N.

A N TA R C T I C A

Morphou

Other 4% Muslim 18%

Turkish 18% Greek 78%

Ethnic Makeup

Greek Orthodox 78%

Major Religions

Czech Republic Land area rank

117

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

75

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

N


ASIA

Official Name: Czech EQUATOR Republic Continent: Europe Area: 30,365 square miles (78,645 sq km) Population: 10,264,212 Capital City: Prague Largest City: Prague (1,213,299) Unit of Money: Koruna Major Languages: Czech (official), Slovak Natural Resources: Coal, kaolin, graphite, clay

W

G ERMA N Y

AFRICA

E S

POL A N D

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

Ustí nad Labem

Liberec

Hradec Kralove

Prague

A N TA R C T I C A

M O R A V I A Ostrava

Plzen

Olomouc

B O H E M I A Ceské Budejovice Da nu be

Brno

SL OV A K IA Ri v e r

0

A U STRIA

0

miles km

50

50

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


The Czech Republic is a landlocked country in eastern Europe. Its maximum distance from north to south is about 175 miles (280 km). At its widest point, the country measures about 305 miles (490 km). The two main regions in the Czech Republic are Bohemia in the west and Moravia in the east. The Bohemian-Moravian Highlands and the Bohemian Basin lie in the center of the country. These elevated plateaus and rolling hills make up most of the country’s farmland. Several mountain ranges surround the interior of the Czech Republic. The Sudety Range lies to the north and includes the Krkonose Mountains—the highest point in the country at 5,259 feet (1,603 m). To the west, the Sumava Mountains make up part of the Bohemian Forest. This highland

Prague, Czech Republic

area is located on the country’s western border with Germany. Part of the Carpathian Mountains extend into the southeastern part of the country.

Mineral fuels and Other 4% lubricants 5% Inedible crude Machinery materials, and transport except fuel equipment 5% 33% Chemicals 9% Manufactured goods 29% Miscellaneous manufactured articles 15%

Exports

The Czech Republic experiences warm summers and cool winters. The average temperatures range from 22° F (-5° C) in the winter to 70° (21° C) in the summer. ➤



Land Use


$22 billion

111

Czech Republic

(continued)

Czech boy with fishermen

The People Most people in the Czech Republic live comfortably and can afford basic appliances. Some can even

afford vacation homes. Some members of the population, including single mothers and the elderly, have a tougher time financially. About 44% of Czechs are employed in services, and another 32% work in industry. Less than 7% of Czechs work in agriculture. About 65% of the Czech population lives in urban areas. The population density is around 339 people per square mile (130 people per sq km). Because of a housing shortage, many city dwellers must live in crowded apartments. A growing number of foreign refugees and illegal immigrants has made shortages worse in the Czech Republic. Approximately half a million people pass through the country each year. The health system is fairly good in the Czech Republic. Some of the more polluted cities, however, have

high infant mortality rates. There is one doctor for every 270 people. The life expectancy in the country is about 74 years. Polish 1% Other 2% Slovak 3%

Czech 94%

Ethnic Makeup

Other 13%

Major Religions

Education The Czech Republic requires that children attend school between the ages of 6 and 15. These 10 years are considered elementary education. Students can then go on to a fouryear secondary or vocational school. There are also two-year teaching schools. Most educational institutions are run by the government, but there are also about 250 private schools in the country. Charles University, in Prague, is

Popular Culture/Daily Life There are many popular forms of recreation in the Czech Republic. Marketplace in Prague

Athiest 40%

Roman Catholic 39%

Protestant 5% Orthodox 3%


Type: Parliamentary democracy Structure: Executive Leader: President/Prime Minister

Defense

Literacy

NA army personnel

U.S. rate = 97%

NA tanks

the most important school in the country. It is also one of the oldest schools in Europe. Many people like to watch television and movies, or see a ballet, opera, or musical performance. Others like to watch or play soccer. Hiking is popular in rural areas. Many types of folk art are associated with the country, including handpainted eggs and glass, puppets, and modrotisk (a painted fabric). The Czechs


have also become known for their animated movies and puppet films. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people 309

314 245

TVs

Cars

Phones

NA

NA

VCRs

PCs

Denmark Land area rank

134

smallest country



most people (1)

At a Glance


0

ASIA

Official Name: Kingdom of EQUATOR Denmark Continent: Europe Area: 16,368 square miles (42,394 sq km) Population: 5,352,815 Capital City: Copenhagen Largest City: Copenhagen (1,353,333) Unit of Money: Danish krone Major Languages: Danish (official), Faroese Literacy: 99% Land Use: 61% arable land, 6% meadow, 12% forest, 21% other Natural Resources: crude oil, natural gas, fish, salt Government: Constitutional monarchy Defense: $3.1 billion

miles

Alborg

N

50

0 km 50

W

E

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

SWEDEN

S

Randers

AUSTRALIA

Jutland Herning

A N TA R C T I C A

Vejle Kolding

Arhus

Silkeborg Horsens

Copenhagen Roskilde

Odense

Sjaelland

Naestved

Fyn

North Sea

Bornholm

Lolland

Baltic Sea

POLAND

GERMANY

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Non-electrical and electrical machinery 25% Average Rainfall


More than half of the Danish population lives on the islands surrounding Jutland. About one-quarter of the Danes live in the Copenhagen area on the island of The Place Sjaelland. There are many manufacturing plants near Denmark is in northern Europe. It is made up of Copenhagen, and industry employs about 19% of the Jutland, the main peninsula, and 482 other islands. work force. Denmark is almost completely surrounded by water, and About 85% of Danes live in urban areas. City dwellers has 4,545 miles (7,314 km) of coastline. Greenland, often reside in apartment buildings. People living in the about 1,300 miles (2,090 km) to the west, is a suburbs and in rural province of Denmark. areas usually live in Denmark can be split into five physical land single-family houses. regions. The largest region in Denmark is the EastMost rural residents Central Hills. This rolling landscape makes up most are farmers who of Jutland and many nearby islands. Narrow fiords operate their own (inlets) occur along the steep-cliffed coastline. small farms. The Western Dune Coast is made up mainly of Denmark has sandy beaches and covers almost the entire west one of the world’s coast. The Western Sand Plain is flat and sandy. The highest standards Northern Flat Plains at the top of the country conof living. The social sist mainly of farmland. To the east, Bornholm and welfare system has its surrounding islands are made mostly of granite. prevented the Copenhagen, Denmark Denmark has a mild and damp climate. Winter development of temperatures average 32° F (0° C), and summers slums. Higher eduaverage 63° F (17° C). The country gets about 24 inches cation is free, and the national health service provides (61 cm) of rainfall annually. free medical care. Life expectancy is 77 years.


Furniture 5% Pharmaceuticals 5% Textiles and clothing 5%

Exports $49 billion

Other 2%

Other Christian 2%

Other 7%

Fresh or frozen swine meat 6%

Other 54%

0 in/0 cm

Faeroese and Inuit 1%

Danish 96%

Ethnic Makeup

Evangelical Lutheran 91%

Major Religions

113

Djibouti Land area rank

151

smallest country


largest country (1)

166

most people (1)

At a Glance

ERITREA


Official Name: Republic of Djibouti Continent: Africa EQUATOR Area: 8,487 square miles (21,980 sq km) Population: 460,700 Capital City: Djibouti Largest City: Djibouti (200,000) Unit of Money: Djiboutian franc Major Languages: French and Arabic (both official) Literacy: 46% Land Use: 9% meadows, 91% other Natural Resources: geothermal areas Government: Republic Defense: $24 million

Red Sea

Y E M E N

ASIA AFRICA


12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C


20˚F/-7˚C 0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


N W

E S

0 0

miles km

S O M A L I A

50

50

The People The Djibouti population consists of two main ethnic groups—the Issas and the Afars. The Issas make up about three-fifths of the population and live mainly in the southern part of the country. The Afars account for about two-fifths of Djiboutins and live in the northern and western areas. About 80% of Djiboutins live in urban areas. The population density is 67 people per square mile (20 people per sq km). The wealth in Djibouti is held mostly by government employees, and much of the country is poor. The monthly minimum wage is just $99, but some managers can earn $4,375 monthly. A large percentage of the workforce is unemployed. A very large refugee population puts a strain on the country’s economy. The Djibouti health care system is weak. There is 1 doctor for every 4,200 people, and the average life expectancy is 50 years of age. Other 5%

Afar 35% Unspecified special transactions 72%

Exports

Djibouti

Ali Sabieh

Live animals 15%

$40 million

114

Yoboki

E T H IOP IA

Food and food products 13% Average Rainfall


15 in/38 cm

Gulf of Aden

A N TA R C T I C A

Djibouti is in northeast Africa. It sits on the Gulf of Aden, the southern entrance to the Red Sea. This small African country can be divided into three main regions. The coastal plain is in the eastern part of Djibouti. The Gulf of Tadjoura cuts into this plain near the center of the country. The coastal plain does not rise more than 650 feet (200 m) above sea level. Volcanic plateaus rise up in the central and southern parts of Djibouti to a top elevation of about 5,000 feet (1,500 m). They are bordered by plains and lakes. In the northern part of the country, mountain ranges tower up to 6,650 feet (2,028 m) high. Djibouti is a very hot, dry place. Temperatures range from 85° F (29° C) in the winter to 106° F (41° C) in the summer. The country averages about 10 inches (25 cm) of rain annually. Most of the landscape is desert, and very little vegetation grows there.

80˚F/27˚C

Obock

Tadjoura

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

Balho

Issa 60%

Ethnic Makeup

Christian 6%

Muslim 94%

Major Religions

Dominica Land area rank

187

smallest country

Population rank

largest country (1)

202 most people (1)

fewest people

At a Glance


A

AFRICA

A

N

Average Rainfall



E

0˚F/-18˚C

Bananas 39%

C

3 in/8 cm

O

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

ib

Roseau

r

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

IC

a

60˚F/16˚C

Other 9% Re-exports 3%

Marigot

C

12 in/30 cm

T

Portsmouth A N TA R C T I C A

b

ea

n

S

La Plaine

N

ea Martinique P

0 0

miles km

e assag

W

E

20

S

20

MARTINIQUE

The People

Dominica is a small island in the Caribbean Sea, about 320 miles (515 km) north of Venezuela. The island has 92 miles (148 km) of coastline. Mountains dominate Dominica. A large range extends through the country from north to south. The island’s highest elevation is Mount Diablotin at 4,747 feet (1,447 m). A large plain lies in the middle of the mountain range. Several lowland areas also exist on the coast. The volcanoes in Dominica are probably extinct, but some geologists believe the island’s thermal springs have shown some volcanic activity. Past volcanic eruptions have provided the island with rich soil, and many tropical plants grow there. Some regions are rain forests. Temperatures in Dominica range from 65° F (18° C) to 90 ° F (32° C). The mountains receive the most rain, averaging about 400 inches (1,00 cm) each year. 15 in/38 cm

N

AUSTRALIA

The Place

80˚F/27˚C

L

Guadeloupe Passage

SOUTH AMERICA

100˚F/38˚C

T

A

Official Name: Commonwealth of EQUATOR Dominica Continent: North America Area: 290 square miles (750 sq km) Population: 70,786 Capital City: Roseau Largest City: Roseau (20,775) Unit of Money: East Caribbean dollar Major Languages: English (official) French Literacy: 97% Land Use: 9% arable, 13% permanent crops, 3% meadows, 67% forest/woodland, 8% other Natural Resources: Timber Government: Parliamentary democracy Defense: No armed forces

GUADELOUPE

ASIA

Slightly more than half the people in Dominica live in urban areas. The population density is 245 people per square mile (87 people per sq km). Most Dominicans live in single-family houses or thatched-roof huts. Agriculture plays a large role in Dominican life. About 60% of the labor force works on farms growing bananas, grapefruit, limes, and vegetables. Most other workers are employed by agricultural processing plants. Dominica is one of the poorest nations in the Caribbean. A field worker is paid about 70 cents per hour, while an office worker earns about $3.50 an hour. The population in Dominica is fairly young— more than a quarter of Dominicans are under the age of 15. Education is required for children ages 5 to 15. The average life expectancy on the island is 78 years.

Manufactured exports 49%

Protestant 15% Black and Carib Amerindian

Other 8%

Roman Catholic 77%

0 in/0 cm


Exports

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

$52 million

115

Dominican Republic Land area rank

131

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

84

AT


ASIA

Official Name: EQUATOR Dominican Republic Continent: North America Area: 18,680 square miles (48,380 sq km) Population: 8,581,477 Capital City: Santo Domingo Largest City: Santo Domingo (1,313,172) Unit of Money: Dominican peso Major Languages: Spanish (official) Literacy: 83% Land Use: 23% arable land, 7% crops, 43% meadows, 13% forests, 14% other Natural Resources: Nickle, bauxite, gold, silver Government: Representative democracy Defense: $78 million

Monte Cristi

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

Mao

AUSTRALIA

H i s p a n i o l a

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

La Vega

San Francisco De Macoris

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Other 32%

Gold 5% Cacao 7%


116

Cotui

W

OC

EA

E S

N

Samana

Bonao San Jose De Ocoa

Santo Domingo

San Pedro De Macoris

Azua Bani

Barahona

La Romana

San Crisobal

M 0

Cari

bbean Sea

0

a on

miles km

P

as

50

50

The People More than 60% of Dominicans live in cities. Many urban workers are employed in manufacturing or by the government. Some also fish for a living. Most city dwellers live in crowded apartment buildings. People living in rural areas are generally farmers. They either own their own small farms or work for large plantations. Many rural Dominicans live in shacks with straw roofs. Government-built bungalows, however, are becoming more common. Distribution of wealth varies widely. Older families with Spanish roots are the country’s wealthiest. The native black population remains the poorest. The culture in the Dominican Republic is a mix of African and Spanish traditions. Well-known ethnic music mixes Spanish maracas and African drumming. Baseball is a popular sport. Life expectancy is 70 years. Black 11%

Average Rainfall


The Dominican Republic occupies about two thirds of the island of Hispaniola. It shares the island with Haiti. The country is part of the West Indies, with coastlines on both the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The Dominican Republic is about 575 miles (925 km) off the southeast coast of Miami. The Dominican Republic is a very mountainous country. The Cordillera Central extends from the western border with Haiti across the interior of the country. Duarte Peak is the highest elevation in the West Indies at 10,417 feet (3,175 m). The Sierra de Neiba and the Sierra de Bahoruco are also in the west. Lake Enriquillo lies between these mountains and is the lowest point in the West Indies. In the northern part of the country, the Vega Real is the Dominican Republic’s most important farming area. In the east the land is relatively level.

IC

Esperanza Santiago

San Juan

Neiba

N

NT

Puerto Plata

HAITI

A N TA R C T I C A

LA

ge

At a Glance

most people (1)

sa

fewest people

Ferronickel 32%

Raw sugar 13% Raw coffee 11%

Other 5%

White 16% Mixed 73%

Ethnic Makeup

Roman Catholic 95%

Major Religions

Ecuador Land area rank

72

smallest country

Population rank


fewest people

At a Glance

most people (1)

N


Official Name: Republic of EQUATOR Ecuador Continent: South America Area: 106,888 square miles (276,840 sq km) Population: 13,183,978 Capital City: Quito Largest City: Guayaquil (1,877,031) Unit of Money: Sucre Major Languages: Spanish (official) Natural Resources: Petroleum, fish, timber

C O L O M B I A

ASIA

W

AFRICA

E

Esmeraldas Ibarra

S

SOUTH AMERICA

Santo Domingo de los Colorados

AUSTRALIA

P A C I F I C O C E A N

A N TA R C T I C A

Quito

Manta Ambato Portoviejo Guayaquil

PACIFIC OCEAN

Galapagos Islands

Gulf of Guayaquil

Cuenca Machala

P E R U

Loja

0 0

(Not in position)

miles km

200

200

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Average Rainfall


Ecuador is on the western coast of South America. It has 1,390 miles (2,237 km) of coastline along the Pacific Ocean. Ecuador also owns the Galapagos Islands, a 3,000square-mile (7,800-sq-km) archipelago to its west in the Pacific Ocean. Ecuador has three main regions. In the west, the Coastal Lowland lies along the Pacific coast. This flat plain varies from 12 to 100 miles (19 to 160 km) in width and covers about a quarter of the country. The southern part of the lowland is desert. Tropical Pacific Sea Lion forests in the

Cotopaxi volcano, Ecuador

center of the plain give way to swamps and marshes in the north. The Andes Highland, or Sierra, consists of two Andes mountain chains that extend down the center of the country. Some of the mountain peaks tower 20,000 feet (6,100 m) above the ground. The Andes

Basic manufactures 3% Other Crude 17% materials 2% Mineral fuels 30%

Highland covers about a fourth of the country. The Eastern Lowlands—also called the Oriente—has many tropical forests along the Amazon River Basin and the foot hills of the Andes. This area makes up about half of Ecuador. ➤

Other 15% Food and live animals 48%


Forests 56%

0 in/0 cm


Exports

Land Use

$3 billion

117

Ecuador

(continued)

The People Ecuador is a poor country. Approximately 60% of the population lives in poverty. Economic conditions vary by race. Most white Ecuadorans live in cities and work in business, or they own large farms run by managers. They have comfortable, modern lifestyles. Black and mestizo Ecuadorans are worse off. Many mestizos live along the coast in small wooden homes. They work as farm hands on large plantations. Others live in the cities and are employed as servants or clerks. The black population lives mostly on the northern part of the coast—many work as fishermen. The Indian population in Ecuador has very little contact with any other ethnic groups. They live mainly in

Education Ecuador requires children ages 6 to 14 to attend school. Most schools, however, are located in urban areas,

villages in the Andes. Some work as farm hands, and some Indian women sell pottery or woven clothing. Health care in Ecuador is inadequate. It is improving in the poor urban neighborhoods, but there are very few clinics or hospitals in rural areas. Malnutrition and intestinal disease are common. The life expectancy in Ecuador is 72 years. Ecuadoran Indian girl Other 5%

Spanish 10%

Black 10% Amerindian 25%

Mestizo 55%

Roman Catholic 95%

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

which means few rural children get an education. About 90% of children receive a primary education. Only about 10% of secondary school-aged children attend class. About 25% of Ecuadorans go to college. The major educational institutions in the country are the

Central University of Ecuador, the Pontifical Catholic University, and the University of Cuenca.




Literacy

0 combat aircraft

U.S. rate = 97%

Ecuadoran market

Popular Culture/Daily Life Due to the mix of ethnic groups, Ecuador’s customs vary by region. Indians of the Andes play their traditional songs on flutes and

118

panpipes. On the coast, many Spanish and black traditions have blended together to give the region a unique culture. There are many institutions in Ecuador dedicated to preserving the country’s heritage. Some museums include the School of Fine Arts, The Museum of Colonial Art, and The National Museum of Fine Art.


82 18 TVs

Cars

36 Phones

12

NA

VCRs

PCs

Egypt Land area rank

30

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

15

fewest people

At a Glance

Mediterranean Sea


ASIA

Alexandria

Beni Suef

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


200

200

Mediterranean Sea. The Red Sea makes up most of the country’s eastern coast. Egypt is divided into four main regions. The Nile Valley, on each side

S U D A N

of the giant river, and the Delta are in the eastern part of the country. In Egypt, the Nile River begins at the border with Sudan and travels northeast to the Mediterranean Sea— approximately 1,000 miles (1,600 km). Most of Egypt’s farmland is in this region. The Aswan High Dam, in the southern Nile Valley, provides water for crop irrigation. Behind the dam, Lake Nasser stores floodwater. The Western Desert, also known as the Libyan Desert, is in the southwest part of the country, and is part of the giant Sahara Desert. It covers about 60% of Egypt. The Qattara Depression—the country’s lowest point at 436 feet (133 m) below sea level—is found here. The Eastern Desert, also known as the Arabian Desert, is east of the Nile. It is also part of the Sahara. This area is a flat plateau for about 80 miles (130 km), and then becomes hilly near the coast. ➤ Farms/ cropland 2%

Average Rainfall


3 in/8 cm

a

20˚F/-7˚C

Se

6 in/15 cm

miles km

ed

0

Aswan Lake Nasser

R

40˚F/4˚C

D E S E R T

S

T E R E S

9 in/23 cm

Luxor

L I B Y A N E

D

Qena N W

SAUDI ARABIA

er

60˚F/16˚C

iv

12 in/30 cm

SINAI

A B I

80˚F/27˚C

Asyut

L I B Y A

0

15 in/38 cm

Nile R

El Minya

Suez

R A

El Giza AUSTRALIA

JORDAN

Suez Canal

A

Cairo

A N TA R C T I C A

100˚F/38˚C

Port Said

Tanta

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

Egypt is on the northeast coast of Africa. A small part of the country— the Sinai Peninsula desert—is in Asia. To the north of Egypt is the

ISRAEL

Nile Delta

N

Official Name: Arab EQUATOR Republic of Egypt Continent: Africa Area: 384,343 square miles (995,450 sq km) Population: 69,536,644 Capital City: Cairo Largest City: Cairo (6,800,000) Unit of Money: Egyptian pound Major Languages: Arabic (official), English, French Natural Resources: Crude oil, natural gas, iron ore

The Place

most people (1)

Other 33% Basic metals and manufactures 5% Cotton yarn, textiles, and clothing 13%

Petroleum and petroleum products 49%

Exports

Permanent pastures 0% Other 98%

Forests 0%

Land Use

$5 billion

119

Egypt

(continued)

Rural Egyptians traditionally farm land or raise animals. Many people have to rent the land they farm. These peasants usually live in small huts. There, daily work is often divided by family roles—husbands are in charge of the farming, wives cook and help in the fields, and children care for the animals. In the city, life is different. There is a severe housing shortage and a lot of traffic. Many people live in crowded

apartments or huts wherever they can find room. There is a wide economic gap between the upper and lower classes. Middle-class Egyptians work in businesses—poor city dwellers work in factories. Egypt has a relatively poor health care system. There is only 1 doctor for every 1,350 people, and there is just 1 hospital bed for every 500 people. The average life expectancy is 62 years.

Pyramids, Giza Other 1%

Coptic Christian and other 6%

The People Most Egyptians live along the Nile River, even though this area only accounts for about 4% of the country’s land. There are slightly more people living in rural areas than in urban cities. There are also some Bedouin nomads in desert regions.

Eastern Hamitic 99%

Muslim (mainly Sunni) 94%

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

Education The Egyptian government requires all children between the ages of 6 and 14 to attend school. Once children reach the age of 12, however, they can generally quit school without difficulty. About 50% of the students who complete the elementary level continue on to high school. About 20% of high school graduates go to college. The education system in Egypt has many problems. Urban schools

Popular Culture/Daily Life Many types of recreation are popular in Egypt. The most popular pastime in the country is spending time with friends and family. People gather at the outdoor markets or enjoy a meal together. Getting together for coffee or tea is also common. Soccer is the country’s favorite sport to play and watch. Matches draw huge crowds in Egypt. Egyptian movies and literature have become

120


Literate 51%

Defense



are overcrowded, and there are few teachers and classrooms in rural areas. There is also very little funding to improve the system. quite popular in Arab communities throughout the world. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

98

TVs

19

28

26

Cars

Phones

VCRs

NA PCs

3,500 tanks 11 major ships 564 combat aircraft

El Salvador Land area rank

152

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

98

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

EUROPE

0

NORTH AMERICA

miles

20

N

ASIA

0 km 20

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of El Salvador Continent: North (Central) America Area: 8,000 square miles (20,720 sq km) Population: 6,237,662 Capital City: San Salvador Largest City: San Salvador (422,570) Unit of Money: Salvadoran colon Major Languages: Spanish (official) Literacy: 73% Land Use: 27% arable, 8% crops, 29% meadows, 6% forests, 30% other Natural Resources: hydropower and geothermal power, crude oil Government: Republic Defense: $109 million

W

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

A N TA R C T I C A

G

U

A

T

E

M

A

LA

E S

Metapán

H O N D URA S Chalatenango

Santa Ana Chalchuapa Ahuachapan Sensuntepeque

San Salvador Nueva San Salvador

San Vicente

Acajutla Zacatecoluca

P

A

Jiquilisco

C

I F I C

San Miguel Usulutan

La Union

O C E A N

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Amerindian White 1% 5% Average Rainfall


El Salvador has the highest population density in Central America, averaging 725 people per square mile (273 people per sq km). About 55% of the people live in rural areas. Most rural Salvadorans work as farmers and live in adobe houses with dirt floors. Very poor The Place Salvadorans live in huts made from branches and mud. El Salvador is on the western coast of Central America. Living conditions in the cities vary by class. Poor With an area of 8,124 square miles (21,040 sq km), it is families live in crowded, run-down apartment buildings. the smallest country in Central America. The middle-class tend to live in row houses. Wealthier The country has three major land areas. The Salvadorans live lowlands lie along the coast of the Pacific Ocean in modern homes in the south. They extend to about 20 miles (32 in the suburbs. km) inland. Much of this area is used for farming. City workers are The Central Region makes up the interior of El mainly employed Salvador. The fertile soil in this area is very good for in commerce, farming. The Coastal Range—a large mountain manufacturing, chain with some dormant volcanoes—extends along and government. the southern part of this region. A large plateau lies Salvadorans are just to the north. still recovering The Interior Highlands are in northern El from a civil war Salvador and are home to the Sierra Madre range. Salvadoran boys that ended in 1992. These mountains cover most of the highlands. There is a high The climate in El Salvador is tropical. Average annual orphan population as a result of the war that killed more temperatures range from 73° F (23° C) in the mounthan 75,000 Salvadorans. Many people have emigrated tains to 80° F (27° C) on the coast. to other countries. Life expectancy is 70 years.

Other 47% Raw sugar 4%

Coffee 33%

Exports $2 billion

Paper and paper products 7%

Clothing 5% Pharmaceuticals 4%

Other 25% Mestizo 94%

Ethnic Makeup

Roman Catholic 75%

Major Religions

121

Equatorial Guinea Land area rank

142

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

164

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

Malabo

Official Name: Republic of Equatorial Guinea EQUATOR Continent: Africa Area: 10,830 square miles (28,050 sq km) Population: 486,060 Capital City: Malabo Largest City: Bata (24,100) Unit of Money: CFA franc Major Languages: Spanish (official), Fang Literacy: 79% Land Use: 5% arable, 4% crops, 46% forest, 45% other Natural Resources: Timber, crude oil Government: Republic Defense: $2.5 million

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

Luba

ASIA

Bioko

SOUTH AMERICA

A N TA R C T I C A

Ebebiyin

W

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C


20˚F/-7˚C 0˚F/-18˚C


S

0

miles km

50

GABON

Acurnam

50

The People

Wood 42%

Almost 80% of Equatorial Guineans live on the mainland. The majority of people here belong to the Fang, an African ethnic group. Pope John Paul II greets a crowd in Equatorial Guinea Many people living on the island of Bioko are also of African descent and belong to the Bubi or Fernandino ethnic groups. More than 60% of the population lives in rural areas. Most rural dwellers are farmers, but some also fish and work in lumber camps. Urban dwellers usually work in small factories. The largest problem for Equatorial Guineans is the country’s poor health system. Although improving basic health services is a government priority, there are very few doctors and little funding. As a result, malaria, measles, and other infectious diseases spread quickly. The country’s death rate is slightly higher than most African countries, and the average life expectancy is 52 years of age.



122

0

Other 10%

Mostly Bubi and Fang groups

0 in/0 cm


Evinayong

Ri o Muni

Other 7% Cocoa 6% Average Rainfall


15 in/38 cm

Mongomo Mbini

E

Ncue

Bata

A T L A N T I C O C E A N

N

Equatorial Guinea is on the western coast of Africa. In addition to its mainland territory, the country also consists of five islands in the Atlantic Ocean. Mainland Equatorial Guinea is called Rio Muni. It accounts for 10,045 square miles (26,117 sq km) of the country’s total land area. The mainland has rolling hills and many forests. Bioko—the country’s largest island, is located about 100 miles (160 km) northwest of Rio Muni. It measures about 779 square miles (2,020 sq km). Bioko is a mountainous island with a rocky coast. Much of its interior is wooded—the most common species are African walnuts and mahoganies. Because of its volcanic origin, the island has rich, fertile soil. Many crops grow here, including bananas, coffee beans, and cocoa beans. Equatorial Guinea lies on the equator and has a tropical climate. The average annual temperature is around 77° F (25° C). The country receives about 80 inches (200 cm) of rain annually, with the wettest season lasting from December to February.

80˚F/27˚C

Gu lf o f Gu in e a

AUSTRALIA

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

C A M E R O ON

AFRICA

Ethnic Makeup

Roman Catholic 90%

Major Religions

Eritrea Land area rank

97

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

119

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

SA U D I A RA BIA SUDAN

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

ka R.

AFRICA

Keren Massawa Akordat Teseney Asmara G a s h Barentu R Mendefera .

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm 9 in/23 cm

60˚F/16˚C 40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Chemical products 3% Machinery and transport equipment 4% Manufactured goods 19%

Dahlak Archipelago

Y EM EN

N W

E

ETHIOPIA S

0 0

miles km

Aseb

100

100

DJIBOUTI

The People More than three-quarters of the Eritreans live in rural areas. The population density is about 96 people per square mile (32 people per sq km). Most of these people—about 80% of the Eritrean population—work as farmers or herders. Many households have several generations of family. Life expectancy is 56 years. Eritreans have different cultures, different religions and speak different languages. Most Eritrean Family of the groups, however, get along. About half the country’s people are Christian who speak Tigrinya. They mostly live in the central plateau. The Muslim population is about the same size as the Christians, but they are comprised of smaller ethnic groups. Tigre-speaking Muslims live in the northern plain and the western lowlands. The Saho live along the coastal plain. The Danakil and Bilen-speaking Eritreans inhabit the southeast part of the coastal plain.

Beverages and tobacco 4% Average Rainfall


Eritrea is a narrow country that stretches along the northeast coast of Africa. It has a 715-mile- (1,151-km) long coastline on the Red Sea. Eritrea has four main land regions. The Red Sea Coastal Plain is in the southeast part of the country. It is extremely dry and very hot. In fact, the region’s Danakil Depression has experienced some of the hottest temperatures in the world. To the west of the coastal plain is the South Central Plateau Highland. This area makes up most of the country. Elevations range from 6,000 to 8,000 feet (1,830 to 2,440 m) above sea level. Rolling hills extend to the north and west of the highlands and average 2,500 to 4,500 feet (760 to 1,370 m) above sea level. To the northwest lies a large plain that is bound by the Baraka and Gash rivers.

Red Sea

Bara

Official Name: State of Eritrea Continent: Africa Area: 46,842 square miles EQUATOR (121,320 sq km) Population: 4,298,269 Capital City: Asmara Largest City: Asmara (400,000) Unit of Money: Birr Major Languages: Arabic and Tigrinya (both official), Afar, Amharic Literacy: 20% Land Use: 12% arable, 1% permanent crops, 19% meadow, 6% forest/woodland, 62% other Natural Resources: Gold, potash, zinc, copper Government: Transitional Defense: $40 million

Other 14%

Raw materials 30% Food products 26%

Exports $71 million

Saho 3% Other 3% Afar 4% Tigre and Kunama 40%

Tigrinya 50%

Ethnic Makeup

Other 10%

Christian 45%

Muslim 45%

Major Religions

123

Estonia Land area rank

133

smallest country

Population rank

largest country (1)

148

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

F IN L A N D

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Estonia Continent: Europe Area: 16,684 square miles (43,211 sq km) Population: 1,423,316 Capital City: Tallinn Largest City: Tallinn (442,700) Unit of Money: Estonian kroon Major Languages: Estonian (official), Russian, Ukrainian Literacy: 99% Land Use: 25% arable, 11% meadow, 44% woods, 20% other Natural Resources: oil shale, peat, phosphorites Government: Parliamentary democracy Defense: $33.4 million AFRICA

Gu l f o f Fi n l an d

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

Hiiumaa

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C

0 in/0 cm



124

Average Rainfall


9 in/23 cm

N

0 0

miles km

Textiles 16%

$2 billion

W

E

50

L A T V IA

50

S

The People

Other 43%

Exports

RUSSIA Tartu

Gu l f o f Ri g a

Estonia has the smallest population of any republic that formerly belonged to the Soviet Union. The population density is low, averaging 80 people per square mile (30 people per sq km). Most people live in the north, however, giving that area a higher population density. About threequarters of Estonians live in urban areas. Estonian women in national costume Almost one-third of the population lives in the capital, Tallinn. About half of the work force is employed in the service industry. Common jobs in that field include education, retail trade, communication, and health care. Another 25% of Estonians work in manufacturing. Some of these jobs involve textiles, chemicals, foods, and machinery. Estonians are proud of their unique culture and heritage. Common celebrations include folk festivals that feature costumed performers and singing. Other popular pastimes include opera, ballet, and theater performances. Life expectancy is 69 years.

Machinery and equipment 16%

Metals 9%

ke La jarv rts

60˚F/16˚C

Vo

12 in/30 cm

Lake Pe i pu s

Paide Parnu

Saaremaa

Estonia is in north central Europe. The Baltic Sea lies to the west and the Gulf of Finland to the north. In addition to the mainland, Estonia also has about 1,500 islands. The largest islands are Saaremaa and Hiiumaa. Estonia’s landscape is mainly low-lying plains, though it does become hilly in the southern and central regions. About one-quarter of the country is below water— wetlands cover 20% of Estonia, and lakes and reservoirs cover 5%. The two largest lakes are Lake Peipus in the east, and Vortsjarv in south central Estonia. Forests cover about half of the Taebia, Estonia country. Common tree species include pine, birch, aspen, and fir. The country usually experiences cool summers and cool winters. Temperatures range from 64° F (18° C) in the summer to below freezing in the winter. 15 in/38 cm

Haapsalu

B alt ic S e a

The Place

80˚F/27˚C

Narva

Tapa

A N TA R C T I C A

100˚F/38˚C

Kohtla-Jarve

Tallinn

Food products 16%

Other 7%

Russian 29%

Estonian 64%

Ethnic Makeup

Evangelical Lutheran, Russian Othodox, Estonian Orthodox

Major Religions

Ethiopia Land area rank

26

smallest country

Population rank


fewest people

ERITREA

At a Glance Blu

Ethiopia is a landlocked country in northeastern Africa. It borders Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Djibouti,

e ll

L

I

A

Nazret

S

O

M

re at

A

Goba

G

SOUTH AMERICA

The Place

a

if t R

Jima

Dire Dawa

V

S U D A N

ile eN y

Addis Abbaba Debre Zeyit

ASIA

Gulf of Aden

DJIBOUTI Dese

AFRICA

A N TA R C T I C A

Y E M E N

Gonder

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

Red Sea Mekele

White Nile

Official Name: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Continent: Africa Area: 432,310 square miles (1,119,683 sq km) Population: 65,891,874 Capital City: Addis Ababa Largest City: Addis Ababa (2,200,186) EQUATOR Unit of Money: Birr Major Languages: Amharic (official), Tigrinya, Orominga Natural Resources: Gold, platinum, copper, potash

most people (1)

AUSTRALIA

W

Lake Turkana

UGANDA

and Eritrea. The Ethiopian Plateau makes up about two-thirds of the country and is the best farmland. The plateau averages about 6,000 to 10,000 feet (1,800 to 3,000

Ethiopians building a traditional house

N

0

KENYA

0

miles km

E

200

S

200

m) above sea level. Ras Dashen, the country’s highest point, measures 15,158 feet (4,620 m) high. The Great Rift Valley divides the plateau into two sections. The temperature on the plateau varies from 60° to 75° F (16° to 22° C), depending on elevation. The area receives about 40 inches (102 cm) of rain a year. Lowland regions surround the plateau. These areas are hotter and drier than the highlands. The average lowland temperature is about 80° F (27° C). This region gets approximately 20 inches (51 cm) of rain each year. The northeast part of Ethiopia consists of the Danakil Desert. This area can get as hot as 120° F (49° C). The vegetation in Ethiopia varies by location. The Ethiopian Plateau and the lowlands in the south and east are covered mostly by grasslands. In the southwest, tropical rain forests are prevalent.

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Average Rainfall


➤ Petroleum products 3% Other 16% Pulses 4% Hides 13%

Farms / cropland 13% Other 22% Coffee 64%

Forests 25%


0 in/0 cm


Exports

Land Use

$418 million

125

Ethiopia (Continued)

Young Ethiopians in religious school

The People Ethiopia has the third-largest population in Africa. The majority of the people live on the Ethiopian Plateau because of its great agricultural conditions. Harsh climate and poor soil result in few people living in lowland areas. Ethiopians can be divided into two main groups. The Semites

speak Semitic languages and include the Amhara, Tigre, and Gurage ethnic groups. Much of this population lives in the northern and central parts of the country. The Hamites speak Cushitic languages and include the Afar, Somali, and Oromo ethnic groups. These people live mostly in eastern and southern Ethiopia. About 5% of Ethiopians are of native African descent and live on the country’s western border. Approximately 87% of the people live in rural areas. Many rural Ethiopians live in small villages. Their houses are made out of wood and mud. There are some nomads who raise livestock in rural areas, but most are farmers. The majority

Popular Culture/Daily Life Ethiopians enjoy many sports, including soccer, volleyball, and tennis. Board games and card games are also popular. Feasts and festivals are cultural traditions throughout the country. Many local special events, such as

126

Afar, Somali, Oromo 40% Amhara and Tigrean 32%

Ethnic Makeup

Other 3%


Muslim 43%

Ethiopian Orthodox 37%

Major Religions of the rural population is poor. Some rural Ethiopians migrate to cities to find work, but many urban areas also suffer from poverty. Cities have better health care facilities and housing than rural areas. Life expectancy is 41 years.

Education Ethiopian children are required to attend school between the ages of 6 and 13. However, less than 40% of elementary school-aged children, and about 15% of secondary schoolaged children, attend classes. About 1% of college-age students seeking a higher education attend Addis Ababa University. The school also has smaller branches spread throughout the country. There are

Other 19%

Sidamo 9%


Type: Federal republic Structure: Executive Leader: President/Prime Minister

Defense Literacy


U.S. rate = 97%

350 tanks

also several vocational schools and training programs in Ethiopia.

weddings, baptisms, and funerals, are marked with family feasts. Major, national events are religious and often celebrated with festivals. Much of the country’s art and poetry is related to the Ethiopian Orthodox religion. Modern artists are famous for murals and stained glass.



2

1

1

NA

NA

TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

Fiji Land area rank

156

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

156

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

P A C I F I C

Official Name: Republic of Fiji Continent: Oceania (S. Pacific) Area: 7,054 square miles (18,270 sq km) Population: 844,330 EQUATOR Capital City: Suva Largest City: Suva (69,665) Unit of Money: Fijian dollar Major Languages: English (official), Fijian Literacy: 92% Land Use: 10% arable, 4% crops, 10% meadows, 65% forest, 11% other Natural Resources: timber, fish, gold, copper Government: Republic Defense: $30 million

Labasa Vanua Levu Savusavu

Taveuni

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

N

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

Lautoka AUSTRALIA

W

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C


20˚F/-7˚C 0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Molasses 3% Timber 6%

e

Koro Sea

dav

as u P

ke

ba

Pa

ss

ag

e

e sag

Kadavu

0

miles

0

km 50

50

The Fijian population can be divided into two main groups—the Indo-Fijians and the native Fijians. IndoFijians are descendents of workers who were brought to Fiji from India to harvest sugar crops. Many Indo-Fijians still work on plantations, but others have become businesspeople. The majority of Indo-Fijians are Hindu or Muslim. Native Fijians Fijian friends have Melanesian and Polynesian ancestors and are mainly Christians. Indo-Fijians and native Fijians seldom marry someone of a different background. Life expectancy is 66 years. About 60% of the Fijian population lives in rural areas. Approximately 21% are employed by agriculture, 18% work in industry, and 61% work in service industries. Fijians are known for several types of visual and performing arts. Dance is very important in the country’s culture, and many traditional dances that tell stories or describe events have been passed down through the generations. Fijian artisans make beautiful pottery and wood carvings. Other 5%

Other 13%

Sugar 35%

Fish 8% Gold 10%

u

ag

The People

Coconut oil 1% Average Rainfall


12 in/30 cm

E

Ka

S

Fiji is an archipelago (group of islands) in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about 1,300 miles (2,100 km) from the northern tip of New Zealand. Fiji is made up of about 300 islands and 500 islets. The largest islands in the chain are Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, Taveuni, and Kadavu. Coral reefs surround almost all of the country’s islands. Viti Levu and Vanuau Levu are mountainous, and rise more than 3,000 feet (914 m) above sea level toward the center of the islands. Viti Levu has the highest elevation in the country at Mount Tomanivi, which is 4,341 feet (1,323 m) high. The major rivers on Viti Levu are the Sigatoka, Rewa, and Ba. The Dreketi River is on Vanua Levu. The deltas for these rivers provide some of the most fertile farmland in the country. Fiji has a tropical climate with high temperatures and humidity. The average annual temperature for the country is 80° F (27° C). The annual rainfall on the islands varies by location—about 70 inches (178 cm) fall on the western parts of the islands while about 120 inches (305 cm) fall on the eastern sides. Because of this, the eastern regions of the islands have tropical forests, while the western sides are dry grasslands. 15 in/38 cm

uk

ss

Levuka

Viti Levu Suva N

The Place

80˚F/27˚C

an

Pa

La

A N TA R C T I C A

100˚F/38˚C

O C E A N

Indian 46%

Fijian 49%

Clothing 24%


Ethnic Makeup

Muslim Other 2% 8%

Hindu 38%

Christian 52%

Major Religions

127

Finland Land area rank

68

smallest country

Population rank

largest country (1)

107

fewest people

most people (1)

ARCT IC OCE AN

At a Glance Official Name: Republic of Finland Continent: Europe Area: 117,942 square miles EQUATOR (305,470 sq km) Population: 5,175,783 Capital City: Helsinki Largest City: Helsinki (525,031) Unit of Money: Markka Major Languages: Finnish and Swedish (both official) Literacy: 99% Land Use: 8% arable, 76% forest, 16% other Natural Resources: copper, zinc, iron ore Government: Republic Defense: $2.1 billion

N

NORWAY

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

W

E

AFRICA

S

L a p l a n d

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

White Sea Rovaniemi

A N TA R C T I C A

RUSSIA Oulu

SWEDEN miles km

100

100

ot

hn

0

ia

0

Kuopio

of

B

Vaasa

G

ul

f

Jyväskylä Tampere

The Place

Lahti

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm J F MA M J J A S O N D

0 in/0 cm


128

Average Rainfall


Finland is in northern Europe. It has 700 miles (1,126 km) of coastline on the Helsinki, Finland Gulf of Bothnia to the west. The Baltic Sea lies to the southwest and the Gulf of Finland to the south. The are four different physical areas in Finland. The Coastal Lowlands on the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Bothnia have some of the most fertile soil in the country. Farming is quite common. There are also many small lakes in this region. The Lake District lies to the north and east of the lowlands. Thousands of lakes cover half of this area. The land is also heavily forested. The most common tree species include birch, pine, and spruce. The Upland District, in the north, covers about 40% of Finland. The terrain in this region is hilly, and there are many swamps and marshes. The soil is poor, and the vegetation is sparse. Tundra (flat treeless plain) covers the northern border. Thousands of offshore islands make up the Coastal Islands region. Most of these small islands have rocky terrain and poor soil.

0˚F/-18˚C

Lappeenranta

Pori

Chemicals and chemical products 10% Paper, paper products, and publishing 23%

Other 27%

Espoo

Baltic Sea

$38 billion

lf Gu

in of F

lan

d

ESTONIA

The People Most Finns live in the south, where the terrain and the climate are more hospitable. About 30% of the labor force is employed by public services, 21% work in industry, and 15% work in commerce. Another 12% of the work force is unemployed. More than 60% of the Finnish population lives in urban areas, and about 20% lives in the capital, Helsinki. In cities, many Finns rent or own apartments. Rural dwellers usually own single-family homes, either in villages or on farms. The Finnish government provides its citizens with excellent social and welfare services. A health insurance program is provided for every Finn, pensions for the retired, and allowances for families. Finland has one of the highest-ranked school systems in the world. Life expectancy is 77 years. Metal products and machinery 40%

Other 7%

Finnish 93%

Exports

Kotka

Helsinki

Turku

Lake Ladoga

Ethnic Makeup

Greek Orthodox 1%

Other 10%


Major Religions

France Land area rank

48

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

21

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

EUROPE

UNITED KINGDOM

ASIA

BELGIUM En

LUX.

Le Havre Rouen Se ine

AUSTRALIA

Caen

Metz Strasbourg

Paris Brest

A N TA R C T I C A

Rennes

GERMANY

Orléans Tours

Lo

ire

Dijon

Nantes

SWITZERLAND

AT L ANT I C O C EAN

Limoges Lyon Rhone

Clermont-Ferrand

B ay o f B i s c ay

Bordeaux Ga

PS

SOUTH AMERICA

h glis

Lille

nel

n Cha

Rhin e

AFRICA

e in Se

Official Name: French EQUATOR Republic Continent: Europe Area: 210,668 square miles (545,630 sq km) Population: 59,551,227 Capital City: Paris Largest City: Paris (2,152,423) Unit of Money: French franc Major Languages: French (official) Natural Resources: coal, iron ore, bauxite, timber, fish

AL

NORTH AMERICA

ITALY

ro

nn

e

Bayonne

The Place

N

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


France is in western Europe and is the third-largest country on the continent. France can be divided into ten main regions. The Brittany-Normandy Hills are in the northwest. These rolling plains have some fertile soil along the coast and support orchards. To the east, the fertile Northern France Plains have some hills and plateaus. The wooded Northeastern Plateaus are home to half of the Ardennes Mountains. Some crops grow on the slopes. The Rhine Valley, near the northeast border, has very fertile soil and many farms. The Aquitanian Lowlands lie along the southwestern coast and extend into interior France. There are beaches on the coast, turning to forests and plains inland. The Central Highlands are in the middle of the country and have very poor soil. The Loire,

Toulouse

France’s longest W E river, begins here. SPAIN ANDORRA To the southeast, S 0 miles 100 the French Alps 0 km 100 and the Jura Mountains are Eiffel Tower, Paris home to Mont Blanc, the country’s highest point at 15,771 feet (4,807 m). The southern part of France includes the Mediterranean Lowlands. There are many farms near the fertile Rhone Valley of the region. In the southwest, the Pyrenees Mountain have peaks more than 10,000 feet (3,000 m) tall. Corsica, located about 100 miles (160 km) off the mainland, also belongs to France. It has steep hills and a rocky coastline, but crops grow in the valleys. ➤

Other 31% Plastics 3%


Chemical products 8% Agricultural products 15%

Exports

Nice MONACO

Marseille

Corsica Mediterranean Sea



Land Use

$275 billion

129

France

(continued)

expensive. Most large cities are free of crime and slums, but these common urban problems do exist on city outskirts and in suburbs. Many rural residents are farmers who live in single-family houses on their own land or in villages. While farmers earn their main income from agriculture, many times other family members must work in another profession to supplement income. Workers generally earn about $20,000 a year.

About 8% of the French population, or about 5 million people, are immigrants. Some of the largest groups include Algerians, Italians, Moroccans, and Portuguese. France also has the second-highest Jewish population in Europe. Some immigrants have a hard time finding work and live in the poorer neighborhoods. The national health care system in France pays for most of the population’s coverage. The average life expectancy is 79 years of age.

French farmer wearing traditional beret.

The People

North African 3%

About 75% of the French population lives in urban areas. Many city dwellers live in fancy old apartments. As a result of strict regulations on traffic, noise, and construction, city living is mostly enjoyable but also

German 2%

Jewish 1% Other 6% Muslim 1% Protestant 2%

Other 3%

Roman Catholic 90%

French 92%

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

Education French children between the ages of 2 and 6 may attend a free preschool to prepare for elementary school. The majority of children attend public schools, but Roman Catholic Churches also run private schools. From ages 6 to 11, children are required to attend elementary school. After elementary school, they go on to a college—a four-year school similar to junior high. By age 15, most students enter a lycée, which is either a high school or

Popular Culture/Daily Life The French love sports. The most popular sport is soccer. Many local regions have their own teams. Other favorite sports include skiing, swimming, ice skating, tennis, and rugby (a type of football). The Tour de France, a grueling bicycle race, is the country’s largest and most famous sporting event. Planning and taking vacations is a large part of French culture—each

130


Literate 99%

Defense



vocational school. Vocational schools prepare students to enter the workforce. High schools prepare children for the university. France has about 75 universities. worker is entitled to five weeks paid vacation every year. There are


hundreds of resorts in the country, and many people also have vacation homes.

Goods Ownership Outdoor produce markets are common throughout France.

per 1,000 people 693 400

421

177 21 TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

Gabon Land area rank

76

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

151

fewest people

most people (1)

CAMEROON

At a Glance


ASIA

AUSTRALIA

Oyem

Libreville

Makakou

o Og

A N TA R C T I C A

Port-Gentil

o

u

iver e R

Lambaréné

CONGO er

SOUTH AMERICA

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

Massoukou

R

AT

Koulamoutou

iv

AFRICA

o

LA N

Cong

Official Name: Gabonese Republic EQUATOR Continent: Africa Area: 99,486 square miles (257,670 sq km) Population: 1,221,175 Capital City: Libreville Largest City: Libreville (419,596) Unit of Money: CFA Franc Major Languages: French (official), Fang, Myene Literacy: 61% Land Use: 1% arable, 1% crop, 18% meadow, 77% forest, 3% other Natural Resources: crude oil, manganese, gold, timber Government: Republic Defense: $98 million

T IC

N W

E

Tchibanga

O

C

E

A

0

N

0

S

miles km

150

150

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Uranium ore and concentrate 1% Manganese ore and concentrate 5% Average Rainfall


Gabon has one of the smallest populations in Africa. The country has a population density of just 13 people The Place per square mile (4.5 people per sq km). Approximately Gabon is in west central Africa. The equator runs half the Gabonese population lives along the coast, near through the northern part of the country. To the south rivers, or in the north. Many live in small villages in is a 550-mile- (885-km-) long coast along houses made of mud or cement. There the Atlantic Ocean. are many different ethnic groups in the The western part of Gabon consists of country. The largest group is the Fang, a narrow band of coastal lowlands. Beaches, and they live in the northern part of lagoons, and swamps are found here. A Gabon. The Omyene live along the plateau makes up most of the country’s Atlantic coast. Several Pygmy tribes live interior, extending to the north, east, and in the southern forests. part of the south. In the north, the Cristal A slight majority of the Gabonese Mountains average about 3,000 feet (900 m) population lives in rural areas. About high. In central Gabon, Mount Iboundji, 65% of the labor force works in the country’s highest point, reaches 3,189 agriculture. Commonly grown crops feet (972 m). The Ogooue River begins at include bananas, yams, cassavas, and the Atlantic Ocean and divides the landmangoes. Some rural dwellers also raise scape with its several tributaries. animals and catch fish. A number of Gabon has a hot and humid climate people work in industry and commerce. throughout the year. The average annual Gabonese mother and child Although there is just 1 doctor for temperature is 80° F (26° C). Gabon every 2,800 people, Gabon offers receives a lot of rain, with some areas in the north total- some of the best health care services in Africa. Life ing more than 100 inches (254 cm) annually. Thick rain expectancy is 58 years. The majority of children attend forests cover about 70% of the country. primary school.

Other 1%

Wood 12% Crude petroleum and petroleum products 81%

0 in/0 cm


Other 9% French 2%

Exports $3 billion

Eshira 25%

Fang 35%

Other Bantu 29%

Ethnic Makeup

Other 25–45% Christian 55–75%

Major Religions

131

Gambia Land area rank

165

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

149

fewest people

At a Glance

most people (1)

0


ASIA

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of the Gambia Continent: Africa Area: 3,861 square miles (10,000 sq km) Population: 1,411,205 Capital City: Banjul Largest City: Kombo St. Mary (228,214) Unit of Money: Dalasi Major Languages: English (official), Mandinka Literacy: 39% Land Use: 18% arable, 9% meadows, 28% forest, 45% other Natural Resources: fish Government: Republic under multiparty democratic rule Defense: $15 million

S E N E G A L

miles

25

N

0 km 25

W

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

Gambia is a narrow country on the western coast of Africa, surrounded by Senegal to the north, east, and south. It is approximately 200 miles (320 km) from east to west, and a maximum of 30 miles (50 km) from north to south. The country’s 50-mile- (80-km) long coastline fronts the Atlantic Ocean to the west. It is the smallest country in Africa. The main feature of the country is the Gambia River, which cuts the country in half length-wise. The river begins in Guinea and flows westward to the Atlantic Ocean at Banjul, Gambia’s capital. Throughout the country, the Gambia River ranges from 80 to 250 feet (25 to 75 m) above sea level. Gambia has a subtropical climate and experiences hot and cool seasons. The cool season lasts from November to May, and has temperatures of about 60° F (16° C). In the summer, temperatures can reach 110° F (43° C). Gambia receives about 40 inches of rain each year, mainly during the rainy season from June to October.

ATLANTIC OCEAN

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

E S

Bakau

Banjul

Sukuta Brikama

Sukuta Georgetown Farafenni Mansa Konko Bansang bia River

Kerewan

Gam Bwiam

Basse Santa Su

S E N E G A L

G U IN E A = B I SSA U

The People There are many different ethnic groups in Gambia. The largest group is the Mandinka, and they tend to be most influential in politics. The Fula make up about 18% of the population and live mainly in the eastern part of the country. The Wolof live in Banjul and in other western regions. The Jola make up one-tenth of the population and also live in the west. The Serahuli are nomads. Gambia is one of the least populated countries in Africa. The population is growing quickly, however, at a rate of 3.3% each Man in a dance troupe year. Women give birth to an average of 6 children, and half the country’s population is under the age of 16. The government is concerned with the rapid population increase and is trying to institute family planning programs. The population density is 315 people per square mile (122 people per sq km). Health conditions are poor, and the country has high infant mortality and death rates. Malaria, tuberculosis, and parasitic diseases are very common. Life expectancy is 55 years.

21 in/53 cm

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Domestic exports 7% Ground nuts 9%

Re-exports 84%

0 in/0 cm


132

Average Rainfall


18 in/46 cm


Serahuli Other 5% 9% Jola 10% Mandinka 42% Wolof 16% Fula 18%

Ethnic Makeup

Christian 9%


Muslim 90%

Major Religions

Georgia Land area rank

120

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

111

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance


N

ASIA

Official Name: Georgia EQUATOR Continent: Europe Area: 26,911 square miles (69,700 sq km) Population: 4,989,285 Capital City: Tbilisi Largest City: Tbilisi (1,300,000) Unit of Money: Lari Major Languages: Georgian (official), Russian Literacy: 99% Land Use: 9% arable, 4% crops, 25% meadow, 34% forest, 28% other Natural Resources: forest, hydropower, manganese Government: Republic Defense: $56 million AFRICA

W

E

R U S S I A

SOUTH AMERICA

S Sokhumi

AUSTRALIA

C a u c a s u s

A N TA R C T I C A

K'ut'aisi

Black Sea

P'ot'i Bat'umi

T U R K E Y 0

miles

Kura

Ri

ver

Gori

Tbilisi Rust'avi

ARMENIA

50

AZERBAIJAN

0 km 50

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Azeri 6% Average Rainfall


The most populated parts of Georgia lie along the Black Sea and the Kura River Valley. The country’s population The Place density averages about 206 people per square mile (73 Georgia is on the southwestern border of Asia. Its coast- people per sq km). About 60% of Georgians live in line extends for 193 miles (310 km) and meets the Black urban areas. Many city dwellers live in one- or twoSea on the country’s western border. The country was story homes that are built in close proximity to one once part of the former Soviet Union. another. In rural areas, homes tend to be more spacious. Georgia is a mountainous country, with several About 80% of Georgians live in poverty. Some 16% of mountain ranges making up about 85% of its land area. the work force is unemployed. Approximately 30% of the Dense forests cover much of these labor force work in regions. The Caucasus Mountains are to industry, while another the north and form most of the country’s 25% are employed by border with Russia. The country’s highest agriculture. Both the elevation, Mount Shkhara, is located here. health care and education It reaches a height of 17,163 feet (5,201 systems suffer from a lack m) above sea level. Much of southern of funding and resources. Georgia is dominated by the Little Family values and Caucasus. They are generally less than traditions are very 10,000 feet (3,000 m) tall. important in Georgia. The western part of Georgia has much Throughout the year, lower elevations, rarely exceeding 300 feet extended families often (100 m) above sea level. The Kura River gather together to celebegins in the west and flows across the brate holidays and southern part of the country to Azerbaijan. Woman sweeps sidewalk in Tbilisi special occasions. About In the southeastern part of the country, the Kartaliniya one-quarter of the population is under the age of 16. Plain extends to the country’s southern border. The average life expectancy is 65 years.

Other 28% Chemicals 5% Textiles 7%

Food products 30%

Ferrous metals 30%


Other 10%

Russian 6% Georgian 70% Armenian 8%

Ethnic Makeup

Armenian Apostolic 8% Muslim 11%

Other 6%

Christian Orthodox 75%

Major Religions

133

Germany Land area rank

62

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

12

fewest people

N

At a Glance W

E S

B altic S e a North S ea

Kiel

NE TH ERL

eR

iver

Magdeburg

Berlin

Essen Leipzig

Düsseldorf Cologne Bonn

r ive

BELGIUM

Elb

Hannover

R ine Rh

A N TA R C T I C A

er

er

AUSTRALIA

Bremen

Riv

SOUTH AMERICA

er We s

iv Ems R

AN DS

ASIA

AFRICA

POLAND

Rostock Hamburg

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

SWEDEN

DENMARK

r ve O d e r Ri

Official Name: Federal Republic of Germany Continent: Europe Area: 137,803 square miles (356,910 sq km) Population: 83,029,536 EQUATOR Capital City: Berlin Largest City: Berlin (3,477,900) Unit of Money: Deutsche mark Major Languages: German (official) Natural Resources: iron ore, coal, potash, timber

most people (1)

Kassel

Dresden

Frankfurt am Main

Wiesbaden LUX.

Mannheim

CZECH REPUBLIC

Nürnberg

0

miles 100

0 km 100

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


134

Average Rainfall


Located in northern Europe, Germany consists of five major land regions. The North German Plain is the country’s largest land region. It is

Rhi

ne R

iver

Karlsruhe

FRANCE

Electrical machinery and office equipment 10% Chemicals and chemical products 13%

Other 25%



Da

n

e ub

Riv

BAVARIA er Munich

A U STRIA

SWITZERLAND

about 300 feet (91 m) above sea level and is fairly flat. The Elbe, Ems, Oder, Rhine, and Weser rivers run through the plain and provide fertile valleys for farming. The Central Highlands are plateaus ranging from 1,000 to 2,500 feet (300 to 760 m) above sea level. They are characterized by rocky terrain and poor soil.The Southern German Hills are a group of escarpments, or long ridges, which run from the southwest to the northeast. The Unfabricated plastics 2%

Stuttgart

Black Forest

lowland between these escarpments have fertile soil and are heavily farmed. The southern Black Forest consists of mountains that are covered by spruce and pine trees. The area varies between 2,500 and 3,000 feet (762 to 910 m) above sea level. The Bavarian Alps are part of Europe’s largest mountain range. Many peaks reach more than 6,000 feet (1,800 m). Germany’s highest point, Zugspitze Peak, rises 9,721 feet (2,963 m). Germany has a mild climate. Average temperatures range from 30° F (11° C) in the winter to 65° F (18° C) in the summer. Temperatures vary by location and elevation. For example, the upper Rhine Valley has a more temperate climate than the Bavarian Mountains.

Other 20%

Farms/ cropland 34%

Forests 31%

Land Use


Germany

Busy street, Hannover, Germany

The People Germany is the second-most populated country in Europe. The population density averages 605 people per square mile (230 people per sq km). About 85% of the population lives in urban areas. Many cities are overcrowded, and there are housing shortages. Many urban dwellers work in service and industry. People in rural areas generally own small farms. Only about 3% of the

labor force works in agriculture. Workers in west Germany earn more than east German workers. About 8% of the population is foreign born. Many of these people are known as Gastarbeiter, or guest workers. Turks account for the largest single group of Gastarbeiters. Germany’s birth rate is very low, and its population would be declining if it wasn’t for these workers. Although German is the official language, much of the population speaks different dialects. Different religions are also more dominant in certain parts of the country— Protestants live mainly in the north while Catholics inhabit the south and southwest. Germans enjoy one of the best

social security systems in the world. There is 1 doctor for every 315 people, and the average life expectancy is 77 years of age. The country’s crime rates are lower than most other European countries.

Popular Culture/Daily Life Germans spend a good deal of free time outdoors. They enjoy biking, sailing, swimming, hiking, and canoeing. Soccer is the most popular sport in the country, most towns have their own team. The many mountains in Germany also offer excellent skiing.

Other 6%

Turkish 2%

German 92%

Ethnic Makeup

Muslim 2%

Other 26%

Protestant 38%

Roman Catholic 34%

Major Religions

Education All German children must attend school for at least 9 years. The country’s individual states control the education system in their districts. In general, most elementary schools have 4-year programs. After graduation, a child may choose between several different types of schools. A gymnasium is similar to junior high school and prepares students for college. Intermediate schools offer some academics and some job

(continued)


Type: Federal republic Structure: Executive Leader: President/Chancellor

Defense


234,000 army personnel 2,695 tanks

training. Hauptschulen, or vocational schools, concentrate on job training. Germany also has about 60 universities. Almost all Germans are literate.

Germans also enjoy watching television, reading, or going to the movies. German culture has produced many world-famous writers, musicians, and painters. These talented artists contributed to the Renaissance, the European Enlightenment, and the Romantic movement.



552 374

207 26 TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

135

Ghana Land area rank

81

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

50

fewest people

most people (1)

BURKINA FASO EUROPE NORTH AMERICA

a

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

A N TA R C T I C A

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C


20˚F/-7˚C 0˚F/-18˚C


100

BENIN TOGO

Kumasi

N W

Koforidua

E

Asamankese

Accra

S Sekondi-Takoradi

A large plain extends along the Gulf of Guinea in southern Ghana. The coastline consists mainly of sandy beaches. Several rivers also cut through the terrain. The Kwahu Plateau is located to the north of the

Lumber 14%

NIGERIA

Gold 45% Cocoa 26%

Nsawam Tema

Cape Coast

G ulf o f G uine a

ATLANTIC OCEAN

plain. It stretches from the northwest to the southeast, extending across the center of the country. To the north of the plateau is a savanna, or grassy plain. Lake Volta lies in east central Ghana. It is one of the largest human-made lakes in the world. It measures 250 miles (402 km) long and has an area of 3,276 square miles (8,484 sq km). The lake was formed by the Akosombo Dam on the Volta River. The White Volta and Oti rivers also feed into the giant lake. Ghana has a tropical climate. The average annual temperature is around 83° F (28° C). The north tends to be warmer than the south. Ghana averages about 50 inches (125 cm) of rain annually. The southwest receives the most precipitation. In northern and eastern Ghana, a dry seasons lasts from November to March.



0 in/0 cm


Exports $2 billion

136

km 100

Lake V o l ta

Diamonds 2% Electricity Other 5% 8% Average Rainfall


Ghana lies north of the Gulf of Guinea in western Africa. The southern part of the country has 335 miles (539 km) of coastline on the Atlantic Ocean.

miles

0

COTE D'IVOIRE

Houses in Tamale, Ghana

The Place

0

Tamale Ot i

lta Black V o

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Ghana Continent: Africa Area: 92,100 square miles (238,540 sq km) Population: 19,894,014 Capital City: Accra Largest City: Accra (949,113) Unit of Money: New cedi Major Languages: English (official) Natural Resources: Gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite

Bolgatanga ASIA

White V olt

At a Glance

Land Use

Ghana The People Approximately 99% of the Ghanaian population are black Africans, and they are divided into more than 100 different ethnic groups. Two of the main groups, the Akan and the Moshi Dogamba, account for most of the population. The Akan live mostly in central Ghana, and the Moshi Dogamba mainly inhabit the Ghanaian boy

coastal regions. Other major ethnic groups include the Ewe and the Ga in the southwest. The tribes generally coexist peacefully. Almost 70% of the country’s population lives in the southern half of Ghana. More than 65% of Ghanaians live in rural areas and work as farmers. Most rural dwellers live in houses with mud walls and thatched roofs. In the cities, most buildings are made of cement. Many urban Ghanaians work for the government. The country’s health conditions are very poor. There is 1 doctor for every 23,000 people, and some rural dwellers have no access to clinics or hospitals. Sometimes there is

(continued)

not an adequate food supply, and malnutrition is common. Many people die from treatable diseases, such as measles, hepatitis, and malaria. The average life expectancy is 56 years of age. The major religions include Muslim, Christian, and indigenous beliefs.

Other African tribes 19% Ga 8% Ewe 13%

Akan 44%

MoshiDagomba 16%



Christian 24%

Muslim 30%

Major Religions

Education Ghana has one of the best school systems in central Africa. Primary and secondary education are free, and children between the ages of 6 and 14 are required to attend classes. About 75% of primary school-aged children go to school, but just 31% of secondary schoolaged children attend classes. The country has four institutions of higher learning—the University of Ghana, the University of Science

Popular Culture/Daily Life There are many different cultures and traditions among Ghana’s many ethnic groups. Family ties are strong throughout the country, and many extended families gather to celebrate the harvest, marriages, births, and other occasions.


Type: Constitutional democracy Structure: Executive Leader: President

Defense Literacy

NA army personnel

U.S. rate = 97%

NA tanks

and Technology, the University of Cape Coast, and the University for Development Studies. Many handcrafted items are also produced in Ghana, including pottery, wood carvings, textiles, and metal work. Several institutions, such as the National Cultural Centre and the Arts Council of Ghana, work to teach and promote the country’s artistic endeavors.



15

4

6

3

NA

TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

137

Greece Land area rank

96

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

69

fewest people

most people (1)

BULGARIA

Adriatic Sea

At a Glance

MACEDONIA Dráma

Official Name: Hellenic Republic Continent: Europe Area: 50,942 square miles (131,940 sq km) EQUATOR Population: 10,623,835 Capital City: Athens Largest City: Athens (772,072) Unit of Money: Drachma Major Languages: Greek (official), English, French Natural Resources: Bauxite, lignite, magnesite

ITALY

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

Corfu

ASIA

Xánthi

Thessaloniki

ALBANIA

N W

Ioánnina Lárisa

E

Aegean S e a Lesbos

AFRICA

S

TU RK EY

SOUTH AMERICA

Agrinion

Ionian AUSTRALIA

Athens

Pátrai

Sea

Peloponnesus

A N TA R C T I C A

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


138

Average Rainfall


Located in southern Europe, Greece is almost surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. The country has 9 major land areas. Thrace is in the

northeast. The Rhodope Mountains are near the border with Bulgaria, and a coastal plain lies to the south. To the west, the Macedonian region includes parts of the Pindus and

Other 31% Cotton 4% Minerals 4% Petroleum products 9%

Rhodes

S e a

The Acropolis in Athens, Greece

The Place

Ródos

M e d i t e r r a n e a n

Textiles 26% Food 26%

Exports $10 billion

Khania 0

miles

0

km 100

Iraklion Crete

100

Balkan mountains. With its fertile valleys, Macedonia is also one of the country’s most important agricultural areas. Thessaly is south of Macedonia. It is a large plain surrounded by mountains. Mount Olympus is the highest point in Greece at 9,570 feet (2,917 m). In the northwest, the small region of Epirus is mountainous and grows several crops. Central Greece and Euboea account for about 20% of the country. The area consists of hills, valleys, and many mountains. To the southwest, Peloponnesus peninsula has mountains and a rocky coastline. It makes up one-fifth of the country. The Ionian Islands lie off the west coast of the mainland. Important crops, such as olives, grapes, and citrus fruits, grow here. The rocky Aegean Islands lie between Greece and Turkey in the Aegean Sea. Crete is the country’s largest island, and is mainly hilly with fertile valleys.




Land Use

Greece

Greek boy on the island of Rhodes

merce. A teacher earns about $500 per month, while a doctor makes about $950 each month. During the last 40 years, many rural residents have abandoned their farms to find jobs in the cities. This has resulted in a housing shortage in many cities. About 20% of Greeks still work in agriculture. About 8% of the land is devoted to growing crops, including wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, and olives. The population density averages

The People

Other 2%

Greece is a mostly urban country— about two-thirds of the population live in cities or their suburbs. Almost 30% of the population live in Athens. Most cities have new and old sections. The new sections have tall apartment buildings, modern shopping plazas, and mass transit systems. Many urban residents work in tourism and com-

Popular Culture/Daily Life Greek culture includes many types of arts and crafts. Weavers create beautiful clothing and rugs. Embroidery and silver jewelry-making are also Greek traditions. Folk music is played throughout the country, and common instruments include the clarinet and the bouzouki, a type of mandolin. Traditional folk dances are held at many festivals. Other festivals feature ancient Greek dramas.

about 205 people per square mile (81 people per sq km). The most densely populated parts of the country are the coastal areas and the interior plains. The mountainous areas and the Aegean Islands have the fewest people. The National Health Service provides the nation with its health care coverage, but it is severely understaffed. Many Greeks travel abroad for major surgeries. The average life expectancy is 78 years of age. Other 1%

Muslim 1%

Greek Orthodox 98%

Greek 98%

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

Education Public education is free in Greece. Children between the ages of 6 and 15 are required to attend school. Elementary school has 6 grades, as does the high school program. More than 99% of elementary school-aged children attend class, and 97% of secondary school-aged children go to school. There are 16 universities and colleges in Greece. The largest institutions include Aristotelian

(Continued)

Government Type: Parliamentary republic Structure: Executive Leader: President/Prime Minister

Literate 95%

Defense



University in Thessaloniki and the University of Athens. About 28% of college-aged students attend classes. Greeks also enjoy sports, especially soccer and swimming. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people 362

195

172 94 4

TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs


Street in Athens, Greece

Grenada smallest country


208

largest country (1)

197

most people (1)

At a Glance


ASIA

Official Name: Grenada EQUATOR Continent: North America Area: 131 square miles (340 sq km) Population: 89,227 Capital City: St. George’s Largest City: St. George’s (4,564) Unit of Money: East Caribbean dollar Major Languages: English (official), French Literacy: 98% Land Use: 15% arable, 18% crops, 3% meadows, 9% forest, 55% other Natural Resources: timber, tropical fruit Government: Parliamentary democracy Defense: Minimal spending

P e ti te M a rti n i q u e

Hillsborough

AFRICA

N

Carriacou W

ea

Land area rank

E

S

SOUTH AMERICA

S

b

ea

n

AUSTRALIA

Ronde

b

A N TA R C T I C A

C

a

ri

Victoria

O

G r e na da Grenville

A

St. George’s

T

L

A

N

T

C

E

A

N

IC

0 0

miles km

10

10

The People

Unemployment is common in Grenada, and wages are usually low. Most Grenadians work in service, agriculture, manufacturing, or construction. There are Grenada is a group of islands in the West Indies. The also many single-parent families. Birthrates are high main islands that make up the country are Grenada, compared to the rest of the West Indies, and about 46% Ronde, Carriacou, and Petite Martinique. They lie of the population is under the age of 16. The populaabout 90 miles (140 km) off the northern coast of tion grows by about .8% each year. Venezuela in the Caribbean Sea. More than 80% of Grenadians live in rural areas. In Grenada, the main island, is mountainous. A large fact, the capital city, St. George’s, is the country’s only ridge extends down the center of the island and reaches urban area. The population density averages 705 people a top elevation of 2,757 feet (840 m) above sea level at per square mile (283 people per sq km). Mount Catherine. The area is covered by dense forest. Governments fund In the center of the country is Grand Etang, a Grenada nutmeg factory most of the schools in the large lake formed in the crater of a volcano. country. Children Many bays, harbors, and beaches are located between the ages of 6 and along the southern coast. 14 are required to attend The island’s rich volcanic soil is very fertile. classes. Compared to A variety of tropical vegetation grows there, countries of similar size including bananas, coconuts, and limes. Many and wealth, Grenada’s spices also thrive in Grenada, such as nutmeg, health care services are vanilla, cinnamon, and ginger. good. There is 1 doctor The country has a warm tropical climate, with for every 1,700 people. temperatures averaging around 80° F (26° C) The average life year round. The coastal regions receive about expectancy is about 60 inches of rain annually while the mountains 70 years of age. get about 200 inches (510 cm) a year. 100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C

0 in/0 cm



Average Rainfall


The Place

Other 29% Clothing 6% Bananas 9% Re-exports 11%

Fish 16%

Exports $24 million

140

Other Protestant Sects 33% Cocoa beans 15% Nutmeg 14%

Mostly African

Ethnic Makeup

Anglican 14%

Roman Catholic 53%

Major Religions

Guatemala Land area rank

104

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

63

fewest people

most people (1)

N

At a Glance W

Official Name: Republic of Guatemala Continent: North (Central) America Area: 42,042 square miles (108,890 sq km) Population: 12,974,361 EQUATOR Capital City: Guatemala City Largest City: Guatemala City (1,150,452) Unit of Money: Quetzal Major Languages: Spanish (official) Natural Resources: Crude oil, nickel, fish

E S Flores

MEXICO

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

Caribbean Sea

ASIA AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

Quezaltenango

Mo tag na Riv er Zacapa

Guatemala City Jalapa

A N TA R C T I C A

0

miles

Mazatenango

100

H ON D U RA S

Jutiapa Escuintla

0 km 100

Lake Atitlan

Guatemala is the northernmost country in Central America, east of Mexico and north of Honduras and El Salvador. The country has 250

Puerto Barrios Lake Izabal

Coban AUSTRALIA

PACIFIC OCEAN

The Place

BEL IZE

miles of coastline on the Caribbean Sea to the east and on the Pacific Ocean on the west. The country can be split into three major land areas. The Northern Plain

EL SA L V A D OR

is covered mostly by tropical rain forest. There are also some grassland areas. Lake Izabal, the country’s largest lake, lies in the eastern part of the region. The Northern Plain is the least developed part of Guatemala. The Highlands extend from east to west across the center of the country. The tallest mountain in Central America—Volcan Tajumulco— reaches an elevation of 13,845 feet (4,220 m). Guatemala’s longest river, the Motagna, also begins in this area and flows for 250 miles (402 km). The Pacific Lowlands are in the south. The region is mainly farmland, with cotton and sugar cane plantations. Many of the country’s rivers flow through the lowlands before draining into the Pacific Ocean. The temperatures of Guatemala’s tropical climate vary by elevation. Lower regions reach around 80° F (27° C) throughout the year, while the highlands rarely exceed 70° F (21° C).

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C

0 in/0 cm



Other 5%

Average Rainfall


➤ Farms / cropland 17%

Coffee 23% Other 52%

Exports

Sugar 10% Bananas 8% Vegetable seeds 4% Legumes 3%

Forests 54%


Land Use

$3 billion

141

Guatemala

(continued)

The People Two main groups characterize the Guatemalan population—Indians and Ladinos. These groups are based loosely on ancestry, but Indians may adopt the Ladino way of life and vice versa. People are placed into one of these groups depending on how they live, what language they speak, and what clothes they wear. Indians account for about 44% of the country’s population. They are

Amerindian 44%

Mestizo (Ladino) 56%

Ethnic Makeup

part of individual communities, not tribes. Most speak one of the many Maya Indian languages. Although many Indian communities speak the same Mayan Indian Girls, Tikal, Guatemala languages, they rarely associate with each other. Indians are Most Ladinos are of mixed usually poor and have little access to Spanish ancestry and make up about education or health care. They live in 56% of the population. They are rural areas or small towns. designated mainly by their income and social class. Ladinos belong to the lower, middle, and upper parts of society. Most, however, are farmers and are as poor as the Indians. Many Roman Catholic, Ladinos live in cities or towns, and Protestant, Traditional Mayan have better access to medical services and educational opportunities. The Ladino population is growing faster Major Religions than the Indian population. Life expectancy is 56 years.

Education The education system in Guatemala is poor due to shortages of schools and teachers. Children between the ages of 7 and 13 are required to attend class, but only 55% of primary school-aged children do so.



Defense


About 15% of high school-age students go to school. There are few or no schools in many rural areas, and few teachers speak the Indian languages. Because of this, many Indians cannot read or write. Guatemala has 5 universities, and about 8% of college-aged

Popular Culture/Daily Life For both Indians and Ladinos, religious celebrations are the main type of recreation. Many of these celebrations include large feasts, fireworks, and marimba music.

142

Indians also perform traditional dance enacting historical events. Some of the country’s traditions vary by culture. Ladinos enjoy playing soccer and basketball. They also like to go biking. Indians still play traditional Mayan games. They also produce beautiful arts and crafts, such as pottery, woven textiles, and wood carvings.

NA army personnel NA tanks NA major ships NA combat aircraft

students attend classes. The largest university is the University of San Carlos. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

45

TVs

27 Cars

16

9

NA

Phones

VCRs

PCs

Guinea 89

Land area rank smallest country



most people (1)

SENEGAL

R

N

i

ig

a

GUINEA-BISSAU

R. fi n

g

Siguiri

an

Ba

S

Labé

ka

Ri

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

er iv

er

AFRICA

r

Boké

A N TA R C T I C A

R.

N

T

IC

O

C

N W

on

A

Di

L

Kankan

Kindia

Conakry

A

T

E

SIERRA LEONE

A

CÔTE D 'IV OIRE

Official Name: EQUATOR Republic of Guinea Continent: Africa Area: 94,927 square miles (245,860 sq km) Population: 7,613,870 Capital City: Conakry Largest City: Conakry (654,000) Unit of Money: Guinean franc Major Languages: French (official) Literacy: 36% Land Use: 2% arable, 22% meadow, 59% forest, 17% other Natural Resources: Bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold Government: Republic Defense: $43 million

MALI

amb G

ASIA

r a ni


ve

At a Glance

Macenta

N

E 0

S

0

miles km

LIBE RIA

100

100

The People

Diamonds 6% Coffee 9%

Indigenous beliefs 7% Christian 8%

Other 10%

Other 9%

Bauxite 43%

Sosso 20%

Fula 40%

Malinke 30%

Gold 13%


Alumina 16%

Ethnic Makeup

Muslim 85%

Major Religions

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Average Rainfall

Fish 3%


Most of the Guinea population are black Africans. Approximately 75% of the population belongs to one of the country’s three main The Place ethnic groups. The Fula Located on the west coast of Africa, Guinea has a make up the largest group 200-mile- (320 km-) coastline on the Atlantic Ocean. and generally live in the There are four main land areas. Lower Guinea is Fouta Djallon region. a coastal strip on land in the west. This swampy The Malinke are slightly area receives about 110 inches (279 cm) of rain smaller in population, annually. Temperatures in Lower Guinea average and inhabit most of 75° F to 85° F (23° C to 30° C). northeastern Guinea. Fouta Djallon is a high plateau in central Guinea. The Sosso make up about This area is cooler than the coastal regions and one-fifth of the Guinea receives between 60 and 100 inches (150 to 254 cm) of Typical Guinea village near Conakry population, and live rain each year. along the Pacific coast. Upper Guinea is in the north and is mostly savanna, About three-quarters of the population lives in rural or grassland. This area is the driest part of the country, areas. Most rural dwellers are farmers. They grow their and receives about 60 inches (152 cm) of rain annually. own food, and sell what is left over for profit. Many live The Forest Region is in the southeast. This hilly area in mud houses with thatched roofs. In cities, people includes Mount Nimba, Guinea’s highest point. It mostly work in business, service, and manufacturing. measures 5,748 feet (1,752 m) above sea level. The Guinea’s health care system is inadequate, and the region is cool but humid. This area receives approximately infant mortality rate is high. Malaria, 75 to 100 inches (190 to 254 cm) of rainfall each year. tuberculosis, and respiratory diseases 51 in/130 cm 40 in/100 cm There are many rivers in Guinea, including the are common. There is 1 doctor for 35 in/90 cm Gambia, Bafing, Dion, and Sankarani. Mangrove trees every 11,650 people. The average frequently grow along the mouths of the rivers. life expectancy is 45 years of age.

0 in/0 cm


143

Guinea-Bissau Land area rank

143

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

150

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance


ASIA

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Guinea-Bissau Continent: Africa Area: 10,811 square miles (28,000 sq km) Population: 1,315,822 Capital City: Bissau Largest City: Bissau (109,233) Unit of Money: CFA Franc Major Languages: Portuguese (official), Criolo Literacy: 54% Land Use: 11% arable, 1% crops, 38% meadow, 38% forest, 12% other Natural Resources: fish, timber, bauxite, phosphates Government: Republic Defense: $8 million

SENEGAL

AFRICA

AUSTRALIA

Canchungo

A N TA R C T I C A

Bafatá

Bissau

A

T

Gabú

G eb a

Farim

Ri ve r

SOUTH AMERICA

L

A

N

N W

T

IC

GUINEA

Catió

O

C

E

E

A

N

0 0

S

miles km

50

50

The People

Other 3% Papel 7% Cashews 86%

Exports $26 million

144

Christian 5%

Other 16% Balanta 30%

Mandinga 13%

Fula 20%

Manjaca 14%

Ethnic Makeup

Muslim 45%


Major Religions


Cotton 5% Lumber 6%

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall

The majority of the population consists of black Africans, who belong to approximately 20 different ethnic groups. The largest group is the Balanta, whose The Place values and traditions center on family. The secondlargest group is the Fula, who are mainly Muslims. The Guinea-Bissau is a tiny country on the western coast of Manjaca are mainly horticulturists, while the Mandinga Africa. To the west, the country’s 217-mile- (350-km) are mostly agriculturalists. long coastline opens to the Atlantic Ocean. About 80% of Guineans inhabit Three main land regions make up the rural areas. The population density country. In the west, the coastal lowlands is 102 people per square mile (33 cover about one-third of the country. people per sq km). Most rural Thick mangrove swamps account for dwellers live in straw huts with most of the vegetation. This is the rainithatched roofs and work in agriest part of Guinea-Bissau—it receives 70 culture or in the fishing industry. to 100 inches (180 to 254 cm) of precipiGuinea-Bissau is one of the tation annually. 20 poorest countries in the The interior plain extends from the world. Most people cannot northern border of Senegal to the Geba afford even basic necessities. River. The region has dense forests. The Farmer in Guinea-Bissau Only the Mestico, the country’s small elite population, average temperature there is about 80° F (27° C) can afford luxury items. Most schools are run down, and throughout the year. there are not enough teachers. Health conditions are The northeastern highlands are made up poor, and many people die from tuberculosis, typhoid of several plateaus. These include the Fouta Djallon fever, malaria, and whooping cough. The infant mortality plateau near the border with Guinea, the Bafata Plateau in is the world’s fourth highest, and the central Gineau-Bissau, and the Gabu Plateau in the north24 in/60 cm life expectancy is 49 years. east. This region’s crops include cotton and sorghum.

Guyana Land area rank

85

smallest country


fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

AT

Morawhanna


ASIA

Official Name: EQUATOR Co-operative Republic of Guyana Continent: South America Area: 83,000 square miles (214,970 sq km) Population: 697,181 Capital City: Georgetown Largest City: Georgetown (72,049) Unit of Money: Guyanese dollar Major Languages: English (official) Literacy: 98% Land Use: 2% arable, 6% meadow, 84% forest, 8% other Natural Resources: Bauxite, gold, diamonds, timber Government: Republic Defense: $7 million

LA

NT

IC

AFRICA

OCE

AN

Georgetown

SOUTH AMERICA

New Amsterdam

AUSTRALIA

A N TA R C T I C A

Linden Corriverton

F REN CH G U IA N A

Population rank

V E N E Z U E L A Es

seq

W miles

S U R IN A M E

River

N

0

uibo

Apoteri

E

Biloku

100

S

0 km 100

B R A Z I L

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

Other 12% 60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C


20˚F/-7˚C 0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


Guyana has a population density of just 10 people per square mile (3 people per sq km), but that can be misleading. About 90% of the population is crowded in the northern coastal area. Approximately 65% of the populaThe Place tion lives in rural areas. The workforce of about 245,000 Guyana is in northeastern South America and is borpeople has an unemployment rate of 12%. Although dered by Suriname, Brazil, and Venezuela. To the north, Guyana is one of the poorest nations in the western 285 miles (459 km) of coastline front the Atlantic Ocean. hemisphere, the economy is slowly growing. Most The Essequibo River divides the country. Guyanese make enough money Essequibo River Guyana has 3 main land regions. A tract of to live, but the Indian farmers land extends along the northern coast and are the poorest group. ranges from 5 to 40 miles (8 to 65 km) in Government controls educawidth. This land lies mostly below sea level. tion in Guyana. Schooling is A series of dams and dikes protects the area. free and children are required to South of the lowland lies a thick rain forest. attend. Primary and secondary This woodland accounts for about 80% of classes are sometimes held in the country. To the west, the forest rises into the same school because of a the Guiana Highlands. This mountainous lack of facilities. region reaches a top elevation of 9,432 feet Almost all Guyanese have (2,875 m) at Mount Roraima. Kaieteur access to health services. The Falls—one of the world’s tallest single-drop country sometimes suffers waterfalls—is also located in the highlands. It from a shortage of doctors and drops 741 feet (226 m). To the south of the supplies. Poor sanitation and forested highlands is savanna. The grassy flooding cause diseases to plain receives about 60 inches (152 cm) of spread. The average life rain annually. expectancy is 62 years. Re-exports 4%

Amerindian 6%

Sugar 26%

Timber 9% Bauxite 15% Rice 16%

Gold 18%

Exports

Other 1%

Mixed 12% Black 32%

East Indian 49%

Ethnic Makeup

Muslim 9%

Hindu 33%

Other 1%

Christian 57%

Major Religions

$546 million

145

Haiti Land area rank

144

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

94

fewest people

most people (1)

CUBA

ATLANTIC OCEAN e


s

AFRICA

s

a AUSTRALIA

W

in

d

w

a

r

Gonaïves

Golfe de la Gonâve

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Average Rainfall


9 in/23 cm

Essential oils 7%

on

Saint-Marc

ite

Hinche Ri

ve

r

W

Les Cayes

Port-au-Prince Jacmel

E S

C a r i b b e a n

0

Sea

0

miles km

50

50

The People Most Haitians are black Africans who live on the coast and in the mountain valleys. These areas are popular because of their rich soil and farming potential. Most Haitians are farmers and have less than 2 acres (0.8 ha) of land. They raise food for their families and sell any extra produce. Many farmers also travel to the Dominican Republic and Cuba to work on large plantations. Farmers usually live in one-room mud huts with thatched roofs. Approximately 5% of the population is mulatto, a mix of black and white ancestry. Mulattos have a great deal more money than most black Haitian woman Africans and belong to the upper classes. Some work as doctors and lawyers, and many have modern houses and luxuries. Health care is a problem for poor Haitians. Most cannot afford medical attention and rely on voodoo, or folk, treatments. There is 1 doctor for every 7,000 people. The average life expectancy is 51 years. Other Protestant 6%

Other 4%

Baptist 10%

Other 22% Clothing 48%

Coffee 8%

Black 95%

Roman Catholic 80%

0 in/0 cm


Handicrafts 15%

Exports $90 million

146

tib

Petit-Goâve N

Other 5% 60˚F/16˚C

Ar

Jérémie

Haiti makes up the western third of the island of Hispaniola. It is part of the West Indies in the Caribbean Sea. Hispaniola lies between Puerto Rico and Cuba. Haiti is shaped like a backward C. In the north, a peninsula extends westward into the Atlantic Ocean for about 100 miles (160 km). The Massif Du Nord mountain range runs from the tip of this peninsula to the country’s eastern border with the Dominican Republic. In the south, another peninsula stretches west for about 200 miles (320 km). The Massif De La Hotte lies to the west, and the Massif De La Selle is to the east. Between the two peninsulas is the Gulf of Gonave. The Ile de la Gonave—a small island—lies in the southern Atlantic coastline part of the gulf. The interior mainland of Haiti consists of high plateaus and wide valleys. The Artibonite River runs through the east.

12 in/30 cm

Limbe

Ile de la ^ Gonave

The Place

15 in/38 cm

Gros Morne

d

A N TA R C T I C A

80˚F/27˚C

Cap-Haïtien

P

SOUTH AMERICA

100˚F/38˚C

Port-de-Paix

a

Official Name: Republic of EQUATOR Haiti Continent: North America Area: 10,714 square miles (27,750 sq km) Population: 6,964,549 Capital City: Port-au-Prince Largest City: Port-au-Prince (783,342) Unit of Money: Gourde Major Languages: French (official), Creole Literacy: 45% Land Use: 20% arable, 13% crops, 18% meadow, 5% forest, 44% other Natural Resources: None Government: Republic Defense: $47 million

g

ASIA

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

At a Glance

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

Honduras Land area rank

100

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

97

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance


BELIZE

C a r i b b e a n

ASIA

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Honduras Continent: North (Central)America Area: 43,278 square miles (112,090 sq km) Population: 6,406,052 Capital City: Tegucigalpa Largest City: Tegucigalpa (775,300) Unit of Money: Lempira Major Languages: Spanish (official) Literacy: 73% Land Use: 15% arable, 3% crops, 14% meadow, 54% forests, 14% other Natural Resources: Timber, gold, silver, copper Government: Republic Defense: $49 million

N

Sea

W

AFRICA

S

Puerto Cortés

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

San Pedro Sula

Trujillo La Ceiba

El Progreso

Olanchito Puerto Lempira

Macuelizo

A N TA R C T I C A

E

A

AL

EM

Santa Rosa de Copán

AT

GU

Tegucigalpa EL SALVADOR

PAC

Juticalpa

Comayagua Danlí

Nacaome Choluteca

IFI

C O CE

NICARAGUA 0

AN

0

miles km

100

100

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


About 65% of Hondurans live in poverty. A plantation worker earns about $17 per week. About 60% of the population lives in rural areas. They are mostly poor peasants, and some do not own the land they farm. The Place Rural dwellers live in small homes made from adobe or Honduras is in the north central part of Central wood. They have no way to travel to urban areas, and America. Its northern coastline is 400 miles (644 km) have little interaction with city dwellers. long and fronts the Caribbean Sea. To the south, 40 The majority of Hondurans are mestizos, a mix of miles (64 km) of coastline are on the Pacific Ocean. white and Indian ancestry. Most mestizos speak Spanish, Honduras is divided into four physical regions. The but some also speak English. Many are Roman Mountain Interior is the largest region and accounts for Catholics. A small percentage of about 60% of the country. Honduras’s highest point, Garifuna Indians live on the northCerros de Celaque, reaches 9,347 feet (2,849 m). western coast. They speak Arawak, as Smaller mountain slopes have thick forests. Some fertile well as Spanish and English. About valleys are farmed. 75,000 Miskito Indians live in the The Northern Coast is very fertile, especially the northeast. They are mainly Christians Honduran Ulua-Chamelecon Basin and the plains near the town boy and speak Miskito. of La Ceiba. This region grows most of the country’s Health care in Honduras important banana crops. Swamps, forests, and is poor. Fewer than one-half grasslands lie to the east. of the population have access Honduras’s Northeastern Plain is sparsely develto doctors or medical facilioped and is mostly covered by tropical rain forests. ties. Infectious and parasitic This humid area is known as the Mosquito Coast. diseases are common. The The Southern Coast has mangrove trees along the average life expectancy is 65 shore, which extends into a narrow plain. years. Black 2% Amerindian 7% Frozen meats 1% Zinc 3% Shrimp and lobsters 15%

Other 29%

White 1%

Other 3%

Coffee 32% Bananas 20%

Exports

Mestizo 90%

Ethnic Makeup

Roman Catholic 97%

Major Religions

$1 billion

147

Hong Kong Land area rank

184

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

93

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance


C H I N A ASIA

Official Name: Hong Kong EQUATOR Continent: Asia Area: 402 square miles (1,042 sq km) Population: 7,210,505 Capital City: Victoria Largest City: Victoria Unit of Money: Hong Kong dollar Major Languages: English and Cantonese (both official) Literacy: 91% Land Use: 6% arable, 1% permanent crops, 1% permanent pastures, 22% woodland, 70% other Natural Resources: Government: Special Administrative Region (SAR) Defense: China’s People’s Liberation Army

Sham

AFRICA

ver

N

n Ri

Chu

W

Fanling

E

SOUTH AMERICA

S AUSTRALIA

Yuen Long Tuen Mun

A N TA R C T I C A

Tsun Wan New Kowloon Kowloon

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm 6 in/15 cm

40˚F/4˚C

3 in/8 cm

20˚F/-7˚C 0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


148

miles km

10

10

More than 90% of the population lives in urban areas. More than half live on Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula. Many cities are situated along the coast, or on major transportation routes. Rural dwellers live in the northern part of the New Jade market in Yau Ma Tei Territories. Settlements range from tiny hamlets with just a dozen people, to small towns. A small percentage of the population, called “boat people,” lives on fishing boats called junks. Social conditions in Hong Kong are fairly good. There are few disagreements between ethnic groups, and many people can afford appliances, luxury items, and fashionable clothing. Healthcare costs are low, and life expectancy is the second-highest of any country. Most people live to 80 years of age. The education system, however, is overcrowded. Many children can attend classes only twice a week. Other 5%

Average Rainfall


15 in/38 cm

0

The People

Hong Kong belongs to China, but became a Special Administrative Region (SAR) in 1997 with its own currency and capital. It is autonomous from China, except in military matters. The region consists of Hong Kong Island, mainland Kowloon and the New Territories, and several eastern islands in the South China Sea. Hong Kong is mountainous. Mount Tai Mo, in the New Territories, is the country’s highest peak. It rises 3,140 feet (957 m) above sea level. This rugged terrain extends southwestward to Lantau Island, where Lantau Peak reaches 3,064 feet (934 m) high. To the southeast, Kowloon Peak has an elevation of 1,975 feet (602 m). Lowlands account for just 20% Victoria, Hong Kong of the land area in Hong Kong. The Yuen Long and Sheung Shui plains are in the north. Floodplains and river valleys also have low elevations. The country’s only river, the Sham Chun, forms part of the region’s border with China.

80˚F/27˚C

0

Hong Kong Island

SOUTH CHINA SEA

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

Victoria

Lantau Island

Other 33%

Clothing 33%

Office machines 6% Textile fabrics 7%

Electrical machinery 14%


Watches and clocks 7%

Protestant 4% Chinese 95%

Ethnic Makeup

Roman Catholic 5%

Other 17%

Buddhist and Daoist 74%

Major Religions

Hungary 110


largest country (1)

Population rank

77

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

CZECH REPUBLIC


ASIA

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Hungary Continent: Europe Area: 35,652 square miles (92,340 sq km) Population: 10,106,017 Capital City: Budapest Largest City: Budapest (1,995,696) Unit of Money: Forint Major Languages: Hungarian (official) Natural Resources: Bauxite, coal, natural gas

AFRICA

UKRAINE

SLOVAKIA

SOUTH AMERICA

Miskolc AUSTRALIA

Gyor

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Budapest

Debrecen

Szombathely N

AU

Székesfehérvár Keckemét

Danube

Lake Balaton

SLOVENIA

W

CROATIA

above sea level. Hungary can be divided into four main physical regions, based around the Danube River. The Danube flows from the northwest corner of the country,

E S

Szeged

ROMANIA

Pécs

Fuels and electrical energy 4%

Average Rainfall


Hungary is a landlocked country in central Europe. Its land is mostly low and flat, with most of the country lying less than 650 feet (198 m)

ST RIA

A N TA R C T I C A

YUGOSLAVIA

0

miles

(SERBIA and MONTENEGRO)

0

km 50

50

down the west central part of Hungary, and into Yugoslavia. The land west of the Danube, excluding the northwest corner, is called Transdanubia. This hilly region rises into the Transdubian Central Highlands in the north. The Austrian Alps begin in the west. In the middle of the region, Lake Balaton is the largest lake in central Europe. It covers about 230 square miles (596 sq km). The northwest corner of Hungary is called the Little Plain. This small region is fairly flat and is used for farming. The Great Plain covers all land east of the Danube, excluding the northern mountains. This area accounts for about half of the country. The region’s rich soil, especially in the southeast, provides good farmland. The Northern Highlands—Hungary’s fourth region—are part of the Carpathian mountain system. Thick forests cover much of the area. ➤

Other 5%


Other 15% Manufactured goods Machinery 47% and transport equipment 26%

Exports

Forests 19%



Land Use

$16 billion

149

Hungary

(continued)

The People Hungary averages about 280 people per square mile (110 people per sq km). About 65% of the population lives in urban areas. Many cities experience housing shortages. City dwellers usually live in apartments or one-family homes. Many rural families live in small stucco houses. Approximately 60% of Hungarians work in services. Some of these jobs include engineering, education, and health care. Another

Other 7% Lutheran 5% Calvinist 20%

26% works in industry, and 9% of the work force is employed by agriculture. About half of all households in Hungary have televisions and other appliances. Many Hungarians also purchase luxury cars. To afford these goods, however, many people must work long hours. A school teacher earns about $160 a month. Although medical treatment is free in Hungary, the service is not adequate. Many facilities lack fund-

German 3%

ing for modern equipment and necessary supplies. The average life expectancy is 71 years. More than two-thirds of Hungarians are Roman Catholic.

Other 3%

Gypsy 4%

Roman Catholic 68%

Major Religions

Education Hungarian children between the ages of 6 and 16 are required to attend school. The government runs most schools, and they are free. Some private schools are run by religious groups. After completing 8 years of primary school, students may enter one of 3 types of schools. A 2-year vocational school offers job training. A 3-year skilled worker training school provides more comprehensive

Hungarian 90%

Ethnic Makeup

job training. A 4-year high school provides a general education.



54,000 army personnel 1,016 tanks 0 major ships

Literacy

147 combat aircraft

U.S. rate = 97%

Popular Culture/Daily Life Many Hungarians like to spend their free time with friends and family. Cafés and coffee houses are popular gathering spots. Concerts and operas are also a popular pastime. Hungarian folk music is well known throughout the world. Several famous classical composers, including Franz Liszt and Bela Bartok, were Hungarian. Hungarians enjoy sports, especially basketball, volleyball, and

fencing. Favorite outdoor activities include soccer, hiking, swimming, boating, and fishing. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people 409

185

180

50 TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

NA PCs

Iceland Land area rank

106

smallest country

Population rank


fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

G r e e n l and


ASIA

Official Name: EQUATOR Republic of Iceland Continent: Europe Area: 38,707 square miles (100,250 sq km) Population: 277,906 Capital City: Reykjavik Largest City: Reykjavik (103,020) Unit of Money: Icelandic krona Major Languages: Icelandic (official) Literacy: 100% Land Use: 23% pastures, 1% forests, 76% other Natural Resources: fish, hydroelectric power Government: Constitutional republic Defense: No armed forces

k

S

t

Sea

it

a

r

AFRICA

ra

m

SOUTH AMERICA

Húsavik

en

Ísafjördhur

D

AUSTRALIA

Akureyri Seydhisfjördhur

A N TA R C T I C A

Vatnajökull Glacier Keflavík

N W

15 in/38 cm 12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


miles

0

km 50

50

A T L A N T I C

Aluminum 10%

Other Protestant and Roman Catholic 3%

Fish and fish products 73%

Descendants of Norwegians and Celts

0 in/0 cm


N E A O C

The coastal lowlands are the only suitable living areas in the country, and most of Iceland’s population resides there. Almost half of the people live in or around Reykjavik, the capital city. More than 90% of Icelanders live in urban areas, and the population density averages just 8 people per square mile (3 people per sq km). In most households, both men and women have jobs outside the home. Sometimes a person even holds two jobs. This is often necessary because of the high cost of living in Iceland. Wages are adequate, with office workers earning about $12 per hour. About 25% of Icelanders work in industry and fishing. The government provides daycare for children of workIcelandic Puffins ing parents. Many couples live together before marriage—often in the homes of parents—in order to save up money for a down payment on a house. Sometimes this can take years. Life expectancy is 79 years.



Iceland is the westernmost country in Europe. This small island lies in the Atlantic Ocean, just south of the Arctic Circle. The country is a large plateau, with lower elevations near the coast. Iceland’s interior plateau is about 2,500 feet (762 m) above sea level. There is very little vegetation. A large fault line extends across the country, and earthquakes are common. Along the coastal lowlands, grasses and some crops grow. There are more than 200 volcaReykjavik, Iceland noes on the island, and some are still active. Iceland also has more geysers and hot springs than any other nation. Geysir, one of the country’s hot springs, can spout superheated water up to 195 feet (59 m) high. This is where the term “geyser” came from. About one-eighth of Iceland is covered by glaciers. Some of these giant mounds of ice measure up to threequarters of a mile (1.2 km) thick!

80˚F/27˚C

0

The People

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

Hafnarfjördhur

E S

Höfn

Reykjavík

Exports $2 billion

Ethnic Makeup

None 1%


Major Religions

151

India Land area rank

7

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

2

fewest people


ASIA

Ind Srinagar us

AFRICA

0

miles

0

km 200

most people (1)

200

N W

EQUATOR

E

C H I N A SOUTH AMERICA

S AUSTRALIA

PAKISTAN

At a Glance

Ludhiana Meerut

A N TA R C T I C A

New Delhi

s

du

In

Official Name: Republic of India Continent: Asia Area: 1,147,949 square miles (2,973,190 sq km) Population: 1,029,991,145 Capital City: New Delhi Largest City: Greater Bombay (9,909,547) Unit of Money: Indian rupee Major Languages: Hindi and English (both official) Natural Resources: Coal, iron ore, magnesium

Ga

nge

Jaipur

Jamnagar

Vadodara Rajkot

Narmad

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


152

Guwahati Imphal

Gan ges

Bombay

Jabalpur

BANGLADESH

Calcutta Nagpur

Ulhasnagar Godavar

Pune

MYANMAR (BURMA) Varanasi

hna

B a y

i R.

Sholapur

Kris

Jamshedpur

a R.

Surat

Hyderabad

Vishakhapatnam

R.

o f B e n g a l

Hubli

Arabian Sea

Bangalore

Madras

Mangalore

Average Rainfall


12 in/30 cm

Patna

utra

map

Brah

Dhanbad Bhopal Indore

Ahmadabad

India is a large country in southern Asia. On the west coast is the Arabian Sea, and on the east coast is the Bay of Bengal. The country is divided into three main land regions. The Himalayan mountains extend along India’s northern border. This giant range is the highest in the world, and mainly separates the country from the rest of the continent. The three separate ranges in the chain are almost parallel to each other. The Himalayas are about 1,500 miles (2,400 km) long and spread out to 200 miles (320 km) wide in some places. The highest

80˚F/27˚C

BHUTAN

Allahabad

Coimbatore

15 in/38 cm

Lucknow Kanpur

Jodhpur

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

N EPA L

s

Agra

Laccadive Sea

Cochin

Andaman Islands

Tiruchchirappalli Andaman Sea

Madurai

SRI LANKA

INDIAN OCEAN

Nicobar Islands

India (continued) spot in the country, Kanchenjunga, is 28,208 feet (8,598 m) high and located near the Nepal border. The Northern Plains extend from the edge of the Himalayas for about 1,500 miles (2,400 km) to central India. They vary from 150 to 200 miles (240 to 320 km) wide. The rich soil in the Northern Plains enables farms to thrive there. The Ganges River, which is sacred to most Indians, flows through the northern part of this region out to the Bay of Bengal. The Thar Desert is located to the west. India’s southern peninsula is called the Deccan Plateau. Many mountain ranges surround this area. To the north, the Satpura Range

Leather products 5%

Other 21%

borders the Northern Plains. Along the Bay of Bengal, the Eastern Ghats average about 2,000 feet (610 m) above sea level. The Western Ghats extend along the Arabian Sea and measure about 8,000 feet (2,440 m) high. India has three seasons. The cool season is from October to February. Much of the Himalayas receive snow, and night temperatures throughout the rest of the country are chilly. The hot season lasts from March to June, and temperatures range from 85° F (29° C) along the coast to 115° F (45° C) in the Deccan Plateau. The rainy season usually lasts from June through September. Northern India receives the most precipitation. ➤

Other 16%

Agricultural products 19%


Forests 23% Diamonds and jewelry 17%

Cotton yarn, fabrics and thread 8% Machinery and metal products 11%

Exports

Garments 12%


Farms/ cropland 57%

Land Use

$34 billion

Ladakh, India

Resources Farm land

Forests

Pastures

Other

Manufacturing Textiles Engineering Chemicals Cattle Rice

The textile industry is an important part of India’s economy.

Tea

153

India

(continued)

The History The Indus-Valley civilization existed in present-day India between 2600 B.C.E. and 2000 B.C.E. The Aryans invaded the area around 1500 B.C.E. and began the Sanskrit and Verdic religions. These beliefs eventually evolved into Hinduism. Buddhism spread through India in the 6th century B.C.E.Under King Asoka, the population slowly became unified. Many different countries influenced India’s early development. Vasco da Gama came to India in 1498 and established Portuguese

trading. In 1526, Muslim invaders founded the Mogul Empire in Delhi. The English founded the East India Company in 1612. England took Bombay from the Portuguese in 1687, and defeated the Mogul armies in 1757. India was transferred to the British Crown in 1858. After Word War I, Indian Mahatma Gandhi inspired nationalists to resist British rule with civil disobedience. By 1935, the country was given a federal form of government. India was granted independence by 1947. In 1948, it became a republic.

The People

Above: Indian girls Below: Village man, Kishangarh, India

India is the second-most-populated country and accounts for about 16% of the world’s population. The population density is 816 people per square mile (300 people per sq km). Indo-Aryans make up slightly less than three-quarters of India’s people and live mostly in the north. About 25% of Indians are Dravidians, and live mainly in the south. Almost 75% of the population lives in rural areas. Many rural dwellers are farmers and live in small villages. Most homes are made of mud and straw, and they usually have just one or two rooms. Smaller villages do not have running water or electricity. Many people live below the poverty line. Indian cities are very crowded. The streets are lined with store fronts, and many families live above or behind these shops. Many urban dwellers are middle class, and work in government, offices, and stores. Because millions of people come to urban areas each year looking for jobs, housing is in short supply. Many people must live without electricity or water. Sometimes more than 10 people share a tiny 1-room home. Life expectancy is 64 years.

Government Type: Federal republic Structure: Executive Leader: President/Prime Minister


Although it is not as influential as in the past, a caste system still exists in India. Castes are social groups that determine a person’s place in society. Castes also determine what type of job a person can hold, whom a person can marry—even who prepares a person’s food. Family relationships are important in India. Arranged marriages are common, but young adults sometimes choose their spouses. Many extended families live together. After marriage, a woman will move into her husband’s family’s house. Mongoloid and Other 3%

Dravidian 25% Indo-Aryan 72%

Ethnic Makeup

Sikh 2% Other 2% Christian 2% Muslim 14% Hindu 80%

Major Religions

India Education Children ages 6 through 14 are entitled to a free education. About 98% of primary school-aged children go to school. Less than half of all secondary school-aged children receive further education. Once children are about 10 years old, many parents remove them from school to work on the family farm,

or watch younger siblings. About 6% of the college-aged population attends one of the country’s 200 universities. Women account for about 10% of the enrollment. Many students choose to study science.

(continued)

For the past 50 years, India has worked to increase its literacy rate. A great deal of money has been spent building schools, training teachers, and publishing textbooks. The effort has been successful, as more than half of all Indians are literate today.

Indian children, Rajasthan, India

Industry 15% Services 18%

Agriculture 67%

Labor Force

Literate 52%


Popular Culture/Daily Life India is well known for its movie industry, and produces more films than any other country in the world. Popular topics include thrillers, love stories, dramas, and mysteries. They are filmed in many different

languages. The best known films are made in Hindi, and they are seen by people in the Middle East, Africa, and the Caribbean. Soundtracks from movies, called film music, are very popular. Many times, the music is a mix of classic

Indian melody and modern Western styles. Indians also enjoy classical dance. In the south, bharata natyam is popular, while the north enjoys kathak. Hindu epics and poems are the source for both these dances about Hindu deities. Popular sports in the country include cricket, soccer, and field hockey. Indoor games include cards and chess. In larger urban areas, many people enjoy plays and concerts. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

27 TVs

3

6

4

NA

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

155

Indonesia Land area rank

16

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

4

fewest people


VIETNAM

Andaman Sea

most people (1)

PHILIPPINES

THAILAND

P

A

St r

Natuna

AL

cc

A SI

Simeulue

SINGAPORE

Su m at

Pakamburu

Pontianak

ra

Kap u a

Padang

Jambi

Siberut

Palembang

Telukbetung

nd

W

I A N

E 0

S

0

Java

miles km

New Guinea

Ujungpandang ng m rta aya Se aka b ra r Su Su

ta

r ka

a

gy

Jayapura

Seram

a ar

Ba

D

Celebes

S e a

Jakarta g un

N

Halmahera

Samarinda Balikpapan

Banjarmasin J a v a

Enggano

I N

. s R

g lan

Bali

B a n d a

S e a Aru Tanimbar

Sumbawa Sumba

a

M

Yo

O C E A N

Manado

Borneo

sar

Nias

C e l e b e s S e a

SIA AY AL M

AY

a

I F I C

Flores

Kupang

Ti

m

or Arafura Sea

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

M

M al a

Medan

C

BRUNEI

Str a it

of

Ma ka

ai t

Torres Str.

O C E A N

300

T i m o r

S e a

AUSTRALIA

300 EUROPE

At a Glance

NORTH AMERICA

ASIA AFRICA

EQUATOR

Official Name: Republic of Indonesia Continent: Asia Area: 705,188 square miles (1,826,440 sq km) Population: 228,437,870 Capital City: Jakarta Largest City: Jakarta (8,222,515) Unit of Money: Indonesian rupiah Major Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (official), English, Dutch Natural Resources: Crude oil, tin, natural gas, nickel SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

A N TA R C T I C A

Village, Indonesia

156

third-largest island. The southern three-fourths belong to Indonesia. This area, called Kalimantan, consists mainly of tropical forests, plantations, and mountains. The country’s longest river—the Kapuas— flows through Kalimantan for about 700 miles (1,100 km). To the west, Sumatra is lined by the Barisan Mountains along the southwestern coast. The center of the island is a broad plain. The east is swampy. Southeast of Sumatra is

Java. The island’s 112 volcanoes have provided Java with rich soil that is ideal for farming. Sulawesi lies northeast of Java. The island has 100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall

Indonesia is a group of more than 13,500 islands in Southeast Asia. The islands cover more than 3,200 miles (5,150 km) between the Pacific and Indian oceans. The country is the largest archipelago in the world. The Indonesian islands are divided into 3 main groups. The Greater Sundra Islands lie to the west and include Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and Sulawesi. Borneo is the world’s


The Place

Indonesia (continued) four long peninsulas and is very mountainous, with peaks reaching 10,000 feet (3,00 m) high. The Lesser Sundra Islands consist of the islands between Bali and Timor. Indonesia only controls the western part of Timor. Many of the Lesser Sundras are mountainous. The islands in the west have tropical rain forests, but the islands to the east have drier grasslands. The Molucca Islands are located in the northeastern part of Indonesia. The largest island there is Halmahera, which covers 6,870 square miles (17,790 sq km). It is mountainous with dense forests. This group also includes many coral reefs and small islands. Indonesia’s climate is hot and humid, with an average annual temperature of about 80° F (27° C). Heavy rains fall from December through March, and dry weather lasts from June to October. Borneo and Sumatra receive the most rain, while the Lesser Sundras receive the least. ➤

Rice carrier in rice field

Other 47%

Footwear 6%

Textiles and garments 21% Wood products 16%

Exports

Electronics 10%

Other Farms/ 14% cropland 17%


Forests 62%

Land Use

$53 billion

Resources

Farm land

Manufacturing

Oil

Engineering

Cattle

Forests

Indonesia is one of the leading oil producers in the world.

Chemicals Pastures

Rice

Other

157

Indonesia

(continued)



Woman selling black rice

The People Indonesia has the fourth-largest population in the world. The country averages about 282 people per square mile (111 people per sq km). Java is the most densely populated island and has many industrial cities. Although it only accounts for about 7% of the country’s total land area, the island has about 60% of the total population. Many city dwellers live in modern houses or apartments. Large cities have skyscrapers and bustling commercial districts. About 65% of Indonesians live in rural areas. They typically live in small villages and work as farmers. Many people live in traditional houses

158

History Hindu priests had a strong influence over the islands in the 1st century C.E. Muslims invaded the area in the 13th century, and most of the population had converted to Islam by 1400. The Dutch arrived in the late 16th century and set up the Dutch United East India Company to control the valuable spice trade. After a brief period of British rule, Indonesia was made a part of the Dutch kingdom. During World War II, Japan took control of the islands. When

that are built on stilts. Most rural dwellers enjoy modern conveniences. Each village is lead by teachers and religious men. The community works together to solve problems. Approximately 300 different ethnic groups live in Indonesia, and more than 250 languages are spoken. The Javanese make up about 45% of the population and live mostly in Java. The Sundanese make up about 14% and live in western Java. About 8% of Indonesians are Madurese and live mostly in Madura. Many people on the smaller, less industrialized islands live in poverty. Most of the country’s wealth is controlled by a small number of political officials and businesspeople. The country’s healthcare system is adequate. Many people have access to clinics. More than 30% of all Indonesians are under the age of 15. Children in Bali

Japanese troops surrendered at the end of the war in 1945, Indonesians proclaimed independence. Allied troops fought with the nationalists to restore prewar status. The Netherlands-Indonesian Union was formed in 1946, but each group interpreted the agreement differently. More fighting ensued, and in 1949 the country was granted independence. It became the United States of Indonesia. A year later, the federation was dissolved and the country became the Unitary Republic of Indonesia.

The population grows by about 1.5% each year. The life expectancy is 62 years. Hindu 2% Buddhist 1% Roman Catholic 3% Other 1% Protestant 6%

Muslim 87%

Major Religions

Other 25% Javanese 45% Malay 8% Madurese 8% Sundanese 14%

Ethnic Makeup

Indonesia Education Indonesia requires children to attend school for 9 years, and parents must pay a small fee for this service. Children usually begin school around the age of 7. Primary school lasts for 6 years, and almost 100% of students attend. Junior secondary school is for 3 years, and senior secondary school continues for an additional 3 years. About half of all secondary school-aged children attend junior classes, and about 30% go to senior classes. Schools in some areas experience teacher and textbook shortages. Approximately 8% of college-aged

Popular Culture/Daily Life Many of Indonesia’s performing arts are well known throughout the world. The 2 most famous types of dances include the Javanese dance and the Balinese dance. The Javanese dance movements are slow and depict stories of adventure, love, or battles. Balinese gestures are quick and usually represent religious stories. Traditional percussion orchestras, called gamelon, accompany the dances.

(continued)

Indonesians get a higher education. The country has about 50 colleges and universities. Some of the larger institutions include Bogor Agricultural University, Bandung Institute of Technology, and the University of Indonesia at Jakarta.

Literate 84%


Wayang, or shadow, puppet presentations are very popular in Indonesia. Puppets are made of flat leather or wood and puppeteers operate the dolls behind large screens. Oil lamps cast the shadows for the audience to enjoy. Gamelon orchestras may also play at these performances. Another popular pastime in the country is going to the movies. Indonesians enjoy Asian, American,

Sisters, Bali

and European films. People also watch television. Some popular sports include soccer, badminton, tennis, volleyball, and swimming.

Musicians, Java Other 34% Transport and communications 4% Construction 5%

Agriculture 44%

Labor Force

Manufacturing 13%


55

TVs

7

5

8

NA

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

159

Iran Land area rank

18

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

17

fewest people

most people (1)

ARMENIA

At a Glance

AZERBAIJAN Caspian Sea

TURKEY NORTH AMERICA

TURKMENISTAN

Ardabil

ASIA AFRICA

Mashhad

SYRIA

Qom

Bakhtaran

AUSTRALIA

IRAQ

Esfahan Ahvaz

A N TA R C T I C A

Abadan

N W

E

S A U D I A R A B I A

S

0

miles km

200

200

Pe

rs

ia

n

Kerman Zahedan

Bandar 'Abbas G

ul

f

QATAR

f Hor it o ra z St U. A. E.

u

0

Shiraz

KUWAIT

Gulf of Oman

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Average Rainfall


Iran is a large country in the Middle East. The country has 1,516 miles (2,440 km) of coastline, with the Caspian Sea to the north, and the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman to the south. Iran is essentially a large plateau that is primarily surrounded by mountain ranges. Most of the country is more than 1,500 feet (460 m) above sea level, and approximately 17% of Iran has an elevation above 6,500 feet (1,977 m). The Elburz Mountains are in the north along the Caspian Sea. This range extends to meet the Khorasan Mountains in the east. The highest peak in this volcanic range reaches more than 18,500 feet (5,638 m) high. To the west, the Zagros range extends from Armenia down to the Persian Gulf. In its southern half, the mountains consist of parallel ranges that measure up to 125 miles (201 km) wide.

Interior Iran is a plateau. This vast, flat land is home to the Kavir and Lut deserts. The soil there is dry and salty. At higher elevations, the soil is more fertile. Iron and steel 2% Pistachios Other 2% 10% Carpets 11%



Other 55%


0 in/0 cm


Exports $19 billion

160

Iran’s lowest elevations are found along the coasts. The 400-mile(644-km-) long band of lowlands along the Caspian Sea is about 90 feet (28 m) below sea level.

Land Use

Forests 7%

PAKISTAN

SOUTH AMERICA

AFGHANISTAN

Tehran

m

Official Name: Islamic Republic of Iran EQUATOR Continent: Asia (Middle East) Area: 636,294 square miles (1,648,000 sq km) Population: 65,891,874 Capital City: Tehran Largest City: Tehran (6,475,527) Unit of Money: Iranian rial Major Languages: Farsi (official) Natural Resources: Petroleum, natural gas, coal

Tabriz

EUROPE

Iran Sunni Muslim 10%

(continued)

Other 1%

Shi'a Muslim 89%

Major Religions Kurd 7% Gilaki and Other Mazandarani 10% 8%

Mosque, Tehran, Iran

The People Iran is made up of several different ethnic groups. The Persians are the largest group and account for about half of the population. They mainly live in the northern and central parts of the country and speak Farsi. The Azeris make up about one-fourth of the population. They live in the northwest and speak Turkic languages. Almost all Iranians belong to the Shi’a Muslim sect. More than 55% of the people live in urban areas. Tehran and Esfahan

are Iran’s largest urban areas. The dry land and its limited water sources play a major role in where people have settled and how they live. Few communities are located in the arid eastern and central parts of the country. A few settlements are found near oases there. On the interior plains, villages consist of rectangular mud-and-straw houses. In the mountains, square houses are built out of mud bricks, and near the Caspian Sea, people build 2story wooden homes.

Persian 51% Azerbaijani 24%

Ethnic Makeup The standard of living is fairly low in Iran. Over the last 20 years, imports have declined. Unemployment is high, and the wealthy oil business is controlled by a small elite. The government is also struggling to keep up with the medical needs of the growing population. Life expectancy is 70 years.

Education Iran requires children between the ages of 6 and 14 to attend school. Elementary schooling is free, but there are fees for secondary education. About 97% of children attend primary school. After completion, students are monitored for 3 years to determine what type of program they will study in high school. These programs include vocational, science, and academic. About 53% of secondary school-aged children

Popular Culture/Daily Life Several major festivals are celebrated in Iran. The No-ruz—or Persian New Year—celebration begins on the last Wednesday of the old year and lasts until the 13th day of the new year. The 12th Imam’s birthday is celebrated by Shi’ite Muslims with festive lights and bazaars.


Type: Theocratic republic Structure: Executive Leader: President

Defense Literacy


U.S. rate = 97%

1,440 tanks 7 major ships

attend classes. Approximately 8% of college-aged Iranians attend a university, which is free. Several handicrafts are part of the Iranian culture. Carpet looms are abundant throughout the country, with each area making a distinct type of design. Weavers also produce shawls, wool brocades, and velvet. Many decorative objects are also made from gold, silver, and copper.

295 combat aircraft


66 35 TVs

Cars

41

Phones

13

NA

VCRs

PCs

161

Iraq Land area rank

56

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

44

fewest people

most people (1)

T U R K E Y

At a Glance

N


Mosel

M E

SOUTH AMERICA

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


o

t

a

Karbala

JORDAN

0

miles

Ba'qubah

Al Hillah Al Amarah An Nasiriyah Basra

100

KUWAIT Persian Gulf

0 km 100

small, 36-mile (58-km) coastline on the Persian Gulf. Iraq is divided into four major physical areas. The Northern Plain is located

IRA N

Baghdad

An Najaf

S A U D I A R A B IA

S

Karkuk

between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The land is dry and hilly, with a top elevation of 1,000 feet (300 m) above sea level. There are many farms in this region. The Southern Plain stretches from Baghdad to the Persian Gulf in the southeast. The delta between the country’s two main rivers provides fertile farming area. Many dams prevent the area from flooding. In the extreme south, the land is swampy. The mountains in the northeast are part of a range that extends into Turkey. The mountains are known as Zagros in Iraq and Taurus in Turkey. The peaks reach elevations of 10,000 feet (3,000 m). The western and southwestern regions of Iraq are covered by deserts. The Syrian Desert also reaches into neighboring Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Syria. This area receives about 5 inches (13 cm) of rain each year. Farms/cropland 12% Permanent pastures 9%

Oil 90%

Other 79%

0 in/0 cm


Exports $NA

162

es

p

Ar Ramadi

Syrian Desert

Other 10%

Average Rainfall


12 in/30 cm

o

ia

80˚F/27˚C

s

m

15 in/38 cm

ph rat

A N TA R C T I C A

Ancient palace of Nebuchadnezzar, Iraq

100˚F/38˚C

u

E

. s R

Iraq is a triangle-shaped country in the Middle East. It is almost completely landlocked, except for a

S Y R IA

e

R.

The Place

AUSTRALIA

W

Irbil

AFRICA

i T i gr

Official Name: Republic of EQUATOR Iraq Continent: Asia (Middle East) Area: 166,858 square miles (432,162 sq km) Population: 23,331,985 Capital City: Baghdad Largest City: Baghdad (3,236,000) Unit of Money: Iraqi dinar Major Languages: Arabic (official), Kurdish Natural Resources: Crude oil, natural gas, phosphates

ASIA

Land Use

Iraq The People Due to the extreme conditions in the northeast and southwest, about three-quarters of the Iraqi people live in the southern plain between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Many large cities are located in this region, as well as the country’s capital, Baghdad. About 75% of Iraqis live in urban areas. This number has been increasing as more and more people leave

Persian 3%

Other 3%

Sunni Muslim 34%

rural areas to look for jobs. This great influx of people has created job and housing shortages in many cities. Middle-class urban dwellers work mostly in offices or own their own businesses. They usually live in apartment buildings. The wealthy live in the suburbs and commute to the cities to work in business or government. Iraqis in rural areas mainly work in agriculture. Many farmers lease land from the government. Rural

Turkish 2%

Kurdish 16% Shi'a Muslim 63%

Major Religions

Education Children in Iraq can attend school for free. Primary school lasts for 6 years, and about 96% of the children attend. About 47% of secondary school-aged children go to school. In several rural areas, education facilities are not available. About 14% of college-aged Iraqis attend a university. There are 6 universities in the country, which are

Popular Culture/Daily Life Iraqis have a long tradition of creating beautiful arts and handicrafts. The most well known are rugs and Oil pumping stations, southern Iraq

Arab 79%

Ethnic Makeup

located in Baghdad, Tikrit, Mosul, Irbil, and Al Basrah.

(continued)

City bus, outside Baghdad

dwellers in the north live in stone houses, while farmers in the south live in mud and brick homes. A small part of the population, such as Bedouin nomads, herd animals such as sheep and goats for a living. The people of Iran are young, with about 45% under the age of 15. The population is also increasing by more than 3% each year. The life expectancy is 66 years.


Defense

Literate 58%

350,000 army personnel 2,700 tanks 1 major ship


carpets. Many museums located throughout the country are dedicated to preserving Iraqi heritage and culture. Some of these establishments include the Iraqi Museum, the Babylon Museum, the Iraqi National History Museum, and the Mosul Museum. Some popular pastimes in the country are soccer,

310 combat aircraft

backgammon, chess, and horse racing. Festivals and family celebrations are also enjoyed. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

68

56 34

TVs

Cars

Phones

13

NA

VCRs

PCs

163

Ireland Land area rank

121

Population rank

123

smallest country

largest country (1)

fewest people

most people (1)

Nort

At a Glance

EUROPE ASIA AFRICA

O

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Food 18%

0 in/0 cm


164

Average Rainfall


9 in/23 cm

Exports $55 billion

T

D

AT

LA

Castlebar

Irish Sea

Athlone

Dublin

no

nR

Galway

Sh

an

M

60˚F/16˚C

Manufactured Other goods 23% 5%

E

O

12 in/30 cm

IT

D

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

N

el

G

100˚F/38˚C

U

IN

Ireland is a small island in the Atlantic Ocean in northern Europe. The Republic of Ireland is in the southern part of the island and makes up about 85% of the land, and Northern Ireland accounts for the rest. Ireland has three main land regions. The center of the country consists mostly of lowlands. Much of the region is used as farmland, and there are many Fields in the Wicklow Mountains meadows and pastures. Some other areas are wooded. Peat bogs, which cover about 10% of Ireland, are also found there. The coastline is marked by many bays and inlets. The River Shannon flows from the Shannon Bay and is the country’s longest river at 230 miles (370 km). No part of Ireland is more than 70 miles (110 km) from the ocean. There are several mountains on the island. The Mountains of Kerry in the northeast reach the country’s highest point at 3,414 feet (1,014 m). Other ranges include the Donegal Mountains in the northwest and the Mountains of Mayo in the west.

NORTHERN IRELAND

nn

Sligo

N

AUSTRALIA

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

C

N

IC

SOUTH AMERICA

E

A

hC ha

K

Carlow

W

nn

Waterford

Killarney

ha

N

el

Limerick

C

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Ireland Continent: Europe Area: 26,598 square miles (68,890 sq km) Population: 3,632,944 Capital City: Dublin Largest City: Dublin (915,516) Unit of Money: Irish pound Major Languages: Irish and English (official) Literacy: 99% Land Use: 13% arable, 68% meadow, 5% forest, 14% other Natural Resources: Zinc, lead, natural gas Government: Republic Defense: $700 million

.

NORTH AMERICA

Cork

E

St

S

.G

eo

rg

e'

s

0 0

miles km

50

50

The People A little more than half of the Irish population lives in urban areas. Although most people live in houses, apartments are becoming more popular. Most houses are made of brick or concrete. They range in size from 4 to 7 rooms. People in rural areas have also been converting to these types of houses from the traditional thatchedroof cottages. Employment plays a major role in the quality of life in Ireland. The most common areas of employment include manufacturing, construction, and agriculture. Unemployment, however, affects about 12% of the workforce. The government has been working to solve this problem, but many Irish emigrate to Great Britain and the United States. The Roman Catholic Church influences much of Ireland’s way of life. Along with the Church of Ireland, Irish man it controls most of the country’s schools. The Church’s views also influence many people. Life expectancy is 77 years.



Other 5%

Irish 95%

Ethnic Makeup

Anglican 3%

Other 4%

Roman Catholic 93%

Major Religions

Israel 153




most people (1)

EUROPE

Official Name: State of Israel Continent: Asia Area: 8,019 square miles (20,770 sq km) Population: 5,938,093 Capital City: Jerusalem Largest City: Jerusalem (567,100) Unit of Money: New Israeli shekel Major Languages: Hebrew (official), Arab Literacy: 95% Land Use: 17% arable, 4% crops, 7% meadow, 6% forest , 66% other Natural Resources: Copper, phosphates, bromide Government: Republic Defense: $6.9 billion

NORTH AMERICA

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

Sea of Galilee

Haifa

EQUATOR

Israel is a narrow country in the Middle East. The western coast fronts the Mediterranean Sea for 170 miles (273 km). The land is divided into four main regions. The Coastal Plain lies along the Mediterranean Sea. This narrow strip of land is fertile, especially in the Plain of Sharon in the central part of the region. Many of the country’s Jerusalem, Israel citrus crops grow there. The Judeo-Galilean Highlands stretch from northern Galilee to the desert are in the south. The country’s highest point, 3,963-foot (1,208 m) Mount Meron, rises in the north. The Rift Valley is in eastern Israel and makes up part of the continent’s Great Rift Valley. The Dead Sea, a large saltwater lake, is the world’s lowest point at 1,310 feet (399 m) below sea level. The Negev Desert, located in the south, is the country’s driest region. The terrain is mostly mountains and flatlands, and is sometimes used for grazing animals. 100˚F/38˚C

Nahariyya

ASIA

SYRIA

GOLAN HEIGHTS

AFRICA

The Place

0˚F/-18˚C

LEBANON

Mediterranean Sea

At a Glance

Nazareth


Hadera Nablus Tel Aviv-Yafo Bat Yam Holon Ashdod

A N TA R C T I C A

Ashqelon

The People

Gaza GAZA

Petah Tiqwa WEST BANK

Jerusalem Bethlehem Hebron Dead Sea

STRIP The Israeli population is Beersheba overwhelmingly urban, Dimona with more than 90% of Negev the people living in urban Desert J ORD A N areas. There are about N 715 people per square W E mile (272 people per sq E G Y P T km). The Mediterranean S coast is the most populated 0 miles 30 0 km 30 part of the country, and Elat Gulf of the Negev Desert has the Aqaba fewest people. Many urban residents live in apartments. Because Israel’s cities are so crowded, housing shortages and traffic congestion are common. Many cities have skyscrapers and modern buildings. In rural areas, many people live on kibbutzim. These are government-run communities in which people work together in agriculture or business, and receive free food, education, and medical care. Life expectancy is 78 years. More than 80% Children in Jerusalem, Israel of Israelis are Jews. About 2.5 million Jews have moved to Israel since its founding more than 50 years ago. The government provides temporary jobs and housing for all new Jewish immigrants.

Machinery and Food, beverages transport equipment and tobacco 30% 4% Other 19% Rubber and plastic 4% Apparel Diamonds 5% 26% Chemical products Exports 19% $21 billion

Christian 2% Muslim Other 2% (mostly Sunni) 14%

Other (mostly Arab) 18%

Jewish 82%

Ethnic Makeup

Judaism 82%

Major Religions

165

Italy Land area rank

71

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

22

fewest people

most people (1)

AUSTRIA

SWITZERLAND

At a Glance

Trieste Verona Venice Po

Milan

Official Name: Italian Republic Continent: Europe Area: 113,521 square miles (294,020 sq km) Population: 57,679,825 Capital City: Rome EQUATOR Largest City: Rome (2,687,881) Unit of Money: Italian lira Major Languages: Italian (official), French, German Natural Resources: Mercury, potash, marble

Turin

FRANCE

Genova

SLOVENIA

Bologna Florence

Ancona

EUROPE

Perugia

ASIA

Corsica

AFRICA

VATICAN CITY

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


166

Average Rainfall


100˚F/38˚C

Ad

ri

at

ic

Se

a

Foggia Bari

AUSTRALIA

Sassari S a r di ni a A N TA R C T I C A

Cagliari 0

miles

Naples Salerno

Taranto

Ty r r h e n i an Se a

100

0 km 100

Palermo

Mediterranean Sea ALGERIA

The Colosseum, Rome, Italy

BOSNIA

Rome

SOUTH AMERICA

Italy is a boot-shaped country in southern Europe. Its long peninsula has coastlines on the Adriatic Sea to the east and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west. Italy is divided into eight main land regions. The Alpine Slope extends across the very top of the country. This mountainous terrain

CROATIA

SAN MARINO

Pisa

NORTH AMERICA

The Place

HUNGARY

Sicily

Reggio di Calabria Catania

N W

E S

TUNISIA

gives way to deep valleys. Also in the north, the Po Valley stretches almost completely across the country. It is Italy’s most fertile land and the entire region is farmed. To the east lies the Adriatic Plain, which is not suitable for farming. The Apennines Grapes, vineyard, Northern Italy begin in westcentral Italy and extend north and fruit in the south. Apulia down the middle of the and the Southeastern Plains are country, almost to the south- located at the southeastern tip of the ern border. In the north, the peninsula. This area produces Italy’s land is forest and pasture. olive oil. The central Apennines are Sicily, an island southwest of the farmed. The Western Upland mainland, consists of mountains and and Plains, to the west of the plains. It is the largest island in the Apennines, stretch down to Mediterranean Sea. Sardinia is to Salerno. This agricultural the west of Sicily and has a mounregion grows grain in the tainous terrain as well.

Metal and processed metal 7% Clothing 7% Textiles 8%

Other 26%



Chemicals 10%



Land Use


Italy

Venice waterway

The People Italy has a fairly large population. There are 505 people per square mile (188 people per sq km). The most crowded areas are the northwest cities of Liguiria and Lombardy, and the southern region of Campania. The mountain areas of the north and south have the fewest people. More than 65% of Italians live in

cities. The north is more industrialized and has more urban areas than the south. Most people live in apartments that they buy instead of renting. Traffic and pollution have become major problems in most cities. In rural areas, people live in single-family homes. Many people are leaving rural areas to find employment in the cities. Families are very close, and most children live with their parents until they are married. Many women work, and grandparents or public day care centers care for the children. The Italian economy is healthy, and many people have extra incomes, because most Italians have

Education Children between the ages of 6 and 14 are required to attend school. About 90% of children go to public school. Elementary school lasts for 5 years, and about 96% of the primary school-aged children attend. Three years of junior high school follow, and about 80% of the children go to class. There are several types of senior high schools, and most last for 4 or 5 years. All students who graduate

Popular Culture/Daily Life Sports are very popular in Italy. Soccer and basketball are the country’s favorites, and most major cities have their own professional teams. Many Italians also play in their free time. Some other popular sports include baseball, fishing, skating, and bicycling. Italy is well known for its art. Some famous Italian artists include Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, and Michelangelo. Many of the country’s

(continued)

two jobs. The northern population is the wealthiest, while people in the southern tip of the country are the poorest. Life expectancy is 79 years. Sardinian 2%

Other 4%

Italian 94%


Roman Catholic 98%

Major Religions


Literate 97%

Defense Literacy 175,000 army personnel

U.S. rate = 97%

from high school are entitled to attend a university, and about 30% choose to attend.

museums, such as the Uffizi Palace and the Galleria dell’ Accademia, are among the best known in the world. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people 534 423

438

90 11 TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs


Jamaica Land area rank

162

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

135

fewest people

At a Glance

most people (1)

N


ASIA

Official Name: Jamaica EQUATOR Continent: North America (Caribbean) Area: 4,243 square miles (10,990 sq km) Population: 2,665,636 Capital City: Kingston Largest City: Kingston (524,683) Unit of Money: Jamaican dollar Major Languages: English (official), Creole Literacy: 85% Land Use: 14% arable, 6% permanent crops, 24% meadow, 17% forest, 39% other Natural Resources: Bauxite, gypsum, limestone Government: Constitutional parliamentary democracy Defense: $29 million

C a r i b b e a n

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

W

S e a

AUSTRALIA

Falmouth Montego Bay

E S

Port Maria

A N TA R C T I C A

Savanna La Mar

Port Antonio

Mandeville

Spanish Town May Pen

Kingston

Portmore Port Morant

C

a r i b b e a n

0

S e a

0

miles km

30

30

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


Most of the people are of African or mixed African and European ancestry. Many Jamaicans are farm laborers, while Afro-Europeans are generally businesspeople. The Place Some ethnic groups, such as Chinese, Indians, and Syrians, also live in Jamaica. A large number of Chinese Jamaica is an island in the Caribbean Sea. It is a part of the Greater Antilles, an island group in the West Indies. and Syrians are shopkeepers, and some Asians work on farms. About 5% of Jamaicans are Rastafarians. People Jamaica has 635 miles (1,022 km) of coastline. in this religious and political group wear unique hairThe island can be divided into three main land styles and consider Africa their spiritual home. regions. The eastern part of Jamaica is quite mountainEducation is free for children ages 6 to 15. Most ous. Blue Mountain Peak in the Blue Mountains is the country's highest point at 7,402 feet (2,256 m) above sea Jamaicans attend primary school, and about two-thirds go to high school. As educalevel. To the south, the terrain is mainly lowtion has increased in the black lands along the coastal plains. The center of the community, more Jamaicans island has many hills and plateaus. have moved into white collar Jamaica’s climate is warm and humid. jobs and the standard of living Temperatures in winter months average about is becoming better. Migrant 75° F (24° C), while summer months are usually workers in rural areas have about 80° F (27° C). The island has two rainy the lowest standard of living. seasons—from May to June and from September About half of the populato November. The mountains receive about 200 tion lives in urban areas. The inches (510 cm) of rain annually, but the coast Kingston man population density in Jamaica only gets about 30 inches (76 cm). averages about 629 people per The country has more than 200 different square mile (243 people per sq km). About one-third of species of flowering plants. Some of the more common the population is under the age of 15. Life expectancy is trees on the island include cedar, mahogany, rosewood, 75 years. and coconut palm. Machinery 2% Other 21% Chemicals Crude 3% materials 50% Food Beverages 20% and tobacco 4%

Exports $1 billion

168

Mixed 7%

Other 3%

Black 90%

Ethnic Makeup

Other (including spiritual cults) 35% Roman Catholic 4%

Protestant 61%

Major Religions

Japan Land area rank

61

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

9

fewest people

At a Glance

CHINA

Official Name: Japan Continent: Asia Area: 144,687 square miles (374,744 sq km) Population: 126,771,662 Capital City: Tokyo Largest City: Tokyo (7,800,000) Unit of Money: Yen Major Languages: Japanese (official) Natural Resources: Fish

RUSSIA EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

Hokkaido

AFRICA

Sapporo

EQUATOR SOUTH AMERICA AUSTRALIA

Hakodate A N TA R C T I C A

NORTH KOREA

S e a o f J a p a n

Akita

Sendai

Niigata

The Place

SOUTH KOREA

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Nagano Kanazawa

H o n s h u Tokyo

Matsue

Chiba

Yokohama Kyoto Hiroshima

Kobe

Nagoya

Osaka

Kita-kyushu Matsuyama Fukuoka

Shikoku

O

Nagasaki

Kyushu

P A

Kagoshima 0

miles

100

C

I F

I

C

E

A

N

C

N W

E S

0 km 100

City street, Tokyo, Japan

Average Rainfall


Japan is a large archipelago off the east coast of Asia. The country has four main islands and more than 3,000 smaller ones. The islands cover more than 1,700 miles (2,736 km) of ocean from north to south. The Pacific Ocean extends to the east and the Sea of Japan to the west. Honshu, the largest island, measures 89,000 square miles (230,510 sq km). Three parallel mountain ranges extend across the northern part of the island. To the east, the Sendai Plain lies along the Pacific Ocean. To the west of the ranges, the Echigo Plain borders the Sea of Japan. The Japanese Alps are in the center of Honshu and reach the country's highest point of 12,388 feet (3,776 m) at Mount Fuji. Lying to the east of the Alps is the Kanto Plain, Japan's largest lowland area, where many crops grow. ➤ 100˚F/38˚C

most people (1)

0 in/0 cm


169

Japan

(continued)

hills. A thin peninsula extends from the southwestern part of Hokkaido. Above this peninsula lies the Ishikari Plain. This large lowland region is used mainly for agriculture. Kyushu measures 14,114 square miles (36,554 sq km). A mountain chain extends down the center of the island and is covered by a dense forest. Hills

Kyoto, Japan

Hokkaido is the country's second-largest island at 30,144 square miles (78,073 sq km). Much of the land is covered by mountains and


Other 44%

Motor vehicles 12% Chemicals 7%

Textiles 2% Iron and steel products 4%


Scientific and optical equipment 5%

Other 19%

make up the northwest, and plains lie in the western part of Kyushu. Shikoku is the smallest of Japan's main islands at 7,049 square miles (18,256 sq km). The majority of the land is mountainous, except for a narrow plain that extends down the southern coast. Buddhist priests

Farms/cropland 12% Permanent pastures 2%

Forests 67%

Land Use

Resources

Farm land

Forests

Pastures

Other

Manufacturing Textiles Engineering Chemicals Sheep Rice

The chemical industry plays an important role in Japan’s economy.

170

Japan (continued) History The Yamato clan were the first recorded rulers of Japan. They loosely controlled other large families in the area around 400 C.E. The area was influenced greatly by China throughout the 700s, and set up a similar court system. In 1192, the Minamoto clan took power and set up a military government. The military dictator was called a shogun. A line of shoguns ruled

Japan for the next 700 years. In 1868, the shogun system was overthrown and Emperor Meiji took power. A parliamentary government was formed in 1889. In a series of wars, Japan took over land from neighboring countries in Asia, which eventually led to World War II. These aggressive conquests ended when the United States dropped the atomic bomb on Japan in 1945, ending World War II.

Government Type: Constitutional monarchy Structure: Executive Leader: Emperor/Prime Minister


The People About 80% of all Japanese live on the island of Honshu. Most people live in the mountain valleys. The second-most-populated island is Kyushu, home to 11% of the Japanese people. Many cities are located in the northwest. Hokkaido is home to about 5% of Japanese. Many of the island's residents work in dairy farming, fishing, and forestry. Only 3% of the population lives on Shikoku. Most live in the north, where the land meets the Sea of Japan. More than three-quarters of the Japanese people live in urban areas. Big cities, especially Tokyo, are Grandfather with his grandson Other 1%

Japanese 99%

Ethnic Makeup Other 16% Shinto and Buddhist 84%

Major Religions

some of the most crowded places in the world. The overall population density in the country is 834 people per square mile (333 people per sq km). Most urban dwellers have a high standard of living, and they live in modern apartments or traditional houses. Living space is limited because real estate is very expensive. City residents usually work in offices, stores, and banks. About one-quarter of the people live in rural areas. Most rural dwellers are farmers, but many must work a second or third job to make enough money to support their fam-

ilies. Along the coasts, some Japanese also work in fishing. A typical rural family lives in a traditional wooden house. Although these houses are cheaper than city residences, they are still expensive. Japanese women usually marry around the age of 25 and have children soon after. They are expected to stay home with the children and care for the family. Many women return to work when their children are older, but earn less money and receive fewer benefits than men receive. Life expectancy is 80 years.

➤ 171

Japan

(continued)

Education Education is a top priority in Japan. Children attend 6 years of elementary school, usually followed by 3 years of junior high school. Almost the entire primary school population goes to school, while about 96% of junior high school children do. Students spend much of their time in school—they even attend schools for half a day on Saturday. Their summer vacations last from late July through August. Many students study hard to attend prestigious private high

schools. This education lasts for 3 years. If their grades are good enough, they may attend one of Japan's more than 500 universities. A university student is evaluated

Agriculture 6% Government 3% Utilities 7%

Literate 99%


Popular Culture/Daily Life Sports are very popular in Japan. Both children and adults throughout the country enjoy participating in and watching various events. Some of the most popular sports include baseball, gymnastics, tennis, bowling, and golf. Kendo, a native sport, is a form of fencing that uses bamboo sticks. Martial arts, which include judo, karate, and aikido, are also widely practiced. Another popular sport, sumo, is a wrestling match between men weighing as much as 400 pounds. In their free time, many Japanese also enjoy reading, watching television, and going to the movies. There are many festivals in the country. The New Year's Festival is one of the most popular, and people hold large feasts for family and friends. Many Japanese also like to travel and frequently visit other countries.

Goods Ownership 610

per 1,000 people 555 386 283

NA TVs

172

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

more by the quality of the school he or she attends than by the grades earned there. There are twice as many male graduate students than there are female.

Above: Woman in kimono Below: Tea plantation

Industry 33%

Services and trade 50%

Labor Force

Jordan Land area rank

113

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

108

fewest people

most people (1)

LEBANON

At a Glance


The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


Jordan is in the Middle East, and shares borders with Israel, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Syria. It is almost completely surrounded, except for a 16-mile(26-km-) long coastline on the Gulf of Aqaba. The country has 3 main land regions. The Jordan River Valley begins south of the Sea of Galilee and extends down to the Dead Sea. The Jordan River flows through the valley and empties into the sea. This area is very hot, usually reaching more than 100°F (38° C) in summer months. The Transjordan Plateau begins near the Syrian border. The plateau is shaped like a triangle, and narrows as it extends southward. The terrain is made up of hills that average 3,000 Syrian desert feet (900 m) in elevation. The Syrian Desert is located south and east of the plateau. This area is very dry, with only about 10 inches (25 cm) of rainfall annually. Temperatures often reach 120° F (49° C) in the summer.

Machinery 2%

Other 27%

rra

ite M

Exports $2 billion

IRAQ

Syrian Desert

Irbid Al Mafraq Az Zarqa'

As Salt

ISRAEL

Amman Dead Sea

SAUDI ARABIA

Al Karak

N W

EGYPT

E

Ma'an

S 0

Al 'Aqabah

0

miles km

100 100

The People Most of the population inhabits the highlands in the northwest. The country has a population density of 160 people per square mile (50 people per sq km). About three-quarters of Jordanians live in urban areas. Many city people live in modern homes or apartments with electricity and running water. Although some areas are quite crowded, living conditions are Jordanian girl good. Many urban dwellers work in industry and services. Life expectancy is 73 years. In rural areas, homes are made from mud and stone, or concrete blocks. Many rural dwellers are farmers, while some work in mining and construction. A small number of Jordanians are Bedouin nomads. They wander the country with herds of sheep and camels. In their free time, many Jordanians enjoy sports. Some popular athletics are basketball, soccer, and martial arts. Folk dances—called debke—and family gatherings are also popular. Chemical products 26%

Re-exports 19%

Fruits, vegetables, and nuts 6% Phosphate fertilizers 10%

AUSTRALIA

ed

A N TA R C T I C A

nea

SOUTH AMERICA

SYRIA

n R.

AFRICA

Jorda

n Se a

ASIA

Official Name: Kingdom EQUATOR of Jordan Continent: Asia (Middle East) Area: 34,318 square miles (88,884 sq km) Population: 5,153,378 Capital City: Amman Largest City: Amman (965,000) Unit of Money: Jordanian dinar Major Languages: Arabic (official), English Literacy: 83% Land Use: 4% arable, 1% permanent crops; 9% meadow, 1% forest, 85% other Natural Resources: Phosphates, potash, shale oil Government: Constitutional monarchy Defense: $448 million

Potash 10%

Circassian 1%

Armenian 1%

Arab 98%

Ethnic Makeup

Christian 4%

Sunni Muslim 96%

Major Religions

173

Kazakhstan land area rank

9

smallest country

largest country (1)

55


most people (1)

At a Glance

N


R U S S I A

ASIA

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Kazakhstan Continent: Asia Area: 1,030,810 square miles (2,669,800 sq km) Population: 16,733,227 Capital City: Astana Largest City: Almaty (1,176,000) Unit of Money: Tenge Major Languages: Russian (official), Kazakh (state) Natural Resources: Petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore

W

AFRICA

S Rudnyy

AUSTRALIA

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C

0 in/0 cm



Other 43%

Coal 5%

Kzyl-Orda

Taldykorgan Almaty

UZ

Shymkent

BE

KI

Oil and gas condensate 24%

Exports

C H I N A

KYRGYZSTAN

ST

AN

TURKMENISTAN

$6 billion

174

Aqtau

west, the country has a 1,176-mile (1,894-km) coastline on the Caspian Sea and a 630-mile (1,015-km) coastline on the Aral Sea.

Average Rainfall


60˚F/16˚C

Ust'-Kamenogorsk

L. Balqash Aral Sea

a

12 in/30 cm

Semipalatinsk

Qaraghandy

Aral'sk

Se

80˚F/27˚C

Atyrau

ian

15 in/38 cm

R.

Astana Aktyubinsk

sp Ca

100˚F/38˚C

Pavlodar

Ural R. Ural'sk

A N TA R C T I C A

Kazakhstan, in mid-western Asia, is the second-largest republic of the former Soviet Union. In the

sh ty Ir

SOUTH AMERICA

The Place

E

ga

Vol

0

miles

0

km 400

400

In western Kazakhstan, dry plains and lowlands border the Caspian Sea and extend to the Aral Sea in the southwest. The country's lowest point, the Karagiye Depression, measures 433 feet (132 m) below sea level. To the east, Kazakhstan is mountainous. The Tian Shan Mountains border China to the east, and Altai Mountains border Kyrgyzstan to the southeast. Mount Tengri, part of the Tian Shan range, is the country's highest point at 20,991 feet (6,398 m) above sea level. The northern part of the country has grassy plains, while vast desert covers the south. Kazakhstan has hot summers and very cold winters. Temperatures reach around 80° F (27° C) in summer and just above 0° F (20° C) in winter. The average annual rainfall varies between 4 and 16 inches (10 and 40 cm).

Forests 4% Refined copper 10%

Rolled ferrous metal 10% Grain 8%

Other 16%



Land Use

Kazakhstan The People Slightly more than half the population lives in urban areas. City dwellers live in modern houses or apartments. Many women are employed outside the home, and may work as teachers, doctors, or sales clerks. About 42% of Kazakhstanis live in rural areas. They usually reside in houses in villages that do not have running water. Many rural dwellers are farmers. A small part of the population are nomadic dwellers. They carry their portable homes, called yurts, from place to place. Families are very important in

Education Schooling is free in Kazakhstan, and children between the ages of 7 and 17 are required to attend. Classes are taught in both Kazakh and Russian. Primary school lasts for three years, and about 92% of the children in that age group attend. Secondary school begins at age 11 and lasts for 7 years. About 91% of secondary school-aged children

Kazakhstan. Extended family members often live together, and one household might include parents and their sons, as well as their wives and families. Living conditions in Kazakhstan Tatar 2% Uzbek 2% German 3% Ukrainian 5%

have deteriorated since the break up of the Soviet Union. Crime and unemployment are common, and many families are close to or below the poverty line. Life expectancy is 64 years.

Other 7%

Russian 35%

(continued)

Protestant 2%

Kazakh 46%

Other 7%

Muslim 47%

Russian Orthodox 44%

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

attend. There are more than 50 colleges and universities in the country, and about 8% of students attend. The largest schools include Kazakh State University and Qaraghandy State University.




Literacy

133 combat aircraft

Kazakhstani girl

U.S. rate = 97%

Popular Culture/Daily Life Kazakhstanis enjoy spending time with family, and hold many gettogethers and celebrations. Singing is also popular throughout the country. Folk songs and legends are especially loved, and they are performed and recited for many occasions. Singing competitions, called aitys, are also held. Sports are also a popular pastime. Some favorites include soccer, wrestling, horse racing, and skating.

Kokpar, a native game, involves horseback riders competing to carry a goat or sheep into a goal.

278


116 43

TVs

Cars

Phones

NA

NA

VCRs

PCs

175

Kenya Land area rank

47

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

36

fewest people

most people (1)

S U D A N

At a Glance

E T H IOP IA

EUROPE

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


176

O N

D

Mombasa 0 0

miles km

200

200

land regions. In the southeast, the coastal area stretches along the Indian Ocean. This narrow strip of land has beaches, mangrove swamps, and lagoons. Some small rain forests cover the area, and coconut palms and cashew trees also grow there.

The southern part of the region has fertile farmland. The coastal area is humid all year, and has an average annual temperature of about 80° F (27° C). The plains account for about three-quarters of Kenya and cover the interior part of the country. Slowly rising from the coast, the land reaches and elevation of about 4,000 feet (1,200 m) above sea level. The area is quite dry, and receives between 10 to 30 inches (25 to 76 cm) of rain each year. The plains have an average annual temperature of about 70° F (21° C). The highlands are in the southwestern part of the country and cover almost one-quarter of Kenya. This is the largest farming area in the country. The annual temperature is about 67° F (19° C). Mount Kenya, the country's highest point and the continent's second-highest mountain, reaches 17,058 feet (5,199 m) tall.

Tea 18% Other 54%

0 in/0 cm


T A N Z A N I A E

IN

W

IA

N

Farms / cropland 8% Average Rainfall


100˚F/38˚C

Nairobi

r

Kenya is a country on the mid-eastern coast of Africa. The eastern part of the country includes a 333-mile(536-km) long coastline on the Indian Ocean. Kenya is divided into three main

n

Machakos

S

The Place

Ta

Rive

Lake Victoria

Meru Nyeri

a

Nakuru

S O M A L I A

N

Eldoret Kisumu

A N TA R C T I C A

Marsabit

A

UGANDA

AUSTRALIA

C

SOUTH AMERICA

at Rif t Valley

Lodwar

E

ASIA

AFRICA

Gre

NORTH AMERICA

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Kenya Continent: Africa Area: 219,787 square miles (569,250 sq km) Population: 30,765,916 Capital City: Nairobi Largest City: Nairobi (1,346,000) Unit of Money: Kenyan shilling Major Languages: English and Swahili (both official) Natural Resources: Gold, limestone, soda ash

Lake Turkana

Exports $2 billion

Other 25% Coffee 15%

Fruits and vegetables 5% Petroleum products 5%

Cement 2% Hides and skins 1%

Forests 30%


Land Use

Kenya

Kenyan girl

The People About 75% of Kenyans live in rural areas. The country's population density is about 130 people per square mile (48 people per sq km). Almost three-quarters of Kenyans live in the fertile highlands. The dry plains are scarcely populated. They are home mostly to nomads and shepherds. Many of Kenya's rural dwellers are farmers. They raise crops and animals for their own food, and some have extra to sell. Many

farmers also have other jobs to earn extra money. Most rural farmers live in mud houses with thatched roofs. Many Kenyans move to cities to find better paying jobs. Some city dwellers work in stores, factories, and businesses. Cities often offer sturdier, more modern houses made out of stone or cement. The population is made up almost entirely of black Africans, who belong to almost 40 different ethnic groups. Each group has its own language. The Kikuyu, the largest group, make up about 22% of the population. Other large groups include the Kalenjin, Kamba, Luhya, and Luo. Kenya’s population is growing by

Education Although Kenyan children are not required by law to attend school, most at least attend primary school. Only about 25% of secondary school-aged children attend classes. Many Kenyan parents send their children to school with the hope that they will have an easier time finding work with an education. Government-run schools are free and are located in most parts of the country. In areas with

Popular Culture/Daily Life Dancing is very popular in Kenya, and people enjoy both participating in and watching the performances. There are many special dances that are performed at specific occasions, such as funerals, births, and marriages. Ethnic groups sometimes hold dance competitions, and traditional dances are often a part of national celebrations. Sports are also a favorite pastime

(continued)

about 3% each year. Most women have about 5 children. About 45% of the population is under the age of 15. Life expectancy is 44 years.

Meru 6% Kisii 6%

Other 16%

Kamba 11% Kalenjin 12%

Kikuyu 22%

Luo 13%

Luhya 14%

Ethnic Makeup

Other 2%

Muslim 6%


Protestant 38%

Roman Catholic 28%

Major Religions


Literate 78%

Defense



no government schools, harambee— or self help schools—have been set up by private citizens. These schools charge a fee. in the country. The two most popular sports are soccer and running. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

9

5

15

2

NA

TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

Kenyan school, Nairobi


Kiribati 189


Population rank


fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance


N ASIA

Official Name: EQUATOR Republic of Kiribati Continent: Oceania Area: 277 square miles (717 sq km) Population: 94,149 Capital City: Tarawa Largest City: Tarawa (25,154) Unit of Money: Australian dollar Major Languages: English (official), Gilbertese Literacy: 98% Land Use: 51% permanent crops, 3% forest, 46% other Natural Resources: Phosphate Government: Republic Defense: No budget, Australia and New Zealand provide protection

W

AFRICA

E S

Ter ai n a Ta bua e ra n Weston Point

G

SOUTH AMERICA

b il

AUSTRALIA

e K irim a ti (C hristm a s)

n

la

e

n d s

Temaraira

B an ab a

London

i

Is

Bairiki Binoinano

A N TA R C T I C A

L

rt

Tekarahan Tar awa

I

Nikumanu Tanyah

s l

Phoenix Islands

a n d

Lakina

s

P A C I F I C

O C E A N

C a roline V ostok

0 0

miles km

500

F lint

500

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Other 6%

Re-exports 27% Average Rainfall


About one-third of the Kiribati population lives on the island of Tarawa in the Gilbert chain. Most of these people are concentrated near the administrative center of Bairiki. To keep Tarawa from becoming overcrowded, The Place the government set up a relocation program to help citizens settle on other islands. Within the last 15 years, Kiribati is a group of 33 islands in the Pacific Ocean many I-Kirbati have relocated to the Teraina and located to the south of Hawaii. The islands cover about Tabuaeran islands in the Line group. 2 million square miles (5 million sq km) of ocean. They Almost 85% of I-Kiribati live measure about 2,400 miles (3,900 km) from east in rural areas. Most live in small to west, and 1,300 miles (2,100 km) from north I-Kiribati girl villages that consist of about 100 to south. homes. These houses are made The islands are separated into three groups. out of wood and leaves. Houses There are 16 Gilbert Islands and Banaba to the made out of cement blocks, howwest. To the east lie 8 Line Islands. Between ever, are becoming more popular. these two groups is the Phoenix chain, which also There is also a church and a has 8 islands. meeting house in each village. Almost all of the Kiribati islands were formed The church is the center of most from coral reefs. Many are atolls, which are ringvillage activities. shaped reefs with a lagoon in the center. I-Kiribati live in large extended Kiritimati—one of the Line Islands—measures families. Many villagers depend 235 square miles (609 sq km) and is the largest on fishing for food and employatoll in the world. Most of the islands are lowment. They also grow bananas, lands, with elevations less than 13 feet (4 m) sweet potatoes, and other crops. above sea level. Banaba has the highest elevation Life expectancy is 63 years. at 266 feet (81 m) above sea level.

Seaweed 4% Fish and fish preparations 6%

Copra 63%

Exports $7 million

178

Almost all Micronesian

Ethnic Makeup

Protestant 41%

Roman Catholic 53%

Major Religions

Kuwait Land area rank

157

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

144

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

I R A N

Official Name: State of Kuwait Continent: Asia (Middle East) Area: 6,880 square miles EQUATOR (17,820 sq km) Population: 2,041,961 Capital City: Kuwait City Largest City: Salmiya (130,215) Unit of Money: Kuwaiti dinar Major Languages: Arabic (official), English Literacy: 79% Land Use: 8% meadow, 92% other Natural Resources: Petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas Government: Nominal constitutional monarchy Defense: $2.9 billion

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

I R A Q

Bubiyan

ASIA AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

Kuwait City AUSTRALIA

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C




Kuwait is in the Middle East, and is one of the region’s smaller countries. It measures 120 miles (200 km) from north to south and 110 miles (170 km) from east to west. To the east, 310 miles (499 km) of coastline front the Persian Gulf. The country consists mostly of mainland, but it also has several small islands in the gulf. The largest island is Bubiyan, which is uninhabited. Faylakah is the most important island, and it lies about 12 miles (19 km) from the mainland. Most of the mainland terrain is flat desert with occasional hills. The country's highest elevation is 1,000 feet (305 m) above sea level. Its lowest point is sea level along the coast. Kuwait’s climate is very hot Kuwait City, Kuwait from April to September. Temperatures usually exceed 120° F (49° C). In January, the temperature drops to around 60° F (16° C). The rainiest part of the year is between December and March, when about 6 inches of precipitation falls.

As Salimiya

Persian Gulf

Shu'aybah N W

S A U D I

A R A B I A Mina Sa'ud

E S

0 0

miles km

25

Al Wafra

25

The People Almost all of the Kuwaiti population is urban. The majority of the people live near or on the coast. Most people live in and around Kuwait City. The average population density is 300 people per square mile (116 people per sq km). Because of solid profits from the oil industry, Kuwait enjoys a healthy economy. The government provides free medical care to everyone in the country, including foreign citizens. Life expectancy is 77 years. To take advanKuwaiti Elder tage of these good benefits and continuous work, many people have moved to Kuwait. Palestinians have been the largest immigrant group, although many left during the Persian Gulf War in 1991. Because of this large influx of foreigners, Kuwaitis have become a minority in their own country. For the last 50 years, Kuwaiti women have enjoyed more freedom and opportunities than women in other Middle Eastern countries. Although they cannot vote, Kuwaiti women earn college degrees and work outside the home.

Iranian 4%

Other 7%

South Asian 9% Petroleum 89%

Hawalli

Al Fuhayhil

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

Al Jahrah

Faylakah

Other Arab 35%

Kuwaiti 45%

Other 15%

Shi'a Muslim 40%

Sunni Muslim 45%

0 in/0 cm


Exports

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

$15 billion

179

Kyrgyzstan 87




most people (1)

At a Glance


K A Z A K H S T A N

ASIA

Official Name: Kyrgyz EQUATOR Republic Continent: Asia Area: 73,861 square miles (191,300 sq km) Population: 4,753,003 Capital City: Bishkek (known as Frunze) Largest City: Bishkek (626,900) Unit of Money: Som Major Languages: Kyrgyz and Russian (both official) Literacy: 97% Land Use: 7% arable, 44% pasture, 4% forest, 45% other Natural Resources: Gold, coal, natural gas, petroleum Government: Republic Defense: $13 million AFRICA

Tokmak

SOUTH AMERICA

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked country in central Asia. Its neighbors include Kazakhstan to the north, China to the east, Tajikistan to the south, and Uzbekistan to the west. Mountains cover about 95% of Kyrgyzstan. About 75% of the country is more than 4,950 feet (1,500 m) above sea level. The Tien Shan Mountains extend along Kyrgyzstan's eastern border. There, Peak Pobedy rises 24,406 feet (7,439 m) above sea level, and is the highest point in the country. The Alai Mountains lie in the southeastern part of the country. Only about 15% of Kyrgyzstan lies less than 3,000 feet (915 m) above sea level. The country's lowest point is KaraDarya, at 433 feet (132 m) in elevation. The climate in Kyrgyzstan varies with altitude. Summer temperatures in the valleys are warm, but the mountains remain cool. In winter, the valleys are quite cold, and the mountain air is below freezing.

Oil and gas 10% Machinery 11%

Other 21%


180

h i z Kirg

UZ

Range

Ysyk-kol

Balykchy

Karakol

Naryn

BE

KI

Naryn

ST

Dzhalal-Abad

AN

Osh

T

n i e

a n S h

C H I N A N W

T A J I K I S T A N

0 0

miles km

E

100

S

100

The People The way of life in Kyrgyzstan varies by ethnic group. Kyrgyzstani make up about half of the population. They are Muslims, and speak Kyrgyz—a Turkic language. Most Kyrgyzstani live in rural areas and work as farmers or herders. They are organized into tribes that are further broken down into clans. Each clan consists of descendants of an ancestor from the father's heritage. Older clan members are respected and lead the tribe. People often marry members of their clan, and extended families live together in one house. Homes are usually made out of mud bricks. Ethnic Russians are the second-largest group and make up about 18% of the population. They mainly live in urban areas, and reside in concrete apartments or stucco homes. Many Russians work in technology and industry. Other ethnic groups in the country include Uzbeks, Ukrainians, and Germans. Life expectancy is 64 years.

Food products 20%

Metals 18%

Bishkek

Talas

AUSTRALIA

Light industrial products 20%

Uzbek 13%

Russian Orthodox 20%

Other 17% Russian 18%

Kirghiz 52%

Ethnic Makeup

Other 5%

Muslim 75%

Major Religions

Laos Land area rank

79

smallest country

largest country 102


most people

C H IN A

At a Glance

Phongsali

MY A N MA R (BU RMA )

Luang Namtha Louangphrabang

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

I

Xiangkhoang

AFRICA

E T

Vientiane e

W

g Riv

T H A IL A N D

N

A N TA R C T I C A

Savannakhét

er

E

South China Sea

Saravan Pakxé

S 0 0

M

on

A

k

AUSTRALIA

N

M

SOUTH AMERICA

Gulf of Tonkin

V

Official Name: Lao People’s Democratic Republic Continent: Asia Area: 89,112 square miles (230,800 sq km) Population: 5,635,967 EQUATOR Capital City: Vientiane Largest City: Vientiane (377,409) Unit of Money: New kip Major Languages: Lao (official), French, English Literacy: 57% Land Use: 3% arable, 3% meadow, 54% forest, 40% other Natural Resources: Tin, timber, gypsum Government: Communist state Defense: $121 million

miles km

200

KAMPUCHEA

200

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Lao Soung 9% Average Rainfall


More than 100 ethnic groups live in Laos, and they have been divided into 3 main categories. The Lao Loum, or lowland Loum, make up about 68% of the The Place population. They live in lower elevations and work in wet-rice cultivation. The Lao Loum speak Tai languages. Laos is a landlocked country in southeast Asia located Some ethnic groups in this category include the ethnic on the northwest part of the Indochinese Peninsula. Lao, the Leu, and the Phu-tai. Laos is about 670 miles (1,080 km) long, and 75 miles The Lao Theung are the Lao of the mountain slopes. (120 km) wide. They live at higher elevations and engage in slash-andThere are three main land features in the country. burn agriculture—an Mountains in northern Laos extend to the ancient farming method in southeast and form the Annam Highlands. This tropical areas. The Lao mountain chain has dense forests, and makes up Theung speak Mon-Khmer the country’s border with Vietnam. Laos’s highlanguages, and include the est point, Phou Bia, is in this range and reaches Khamu, the Lamet, the 9,249 feet (2,819 m) high. In the south, the top Laven, and the Sedang. elevation reaches about 6,500 feet (1,980 m). The Lao Soung, Lao of The Mekong River flows through southwestthe mountaintops, account ern Laos and makes up most of the country’s for about 9% of Laotians. border with Thailand. The narrow floodplains They also practice slashthat surround the river are very fertile and used and-burn farming. The for agriculture. Laotian girls Lao Soung speak HmongHigh plateaus are located throughout the Mien languages and country. The 3 main areas include the Plain of include the Hmong, Mien, Phu Noi, and Akha ethnic Jars in the north, the Khammouan Plateau in central groups. Life expectancy in Laos is 54 years. Laos, and the Bolovens Plateau in the south.

Other 24% Coffee 8% Electricity 9%

Wood products 39%

Exports

Garments 20%

Lao Theung 22%

Other 1%

Lao Loum 68%

Ethnic Makeup

Animist and other Buddhist 40% 60%

Major Religions

$313 million

181

Latvia Land area rank

124

smallest country

largest country

Population rank

139

fewest people

most people

At a Glance Official Name: Republic of Latvia Continent: Europe Area: 24,749 square miles (64,100 sq km) EQUATOR Population: 2,404,926 Capital City: Riga Largest City: Riga (856,281) Unit of Money: Lat Major Languages: Lettish (official), Lithuanian, Russian Literacy: 99% Land Use: 27% crops, 13% permanent pasture, 46% forest, 14% woodland Natural Resources: amber, peat, limestone, dolomite Government: Parliamentary democracy Defense: $65 million

Lake P e ip us

Baltic Sea

ESTONIA

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

Valmiera Aluksne

Riga

Kuldiga Jelgava

Liepaja

A N TA R C T I C A

A

AUSTRALIA

We

ster

nD vin a

Jekabpils Riv er

N

Rezekne

Daugavpils

LITHUANIA W

SSI

Gu lf of Riga

Ventspils

SOUTH AMERICA

RU

AFRICA

E 0

S

0

miles km

50

BELARUS

50

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


Latvia is an urban country—almost three-quarters of the population live in cities. Almost one-third of Latvians live in the capital city, Riga. Many other urban The Place areas are located on the coast and along rivers. The population density averages about 95 people per square Latvia is in northern Europe, and has 330 miles (530 km) mile (37 people per sq km). of coastline with sandy beaches. In the north, the coast The population is decreasing by about 1.5% each fronts the Gulf of Riga. The southwestern coastline year. The death rate in Latvia is twice as high as the birth opens to the Baltic Sea. rate. Women have an average of Most of Latvia consists of a low-lying plain. 1 child. The life expectancy is In the east, a highland area is the largest section Apartment building, Riga, Latvia 67 years. of land in the Baltic states with an elevation Latvians only make up about more than 660 feet (200 m) above sea level. The 57% of the population, and are highest point in Latvia is Gaizinkalns at 1,023 a minority in the country’s capifeet (312 m). Almost half the country is forested, tal. Other ethnic groups in with the densest woods in the north. Some comLatvia include Russians, mon tree species include pine, spruce, birch, and Byelorussians, and Ukrainians. aspen. Other landscape features include marshes, Despite other influences, peat bogs, meadows, and lakes. Latvians have strong ties to Western Latvia has mild winters and cool their culture. The people keep summers. The east is characterized by cold their rich folklore alive by winters and warm summers. Annual rainfall telling legends and poems, and averages between 22 and 31 inches (55 and by singing folk songs. Much of 78 cm), and the rainiest months are July and the Latvian folklore is about August. The higher altitudes receive the most family, the seasons, and myths. precipitation.

Other 33%

Machinery and apparatus 10%

Forestry products 24% Textiles 17%

Exports $1 billion

182

Food and agricultural products 16%

Ukrainian 3%

Other 6%

Russian 30%

Latvian 57%

Byelorussian 4%

Ethnic Makeup

Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Russian Orthodox

Major Religions

Lebanon Land area rank

163

smallest country

largest country

Population rank

125

fewest people

most people

At a Glance


Tripoli

ve

Al Hirmil

ro

ra

O

ne

AUSTRALIA

nt

an

SOUTH AMERICA

es

S

Ri

ea

AFRICA

r

ASIA

er

Ba'labakk

it

Juniyah

Beirut

y

Zahlah

l l

a

S Y R I A

a a

Lit e

k

Sidon

an

i

Baabda e r iv R

V

M

ed

A N TA R C T I C A

e

Official Name: Republic of EQUATOR Lebanon Continent: Asia (Middle East) Area: 4,015 square miles (10,400 sq km) Population: 3,627,774 Capital City: Beirut Largest City: Beirut (1,500,000) Unit of Money: Lebanese pound Major Languages: Arabic (official), French, Armenian Literacy: 86% Land Use: 21% arable, 9% permanent crops, 1% meadow, 8% forest, 61% other Natural Resources: limestone, iron ore, salt Government: Republic Defense: $343 million

B

N

Tyre

W 0 0

miles km

E

20

S

20

ISRAEL

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


Lebanon has a fairly high population density of 897 people per square mile (346 people per sq km). The majority of people live along the coast and on the westThe Place ern slopes of the Lebanon Mountains. Approximately 85% of Lebanese live in urban areas. Lebanon is a long, narrow country on the western coast Religion plays a major role in Lebanese culture and of the Middle East. It measures 135 miles (217 km) from government. Under the country’s confessionalism north to south , and 50 miles (80 km) from east to west. policy, each citizen’s A 140-mile- (225-km) long coastline religion is coded on a fronts the Mediterranean Sea in the west. mandatory identification Lebanon is divided into four parallel card. strips of land that extend from northeast Social classes are to southwest. In the west, a narrow separated by large coastal plain runs along the economic gaps. The Mediterranean Sea. The land rises civil war between the up from the plains into the Lebanon Muslims and the Mountains. There, the country’s highest Christians in 1975 point, Qurnat as Sawda’, reaches 10,131 increased these differfeet (3,088 m) high. To the east of the ences. Educated mountains is the fertile Bekaa Valley. The Lebanon cyprus tree Christians and Sunni Anti-Lebanon Mountains lie long the Muslims account for country’s eastern border with Syria. most of the upper and middle classes. About 30% of the Mount Hermon is the highest peak in the chain with an population lives in poverty and poor living conditions. elevation of 9,232 feet (2,814 m). Shiite Muslims make up the majority of this group. Much of the country has warm summers and cool Palestinian refugees live in large camps and are not winters. Temperatures and rainfall vary by location citizens. Life expectancy is 71 years. and elevation. Fibers and fiber products ReOther 8% 17% exports 28% Machinery Paper 10% products 22% Food and live animals 15% Exports $1 billion

Armenian Other 1% 4% Christian 30% Arab 95%

Ethnic Makeup

Muslim 70%

Major Religions

183

Lesotho Land area rank

139

smallest country

largest country

Population rank

140

fewest people

most people

At a Glance

S OU T H

A F R IC A N


Official Name: Kingdom of Lesotho EQUATOR Continent: Africa Area: 11,718 square miles (30,350 sq km) Population: 2,177,062 Capital City: Maseru Largest City: Maseru (45,000) Unit of Money: Loti Major Languages: Sesotho and English (both official), Zulu Literacy: 71% Land Use: 11% arable, 66% meadows, 23% other Natural Resources: Diamonds, water, agricultural land Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy Defense: $28 million

ASIA

W

AFRICA

E

Leribe S

SOUTH AMERICA

Teyateyaneng

AUSTRALIA

Mokhotlong

Maseru

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


184

Mohales Hoek

Or

r a n ge R i v e

Quthing

0

A F RICA miles km

50

50

The People Almost the entire Lesotho population is black Africans, known as the Basotho. Most people live in villages of less than 200 people. Villages include a meeting place for the men, a church, and a school. Families build their huts around their cattle pens. Homes are usually made out of mud or sod and have thatched roofs. Some wealthy Basotho live in stone houses. Most villagers paint designs on their doors. Most Basotho are farmers who raise crops and livestock on the land around the village. The village land is owned by everyone, and the village chief assigns a plot to each person. Farmers with the most cattle are considered wealthy. Women do most of the demanding work, such as planting and harvesting crops, building the home, and cooking. The men plow the fields and tend to the animals. Almost half of the male population travels into South Africa in search of work. Life expectancy is 52 years.

Wool 5% Other 19% Food and live Clothing animals 55% 6% Footwear 7% Furniture 8% Exports $218 million

S OU T H 0



Lesotho is a small landlocked country in southern Africa. It is completely surrounded by South Africa, and is approximately 200 miles (320 km) west of the Indian Ocean. About two-thirds of this rugged country is made up of mountains. The Drakensberg range forms the country’s eastern border. The country’s highest peak, Mount Ntlenyana, reaches an elevation of 11,424 feet (3,482 m). The Maloti Spurs join the range in the north and form a plateau. This plateau ranges from 9,000 to 10,500 feet (2,700 to 3,200 m) in elevation, and is the source of two of South Africa’s main rivers. The Tugela River flows to the east and the Orange River flows to the West. In the west, the mountains lower to foothills with elevations of about 7,000 feet (2,100 m). The land eventually becomes a plain with a maximum elevation of about 6,000 feet (1,800 m).

Mafeteng

Sotho 99%

Ethnic Makeup


Christian 80%

Major Religions

Liberia Land area rank

108

smallest country

largest country

Population rank

131

fewest people

most people


GUINEA

ASIA

Official Name: The EQUATOR Republic of Liberia Continent: Africa Area: 37,189 square miles (96,320 sq km) Population: 3,225,837 Capital City: Monrovia Largest City: Monrovia (421,058) Unit of Money: Liberian dollar Major Languages: English Literacy: 38% Land Use: 1% arable, 3% permanent crops, 59% meadows, 18% forest, 19% other Natural Resources: Iron ore, timber, diamonds Government: Republic Defense: $37 million

N

SIERRA LEONE

AFRICA

W

Zelimai

E

SOUTH AMERICA

S

AUSTRALIA

Tubmanburg

Iron ore 55%


Indigenous African tribes 95%

Ethnic Makeup

0 0

A

N

T

IC

miles km

r

r

ve

ve

R

Ri os

n

.

st

St

CÔTE D'IVOIRE

Zwedru

av

al

Buchanan

O

C

E

A

l

Greenville

N

100

Harper

100

The People The vast majority of Liberians are black Africans, and can be divided into two main groups. Native Africans have ancestors who have lived in the country for hundreds of years. Americo-Liberians are descendents of African Americans from the United States who returned to Africa in the 1800s. The native Africans account for about 95% of the population. They can be divided into 16 different ethnic groups, such as the Kpelle in central Liberia and the Bassa who inhabit the coast. Some smaller groups include the Gio, Kru, Mandingo, and Krahn. Each ethnic group has its own customs, languages, and territory. Americo-Liberians make up the remaining 5% of the population and live mostly in coastal towns. A little less than half of Liberians live in urban areas. In cities, most people live in small houses and have electricity. In rural areas, people live in small villages without electricity or 39 in/100 cm running water. Life expectancy is 32 in/81 cm 60 years. Christian 10% Muslim 20%


Major Religions


Rubber 28%

Harbel

L

i

River

Logs and timber 8%

Americo-Liberian 5%

T

h Jo

a

Gold 2% Other 5% Diamonds 2%

Gbarnga

C

Liberia is on Africa’s west coast. A 360-mile- (579-km) long coastline fronts the Atlantic Ocean. This lowland area has sandy beaches with lagoons and mangrove swamps. East of the lowlands, a strip of low hills extends from north to south. Further inland, the land rises to about 2,000 feet (600 m) in elevation. This area includes Liberian girl the Bomi Hills and the Bong Range. At higher elevations, the region has dense evergreen and deciduous forests. Some tree species include mahogany, camwood, whismore, and red ironwood. The valleys are grassy with scattered trees. The country’s highest peak is Mount Nimba at 4,540 feet (1,380 m) at Guest House Hill. In the east, one of Liberia’s most important rivers— the Cavalla—forms the country’s border with the Cote d’Ivoire. Other rivers that cross the country from east to west are the St. Paul, the Cestos, and the St. John.

ul

Monrovia

A

The Place

a .P

r

Ce

St

A N TA R C T I C A

e Riv

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Average Rainfall

At a Glance

0 in/0 cm


185

Libya 17


largest country 106


most people

At a Glance

TUNISIA

Official Name: Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya EQUATOR Continent: Africa Area: 679,359 square miles (1,759,540 sq km) Population: 5,240,599 Capital City: Tripoli Largest City: Tripoli (858,000) Unit of Money: Libyan dinar Major Languages: Arabic (official), Italian, English Literacy: 76% Land Use: 1% arable, 8% meadows, 91% other Natural Resources: Crude oil, natural gas, gypsum Government: Jamahiriya Defense: $960 million

Mediterranean Sea

Tripoli

Al Khums

Az Zawiyah

Surt

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

Darnah Banghazi

Misratah

Gharyan

Tobruk

Ajdabiya

ASIA

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

Sabha

AUSTRALIA

Marzuq

S a h a r a

EGYPT

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Crude petroleum 100%

0 in/0 cm


Exports $9 billion

186

N W

N I G E R E

S

0 0

miles km

200

SUDAN

C H A D

200

The People Although the population density is just 8 people per square mile (3 people per sq km), towns and cities are fairly crowded. To avoid harsh desert conditions, about 80% of Libyans crowd along the Mediterranean coast. This area is also important for agriculture, which employs about 18% of the population. About 85% of Libyans live in urban areas. This number has been slowly increasing for the last 50 years. The big cities have skyscrapers and apartment buildings. Many neighborhoods are crowded, and usually immediate family members live together. Urban dwellers may work in industry, services, or government. Life expectancy is 76 years. In rural areas, most people live in small villages. Their homes are made from stone or brick. Many homes have just one room. It is also common for extended families to share the same home. Some rural dwellers are nomads, who constantly move their flocks to find green pastures. Other 3%

Average Rainfall


Libya is in North Africa. It is bordered by Algeria to the west, Niger and Chad to the south, and Sudan and Egypt to the East. Its 1,100-mile (1,770-km) coastline in fronts the Mediterranean Sea in the north. The Sahara—the world’s largest desert—covers approximately 95% of the country. The Libyan Desert begins in the middle of Libya and extends to the eastern border. Interior Libya has large sand dunes. The land slowly rises from north to Libyan friends, Tripoli south, and mountains form part of the country’s southern border. Bette Peak is Libya’s highest elevation at 7,500 feet (2,286 m). The temperatures in the desert fluctuate greatly each day. During the daytime, temperatures average about 100° F (38° C), but at night they fall to around 50° F (10° C). Along the coast, the climate has warm summers and cool winters. Winters average about 50° F (10° C), and summers are around 80° F (26° C).

Al Jawf

A L G E R I A

Berber and Arab 97%

Ethnic Makeup

Other 3%

Sunni Muslim 97%

Major Religions

Liechtenstein Land area rank

220

Population rank

213

smallest country

largest country

fewest people

most people

At a Glance

N

Ri ve r


ASIA

Official Name: Principality of EQUATOR Liechtenstein Continent: Europe Area: 62 square miles (160 sq km) Population: 32,207 Capital City: Vaduz Largest City: Schaan (5,143) Unit of Money: Swiss franc Major Languages: German (official) Literacy: 100% Land Use: 24% arable, 16% meadow, 35% forest, 25% other Natural Resources: Hydroelectric potential Government: Hereditary constitutional monarchy Defense: Small police force; no army

AFRICA

AUSTRALIA

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


Liechtenstein is a tiny country in central Europe. It is landlocked, and completely surrounded by Switzerland to the west and Austria to the east. It is one of only two doubly landlocked countries in the world—it is surrounded by landlocked countries. Farm girl in the alps The Rhine River makes up Liechtenstein’s western border. This river drains most of the country. The narrow piece of land that borders the river to the east has rich soil and is used for farming. The Rhatikon Massif—part of the Swiss Alps—dominates the eastern two-thirds of Liechtenstein. The land ranges in elevation from 5,900 to 8,600 feet (1,800 to 2,623 m). The slopes have evergreen forests and majestic snow-capped peaks. Liechtenstein has cold winters, with temperatures averaging about 5° F (-15° C). The mild summers rarely exceed 82° F (28° C). 100˚F/38˚C

Exports

E S

Eschen

A U STRIA Schaan

S W IT Z E R L A N D

Vaduz

Triesen

Balzers 0 0

miles km

5

5

The People The people of Liechtenstein are overwhelmingly urban—more than 85% live in cities. The population density averages 495 people per square mile (198 people per sq km). Although agriculture was once the main source of income for many Lichtensteiners, today it only accounts for about 10% of the work force. Industry and services employ most people now. Liechtenstein is one of the richest countries in the world, and its citizens enjoy a high standard of living. Many foreigners—almost 35% of the population—come to the country to benefit from its financial stability. The state welfare system provides good benefits, and the healthcare system offers advanced care. Schooling is free and required for 8 years. The population increases by about 1% every year. Women have an average of 1.6 children, and about 20% of the population is under the age of 15. The life expectancy is 75 years for men and 80 years for women.

Chemical products Other 8% 16% Other Machinery finished 47% goods 12% Metal products 17%

Rhi ne

SOUTH AMERICA

Ruggell

W

Other 12%

Alemannic 88%

Ethnic Makeup

Protestant 7% Other 13%

Roman Catholic 80%

Major Religions

$2 billion

187

Lithuania 122


largest country

Population rank

126

fewest people

most people

At a Glance

Gulf of Riga


N

ASIA

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Lithuania Continent: Europe Area: 25,174 square miles (65,200 sq km) Population: 3,610,535 Capital City: Vilnius Largest City: Vilnius (575,700) Unit of Money: Litas Major Languages: Lithuanian (official), Russian, Polish Literacy: 98% Land Use: 35% arable, 12% permanent crops, 7% meadow, 31% forest, 15% other Natural Resources: Peat Government: Parliamentary democracy Defense: $116 million

W

LATVIA

AFRICA

E S

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


188

Average Rainfall


Lithuania, in northern Europe, is the largest of the Baltic States. It shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east, and Poland and the Russian Federation to the south. To the west, Lithuania has 61 miles (99 km) of coastline on the Baltic Sea. Lithuania consists mostly of a low-lying plain—almost the entire country is below 660 feet (200 m) in elevation. The land along the coast is at sea level. The central lowlands rise to highlands in the east and southeast. The highest point is Juazapines near the country’s southeastern border. It measures 964 feet (294 m) high. The southeast also has dense forests, with oak Vilnius, Lithuania and pine trees. There are more than 3,000 small lakes in Lithuania. The country also has many rivers. The Neman River is the country’s largest, and it flows westward from Belarus to the Baltic Sea.

Prepared foods 6%

Other Textiles 27% 15%

Base metals 9%

Exports $3 billion

Siauliai Panevezys

N e m a n R i v er

Kaunas

Vilnius

RUSSIA (Kaliningrad Oblast) Alytus

0 0

miles km

BELARUS

POLAND

50

50

The People Lithuanians make up about 80% of the country’s population. Other ethnic groups in Lithuania include Russians, Polish, and Byelorussians. There is very little ethnic tension. Most residents are Roman Catholic. About 70% of Lithuanians live in urban areas. The population density is 150 people per square mile (55 people per sq km). Most people work in industry, construction, agriculture, and forestry. The economy is stable, and the traders in the capital city, Vilnius, are quite wealthy. The elite can afford expensive luxury items. The country’s health care system is adequate. There is 1 doctor for every 230 people. Growing water and air pollution are problems and have caused an increase in respiratory diseases and cancer. Life expectancy is 69 years. The population grows by about 1% each year. Education is required between the ages of 6 and 16.

Chemicals 12% Mineral products 12%

Live animals 8%

Klaipéda

Baltic Sea

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

Birzal Telsiai

Machinery 11%

Polish 8% Russian 9%

Other 3%

Lithuanian 80%

Ethnic Makeup

Mostly Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Russian Orthodox

Major Religions

Luxembourg Land area rank

177

smallest country

most people

At a Glance

N

Sû

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

Pétange

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


l

Luxembourg

le

Ri

ve

r

Differdange Esch

A N TA R C T I C A

FRANCE

Dudelange

0 0

miles km

20

20

The People Almost 90% of Luxembourgers live in urban areas. The majority reside in the south, which is more developed and industrialized than the north. The country’s population density averages 403 people per square mile (164 people per sq km). The busiest area is in the south center around the capital city. Other urban dwellers live in smaller towns. Because of the heavy concentration of people in the southwest, the government has tried to relocate some industries to rural areas to balance the population. In the rural north, people live in small villages. Their houses are traditionally made of stone. Approximately 37% of the Luxembourg population is foreignborn. The most common ethnic groups include Portuguese, Italians, and French. The country has a very low birthrate, and the native-born population cannot keep up with the available jobs. Most people are employed in trade, government, and industry. Life expectancy is 78 years.

Chemicals 5% Food 7% Textiles 7%

Grevenmacher

AUSTRALIA



60˚F/16˚C

Echternach

. tte R

AFRICA

Luxembourg is a small landlocked country in western Europe. It is bordered by France to the south, Belgium to the west, and Germany to the east. The country is divided into two main land areas. The northern third of Luxembourg is called the Osling. It consists of the Ardennes Mountains that extend from southern Belgium. This plateau averages about 1,500 feet (450 m) in elevation and has dense forests. The rest of the country is called the Bon Pays or Gutland. This translates in to “good land” in French and German respectively. This region has a lower elevation of about 800 feet (243 m). The Alzette Rivers flows northward through the center of the Bon Pays. The Our, Sûre, and Moselle rivers make Luxembourg tourists up Luxembourg’s border with Germany. The fertile river valleys have rich pastures. The slopes of the Moselle River are also covered with vineyards. The Mullerthal is a giant beech tree forest in the eastern-central region.

12 in/30 cm

S

i re R ver

Alze

ASIA

The Place

15 in/38 cm

E

Diekirch EUROPE

SOUTH AMERICA

80˚F/27˚C

W

GERMANY

er

Clervaux

NORTH AMERICA

100˚F/38˚C

Our Riv

BELGIUM

Official Name: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Continent: Europe Area: 998 square miles (2,586 sq km) Population: 442,972 Capital City: Luxembourg Largest City: Luxembourg (76,446) Unit of Money: Luxembourg franc EQUATOR Major Languages: Luxembourgian (official), French, German, English Literacy: 99% Land Use: 24% arable, 1% permanent crops, 20% meadows, 21% forest, 34% other Natural Resources: Iron ore Government: Constitutional monarchy Defense: $114 million

se

fewest people

largest country 168

Mo

Population rank

Plastics 14%

Portugese, Italian, French and Other 37%

Luxembourgers 63%

Machinery 55%

Exports

Protestant and Jewish 3%

Roman Catholic 97%

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

$7 billion

189

Macedonia Land area rank

149

smallest country

Population rank


fewest people

At a Glance

most people (1)


ASIA

Official Name: Former Yugoslav EQUATOR Republic of Macedonia Continent: Europe Area: 9,928 square miles (25,333 sq km) Population: 2,046,209 Capital City: Skopje Largest City: Skopje (444,229) Unit of Money: Macedonian denar Major Languages: Macedonian (official), Albanian Literacy: 89% Land Use: 24% arable, 2% permanent crops, 25% permanent pastures, 39% forests, 10% other Natural Resources: Chrome, lead, zinc Government: emerging democracy Defense: $34 million

YUGOSLAVIA

BULGARIA

AFRICA

Kumanovo

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

Skopje

Tetovo

A N TA R C T I C A

Titov Veles

Gostivar

Va r

da

r R

iv er

Prilep

Lake Dojran

ALBANIA Lake Ohrid

N

Bitola W

0

miles

20

Lake Prespa

E

GREECE S

0 km 20

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


190

Average Rainfall


Macedonia has two major ethnic groups. Macedonian Slavs make up about 65% of the population. They speak Macedonian and are Orthodox Christians. About 22% The Place of the population is ethnic Albanian. They speak Albanian and are Muslim. Life expectancy is 73 for all Macedonia is a landlocked, mountainous country in groups. southeastern Europe. Many of its mountains rise to Macedonia has a population density of 202 people more than 8,000 feet (2,500 meters). Mount Korabit is per square mile (78 people per sq km). Population the country’s highest peak at 9,026 feet (2,751 meters). growth is low at 0.6%. About 61% of the country’s Beech, oak, and pine forests cover 39% of the land. people live in urban areas in apartments and high-rise About 25% of the land is used for farming. The counbuildings. The rest of the people live in stone or brick try’s main crops are corn, cotton, tobacco, and wheat. houses in rural villages. Macedonia’s three largest Ancient monastery, Orchid, Macedonia About 40% of lakes are Ohrid, Prespa, and Macedonians work in Doiran. Its longest river— industry, and less than Vardar—bisects the country. 10% in agriculture. Summers in Macedonia are Other Macedonians work hot in the mountain valleys in service industries, such and cool in higher elevations. as government, health Winters are cold and snowy. care, and trade. The average temperature in Macedonia has a the summer is 75° F (24 C°), diverse cultural life. Folk and 34° F (1° C) in the winter. music draws on Byzantine, Skopje, the capital, averages Muslim, and Middle about 21 inches (55 centimeEastern traditions. ters) of rainfall a year.

Other Chemical 27% products 6% Raw materials 8% Food products 11% Exports $1 billion

Manufactured products 35%

Machinery 13%

Serb 2% Other 4% Gypsies 3% Turkish 4% Albanian 22% Macedonian 65%

Ethnic Makeup

Other 3%

Muslim 30%


Major Religions

Madagascar Land area rank

46

smallest country

Population rank

largest country (1)

58

fewest people

At a Glance

most people (1)

COMOROS


Antsiranana

ASIA

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Madagascar Continent: Africa Area: 226,660 square miles (587,040 sq km) Population: 14,873,387 Capital City: Antananarivo Largest City: Antananarivo (1,000,000) Unit of Money: Malagasy franc Major Languages: Malagasy and French (both official) Natural Resources: Graphite, chromite, coal

AFRICA

el ha

C

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C


20˚F/-7˚C 0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


qu

bi am M

Antsirabe R. g o ky

O

oz

M ania R.

Morondava M an

Fianarantsoa

I A Toliara

E

D

W

miles

0

km 200

200

Tolanaro

I

0

N

O n i l a hy R .

S

fourth-largest island in the world. The northern region of Madagascar has fertile soil and is separated from the rest of the island by

mountains. Western Madagascar has wide plains and fertile river valleys, while the east features a narrow plain along the coast. The southern end of the island is mainly desert. Central Madagascar is the island’s highest area; its highlands rise to altitudes of 2,000 to 4,000 feet (610 to 1,200 m). This part of the country has been deforested to make room for raising crops and cattle. Madagascar’s major rivers are the Betsiboka, Mania, Mangoky, and Onilahy. The climate is warm and humid in coastal areas, hot and dry in the south, and cool in the highlands. Madagascar has many types of plants and animals that cannot be found anywhere else in the world. Some 1,000 orchid species grow in eastern Madagascar. Several varieties of baobab trees flourish in the drier interior areas. The world’s smallest mammal, the dwarf lemur, is native to the island. ➤ Farms / cropland 5%

Average Rainfall


Madagascar is about 240 miles (386 km) off the southeastern coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean. It is the

Tomasina

N

Baobab trees

The Place

Antananarivo

N

Q

e

BI

ok a R .

O

M

Mahajanga

t si b

M

ZA

E

Be

A N TA R C T I C A

U

nn

AUSTRALIA

C E A N

SOUTH AMERICA

Other 44%

Sugar 2% Cotton fabrics 3%

Other 14%

Coffee 18% Vanilla 17% Shrimp 13%


Cloves and clove oil 3%

Forests 40%


Land Use

191

Madagascar

(continued)

The People Madagascar is populated by several ethnic groups of mixed Indonesian and black African descent. People living in the highlands are most closely related to Indonesians. Muslim 7%

Christian 41%


Major Religions

Mostly Malayo-Indonesian

Ethnic Makeup

Rickshaw in Madagascar market

Those on the coast are more closely related to black Africans. The people of Madagascar are called Malagasy. Most Malagasy wear European-style clothing. Each region, however, has a distinctive straw hat that the people wear on special occasions. Most houses are built of brick and have tile or thatched roofs. The population grows at an annual rate of about 2.8%. The

island’s population density is 67 people per square mile (26 people per sq km). Upland areas are more densely populated than coastal regions. Those living in the highland areas have higher incomes than people living on the coast. Life expectancy is 55 years for women and 52 years for men. Much of Madagascar’s economy is based on agriculture. The country is the world’s largest vanilla exporter.

Education Most Malagasy children attend primary schools, and about 20% attend high school. Students are required to go to school for 5 years. Although there are some public schools, Protestant and Catholic missions also educate many young people. The University of Antananarivo, founded in 1961, is Madagascar’s major university. About 4% of the country’s students continue on to higher education.

Popular Culture/Daily Life Madagascar has a thriving woodcarving industry. Natives are known Malagasy traveling through the desert


Type: Republic Structure: Executive Leader: President/Prime Minister

Defense Literacy

NA army personnel

U.S. rate = 97%

NA tanks

Madagascar has one of the highest literacy rates in Africa. About 80% of the population can read and write. for crafting detailed tombs and furniture. Embroidery, sewing, and dressmaking are popular activities for many women. Madagascar’s main museums are the Historical Museum and the university’s Museum of Art in Antananarivo. Malagasy believe it is very important to pay homage to the dead. They spend time caring for their ancestor’s gravesites. Some gravesites


look like small houses. Some Malagasy even perform cattle sacrifices at family tombs to honor ancestors. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

20

2

4

NA

NA

TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

Malawi Land area rank

109

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

70

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

Karonga

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

Mzuzu

ASIA AFRICA

Z A M B IA

SOUTH AMERICA

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


100˚F/38˚C

W

E S

Kasungu

M OZA M BIQU E Lilongwe Zoma

mile (837-km ) long and 50- to 100mile (80- to 160-km ) wide plateau. Malawi has fertile soil, with about one-third of it used for growing crops. Mountains, grasslands, forests, and savanna cover most of

Cotton 1% Tea 7%

Other 22%

e ir

am

be

zi

Blantyre

Sh

Z

Ri

ve

r

A N TA R C T I C A

Fishing village, Malawi

Malawi is a small, landlocked country in southeastern Africa. Its neighbors are Tanzania, Mozambique, and Zambia. The Great Rift Valley also borders the country, which is a 520-

N

Nkhotakota

AUSTRALIA

Z IM B A B W E

The Place

T A N ZA N IA

asa Lake Ny

Official Name: Republic of Malawi Continent: Africa Area: 36,324 square miles EQUATOR (94,080 sq km) Population: 10,548,250 Capital City: Lilongwe Largest City: Lilongwe (395,500) Unit of Money: Malawian kwacha Major Languages: English and Chichewa (both official) Natural Resources: Limestone, hydropower

R

0

miles

100

0 km 100

.

the land. Lake Nyasa (also known as Lake Malawi), covers one-fifth of the country. It is the third-largest lake in Africa and has some 500 species of fish. The country’s major river, the Shire River, flows from the southern end of the lake to the Zambezi River. Malawi’s highest mountain, Mount Mlanje Sapitwa, rises to 9,849 feet (3,002 m). It is eastern Africa’s highest peak. Malawi’s climate varies widely in different parts of the country. The southern lowland areas near the Shire River valley and Lake Nyasa have a generally hot and humid climate. Temperatures there average 78° F (26° C). Highland areas are much cooler with temperatures averaging 58° F (14° C). Malawi gets about 70 inches (180 cm) of rain a year in northern areas and 30 inches (76 cm) in southwestern parts of the country. The country’s rainy season lasts from November to May. ➤

Farms / cropland 18% Permanent pastures Forests 20% 39%

Other 23% Tobacco 63%

Sugar 7%

Exports

Land Use

$405 Million

193

Malawi

(continued)

The People Most of Malawi’s people are black Africans belonging to the Bantu groups. The major members are Chewa (in the central region), Nyanja (in the south), Tumbuka (in the north) Yao (southeastern border), and Ngoni (in lower northern and lower central regions). A small number of Europeans and Asians also live in the country. Malawi has a population density of 227 people per square mile (88 people per sq km). Life

expectancy is 36 years. Malawi is a poor country. Nearly 90% of the population lives in rural villages. Most inhabit round or Lake Nyasa oblong houses with mud walls and thatched roofs. Although only one-third of the land is suitable for farming, its economy is mostly based on agriculture. Both Indigenous beliefs 5%

Mostly Chewa, Yao, Chieoka, Tonga, Tumbuka, Ngoni and Nyanja

Ethnic Makeup

Roman Catholic 20% Muslim 20%

Protestant 55%

Major Religions

men and women farm the land. Women focus more on growing food crops for their families, while the men grow crops for sale. About 86% of the population works in agriculture. Tea is one of Malawi’s single largest exports. Most tea plantations are owned by the wealthy Europeans. Other important crops include sugarcane and tobacco. Chichewa is the main language of central and southern Malawi. In northern Malawi, most people speak Tumbuka.

Education About 52% of children ages 5 to 13 attend primary school. Only 2%, however, continue on to secondary school. More boys (73%) than girls (60%) attend school regularly. Malawi has a university system comprised of polytechnic and agriculture colleges and a university. The University of Malawi in Zomba is the country’s major university. Malawi’s overall literacy rate is


Defense Literacy

194


U.S. rate = 97%

NA tanks

56%. About 72% of males are literate, while about 42% of females are literate.


Fisherman, Malawi

Type: Multiparty democracy Structure: Executive Leader: President

Malawi has a rich oral tradition. Several famous poets, such as Frank Chipasula and Steve Chimombo, are from Malawi. Malawian writers focus on themes, such as oppression, corruption, and power. Most works are written and published in English. Most Malawian tribes have their own songs and dances. Tribe members play a handheld ulimba, which is made from a gourd and is similar to a drum, as well as the mambilira, which is like the xylophone.


Dancers tie rattles and shakers— called maseche—to their arms and legs. Dances reflect a tribe’s spiritual beliefs. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

NA

2

6

NA

NA

TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

Malaysia Land area rank

64

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

48

fewest people

most people (1)

Gulf of Thailand

PHILIPPINES W

THAILAND

it

M al

ac

ASIA

ca

Sibu R ajan g R.

Johor Baharu

Kuching

Borneo

SINGAPORE

Su

AFRICA

SARAWAK

Seremban of

SABAH

Miri

Natuna

m

Str ait

ra

NORTH AMERICA

Kuantan

Kinaba tan g

BRUNEI

Kuala Lumpur

Kelang EUROPE

g R.

at ra

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

Sandakan an

Kuala Terengganu

MALAYA St

Kota Kinabalu

Kota Bharu

George Town Taiping

E S

S o u t h C h in a S e a

an P ah

Official Name: Malaysia Continent: Asia Area: 126,853 square miles (328,550 sq km) Population: 22,229,040 Capital City: Kuala Lumpur Largest City: Kuala Lumpur (1,145,000) Unit of Money: Ringgit Major Language: Malay (official) EQUATOR Natural Resources: Tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite

N

VIETNAM

0

I

N

D

O

N

E

S

I

A

miles

200

0 km 200

Ma ka sar

At a Glance

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


high mountains in the interior. Sabah has lowlands in its eastern section and mountains along the northern coast. Malaysia’s highest peak—Mount Kinabalu at 13,455 feet (4,101 m) —stands here. The country’s two longest rivers—the Rajang and Kinabatangan—are also in East Malaysia. Malaysia’s climate is generally hot and humid year round. Some 8,000 species of flowering plants thrive in Malaysia’s coastal mangrove forests and lowland tropical forests. The world’s largest flower— the rafflesia—grows in East Malaysia. ➤

Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur

Inedible crude materials 6%

Average Rainfall


Malaysia is divided into two regions—West Malaysia (also known as Peninsular Malaysia) and East Malaysia. West Malaysia includes the southern area of the Malay Peninsula and nearby islands. Eastern Malaysia consists of the northern section of Borneo Island and other offshore islands. The two regions are divided by the South China Sea. West Malaysia accounts for about 60% of the country’s total area. In the northern section of West Malaysia lies the Main Range. This mountain range rises to 7,175 feet (2,187 m) at Mount Tahan, West Malaysia’s highest point. The southern part of the region is flat. The Pahang is the major river of West Malaysia. East Malaysia includes the states of Sarawak and Sabah, and the federal territory of Labuan. Sarawak has swampy lowlands along the coast and

Animal and vegetable oils 7% Mineral fuels 7% Basic manufactures 9%

Farms / Other cropland 17% 15%

Other 9% Machinery and transport equipment 55%

Exports

Forests 68%

Land Use

$78 billion

195

Malaysia

(continued)

The People West Malaysia is 7 times more densely populated than East Malaysian woman, Kota Baharu, Malaysia

Malaysia. The population density of the country is 171 people per square mile (66 people per sq km). Nearly 60% of Malaysia’s population is comprised of ethnic Malays and other indigenous peoples. Chinese are the next largest group at 26%. Ethnic Indians make up about 7% of the population. Australians, Thai, and Indonesians also live in the country. Life expectancy is 71 years. Nearly 56% of West Malaysia’s people live in urban areas. Many people living in rural areas migrate to urban areas because of low unemployment rates. In East Malaysia, almost 75% of the population is rural. Many of the

indigenous groups practice shifting cultivation; burning trees and grasses in an area to make room for planting crops. After several seasons of farming it, one area is left and a new area is burned. Malaysia has an uneven income distribution. Ethnic Chinese and Indians tend to be the wealthiest citizens. These two groups play a major role in the economy. They own many farms and control most of the country’s agriculture. Many Malays work as laborers on these farms. Some raise crops on small plots or practice subsistence agriculture—farming to meet family needs instead of growing food to sell.

Other 9% Indian 7%

Hindu 7%

Chinese 26%

Malay and other indigenous 58%

Buddhist 18%

Malaysian music, dance, literature, and visual arts reflect different influences from Chinese, Indian, European, and Middle Eastern cultures. Batik, silverware, pewter, and woodcarving are all common decorative art forms. Shadow-puppet


Type: Constitutional Monarchy Structure: Executive Leader: Paramount Ruler/ Prime Minister

Defense



are the National University in Bangi, the University of Technology in Johor Baharu, and the University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur. theater is popular entertainment in the country. Malaysian instruments include a wide variety of drums, gongs and other percussion instruments made from bamboo and coconut shells. Many types of wind instruments, such as flutes, are also part of native traditions.



144 99

97 58 NA

TVs

196

Muslim 53%

Major Religions

Education


Other 4%

Chinese faiths 11%

Ethnic Makeup

In Malaysia, all children between the ages of 6 and 16 must attend school. Students in primary schools can be taught in any of three languages: Bahasa Malaysia, Chinese, or Tamil. All secondary-school students are taught in Bahasa Malaysia. Secondary-school students are also required to learn English. Malaysia has several institutions of higher learning, including 9 universities. The main universities

Christian 7%

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

Maldives Land area rank smallest country

210



most people (1)

At a Glance

N

Official Name: Republic of Maldives Continent: Asia Area: 116 square miles (300 sq km) EQUATOR Population: 310,764 Capital City: Malé Largest City: Malé (63,973) Unit of Money: Rufiyaa Major Languages: Dhivehi (official), Arabic, English Literacy: 93% Land Use: 10% arable, 3% pasture, 3% forest, 84% other Natural Resources: Fish Government: Republic Defense: Paramilitary police force

W Faadhippolhu Atoll

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

Arabian Sea

ASIA

E S

Male` Atoll

AFRICA

Male` Laccadive Sea

Ari Atoll

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

Mulaku Atoll

A N TA R C T I C A

I

O

C

Hadhdhunmathi Atoll

N E

D A

I

A

Huvadhu Atoll

N 0

N Addu Atoll

miles

100

0 km 100

Gan

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


Maldives has a population density of 2,698 people per square mile (1,042 people per sq km). People inhabit The Place 202 of the islands. Malé, the capital and major commerMaldives (formerly Maldive Islands) is made up of a cial center, is the most populated atoll. About 20 of the chain of 1,190 small coral islands grouped into clusters islands have more than 1,000 inhabitants. Southern of atolls about 417 miles (671 km) southwest of Sri islands are more populated than northern islands. Lanka in the Indian Ocean. The islands are more than More than 40% of the population is under 15 years 510 miles (820 km) from north to south and 80 miles old. The people reflect a variety of ethnicities, including (130 km) from east to west, and are Indian, Sinhalese, and African. surrounded by barrier reefs. The Islam is the state religion. About islands are low-lying, with none rising two-thirds of school-age chilto more than 6 feet (1.8 m) above sea dren are enrolled in school. level. Nearly 80% of the land is 3 feet Higher education is not offered (0.91 m) or less above sea level. on the islands. Life expectancy The atolls have sandy beaches and is 69 years. lagoons. About 10% of the land is Maldives is one of the poorest arable. The most common plants that countries in the world. Tourism grow on the islands are coconut is its most important industry. palms and breadfruit trees. Fishing, boatbuilding, and boatWindsurfing at Maldives Maldives has a tropical, repairing are its other main humid climate. The average temperasources of income. About 25% ture is 80° F (26.7° C). The islands average 60 inches of the labor force works in the fishing industry, 21% in (152 cm) of a rain a year, although most of the services and manufacturing and construction, 16% in rain falls between May and November. The islands trade, hotels, and restaurants, and 10% in communication are sometimes affected by monsoons. and transportation.

Dried skipjack tuna 11% Apparel and clothing 17%

Other Canned fish 23% 28%

Exports $59 million

Yellowfin tuna 21%

Sinhalese, Dravidian, Arab, African

Sunni Muslim 100%

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

197

Mali Land area rank

24

smallest country

Population rank

largest country (1)

68

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

0

miles

N

200


0 km 200

ASIA

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Mali Continent: Africa Area: 478,819 square miles (1,240,000 sq km) Population: 11,008,518 Capital City: Bamako Largest City: Bamako (746,000) Unit of Money: CFA franc Major Language: French (official) Natural Resources: Gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt

Taoudenni

AFRICA

W

A L G E R I A

E S

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

Tessalit Araouane

A N TA R C T I C A

M A U R IT A N IA Tombouctou

Se ne ga lR .

Gao

ger

Ri

ver

Ségou

er

BURKINA FASO

v Ri er

Ni

ig N

L GA NE SE

Bamako

GUINEA

N I G E R

Mopli

Kayes

NIG ERIA

Sikasso

BENIN CÔTE D'IVOIRE

The Place

Algeria, Niger, Burkina Faso, and the Côte d’Ivoire. Mali is a land of low plains and rocky hills. The southern and southwestern plateaus rise to 2,100 feet (640 m). Southwestern and south central Mali include the plains of the Upper Niger River basin. About onethird of the Niger River flows through the country. The southeastern and eastern plateaus consist of broken hills rising 1,000 to 2,000 feet (300 to 600m). Mali’s most fertile land is in the south.

Mali is a landlocked country in western Africa. It is bordered by Guinea, Senegal, Mauritania,

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Farms/cropland 2% Average Rainfall


Guetama village, Mali

Gold 15%

Other 9%

Live animals 20%

Raw cotton and cotton products 56%

Other 67%


0 in/0 cm



198

The Saharan desert plain is in northern Mali. In the west is a semiarid area called the Sahel. Mali has three types of climates— the Sudanic in the south, the Sahelian in the west, and the Saharan in the north. The Sudanic has average temperatures of 75° and 86° F (24° and 30° C). This area receives about 20 to 55 inches (50 to 140 cm) of rain a year. The Sahel receives 8 to 20 inches (20 to 50 cm) of rain a year with temperatures ranging from 73° to 97°F (23° to 36°C). The Saharan climate is dry. Temperatures rise to 117°F (47°C) during the day and drop to 39°F (4°C) at night. The Sahara has few plants, but the Sudanic area has mahogany, kapok, and baobab trees. Baobab, doum palm, and palmyra grow in the Sahel. Lions, panthers, hyenas, antelope, giraffes, elephants, monkeys, snakes, and crocodiles live in Mali.

Land Use

Forests 6%

Mali

Mali woman

The People Mali has several African ethnic groups. The main groups are the Mande, Peul, and Voltaic. A nomadic group, the white Tuaregs, roams the Sahel and Sahara. Mali’s minority

white groups include the Tuaregs and the Moors. The Bambara people, a Mande group, make up about onethird of the total population. There is some tension between the different ethnic groups. About 75% of Mali’s population is rural, and about 10% is nomadic. Some 15% live in urban areas. Mali has a population density of 22 people per square mile (8 people per sq km). The country has an annual population growth rate of 3.24%. Approximately 50% of the people are younger than 15 years old. A woman in Mali has about 7 children. Life expectancy is 45 years. Mali is one of the world’s poorest countries. Most of the people work in agriculture, yet 65% of the land is desert. The Niger River and its tributaries irrigate crops. About 19% of the labor force works in services and 1% works in industry.

Education All children ages 7 to 16 must attend school. About 20% of Mali’s primary school age children go to school, and 7% of students attend secondary schools. Students can continue on to higher education. Bamako, the capital, has schools of administration, medicine, and engineering. Many students attend colleges and universities in France and Senegal.

Popular Culture/Daily Life Dancing, woodcarving, and jewelrymaking are popular activities in Mali. Mali’s national museum, the Musée, has and a wide range of tapestries, masks, funeral objects, and weapons in its collections. Mali’s music is based on the songs of the jalis, or griots, who are oral historians. The most popular instrument is the kora. The kora is a harp-lute like string instrument

(continued)

About 90% of the people are Muslims. About 9% follow indigenous beliefs and 1% are Christian.

Songhai 6% Other 5% Tuareg and Moor 10% Mande 50%

Voltaic 12% Peul 17%

Ethnic Makeup


Christian 1%

Muslim 90%

Major Religions


Literate 31%

Defense Literacy

NA army personnel

U.S. rate = 97% NA tanks

Mali has an average literacy rate of 31%. About 39% of men and 23% of women can read and write.


with 21 strings stretched over a long rosewood neck . Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

39

TVs

3

2

NA

NA

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

Food vendor, Mali

199

Malta Land area rank smallest country

209



most people (1)

At a Glance N

Official Name: Republic of Malta Continent: Europe Area: 124 square miles (320 sq km) EQUATOR Population: 394,583 Capital City: Valletta Largest City: Birkirkara (21,551) Unit of Money: Maltese lira Major Languages: Maltese, English (both official) Literacy: 88% Land Use: 38% arable land, 3% permanent crops, 59% other Natural Resources: Limestone, salt Government: Parliamentary democracy Defense: $30 million

Victoria Nadur Gozo

NORTH AMERICA

W

E

Comino

EUROPE

S

ASIA

AFRICA

Mellieha

SOUTH AMERICA

Malta

AUSTRALIA

M

A N TA R C T I C A

0

miles

Sliema

Valletta

Birkirkara

ed

Paola

it er ra ne an

5

Rabat Zejtun Birzebbuga

Se a

0 km 5

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

Other 2%

0˚F/-18˚C


Average Rainfall


Malta is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. It has a population density of 3,210 people per square mile (1,240 per sq km). Life expectancy is 74 years. The Place Malta island is more developed than Gozo and Malta is in the Mediterranean Sea, about 60 miles (97 km) Comino. Comino is mostly rural with very few inhabisouth of Sicily. It is made up of the inhabited islands of tants and two hotels. Malta, Gozo, and Comino, and the uninhabited islands About 34% of the labor of Cominotto and Filfla. force works in public Malta island is 95 square miles (246 sq km). services, 32% in other Its highest areas are coralline limestone uplands services, 22% in manufacthat form a triangular plateau, Ta’Zuta, which turing and construction, is 829 feet (253 m). Blue clay slopes separate and 2% in agriculture. the uplands from surrounding areas. Tourism is Malta’s largest Gozo measures 26 square miles (67 sq km). industry. Almost 1 million It features a broken coralline plateau in the people visit the island each north and low-lying limestone plains in the year—more than twice its south. population. Malta has mild and rainy winters and hot and Children ages 6 to 16 dry summers. The country averages about 21 must go to school. Malta inches (53 cm) of rainfall a year. has both public and Malta’s most abundant plants are potatoes, Fishing boats, Malta Roman Catholic schools. sulla, onions, tomatoes, and vines. Carob, fig, Students are taught in two languages: English and and chaste trees also grow on the island. Malta’s Maltese. More than 3,000 students attend the location and natural harbors have given it strategic University of Malta in Valletta. importance throughout history.

Machinery and transport equipment, clothing and footwear. Printed matter

Maltese

Exports

Ethnic Makeup

0 in/0 cm


$2 billion

200

Roman Catholic 98%

Major Religions

Marshall Islands Land area rank smallest country

219



most people (1)

At a Glance


ASIA

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of the Marshall Islands Continent: Oceania Area: 70 square miles (181.3 sq km) Population: 70,822 Capital City: Majuro Largest City: Majuro (20,000) Unit of Money: U.S. dollar Major Languages: Marshallese, English (both official) Literacy: 93% Land Use: 60% permanent crops, 40% other Natural Resources: Phosphate deposits, marine products, deep seabed minerals Government: Constitutional government in free association with the United States Defense: United States is responsible for defense AFRICA

Bikini Atoll

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

R

Wotho

a

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15 in/38 cm

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12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

P

Maloelap Atoll

i n Namu Atoll

A

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N W

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a i n

Wotje Atoll

Kwajalein Atoll

h

h

Majuro

I F I C

O C E A N

E 0

S

0

miles km

Jaluit

Mili

150

150

The People People inhabit 24 of the atolls of the Marshall Islands. Almost half of the population lives on Majuro Atoll, the country’s capital. About 20% of the people live on Ebeye Island in the Kwajalein Atoll. Most people live in wooden or cement houses with iron roofs. The country has a population density of 973 people per square mile (375 people per sq km) and a population growth rate of 3.9%. Life expectancy is 65 years. The Marshall Islands’ economy is highly dependent on assistance from the United States government. The country imports food, clothing, and other items from the U.S. It has few natural resources—it imports many more goods than it exports. Agriculture, fish processing, tourism, and handicrafts are the island’s largest industries. Its main commercial crops are coconuts, tomatoes, melons, and breadfruit. Other 3%

3 in/8 cm

20˚F/-7˚C 0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


The Marshall Islands are 34 islands in the North Pacific Ocean. The country is divided into two chains—Ralik (western), which includes the atolls Jaluit, Kwajalein, Wotho, Bikini, and Enewetak; and Ratak (eastern), which includes the atolls Mili, Majuro, Maloelap, Wotje, and Likiep. The country has a total area of 70 square miles (181.3 sq km) spread over 780,000 square miles (2,020,000 sq km) of ocean. Most of the country is made up of atolls. Kwajalein is the largest atoll in the Marshall Islands and in the world. It has an area of 6 square miles (15.54 sq km), but surrounds a 655-square-mile (1696.5 sq-km) lagoon. The islands in the Ratak chain are more heavily forested than those of Ralik. Coconut and pandanus palms and breadfruit trees are the main plants on the island. The soil is sandy and low in fertility. The country has a tropical climate with temperatures averaging 86° F (30° C). Its wet season lasts from May to November. The islands are occasionally hit by typhoons and other severe weather.

C

C

Likiep

l i k

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

R a t a k Rongelap Atoll

Enewetak Atoll

Other 41%

Pet fish 2%

Chilled fish 39%

Exports

Crude coconut oil 18%

Micronesian 97%

Ethnic Makeup

Mostly Protestant

Major Religions

$18 million

201

Mauritania Land area rank

29

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

134

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

A L G E R I A

EUROPE

Official Name: Islamic Republic of Mauritania EQUATOR Continent: Africa Area: 397,953 square miles (1,030,700 sq km) Population: 2,747,312 Capital City: Nouakchott Largest City: Nouakchott (480,000) Unit of Money: Ouguiya Major Languages: Arabic (official), French Literacy: 38% Land Use: 38% pasture, 4% forests, 58% other Natural Resources: Iron ore, gypsum, fish Government: Republic Defense: $37 million NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

WESTERN SAHARA

N

AFRICA

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Average Rainfall


Located in northwest Africa, Mauritania is divided into two main land regions. Northern Mauritania is mostly covered by the Sahara Desert and a few rocky plateaus. This area measures 930 miles (1,500 km) from north to south and 680 miles (1095 km) from east to west. Southern Mauritania has two fertile areas—a narrow plain along the Senegal River and a savanna in the southeast. Farmers raise many crops, such as millet and rice, on the plain. The country’s coastal plains are lower than 150 feet (45 meters) above sea level. Higher, interior plains range from 600 to 750 feet (183 to 229 meters). Mauritania’s highest point is Mount Kediet Ijill at 3,002 feet (915 meters). Mauritania has a hot climate with varying temperatures. Desert temperatures can rise as high as 100° F (38° C) during the day and fall to 45° F (7° C) at night. Northern Mauritania sees very little rain, however southern Mauritania averages more than 20 inches (51 cm) of rain a year. Few plants or animals are found in northern Mauritania due to its dry climate. Acacia trees grow in the south.

Fish and fish products, Iron ore, Gold

0 in/0 cm



202

ATLAN TIC

S a h a r a N

Nouadhibou

W

Atar

E S

M A L I

Nouakchott Kiffa

Rosso

Senegal

Kaédi

R.

The Place

Zouérat

OC

AUSTRALIA

A N TA R C T I C A

100˚F/38˚C

E

A

SOUTH AMERICA

SENEGAL

Ni 0 0

miles km

ger

R.

200

200

The People About 70% of Mauritania’s people are Maurs—descendants of Arabs and Berbers. The Maurs are divided into two main groups—white Maurs and black Maurs. These two terms refer to social status rather than skin color. The white Maurs, the higher class, are divided into two groups—the warriors and the marabout (saintly). About 30% of the people are black Africans belonging to several different ethnic groups, including the Toucouleur, the Fulbe, the Soninke, the Wolof, and the Banbara. Mauritania’s major religion is Muslim. About 80% of the country’s total population lives in the south. Approximately 20% of the people are nomads. Life expectancy is 44 years for women and 47 years for men. The population grows at an annual rate of 2.52% The country’s economy is based on agriculture, with 63% of the people working as farmers and livestock herders. Mining is another important industry. Iron ore accounts for 50% of the country’s exports. Mauritania has an unemployment rate of 23%. About 10% of Mauritania’s children attend elementary school. Fewer attend secondary school.

Black 30%

Mixed Maur and Black 40% Maur 30%

Ethnic Makeup

Muslim 100%

Major Religions

Mauritius Land area rank

180

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

152

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance


N

ASIA

Official Name: Mauritius EQUATOR Continent: Africa Area: 787 square miles (1,860 sq km) Population: 1,189,184 Capital City: Port Louis Largest City: Port Louis (134,516) Unit of Money: Mauritian rupee Major Languages: English (official), French Literacy: 83% Land Use: 49% arable, 3% crops, 3% pastures, 22% forests, 23% other Natural Resources: Arable land, fish Government: Parliamentary democracy Defense: $13.2 million AFRICA

W

Goodlands

SOUTH AMERICA

E

Triolet

S

AUSTRALIA

Port Louis Centre De Flacq

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Average Rainfall


Mauritius is made up of a group of mountainous islands in the Indian Ocean. Its largest island, Mauritius, is about 500 miles (800 km) east of Madagascar and 2,400 miles (3862 km) southwest of India. Other islands include Rodrigues, Agalega, and Cargados Carajos Shoals. The island of Mauritius was formed by volcanoes. Sugarcane fields cover almost half the island. In the center of the island, a plateau rises to 2,200 feet (671 meters) above sea level. Mauritius has about 110 miles (177 km) of coastline. Coral reefs surround most of the island. Mauritius has a humid climate. Summer lasts from November to April with temperatures averaging 79°F (22°C). Interior areas can receive about 200 inches (510 cm) of rain a year, mostly in the summer. Drier areas in the southwest see almost 35 inches (89 cm) of rain a year. Cyclones and other severe weather often threaten the island. Pearls and precious stones 2% Other 17% Yarn 4%

Sugar 23%

Quatre Bornes Vacoas

Rose Belle Chemin Grenier

I N D I A N

Souillac

O C E A N

Maheboug

0 0

miles km

10

10

The People Mauritius has one of the highest population densities in the world at 1,499 people per square mile (579 people per sq km). The country has had problem with overpopulation since the 1960s. The two main ethnic groups are Indo-Mauritian and Creole. About 60% of the population lives in rural areas, in houses with concrete or wood walls and corrugated roofs. Nearly one-third of the people are under 15. Life expectancy is 71 years. Sugar is Mauritius’s most important industry. More than 30% of all workers grow, harvest, or process sugarcane. Nearly 90% of all farmland is used for growing sugarcane. Textile production and tourism are also important industries. The country has an unemployment rate of 2% and supports one of the strongest economies in Africa. About 90% of children are enrolled in primary education. Students can move on to secondary education and then to college. The University of Mauritius, founded in 1965, offers classes in agriculture, technology, education, and administration. About 2,000 students are enrolled there. SinoMauritian 3%

Clothing 54%

Curepipe

Creole 27%

FrancoMauritian 2%

Other 3% Muslim 17%

IndoMauritian 68%

Christian 28%

Hindu 52%

0 in/0 cm


Exports

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

$2 billion

203

Mexico Land area rank

15

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

11

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance Tijuana Mexicali

0

Ensenada

U N IT E D

200

S T A T E S

o Ri a Gr

N

e nd

Hermosillo

lf o Gu

W

Chihuahua

fC Los Mochis

I

nia

C

for

A

ali

Monclova

Nuevo Laredo

Torreon

Culiacan

Monterrey

I

Durango

C

E S

G u l f o f M e x i c o

Matamoros

F C

O

Cuidad Victoria

Tampico San Luis Potosi Merida Leon Queretaro Poza Rica Guadalajara S a n t i a go R Campeche Pachuca . Morelia Jalapa Mexico City Puebla Veracruz Villahermosa Cuernavaca BELIZE Coatzacoalcos Ba ls as Aquascalientes

E

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

miles

0 km 200

Ciudad Juarez

P

Official Name: United Mexican States Continent: North America Area: 742,486 square miles (1,923,040 sq km) Population: 101,879,171 Capital City: Mexico City Largest City: Mexico City (19,750,000) Unit of Money: Mexican new peso Major Languages: Spanish (official) Natural Resources: EQUATOR Petroleum, silver, copper

Tepic

A

N

ASIA AFRICA

R.

SOUTH AMERICA

Acapulco

Oaxaca

AUSTRALIA

Tapachula

GUATEMALA HONDURAS

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place Mexico has six main land regions: the Mexican Plateau; the Gulf Coastal Plain; the Pacific Coastal Lowlands; the Southern Highlands; the Chiapas Highlands; and the

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C


20˚F/-7˚C 0˚F/-18˚C


Average Rainfall


Acapulco, Mexico

Yucatan Peninsula. The Mexican Plateau is the country’s largest land area. It extends from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec to the border of the United States. This region consists of a central plateau, which rises from north to south. To the west of the plateau is the volcanic Sierra Madre Occidental, which reaches 9,000 feet (2,743.2 m). The Sierra Madre Oriental is on the eastern side and rises to 12,000 feet (3657.6 m). The Gulf Coastal Plain features lagoons and lowlying swampy areas. The dry Pacific Coastal Lowlands have terraces, Agricultural goods 4% Crude petroleum 11%

Other 3%

Manufactured goods 82%



0 in/0 cm



204

mesas, and small basins. The Southern Highlands and Chiapas Highlands are mountainous. The Yucatan Peninsula extends into the Gulf of Mexico and rises to 500 feet (152.4 m). Lake Chapala—417 square miles (1,080 square km)—is Mexico’s largest lake. The country’s major rivers include the Santiago, Balsas, and Rio Bravo del Norte (Rio Grande). Pico de Orizaba (Citlaltepetl) is Mexico’s highest point at 18,410 feet (5,610 m). Mexico has a warm climate inland and a tropical climate along the coast. The country has many kinds of birds, including colorful quetzals and hummingbirds. The world’s smallest dog—the chihuahua—originated in Mexico.

Land Use

Mexico The People More than half of Mexico’s people are mestizos. Europeans are the next largest group, and live mainly in urban areas. Indians inhabit rural areas, such as the Yucatan Peninsula and Chiapas Highlands. About 95% of the people speak Spanish. More than 50 Indian languages, however, including Maya, Mixtec, Nahuatl, Otomi, Tarascan, and Zapotec are

also spoken, mainly in rural areas. The country has a population density of 132 people per square mile (50 people per square km). About 1 out of every 4 Mexicans lives on a farm or in a village, however, many people have moved to the country’s urban areas to find jobs. Mexico City, the capital, is the largest city in the world. Life expectancy is 72 years. More than half of Mexico’s population is under 20 years old. The population increases at an annual rate of about 2%. This rate of population growth has contributed to a shortage of jobs in the country. Many people migrate to the United States for jobs. Approximately 29% of the people in the labor force work in services, 22% in agriculture, forestry, hunting, and

(continued)

fishing, 17% in manufacturing, 5% in construction, 4.4% in public administration and national defense, and 4% in transportation and communications. Other 1% White 9% Amerindian 30%

Mestizo 60%

Ethnic Makeup

Protestant 6%

Other 5%

Roman Catholic 89%

Major Religions

Education Children ages 6 to 14 must attend school in Mexico. After kindergarten, a student has 6 years of elementary school and then 3 years of basic secondary school. After that, students can continue on to a 3 year upper secondary school and then go on to college. About 85% of children attend school and 80% finish elementary school. About 40% complete basic secondary school. Few attend upper secondary school or college.

Popular Culture/Daily Life Literature, poetry, painting, and music are important in Mexico. Mariachis, roaming musical groups, perform along streets and in restaurants. Folk dances are important in Mexican fiestas. Dancers perform hopping steps and heel-and-toe tapping during the Mexican hat dance, also called the jarabe tapati.


Type: Federal Republic Structure: Dominant executive Leader: President

Defense



Mexico’s oldest and largest university is the National Autonomous University of Mexico in Mexico City. Soccer and baseball are the most popular sports. Many Mexicans also enjoy bullfights. Mexico City has the largest bull ring in the world, which seats about 55,000 people. Many families go to the town square, or zocalo, on Sundays to socialize. Some Mexicans enjoy watching movies and television, or dancing at nightclubs and discos.



127 97 69 27 TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

NA PCs

205

Micronesia Land area rank smallest country

Population rank

190

largest country (1)

191

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

0

Official Name: Federated States of Micronesia Continent: Oceania Area: 271 square miles (702 sq km) Population: 134,597 Capital City: Palikir Largest City: Palikir (33,372) Unit of Money: U.S. dollar Major Language: English EQUATOR (official) Literacy: 89% Land Use: Not available Natural Resources: Forests, marine products, deep-seabed minerals Government: Republic Defense: United States responsible for defense

Guam (U.S.)

0

miles km

N

250

250

W

E S

Colonia Yap

Ulithi Namonnuito Atoll

C a r o l i n e EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

I s l a n d s

ASIA

Palikir

Truk Islands

Ponape Satawan Atoll

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

P A C I F I C

AUSTRALIA

O C E A N

A N TA R C T I C A

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C


20˚F/-7˚C 0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm




More than 130,000 people live in Micronesia. Approximately 100 of the 607 islands are inhabited. The majority of the population are Carolinians, also called The Place Micronesians. Some people have Polynesian ancestry. The official language is English, but some people The Federated States of Micronesia is made up of 607 speak local languages. Life expectancy is 69 years. islands north of the equator in the Caroline Island About 75% of the population lives in rural areas and group in the North Pacific. The total land area is 271 25% in urban areas. Many people depend on food, square miles (702 sq km), however, the islands extend clothes, and other goods imported from the United across 1 million square miles (2.5 million sq km) States. Many housof ocean. es in urban areas Micronesia has two types of islands— Uninhabited island, Micronesia are made of mountainous, volcanic islands and ringimported lumber, shaped coral islands or atolls. The volcanic plywood, or conislands are fertile. These islands are covcrete with metal ered by mangrove swamps along the roofs. Many rural shores and dense rain forests in the valfamilies live in leys. The atolls have infertile soil and little houses with vegetation. thatched roofs and Micronesia has a tropical climate with walls made from an average temperature of 80 °F (27 °C). palm branches and Rainfall depends on location. Yap receives wood. Most people 120 inches (302 cm) of rain a year while make a living by the mountains receive more than 300 fishing and farming. inches (760 cm) of rain.

Other 24%

Coconut oil 15%

Fish 23%

Bananas Copra 19% 19%

Exports $73 million

206

Nine Micronesian and Polynesian Groups

Ethnic Makeup

Protestant 47%

Roman Catholic 50%

Major Religions

Moldova Land area rank

137

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

116

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

0

Edinet EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

Ribnita

Orhei

miles km

50

50

U K RA IN E

Dn

Balti

Pr

AFRICA

R

AUSTRALIA

r

iv

Chisinau

ive r R

ut

SOUTH AMERICA

est

Official Name: Republic of Moldova Continent: Europe Area: 13,000 square miles EQUATOR (33,700 sq km) Population: 4,431,570 Capital City: Chisinau Largest City: Chisinau (676,700) Unit of Money: Moldovan leu Major Languages: Moldovan (official), Russian Literacy: 97% Land Use: 53% arable, 14% permanent crops, 13% pastures, 13% woodlands, 7% other Natural Resources: Lignite, phosphorites, gypsum, copper Government: Republic Defense: $13 million

0

er

Tighina

Tiraspol

A N TA R C T I C A

R OM A N IA N W

Cahul E

B l a c k S e a

S

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


About 66% of the population is ethnic Moldovan. The rest of the citizens are Russian, Ukrainian, and Bulgarian. Moldova has a population density of 341 The Place people per square mile (130 people per square km). It Moldova is a landlocked country in southeastern has an annual population growth of 0.04%. Europe. It is bordered by Romania on the west and Most of the population speaks Moldovan, which is Ukraine on the north, east, and south. To the west of similar to Romanian. Almost all Moldovans are Eastern Moldova are the Carpathian Mountains. Orthodox Christians. Moldova is hilly with its highest elevations in the More than half of the people live in rural villages and forests of the central area. Moldova’s highest peak is most work as farmers. Agriculture is important to Mount Balaneshty at 1,407 feet (429 m). Northern Chisinau, Moldova Moldova’s economy. Grapes, and eastern Moldova have grassy uplands and wheat, and corn are the main plains. Most of southern Moldova is a large plain. crops. About 14% of the popuOf Moldova’s 3,000 rivers, 8 are longer than lation works in industry. The 60 miles (95 km). Its main rivers are the Dnestr, in country’s main industries are the east and the Prut, in west. About 75% of the food processing, which includes country is covered by fertile soil. The most fertile winemaking and agricultural area is near the Dnestr, where many farmers grow machinery manufacturing. sugar beets. Moldovan children must Moldova has warm summers and mild winters. attend school from ages 6 to 18. Temperatures average 70° F (21° C) in July and 25° Almost all people age 15 and F (-4° C) in January. The country averages 20 inches older can read and write. (50 cm) of precipitation a year. Medical care is free in Wild animals, such as badgers, boars, Siberian Moldova, and life expectancy stags, and wolves are native to Moldova. is 64 years. Metals and metal products 4% Other Textile 9% products 5% Food and agricultural goods Machinery 72% 8%


Gagauz Other 4% 4% Russian 13% Moldavian/ Romanian 65% Ukrainian 14%

Ethnic Makeup

Jewish 2%


Major Religions

207

Monaco Land area rank

246

smallest country

most people (1)

0


Official Name: Principality EQUATOR of Monaco Continent: Europe Area: 0.77 square miles (2 sq km) Population: 31,842 Capital City: Monaco Largest City: Monaco (30,400) Unit of Money: French franc Major Languages: French (official), English Literacy: 99% Land Use: 100% urban area Natural Resources: None Government: Constitutional monarchy Defense: France responsible for defense

ASIA

miles

0

km

1/2 1/2

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

A N TA R C T I C A

Monte-Carlo

S Port of Monaco

N W

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


ea

M

ed

r

r

The People About one-seventh of Monaco’s population is Monegasque—native to Monaco. More than half of the people are French, while the rest are Americans, Belgians, British, and Italians. Life expectancy is 78 years. Many wealthy people from other countries move to Monaco because it has no income tax. Monaco has an annual population growth rate of 0.4%. Monaco’s state religion is Roman Catholicism, and the church runs its primary schools, a high school, and a music academy. Tourism is important to Monaco’s economy. About 600,000 tourists visit the country each year. Commerce and manufacturing are also important industries Outdoor cafe in Monaco and account for two-thirds of Monaco’s income. Many foreign companies have their headquarters in Monaco because of its low taxes.

Other Machinery 32% 27% Carpeting 13% Handicrafts 11%

Exports $ NA

208

Fontvielle

e it



15 in/38 cm

Monaco E

S

Monaco is one of the smallest countries in the world. Only Vatican City is smaller. Monaco is on the Cote d’Azur (French Riviera) of the Mediterranean Sea and is bordered by France. It is about 9 miles (15 km) from Nice and 5 miles (8 km) from Italy. Monaco is at the base of 3,600-foot (1,100-m) Mount Agel. Its land is rugged and hilly. Monaco’s main harbor The country can be divided into four main parts. Monaco, the capital, is on a rocky crest that rises 200 feet (61 meters), and is the location of the royal palace. Monte Carlo is known for its casino, opera house, luxury hotels, beaches, and shops. La Condamine is the country’s main port area. Fontvieille is Monaco’s industrial zone. Monaco has a mild climate with temperatures averaging 50° F (10° C) in January. Summers are hotter with an average temperature of 75° F (24° C). Temperatures occasionally reach 90° F (32° C). The country has many days with 12 hours of sunshine. Rain falls about 60 days of the year.

80˚F/27˚C

n

La Condamine

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

Larvotto

F R A N C E

ea

At a Glance

n

fewest people


a

Population rank

Organic chemicals 17%

Other 21% Italian 16% Monegasque 16%

French 47%

Ethnic Makeup

Roman Catholic 95%

Major Religions

Mongolia Land area rank

19

smallest country


most people (1)

At a Glance Uvs Lake

Erdenet Hovd

A

i

M ASIA

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

The Place

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C

0 in/0 cm

Average Rainfall

Mongolia is a landlocked country in east-central Asia. It is bordered by Russia and China. The country is 1,486 miles (2,392 km) from west to east and 782 miles (km) from north to south at its widest point. Mongolia is comprised of a plateau and mountain ranges. Nayramadlin Peak, part of the Mongol Altai Mountains, is the country’s highest Mongolian family peak at 14,350 feet (4,374 m). The Gobi desert lies in southeastern Mongolia. About four-fifths of the country is pastureland. Much of it is used for raising livestock. Mongolia’s largest lake, Uvs Lake, is 1,300 square miles (3,370 square km). Mongolia has long, cold winters and short, cool summers. Most rain falls during the summer months of July and August. The country sometimes experiences violent earthquakes. Mongolia has many clear, sunny days, averaging between 220 and 260 each year.

o

u

Altay n t a i n s

Bayanhongor

Dalandzadagad ert Gobi Des

N AUSTRALIA

W

E S

A N TA R C T I C A

80˚F/27˚C

Choybalsan

t

a

Darhan

Ulaanbaatar

l

NORTH AMERICA

Sünbaatar

Ulaangom

EUROPE


Lake Baykal

R U S S I A

Official Name: Mongolia Continent: Asia Area: 604,250 square miles (1,565,000 sq km) Population: 2,617,379 Capital City: Ulan Bator Largest City: Ulan Bator (619,000) EQUATOR Unit of Money: Tughrik Major Languages: Mongolian (official), Turkic, Russian Literacy: 83% Land Use: 1% arable, 80% pasture, 9% forests, 10% other Natural Resources: Oil, coal, copper Government: Republic Defense: $130 million

-20˚F/-˚30C

largest country (1)

136

0 0

C H I N A

miles km

400

400

The People Mongolia has one of the lowest population densities in the world, but one of the highest rates of population growth in Asia. The country’s population density is about 4 people per square mile (1.5 people per sq km) and its rate of increase is 1.54%. The life expectancy is 61. Mongolia’s population is mostly made up of Mongols. Other groups include the Kazakhs, Chinese, and Russians. Mongolian is the official language, but several dialects are spoken in the country. Most people speak the Khalkha dialect. Lamaism (a form of Buddhism) and Shamanism are the main religions. Most Mongolians live on livestock farms, which are large ranches with small towns in the center. The main buildings include houses, offices, stores, and medical posts for people and animals. Many people raise livestock—mostly sheep—for a living. Mining is a developing industry in the country.

Live animals Other 10% Metals and 3% finished products 4% Mineral Textile products products 59% 24%

Russian Chinese 2% Other 2% 2% Kazakh 4% Mongol 90%

Muslim 4%

96% Tibetan Buddhist



Exports

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

$418 million

209

Morocco Land area rank

55

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

37

fewest people

most people (1)

S P A I N

At a Glance


ASIA

Official Name: Kingdom of EQUATOR Morocco Continent: Africa Area: 172,413 square miles (446,550 sq km) Population: 30,645,305 Capital City: Rabat Largest City: Casablanca (2,943,000) Unit of Money: Moroccan dirham Major Languages: Arabic (official) French Natural Resources: Phosphates, iron ore, zinc SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

O A N TA R C T I C A

I

E

C

A

Khouribga Beni Mellal

L

T A

N

Canary Islands

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Morocco has fertile plains on the coast and forested mountains inland. The Sahara desert lies to the southeast along the border with Algeria. The country has an average elevation of 2,600 feet (800 m). Morocco has some of the highest

miles 100

0 km 100

mountains in northern Africa. The Rif mountain range rises to 8,058 feet (2,456 m) at Mount Tidirhine on the Mediterranean coast. The Atlas Mountains, in central Morocco, have an average elevation of 11,000 feet (3,350 m). Mount Toubkal is Morocco’s highest peak at 13,665 feet (4,165 m). About 20% of Morocco is covered by cedar, fir, juniper, wild olive, cork oak, and dwarf palm forests. Morocco has the world’s largest reserves of phosphate. Morocco has two seasons—rainy and dry. The rainy season lasts from October to April. The country gets most of its rainfall during this period—about 15 inches (38 cm) a year. Droughts sometimes occur during the dry season. Temperatures average 66° F (19° C) to 63° F (19° C) in January and 91° F (33° C) to 77° F (25° C) in June. Morocco lies in an area of heavy seismic activity, and earthquakes occur frequently.

Other 7%

Consumer goods 20%

Food & beverages 61%

Exports $7 billion

210

E

A L G E R I A 0

0 in/0 cm


W S

Phosphates 12% Average Rainfall


80˚F/27˚C

Fez

Agadir

15 in/38 cm

100˚F/38˚C

Oujda

Rabat Casablanca

Marrakech

Fez, Morocco

Morocco is in the northwestern corner of Africa. It is 825 miles (1,328 km) at its longest distance and 475 miles (765 km) at its widest point. The Strait of Gibraltar separates Morocco from Spain by 8 miles (13 km).

Tétouan

N

A

N

T

C

WESTERN SAHARA

The Place

Mediterranean Sea

Strait of Gibraltar Tangier

AFRICA

Other Farms / 11% cropland Forests 22% 20% Permanent pastures 47%

Land Use

Morocco The People Almost all Moroccans are of mixed Arab and Berber descent, and most are Muslims. Arabs make up about 65% of the population. Morocco has a population density of 175 people per square mile (68 people per sq km). It has an annual population growth rate of 1.89%. Life expectancy is 69 years. Moroccan woman

Almost half of the population lives in urban areas. The most densely settled areas are in the urban areas in the west. Rural houses have one large room that serves as the kitchen, living room, sleeping area, and barn. People living in rural villages meet at a weekly outdoor market—a suq—to buy and sell goods. Those living in urban areas inhabit small, attached houses. Wealthier Moroccans live in houses or apartment buildings. Most Moroccans wear traditional clothing. Men and women wear a jellaba—a loose-fitting hooded robe with long sleeves. Rural men wear a similar garment called a burnoose. Most men also wear a turban or a brimless hat. Women wear a long robe, called a caftan, at social affairs. Some women cover their faces with veils.

(continued)

About 50% of the population works in agriculture, 26% in services, and 15% in industry. Morocco has an unemployment rate of 16%. Other 1%

Arab-Berber 99%


Muslim 99%

Major Religions


Education Morocco provides free elementary and high school education. Moroccan children are required to attend 6 years of school. Attendance in rural areas is low, however, because of a lack of schools and teachers. Many rural boys stay home to help farm the land. Also, some Moroccans believe it is not impor-

Popular Culture/Daily Life Moroccans are known for their leather goods, rugs, pottery, and metalware. Much of Moroccan painting, sculpture, and drama is influenced by Spain and France. Many people attend 1 of the 2 schools of fine arts in Casablanca and Tetouan to learn painting.

Type: Constitutional monarchy Structure: Executive Leader: King/Prime Minister

Defense


tant for girls to get an education. About 31% of females and 57% of males are literate. The country’s average literacy rate is 44%. Morocco has 5 non-religious universities and 25 technical schools and institutes of higher learning. The largest university is Moroccan music includes Arab, Berber, popular, and classical forms. Literature, such as poetry, has been inspired by Middle Eastern and Western traditions. Popular sports in Morocco include soccer, basketball, and track and field. Families like to gather and relax at neighborhood cafés.

175,000 army personnel 524 tanks 1 major ship 99 combat aircraft

Muhammad V University in Rabat. There is also a private university, alAkhawayn, in Ifrane, and an Islamic university, al-Qarawiyin, in Fez.


75 39

TVs

Cars

43

Phones

18

NA

VCRs

PCs

211

Mozambique Land area rank

35

smallest country


At a Glance

most people (1)

ZAMBIA

T A N Z A N IA Lake Nyasa


ASIA AFRICA

Nacala

WI

A N TA R C T I C A

Nampula Za

Tete m be zi

R

iv er

Quelimane

Z IM B A B W E

M

Beira

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C

0 in/0 cm


Xai-Xai

Maputo

0 0

miles km

200

N

200

W

E S

at 7,992 feet (2,436 m)—stands in the Chimoio highlands. Sand dunes and swamps cover the coast. Much of Mozambique is covered by forests and grasslands. Cashew trees and coconut palms are the most common trees. Many animals, such as crocodiles, elephants, lions, giraffes, and zebras, are found in the country. Mozambique has a tropical climate. Temperatures average 68° F (20°C) in July and 80°F (27°C) in January. Rainfall ranges from 16 to 48 inches (41 to 122 cm), with most of it falling between November and March. The south sometimes experiences severe droughts. Farms / cropland 4%

Average Rainfall

80˚F/27˚C


er

15 in/38 cm

iv

100˚F/38˚C

imp op Ocean. The o country has 1,535 miles (2,470 km) of coastline. SOUTH Mozambique AFRICA is divided into SWAZILAND two regions—the lowlands in the south and the highlands in the north. The lowlands, which are less than 600 feet (200 m) above sea level, consist of a wide, flat plain and cover most of the country. The highlands are quite mountainous. Mozambique’s highest peak— Mount Binga

R

Nampula, Mozambique


Pemba

Lichinga

L

Mozambique is on the southeastern coast of Africa and extends about 1,100 miles (1,770 km) from north to south and 400 miles (645 km) from east to west. Mozambique is bisected by the Zambezi River. The eastern coast-line is formed by the Mozambique Channel in the Indian


AUSTRALIA

LA

The Place

MA

SOUTH AMERICA

oz C am h b a n iq n el ue

Official Name: Republic of EQUATOR Mozambique Continent: Africa Area: 302,737 square miles (784,090 sq km) Population: 19,371,057 Capital City: Maputo Largest City: Maputo (1,095,300) Unit of Money: Metical Major Languages: Portuguese (official), Bantu languages Natural Resources: Coal, titanium, natural gas

Other 22%

Other 29%

Shrimp 43%

Petroleum 2% Copra 4% Sugar 4% Cashew nuts 6%

Cotton 12%


212

largest country (1)

52

Forests 18%


Land Use

Mozambique The People Most of Mozambique’s population consists of Bantu-speaking Africans. Other groups include Arabs, Europeans, and Pakistanis. The largest ethnic group is the MakuaLomwe. They make up about 40% of the population. Portuguese is the official language, however, very few citizens speak it. Mozambican woman

Mozambique has a population density of 63 people per square mile (24 people per sq km). It has an average annual population growth of 2.57%. About two-fifths of the population is under 15 years old. Women have about 6 children during their lives. Life expectancy is 45 years. About four-fifths of the population lives in rural areas, and most of Mozambicans work in agriculture. About 15% of the people work in industry and services. About 5% of the population works abroad. About 50% of the people practice traditional African religions. Many believe that everything in nature has a soul, and some worship the spirits of their ancestors.

(continued)

Mozambique was torn apart by a civil war, which lasted from 1975 to 1992. Tensions still exist between northerners and southerners. The government has been accused of favoring the south. Other 1%

Indigenous tribal groups 99%

Ethnic Makeup Muslim 20%

Christian 30%


Major Religions

Education Mozambique’s civil war has devastated its school system. More than 3,000 schools closed during the fighting. About 63% of children attend elementary school with 8% of those students continuing on to secondary school. The government is currently trying to build up the school system and enroll more students. A university was founded in 1962 in Maputo. Most Mozambicans cannot read

Popular Culture/Daily Life Mozambique has a good deal of cultural diversity. The country is known for its Makonde carved wood sculptures and midogo-Chopi orchestral music. Mozambique is also famous for its marimba orchestras. Mozambique has many talented painters, and the country is known for its large murals. Many are found on building walls in Maputo. Poetry, novels, and short stories



Defense



or write. The country has an average literacy rate of 40%. Approximately 58% of the men and 23% of the women can read and write. written in Portuguese are also popular. Many authors write about the country’s civil war. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

2

3

4

NA

NA

TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs


Myanmar 40


largest country (1)

Population rank

27

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance hm Bra

apu

tra

Mekong

iv

er

INDIA dw

in

R

CHINA

in

SH Monywa

ASIA

Pakokku

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

Sittwe AUSTRALIA

Mandalay Taunggyi we

River

NORTH AMERICA

en

Sal

DE

EUROPE

r

LA

Rive

NG

Ch

BA

a d dy I r r aw

Official Name: Union of Myanmar Continent: Asia Area: 253,953 square miles (657,740 sq km) Population: 41,994,678 Capital City: Rangoon Largest City: Rangoon (2,458,712) Unit of Money: Kyat Major Languages: Burmese EQUATOR (official) Natural Resources: Petroleum, timber, tin

LAOS

Prome A N TA R C T I C A

Henzada Pegu

Ancient temple, Myanmar

24 in/61 cm 21 in/53 cm

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Basic manufactures 5% Other 16% Inedible crude materials 28%

Farms/cropland 16%




0 in/0 cm


214

Average Rainfall


18 in/46 cm

Isthm us o f Kr a

Myanmar, formerly called Burma, is in southeast Asia along the Bay of Bengal. Myanmar’s eastern, western, and northern borders are surrounded by mountains. Myanmar has three main land areas—the Eastern Mountain System,

Bay the Western Bassein Rangoon of Mountain Belt, and THAILAND Kyaikkami Bengal the Central Belt. The Eastern Mountain System Andaman separates the counSea try from Thailand, N Laos, and China. Gulf W E This area features of 0 miles 200 Thailand the long S 0 km 200 Tenasserim Coast and the hilly Shan Plateau. The Western Mountain belt has an area of (20°C) in January and 85°F (29°C) thick forests along Myanmar’s border in July. The rainy season lasts from with India and a group of low mounlate May to October. Average tains—the Arakan Yoma—to the rainfall varies from area to area. south. The Central Belt includes Mandalay receives about 30 inches Myanmar’s tallest peak—Hkakabo (76 cm) of rain a year, while the Razi—which rises to 19,296 feet Tenasserim Coast receives 200 inches (5,881 m). The Central Belt also con- (510 cm). The heavy rains are tains the Irrawaddy river valley. The brought by monsoons. The cool Irrawaddy River is Myanmar’s major season lasts from late October to transportation route. mid-February. The hot season lasts Myanmar has a tropical climate from late February to mid-May. with three seasons—rainy, cool, and Temperatures can rise as high as hot. Temperatures average 68°F 100°F (38°C). Andam an Isla nds

The Place

Exports

Land Use

Myanmar

Animist beliefs 1% Muslim 4%

Other 2%

Christian 4%

Indian 2% Mon 2% Chinese 3% Rakhine 4%

Burman 68%

Shan 9%

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

The People The people of Myanmar are called Burmese. Most are Buddhists. The Burmans are Myanmar’s largest

ethnic group and account for more than two-thirds of the population. Other ethnic groups include the Karen, Shan, Rakhine, Chinese, Mon, Kachin, Naga, and Wu. Most of these ethnic groups live in the hills and mountains on Myanmar’s border. More than 100 indigenous languages are spoken in Myanmar, but Burmese is the official language. Myanmar has a low population density of 157 people per square mile (60 people per sq km). Its population grows at an annual rate of 1.65%. Life expectancy is 55 years. About 75% of the population lives in rural areas. Villages consist of 50 to 100 bamboo houses with

thatched roofs. The houses are built on poles above the ground for protection from floods and animals. Most villages have a Buddhist monastery. Boys spend a few days or months in the monastery after an adulthood ceremony—shin-pyu—in which their heads are shaved. Girls go through an adulthood ceremony called nahtwin, in which their ears are pierced. People in urban areas live in small brick or concrete buildings and usually work for the government or industry. Both men and women in urban and rural areas wear a longyi—a long, tightly wrapped skirt made of cotton.

Education Education is free in Myanmar. Children are required to attend between the ages 5 and 9. Ten years of schooling are offered. The country has arts and sciences universities in Yangon and Mandalay. Myanmar also has three medical schools and a technical institute. There is a shortage of teachers in the country.

Popular Culture/Daily Life Throughout history, Myanmar’s art has been influenced by religion and royalty. Temples, pagodas, and palaces feature paintings, wood carvings, and sculptures. Many of the brick temples and pagodas are still standing, however, the wooden palaces are in bad condition.

Other 5%

Karen 7% Buddhist 89%

Florist, Rangoon, Myanmar

(continued)


Type: Military Regime Structure: Executive Leader: Prime minister

Defense Literacy


U.S. rate = 97% 56 tanks

Myanmar has an average literacy rate of 83%. The literacy rate is 89% for men and 78% for women. Drama is very popular in Myanmar. Performances center around Buddhist legends, comedy, dance, ensemble singing, or giant puppets. Myanmar’s music emphasizes rhythm and melody. Popular instruments include drums, boatshaped harps, gongs and bamboo flutes.



2

2

2

NA

NA

TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

215

Namibia Land area rank

34

smallest country

Population rank

largest country (1)

146

fewest people

most people (1)

b


Average Rainfall


0 in/0 cm

$1 billion

216

W

E S

200

200

Keetmanshoop

Va

al

R.

SOUTH AFRICA O r a n g e Ri ver

The People About 90% of Namibia’s population is black, 7% is white. The country has many different ethnic groups. The Ovambo make up about half the population. They live in northern Namibia in a region called Ovamboland. Namibia has a population density of 6 people per square mile (2 people per square km). About two-thirds of the population lives in rural areas. Life expectancy is 41 years. Most people living in Namibia fish, grow crops, or raise livestock for a living. Some work in copper or diamond mines. Most whites hold administrative jobs in urban areas. Whites generally have higher incomes than blacks. The country’s official language is English, but most blacks speak one Classroom in Windhoek, Nambia of the 15 African languages spoken in the country. About 80% of the people are Christians. Enjoying music—some of which has been influenced by German culture—dancing, rock painting, engraving, and sculpture of toys, religious figures, and masks are popular activities.

Karakul pelts 0.2% Other 8% Cattle and meat products 13% Minerals 50% Food and live fish and fish products 29%

Exports

t e r D e s


miles km

Lüderitz

N

0˚F/-18˚C

0

A

3 in/8 cm

0

Rehoboth

E

6 in/15 cm

B O TSWA N A

C

40˚F/4˚C 20˚F/-7˚C

N

O

9 in/23 cm

Walvis Bay

IC

60˚F/16˚C

Windhoek

Swakopmund

T

Namibia, formerly called South West Africa, is on the southwestern coast of Africa. It is 820 miles (1,320 km) long and 380 miles (610 km) wide. The country is dry with large mineral deposits of diamonds and uranium. Namibia’s three main land features are the Namib Desert, the Central Plateau, and the Kalahari Desert. Namib extends for 1,200 miles (1,900 km) along the Atlantic coast. This desert area has many sand dunes. Behind Namib is the mountainous Central Plateau, which extends from the northern border of the country to the southern border. To the east of the plateau is the Kalahari. Namibia is bordered on the north by the Kunene and the Okavango rivers. The Zambezi River flows near the northeastern border, while the Orange River flows along the country’s southern border. Temperatures in Namibia average 75°F (24°C) in January and 68°F (20°C) in June. Yearly rainfall averages 20 inches (50 cm) in the north, 8 to 16 inches (20 to 40 cm) in the center, and 1 to 6 inches (2.5 to 15 cm) in the south.

12 in/30 cm

E BW BA M ZI

i

N LA AT

The Place

Otjiwarongo

m

AUSTRALIA

A N TA R C T I C A

15 in/38 cm

Z amb e z i

R.

Tsumeb

a

SOUTH AMERICA

80˚F/27˚C

Okav ango

N

AFRICA

.

K un e n e R .

ASIA

Official Name: The EQUATOR Republic of Namibia Continent: Africa Area: 318,261 square miles (825,418 sq km) Population: 1,797,677 Capital City: Windhoek Largest City: Windhoek (161,000) Unit of Money: Namibian dollar Major Languages: English (official), German Literacy: 38% Land Use: 1% arable, 46% pastures, 22% forests, 31% other Natural Resources: Diamonds, copper, uranium Government: Republic Defense: $60 million

100˚F/38˚C

ZAMBIA

A N G OL A


R

At a Glance

Damara 8% Herero 8%

Kavango 9%

Other tribes 19%

White & mixed 6%

Ovambo 50%

Ethnic Makeup

Indigenous beliefs 20% Other Christian 30%

Lutheran 50%

Major Religions

Nauru Land area rank

233

Population rank

223

smallest country

fewest people

largest country (1) most people (1)

At a Glance


Official Name: The Republic EQUATOR of Nauru Continent: Oceania Area: 8.2 square miles(21 sq km) Population: 12,088 Capital City: Yaren Largest City: Yaren (559) Unit of Money: Australian dollar Major Languages: Nauruan (official), English Literacy: 99% Land Use: 100% other Natural Resources: Phosphates Government: Republic Defense: Australia is responsible for defense

N

ASIA

Ronave

AFRICA

Anna

W

Anabar

E

SOUTH AMERICA

S AUSTRALIA

Ijuw Uaboe

The Place

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C




Nauru is a small, oval island in the Pacific Ocean located about 2,580 miles (4,160 km) southwest of Hawaii, and 40 miles (65 km) south of the equator. It is the third-smallest country in the world. Most of Nauru is plateau covered with phosphates. Buada Lagoon is in the southern center of the island and is surrounded by fertile land. There is also an area of fertile land along the coast. The island has an average elevation of 200 feet (61 m). Nauru has a hot and humid climate, which is cooled by trade winds. Temperatures range from 76°F (24°C) to 93°F (34°C). About 80 inches (200 cm) of rain fall a year, although sometimes there are droughts. Vegetation is limited to coconut palms, pandanus, and brush and scrub hardwood. Most plants grow on the coast. 100˚F/38˚C

Phosphates 87%

0 in/0 cm


Phosphate stockpile

A N TA R C T I C A

Exports $25 million

Yangor Buada Lagoon

P

Anibare Bay

Yaren

A

0

C

I F I C

0

miles km

1

1

O C E A N

The People About 58% of Nauru’s population are Nauruans—people of mixed Polynesian, Micronesian, and Melanesian descent. Most are Christian and speak mainly Nauruan and English. The rest of the population comes from Kiribati, Tuvalu, China, Australia, and the Philippines. These people come to mine phosphates. Most people live along the coast. The government provides Nauruans with low-rent homes. There are 2 hospitals and 11 clinics that provide free medical care. Life expectancy is 67 years. All children from ages 6 to 17 must attend school. The country has 5 nursery schools, an elementary school, a high school, a Roman Catholic mission school, and a teacher training college. The government pays the expenses of students who attend college abroad. Some students attend boarding schools in Australia. Nauru has an literacy rate of 99%.

Chinese 8%

Other Pacific Islanders 26%

European 8%

Nauruan 58%

Ethnic Makeup

Roman Catholic 33%

Protestant 67%

Major Religions

217

Nepal Land area rank

94

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

40

fewest people

most people (1)

0

At a Glance


0

miles km

100

100

ASIA

C H IN A

SOUTH AMERICA

Dipayal

H

A N TA R C T I C A

i m

Jomsom

K

ar

na

AUSTRALIA

R

iv

er

AFRICA

li

Official Name: Kingdom EQUATOR of Nepal Continent: Asia Area: 52,818 square miles (136,800 sq km) Population: 25,284,463 Capital City: Kathmandu Largest City: Kathmandu (535,000) Unit of Money: Nepalese rupee Major Languages: Nepali (official), Newari Natural Resources: Quartz, water, timber

Nepalganj

a

Pokhara

l a y a s

Kathmandu

Mt. Everest

Bhaktapur

Lalitpur Janakpur N W

Dharan Biratnagar

E S

IN D IA Ganges Ri ve r

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Village in western Nepal, with Himalayas

feet (3,660 m) with only grasses, lichens, and mosses growing at higher elevations. People herd sheep and yaks in the mountains. Animals, such as crocodiles, elephants, deer, leopards, rhinoceroses, and tigers,

Food and live animals 9% Miscellaneous manufactures 33%

Basic manufactures 52%

Other 26%

Farms/ cropland 17%

Forests 42%

0 in/0 cm



218

are found in Nepal’s lowland jungles and swamps. Nepal has a tropical climate. Eastern Nepal receives about 70 inches (cm) of rain a year, while western Nepal gets about 30 inches (cm).

Chemicals and drugs 2% Crude materials Other 1% except fuels 3% Average Rainfall


Nepal is a landlocked country that lies along the southern slopes of the Himalayan mountain range in south central Asia. It is surrounded by India to the east, south, and west, and China to the north. Nepal is a rugged land—about 75% of the country is covered by mountains, including the Himalayan mountain range, which is the highest mountain range in the world. The rest of the country is made up of the Tarai, a flat, fertile plain along the country’s border with India. Mount Everest—the highest mountain in the world at 29,035 feet (8,850 m)—is on Nepal’s border with China. Nepal’s major rivers are the Kosi, Narayani, and Karnali. Nepal’s climate and plant and animal life vary by location. The mountains have long, harsh winters and short, cool summers. Forests cover the mountains up to 12,000

Land Use


Nepal The People Most Nepalese are of Indian descent. Some people are of Tibetan descent while others are of Indian-Tibetan descent. Nepal has a population density of 454 people per square mile (175 people per sq km). It has an annual population increase of 2.3%. Most Nepalese live in small villages that have two-story houses made of stone or mud-brick. About 90% of the people earn their living by farming. Other Nepalese work as blacksmiths, goldsmiths, and tailors. Some work in the merchant trade,

government, or the tourist industry. One group, the Sherpas, who live in the Himalayas, are known for their mountain climbing abilities and serve as guides for mountain climbers from other countries. The majority of the population is Hindu. Some follow Buddhism while others combine both belief systems. Some Nepalese Hindu men practice polygyny—taking more than one wife. Some women living in northern Nepal practice polyandry—they have more than one husband. Nepal has few doctors. Diseases such as Buddhist 5%

Newars, Indians, Tibetans, Gurungs, Magars, Tamangs, Sherpas

Ethnic Makeup

Education Nepal has both primary and secondary schools. More children in urban areas attend school than those in rural areas, and more boys than girls go to school. Nepal has one university— Tribhuwan University—which was

(continued)

cholera, leprosy, and tuberculosis are common.The population has an average life expectancy of 58 years. Nepalese elderly woman

Muslim 3% Other 2%

Hindu 90%

Major Religions founded in 1918. It has a main campus in the capital, Kathmandu, and other campuses throughout the country. Nepal has an average literacy rate of about 28%. About 3 times more men than women can read and write.

Government Type: Parliamentary democracy Structure: Executive Leader: King/Prime Minister

Defense

Literate 28%

35,000 army personnel 0 tanks 0 major ships 0 combat aircraft


Buddhist boys

Popular Culture/Daily Life Popular themes in Nepal’s literature and poetry include patriotism and

religion. Hinduism and Buddhism have also inspired drama, sculpture, painting, and architecture. Music and dance are also popular in the country. During religious ceremonies, musicians play drums and wind instruments from ancient times. Music combines both classical and folk elements.


2

NA

3

NA

NA

TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

219

Netherlands Land area rank

136

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

59

fewest people

At a Glance

most people (1)


Official Name: Kingdom EQUATOR of the Netherlands Continent: Europe Area: 13,085 square miles (33,889 sq km) Population: 15,981,472 Capital City: Amsterdam Largest City: Amsterdam (724,096) Unit of Money: Guilder Major Languages: Dutch Natural Resources: Natural gas, petroleum, fertile soil

ASIA

Groningen

N o r t h S e a

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


220

Average Rainfall


80˚F/27˚C

The Hague

Arnhem

Rotterdam Dordrecht Breda

Nijmegen

G ERM A N Y

Tilburg Eindhoven

N

0 0

miles km

40

B E L G IU M Maastricht

40

up about two-fifths of the country’s land and are the Netherlands’ most fertile area. Many forests and sandy ridges cover the Sand Plains. The country’s highest point—Vaalser Berg at 1,053 feet (321 m)—is in the Southern Uplands.

W

er

15 in/38 cm

Enschede

Utrecht

Riv

100˚F/38˚C

Apeldoorn Leiden

ine

The Netherlands is on the North Sea in northwestern Europe and is bordered by Belgium and Germany. It is sometimes called Holland. That name, however, refers only to the western part of the country. Almost two-fifths of the Netherlands was once covered by water. The Dutch pumped out the water from these areas—called polders—by building a dike around the area and pumping the water into drainage canals. At one time, the Dutch used windmills to power the pumps, but now electric motors are used. Because most of these areas are below sea level, the Dutch must drain them all the time. The Netherlands has four main land areas—the Dunes, the Polders, the Sand Plains, and the Southern Uplands. The Dunes consist of high, sandy ridges and tall grasses along the North Sea coast. The Polders make

Amsterdam

Haarlem A N TA R C T I C A

Rh

The Place

AUSTRALIA

E S

The Netherlands has a mild climate with cool winters and warm summers. Temperatures average 60°F (16°C) in the summer and 30°F (-1°C) in the winter. The country receives about 25 inches (63 cm) of precipitation a year.

Touring boat, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Other 35% Clothing 1% Iron and steel 2% Petroleum products 4%

Machinery 24% Food 17%


Chemicals and chemical products 17%



Land Use

Netherlands The People The Netherlands is one of the most densely populated countries in the world with a population density of 980 people per square mile (378 people per sq km). Life expectancy is 78 years. About 88% of the people live in urban areas. About 40% of the people live in the two coastal provinces Amsterdam flower market

of North Holland and South Holland, which includes Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and The Hague. Most people living in the Netherlands are Dutch. Immigrants, however, come from Indonesia, Morocco, Suriname, and Turkey. People living in the city inhabit apartments and row houses. Few live in single-family houses because of high land prices. Rural life is similar to urban life. Farms are commercial businesses. Some people in rural areas wear wooden shoes called klompen to protect their feet from water. Approximately 75% of the labor force works in services, 23% in manufacturing and construction, and 2% in agriculture.

Education All children ages 5 to 16 must attend school. The educational system consists of both public and private schools. The majority of students attend private schools. The Netherlands has several different types of high schools, which train students for university study or a job. The University of Amsterdam is the country’s largest university. The oldest university is Leiden University, founded in 1575.

Popular Culture/Daily Life Some of the world’s most famous painters, such as Rembrandt, Vincent van Gogh, and Piet Mondrian have come from the Netherlands. Dutch literature, although popular within the country, is not well-known throughout the world. The Netherlands is famous for its tulips. The Dutch hold many flower festivals in the spring. Bicycle riding, field hockey,

(continued)

About one-third of the country has no religious affiliation. The rest of the country is split between Roman Catholics and Protestants. Moroccans, Turks & Other 4%

Dutch 96%

Ethnic Makeup Other 2% Roman Catholic 34%

Unaffiliated 36%

Protestant 25% Muslim 3%

Major Religions

Government Type: Constitutional monarchy Structure: Executive Leader: Queen/Prime Minister

Literate 99%

Defense Literacy


U.S. rate = 97%

740 tanks

Almost all adults can read and write. The country has a literacy rate of 99%. soccer, tennis, boating, sailing, windsurfing, and ice skating are popular sports in the Netherlands. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people 625 485 371 189 36 TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

Rotterdam, Netherlands


New Zealand Land area rank

74

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

122

fewest people

At a Glance

most people (1)

EUROPE

Great Barrier Island

ASIA AFRICA

Auckland

SOUTH AMERICA

Hamilton Rotorua

T a s m a n S e a

AUSTRALIA

New Plymouth

North Island

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


222

Average Rainfall


New Zealand is an island nation 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southeast of Australia in the South Pacific. The country is made up of two main islands—North Island and South Island—and several small islands. New Zealand has 3,200 miles (5,150 km) of coastline. North Island features the Northern Peninsulas and Waikato Basin, which has forests, lowlands, citrus orchards, and hills. The Volcanic Region and Western Hill Country, in the west, feature volcanic rock, hot springs, and geysers. Mount Tongariro, at 9,175 feet (2,797 m), is the highest peak on the island. The Eastern Hills, in the east and south, consist of rugged mountains and hills and plains. South Island consists of the Southern Alps and High Country. New Zealand’s highest peak— Mount Cook at 12,349 feet (3,764 m)—is there. The Canterbury Plains, in the east, form New Zealand’s largest area of flat land. The Otago Plateaus and Basins, in the southeast, feature plains and rolling hills. New Zealand has a mild, moist climate. July is the coldest month and January and February are the warmest. Temperatures range from 65°F (18°C) to 85°F (29°C) in the summer and 35°F (2°C) to 55°F (13°C) in the winter. Metals and metal products 7% Other 12% Minerals, chemicals and plastics 10%


Basic manufactures 25% Exports $19 billion

Napier

Westport N

Wellington

So

ut

Al

ps

Christchurch

C

n

South Timaru Island

F

S

r he

I

E

C

Greymouth

I

W

A

N

Palmerston North

E

Official Name: New Zealand EQUATOR Continent: Oceania Area: 103,884 square miles (268,680 sq km) Population: 3,864,129 Capital City: Wellington Largest City: Auckland (952,600) Unit of Money: New Zealand dollar Major Languages: English (official), Maori Literacy: 99% Land Use: 9% arable, 5% crops, 50% pastures, 28% forests, 8% other Natural Resources: Natural gas, iron ore, sand Government: Parliamentary democracy Defense: $1.12 billion

O

NORTH AMERICA

Dunedin

P

Invercargill

A

C 0 0

Stewart Island

miles km

200

200

The People About 85% of New Zealanders were born in the country—most descendants of British settlers. New Zealand’s largest minority group is the Maori, people of Polynesian descent. Most people speak English with an accent that is similar to a British accent. The country has a population density of 37 people per square mile (14 people per sq km). Life expectancy is 78 years. New Zealand is known for its high standard of living. Nearly 70% of families own their own homes, and almost every family has a car. Most people live in single family houses. People in larger cities inhabit high-rise apartment buildings. About 65% of the population works in services, 25% in industry, and 10% in agriculture. Equal rights are important to New Zealanders. In 1893, it became the first country in the world to give women the right to vote. Sports are popular in New Zealand. Camping, hiking, mountain climbing, skiing, yachting, swimming, cricket, rugby, and tennis are favorite activities. Asian & Pacific Islanders Other 7% 4% Maori 10% European 79%

Ethnic Makeup

Other Protestant 3% Baptist 2%

Other 33%

Methodist 5%

Presbyterian Anglican 18% 24%

Roman Catholic 15%

Major Religions

Nicaragua Land area rank

99

smallest country

Population rank

largest country (1)

112

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance H O N D U R A S

Ocotal Jinotega Matagalpa

Esteli Chinandega

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

León Lake Managua

AFRICA

Managua

Juigalpa

Masaya

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

Granada

ea S Ca ri bb ea n

EL SALVADOR

ito Co ast

Puerto Cabezas

Mosqu

Official Name: Republic of Nicaragua Continent: South America Area: 46,430 square miles (120,254 sq km) Population: 4,918,393 Capital City: Managua Largest City: Managua (974,000) Unit of Money: Cordoba EQUATOR Major Languages: Spanish (official) Literacy: 66% Land Use: 9% arable, 1% crops, 46% pastures, 27% forests, 17% other Natural Resources: Gold silver, copper Government: Republic Defense: $28 million

N

Bluefields W

E

Rivas S

Lake Nicaragua


A N TA R C T I C A

0

COSTA RICA

0

miles km

100

100

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C


20˚F/-7˚C 0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


The majority of Nicaraguans are mestizos. Most belong to the Roman Catholic Church and speak Spanish. Nearly half the population is under 15 years old. The Place At 2.92%, Nicaragua has one of the highest annual Nicaragua is the largest country in Central America, by population growth rates in Central America. The country total area. It is bordered by Honduras on the has a population density of 96 people north and Costa Rica on the south. The per square mile (37 people per sq km). Caribbean Sea on the east and the Pacific Life expectancy is 61 years for males Ocean on the west form the country’s coastlines. and 63 years for females. Nicaragua has three main land areas—the About one-third of Nicaragua’s Pacific Region, the Central Highlands, and people are farmers. Many work on their the Caribbean Region. The Pacific Region is a own farms or on cooperatives, state low area with volcanoes that extends from farms, or private farms. People living in Honduras to Costa Rica. Lake Managua and warmer areas inhabit palm or metalLake Nicaragua are located there. The temroofed houses. People in cooler areas perature averages 80°F (27°C) all year. The live in adobe houses with tile roofs. Central Highlands are Nicaragua’s coolest and About 54% of the population works in highest areas. The country’s highest peak— services and 15% in industry. Pico Mogoton at 6,913 feet (2,107 m)—is Children ages 6 to 12 must attend there. This area is rainy, averaging 100 inches school, however, more children living (250 cm) of rain a year. The Caribbean in urban areas go to school than those Region is a flat plain covered with rain forests, Nicaraguan girl living in rural areas. Nicaragua has and usually receives 165 inches (419 cm) of three universities. The National rain a year. University of Nicaragua, founded in 1812, is the oldest Many wild animals, such as pumas, jaguars, monkeys, and largest. About two-thirds of Nicaraguans can read and crocodiles, are native to Nicaragua. and write. Industrial products 24%

Other 34% Raw sugar 6% Beef 7%

Coffee 18%


Crustaceans 11%

Black 9% White 17%

Amerindian 5%

Mestizo 69%

Ethnic Makeup

Protestant 5%

Roman Catholic 95%

Major Religions

223

Niger Land area rank

21

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

72

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

0

miles

0

ASIA

km

200

A L G E R I A

AFRICA

S a h a r a

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

A N TA R C T I C A

M A L I rR ge

Ni

Agadez

.

A IN RK O B U FAS

Niamey

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C


0 in/0 cm


224

Other 28%

Cowpeas 5%

E

Zinder Lake Chad

N I G E R I A

S

inches (17.5 cm) of rain falls in the mountains yearly. Southern Niger is a grassy, thinly wooded savanna that extends from the Niger River in the west to Lake Chad in the east. This area is one of the hottest places in the world, with temperatures averaging 95° to 100°F (35° to 38°C). The savanna receives about 22 inches (55 cm) of rain a year. The Niger River is the country’s major river. It flows 350 miles (563 km) across southwest Niger. The river floods in January and February and provides irrigation water for growing crops. Very few plants grow in Niger’s desert area, except for date palm trees. Palm, mahogany, kapok, acacia, and baobab trees grow in the south. Animals found in the north include foxes, ostriches, barbary sheep, and antelope. Elephants, warthogs, baboons, giraffes, and crocodiles inhabit southern areas. Farms/cropland 3%

Average Rainfall


Camel market, Niger

100˚F/38˚C

W Maradi

Dosso

sandy plateaus and desert. In the center of the country is the Air Mountain range. Niger’s highest point—Mount Greboun, 6,378 feet (1,944 m)—is located there. About 7

Niger is a landlocked country in western Africa. The country takes its name from the Niger River. About two-thirds of Niger is

N

Tahoua

BENIN

The Place

C H A D

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Niger Continent: Africa Area: 489,073 square miles (1,266,700 sq km) Population: 10,355,156 Capital City: Niamey Largest City: Niamey (398,265) Unit of Money: CFA franc Major Languages: French (official), Hausa Natural Resources: Petroleum, tin, columbite

0˚F/-18˚C

LIBYA

200



Uranium 53%

Livestock 14%


Other 88%

Land Use

Niger

Merchant, Niger

The People About 98% of Niger’s population is black African. Non-black minorities include a white ethnic group called the Tuareg and a few Asian peoples. The major black ethnic groups are the Hausa, Djerma-Songhai, Kanuri, and Fula. The Hausa make up more than half of the population. They live in the south and work as farmers. The Djerma-Songhai live in south-

western Niger and the Kanuri inhabit southwestern areas. The Fula and Tuareg are nomadic. Most people living in rural areas raise crops and livestock or fish for a living. Those living in urban areas work in government, services, or business. Ethnic groups in rural areas have different types of houses. Hausa live in crowded villages in houses made of mud bricks. The Tuareg live in tents made of skins or mats. The Fula live in houses made of straw and branches. City-dwellers live in single-family houses. Niger has one of the highest population growth rates in western Africa. The country has a population density of 21 people per square

(continued)

mile (14 people per sq km). About 50% of the people are under 15 years old. Life expectancy is 46 years. Other 5% Kanuri 8% Fula 9% Hausa 56%

Djerma 22%

Ethnic Makeup Indigenous beliefs & Christian 20%

Muslim 80%

Major Religions

Education Many areas in Niger do not have schools. The government runs the public schools. There are also Quranic schools, which teach Muslim beliefs. Nomadic groups use tent schools. The school moves with the nomads as they move. About 25% of primary-schoolage children attend school and less than 10% of students ages 12 to 17 attend secondary schools. Niger’s major university is the University at Niamey, founded in 1973.

Popular Culture/Daily Life Islam has influenced Niger’s culture. About 80% of the people are Muslim. Others are Christian, and some practice traditional African religions. Niger’s ethnic groups make many types of crafts. People make gold and silver jewelry, pottery, leatherwork, cloth, and woodcarvings. Traditional African music is popular. Favorite sports in Niger include cycling, basketball, and soccer. The

Government

Literate 14%


Defense


NA army personnel

Many people in Niger cannot read or write. About 21% of the men and 7% of the women can read and write. country celebrates National Youth Week every December.

NA tanks NA major ships NA combat aircraft

Children at market, Niger


59

TVs

5

2

NA

NA

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

225

Nigeria Land area rank

31

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

10

fewest people

Sokoto

Official Name: Federal Republic of Nigeria Continent: Africa Area: 351,648 square miles (910,770 sq km) Population: 126,635,626 Capital City: Abuja Largest City: Lagos (13,050,000) EQUATOR Unit of Money: Naira Major Languages: English (official), Hausa Natural Resources: Petroleum, tin, columbite, iron ore

Lake Chad

Katsina Kano

Kumo

Kaduna

BENIN

Jos Ni

ASIA

Ogbomosho Ibadan

AUSTRALIA

Benin City

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


and grassy plains dominate the Western Uplands. Dimlang Peak— Nigeria’s highest point at 6,699 feet (2,042 m)—is in the Eastern Highlands. The Southwestern Plains are heavily forested. Swamps and lagoons cover Wase, Nigeria the coast. Nigeria has a tropical climate. The north is hotter and drier than the south. The average temperature in the north is 85°F (29°C), however, the temperature often rises to 100°F (38°C). The average temperature in

Uyo

E

CAMEROON 0 0

miles km

the south is 80°F (27°C). The rainy season lasts from April to October. Coastal areas receive about 150 inches (381 cm) of rain a year. Northern Nigeria receives about 25 inches (64 cm) of rain annually.

Other Forests 8% 12% Crude petroleum 95%

Exports

200

200

Other 3%

$15 billion

226

N

S

Port Harcourt

0 in/0 cm


R. W

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Cocoa beans 1% Average Rainfall


12 in/30 cm

e

Rubber 1%

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

B

u en

Lagos

A N TA R C T I C A

Nigeria, on the western coast of Africa, extends 650 miles (1,050 km) from north to south and 700 miles (1,130 km) from east to west. Nigeria has many different land areas. The Sokoto Plains in northwestern Nigeria have fertile soil. Rivers flowing across the plains often flood during the rainy season. The grassy and sandy Chad Basin in the northeast becomes swampy during the rainy season. The Northern High Plains make up one-fifth of Nigeria and consist of flat grasslands, hills, and granite ridges. Grasslands, palm forests, swampy plains, and rugged hills cover the Niger-Benue River Valley in central Nigeria. The country’s two main rivers—the Niger and the Benue—meet there. Granite hills

g Riv e r

Osogbo

SOUTH AMERICA

Abuja

er

AFRICA

The Place

Maiduguri

Zaria

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

C H A D

N I G E R

At a Glance

100˚F/38˚C

most people (1)



Land Use

Nigeria

Nigerian children

The People Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa. It has a population density of 346 people per square mile (133 people per sq km). The country’s rate of population increase is almost 3%. Nearly half the population is under 15 years old. Life expectancy is 54 years. There are more than 250 ethnic groups in Nigeria. The three largest groups are the Hausa in the north, Yoruba in the southwest, and Ibo in the southeast.

Most Nigerians live in rural areas. Houses are made of grass, dried mud, or wood and have roofs made of cement sheets, metal, or thatch. Families live close together in a group of houses. People living in the cities inhabit houses or apartments. Approximately 54% of Nigeria’s labor force works in agriculture, 19% in industry, commerce, and services, and 15% in government. About 50% of the people are Muslims and 40% are Christians. Some groups living in rural areas practice religions based on the worship of many gods and spirits. Men and women usually wear long, loose

Popular Culture/Daily Life Nigeria is famous for its art. The oldest known African sculptures are clay figures created there in 500 B.C.E. Today, many tribes make detailed carved wooden masks. Nigerian music features drums, xylophones, as well as string and wood instruments. Dance themes focus on everyday life. Much of the country’s literature is oral. Chants, folk stories, proverbs, and riddles are popular forms. Writer

Hausa 21%

Other 29% Fulani 11%

Ibo 18%

Yoruba 21%

Ethnic Makeup


Christian 40%

Muslim 50%

Major Religions robes. The men also wear short, full jackets with shorts or pants and small round caps. Women sometimes wear scarves tied like turbans.

Government

Education Nigeria does not have enough schools or teachers for its children. About 15 million students attend elementary school and about 3.5 million attend secondary school. Nigeria has 30 universities. More than 330,000 students attend college. Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria is the largest university. Nigeria has a literacy rate of 57%.

(continued)

Type: Republic Structure: Executive Leader: Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council

Literate 57%



210 tanks

About 67% of the men and 47% of the women can read and write. Wole Soyinka, who was from Nigeria, was the first African writer to win the Nobel Prize for literature.

1 major ship 92 combat aircraft

Soccer is the most popular sport, with weekly matches held throughout the country. Nigerian girls


29 TVs

4

3

5

NA

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

North Korea Land area rank

98

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

49

At a Glance

ve


R

e Tu m

AFRICA

C H IN A

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C


E

Ya

lu

R

Kanggye Kimch'aek

S

S e a o f J a p a n

Hamhung

Sinuiju

Hungnam Wonsan

P'yongyang Namp'o

Korea Bay

Haeju

0

Kaesong

0

Yellow Sea

as Siberian fir, spruce, pine, and cedar, cover about half the country. North Korea’s major rivers are the 491-mile- (790-km-) long Yalu and the 324-mile- (521-km-) long Tumen. North Korea has a cool, temperate climate with long, cold winters and wet summers. The country has an average temperature of 47°F (8°C). Most of North Korea’s rain falls in the summer—about 40 inches (102 cm). Typhoons sometimes occur in September and August.

SOU TH KOREA

Fertile North Korean farmland

Fishery products 17%

Other 23% Minerals 48%

Agriculture 27%

Farms/ cropland 16% Forests 61%

0 in/0 cm



228

iv

N W

Other 8%

Average Rainfall


North Korea lies on the northern half of the Korean Peninsula in Asia. It is separated from Russia and China by the Yalu and Tumen rivers in the north. The country is bordered in the south by South Korea. The Yellow Sea, the Korea Bay, and the Sea of Japan form the country’s coastlines. Almost 80% of North Korea is mountain ranges and uplands. The Kaema Plateau, which has an area of 4,000 square miles (10,360 sq km), is the country’s largest upland area. Mount Paektu—the country’s highest peak at 9,022 feet (2,750 m)—is there. The Nangnim Moutains are in the central part of the country, and the Hamgyong Mountains are in the east. The rest of North Korea consists of plains and lowlands. The P’yongyang and Chaeryong plains in the southwest are the country’s most fertile areas. Coniferous trees, such

AUSTRALIA

A N TA R C T I C A

Ch'ongjin er

SOUTH AMERICA

The Place

RUSSIA

i

n

ASIA

Official Name: EQUATOR Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Continent: Asia Area: 46,768 square miles (120,540 sq km) Population: 21,386,109 Capital City: Pyongyang Largest City: Pyongyang (2,741,260) Unit of Money: North Korean Won Major Languages: Korean (official) Natural Resources: Coal, lead, tungsten

0˚F/-18˚C

most people (1)

r

fewest people

Land Use

miles km

100

100

North Korea The People Most people in North Korea are Korean. There are small groups of Chinese and Japanese in the country. Korean is the official language. After the Korean War in 1953, the government tried to make the country more industrialized. About two-thirds of North Koreans live in urban areas, with the coast the most populated region. Many work in government-run factories. Most live in one or two room apartments. Few people own cars. Those living

in rural areas work on collective farms. Collective farms are operated by a group of farmers. About 25% of the country’s labor force works in agriculture, 60% in industry, and 15% in services. North Korea has a population density of 464 people per square mile (179 people per sq km). It has an annual population growth rate of 1.4%. Life expectancy is 51 years. In recent years, a famine in the country has affected the lives of most Koreans. The North Korean government

Korean 100%

Buddhism and Confusianism, some Christianity

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

Education North Korea’s elementary school system is made up of grades 1 to 4, and its senior middle school goes from grades 5 to 10. Students must receive government permission to

Literate 99%


Popular Culture/Daily Life In North Korea, the government controls an artist’s work and encourages work that supports Communist Party beliefs. Art that goes against communism is prohibited. Most North Koreans enjoy reading poems, novels, and short stories. The cities have theaters for drama, opera, and movies. Drama groups

continue their education. With the government’s approval, a student can go on to a 2-year high school, a 2-year vocational school, or a 3- or 4-year technical school. Those who finish high school or technical school can then continue on to college. Students who graduate from a vocational school must complete a year of special study before moving on to college. North Korea has one college, Kim Il Sung University in Pyongyang. The country also has 200 specialized colleges that teach students certain subjects, such as engineering. travel to rural areas to perform. North Koreans enjoy participating in folk dances, such as the drum dance sungmu, where dancers wear drums around their necks. The government also operates gymnasiums that focus on organized sports, such as gymnastics, and tae kwon do, a martial art.

(continued)

discourages the belief in religion because it goes against the teachings of communism, even though freedom of religion is allowed in the country’s constitution. Confucianism and Buddhism are the most popular belief systems in the country. Korean man

North Korea has a literacy rate of about 99%.

Government Type: Communist Structure: Executive Leader: President/Premier

Defense NA army personnel NA tanks NA major ships NA combat aircraft


14

11

NA

NA

NA

TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

229

Norway Land area rank

67

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

115

most people (1)

At a Glance

0 0

200

W

Bare

E

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

ARCTIC OCEAN

N

200

Hammerfest

S

ASIA

N

Narvik

L A P L A N D

E

A

SOUTH AMERICA

Alta

Tromso

AFRICA

O

a

C

AUSTRALIA

eg

I

ia

n

C

Mo

N

ni

LA

th

FI N

Gu

lf

of

Bo

EN ED

Bergen

SW

A

Trondheim

D

a

w or N

T

L

A

N

T

A N TA R C T I C A

nts S ea

Kirkenes

IA SS RU

Official Name: Kingdom of Norway Continent: Europe Area: 118,865 square miles EQUATOR (307,860 sq km) Population: 4,503,440 Capital City: Oslo Largest City: Oslo (483,401) Unit of Money: Krone Major Languages: Norwegian (official) Literacy: 99% Land Use: 3% arable, 27% forests, 70% other Natural Resources: Petroleum, copper, natural gas Government: Constitutional monarchy Defense: $3.7 billion

miles km

Se

fewest people

Oslo

North Sea Stavanger

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Fish & food products 8% Metal products 11%

Other 16%

Baltic Sea

ESTONIA

LATVIA

The People More than half of Norway’s population lives in the south near the capital, Oslo. About 75% live in urban areas, and most people live in apartments. Wealthier Norwegians, however, own single-family homes. About 25% of the population lives in rural areas, mainly in the southeast. People living in rural areas have farmhouses with modern conveniences. Life expectancy is 78 years. About 71% of the labor force works in services, 23% in industry, and 6% in fishing, agriculture, and forestry. Children ages 7 to 16 must go to school. Elementary school lasts 6 years, and both junior high and senior high last 3 years. Students can then continue on to college. Sports are an important part of Norwegian life. Skiing is the most popular sport. Many learn how to ski before they start school. Ice-skating, soccer, and swimming are also Norwegian favorites.

Fuels and fuel products 54%

Norwegian 95%

Other Christian 4%

Other 8%


0 in/0 cm


Machinery 11%

Exports $49 billion

230

Ska

Kristiansand it k Stra gerra

Lapp 1% Other 4% Average Rainfall


Norway is a narrow country in northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by Sweden, Finland, and Russia on the east. The Barents Sea lies to the north, the Norwegian and North Seas to the west, and the Skagerrak Strait on the south. Norway is mountainous. It has an average elevation of 1,500 feet (457 m). The Mountainous Plateau consists of rock smoothed by glaciers. The 4,500-square-mile (11,700-sq-km) Hardanger Plateau—Europe’s largest highland plain—is in this area. Snow and ice cover 1,200 square miles (3,110 sq km) of Norway’s uplands above 6,500 feet (1,980 m). The 188-squaremile (487-sq-km) Jostedal Glacier is one of the largest ice fields in Europe. Norwegian waitress The Kjolen Mountain Range is in northern Norway. The Long Mountains in the south include Galdhopiggen, northern Europe’s highest mountain at 8,100 feet (2,469 m). The lowlands are Norway’s best farmland. Many fiords (narrow inlets) make up Norway’s coastline and some 150,000 islands lie off its coast.

Drammen

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

Oman 82




most people (1)

At a Glance

BAHRAIN


Pe

rs

ia

ASIA

Official Name: Sultanate EQUATOR of Oman Continent: Asia (Middle East) Area: 82,030 square miles (212,460 sq km) Population: 2,466,645 Capital City: Muscat Largest City: Muscat (350,000) Unit of Money: Omani rial Major Languages: Arabic (official), English Literacy: 80% Land Use: 5% pastures, 95% other Natural Resources: Petroleum, copper, asbestos Government: Monarchy Defense: $1.82 billion

n

Gu

QATAR

AFRICA

lf

Strait of

IRA N

rmuz Ho

Musandam Peninsular

SOUTH AMERICA

Suhar AUSTRALIA

G ulf o f O m a n

UNITED ARAB Ar Rustáq EMIRATES

Muscat

Nazwá Sur

A N TA R C T I C A

S A U D I 0 0

W

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Average Rainfall


15 in/38 cm

Khaluf Duqm

Arabian Sea

E

Salalah

Y E M E N

INDIAN OCEAN

The People Nearly 90% of Oman’s people are Arabs and almost all are Muslims. Other ethnic groups include Africans, Indians, Iranians, and Pakistanis. Oman has a population density of 31 people per square mile (11 people per sq km). It has an average yearly population increase of 3.4%. The life expectancy is 71 years. Omanis living in rural areas inhabit houses made of concrete blocks, wood and palm thatch, or dried mud or stone. Nomads live in tents. Many city dwellers live in 1or 2-story houses with enclosed courtyards. Most people living in coastal areas work on date palm plantations or fish for a living. Farmers in interior sections grow dates, fruit, and grain. People living in the city work in the petroleum industry or as government officials, laborers, merchants, or sailors. The majority of Omani men wear white robes and turbans. Women usually wear long black dresses over their colorful clothes. Some women also wear black veils to cover their faces.

Food and live animals 2% Other 6% Manufactured goods 3% Machinery 9%

a l i l K h ' A ) b t u R s e r ( D e

S

Oman is a small country on the Arabian peninsula in the Middle East with coastlines on the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea on the east. Most of Oman is desert and mountains. The mountainous Musandam Peninsula is in northern Oman. Date palms grow in the fertile Al Batinah, which lies along the coast of the Gulf of Oman. Frankincense trees thrive in Dhofar in the south. Next to Al Batinah are the Al Hajar mountains. Mount Al-Akhdar— 10,086 feet (3,074 m)—is the country’s highest peak. The Rub’ al Khali Awakening tower, Oman desert covers western Oman. Temperatures in Oman can get quite hot. Summertime temperatures can rise as high as 130°F (54°C). Winters are mild with temperatures averaging 63°F (17°C). Oman averages 6 inches (15 cm) of rain a year. Dhofar sometimes receives as much as 25 inches (63.5 cm) of rain a year. Rare animal species, such as the Arabian oryx, Arabian leopard, mountain goat, and loggerhead turtle, are native to Oman. 80˚F/27˚C

200

200

N

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

miles km

A R A B IA

Petroleum 80%

African, Indian, Iranian, Pakistani 10%

Other Muslim & Hindu 25%

Arab 90%

Ibadhi Muslim 75%

0 in/0 cm


Exports

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

$8 billion

231

Pakistan Area rank

36

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

7

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

TURKMENISTAN EUROPE NORTH AMERICA

Mt. GoodwinAusten (K-2)

AFRICA

Mingaora


In

Peshawar

A N TA R C T I C A

.

J he

AFGHANISTAN

Lahore

Quetta

.

us R iver

Faisalabad

Multan

tl

ej

R

u S Bahawalpur

BA

IS LUCH

TA

In

N Sukkur

INDIA

The Place

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


232

Average Rainfall


100˚F/38˚C

s

Rawalpindi R . i R av m R lu Gujranwala

IRAN

Hyderabad

es

N W

ar

D

t er

Th

Pakistan is a country in southern Asia. It is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran on the west, and India on the east. The Arabian Sea lies to the south. The country has 650 miles (1,046 km) of coastline. Pakistan’s northern and western highlands are mountainous and include the Karakoram and Pamir mountain ranges. K2, the second highest peak in the world at 28,250 feet (8,611 m), located in the Karakoram range. In eastern Pakistan are the Punjab and Sind alluvial plains, which were made of soil deposited by rivers. The Indus, Jhelum, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers are found in the north. The 1,000-mile(1,609-km-) long Indus River flows through east central Pakistan to the

du

Islamabad

d

Official Name: Islamic EQUATOR Republic of Pakistan Continent: Asia Area: 300,664 square miles (778,720 sq km) Population: 144,616,639 Capital City: Islamabad Largest City: Karachi (12,100,000) Unit of Money: Pakistani rupee Major Languages: Urdu (official), Punjabi, Sindhi Natural Resources: Land, natural gas, petroleum

CHINA

ASIA

S

Karachi 0

Arabian Sea

Pakistani farmer

E

0

miles km

200

200

Pakistan Arabian Sea. This area is quite fertile. The Baluchistan Plateau in the southwest is dry and rocky and has few plants. The Thar Desert in the southeast extends into northwestern India. Pakistan has a dry climate with hot summers and cool winters. Rainfall varies by region, but the

Cotton 2% Fish 2% Other Leather 12% goods 4% Rice 6% Ready-made garments 21%

country averages about 10 inches (25 cm) of rain a year. It sometimes experiences long dry spells followed by severe storms that flood the country. Most rain falls from July to September. Average temperatures vary by area. Northern areas average

(continued)

about 75°F (24°C) in the summer, with winter temperatures below freezing. Eastern Pakistan has an average temperature of 90°F (32°C) in the summer and 55°F (13°C) in the winter. Coastal areas have mild, humid weather year round. ➤

City bus, Karachi, Pakistan

Textile fabrics 53%

Exports $8 billion

Farms/ cropland 28% Other 61%

Land Use


Resources Farm land

Forests

Pastures

Other

Manufacturing Textiles Light Engineering Chemicals Cattle

Cattle are raised in northern Pakistan.

Grains

233

Pakistan

(continued)

The History The Indus Valley civilization formed in what is now Pakistan around 2500 B.C.E. By 1700 B.C.E. the civilization had collapsed and during the next 1,000 years many people from Asia came to the region. The Persians took over in 500 B.C.E. and then, in the 300s B.C.E., emperor Chandragupta Maurya gained control and made the region part of the Mauryan Empire. Soon after, the Greeks took over, then the Afghans, Parthians, Kushands, and finally the Arab Muslims in 1000 C.E. The Mughal Empire, which included India, was established in 1526. In the 1700s, Persians and

Afghans gained power, and in the early 1800s, the Sikh and Punjab kingdoms were in control. The United Kingdom (Great Britain) took over the nation in the late 1800s. In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim League. Also at this time India began a movement for its independence from Great Britain. Muslims called for another country— Pakistan—to form. Pakistan became an independent nation in the British Commonwealth of Nations in 1947. After several wars between Muslim and Hindu groups, Pakistan became a republic in 1956. The country went through a civil war in the 1970s

The People Pakistan’s population is made up of many cultural groups. The main difference between the groups is language. Urdu is the country’s official language, however, less than 10% of the people speak it as their main language. The Punjabis are the largest group and speak different dialects of Punjabi. Other ethnic groups include the Sindis, Pashtuns, Mohajir, and Baluch. Refugees from Pakistani mother and child

Street vendor, northern Pakistan

Afghanistan also live in the country. Pakistan has a population density of 456 people per square mile (176 people per sq km). It has an annual population increase of 2.3%. Life expectancy is 59 years. Pakistan’s cities are highly populated. The country has 12 cities with more than 200,000 people. Most city dwellers work in factories, or as shopkeepers and craftworkers. Many live in small houses in crowded neighborhoods. Wealthier Pakistanis live in large, modern houses. Most people in rural areas are farmers or herders. Many rural Pakistanis live in a two or three room houses made of clay or mud. Few houses have plumbing or electricity, and straw mats cover dirt floors. Rural men have more social freedom than rural women. Women

between eastern and western Pakistanis. Pakistan and India have long fought over an independent territory called Kashmir.

Government Type: Federal Republic Structure: Executive Leader: President/Prime Minister


cover their faces with veils when around strangers and avoid contact with men outside their family. Most men and women wear shalwar and qamiz—loose pants and a large overblouse. Women also wear a dupatta—or scarf—over their shoulders and head. Turbans are popular with the men. About 97% of Pakistanis are Muslims. There are also small groups of Christians, Hindus, Buddhists, and Parsis in the country. Prayers and religious rituals are an important part of everyday life. Other 3% Shi'a Muslim 20% Sunni Muslim 77%

Major Religions Baluch 5% Mohajir 8%

Other 7%

Punjabi 50%

Sindi 15% Pashtun 15%

Ethnic Makeup

Pakistan

(continued)

Literate 38%


Education Pakistani children are not required to go to school. The country has a shortage of schools, teachers, and teaching materials. The school system is made up of elementary school from grades 1 to 5, middle school from grades 6 to 8, and high school from grades 9 to 10. After high school, students can attend intermediate college for 2 years to prepare for college. Pakistan’s 3 largest universities are

Pakistani school children

the University of Karachi, the University of Peshawar, and the University of the Punjab.

Pakistan has a literacy rate of 38%. About 50% of men and 24% of women can read and write.

Other 19% Agriculture 47%

Services 17% Industry 17%

Labor Force


Pakistani women with veils lifted

Popular Culture/Daily Life Each of Pakistan’s ethnic groups has a distinct culture. Folk literature consists of stories and songs about legendary or historical figures. People living in rural areas like to

watch plays based on legends. Movies are popular in the cities. Ancient Buddhist monuments, Hindu temples, Islamic palaces and tombs, and Anglo-Mogul Gothic mansions are found in many parts of

16

6

8

NA

NA

TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

the country. Sculpture, ceramics, jewelry, silk goods, and engraved woodwork and metalwork are popular art forms. Cricket—a baseball-like game—is the national sport.

235

Palau Area rank

197

smallest country

Population rank


fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance EUROPE

Official Name: Republic of Palau Continent: Oceania EQUATOR Area: 177 square miles (458 sq km) Population: 19,092 Capital City: Koror Largest City: Koror (12,299) Unit of Money: U.S. dollar Major Languages: Palauan (official), English Literacy: 92% Land Use: Not available Natural Resources: Forests, minerals, marine products Government: Constitutional government in free association with the United States Defense: Responsibility of the United States

NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

Konrei

AFRICA

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Average Rainfall


15 in/38 cm

Other 15% Copra 16%

C

E

Koror

A N TA R C T I C A

O

N

C

E

I

W S

Ngardololok 0 0

miles km

I Peleliu I.

30

Angaur I.

30

P

A

F

C

The People About 70% of Palauans live on Koror Island and most work for government agencies. The rest of the people live in rural villages throughout the islands. Many of these people work as farmers, but are only able to grow enough food to feed their families and make a small profit. The most popular foods in Palau are seafood and taro, a starchy, edible underground root. Palau has a population density of 106 people per square mile (40 people per sq km). It has an annual population increase of 1.3%. Life expectancy is 67 years. Most of the population speaks both Palauan and English. Children ages 6 to 14 must attend school. The country has a literacy rate of 92%. About 75% of the people are Christians, and 25% of Palauans follow a local religion called Modekngei.

Modekngei 25% Fish 29% Garments 21%

Polynesian, Malayan, and Melanesian

Christian 85%

0 in/0 cm


Handicrafts 19% Exports $14 million

236

Melekeiok Babelthuap I. Airai

N

Mukeru

Palau is a chain of 200 islands that extends 100 miles (160 km) from north to south and is 20 Rock islands, Palau miles (32 km) wide. It lies 528 miles (9,650 km) southeast of the Philippines and is surrounded by a coral reef. Babelthuap is Palau’s largest island. The northern islands were once volcanoes and have fertile soil. The southern islands are high coral formations. Few people live on these islands because they are too rugged. Palau has a tropical climate with an average daytime temperature of 80°F (27°C). More than 150 inches (380 cm) of rain fall on Palau each year. The islands are fertile, with mangrove swamps along the coasts and savannas. Coconut and pandanus palms grow in the rain forests. Animals, such as crocodiles, poisonous sea snakes, and dugongs—manatee relatives—live in Palau’s warm waters.

80˚F/27˚C

Ngatpang

A

AUSTRALIA

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

Galap

Ngardmau

SOUTH AMERICA

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

Panama Area rank

118

smallest country

Population rank

largest country (1)

133

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

A T L A N T I C

Caribbean Sea

E S

COSTA RICA Ga

tun

e Lak

Cristóbal Panama Canal

La Chorrera

Colón San Miguelito

Panama City Balboa

David

La Palma

Santiago

Yaviza

ira

Chitré

EUROPE

Gulf of Panama

ASIA

R

NORTH AMERICA

N W

Tu

Official Name: Republic of Panama Continent: North America (Central America) Area: 29,340 square miles (75,990 sq km) Population: 2,845,647 Capital City: Panama City Largest City: Panama City (450,668) Unit of Money: Balboa Major Languages: Spanish (official), English Literacy: 91% EQUATOR Land Use: 7% arable land, 2% permanent crops, 20% pastures, 44% forests, 27% other Natural Resources: Copper, mahogany forests, shrimp Government: Constitutional Republic Defense: $78 million

O C E A N

.

AFRICA

COL OM BIA

SOUTH AMERICA


AUSTRALIA

0

miles

50

0 km 50

A N TA R C T I C A

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


White 10%

Average Rainfall


About 70% of Panama’s people are mestizos and mulattos. Most other people are of black, white, or Indian ancestry. More than 50% of the people live in urban areas. About The Place 75% of those people live in one of Panama’s three main cities—Panama City, San Miguelito, and Colon. About Panama is a narrow Central American country on the 98% of Panamanians live near the canal or west of it. Isthmus of Panama. The Panama Canal cuts through the isthmus, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Panama has a population density of 94 people per square mile (36 people per sq km). Life expectancy is 75 years. Eastern Panama is primarily swamps and forest. The Children ages 7 to 15 must attend San Blas and Darien Mountains, also in the east, rise Panamanian woman school, however, about 50% of to 6,000 feet (1,800 m). The Central highlands are students drop out before age 15. mountainous. Panama’s highest peak—Volcan Baru Many leave school to work to earn at 11,401 feet (3,475 m)—is there. Panama’s coastal money for their families. About 50% lowlands are fertile. The country’s major river is the of students who complete the sixth Tuira and its largest lake is Gatun Lake, which was grade finish high school. Panama has created by the builders of the Panama Canal. 2 universities—the University of Panama has a warm, tropical climate. Panama and the University of Santa Temperatures average 80°F (27°C) in lowland areas Maria la Antigua. and 66°F (19°C) in the mountains. The Pacific side Panamanians have fiestas, which of Panama receives 68 inches (173 cm) of rain a feature music, dance, and special year, while the Atlantic side gets 150 inches (381 foods, to celebrate holidays. Music is a cm) of a rain a year. popular form of entertainment in Many animals, such as jaguars, ocelots, pumas, Panama. The people also enjoy playparrots, and monkeys, live in Panama. Pine trees, ing baseball and basketball. cacao trees, and banana plants thrive in the country.

Other 40%

Bananas 33%

Clothing Shrimp 3% 14% Fish products 4% Exports Coffee 6% $592 million

Amerindian 6%

BlackAmerindian 14%

Mestizo 70%

Ethnic Makeup

Protestant 15%

Roman Catholic 85%

Major Religions

237

Papua New Guinea Area rank

54

smallest country

Population rank

largest country (1)

110

fewest people

most people (1)

P A C I F I C

At a Glance


ASIA

Official Name: Papua EQUATOR New Guinea Continent: Oceania Area: 174,849 square miles (452,860 sq km) Population: 5,049,055 Capital City: Port Moresby Largest City: Port Moresby (250,000) Unit of Money: Kina Major Languages: English, Motu Literacy: 72% Land Use: 0.1% arable land, 1% permanent crops, 92.9% forests, 6% other Natural Resources: oil, natural gas, fish Government: Parliamentary democracy Defense: $63 million

Bis

Admiralty Islands

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


Papua New Guinea is in the Pacific Ocean north of Australia. It is made up of the island of New Guinea and a chain of islands that extend 1,000 miles (1,600 km). New Guinea, in the east, makes up most of the country’s area. Other islands include the Bismarck and Louisiade Archipelagos; Bougainville and Buka in the Solomon Islands; the D’Entrecasteaux and Trobriand Islands; and Woodlark Island. Papua New Guinea is mountainous. Volcanoes are found on the northern coasts. Tropical forests cover 80% of the islands inland areas, and swamps cover the coasts. The country has a hot and humid climate. Temperatures average from Waterfall, Papua 75 to 80°F (24 to 28°C) in lowland New Guinea areas and 68°F (20°C) at higher elevations. Papua New Guinea receives about 80 inches (203 cm) of rain a year.

$3 billion

238

Madang New Britain Goroka

New

N W

To r r e s Str ai t E

S

AUSTRALIA

Bougainville Kieta

Lae

Gu in ea

Daru

Solomon Sea Port Moresby

Trobriand Islands Woodlark Island D'Entrecasteaux

Louisiade Archipelago

Coral Sea

0 0

miles km

200

200

The People About 98% of Papua New Guinea’s people are Melanesians—dark-skinned people with curly hair. Most people live in villages and work as farmers—about 64% of the labor force works in agriculture. About 40% of the people live in the interior valleys. Papua New Guinea has a population density of 28 people per square mile (10 people per sq km). The annual rate of population increase is 2.5%. Life expectancy is 58 years. More than 850 languages are spoken in New Guinea. Most people use languages called lingua francas to communicate with each other. The main two are pidgin English and Motu. Approximately 65% of children go Papua New Guinea boy in traditional dress to school until they are 12. About 20% of the population has attended high school. Nearly 81% of men and 63% of women can read and write.

Cocoa beans 1% Other 6% Coffee 6% Palm oil 6% Crude oil 32% Concentrates 12% Gold 23% Copper ore and timber 14%

Exports

Bismarck Sea

Wewak

INDONESIA

AUSTRALIA

rk

Arc h Ne ipela go w Ire lan d Rabaul

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

O C E A N

ma

Roman Catholic 22% Melanesian (Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian)

Ethnic Makeup


Protestant 44%

Major Religions

Paraguay Area rank

59

smallest country

Population rank

largest country (1)

101

fewest people

most people (1)

B OL IV IA

At a Glance


Capitán Pablo Lagerenza

ASIA

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Paraguay Continent: South America Area: 153,398 square miles (397,300 sq km) Population: 5,734,139 Capital City: Asuncion Largest City: Asuncion (502,426) Unit of Money: Guarani Major Languages: Spanish (official), Guarani Literacy: 92% Land Use: 6% arable land, 55% pastures, 325 forests, 7% other Natural Resources: Copper, silver, gold Government: Republic Defense: $94 million

B R A ZIL

Doctor Pedro P. Peña

om

o P ar

Concepción

o R i

r

ay

ve

lc

Ri

Pi

A N TA R C T I C A

Ri

AUSTRALIA

Paraguay

G ra n C h a c o

SOUTH AMERICA

an

a

AFRICA

N

ve r W

Asunción Villarrica Lambare

S

iv

er

Fernando de la Mora

E

R

A R G E N T IN A Pilar 0

miles

100

Para

na

0 km 100

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


About 95% of Paraguay’s people are mestizos. Other groups include Indians, Chinese, Germans, Koreans, and Japanese. Most Paraguayans live in the east and about The Place 20% live in or near Asuncion, the capital. The country Paraguay is a landlocked country in South America, borhas a population density of 36 people per square mile dered by Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil. The Paraguay (13 people per sq km). Life expectancy is 72 years. River, its major river, divides the country into two land Rural Paraguayans live in one-room houses called regions in the west and east. ranchos. Ranchos have dirt floors, reed, wood, or brick Chaco—also called Occidental Paraguay—is walls, and thatch roofs. An located in the west, and is a flat area with coarse attached shed is used as a grasses, forests, and salt marshes. The kitchen. Most people in rural Pilcomayo River flows in the southwest and areas are farmers, however, forms Paraguay’s border with Argentina. Eastern some work on cattle ranches, Paraguay—or Oriental Paraguay—has rolling in forestry, or in small factories. hills, fertile soil, and forests. It lies between the About half of the population Paraguay and Parana Rivers. The Parana lives in urban areas. City Plateau is the area’s most heavily forested land. dwellers make up most of Paraguay has a warm and humid climate. The Paraguay’s middle class. Urban Paraguayan mother and daughter Chaco is the hottest and driest area in the country Paraguayans inhabit small and the Parana Plateau is the coolest and wettest. houses made of brick or stucco Paraguay has an average temperature of 65°F (19°C) in with red tile roofs. Most people who live in the cities July and 84°F (29°C) in January. Eastern Paraguay receives work as craftworkers, factory workers, government 65 inches (166 cm) of rain a year, while the Chaco gets 20 employees, office workers, and shopkeepers. Paraguay’s to 40 inches (51 to 102 cm) of rain. This area sometimes cities have better schools and more medical facilities has winter droughts and summer floods. than rural areas. Hides and skins 4% Other Soybean 15% flour 31%

Processed meats 5% Vegetable oil 7% Oilseed cakes 8%

Timber 9%

White, American Indian, and Other 5%

Mestizo 95%

Exports

Cotton fibers 21%

Ethnic Makeup

Mennonite and other Protestant denominations 10%

Roman Catholic 90%

Major Religions

$1 billion

239

Peru Area rank

20

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

38

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

C O L OM B IA


ASIA

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Peru Continent: South America Area: 496,222 square miles (1,285,220 sq km) Population: 27,483,864 Capital City: Lima Largest City: Lima (7,450,000) Unit of Money: Nuevo Sol Major Languages: Spanish, Quechua (both official) Natural Resources: Copper, silver, gold AFRICA

E C U A D O R

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

Iquitos

Talara

Am

A N TA R C T I C A

az

on

Rive

r

Piura Chiclayo

B RA ZIL

Trujillo

Pucallpa

P

Chimbote

A

A

C

n

F

I

Lima

Huancayo

d

C

Ayacucho Cuzco

e

O

Ica

s

C E

Lake Titicaca

A

Arequipa

N

N

B OL IV IA

I

Callao

Tacna W

E 0

S

Cuzco, Peru

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Highlands, extend the length of the country. The highlands consist of grassy narrow valleys and plateaus. Huascaran, an extinct volcano, is the area’s highest peak at 22,205 feet (6,768 m). Few trees grow in the highlands. Lake Titicaca, Peru’s largest lake, is in the southern highlands. At 12,507 feet (3,812 m) above sea level, Lake Titicaca is the highest navigable lake in the world. Rain forests and jungles lie east of

Other 36%

Copper and copper products 23%

Textile yarn and fabric 3%

CH IL E

200

the Andes. The Amazon River—the world’s largest river—flows through this part of the country. Coastal Peru has an average temperature of 73°F (23°C) from November to April and 61°F (16°C) from May to October. Temperatures in the highlands are cooler, with the highest elevations not rising above freezing. Jungle areas have an average yearly temperature of 80°F (27°C). The coast receives about 2 inches (5 cm) of rain a year, while eastern parts of the country may get at least 40 inches (100 cm) of rain a year. Earthquakes occur frequently in Peru.

Clothing and accessories 4% Lead products 4%

Other 10% Fish meal fodder 13% Zinc products 7%

Exports $6 billion

240

0 km

200

Farms/ cropland 3%

Average Rainfall


Peru is the third-largest country in South America. It is in western South America along the Pacific Ocean. Peru’s coastline is a dry, rugged desert. The snow-capped Andes Mountains, in the Eastern

miles

Coffee 5% Petroleum and derivatives 5%


Forests 66%

Land Use

Peru (continued) The People Peru has more Indians than any other country in South America. About 45% of Peruvians are Indians. People of mixed Indian and white ancestry make up the next largest group at 37%. About 15% of the population is of white ancestry. A number of Peruvians have Japanese ancestry. The country has a population density of 54 people per square mile (20 people per sq km) and an annual population increase of 1.9%. Life expectancy is 70 years. Most of the population lives in cities or towns. Many people work in agriculture, mining, quarrying, manufacturing, construction, and services. Rural families live in one-room houses. Some have adobe walls and thatch or tile roofs while other houses have twig or bamboo walls and thatch roofs. Many lower-class families in

Other 5%

Roman Catholic 95%

Major Religions Other 3% White 15%

Mother and daughter with llama.

urban areas live in crowded squatter communities. Squatters first build their homes out of cardboard and metal, but after saving money, build a house out of adobe or concrete blocks. Upper- and middle-class people,

Education Peruvian children ages 6 to 12 must attend school. Many rural children do not attend school, however, because there is a shortage of schools and teachers. Almost all Peruvian school children

Ethnic Makeup mainly whites, live in single-family houses with enclosed patios or highrise apartments. Peru has a literacy rate of 89%. About 95% of men and 83% of women can read and write.

Literate 89%



Defense

upper- and middle-class students go to private schools. Peru has several universities. Its oldest is the University of San Marcos in Lima, founded in 1551. It is the oldest institution of higher learning in South America.

Popular Culture/Daily Life Music and dancing are very popular in Peru. Radio stations play Peruvian music, as well as songs from the United States. Indian musicians play drums, flutes, rattles, and a small instrument similar to a harp. Mestizo music consists of those instruments and guitars, fiddles, and horns. Mestizo bands

Amerindian 45%

Mestizo 37%

perform in cafés and dance halls around the country. Many people enjoy going to the movies. Soccer, basketball, volleyball, and bullfights are also popular. Indians are known for their sculptures, pottery, jewelry, and textiles. Cities and towns hold an annual festival called fería to honor their patron saints.

75,000 army personnel 300 tanks 15 major ships 90 combat aircraft


95

17 TVs

Cars

31 Phones

22 VCRs

NA PCs

241

Philippines Area rank

70

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

13

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

0


0

ASIA

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of the Philippines Continent: Asia Area: 115,830 square miles (300,000 sq km) Population: 82,841,518 Capital City: Manila Largest City: Manila (1,598,918) Unit of Money: Peso Major Languages: Pilipino, English (both official) Natural Resources: Timber, petroleum, nickel

Laoag

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

PA

CI

Luzon

AUSTRALIA

FI

Baguio

A N TA R C T I C A

miles km

C O CE

N

Manila Lucena

W

Naga Legaspi

Batangas

Mindoro

AN

Phi l i ppi ne Se a

Angeles Quezon City


200

200

E S

Calbayog

Samar Panay Iloilo

Tacloban

Ormoc

Leyte Gulf

Bacolod Cebu

Puerto a n Princesa

The Place The Philippines, in the southwest Pacific Ocean, is made up of more than 7,000 islands. The 11 largest islands make up 95% of the country’s area. Less than half of the islands have names. There are three main groups of islands—the northern

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Boracay, Philipines

group, which is w la Pa made up of the two large islands Luzon and Mindoro; the central group, MALAYSIA which is a group of 7,000 islands called the Visayan Islands; and the southern group, which consists of 400 islands that are part of the Mindanao and Sulu Archipelago. Most larger islands have volcanic mountains. The nation’s highest peak—Mount Apo at 9,692 feet (2,954 m)—is on Mindanao Island. Earthquakes sometimes occur on the islands. The country’s largest lakes are Laguna de Bay in Luzon and Lake Sultan Alonto in Mindanao. Most of the country’s rivers flow during the rainy season, which lasts from June to February. The Philippine Trench, which is off the northeast coast of Mindanao, is

Other 39% Woodcraft and furniture 2%

Electronics 40%

Exports $34 billion

242

Cagayan De Oro Iligan

Mindanao Davao

Zamboanga

C e l e b e s

S e a

one of the deepest spots in all the oceans at 34,578 feet (10,539 m) beneath the surface of the sea. Banyan, palm trees, and bamboo grow throughout the islands. Animals, such as crocodiles, monkeys, and snakes, can be found throughout the country. Small animals with owl-like eyes called tarsiers live only in the Philippines and East Indies. The Philippines has a hot and humid climate. From March to May, temperatures can rise to 100°F (38°C). From June to February, the rainy season, temperatures are cooler at 70°F (21°C). Rainfall averages 100 inches (250 cm) a year.

Other 19%

Farms/ cropland 31%

Forests 46%

Computer peripherals 2% Ignition wiring sets 2% Coconut oil 3%

S u l u S e a

Garments 12%

Land Use


Philippines (continued)

Farm woman, central Philippines

The People People live on 900 of the country’s islands. The people of the Philippines are called Filipinos and are descendants of Indonesians and Malaysians, known as Malays. Chinese make up the second largest ethnic group in the country. The Philippines has a population density of 701 people per square mile (270 people per sq km) and an annual population increase of 2.2%. Life expectancy is 66 years.

Education Children ages 7 to 12 must attend school. The first 2 years of school are taught in the local dialect , then Filipino and English are introduced. Almost all private schools, as well as high schools and universities, teach in English. More than 30% of students attend college—mostly private or religious. The University of the East is the country’s largest university.

Popular Culture/Daily Life The Philippines has had many famous artists, including painters Fabian de la Rosa and Fernando Amorsolo. Much of the country’s literature consists of native legends and poems. Myths and legends center on the origin of the world, the first man and woman on Earth, why the sky is high, why the sea is salty, and why there are different races. Traditional theatre, literature, and love songs called kundimans are

More than 40% of the labor force works in agriculture. Many work on farms that belong to wealthy landowners. About 40% work in education, government, medicine, trade, transportation, communication, or financial services and 15% in manufacturing, construction, or mining. Filipinos have large, close families. Men usually hold positions of authority at both work and home. Many women, however, work in professional fields, and the country has had women presidents. People in rural areas live in wooden houses with thatch or iron roofs. People in the cities live in large houses or government-built housing projects. The Philippines The Philippines has a literacy rate of 95%.

has more Christians than any Asian country. About 92% of the people are Christian, of those 83% are Roman Catholic. Chinese 2% Muslim Malay 4%

Other 3%

Christian Malay 91%

Ethnic Makeup Muslim 5% Protestant 9%

Buddhist & Other 3%

Roman Catholic 83%

Major Religions


Defense

Literate 95%


Literacy

1 major ship

U.S. rate = 97% 49 combat aircraft

popular. Many people enjoy watching soap operas and movies. Filipinos also enjoy growing flowers. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

41

TVs

7

17

14

NA

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

Boy drinking from coconut, southern Philippines

Poland Area rank

69

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

30

fewest people

Baltic Sea


L ITH U A N IA

Gdansk

AFRICA

Olsztyn

SOUTH AMERICA

Szczecin

AUSTRALIA

Bialystock

Bydgoszcz

W

Zielona Gora Od er R. Wroclaw

Lódz

N Radom ul

UKRAINE 0

SLOVAKIA

The Place Poland is a large country in central Europe with a northern coastline on the Baltic Sea. Poland’s coastal lowlands, along the Baltic coast in the

northwest, have smooth, sandy beaches. The Baltic Lakes region in the north is a hilly area with thousands of small lakes, forests, and peat bogs—swamps made of

Eagle Nest Trail Castle, Poland Inset: Hay farmer, Poland

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Chemicals 8% Mineral fuels and lubricants 8% Food 9%

Exports

100

100

decayed plants. The central plains are south of the Baltic Lakes and make up the country’s main agricultural area. The uplands are south of the plains and consist of hills, low mountains, and plateaus. Poland’s richest farmlands and coalfields are there. The fertile and heavily populated Carpathian forelands lie further south. The forest covered Sudeten Mountains border southwestern Poland. The country’s highest spot—Rysy Peak at 8,199 feet (2,499 m)—is in the Western Carpathian Mountains. Bears and wildcats are found there. Poland’s major rivers are the Vistula, Bug, Oder, and Warta. Poland’s climate varies by area. Coastal areas are milder than inland sections and mountainous regions are cool. Temperatures average 73°F (23°C) in July and 26°F (23°C) in January. About 24 inches (61 cm) of precipitation falls a year.

Forests 29%


Machinery 21% Miscellaneous manufactured articles 21%

miles km

Other 10%

$26 billion

244

0

Other 5%


E S

Krakow

CZECH REPUBLIC

W

Lublin

st

Katowice

a

Czestochowa Gilwice

BEL A RU S

Warsaw

iver ta R

GERMANY

B

R.

Poznan A N TA R C T I C A

R i v er ug

ar

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Poland Continent: Europe Area: 117,571 square miles (304,510 sq km) Population: 38,608,929 Capital City: Warsaw Largest City: Warsaw (1,642,700) Unit of Money: Zloty Major Languages: Polish Natural Resources: Coal, sulfur, copper

RUSSIA (Kaliningrad Oblast)

ASIA

Vi

At a Glance

most people (1)


Land Use

Poland

Street boutique, Cracow, Poland

The People Most people in Poland are Poles— descendants of Slavic tribes. The country’s largest minority groups are Byelorussians, Germans, and Ukrainians. Most people speak Polish, which is related to Czech, Slovak, and other Slavic languages. Poland has a population density of 320 people per square mile (123 people per sq km) and an annual

population increase of 0.01%. Life expectancy is 73 years. Polish families in the cities live in 2- or 3-room apartments. Families in rural areas live in small brick or wooden cottages. About 30% of the country’s labor force works in industry and construction, 26% in agriculture, and 44% in services. Poland has an unemployment rate of 12%. Most of the people in Poland are Roman Catholic. The country has thousands of Roman Catholic churches and religious instruction

(continued)

centers. Other religious groups in Poland include Protestants, Muslims, and Jews. German 1%

Other 1%

Polish 98%


Roman Catholic 95%

Major Religions

Education Polish children ages 7 to 15 must go to school. Most attend public schools, however, some students go to private schools. After finishing elementary school, students can continue on to a vocational school or a 4-year secondary school. Secondary students can then move on to college, but must pass an entrance exam to be admitted. Poland has 12 universities and many specialized schools. The University of Krakow, also called Jagiellonian University, was founded in 1364 and was Poland’s first university.

Popular Culture/Daily Life Music and dancing are popular in Poland. Classical Polish composers Frederic Chopin and Ignace Jan Paderewski are known throughout the world. Popular dances include the mazurka and polonaise. Polish people enjoy reading plays, novels, and poetry. Many of the country’s writers, such as Henryk Sienkiewicz, Wladyslaw Reymont, Czeslaw Milosz, and Wislawa


Literate 99%

Literacy

Defense

U.S. rate = 97%


One of Poland’s most famous scholars was Nicolaus Copernicus, a medieval astronomer who determined that the sun—not Earth—was the center of the solar system. Szymborska, have won Nobel Prizes. Movies are a favorite form of enter-

per 1,000 people

137

137

36 TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs


tainment as well. Poles also enjoy camping, hiking and playing soccer. Town square, Warsaw, Poland

Goods Ownership 292

1,752 tanks

NA PCs

Portugal Area rank

111

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

78

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance N

OC EA N

Braga AZ O RE S EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

Ponta Delgada

ASIA AFRICA

A T L AN TIC

Official Name: Republic of Portugal Continent: Europe Area: 35,090 square miles (91,951 sq km) EQUATOR Population: 10,066,253 Capital City: Lisbon Largest City: Lisbon (677,790) Unit of Money: Escudo Major Languages: Portuguese Natural Resources: Fish, forests, tungsten SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

M ADE I RA I S L ANDS

A N TA R C T I C A

Funchal

Porto Douro Ri

W

ver

S Covilha Coimbra

Tagus Ri

Fatima

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246

Average Rainfall


Portugal is a small country in western Europe that lies on the Iberian Peninsula. It is bordered by Spain to the east and north. The Atlantic Ocean forms a western and southern coastline, which extends for 1,114 miles (1,793 km). Most of Portugal is flat, however there are mountain ranges in central, northeastern, and southwestern Portugal. The coastal plains support many farms and fishing villages. Lisbon, the capital, and Porto are located there. The northern and southern tablelands and central range are part of the Meseta—a large plateau that covers most of Spain. The Serra da Estrela mountains, in the central range, are the country’s highest mountains and rise to 6,000 feet (1,829 m), including Portugal’s highest mountain— Estrela at 6,539 feet (1,993 m). The country’s main rivers are the Douro,

.

iana R

Guad

Lisbon Setúbal

SPA IN Beja

Sines

Faro

Tagus, and Guadiana rivers. The Tagus River divides the country in half. Portugal has a mild climate, with an average temperature of 70°F (21°C) in July and 50°F (10°C) in January. The country gets very little rain in spring and summer. Heavy

ver

Portalegre

0

miles

0

The Place

E

km

100

100

rains fall in the cool winter months. Northern Portugal receives some snow, while the south receives none. Northern inland areas get about 55 inches (140 cm) of precipitation a year, while southern coastal areas receive 20 inches (51 cm) of precipitation a year.

Left: Lisbon, Portugal’s capital city Right: Fishing is an important industry in Portugal

Other 33% Chemicals and chemical products 5% Cork and wood products 6%

Textiles and clothing 26%

Other 20%

Machinery 21%

Forests 36%

Exports $24 billion

Footwear 9%


Land Use


Portugal

Portuguese fisherman

The People Portuguese are a mixture of many groups, including Celts, Greeks, and Romans. Black Africans make up the country’s only minority group. About one-third of Portuguese live in or near Lisbon and Porto. Most of the population lives in rural areas. Many villagers make a living by fishing

in the Atlantic Ocean or growing grapes for wine. Many people in rural areas have moved to the cities to find jobs in industry. About 56% of the labor force works in services, 23% in manufacturing, 11% in agriculture, fishing, and forestry, 8% in construction, and 1% in both utilities and mining. Portugal has a population density of 278 people per square mile (107 people per sq km). Its population grows at an annual rate of 0.1%. Life expectancy is 76 years. Portuguese families have close ties. Two or more generations of a family will often live together in the same house. Most Portuguese are Roman Catholics. Other religious groups include Jews, Muslims, and Protestants. Catholic priests have important roles in government, education, and social life in some rural areas. Thousands of

Education Portuguese children must attend school between the ages of 6 and 15. Many students leave school before they are 15 and get jobs to raise money for their family. Several areas in the country have no high schools. Portugal has 10 universities. The largest university is Lisbon University. Less than 2% of the people go to college. The country’s literacy rate is 85%.

Popular Culture/Daily Life Folk art is important to Portuguese. Folk songs include dance music called chulas and viras and sad songs played on guitar called fados. The country’s handmade pottery, lace, and linen are popular all over the world. Churches decorated with elaborate paintings and sculptures are found throughout the country. The people in Portugal also enjoy bullfights and soccer. In many other

(continued)

Portuguese and tourists go to Fatima each year to visit a famous spot where, in 1917, The Virgin Mary reportedly appeared to three children tending sheep. African 1%

Portuguese 99%

Ethnic Makeup

Protestant 1%

Other 2%

Roman Catholic 97%

Major Religions

Government Type: Parliamentary democracy Structure: Executive Leader: President/Prime Minister

Literate 85%

Defense Literacy


U.S. rate = 97% 198 tanks

Approximately 89% of men and 92% of women can read and write. countries bulls are killed after bullfights, however, it is against the law in Portugal to kill the bull.


Mosaic in front of church

Goods Ownership per 1,000 people 263 225 176 86 4 TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

247

Qatar Land area rank

161

smallest country

most people (1)

At a Glance


in

fewest people


ASIA

BAHRAIN

AFRICA

of

Al Khawr

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9 in/23 cm

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6 in/15 cm

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3 in/8 cm

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Fertilizer 12% Steel 24%

Oil 57%

Exports $6 billion

248

Gul f

SAUDI ARABIA

Doha

Ar Rayyan

Al Wakrah

Umm Bab N W

Umm Said E 0

S

0

miles km

25

As Salwá

25

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

The People Approximately 40% of Qatar’s population is Arab. More than two-thirds of the country’s people were born in other countries. Native-born inhabitants are called Qataris. Most work in the cities or in oil fields. Many people move to Qatar from other Arab countries to work in the oil fields. Oil is one of the country’s most important exports. Most of the population lives in or near Doha in houses or apartments. Qataris prefer to wear traditional Arab clothes, but some wear Western styles. Most people practice Islam. Qatar has a population density of 139 people per square mile (54 people per sq km). Its population increases at an annual rate of 3.35%. Life expectancy is 72 years. Qatar’s population has one of the highest average incomes per person in the world due to the country’s great oil wealth. The government provides free health care and housing for the poor. Children ages 6 to 16 must attend school. Qatar has about 160 schools. The country’s literacy rate is 79%. Other 5% Iranian 10%

0 in/0 cm


Dukhan



12 in/30 cm

lf

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

u

100˚F/38˚C

G

Qatar is a peninsular country in the Middle East that lies on the larger Arabian peninsula. The country has 350 miles (560 km) of coastline on the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Bahrain. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the west and the United Arab Emirates to the south. Much of Qatar’s land is flat, stony desert. The land gradually rises in the east to a central limestone plateau. Hills reach heights of up to 130 feet (40 m) along the western coast. Southern sections of the country have barren salt flats and sand dunes dominate in the southeast. Less than 1% of Qatar’s land is arable and vegetation is found only in the north. Qatar has hot summers and cool winters. Temperatures can rise to 120°F Doha, Qatar (49°C) in the summer. The country receives about 4 inches (10 cm) of rain a year. Qatar has little natural water and must distill water from the sea. The government has dug wells for crops and distributes free seeds and insecticides to help people grow grains and fruit.

r

n

AUSTRALIA

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

e

ia

SOUTH AMERICA

P Al Khawayr

s

Official Name: State of Qatar EQUATOR Continent: Asia (Middle East) Area: 4,416 square miles (11,437 sq km) Population: 769,152 Capital City: Doha Largest City: Doha (300,000) Unit of Money: Qatari riyal Major Languages: Arabic (official), English Literacy: 79% Land Use: 1% arable land, 5% pastures, 94% other Natural Resources: Petroleum, natural gas, fish Government: Monarchy Defense: $400 million

Ba hr a

Population rank

Other 14%

Arab 40%

Pakistani 18% Indian 18%

Ethnic Makeup

Muslim 95%

Major Religions

Romania 80


largest country (1)

Population rank

47

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

SLOV A K IA


N

U K R AIN E

ASIA

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Romania Continent: Europe Area: 88,934 square miles (230,340 sq km) Population: 22,364,022 Capital City: Bucharest Largest City: Bucharest (2,351,000) Unit of Money: Leu Major Languages: Romanian (official), Hungarian Natural Resources: Petroleum, timber, natural gas, coal

W

E

AFRICA

Ri

100

iv e r Olt R v er Ri

miles km

Ial o

u

0

er

Braila lps nian A Ploiesti sylva

Craiova 0

ns

Tran

v t Ri

ai

IA SYLVAN Sibiu Brasov

Ji

Y U G OSLA V IA

nt

Resita

Sire

ou

Timisoara

ver

Bacau

M

TRAN

VA

n

A N TA R C T I C A

O

ia Cluj

Arad

ut

Iasi

th

Oradea

LD

Pr

pa

AUSTRALIA

S

O

ar

H U N G A RY

M

Botosani

C

SOUTH AMERICA

Bucharest

D

an

100

ube

mit

a R.

Rive

r

Constanta

Black Sea

BU LG ARIA

The Place

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Transylvania, Romania

try and empties into the Black Sea. Other major rivers include the Jiu, Olt, Ialomita, Siret, and Prut rivers. Romania’s summers are hot and sunny, and its winters are cold and cloudy. The country has an average

Other 47%

Textiles 21%

Mineral products 9% Chemicals 9%

0 in/0 cm


temperature of 70°F (21°C) in July and 30°F (-1°C) in January. Mountain areas receive 40 inches (100 cm) of precipitation annually, and the plains get 20 inches (50 cm) of precipitation each year. ➤ Other 6%

Average Rainfall


Romania is a country in eastern Europe west of the Black Sea and north of the Balkan Peninsula. Mountains cover northern and central parts of the country and sandy beaches extend along the coast. Romania’s mountains, which are part of the Carpathian Mountain range, surround the flat Transylvania Plateau. The mountains are surrounded by plains. Most of the country’s mountains are 3,000 to 6,000 feet (910 to 1,800 m) high. Mount Moldoveanu, in the south, is Romania’s highest mountain at 8,343 feet (2,543 m). The Transylvania Plateau rises to 1,200 feet (366 m). Forests cover parts of the plateau and the mountains. The flatlands are quite fertile and many of the country’s cities and towns are located there. Romania’s longest river is the Danube. It flows 900 miles (1,400 km) through the coun-

Exports

Machinery 8% Footwear 6%

Forests 29%



Land Use

$8 billion

249

Romania

(continued)

Romanian farmer

The People Approximately 89% of the people are Romanians. The next largest group are Hungarians at 9%. Other ethnic groups include Germans, Gypsies, Turks, and Ukrainians. Rural Romanians live in 2- or 3-room wooden cottages. Many decorate their homes with handmade rugs, woodcarvings, plates, and

fences. Cities have many buildings that are hundreds of years old alongside modern structures. Most city dwellers live in crowded apartments. Romania’s population growth rate of 3.82% has created a housing shortage in urban areas. The country has a population density of 244 people per square mile (94 people per sq km). About 28.6% of the labor force works in industry, 34.4% in agriculture, 10.4% in trade, and 5.1% in construction. The country has an unemployment rate of 8.8%. Romania has one of the lowest standards of living in Europe. Many workers earn just enough for food for their families. About 15% of Romanians own television sets and less than 2% own automobiles. Life expectancy in the country is 70 years. About 70% of Romanians belong to the Romanian Orthodox Church.

Education Romanian children must go to school from ages 6 to 16. Students attend elementary school for 8 years and then take tests to determine what they will study in secondary school. Nearly 50% of students take vocational classes, which prepare them to work on farms or in factories. Some students are trained in the arts and teaching. The top 5% of elementary school graduates take classes that prepare them for college.

Popular Culture/Daily Life Romanian culture has been influenced by both Romanian and Western traditions. Medieval paintings adorn the outside walls of churches. Many people go to restaurants and concert halls to listen to orchestras play Romanian folk music. Exhibits of rural Romanian folk art are also popular. Teenagers enjoy listening to rock music, watching movies and plays, and reading books. Romanians enjoy skiing, mountain

250

About 6% of the people are Roman Catholics. Some people practice Islam, Judaism, and Protestantism. Other 2% Hungarian 9%

Romanian 89%

Ethnic Makeup

Protestant 6%

Other 18%

Roman Catholic 6%

Romanian Orthodox 70%

Major Religions


Literate 97%

Defense



Romania has 7 universities; the largest is located in Bucharest. The country has a literacy rate of 97%. climbing, hiking, and swimming in the Black Sea. Soccer is the country’s most popular sport. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people 194

99

NA TVs

Cars

Phones

NA

NA

VCRs

PCs


Produce market vendor

Russia Land area rank

1

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

6

fewest people

most people (1) NORWAY

Chukchi Sea Franz Josef Land SWEDEN A

FINLAND

T

I

C

O

C

E

a

aya

Nov

White Sea POLAND

C

A

U.S. ait

g Str

N

East Siberian Sea

Revolyutsii I.

Murmansk Barents Sea

Baltic Sea Kaliningrad

R

Berin

Wrangel

New Siberian Islands

Bolshevik I.

ly Zem

Bering Sea

Kara Sea Leptev Sea

St. Petersburg Archangel'sk

Vologda

t a n

Kirov

u

Voronezh ga Vol Samara

Don Volgograd

U

Ufa

r

a

S

M

Perm

B

I

R

E

Magadan

Yakutsk

Nizhnevartovsk

Yekaterinberg

Ir

sh

na

Sea of Okhotsk

R.

Ye

ty

Le

b

Chelyabinsk

Kuril Islands

nis

Sochi

A

I

l

O

Astrakhan

ey Amu al yk ke

Ba

an spi Ca

0 0

miles km

500

Irkutsk

Chita

Khabarovsk

Ulan Ude

500

JAPAN CHINA

TA

AN

IS

ST

EN

KI

M

BE

RK

UZ

TU

IRAN

ur

Aral Sea

m

KAZAKHSTAN

Sakhalin Island

A

Se

a

Novosibirsk

Lena

Krasnojarsk

r

R.

Omsk

La

Bl ack Sea

Rostov

o

Kazan' Saratov

Ye nis ey

Nizhny Novgorod

UKRAINE

Norilsk

s

Syktyvkar

Moscow

Yula

b

Yaroslavl

i n

ga

O

Vol

Len a R.

BELARUS

MONGOLIA

CHINA

Vladivostok

N

At a Glance

Sea of Japan


ASIA AFRICA

EQUATOR Official Name: Russian Federation Continent: Asia Area: 6,562,078 square miles (16,995,800 sq km) Population: 145,470,197 Capital City: Moscow Largest City: Moscow (13,200,000) Unit of Money: Ruble Major Languages: Russian Natural Resources: Oil, natural gas, coal SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

A N TA R C T I C A

Russia is the world’s largest country in land area extending from the Arctic Ocean to the Black Sea and from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean. Russia can be divided into 4 land zones—the tundra, the forest zone, the steppes, and the semi-desert and mountainous zone. The tundra is far north and is mostly a treeless plain.

About half the land has permanently frozen soil called permafrost. Shrubs, dwarf trees, and moss grow there. The forest zone, south of the tundra, consists of conifer, aspen, birch, elm, maple, and oak forests. Animals, such as brown bear, deer, elk, lynx, reindeer, beaver, rabbit, and squirrel inhabit the region. Steppes—grassy plains—are south ➤

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Crowded street in Moscow

0 in/0 cm


251

Russia

(continued)

of the forests. Northern sections consist of wooded plains and meadows, and southern sections are mostly treeless prairie. Russia’s most fertile soil is there. Squirrels, jerboas, and antelope live in the steppes. The semi-desert and mountainous zone has dry lowlands near the Caspian Sea and abundant vegetation near the Caucasus Mountains. Mount Elbrus—Europe’s highest peak at 18,510 feet (5,642 m)—is there. Russia’s longest river is the 2,734mile- (3,000-m-) long Lena River in Siberia. Other major rivers include the Amur, Ob, Yenisey, Volga, and Don rivers. Russia has more than 200,000 lakes. The Caspian Sea— the world’s largest inland body of water—is a saltwater lake 92 feet (28 m) below sea level. Lake Ladoga— 6,835 square miles (17,703 sq km)— is the largest lake entirely in Europe. Lake Baykal—5,315 feet (1,620 m) deep—is the deepest lake in the world. Russia has long, cold winters. In Moscow, snow covers the ground

Moscow, Russia

for 5 months each year and in the north, 9 months. Northeastern Russia, known as Siberia, is one of Forestry products 4% Precious metals Other 4% 10% Chemicals 8% Fuels and lubricants 46% Machinery 9% Ferrous and nonferrous metals 19%

Exports

the coldest areas in the world. Temperatures average -50°F (-46°C) in January. Farms/cropland 8% Permanent pastures 4%


Land Use

$87 billion

Resources

Cattle Farm land

Forests

Manufacturing

Engineering Chemicals Oil Grains

Pastures

252

Other

Textiles

Engineering is an important part of Russia’s economy

Russia

Kremlin, Red Square

History Russia became a state in the 800s, formed by Slavic peoples. For hundreds of years the country was ruled by czars, or emperors, and czarinas, or empresses. Russian leaders had absolute power. Mongols ruled the

The People Most of Russia’s people are ethnic Russians, however, more than 100 minority groups also live in the country. The largest groups are the Tatars, Ukrainians, Chuvash, Bashkirs, Byelorussians, Mordvins, Chechens, Germans, Udmurts, Mari, Kazakhs, and Armenians. Small Siberian groups, such as Aleuts, Chukchi, Inuit, and Koryaks, inhabit areas in the far north. Russia has a population density of 22 people per square mile (8 people per sq km). Life expectancy is 66 years. About 75% of Russians live in urban areas, mainly in the west. About 35 cities have populations higher than 500,000. More than 4 million people live in Moscow and St. Petersburg. People living in the cities inhabit small apartments in high rise buildings. Many cities have housing shortages. Many families may share kitchens and bathrooms. Sometimes cities also face shortages of food and goods.

(continued)

country from the 1200s to the 1400s. Russia did not keep up with the industrial growth of other European nations during the 1700s. Most people were poor peasants. People started to oppose the czars’ rule in the 1800s and 1900s, and in 1917, revolutionaries overthrew the government. In 1918, Russia became the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (R.S.F.S.R.). In 1922, the R.S.F.S.R. joined with three other republics and formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), also called the Soviet Union. The R.S.F.S.R. was the largest republic in the Soviet Union, which included 15 republics. In 1991, communism collapsed in the Soviet Union. Russia and the other republics broke apart and

formed a new federation—the Commonwealth of Independent States. After the breakup of the Soviet Union, Russia’s government started moving from a state-controlled economy to one based on private enterprise.

Many rural Russians live in single family houses, however, there are also some city-style apartment buildings in rural areas. Some houses in remote areas lack gas, plumbing, running water, and electricity. Urban areas have better health care and education facilities than rural areas. Most people belong to the Russian Orthodox Church. The Russian Orthodox Christmas is January 7, and is a national holiday. Other major religious groups recognized

by Russia include Buddhism, Islam, and Judaism. Baptists, Mormons, Pentecostalists, Roman Catholics, and Seventh-day Adventists must register with the country every year until they have been established in the country for 15 years. After they have been considered established they can publish religious literature and open schools. ➤

Guard, Russian Air Force

Government Type: Federation Structure: Executive Leader: President/Premier and Chairman

Defense 670,000 army personnel 19,000 tanks 308 major ships 2,150 combat aircraft

Chuvash 1% Ukrainian 3% Other 10% Tatar 4% Russian 82%

Ethnic Makeup

Other 25% Russian Orthodox 75%

Major Religions

253

Russia

(continued)

Education Russian children ages 6 to 17 must attend school. Elementary education consists of 9 primary and intermediate grades. When students finish the ninth grade they can enroll in a

secondary or vocational school. Secondary schools teach science, math, language, literature, history, social sciences, and physical education. Vocational schools prepare students for jobs in technical fields,

Russian schoolgirls giving flowers to their teachers on the first day of school.

industry, and agriculture. Russia also has schools for gifted students and children who have physical or learning disabilities. Students in intermediate grades and higher must pass a national exam to move up to the next grade. Students who pass the exam after finishing secondary school receive a certificate. Children who score high receive a gold or silver medal. Teachers use a number grading scale of 1 to 5. Five is the highest grade. Students must pass an entrance exam to attend a university. Russia has 550 institutions of higher learning, including Moscow State University, which is the largest university in Russia.

Literate 98%


Popular Culture/Daily Life Russians like to watch television and movies, read, play chess, visit museums, and participate in sports. Soccer, gymnastics, basketball, hockey, ice skating, skiing, and tennis are the country’s most popular sports. Russians also enjoy hiking, bicycling, swimming, and fishing in the countryside. Russia has more than 660 museums and 62,000 libraries. Many famous composers lived in Russia. The most well known are Modest Mussorgsky, Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky, Sergei Rachmaninoff, and Igor Stravinsky. Stravinsky wrote many ballet scores, such as The Firebird. Russian ballet performances are internationally known. The leading ballet companies are the Kirov

254

Ballet of St. Petersburg and the Bolshoi Ballet of Moscow. Russia also has many art schools.

NA

Labor Force Goods Ownership 313

per 1,000 people

105 60 28 TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

NA PCs

Russian music student

Rwanda 148 smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

91

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance C O N G O ( Z A I R E )

Byumba

Gisenyi Lake Kivu

SOUTH AMERICA

Kabaya

AUSTRALIA

Kigali Kibuye

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm 6 in/15 cm

40˚F/4˚C

3 in/8 cm

20˚F/-7˚C 0˚F/-18˚C


Average Rainfall


12 in/30 cm

Hides and skins 5% Tea 10%

Other 11%

W

E S

0

er

Exports

40

40

The People Rwanda is one of the most crowded countries in Africa. It has a population density of 711 people per square mile (274 people per sq km). The country has an annual population increase of 2.5%. Life expectancy is 42 years. Approximately 80% of the people belong to the Hutu ethnic group. About 19% are Tutsi and less than 1% are Twa. Several wars have occurred between the Hutu and Tutsi over control of the government. In 1994, the Tutsi gained control of the government. Many Rwandese farm for a living, however, most only grow enough food to feed their families. Major crops include bananas, beans, cassava, sweet potatoes, and sorghum. About 93% of the labor force works in agriculture, 5% in government and services, and 2% in industry and commerce. Most people are Roman Catholic, however, some practice traditional African religions. The Roman Catholic Church runs most of the elementary and high schools. Children must attend school from ages 7 to 15, however, there are not enough classrooms for all the students. Twa 1%

Indigenous beliefs & Other 25% Muslim 1%

Hutu 80%

0 in/0 cm


miles km

B U R U N D I

Tutsi 19% Coffee 74%

r

Ak

0

iv iR

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

Butare

Kibungo

Aka g e

siz

100˚F/38˚C

N Ru

Rwanda is a small landlocked country in eastern Africa. It is bordered by Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, and Burundi. Rwanda is mountainous. The 14,800-foot- (4,510meter-) high Virunga Mountains are in the northwest. The country’s highest peak—Karisimbi volcano at 14,187 feet (4,324 m)—is there. Plateaus in the east rise from 5,000 to 7,000 feet (1,500 to 2,100 m). The Rusizi River and Lake Kivu are in the west and are part of Africa’s Great Rift Valley. Lake Kivu is the highest lake in Africa at 4,829 feet (1,472 m). Rwanda’s other major rivers are the Akagera River in the east and the Akanyaru River in the south. Rwanda has a warm climate. Temperatures in the Great Rift Valley average 73°F (23°C). This Hutu women area receives 30 inches (76 cm) of rain a year. The mountainous areas have an average temperature of 63°F (17°C) and receive about 58 inches (147 cm) of rain a year. The plateaus see temperatures rise to 68°F (20°C). Yearly rainfall totals 47 inches (119 cm).

Cyangugu

Kanazi

a n yaru

Riv e r

Gitarama

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

Ngarama

Ruhengeri

a R iver

ASIA

AFRICA

I A A N N Z T A

.

R

NORTH AMERICA

a

EUROPE

ger

Official Name: Rwandese Republic Continent: Africa Area: 9,633 square miles EQUATOR (24,950 sq. km) Population: 7,312,756 Capital City: Kigali Largest City: Kigali (232,733) Unit of Money: Rwanda franc Major Languages: Kinyarwanda, French, Swahili (all official), English Literacy: 61% Land Use: 35% arable land, 13% permanent crops, 18% pastures, 22% forests, 12% other Natural Resource: Gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore) Government: Republic Defense: $112.5 million

Aka

UGANDA

Ethnic Makeup

Roman Catholic 65%

Protestant 9%

Major Religions

$62 million

255

St. Kitts and Nevis Land area rank

212

Population rank

211

smallest country

largest country (1)

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

A

Sandy Point Town

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C


Average Rainfall


12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

AUSTRALIA

r

i

b

b

e

a

C

O

S N W

C

E

Newcastle

n

A N TA R C T I C A

e

Nevis

a

Charlestown E 0

S

miles

0 km

5

5

The People Almost all the people of St. Kitts and Nevis are descendants of black Africans brought to the islands by British sugar plantation owners in the 17th century. About 65% of the country’s people live in villages along the coasts. Most rural inhabitants work on small farms, sugar cane estates, or large coconut farms. About 35% of the people live in urban areas. Basseterre, the capital of St. Kitts, is the chief urban center. Charlestown is the largest town on Nevis. The government runs a nationwide health-care system that provides basic care. Life expectancy is 68 years. Most people live in wooden houses and wear western-style clothing. Children must attend school from the ages of 5 to 17.

Other 14% Sugar 40%

Machinery 47%

Mostly Black

Other 22%

Roman Catholic 7% Moravian 9%

Exports $39 million

256

I

A a

0 in/0 cm


T

Basseterre

C

St. Kitts and Nevis is a country of 2 islands in the Lesser Antilles island chain of the eastern Caribbean Sea. The country lies at the northern end of the Antilles, west of the island country of Antigua and Barbuda. St. Kitts and Nevis islands are Nevis sunset volcanic in origin. The highest point is Mount Liamuiga on St. Kitts, which reaches a height of 3,792 feet (1156 meters). It is a dormant volcano with a crater 745 feet (227 meters) deep. Nevis, the greener and less settled of the two islands, is separated from St. Kitts by a 2-mile channel. St. Kitts and Nevis has a typical Caribbean climate with high temperatures, strong breezes, and moderate rainfall. This 104 square-mile(269 square-kilometer-) country has long been a popular vacation destination for tourists who come, mainly to St. Kitts, for beaches, sun, and mineral springs. 15 in/38 cm

N

St. Kitts

AFRICA

The Place

80˚F/27˚C

A

Cayon

ASIA

SOUTH AMERICA

100˚F/38˚C

L

N

Official Name: Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis Continent: South America EQUATOR Area: 104 square miles (269 sq km) Population: 38,756 Capital City: Basseterre Largest City: N/A Unit of Money: East Caribbean dollar Major Languages: English Literacy: 90% Land Use: 22% arable land, 78% other Natural Resources: Sugar cane Government: Constitutional monarchy Defense: N/A

0˚F/-18˚C

T

Sadlers

Ethnic Makeup

Anglican 33%

Methodist 29%

Major Religions

St. Lucia Land area rank

193

smallest country



most people (1)

At a Glance

EUROPE

A

NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

Gros Islet

AFRICA

L

A

Castries

SOUTH AMERICA

N

AUSTRALIA

T

I C

Anse La Raye

C

A N TA R C T I C A

T

a r

Dennery

i

b

b

Soufriere

e

Micoud

a n

N Choiseul W

S

e

5

a

0 miles

N E A O C

Official Name: Saint Lucia EQUATOR Continent: South America Area: 236 square miles (610 sq. km) Population: 158,178 Capital City: Castries Largest City: Castries (53,383) Unit of Money: East Caribbean dollar Major Languages: English, patois Literacy: 67% Land Use: 8% arable, 21% permanent crops, 5% pastures, 13% forests, 53% other Natural Resources: Forests, sandy beaches, pumice Government: Parliamentary democracy Defense: $5 million

Vieux Fort

0 km 5

E S

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


Almost 90% of the people of Saint Lucia are descendants of black African slaves, brought to the island by early The Place British and French settlers. A mix of South Asians and Europeans comprise the remainder of the population. Saint Lucia, with a land area of 236 square miles (610 About 55% of the islanders live in rural areas, and work sq. km), is an island country in the Caribbean Sea. It mainly on large banana farms. It is not uncommon for is one of the Windward Islands, an island chain in the women to run many of the small farms. Many Saint southeastern West Indies. Saint Lucia lies about Lucian men work in the towns 240 miles (385 kilometers) north of or emigrate to other countries Venezuela. Saint Lucia is considered for work. About 45% of the one of the most beautiful islands in the people live in urban areas, Windwards. The twin Pitons, conical which lie near the coast. The peaks south of the city of Soufriere, are average salary of an hourly among the most photographed natural employee is about $87 per features in the Caribbean. The highest week. Many Saint Lucians point on Saint Lucia is Mt. Gimie, an work in service industries relatextinct volcano, which reaches a height ed to the island’s large tourism of 3,054 feet (937 meters). The climate industry. Crime is very rare on has a yearly dry season from January to the island. Life expectancy is April, which brings intense heat to the Saint Lucian fisherman 72 years. Children are required land. During the rainy season, short to attend school from ages 5 to showers can be expected every day. 15. It has become more common in recent years for Saint Roads in the country are found mainly on the western Lucian women to receive a university education and and southeastern coasts. The central part of the island move into legal or medical careers. is a mountainous rain forest.

Other 7%

Coconut oil 17%

Bananas 28% Cocoa 20%

Clothing 28%

Exports $80 million

East Indian White 1% 3%

Mixed 6%

Black 90%

Ethnic Makeup

Protestant 7%

Anglican 3%

Roman Catholic 90%

Major Religions

257

St. Vincent/Grenadines Land area rank

208

smallest country

Population rank


fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance


ASIA

Official Name: St. Vincent EQUATOR and the Grenadines Continent: South America Area: 131 square miles (340 sq. km) Population: 115,942 Capital City: Kingstown Largest City: Kingstown (15,670) Unit of Money: East Caribbean dollar Major Languages: English (official), French patois Literacy: 96% Land Use: 10% arable, 18% permanent crops, 5% pastures, 36% forests, 31% other Natural Resources: None Government: Constitutional monarchy Defense: $3.2 million

AFRICA

Chateaubelair

Georgetown

A

Kingstown

Calliaqua

0 km 5

I N

d

A

a 5

Ashton

N

L

Charlestown

T

n

W

E

A

r

e

Canouan

G

miles

Lovell Village Mustique

T

i n e s

b b

i r a

C 0

C

Port Elizabeth Bequia

e a

A N TA R C T I C A

O

n

C

E

S e a

AUSTRALIA

N

St. Vincent

SOUTH AMERICA

S

Union I.

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


Most of the people of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines are descendants of black African slaves brought to the islands by British and French settlers. Other ethnic The Place groups include Europeans and descendants of the original Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is an island country native Carib Indians. About 40% the people live in urban in the West Indies about 200 miles (320 kilometers) areas. The economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines north of Venezuela in the Caribbean Sea. The Atlantic is mainly based on agriculture. Most people work on Ocean lies off the eastern coastlines of the islands. The farms. The main export crops include bananas and country consists of the island of Saint coconuts. Fishing, Vincent and about 100 small islands of the manufacturing, and Grenadine chain, including Bequia, Canouan, tourism are minor Mustique, and Union. Saint Vincent is a economic activities mountainous island formed by volcanic in Saint Vincent and eruptions. At 4,048 feet (1,234 meters), the Grenadines. Mount Soufriere, an active volcano on the Schools follow the northern end of Saint Vincent, is the counBritish system try’s highest point. The Grenadines are through secondary mainly flat coral reefs. Tropical vegetation levels. Students who covers much of the land. Because of strong wish to pursue highnortheast winds, temperatures in the country er education must seldom rise above 90° F (32° C) or fall below Palm trees along the St. Vincent coast leave the country. 65° F (18° C). Annual rainfall varies from 60 Health care is a mix inches (150 centimeters) on the southeast coast of St. of state and private clinics, with more facilities available Vincent to 150 inches (381 centimeters) in the island’s on Saint Vincent than in the Grenadine islands. Life thickly wooded central mountains. expectancy is 74 years.

Eddoes and dasheens 2%

Other 33%

Re-exports 6% Packaged rice 10%

Bananas 35%

Exports $46 million

258

Packaged flour 14%

Mostly Black, Amerindian, European

Other 19%

Roman Catholic 19%

Anglican 42%

Methodist 20%

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

Samoa 176


Population rank


fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance Official Name: Independent State of Samoa Continent: Asia Area: 1,100 square miles (2,850 sq. km) Population: 179,058 Capital City: Apia Largest City: Apia (34,260) Unit of Money: tala Major Languages: Samoan, English EQUATOR Literacy: 97% Land Use: 19% arable land, 24% permanent crops, 47% forests and woodland, 10% other Natural Resources: Hardwood forests, fish Government: Constitutional Monarchy Defense: N/A

re

Asau

Savai'i

ef

N

Pu'apu'a

W

E S

Salelologa Taga Mulifanua

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

Apia

ASIA

Matautu

AFRICA

Upolu Lepa

SOUTH AMERICA

reef AUSTRALIA


0 0

miles km

20

20

A N TA R C T I C A

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


Most Samoans are native Polynesians. About 10% of the population is of Samoan and European descent. The people speak Samoan, a Polynesian language, although many Samoans also speak English. Samoan people live The Place in extended family groups called aiga. The aiga elects a Samoa, called Western Samoa until 1997, is an indematai who serves as head of the family. Many people pendent island country in the South Pacific Ocean live in open-sided fale (houses) which have thatched about 1,700 miles (2,740 kilometers) northeast of New roofs supported by poles. Samoan men usually wear a Zealand. With a total land area of 1,100 shirt and a lava-lava, a square miles (2,850 square kilometers), piece of cloth wrapped Samoa is one of the world’s smallest counaround the waist like a tries. It has 2 main islands, Upolu and skirt. Most women wear Savai’i, as well as several smaller islands, a long lava-lava and an all formed by volcanic eruption. Samoa’s upper blouse called a islands are ringed by coral reefs. Shores puletasi. Samoans enjoy are lined with coconut palm trees. The singing and dancing, rocky, reddish-brown soil near the coasts is which serve as both a planted with bananas; taro, a plant with an form of recreation and a edible underground stem; and cacao, a tree method of handing down Beach hut, Samoa whose seeds are used to make chocolate history and tradition. and cocoa. The climate is tropical and About 70% of Samoans humid, but constant southeast winds keep temperatures are farmers who raise food crops, pigs, chickens, and between 85°F (29°C) and 75°F (24°C). The most pleascatch fish for food. Most Samoans raise their own food, ant months are between May and September, when build their own houses, and make most of their own temperatures and rainfall are lowest. clothing. Life expectancy is 70 years.

Cigarettes 3% Other Beer 14% Coconut 5% oil 38% Kava 7% Coconut cream 23% Copra 10%

Exports $10 million

Euronesians 7%

Samoan 93%

Ethnic Makeup

Christian 100%

Major Religions

259

San Marino Land area rank

226

smallest country



most people (1)

At a Glance


ASIA

W

12 in/30 cm

S Domagnano A N TA R C T I C A

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Borgo Maggioree

San Marino

ITALY Faetano

Florentino

0 0

miles km

2

2

The People San Marino’s people are similar to the people of northern Italy. Nearly all San Marinese are Roman Catholics and speak Italian, and their customs are like those of Italy. The people of San Marino are proud of their long tradition of independence. More than 20% of San Marino’s people work in the tourist industry, which includes hotels, restaurants, and souvenir shops. Other people work in quarries or in the leather or cheese industries. Farmers raise cattle and sheep and grow grapes and wheat. Nearly everyone in San Marino can read and write. The law Castle atop Mt. Titano requires children to attend school from the ages of 6 to 14. After elementary and secondary school, many students pursue higher education in Italy. Most homes have a telephone, radio, and TV. Life expectancy is 81 years.

Other 4%

Other 2% Lime 33%

Ceramics 13% Chestnuts 26%

Exports $ NA

260

Acquaviva

Chiesanuova

Wood 26% Average Rainfall


15 in/38 cm

E

AUSTRALIA

San Marino is in the Appennine Mountains of northeastern Italy, which surround it. Mount Titano, the country’s highest mountain, is 2,478 feet (755 Sheep in lowland pasture meters) high and has 3 peaks. On top of each peak is a tower built during the Middle Ages. Much of the country, including its capital, also called San Marino, stands on Mount Titano. San Marino is the second-smallest country in the world with an area of 23 square miles (60 square kilometers). The country’s spectacular views, fortress walls, cakes, wine, and colorful festivals draw thousands of tourists every year. San Marino has a mild summer climate, with temperatures that average about 75° F (24° C). Winter temperatures sometimes fall below freezing. The country has an average annual rainfall of 35 inches (89 centimeters). The soil in San Marino is poor and rocky. The mild climate and ample rainfall, however, enable farmers to grow a variety of crops.

80˚F/27˚C

N

Serravalle

ITALY SOUTH AMERICA

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

La Dogana

AFRICA

nines pe n Ap

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of San Marino Continent: Europe Area: 23 square miles (60 sq. km) Population: 27,336 Capital City: San Marino Largest City: San Marino (4,498) Unit of Money: Italian lira Major Languages: Italian Literacy: 96% Land Use: 17% arable, 83% other Natural Resources: Building stone Government: Republic Defense: $3.7 million

San Marinese, Italian

Ethnic Makeup

Roman Catholic 96%

Major Religions

São Tomé and Príncipe Land area rank

185

smallest country

Population rank


fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

Santo Antonio


AFRICA

N

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C




São Tomé and Príncipe is an African country consisting of 2 main islands and several tiny islands. The 2 main islands—São Tomé and Príncipe— give the country its name. The islands are in the Gulf of Guinea, about 180 miles (290 kilometers) west of the African mainland. São Tomé Island makes up about 85% of the country’s area of 386 square miles (1000 square kilometers). Extinct volcanoes formed São Tomé and Príncipe islands, which lie just north of the equator. The country has humid weather from September through May, and dry weather from June through August. The average annual temperature ranges from 77°F (25°C) in the lowlands to about 65°F (18°C) in the highlands. Annual rainfall averages slightly more than 100 inches (254 millimeters).

Cocoa 96%

A

SOUTH AMERICA

C

E

AUSTRALIA

e

O

a

Official Name: Democratic Republic EQUATOR of São Tomé and Príncipe Continent: Africa Area: 386 square miles (1,000 sq. km) Population: 165,034 Capital City: São Tomé Largest City: São Tomé (43,420) Unit of Money: Dobra Major Languages: Portuguese Literacy: 73% Land Use: 2% arable land, 36% permanent crops, 1% pastures, 61% other Natural Resources: Fish Government: Republic Defense: N/A

Príncipe

ASIA

E

f

L

l

T

W

o

A A

N

f

N

T

G

I

u

C

i

n

A N TA R C T I C A

S

u

São Tomé

G

Santana 0

São Tomé Santa Cruz

miles

20

0 km 20

The People About 95% of the population lives on São Tomé Island. About 90% of the population is of black African ancestry. About 10% are Portuguese or of mixed black African and European descent, called Creoles. People of Portuguese descent from the country of Cape Verde are the second largest group. Many Creoles own small farms or businesses, or work on fishing crews or as laborers. Some Europeans own farms and others have jobs in technology or management. Portuguese is the most widely spoken language in the country. By law, children in São Tomé and Príncipe are required to complete elementary school, but many do not do so. Relatively few children go on to high school. The country’s women have a higher social standing than those in most African countries, and many occupy respected professional and governmental positions. Life expectancy is 65 years.

Portuguese & Creole 10%

Black 90%

Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day Adventist

0 in/0 cm


Exports $5 million

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

261

Saudi Arabia Land area rank

14

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

45

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

IRAQ

ISRAEL

Pe

Tabuk Ha'il

R

N

200

W

ia

n

E S

IRAN

Gu

lf

BAHRAIN QATAR

Al Hufuf

Gulf of Oman

Riyadh

Medina

T

e

YP

Harad

d

ASIA

rs

Ad Damman

Buraydah

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

miles

0 km 200

KUWAIT

EG

Official Name: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Continent: Asia Area: 756,982 square miles (1,960,582 sq. km) Population: 22,757,092 Capital City: Riyadh Largest City: Riyadh EQUATOR (1,800,000) Unit of Money: Saudi riyal Major Languages: Arabic Natural Resources: Petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper

0

JORDAN

U. A. E.

AFRICA

Mecca

Jiddah

At Ta'if

S

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

OMAN

ali

(D

e

SUDAN

Kh ' Al R ub esert)

a Abha

A N TA R C T I C A

ERITREA

Arabian Sea

YEMEN

The Place Saudi Arabia occupies more than three-fourths of the Arabian Peninsula. Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait border Saudi Arabia to the north; the Persian Gulf and the United Arab Emirates to the east; Oman and Yemen to the south; and the Red Sea to the west. Much of the country consists of vast deserts where few people live and little or nothing grows. Saudi Arabia is the world’s leading producer of petroleum. Wealth from oil and natural gas exports has made Saudi Arabia a leading economic power in the world. The landscape of Saudi Arabia is mainly barren. Coastal plains and rugged mountains cover the western region. Saudi Arabia’s central area is a high plateau that has some oases where crops are grown. Deserts hem in the plateau

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C


Petrochemicals 5% Average Rainfall


to north, south, and east. Most of Saudi Arabia’s rich oil fields lie

15 in/38 cm

100˚F/38˚C

0˚F/-18˚C

Dahran, Saudi Arabia

Other 6%

Farms/cropland 2%

Other 41% Petroleum 89%


0 in/0 cm


Exports $57 billion

262

within the eastern desert and along the Gulf coast.

Forests 1%

Land Use

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabian man

The People The people of Saudi Arabia trace their origin mainly to Arab tribes. In the past, however, many black

Africans were brought to the region as slaves. Many who gained their freedom married Arabs and people of other ethnic backgrounds. In the western region, people of African, Indonesian, and Indian ancestry comprise part of the population. People whose ancestors were Turkish also live in the west. Saudis in the east include descendants of people from Iran, as well as descendants of African slaves. Most Saudis, in both urban and rural areas, wear traditional Arab clothes. Men wear an ankle-length cotton or wool garment called a thawb, which may be covered by a jacket or cloak. A head covering called a ghutra provides protection against the sun and wind. It consists of a piece of cloth held in place by a rope band called an iqal. Outside, most women cover their hair with a

Popular Culture/Daily Life Family ties are strong among Saudis. Outside the home, Saudi women have traditionally had little freedom or opportunity for personal advancement. As the country has developed, however, it has undergone a number of social changes. Some changes have affected the daily life of Saudi women, especially in cities. Increasing numbers of women work in such fields as teaching and social work. Some activities, however, are

scarf and their face with a veil, and they wear a floor-length robe called an abayah. Life expectancy is 71 years. Afro-Asian 10%

Arab 90%

Ethnic Makeup Shi'a Muslim 15% Sunni Muslim 85%

Major Religions

Government

Education About 80% of all Saudi children, boys and girls, attend elementary school. About half go on to high school. The Saudi government provides free university education for all citizens. Before 1960, few women received any formal education, and almost no women held jobs outside the home. Since then, the government has improved educational opportunities for women. Today, many educated Saudi women hold

(continued)

Type: Monarchy Structure: King rules in consultation with royal family and Council of Ministers Leader: King/Prime Minister

Literate 63%

Defense



jobs in journalism, administration, and research, and in shops and banks that provide goods and services.

still restricted. For example, women are not allowed to drive cars or to travel without permission of a male 277


guardian. Socializing with friends and family remains the most popular form of entertainment. Dinner in a Saudi home


145 109

123

NA TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

263

Senegal Land area rank

86

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

74

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance


Official Name: Republic of EQUATOR Senegal Continent: Africa Area: 74,131 square miles (192,000 sq. km) Population: 10,284,929 Capital City: Dakar Largest City: Dakar (1,729,823) Unit of Money: CFA Franc Major Languages: French (official), Wolof Literacy: 33% Land Use: 12% arable, 16% pastures, 54% forests, 18% other Natural Resources: Fish, phosphates, iron ore Government: Republic Defense: $81 million

Se

AFRICA

Dagana

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Average Rainfall


6 in/15 cm

Dakar


Exports

264

Gam

Casa mance R Ziguinchor

bia

.

M A L I

River

Kédougou

GUINEA BISSAU GUINEA

ATLANTIC OCEAN

0 0

miles km

100

100

The People About 95% of Senegal’s people are black Africans. They belong to many different ethnic groups. The largest ones are, in order of size, the Wolof, Fulani, Serer, Toucouleur, Diola, and Mandingo. French is Senegal’s official language, but Wolof is the most widely spoken language. Most rural houses in Senegal are Senegalese schoolboys, Dakar mud huts with thatched roofs. Related families often live in a close group of houses surrounded by a wall. In cities, people live in modern apartments. Most Senegalese men wear wide-legged trousers and a loose-fitting cotton robe called a boubou. Women wear colorful boubous and turbans. Senegal faces severe health problems. Contaminated water and food cause illness and death in the country, especially in the rural areas. Senegal has a severe shortage of physicians. Life expectancy is 58 years. Most of Senegal’s adult population cannot read or write.


$986 million

Kaolack Tambacounda

Other 46%

Phosphates 3%

Diourbel

GAMBIA

Fish and crustaceans 28%

0 in/0 cm

er

40˚F/4˚C

iv

9 in/23 cm

R

60˚F/16˚C

S

Thiès

Mbour

Senegal is on the northwest coast of Africa at the tip of the bulge that juts west toward the Atlantic Ocean. It is the farthest point west of any other African mainland nation. Rolling plains cover most the nation’s 74,131 square miles (192,000 square kilometers). The tiny nation of Gambia separates southern Senegal, called the Casamance, from the larger northern part. Sandy beaches cover Senegal’s coast, which extends about 310 miles (500 kilometers) along the Atlantic Ocean. Dakar, the capital and largest city, lies along the coast. Senegal’s terrain is mainly rolling plains covered with reddish sand. Forests cover the Casamance region in southern Senegal. Senegal has 3 major rivers—the Senegal in the north, the Gambia in the southeast, and the Casamance in the southwest. Senegal’s rainy season lasts from July to October. Casamance receives the most rain, about 60 to 70 inches (150 to 180 centimeters) annually. The average annual temperature along Senegal’s coast is about 71° F (22° C). Inland, the average annual temperature is about 84° F (29° C).

12 in/30 cm

E

l

Dara Pikine

The Place

15 in/38 cm

W ga

AUSTRALIA

A N TA R C T I C A

80˚F/27˚C

ne

Sainte-Louis

SOUTH AMERICA

100˚F/38˚C

N

M A U R I T A N I A

ASIA

Peanut oil 11%

Mandingo 9% Diola 9%

Toucouleur 9%

Other 3%


Christian 2%

Wolof 36%

Serer 17% Fulani 17%

Ethnic Makeup

Muslim 92%

Major Religions

Seychelles Land area rank

198

smallest country

Population rank


fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance


Grand'Anse

ASIA

Official Name: Republic of EQUATOR Seychelles Continent: Africa Area: 175 square miles (455 sq. km) Population: 79,715 Capital City: Victoria Largest City: Victoria (25,000) Unit of Money: Seychelles rupee Major Languages: Creole, English, French Literacy: 58% Land Use: 2% arable, 13% permanent crops, 11% forests, 74% other Natural Resources: Fish, copra, cinnamon trees Government: Republic Defense: $13.7 million

Praslin I.

AFRICA

La Digue I.

SOUTH AMERICA

I N

AUSTRALIA

D

Silhouette Island

A N TA R C T I C A

Bel Ombre N W

I A N

O C E A N

Victoria

Mahé Island E

Anse Royale 0

S

Takamaka

miles

50

0 km 50

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Anglican 8% Average Rainfall


About 90% of the people of Seychelles are of mixed African and European ancestry. Other segments of the population are Chinese, Europeans of British or French The Place origin, and people from India. About half of the people Seychelles is a country of about 90 islands in the Indian live in towns. About a third of Seychellois workers are Ocean 1,000 miles (1,600 kilometers) east of the African employed by the government. Another 25% work in the mainland. It has a total land area of 175 square miles construction or tourism industries, and about 15% are (455 square kilometers). About 85% of the people farmers. Life expectanlive on Mahe, the largest island. Most of the rest Seychelles white sand beach cy is 71 years. Most live on the next largest islands, Praslin and La people speak Creole, Digue. Many smaller islands are uninhabited. a dialect of French. Victoria, on Mahe, is the nation’s capital, chief The country’s official port, and only major town. Seychelles consists of languages are Creole, granite islands and coral islands. The granite English, and French. islands have streams, mountains, and sandy Most Seychellois beaches. The soil is rocky, making farming diffichildren attend school cult. The coral group is atolls—ring-shaped coral from the age 6 to 15. islands—and low islands that rise a few feet above Those who wish to go sea level. Cinnamon and coconut palms grow on join the National wild on much of Seychelles. The coco-de-mer, a Youth Service, a prodouble coconut that weighs as much as 50 pounds gram that provides (23 kilograms) and is the world’s largest seed, academic instruction. grows only in Seychelles. Seychelles has a hot, Students also learn moist climate. Annual temperatures average from development skills such 75° F (24° C) to 86° F (30° C). as farming and fishing.

Canned tuna Other 25% 48%

Cinnamon bark 1%

Exports

Petroleum products 22% Other fish 2% Frozen prawns 2%

Mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans

Ethnic Makeup

Other 2%

Roman Catholic 90%

Major Religions

$56 million

265

Sierra Leone Land area rank

119

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

103

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

G U I N E A


0

ASIA

Official Name: Republic of EQUATOR Sierra Leone Continent: Africa Area: 27, 925 square miles (71,620 sq. km) Population: 5,426,618 Capital City: Freetown Largest City: Freetown (1,300,000) Unit of Money: Leone Major Languages: English (official), Mende Literacy: 31% Land Use: 7% arable, 1% permanent crops, 31% pastures, 28% forests, 33% other Natural Resources: Diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite Government: Constitutional democracy Defense: $14 million

0

miles km

50

50

Kabala

AFRICA

ve Ri

r

el

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

N

R

ok

Kambia

W

Makeni

A N TA R C T I C A

Sefadu

E S

Freetown

N

T

Bo

er

Sembehun Bonthe

IC

Kenema

iv

A

R

L

O

a

T

C

E

A

L I B E R I A

Mo

A

N

The People

Other 29%

Coffee 4% Cocoa 5% Re-exports 5% Rutile 6%

Diamonds 51%

Exports $47 million

266

Other tribes 30%

Temne 30% Mende 30%

Ethnic Makeup


Christian 10%

Muslim 60%

Major Religions

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm

Average Rainfall

Creole 10%


Most of Sierra Leone’s people are black Africans who form 12 main ethnic groups. About one third of the people belong to the Mende The Place group in the southern part of the country. About one third belong Sierra Leone is a small country north of the to the Temne group in western Equator on the western “bulge” of Africa. It Sierra Leone. About 10% of the is among the world’s leading countries in the people are Creoles descended production of diamonds, which lie in gravel from freed slaves who returned to deposits along riverbeds and in swamps in Sierra Leone from America in the eastern parts of the country. Swamps cover late 1700s and early 1800s. Most the coastal region and extend about 20 miles men of Sierra Leone are farmers. (32 kilometers) inland. Inland, a coastal plain Many grow only enough food for extends as far as 100 miles (160 kilometers) their families, however, and work then slopes up to plateaus and mountains mining diamonds during the dry that rise to more than 6,000 feet (1,800 season. Many women sell goods meters) near the eastern border with Guinea. in local markets. English is Sierra Sandy soil, on which only short grass grows, Leone’s official language. Most of covers more than half the country. Sierra the people, however, speak local Leone has a tropical climate with a dry seaAfrican languages. Most people son in January and February in the south and Sierra Leone mother and child in Sierra Leone live in poverty. December through March in the north. Diseases, malnutrition, and warRainfall on the coast can be as high as 195 fare combine to make the country’s inches (495 centimeters) a year, making it one of the life expectancy, 43 years, among the wettest places in Africa. Temperatures average from lowest in the world. 77° to 81° F (25° to 27° C).

Singapore Land area rank

191

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

118

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

M A L A Y S I A


Strai t re ho o J Woodlands

ASIA

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Singapore Continent: Asia Area: 264 square miles (638 sq. km) Population: 4,300,419 Capital City: Singapore Largest City: Singapore (3,044,000) Unit of Money: Singapore dollar Major Languages: Malay, Chinese, English, Tamil Literacy: 91% Land Use: 2% arable, 6% permanent crops, 5% forests, 87% other Natural Resources: Fish, deepwater ports Government: Republic Defense: $4.03 billion AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

Se

AUSTRALIA

ra

ng

oon

Harb

or

Serangoon

A N TA R C T I C A

Tuas

Katong

Jurong

N

Singapore

W

E S

0 0

miles km

n Si

5

5

ga

po

St re

ra

it

INDONESIA

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C


20˚F/-7˚C 0˚F/-18˚C


Indian 7% Average Rainfall


Singapore is one of the world’s most densely populated countries, with more than 11,000 people per square mile (28,000 per square kilometer). More than 75% of The Place Singapore’s people are Chinese. Malays make up about 15% of the population, and most of the rest of the peoSingapore is an island country in Southeast Asia near ple are Europeans or Indians. Singapore has 4 official the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. It consists of a large island and more than 50 smaller islands. The large languages—Chinese, English, Malay, and Tamil. Most urban Singaporeans wear Western-style clothing, but island, also called Singapore, covers 221 square miles some Indians and Malays prefer traditional dress. (572 square kilometers). Almost all the people live in English is the language of instruction in all schools in the capital, also with the name of Singapore, on the Singapore. The government provides 6 years of free southern coast of the main island. The city’s economic primary education to children who are citizens. activity makes Singapore one of the most prosperous Singapore’s literacy rate countries in Asia. The other islands, half of is one of the highest in which are uninhabited, are about 18 square Singapore, Singapore Southeast Asia. Schools miles (46 square kilometers) in area. Most of higher education in of the Singapore islands are near sea level. Singapore include the Rain forests cover the central area of the National University of main island, and mangrove swamps run Singapore and Nanyang along the northern coast. Singapore has Technological Institute. a tropical climate. The average annual Art, music, and theater temperature is about 80° F (27° C). Sea reflect the cultures of breezes cool the country, however, and Singapore’s ethnic the temperature rarely rises above 94° F groups. Life expectancy (34° C). The main island receives about is 79 years. 95 inches (241 centimeters) of rain yearly.

Other 53%

Telecommunications Office apparatus 8% machines 27% Petroleum products 8%

0 in/0 cm



Electrical apparatus 2% Industrial machinery 2%

Other 2%

Malay 15% Chinese 76%

Ethnic Makeup

Buddhist, Muslim, Christian

Major Religions

267

Slovakia Land area rank

130

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

104

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

EUROPE

Official Name: Slovak EQUATOR Republic Continent: Europe Area: 18,842 square miles (48,800 sq. km) Population: 5,414,937 Capital City: Bratislava Largest City: Bratislava (450,776) Unit of Money: Koruna Major Languages: Slovak (official), Hungarian Literacy: 99% Land Use: 31% arable, 3% permanent crops, 17% pastures, 41% forests, 8% other Natural Resources: Brown coal and lignite, iron ore Government: Parliamentary democracy Defense: $403 million

ASIA

POLAND

CZECH REPUBLIC

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

Zilina

AUSTRALIA

ro

Trnava

Trencin

n

Ruzomberok Presov Hornad Riv r e er i v Banská Bystrica Kosice R

H

AUSTRIA

A N TA R C T I C A

Vah R ive

r

Martin

UKRAINE

NORTH AMERICA

Lucenec

Nitra

Bratislava Komárno

er Danube Riv 0 0

miles km

HUNGARY

N W

50

E S

50

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C

0 in/0 cm



Average Rainfall


Slovaks make up the majority of Slovakia’s population. People of Hungarian descent form the second largest group. Smaller numbers of Czechs, Germans, Gypsies, The Place Poles, Russians, and Ukrainians also live in Slovakia. About 55% of Slovakia’s people Slovakia is a landlocked country in central live in towns and cities. Rural Europe. Formerly part of Czechoslovakia, it is Slovak climber families generally live in singlebordered by Poland on the north, Ukraine on family houses. Most families the east, Hungary on the south, and Austria own automobiles, refrigerators, and the Czech Republic on the west. The televisions, and washing Carpathian Mountains cover much of western machines. Many city families and northwestern Slovakia. A range called the have weekend cottages in the High Tatras, with Mount Gerlachovsky, country. Slovakia’s people enjoy Slovakia’s highest peak at 8,711 feet (2,655 attending soccer matches and meters), is a favorite vacation spot and tourist other sporting events. Skiing is destination. The Tatras area is also a national also popular. Many families park. The Danubian Lowlands make up enjoy camping, hiking, and southwestern Slovakia. The Danube River mountain climbing. Children forms the southern boundary of this region. are required to attend 8 years of Several rivers wind through Slovakia, includelementary school and 2 years ing the Hornad, the Hron, and the Vah. of secondary school. Folk arts, Slovakia’s climate varies greatly by elevation. such as basketry, glass paintings, Temperatures range from a low of 14 °F (-10 pottery, and woodcarving, are an °C) in January to a high of 68 °F (20 °C) in important tradition in Slovakia. July. Slovakia receives from 24 to 40 inches Life expectancy is 74 years. (60 to 100 centimeters) of precipitation yearly. Food, beverages, and tobacco 6% Manufactured goods 12% Chemical products 13%

Other Semimanufactured Gypsy 2% 10% products Other 1% Hungarian 40% 11%

Slovak 86%

Exports $9 billion

268

Machinery 19%

Ethnic Makeup

Orthodox 4% Protestant 8%


Atheist 10%

Major Religions

Slovenia Land area rank

154

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

145

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance


HU

ASIA

NG

AFRICA

AUSTRIA

SOUTH AMERICA

Maribor D r

Ptuj

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

Mineral fuels 1% Food 3% Chemicals 11%

LY

100˚F/38˚C

A IT

Slovenia is a small country in central Europe. Mountains cover much of the country, and thick forests grow on about half the land. The Julian Alps rise in Slovenia’s northwest corner. Slovenia’s highest point, Mount Triglav, reaches 9,393 feet (2,863 meters) in this range. Hilly plains spread across central and eastern Slovenia. The central part of the country also includes a limestone region called the Karst, which is filled with caves and underground channels. A small strip of coastline lies along the Adriatic Sea. Slovenia’s climate varies greatly. Mountains have cold winters with much snow. Heavy rains fall in early summer. Summers are warm in mountain valleys but cool at high elevations. The coastline is mild with temperatures rarely below freezing. Northeastern Slovenia has cold winters and hot summers. Temperatures can reach 100° F (38° C) in the summer while falling below freezing in the winter.

Ljubljana

S a va River

Celje N W

Nova Gorica

E S

Kocevje

CROATIA Prian 0

Adriatic Sea

miles

20

0 km 20

The People About 90% of the people are Slovenes, a Slavic people who speak Slovenian. Most Slovenes also speak another language, usually German, Italian, Serbo-Croatian, or English. About half of the people live in rural areas, usually in single-family homes with steep roofs. Many city dwellers live in high-rise apartment buildings. Most adults can read and write. Children attend 8 years of elementary school and 4 years of secondary school. Slovenia has 2 universities and many other institutions of higher education. Festivals play an important part in Slovenian life. Every February, people in northeastern Slovenia hold a Kurenti festival, during which they dress up in animal masks and perform rituals to drive away the “evil spirits” of winter. Life expectancy is 75 years.

Other 25% Machinery 31% Basic manufactures Exports 29% $8 billion

Murska Sobota

a R iver

Kranj

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

av

Y

AUSTRALIA

AR

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Slovenia Continent: Europe Area: 7,819 square miles (20,256 sq. km) Population: 1,930,132 Capital City: Ljubljana Largest City: Ljubljana (269,972) Unit of Money: Slovenian tolar Major Languages: Slovenian, Serbo-Croation Literacy: 99% Land Use: 12% arable, 3% permanent crops, 28% pastures, 51% forests, 6% other Natural Resources: Lignite coal, lead, zinc Government: Parliamentary democratic republic Defense: $298 million

Serb 2% Other 3% Muslim Croat 1% 3%

Other 27%

Muslim 1% Slovene 91%

Ethnic Makeup

Lutheran 1%

Roman Catholic 71%

Major Religions

269

Solomon Islands 145


Population rank


fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

Choiseul

Official Name: Solomon Islands Continent: Oceania Area: 10,633 square miles (27,540 sq. km) EQUATOR Population: 480,442 Capital City: Honiara Largest City: Honiara (35,288) Unit of Money: Solomon Islands dollar Major Languages: English, Solomon Pidgin Literacy: 30% Land Use: 1% arable, 1% permanent crops, 1% pastures, 88% forests, 9% other Natural Resources: Fish, timber, gold Government: Parliamentary democracy Defense: Australia responsible for defense

Vella Lavella Ne

ASIA

Gizo

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C

0 in/0 cm



Average Rainfall


12 in/30 cm

Santa Isabel

Ge Munda (T org he ia New Sl So Georgia un ot ) d

O C E A N

Buala Auki

Honaira

E S

Aola

Guadalcanal

S o l o m o n S e a

N W

Avuavu

Kirakira 0 0

miles km

San Cristobal

100

100

The People

Cacao beans 3% Other 3% Copra 4% Palm oil products 10% Timber Fish products products 59% 21%


270

I F I C

Malaita

A N TA R C T I C A

Solomon Islands is an archipelago, or island chain, in the Pacific Ocean about 1,000 miles (1,610 kilometers) northeast of Australia. The largest of its hundreds of islands are Choiseul, Guadalcanal, Malaita, and New Georgia. Not all of the Solomon Islands chain is part of the country. Some northern islands are part of Papua New Guinea. Solomon Islands has a land area of 10,633 square miles (27,540 square kilometers) spread over about 230,000 square miles (600,000 square kilometers) of ocean. The main islands range from 90 to 120 miles (140 to 190 kilometers) long and from 20 to 30 miles (32 to 48 kilometers) wide. Each island has a central spine of mountains, some more than 4,000 feet (1,200 meters) high. Rainfall in the Solomon Islands varies from 60 to 200 inches (150 to 500 centimeters) annually. Temperatures range from 70° to 90° F (21° to 32° C). 15 in/38 cm

w

C

AUSTRALIA

The Place

80˚F/27˚C

A

Kia

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

100˚F/38˚C

P

Most of the approximately 440,000 Solomon Islanders are dark-skinned people called Melanesians. About 90% of them live in rural villages. Many people build houses on stilts to keep the dwellings cool. The main foods of the people include chicken, fish, pork, coconuts, sweet potatoes, and taro, a tropical plant with edible root-like stems. Although English is the official language of the Solomon Islands, about 90 languages are spoken among the Melanesians. Most islanders speak Solomons pidgin, a form of pidgin English, to help break Malaita, Solomon Islands language barriers. The nation has about 350 elementary schools and about 20 high schools. Students may attend college locally at the College of Higher Education. About 200 islanders go to universities in Papua New Guinea and Fiji. Life expectancy is 72 years. Micronesian 2% Other 1%

Polynesian 4%

Melanesian 93%

Ethnic Makeup

Seventh-Day Adventist 10% United Church 11%

Other 9%

Anglican 34% Baptist 17%

Roman Catholic 19%

Major Religions

Somalia Land area rank

42

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

90

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

Gulf of Aden


DJIBOUTI

ASIA

Official Name: Somali EQUATOR Democratic Republic Continent: Africa Area: 242,216 square miles (627,340 sq. km) Population: 7,488,773 Capital City: Mogadishu Largest City: Mogadishu (1,000,000) Unit of Money: Somali shilling Major Languages: Somali (official), Arabic, English Natural Resources: Uranium

Boosaaso

AFRICA

Berbera

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

Hargeysa

Bender Beyla

A N TA R C T I C A

ETHIOPIA

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C

0 in/0 cm



Other 38%


Live camels & cattle 4% Bananas Exports 7% $130 million

N

O N A

Mogadishu

D

I

Merca

N I Chisimayu

0 0

miles km

200

200

Somalia reach over 7,000 feet (2,100 meters) above sea level. Average temperatures range from 85 °F to 105 °F (29 °C to 41 °C) in northern Somalia, and 65 °F to 105 °F (18 °C to 41 °C) in the south. Annual rainfall is rarely more than 20 inches (51 centimeters), even in the south, the wettest region. Generally, rain falls from March to May and from October to December. Droughts occur frequently, however, and most land is barely suitable for grazing livestock. In the south, 2 rivers—the Jubba and the Shabeelle—provide some water for irrigation. Farmers there grow crops. Somalia has a wide variety of plant and animal wildlife. Wild animals include the crocodile, elephant, gazelle, giraffe, hippopotamus, hyena, and lion. ➤ Other 3%

Average Rainfall


80˚F/27˚C

er

r

15 in/38 cm

iv

Beledweyne

ve a Ri

plains cover most of Somalia. A mountain ridge rises from the narrow coastal plain in the north. Altitudes in some parts of northern

Nomads, Somalia

100˚F/38˚C

R

Jubb

Somalia is the country farthest east on the mainland of Africa. Its coastline along the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean forms the outer edge of the “horn” of Africa. Dry, grassy

Galcalo e

S

K E N Y A

The Place

ell

A

abe

E

E

W

Sh

C

N

Farms/cropland 2%

Forests 26% Permanent pastures 69%

Land Use

271

Somalia

(continued)

The People About 95% of Somalia’s people share the same language, culture, and religion. They are sharply divided, however, according to traditional clan groupings. Most Somalis belong to 1 of 4 clans known as the Samaal. Samaal are primarily nomadic herders. Members of 2 other clans, Somali men

called the Sab (or Saab), live along the rivers in southern Somalia. Most of the members of these clans farm the land. Many Somalis are loyal only to their clan, and there has been much fighting between groups. Minority groups in Somalia include Arabs, Indians, Italians, and Pakistanis. Except for the coastlands, small trade centers, and cultivated areas, much of Somalia is unsettled. Nomads make up about half the population. They live in small shelters made of wooden braces covered with skins and grass mats. In much of Somalia, the people wear traditional clothing

Popular Culture/Daily Life Somali crafts workers make fine leather handbags and dagger sheaths. People enjoy soccer and other sports and games. Reciting poetry and chanting are favorite forms of entertainment. In 1991, the country suffered tremendously when a rebel group called the United Somali Congress (USC) overthrew Somalia’s

272

Other 15%

Somali 85%

Ethnic Makeup

Sunni Muslim 100%

Major Religions

Government

Education Less than 20% of all Somali children attend school. More than 75% of Somalia’s adult population cannot read or write. The country’s literacy rate is one of the lowest in the world partially due to the fact that Somali only became a written language in 1972. In addition, years of fighting and starvation have led to the widespread collapse of the educational system. There are,

that consists of a piece of brightly colored cloth draped over the body like a toga. Many men wear a kiltlike garment called a lungi or a ma’owey. In the cities and towns, some people wear western clothing. Life expectancy is 47 years.

Literate 24%

Type: Forming parliamentary government Leader: No internationally recognized government Structure: None

Defense


NA army personnel NA tanks

however, the Somali National University and several technical institutes in Mogadishu, the capital.

military rulers and took control of the capital area. A prolonged drought that year, along with a disruption of food production caused by the fighting, led to widespread starvation throughout Somalia. By December 1992, about 270,000 Somalis had starved to death, and United Nations sent aid and peacekeeping forces to the country.



14 TVs

1

1

NA

NA

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

South Africa Land area rank

25

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

26

fewest people

most people (1)

NAMIBIA NORTH AMERICA

Official Name: Republic of South Africa EQUATOR Continent: Africa Area: 471,440 square miles (1,219,912 sq. km) Population: 43,586,097 Capital City: Pretoria (administrative capital) Largest City: Cape Town (2,350,157) Unit of Money: South African rand Major Languages: English, Afrikaans, Zulu, Xhosa Natural Resources: Gold, diamonds, platinum

0 0

EUROPE

miles km

200

200

L

ASIA

im

po

MOZAMBIQUE

BOTSWANA

AFRICA

Pietersburg

Pretoria

SOUTH AMERICA

Johannesburg Soweto R. al Va Welkom

AUSTRALIA

r e

AT

LESOTHO s Durban n e k Umtata r a D W Beaufort West Uitenhage East London Oudtshoorn Cape Town Port Elizabeth

LA

De Aar

NT IC

O C

E N

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C

0 in/0 cm



Average Rainfall


100˚F/38˚C

Mountains Region has warm, dry summers and cool, wet winters. Much of the Coastal Strip has hot, humid summers and dry, sunny winters. In the Plateau, summer days are hot, but the nights are cool. The

N E S


A

South Africa occupies the southern tip of Africa, with its coastline extending about 1,836 miles (2,954 kilometers) along both the Indian and Atlantic oceans. It borders Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Swaziland, and it completely surrounds the country of Lesotho. South Africa’s interior is mostly plateau, called the veld. Coastal lowlands lie in the east. The Cape Mountains are in the far south. The Namib Desert makes up the west coast. The Kalahari Desert covers much of the northwest interior. South Africa is one of world’s leading sources of gold and diamonds. In the past 100 years, 47% of the world’s gold has come from the country’s mines. South Africa’s main rivers include the Orange and its branch, the Vaal. South Africa is generally mild and sunny. The Cape

SWAZILAND

g

Upington Kimberley O r a n g e River Bloemfontein

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

River

po

b

At a Glance

winter is cold. The deserts are hot and dry. Only about one fourth of South Africa receives more than 25 inches (64 centimeters) of rain yearly. More rain falls in the east than in the west. ➤

Cape Town, South Africa

Base metals and metal products 15%

Gold 20% Other 48%

Exports

Food 7%

Gem diamonds 10%

Forests 7%

Other 15%

Farms/cropland 11%


Land Use

$31 billion

273

South Africa

(continued)

South African women

The People South Africa’s population includes descendents of Africans, Asians, and Europeans. From the late 1940s to the early 1990s, South Africa’s government enforced a policy of racial segregation called apartheid that categorized the people into four main racial groups: (1) black, (2)

white, (3) Coloured, or mixed race, and (4) Asian. Apartheid policies segregated the groups in housing, education, employment, the use of transportation, and other public facilities. Although the policy ended in 1991, the 4 groups remain separated and follow different ways of life. Blacks, also called Africans, make up 75% of South Africa’s population. Whites make up 13% of its people. Coloured people make up 9% of the population. Indians make up 3% of the country’s population. Inequalities created by oppression of nonwhites continue to affect South Africa’s racial groups. Some public schools and some housing remain segregated. Most high-paying jobs are still held by whites. The average yearly income of blacks is slightly more than one-tenth that of whites.

Large numbers of blacks are unemployed, and many lack adequate housing. Life expectancy is 63 years. Indian 3%

Coloured 9% White 13%

Black 75%

Ethnic Makeup Muslim 2%

Traditional beliefs 28%

Hindu 2%

Christian 68%

Major Religions

Education Until 1991, students in each racial group were required by law to attend separate public schools. Since then, many black children have begun to attend previously all-white public schools. About 90% of whites, 85% of Asians, 75% of Coloureds, and 65% of blacks can read and write. All South African children ages 7 through 16 are required to attend school. Until 1981, the law did not require any black children to go to school. That year, the government

Popular Culture/Daily Life Most South Africans enjoy sports, and the country’s climate permits them to spend a great deal of leisure time outdoors. White South Africans like to play rugby football— South Africa’s national sport—as well as cricket, soccer, tennis, and golf. Nonwhite South Africans have favored soccer and track-and-field events. Some blacks have become world champions in long-distance running. On weekends and holidays,

274


Literate 82%

Defense



began to phase in schooling requirements for black children. Today, many areas—especially black ones—have a shortage of schools.


many city dwellers flock to the beaches or tour their country’s national parks and game reserves. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

146 101

95

21 TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

NA PCs

South African school children at play

South Korea Land area rank

107

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

25

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

NORTH KOREA


ASIA

Ch'unch'on

AFRICA

South Korea occupies the southern half of the Korean Peninsula in East

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C


20˚F/-7˚C 0˚F/-18˚C


Average Rainfall


15 in/38 cm

S e a o f J a p a n

Ch'ungju Taejeon

A N TA R C T I C A

Yellow Sea N

Taegu Ulsan

R.

Pusan

r

a

it

E S

0

S

miles km

100

100

Asia. More than 3,000 mostly uninhabited islands lie off the southern and western coasts. Including the

Mineral fuels 3%

Kunsan

Kwangju

W

Seoul, South Korea

100˚F/38˚C

Tonghae

AUSTRALIA

0

The Place

Kangnung

Seoul

Inche'on

SOUTH AMERICA

Naktong

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Korea Continent: Asia Area: 37,911 square miles (98,190 sq. km) Population: 47,904,370 Capital City: Seoul Largest City: Seoul (18,850,000) Unit of Money: South Korean won Major Languages: Korean Natural Resources: Coal, tungsten, graphite


o

r

e

JAPAN

islands, South Korea covers an area of 37,911 square miles (98,190 square kilometers). More than 80% of the land is mountainous, and about two-thirds is covered by forest. River valleys, hillsides, and some land along the coast are used for farming. The Southern Plain covers the southern coast of South Korea and is an important agricultural region. The Naktong River, 325 miles (523 kilometers) long, is South Korea’s longest river. Seasonal monsoon winds blow in from the southeast during the summer, bringing hot, humid weather. A cold, dry monsoon blows in from the northwest during the winter, bringing cold weather. Summer temperatures average between 70° F (21° C) and 80 °F (27 °C). Average January temperatures range from about 35 °F (2 °C) in southeastern Korea to about -5 °F (-21 °C) in parts of the Northern Mountains. ➤

Other 13%

Other 17%

Chemicals 7%

K

Cheju

t

a

Farms/ cropland 21%


Machinery 52% Forests 65%

0 in/0 cm


Exports

Land Use

$130 billion

275

South Korea

(continued)

The People

covered by mats. Traditionally, Koreans make up almost the entire channels under the floors carried population of South Korea. People hot air from the kitchen or an of Chinese descent are Korea’s indoor fireplace to heat the rooms. largest minority. Korean is the In many homes today, pipes carry official language of South Korea. heated water under the floors for About half of all Korean words heat. Most people in South Korea come from Chinese. More than wear Western-style clothing. 75% of South Koreans live in cities However, many wear traditional because factories and businesses offer South Korean market jobs. Cities also have universities and better health-care facilities. Many South Koreans, including those in rural areas, live in houses made of bricks or concrete blocks, with roofs of cement tiles. Most houses have floors of thick stone slabs

clothing for special occasions. Such clothing for women consists of a long, full skirt and a tight-fitting jacket. Men wear loose-fitting trousers, shirts, and jackets. Life expectancy is 71 years.

Education

versities, colleges, and junior colleges in South Korea.

South Korea requires all children to complete elementary school, which is free. After completing elementary school, a South Korean student may go on to attend middle school and high school. Parents pay tuition for

any secondary schools. Still, about 80% of children aged 12 to 17 attend secondary school. Technical training to prepare students for industrial jobs continues through all higher levels of education. More than 1 million students attend uni-

Confusianism Other 1% 3%

Buddhist 47%

Christian 49%

Major Religions

Korean 100%

Ethnic Makeup

Government Type: Republic Structure: Executive Leader: President/Acting Prime Minister


Literate 98%

2,050 tanks 43 major ships

Literacy

461 combat aircraft

U.S. rate = 97%

School kids, South Korea

Popular Culture/Daily Life South Koreans enjoy most sports common in the West, including baseball, boxing, golf, soccer, table

276

tennis, tennis, and wrestling. They also enjoy martial arts such as judo and tae kwon do, the national sport. South Korean orchestras perform classical and contemporary Western music. Television networks regularly show dramas and comedies. South Koreans enjoy reading novels, short stories, and poems.

Goods Ownership per 1,000 people 258 207

77 49 NA TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

Spain 51


largest country (1)

Population rank

29

fewest people

most people (1)

Bay of Biscay

At a Glance

FRANCE


La Coruña

ASIA

Official Name: Kingdom of EQUATOR Spain Continent: Europe Area: 192,818 square miles (499,440 sq. km) Population: 40,037,995 Capital City: Madrid Largest City: Madrid (5,050,000) Unit of Money: Peseta and euro Major Languages: Castilian Spanish, Catalan Natural Resources: Coal, lignite, water power

Bilbao

AFRICA

N

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm 9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C

0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall

Spain is one of the largest countries in Europe with an area of 192,818 square miles (499,440 square kilometers). The country occupies about five-sixths of the Iberian Peninsula, which lies in Southwestern Europe between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Portugal occupies the rest of the peninsula. Spain also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. On Spain’s northeastern border, the mighty Pyrenees Mountains separate Spain from France. These mountains were once a barrier to overland travel to the rest of Europe. Africa lies only about 8 miles (13 kilometers) south of Spain across the Strait of Gibraltar. Most of Spain is a high, dry plateau called the Meseta. Hills


L E

miles km

uad R io G

Majorca

ia n a

Palma

Valencia

Málaga Cádiz Strait of Gibraltar

M

e

t di

er

ra

a ne

n

Se

a

ALGERIA

200

200

MOROCCO

Santa Cruz de Tenerife Las Palmas

The Place


PORTUGA

IC

LA

AT 0

Tagus River

Sevilla

S 0

Barcelona

Madrid

Córdoba

N W

Zaragoza

Salamanca

NT

A N TA R C T I C A

R.

Rio Douro

OC

AUSTRALIA

ANDORRA ro

Valladolid

EA

SOUTH AMERICA

60˚F/16˚C

Eb

and mountains rise throughout the Meseta, and north of it, a mountain barrier extends across the peninsula. Spain lacks many raw materials needed by industry, and crops do not grow well in the country’s poor

soil and dry cliCanary Islands mate. Although coastal areas are wetter than the central plateau, yearly rainfall for the entire country average less than 4 inches (10 centimeters). ➤

Mosque, Córdoba, Spain

Other 59%

Transport equipment 20%



Farms/ cropland 39%


Exports

Machinery 8%

Land Use

$95 billion

277

Spain

(continued)

The People Before the 1960s, the people in each region of Spain, such as Andalusia in the south or Galicia in the northwest, felt greater loyalty to their region than their country and had little contact with Spaniards in other regions. Today, Spain is an industrial

nation, and more than 75% of the people live in urban areas. Spanish people now eat better, dress better, live in better homes, and receive more education and better health care today than ever before. Life expectancy is 77 years. The country has 2 cities with more than a million people each: Madrid, the nation’s capital and largest city, and Barcelona. Most city people live in apartments, and many own rather Other 1%

than rent their dwellings. Most city homes have electric power, and many families own automobiles and television sets. Electricity, improved farming methods, and modern equipment have helped make life easier for Spanish farmers. But rural standards of living are much lower than those in the cities. Most rural homes are made of clay and stone covered with whitewashed plaster for added protection from the sun. Basque 2% Galician 7% Catalan 16%

Roman Catholic 99%

Major Religions

Popular Culture/Daily Life Most Spanish factories, stores, and offices close for 3-hour lunch breaks and stay open until about 7 P.M. Most people eat dinner at between 10 and 11 P.M. On weekends, city people often drive into the Spanish countryside for picnics or overnight trips. Soccer is Spain’s most popular sport, and many soccer stadiums seat 100,000 or more fans. Bicycle racing is second to soccer in popularity. Bullfighting is Spain’s most unusual

278

Castillian Spanish 72%

Ethnic Makeup

Education All children from ages 6 through 13 are required to attend school in Spain. Many children quit school when they reach 14, however, and the number of students decreases at each successive grade. Students attend primary school for 8 years and secondary school for 3 years. They must take an additional year of special study before entering a university. The government controls most of Spain’s primary and secondary schools. But there are also Roman

Gyspsy 1% Other 2%

Government Type: Parliamentary monarchy Structure: Executive Leader: King/President of the Government

Literate 96%

Defense



Catholic schools and non-religious private schools at the primary and secondary levels. Spain has about 30 universities. spectacle. Most cities have a bullring, and leading matadors are national heroes. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people 396

389 294

121 8 TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

Spanish boy


Sri Lanka Land area rank

123

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

51

fewest people

most people (1)

INDIA EUROPE

tr

lk

S

AFRICA

Pa

Official Name: Democratic EQUATOR Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Continent: Asia Area: 24,996 square miles (64,740 sq. km) Population: 19,408,635 Capital City: Colombo Largest City: Colombo (1,994,000) Unit of Money: Sri Lankan rupee Major Languages: Sinhala, Tamil, English Natural Resources: Limestone, graphite, gems

ASIA

ai

t

Jaffna

SOUTH AMERICA

Mullaittivu

AUSTRALIA

Gulf of Mannar

A N TA R C T I C A

Trincomalee Anuradhapura Puttalan Batticaloa

N W

E

Matale Kandy

Negombo

Colombo

S

O C E A N

NORTH AMERICA

Moratuwa

Kotte Ratnapura

Badulla

I N D I A N

At a Glance

Kalutara 0 0

The Place Sri Lanka is an island country about 20 miles (32 kilometers) southwest of

miles km

India. The Palk Strait separates the 2 countries. Known as Ceylon until

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


Temple, Sri Lanka

100˚F/38˚C

50

50

Natural rubber 3% Rubber products 4% Gems 6%

Other 25% Clothing and accessories 49% Tea 13%

Exports

Galle

Hambantota

1972, Sri Lanka covers 24,996 square miles (64,740 square kilometers). The central area of the country is mountainous. Plains surround the mountains and cover most of the northern half of the island. Many species of wild animals, including bears, birds, crocodiles, elephants, monkeys, and snakes, are native to Sri Lanka. More than 3,000 species of ferns and flowering plants also grow there. Some of the most common plants are bougainvillea, orchids, poinsettias, and fruit trees. A rain forest covers much of southwestern Sri Lanka. Temperatures in the low coastal areas average 80° F (27° C). Temperatures in the mountains average 60° F (16° C). Average annual rainfall ranges from about 50 inches (130 centimeters) in the northeast to about 200 inches (510 centimeters) in parts of the southwest. ➤

Other 32%


Land Use


$4 billion

279

Sri Lanka

(continued)

The People The people of Sri Lanka belong to several different ethnic groups. The Buddhist monk

largest groups are the Sinhalese and the Tamils. The Sinhalese, about 74% of the population, are descended from people from northern India. Most are Buddhists. Tamils, about 18% of the population, are descendants of people from southern India. Most are Hindus. Most Tamils live in the northern and eastern parts of the country. Violence between the 2 groups led to a civil war in the country that has continued since 1983. Most Sri Lankans are farmers. Houses with mud walls and thatched roofs are common in rural areas. Many Sri Lankans, especially rural people, live in extended families, in which more than 2 generations of the same family live together. Most rural Sri Lankan men wear a sarong—a garment wrapped around the waist to form a long skirt and a shirt. Sri Lankan women wear a redde, which is a skirt similar to a sarong, with a blouse or jacket. For more formal occasions,

Popular Culture/Daily Life Arts are very important to the life of Sri Lanka. Architecture, painting and sculpture, literature, music, and dance have flourished in Sri Lanka since its earliest history. Much ancient art can still be seen in ruins of some cities and in museums in Colombo, the capital. Dance is an important art form today among both Sinhalese and Tamils. Sri Lanka crafts people make jewelry and pottery, weave

Moor 7% Other 1%

Tamil 18% Sinhalese 74%

Ethnic Makeup

Christian 8% Hindu 15%

Buddhist 69%

Major Religions


Literate 90%

Defense NA army personnel


NA tanks NA major ships

Many Sri Lankans attend universities in the United States.

NA combat aircraft

baskets and mats, and carve masks and other objects from wood. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

32 TVs

10

11

15

Cars

Phones

VCRs

NA PCs

Hindu temple

280

Muslim 8%

Government

Education Education is highly-valued in Sri Lanka and is free from kindergarten through the university level. Sri Lanka has 8 universities. Most Sri Lankans 15 years of age or older can read and write, and the country has one of the highest literacy rates among the Asian nations. Sri Lanka’s schools are considered the best of any non-industrial nation.

women may wear a sari, which is a straight piece of cloth draped around the body as a long dress. Life expectancy is 72 years.

Sudan 11


largest country (1)

Population rank

33

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

NORTH AMERICA

E G Y P T

L I B Y A

EUROPE

Lake Nasser

ASIA

Official Name: Republic of EQUATOR the Sudan Continent: Africa Area: 971,374 square miles (2,376,000 sq. km) Population: 36,080,373 Capital City: Khartoum Largest City: Nyala (1,267,077) Unit of Money: Sudanese pound Major Languages: Arabic, English Natural Resources: Crude oil, iron ore, copper

R

AFRICA

Port Sudan

R.

ea

ile N

S

Libyan Desert

AUSTRALIA

Atbarah Omdurman

Kassala

A N TA R C T I C A

Khartoum

ERITREA Wad Medani

El Obeid

N Blue

Al Fashir

il e

Ri

ve

r

White Nile River

C H A D

ETHIOPIA Waw

N


The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


(43° C), but climb to more than 125° F (52° C). Central Sudan consists largely of grassy plains. Most of southern Sudan is covered by dense vegetation. Mountain ranges rise along the country’s borders with

W

E

Juba S

C O N G O ( Z A I R E ) 0 0

miles km

400

K E N Y A

UGANDA

400

Uganda, Kenya, and Ethiopia. Many wild animals, including gazelles, giraffes, lions, leopards, and elephants, roam the south. ➤

Camel, Sudan

Farms/cropland 5% Cotton 19% Sheep & lambs 14% Gum Sesame seeds arabic 12% 13%

Other 29%

Average Rainfall


Sudan is in the northeastern part of the African continent and is the largest country in Africa with an area of 971,374 square miles (2,376,000 square kilometers). It is a land of vast deserts in the north, grassy plains in its central region, and steamy jungles and swamps in the south. Northeastern Sudan borders the Red Sea. Sudan’s most important geographic feature is the Nile River, the longest river in the world. The Nile floods the flatland of the south to form a vast swamp called the Sudd. North of the Sudd, the river is called the White Nile. It meets the Blue Nile, which flows from the mountains of Ethiopia, at Khartoum, the capital. Between the Blue and White Nile rivers lies El Gezira, the most fertile area in Sudan. North of Khartoum, Sudan is primarily desert. Average summer high temperatures reach 110° F

ed

SOUTH AMERICA

Peanuts 5%

Gold 8%

Exports



Land Use

$620 million

281

Sudan

(continued)

The People About 50% of Sudan’s people are Arabs, who make up the country’s largest ethnic group. Some are descended from Arab immigrants. Others belong to Sudanese groups that gradually adopted the Arabic Sudanese tribesmen

language and culture. Most of Sudan’s Arabs live in the northern two-thirds of the country. Various black African groups live in the southern third of Sudan. These groups include the Dinka, the largest black African group. The people of Sudan use more than 100 different languages. More than half of the people speak Arabic, which is Sudan’s official language. About four-fifths of Sudan’s people live in rural areas. Most farm along the Nile River using oldfashioned tools as they struggle to grow enough food for their families. Most

women who wear modern clothing also wear a traditional outer garment called a taub, which covers the head and reaches to the feet. Many men wear a long robe called a jallabiyah. On their heads, men wear a small skullcap called a taqiyah. Life expectancy is 51 years. Christian 5%


Major Religions Beja 6%

Popular Culture/Daily Life Traditional handicrafts are the most common form of art in Sudan. Soccer is the most popular sport. Daily life for most Sudanese is a struggle to survive. Health services are poor and communicable diseases

Black 52%

Ethnic Makeup

Government Type: Transitional Structure: Executive Leader: President

Literate 46%

Defense


117,000 army personnel NA tanks

receive education above secondary school. Most of the nation’s adults cannot read or write.

are widespread. Violence between groups in the north and south has led to 2 civil wars in the past 30 years. People who speak out against the government can be imprisoned. The government controls all television and radio stations.



61

TVs

282

Other 3%

Arab 39%

Education The government provides children with free elementary education for 6 years, but only about half of the children attend school. After elementary school, students may attend junior secondary schools for 3 years. Qualified students then may enter a 4-year school for agriculture, commerce, or teacher training; or they may attend a 3-year senior secondary school to prepare for entering a university. About 3% of all Sudanese

Sunni Muslim 70%

7

4

NA

NA

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

Suriname Land area rank

91

smallest country

Population rank


fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance


Official Name: Republic of EQUATOR Suriname Continent: South America Area: 62,344 square miles (161,470 sq. km) Population: 433,998 Capital City: Paramaribo Largest City: Paramaribo (200,970) Unit of Money: Surinamese guilder Major Languages: Dutch, Surinamese Literacy: 93% Land Use: 5% arable, 46% pastures, 19% forests, 30% other Natural Resources: Bauxite, iron ore, timber Government: Constitutional democracy Defense: $12 million

A T L A N TIC

Nieuw Nickerie

ASIA AFRICA

Wageningen

Paramaribo

Nieuw Amsterdam

Groningen Paranam

SOUTH AMERICA

OCE AN

Moengo Albina

Kwakoegron

AUSTRALIA

Brokopondo

A N TA R C T I C A

Asidonhopo

FRENCH GUIANA

GUYANA

N W

0 0

miles km

100

E S

100

B R A Z I L

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Bananas 3% Other 1% Petroleum 3% Average Rainfall


People of many ethnic backgrounds live in Suriname. Hindustanis, descendants of people from India, make up more than one third of the country’s population. The Place Creoles—people with mixed European and black Suriname, the smallest country in South America, is on African ancestry—make up about one third. The rest of the northeast coast of South America. Mountainous rain Suriname’s people are Indonesians, Maroons, American forests cover about 80% of Suriname, and most people Indians, Chinese, and Europeans. Maroons are the live in the flat coastal area. Nearly half descendants of black of the people live in Paramaribo, the Africans who escaped capital, largest city, and chief port. from slavery in the 1600s Suriname has a narrow coastal area of and 1700s. The most flat swampland that has been drained commonly used language for farming. This area extends inland is Sranan Tongo, also 10 to 50 miles (16 to 80 kilometers) to called Suriname Creole, a sandy plain that rises about 150 feet which combines English, (46 meters) high. Mountainous rain Dutch, and African forests with about 2,000 varieties of languages. Many trees lie farther inland, and a high Surinamese also speak savanna runs along the country’s southEnglish. About 65% of Paramaribo Harbor, Suriname west border. Rivers flow north to the Suriname’s people from Atlantic Ocean. Suriname is warm and 15 to 59 years of age can moist, with an average annual temperature of 81° F read and write. The law requires children from 7 to 12 (27° C). The annual rainfall average is 76 inches years old to attend elementary school, and some stu(193 centimeters) in western Suriname and 95 inches dents continue on to high school. Life expectancy in (241 centimeters) in Paramaribo. Suriname is 70 years.

Aluminum 9% Rice 10% Shrimp & fish 10%

Black 10%

Exports


Creole 31%

Hindu Muslim 27% 20% Roman Catholic Protestant 25% 23%

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

South Asian 37%

Alumina 64%

$434 million

Other 7%

Indonesian 15%

283

Swaziland 158

Population rank


fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

N E S

Piggs Peak

SOUTH AFRICA Mbabane

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

Manzini

ASIA

Usutu

AFRICA

Big Bend

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

Hlathikulu Nhlangano Lavumisa

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C


20˚F/-7˚C 0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


Swaziland is a landlocked country in southern Africa surrounded by the Republic of South Africa on 3 sides and by Mozambique on the east. Swaziland has rich mineral deposits, large forests, and good farm and ranch land. Mountains up to 4,500 feet (1,370 meters) above sea level run along the western border. Vast pine forests cover much of the land there. Rolling, grassy midlands lie east of the mountains. More people live in this region than in any other part of the country. Farther east, the land Eastern Swaziland becomes a low plain covered with bushes and grass. The Lebombo Mountains rise along the eastern border. Four main rivers flow eastward across the country supplying the water to irrigate crops and to run hydroelectric power plants.

0

20

The People About 9 out of 10 people in Swaziland are black Africans. Most people farm and raise livestock and speak siSwati, a Bantu language. Swazi farmers prize their cattle and respect people with herds. When a Swazi man marries, his family gives his wife’s family cattle. Swazi Children, Mbabane, Swaziland men may have more than 1 wife. The traditional family includes a man, his wives, his unmarried children, and his married sons and their families. Each family lives in a separate homestead. Traditional Swazi clothing is made of animal skins, leather, or brightly colored fabric. Swazi also wear beautiful beaded ornaments. Today, most Swazi wear Western-style clothing. Each Swazi man belongs to a special age group organized by the local leader. Different age groups have special parts in Swazi ceremonies. Life expectancy averages 58 years.

Citrus fruits 2% Asbestos 2% Paper and paper products 2% Cotton yarn 6%

European 3%

Other 46% Sugar 15%


284

miles

SOUTH AFRICA

0 km 20

Wood and wood products 18% Canned fruits 2%

Siteki

E QU MI ZA MO

Official Name: Kingdom of Swaziland Continent: Africa Area: 6,641 square miles (17,200 sq. km) Population: 1,104,343 Capital City: Mbabane Largest City: Mbabane (47,020) EQUATOR Unit of Money: Lilangeni Major Languages: English, siSwati (official) Literacy: 77% Land Use: 11% arable, 62% pastures, 7% forests, 20% other Natural Resources: Asbestos, coal, clay, cassiterite, hydropower, forests, small gold and diamond deposits, quarry stone, talc Government: Monarchy Defense: $22 million

W

OCEAN

smallest country

IND IAN

Land area rank

Refrigerators 7%

African 97%

Ethnic Makeup

Indigenous Christian beliefs 60% 40%

Major Religions

Sweden Land area rank

58

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

82

fewest people

most people (1)

0 EUROPE

L A P L A N D

ASIA AFRICA

km

200 200

CE

a

O

n

IC

ia

eg

w

ia

A

hn

N

L

Skelleftea ot

A

T

Lulea

or

N

T

A N TA R C T I C A

Se

AUSTRALIA

IA

AN

SS

Kiruna

SOUTH AMERICA

D AN NL FI

B

Y

Umea of

N

R

f

W

A

Ostersund

O

Sundsvall

N

G

Official Name: Kingdom of EQUATOR Sweden Continent: Europe Area: 158,659 square miles (410,928 sq. km) Population: 8,875,053 Capital City: Stockholm Largest City: Stockholm (703,627) Unit of Money: Swedish krona Major Languages: Swedish Natural Resources: Forests, iron ore, zinc

miles

0

RU

NORTH AMERICA

ul

At a Glance

W

E S

Gavle

Uppsala

Stockholm

Örebro

ESTONIA

Norrköping

Go

tla

nd LATVIA

ic

S

Jönköping

ea

Linköping Goteborg

t

Kristianstad

DENMARK

Stockholm, Sweden

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


B

a

l

LITHUANIA

Gotland, a fertile island covering about 1,160 square miles (3,004 square kilometers). The climate of Sweden varies greatly between the southern and northern parts of the country. Southwesterly winds from the Atlantic Ocean give southern Sweden pleasant summers and mostly mild winters. The northern part of the country has pleasant summers but cold winters. During winter in the south, snow covers the ground in January and February. The north has snow from midOctober through mid-April. ➤ Farms/cropland 7%

Average Rainfall


Sweden and its western neighbor, Norway, occupy the Scandinavian Peninsula. Forests cover more than half of the country. The far northern region of Sweden lies inside the Arctic Circle. Sweden is a land of beautiful lakes, snow-capped mountains, icy rivers, and rocky offshore

islands. Part of its long coastline has sandy beaches, and other parts have rocky cliffs. From Sweden’s hilly border with Norway, the land slopes gently eastward to the Gulf of Bothnia and the Baltic Sea. The country’s scenery varies from the barren Kolen Mountains in the northwest to the fertile plains in the south. Lakes cover about a twelfth of Sweden. Many small islands lie off the coast. The largest is

Malmo

Other 24%

Other 29% Iron & steel products 6%


Machinery 47%

Forests 68%

Chemicals 9% Paper products 9%

Exports

Land Use

$84 billion

285

Sweden

(continued)

The People Sweden is one of the most sparsely populated countries of Europe. Most people live in urban areas, which are mainly in the central and southern parts of the country. Most Swedes are descendants of ancient Germanic tribes, and are closely related to the Danes and Norwegians. The Lapps are a large ethnic group in Sweden. They live in the northernmost part of the country, in Lapland. For thousands of years, they have survived by hunting, fishing, and tending herds of reindeer. A large number of people from other countries have settled in Sweden. Swedish is a language that resembles Danish and Norwegian. People from the three countries can usually understand one another. The majority of adult Swedes speak some English and a second foreign language as well. Outdoor activities are popular in

Sweden. Skiing and hockey are the chief winter sports. Hunting and fishing are also popular activities. Swedes also like hiking and camping, soccer, Crowded Stockholm street swimming, sailrelax near one of Sweden’s many ing, and tennis. Many Swedes spend lakes or in the vast northern wildertheir vacations by the sea or on the ness. Life expectancy is 78 years. country’s offshore islands. Others Finnish & Lapp 3%

Other 6%

Pentecostal 1% Other 3% Roman Catholic 2%


Swedish 91%

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

Education The Swedish government requires children from 7 to 16 years of age to attend school. Elementary and high school education are free for Swedish children. The government also operates all the universities and most of the technical and other specialized colleges in the country. Many children under the age of 7 attend kindergartens run by private individuals or organizations. The government assists the kinder-


Literacy

286

Defense

U.S. rate = 97%


gartens, but attendance is not required. Every child in the fourth through seventh grade is required to study English, and about 90% continue English after that.


Swedish friends

Type: Constitutional monarchy Structure: Executive Leader: King/Prime Minister

The Swedish standard of living is one of the highest in the world. Sweden ranks among the leading European nations in the number of automobiles, telephones, and television sets it has in relation to its population. Many Swedish families have country homes. The Swedish government provides a largely free medical service. It pays pensions to the elderly, widows, and orphans. The government


also provides health insurance and financial aid for housing. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people 940 471

419 220 22

TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

Switzerland Land area rank

135

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

92

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

F R A N C E

G E R M A N Y


ASIA

Official Name: Swiss EQUATOR Confederation Continent: Europe Area: 15,355 square miles (39,770 sq. km) Population: 7,283,274 Capital City: Berne Largest City: Zurich (343,045) Unit of Money: Swiss franc Major Languages: German, French, Italian Literacy: 99% Land Use: 10% arable land, 2% permanent crops, 28% pasture, 32% forests, 28% other Natural Resources: Water power, timber, salt Government: Federal republic Defense: $5.2 billion

Lake Constance

AFRICA

Rhine R.

Basel

SOUTH AMERICA

Burgdorf

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


12 in/30 cm

Base metals and finished products 9%

Precision instruments, watches, & jewelry 16%

Other 17%

Thun Interlaken

Laussane Lake Geneva

Rh

Geneva

on

e

R.

LIECHTENSTEIN

S

Chur

P

L

In

n

R.

St. Moritz

A N

Martigny

Lugano

I T A L Y

W

E S

0 0

miles km

50

50

The People The Swiss differ greatly among themselves in language, customs, and traditions from region to region. About one-fifth of the people of Switzerland are foreign-born, one of the highest percentages of foreign-born residents of any country in Europe. Large groups of people from Italy, Germany, Portugal, Spain, and the former reside in Switzerland. Most of Switzerland’s people live in cities and towns. Swiss children go to school from 6 through 14. Students who plan to attend a university may go to one of Switzerland’s 7 universities or vari- Swiss skier ous other schools of higher learning. All universities are free public institutions. The mountains of Switzerland provide grand opportunities for a variety of sports. About one third of the nation’s people ski. Many also enjoy bobsledding, camping, climbing, and hiking in the mountains. Life expectancy is 78 years.

Machinery and electronics 30%

Romansch 1% Italian 10% French 18%

Exports $99 billion

AUSTRIA

Luzern

Bern Yverdon

Switzerland is a small landlocked European country at the center of Western Europe. The Alps and the Jura Mountains cover more than half of the country. Most Swiss live on a plateau between the two mountain ranges. The Jura Mountains extend along Switzerland’s western border and into France. The highest mountain of the range is 5,518-foot (1,682-meter) Mont Tendre. The Swiss Plateau lies from 1,200 to 2,200 feet (366 to 671 meters) above sea Swiss Alps level. The movement of ancient glaciers has formed many lakes, including Lake Constance and Lake Geneva. The Swiss Alps cover about 60% of Switzerland, but less than a fifth of the people live there. Snow blankets most of the region from 3 to 5 months a year. The Alps include Switzerland’s highest peak, the 15,203foot (4,634-meter) Dufourspitze. The Swiss Alps are the source of 3 main rivers in Europe, the Rhine, the Rhone, and the Inn-Danube. 15 in/38 cm

St. Gallen

Menziken

Biel

The Place

80˚F/27˚C

Zürich

Balsthal

AUSTRALIA

A N TA R C T I C A

100˚F/38˚C

Winterthur


Other 6%

German 65%

Ethnic Makeup

None 9%

Other 5%

Protestant 40%

Roman Catholic 46%

Major Religions

287

Syria 88


largest country (1)

Population rank

56

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

T U R K E Y


ASIA

T

AFRICA

ig

Official Name: Syrian Arab EQUATOR Republic Continent: Asia (Middle East) Area: 71,062 square miles (184,050 sq. km) Population: 16,728,808 Capital City: Damascus Largest City: Aleppo (1,591,400) Unit of Money: Syrian pound Major Languages: Arabic (official), French, English

Al Hasakah

ri s

Aleppo Euph

Al Ladhiqiyah

ra

t

.

Ar Raqqah

Idlib

AUSTRALIA

R

SOUTH AMERICA

Dayr Az Zawr

e

s

Sea an

Tadmur (Palmyra)

An Nabk Duma

err

ane

Hims

Damascus

dit

Me

er

Tartus

LEBANON

Al Mayadin

iv

A N TA R C T I C A

R

Hamah

S y r i a n D e s e r t

I R A Q N

Al Qunaytirah

W

E

As Suwayda

ISRAEL

GOLAN HEIGHTS

JORDAN

0 0

miles km

100

S

100

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


288

Market, Damascus, Syria

taries provide water for a developing agricultural area in the northeastern part of Syria. Most of the rest of Syria is covered by deserts and by dry grasslands where nomads graze

Live animals & meat 2% Average Rainfall


Syria is a Middle Eastern country bordered by Lebanon on the west, Israel to the southwest, Jordan to the South, Iraq to the east, and Turkey to the north. Part of the country’s western border reaches the Mediterranean Sea. Syria is comprised of 3 main land regions: (1) the coast, (2) the mountains, and (3) the valleys and plains. The coast is a narrow strip of land that extends along the Mediterranean Sea from Turkey to Lebanon. Moist sea winds give the region a mild, humid climate. The coast is one of the few areas of Syria in which crops do not have to be irrigated, and most of the land is cultivated. The mountains run from north to south and are thinly populated. The valleys and plains region includes river valleys, grasslands, and deserts. This area is the home of most of Syria’s people. The Euphrates River and its tribu-

Textiles & fabrics 4%

Other 21%

Raw cotton 6% Fresh vegetables and fruits 11%

Crude petroleum & petroleum products 56%

Exports $4 billion

their livestock. Little rain falls in the valleys and plains region. Temperatures average about 41° F (5° C) in January and about 88° F (31° C) in July.

Forests 3%

Other 22%

Farms/ cropland 32%


Land Use

Syria

The People Most of Syria’s people live in the western part of the country. More

than 1 million people live in Damascus, the capital and oldest inhabited city in the world. About 90% of all Syrians speak Arabic, Syria’s official language, and consider themselves Arabs. Most are descended from people called Semites who settled in ancient Syria. Non-Arab Syrians include Armenians and Kurds. Their ancestors came from the north. About half of all Syrians live in rural areas, mostly in small villages. A few rural people, called Bedouins, are nomads. The rest of the population lives in cities or towns. Many villagers live much as their ancestors did. They farm small plots and build houses of stone or of sun-dried mud bricks. Bedouins live in tents and move about the countryside grazing their livestock. Some Syrians, especially in rural areas, wear traditional clothing and a large cloth head

Popular Culture/Daily Life Family ties are close among most Syrians. Many parents share their home with their sons and the sons’ families. As in most Islamic cultures, women in Syria traditionally have had little freedom. However, increasing educational opportunities and exposure to Western ideas has allowed women more freedom in recent years. Health care is provided free for all Syrians. Hospitals often

covering. In the cities, most people wear Western-style clothing. Life expectancy is 67 years. Armenian, Turkmen, Circassian 2% Kurdish 6%

Other 3%

Arab 89%

Ethnic Makeup

Christian 10% Other Muslim 16% Sunni Muslim 74%

Major Religions

Government

Education Syria provides free education for both boys and girls. Syrian law requires all children from 6 through 11 years old to go to school. Many children in the rural areas do not attend school, however, because of a shortage of classrooms and teachers. About 30% of all adult Syrians cannot read or write. Higher education is provided free for Syrians at

(continued)


Literate 71%

Defense Literacy


U.S. rate = 97%

4,600 tanks

universities in the cities of Aleppo, Damascus, Homs, and Latakia.

lack modern equipment, however, and medical services do not extend to all areas of the country. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

58

59 9 TVs

Cars

Phones

NA

NA

VCRs

PCs


Syrian woman

Taiwan Land area rank

138

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

46

fewest people

most people (1)

East China Sea

CHINA

EUROPE

Taipei

ASIA

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


290

Average Rainfall


100˚F/38˚C

it a

tr an Quemoy (Taiwan)

Hualien

T'ainan South China Sea

N W

Kaohsiung

Taitung P'ingtung

E 0

S

Other 37%

Transportation equipment 5%

T'aichung Changhua

Chiai

exports goods such as televisions, radios, calculators, clothing, textiles, plastic goods, plywood, and toys to many countries including Germany, Japan, and the United States. Taiwan’s farmers grow asparagus, citrus fruits, corn, mushrooms, peanuts, pineapples, rice, sugar, sweet potatoes and tea in the country’s western lowlands. Coal is Taiwan’s most important mineral. Copper, gold, limestone, natural gas, petroleum, salt, and sulfur are also mined there. Taiwan’s forests are its most valuable resource. Cedar, hemlock, and oak trees are the most valuable trees for lumber.

Synthetic fibers 5%

Ta

iw

AUSTRALIA

A N TA R C T I C A

Taiwan is a mountainous island country located 90 miles (145 km) from the southeast coast of China, and separated from China by the Taiwan Strait. Taiwan is one large island and several smaller ones. Taiwan covers 12,456 square miles (32,260 square kilometers) of land and has thick forests and mountains that run from north to south. Yu Shan (Mount Morrison) is Taiwan’s highest peak and stands 13,113 feet (3,997 meters). Taiwan’s weather is subtropical, with temperatures averaging 80° F (27° C) during the summer and 65° F (18° C) in the winter. Typhoons that occur between July and September bring heavy rains, and the country can sometimes get as much as 100 inches (254 centimeters) of rain in one year. Taiwan is an economic power that

Hsinchu

S

SOUTH AMERICA

The Place

Chilung

T'aoyuan

AFRICA

O C E A N

NORTH AMERICA

Official Name: Taiwan EQUATOR Continent: Asia Area: 12,456 square miles (32,260 sq. km) Population: 22,370,461 Capital City: Taipei Largest City: Taipei (2,696,073) Unit of Money: New Taiwan dollar Major Languages: Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects Natural Resources: Timber, small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, asbestos

P A C I F I C

At a Glance

0


$122 billion

50

Philippine Sea

50

Lungshan Temple, Taipei, Taiwan

Nonelectrical machinery 24%

Exports

miles km

Plastic articles 7%

Other 15%

Farms/ cropland 25%

Forests 55%

Land Use


Taiwan The People Most of Taiwan’s residents live on its western coast. More than 1.5 million Taiwanese musician

people moved to Taiwan from mainland China after Communists took over China in 1949. Today, most of Taiwan’s native people, or aborigines, live on reservations in the mountains. About one fifth of the people in Taiwan are farmers, who work small 2- or 3-acre famers, often terraced into hillsides. Most farmhouses are made of brick, with tile roofs and central courtyards. A typical Taiwanese meal includes rice, vegetables and chopped meat or Mainland Chinese 14%

fish. Farmers and others who work in the hot sun wear cone-shaped straw hats. Most city people, however, wear Western-style clothing. Life expectancy is 78 years. Taiwanese people speak various Chinese dialects, but most of the people also use Northern Chinese (Mandarin), which is the official Chinese dialect. About 42% of Taiwanese practice Buddhism and about 8% are Christians.

Aborigine 2%

Christian 8%

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

Education

Popular Culture/Daily Life Taiwan’s people have a strong heritage of traditional Chinese culture as well as influences from modern Chinese and Western cultures. The government sponsors concerts, classes, and competitions to preserve and revitalize the country’s traditional arts, which include painting, calligraphy, ceramics, and music. Taiwan’s performing arts include

Other 2%

Buddhist, Confucian and Taoist 90%

Taiwanese 84%

Taiwan’s education system is the same as that of mainland China. Taiwan’s schools have high attendance rates, and good facilities and equipment. Most adults in Taiwan can read and write. Children are required to complete 6 years of primary school and 3 years of middle school. Taiwan’s secondary education includes senior high schools and vocational schools. Preschool, social, adult and special educations are also available. Taiwan

(continued)


Type: Multiparty democratic regime Structure: Executive Leader: President/Premier

Literacy

Defense

U.S. rate = 97%


has more than 100 institutions of higher learning, including the National Taiwan University, National Chung-hsing University, and National Chung-shan University. Chinese opera, Taiwanese opera, and drama. The country also has an established film industry that makes more than 100 movies each year. Taiwan continues to celebrate many ancient Chinese customs and holidays, including the Dragon Boat Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Chinese New Year, and the Feast of Lanterns. Taiwan also celebrates the birthday of Chinese


philosopher Confucius with an annual celebration. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people 378 333

116

112

NA TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

291

Tajikistan Land area rank

93

Population rank

96

smallest country

largest country (1)

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

Sy


r D

UZBEKISTAN a a

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Tajikistan Continent: Asia Area: 55,096 square miles (142,700 sq. km) Population: 6,578,681 Capital City: Dushanbe Largest City: Dushanbe (602,000) Unit of Money: Tajikistani ruble Major Languages: Tajik (official), Russian Literacy: 98% Land Use: 25% permanent pastures, 6% arable land, 4% forests and woodland, 65% other Natural Resources: Hydropower potential, petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten Government: Republic Defense: $67 million

ry

ASIA AFRICA

N TA ZS Y RG KY W

Khujand

R

.

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

Panjakent Gharm

A N TA R C T I C A

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C




Tajikistan, also spelled Tadzhikistan, is a landlocked country in central Asia that was part of the Soviet Union until 1991. Its capital and largest city is Dushanbe. Tajikstan is bordered by Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgystan, and China. It is located on the western side of the Pamirs mountain range. More than half of Tajikistan’s land is above 10,000 feet (3,050 meters). The Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, 2 major rivers, flow through parts of the country. Summers in Tajikistan’s valleys are typically long, hot and dry, while winters in the country’s higher regions are long and cold. Temperatures in the valleys average 36 °F (2 °C) in January and 86 °F (30 °C) in July. Temperatures in the highlands average -4 °F (-20 °C) in January and 72 °F (22°C) in July. Tajikistan receives less than 8 inches (20 centimeters) of rainfall each year.

Cotton fiber 32%

Tursunzoda

miles km

100

100

CHINA

a

Murghob

m i

Kulob

r

s

Khorugh

Farkhor

0


E S

.

Norak

Qurghonteppa

0

R

AFGHANISTAN

PAKISTAN

The People Tajikistan’s population is mainly made up of Tajiks and Uzbeks. Russians account for about 7% of the population, and other ethnic groups there include Tatars, Kyrgyz, Kazaks, and Turkmen. Many Tajikistan people have settled in the country’s southwest valley, however most people live in rural villages. Most families in Tajikistan are large, and often, many members of an extended family live together in one house. Some Tajiks follow a Muslim custom that permits a man to have as many as 4 wives. Tajiks wear both modern and traditional clothing. Traditional garments include loose cotton trousers, and dark or multicolored robes for men, and colorful, embroidered Tajik children silk dresses for women. Traditional Tajik foods include rice and shashlik (lamb or beef broiled on skewers). Green tea is the country’s most popular drink. Tajik children attend school from the ages of 6 to 17. Tajikistan has 1 university and several other schools of higher education. Life expectancy is 64 years.

Uzbek 25%

Other 7%

Tajik 65%

Shi'a Muslim 5%

Other 15% Sunni Muslim 80%

0 in/0 cm


292

Dushanbe

Russian 3%

Aluminum 59%

u

a

P

The Place

Am

ry Da

N

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

Tanzania Land area rank

32

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

32

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

AFRICA

km

Mwanza

Kilimanjaro

BURUNDI

Arusha

A N TA R C T I C A

Tanga Iringa

Mbeya

MALAW

Nyasa Lake

ZAMBIA

S

Kilwa Masoko

Songea

Mtwara

INDIAN OCEAN

Dar es Salaam

N E

Tanga

Zanzibar Zanzibar Island

Dodoma

Sumbawanga

W

Moshi

Masai Steppe

Tabora

a yik an ng Ta ke La

CONGO

200

200

KENYA

Musoma

RWANDA

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

miles

0

Lake Victoria

ASIA

Official Name: United EQUATOR Republic of Tanzania Continent: Africa Area: 342,100 square miles (886,040 sq. km) Population: 36,232,074 Capital City: Dar es Salaam Largest City: Dar es Salaam (1,096,000) Unit of Money: Tanzanian shilling Major Languages: Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguju, English, Arabic Natural Resources: Hydropower potential, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel

0

UGANDA


MOZAMBIQUE

I

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


In Northern Tanzania’s highlands, temperatures average about 75 °F (24 °C). Highland areas sometimes get more than 40 inches (100 centimeters) of rain each year. Africa’s highest mountain,

Kilimanjaro, is 19,331 feet tall (5,892 meters) and is located in northern Tanzania. Lake Tanganyika, the world’s longest freshwater lake, covers 420 miles (680 kilometers) of Tanzania’s western border. ➤

Banana vendor, Tanzania

Farms/cropland 4%

Average Rainfall


Tanzania is located in eastern Africa between Kenya on the north and Mozambique on the south. Tanzania’s capital and largest city is Dar es Salaam. Tanzania is bordered on the west by Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia and Congo. The Indian Ocean forms 500 miles (805 kilometers) of Tanzania’s coastline. Several islands that are part of Tanzania are located off this coast, including Zanzibar, which is 640 square miles (1,658 square kilometers). The coast and islands have an average high temperature of 85 °F (29 °C) throughout the year. Annual rainfall totals between about 31 and 55 inches (80 to 140 centimeters) on the lowlands and more than 40 inches (100 centimeters) on the islands.

Other 46%

Coffee 22% Cotton 18%

Other 18%

Forests 38%


0 in/0 cm


Tobacco 4%

Exports

Cashew nuts 10%

Land Use

$760 million

293

Tanzania

(continued)

The People

Woman, Tanzania

About 95% of Tanzania’s population are black Africans, while the rest are descendents of Arabs, Europeans, and Asians from India and Pakistan. Tanzania is one of the world’s poorest countries, and has a 25 percent unemployment rate. Most Tanzanians are farmers and raise livestock, such as chickens, goats, and sheep. Tanzanians who live in cities usually work for the national government. Life expectancy is 46 years. Swahili (also known as Kiswahili) and English are the official languages of Tanzania. Swahili, a combination of Arab and African languages, is more commonly used in everyday speech. About 35% of the population are Muslims and follow Islam. Christians make up about 45% of

Tanzania’s population, while other Tanzanians practice traditional African religions.


Muslim 35%

Major Religions

Other 5%

Bantu 95%

Ethnic Makeup

Government

Education The majority of Tanzania’s adults can read and write. Tanzanian law requires children to attend 7 years of elementary education, but only about half of the country’s children go to school. Very few attend high school. Many children do not attend school because they must work on family farms. The University of Dar es Salaam

Popular Culture/Daily Life Tanzania’s wildlife and spectacular scenery are world famous. Serengeti National Park and Selous Game Reserve offer visitors a glimpse of elephants, giraffes, lions, zebras, and many other wild animals. Tanzania’s most common forms of recreation include dancing, singing, and playing or watching soccer matches. A number of Tanzanians have become world-class long-distance runners. Most homes in Tanzania are con-

294

Christian 45%


Literate 68%

Defense Literacy


U.S. rate = 97%

NA tanks

is Tanzania’s primary university and has about 3,500 students.

structed from wooden frames plastered with mud. Some homes have thatched roofs, while others are


constructed with flat mud or metal roofs. Traditional clothing worn in Tanzania is a colorful wrap called a kanga or kikoi.

Tanzanian boys


1

2

6

NA

NA

TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

Thailand Land area rank

50

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

19

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

MYANMAR

LAOS

IE

Chiang Mai

V

Official Name: Kingdom of Thailand Continent: Asia Area: 197,594 square miles (511,770 sq. km) Population: 61,797,751 EQUATOR Capital City: Bangkok Largest City: Bangkok (5,876,000) Unit of Money: baht Major Languages: Thai, English, ethnic and regional dialects Natural Resources: Tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite

T

EUROPE

N

NORTH AMERICA

A

ASIA

M

AFRICA

Udon Thani

Phitsanulok

M g

Uhon Ratchathami Nakhon Rathchaima

Nakhon Sawan

on

AUSTRALIA

ek

Khon Kaen

SOUTH AMERICA

A N TA R C T I C A

Thon Buri

Bangkok CAMBODIA

Andaman Sea

Chumphon Gulf of Thailand Nakhon Si Thammarat

N

South China Sea

Songkhla

W

Hat Yi

E S

0 0

MALAYSIA

Young Buddhist, Bangkok, Thailand

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


Thailand is a tropical country located in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by Myanmar on the west. The

Mekong River forms most of Thailand’s eastern border with Laos. Cambodia is southeast. The country was called Siam until 1939, when it took the name Thailand. Thailand is made up of 4 main land regions: the Mountainous North, the Khorat Plateau, the Central Plain, and the Southern Peninsula. Inthanon

Other 37%


Footwear 4% Cereals 4%

Non-electrical machinery 14%

Live fish 5%

Other 32%

Farms/ cropland 40%

Forests 26%

Garments 5%

Exports

Plastics 4%

200

200

Mountain, Thailand’s highest peak, stands 8,514 feet (2,595 meters) above sea level. Thailand once was home to elephants, tigers, wild pigs, deer, crocodiles, king cobras and other snakes, and several varieties of birds. However, because so many of these animals were hunted, many are now either endangered or extinct. Thailand has a tropical climate. From late May to October, monsoons cause heavy rains throughout Thailand, with some regions receiving more than 100 inches (254 centimeters) in a year. ➤

Rubber products 6% Precious jewelry 4%

miles km

Land Use


$51 billion

295

Thailand

(continued)

The People Most of the people living in Thailand are farmers and reside in rural villages. The country’s urban centers have expanded rapidly, however, and almost 6 million people live in Bangkok, Thailand’s capital and largest city. Most of Thailand’s people belong to the Thai ethnic group. Chinese make up the second largest population group. Other ethnic groups include Malays, Khmers, Hmong, Indians and Vietnamese. Life expectancy is 69 years. Village life in Thailand traditionally is based around religious and agricultural rituals and festivals. Most Thai villagers live in traditional wood houses built on stilts. Middleclass Thai live in apartments,

condominiums, or large developments of single-family homes.

About 95% of the Thai people practice Buddhism.

Thai woman

Muslim 4%

Buddhist 95%

Major Religions

Other 11% Chinese 14% Thai 75%

Ethnic Makeup

Education Thai law requires all children to attend school from ages 7 to 14. Thailand’s government provides free public education, but some students attend private schools. Very few


Type: Constitutional Monarchy Structure: Executive Leader: Prime Minister

Defense Literacy


U.S. rate = 97%

Thai students continue schooling beyond the required years. Thailand has 15 universities, several large institutes of technology, dozens of teachers’ colleges, and a variety of vocational colleges. Most

School children, Bangkok

Popular Culture/Daily Life Thailand’s national sport is Muay Thai (Thai boxing), also known as kickboxing. Another popular sport is called takraw. Players try to keep a ball made of rattan (woven palm stems) in the air using only their heads, legs, and feet. Many Thais also enjoy gambling.

296

Other 1%

Thailand’s Buddhist temples display some of the country’s fine traditional architecture. Modern Thai paintings often depict traditional religious themes and international styles. Thai classical dancers wear spectacular costumes and act out traditional legends and literature in performances called khon drama. Newspapers in Thailand are privately owned, but the government owns almost all television and radio stations there. While


of Thailand’s adult population can read and write. telephone services link most cities and towns, many rural residents still do not have private phones. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

109

TVs

18

21

12

NA

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

Togo 127


largest country (1)

Population rank

109

fewest people

most people (1)

BURKINA FASO

At a Glance

Mandouri

Dapaong EUROPE

Official Name: Togolese Republic EQUATOR Continent: Africa Area: 20,000 square miles (54,390 sq. km) Population: 5,153,088 Capital City: Lome Largest City: Lome (450,000) Unit of Money: CFA franc Major Languages: French (official), Ewe, Mina, Kabye, and Dagomba Literacy: 52% Land Use: 38% arable land, 17% forests and woodland, 7% permanent crops, 4% permanent pastures, 34% other Natural Resources: Phosphates, limestone, marble Government: Republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule Defense: $48 million NORTH AMERICA

Sansanné-Mango ASIA

B E N I N

AFRICA

Kandé

SOUTH AMERICA

Bafilo

Bassar

AUSTRALIA

G H A N A

Tchamba

Sokodé

Sotouboua

A N TA R C T I C A

N I G E R I A N

Badou

W

Atakpamé

E S

0 0

Kpalimé

miles km

100

100

Tsevie

Lomé

Tabligbo Anecho ATLANTIC OCEAN

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C


20˚F/-7˚C 0˚F/-18˚C




Several different ethnic groups have settled in Togo, but they have similar occupations and religions. Almost all of Togo’s citizens are black Africans. More than two-thirds of the people living in Togo reside in rural areas and work on family-owned farms. Dress, language, and other ways of life differ The Place throughout Togo, especially between the south and the north. Many southerners wear a toga, a full-length, Togo is located in western Africa bordered by Ghana in loose-fitting garment, and live in compounds. Many the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and Benin in the northerners wear east. Togo is long and narrow, only 40 miles European-style (64 kilometers) wide at its coast on the Atlantic clothes. Most of Ocean and 90 miles (145 kilometers) across at Togo’s 250,000 its widest point. Muslims live in the The Togo Mountains cover much of westnorth. Life ern Togo. Togo’s highest point is Bauman expectancy in Togo Peak, which reaches 3,235 feet (986 meters). is 59 years. Togo has hot and humid weather, with an About 70% of average temperature of 81 °F (27 °C). Each Togo’s children year, the country gets about 40 inches (100 attend primary centimeters) of rain in the north and 70 inches school. Only 20% (180 centimeters) in the south. Woman, Togo go to secondary Togo’s main crops raised for export are school. Togo has coffee and cacao, however peanuts, cotton, one university, the University of Benin in Lome. Many copra (dried coconut meat), and the kernels (nuts) of Togo’s students study abroad, particularly in France. and oil from oil palms are also exported.

Coffee 6%

Re-exports 27%

0 in/0 cm


Other 13% Cotton 30%

Phosphates 24%

Exports

African 99%

Ethnic Makeup

Muslim 10%

Christian 20%


Major Religions

$196 million

297

Tonga 188


Population rank


fewest people

most people (1)

Ha'apai Group

At a Glance Tofua

Official Name: Kingdom of Tonga Continent: Oceania (S. Pacific) Area: 277 sq. mi. (718 sq. km) EQUATOR Population: 104,277 Capital City: Nuku’alofa Largest City: Tongatapu (63,614) Unit of Money: pa’anga Major Languages: Tongan, English Literacy: 99% Land Use: 43% permanent crops, 24% arable land, 11% forests and woodland, 6% permanent pastures, 16% other Natural Resources: Fish, fertile soil Government: Hereditary Constitutional Monarchy Defense: $2 million

Holonga

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

'Uta Vava'u

ASIA

Neiafu

AFRICA

Late

Nomuka

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

A N TA R C T I C A

E A N O C

C F I C I A P Tongatapu

N W

Nuku'alofa

Pea

E S

Ohonua

0

Eua

0

miles km

50 50

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Average Rainfall


The majority of Tonga’s citizens are ethnic Polynesians who follow the Christian faith. Two-thirds of the counThe Place try’s population live on Tongatapu, while the rest reside Tonga is a chain of 170 islands located in the South on 35 of the other islands that form Tonga. Pacific Ocean approximately 3,140 miles (1,950 kilomeMost Tongans live in small villages and raise crops. ters) east of Australia. Tonga’s islands are divided into Many people also fish. Most of Tonga’s islands do not three main groups—Ha’apai, Tongatapu, and have running water, and several Vava’u. are without electric service as Tongan woman Tonga’s climate is warm and wet with high well. Life expectancy is 70 years. humidity. The country’s average temperature is All Tongan children from 6 78 °F (26 °C), and its average annual rainfall to 14 years old are required to ranges from 70 inches (180 centimeters) on go to school. Tonga has approxTongatapu to 100 inches (250 centimeters) on imately 125 elementary schools some of its northern islands. Tonga’s rainy season and 45 high schools. Tonga has is between December and March. Cyclones a 99% literacy rate, one of the sometimes hit the islands during the rainy season. highest in the Pacific. School About 75% of Tonga’s workers are farmers. children enjoy many sports, The government owns all the country’s land, especially rugby football. however every male who is 16 years or older is Because most Tongans are entitled to rent a plot to farm on. Bananas, Christian, no business or recrebreadfruit, pumpkins, sweet potatoes, tapioca, ational activities are permitted and yams are grown there. on Sundays, the Christian day Tonga does not have a railroad system. The of rest. government publishes a weekly newspaper and The country’s official lanoperates the country’s only radio station. guages are English and Tongan. Root crops 6% Vanilla beans 13% Fish 24%

Other 8%

Squash 49%

Other 21% Free Wesleyan 64%

0 in/0 cm


Exports $15 million

298

Polynesian

Roman Catholic 15%

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

Trinidad and Tobago 171

smallest country



most people (1)

0


ASIA

AUSTRALIA

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C

0 in/0 cm



Average Rainfall


12 in/30 cm

Urea 4% Methanol 9% Iron & steel 10%

n e a b b C a r i

a S e

Blanchisseuse

Redhead

$3 billion

C Guaico

I C

G u l f o f P a r i a

N

T

Trinidad Rio Claro

N

L

A

San Fernando

Fullarton S e r p e n t ' s

Siparia

W

E S

M o u t h

The People Almost half of Trinidad and Tobago’s people are descendents of black Africans. Many people there speak Trinidad English, a form of English with French and Spanish influences. Many citizens of Trinidad and Tobago also have Muslim and Hindu heritage. Roman Catholics, however, form the country’s largest religious group. Life expectancy is 70 years. Many people in the country play native musical instruments called pans, which are made from empty oil drums. Trinidad is the home of a widely known form of folk music called calypso as well as the popular limbo dance. Almost all adults in Trinidad and Tobago can read and write, and local laws require all children to go to school for 6 years. Most students go on to higher education and some Trinidadians attend colleges and universities in the United States.

Other Refined 20% petroleum 30%

Exports

Port-of-Spain

VENEZUELA

O

Arima

Trinidad and Tobago is a country made up of 2 islands in the West Indies. Trinidad and Tobago is located in the Caribbean Sea, near the northeast coast of Venezuela. Port-of-Spain is the country’s capital, largest city, and chief port. Trinidad is covered in tropical forests, and a mountain range spans its northern portion. Tobago, the smaller island, has a central mountain ridge and scenic beaches. Trinidad and Tobago has a hot, humid climate, with temperatures ranging from 64 °F (18 °C) to 92 °F (33 °C). Trinidad and Tobago’s economy depends on oil production and refining. Petroleum and minerals account for more than 80% of Beach, Tobago the country’s export income. Trinidad and Tobago has about 4,000 miles (6,400 kilometers) of roads, and an airport on each island. The country also has 2 daily newspapers, a television station, and 2 major radio stations. 15 in/38 cm

Tobago

Scarborough

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

80˚F/27˚C

Roxborough

20

20

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

100˚F/38˚C

miles km

T

Official Name: Republic of EQUATOR Trinidad and Tobago Continent: South America Area: 1,981 sq. mi. (5,130 sq. km) Population: 1,169,682 Capital City: Port of Spain Largest City: Port of Spain (51,076) Unit of Money: Trinidad and Tobago dollar Major Languages: English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish Literacy: 98% Land Use: 46% forests and woodland, 15% arable land, 9% permanent crops, 2% permanent pastures, 28% other Natural Resources: Petroleum, natural gas, asphalt Government: Parliamentary Democracy Defense: $82 million

0

A

At a Glance

E A N

Land area rank

Crude petroleum 16% Anhydrous ammonia 11%

Mixed 14%

Other 6%

South Asian 40%

Black 40%

Ethnic Makeup

Muslim 6%

Other 10%

Hindu 24%

Roman Catholic 32% Protestant 28%

Major Religions

299

Tunisia Land area rank

92

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

81

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

ITALY

Bizerte

Tunis

Béja

ASIA

j

Nabeul

Le Kef

Sea ean rran

Ma

h R

Sousse

AFRICA

Kairouan

SOUTH AMERICA

Kasserine AUSTRALIA

Sfax Gafsa A N TA R C T I C A

Nefta

Gulf of Gabès

Gabès

Médenine

A L G E R I A

Tataouine

L I B Y A

N W

E 0

S

Monastir, Tunisia

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


Tunisia is the northernmost country in Africa, with a tip of its land only 85 miles (137 kilometers) from Sicily. The Mediterranean Sea forms Tunisia’s northern and eastern

coasts, which have many inlets and harbors. The coastline is 715 miles (1,150 km) long. Tunis is the capital and largest city of Tunisia. The Atlas mountain range, which crosses northwestern Africa, extends into Tunisia, although few of its peaks reach more than 2,000 feet (610 meters). The highest peak, Mount Chambi, is 5,066 feet (1,544 meters) above sea level. The Majardah River is the only river in Tunisia that does

Other 20%

Hydrocarbons 34%

Chemicals 18% Agricultural products 28%

Exports $6 billion

300

ite

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

a ard

ed

Official Name: Republic of Tunisia Continent: Africa Area: 59,985 square miles (155,360 sq. km) EQUATOR Population: 9,705,102 Capital City: Tunis Largest City: Tunis (674,100) Unit of Money: Tunisian dinar Major Languages: Arabic (official), French (commerce) Natural Resources: Petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt

M

Ariana

0

miles km

100

100

not dry up in summer. Tunisia has hot, dry summers and warm, wet winters. Average coastal temperatures there are 79 °F (26 °C) in summer and 52 °F (11 °C) in winter. In the southern desert, temperatures average 89 °F (32 °C) during the summer and 53 °F (12 °C) in the winter. Tunisia is a leading producer of phosphates for fertilizers, which are mined near Gafsa. The country also has petroleum resources that are used for its own needs as well as for export. Oil and gas are important exports for the country. Tunisia’s primary farm products include wheat, barley, grapes, olives, olive oil, and dates.

Other 44%


Forests 4%

Land Use

Tunisia The People Almost all of Tunisia’s people are of Arab or Berber descent, however small groups of Jewish and Christian people also reside there. French culture has influenced many aspects of Tunisian life, including its architecture and food, and many Tunisians even speak French as a second language. Tunisia’s cities are generally divided into old and new sections. In the past, rural dwellings in Tunisia included many mud huts and tents, but today, most rural houses are made of stone or concrete. Many people in the rural areas continue to wear traditional Arab clothing—a turban or skullcap, and a long, loose gown or a long coatlike garment with long sleeves— while city dwellers dress in Western-style clothes.

family planning and emigration, which are helping to slow Tunisia’s population growth. Life expectancy is 73 years. Christian 1%

Popular Culture/Daily Life Tunisia was at one time a center of ancient Phoenician, Carthaginian, Roman, Berber, and Arabic power. Man engraving brass, Tunisia

Jewish 1%

Muslim 98%

Major Religions Tunisian man, Kairouan, Tunisia

European 1%

Almost 40% of Tunisia’s population is under 15 years of age, and the country’s annual rate of population growth is high by world standards but is relatively low for the Middle East and North Africa. The government has recently made efforts to promote

Other 1%

Arab 98%

Ethnic Makeup

Education Tunisia’s government considers education a top priority, and puts one-fourth of the national budget toward it. Tunisian schools are free. About 80% of school-age children attend primary school and 44% attend secondary school in Tunisia. There are 6-year primary, 7-year secondary, and 3-year vocational schools in Tunisia. School is usually taught in Arabic for lower grades and then replaced by French for later grades. The University of

(continued)


Type: Republic Structure: Executive Dominant Leader: President/Prime Minister

Defense



Tunis, founded in 1958, is one of 2 universities in Tunisia. Tunisia’s literacy rate is about 80% for males and almost 50% for females. This legacy has left many architectural remains, particularly in the northern portion of the country. Tunisia has 3 major libraries, including the National Library, which has a collection of more than 700,000 volumes. The Musée National duBardo, founded in 1888, houses collections of Punic, Greek, Roman, and Islamic art. Tunis also has a state-supported municipal theater. The Carthage


Festival, an international arts festival, is held in Tunisia each year. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

75 39

TVs

Cars

43

Phones

NA

NA

VCRs

PCs

301

Turkey Land area rank

37

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

16

fewest people

most people (1)

N


RUSSIA

BULGARIA

ASIA

W

Black Sea

AFRICA

E S

EQUATOR SOUTH AMERICA

Edirne Istanbul

AUSTRALIA

Zonguldak

Dardanelles Aegean Sea Lesbos

Ankara Eskiehi

Denizli

Northeastern Turkey has mild summers but extremely cold winters, with temperatures that sometimes fall as low as -40 °F (-40 °C). Southeastern Turkey and the interior of Anatolia also

.

CYPRUS

R

Mediterranean Sea

SYRIA

is

Antakya

Rhodes

gr

Tarsus

Batman Gaziantep Eu ph ra t

Ti

Antalya

Crete

Van

Konya

s a i n M o u n t Adana

es

IRAQ

R.

0 0

miles km

200

200

have cold winters with heavy snowstorms, and summers that are hot, windy, and extremely dry. Turkey has many tobacco and cotton farms, as well as food, beverage, and textile factories.

Istanbul, Turkey

The Place

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Average Rainfall


Turkey is a Middle Eastern nation located in both Europe and Asia. Istanbul, Turkey’s largest city, is one of the oldest cities in the world. Most of Turkey covers a large, mountainous peninsula called Anatolia (or Asia Minor). The climate in each of Turkey’s regions is very different. Thrace and the south and west coasts of Anatolia have mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers, while summer temperatures along the Aegean hit 90 °F (32 °C). The Black Sea coast has cooler summers, with an average temperature of about 72 °F (22 °C). 100˚F/38˚C

Other 56%

Textiles & clothing 25%

0 in/0 cm


Exports $26 billion

302

Electrical & electronic machinery 6% Iron and steel 8% Edible fruits 5%

IA

Lake Van

Malatya

T a r s u s

EN

Erzurum

Kayseri

Izmir

GREECE

hr

RM

R. ates

Lake Tuz

A N A T O L I A Isparta

Eup

Silvas

A

Trabzon

Ordu

Bursa Balikesir

A N TA R C T I C A

Official Name: Republic of Turkey Continent: Europe and Asia Area: 297,590 square miles (770,760 sq. km) Population: 66,493,970 Capital City: Ankara Largest City: Istanbul (7,331,927) Unit of Money: Turkish lira Major Languages: Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic Natural Resources: Antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulfur, iron ore

Samsun

Bosporus

Sea of Marmara

At a

GEORGIA

Other 22%

Farms/ cropland 36%

Forests 26%

Land Use


Turkey The People Most of Turkey’s people live in cities or towns, while a few still live on farms or in small villages. Most of Turkey’s people are Muslims, followers of Islam. About 80% of Turkey’s people are descendants of the Turks. Turkey also has several smaller minority groups. Arabs, who are mainly farmers, live near the Syrian border. Caucasians—people whose ancestors came from the Caucasus Mountains region just northeast of Turkey—live in the provinces bordering the Black Sea. Greeks and Armenians live in the Istanbul area. More than 90% of all Turks speak Turkish, the country’s official language, and about 6% speak Kurdish. The rest speak Arabic, Greek, or one of the other languages of the minority groups. Most wealthy Turks live in luxuri-

(continued)

ous concrete-block houses, and middle-class city dwellers live in old 2- and 3-story wooden houses. Life expectancy is 72 years.

Kurdish 20%

Turkish 80%

Ethnic Makeup

Other 1%

Muslim 99%

Major Religions

Turkish man and his grandson

Education The majority of those 15 years old and older in Turkey can read and write. Turkish law requires all children to attend an 8-year primary school until they graduate or reach the age of 15. After graduating, some students attend a middle school for 3 years. Some middleschool graduates also attend a 3-year college-preparatory high school called a lise, and others enroll in a vocational school or begin to work. Many lise graduates go on to college.

Popular Culture/Daily Life Turks enjoy family outings and celebrations. Many men spend their leisure time in coffeehouses playing the ancient dice game of backgammon. Many Turks also enjoy archery, horseback riding, soccer, and wrestling. Other popular pastimes include attending concerts, movies, stage plays, and operas.


Type: Republican Parliamentary Democracy Structure: Executive Leader: President/Prime Minister

Literacy

Defense

U.S. rate = 97%

Turkey has about 25 universities. Istanbul University was founded in 1453 and is the oldest and largest university in Turkey. The University of Istanbul has more than 30,000 students. Turkey is also well known for its architecture. Many of Turkey’s most beautiful buildings were built during the 1400s and the 1500s. A large number were designed by Koca Sinan, considered Turkey’s greatest architect, including the Mosque of Suleiman I, which many consider one of the world’s most beautiful mosques.

400,000 army personnel 4,280 tanks 37 major ships 447 combat aircraft

Goods Ownership per 1,000 people 174 117 44

25 TVs

Cars

NA Phones

VCRs

PCs

303

Turkmenistan Land area rank

52

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

114

fewest people

most people (1)

KAZAKHSTAN

At a Glance Official Name: Turkmenistan Continent: Asia Area: 188,456 square miles (488,100 sq km) EQUATOR Population: 4,603,244 Capital City: Ashkhabad Largest City: Ashkhabad (517,200) Unit of Money: Turkmen manat Major Languages: Turkmen (official), Russian, Uzbek Literacy: 98% Land Use: 63% permanent pastures, 8% forests and woodland, 3% arable land, 26% other Natural Resources: Petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulfur, salt Government: Republic Defense: $61 million

Këneurgench Dashhovuz

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

UZBEKISTAN

ASIA

AFRICA

Turkmenbashi

SOUTH AMERICA

A N TA R C T I C A

Cheleken Nebit Dag

AUSTRALIA

Chardzhev

Kara-kala

Bakharden Kaakhka

IRAN

N W

Gavurdak

Ashkhabad

Caspian Sea

E S

0 0

miles km

Bayramaly Kerki Mary

Yëloten

Serakhs 200

200

AFGHANISTAN

The People

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C




Turkmenistan’s people are mainly ethnic Turkmen and Russians. Other ethnic groups there include Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Tatars, Ukrainians, and Armenians. The majority of Turkmen are Sunni Muslims, however The Place some Turkmenistans are Turkmen woman Located in west central Asia, Turkmenistan Shiite Muslims and is in a dry area east of the Caspian Sea. Russian Orthodox Turkmenistan’s capital and largest city is Christians. Ashkhabad, and its official language is Most of the people that Turkmen. live in Turkmenistan’s Turkmenistan was a Soviet republic from cities reside in red brick or 1924 to 1991 and was called the Turkmen limestone apartment buildSoviet Socialist Republic, or Turkmenia. ings, while rural dwellers Most of Turkmenistan is covered by desert, live in brick houses. Only a and only 2% of its land is suitable for farming. few rural people still live in Turkmenistan has long, hot, and dry summers, traditional tent-like yurts, while its winters are cold. Desert temperatures made of wood and felt. average at about 95 °F to 122 °F (35 °C to 50 Most of Turkmenistan’s °C) during the summer, and winter temperatures adults can read and write, in the desert sometimes drop below 32 °F (0 °C). and the government The country receives about 3 to 12 inches (8 to requires children to 30 centimeters) of rainfall each year. attend school from age 6 Turkmenistan is a very isolated country. Few to 17. The country has people have telephones and television service is one university. Life almost unavailable. expectancy is 61 years.

Cotton 20%

Natural gas & oil products 69%

Eastern Orthodox 9%

Other 2%

Uzbek 9% Turkmen 77%

Muslim 89%

0 in/0 cm


Exports $2 billion

304

Kazakh 2% Other 8% Russian 7%

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

Tuvalu Land area rank

232

Population rank

224

smallest country

largest country (1)

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

Nanumea Atoll


Lolua

ASIA

Official Name: Tuvalu Continent: Oceania EQUATOR (S. Pacific) Area: 10 sq. mi. (26 sq. km) Population: 10,991 Capital City: Funafuti Largest City: Funafuti 2,810 Unit of Money: Tuvaluan dollar or Australian dollar Major Languages: Tuvaluan, English Literacy: N/A Land Use: 100% other Natural Resources: Fish Government: Constitutional Monarchy Defense: no armed forces AFRICA

Nanumanga Tonga Island

SOUTH AMERICA

P

W

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


15 in/38 cm

C

Viatupu Island

I

F

I

C

O

0

Savave

C

0

miles km

E

A

50

50

Funafuti

N Funafuti Atoll

Tuvaluans are primarily Polynesians who live in villages built around a church and a meetinghouse. Their main foods include bananas, coconuts, fish, and taro, an edible tropical plant. The people speak the Tuvalu language, and many also know English. Each of the 8 inhabited islands has at least 1 elementary school. There are 2 secondary schools and a marine training school based in Funafuti. A few Tuvaluans also attend the University of the South Pacific in Fiji. Many Tuvaluans are farmers or fishermen. About 2,000 Tuvaluans work overseas as merchant seamen. Women in Tuvalu weave baskets, fans, and mats for export. Life expectancy is 64 years.

Clothing and footwear 30%

Other 4%

Other 40% Copra 22% Fruits and vegetables 8%

Asau

Nukufetau Atoll

The People

Tuvalu is a small island country located in the South Pacific Ocean with a population of approximately 10,000 people and a land area of 10 square miles (26 square kilometers). Tuvalu is made of 9 islands in a chain that extends about 360 miles (580 kilometers). They are, from north to south, Nanumea, Niutao, Nanumanga, Nui, Vaitupu, Nukufetau, Funafuti, Nukulaelae, and Niulakita. People live on 8 of the islands. “Tuvalu” means 8 standing together. Tuvalu’s climate is tropical, with an average daytime temperature of approximately 80 °F (27 °C). The country’s southern islands receive about 140 inches (356 centimeters) of rain a year, but its northern islands are drier. Tuvalu has poor soil, few natural resources, almost no manufacturing, and no mining. Island residents use coconuts that grow there to make copra, dried coconut meat, which is one of the country’s chief exports.

80˚F/27˚C

A

E S

Nui Atoll

Tanrake

N

Woman, Tuvalu

100˚F/38˚C

Niutao Island

AUSTRALIA

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

Kulia

Exports

Seventh-Day Adventist 1% Other 1% Baha'i 1%

Polynesian 96%

Church of Tuvalu 97%

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

$165,000

305

Uganda Land area rank

84

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

42

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

S U D A N


Lake Turkana

ASIA

Arua

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

C O N G O ( Z A I R E )

A N TA R C T I C A

Albert

Ni

le

AFRICA

Gulu Lira

Lake Albert Masindi

Vi

ct

Soroti o ri

N

ile a N

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Uganda Continent: Africa Area: 77,108 square miles (199,710 sq. km) Population: 23,985,712 Capital City: Kampala Largest City: Kampala (773,463) Unit of Money: Ugandan shilling Major Languages: English (official), Ganda, Luganda, Swahili, Arabic Natural Resources: Copper, cobalt, limestone, salt

Kabarole

Kampala W

E Lake Edward

S

0 0

miles km

Mbale Jinja

K E N Y A

Entebbe Masaka Mbarara Rukungiri

Lake Victoria

100

100

RWANDA

TANZANIA

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


Uganda is a landlocked country in eastern Africa and is home to more than 23 million people. Uganda’s capital city is Kampala, and its official name is the Republic of Uganda. The country is bordered by Kenya, Sudan, Congo, Rwanda and Tanzania. Uganda has a total area of 77,108 square miles (199,710 square kilometers) and measures 388 miles (625 kilometers) from east to west and 396 miles (638 kilometers) from north to south. Uganda’s landscape has savanna, dense forests, and tall mountains. Almost half of Lake Victoria, Africa’s largest lake and the main source of the Nile River, is located in Uganda. The country’s highest point is Margherita Peak on Mount Stanley, which stands 16,765 feet (5,110 meters) tall. Uganda’s lowest point is Lake Albert, at 2,037 feet (621 meters).

Murchison falls, Uganda

The equator crosses southern Uganda, but because of the country’s high altitude, temperatures remain mild. Generally, the temperature is rarely higher than 85 °F (29 °C) at midday, or below 60 °F (16 °C)

Tea 2% Cotton 2%

Other 27 %

Other 29% Unroasted coffee 69%


306

at night. Most of Uganda receives more than 40 inches (100 centimeters) of rain a year. Uganda’s rainy seasons occur from March through May and again from October through November.

Farms/ cropland 34%

Forests 28%

Land Use


Uganda The People Uganda’s population is concentrated in its southern portion, especially near Lake Victoria. Only 13% of Uganda’s population live in urban areas. Kampala and Jinja are the country’s two main cities, and other

large towns include Mbale, Masaka, Mpigi, and Mbarara. Ugandans are descendants of Uganda’s 34 ethnic groups, who migrated there from Sudan and Ethiopia. English is the official language of Uganda, but Swahili is used more frequently. Today, more than 20 ethnic groups live in Uganda, and each has its own language. Different languages spoken in Uganda include Luganda, Nkole, Chiga, Lango, Acholi, Teso, Lugbara and English. Most of Uganda’s people are farmers, and women do most of the farm work. Many Ugandans practice traditional African religions, but about two-thirds practice Christianity. A small number of Uganda’s people are Muslims.

Support of the extended family is very important to Ugandans. Poverty and disease are common in Uganda. About 46% of the population has access to clean water. Food is widely grown, but droughts often cause severe famines. Life expectancy is 45 years.

Other 30%

Popular Culture/Daily Life Uganda’s arts represent a combination of the country’s traditional oral cultures and influences from Western cultures. Today, most of Uganda’s artists study in the Margaret Trowell School of Fine Art in Makerere. Popular forms of entertainment include live performance, music, and traditional dances. The National

Baganda 17%

Lugbara 4% Acholi 4% Bagisu 5% Rwanda 6%

Karamojong 12%

Basogo Iteso 8% 8% Langi 6%

Ethnic Makeup

Muslim 16%

Roman Catholic Indigenous 33% beliefs 18% Protestant 33%

Major Religions

Education Uganda’s educational system was originally modeled after Britain’s and developed by missionaries. Today, however, state and private organizations operate Uganda’s schools. School is not mandatory, and there are fees for enrollment. Approximately 74% of children attend elementary school. About 12% go on to secondary school, and 2% receive a higher education. Makerere University in Kampala is

(continued)


Literate 62%

Defense

Literacy

NA army personnel

U.S. rate = 97%

NA tanks NA major ships

Uganda’s main college. The adult literacy rate in Uganda is 62%. Theatre in Kampala teaches students how to write and produce plays and dances. These are then performed in local theaters. Several popular musicians have emerged from Uganda during recent years. The country has also become known for the “Kampala sound,” an electric guitar-based dance music that first became popular in the 1960s.

NA combat aircraft


8

1

4

NA

NA

TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

307

Ukraine Land area rank

44

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

24

fewest people

most people (1)

D LAN PO

EUROPE ASIA AFRICA

Chornobyl' Luts'k

SOUTH AMERICA

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm 9 in/23 cm

60˚F/16˚C 40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


308

Average Rainfall


15 in/38 cm

es

SLOVAKIA Mukacheve

Ternopil' tr

Cherkasy Vinnytsya

HUNGARY

Dn

ep

r

Kryvyy Rih

I

Do

Kremenchuk

ne

ts

Dnepropetrovs'k Donets'k Zaporizhzhya

Mykolayiv Mariupol' Odesa Melitopol' N

Sea of Azov

R OM A N IA

W

E

Simferopol' 0

miles 100

0 km 100

Sevastopol' be Danu

Mount Hoverla, the country’s highest peak. It stands 6,762 feet (2,061 meters) tall. The majority of Ukraine has 4

B l a c k

S

S e a

distinct seasons, with cold winters and warm summers. The southern coast has a Mediterranean climate. Rainfall in Ukraine each year averages about 20 inches (500 mm).

Ukranian house

Other 22% Food 9%

S

Dn

VA

100˚F/38˚C

Kharkiv L'vov

O LD MO

Ukraine is neighbored by 7 states, the Black Sea, and the Sea of Azov. Ukraine has a total area of 233,089 square miles (603,700 square kilometers), and its capital city is Kiev. Ukraine, an independent state established in 1918, was overrun by Soviet and Polish forces the same year. It regained its independence in 1991. The country is divided, however, between the Ukrainianspeaking residents of the west and the people of the eastern region, who are primarily Russian. Ukraine’s highest points are located in the western half of the country and its southeastern Donets’k region. Northern Ukraine is a lowland region covered with wooded bogs and swamps called the Poles’ye. The Carpathian Mountains are in the west, which include the Crimean

A

Kiev AUSTRALIA

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

Chernihiv

P r i p e t Mar shes

S

Official Name: Ukraine EQUATOR Continent: Europe Area: 233,089 square miles (603,700 sq. km) Population: 48,760,474 Capital City: Kiev Largest City: Kiev (2,635,000) Unit of Money: hryvnia Major Languages: Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian Natural Resources: Iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber

B E L A R U S

U

NORTH AMERICA

R

At a Glance

Ferrous metal 36%

Chemicals 10% Mineral commodities Exports 11% $15 billion

Machinery 12%


Other 9%

Forests 18%


Land Use

Ukraine

(continued)

The People Ukraine experienced a decrease in population of nearly 1.2 million between 1990 and 1997, when its death rates exceeded birth rates—a result of environmental pollution, poor diet, smoking, alcoholism, and deteriorating medical care. Life expectancy is 68 years. Approximately 72% of Ukrainians live in cities and towns. Ethnic Ukrainians make up 73% of the total population. Russians are the largest minority group, while Jewish and Byelorussians each make up about 1% of the total population. Ukraine was traditionally a village-based country, under Soviet rule, however, modernization and urbanization became popular. Presently, the western portion of Ukraine is traditional, religious, and Ukrainian-speaking. The east is

Education Ukraine has a very high literacy rate, and education is mandatory between the ages of 6 and 15. Children are required to attend school for 8 years. Approximately 75% of the teachers in Ukraine are women. Since the country gained its independence, school curriculums have focused on Ukrainian history and literature, and more private and religious schools have opened. Ukraine has 10 universities and several specialized academies. The University of Kiev is the country’s

Popular Culture/Daily Life Ukraine has a strong folk culture, including storytelling, singing, and dance. Many famous composers and musicians have come from Ukraine. The country’s oldest dance is the khorovody, however ballet is also very common. Painting is a popular form of art in Ukraine, and often focuses on religious ideas.

Jewish 1% Other 4%

Russian 22% Ukrainian 73%

Ethnic Makeup Ukranian dancers

industrial, urban and Russian-speaking. By the 1960s, most Ukrainians lived in urban areas, and today, nearly 70% of the population lives in cities. An average Ukrainian family has only about one-seventh the living space of an average American family. Typical Ukrainian foods include rye bread, potatoes, borsch (beet soup), and pork. City residents usually most prestigious university. Other universities are located in Kharkiv, Odessa, Dnipropetrovsk, Lviv, Chernivtsi, Uzhhorod and Donetsk. The country’s largest scientific organization, the Academy of

Ukrainian Orthodox, Protestant, Ukrainian Catholic, Jewish

Major Religions have refrigerators, telephones, and televisions, which are less common in villages. Sciences of Ukraine, operates several research institutions.



213,000 army personnel 4,775 tanks NA major ships

Literacy

846 combat aircraft

U.S. rate = 97%

Soccer is the most popular spectator sport in Ukraine. The country’s main leisure activity is watching television. Ukrainians enjoy watching figure skaters and tennis matches. Oksana Baiul, Andrei Medvedev, and Sergei Bubka are respected Ukranian athletes. Concerts, opera, and ballet are less accessible for most people because they are too expensive.

Ukrainians enjoy skiing in the Carpathian Mountains. 327


133 56

TVs

Cars

Phones

NA

NA

VCRs

PCs

309

United Arab Emirates 115


largest country (1)

Population rank

138

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

IR A N


ASIA

Official Name: United EQUATOR Arab Emirates Continent: Asia Area: 31,969 square miles (82,880 sq. km) Population: 2,407,460 Capital City: Abu Dhabi Largest City: Abu Dhabi (928,360) Unit of Money: Emirian dirham Major Languages: Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu Literacy: 80% Land Use: 2% permanent pastures, 98% other Natural Resources: Petroleum, natural gas Government: Federation Defense: $1.9 billion

P

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

er si an

Str a

G u l f

AUSTRALIA

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C


20˚F/-7˚C 0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


United Arab Emirates (UAE), is a group of 7 independent states in the southeastern corner of the Arabian Peninsula. Its 7 states are Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ras al Khaimah, Ajman, Umm al Quaiwain and Fujairah. The Persian Gulf, Saudi Arabia Gulf, Oman, and the Gulf of Oman border the UAE. The UAE covers 31,969 square miles (82,880 square kilometers), most of which are desert. The highest point is the Al Hajar al Gharbi, which stands 8,200 feet (2,500 meters) above sea level. There are no rivers or lakes in the UAE. Wells and recycled wastewater are used for irrigation. Ocean water is desalinized for drinking and industrial purposes. The weather is sometimes extreme during the summer months, when interior temperatures can reach 120° F (49° C). Annual rainfall varies from 1.7 inches (43 mm) in Abu Dhabi to 5.1 inches (130 mm) in Ra’s al Khaymah. Sandstorms occur frequently in UAE. The UAE is a major exporter of crude oil and natural gas. Mina Jabal Ali, located in Dubai, is the world’s largest human-made port.

Exports $33 billion

310

OMAN

Ra's al Khayman G ulf of Oman

Abu Dhabi N W

Ar Ruways

Al'Ayn

E

OM A N

S 0

S A U D I

A R A B IA

miles

50

0 km 50

The People The UAE has a population of more than 2 million people. The native people of the UAE are Arabic; approximately twothirds of its non-native population are Asians and Iranians. Arabic is the UAE’s official language, however English, Hindi, Urdu, and Persian are also spoken there. Shopping bazaar, Abu Dhabi, UAE Islam is the official religion of the country. Most of the people of the United Arab Emirates live in cities along both coasts, although Al-’Ayn has become increasingly popular. Less than one-fifth of the people living in the emirates are citizens. The rest are mostly primarily foreign workers and their families. South Asians, mainly Indians and Pakistanis, make up almost half of the population. Because of the country’s oil wealth, citizens of the UAE have extensive health, education, and social services. The birth rate in the United Arab Emirates is the lowest of all Persian Gulf states. Life expectancy in the UAE is 75 years.

Food and live animals 1% Machinery 1% Other 2% Manufactured goods 3% Crude & refined petroleum 93%

ormuz fH

Khawr Sharjah Fakkan Dubai Al Fujayrah Mina Jabal Ali

QATAR

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

it o

Other 8% Emiri 19% Arab & Iranian 23%

South Asian 50%

Ethnic Makeup

Other 4%

Muslim 96%

Major Religions

United Kingdom Land area rank

78

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

20

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

Shetland Islands


C TI N N A A L T CE A O

ASIA

Official Name: United EQUATOR Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Continent: Europe Area: 93,278 square miles (241,590 sq. km) Population: 59,647,790 Capital City: London Largest City: London (6,976,500) Unit of Money: British pound Major Languages: English, Welsh Natural Resources: Coal, petroleum, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, lead, silica AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

W

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C


Average Rainfall


Urquhart Castle and Loch Ness, Scotland

0˚F/-18˚C

s d ri b e H

Inverness Aberdeen

SCOTLAND

Glasgow Edinbugh

Londonderry

Newcastle upon Tyne

Carlisle

NORTHERN IRELAND Belfast

Middlebrough York

Leeds and England is the Irish Liverpool Sea Manchester largest and most Sheffield populous division IRELAND ENGLAND Norwich of Great Britain. Leicester W A L E S Birmingham Wales is located to Cambridge the west, and Oxford Swansea London Cardiff Celtic Scotland is to the Bristol Sea Thames north of England. Dover Portsmouth Northern Ireland l ne 0 miles 100 Isle of an is located in the h Wight C Plymouth 0 km 100 sh gli northeast corner En FRANCE of Ireland, the second largest deposits of coal, and controls some island in the British Isles. oil fields in the North Sea. The capital of the United The climate, in general, is mild, Kingdom is London, which is located chilly, and often wet. Up to 300 near the southeastern tip of England. days each year have rainy or overThe United Kingdom covers 93,278 square miles (241,590 square cast skies. These conditions make kilometers). Britain is densely popu- Britain lush and green, with rolling plains in the south and east and lated, and is highly developed in the rough hills and mountains to the arts, economics, sciences and techwest and north. nology. The country has large ➤

Other 48%

Electrical equipment 20% Road Chemicals vehicles 13% 9%

0 in/0 cm


N o rth S ea

Dundee

Isle of Man

United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy located in northwestern Europe. The country is a series of islands located in the British Isles. Its official name is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Great Britain is the largest island,

E S

e

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

N

Orkney Islands

Iron & steel products 2%


Food 4% Professional & scientific 4%




Land Use

311

United Kingdom

(continued)

The People

English bobby, or police officer

Education Primary and secondary education is a local responsibility in the United Kingdom, and the Local Education Authorities (LEA) hires teachers and provides education to students. Primary education is free and compulsory from age 5 to 11. LEAs also provide secondary education for children aged 11 to 19, which is free and compulsory to age 16. In most parts of the United Kingdom, secondary schools are open to pupils of all abilities, and students can continue past the minimum leaving age of 16 to earn a certificate

Popular Culture/Daily Life Britain has been important in the arts throughout modern times, especially for its plays, novels, stories and music. Britain has produced many 20th-century artists and composers, including painter David Hockney and composer Sir Edward Elgar, as well as popular music artists such as the Beatles. The independent Arts Council, formed in 1946, supports many

312

English is the official language of the United Kingdom, and is used throughout most of the country. Less than one fifth of the people of Wales speak both English and Welsh, while thousands of people in Scotland speak Scottish Gaelic. Irish Gaelic is spoken by a small number of people in Ireland. People have migrated to the British Isles from many parts of the world including America, China, Russia, Poland, Estonia, Italy, and Spain. Since the early 1970s, Ugandan Asians and immigrants from Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Sri Lanka have sought political refuge in Britain. People of Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi origin account for more than half of the or take public examinations that qualify them for higher education or technical training. Universities are mostly independent and self-governing; however, they have close links with the central government.

country’s total ethnic minority population. Life expectancy is 77 years. Ulster 2% Welch 2% Other 2% Irish 2% Scottish 10% English 82%

Ethnic Makeup

Other 36% Methodist 1% Presbyterian 1%

Anglican 45%

Roman Catholic 15%

Muslim 2%

Major Religions

Government Type: Constitutional Monarchy Structure: Executive Leader: Queen/Prime Minister

Defense 116,000 army personnel Literate 99%



kinds of contemporary creative and performing arts in the United Kingdom. The state-owned British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and privately owned Channel Four Television are also major patrons of the arts, especially music and films. Similar to other countries, there has been a clash of tastes and values between generations. British filmmakers regularly win more U.S. Academy Awards (Oscars)

than those from any other country outside the United States do. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people 434 367

433 272

27 TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

United States Land area rank

4

Population rank

3

smallest country

largest country (1)

fewest people

most people (1)

Seattle

C

Tacoma

A

N

A

D

A

WASHINGTON

Mi sso uri R.

Portland

MAINE

M

ss R.

Little Rock

Dallas

A N

C

Ri Gr de

400

C E A N E

miles

200

Miami

THE BAHAMAS

Maui

Hawaii

0 km 100

At a Glance Official Name: United States of America Continent: North America Area: 3,536,274 square miles (9,158,960 sq. km) Population: 278,058,881 Capital City: Washington, D.C. Largest City: New York City (7,333,253) Unit of Money: United States dollar Major Language: English Natural Resources: Coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, EQUATOR potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas, timber EUROPE

ASIA

AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

A N TA R C T I C A

W

Honolulu

0 miles 100

NORTH AMERICA

N

S

Gulf of Mexico

HAWAII Gulf of Alaska

Jacksonville

FLORIDA

PA C I F I C OCEAN

400

Tallahassee

Tampa

an

km

Oahu

Savannah

Orlando

0 km 200

Anchorage

GEORGIA

Montgomery

New Orleans

0

Kauai

SOUTH CAROLINA

San Antonio

o

Bering Sea

0

ALABAMA

MISSISSIPPI

Mobile Houston

C A N A D A ALASKA

miles

Atlanta

Birmingham

Austin

O

R U S S I A

0

TENNESSEE Memphis

LOUISIANA

TEXAS

I

Greensboro NORTH CAROLINA Charlotte

Nashville

A

E

X

KENTUCKY

L

C

E

PENNSYLVANIA

Cleveland OHIO

Jackson

El Paso

RHODE ISLAND CONNECTICUT New York NEW JERSEY Philadelphia DELAWARE

T

O M

Chicago

si

ARKANSAS

Tucson Fort Worth

L

A

NEW MEXICO

Buffalo

ie

r .E

O

Oklahoma City OKLAHOMA

Missis

C FI CI PA

Phoenix

n L. O

I C

MISSOURI

ARIZONA

NEW HAMPSHIRE Boston NEW YORK MASSACHUSETTS

o tari

T

Kansas City

Wichita Albuquerque

N

Lake Huron

N

Topeka KANSAS

A

Detroit

i R er i v

Denver COLORADO

IG

Pittsburgh Baltimore ILLINOIS INDIANA Columbus Washington D. C. Indianapolis MARYLAND . WEST R o VIRGINIA Richmond St. Louis hi VIRGINIA Louisville O

Des Moines

pp

Omaha

IC H

pi

.

IOWA

ip

do

Milwaukee

si

ol

a or

R

Los Angeles San Diego

is

CALIFORNIA

C

St. Paul WISCONSIN

. ri R

UTAH

NEBRASKA

sou

San Francisco

Las Vegas

Sioux Falls

Mis

Salt Lake City

s a i n n t o u

NEVADA

WYOMING

M

Reno Sacramento

Minneapolis

Pierre

M

igan

y c k R o

SOUTH DAKOTA

IDAHO

Great Salt Lake

MINNESOTA

ONT VERM

OREGON Boise

Lake Superior

NORTH DAKOTA Bismarck

L. Mich

MONTANA

The Place The United States of America is the third largest country in the world in population and fourth largest country in area. Only Russia, Canada, and China are larger in area. The United States covers the middle of the North American continent, from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west. Mexico borders it to the south and Canada to the north. The United States also includes Alaska, the largest state, in the northwest corner of North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific. The geography of the United States ranges from the warm beaches of Florida and Hawaii to the frozen tundra of Alaska. In between are the level midwestern prairies and towering, snow-capped Rocky Mountains. The temperate climate of New England contrasts with the desert climate ➤ Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor

United States

(continued)

Other 48%

Scientific and precision equipment 3%



Other 26%

Forests 30%



Land Use

valuable minerals, including coal, natural gas, and petroleum, lie beneath the ground and offshore in areas such as Texas, California, Kentucky, and Alaska. Excluding Alaska and Hawaii, the U.S. is usually divided into seven major regions, each made up of states with similar geography, climate, economy, tradition, and history. The regions are: (1) New England, (2) the Middle Atlantic States, (3) the Southern States, (4) the Midwestern

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Temperature and rainfall States, (5) the Rocky Mountain States, (6) the Southwestern States, and (7) the Pacific Coast States.

Resources

Farm land

Pastures

314

Forests

Other

Cattle

Manufacturing

Engineering

Chemicals

Oil

Grains

0 in/0 cm

The United States grows more wheat than any other country.

Average Rainfall

of the Southeast. Several great river systems provide the U.S. with excellent water transport and hydroelectric power systems. These include the Mississippi River in the Midwest and south, the Colorado River in the southwest, and the Columbia River in the northwest. The U.S. is rich in natural resources with some of the most fertile soil on Earth, plentiful water supply routes, and large stretches of forest. Large deposits of


Columbia River in the northwestern U.S.

United States The History Until the 1500s, small groups of Native Americans lived between the Atlantic and Pacific. Inuit inhabited what is now Alaska, and Polynesians lived in Hawaii. European explorers who arrived in the sixteenth century saw a “New World” offering riches and land. Small groups of Spaniards settled in what is now the southeastern and western United States in the 1500s. Settlers from England and other European countries landed along the East Coast during the 1600s. In 1776, colonists in the East established an independent nation based on freedom and economic opportunity. Westward expansion in the 1800s spread the nation’s borders across the Mississippi River, over the prairies, to the West Coast. A

The People The United States has often been called a “melting pot,” a place where people from many lands have come together and formed a unified culture. White people comprise about 80% of the country’s population. African Americans, the largest minority group, make up about 12% of the population. Hispanics make up 9% of the U.S. population. About 3% of the population is of Asian descent. American Indians make up about 1% of the population. Other Alaskan man

(continued)

the 1930s severely damaged the U.S. economy. Following World War II, however, the U.S. became one the world’s first nuclear superpowers. Today, it is the most powerful nation on Earth.

Government Type: Federal republic Structure: Executive Leader: President The Lincoln Memorial

Defense

disagreement over slavery in the United States led to a civil war in the 1860s. During the last half of the 19th century, American industry grew and the U.S. became a world power. An economic depression in groups combine to make up the remaining 4%. Approximately 92% of the American population was born in the United States. The largest foreign-born groups are Mexicans, Germans, Canadians, and Italians. The population includes descendants of people from almost every part of the world. The first people to live in what is now the United States were American Indians, Inuit (also called Eskimos), and Hawaiians. Most African Americans are descendants of Africans who were brought to the United States as slaves during the 1600s, 1700s, and 1800s. Most white Americans trace their families to Europe. Some Spaniards settled in what is now the United States during the 1500s. European settlement Asian 3%

525,000 army personnel 12,245 tanks 207 major ships 2,655 combat aircraft

increased sharply during the 1600s. Until the late 1800s, northern and western Europe provided most of the immigrants. Then people from southern and eastern European nations came to the country. In the 1700s, the United States attracted immigrants from Asia. At almost 75 years, the United States has one of the highest average life expectancies of any country. About 12% of the U.S. population is over 65 years old. This segment of the population of the United States will continue to grow rapidly as the large numbers of people born during the “baby boom”—a period of high birth rate that occurred in the United States from 1946 to 1964—grow older. ➤

Other 3% Amerindian 1% Jewish 2%

Black 12%

White 80%

Ethnic Makeup


Protestant 56%

Major Religions

315

United States

(continued)

Education The U.S. has one of the highest literacy rates in the world. About 35% of all the children aged 3 and 4 attend nursery schools, and about 95% of all 5-year-olds attend kindergarten. More than 99% of U.S. children complete elementary school, and about 75% graduate from high school. Approximately 60% of high school graduates go on to colleges or universities. About 20% of the country’s adults complete at least four

years of higher education. State and local governments generally have the responsibility for establishing public school systems, and every state requires children to attend school until a certain age or completion of a certain grade. Today, about 75% of the nation’s elementary and high schools, and about 45% of its institutions of higher learning, are public schools. Public schools in the United States are supported mainly by taxation.

Private schools receive their operating funds chiefly from tuition and contributions of private citizens.

Literate 97%

Literacy

Agriculture 3% Services 14% Industry 25%

Managerial, professional 29% Technical, sales, administrative 29%

Labor Force

814


723

230 NA TVs

Cars

Central Park, New York City, New York

Popular Culture/Daily Life Americans take part in sports, attend sporting and cultural events, watch movies and television, listen to music, and read. Millions of Americans enjoy watching sporting events such as automobile races, horse races, and baseball, basketball, and football games—both in person and on television. Many Americans, especially young people, play baseball, basketball, football, and soccer. People of all ages participate in bicycle riding, boating, bowling, fishing, golf, hiking, skiing, swim-

316

Woman jogging

ming, and tennis. The arts, including motion pictures, plays, concerts, operas, and dance performances, attract large audiences in the United States. Hobbies occupy much of the leisure time of many Americans. Popular hobbies include crafts, gardening, stamp collecting, coin collecting, and photography. Many Americans take annual vacations to lakes or seashores, mountains, or in other recreational areas. Most American homes have a television set, which is on for about seven hours a day.

Phones

VCRs

PCs

Uruguay 90


largest country (1)

Population rank

129

fewest people

most people (1)

N

At a Glance

EUROPE

Artigas

ASIA

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15 in/38 cm

Hides & skins 12%

Other 21%

0 0

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L M

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im

N

Treinta y Tres

ag

Durazno

C an

miles km

Melo

r eg

O

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Carmelo

a

La 100

Pl

Las Piedras

Minas San Carlos

ata

Montevideo

100

A

T

L

A

N

T

I

The People

Uruguay is the second smallest country in east central South America. Uruguay is bordered by Brazil, Argentina, and its southern coast is on the Atlantic Ocean. The Uruguay River forms the country’s entire western boundary. Uruguay is 67,035 square miles (173,620 square kilometers), and its capital, main port, and economic center is Montevideo. Uruguay’s highest point is the Cuchilla Grande, which stands 1,644 feet tall (501 meters) at Mirador Nacional. Río Negro is the country’s main river. Uruguay’s weather is mild yet humid. Because it is located south of the equator, Uruguay’s seasons are opposite those in the Northern Hemisphere. The average temperature in Montevideo is 51 °F (11 °C) during July, the coldest month, and 73 °F (23 °C) in January, the warmest month. Approximately 40 inches (102 centimeters) of rain falls in Uruguay each year, although some regions of the country experience droughts.

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Paysandú

Mercedes Ri

S

Tacuarembó

Río N

The Place

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B RA ZIL

A

A N TA R C T I C A

E

Salto

Rio U rug

AUSTRALIA

AR GE NT IN A

SOUTH AMERICA

W Rivera

uay

AFRICA

E

Official Name: Oriental EQUATOR Republic of Uruguay Continent: South America Area: 67,035 square miles (173,620 sq. km) Population: 3,360,105 Capital City: Montevideo Largest City: Montevideo (1,383,660) Unit of Money: Uruguayan peso Major Languages: Spanish, Portunol, Brazilero Literacy: 97% Land Use: 7% arable land, 77% permanent pastures, 6% forests and woodland, 10% other Natural Resources: Fertile soil, hydropower, minor minerals, fisheries Government: Republic Defense: $302 million

C

NORTH AMERICA

Unlike most South American nations, Uruguay’s population is primarily of European origin, and none of its original native people remain. Some 3.3 million people call Uruguay home. Life expectancy is 75 years. Three-quarters of Uruguay’s people are Roman Catholic. Spanish is the country’s official language, however it is generally spoken with an Italian accent. Many Uruguayans also speak English, French, or Italian. Portuguese is commonly spoken in the areas near Brazil. Uruguay has one of the highest rates Montevideo, Uruguay of literacy in Latin America, with 97.8 percent of its adult population able to read. Uruguay is one of the few nations in the Western Hemisphere where all schooling, including college, is free. Soccer is the most popular sport in Uruguay. Many Uruguayan children enjoy playing soccer, however other popular recreational activities include basketball, rugby, and gaucho rodeos, called domos.

Live animals & live-animal products 26%

Processed Textiles foods 20% 4% Vegetable products Exports 17% $3 billion

Mestizo 8%

Black 4% Other 30% White 88%

Ethnic Makeup

Jewish 2%

Roman Catholic 66%

Protestant 2%

Major Religions

317

Uzbekistan Land area rank

57

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

41

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

N

Aral Sea

Official Name: Republic of Uzbekistan Continent: Asia Area: 164,245 square miles (425,400 sq. km) Population: 25,155,064 Capital City: Tashkent Largest City: Tashkent (2,100,000) EQUATOR Unit of Money: som Major Languages: Uzbek, Russian, Tajik Natural Resources: Natural gas, petroleum, coal, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum

Nukus

U

R

K

SOUTH AMERICA

A N TA R C T I C A

15 in/38 cm

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318

0

miles km

Nawoiy

N

KYRGYZSTAN

Andijon Olmaliq Quqon Farghona

Samarqand

I

S

T

TAJIKISTAN

Qarshi

A

N

Termiz

100

100

AFGHANISTAN

tures sometimes central Uzbekistan. The country reaching as high also has a 261 mile (420 km) shoreas 113 °F (45 °C). Winters, however, line formed by the southern portion are cold, and temperatures can dip as of the Aral Sea. low as -35 °F (-37 °C). Uzbekistan is landlocked Woman in traditional dress and covers approximately 164,245 square miles (424,400 square kilometers). It is bordered by Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan. Uzbekistan is mountainous in the east and northeast. Portions of the western Tien Shan and Pamirs-Alai Mountains stretch into Uzbekistan from neighboring Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. West of the mountains, Uzbekistan has lower elevations. Qyzylqum, one of the largest deserts in the world, is located in north Farms/cropland 10%

Average Rainfall


100˚F/38˚C

0

Tashkent Bukhoro

M E

AUSTRALIA

Uzbekistan is a republic in Central Asia. The county’s capital city and biggest industrial and cultural center is Tashkent, which is located in the northeast. Uzbekistan was called the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1924 until 1991, when it gained its independence. In 1992, Uzbekistan was officially named a democratic republic. The majority of Uzbekistan’s land is plains and deserts. The plains are used for growing cotton, and farmers raise livestock in both the plains and irrigated desert areas. The Fergana Valley, located in the east, is the country’s most densely populated area. Uzbekistan’s summers are long, dry, and hot, with southern tempera-

Chirchiq

Urganch

T

ASIA

AFRICA

The Place

E S

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

K A Z A K H S T A N

W

Other 33% Electricity 5% Food products 6% machine-building equipment 6%

Light industrial products 35%

Other 41% Permanent pastures 46%

Oil & gas 15%

Exports $4 billion

Forests 3%

Land Use

Uzbekistan

Uzbek vendor

The People Uzbekistan has the largest population of the former Soviet republics in Central Asia. About 42% of Uzbekistan’s people life in urban areas.

Many different ethnic groups live in Uzbekistan, including Uzbeks, descendents of Turkic-speaking nomads who settled in the region beginning in the 15th century. Russians, a large minority group, make up 6% of the population. Other minorities include Tajiks, Kazakhs, and Tatars, as well as Qoraqalpoghs, Kyrgyz, Koreans, Ukrainians, and Turkmens. The official language is Uzbek, which is part of the Eastern Turkic language group. Most ethnic minorities there speak their native languages. Russian was the preferred language during the Soviet period and is still widely used in Uzbekistan’s cities. The predominant religion in Uzbekistan is Islam. Uzbeks are primarily Sunni Muslims, while Russian and Ukrainian minorities

are usually Orthodox Christians. Life expectancy is 69 years. Karakalpak 3% Kazakh 3% Tajik 5%

Popular Culture/Daily Life The people of Uzbekistan often wear traditional garments, although Western-style clothing is popular in the cities. The food of Uzbekistan is distinctive, including kabob—especially mutton, laghmon (long, thick noodles often used in soups), and different types of bread, called non. Soccer and wrestling are popular, and traditional horseback games are played on special occasions. Uzbekistan has long been regarded

Tatar 1% Other 2%

Russian 6% Uzbek 80%


Eastern Orthodox 9%

Muslim 88%

Major Religions

Education Education in Uzbekistan is required up to the 9th grade. Almost all adults can read and write. Illiteracy was high at one time, but was almost entirely eliminated by the Soviet Union’s emphasis on free and universal education. Today, Uzbekistan’s education system is still similar to the Soviet system, although it puts greater emphasis on Uzbek history and literature. Teachers are generally paid low wages, and new textbooks are often unavailable.

(continued)



Defense



Uzbekistan’s universities include Toshkent State University, Samarqand State University, and Nukus State University. as an important region of Muslim culture. Many medieval scholars came from the area, including Musa Khwarezmi, a 9th-century mathematician; Abu Reikhan al-Biruni, a


10th-century philosopher; and Ulugh Beg, a 15th-century astronomer who built an observatory at Samarkand. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

Uzbek man 149

78 37

TVs

Cars

Phones

NA

NA

VCRs

PCs

319

Vanuatu 159




most people (1)

At a Glance E s pi r t u S a nt o

EUROPE ASIA

Luganville

AFRICA

N

N

0

miles km

a

l

s

Ethnic Makeup

0

r

e

$30 million

o

d

Exports

Beef & veal 14%

Éfaté

Port-Vila

i

320

S

100

100

e

E r r om a ngo

a

T a nna

Potnarhvin

Loméméti

The People The majority of Vanuatu’s people are ethnic Melanesians known as ni-Vanuatu. There are also French, Vietnamese, Chinese, Polynesian, and Micronesian descendents living there. Approximately 70% of Vanuatu’s population live on the islands of Éfaté, Espiritu Santo, Erromango, and Tanna. Vanuatu’s official languages are English, French, and Bislama, a form of pidgin English. Bislama is used as the country’s common language of communication. Literacy rates in Vanuatu are low. While almost all children attend primary schools, about 1 in 5 Outdoor marketplace, students continues beyond Port-Vila, Vanuatu the primary level. Most of the people in Vanuatu are Christians. About 37% of the population is Presbyterian. Anglicans and Roman Catholics each make up about 15%. Life expectancy is 62 years.

Church of Christ 4% Seventh-Day Other Adventists 15% 6% Indigenous beliefs 8% Roman Catholic 15% Major

Presbyterian 37%

Anglican 15%

Religions

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Melanesian 94%

C

r

Squash 5% Timber 8%

Copra 35%

S

C

O

Ranon Am br y m

b

Other 34%

I

e

French 4% Other 2%

F

E

H

Vanuatu is an archipelago made of more than 80 islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. Vanuatu is located about 3,500 miles (5,600 kilometers) southwest of Hawaii and about 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometers) northeast of Australia. Vanuatu’s capital and largest city is Port-Vila, which is on the island of Éfaté. Most of Vanuatu’s islands are formed by the tops of volcanic mountain ranges, and several volcanoes there are active. About 70 of Vanuatu’s islands are inhabited. Espiritu Santo is the largest and has an area of 1,875 square miles (4,856 kilometers). Some other major islands are Malakula, Erromango, and Ambrym. The highest peak, Mount Tabwemasana, is located on Espiritu Santo and stands 6,165 feet (1,879 meters) above sea level. Vanuatu’s weather is tropical, but trade winds between May and October make the climate cooler than during the rest of the year. Vanuatu has more than 1,000 species of vegetation, including coconut palms, banyan trees, orchids and ferns.

I

A

M a l e k ul a

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

C

W

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AUSTRALIA

A

P e nt e c ot e

Norsup

e w

SOUTH AMERICA

P

Nasawa


NORTH AMERICA

Limbot

C

Official Name: Republic of Vanuatu Continent: Oceania (S. Pacific) Area: 5,699 square miles (14,760 sq. km) EQUATOR Population: 192,910 Capital City: Port-Vila Largest City: Port-Vila (19,311) Unit of Money: vatu Major Languages: English (official), French (official), pidgin Literacy: 53% Land Use: 2% arable land, 10% permanent crops, 2% permanent pastures, 75% forests and woodland, 11% other Natural Resources: Manganese, hardwood forests, fish Government: Republic Defense: No military forces

Cacao beans 4%

N

Sola I l e L a k on

Vatican City Land area rank 250 smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank N/A fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance


Official Name: The Holy See EQUATOR (State of the Vatican City) Continent: Europe Area: 0.17 square miles (0.44 sq. km) Population: 880 Capital City: Vatican City Largest City: Vatican City Unit of Money: Vatican lira Major Languages: Italian, Latin Literacy: N/A Land Use: 100% other Natural Resources: None Government: Monarchical-sacerdotal state Defense: N/A

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15 in/38 cm

E S

SOUTH AMERICA

Vatican Museums

AUSTRALIA

Vatican

A N TA R C T I C A

Gardens

Saint Peter's Basilica

0 0

miles km

0.1

Sistine Chapel St. Peter's Square

ITA LY (Rom e)

0.1

The People

Vatican City is an independent state under the authority of the Pope, who is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church. At 0.17 square miles (0.44 square kilometers), Vatican City is the smallest independent country in the world. Vatican City was established in 1929 and includes 10 buildings in Rome, as well as the Pope’s residence at Castel Gandolfo. Called the “Holy See,” Vatican City is the seat of the Catholic Church. Located on Vatican Hill in northwestern Rome, this country is surrounded by walls built during medieval and Renaissance periods. The most important structure is Saint Peter’s Basilica, built between the 15th and 17th centuries, and designed by several artists, including Michelangelo. Another important structure is the Palace of the Vatican, which has 1,000 rooms. It houses the papal apartments, government offices of the Roman Catholic church, and the famous Sistine Chapel. Vatican City has its own currency, mail system, telephone and telegraph systems, water supply, bank, and jail. The Vatican also has its own railroad station, which uses its 300 yards (270 meters), of track to carry freight. 80˚F/27˚C

W

AFRICA

The Place

100˚F/38˚C

N ASIA

About 1000 people live in Vatican City permanently, but hundreds of thousands of visitors pass through each year. Most visitors come from Italy, Germany, Spain, and South America. Up to 100,000 people listen to the Pope’s annual Easter Message in St. Peter’s Square each year. The inhabitants of the City, primarily priests and St. Peter’s Square, Vatican City nuns, also include several hundred laypersons who work in secretarial, domestic, trade, and service occupations. The Vatican City University was founded by Pope Gregory XIII and is highly regarded for its philosophical and theological studies. There are 79,141 elementary and 31,406 secondary Catholic schools throughout the world. The Pope and the Vatican staff have the highest standard of living of any country in the world.

NA

Italians, Swiss, Other

Roman Catholic

Exports

Ethnic Makeup

Major Religions

0 in/0 cm


$ NA

321

Venezuela 33


largest country (1)

Population rank

43

fewest people

most people (1)

Lesser Antilles

At a Glance Official Name: Republic of Venezuela Continent: South America Area: 340,556 square miles (882,050 sq. km) EQUATOR Population: 23,916,810 Capital City: Caracas Largest City: Caracas (3,435,795) Unit of Money: bolivar Major Languages: Spanish (official), native dialects Natural Resources: Petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, diamonds

Maracaibo

Valencia

Cumaná

Barcelona

Trujillo Barquisimeto Mérida

ASIA

AFRICA

Trinidad

Maturin

rinoco

Rio O

San Cristobal

S e a

Isla de Margarita

Caracas

Lake Maricaibo

EUROPE

NORTH AMERICA

Cabimas

C ar ib b e an

Ciudad Guayana Ciudad Bolivar

SOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

N

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

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12 in/30 cm

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Average Rainfall


Venezuela, officially named the Republic of Venezuela, is located in South America, at the northern edge of the Andes Mountains. Its coastline on the Caribbean Sea is about 1,700 miles (2,800 kilometers) long with many indentations. There are 72 islands off the coast that are part of Venezuela. Isla de Margarita is the largest of these. The total area of Venezuela is 340,560 square miles (882,050 square kilometers). The capital and largest city is Caracas. Venezuela’s climate is tropical along the coast and mild in the mountainous regions. Most rain falls between May and November, with the northern mountain slopes receiving less rain than those in the south. Venezuela has many mineral resources, such as petroleum, natural

Ri

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0 0

miles km

200

B R A Z I L

200

gas, bauxite, gold, iron ore, copper, zinc, lead and diamonds. Forests are also an important resource for the country, for their lumber. Venezuela is home to many exotic animals, including jaguars, monkeys, sloths, anteaters, ocelots, bears, deer,

and armadillos. Birds that inhabit Venezuela include flamingos, herons, ibis, guacharos (also called oilbirds), and numerous other species. Reptiles, including crocodiles, anacondas—the largest snake in the world—and boa constrictors, are also found in Venezuela.

Hacha Falls, Carrao River, Venezuela

Basic metal manufactures 8% Other 15 %

Farms/cropland 5% Permanent pastures 20%

Other 41% Crude petroleum & petroleum products 77%

Forests 34%

0 in/0 cm


Exports $21 billion

322

G U Y A N A

Puerto Ayacucho

C OL O M B IA

Land Use

Venezuela

(continued)

Amerindian 2% Black 10% White 21%

Mestizo 67%

Ethnic Makeup

Protestant 2%

The People About 67% of Venezuelans are mestizos—people with mixed European and Native American ancestry. About 21% are of European descent. Venezuela is 87% urban. The main religion is Roman Catholicism. Other faiths include Protestantism, Judaism, and Islam. Some native Indian people still practice their traditional religions.

Venezuelan society has a distinct contrast between the rich and poor. In Caracas, oil wealth has made some people millionaires who live in mansions, while in the nearby hills, unskilled laborers live in squalor. Life expectancy is 73 years. Venezuela’s Indian groups speak more than 25 different languages, most of which are from one of three linguistic families—Cariban,

Roman Catholic 96%

Major Religions

Arawak, and Chibcha. Spanish is the national language. However, English is often used in cities and commercial areas.

Education Education in Venezuela is free and mandatory for children between the ages of 6 and 15. The country has a shortage of qualified teachers, however, and schools are crowded Venezuela’s institutions of higher education include the Central University of Venezuela and Andrés Bello Catholic University in Caracas; the University of the Andes, in Mérida; the University of

Popular Culture/Daily Life Venezuela’s culture has been influenced more by its original Spanish settlers than by the Native Americans, who have had some influence on the national culture. The country’s main folk legend is the llanero, or South American cow-

Other 2%

Government Type: Federal Republic Structure: Executive Leader: President

Literate 91%


U.S. rate = 97%

70 tanks

Zulia, in Maracaibo; and the Polytechnical Institute, in Barquisimeto.

boy. Its national dance is the joropo. Popular instruments, such as the maraca, a type of rattle, and the cuatro, a small guitar, are all associated with the llanero legend. Baseball and soccer are the most popular sports in Venezuela. Many cities have professional teams.



156

82

93 34 NA

TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

323

Vietnam Land area rank

65

smallest country



most people (1)

At a Glance


ASIA

R

Official Name: Socialist EQUATOR Republic of Viet Nam Continent: Asia Area: 125,622 square miles (325,360 sq. km) Population: 79,939,014 Capital City: Hanoi Largest City: Ho Chi Minh City (3,169,135) Unit of Money: new dong Major Languages: Vietnamese (official), Chinese, English, French, Khymer Natural Resources: Phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil and gas deposits, forests

d

C H IN A

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AFRICA

R

i

v

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SOUTH AMERICA

Hanoi

Cam Pha

AUSTRALIA

Hai Phong Nam Dinh

A N TA R C T I C A

Hue

g Da Nang

iv

T H A IL A N D

R

S e a

er

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3 in/8 cm 0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


kon

Seaside village, Vietnam

324

Hainan

Me

C h i n a

o u t h

square miles C A M B OD IA Nha (325,360 square Trang kilometers). The Da Lat Cam Ranh country is borN Bien Hoa dered by China, Ho Chi Minh City W E My Tho Laos, Cambodia, S Rach Gia Can Tho and its entire eastern coast is on 0 miles 100 0 km 100 the South China Sea. The far north and much of central Vietnam are hilly resource is its crop land, however, it and mountainous. In central Vietnam, also has mineral resources including gold, iron, tin, zinc, phosphate, the narrowest part of the country, chromite, apatite, and anthracite coal. mountains and highlands extend to Vietnam’s climate is generally hot the coast, while Southern Vietnam is and humid. The northern plains have very low. Vietnam’s 2 major rivers more seasonal variations and usually are the Red River in the north and cooler nighttime temperatures than the Mekong River in the south. southern areas. Rainfall is plentiful Most lowland areas and upland throughout Vietnam. Typhoons valleys are planted with rice, although sometimes hit the central coast, which other crops grown there include have caused loss of life and destrucbananas, coconuts, papaya, and bamtion of cropland in recent years. boo. Vietnam’s most valuable natural S

Vietnam is a long, narrow, S-shaped, country on the eastern coast of the Indochinese peninsula. Its capital is Hanoi. Vietnam’s largest city is Ho Chi Minh City, formerly called Saigon. Vietnam’s total area is 125,622


Vinh

Qui Nhon

The Place

0˚F/-18˚C

L A OS

Gulf of Tonkin

Other 40 %

Rubber 3% Clothing 8%

Crude petroleum 20% Coffee 11% Rice 10%

Exports $7 billion

Fish & fish products 8%

Other 48%


Land Use


Vietnam

School children, Vietnam

The People Vietnam’s people are primarily Vietnamese, accounting for almost 90% of the country’s population. Other ethnicities include Chinese, Hmong, and the Tai-speaking Nung and Tay. Southern minorities

include the highland ethnic groups, Khmer and Chan. Vietnamese is the country’s official language, however, French, Chinese, English, and Khmer are also spoken. Buddhism and Taoism are Vietnam’s major religions. Other religious groups there include Roman Catholics, Muslims, Hoa Hao, Cao Dai, and Protestants. Vietnamese in the north dress in cotton pants and coats. Some women in the south wear the traditional ao dai coat over trousers. About twofifths of the population is younger than 15 years, and life expectancy is about 66 years. During the Vietnam War, many Vietnamese moved from rural to urban areas, especially in the south, and by the late 20th century, onefifth of the total population lived in urban areas.

Popular Culture/Daily Life Traditionally, Vietnamese art, architecture, music, and literature followed Chinese forms. When the French colonized in the late 19th century, however, influences from Western cultures replaced that of China. Before French colonial rule, Vietnamese literature was classical, based on the Chinese model or local ideas. Today, it is influenced by Western societies, including that of the U.S.

Other 6%

Thai 2% Chinese 4%

Vietnamese 88%

Ethnic Makeup

Other 38%

Buddhist 55%

Christian 7%

Major Religions

When the government of South Vietnam collapsed in 1975, about 1 million refugees left the country. Many came to the United States.

Education About 94% of Vietnamese age 15 and over are literate. Education is free and is mandatory for the first 5 years of primary school. Most of Vietnam's children receive primary schooling. Less than half of young Vietnamese receive a secondary education, however, because there is a shortage of adequate facilities. Vietnamese education focuses on science and technology. Many students attend school abroad, mainly

(continued)


Type: Communist state Structure: Executive Leader: President/Prime Minister

Defense



in the United States or Japan. Major universities are located in Hanoi, Hue, Thai Nguyen, Da Nang, and Ho Chi Minh City. Architecture follows international styles, although there is some effort to preserve the distinctive character of major cities such as Hanoi, Hue, and Ho Chi Minh City. Abstract painting and Western music have become very


popular. However, the communist government warns that Western popular music encourages attitudes that go against long-held cultural beliefs. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

Rice paddy

38

TVs

NA

2

NA

NA

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

325

Yemen Land area rank

49

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

54

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

N EUROPE NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

Official Name: EQUATOR Republic of Yemen Continent: Asia Area: 203,850 square miles (527,970 sq. km) Population: 18,078,035 Capital City: Sana’a Largest City: Sana’a (972,000) Unit of Money: Yemeni rial Major Languages: Arabic Natural Resources: Petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble, small deposits of coal, gold, lead, nickel, and copper, fertile soil in west

W

S A U D I

E

A R A B I A

AFRICA

S

AUSTRALIA

Sa'dah

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


IT

R

E

A

Arabian Sea

Ta'izz l

Aden

M

DJIBOUTI

an

de

b s tra

Socotra

Gulf of Aden it 0

SOMALIA

miles

on the coast it varies from 3 to 9 inches (76 to 229 mm). The west and south coasts are flat, while the inland areas have cliffs and hills. The Rub al Khali desert extends from Yemen into Saudi Arabia.

Sana’a, Yemen

Crude minerals 2%

Mineral fuels 95%

Farms/cropland 3%

Other 63%


Forests 4%

Exports $2 billion

100

0 km 100

0 in/0 cm


326

Al Mukalla

Zabid

June to about 57°F (14°C) in January. During summer months, monsoons are common. The average rainfall in the highlands varies from 8 to 30 inches (303 to 762 mm), and

Food & live animals 3% Average Rainfall


15 in/38 cm

R

e

100˚F/38˚C

E

Sayhut

Sana'a'

Al Hudaydah

ab

Yemen is located in southwestern Asia on the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula. Yemen’s coasts are formed by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. It is separated from Africa by the narrow strait of Bab el Mandeb. Saudi Arabia and Oman also border Yemen. Yemen has several islands, including Socotra, located in the Indian Ocean; Perim, in the Bab el Mandeb; and Kamaran, in the Red Sea. Yemen covers about 203,850 square miles (527,970 square kilometers) and Sana’a is Yemen’s capital and largest city. The Republic of Yemen was created in 1990 from the unification of the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR) and the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY). Average temperatures in Yemen range from about 80°F (27°C) in

Say'un

B

The Place

Al Ghaydan

Red Sea

A N TA R C T I C A

OMAN

a l i a l K h ) R u b ' t r e s ( D e

SOUTH AMERICA

Land Use

Yemen The People Most of Yemen’s people are ethnic Arabs, although there also small groups of Africans, South Asians, and Europeans living there. Thousands of refugees from the conflict in Somalia moved to Yemen in the early 1990s. Virtually all inhabitants of northSchoolboys, Sana’a

ern Yemen have homes and do not move from place to place like nomads. Housing in Yemen varies from region to region, from African-style circular reed huts to stone or mud-brick houses with multiple stories. A small number of nomadic people live on the edge of the desert. Although Yemen society has traditionally been characterized by a social system with caste-like groups, this structure is breaking down. Nearly all Yemenis speak Arabic. Because of Yemen’s rugged terrain, widely separated population centers, and less-developed transportation and communications, however, several

dialectical differences have formed. Yemen’s native population is almost entirely Muslim, with small communities of Christians, Jews, and Hindus. Life expectancy is 55 years.

Popular Culture/Daily Life Yemeni tribesmen a jambiyya, or curved dagger, in a scabbard on a wide belt. Men also often wear one of several types of skirts rather than pants, and a straw hat or headcloth. They sometimes wear Western-style clothing as well. Yemeni women wear robes, shawls, and veils, which vary greatly from region to region. The most important Yemeni

Indian, Somali, European 2%

Afro-Arab 3%

Arab 95%

Ethnic Makeup Christian, Hindu, Jewish 3%

Shi'a Muslim 42%

Sunni Muslim 55%

Major Religions

Education Yemen’s constitution guarantees all citizens the right to an education, but the system still fails to reach a large part of the population, especially above the primary grades. Public schools are located in larger towns and cities, while children in most rural areas attend Islamic religious schools. Only 38% of Yemen’s adult population is literate.

(continued)




U.S. rate = 97%

1,125 tanks

Secondary schools in Yemen put many students into Sana’a University and the University of Aden. social custom is the “qat session,” an afternoon gathering where men and women socialize separately while they chew mildly narcotic leaves from the qat plant. Most men and many women “chew qat” at least twice a week. The Yemeni diet includes rice, bread, vegetables, fish, and lamb. A spicy green stew called salta is one of Yemen’s most popular dishes.


Yemeni crafts workers have long been famous for their weaving, leatherwork, and ironwork. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

27

13

15

NA

NA

TVs

Cars

Phones

VCRs

PCs

327

Yugoslavia Land area rank

(Serbia and Montenegro) 105

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

67

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

H U N G A R Y

50

Subotica Drav

EUROPE

a

R

iv

ASIA

er

b

NORTH AMERICA

miles

0 km 50

AFRICA

CROA TIA Sa

SOUTH AMERICA

R OM A N IA

nu Da

Official Name: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Continent: Europe Area: 39,517 square miles (102,350 sq. km) EQUATOR Population: 11,206,039 Capital City: Belgrade Largest City: Belgrade (1,500,000) Unit of Money: Yugoslav new dinar Major Languages: Serbian, Albanian Natural Resources: Oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper

0

N

Zrenjanin e R .

W

Novi Sad

E S

va

AUSTRALIA

Ri

ver

Belgrade

Pancevo

Da

nu

Smederevo

be

S E R B I A

A N TA R C T I C A

B OS N IA

Kragujevac Cacak Kraljevo

The Place Yugoslavia, located on the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe, is

100˚F/38˚C

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C


20˚F/-7˚C 0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


Average Rainfall


Church of the Mother of God, Serbia

Kosovska made up of Serbia Mitrovica MONTENEGRO and Montenegro. KOSOVO Yugoslavia’s capiPec Pristina Podgorica tal and largest Prizren city is Belgrade. Adriatic A LBA N IA Sea Yugoslavia is a MACEDONIA smaller portion of a larger country, also called Yugoslavia. The name Albania, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia Yugoslavia means, “Land of the and Herzegovina. Yugoslavia’s far South Slavs,” and was chosen when southwestern boundary is formed by the first Yugoslav state was formed a coastline on the Adriatic Sea. The in 1918 to unite 3 groups of South country’s total land area is 39,517 Slavs: Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. square miles (102,350 square kiloFrom 1946 to 1991, Yugoslavia was meters), less than half the size of the comprised of 6 republics. In 1991 former Yugoslavia. and 1992, 4 republics—BosniaThe country’s major rivers include Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, the Danube, Drava and Sava. and Slovenia—declared their indeMost of Yugoslavia experiences pendence. After extensive fighting, cold winters and hot summers, Serbia and Montenegro became a except for a narrow coastal zone in smaller Yugoslavia. the southwest, where the climate is The country is bordered by mild and rainy in the winter, and Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, warm and dry during the summer.

Other 24% Chemicals 9%

Machinery 12%


NA

Food & live animals 22%

Exports $3 billion

328

Leskovac

B U L G A R IA

Nis Novi Pazar

Land Use

Yugoslavia: Serbia and Montenegro The People The people of Yugoslavia are primarily Serbian and Croatian, and they are evenly divided between the country’s urban and rural areas. About 63% of the people are Serbs and 14% are Albanians. Many other ethnic groups, including Montenegrins, Magyars Serbian man

Education Yugoslavian education is compulsory from ages 7 to 15, and primary and secondary education are both provided at no cost. The overall literacy rate in Yugoslavia is 93%. It is higher for males, at 98%, than for females (89%). Schooling differs between ethnic groups. For example, Albanian girls receive less schooling than girls of other groups do, and Albanians in general have lower literacy rates. The country’s leading universities

Popular Culture/Daily Life Most Yugoslavs are closely tied to their ethnic group. Some Yugoslavians still wear traditional outfits. Most, however, wear contemporary, Western-style clothing, especially in cities. The diet consists mainly of grilled meats and bread. Desserts range from baklava to tortes, and the most popular drink is plum brandy, called slivovitz.

(continued)

and Muslims, also reside there. It is estimated that two-thirds of Yugoslavia’s population is currently living under subsistence level, and many people are suffering from malnutrition and other health problems. These conditions are the result of nearly 10 years of civil war. Serbs and Montenegrins practice Orthodox Christianity and speak Serbo-Croatian, officially called Serbian. Yugoslavia’s Muslims also speak Serbo-Croatian. Ethnic Albanians speak Albanian. Most Albanians are Sunni Muslims, but there are also Orthodox Christian and Roman Catholic Albanians as well. Most ethnic Albanians live in Kosovo. There are

also ethnic Albanians that live in Montenegro. Life expectancy is 72 years.

include the University of Belgrade, founded in 1863, as well as the University of Novi Sad, the University of Nis, the University of Podgorica, and the University of Pristina. However, the University of

Pristina, located in Kosovo, has not operated since 1990.

Hungarians 4%

Other 13% Serbs 63%

Albanians 14%

Montenegrins 6%

Ethnic Makeup

Roman Catholic 4%

Other 12%

Muslim 19%

Orthodox 65%

Major Religions




Literacy

282 combat aircraft

U.S. rate = 97%

Montenegrins, however, drink a grape brandy. Coffee is another popular drink. Sports are very popular, and Yugoslav basketball and soccer teams are among the best in the world. Winter sports such as skiing and hockey are also popular. Serbia and Montenegro have thriving music industries. Serbian rock groups are popular and creative. Traditional Serbian church

music has been revived, largely by the tenor Pavle Aksentijevic. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

93 65 NA TVs

Cars

Phones

NA

NA

VCRs

PCs

329

Zambia Land area rank

39

smallest country

largest country (1)

Population rank

80

fewest people

most people (1)

N

EUROPE

C ON G O ( Z A IR E )

S

Kasama

.

AFRICA

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


Ri

ua u

L

n

g

Chipata

Kafu

e

Kabwe

Mongu

MOZA M BIQU E

Lusaka

Za m Lake Kariba

r

Victoria Falls

b

NAMIBIA

BOTSWANA

Livingstone

ZIMBABWE 0 0

miles km

200

200

Victoria Falls, Zambia

Other 14%

Other 18% Cobalt 11%

Copper 71%

Forests 39%


0 in/0 cm



330

a

Farms/cropland 7%

Average Rainfall


60˚F/16˚C

Mpika

ez i

Land Use

e

v

12 in/30 cm

i

i

80˚F/27˚C

v

sh

R

15 in/38 cm

Ri

er

be

ve

100˚F/38˚C

between 61° F (16° C) and 70° F (21° C). Most of the country is covered in grasslands and trees. Zambia’s native animals include elephants, lions, rhinoceroses, and several varieties of antelope. Rich mineral deposits in the country’s copper belt, which extends down into Zambia from southern Congo include copper, cobalt, and other minerals.

m ha

Luanshya

Ri

Zambia, officially named the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country in south central Africa. It is bordered by Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, the Caprivi Strip of Namibia, and Angola. Zambia is 285,992 square miles (740,720 square kilometers), and its capital and largest city is Lusaka. Most of Zambia is high plateau with elevations averaging between 3,500 and 4,500 feet (1,100 and 1,400 meters). Mountains in the country’s northeast stand higher than 6,600 feet (2,000 meters). Major rivers are the Zambezi, the Kafue, the Luangwa, the Luapula and the Chambesh. Because of its high altitudes, most of Zambia has a pleasant, subtropical climate, with average temperatures

C

Mufulira Chingola Kitwe Ndola

Zambezi

The Place

A N G OLA

AUSTRALIA

Lake Nyasa

SOUTH AMERICA

A N TA R C T I C A

TANZANIA

E

AWI MAL

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Zambia Continent: Africa Area: 285,992 square miles (740,720 sq. km) Population: 9,770,199 Capital City: Lusaka Largest City: Lusaka (982,362) Unit of Money: kwacha Major Languages: English (official), Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga Natural Resources: Copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold silver, uranium, hydropower potential

W

Mbala

R

ASIA

L. Tanganyika

Lake Mweru

r

NORTH AMERICA

ve

At a Glance

r

Zambia The People Zambians are almost all Bantuspeaking Africans, including the Twa (Pygmies), except for a few groups of San. There are also a few Europeans, white South Africans, and Asians living in Zambia. English is the official language of the country, however, about 80 local languages and dialects are also spoken there. The Bemba, Tonga, Nyanja, Lozi, Kaonde, Lunda, and Luvale languages are used in radio broadcasts. Approximately 63% of the people of Zambia are Christian. Many Christians attend independent churches, which combine elements of Christianity and African religions. The rest of the population follows traditional religions. Old customs, like the use of traditional medicine, polyg-

European 1%

African 99%

Zambian boys

Ethnic Makeup

yny (marrying several wives) and bride price (paying the parents for a bride), are slowly dying out in the towns. Life expectancy is 49 years. In some parts of the country, village life goes on much as it has for hundreds of years. The people live in circular, grass-roofed homes and grow crops on their land. Corn is the main food. A favorite dish is nshima, a thick porridge made from corn. The people plant their crops in November and December.


Hindu 36%

Popular Culture/Daily Life Tourists often visit Zambia to see its wildlife, the Victoria Falls, and to enjoy white-water rafting on the Zambezi River. Zambia is one of the Crowd gathered for street performance

Christian 63%

Major Religions The development of mining has caused thousands of Zambians to move to mining towns.

Education School attendance has increased substantially since Zambia became independent in 1964. In 1995, approximately 1.5 million students were enrolled in primary schools, representing 88% of school aged children. Only 29% of secondary school-aged children were enrolled. The University of Zambia at Lusaka had about 10,500 students in the mid-1990s. The University of Zambia opened

(continued)


Literate 78%

Defense


22,000 army personnel NA tanks

in 1966. Later, other institutes of higher education were formed, and today, Zambia offers many types of college-level schooling. most urbanized countries in Africa. Much of Zambia’s traditional music is rhythmic and usually played on drums, whistles and thumb pianos called kalimba. The music almost always accompanies dancing, including the popular rumba, originally from the Republic of the Congo. Zambia’s capital, Lusaka, has several galleries that feature local artists. Three of the best galleries are Henry Tayali visual Arts Gallery at the Showgrounds, the Sculpture


Garden at the Garden House Hotel, and Mpala Gallery. There is also an open-air market called the Kamwala Market, which is very popular. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

25 TVs

9

12

Cars

Phones

NA

NA

VCRs

PCs

331

Zimbabwe 60


largest country (1)

Population rank

66

fewest people

most people (1)

At a Glance

Z A M B IA


Zambe zi

ASIA

R

Official Name: Republic EQUATOR of Zimbabwe Continent: Africa Area: 149,293 square miles (386,670 sq. km) Population: 11,365,366 Capital City: Harare Largest City: Harare (1,184,169) Unit of Money: Zimbabwean dollar Major Languages: English (official), Shona Natural Resources: Coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals

i

v

AFRICA

Kariba

15 in/38 cm

80˚F/27˚C

12 in/30 cm

60˚F/16˚C

9 in/23 cm

40˚F/4˚C

6 in/15 cm

20˚F/-7˚C

3 in/8 cm

0˚F/-18˚C


0 in/0 cm


332

M

Chitungwiza Mutare

Gweru Masvingo

Bulawayo

S

B O T S W A N A 0

miles

100

0 km 100

masasa trees. Animals native to Zimbabwe include elephants, hippopotamuses, lions, hyenas, crocodiles, antelope, impalas, giraffes, and baboons. Zimbabwe’s climate is often

Limpopo

R.

M O Z A M B I Q U E

N E

r

Harare

M a f unga bus i R iv er Hwange P l a t e a u Kwekwe

W

e

az

. e R

SOUTH AFRICA

dependent on the rains caused by monsoons. Up to 40 inches (1,000 mm) of rain falls in the eastern portion between October and March each year, but almost no rain falls the remainder of the year, when the weather becomes cool.

Honde Valley, Zimbabwe

Farms/cropland 7%

Average Rainfall


100˚F/38˚C

Chinhoyi yat i

Zimbabwe is a landlocked country in southern Africa, formerly called Rhodesia. Zimbabwe was named after the famous 14th-century stone-built city of Great Zimbabwe, located in the southeast. Zimbabwe has a land area of 149,293 square miles (386,670 square kilometers). It is bordered by Mozambique, Botswana, South Africa at the Limpopo River. Zimbabwe’s north coast is formed by the Zambezi River. Zimbabwe’s capital is Harare, formerly known as Salisbury. The Zambezi River, along the northern border, is Zimbabwe’s most important river. Several smaller rivers, including the Mazowe and the Sanyati, join the Zambezi in the north. Most of Zimbabwe is covered with savanna grassland and low

Binga

an

NAMIBIA Victoria Falls

A N TA R C T I C A

The Place

S

Victoria Falls

AUSTRALIA

o

Lake Kariba

SOUTH AMERICA

w

Other 39% Corn 1% Cut flowers 1% Asbestos 3% Cotton 3%

Tobacco 31% Gold 12%

Exports $3 billion

Ferroalloys 7% Nickel metal 3%

Permanent pastures 13% Other 57%

Forests 23%

Land Use

Zimbabwe The People More than 11 million people live in Zimbabwe. Life expectancy at birth was estimated at 51 years in 2000, down from 59 years in 1985, mainly because of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic that began there in the late 1980s. Zimbabwe’s population is divided into two major ethnic groups: the Shona and the Ndebele. The Shona make up 71% of the population, and the Ndebele minority comprise 16%. Other ethnic groups include Asians, Caucasians, and other Africans. About 70% of Zimbabwe’s people live in rural areas, while the rest live in urban settings. About 50% of the population

Education Christian missionaries started the first formal education in Zimbabwe, and many schools still have strong religious affiliations. Primary education in Zimbabwe has been universal and compulsory since 1987. Almost half of Zimbabwe’s population is school age, and education uses approximately 20% of the government’s budget.

White 1%

(continued)

Mixed & Asian 1%

African 98%

Kids, Zimbabwe

Ethnic Makeup

practices Christian and Indigenous religious beliefs, while most others practice traditional religions. Zimbabwe’s families are large, and most of the country’s population is under 15 years of age. Their society is traditionally male-dominated, however in recent years, many women have been named to managerial and political positions.

Almost all primary school-aged children enroll in school, but only 50% attend secondary schools and just 7% go on to colleges or universities. Zimbabwe has 2 state universities: the University of Zimbabwe, located in Harare; and

Other 1%

Indigenous Syncretic beliefs (part Christian, 24% part indigenous beliefs) Christian 50% 25%

Major Religions

the National University of Science and Technology in Bulawayo. There are also many private colleges.

Government Type: Parliamentary Democracy Structure: Executive Leader: President


Literate 85%

40 tanks 0 major ships

Literacy

52 combat aircraft

U.S. rate = 97%

Biology class, Zimbabwe

Popular Culture/Daily Life Zimbabwe retains many traditions from its colonial past. The country has world-class athletes who compete at international levels in rugby, cricket, and golf. Zimbabwe has many tourist attractions, such as Victoria Falls

and the ruins of Great Zimbabwe. European-style clothing is fashionable in Zimbabwe. Middle and upper classes tend to dress in styles similar to the old colonial ruling class. Younger Africans like the modern styles of South Africa. Traditional dance and music were neglected during the colonial period. Since independence, however, traditional styles have been revived. Literature by black Zimbabweans was restricted until the 1980s. Since

then, many authors, such as Charles Mungoshi and Tsitsi Dangarembga, have become popular. Goods Ownership per 1,000 people

27

29

TVs

Cars

32 Phones

3

NA

VCRs

PCs

333

Arctic Ocean Territories N

Beaufort Sea W

CANADA

E S

Leptev Sea

ARCTIC OCEAN

RUSSIA

Hudson Bay

Baffin Bay

Kara Sea

Svalbard

GREENLAND

Greenland Sea

Barents Sea

Jan Mayen ICELAND Norwegian Sea

SWEDEN FINLAND Baltic Sea

ESTONIA

Svalbard At a Glance Official Name: Svalbard Area: 38,557 sq. mi. (62,049 sq. km) Population: 2,416 Unit of Money: Norwegian krone Major Languages: Russian, Norwegian Government: territory of Norway

Jan Mayen Uninhabited territory of Norway.

At a Glance Official Name: Jan Mayen Area: 144 sq. mi. (373 sq. km)

334

Polar Bear

KAZ AKH STA N

The territories of the Arctic Ocean lie on the continental shelves. Svalbard, formerly called Spitsbergen, and Jan Mayen are both located there. The area experiences arctic maritime weather, and has frequent storms and persistent fog. Svalbard is comprised of nine icy islands that are situated 400 miles north of Norway, which are rich with coal deposits. Jan Mayen is actually a volcanic island, located approximately 560 miles (901 km) northwest of Norway. Jan Mayen is known for its superior fishing, however other natural resources include oil and gas deposits.

Atlantic Ocean Territories Many of the territories in the Atlantic Ocean are islands located on the continental shelves. Tropical cyclones (hurricanes) are very common, and often form near Cape Verde, Africa, on their way westward into the Caribbean

Sea. Hurricanes sometimes occur between May and December, but are most common from August to November. Islands located in the North Atlantic generally experience temperate climate conditions. Many—such as the Faeroe Islands and Greenland—have mild winters and cool summers. The Faeroe Islands are usually overcast, foggy, and windy. Islands in southern Atlantic, such as Bermuda, have warmer climates.

Bouvet Island Uninhabited territory of Norway

At a Glance Official Name: Bouvet Island Area: 22 sq. mi. (58 sq. km) Bermuda

Faeroe Islands

Bermuda

At a Glance

At a Glance Official Name: Bermuda Area: 19 sq. mi. (50 sq. km) Population: 63,503 Unit of Money: Bermudian dollar Major Languages: English (official), Portuguese Government: British dependent territory

Official Name: Faeroe Islands Area: 541 sq. mi. (1,399 sq. km) Population: 45,661 Unit of Money: Danish krone Major Languages: Faroese, Danish Government: self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark

AR CT IC OCE AN French Guiana

AFRICA

Greenland

Faeroe Islands

SOUTH AMERICA Saint Helena

Isle of Man

Jersey Saint Pierre & Miquelon

NORTH AMERICA

NO RTH ATL ANTI C O CEAN

Bermuda

EUROPE

SOUTH AT L ANT I C OCEAN N

Gibraltar W

N W

AFRICA Falkland Islands

E

South Georgia Island Bouvet Island

S South Sandwich Island

SOUTH AMERICA

E S

Peter I Island

Atlantic Ocean Territories

(continued)

Gibraltar At a Glance Official Name: Gibraltar Area: 3 sq. mi. (6.5 sq. km) Population: 27,649 Unit of Money: Gibraltar pound Major Languages: English (official), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Russian Government: colony of U.K.

Greenland At a Glance Gibraltar

Falkland Islands At a Glance Official Name: Colony of the Falkland Islands Area: 4,699 sq. mi. (12, 173 sq. km) Population: 2,826 Unit of Money: Falkland Island pound Major Languages: English Government: colony of U.K.

French Guiana At a Glance Official Name: Department of Guiana Area: 34,421 sq. mi. (89,150 sq. km) Population: 177,562 Unit of Money: French franc Major Languages: French Government: overseas department of France

336

Official Name: Greenland Area: 840,000 sq. mi. (2,175,600 sq. km) Population: 56,352 Unit of Money: Danish krone Major Languages: Eskimo dialects, Danish, Greenlandic Government: parliamentary democracy with constitutional monarch

Isle of Man At a Glance Official Name: Isle of Man Area: 227 sq. mi. (588 sq. km) Population: 73,489 Unit of Money: N/A Major Languages: English, Manx Government: British Crown dependency

Isle of Man


(continued)

Jersey At a Glance Official Name: Jersey Area: 45 sq. mi. (116 sq. km) Population: 89,361 Unit of Money: N/A Major Languages: English (official), French (official), Norman-French Government: British Crown dependency Bike riding in Jersey

Saint Helena At a Glance Official Name: Saint Helena Area: 158 sq. mi. (410 sq. km) Population: 7,266 Unit of Money: Saint Helenian pound Major Languages: English Government: dependent territory of U.K.

Saint Pierre and Miquelon At a Glance Official Name: Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon Area: 93 sq. mi. (242 sq. km) Population: 6,928 Unit of Money: French franc Major Languages: French Government: Territorial collectivity of France Jersey

Peter I Island

South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands

Uninhabited Norwegian dependency

Uninhabited territories of U.K.

At a Glance Official Name: Peter I Island Area: 69 sq. mi. (179 sq. km)

At a Glance Official Name: South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Area: 1,570 sq. mi. (4,066 sq. km)

Caribbean Sea Islands The islands of the Caribbean experience tropical or subtropical weather conditions, including high humidity, little temperature variation between seasons, and the cooling effects of trade winds. Turks & Caicos are very dry, while Martinique is vulnerable to cyclones and hurricanes. Puerto Rico, a commonwealth territory of the United States, is divided by mountains and is a popular tourist destination. The people of Puerto Rico have some of the highest living conditions in the Caribbean region. Natural resources of the Caribbean territories include oil, bananas, and sugarcane. Tourism, however, remains a major source of income for this area.

Gu l f o f Mexico

U.S.

AT L ANTI C OCEAN

THE BAHAMAS

N W

E

Turks and Caicos Islands G

S

CUBA r

e

Cayman Islands

a

t

e

JAMAICA HONDURAS

r

HAITI

A

British Virgin Islands Puerto Rico Anguilla DOM. REP.

n t i Navassa l l e s Virgin Islands Island Montserrat (US)

Guadeloupe C ar i bbe an Se a L e s s e r

NICARAGUA

Aruba

Martinique A n t i l l e s

Netherlands Antilles COSTA RICA

PANAMA

COLOMBIA

VENEZUELA

TRINIDAD

Anguilla At a Glance Official Name: Anguilla Area: 35 sq. mi. (91 sq. km) Population: 12,132 Unit of Money: East Caribbean dollar Major Languages: English Government: dependent territory of U.K.

Cayman Islands At a Glance Official Name: Cayman Islands Area: 100 sq. mi. (260 sq. km) Population: 35,527 Unit of Money: Caymanian dollar Major Languages: English Government: British dependent territory

Aruba At a Glance Official Name: Aruba Area: 75 sq. mi. (193 sq. km) Population: 70,007 Unit of Money: Aruban florin Major Languages: Dutch, Papiamento, English, Spanish Government: parliamentary democracy Cayman Islands

British Virgin Islands At a Glance Official Name: British Virgin Islands Area: 58 sq. mi. (150 sq. km) Population: 20,812 Major Languages: English Unit of Money: U.S. dollar Government: dependent territory of U.K.

338

Guadeloupe At a Glance Official Name: Department of Guadeloupe Area: 659 sq. mi. (1,706 sq. km) Population: 431,170 Unit of Money: French franc Major Languages: French (official), Creole patois Government: overseas department of France


Martinique At a Glance Official Name: Department of Martinique Area: 409 sq. mi. (1,060 sq. km) Population: 418,454 Unit of Money: French franc Major Languages: French, Creole patois Government: overseas department of France

(continued)

Netherlands Antilles At a Glance Official Name: Netherlands Antilles Area: 371 sq. mi. (960 sq. km) Population: 212,226 Unit of Money: Netherlands Antillean guilder Major Languages: Dutch (official), Papiamento, English, Spanish Government: autonomous part of Netherlands, parliamentary

Puerto Rico At a Glance Official Name: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Area: 3,459 sq. mi. (8,959 sq. km) Population: 3,937,316 Major Languages: Spanish (official), English Unit of Money: U.S. dollar Government: commonwealth associated with U.S.

Martinique vendor

Montserrat At a Glance Official Name: Montserrat Area: 39 sq. mi. (100 sq. km) Population: 7,574 Unit of Money: East Caribbean dollar Major Languages: English Government: colony of U.K.

Turks and Caicos Islands At a Glance Official Name: Turks and Caicos Islands Area: 166 sq. mi. (430 sq. km) Population: 18,122 Unit of Money: U.S. dollar Major Languages: English Government: colony of U.K.

Virgin Islands Navassa Island Uninhabited island owned by the United States

At a Glance Official Name: Navassa Island Area: 2 sq. mi. (5.2 sq. km)

At a Glance Official Name: Virgin Islands of the United States Area: 135 sq. mi. (349 sq. km) Population: 122,211 Unit of Money: U.S. dollar Major Languages: English, Spanish, Creole Government: organized, unincorporated territory of U.S.

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Indian Ocean Territories Islands in the Indian Ocean experience tropical marine conditions, including hot and humid weather, which is sometimes relieved by trade winds, and small amounts of rain. One exception, though, are the Heard and McDonald Islands, which have Antarctic conditions. The region occasionally experiences tropical storms throughout the year, and the area is known for its monsoons. There are a variety of natural resources on these islands, including excellent fishing, phosphate deposits, and coconuts. Heard & McDonald Islands are primarily used for scientific research, including an

experiment to monitor global warming. The British Indian Ocean Territory’s coral atolls are used for a U.S./UK military base. ASIA

AFRICA

Mayotte

British Indian Ocean Territory

Christmas Island

Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Réunion

Ashmore and Cartier Islands

I ND I AN O C EAN

AUSTRALIA

Ashmore and Cartier Islands Uninhabited territories of Australia

N W

At a Glance

E S

Official Name: Ashmore and Cartier Islands Area: 2 sq. mi. (5 sq. km)

Heard and McDonald Islands

Christmas Island British Indian Ocean Territory Uninhabited territory of U.K.

At a Glance Official Name: British Indian Ocean Territory Area: 23 sq. mi. (60 sq. km)

340

At a Glance Official Name: Territory of Christmas Island Area: 52 sq. mi. (135 sq. km) Population: 2,564 Unit of Money: Australian dollar Major Languages: English Government: territory of Australia

Indian Ocean Territories

(continued)

Mayotte At a Glance Official Name: Territorial Collectivity of Mayotte Area: 145 sq. mi. (375 sq. km) Population: 163,366 Unit of Money: French franc Major Languages: Mahoran, French Government: territorial collectivity of France

Réunion At a Glance Official Name: Department of Réunion Area: 965 sq. mi. (2,500 sq. km) Population: 732,570 Unit of Money: French franc Major Languages: French (official), Creole Government: overseas department of France

Cocos (Keeling) Islands At a Glance Official Name: Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands Area: 5.4 sq. mi. (14 sq. km) Population: 635 Unit of Money: Australian dollar Major Languages: English, Malay Government: territory of Australia

Heard and McDonald Islands Uninhabited territories of Australia

At a Glance Official Name: Heard and McDonald Islands Area: 159 sq. mi. (412 sq. km)

Pacific Ocean Territories There are more than 30,000 islands in the Pacific Ocean. Their total land area covers about one-quarter of one percent of the Pacific’s surface. Weather conditions in the South Pacific are generally tropical. Most of the islands located there experience warm temperatures, but they also are cooled by trade winds. Most of the South Pacific’s islands see little temperature variation

between seasons. Natural resources in the Pacific’s territories include farming, bird refuges, and tropical fruits. Midway Islands PAC I F I C O C EAN H AWA II Northern Mariana (U S) Islands Johnston Atoll Wake Island Guam Kingman Reef Palmyra Atoll

American Samoa At a Glance Official Name: Territory of American Samoa Area: 76.1 sq. mi. (199 sq. km) Population: 67,084 Unit of money: U.S. dollar Major Languages: Samoan, English Government: unincorporated and unorganized territory of U.S.

Wallis and Futuna Coral Sea Islands

A U STRA LIA

Jarvis Island

Baker and Howland Islands

PA PU A N EW G U IN EA

Tokelau American Samoa Cook Islands

FIJI

French Polynesia

Niue

New Caledonia Pitcairn Islands

Norfolk Island N

N EW ZEA LA N D

W

E S

Coral Sea Islands Baker & Howland Islands Unincorporated territories administered by the U.S. Fish and wildlife Service as part of the National Wildlife Refuge

Uninhabited Territory of Australia

At a Glance Official Name: Ashmore and Cartier Islands Area: 1.2 sq. mi. (3 sq. km)

At a Glance Official Name: British Indian Ocean Territory Area: 0.5-0.6 sq. mi. each (1.40-1.60 sq. km each)

French Polynesia At a Glance

Cook Islands At a Glance Official Name: Cook Islands Area: 93 sq. mi. (240 sq. km) Population: 20,611 Unit of money:New Zealand dollar Major Languages: English (official), Maori Government: self-governing parliamentary democracy in free association with New Zealand

Official Name: Territory of French Polynesia Area: 1,413 sq. mi. (3,660 sq. km) Population: 253,506 Unit of money: Colonial Francs Major Languages: French, Tahitian (both official) Government: overseas territory of France

Cook Islands

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Pacific Ocean Territories

Guam At a Glance Official Name: Territory of Guam Area: 209 sq. mi. (541 sq. km) Population: 157,557 Unit of money: U.S. dollar Major Languages: English, Chamorro, Japanese Government: organized, unincorporated territory of U.S.

(continued)

Midway Islands Uninhabited, unincorporated territory of U.S.

At a Glance Official Name: Midway Islands Area: 2.4 sq. mi. (6.2 sq. km)

Jarvis Island Uninhabited territory of U.S.

At a Glance Official Name: Jarvis Island Area: 1.7 sq. mi. (4.5 sq. km) New Calendonia

New Caledonia Johnston Atoll At a Glance Official Name: Johnson Atoll Area: 1.1 sq. mi. (2.8 sq. km) Population: 1,100 Unit of money: N/A Major Languages: N/A Government: unincorporated territory of U.S.

At a Glance Official Name: Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies Area: 7,172 sq. mi. (18,575 sq. km) Population: 204,863 Unit of money: Colonial Francs Pacifique Major Languages: French, Melanesian-Polynesian dialects Government: overseas territory of France

Niue Kingman Reef At a Glance Official Name: Kingman Reef Area: 0.4 sq. mi. (1 sq. km) Population: N/A Unit of money: N/A Major Languages: N/A Government: privately owned and administered by the U.S. Department of the Navy

At a Glance Official Name: Niue Area: 100 sq. mi. (260 sq. km) Population: 2,110 Unit of money: New Zealand dollar Major Languages: Polynesian dialect closely related to Tongan and Samoan, English Government: self-governing parliamentary democracy territory in free association with New Zealand

343

Pacific Ocean Territories

(continued)

Norfolk Island At a Glance Official Name: Territory of Norfolk Island Area: 13.3 sq. mi. (34.6 sq. km) Population: 1,892 Unit of money: Australian dollar Major Languages: English (official), Norfolk (a mixture of 18th-century English and ancient Tahitian) Government: territory of Australia

Tokelau At a Glance Official Name: Tokelau Area: 4 sq. mi. (10 sq. km) Population: 1,458 Unit of money: New Zealand dollar Major Languages: Tokelauan, English Government: territory of New Zealand

Wake Island Northern Mariana Islands At a Glance Official Name: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Area: 184 sq. mi. (477 sq. km) Population: 74,612 Unit of money: U.S. dollar Major Languages: English, Chamorro, Carolinian Government: commonwealth associated with U.S.

Palmyra Atoll At a Glance Official Name: Palmyra Atoll Area: 4.6 sq. mi. (11.9 sq. km) Population: N/A Unit of money: N/A Major Languages: N/A Government: privately owned and administered by the U.S. Department of the Navy

Pitcairn Islands At a Glance Official Name: Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands Area: 18 sq. mi. (47 sq. km) Population: 54 Unit of money: New Zealand dollar Major Languages: English (official), a Tahitian/English dialect Government: colony of U.K.

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At a Glance Official Name: Wake Island Area: 2.5 sq. mi. (6.5 sq. km) Population: no indigenous inhabitants; U.S. military personnel left the island, however some civilians remain Unit of money: N/A Major Languages: N/A Government: unincorporated territory of U.S., administered by U.S. Air Force

Wallis & Futuna At a Glance Official Name: Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands Area: 106 sq. mi. (274 sq. km) Population: 15,453 Unit of money: Colonial Francs Pacifique Major Languages: French (official), Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language) Government: overseas territory of France

South China Sea Islands The South China Sea is home to three territories, of their close proximity to shipping lanes, and they are which all experience tropical weather conditions. Macao, believed to hold some of the biggest oil and gas deposits which is a territory of Portugal, is in the world. located at the opening of the Pearl River. Macao is a major exporter Formosa of finished goods, including trinCHINA Str. TAIWAN kets and toys. The Parcel Islands are located about 250 miles to the Macao east of Vietnam and are occupied by the Chinese. The Paracel Gulf of LAOS Tonkin Islands experience frequent P A C I FI C typhoons. Also located in the OCEAN Paracel Islands PHILIPPINES South China Sea are the Spratly THAILAND Islands, made up of reefs and N Philippine Sea atolls. China, Taiwan, Vietnam, So u th C h i n a VIETNAM W E Se a KAMPUCHEA Brunei, Malaysia, and the S Philippines each claim all or portions of these islands. The islands are very desirable because Spratly Islands

Paracel Islands Uninhabited territory of China, also claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam

At a Glance Official Name: Paracel Islands Area: N/A Macao

Macao At a Glance Official Name: Macao Area: 8 sq. mi. (21 sq. km) Population: 453,733 Unit of money: pataca Major Languages: Portuguese Government: special administrative region of China

Spratly Islands Uninhabited territory that is partially claimed by China, Malaysia, Phillipines, Taiwan and Vietnam

At a Glance Official Name: Spratly Islands Area: 2 sq. mi. (5 sq. km)

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Antarctica carbons. Antarctica contains more than 80% of the world’s freshwater. None of its natural resources have been mined or sold. Antarctica is home to a variety of wildlife, including seals, whales, and penguins. These animals are well adapted for the icy climate they live in—the polar fish, for example, common in Antarctica’s waters, is able to survive because it has anti-freezing agents in its blood. Several species are unique to Antarctica, including the King penguin. There are no indigenous inhabitants of Antarctica. Several research stations are located there, and staff members are sometimes stationed temporarily. In the summer, the population sometimes rises to more than 4,000 people representing 25 different countries; during the winter, approximately 1,000 researchers are stationed there. There are radio broadcast stations available in Antarctica for communication. There are also 39 different landing facilities for airplanes. Planes must be fitted with skis to be able to land. There are no telephones or cars on Antarctica. Antarctica is governed under the Antarctic Treat Summary, which was signed on December 1, 1959. Thirty nations signed the treaty, and another 14 countries are considered “observers.” These nations have appointed members to a panel that consults and manages Antarctica. They meet each year to discuss environmental, scientific, and political issues. Today, rivalries remain between these countries, because many still wish to claim the continent as their own. Tourism has recently become more popular and is a growing industry.

Antarctica

Antarctica is the second-largest continent on Earth. The land mass covers 5,405,400 square miles (14 million sq. km), most of which is encased under a thick layer of ice. In some areas, the ice is as deep as 6,560 feet (2,000 meters). Only 2% of Antarctica’s land is exposed, and those areas are nothing more than barren rock. Glaciers and ice shelves along the coast, as well as floating ice pieces, account for about 11% of Antarctica’s total area. The country’s highest point is Vinson Massif, at 16,863 feet (5,140 meters). Antarctica is the coldest, windiest, highest, and driest continent. Temperatures vary according to season, altitude, and distance from the ocean. The eastern portion of Antarctica is cooler than the west. Temperatures average about -58° F (-50° C). During summer months, Antarctica is hit Ross Sea with more solar radiation than the equator in the same amount of time. Blizzards are common there, and storms often form over the ocean and travel A N TA R C T I C A I ND I AN O CEAN along the continent’s coast. The continent has many natural resources, including iron ore, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum, and N other minerals. There are also small deposits of coal and hydroW E S

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AT L ANT I C O C EAN

PAC I F I C O C EAN

Bellingshausen Sea

Weddell Sea

Penguins

For More Information Books Ash, Russell. Factastic Millennium Facts. New York, NY: Dorling Kindersley, 1999. Brunner, Borgna, ed. Time Almanac 2001 with Information Please. Boston: Time Inc., 2000. Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook. Dulles, Va.: Brassey’s, 1999. Dorling Kindersley. The Dorling Kindersley World Reference Atlas. London: Dorling Kindersley Limited, 1998. MacQuitty, Miranda. Inside Oceans. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books Limited, 1999. Miles, Lisa. Atlas of 20th Century (History Atlases). Tulsa, OK: EDC Publications, 1997. World Almanac Books. The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2001. New Jersey: World Almanac Education Group, Inc., 2001. Wright, John W., ed. The New York Times 2001 Almanac. Middlesex: Penguin Reference Books, 2000.

Internet Sites Visit any of these sites to learn more about your favorite places in the world. An Atlas of World Maps by Encarta Online http://encarta.msn.com/maps/MapView.asp Asiaville http://www.asiaville.com This site has information about Asian countries, culture, current events, and travel. Britannica.com http://www.britannica.com/ This online resource has information and statistics about countries from around the world. CIA World Factbook-Geography http://geography.about.com/science/geography/library/ cia/blcindex.htm This source has figures, statistics, and data about each country.

Discovery.com Homework Help: Geography http://school.discovery.com/homeworkhelp/worldbook/atozgeography/index.html Discovery Channel’s online edition has geography information, as well as homework help and program guides for its television series. The Explorers Club http://www.explorers.org Visit this site to learn more about expeditions and explorations from all over the world. National Geographic http://www.nationalgeographic.com With a kids’ section, this site has information from around the globe. Rand McNally http://www.randmcnallykids.com This site features world maps and a trivia section for kids. Where in the World? http://www.geographygames.com/index.html See this site for geography quizzes and games, as well as current events and weather information. World Desk Reference: Online Nation Information http://travel.dk.com/wdr/index_flash.htm This is an online edition of Dorling Kindersley’s book of world facts.

CD Roms Carmen Sandiego Junior Detective Edition. The Learning Company. Discover the world while solving crime. My First Amazing History Explorer. DK Multimedia. Take a world tour across the continents. Oceans. CounterTop Software. Discover the ocean and its underwater life. 20th Century Day by Day. DK Multimedia. Learn the history of the past century.

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Index Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, 105, 106 Aborigines, 53, 88, 291 Abuja, Nigeria, 226 Abu Dhabi, UAE, 310 Academy Awards, 312 Accra, Ghana, 136 Adamawa Plateau, 85, 86 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 125 Ad-Dukhan, 58 Aden, Gulf of, 114, 271, 326 Adriatic Sea, 42,107,166, 269, 328 Aegean Islands, 138, 139 Afar, 114, 123, 126 Africa, 19, 27 Afghanistan, 40-41, 234 Agalega, 203 Agel, Mount, 208 Agni, 106 AIDS, 81, 82, 103, 333 Air Mountain, 224 Ajman, UAE, 310 Akagera River, 255 Akan, 137 Akanyaru River, 255 Akosombo Dam, 136 Alai Mountains, 180 Al-Akhdar, Mount, 231 Al Ayn, UAE, 310 Alaska, 313, 314, 315 Albania, 42 Albert, Lake, 102, 306 Aleppo, Syria, 288 Aleut, 253 Algeria, 43-44 Algerian Sahara , 43 Algiers, Algeria, 43 Al Hajar Mountains, 231, 310 Almaty, Kazakhstan, 174 Alps, 42, 54, 107, 129, 134, 149, 187, 269, 287 Alps, Japanese, 169 Alps, Julian, 269 Alps, Southern, 222 Altai Mountains, 174, 209 Altiplano, 71 Alvernia, Mount, 57 Alzette River, 189 Amazon River, 74, 117, 240 Ambrym, 320 American Indian, 315 American Samoa, 342 Amerindian, 118, 142, 241 Amhara, 126 Amman, Jordan, 173 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 220, 221

348

Amu River, 40 Amu Darya River, 292 Amur River, 252 Anatolia , 302 Andalusia, 278 Andes Mountains, 49, 71, 92, 98, 99, 117, 240, 322 Andorra, 45 Andorra La Vella, Andorra, 45 Andros, 57 Angola, 46-47 Anguilla, 338 animals, 38 animism, 101 Anjouan, 100 Ankara, Turkey, 302 Annam Highlands, 181 Antananarivo, Madagascar, 191 Antarctica, 26, 346 Antarctic Circle, 13 Antigua and Barbuda, 48 apartheid, 274 Apia, Samoa, 259 Apo, Mount, 242 Appenines, 166, 260 Arab, 44, 202, 211, 213, 231, 248, 263, 282, 301, 303, 310 Arabian Desert, 119 Arabian Peninsula, 231, 262, 310, 326 Arabian Sea, 152, 153, 231, 232 Aragats, Mt., 51 Arakan Yoma, 214 Aral Sea, 174 Aras River, 51 archery, 303 archipelago, 8, 57, 87, 100, 108, 127, 156, 169, 270, 320 architecture, 303 Arctic Archipelago, 87 Arctic Circle, 87, 151, 285 Arctic Ocean, 251 Arctic Ocean Territories, 334 Ardennes Mountains, 66, 129, 189 Argentina, 49-50 Armenia, 51, 56 art, 167, 227, 280, 312 Artibonite River, 146 arts and crafts, 58, 86, 139, 142, 163 Aruba, 338 Ashkhabad, Turkmenistan, 304 Ashmore and Cartier Islands, 340 Asia, 20, 28 Asia Minor, 302 Asmara, Eritrea, 123 Astana, Kazakhstan, 174

Asuncion, Paraguay, 239 Aswan High Dam, 119 Atakora Mountains, 69 atheism, 42 Athens, Greece, 138, 139 Atlantic Ocean, 13, 57, 89, 116, 122, 151, 164, 246, 258, 313 Atlantic Ocean Territories, 335 atlas, 8, 9, 12, 14, 43 Atlas Mountains, 210, 300 atoll, 8, 178, 197, 201, 206, 265 attan, 41 Auckland, New Zealand, 222 Australia, 52-53, 217 Austria, 54-55 Ayers Rock, 52 Aymara, 71 Azerbaijan, 56 Azeri, 161 Azov, Sea of, 308

Bab el Mandeb, 326 Babelthaup, 236 baby boom, 315 backgammon, 303 badminton, 62, 159 Bafata Plateau, 144 Bafing River, 143 Baghdad, Iraq, 162, 163 Bahamas, 57 Bahrain, 58 Bahrain, Gulf of, 248 Bairiki, Kiribati, 178 Baiul, Oksana, 309 Baker and Howland Islands, 342 Bakongo, 47 Baku, Azerbaijan, 56 Balaneshty, Mount, 207 Balanta, 144 Balaton, Lake, 149 Balearic Islands, 277 Bali, 157 Balkan Mountains, 79, 138 Balkan Peninsula, 42, 72, 249, 328 ballet, 51, 124, 254, 309 Balsas River, 204 Baltic Lakes, 244 Baltic Sea, 124, 128, 182, 188, 244, 251, 285 Baltic States, 188 Baluch, 234 Bamako, Mali, 198, 199 Bambara, 199 bamboo, 70 Bamileke, 86

Banaba, 178 Banbara, 202 Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei, 78 Banfora Escarpment, 80 Bangkok, Thailand, 295, 296 Bangladesh, 59-62, 312 Bangui, Central African Republic, 90 Banjul, Gambia, 132 Bantu, 103, 194, 331 Baoule, 106 Baraka River, 123 Barbados, 63 Barcelona, Spain, 278 Barents Sea, 230 Barisan Mountains, 156 Ba River, 127 Barlavento, 89 barrier reef, 68, 197 baseball, 104, 109, 116, 167, 172, 205, 237, 276, 316, 323 Bashkir, 253 basketball, 53, 65, 97, 99, 103, 104, 109, 142, 150, 167, 173, 211, 225, 237, 241, 254, 316, 317, 329 basketry, 84, 268 Basotho, 184 Bassa, 185 Basseterre, St. Kits and Nevis, 256 Bata, Equatorial Guinea, 122 Bateke Plateau, 101 batik, 196 Bauman Peak, 297 Baykal, Lake, 252 BBC, 312 Beatles, 312 Bedouin, 120, 163, 173, 289 beech tree, 189 Beijing, China, 94 Beiruit, Lebanon, 183 Bekaa Valley, 183 Belarus, 64-65 Belgium, 66-67 Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 328, 329 Belize, 68 Belize Barrier Reef, 68 Belize City, Belize, 68 Belmopan, Belize, 68 Bengal, 61 Bengal, Bay of, 59, 152, 153, 214 Benin, 69 Benue River, 226 Bequia, 258 Berber, 44, 202, 211, 300 Berlin, Germany, 134 Bermuda, 335 Berne, Switzerland, 287 Betsiboka River, 191 Bette Peak, 186

Bhote, 70 Bhutan, 70 Biafra, Bight of , 85 bicycling, 130, 135, 142, 167, 221, 225, 254, 278, 316 Bie Plateau, 46 Bight of Biafra, 85 Bikini, 201 Binga, Mount, 212 Bioko, 122 biomes, 37 Birkirkara, Malta, 200 birth rate, 58, 189 Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, 180 Bismarck Archipelago, 238 Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, 144 Black Forest, 134 Black Sea, 79, 133, 249, 250, 251, 302, 308 Black Volta River, 80 Blanc, Mont, 129 blizzards, 346 Blue Mountains, 168 Blue Nile River, 281 Boa Vista, 89 boat people, 148 boating, 135, 150, 221, 316 Bobo, 81 bobsledding, 287 Bodensee, Lake, 54 Bogota, Colombia, 98 Bohemia, 111 Bohemian Forest, 111 Bolivia, 71 Bolshoi Ballet, 254 Bombay, India, 152 Bomi Hills, 185 Bong Mountains, 185 Bon Pays, 189 Borneo, 78, 156, 157, 195 Bornholm, 113 Bosnia & Herzegovina, 72, 107, 328 Bothnia, Gulf of, 128, 285 Botrange, 66 Botswana, 73 Bougainville, 238 Bouvet Island, 335 bowling, 172, 316 boxing, 65, 103, 276 Brasilia, Brazil, 74 Bratislava, Slovakia, 268 Brava, 89 Brazil, 74-77 Brazzaville, Congo, 101 Bridgetown, Barbados, 63 Britain, 311 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 312 British Commonwealth of Nations, 234

British Indian Ocean Territory, 340 British Isles, 311 British Virgin Islands, 338 bronchitis, 89 Brunei, 78 Brussels, Belgium, 66 Buada Lagoon, 217 Bubi, 122 Bubiyan, 179 Bubka, Sergei, 309 Bucharest, Romania, 249, 250 Budapest, Hungary, 149 Buddhism, 84, 154, 215, 229, 280, 291, 296, 325 Buell, Abel, 15 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 49 Bug River, 244 Bujumbura, Burundi, 82 Buka, 238 Bulgaria, 79, 207 bullfighting, 99, 104, 205, 241, 247, 278 Burkina Faso, 80-81 Burma, 214 Burmese, 215 Burundi, 82 Byelavyezhskaya Forest, 64 Byelorussian, 182, 188, 245, 253, 309

Cabinda, 46 Cairo, Egypt, 119 calendar, 32 California, 314 calligraphy, 97, 291 calms, 13 calypso music, 299 Cambodia, 83-84 Cameroon, 85-86 Cameroon, Mount, 85 Campania, 167 campesinos, 99 camping, 222, 245, 268, 286, 287 Canada, 87-88, 313 Canadian Shield, 87 Canary Islands, 12, 277 Canberra, Australia, 52, 53 cancer, 65, 188 Cancer, Tropic of, 13 Canouan, 258 Cape Mountains, 273 Cape Town, South Africa, 273 Cape Verde, 89, 261, 335 Capricorn, Tropic of, 13 Caracas, Venezuela, 322, 323 Carajos Shoals, 203 Cargados, 203 Caribbean region, 57 Caribbean Sea, 48, 63, 108, 115, 116, 140, 141, 146, 147, 168, 256, 257, 258, 299, 322,335

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Carnival, 77 Caroline Islands, 206 Carpathian Mountains, 111, 149, 207, 244, 249, 268, 308, 309 carpets, 51, 56, 139, 161, 163, 211, 259 Carriacou, 140 cartography, 9 Casablanca, Morocco, 210, 211 Casamance River, 264 Caspian Sea, 56, 160, 161, 174, 252, 304 caste system, 70, 154, 327 Castries, St. Lucia, 257 Catherine, Mount, 140 Caucasian, 303 Caucasus Mountains, 56, 133, 252 Cavalla River, 185 caves, 269 Cayman Islands, 338 cays, 57 Central African Republic, 90 Central America, 68, 104, 121, 141, 147, 223, 237 ceramics, 291 Cerros de Celaque, 147 Cestos River, 185 Ceylon, 279 Chaco, 239 Chad, 91 Chad, Lake, 85, 91, 224 Chambesh River, 330 Chambi, Mount, 300 Chan, 325 chanting, 227, 272 Chapala, Lake, 204 Chari River, 91 Charlestown, St. Kitts and Nevis, 256 Chechen, 253 Chelif River, 43 Chernobyl, 65 Chewa, 194 Chiapas Highlands, 204, 205 chihuahua, 204 Chile, 92-93 Chimoio Highlands, 212 China, 94-97, 148, 217, 291, 313, 325 Chisinau, Moldova, 207 Chittagong Hills, 59, 60 Chobe River, 73 Choiseul, 270 cholera, 11, 219 Christianity, 123, 183, 243, 294, 298, 307, 300, 320, 331 Christmas Island, 341 Chukchi, 253 Chuvash, 253 Cidade de Praia, Cape Verde, 89 circumference, earth’s, 11 Citlaltepetl, 204 civil war, 47, 72, 84, 121, 183 , 213, 234,

350

255, 280, 282, 315, 329 clan, 180, 272 climate zones, 36 coconut, 305 Cocos Islands, 104, 340 Colombia, 98-99 Colombo, Sri Lanka, 279 Colon, Panama, 237 Colorado River, 314 Columbia River, 314 Columbus, 12 Coma Pedrosa, 45 Comino, 200 Cominotto, 200 Commonwealth of Independent States, 253 communicable diseases, 282 communism, 96, 97, 109, 229, 253, 291, 325 Comoros, 100 compass rose, 9 composers, music, 55, 135, 150, 245, 254, 309 Conakry, Guinea, 143 Confucianism, 229 Congo, 101 Congo (Zaire), 102-103 Congo River, 90, 101, 102 Constance, Lake, 287 contours, 10 Cook Islandsk, 342 Cook, Mount, 222 Copenhagen, Denmark, 113 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 245 coral , 48, 63, 197, 200, 206, 265 coral reef, 127, 157, 178, 203, 236, 258, 259 Coral Sea Islands, 342 cordillera, 71, 87, 92, 98, 104, 116 Cordillera Central, 104 Cordillera de Guancaste, 104 Cordillera de Talamanca, 104 Corsica, 129 Costa Rica, 104 Côte d’Azur, 208 Côte d’Ivoire, 105-106 Côte Lorraines, 66 Cotonou, Benin, 69 cowboy, 323 Creole, 68, 203, 261, 265, 266, 283 Crete, 138 cricket, 53, 62, 155, 222, 235, 274, 333 crime, 11, 47, 84, 135, 175, 257 Crimea, 308 Cristal Mountains, 102, 131 Cristobal Colon, 98 Croat, 55, 72, 328, 329 Croatia, 107, 328 Cuba, 108-109, 146

Cuchilla Grande, 317 currencies, 34 currents, ocean, 37 cyclone, 60, 203, 298 Cypriot, 110 Cyprus, 110 czar, 253 Czech Republic, 111-112 Czechoslovakia, 268

Dakar, Senegal, 264 Dalmacia, 107 Damascus, Syria, 288, 289 Damrei Mountains, 83 Danakil Depression, 123 Danakil Desert, 125 dance, 41, 42, 62, 103, 127, 139, 155, 159, 177, 194, 199, 205, 219, 241, 245, 259, 280, 294, 299, 307, 316, 323, 331 Danube River, 54, 79, 149, 249, 268, 328 Dan-Yacouba, 106 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 293, 294 Darien Mountains, 237 Dead Sea, 165, 173 death rate, 47, 81, 82, 91, 100, 132, 309 debke, 173 Deccan Plateau, 153 defense budget, 34 degrees, 12 Delhi, India, 154 Democratic Republic of Congo, 102 Denmark, 113 D’Entrecasteaux Island, 238 desert, 40, 43, 51, 52, 73, 80, 81, 91, 95, 114, 119, 125, 153, 160, 162, 165, 173, 174, 179, 186, 191, 198, 199, 202, 209, 216, 224, 231, 233, 240, 248, 251, 262, 273, 281, 288, 304, 313, 318, 326 Dhaka, Bangladesh, 59 Diablotin, Mount, 115 diamonds, 216, 266, 273, 322 Digue, La, 265 dike, 220 Dimlang Peak, 226 Dinara, 107 Dinka, 282 Diola, 264 Dion, Celine, 88 Dion River, 143 Djerma-Songhai, 225 Djibouti, 114 Dnestr River, 207 dog, 204 Doha, Qatar, 248 Doiran Lake, 190

Dominica, 115 Dominican Republic, 116, 146 Don River, 252 Donegal Mountains, 164 Douala, Cameroon, 85 Douro River, 246 Dover, Strait of, 66 Drakensberg Mountains, 184 drama, 214 Drava River, 328 Dravidian, 154 Dreketi River, 127 drought, 73, 81, 89, 210, 212, 217, 239, 271, 272, 307, 317 Duars Plain, 70 Duarte Peak, 116 Dubai, 310 Dublin, Ireland, 164 Dufourspitze, 287 Dushanbe, Tajikstan, 292 dwarf lemur, 191 dzong, 70 Dzyarzhynsk Mountain, 64

Earth, circumference of, 11 earthquake, 151, 209, 210, 240, 242 East African Rift System, 102 Eastern Desert, 119 Eastern Orthodox, 207 Ebeye Island, 201 Ecuador, 117-118 Éfaté, 320 eggs, painted, 112 Egypt, 119-120 El Gezira, 281 El Salvador, 121 Elbe River, 134 Elbrus, Mount, 252 Elburz Mountains, 160 embroidery, 51, 139, 192 emigration, 89, 90, 121 Emi Koussi, 91 emperor, 253 Ems River, 134 endangered species, 38 Enewetak, 201 Enns River, 54 Enriquillo, Lake, 116 Epirus, 138 equal rights, 222 equator, 10, 12, 13, 122, 131, 217, 261, 306 Equatorial Guinea, 122 Erg, 43 Eritrea, 123 Erromango, 320 escarpment, 134 Esfahan, Iran, 161 Eskimo, 315

Espiritu Santo, 320 Essequibo River, 145 Estonia, 124 Estrela, 246 Ethiopia, 125-126 ethnic makeup, 8 Euphrates River, 162, 163, 288 Europe, 18, 26 Everest, Mount, 94, 218 Ewe, 137 exports, 8

Faeroe Islands, 335 Falkland Islands, 336 family, 41, 48, 49, 55, 76, 107, 120, 133, 137, 150, 154, 167, 173, 175, 243, 247, 259, 263, 289, 303, 307 famine, 47, 229, 307 Fang, 122, 131 Farga de Moles, La, 45 Fatima, Portugal, 247 Faylakah, 179 fencing, 150 Fergana Valley, 318 Fernandino, 122 festivals, 45, 67, 78, 124, 126, 139, 161, 163, 172, 237, 241, 260, 291, 300 field hockey, 62, 155, 221 Fiji, 127, 270, 305 Filfla, 200 Filipino, 243 Finland, 128 Finland, Gulf of, 124, 128 fiord, 113, 230 fish, 193 Flanders, 66, 67 flat map, 10 flooding, 60, 61, 145, 224, 239 floodplain, 75 Florida, 313 Fogo, 89 folk art, 42, 112, 247, 250, 268 folk culture, 235, 309 folk dance, 79, 99, 139, 173, 205, 229 folklore, 182, 323 folk music, 41, 42, 79, 99, 124, 139, 150, 190, 250 folk song, 99, 124, 175, 182, 247 Fontvieille, Monaco, 208 football, 88, 316 forest, 64, 68, 72, 82, 111, 124, 134, 189, 251, 306, 314, 322 Fouta Djallon, 143, 144 France, 129-130, 297, 301 frankincense, 231 Freetown, Sierra Leone, 266 French Guiana, 336 French Polynesia, 342 French Riviera, 208

Frunze, Kyrgyzstan, 180 Fujairah, 310 Fuji, Mount, 169 Fula, 132, 143, 144, 225 Fulani, 86, 264 Fulbe, 202 Funafuti, Tuvalu, 305

Ga, 137 Gabon, 131 Gaborone, Botswana, 73 Gafsa, Tunisia, 300 Gaizinkalns, 182 Galapagos Islands, 117 Galdhopiggen, 230 Galicia, 278 Galilee, 165 Galilee, Sea of, 173 Gambia, 132, 264 Gambia River, 132, 143, 264 gambling, 296 gamelon, 159 Gandhi, Mahatma, 154 Ganges River, 59, 153 Garifuna Indians, 147 Gash River, 123 Gatun Lake, 237 gaucho, 50 Geba River, 144 Geneva, Lake, 287 Georgetown, Guyana, 145 Georgia, 133 Gerlachovsky, Mount, 268 Germany, 134-135, 180 geyser, 151, 222 Ghana, 81, 136-137 Ghats, 153 Gibraltar, 336 Gibraltar, Strait of, 210, 277 Gilbert Islands, 178 Gimie, Mt., 257 Gio, 185 glacier, 64, 151, 230, 287 glass painting, 268 globe, 10 Gobi Desert, 95, 209 gold, 58, 273 golf, 53, 172, 274, 276, 316, 333 Gonave, Gulf of, 146 Goombay, 57 Gotland, 285 Gozo, 200 Gran Santiago, Chile, 92 Gran Valira River, 45 Grand Bahama, 57 Grand Etang, 140 Grande Comore, 100 granite, 265 grassland, 330

351

graves, 192 Great Abaco, 57 Great Barrier Reef, 52 Great Britain, 234, 307, 311 Great Dividing Range, 52, 53 Great Escarpment, 75 Great Lakes, 87 Great Rift Valley, 125, 165, 193, 255 Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe, 332, 333 Greater Antilles, 168 Greater Sundra Islands, 156 Greater Hinggan Mountains, 95 Greboun, Mount, 224 Greece, 9, 138-139 Greeks, 110 Greenland, 113, 336 Greenwich, England, 12 Grenada, 140 Grenadines, 258 Grossglockner, 54 Guadalcanal, 270 Guadeloupe, 335 Guadiana River, 246 Guam, 343 Guatemala, 141-142 Guatemala City, Guatemala, 141 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 117 Guest House Hill, 185 Guinea, 143 Guinea, Gulf of, 136, 261 Guinea-Bissau, 144 gulf, 8 Gulf of Mexico, 204 Gulf of Oman, 310 Gurage, 126 Gutland, 189 Guyana, 145 gymnastics, 172, 229, 2545 Gypsy, 55, 250, 268

Ha’apai, 298 Haiti, 116, 146 Halmahera, 157 Hamgyong Mountains, 228 Hamite, 103, 126 handicrafts, 51, 56, 58, 78, 84, 137, 161, 163, 201, 211, 247, 272, 280, 282 Hanoi, Vietnam, 324, 325 Harare, Zimbabwe, 332, 333 hardveld, 73 Hari River, 40 Hausa, 225, 227 Havana, Cuba, 108 Hawaii, 313, 314, 315 Hazara, 41 Heard and McDonald Islands, 341 Heha, Mount, 82 Helsinki, Finland, 128 hepatitis, 137

352

Hermon, Mount, 183 High Tatras, 268 Hiiumaa, 124 hiking, 53, 112, 135, 150, 222, 245, 250, 254, 268, 286, 287, 316 Himalayas, 70, 94, 152, 218, 219 Hindu Kush Mountains, 40 Hinduism, 70, 154, 158, 219, 280, 299 Hindustani, 283 Hispaniola, 116, 146 Hkakabo Razi, 214 Hmong, 181, 296, 325 hobbies, 316 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 324, 325 hockey, 65, 88, 254, 286, 329 Hohe Tauren, 54 Hokkaido, 170, 171 Holland, 220 Holy See, 321 Honduras, 147 Hong Kong, 148 Honiara, Solomon Islands, 270 Honshu, 169, 171 Hornad River, 268 Horse Latitudes, 13 horseback riding, 303 hot springs, 151, 222 Hoverla, Mount, 308 Hrazdan River, 51 Hron River, 268 Huang He River, 94 Huascaran, 240 Hudson Bay, 87 Hungary, 149-150 Hutu, 255 Hydroelectric power, 46, 284

Ialomita River, 249 Iberian Peninsula, 246, 277 Ibo, 227 Iboundji, Mount, 131 Iceland, 151 ice skating, 130, 221, 230 Iguacu Falls, 49 Ile de Gonave, 146 immigration, 88, 112, 130, 165, 179, 315 India, 59, 61, 152-155, 234, 312 Indian, 241 Indian Ocean, 100, 156, 176, 191, 203, 212, 265, 271, 293, 326, 340 Indian Ocean Territories, 340 indigenous beliefs, 86, 106, 192, 213, 294, 307, 333 indigenous people, 70, 78, 196 Indochinese Peninsula, 83, 181, 324 Indonesia, 156-159 Indus River, 232 infant mortality, 90, 91, 106, 132, 143

infectious diseases, 122, 147 influenza, 82 Inn River, 54 Inn-Danube River, 287 instruments, musical, 39 international time zones, 32 intestinal diseases, 118 Inthanon Mountain, 295 Inuit, 9, 253, 315 Ionian Islands, 138 Iran, 160-161 Iraq, 162-163 Ireland, 164, 311, 312 Irrawaddy River, 214 irrigation, 43 Isabal, Lake, 141 Isla de Margarita, 322 Islam, 44, 197, 225, 248, 294, 310 Islamabad, Pakistan, 232 island, 113, 122, 124, 128, 164, 166, 169, 275, 285, 311 island country, 48, 57, 58, 63, 89, 100, 104, 108, 110, 115, 116, 127, 146, 140, 151, 156, 168, 178, 191, 197, 200, 201, 203, 206, 217, 222, 236, 238, 242, 256, 257, 258, 259, 261, 265, 267, 270, 279, 290, 298, 299, 305, 320 Isle of Man, 336 Israel, 165 Issas, 114 Istanbul, Turkey, 302, 303 Isthmus of Panama, 237 Isthmus of Tehuantepec, 204 Italy, 166-167, 260 ivory, 9 Ivory Coast, 105

Jakarta, Indonesia, 156 Jamaica, 168 Jamuna River, 60 Japan, 169-172, 241, 325 Japan, Sea of, 169, 171, 228 Jarvis Island, 343 Java, 156, 158 Jan Mayen island, 334 Jersey, 336 Jerusalem, Israel, 165 jewelry, 199, 225, 235, 241, 280 Jews, 50, 130, 165, 253, 300, 309 Jhelum River, 232 Jinja, Uganda, 307 Jiu River, 249 Johnston Atoll, 343 Jola, 132 Jordan, 173 Jordan River, 173 Jostedal Glacier, 230

Juazapines, 188 Jubba River, 271 Julian Alps, 269 jungle, 240, 281 Junkanoo, 57 Jura Mountains, 129, 287 Jutland, 113

K2, 232 Kabul, Afghanistan, 40 Kabyle, 44 Kachin, 215 Kadavu, 127 Kafue River, 330 Kaieteur Falls, 145 Kalahari Desert, 73, 216, 273 Kalenjin, 177 Kalimantan, 156 Kamaran, 326 Kamba, 177 Kampala, Uganda, 306, 307 Kanchenjunga, 153 Kanuri, 225 Kapuas River, 156 Karachi, Pakistan, 232 Kara-Darya, 180 Karagiye Depression, 174 Karakoram Mountains, 232 Karen, 215 Karisimbi, 255 Karnali River, 218 Karpas Peninsula, 110 Karre Mountains, 90 Karst, 269 Karthala, 100 Kashmir, 234 Kathmandu, Nepal, 218, 219 Kavir Desert, 160 Kazakh, 209, 253, 292, 304, 319 Kazakhstan, 174-175 Kediet Ijill, Mount, 202 Kegali, Rwanda, 255 Kempenland, 66 kendo, 172 Kentucky, 314 Kenya, 176-177 Kerry, Mountains of, 164 key, 9 Khartoum, Sudan, 281 Khmer, 84, 296, 325 Khorasan Mountains, 160 khorovody, 309 kibbutzim, 165 kickboxing, 296 Kiev, Ukraine, 308 Kagali, Rwanda, 255 Kikuyu, 177 Kilimanjaro, Mount, 293 Kimbundu, 47

Kinabalu, Mount, 195 Kinabatangan River, 195 Kindundu, 47 Kingman Reef, 343 Kingston, Jamaica, 168 Kingstown, St. Vincent/Grenadines, 258 Kinshasa, Congo, 102, 103 Kiribati, 178, 217 Kiritimati, 178 Kirov Ballet, 254 Kivu, Lake, 102, 255 Kjolen Mountains, 230 Kokpar, 175 Kolen Mountains, 285 Kombo St. Mary, Gambia, 132 Komoe National Park, 105 Kongo, 101 Korab, 42 Korabit, Mount, 190 Korea Bay, 228 Koror, Palau, 236 Koryak, 253 Kosciusko, Mount, 52 Kosi River, 218 Kosovo, Yugoslavia, 329 Kowloon, 148 Kowloon Peak, 148 Kpelle, 185 Krahn, 185 Kravanh Mountains, 83 Krkonose Mountains, 111 Kru, 185 Kuala Belait, Brunei, 78 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 195 Kunama, 123 Kunene River, 216 Kunlun Mountains, 94 Kura River, 133 Kurd, 289 Kuwait, 179 Kuwait City, Kuwait, 179 Kwajalein Atoll, 201 Kyrenia Mountains, 110 Kyrgyz, 292, 319 Kyrgyzstan, 180 Kyushu, 170, 171

La Condamine, Monaco, 208 La Digue, 265 La Paz, Bolivia, 71 Labuan, 195 lace, 247 lacrosse, 88 Ladino, 142 Ladoga, Lake, 252 lagoon, 48, 69, 105, 131, 176, 178, 185, 201, 204, 226 Lagos, Nigeria, 226 Laguna de Bay, 242

lake, 54, 71, 128, 136, 165, 188, 193, 252, 285, 293 Lamaism, 209 landlocked country, 40, 45, 51, 64, 70, 71, 73, 80, 82, 90, 91, 111, 125, 149, 180, 181, 187, 189, 190, 193, 198, 207, 209, 218, 224, 239, 255, 268, 284, 287, 292, 306, 330, 332 landmarks of the world, 39 languages of the world, 33 lang, k.d., 88 Lantau Island, 148 Lao Loum, 181 Lao Soung, 181 Lao Theung, 181 Laos, 181 Lapland, 286 Latin America, 109 latitude, 10, 11, 12, 13 Latvia, 182 leatherwork, 327 Lebanon, 183 Lebanon Mountains, 183 Lebombo Mountains, 284 legend (map), 9 lemur, dwarf, 191 Lena River, 252 leprosy, 219 Lesotho, 184, 273 Lesser Antilles, 256 Lesser Sundra Islands, 157 leukemia, 65 Lewis and Clark Expedition, 15 Liamuiga, Mount, 256 Liberia, 185 Libreville, Gabon, 131 Libya, 186 Libyan Desert, 119, 186 Liechtenstein, 187 life expectancy, 18, 48, 148, 266, 315 Liguria, Italy, 167 Lilongwe, Malawi, 193 Lima, Peru, 240, 241 limbo dance, 299 limestone, 269 Line Islands, 178 lingua franca, 238 Lisbon, Portugal, 246, 247 literate, 8 Lithuania, 188 Ljubljana, Slovenia, 269 llanero, 323 Lobi, 81 locator, 9 Logone River, 91 Loire River, 129 Lombardy, Italy, 167 Lome, Togo, 297 London, England, 311

353

Long Island, Bahamas, 57 Long Mountains, 230 longitude, 10, 11, 12 Louisiade Archipelago, 238 Loum, 181 Luanda, Angola, 46 Luangwa River, 330 Luapula River, 330 Luhya, 177 Lunda-Chokwe, 47 Luo, 177 Lusaka, Zambia, 330, 331 Lut Desert, 160 Luxembourg, 189 Luzon, 242

Macedonia, 138, 190, 328 Madagascar, 191-192 Madrid, Spain, 277, 278 Madura, 158 Magellan, 12 Maghna River, 60 Maglic, 72 Magyar, 329 Mahe, 265 Main Range Mountains, 195 Maio, 89 Majardah River, 300 Majuro, Marshall Islands, 201 Makonde, 212 makossa, 86 Makua-Lomwe, 213 Malabo, Equatorial Guinea, 122 Malagasy, 192 Malaita, 270 Malakula, 320 malaria, 81, 82, 103, 122, 132, 137, 143, 144 Malawi, 193-194 Malawi, Lake, 193 Malay, 267 Malaysia, 195-196 Maldives, 197 Malé, Maldives, 197 Mali, 198-199 Malinke, 106, 143 malnutrition, 118, 137, 266, 329 Malta, 200 Managua, Lake, 223 Managua, Nicaragua, 223 Manama, Bahrain, 58 Manchuria, 95 Mande, 199 Mandinga, 144 Mandingo, 185, 264 Mandinka, 132 Mangoky River, 191 Mania River, 191 Manila, Philippines, 242 Manjaca, 144

354

Maori, 222 map index, 9 maps, 9-39 Maputo, Mozambique, 212, 213 marble, 45 Margherita Peak, 102, 306 Mari, 253 mariachi, 205 marimba, 142, 212, 213 Maroon, 283 marsh, 64, 69 Marshall Islands, 201 martial arts, 172, 173, 229, 276 Martinique, 339 Masaka, Uganda, 307 Maseru, Lesotho, 184 mask, 81, 86, 106, 226, 280 Massif De La Hotte, 146 Massif De La Selle, 146 Massif Du Nord, 146 Mauritania, 202 Mauritius, 203 Maurs, 202 Maya Mountains, 68 Mayo, Mountains of, 164 Mayombe Escarpment, 101 Mazowe River, 332 Mbabane, Swaziland, 284 Mbale, Uganda, 307 Mbarara, Uganda, 307 M’Bochi, 101 measles, 82, 122, 137 Mediterranean Sea, 110, 138, 165, 166, 183, 186, 200, 208, 277, 288, 300 Medvedev, Andrei, 309 Mekong River, 83, 181, 295, 324 Melanesian, 270 melting pot, 315 Mende, 266 Mercator, 10, 14 meridian, 12 Meron, Mount, 165 mesa, 204 Mesaoria, 110 Meseta, 277 Mestico, 144 Mestizo, 68, 71, 93, 118, 142, 147, 205, 223, 237, 239, 241, 323 Mexico, 204-205, 313 Mexico, Gulf of, 204 Mexico City, Mexico, 204, 205 Michelangelo, 321 Micronesia, 206 Middle Ages, 260 Middle Atlantic States, 314 Middle East, 58, 160, 162, 165, 173, 179, 183, 231, 248, 288 Midwestern States, 314 Mindanao and Sulu Archipelago, 242 Mindoro, 242

Midway Islands, 343 Mina Jabal Ali. 310 Minsk, Belarus, 64 minute, 12 Mirador Nacional, 317 Miskito Indians, 147 missionaries, 333 Mississippi River, 314, 315 Mlanje Sapitwa, Mount, 193 Modekngei, 236 Mogadishu, Somalia, 271 Mohajir, 234 Moheli, 100 Moldova, 207 Moldoveanu, Mount, 249 Molleweid, 10 Molucca Islands, 157 Mon, 215 Monaco, 208 Mongolia, 209 Mongolian Border Highlands, 95 monolith, 52 Monrovia, Liberia, 185 monsoon, 60, 83, 197, 214, , 326, 332 Mont Blanc, 129 Monte Carlo, Monaco, 208 Montenegrin, 329 Montenegro, 328 Montevideo, Uruguay, 317 Montserrat, 339 Moors, 199 Moravia, 111 Mordvin, 253 Morocco, 210-211 Moroni, Comoros, 100 Morrison, Mount, 290 Moscow, Russia, 251, 253, 254 Moselle River, 189 Moshi Dogamba, 137 Mosque of Suleiman I, 303 Mosquito Coast, 147 Mossi, 81 Motagna River, 141 mountain chain, 8 mountain climbing, 222, 250, 268, 287 movies, 97, 112, 135, 155, 159, 235, 241, 243, 245, 254, 291, 312, 316 Mozambique, 212-213 Mozambique Channel, 100 Mpigi, Uganda, 307 Muay Thai, 296 mulatto, 146, 237 Mullerthal, 189 Mur River, 54 mural, 213 Murray, Anne, 88 Murz River, 54 Muscat, Oman, 231 music, 55, 62, 86, 88, 103, 205, 219, 237, 241, 245, 254, 291, 299, 307,

312, 316, 329, 331 musical styles, 39 museum, 167 Muslim, 41, 91, 114, 123, 161, 183, 199, 202, 211, 225, 231, 234, 248, 294, 299, 304, 307, 319, 327, 329 Muslim League, 234 Mustique, 258 Mwera, Lake, 102 Myanmar, 214-215 M’zabite, 44

Naga, 215 Nagorno, 56 Nairobi, Kenya, 176 Naktong River, 275 Namib Desert, 216, 273 Namibia, 216 Nangnim Mountains, 228 Nanumanga, 305 Nanumea, 305 Narayani River, 218 Nassau, Bahamas, 57 Nasser, Lake, 119 Native American, 315 natural gas, 262, 300 Nauru, 217 Navassa Island, 339 navigation chart, 10 Naxcivan, 56 Nayramadlin Peak, 209 Ndebele, 333 N’Djamena, Chad, 91 Neblina Peak, 75 Negev Desert, 165 Neman River, 188 Nepal, 218-219 Nepalese, 70 Netherlands, 220-221 Netherlands Antilles, 339 New Caledonia, 343 New Delhi, India, 152 New England, 313, 314 New Georgia, 270 New Guinea, 238 New Providence, 57 New South Wales, 53 New Territories, 148 New World, 315 New York City, 313 New Zealand, 222 Nganguela, 47 Ngaouri, Mount, 90 Ngoni, 194 Niamey, Niger, 224 Niari Valley, 101 Nicaragua, 223 Nicaragua, Lake, 223 Nicosia, Cyprus, 110

Niger, 224-225 Nigeria, 226-227 Niger Plains, 69 Niger River, 69, 198, 199, 224, 226 Nile River, 82, 119, 120, 281, 282, 306 Nimba, Mount, 143, 185 Niulakita, 305 Niue, 343 Niutao, 305 ni-Vanuatu, 320 nomad, 91, 120, 126, 132, 163, 173, 174, 175, 177, 186, 199, 202, 225, 231, 272, 288, 289, 319, 326, 327 Norfolk Isand, 344 North America, 22, 30 North Korea, 228-229 North Pacific Ocean, 201, 206 North Pole, 9, 12, 13 North Sea, 66, 220, 230 Northern Hemisphere, 13 Northern Ireland, 164 Northern Mariana Islands, 344 Norway, 230 Norwegian Sea, 230 Nouakchott, Mauritania, 202 Ntlenyana, Mount, 184 Nui, 305 Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 298 Nukufetau, 305 Nukulaelae, 305 Nung, 325 Nyala, 281 Nyanja, 194 Nyasa, Lake, 193

Oasis, 161, 262 Ob River, 252 Oceania, 21, 29 oceans, 36 Oder River, 134, 244 Ogooue River, 131 Ohrid Lake, 190 oil, 58, 161, 179, 248, 262, 300, 323 Okavango River, 216 Okavango Swamp, 73 Olt River, 249 Olympics, 65 Olympus, Mount, 110, 138 Oman, 231, 310 Oman, Gulf of, 160, 231, 310 Omyene, 131 Onilahy River, 191 opera, 124, 150 oral traditions, 82, 84, 194, 199, 227, 307 Orange River, 184, 216, 273 orchid, 191 Ordos Desert, 95 Oromo, 126 orphan, 84, 121

Oscars, 312 Osijek, Croatia, 107 Oslo, Norway, 230 Oti River, 136 Ottawa, Canada, 87 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 80-81 Our River, 189 Outback, 52 Ovambo, 216 Ovimbundu, 47

Pacific Coast States, 314 Pacific Ocean, 92, 141, 156, 169, 178, 217, 238, 242, 251, 270, 313, 320 Pacific Ocean Territories, 342 Paektu, Mount, 228 Pagon Peak, 78 Pahang River, 195 painting, 103, 135, 205, 213, 221, 243, 250, 268, 291, 309, 325 Pakistan, 61, 232-235 Palau, 236 Palikir, Micronesia, 206 Palk Strait, 279 Palmyra Atoll, 344 Pamir Mountains, 40, 94, 232, 292 Pamirs-Alai Mountains, 318 Panama, 237 Panama Canal, 237 Panama City, Panama, 237 Pampas, 49 panpipes, 118 Papua New Guinea, 238, 270 Paraguay, 239 Paraguay River, 239 parallels, 12 Paramaribo, Suriname, 283 Parana River, 49, 239 parasitic diseases, 89, 132, 147 Parcel Islands, 345 Paris, France, 129 Pashtun, 41, 234 Patagonia, 49 Peak Pobedy, 180 Pedro, Dom, 76 Peipus, Lake, 124 Peloponnesus Peninsula, 138 People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen, 326 per capita income, 91 performing arts, 55, 62, 67, 127, 159, 291, 312 Perim, 326 permafrost, 251 permanent pastures, 8 Persian, 161, 310 Persian Gulf, 58, 160, 162, 179, 248, 262, 310 Peru, 240-241 Peter I Island, 337

355

Petite Martinique, 140 petroleum, 262 Peul, 199 Philippines, 217, 242-243 Philippine Trench, 242 Phnom Arual, 83 Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 83 phosphate, 210, 217, 300 Phou Bia, 181 physical map, 10 Pico de Cano, 89 Pico de Orizaba , 204 Pico Mogoton, 223 pidgin, 238, 270, 320 Pilcomayo River, 239 Pindus Mountains, 138 Pitcairn Islands, 344 Pitons, 257 plains, 8 plateau, 46, 60, 69, 151, 160, 181, 224, 277, 330 Pobedy, Peak, 180 poetry, 205, 272 Poland, 188, 244 polder, 220 Poles’ye, 308 political map, 10, 16-23 pollution, 188 polyandry, 219 polygamy, 61 polygyny, 331 Polynesian, 298, 305, 315 Pope, 321 population, 76, 94, 96, 99, 126, 132, 154, 158 population decrease, 309 population density, 8, 35, 47, 61, 63, 71, 82, 91, 100, 121, 131, 200, 203, 209, 215, 221, 255, 267 population growth, 35, 69, 132, 209, 223, 225, 227 Port-au-Prince, Haiti, 146 Port Louis, Mauritius, 203 Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, 238 Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, 299 Port-Vila, Vanuatu, 320 Porto, Portugal, 247 Porto-Novo, Benin, 69 Portugal, 77, 246-247 pottery, 56, 58, 127, 137, 142, 211, 225, 241, 247, 268, 280 poverty, 51, 61, 71, 76, 81, 82, 89, 91, 100, 103, 107, 115, 118, 126, 133, 144, 147, 154, 158, 175, 197, 199, 266, 294, 307, 323, 329 Prague, Czech Republic, 111, 112 Praia, Cape Verde, 89 Praslin, 265

356

Prespa Lake, 190 Pretoria, South Africa, 273 prime meridian, 12 Pripet Marshes, 64 projection, 10 Protestants, 253 Prut River, 207, 249 Ptolemy, 11, 12 Punjabi, 234 puppet, 112, 159, 196 Puerto Rico, 338, 339 Pygmy, 131, 331 Pyongyang, North Korea, 228 Pyrenees Mountains, 45, 129, 277

Qat session, 327 Qatar, 248 Qattara Depression, 119 Qin Ling Mountains, 95 Qoraqalpogh, 319 Quechua, 71 Queensland, 52, 53 Quito, Ecuador, 117 Qurnat as Sawda’, 183 Qyzlqum Desert, 318

Rabat, Morocco, 210 racing, 99, 103, 163, 175, 316 rafflesia, 195 rafting, 331 rain forest, 46, 75, 78, 85, 100, 102,115, 117, 125, 131, 141, 145, 147, 157, 176, 206, 240, 257, 267, 279, 283 rainfall, 60, 83 Rajang River, 195 Rakhine, 215 Ralik, 201 Rand McNally & Company, 15 Rangoon, Myanmar, 214 Ra’s al Khaimah, UAE, 310 Ras Dashen, 125 Rastafarian, 168 Ratak, 201 Ravi River, 232 reading, 229, 276, 316 Real de Turquino, 108 Redondo, 48 Red River, 324 Red Sea, 114, 119, 123, 326 Red Volta River, 80 refugee, 55, 112, 114, 183, 234, 312, 325, 327 reliefs, 10 religions of the world, 33 religious activities, 90, 142, 234 respiratory diseases, 143, 188 Réunion, 341 Rewa River, 127

Reykjavik, Iceland, 151 Rhine River, 129, 134, 187, 287 Rhodesia, 332 Rhodope Mountains, 138 Rhone River, 287 Rif Mountains, 210 Riga, Gulf of, 182 Riga, Latvia, 182 Rigestan Desert, 40 Rijeka, Croatia, 107 Rila-Rhodope massif, 79 Rio Bravo del Norte River, 204 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 74 Rio de Plata, 49 Rio Grande River, 204 Rio Muni, 122 Río Negro, 317 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 262 Robinson map, 10 rock, 48 Rocky Mountain States, 314 Rocky Mountains, 87, 313 rodeo, 317 Rodrigues, 203 Roman Catholic, 50, 116, 150, 164, 188, 208, 223, 243, 245, 247, 253, 255, 260, 299, 317, 321, 323 Romania, 249-250 Romanian Orthodox Church, 250 Rome, Italy, 166, 321 Ronde, 140 Roraima, Mount, 145 Roseau, Dominica, 115 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 221 Rub’ al Khali Desert, 231, 326 rugby, 130, 222, 274, 298, 317, 333 rumba, 331 running, 177, 274, 294 rural, 8 Rusizi River, 255 Russia, 182, 188, 207, 209, 251-254, 304, 313 Russian Orthodox, 253, 304 Ruvubu River, 82 Rwanda, 255 Rysy Peak, 244

Saaremaa, 124 Sab, 272 Sabah, 195 Sahara Atlas Mountains, 43 Sahara Desert, 43, 80, 91, 119, 186, 198, 199, 202, 210 Sahel, 80, 198, 199 Saho, 123 Saigon, Vietnam, 324 sailing, 135, 286 Saint Helena, 337 Saint Pierre and Miquelon, 337

St. George’s, Grenada, 140 St. John River, 185 St. John’s, Antigua, 48 St. Kitts and Nevis, 256 St. Lawrence River, 87 St. Lucia, 257 St. Paul River, 185 St. Petersburg, Russia, 253, 254 St. Vincent/Grenadines, 258 Sal, 89 Salisbury, Zimbabwe, 332 Salmiya, Kuwait, 179 salsa, 109 saltwater lake, 252 Samaal, 272 samba music, 77 Samoa, 259 San Blas Mountains, 237 San Jose, Costa Rica, 104 San Marino, 260 San Salvador, El Salvador, 121 Sana’a, Yemen, 326 Sanaga River, 85 sand dunes, 43, 91, 186, 212, 216 Sangha, 101 Sankarani River, 143 San Miguelito, Panama, 237 Santa Luzia, 89 Santiago, Chile, 93 Santiago River, 204 Santo Anato , 89 Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, 116 Sanyati River, 332 Sao Nicolau, 89 São Tomé and Príncipe, 261 Sao Tiago, 89 Sao Vincente, 89 Sara, 91 Sarajevo, Bosnia, 72 Sarawak, 78, 195 Satpura Mountains, 153 Saudi Arabia, 262-263, 310 Sava River, 328 Savai’i, 259 savanna, 8, 71, 90, 105, 136, 143, 145, 202, 224, 283, 306, 332 scale, 10 scale bar, 9 Scandinavian Peninsula, 285 Schaan, Liechtenstein, 187 Scotland, 311, 312 sculpture, 47, 84, 86, 103, 227, 235, 241 seconds, 12 segregation, 274 Selous Game Reserve, 294 Semite, 126, 289 Senegal, 264 Senegal River, 202, 264

Senoufou, 106 Seoul, South Korea, 275 Serahuli, 132 Serb, 72, 328, 329 Serbia, 328 Serbia and Montenegro, 72 Serengeti National Park, 294 Serer, 264 Seria, 78 Serra da Estrela Mountains, 246 Serra do Mar, 75 Sevana Lake, 51 Seychelles, 265 Shabeelle, 271 Shamanism, 209 Sham Chun River, 148 Shan, 215 Shangdong Peninsula, 95 Shanghai, China, 94 Shannon, River, 164 Sharchops, 70 Sharjah, 310 Shawia, 44 Sherpa, 219 shifting cultivation, 196 Shikoku, 170, 171 Shire River, 193 Shkhara, Mount, 133 shoes, wooden, 221 shogun, 171 Shona, 333 Siam, 295 Siberia, 252, 253 Sichuan Basin, 95 Sicily, 166 Sierra de Bahoruco, 116 Sierra de los Organos, 108 Sierra de Neiba, 116 Sierra de Trinidad, 108 Sierra Leone, 266 Sierra Madre, 121, 204 Sierra Maestras, 108 Sigatoka River, 127 silverwork, 84 Sinai Peninsula, 119 Sindi, 234 Singapore, 267 singing, 82, 259, 294 Sinhalese, 280 Siret River, 249 Sistine Chapel, 321 Sjaelland, Denmark, 113 Skagerrak Strait, 230 skating, 167, 175, 221, 254 skiing, 93, 99, 130, 135, 222, 230, 250, 254, 268, 286, 287, 309, 316, 329 Skopje, Macedonia, 190 slash-and-burn farming, 181 slavery, 48, 63, 257, 258, 263, 266, 283,

315 Slovakia, 268 Slovene, 55, 328 Slovenia, 269, 328 slum 99, 113 soccer, 62, 65, 93, 99, 103, 104, 111, 120, 126, 130, 135, 139, 142, 150, 155, 159, 163, 167, 173, 175, 177, 205, 211, 221, 225, 227, 230, 241, 245, 247, 250, 254, 268, 272, 274, 276, 278, 282, 286, 294, 303, 309, 316, 317, 319, 323, 329 Socotra, 326 Sofia, Bulgaria, 79 Solomon Islands, 238, 270 solstice, 13 Somali, 126 Somalia, 271-272, 327 Soninke, 202 Sosso, 143 Sotovento, 89 Soufriere, Mount, 258 South Africa, 73, 184, 273-274, 284 South America, 23, 31 South China Sea, 148, 195 South China Sea Islands, 345 South Korea, 228, 275-276 South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, 337 South Pacific islands, 92 South Pacific Ocean, 127, 222, 259, 298, 305 South Pole, 12, 13, 346 South West Africa, 216 Southern Alps, 222 Southern Hemisphere, 13 Southern States, 314 Southwestern States, 314 Soviet Union, 65, 124, 133, 174, 253, 292, 304, 309, 318, 319 Spain, 277-278 Special Administrative Region, 148 Split, Croatia, 107 sports, 53, 65, 88, 99, 103, 104, 109, 126, 130, 139, 150, 167, 172, 173, 175, 177, 222, 230, 254, 274, 276, 316, 329 Spratly Islands, 345 Sri Lanka, 279-280 standard of living, 106, 112, 113, 187, 222, 250, 286 Stanley, Mount, 306 Stanley Pool Region, 101 starvation, 272 steppes, 251 Stockholm, Sweden, 285 storytelling, 47, 82, 84 Strait of Dover, 66 Strait of Gibraltar, 210, 277

357

Sucre, Bolivia, 71 Sudan, 281-282 Sudd, 281 Sudeten Mountains, 244 Sudety Mountains, 111 sugarcane, 63, 203 Sulawesi, 156 Sultan Alonto, Lake, 242 Sumatra, 156, 157 Sumava Mountains, 111 summer, 13 sumo, 172 suq, 211 Sûre River, 189 Suriname, 283 Surma River, 60 Sutlej River, 232 Suva, Fiji, 127 Svalbard island, 334 swamp, 71, 73, 100, 101, 131, 144, 176, 185, 204, 206, 212, 226, 236, 266, 267, 281 Swaziland, 284 Sweden, 285-286 swimming, 53, 103, 109, 130, 135, 139, 150, 159, 222, 230, 250, 254, 286, 316 Switzerland, 287 Sydney, Australia, 52 Syr Darya River, 292 Syria, 288-289 Syrian Desert, 162, 173

Table tennis, 97, 276 Tabuaeran, 178 Tabwemasana, Mount, 320 Tadjoura, Gulf of, 114 Tadzhikistan, 292 tae kwon do, 276 Tagus River, 246 Tahan, Mount, 195 Tai Mo, Mount, 148 Taipei, Taiwan, 290 Taiwan, 290-291 Taiwan Strait, 290 Tajik, 41, 292, 319 Tajikstan, 292 takraw, 296 Tallinn, Estonia, 124 Tamil, 280 Tanganyika, Lake, 82, 102, 293 Tanna, 320 Tanzania, 293-294 Taoism, 325 Tarawa, Kiribati, 178 Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 318 Tasmania, 52 Tatar, 253, 292, 304, 319 Taurus Mountains, 162

358

Taveuni, 127 Tay, 325 Ta’Zuta, 200 Tbilisi, Georgia, 133 tea, 194 Tegucigalpa, Honduras, 147 Tehran, Iran, 160 Tehuantepec, Isthmus of, 204 Tejo, 99 Teke, 101 television, 97, 112, 135, 254, 309, 316 Temne, 266 Tendre, Mount, 287 Tengri, Mount, 174 tennis, 53, 62, 104, 126, 130, 159, 171, 221, 222, 254, 274, 276, 286, 316 tennis, table, 97, 276 Teraina, 178 territory, 8 Texas, 314 Thailand, 295-296 Thar Desert, 153, 233 The Hague, Netherlands, 221 thematic maps, 11 Thessaly, 138 Thimphu, Bhutan, 70 Thrace, 138, 302 Tian Shan Mountains, 95, 174, 318 Tibetan Highlands, 94 Tidirhine, Mount, 210 Tien Shan Mountains, 180 Tigre, 123, 126 Tigrinya, 123 Tigris River, 162, 163 time zones, international, 32 Timor, 157 Tirane, Albania, 42 Titano, Mount, 260 Titicaca, Lake, 71, 240 Togo, 297 Togo Mountains, 297 Tokelau, 344 Tokyo, Japan, 169, 171 Tomanivi, Mount, 127 Tonga, 298 Tongariro, Mount, 222 Tongatapu, Tonga, 298 Tonle Sap , 83 topographical map, 10, 24-31 Toronto, Canada, 87 Torrid Zone, 13 Toubkal, Mount, 210 Toucouleur, 202, 264 Tour de France, 130 tourism, 45, 48, 53, 57, 139, 197, 200, 201, 203, 208, 247, 256, 257, 258, 260, 265, 268, 331, 333, 338 Toussoro, Mount, 90 track and field, 109, 211, 274

trade winds, 37 Transdanubia, 149 Transylvania, 249 Traun River, 54 tribe, 41 Triglav, Mount, 269 Trinidad and Tobago, 299 Tripoli, Libya, 186 Trobriand Island, 238 Troodos Mountains, 110 tropical forest, 71 Tropic of Cancer, 13 Tropic of Capricorn, 13 Tuareg, 44, 199, 225 tuberculosis, 89, 132, 143, 144, 219 Tugela River, 184 tugurio, 99 Tuira River, 237 tulips, 221 Tumbuka, 194 Tumen River, 228 tundra, 8, 87, 251 Tunis, Tunisia, 300 Tunisia, 300-301 Turkey, 302-303 Turkmen, 41, 292, 319 Turkmenistan, 304 Turks and Caicos Islands, 339 Tutsi, 255 Tuvalu, 217, 305 Twa, 255, 331 typhoid fever, 144 typhoon, 201, 228, 290, 324 Tyrrhenian Sea, 166

Ubangi River, 90 Udmurt, 253 Uganda, 306-307 Ukraine, 9, 308-309 Ulan Bator, Mongolia, 209 Umm al Quaiwain, UAE, 310 Union, 258 unique animals, 38 United Arab Emirates, 310 United Kingdom, 311-312 United States, 201, 206, 313-316, 325 Upolu, 259 Upper Volta, 80 uranium, 216 urban, 8 Urdu, 310 Uruguay, 317 Uruguay River, 49, 317 Uvs Lake, 209 Uzbek, 41, 180, 292, 304, 319 Uzbekistan, 318-319 Vaal River, 273 Vaalser Berg, 220

Vaduz, Liechtenstein, 187 Vah River, 268 Vaitupu, 305 Valira del Norte, 45 Valira del Oriente, 45 Valletta, Malta, 200 vanilla, 192 Vanua Levu, 127 Vanuatu, 320 Vardar River, 190 Vatican City, 208, 321 Vava’u, 298 Vega Real, 116 veld, 273 Venezuela, 322-323 Victoria Falls, 331 Victoria, Hong Kong, 148 Victoria, Lake, 306, 307 Victoria Peak, 68 Victoria, Seychelles, 265 Vienna, Austria, 54, 55 Vientiane, Laos, 181 Vietnam, 296, 324-325 Vilnius, Lithuania, 188 Vinson Massif, 346 Virgin Islands, 339 Virunga Mountains, 255 Visayan Islands, 242 Vistula River, 244 visual arts, 55, 67, 127 Viti Levu, 127 Volcan Baru, 237 Volcan Tajumulco, 141 volcano, 51, 71, 85, 89, 100, 115, 122, 140, 151, 156, 160, 203, 206, 222, 223, 236, 238, 240, 242, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 261, 320 Volga River, 252 volleyball, 109, 126, 150, 159, 241

Volta, Lake, 136 Voltaic, 199 Volta River, 136 voodoo medicine, 146 Vortsjarv, Lake, 124

Woodlark Island, 238 world maps, 16-17, 24-25 World War II, 315 wrestling, 65, 175, 276, 303, 319 Wu., 215

Wake Islands, 344

Xinjiang-Mongolian Uplands, 94

Wales, 311, 312 Wallis & Futuna, 344 Walloon, 67 Warsaw, Poland, 244 Warta River, 244 Washington, D.C., 313 waterfalls, 46, 145 wealth, 208, 248, 323 weaving, 51, 56, 58, 84, 139, 142, 161, 280, 305, 326, 327 Wellington, New Zealand, 222 Weser River, 134 West Indies, 108, 116, 140, 146, 168, 257, 258, 299 Western Australian Shield, 52 Western Desert, 119 Western Samoa, 259 White Nile River, 281 White Volta River, 80, 136 whooping cough, 144 Windhoek, Namibia, 216 windmill, 220 windsurfing, 221 Windward Islands, 257 winter, 13 Wolof, 132, 202, 264 women, 44, 63, 179, 222, 263, 289 wonders of the world, 39 wood carving, 81, 86, 106, 127, 137, 142, 192, 196, 199, 213, 225, 249, 268, 280 wooden shoes, 221

Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire, 105 Yalu River, 228 Yangtze River, 94, 95 Yao, 194 Yaounde, Cameroon, 85, 86 Yap, 206 Yaren, Nauru, 217 Ybbs River, 54 Yellow Sea, 228 Yemen, 326-327 Yemen Arab Republic, 326 Yenisey River, 252 Yerevan, Armenia, 51 Yoruba, 227 Yucatan Peninsula, 204, 205 Yugoslavia, 72, 328-329 yurt, 175, 304 Yu Shan, 290 Zagreb, Croatia, 107 Zagros Mountains, 160, 162 Zambezi River, 193, 212, 216, 330, 331, 332 Zambia, 330-331 Zanzibar, 293 Zimbabwe, 332-333 Zugspitze Peak, 134 Zurich, Switzerland, 287

359

Photo Credits Cover: top left, center right: PhotoDisc; op right, center left: Photospin; bottom right: Blackbirch Press archives; bottom left: Corel Corporation; Back Cover: Corel Corporation; Pages 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 75 (bottom), 89, 94, 96 (right), 118 (bottom), 140, 145, 256, 290, 314 (bottom): PhotoDisc; pages 40, 41 (bottom), 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63 (left), 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76 (bottom), 77, 78, 79, 80, 83, 88 (top), 92, 95 (bottom), 99, 102, 104, 105, 107, 110, 111, 112 (bottom), 117, 124, 125, 127, 128 (top), 130, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 141, 142 (top), 146 (right), 148, 153, 154, 155 (top), 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167 (top), 168, 172, 173, 178, 179, 181, 182, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198 (bottom), 200, 206, 208, 210, 212, 213 (top), 214, 215, 216, 218, 219 (top), 220, 221, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 236, 238 (left), 240, 241 (top), 242, 243, 244, 245, 247, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254 (bottom), 255, 257, 259, 262,263, 264, 267, 268, 270, 274 (top), 275, 276 (top), 277, 278 (bottom), 279, 280, 281, 282, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289 (bottom), 291, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 306, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314 (top), 315, 316, 318, 319, 320, 322, 324, 325, 326, 327, 330, 332, 333, 334 (right), 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 342, 343, 346 (bottom): Corel Corporation; pages 41 (top), 53, 56, 62, 64 (left), 84, 93, 97 (bottom), 98, 101, 103, 108, 109 (top), 112 (top), 118 (top), 120 (top), 126, 128 (bottom), 143, 146 (left), 147, 151, 165, 169, 170, 171, 177, 183, 199 (top), 209, 211, 213 (bottom), 219 (bottom), 235, 237, 238 (right), 239, 241 (bottom), 246, 260, 272, 308, 317, 329, 331, 345: Blackbirch Press archives; pages 50 (top), 149, 150, 160, 167 (bottom), 254 (top), 258, 276 (bottom), 278 (top), 289 (top): National Geographic Society; page 50 (bottom): Marcela Staudenmaier; pages 52, 54, 113, 129, 134, 138, 265, 346 (top): Digital Stock;; page 63 (right): Courtesy Ruder Finn Public Relations; page 65: (c)Photo Researchers, Inc./Jeff Greenberg/MRP; pages 72, 188, 269, 328: (c)Galyn C. Hammond; pages 73, 119, 120 (bottom), 176, 273: Corbis; page 76 (top): The Library of Congress; page s81, 97 (top), 109 (bottom), 142 (bottom), 270 (right), 274 (bottom): The United Nations; page 82: (c)Photo Researchers, Inc./G. Varela/Explorer; pages 85, 86, 90, 91, 106, 123, 283, 323: (c)Victor Englebert; page 87: Courtesy The Province of British Columbia; page 88 (bottom): Courtesy Industry, Science, and Technology Canada; page s95 (top), 96 (left): China National Tourist Office; page 100: (c)Christine Osborne/CORBIS; page 121: (c)Mike Hutchison; page 122: (c)Vittoriano Rastelli/CORBIS; page 131: (c)The Purcell Team/CORBIS; page 139: (c)Bruce Glassman; page s144, 266, 304, 305, 307: (c)CORBIS; pages 152, 155 (bottom): Air India Library; page s174, 175: (c)Wolfgang Kaehler/CORBIS; page 180: Courtesy Embassy of the Kyrgyz Republic to the USA and Canada; pages 184, 185, 202, 271: (c)John Isaac; page 186: (c)Francoise de Mulder/CORBIS; page 195: (c)J. Apicella/CP&A; page 201: (c)Jack Fields/CORBIS; page 202: page 203: PictureQuest; pages 204, 205: Mexican Government Tourism Office; page 207: (c)Nik Wheeler/CORBIS; page 217: US Government; page 223: (c)Wesley Bocxe/Photo Researchers, Inc.; page 248: (c)Christine Osborne/CORBIS; page 261: (c)Robert Grossman/Africaphotos.com; page 284: (c)Bruce Leighty; page 292: Courtesy DHU; page 321: Courtesy Italian Government Tourist Board; pages 334 (left), 340, 341, 344: Courtesy NOAA.

360

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