The Angevin Empire
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The Angevin Empire Second Edition
JOHN GILLINGHAM Emeritus Professor of History, London School of Economics and Political Science
A ARNOLD
A member of the Hodder Headline Group LONDON Co-published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press Inc., New York
First published in Great Britain in 2001 by Arnold, a member of the Hodder Headline Group, 338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BH http://www.arnoldpublishers.com Co-published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press Inc., 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY10016 © 2001 John Gillingham All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanically, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without either prior permission in writing from the publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying. In the United Kingdom such licences are issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency: 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP The advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, but neither the author nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0340 74114 7 (hb) ISBN 0340 741155 (pb) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Production Editor: James Rabson Production Controller: Martin Kerans Cover Design: Terry Griffiths Typeset in 11 on 13 pt Sabon by Cambrian Typesetters, Frimley, Surrey Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall What do you think about this book? Or any other Arnold title? Please send your comments to
[email protected] In memory of Tom Keefe
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Contents List of maps
ix
Genealogical table
x
Preface to the Second Edition
xi
1 Introduction The empire with no name
1 2
2 The making of the Angevin Empire France and England in 1150 The counts of Anjou 1128: the marriage of Geoffrey and Matilda The war of Norman succession The crises of 1151-53
6 6 7 8 12 17
3 Aggression and expansion, 1156-72 France Flanders Brittany Scotland Wales Ireland Toulouse The end of the Angevin-Capetian accord The king's children
22 23 24 25 26 26 27 29 30 32
4 Holding on, 1173-99 The rebellion of 1173-74 and its aftermath Philip II Augustus The Old King and Richard Richard I: going on Crusade The king in captivity Recovery: administration, diplomacy and war
34 34 36 36 40 43 46
viii
Contents
5 The geography of the empire Mapping the Angevin Empire Charters, law courts and justice English royal revenues 1130-1220 Other revenues The Angevin trading zone
50 50 55 57 59 61
6 Government King and household Central administration The itinerant household Provincial administration Patronage Royal and provincial custom Cohesion?
67 67 69 72 75 78 79 82
7 The crisis of the Angevin Empire, 1199-1206 The war of Angevin succession The revolt of the Lusignans, 1201-2 Defeat on all fronts, 1202-4 Holding the line, 1205-6 The causes of defeat
86 86 89 92 94 95
8 The end of the empire The failure of grand strategy, 1214 The Capetian invasion of England, 1215-17 Government without cash: the minority of Henry III The loss of La Rochelle
103 103 107 108 110
9 Conclusion A Plantagenet culture? History, myth and architecture Dynastic structure
116 117 119
Further reading
126
Index
139
List of maps Map 1 Royal castles in England, Wales and Ireland Map 2 Angevin dominions on the continent, c.1200 Map 3 John's itinerary, 1199-1202
52 53 74
NORMAN
ANGEVIN
William I I I Robert Curthose
William II (1087-1100)
i
William William Clito theAtheling
© © Eremburga m. Fulk V m. Melisende of Maine CofAnjou; i of Jerusalem K. of Jerusalem 1131-43 I
1 I Henry I (1100-35)
Emperor Henry V
©i
m. Matilda
©
m.
CAPETIAN Louis VI I
i
Geoffrey CofAnjou 1128-51 D of Normandy 1144-51
Kings of Jerusalem
r~^
Elie
i
Matilda m. William the Atheling
i
Sibylla m. Thierry Stephen I C. of Flanders King of England I I i 1 ( 1 I I I I Philip C. of Matthew m. Mary Eustace Flanders
I
I Robert ofDreux
© I © I I 1 Constance m. Louis VII m. Eleanor of m. Henry II Geoffrey William ofCastille (1137-80) Aquitaine (1154-89) m.
