The Annals of Jan Dlugosz: A History of Eastern Europe from A.D. 965 to A.D. 1480

The Annals of Jan Dlugosz

The Annals of Jan Dlugosz Annales seu cronicae incliti regni Poloniae

An Englisll abridgement by MAURICE MICHAEL

With a commentary by Paul Smith

II� IPublicationsl 6 Charlton Mill, Charlton, Chichester, West Sussex PO 18 OHY, UK.

Published by 1M Publications 6 Charlton Mill, Charlton, Chichester, West Sussex PO 18 DRY, United Kingdom.

First published in MS in Latin in the 15th century as Annales seu cronicae inclili regni Poloniae. This edition translated and abridged by Maurice Michael from Roczniki Czyli Kroniki Slawnego Kr6lestwa Polskiego, the Polish translation of the Latin by Julia Mruk6wna. Books 1- 1 1 of Roczniki czyli Kroniki slawnego Kr6lestwa Polskiego © Polish Scientific Publishers PW N Ltd, Warsaw. Book 12 © Julia Mruk6wna.

© Maurice Michael 1997 Commentary © Paul Smith 1997 Edited by Jane Allan Maurice Michael asserts his moral right to be identified as the author of this work. ISBN 1 90 10 19 004. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK's Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accor­ dance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers at the address above. Printed in the UK by Redwood Books, Trowbridge. I i

Contents

Preface .

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. V11

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . .

. ix

Calendar of Feasts and Saints' Days .

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List of Illustrations and Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Maps

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The Annals Epilogue

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Commentary . .

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Index . . . . .

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vii

Preface I discovered Julia Mruk6wna's Polish translation of Jan Dlugosz's famous medieval chroni­ cle when leafing through its Polish publisher's catalogue. I was fascinated, for I had spent most of the war working with or for the Poles, many of whom were my friends, and sent for a reading copy. The more I read, the more convinced I became that the Roczniki, which, I learned, was not only one of the gems of Polish literature, but now placed on a par with the chronicles of Froissart and de Commynes, should be available in English and I conceived a vague plan that one day I should try my hand at translating it. That day came years later, when I accepted partial retirement and, mov­ ing house, came across the copy of Volume 3/4 that I had laid aside all those years before. The rest of the text assembled, it was obvious that the enormous length of the whole made a straightforward translation of the Rocznild out of the question. However, could I not produce an English version that would act as an introduction to the Annales, a guide to the treasures to be found in those thou­ sands of pages? After all, the Latin was always there for those who wished to delve deeper. The Latin text! I realized that, ideally, this was what I should work from, but it was a good fifty years since I had used my Latin and I was reluctant to spend the necessary two years or more in brushing it up and familiarizing myself with medieval Polish Latin, when Julia Mruk6wna's excellent Pol­ ish translation was there for me to use and I had the necessary Polish. Whatever I attempted, I was going to have to reduce the three million words of the original and its footnotes to a half or three­ quarters of a million words so as to allow the book to be published at a price that a private person could afford. Obviously, this was going to necessitate ruthless abridgement, so ruthless that I felt it could best be done by someone like myself who was academically uncommitted and who regarded the Annales more as a work of literature, than as an historical source book. To skip what the author himself called "myth" and start with the year A.D. 965 seemed obvious, as it did to remove Dlugosz' many repetitions and his sometimes lengthy panegyrics of his heroes. I felt, too, that I need include only sufficient accounts of the royal progresses and hunts to indicate their impor­ tance, extent and duration. Again, what happened west of the Oder and east of the Dniepr would, surely, be adequately documented elsewhere and need not be included in detail. On the other hand, I felt that all details of morals, customs, ritual, habits, details of climate, husbandry, war, prejudices and superstitions should be given in full, as well as the little insights, like the fact that Prince An­ drew of Hungary brought a quantity of "curios" back from the Holy Land, which I found fascinating. I realized that I was a relative ignoramus, the fool who has felt that he must step in where no academic angel has yet dared to tread. To those who feel outraged by my omissions I can only plead ignorance of the importance of the events in question and crave their indulgence, while hop­ ing that the man with the man with the scythe will allow me to produce a supplementary volume that will make amends for the most grievous of my omissions. Once I started work, I soon realized that there was much in the medieval terminology that I could not be sure of translating correctly and that my text was going to need careful editing. The Polish Cultural Institute in London put me in touch with PaulSmith, graduate of Oxford and Lon­ don, who had done original research in Lublin, Prague andMarburg, and he agreed to give advice. The task of editing was undertaken by my daughter, Jane Allan, a medieval history graduate ofSt. Andrews, who has neglected her domestic duties in order to help. I am deeply indebted to them both, for together they have made this a much better book. M.M.

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ix

Acknowledgements I gratefully acknowledge the generosity of the private individuals listed below, friends of Po­ land and the Poles, some themselves Poles, who have sent me contributions towards the cost of producing this book: The national organization of the Anglo-Polish Society and the members of the branches of that Society in Chester, Dunstable, London, Luton, Raunds, Scunthorpe and Wellinborough, Ar­ thur Andersen & Co., SC, Christopher Beazley, Mrs. K. Downia-Berger, Mrs. Bridget Fiolkowska, Mrs. Anna Frackiewicz, Martin Gilbert C.B.E., Mrs. Nora Grajnert, Professor Dame Elizabeth Hill,Miss Peggy Jacobson, Chris Jurczynski, Legion of Young Polish Women, Chicago, Mrs. Christine Kolczynska, The Lord Listowel, Mrs. Kazimierz Lubecki, C. Maryszczak, Charles Pick, Jan Piellkowski, Polish Combatants Association 340, Professor Dr. O. Szemererenyi, FBA, Mrs. LH.C. Thornton, M. Wartalski, Adam Watson, C.M. Woods, and Count T. Zamoyski. Further I must thank the British Academy, which, having taken thought, decided that this was a venture worth supporting, and whose generous grant together with that, equally generous, from the M.B. Grabowski Fund have made publication possible. For their advice and help over the illustrations I am most grateful to the staffs of the Archi­ wum Gl6wne

Akt Dawnych, Warsaw, Archiwum Panstwowe, Olsztyn, Bibliotheque Nationale,

Paris, British Library and its Map Room, the Bodleian Library, Oxford, Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, the Library and Map Room of the lagiellonian University, Cracow, the London Library, London, Town Museum, Cracow, Narodni Muzeum, Prague, Niedersachsische Staats- und Universitatsbibliothek, Gottingen, OrszagsSzechenyi Konyvtar, Budapest, The Board of the Trustees of the Royal Armouries, Lon­ don, Staats- und Universitatsbibliothek, Carl von Ossietzky, Hamburg, Statni Knihovna Cesko­ slovenske, Prague, VDI Verlag, Dusseldorf, and the Zakladni Knihovna of the Ceskoslovenska Akademie Ved, Prague. I have, too, to thank Dr. Karol Drozd, Dr. Ryszard Herczynski and Dr. Hanna Mausch of the Polish Cultural Institute, Mrs. HalinaMalinowska, Mrs. Ursula Phillips of theSchool ofSlavonic and East EuropeanStudies, whose patience I have tested to the limit, and Dr. EdwardSchnaydr. As to the text itself, I am more than grateful to the Editors and to Paul Smith in particular for his help and many suggestions and, especially, for the Commentary he has provided and his de­ tailed work on the index. M.M.

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Calendar of Feasts and Saint's Days AGNES . .

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. January21

ALEXIS . .

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. July 17

ANDREW

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ANNUNCIATION .

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ASSUMPTION.

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AUGUSTINE. . . .

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BARBARA . . . . .

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BARTHOLOMEW.

. December 4 August 24

August 7 2nd Sunday in Lent November 19 January 6 January20 May 4 October 4 October 16 Apri123 June 19 September 1 May 4 August 13 December 8 June 23 October 17 July25 December 27 June 24 June 26 August 10 November 6 December 13 October 18 July20 Apri125 November 11 September 21 September 29 July22 September 8 December 6 June 29 . May 1 . July 8 February2 . February 18 ·

ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY. EPIPHANY. .

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FABIAN .

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FLORIAN.

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FRANCIS .

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GALL. . . . . . . . . . . .

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GEORGE . . . . . . . . . .

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GERVASE & PROTASE. .

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GILES. . . . . . . . . . . .

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GOTHARD . . . . . . . . .

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HIPPOLYTUS . . . . . . . IMMACULATE CONCEPTION .

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JACOB . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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JADWIGA . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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JAMES the GREATER.

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JOHN . . . . . . . . . .

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JOHN THE BAPTIST .

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JOHN & PAUL.

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LAURENCE .

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LEONARD . .

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LUKE . . . . .

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MARGARET. . . . .

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MARK . . . . . . . . . . .

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MARTIN OF TOURS . . .

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MATTHEW, the APOSTLE

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MICHAEL . . . . . . . . .

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MARYMAGDALEN . . .

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NATIVITY OF THE VIRGIN . . .

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NICHOLAS. . . . . . . . . . . . .

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PETER & PAUL . . . . . . . . . . . .

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PURIFICATION OF THE VIRGIN . REMINISCERE SUNDAY. . . . . .

. August 28

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DRYSUNDAY. . . . . . . . .

PROCOPIUS . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. August 15

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DOMINIC . . . . . . . . . . .

PHILIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. November 30 . March 25

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xii

ROMUALD RUFUS . . . . . . . . . . . SEBASTIAN . . . . . . . . SIGISMUND . . . . . . . . SIMON & JUDE . . . . . . STANISLAW . . . . . . . . THOMAS THE APOSTLE . TRANSFIGURATION . . VINCE NT . . . . . . . . . VISITATION . . . . . . . . VITUS . . . . . . . WHITE SUNDAY . WOJCIE CH. . . . . .

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February 7 August 27 January 20 May 1 October 28 May 7 December 21 August 6 January 22 July 2 June 15 5th Sunday in Lent April 23

xiii

Illustrations and Maps B. Wapowski's redrawing of Ptolemy's map

Tabula moderna Polonie, Ungarie, Bohemie, Germanie, Russie, Lithuanie, 1507.- Jagiellonian University Library.The map covers the

area from the River Oder to the Black Sea . "

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.xviii-xxi

Quad pieta est parva Germania tota tabulla- British Library . ... .. ......... .

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Gniezno: northern Poland, Pomerania and Prussia . . ... ... . . . ... ........ .... .xxvi Cracow: southern Poland and the kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary ................xxvii The only surviving contemporary likeness of Jan Dlugosz is this carving of 1480, the year of -Muzeum Historyczne his death, on the foundation stone of the Dom Psalterzystow in Cracow. m.Krakowa, Cracow.... ..... .... . ..... . .... ....... ..... .....

xxvi

Wapowski's early 16th century map of Eastern Europe . .....................7 From B. King Stephen recommending the three young princes, Andrew, Bela and Levente, to leave the country. -Chronika

de Gestis Hungarorum. -Orszagos Szechenyi Konyvtar... ............ 21

King Peter of Hungary pursued by Aba Samuel and his troops.- Chronika de Gestis Hungarorum.-Orsz agos Szechenyi Konyvtar.... .............. . .. .

36

The Scene of Varkony in which King Andrew tests his brother, Bela: will he choose the crown or the

sword?-Chronika de Gestis Hungarorum.-Orszagos SzecMnyi Konyvtar........

39

The knight who sold one of his villages to the Bishop of Cracow rising from the grave to give evidence on behalf of the purchaser, when the knight's heirs later contested the legality of the sale.- Baptiste Matuani:

Contra poetas impudiea seribentes earmen - Jagiellonian

University Library. .............. .... ..... ... . .... .......... Boleslaw II, the Bold.A.D.1058-1079.-B.Paprocki:

Ogr6d Kr61ewski-Jagiellonian University

Library. .... ...... ...... ................. . .. .... .. .. ... The body of Bishop Stanislaw being hacked into pieces by the King's knights.From

51 54

Chronika

Polonorum -Jagiellonian University Library.. ..... .. ............... ....

56

Eagles guard the pieces of Bishop Stanislaw's body from dogs and other predators, thus allowing them to be gathered up and pieced together again.From Michael Vratislaviensis: Introduetorium

dialeetieae sive eongestum logieum, 1504. - Jagiellonian University Library.... .. ... . ...

57

Sobieslaus, Duke of Bohemia.A.D.1125-1140.From Alexander Guagninus: Sarmatiae Europeae deseriptio. Jagiellonian University Library..... ... ..... ... ...... ........

69

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Bretislav II, Duke of Bohemia.Treacherously murdered in A.D.1100.From Alexander Guagninus:

Sarmatiae Europeae deseriptio.-Jagiellonian University Library... .... .. .... .... Prince Bela of Hungary defeating a Pomeranian knight in single combat.-Chronika

69

de Gestis

Hungarorum. -Orszagos Szechenyi Konyvtar...... ........... ....... .

73

Konrad Keyser's Belle/ortis advocates the use of a deep trench protected by mantlets as the best way of attacking the walls of a fort, a method much used by the Poles.- V DI Verlag, Dusseldorf. ......... .. .. .. .......... ........ ..... ... ..

80

An engagement between Polish and imperial troops nearWroclaw.From Joachim Bielski's

Chronika Polska. -British Library.. .. ... . ............ ...... .... .

85

Prince Almus and his young son, Bela, being blinded on the orders of King Coloman, seated on a rock, left.The King had ordered the boy to be castrated as well, but the soldier concerned castrated a dog instead and produced its genitals as proof of duty done. -Chronika

de Gestis Hungarorum .-Orszagos Szech6nyi Konyvtar...............................93

xiv

Queen Helen of Hungary exacting vengeance on sixty-eight squires and nobles, whom she considers guilty of abetting or agreeing to the blinding of her son, Bela. From Gestis Hungarorum. -Orszagos Szechlmyi Konyvtar..

Chronika de ....101

An unknown soldier of the Crusades.This unfinished sculpture of a European Crusader was found in the ruihs of Montfort Castle and is now in Israel Museum. Dated to the 14th century. -Israel Museum. ........; . .. . ....... ... ...... ... . ...

121

Part of an early 16th century German-Prussian vocabulary now in the Niedersachsische Staatsund Universitats-Bibliothek, Gottingen.... . ... . ... . .. .. . ...... ......

122

Part ofWielkopolska from B. Wapowski's 16th century map of Eastern Europe - Jagiellonian University Library. .. . .... ... ..... . .... . .... .. ... .... .. ... .

133

Four patron saints of Poland:Waclaw,Wojciech (Adalbertus), Stanislaw and Florian.From Jan Laski: Commune Regni Poloniae Privilegium, Cracow -Jagiellonian University Library..

139

Famous in therr day.Clockwise from the top-left: John, who fell at Crecy; Conrad II,

killed in fighting before Naples; Albert, who died of a surfeit of melons;Wenceslaus V, King of Bohemia and Hungary;Wenceslaus Iv, King of Bohemia and Poland;Wenceslaus II, who died in prison.- Alexander Guagninus: Sarmatiae Europeae descriptio. -JagieUonian

143

University Library.. . ... . .. . .......... .. ... . . . ... .. .. . . .. . Premysl Otakar, crowned in A.D.1200 and reigned for thirty years. Alexander Guagninus:

Sarmatiae Europeae descrlp tio -Jagiellonian University Library. .... ... ..... ..

149

A fine bath establishment with most attractive attendants.From Archiv mesta Brna, Jakubska Knihovna, Brno. .. . . . .. ... ..... ............ . ... .. . . ... . ..

166

La Vigenere's idea of Poland's bison from La

Description du Royaume de Pologne.-British 169

Library... .. .... . . .... . .. . ... ... . .... ....... ... ... . . . Defeat of Poland's chivalry at Legnica, April 1241.In the centre the Tatar Khan is depicted plunging his sword into the back of Henry the Pious, who, at the bottom on the left, has just had his head severed by a Tatar.At the top, right, angels are depicted carrying off the souls of dead Christians, while at the bottom edge of the picture, on the left, the leviathan is licking up those of the infidel. -A.Karlowska-Karnzowa: Zagadnienie aktualizacji w slqsldch

179

wyobrainiach bitwy legnicldej, 1972. -British Libray ....'.. . . . .. .. . ..... Duke Henry's head is displayed on a lance before Legnica to the horror of the inhabitants.

-Der Hedwigs Chronik. -British Library. . .... . .. . ..... . . ..... . ... .

181

Part of B. Wapowski's Tabula Sarmatiae showing the eastern part of the Black Sea, with the Bosporus in the middle at the bottom.-Jagiellonian University Library. .. . . . . . .

185

The victors, busy with the spoil, are themselves attacked by irate peasants.-Konrad Keyser:

211

Bellefortis.- VDI Verlag, Dusseldorf........... . . .... .. ... ...... . . . weapons in action. An ancient tracing of a drawing of an old The Tatars' (Mongols') Russian miniature reproduced in S.N. Syrov: Stranicy istorii, Moscow 1979.The picture shows these being used during the siege of the fort at Kozielsk in A. D. 1238. -British Library. . .

. .. 231

Hanging was the fate of prisoners-of-war who had no value for ransom or as slave labour. It involved death by mere strangulation. One of the pictures in

Der Hedwig Codex-British

Library.. . . ... ...... .... . .. . ... ... . . . . . .. .. . .. . ......

257

Northern part ofWapowski's map of Samogitia. -Jagiellonian University Library. ... ..

261

The escutcheons of some of those taking part in the crusade against Lithuania, A.D. 1355-1380. Part of a fresco in Konigsberg Cathedral -Archiwum Panstwowe, Olsztyn. . ........ . .

305

Part of a huge list of Polish prisoners-of-war in the hands of the Teutonic Knights, prepared for a possible exchange. The complete list is now in Historisches Staatsarchiv, Konigsberg. ....

321

xv

Part of the coast of the Mare Svetti (Baltic) showing a city with a long jetty and, on the beach: a small military camp.- Codex Picturatus Balthasuris Behem. Jagiellonian University Library. .

355

Poles and Prussians at very close quarters.The Polish army has been reinforced with Czech mercenaries. Maciej:

Chronika Polonorum -British Library....... . . . . '. . . . . . ...

363

Jan Hus preaching in

Kostnic.-Litomefice gradual-Atelier Paul, Prague... ..... . . . .

372

Conrad Kyeser's book of designs for military weapons, Belle/ortis, which he published in 1405, contains a design for a bridge of boats, a thing, to the Poles "never yet seen".While lashing together available boats had been done before, by Caligula and by the Mongols, a specially constructed pontoon bridge, as built during the winter of 1409-10 by the Poles to cross the Vistula and then dismantled and stored for re-use, was probably innovative.-VDI Verlag, Dusseldorf. . ... . . .... ..... .. . ..... .. ... . .. .. ... ..... ..

374

Khubilai Khan crossing a river on a bridge of boats during his conquest of southern China.

-Jami al-Tawarikh of Rashid al- Din.-British Library. . ... .. . ..... ..... ..

375

La Vigenere's idea of the aurochs, biggest of the big game hunted by the Kings of Poland to provision the royal kitchen, or to salt down for the army's use in a forthcoming war.

La Description du Royaume de Pologne.-British Library. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . La Vigenere's idea of Poland's elk from La Library.. .

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376

Description du Royaume de Pologne.-British .

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377

A bridge of conventional design being used by the Poles to cross a river of modest size and no great depth.-Andreas Krzycki: Ad Sigismundum Poloniae regem post partam de Moschis victoriam carmen. A.D.1515. - Jagiellonian University Library . . .. .... ...... . . . The battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg), one of the illustrations in B.Paprocki:

381

Ogr6d Kr61ewski

(1599). -Jagiellonian University Library.. . .. . . . . ... . . ... .... ......

387

One of the treaties made with the Teutonic Knights furnished with the seals of the Polish "signatories". -Now in Archiwum G16wne Akt Dawnych, Warsaw.. . . . . . . . . .. .

407

The initial letter depicts scenes from the Creation.To the left of it, Hus is shown being burned at the stake.From the fifteenth century

Orationale regis Ladislai Posthumi. Narodni knihovna,

Prague.. . . . . . . . .. . ... . . . ... .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . ... . ... . . . .

421

The Queen and her doctor. A. D.1420.-Shitni vedecka knihovna, Olomouc. . . . .... . .

428

Chess players.-Jacobus:

de Moribus et de ojJicis nobillium super ludo scaccorum-National

Museum Library, Prague... . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . ... ... . . . ...... . .

459

For quite a long time after the introduction of firearms stones remained the besieged's most effective weapon . be thrown with greater accuracy than a bullet fired from a handgun.The cross-bow was accurate, but re-Ioading it was quite a lengthy process.From Diebold Schilling's:

Spiczer Chronik.. . .

461

Rescuing a bird in such circumstances was the job of the falconer, who, in the Middle Ages, was expected to be able to swim.-Frederick II:

De Arte Venandi cum Avibus.. . ...... .

481

Polish and other Christian troops fighting the Turks in Hungary in 1443.-Joachim Bielski's

Kronika Polska, 1597 -Jagiellonian University Librray.This illustrate show hand-to-hand fighting was in those days, and for long to come. A battle was, in effect, a series of duels, each victor having to fight again and again until the battle was over. . . .... . . . . . . ....... ..

491

KingW ladyslaw fighting the Turks at Adrianopole.-Joachim Bielski's Kronika Polska, 1597 -Jagiellonian University Library.. .. . . . . . . .. .. . . .... . . .. ........ Clients of the crossbow-maker in his workshop.From Baltharius Behem:

495

Codex Picturatus.

-Jagiellonian University Library.. .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . .. ....... .

514

The young men of Cracow shooting at the popinjay, as they were on the day of the Great Fire. From Baltharius Behem:

Codex Picturatus. -Jagiellonian University Library..

525

XVi

George Podebrady, self-elected King ofBohemia. From Alexander Guaginus: Sarmatiae Europeae descriptio-Jagiellonian University Library. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 Crossbowmen shooting fIrebombs against a besieged town. The defenders are using both crossbows and handguns. Illustration from a German manuscript fIrework book, about 1440. -The Board of Trustees ofthe Royal Armouries.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

551

The right to fish in rivers or lakes was eagerly sought and a valuable source of revenue. This is one ofthe pictures in the Hedwig Chronik.-British Library. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

561

xviii

Maps

".

B. Wapowski IS redrawing of Ptolemy IS map Tabula modema Polonie, Ungarie, Bohemie, Germanie, Russie, pages show the northern part and the southern part is reproduced on pages xx-xxi.

Maps

1507. -Jagiellonian University Library. The map covers the area from the River Oder to the Black Sea; these

XIX

xx

If

afhOlllCll1'HAlQII.

B. Wapowski's redrawing ofPtolemy's map Tabula modema Polonie, Ungarie, Bohemie. Germanie, Russie,

pages show the southern part and the northern part is reproduced on pages xviii-xix.

xxi

1507. -Jagiellonian University Library. The map covers the area from the River Oder to the Black Sea; these

xxii

Maps

Quad picta est parva Germania tota tabulla-British Library. This northern portion covers the area /rom the

Maps

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